e “ tA >

Sees ; 18O1
SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT Veik
OF- ; ;

BRITISH PLANTS;

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF BOTANY,

ILLUSTRATED BY COPPER-PLATES.

BY WILLIAM WITHERING, M.D. BRS.
Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Lisbon; Fellow of
the Linnean Society ; Honorary Member of the Royal
Medical Society at Edinburgh, &c.

THE FOURTH EDITION, IN FOUR VOLUMES:
: : CORRECTED AND ENLARGED
BY WILLIAM WITHERING, ESQ, —
Of the College of Glasgow and University of Edinburgh ; Extra-
ordinary Member of the Royal Medical Society ;
Fellow of the Linnean Society, §c.

_ “ Primus gradus sapientiz est res ipsas nosse.’? Liny.
: SS ‘ “
‘ . . ey oS f
‘ Increscunt quotannis Scientiz, emendantur quotidie, et ad fastigium

E. suum optatum sensim sensimque, plurium virorui opera et studio
} Junctis, feliciter properant.’* THUNBERG,

VOL. II.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR T. CADELL, JUN. AND W. DAVIES, G. AND J.
ROBINSON, WYNNE AND SCHOLEY, J. WALKER, J.
CUTHELL, AND JAMES WALLIS. :

1801,

mere er miims RATANICAL

Sage OW ae Hs
MONANDRIA.
MONOGYNIA.

Q) Flowers with stamens, "and flowers with Pistils on the
"same plant.

CHA’RA. Male, Calyx none.
pete ee leaves. Summit 3-cleft. Seed 1.
Ufelix monandra.} fsa :

(2) sine al flowers. ; .
HIPPURIS. Calyx none. Blossom none. _
SALICOR’NIA. Cal. 1 leaf, ArCOREEM, lopped, belly-
ing. Bloss. none.
A’PHANES. Cal. 1 leaf, tubular: rim flat, with 4 or 8
clefts. Bloss, none. :

rok EES a. Ophrys spiralis, soi

a _ DIGYNIA.
CALLITRICHE. . Cal. none. Bloss, 2 petals. Capsule
2-celled. :
[Festuca vayeren:]

TETRAGYNIA.

ZANNICHEL/LIA. Male. Cal, none. Bloss. none.
— pt 1 leaf. Bloss, none.
4

—=—_—_

CHARA. Male. Calyx none : Anther at the base
of the germen. ;
Fem. Cai. 4-leaved : Summits distlete : ‘Seed 2;

CH. Prickles on the stem egg-shaped. : tomento’sa.

Hi. ox. xv. 4. 9—Pluke 29. 4.
Plant always flesh-coloured when alive, but when rae ashe
—— Stem twisted. Linn, Brittle and gritty in the mouth.
rous,

Vor. Il. B

-

©

vulga’ris.

MONANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Chara.

Brittle Stonewort. Ditches and pools. Peat ditches in Lan-
cashire and Westmoreland, common. [In the rivulet that runs
from Malham Tarn before it sinks into the ground. Mr. Woop. ]

A. June—Oct.

CH. Stems without prickles: leaves toothed on the inner
ides 33

E. bot. 336—Hedw. th. 32. 33.~C. B. pr. 253 and th, 251~
~ Park. 1201. 10-F. B. iii. 731. 2

Stem thread-shaped, but little branched, 6 to 9 inches long,

flexible. Leaves thread-shaped, tapering, but just thinner than

_ the stem; in whirls, expanding, mostly as long as the joints of

the stem, jointed; the knots with prickles and often fructifica-
tions on the inside. Flowers either hermaphrodite or male, or
female, on the same, or on different plants; sitting ; both tawny
and white in the same plant, on the inner side of the leaves
towards their base, 2 or 3 on a leaf, numerous on the upper
whirls, distinct, Ca/. deaves bristle-shaped, the 2 outer nearly
twice as long. Axther projecting as it were from out of the calyx ;
evidently adhering to.the base of the germen, and separable with
it; unchanged in its form and none burst, in numbers which I
examined, from whence some might be induced to suspect it to
be rather a nectary. Seed-vesse/ tapering and greenish towards

the end, which is crowned with 5 teeth, mostly shorter, but —

sometimes longer than the calyx. Seeds very numerous, and
very minute, yellowish or white. In one male plant I found the
calyx the same as in the hermaphrodite flowers. Sr.— Plant
green when fresh, and extremely foctid ; glaucous when dry, and
very brittle. Leaves sometimes 10 or 12 in a whirl. Woop-
warp.—Leaves from 6 to 12 in a whirl. The teeth or prickles

on the upper or inner side of the leaves are near the base, and

more numerous on the upper than on the lower leaves. The stem
and leaves are studded, not uniformly incrusted, with a hard
whitish, gritty substance, which gives them, when fresh and
magnified, some resemblance to the scaliness of a snake. ‘The
stems on much disposed to twist spirally, and are very brittle
when dry. é ee w
Common na rege Doe ks Horse-tail, — Ditches
and pools. [ it near Sta . ST. | 2a sAS faly, Aue.
4 we e Smaller. Huns. } eid

Stems and leaves very slender. Seeds (anthers and germens)
small, brown, shining, lying naked on the joints of the leaves,
R. Syn.—From this description I suspect it to be rather C.
frexilis. Sr. & he

Sir P. Carteret’s fish-ponds in Jersey. In a gutter in Peck-
ham fields ; not in the great ditches, R. Syx. :

Saiaetiehs chem ee nae

MONANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Chara. 8

CH. Prickles 6n the stém, hait-like, in clusters. his’pida.
EB. bot. 463.—Fl. dan. 154—Plak. 193. 6.

Pale green when fresh. Prick/es often bent down. Linn.—
Plant covered with a stony crust, whence its grittiness between
the teeth. St.—Plant glaucous. Srem twisted spirally, its lower
part and branches and lower leaves frequently naked ; upper part
thick set with prickles. Leaves 8 to 10 in a whirl. Prickles
in bundles, at short distances on the upper side of the leaves, ré-
sembling half whirls. Not so foetid as the C. vulgaris. Mr,
Woopw.—Whole plant with a strong scent of garlick, green.
Stem branched. Leaves 8 or 10 in a whirl. Germen egg-
shaped, of a dull pale yellow. Sumuits dirty green. Anther
orange-coloured. :

: Prickly Stonewort. Ditches and pools, in Yorkshire, Lan.
cashire, and Westmoreland. [Turf bogs, Ellingham, Norfolk. *
Mr. Woopw.—At the bottom of a spring in a meadow near
Gayton, Staffordshire. Sr.] [June—Oct.

CH. Neither prickly, nor incrusted : leaves mostly forked. flex’ilis.
Schmidel 14.

Stems 1 to 2 feet long, floating under water, but near the sut=
face, covered not as the rest of this genus, with a crust, but with
a thin green rind. Leaves in whirls, which, towards the root, ~
are 2 inches and upwards from each other, towards the end from
1 to 2 aninch ; of the same structure with the stem, when full
grown from 1 to 1¢ inch long. Fructifications naked, on the up-

t whirls; on the divided leaves at the fork, and on the simple
eaves about the same distance from the base. Ca/. none, not
even prickles as in other species. Anther always single, some-
times solitary, but mostly with 2 germens: generally between
them, but where only 1 germen, sometimes on one or the other
side, or above it, never below, as in the other species ; when first
appearing, white or straw-coloured, as it advances pale yellow,
becoming of a wax-like substance, when ripe of a reddish saffron
colour, and at last brown, for the greater part hollow within, not
divided into cells, but containing some pulp intermixed with very
tender fibres or membranes, and some mealy grains of a saffron
colour; never opening spontaneously ; gradually shrivelling,
rotting and wasting away. Sced-wessel oval, somewhat tapering
towards the point ; the coat thinish, composed as it were of 5
segments rolled spirally round and terminating in the 5 summits.
Nucleus covered with a very thin membrane, not marked with
spiral lines, fall within of very white transparent globules, some
spherical; others a little compressed, destructible by pressure, not
rinkled ; whether to be considered as seeds I do not deter-
mine. Scumrb.—The anther accords with that of Ophrys and
S. OT,
B2

-

-arven’sis.

herba’cea.

MONANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. Salicornia.

Smooth Stonewort. Ponds, ditches, and bogs. Ponds about
Henley, not far from Ipswich, In a)bog where the stinking spa
empties itself near Knaresborough. R. Syz.—Salt water ditches
near Hornsey. Hups.—Loch Lomond. Parsons.—Hill-Loch,
on rag pages Breadalbane, and at Comrie 4 miles from
Crief. Mr. Sruart.—[In the third stew from the house at Edg-
baston. } = [A. June—Oct,

A’PHANES. Cal. tubular; rim flat; 4 or 8-cleft :
Bloss. none: Seed 1 ; egg-shaped but tapering
to a point. ~ - :

APH. Leaves 3-lobed ;—lobes with 2 or 3 clefts.

FI. dan. 973-Col. eephr. 146—Pet. 9.12.-H. ox. ii. 20. row
3, 4—Lob. adv. 324-Ger. em. 1594-F. B, iii. p. 2.74. 3.-

Park. 449. ‘ ;

Sie structure of the ower in all respects the same with that >
of Alchemilla. Cal. 8-cleft ; the alternate segments exceedingly
small, but always present. Seed 1, never 2; in those which I
examined. Leers.—Svems trailing, leafy, Leaves hairy. Flowers
axillary; small, greenish white.

Parsleypiert. Corn-fields, and dry gravelly lands.
A. May—Aug,

SALICOR'NIA. Gal. rather bellying, entire: Siam.
1, (or 2:) Seed 1. : |

_§. Herbaceous, wide spreading: joints flatted at the top,

. and notched.
Fl. dan. 303-Blackw. 598-Bast. ii. 10. 3-Matth, 465-
Dod. 82. 1=Lob. adv. 170. 2—Ger. em. 535. 1=Pet. 9. 3s

—E. bot. 415—S. annua, and 4-H. ox, v. 33. 8-F. B. iii.
705. 2. m. 1. 11. 111—Park. 280. 4—Barr. 192.
‘Widely spreading; hardly 9 inches long. Linw.—Spike

jointed. Flowers near together, in the clefts of the joint, 3 on
each side. Bast. ; rae

Salicornia europea herbacea. Huvs.—Fointed Glassworte -
Saltwort. Sea-grais. Marsh Samphire. Sea shore, common.

* The young plant is herbaceous, the older ene somewhat shrub-like,

in which state it has been considered as the §. fruticosa of Linnaeus, but

the S. fruticusa is not a native of Britain. Dr. Gooprnoucn and Mr.
Woopwarp.—From the ashes of this plant, a fossil alkaly is obtained,

MONANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Hippuris.

HIPPU’RIS. Cal. none: Summit simple: Seed 1.
H. Leaves awl-shaped ; 8 in a whirl. ‘vulga’ris.
Dicks. h. s—Curt. 287-E. bot. 763—Giseke 39-Fi.. dan. 87-
Dod. 113. 2—Lob. ic. i. 792. 2-F. B. iii. 732—Ger. 957. 6, .
misprinted 953—C. B. th. 243. 4-Park. 1200, 4.

Leaves narrow: growing in whirls round the joints, 12 or
more at each joint. F/owers equal in number to the leaves. Stem
' straight, jointed. The flower of this plant is found at the base
iz of each leaf, and is as simple as can be conceived, there being
neither calyx nor blossom ; and only 1 stamen, 1 pistil, and 1
seed. Linn.
Common Mares-tail. Paddowpipe. _ Muddy pone and
ditches ; nat common. ochend, and Duddeston near
Edinb. Mr. Brown.—Lake in Torworth Park, Glocestershire.
Mr. Baxer.—Almost every where in muddy ditches in ;
N. W. of Lancashire. Mr. Harit.—About a mile from$ +
in ditches adjoining the foot-road to Aston.] [P. May.*

DIGYNIA.

CALLI’TRICHE. Ca/.none: Petals 2: Seeds;
naked, with a membranaceous border on one
side. rs : a : 2

CAL. Upper leaves oval ; not notched at the end. ver'na.

E. bot. 722. :
Stems feeble, numerous. /oss. small, white. Upper leaves
growing near together in form of a star; lower ones in pairs.
t flowers in the spring. -
Vernal Stargrass. Water Starwort. Water Fennel. Stara
‘headed Water Chickweed. Ditches, ponds, and very slow streams,

| _ frequent. _ Apr.—Aug.
Var. 2. Leaves oblong. Flowers either male, e, of
hermaphrodite. -

re 3-Park. 1258. 10—Pet. 6. — i
Barren and fertile flowers frequently cpposite to
on different sides of the stem, in the bosom of the corre.
sponding leaves. Mr. Woop.—All the leaves sitting. Lower

aves speat-shaped, opposite, distant. Upper deaves slightly

which is in great request for making soap and glass. It is chiefly made

; on the coast of the Mediterranean, arid is called Soda. The green plant

E steeped in salted vinegar, makes a pickle very little inferior to Samphire.
The whole plant has a saltish taste, and is greedily devoured by cattle.

* Itis a very weak astringent. Goats will eat it, but cows, sheep,
horses, and swine refuse it.

eee. MONANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA.

notched at the end. Fertile flowers in the bosom. of the lower
leaves; barren ones amongst the upper leaves, which are crowded _
‘together. Petals thick, fat, bowed inwards, at the edge likea
crescent. When magnified they appear to be a collection of air-
vessels, and are undoubtedly intended to float the flower...
In ditches and still waters, frequent. A. Apr.—Aug. ~

Var. 3. All the leaves roundish, on leaf-stalks, very entire ;
in pairs, except the lower ones. Hat. 553.. :

Fl. dan. 129-F. B. iii, 786. &-Park., 1263. 2-Pructifca
toms Vaill. 32. 10.

Var. 4. Leaves egg-shaped. Stamens and pistils in various

dispositions, Scop. :

Col. ecphr. 316. ee

In places where water, that stood abe the winter, has
_ been dried up,

autumna'lis. CAL. All the faited strap-shaped, cloyen at the oti
Flowers hermaphrodite. ;
Pet. 6.4—Gmel. iii. 1. 2-bad. ;,
Leaves oblong. Stamens and Pistils in different plants. Scor.
Bloss. yellowish white. fe
Autumnal fas on Ditches and still waters, frequent. :
A. Sept.*,
- TETRAGYNIA. a.
-ZANNICHELLIA.. Flowers male.and female on
the same plant ; without petals.
M. Cal. none.
_F. Cal. 1 leaf, esc. Seeds about 4.
palus’tris. ZANNICHELLIA. e
é Var. 1. Anther 2-celled : summits scotapad Mieu. ~

~ Mill. ill-Fl. dan. 97-—Pluk, 102.7, Pet. 6.2-Mich. 3420 :
Seeds either entire or toothed on the back. Hups, RetHan,
The Swe ges eons of the Cer the most _ a
. jarity in this plant ; and whether they float the surface
Pr he water, or are sunk beneath it, ther- aa scaly. calculated
to receive the pollen, from the anthers which stand above them.
Sr.—The habit of a Potamogeton ; slender and much branched,
Leaves thread-shaped, grass-like, 2, 3, or 4 out of the same
sheathing stipula. Seed-coats sittings 3 or 4, placed crosswise
in the bosom of the leaves ; somewhat compressed, with a toothed

* It sometimes grows so thickly matted together as to allow one te
walk upon it without sinking. “Dr. Sibthorpe assures us, that the C,
verna, cultivated in the Oxford garden, changed into C, autumnalis.

a ih ali eli

MONANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA.. Zannichellia.

ridge on each side, and an awl-shaped termination, giving them

some. resemblance to a bird’s claw. Mr..Woopwarp. ~ ~
Horned Lakeweed ot Pondweed. Ditches and stagnant waters.

[ Ditches near Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Woopwarp.]A. June, July.

Var.'2, Anther 4-celled : summits entire. Micu.

Mich, 34.1.
Leaves strap-shaped, flat, very entire, smooth, embracing

“the stem, 2 or $.at each joint.. Flowers from the bosom of the

leaves, throughout the. whole length of the.stem, opposite, one
with stamens on one side, and one with pistils on the other.
Female flowers on the upper part of the stem near the male
flower, on the lower part of the stem opposite to it. Pisti/s
sometimes 5. Summits membranaceous, target-shaped, concave,
flat, expanding outwards, 6 or 8 times ‘as broad as the styles,
Seed-vessel a dry ens oblong; eS aoe with 2 keels,

tapering toa point.
"slow brooks and stagnant pools, not uncommon, Sept.

| CLASS II.
DIANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA. _
[Schanus albus. Schenus mariscus. Lepidium ruderale.
Fraxinus excelsior. |
(1) Bloss. 1 regular petal; beneath. —
LIGUS’/TRUM. loss. 4-cleft. Berry 4-seeded.
(2) Bloss. irregular. Seeds in a capsule.
VERONI’CA, Bloss. border with 4 divisions, lower seg-
ment the narrowest. Caps. inversely heart-shaped.

PINGUI’ bebe Bloss. gaping, ending in a _— Cal.
5-cle —

“UTRICULA’RIA. Bloss. gaping, ending in.a spur. Cal.

2 leaves.

(3) Bloss. irregular. Seat, naked.
LY’COPUS. Bloss. nearly regular. sStamens wide apart.
VERBE’NA. (See Didynamia Gymnospermia.) —
SAL'VIA. Bloss. gaping. Filaments fixed across a pedigi-

[Selicorwa herbacea. ] |

vulga’re,

DIANDRIA: MONOGYNIA. Ligustrum.

, (4) Flowers superiour.
CIRCA’A. Cal. 2-leaves.' Bloss. 2 petals inversely heart.

{Salix hermaphroditica. j
(5) Stamens on the Pistil. The Oxcuts trile,

OR’CHIS. Nectary ending inaspur. _
SATYR’'IUM. Nectary ending in a purse.

O’PHRYS. Nectary somewhat keeled.

MALAN'IS. Nectary 1 leaf, heart-shaped, binding round

and inclosing the stamen and pistil.
SERA’PIAS. Nectary egg-shaped ; bulging on the under

side.

CYPRIPE’DIUM. Nectary inflated, beligtig:

(6) Stamens and Pistils in separate flowers on the same plant.
LEM’NA. M. Calyx 1 leaf. Bloss. none.
F. Capsule 1-celled.

{7) Stam. and Pist. in separate flowers on different plants.
SA/LIX. M. Cal. Scale of acatkin. Bloss. none.
-F. Summits 2. Caps. 2-valved. Seeds downy.
(8) Flowers, either Male, Female, or Hermaphrodite.
FRAX’INUS. Calyx none; or with 4 divisions. Bloss,
. none; orof 4 petals, Seed.15 spear-shaped.|

oe. - DIGYNIA. |

ANTHOXANTHUM, Calyx, bike ite 1 flower;
ome. Bloss. 2 husks ; awned.
[ Buffonia, Serapias. Gon atrata.]

MONOGYNIA..

LIGUS’TRUM. | Bloss. 4-cleft : berry with 3
cells, 2 seeds in each cell. ae
L. Leaves egg-shaped, blunt: panicle with 3 divisions. >
Curt. 300.-E. bot.764-Fl. dan. 1141—Kniph, 5—Mill. 162. 2.
Math. 170-Blackw. 140-Ger. 1208-F. B. i. 528. 2—
Fuchs. 48¢~-Tragus, 1006—Ger. em. 1394-Swert. ii. 3854.
‘ Leaves sometimes growing by threes, and sometimes enlarged —
at the base.’ Berries egg-shaped, continuin: uing through the winter,

Scop. Blossoms white ; segments thick fushiye Stamens ge-
nerally 25 sometimes 3 or 4, in each flower. Leaves cE: speat~

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Ligustrum. / 9

. shaped, entire ; growing in opposite pairs. Fruitestalks a
i little woolly when dogpile; every other watt of the plant og
fectly smooth. Leaves sometimes variegated with white.
ries black. ;
Privet. Prim. Print. . Hedges in gravelly soils. [Rocks of
Dunnerholme, and above Cartmel Wells, in the most ex
situation to the western sea. Mr. Arxinson.] S. June. July.*

| CIRCA. Bloss. 2 petals: cal. 2-leaved, supe-
C. Stem upright: bunches several: leaves egg-shaped. Iutetia‘na.
_ Linn. somewhat serrated; rough with hair. Gmet.
Leaves egg-spear-shaped, hairy, somewhat serrated.
Curt. 202-Kuniph. 10-H. ox. v. 34. row. 3. 1-Lob, ic. 266,
2—Ger, 280—Lob. obs. 137. 1-Ger. em. 351. 1-Park. 351
~=FI. dan. 210 and 256,

' Stem a foot and half high; upright, Leaves somewhat ser-
rated, opake. Bwaches terminating and lateral. Ca/. much
thicker and of a coarser texture than the blossom, and not of the
| same colour. Linn. Calyx, hairs hooked and tapering to a fine
| point. GrirritH. Plant smooth, or woolly, or rough with hair,
| sometimes red at the joints. Leaves upper, short ; lower on lon

leaf-stalks. Cup, leaves reflected, egg-spear-shaped ; coloured.
| Petals reddish white, alternating with the leaves of the cup.
| + GermPlaley tages el ceeteied + Heigl atv, and
| rmen Ys €gg-s. ut 3 ’ at
. a sealsdiecaees Trot the cup. Sty/e thickest upwards, with a
| double green gland at its base. Summit a fine pink colour. Caps.
set with white hairs, hooked at the end. Seeds 2... Little fruit-
stalks after flowering, pointing downwards.

_Inchanters Nightshade. Common Enchanters-wort. Woods 3.
moist hedge bottoms, in shady lanes, not uncommon.

as ee P. June. July. Aug.

=

C. Stem prostrate, su porting a single bunch of flowers :alpi’na,
| Leaves Satiaheped. Linn. Stem very much
-_ . branched, depressed: leaves heart-shaped, toothed,
pale. Game. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed,

H. ox. Ve 34. row 3. 1.

* The berries are filled with a dry, spongy, violet pulp, from which
@ rase-coloured pigment may be prepared. Scop. It is planted to make
dges ; it grows fast, and may be raised from cuttings. Mr. Sourwatr.
With the addition of allum, the berries dye wool and silk of a good and
durable green: for this purpose they must be gathered as soon as are
. Yipe—the leaves are bitter and slightly astringent. Oxen, goats, and s.

eat it, horses refuse it. The insects observed to feed upon this plant are

the Sphinx Ligustri and Phalena Syringaria. a

te

spica’ta.

Firg.—The.general- opinion that

- DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Circea.

» Stem prostrate, scarcely a finger’s length. Leaves. hearts
shaped, toothed, shining. Different from the C. Lutetiana, but
nearly allied to it. Liyy.—Only 3: inches high when wild.
Calyx, hairs granulated, and nein in a small globule.» Grir-

is and the. preceding are
distinct species, is confirmed by Haurer, who tells us, that
the C. alpina when: cultivated in a garden does inot -become
the C. lutetiana. | But it has not proved an easy task to point
out.any certain and invariable differences, as appears by the
many alterations made by Linné and others in their . specific
characters. The calyx and the joints being coloured or not ;
the leavés being hairy or smooth, opake or pellucid, toothed
or tooth-serrated; the panicle being one, or more than one;
the plant being simple or branched, upright, or depressed, are
circumstances which -exist more or less in different specimens
of both. Scopoli has justly observed, that the figure of the leaves
affords the only specific distinction. In C. lutetiana the leaves
are egg-spear-shaped ; in C. alpina, heart-shaped. ‘The latter is .
also a paler, a more delicate, and a smaller. Sy not more than —
from 5 to 10 inches high, whilst the former, though sometimes
nearly as small and as delicate, is generally half a yard high, or

_ more. ore Ere Peas = eee : : we
Inchanters Nightshade. Mountain Euchanters-wort.. [Rocky
Woods in lsacanice Westmoreland, and Cumberland. Woonw.

About Leeds, Mr. Woop. At a small village called Storth,
near Milnthorp, Westmoreland. Mr. GoucH.—West side of ~
Bala Lake, half a mile south of Llanychil. Mr. Grirritx.. | ;
. bite: sola Beanig.2 boseneeo2 4nd Loacdacoas PeaiedRy
VERONICA. Bless. border’ 4-cleft; the lower
segment narrowest: caps. 2-celled; notched
at the end. ; : 7 “Bee ae
(1). Flowers in spikes. ahaa
V. Spike terminating; leaves opposite, blunt, scolloped :
stem ascending ; undivided. Linn. Spike conical:
leaves spear-shaped : stamens much longer than the
E. bot. 2-FI. dan. 52-Kuiph, 4—Clus. i. $47. 3-Lob. obs.
250. S—Ger. em. 627. 4-Vaill, 33. 4-F. B. iii, 282; 3
and 4-H. ox. iii, 22. 4. :
Spikes sometimes more than | on a root. Reicu.—Leaves
spear-shaped. Scor.—narrower in proportion, to their length, and
more pointed than in the next species, S¢amens much longer
than the blossom. Béoss. blue: Anthers blue.
_ Upright spiked male Speed-avell. Smallest Fluellin. Moun-
tainous moist pastures. [Cavenham Heath, near Bury, Suffolk.
Woopw.—About Penzance,} P. Jone.

-

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Veronica.
V. Spikes terminating: leaves opposite, bluntly serrated
_ *yough: ‘stem upright. Linn. Spikes cylindrical :
_ leaves spear-egg-shaped. :
iciomeetr's E. bot. 673—Ray 11. good.
"Stems simple, ascending, about a span long. The terminatin

: spike oblong. Leaves oval, rather blunt, downy, green on bot

sides ; serratures large, blunt. Leaf-stalks bordered. Linn.—
Bloss. blue, the tubular part hairy within.- Leaves thick and
fleshy, rough, with short white hairs, which grow out of small
prominent glands.

Welsh Speedwell. Bugleleaved Speedwell. On Craig
Wreiddin, Montgom. [Umpherhead, a steep rock at Cartmel
Wells, plentiful. Mr. Harv. —

V. Spike terminating : leaves heart-shaped, sitting: floral-
leaves spear-shaped, longer than the flowers,
Curt. 133-E. bot. 734-Col. phyt. 8—F. B. iii. 367. 2-
Ger. 489. 8—Ger. em. 513. 7—Park. 762. 4. eae
This plant has hitherto stood in the 3d subdivision. of the
species, next after the V. agrestis, with the following character
by Linnzus: ‘ Flowers solitary : leaves heart-shaped, jagged :
* longer than the fruit-stalk,’’—but it bears its flowers in such a
spike-like form, that many Botanists have been deceived in their.
expectations of finding it in the Ist subdivision, and after much

_ trouble have at length determined it to be the V. spicata, though

Not quite agreeing with the character. It must be allowed that
the term spike is often used by Linnzus himself with a greater
latitude than its strict definition permits, and very often with

less Prope than in the present instance. :
- Leaves hairy ; marked with-3 longitudinal grooves. Flowers _

about a month later than the V. agrestis. Mr. Dickenson.
Plant mostly upright, stiff and dry in its habit. Root-leaves,

" and sometimes the lower stem-leaves on leaf-stalks. B/oss. pale

blue. ;
Wall Speedwell. Chickweed. On old walls; amongst rub-
bish: and fallow fields, ; - “A. May.

V. Spike terminating : flowers solitary: leaves with fin-

ger-like divisions: fruit-stalks shorter than. the
calyx, ye Ls
E. bot, 25—Rose. 2. 1-F. dan, 252.
| Stem, stiff, upright. Linn.—Leaves cut into winged clefts; in
one specimen gathered near Bury, spear-shaped, toothed, 7 lines
Ps though the whole plant only 2 inches high. Woopw.-
Cai, much longer than the blossom, and deeply divided into 4

1]
hy’brida. -

P. July. *

arven’sis,

ver na.

12

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA,; Veronica. »

_ spear-shaped, blunt, unequal segments. B/oss. blue; green at,

the base. Floraf-leaves spear-shaped, blunt. Fruit-stalks very

short: indeed so short as to give the assemblage of flowers the

appearance of a spike, and justifies our removal of it from the 3d

- subdivision of the species. In its habit-it as some resemblance

officina’lis.

alpi‘na.

to the V. arvensis, but is readily distinguished from that by its —

finger-like, or rather wing-cleft leaves. , ad
Vernal Speedwell, Dry, barren.soil; old walls and rocks,
[near Bury, in the most dry and driving sand: the plant is fre-

uently nearly buried in it. Woopwarp.] Discovered by Sir
- Cullum. _ A. April, May.

‘

V. Spikes on lateral fruit-stalks: leaves opposite : stem
trailing. Hale,
E. bot. 765—Ludw..100-Curt. 198-Kniph. 4-Fl. dan. 248~
Woedw. 219-Ger. 502, 1-Riv. 93. 2. Veronica-F. B.
iii. 282. 1~Blackaw. 143—Fuchs. 166-Trag. 207-F. B. iii.
282. 2-Math. 693-Dod. 40. 2-Lob. ‘obs. 250. 2-Ger.
em. 626. 2-Park, 550. 2-H. ox. iii.22.7. 0

_ Little fruit-stalks shorter than the floral leaves. Tube of the
Ehoss. about half as long as the cup; white. Border pale purple ;
the broadest segment marked with 6 or 7 deeper purple streaks :
the narrowest segment with 3, and each of the lateral segments
with 4. Leaves egg-shaped, serrated ; hairy underneath, and at
the edges. Floral-leaves strap-shaped. Some of the Fruit-stalks
are so near the end of the stem that at first view they appear ter-
minating, but upon more accurate examination we find one or
more pairs of leaves beyond them. Boss. purplish blue.
Common Speedwell. Male Speedwell. Fluellin. Barren
ground; heaths. [St. Vincent’s Rocks. ] P. May—Aug.*

(2) Flowers in a lunch-like corymlus.

V. Corymbus terminating: Jeaves opposite: cups rough

with hair, _ ; 4

E. bot. 484—Hall. bist, 15. 2-Fl. lapp. 9. 4—Fl. dan. 16.
Branchless. Leaves all sitting; lower leaves elliptical,
middle leaves egg-shaped, upper leaves spear. » and even
strap-shaped and alternate; the larger leaves with 1 or 2 teeth.
Liyy.-Four or 5 inches high. Spzke short, of 8 to 12 flowers,
with an intermixture of floral-leaves, B/oss, small, not a fine

_ _™ The leaves have a slight degree of astringency and bitterness. An
infusion of them is recommended by Hoffman, as a substitute for tea, but
it 18 more astringent and less grateful. Itis eaten by cows, sheep, goats

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Veronica. : 13

blue. Hatuzr. — Flowers forming a compact head. Sometimes
4 or 5 teeth on the leaves.
On Ben Nevis, and on mountains near Garway Moor, ascer- .
tained by Mr. Dircxson.—On Ben Bourdi, and Lochain y Gair ~
near Invercauld. Mr. Brown. P. Aug.

V. Bunch terminating, somewhat like a corymbus: leaves saxa’tilis.
opposite,’ nearly eae ang smoothish, slightly
scolloped : fruit-stalks longer than the floral-leaves :
‘stems. and cups woolly, . ee i 5,
Fl. dan. 342—Hall. bist. 16. 1—Faeq. coll. 4. 5~H. ox. iii.
92, SaGH, ESAT. AP epee ef ee,
Leaves smooth, and almost glossy; serratures wide asunder.
_ Flowers mostly, terminating. B/oss. blue-red, with purple lines:
§ lower segment paler, very small, not veined. Fruit egg-shaped,
co! sed; not notched at the end; valves 4, acute, opening
with a jerk. Haver. :
On rocks ; Ben Lawers. Found by Mr. Dicxson.
S. June, July.

Y. Bunch terminating, somewhat spike-like : leaves ege- serpyllifo ia.
shaped, smooth, scolloped. Linn. 3-fibred. Curr.
Stamens hardly longer than the blossom. — :

Curt. Fl. dan. 492-Wale.-Dod, 41. 1-Lob. obs. 250. 4-
sity Bar gp OF 2-F. B, iii. 285, 1-Riv. 99. Veronica mini-
ma repens-Plak. 233. 4—Ger. 503. 3.0 °° ie

The difference betwixt this species and the V.spicata, though

sufficiently obvious when the plants are compared, is not so from
a comparison of the specific characters as given by Linnzus ; but
the stamens in the V. spicata being much longer than the blos-
som, whilst in the serpyllifolia they are generally shorter, the
distinction of the two species can no longer occasion any diffi-
culty ; and if the howering be past, the 3-fibred leaves of the latter,
mentioned by Mr. Curtis, will still distinguish them. Stems
cylindrical, ascending ; several rising from the same root, but
frequently each has its own particular root; and if branched it is

only so near the root : bearing from 5 to 7 pair of leaves ; mostly _
opposite; the upper ones intermixed with the flowers. Leaves
egg-shaped, sitting, smooth, very slightly scolloped. Upper
froral-leaves alternate, spear-shaped, twice as long as the fruit-
stalks. Flowers on short fruit-stalks, one rising out of the bo.
som of each floral-leaf, and forming altogether along, leafy,
spike-like bunch, terminating. Blass. pale blue ; upper segment
with 5 or 8 purple lines, lateral segments with 3; smallest seg-

ment white. §, Yess. fringed with hairs round the edge.

Smooth Speedavell. Pauls Betoxy. Meadows and paar
not pecs 7 . May.

14

humifu’sa.

Beccabun’ga.

Anagal’lis,

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA: Veronica. |

V. Bunch terminating : leaves heart-shaped but roundishy
slightly scolloped : stems creeping. Dicks.

Plant entirely prostrate; stems a palm in length, or more,
branched, creeping, striking root. Leaves roughish, near toge-
ther; lower ones on leaf-stalks ; opposite; often by threes or
fours : upper leaves mostly sitting, and alternate. Bunch tere
minating, short, Flowers few, crowded together, on short fruit- A
stalks; of a pleasant blue. Dicxson.—About 3 inches high, =
Flowers 8 or 10. Licutr. — ex ;

On very high mountains under wet shading rocks. Culti-
vated in a garden for three years, did not assume the characters
of the V. serpyllifolia. Dicxs.—On the mountains of Badenoch
and Lochaber, Licutr. ets

V. Bunches lateral: leaves egg-shaped, flat: stem creep-
ing. ;

E. bot. 655-Ludw. 30~Curt.Kniph. 9-Sheldr. ( Brookl.)

—~Wodw. 20-Riv. 100-Beccabunga-Walce—Fuch, 7 25—

~ T; rag. 188—Blackw, 48. land 2~F Il. dan. 511—Dod, 593.1

~Lob. obs. 248. 3—Ger. em. 620. 1—Park. 1236. 1-H. ow.

iii. 24..21-Ger.490-1..,. 0 | 3
Whole plant smooth and succulent. Leaves serrated with
glands. Germen sitting on a thick yellowish green glandular

substance. Bloss. blue, te ae ies :

~ Brooklime. Slow shallow streams, and near springs that

pengine 3 _ P. June.*

seldom freeze. a
SUCKS IRS ? Or) twin aSigots 2d Seppe ere
V. Bunches lateral : leaves spear-shaped, serrated: stem

fioM Dees) Syiukceeias ce
Fl.. dan. 903—Curt. 332-E. bot. 784—Ger. 4.96. 3—Pet.51.12—
Blackw. 48. 3-H. ox. iit. 24. 25. —
Leaves site, sitting. Bunches of flowers ascending from
the bosom of the leaves. Blass. pale purplish blue. . ;
Slow streams, and shallow ponds. [S. side of King’s Park,
Edinburgh. Mr. Brown.—Ditches about Tamworth.

netic “sistte is wer _ A. July, Ang.
_ War. 1. Bloss. of a beautiful pink. ire J se =
.. [Wide ditches on the sides of the road from Gloucester to
Tewksbury. ]

* The leayes are mild and succulent, and are eaten in sallads early in
the apnng, eo goats, and passes fat it, swine refuse it. This, and
some oth cies of Veronica, nourishment to the Papilio cinxia,
Curculio, and Chrysomela Beccabunge, =. de

one

| DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Veronica, 15

V. Bunches lateral, thinly setwith flowers, wide spread- scutella’ta,
ing, alternate : : little fruit-stalks pendant: leaves
very entire, strap-shaped.

_ Curt.333-E, bot. 782-Kniph.10—Riv, 96, V. pal. angustifol,
~Fi. dan. 209-F, B. iii, 791. 2-H. oxsiii. 24. 27.

\ Bunches slender, limber, wide-spreading. Linn.—Plant either
smooth or, woolly. Stem often trailing, and sending out roots
from the joints. Leaves nearly horizontal, spear-shaped, but
narrow ; set with 2 or 3 of very minute teeth, mostly a the
lower leaves. Fruit-sta Bai zigzag. Bloss. ri pes pl :

Narrow. leaved Speedwell. Poor swampy [ Boggy e

~ meadows near Bungay 5 and in the. Cambridge hia! -Fens.—
Woopw.—Broadmoor near Hales Owen. Ditch s about Tam.

Wore) x5 ee eg ae "?. June—Aug.
eg hake 3
Lb V. Bunches lateral, of few flowers: cup rough with hair ; monta’na,
‘leaves wrinkled, egg shapeds scolloped, on leafs ducssbail

stalks : stem feeble.

Feoq.. austr. 109-Curt. 920=E. a 766-Col, ecphr. 288—
Pet, 51. 4-H. ox. iii. 23. 15-Riv. 93—Park. 589.3.

Caps, round and flat, notched. at the top and the bottom.
Linn in. its ae habit this plant very much resembles the
V.. rys, but if the’ sitting leaves of.the latter, and the
leaf-stalks. oe em should .not be thought sufficient to dis-
tinguish them, it may be further observed, that in the V. mon-
tana the leaves are reddish underneath, heart-shaped, - but blunt ;
the stem and leaf-stalks hairy,.and the flowers smaller. Blass.
purplish, streaked. Its usual stations in moist woods and other
shady places, do not well accord with its trivial name montana.

Mountain Madwort, Stalked Speedwell. [Woods at west
Fa of Powickham, Worcestershire. Dr. Sroxes.—Kirkstal Ab-

: bey, Leeds. Mr. Aixin —Shortwood, Pucklechurch, Glouces-
‘ tershire, — sateen —Woods near Roslin. Mr. Brown. 9 yo 8
j P.. May, June. ee

¥; Bunches tate leaves iseshlinas sitting, wrinkled, Chamee’ drys.
~. toothed : stem with 2 Opposite rows of hairs. :
Curt.Kniph, 11-Fuch. 872-Trag. 203-F. B. iii. 286. 1-
FL. dan, 448-Wale.-Ger. 530, 4-Riv. 94—V. prat. latif.
=Clus. i, 352. 1~Ger. em, 657.-3-Lobel. obs. 259. 4—
HH, ox. iii. 32. 12.

Bunches frequently opposite. Blots a fine blue.

i

16

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Veronica.
Wild Germander. Germander Speedwell, Pastures, sides of

hedges. ° P, May.*

agres’tis,

hederzfo'lia.

ttiphy’llos.

Stems feeble, trailing. Leaves serrated, serratures blunt ; upper

(3) Fruit-stalks with Y flower.

W: Floweis solitary: leaves heart-shaped, on leaf-stalks,
shorter than the fruit-stalks.

Curt.-E. bot. 783-Fl. dan. 449-Riw. 99. V. Sel. chamed.-
Walch—Fuch. 22-F. B. iii. 367. 1-H. ox. iii. 24. 22
Dod. 31. 4—Ger. em. 616, 1—Park. 762.4.

~ Biloss. blue; sometimes white. Linn.—Flowers early in —

il, often in March. Béoss. with some blue and some white -
segments. Seeds from 4 to 8 in each cell. Mr. Dicxenson.—

leaves nearly egg-shaped.

' Germander. Chickweed. Procumbent la cee Pastures - |
and ploughed Fishy. A. April.

a

|

|
|
]
|
‘o>

V. Flowers vali leaves nap chi flit, 5-lobed.

Curt. 110-E. bot. 784-Wale.—Fl. dam. 428-Riv. 99. V. fol.
hedere—Dod. 31. 1-Lob. obs. 247. 1—Ger. em. 616. 3-
- Park, 762. 3—F. B. iii. 368. 2+H. ox. iii. 24, 20.

Seeds with a dimple at the top; 2 in each cell of the capsule.
Lryn.— Wide-sp succulent. Stem’ a hollow cylinder,
surrounding a =p elastic, thread-like fibre, as in the Alsine
media, Leaves, lobes from 3 to 6, though ages 53 very un-
equal, the middle segment by far the broadest. © One fruit-stall
from the bosom of each leaf-stalk. §. Yess. like 2 united globes
father than heart-shaped. Calyx fringed \ with long whi +

Bioss. pale blue. :
Small Henbit. Ivy Chickaweed, Ivy-leaved Speedavell.
Hedge banks ; ploughed fields. A, i ~: :

Vv. — solitary : : leaves with finger-like divisions.:
' fruit-stalks longer than the calyx.
Curt. 68~F/. dan. 627-E. bot. 26—Riv. 96. 1 fol. rutee
Kniph. 1-F. B. itis 368. 1-Lob, ic. 464—Ger, ent, 612.5
-Park. 1260, 6-H, ox. iii, 24. 23.

Stem. sometimes unbranched, Branches ftom the ra ae
the stem or near it, and rising to the same height as the stem.

a = leaves are: a bette rpreen te for tea than those of the V. offi-
is, being more grateful and less astringent. Cows and goats eat it
inte horses, and swine refuse it. — *

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. -Pinguicula. |

Leafits in threes and fives. Bewtidddois unkdiv ides rarely found ;
well represented in J. B.’s figure. Lower sialledibes heart-
shaped, jagged. Bless. blue. Capsules large ; deeply notched.
Woopw.—Although the leaves just above the root sometimes
resemble those of the V. hederzfolia, the deep finger-like divi-
sions of the upper leayes, and the want of leaf-stalks, pg
all possibility of their being mistaken.

Right, or upright Chickweed. Trifid Speedwell. ‘Sandy
fields. a hicae hapie’ eke Norfolk, and Bury, Suffolk. Mr.
Woopw.] .. . ait ae See May.

7

ar. (E. ar a Nera thickest at the

E. bot. 1ab-Ligbif 6. he

Leaves nearly pellucid, marked with purplish veins, the ase]
rolled in. The flowers smaller, and with more of a reddiale cast
than in the P. si chant Ray.—We are indebted. to Dr. Smith

for dissi

ae way ween Newton Limwady. and L

iW

‘ petal : : stalk ping Pitan,

by the rod side. Mr. Baows feted ae 5. ae ia
P, Nectai ey sit arta: as Jong as the petal. “a cou Wlge’ ris.

“Dicks, b. 5B bot, 10-FI, dan. 93-Clus, i. 310. 2-Ger..
em 788, 2-Ger. 6M J. B. ii, 546. 1-Park. 532, 2-
hs the Thc 3. oe Se

_ Leaves covered with soft u eile prickles. eines gluti.

nous liquor. Blass. violet, purple and reddish, with white lips, —

and an ash-coloured woolly spot on the palate. ieee
Common Butterwort. Yorkshire Sanicle. On bogs. [Broad-

moor, about 3 miles S, West of ‘Se Mr. Bruntoy.—

Vou. Il,

‘

18

vulga’ ris.

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Utricularia.

On the 'N. West. side of Malvern hills, but not on the S. or
S. E. side. Mr. Batuarp. ] P. May.*

UTRICULARIA. Bhoss. gaping, ending in a spur:
Cal. 2 leaves, equal: Caps. 3 cell.

U. Nectary conical: stalk with few flowers. _

E. bot. 253-Fl. dan. 138—Riv. 79-Petiv. 36. 11-Ger. em.
$28. 5-F. B. lil, 783. 3—Park, 1258. §~Schmied. ele 12.
at the bottom.
Calyx permanent ; its lower leaf very fants sane at the
end. Bloss, full yellow ; with purplish red streaks. Nectary co-
nical, blurit, lined with minute, shining, € ag og glands. Fila-
ments thick, fleshy, crooked ; fixed to the base of the germen.
Summit 2 lips; one very small ; the other broad, flat, thin, fringed
at the edge. After the impregnation of the germen, this larger
lip closes the aperture of the style. Sza/é cylindrical, scaly to-
wards the top, and dividing into three. Leaves in whirls; thread- _
shaped, greatly branched and forked; set with minute whitish
harmless thorns, and hollow bags, which have a glandular ap-
¢ ; they contain a transparent watery fluid, anda small
bubble of air. They are pear-shaped, but rather compressed;
with an open border at the small end, from the edges of which
arise 3 or 4 very slender fibres, which perhaps are the real roots —
of the plant. This fluid, when greatly magnified, appears to
contain a quantity of extremely minute solid particles.
Hooded Water-milfoile. Greater Bladdersnout. Wet ditches
and stagnant waters, [Ancot pool, near Salop. Mr, Aix
In shallow waters on Birmingham Heath. ] Be c.

_ * Ifthe fresh gathered leaves are put into the filtre or strainer throu
which warm milk from the rein-deer is poured, and the milk is set by
a day or two to become ascescent, it acquires consistence and tenacity ; the
whey doés not separate, nor does the cream: in this state it is an extremely
grateful food, and as such is used by the inhabitants in the north of Swe-
den. There is no further occasion to have recourse to the leaves, for

. _halfa spoonful of this prepared milk, mixed with fresh elk, wild
convert it to its own nature; and this again will change another quantity

of fresh milk, and so on without end. Linn.—(This did not succeed when
tried with cows milk. Mr, Hawxes. }—The juice of the leaves kills lice ;
the common people use it to cure cracks or chops in cows udders, Linn.
—The plant is generally supposed injurious to sheep; occasioning a dis-
ease which the farmers call the rot. But it may be made a question,
whether the rot in sheep is so much owing to the vegetables in marshy
grounds, as to a fiat insect called a fluke ( Fasio’a hepatica) which is found
in these wet situations adhering to the stones and plants, and likewise in
the livers and biliary ducts of sheep that are affected with the rot.—From
experiments made on purpose, and conducted with accuracy, it appears,
= neither sheep, cows, horses, goats, nor swine, will feed upon this
plant. z E

\

1 DIANDRIA/MONOGYNIA. # Lycopis

U. “Nectary keel-shaped.

; Schmied. 21-E. bot. 964-Fl, oe 128-Pluk. 99. 6~Pet,
i 36~ 12.

/ Nectary indistinct ; pointing TM A Mouth o of: it bless
open, gaping; without a prominent palate. Ruors hair-like,
very slender, swimming: beset with small membranaceous
bladders. Stalk as long as one’s finger, simple, very slender ;
dividing towards the top into 3 fruit-stalks with 3 floral leaves.
Root-leaves winged, hair-like; little leaves few ; “equal. Cal.
with the lower leaf reflected. Bloss. 2 petals; gaping. Upper
“ip horizontal, - heart-shaped, pre 8 te ase fed to the
receptacle, Lower lip larger, heart-shaped, reflected at the sides ;
bulging at the base on the under side, prominent and keel-shaped.
Germen egg-shaped. ‘Style simple, short. Summit betwixt egg

3. LINN. ey)
sige Dladiss mont. Ditches and muddy raged ie F ts
. Boge near Norwich. Mr. Pircurorp.—
Outerthwaite, near Flookburg in’Cartmell, spate Fame
aris. Mr. Jacxson.—Chartley Moss and Norton Bog, "Staf-

Brows) P. i July.

LY'COPUS. Bloss. 4-cleft ; 1 segment notched at
~~ the end: Stamens distant : Seeds 4, blunt.

. Leaves indented and serrated,
urt. 201-F].. dan. 1081—Kniphs 5=Riv. 22~Pseud. marr,

700. 1—Park, 1230. 1—Pet, 324 5-H. ox. xie 9. 20- =
| Trag. 9. 2 Fy Beith 3186 2) S

Cal, with 4 or 5 ‘clefts ; a Ae Bless. whitish,

with a tinge of purple ; somew ry within ; oi ee
slightly notchec at the end; stemid one with ew eit

7 spots on the inside. Betwixt the two stamens it Beil ior
4 mon to find two other shorter filaments without anthers ; and I
once found them with anthers, Germen set upon a yellow glan-
dular receptacle. Svem with 4 corners and 4 hollow sides; a
little hairy. Branches opposite, rising from the bosom of the
leaves. Leaves alittle hairy. Flowers several together in the
bosoms of the upper leaves.

Var. 1, jagged. Leaves deeply divided.
Barr, 154-H, Ox. xi. 9. 21~Plul, 45, i,
2

and tonigoe-slngese etal anal yellow than the preceding.

- Mar. Raver en Boar in Scotland and Ireland: Mr.

pal.—Math. 1002-Dod, 595. 2-Leb. obs., 283. 2-Ger, em.

19

— minor.

europe’us,

20 _ DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Salvia.

Water Horehound. Horehound Gypsie-wort. Pigs 2 ea oe
on the banks of streams afd — P. July, Sep Ste

‘

SAL 1A, "pig gaping : B slamilds fixed trans-
versely to a little foot-stalk. —

praten’sis. §S, Leaves ’ héart“dblong ; scolloped ; upper leaves em-
bracing the stern: flowers in whirls with hardly
any intermixture of leaves: helmet of the blossom
gummy.
E. bot, 153-Fuch. 560-T ap. 53-Dod. 203. 1-Ger. em.
769. 3-Riv. 36—Kniph. 5-Ger. 627. 3-H. ox. oe ae
—Clus. ii. 30. 1—Ger. em. 771. ads B, iii, 312, [ge
(Blackw. 258, is 8. wverbenaca. °
Floral leaves about the length of the Ses Cal. apeesd
Bhos. bluish purple, 4 times as large as the calyx ; helmet
hooked like the handle of a walking stick. Its gumminess is
not a constant circumstance and shescloet ought not to aeaiee a
part of the specific character. ©

Mondien' isis: sr Gtesy. “Aiigellrn test Gentle, {Siney:
and Sussex, common. St.—Wickclifts, Gloucestershire. Mr.
os P. a July

verbena’ca.. S. toe indented, oer sneer blossom oe
slender than the calyx. ;

"Cuviiek: bot. 154—Clus. ii. 31. ese ‘on. 1 TT1e 12
~~ 57. 8-Black. 258—Barr. 208-H. ox. Xi, 14.33.

Floral leaves longer than the calyx. Cal, much wider than —
the tube of the blossom, but its ra ee ’
open. Boss. not twice the length of the calyx; blue.

Wild Clary. Wild Sage. Meadows and pastures, . [Keg-
worth Church-yard, Leicestershire, and about Chester. Mr.
Coe eee ae nen: hime Mus at :

_ On the Castle a, seihaian ERS P, June.t

»

* It eink black. The j fameyleers permanent ay m oem ook
and silk, which will not wash out; travelling gypsies stain
with it. Sheep and goats eat it —Cows and horses refuse it. The Casside
viridis feeds upon it. :
~ + The seeds when soaked in water for a few minutes get’ bones ane
cilaginous coating round them not unlike frog spawn. The Senet the
S. ratensis haye the same property, but in a less degree,

= *
Se

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Orchis.
OR'CHIS. Nectary like a Sei behind the flower:

_ Bhoss. gaping.
(1) Bulbs of the root Baleedee
0. ig of the necta spear-shaped ; 3 very entire : “horn
_very long: petals expanding.. .
Dicks. b. se—Curt.—E. bot. 29-Luda. 95-Hall, 35.2, at ii.
p» 148-Kuiph. 6-Wale.—Dod.. 237. 2-Lab. obs. 88. 2, ice
1. 178. 1-Ger. em. 211, 2—Park. 1351. i~Pet, 68, L1-
Ger. 165. 9-H, ox. xii, 12. 18-7. B. ii. 771-Matth.
880. 2—Fl. dan. 235—Blackw. 588-Flowers only, Vaill.
30. 7—Seguier. 15. FS

Flower white, of. a FET sweet sit in the ug Pealy
the outer expanding. ip spear-shaped, very entire. Spur awl-
shaped. Linn. Leaves sfikthg underneath, as if varnished.

Butterfly Orchis. Shotoverhill and apron ssgaseite tank
SIBTHORP.

Var. 1. Leaves exactly oval. om Sea
There. does not seem to be any exact foace of this, The
plants are full 2 feet high; the leaves either two or three, ex-
actly oval or elliptical, 6 inches long and 3 inches wide...
Woods and ded fen Pep eias Gloucestersh. Pe Swayne.
anes, estershire,. eoqmon. 'ULTENEY.—
Woods at Envil, Staffordshire. }
_ Two other varieties of this species have been noticed by
ay, which may be thus characterized.

Var. 2. Leaves 2, egg-spear-shaped.

| oF. B. ii. 772-Park. B50 Gere. 162-Gers em. 21 ry Ila.
Bae TFS, te :
"These references are > given i Mr. Ray, who also remarks,
that the flowers are few, white, thinly Set extremely sweet, the
Aas Aisne > Dit eg dei ee OS » broad, like those of

Thi is found in ‘woods and thickets, and flowers i in | May. a

Var. 3. Leaver Qi or Bs spear-shaped. ie,

Wf B. ii. 771. with 3 leaves-Parks ope aay eMtts: Qui. 2m
Lob. ic. 178. 1.—Such are the references of Ray, who also says,
that it is a lower plant than the preceding, not above 9 inches
high; that the root-leaves are three in number, narrower than
in Var. 2, that it is found in pastures, and flowers a month
later, viz. in June.

There does not appear sufficient reasons for considering these
as really distinct ; the root-leaves are 3 in only one of the figures

.
|
5

bifo’lia. \-
q

ge DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Orchis.

referred to by Mr. Ray, and neither the height of the plant, the ~
more or less egg or spear-shape of the leaves, nor yet the season

_ of flowering, nor the stations, afford any very permanent distinc-
tions. I have now before me several specimens gathered in June
in the new forest near the monument of Rufus, which agree with
Var. 2, and amongst them is one with 3 leaves, and another with
4, acutely sale: sagged and only 7 inches high. The greenish

| white colour of the blossoms, and the great length of the horn,

' distinguish them sufficiently from all other British species.

pytamida'lis. O. Lip of the nectary 2 “horned, 3-cleft : segments equal: 4
ne very entire: horn long: petals somewhat spear- ~
shaped. ere |

_ Jacq. austr. 266-Ray 18, at p. 377-Hall. 35. 1, at ii. p. ;

148-E. bot. 110—Pet. 68. 4-F. B. ii. 764. 1-Clus. it.

269. 1-Ger. ems 210, 4~Park. 1349. 4—Flowers only,
Vaill. 31. 38.

Stem a hand’s breadth high, jointed. Leaves 5 or6; spear.
shaped, pointed, membranaceous. Floral Jeaves spear-shaped,
coloured, as longas the germen. Flowers purple; white ones
have been observed by Mappi. Petals egg-spear-shaped, 3 ap-
proaching, the two lateral ones expanding, bent back. Lip broad, _
with 2 oblong longitudinal bulgings at the base. Linn.—Spike _
short, close, pyramidal : horn longer than the germen. ReLHay.
—Stem 8 to 15 inches high. Leaves spear-shaped, acute.
Woopwarp —Stem and leaves of a silky glossiness ; leaves
strap-spear-shaped. Flowers whitish, purple. Sr. The bulging

rotuberances on the lip of the nectary, give, as remarked b
Dr. Smith, the distinguishing character of this species.
| Late-flawering Orchis, Pyramidal Orchis. Meadows and
pastures in a calcareous soil. [About Stocking-wood, Leicester-
shire, rare. Dr. Putrenry.—Road sides in the Northern ‘
of Northamptonshire. Mr. Prrr.] ~-*P. June, July. —

Var, 2. Flowers white. Linn. St. Retnay. WoopwARD- —

Chalk pit Close. Renuan. SR id waaay Be

Seats

mo'rio, O. a of the nectary 4-cleft, finely scolloped: horn —
lunt, ascending : petals blunt, approaching. Linn.
Lip of the nectary with 3 lobes, the middlemost
notched at the end. . . : et
Curt.-Walc.-Dod. 236. 2-Lob. obs. 88. i; it. i. 176. 2-
Ger. em. 208. 2-Park. 1347. 4-Ger. 158. 6—Fuchs. 559-
J. B. ii. 761. 3, Lonic. i. 202, 1-Hall_ 33. 2, at ike p-

144—F], dan, 253-Vaill, 31. 13 and 14, flowers only. -

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Orchis.

Flowers purple, rather few. Petals all blunt, marked with
lines, a hing. Lip bent back, finely scolloped at the sides,
with 3 clefts, the: Giddicmost nicked. Linn.—Flowers 6 to 12,
loosely disposed. Horz shorter than the germen. Lip of the

- Nectary very broad, the middle segment dotted, smaller than the
side ones. RrtHan.— Leaves Sh pee shining. Woopwarp.
—Sometimes spotted in the spring, the spots in as
the flowers advance. Mr. Sey cmeieasb a rs fear mo
mascula as follows: Stem. lower. Spike of fewer flowers, Bulbs
small, round, one fixed to the base of the stem, the other con-
nected by a fibre of the thickness of a pack-thread, and half an

inch long. Petals, the 3 upper forming the hood, and covering

the lower ones, always scored with 3 or 5 ish veins.

Woopwarp.—The green lines on the petals distinguish it from |

every other Orchis, Ray,
Var. 1. Flowers flesh-coloured, or white. Ray. ~
Female Foal-stones. Meadow Orthis. Moistish meadows
and pastures. P, May, June.

a

Q. Lip ‘pf the. mectsry 4lobed, finely. seolloped | hora
blunt : upper petals turned back. :

Dicks. b. s.—E. bot. 631~Curt. 121—-Hall. 33. 1. at ii. p. 144
_ —Kniph. 7-Woodv. 90-Fl. dan. 457-Sheldr. 16-Dod.
236. 1-Lod. obs. 87. 33 ic. i. 176. 1-Ger. em, 208. I=
Park, 1346, 1-Wale.-Blackw. 53-Fuchs. 555-F B. iis
763. 1—Lonic. i. 201. 1~Matth. 882—Ger. 158..5—Flowers
~ only, Vaill, 31. 12 and 11.

Lip with 3 clefts, the middlemost segment cloven, and lon:
than the side ones. Spur somewhat i. 4 Very closely allied
to O. morio, but differing as follows. Stem as tall again.
Flowers numerous. ‘The 2 petals on the back bent backwards,
and not all approaching into a helmet. The middlemost lobe of
the /:p the smallest. Liny.—Buxlbs oval, both fixed to the base
of the stem. Stem 12 to 15 inches high. Leaves spear-shaped,
bright green and shining above, sea green underneath, with
longitudinal parallel veins, usually with large brown spots.
Ploral-leaves longer than the germen. Flowers of a darker or
eal purple, rarely white. Petals spear-shaped, pointed, the 2
ateral ones upright, and bent back to back, the middle one ex-
panding and lying over the 2 lower ones, which are closely

. ing, and of a paler colour. Lip of the nectary dotted.

towards the base, broad, with 3 lobes, the side ones roundish,
scolloped, the middle one notched at the end. Horn as long as

23

mas’cula.

__ Flowers purple. Petals, the outer rather pointed, bent back. 7

ra
j

_

ustula’ta.

Early Orchis. Male Fool-stones. Meadows and pastures.

oO. Lip of the nectary 4-cleft, rough with dots: horn

‘termediate point. Woopw.—From 4 to 8 inches high. Leaves

- Essays, part ii. p. 37.—Mr, Moult made his experiments upon the roots

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA) Orchis.”
the germen, broadest and somewhat compressed: at the end —
Woopwarp. | ed Hdd ect “ae

‘P. May.*

lunt : petals distinct. eek
Dicks. b. s—Hall. 28. 2, at ii. p. 140-E. bot. 18.—Fl. dan.

103—Clus. i. 268. 1-Ger. em. 207—Park. 1345-F. B. ii.
765. 2-H. ox. xii. 12. 2€—Flowers only, Vaill. 31.35 and

36-Seguier 15. 4.
Stem angular, Spike close ; with near 46 flowers. Floral.
Jeaves as long as the germen. Horz much shorter. Peta/s pur-

plish without ; greenish white within. Retnan.—lLeaves 5 or
6, spear-shaped. Spite shirt (seldom an inch.) Lip white, with
purple or purplish spots, with 3 divisions, the 2 outer segments
expanding, spear-shaped, entire, with | or 2 teeth, the middle
one longer, widening at the end, with 2 short lobes and an in-

4 to 6, ay or less acute. — i gi than the -

Sarr .. Spike egg-shaped. Nectary, middle segment of the

ower lip tA cloven, with or withoat a saailt padjechine

ang: in the cleft. This lip is white, with beautiful purple dots,
I have not found the roughness mentioned by Linnzus.

* Mr. Moult, ina letter to Dr. Percival, inserted in the Péil. Trans, |
vol. 59, p. 1, describes his method of making Salep. The best time to.
gather the roots, he observes, is whien the seed is formed, and the stalk
going to fall ; for then the new bulb, of which Salep is made, is arrived at
its full size. The new roots being separated from the stalk, are to be
washed in water, and the outer thin skin taken off. They are then to be
set on a tin plate, in‘an oven heated to the degree of a bread oven. In six,
eight, or ten minutes, they will have acquired a transparency like horn,
without being diminished-in size. They are then to be removed into ©
another room to dry and harden, which will be done in a few days; or
they ay be finished in a very slow heat in a few hours.—Salep thus _
prepared, may be sold for less than a shilling a pound, and affords a mild —
nutriment, which, in times of scarcity, in cases of Dysentery and Stran-—
gury, and on ship-board, may be extremely useful. See Percival’s

per for the purpose, and it is highly probable that every species of Orchis —
may be used indiscriminately. Salep has been hitherto imported from
Turkey ata considerable price, but it is to be hoped, we shall no longer
be supplied from foreign markets, with an article that our own. country
¢an supply us with in almost any quantity. If ever plantations of it are
made, the plants must be propagated by roots, for the seeds seldom come
to perfection. Dr. Perciyal observes, that he got some seeds to all ap-
pearance perfect, but they would not vegetate. . aa a ee

of this species only. The preceding species is undoubtedly ay pro-

eas eS

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Orchis.

Dwarf Orchis. Dryish meadows and pastures. ‘Gogmago
Hills, Newmarket Heath, and Barneck Heath, near Stamford.
Woopwarp.—On Wick Clifts, and on the Wiltshire Downs.
Mr. Swayne.—On Salisbury Plain, particularly upon the Bar-

rows about Stonehenge. ] P. May, June.

0. Lip of the nectary 5-cleft; rough with dots: horn
lunt: petals confluent.

Flowers in a spike, purplish or ash-coloured. Petals growin
together. Lip 3-cleft; middle segment Sn sie ‘rough wit
dots. Spur short, bluntish. Linn.—But halt the} of the

Var. 2. Fusca. Lip 3-cleft, middle segment very broad,
notched at the end, and a little point in the notch,

Curt. Facg. austr. 307-E. bot. 16—Ray 19. 2. at p. 379-

Hall. 31, at ii. p. 140-Flowers@hly, Vaill. 31, 27, 28—

Seguier, ii. 15. 2. :

With a greenish cast. Jacg. ic. O. moravica.—O. militaris
purpurea. Huns. ed. ii—O. fusca. Curt.—From 8 to 12
inches high. Spzke about 3 inches long. Leaves egg-spear-
shaped. Bloss. varying much in colour, of a pale rose red, with
sometimes a greyish cast on the lip, and of.a deeper purplish hue
on the upper petals. sass

__ Orchis fusea. Jacg.—On dry chalky soils, near woods and
thickets. About Rochester, and near Northfleet, Kent.
HA _ P. May, June.
Var. 3. Lip 3-cleft, segments strap-shaped.
Hall, 28. 1. at ii. p. 140-Col. ecphr. i. 320, 2-Ger. em.
205, 2-Park. 1344—Fuch, 554—F. B. ii. 755-Trag. 778

Man Orchis. Meadows and pastures in a chalky soil. Caws-
ham Hills by the Thames sides not far from Reading, Berkshire,
and near the old chalk-pit by the paper-mill at omg e

It does not appear to me that these can well be made distinct
species, The colours are confessedly variable, and in all the

lower lip may be described 3-cleft ; considering the middle seg-.

ment as notched, with a projecting point in the notch ; or as 5-
cleft, when this little projecting point must be reckoned as one
of ts. The upper petals in all are confluent, and the

_ lip dotted. The greater or lesser breadth of the middle segment
0 she'nentary,, io The

principal difference. Dr. Smith remarks,
that all the varieties smell like new hay,

25

milita’ris.

\ Wa

Sea Deere

26 : DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Orchis,

(2) Bulbs of the root hand-shaped.
jatifo‘lia. ©. Bulbs somewhat hand-shaped, straight: horn of the
nectary conical: lip with 3 lobes; the lateral ones
Se _ bent back: floral-leaves longer than the flowers.
- Bulbs straight, not much straddling, divided into 2 or 3 fine
ts. Leaves, especially the lower, ‘a little spotted. Flowers
in aspike. Petals, the lateral ones bent back, those at the back
expanding, with the hinder edges bent back. Lip folded behind,
serrated, with 3 obscure lobes. Differs from O. maculata as
follows. Filoral-leaves longer than the flowers. Leaves nearly _
without spots. Stem hollow. Linn. :
Var. 2. Linn.—Middle segment of the lip blunt, as nar-
row again as the side ones, but of the same length. Sr. a
142—Dod. 240. 1-Lob. obs. 9O* 3. ic. i, 188. 1-Ger. em
220. 1-Park.” 1386. 1-Ger. 169. 1-F. B. ii. 774. 1-
‘. Blackw. 405-H. ox. xii. 14. 2-Flowers only, Vaill. 31.
55. 4 ae
Bulbs cloven into 2, each segment cloven and expanding.
_ Stem 7 to.14 inches high, somewhat hollow. Flowers puree
the throat whitish, with perc dots. Site oblong spear-shaped, _

one to two and a half inches long. Sr. _ :
Broad-leaved, or Male-handed Orchis. Moist meadows-and
pastures, and marshy ground, common, . P. May, June.

Var. 3. Liyn.—Middle segment of the lip egg-shaped,
pointed, as long again as the side ones. Sr. bd a3
Vaill. 31. 2 and \-Wale.—Dod. 241—Lob. abs. 91.* 3; ite ie i
190. 1-Ger, em. 222. 3.-Park,'1358. 11-Ger. 171. 3-
Lob. obs. 93. He? 7.1. 191. 2.—-Ger. em. 226. 1-Ger. 174.2
—Flowers only, Vaill. 31. 2 and \—Park, 1360. 10.
Lip of the nectary, \ateral segments blunt. These variations
I have observed in different plants, but Vaillant informs us that
they are sometimes found in the same plant. Sr.—Stem fur-
rowed. Leaves spear-shaped; 4 to (j, in some plants spotted.
Floral-leaves coloured, longer than the germens. . Flowers pur-
ple, to 46. Spzke close. Horn blunt, shorter than the germen.
Lip very broad, with deeper coloured lines; lateral. segments -
finely scolloped, the middle one spear-shaped. Retu.—Stem
about a foot high, smooth, angular towards the top. Leaves
alternate, sheathing the stem to the spike, acutely spear-shaped,
keeled, rarely spotted, and then very obscurely so. Flpral-
_ deaves much longer than the flowers, resembling the uppermost
leaves, spear-shaped, pointed, sometimes with,a tinge of purple.

ais

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Orchis. 2?

Flowers _ flesh-coloured, or white. Spike somewhat co-
nical. Petals spear-shaped, the middJemost of the 3 upper and
outer with the 2 inner approaching. Lip, the middle lobe the
longest, narrow, somewhat pointed, marked with dots and lines
forming a — figure, somewhat corresponding with the form
of the lip. Woopwarp. 2006

[In the same moist meadows with (1) between Battenhall
and Worcester. Sr.]

te

O. Bulbs expanding: hom of the nectary shorter than the macula’ta.
_ germen: lip flat: petals.on the back upright. v4
_ E. bet. 632-Fl. dan. 933—Hall. 32.1, at ii. p. 142-Lonic.
i, 208. 2-Dods 240. 2-Lob. obs. 90." 43 ie. 4.° 188. 2—
| Ger. em. 220. 2-Park. 1357. 2-Trag. 781-Ger. 169. 2-
Te B. ii. 775. 2-Lob. obs. 91.* 1. ic. i. 189. 1-Ger. em.
222. 1-H. ox, xii, 14, row 2..5-Flowers only, Vaill. 31.

One of the dz/bs floats in water, this nourishes the stem, the
other sinks and bears the bud for the next year. i

Leaves spotted. Floral-leaves not longer than the flowers.
; Flowers sometimes white. Pera/s, the 3 outer upright, the 2 —~_
| inner approaching. Lip with 3 lobes, scolloped, the middle ~
segment quite entire, very narrow. Linn.—Leaves rather hoary,
with oblong, transverse, darkish spots. Spikes close, conical.
Flowers to 40, pale purple, with deeper lines. Floral-leawves
longer than the germens. Horm blunt, as long as the germen.
Retu.— Bulbs compressed ; fingers much straddling. \ Stem 6 to
18 inches high, cylindrical below, angular above. Leaves un-.
derneath silvery grey, with parallel green veins, above pale }.
i. ially covered with the same silvery skin ; spots

ee ee ee eee SS
‘

‘green, often parti
reddish brown, numerous, mostly oval and transverse, sometimes
irregular, the edges of the upper ones decurrent, whence the an-
gular appearance of the upper part of the stem in this and several
other species. Flowers sometimes nearly white, and without—
spots, when the leaves also are pale, and without spots. Petals
pacer the 3 outer expanding, sometimes spotted. Lip -
eeply cloven into 8, marked with purple spots and lines; the
lateral segments angular, the middle one shaped. Horn
bluntish, shorter than the germen. Differs from O. atifolia, in
' the lowermost leaf being always very blunt, the lip being deeply
-¢loven into 3, and in its flowering later. Wi cleaimaRpat ies,
the lower longer than the flowers, the upper shorter. Sr.—The
O, mascula, and morio, have frequently spotted leaves, and on
that account, from too much attention being given to the trivial
name of this species, have sometimes been mistaken for it.
Female-handed Orchis. Spotted Orchis, Woods, rich mea-

a ee a,

ee ee eS ae Se

28 DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Orchis:

dows, when the spike is large and a hand’s breadth Jong ; also in
barren pastures; when the —— is s only half the’ ae, ‘and with
fewer flowers. Ray.

Var. 2. Leaves not cole
Anchandenny Woods, Scotland. Parsons in fl. scot. 518.»

conop’sea. ©. Horn of" the siete iene shaped, longer Rak the
Y germen : lip cloven into 3: two of the petals very
rai » much expanding.

Dicks. &. s.—Fl. dan. 924-E. bot. 10—Hall. 29. 2, at. ii. 147
Vaill: 30.8 and 8—Fuchs:712-F. B. ii. 778. 1=Lob. obs.
91.* 2. ac. i. 189, 2-Ger. em. 223. 2-Park. 1358. 5-
Hi ox. Xi. 14. 14—Ger. WI ®— Flowers ons valli, 30,
8 and 8.

- Resembling: oO. piv s. Petals, the outer siding
Lip finely scolloped ; segments equal, the middlemost. very en-
tire. Spur ve long, as in O. pyramidalis. Linn.—Stem 12 to
18 inches high, og lndrica) below, angular above. Leaves s
shaped, pointed ; bright green, keeled, with a strong raid-tib,
woe side of whic is one strong rib, and 2 os ee
veins ; Jower stem-leaves embracing the stem; the upper sittin
decteasing i in size till they resemble the floral-leaves. Floral
leaves spear-shaped, acute, longer than the germen. Spzke lon;
~ .\ Joose. 5 ae flesh-coloured, or pale purple, very sweet. slong
the middlemost of the outer and the 2 inner ones closely ap-
proaching, their points bent dnyands, and covering the Stamens ; 2%
the 2 outer spear-shaped, at wit! aij
nectary. Spur slender, semi-transparent, ‘much longer th the
_germen. Stamens with 2 fleshy prominences at their base.
Summit, the opening between the stamens very apparent. i ssar eh
—Leaves strap-shaped, doubled together lengthwise. _ Lip *
of the nectary cloven... Horn crooked, ‘The great feat 1 of the ;
| horn of the nectary is sufficient to distinguish it from every other
species in this subdivision.
Red-handed Orchis. Meadows and pastress |
near Leeds. Mrs Woopw.—Knutsford Moor, Ch
A1xin.—Pastures under Shortwood near Pucklechurch, Glocest.

1 PR an lero a

Tn a morass

and on the Wiltshire Downs. Mr. Swayne.—Dry pastures neat
Auchin Dewney, 7 miles from Edinburgh, and a y.on
the hilly grounds N. of the river rasosig Dumbartonsh. Dr.
Hore.) Pe Jn.

(3) Roots fibrous. rsdisudh albidum,] _
aborti’va. O. Bulbs thread-shaped : lip of the nectary egg-shaped
very entire : stem leafless. _ |
Jacq. austr, 193—Hall, 36, at ii. p. 151-Buxb, i ite 1. 1.

ee ae ee ee

DIANDRIA: MONOGYNIA. Satyrium.

Stem. sheathed with scales.. Flowers violet.» Linn.—Hora
conical, slightly curved, very much pointed. Mr. Woopwarp.

© Purple Bird’s-nest. Bird’s-nest Orchis. Dryish meadows.
Near Alton, Hampsh. R. Syz. # nee June.
"This has been supposed to ‘be the plant ‘intended by Ray,
Lisodavan? austriacum, Sy#. 383, but the figures to ne es he
refers have the lip of the nectary cloven, and I believe we have

- no other place mentioned for the growth of the O. abortiva, than

that given from D, Goodyer in Ray’s Synopsis ; so that it is yet
doubtful ether i it ereny. be a native cof —_ country.

SATY’RIUM. Nectory behind the flower; inated

“roundish. BED aoeltad
§. Bulbs un individ ed: be ee 8 sp tee Pt “tp “of ne
. mectar eft; the middle segment strap-shaped,

ayee! t
bitten off.

me the austr, 367—Hall. 25, at ii. 136-E. bot. 34—Dod. 237.
1-Gers ems 210. 1—Park. 1848. 1-Ger.' 160. 1-H. ox.
xii. 12. 9-Lod. obs. 90. 1. ics 1. 177. 1=Ger. em. 210, 2-

hirei’‘num,

Park: 1348, 2-F. Bei, 756-Ger. 160, 2-Flowers only,

_ Faill, 30. 6, and Seguier, ¥3, es

| Plant tall. Flowers whitish, smelling like a goat... Lip, the
iddlemost segment very long, the lateral ones very short, awl-
shaped, very entire. Linn.—The largest and tallest of our
Orebuee Ray.—Flowers greenish white, purple within. — (
Lizard. flowers or Satyrion. . Chalky meadows and
Sereral wih in the ue srehborbaed of Deptiords mete Ray.

a)

S. Bulbs til mee a laeleh teats oblong, ‘ae lip.
‘of the nectary strap-shaped, 3-cleft; the middle
segment indistinct.

#3 be hackeeh dete 94-Hall. 26. 2, at ii. ke og had ‘dan.
atm ts eke Petals approaching. Li ais
ts sey re the middlemost Sanict tine 5 to

i inches high, solid ; angles unequal, sharp, formed from the

edges of the leaves and floral-leaves. Spike spear-shaped, 1 to 3
inehes long. _Flora/-leaves aw|-spear-shaped, keeled, somewhat

viride.

bowed in. Calyx, tube investing the germen ; border with 3 —
divisions ; segments egg-shaped, nea ly equal with, sharp lon-

gitudinal wrinkles, appr proaching upwards, before flowering glued
together, and involving all 7a! eae of fructificatign, except the

30

al’bidum.

_ the base of the lower lip

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Satyrium.

‘nectary ; the side ones more convex on the outside, bowed back

sidewise at the points, the middlemost rather smaller, more bent

inwards. ‘These, which are clearly an extension of the skin

investing the germen, inclose as a calyx the other parts of frucs
tification, and are of a texture similar to that of the floral leaves.

Blossom of 3 petals, the 2 upper strap-spear-shaped, concave;

upright, of a greenish whitish hue, as long as the calyx, inserted
at the divisions at the base‘of the upper lip of the third petal.
These are of a different texture from the calyx, as above de.

scribed, are situated within it, and exactly resemble the texture ~_

of petals. The third petal gaping, with 2 lips, surrounding the
edge of the germen ; upper /:p roundish, concave, reddish brown,
as short again as the 2 upper petals, divided within into 2 cells,
each containing 1 of the stamens, composed of 4 valyes, marked

at the base with a fleshy tooth; /ower Jip oblong, strap-shaped,

bent back, somewhat longer than the calyx, flat, of a yellowish
greenish hue, the sides. and end tinged with brownish purple, the
edges bent in at the base, with a longitudinal ridge running
along the middle, cloven into 3 at the end, the lateral segments

strap-shaped, bluntish, the middlemost very short, projecting
underneath at the base into a nectarys I consider’this as a petal,

from its similarity to that of the Fumaria, and the whole class

of Personate, which it exactly resembles. Nectary roundish,

slightly furrowed along es middle, coneaye, hanging down from
Personata, the nectaty, as here, is an expansion of the petals,

containing a honey-like juice. Authers vnchinged on being
moistened with water, and not containing any visible pollen. St.

— Spike loose, with few flowers, Floral-/eaves much longer than
the flowers. Woopwarp—Svem-deaves spear-shaped, pointed.

Frog Satyrion. Meadows and pastures, in gravelly soil; but —
rare. On Hellse-fellnap, near Kendal. Hups.—Fields in the
way to Glenficld near Leicester. Putteney.—Shotover-hill,
South-leigh, Carnbury, Burford Downs, Oxon. SreTHorrs. |

_, Pe junc, Auge

S. Bulbs bundled: leaves spear-shaped :. lip: of. the nec-
tary 3-cleft : segments acute; the middle one blunt.

Dicks. b. s.-E. bot. 505-F]. dan. 115-Hall. 26.1. at iis

p- 137-Mich. 26. A. B. C. eee at at
Haller seems fully justified in not separating these plants
from the Orchis. Stem 9 to 15 inches high. Leaves, the lower
oval, sheathing the stem. Spike long. Floral-leaves much
pointed. Petals oval-spear-shaped. Lip short, the middle seg-
ment the longest. Floral-Jeaves longer than the germens, Spur
about half as long ; blunt, bowed back, but not double, asin

the blossom. In Fumaria and the

Pek

ee a

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Ophrys.

Gen, descr. | Petals white, lip green. Woopwarv.—Spike 14
inch long, cylindrical. Leaves strap-spear-shaped,

White Satyrion. Moist meadows in Wales, and about Mal-
ham, Yorkshire. R. Syn. and Llanberys. Mr. Daviss.—Dry
mountainous pastures in Argyleshire and the Hebrides. Licurr.
=i the same at as Orchis spears Dr. Hors.
P. June, July.

S. Bote Gast leaves eadiacas pore from the
root: flowers pointing one way.

E, bot. 289-Facg. aust. ‘369-Fl. dan. g12-Lightf. 22, 2 at
‘p- 520—Hall, 22. 3. Epipactis at ii. p. 132-Gunn. ii. 6.1
Cam. hort. Gori oe B08 Acer 13 a gee 1853.
ate: B. ii, 770, 2 ah
ng. pe on Teaf. since with a network ‘of
. Petals 3, downy, glued together. Lip spear-
shaped; or egg-oblong. In place of a spur a boat-shaped keel.
Linn.—Svem a foot high, hairy, especially towards the
Leaves near the base of the stem, with 5 to 7 ribs. Leaf. stalks
broad, leafy. Flowers whitish, or straw-coloured, 15 to 20,
from one side-of the fruit-stalk turning round and looking to the
other, Floral-leaves spear-shaped, longer than the germen, of
the same colour with the flowers. Lip terminating behind in a
poe boat-shaped nectary, which makes it belong more pro-
to the genus Serapias. Licutr.—It is from Dr. Smith, in
Bi ¢. we learn that the roots are not bulbous, and that Mr.
Sirweiby found two internal spear-shaped petals,” like those of
sane ustulata.
"Creeping Satyrion. Old mossy woods, but very rare,
ees, —About Moy-hall, near Inverness, ‘and other places in
— ni a — near ‘Gordon Castle. Dr. Horr. ]
” ts Me Brag

OPHRYS. Moet slightly keeled underneath,

th) Bulbs branched.

0. Bulbs Ae bundled: stem. sore. leafless lip’
_ of the nectary cloven,

: Dithn A. s.-E. bot. 48—Hall. 37. 2. at. ii, p. 149-F7. dan.

— -181eTrag. 785-Doed. 553. 2-Lob. ic. i. 195. 1-Clus. i.

270. 1—Ger. em. 228—Park. 1362, Orchis, &c.-H. ox. xiie

16, 18=Pet. 70. 2—Flower and fruit only. Tourn. 250. 3.

Whole plant brown. Stalk cloathed with sheathing leaf-
scales, Renuan,—Root fixed laterally to the stem ; fibres hat,

re’pens.

nidus a’ vis.
x

32

Corallorhi’ za.Q, Bulbs blanch, Z ignas stem sheathed, leafless es

spira’lis.

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Ophiys.

ina thick bunch, more numerous and intricate than those of
oO. bifolia. ‘Stem 12 to 15 inches high, thickest at the base,
firm, continuing long after the seeds are shed Leaf-scales
dry, numerous, embracing the stem. Spiée cylindrical, 4 or 5
inches long, rather loose below, close above. Floral-leaves

shorter than the germens, spear-shaped. Petals closely ap-
proaching, oval. Ts long, at first strap-shaped, but at the ead :
cloven, the segments blunt, straddling. Capsules on fruit-
stalks, Mar, a prominent rib along “each angle and side, the _
interstices plain. This and the Orchis abortiva are closely con-
nected in habit with Orobanche, Lathraa, and Monotropa. Mr.
Woopwarp, =
Bird’ s-nest Twayblade. Woods and shady } laces, but rather -
rare, About Charlton, Maidstone, and Roehill, Kent; Ald-
bur. ch, Suffolk ; near Ingleton, and in Offley Park. [Heydon,
Novfolk. Mr. “Bryant, —Buckham Wood, Cumberland. Mr.
Woopwarp.— Woods on a limestone soil, not uncommon ‘about a
Newton ti Mr, Ei aes Coalbrooke Dale.
=e A May, June,* :

of the nectary 3- :
_, Lledhaashtss-Cunnetiads eMail. tactassis i 150=Glun ti
240, 2-Ger. em. 1585. 2-Park. 1363. -5-Ger, 1387~
: f, 23, at ? mae. jen S 2 s.

Orobanche, & psmeis spe jo

Stennis Stalk with ‘tolr sone which are
not green. HALL. in a specimen | in. my possession,
lower sheath terminates in a real spear-shaped. leaf, er
somewhat approaching, half an inch long, 2 lines Reena ae
above these 2 others which are shorter. Woopwarp, eg

Coral-raoted Tavayblade. Marshy or moist woods, very rani
On the South side a a hanging wood, near the head of mLitele- |
Loch-Broom, Rosshire. Licnrroor.—In woods of fr in the
Nop od Soorand, dbses = F. ee ve

oO. Bulbs Taco,” coe stem niewhlt le fy:
_ flowers placed spirally, but inting one way: lip

_ of the nectary undivi ed, asl doa loped. Linn. oe
Dicks. h. soE. bot. 338—Curt.-Fl. dan. 387-Dod. 239. 2-
Lob, obs, 89,* 2. &F 7 ate i. 16. saialnete 1354. 3-Giese 42.

* Mr. Hall pbantieen, that the woods in the part of cance where
he lives, are cut down every 15 years; that for 6 or $ LRA after they are
oe, aieplenest tt be found, but as. soon as the grasses are chiefly

estroyed by the s ita pcg Wot ewe. or? —
pretty plentiful, ‘ E ye cd

Y DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Ophryé.

Flowers white within, Petals, the outer glued togéther.
Lip rounilish, finely scolloped, the teeth fringe-like. Linn.
«=Buibs 4 to.3, varying from oblong and half an inch to cylin.
drical, and one and a half inch long; rough, with a few fibres.
Stem 6 to 9 inches high, smooth below, downy above, from
the side of the root. Rost-/eaves in a tuft, oval-spear-shaped,
very entire, smooth, bright green; stem-/eaves 3 or 4, spear-

haped, tapeting'to’a- point, embracing the stem. Spike 2 to 4
inches long. | Floral:/eaves longer than the germen, oval-spear-
shaped, tapering to.a/point. F/oqwers numerous, white. Petal,
the 2 inner spear-shaped, expanding. ip narrow at the base,
widening downwards, at the end roundish and serrated. Woopw.
—Stem slightly trom be agers eae downy. Petals
5, spear-shaped, nearly equal, upright, approaching, ‘greenish
sotileey: smooth within, » - without, the 3 =e glued toge-

\

haat aeal ing as one, the middlemost the argest. Necta
side gape a ‘the~ base somewhat heart-shaped, and
rked with a blunt tooth on each side, nearly double tO, and

involving the parts of fructification, slightly keeled underneath,
at the end bluntish ‘and finely scolloped, somewhat fleshy, glossy,
glutinous, green, with a whitish edge, and towards the point
frosted, Stamen 1, placed on the upper side’ of the style. Fila.
_° ment none, except a short tooth projecting from the-inner

of the style. Anther of 2 cells and 4 valves, egg-shaped, up-
tight, growing to the inner edge of the posterior tooth of the
style. Style somewhat club-shaped, hooked, projecting from
the*point:of the germen, concave: above where it receives the
mass of pollen, which sometimes remains in it even after the
_ flower is out of blossom ; margin upright, with 5 teeth beneath

obliquely lopped. Summit flat, somewhat egg-s » green,

glutinous, cloven at the point. Sr.—The flowers as Linné says,
do really point in one direction, from one line; but this line
having a spiral twist, they appear to point in different directions.
Triple Twayblade, or Ladies-traces. sandy and chalky
patines, ‘and moist meadows. RoPecT Dey bares clayey pas-
tures, and on a boggy common. Woopwarp.—In a croft near
Whitehall, on the road from Truro to Redruth, Cornwall. Mr.
~Wartt.—Under the rocks at Pinney Cliffs, near Lymé. Mr.
Knarrs.—In good soil, on the sides of sunny banks in the
Limestone pastures about Newton Cartmel. Mr. Hatt. ]
sees P. Aug. Oct.

Q.. Bulb fibrous: stem with @ leaves: leaves egg-shaped; ova’ta.
_ lip of the nectary cloven, ;

Hall. 37.1. at ii. p. 150-Curt, 177-Gars. 425. 2-Dod.
242. 1-Lob, obs. 161. 3, & ic. i. 302. 2-Park, 504. 1=
Fachs. 566-7. B. iii. 533. 2-Fi. dan. 137~Martb.

1295—Loni¢, ip 2414 2-Ger. 32G~Pet. 70. 10,
Vor, II, 3 es

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA, Ophrys.
Leaves opposite. Lip strap-shaped, cloven half way down.

Lun. — Flowers numerous, yellowish green... Floral-leaves not.

half the:length of the germens, oval;:taper. pointed. Petals form-

ing a kind of hood, the 3 outer peepee the 2 inner strap. — 4

ip as long as the ger-

shaped,. somewhat tinged with passes

men ;_ nearly. strap-sha rolled back at theedges ; segments ;
slightly straddling, x ‘mostly a short pointed intermediate

lobe. Axthers:not elastic. Woonpwarn.—Calyx; leaves 35 ap-
parently extenfions of the blunt angles of. the. germen, which in

the ripe capsule appear.in the form of narrow»valves. Petals3, _

the wpper strap-shaped, greenish, tinged with purplish brown at
the edge, the /owermast thrice:as long ; all apparently extensions
of the sides of the germen, which in the ripe capsule appear-in
the form of broad valves... Nectarynone. Stamex 1. Anther
sitting, inserted by its point into the point of the summit,
cloven, evidently 1, and not 2 as in Orchis, appearing like a
tongue between the summit and the upper. segment of the blos-
‘som, soon falling off. Case of the stamen on the under side of
the upper segment of the blossom, fleshy, folded into 2 Sy

which inclose the 2 lobes of the anther in its-earlier state, and
when those are ripe and bursting from their inclosures have dis- _

engaged themselves, closing again, and pressing upon the anther,
remain after it has fallen off, and turning brown, might easily
be mistaken for its anther. Capsule not twisted,, just before

the

_spear-oblong, thrice as broad, forming the acute corners of t]

capsule : opening widely at the sutures, but connected above and
below, Jetting out while yet green the seeds at the suture; inthis —
‘state nearly globular, yellowish green, resembling in figure an
antique helmet with a vizor. Seeds very numerons, etheons ade |

back of the —

the: spite ofyshe bepader yaleeys 50, 3 liggnalong, the
ae

keeled angle ; oblong, tapering each way,

shedding its seed inversely egg-shaped, many:times,larger than

: ; 6-cornered, 3 of the corners prominent but blunt, —
the 3 alternate ones keeled; of 1 cell, and valves; 3 straps
shaped, forming the blunt corngrs, and 3 placed sep a

Sas ea |

ceous, reticulated, each containing a single globular kernel rather |

smaller than the diameter of the case which contains it, o}

and of. a greenish white. Sr.—Flowerswith afragrant and musky _

scent. Mr. Dicxenson.Plant about 12 inches high. Spike4

inches long, cylindrical ; litle fruitstalks longer. than the ge —

mens or the floral leaves

Common Twwayblade. Woods and moist shady thickets : not E
unfrequent in meadows and pastures, [Beechwood, on’ Lans- —

down. Mr. Swayne.—Hurcot wood. July 20, 1789. Sr.]
: . ay, June.

: »Mar. 2. Leaves acute. Mr. Woopwarp.—J. B. iii, 534.

Much smaller and ner than the preceding, Leaves some-
‘times three. (Park. Ray.) ~ Leaves anata or heart-shaped.
Ray. Leavesoval, pointed. ~~ ce <

eu

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Ophrys.

» Bifolium ee 505-=R. Syn. 385. Woopw.—
wet grounds between Hatfield and St. Alban’s, and divers aan
i Romney Marsh. Parx.—Boggy and fenny grounds neat
ingay, Cambridgeshire. Hurst Hill and ‘Tunbridge Wells.
Pars Syn. nef Mars arshy ground, Mr.W oopwarp.—Hallinghall wood,
near Loughborough. . Buddon wood. Stocking wood, near
Leicester. Puurensy.] ;

85

O. Bulb fibrous: stem with 2 leaves’: leaves heart-shaped, corda’ta.

Dicks. he s.-B. bot. 358—Hall. 22,, “Ag. Ophrys, Fe. at ii.
$432-F, B. iil. 554. Q-Pet. 70. 11-H. Ox, xii. 11. A oe 7.
“4-Guna, i ii. Se 6. yee gee i

Leaves: opposite. Lip cloveny: ae a coothea on vk side of
the base, which is not the case in O. ovata. Linn.—Root,
fibres not’ bundled. -Svem 6'to9 inches high. Spike short, with
few flowers. Floral-Jeaves minute, oval spear-shapeds as long
as” < anereee Petals spending) green, the 3 outer oval
-sha the 2 mmner spear-s Lip stra een,
Sapish me the base, dinided below th mids segmental
shaped. WoopwarD. ~

spits as Moist mountainous heath, eapedtally? in
» in Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Westmoreland.

ie a8 one ‘and.on the itt moor between Sheffield and
maeetorties ents, z P, pate uy:

et

Be oY PER

Mee Bulls voi,

eid: scumstisha,cale neg i comered lip of the Loese'lii

nectary egg-shaped.
Dicks * wo FI. — 7 be. AT=Lob. adv. alt, 506. 1

~~ Root a bulb; sae with a Si Leaves PE,
2, yoo as long as the stalk. . Sta/k 3-square above, Flowers
5. to 8, and not more. _ Petals narrow, back. Lip egg-
“sages, large with respect to the rest. Lrnn.—Sva/é 6 inches
high, upright, with from 3 to 5 angles, smooth. Root-/eaves
very entire, bare. Flowers in a bunch, _ serig ae. green, 4 to6
or7. Petals, the 3 outer strap-shaped, ben t back, green, the
_ two inner on the sides thread-shaped, Bess eg uiplish. Lip
very entire, somewhat purplish, Capsule upright, bla
gular, Seeds numerous, small. Hups.

Dewarf Twayblade. O. lilifolia Loeselii, Hugs.—But the
O. lilifolia is not a native of Europe. Woopwarp.—Sr.—Since
confirmed by Dr. Smith, from a comparison with the herbarium
of Linne. "tse, Faith’s-Newton bogs near Norwich ; a single
ssiaiaas) given to. Mr. Lae Se Mr. Prrcuroxp,— None

36 DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Ophrys.

since found either in Norfolk or Suffolk ; but in 1785, I saw a

from Mr. Sole, which was found on Hinton Moor.
Mr. Woopw, and on other Moors near Cambridge by Mr.
Rethan. See his F/. Cantab. P. June, July.

monor’chis. O. Bulb globular: stalk naked: lip of the nectary 3-cleft 5
cross-shaped. | .
Dicks. b. s.-Seguier. ii. 16. 15-F. B. ii. 768. 3—FI. dan,
102-Hall. 22. 3; Monorchis, at ii. p. 182-Mich, 26. 3=
~Gmel. i. 4. 1-Rupp. 2. 5, Monorchis, at p.238. me
Root solitary. £7), the lateral lobes transverse. Flowers
yellowish, green, sweet. Linn.—Stem about 6 inches high, cy-
lindrical, smooth. Root-leaves 2 or 3, sheathing the stem,
spear-shaped, smooth, shining, yellowish green ; stem-leaves 1 OF
2, awl-shaped, sitting. Szke one or one and a half inch longs
with numerous flowers, Flowers small, greenish yellow, with
a faint musky scent. ~ Floral-/eaves spear-shaped, taper-pointed,
the lower equal to or somewhat longer than the germen, the up-
per somewhat shorter, Germex oval, sitting, tapering above
into a sort of fruit-stalk, whence the flower hangs obliquely _
\ nodding... Petals, the 3 outer oval spear-shaped, somewhat ap-
proaching, the 2 inner broad at the base, scolloped, and ene 5 4
narrowing into strap-spear-shaped. Lip deeply cloven into 35
segments spear-shaped. Woopw. | se af Fc aby. ns a
Yellow Orchis. Musk Orchis, or Twayblade. Barren pase _
tures in a calcareous soil. [Chalk pit at Marham, near Swaft-
ham, Norfolk. Mr. Woonpwarp.—Near Snettisham. Mr. —

* Crowe. | P. July.

! re

anthropo- O, Bulbs roundish: ‘stalk leafy: lip of the nectary strap-
pho’ra, shaped, 3-cleft; the middle segment long; cloven.

. Curt.~E. bot. 29-Cél. ecphr. i, 320. 1=Per. 68. 8—Haill. 235
at ii, 133~Flowers only, Vaill. 31. 19 and 20. ane |
Bulbs roundish. Stem about | foot high, firm, smooth, cy-
lindrical at the base, somewhat angular upwards. Root-/eaves
4 or 5, expanding, spear-shaped, varying in breadth ; stem-Jeaves
1 or 2 just above the former, closely embracing the stem. Spike
long; loose, © Floral-leaves membranaceous, spear-shaped,
tapering at the end, half as long as the germen. Petal, the 3
outer oval-spear-shaped, greenish, with purple lines and edges; _
the 2 inner strap-shaped. Zz long, the 2 outer segments strap~ oH
shaped, slender; the middiemost as long again, cloven half
way down into 2 pointed and somewhat straddling segments °
Woopw, : ye Heat
Man Tewayblade. “meadows and pastures, neat
Northfleet, Greenhithe, os go places in Kites [Ashwel-
thorpe, near Norwich, Mr, Crowe. ] P, June. —

ss DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Ophrys. : e

Oo. Bulbs roundish; stem Jeafy ; lipiof the nectary convex, muscif’era.
cloth-like, with 3 dives: the middle oe
cloven. ~

_ Hall. 24.'2, at ii. 135-Cuwms i si bbe. Fa eo 1
—Wale.—Pet. 68. 10-Dod. 238. 3—Lob. abs. 91. 1-Park.
© 1352. 12-Lob, obs. 90, 45 €F tc. i. 181, 1~Ger. em. 213.

6—Park. 1352. 10<Flowers neg Vaill. 31,17 and 18.
F “ Petals, the 3 outer e haped, entire, “ig ; the 2
F inner strap-shaped, bla fue Es. blackish
poet above, with a blue below the upper lo FF aceaka

15 ioe hy mer ore allow 5 aiid aa
lindrical. canes or 4, ‘spear-shaped, ce green, shinin
} ith numerous veins, the intermediate cavern

with a thin, somewhat puckered, pellucid skin, giving a silvery
hue. Floral-Jeaves strap-spear-shaped, keeled, much longer than —-
the germen, pale yellowish green, Flowers ‘thinly scattered, 4
4 15, having much more the appearance of a fly than those of
O. apifera of a bee.—Petals, the 2 inner expanding, deep red.
$ dish brown, es with short hairs, = hee at hi base, fixed to
€ upper lip enectary. Nectary the upper lip hooded, co-
vering the stamens ; the Wear with 3 lobes, the side lobes strap-
shaped, short, eritine ; the middlemost somewhat oval, bent back
ele stile, » divided ‘by a deep angular notch into 2 lobes, red-
dish been’ with a velvety down, with a blueish naked spot in
the centre. Woopwarp.—The blue spot upon the base of the
middle segment of the nectary lip, contributes much to its re-
semblance to a fly.

Fly Orchis, or Tawayblade, O. insect ifera my odes. Lis.

— Meadows and pastures in a calcareous soil, Cambridgeshire,

Ik, and Essex. Chalk Hills near Northfleet, and near

_ Croydon and Wrootham. Lean Hills near Bungay, and Ears-

ham Wood, Suffolk. Mr. Woopwarv.—In Plumpton Woods

near Ulverston. Mr. Arxinson.—On the high ground at the
back of the old well honse, St. Vincent’ $ Sing ristol. |

P. May, June.

‘Mr. Ray mentions a larger sort, found in a pasture near ie
Pestingford, Suffolk, and Welling, Hertfordshire ; Greenhithe,
and in the old chalk pit near the white house ‘by N. eng
R, Syn. 379. But from the fig. of J. B. ii. 708, to which
refers, it will probably prove to be a diferent species,

O. Bulbs roundish : stem leafy: lip of the nectary with 5 apif’era.
lobes, the lobes bent in underneath. Huns. shorter x
than the petals, Woopwarp.

aranif era.

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. ‘Ophrys.

BE. bot. 383-Cart-Wale.-F. B. ti. 7672 1+Fuchs. 5604

F. B. ti: 766. 2=Trag. 788-Vaill. 30:1 9-Dod. 238. 1=

- Lob. obs. 91.2; & ic. i, 180. 1-Ger. em. 212. 3-Park.

485) 5—Ger. 166. 13—Pet. 69. 2—Matth. 880, 2-Flowers
only, Vaill. 30,. ae . i ; "ee -* a4 ; .

Stem shorter than that of ‘O. muscifera. Leaves and floral-
deaves broader and shorter... Floral-leaves longer than. the ger-
mens. Petals the 3 oxter sometimes bent back, spear-shaped, as
long as the germen, the 2 zaer expanding, purplish on the inside,

een without. Nectary, the upper lip lengthened out into a
ong hooked. kind of proboscis, deep green, with cases for the -
stamens beneath ; /ower /ip hairy, mottled with brownish purple

and yellow; the 2 upper and outer lobes near the base, shorty — <

spear-shapen, at first bent upwards, afterwards bent back ; the
middle lobe very large, marked with 2 round yellow spots, the
side lobes short, angular, the middlemost long, tapering toa

‘point ; point greenish yellow, bent back. Woopwarp.—Lower

Lip rusty brown, very much resembling a small humble-bee, in-
versely egg-shaped ; the side lobes bent down, woolly, the edges
bent in, the upper angles loose and upright, resembling the wings
of the bee. Stamens yellow, inserted into the upper edge of

summit, bursting when the flower is expanded from the membra- __
naceous cases of the upper lip, and bending down on the surface
of the summit, continuing fixed to its edge. Axthers club-
shaped, compound, resembling those of the Orchis: Germen not
wreathed. It agrees much mote nearly to Orchis in its struc-

ture, and confirms the propriety of Halier’s generic characters, 1

St. ore 7 : 5g: 9

Ophrys insectifera. Linn. —Bee Orchis, or Tawayblade, Bee-
lower. Meadows and pastures. South side of Great Comber-
ton, towards Wooller’s-hill, frequent. Nasn.—['Tedestone near
Whitbourne, Worcestershire. Mr. Batrarp.—Area of Caris- -

brook Castle, Isle of Wight. Sr.—About Earsham. Mr.

‘Woopwarp, and Mulbarton, Mr. Crowz.—On the high ground
behind the old Well House, St. Vincent’s Rocks, Bristol, near
where the O. muscifera grows, but less plentiful.| — P. June.

O, Bulb roundish: stem leafy: lip of the nectary roundish, _ 4
entire, nicked, convex. Huns. longer than the pe-
tals. Mr. Woopwarp. ;

Curt.E. bot. 65-Lob, ic. i. 179. 2-F. Bs ii. 767—Ger. em
212. 3—Park, 1350. 4—Pet. 69. 3-Flowers only, Vaill. 31.
l5.and 16.

Petals, the 3 outer oblong, expanding, green ; the 2 immer on —

the sides, strap-shaped, green, shorter. Lis large, coloured,
silky ; with a spot at the base,“the spot with 2 lobes, shining,

—

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Malaxis;’

smooth ; with-a blunt : on geen on each side’of the spot 5
concave "underneath,
herbaceous underneath. Hups.—Similar to O. apifera. Stem
and Jeaves shorter. Floral-leaves narrower. Floawers smaller.
Petals, the 3 outer oval-speat-shaped, blunt, greenish, much
more short than the lip; tbe 2 inner strap-shaped, very’ short.
Lip rolled in at the edges, not lobed, only sl sig nicked at the
end, hairy, except the spot towards the dusky, with
ish margins, green underneath. Mr. Woopw,—Ite is from
the breadth of the lip, and its ‘being marked with different
shades of brown, —_ it derives its va sepa resemblance to a

spider,

Orchis n. 1266. ti apifera, and that in the more‘ad-
vanced state of its growth the» - segment turns back,
and rape this plant; but ‘this segment is bent back in the O.
the flower is fully expanded: not to mention
it lop itenifers blossoms in May, and O, ae re ge not
till July. Woopwarp. baal
Chalky meadows: and. pastures, as about” N
gravel pits, as in one in the’ open field near Great Sh
near Bartlow, Cambridgeshire. In dry pastures about Braham
near Tadcaster. [Near Bury. Mr, prstaee
ir May.

. MALAX'S. Meanie 1 leaf; ‘heatt-shaped, ‘con-
cave, inclosing the stamens and pistils. a.

M. Stalk 5-édged: leaves sheathing, battledore. shaped.
oe Be bot. 74 Rose, o. 3~Kniph. 9.

Bulbs egg-shaped, bowed in, throwing out roots b Selene md
hering downwards as a'chain, with a small branch —— them.
Stalk 5-cornered, naked for the greater part of its length. "“Razr-

leaves 3 or 4, spatula-shaped, alternate, rough: to y dhe end, -

especially on the u a surface. Bunch with numerous flowers.
Flowers green yellow. Linn.—Leaves 2 or 3 from the root,

and near the pele of the stem half an inch long. Stem 3 to 4.
inches high. Spike half as long as the stem. Flowers scat-

tered. Floral-leaves spear-shaped, shorter than the fruit-stalks,
Woopwarp.

Marsh Twayblade.. Ophrys paludosa. Vosn ics Nor-
wich. Mr. Pircurorv.—Felthorpe. Heath, Norfolk. Mr. C,

Bryant and Mr. Crowe.—Cawston Heath near Norwich. Mr. .

Crowe.— Between Rusland Chapel and Thwaite Moss in Fur-
ness Fells. Mr, Jacxson.—Norton Bog, Cannock Wood, Staf-
fordshire, Mr. Bacor.] —

le above, green at the edge,

"Spider Opbrys. O. ae $ ones Ataf tleragieeses his :

392

© as $a,

40

fatifo’lia.
5 é

_S, Leaves egg-spear-shaped, embracing the stem: flower

DIANDRIA: MONOGYNIA: Setapias.

SERAPIAS. Bloss, 6 petals, expanding : Nectary
egg-shaped, bulging: Lip egg-shaped : Caps,

beneath, 1-celled, 3-valved, :
nearly horizontal;, lip pointed, entire, rather shorter
than the petals) © 0. > d3-2999%9 bes

L

- B, bot. 260-F I. dan. 811-Gunn. ii. 5. 3 t6-Hall, 40. 2a

~ ii, ps 154—Flower only, Crantz. vi. 14.6.

Spike many-flowered, long. Fruit-sta/k long. Flowers and
fruit pendant, Nectary without lines. Livn.—With. a heart-
shaped prominence at the base. Hatuer.—Leaves and florals
leaves becoming gradually narrower as they ascend. Spike eal o

4

long. Germen pear-shaped., Woopwarv.——Root, fibres th

t , hairy. . Stems more or less of a brownish purple.

Leaves allembracing the stem. Spike from 3 to. 8 inches long,

Flowers from 6 to 20, or more, much closer.set than in the next
ies. Cal. leaves 3, brownish green, broad

I. 3

spear-sni a4
keeled. Petals, the 2 lateral ones.resembling the leaves of the

calyx ; purplish green. .Nectary, the upper lip glandular, white, ~
decine 4: thedotoelanaeied 43she ee globu.

Jar hollow ; purple within, and of a brownish green without,

towards the end flat, purplish, and somewhat scolloped. Axthers

—, white, connected to their case by a milk-white glo-
ular substance. Pisti/s 2, white, fleshy, fixed on the glandular

receptacle. Cufsule inversely egg-shaped, bulging on the upper

side, smooth, or nearly

Common: Helisburines:: Bastotd Hallebore: Woads, gto 71

and hedges. [Common in the North Riding of Yorkshire, but

I have, as yet, seen only one within 50 miles of Leeds. Mr.
Woop.—Matlock, Derbyshire, and northern counties, as Buck-
ham Wood, Cumberland, and in an elevated situation at'the foot
of Conzick Scar, four miles from Kendal, amongst loose stones
and rubbish, not accessible without some danger. Mr. Woopw.

In the red rock plantation, Edgbaston Park? P, July, Auge

Var. 2, Hups.—Blossoms blackish red. Leaves “natrower, s

closer set. It flowers later. Ray.— Leaves variously oval-speat-

amapets much Ignger and narrower than in’. Ploavers very o)
dark coloured. Corresponding exactly with F/. dan. 811. ¢x-

cept that the sszke was much longer. Woopwarp. ©
_ _ Sides of mountains near Malham, Yorkshire. R ay.——Woods
in Westmoreland and Cumberland. Mr. Woopwarp, PP. Aug.

longifolia. S. Leaves spear-shaped, embracing the stem: flowers —
_ nearly horizontal: lip scolloped, blunt, longer than

the petals,

Sofa «sen

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Serapias.

© By bors 27 0+ Hall39. at ii, p. 154—-Fl. dan. GT=Pets 70. 8
Chis. 1) 2732 VDod. 884=Leb. obs. 1693 ic. i. &F 312, 1,

} Ger. eM. ‘442, 1Park, 218. 4—Pet. 70, 5—Flower only,
emi viel, a ) 308 5

with purple ribs, ‘at cibereeiae tee zolloa Tin, spoted with
range: 5: the:outer half ha downs

sion 0 che flewey; the anthers were inclosed. Germen long and
narrow, which, én S. lati ifoliay i is short and inversely egg-shaped,
when fully grown elliptical. Woopwarp.—Leaves sometimes

-shaped, with 7 ribs) Mr. Hotterear.—and some.
times egg-oblong and blunt. : Frait-stalks downy, thread-shaped.
Germens downy, slightly scored, long, tapering dewn to the
fruit-stalks, and a little towards the point, Sr.—Spike about 4
inches long, flowers: from 6 to 12, much wider set than in the
preceding species. Fruit-stalk and germens woolly ; :the latter
mga not bulging on the upper side.
_» The trivial names latifolia (broad-leaved) and longifolia
(i pprared | wee HL Naples, tp her pia plants, and instead of assist-
ing, tend to perplex the investigator ; but the different lengths
of the lip, and the shape of the germens will always discrimi-
nate these 2 species ; and should nih ieool woolliness of the fruit-stal
the flower and the germens be constant in this last species, eal
always. wanting in the first, as it is in the specimens now before
me, their distinctions will be always obvious at first ee

Marsh Helleborine. S. palustris. LE. bot.
watery places. Bogs at Chisselhurst. Ray.—Dry ates go
as in the old chalk pits by the White House, between Eltham
and North Cray. a Bi in R. Syx.—{Plentifully in one mo-
rassy spot of 2 or 3 acres, within a mile of Leeds, and hitherto I
have observed it no where else. Mr..Woop.—Swampy mea-
dows Robison’s street, on the borders of Malvern Chace, Wor-
cestershire. Mr. Batarp.—Bogs in Norfolk, frequent. Mr.
Woopwarp.—Knutsford Moor, Cheshire, Mr. Arkin. ]
P. July, Aug.

4i

s. “Leaves Ge pointing ons 2 opposite hnes : aT ‘lia.

floral-leaves very minute: flowers upright: lip of
the nectary blunt, shorter than the petals.

Ez. bot, 494.~F/, dan. 500.

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Serépiass

Root, fibres many, thickish. Stem sometimes) more than 4
foot high, upright. Reof-/eaves long, narrow, pointed, resem-
bling those of reeds ; stem-/eaves narrow. Flowers white, 8 or
10, in a loose spike. "Ray.—Stema foot high, sometimes slightly
twisted. Srem-/eaves, the longest 6 inches’ long; “half an inch
wide, bright green, smooth, shining, with»5- or7 principal ribs,
the lower embracing the stem, the upper sitting, »alternate, a

ting een 2 opposite lines. :Szed-vessels upright, a
ays projecting ribs appearing 3-cotnered, donger and
narrower i iipe of § longifolia, Woopward.

S. longifolia, ? Huns. —Sword-leaved Helleborine. - Under

Brackenbrow or Brackenuray,' opposite Helk’s. Wood.» Inthe

end'of awood where Cypripediivm Calceolus grows, one mile
from Ingleton, Yorkshire, R? Syx.—[Lord Lonsdale’s. woods;

‘.
LO DLR. EES IS
‘ z

at Lowther, Westmoreland. Mr. Ww oie Hill, -

Worcestersh. Mr. eer

grandiflo’ra.S, Leaves. neion anh eps as long as. the

ru’bra.

capsule.: flowers upright : hey ft the oe —_ |

shorter than the petals." aes

Dickss. be s-Hall. At. at. ii, p 155—E, = oy a 358.
Q=Pet. 70. 7-H. ox. Xiie1 i, prrbecemert anlys yee vi.
1.4.

heerx white, large, atid, as is the Hi also, eine" Lip ee
ed nectary, marked with prominent lines. Haut,—Near i

high. Spike short ; flowers few.

~~" White Helleborines Arabian lancifolia. Be Stee
and thickets, near Stoken Church, Oxfordshire ; about Marlow,
and in Bedford and Buckinghamshire. [Mr. Kani ht’s. Walks,
weet ‘Worcestersh, St.— Woods near ee . Barer.

BM, Pe :

S. Leaves sword-shaped: flower vem i of the nec-

tary acute.

E. bot. 437~Fl..dan. 345—Hall. 42. ii, at pe 1s7—Clas. i So

273. 2—Ger. em. 442~Park. 218. Bs vd 517. 1h
ox. Xi. 11. 5-Ger, 358. SR ;
Flowers purplish red, 5 or 6 in a loose spike,

Thickets on the sides of mountains about Clapham and In-
gleton, Yorkshire, : P. June.

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Cypripedium.

CYPRIPE'‘DIUM. Nectary bellying, inflated, hol-
~~ Jow. «

C. Roots fibrous: leaves egg-spear-shaped, those on the
stem alternate.

Hall. 43. at ii. p. 157—Gmel. i, 1-Mill, 242—Clus. i. 272-

Dod. 180. 2-Lob. te. i. 312. 2-Ger. em. 443. 2-H. ox.

xii. 11,,.14-F. B. ili. 518—Dod, 180. 1-Ger. em. 443. 1—

Park, 217. 38~Ger, 359—Pet. 70. 4.

Petals 4, di crosswise, le, slightly downy, with

parallel veins; the upper broader, 2 lateral ones narrower,

the 4th the shortest, i

curved, rounded at the bottom,

Fem. Cal. 1 leaf: Bloss. none: Style1.

Caps. 1 or 2-celled ; 1 or 2-seeded,
L.. Leaves on leaf-stalks, spear-shaped.

43

calce’olus,

trisul’ca.

Mich. 11, 5-F. B. iii. 786. 1~Lob. ic. ii. 36. 1-Ger. ems

Po a 830, Park. 1216. 9-Ger, 681. a Gg PF
Stems flatted and proliferous ; crossing each other, thus re-

sembling in its mode of growth the Cactus Ofuntia, or Indian

Fig. Linn,—Leaf-:talks issuing from the edge of another leaf,

from a fissure parallel to the sides of the leaf.—Capsule egg--

shaped, pointed, sitting on the upper surface of the leaf; much
resembling those of the Riccia fuitans. Mr. Evans, March 5,
4797. sg
Ivy-leaved Duckmeat. Ditches and stagnant waters. —

A. June—Sept.

L. Leaves sitting, flattish on both sides: roots solitary.

Ray 4.1. at p.150—Mich. 11. 3, Lenticularia—Vaill. 20. 3

Blackw. 380-Gars. 330-Trag. 690-Dod. 587. t-Lob.

obs. G48. 1; &F ic.ii. 249. 1-Ger. em. 829. 1+Park. 1262.
1—Ger. 680-Matih, 1115-F. B, ili. 773. 2

minor.

~ gib’ba.

polyrhi’za.

to deteét any of the species in flower, that some very able and —
experienced botanists have concluded that the Genus should be _

XN

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Salix,

| Flowers every year during the dog days. Lanse
Least Duckmeat. Greeds. Pools. A. June—Sept,

L. Leaves sitting, hemispherical underneath : roots soli-
a) : el woe Ss
Mich. 114-1..2,.33 Leaticula~F. B, iii. 778. 3. i
‘Capsule with 2-cellsy containing 2 seeds, somewhat com.
— and a little depressed ini the middle, more globular when —
er advanced. Wiecers,--Differs from the L. sznor in ere a
the leaves inversely egg-shaped, narrowest where they are joined
together, the upper surface slightly convex and generally tinged
ta purple 5 the under escnig te oeits white, of a-reticue —
J spongy appearance, and filled with water, something ig Tee
resemblit eet structure of Scirpus lacustris, but not so
regular, Mr. Woopw.—Roots thread-shaped, from the centre
af the under side of the leaf.. Leaves 3, 4, or 5 together, one
growing out of the edge of the other, oval, convex also on the —
upper side, the under side porous, resembling pith.—Mr. Govck
observes, that being intésibed to grow in ponds which fail indry
Seasons, it may be recovered by moisture after being apparently
dead. _ Some which he exposed for ten hours to the sun in July,
revived when teplocid in ware,
_ Gibbous Duckmeat. L. minor gibba 8 Hups.—Ditches and
ponds. [Lower Bishop’s pool, Northwick, near Worcester, and
in a pool near the East side of Malvern Ghace, Worcestershire.
Sept. 8, 1776. St.] oe A. July, Auge —

L. Leaves sitting: roots crowded, |

Ray 4. 2. at pr 130-Vaill, 20, 2-Mich, ii; 1 : Lenticularia.

Floats on the surface of the water on the appearance of the —

swalfows, and sinks under water when they disappear with us.
Linn.—Leaves green above, purple underneath. It is so difficult —

removed to the Cryptogamia Class; but I have examined some
of them in a flowering state, and can bear witness to the accuracy _
of Michelis’s figures. =, I a a
Greater Duckmeat. _ Ditches, A. May. Sept.
Ducks and geese are fond of all the species. q

SA‘LIX. Cétkin each scale containing 1 flower: —
Bloss. none. |

_ Male. A nectariferous gland at the bottom
of the flower, :

el

" DIANDRIA: ser eapeaiaanmened Salix: AS

Pehle ' Cape: 1 call 2-
ghteane "Seed tins

a) Leaves smooths serrated.

S. Leaves strap-spear-shaped ! upper leaves oc ue; cat- monan’dra,
_ kins downy ; ; flowers with 1 stamen. nae

Hoff. sal..ic 1. and 5. \—Fuchs. 334—Ger. em. 1389. 2.

A shrub, somewhat taller than aman. Braaches rod-like,
exceedingly. tough, in the spring deep purple, often of a blood
coral red without. Inner Bark of a brimstone colour. Leaf-buds
both above’ and beneath the: flower-buds, each containing 3
leaves applied’ transversely’ to the stem. Flower-bads bes
neath the ends of the branches, Carkins cylindrical, with 2
leaves. a ee hairy. “Liwy.—Main stem. smooth, -ashs
c - ansverse cracks. Branches shining as if vat
nished, wit fey grey or crimson spots here and there. -Male catkinz

why Oriel, blunt, at first pointing horizontally, then
dtiiwards; on very short frait-stalks. Female cathin ag a
than the male, about 1 inch long. Leaves egg or strap-
shaped, narrower, and very entire at the base, broader
fated upwards; smooth and fine green, underneath date
often cottony; but this is not permanent. Horrman.
su fe eae Willow, Salix purpurea. seen

ix ix. Linn.— edges, wat places, sides rivers,

cate ‘piesdaut oe, a Crows. |

SP Sate Sir : es) S. April, May.* :

* Leaves oblong-spear-shaped : flowers with 3 stamens, trian‘dra.
Luyn.) sometimes 2.. Hups.. :
Hef. sal. i le 9. and10; Foliage ‘ 23. 2-Gmel. 1 34. oa :

a _ Six feet high, or more; but seldom assuming the app
of atree. Bark smooth; yellow ; or greenish ; branching

from every part. Branches upright, the upper ones shortest
often spotted with red. Male Citas conical, changing to cys
lindrical, upt ats, 1 inch long, 13 inch when old. Fruit-stalk -
§ inch lo 2. Fem. cathin slender, upright, 1 or

ng.
1} inch long. Fruit-stalk 1 inch long. Leaves egg-spear-
shaped, g to a point; lower ones -shaped, large,
thickish, dark green above, paler sitet eee Horr.
—Leaves 1 to 3 inches long ; on leaf-stalks. Hups.—The male .
Wooo very Peer: the female I have seen only once. Mr.

~

“ Metis; — and all s sorts of yeig work are made of its dain =
slender, and’ flexible shoots.—~The ends of the branches often product
rose-like excrescences, = are caused by an insect, Horr.

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Salix. | a
. Miller

Var. 1. Ray mentions a variety which casts its

thinks this a distinct species, and gives for acharacter: ‘* Leaves
_ serrated, smooth, spear-shaped, all alternate ;’? buthe has not

described ‘the flowers. — Sg 4

_ Smooth Willow. Woods, hedges and banks of rivers. [About

Leeds. Mr. Woop.—Lakenham near Norwich. Mr.‘Crowe.}
Y : & or Est April.* ‘

S. Leaves egg-shaped, acute: fowers with 5 stamens. —
Dicks. by s,-Gmel. i. 34. 1-FI. lapp, 8. 2a leaf only.

"From 6 to 10 feet high. Branches yellowish purple. Buds’
consisting of 2 opposite valves, sending out both catkins and

leaves. Leaves yellowish green; the teeth at the edges pour

- out a yellow gum, so that put fresh into a book and compressed, y

vitelli’na,

there remain as many yellow dots on the paper. as there are teeth
in the leaf. Catkins very yellow. Linn. — Sweet scented.
Licutr.—Leaves glossy,in hot weather exhaling an odoriferous

-perfume. Curt.—Catkins terminating the new shoot.of theyeary

and not appearing until May. Mr. Sracknouss.—Nectaries 3p
yellowish brown, 2 next the spike-stalk, and the.3d.next the
scale. Sr.—Small branches alternate. Leaves egg-spear. Se

.

11 on the barren and 6 or 8 on the fertile: shoots ; ‘the 2 lower E

leaves comparatively small and inversely egg-shaped... Nectaries

often wanting in the flowers in the extremity of the catkin, in
room of which there are 3 additional, perfect stamens. Common
about Kendal. Mr. Goucu.—Sometimes grows to the size of @
tree, 12 feet high or more. - : 2

— Sweet Willow. Bay-leaved Willow. S. pentandra, Fle
Lappon. 8. hermaphroditica, Linn. Sp. pl. It yet remains
to be determined whether the S. pentandra 6 of FI. suec. be a —

native of this country.—Woods and hedges. Inthe North of

England, and Coomb Wood, Surry.— About Kilnsay and Carr
n

.

Wensledale, where it is the most common species

East gate, Stafford. Sr.—Plantations at Mr. Boulton’s, Soho.]
Oe ee

S. Leaves es ~spear-shaped, acute, smooth above 3 serra |
turés xe prishersiis foc ode ener sitet 2

f

= The bark in doses of 1 ot 2 drams will cure agues. Med: Comm. vs

samen mp me ane eat it.—The leaves dried afford a yel-
ow die. Linn. Sti—! used in Yorkshire for making the larger sort
ef baskets. Cuar. step eel eas

[Near Bungay, Suffolk, frequent. Mr. Woopwarp.—On the
side of a wet ditch, on the outside of some gardens without the

+ The wood crackles greatly in the fire.~The branches arecutto

DIANDRIA.. MONOGYNIA. Salix. 47

Pts sale ie 1A £3/123 Foliage 24. 1-Munt. 12-Fuchss 335.

~~ A middle-sized tree; much branched at the top ; branches
upright. ‘Bark of the tree grey, chopped, cinnamon’ coloured
within, bitter ‘and astringent.- ‘The Female plants when left to
themselves, have pendant branches, but when lopped, stiff and
straight. Male cazkins at first upright, then turned down ; cy-
tindsics drical, slender, serpentine, 2 inches long, o¥ more ;“6n fruit-
stalks 4 an inch long. Stamens 2. Nectaries 2. Female catkins
2 to 3 inches long, on fruit-stalks 1 to 13 inch long. Leaves
alternate, upright, slightly serrated ; mid rib yellowish; about 3
inches long and 1 broad, but always broader in the female plant.
‘Leafits 3 or 4 lines long. Horrman.—Perhaps if this was neither
cultivated nor cut, it might degenerate into S. a/ba, Hatt.
Yellow Willow. Osier holts, frequent. = 'T, May.*

S. Leaves spear-shaped on leaf-stalks : stipule ‘irregularly amy g dali’,
4-sided. —
: Park. 1430. 5-7. B i. 4 ate i
* Very closely allied to S. triandria, but the leayes broader
and different. The stipula vary very much in this genus. Dif-
fers from 8. fragilis as follows: a shrub. Branches red. Linn.
- Almond-leaved Willow. Willow beds and banks of rivers.
: $. oP » May, likewise in August, as observed by Dille-
ee ek ae
S, Leaves egg-spear-shaped: leaf-stalks toothed with fra’gilis,
glands. ; : ' ras :
_ Woodw. 198—Hunt. Evel. 245. i. p. 238. ed. 11. Fl. lapp. 8.
~~ 6. @ leaf aly. 5 ve
_. Atall tree, The branches, if struck with a finger, break off
-at the shoot of the present year. Fruit-stalks with 2 or 3 leaves
at the base, often falling off. Linn, tae a

Crack Willow. Woods, hedges, and banks of rivers. [Near

Shottisham, Norfo}k. Mr. Crows. ] — _ "T. Apr. May.t
S. Leaves egg-shaped ; semi-transparent. myrsini‘tes,

\ Hoffm. sal. i. 17. 18. 19.. and Foliage 24. 9-Fl, daz. 1054—
(Fle lapp.7.€. Leaves only; 8. e fr eBid © ;

_ »* The shoots are used by crate and basket:makers. The wood,is
white, and very tough. es ;

_ + It will thrive in most kinds of soil, if they are sufficiently moist. It
18 @ quick grower, and bears cropping. ‘The White Satin Moth sometimes
‘eats all its leaves,» The bark in doses of 1 or 2 drams will cure agues.
Med, Comm... 298, oe ify f ; WF tas ja ty

«

48

=

arbus’cula.

herba’cea. —

DIANDRIA: MOSOGYNIAY Safi,

Ahn,’ sortie feet in height’; bark smoethyd.

or blackish... Branches uprigh but spreading, Male catkins
pan ~ oblong, or egg-oblong, 1 to 12. inc eR on chore
fruit-stalks. Stamens 2: nectaty , sack
than the other when in flower, ¢ ee Caps, Pm a pedicles —
very smooth. Leaves during the flowering, or inversely —
egg-shaped, smooth on both sides, thin a oe transparent,
finely and acutely toothed, on short stiff feat cealies Afterwards

l inch broad, more than { inch long, both sides of the same 4

colour, sertated all round, pointed at the end. Leaft often 1
inch long, furnished with stipule of a see irregular figure,
and serrated. Horrman.

Whortle-leaved Willow. On the. slope ofa high ry anne 1

Kilhlay and Arncliff, Yorkshire, Curr.—[Banks of a brook by
the road side at the foot of Orton Scar. Mr. Goucu. On Ceraig
Vou, ne. Mr. Brown. 4 :

rs ig

Leaves somewhat serrated, smooth, semi-transparent
glaucous underneéath, ° Stem’ rather woody.»

Pate XXXII. FL lapp.. t. 8 ee e. and m, Leaves only. <
This plant changes wonderfully in the garden; there:
5 or 6 feet in height. Lrxn.—Edges of some leaves smooth
others serrated on the same plant. —This new acquisition to the

_ British Flora was first discovered in Scotland by Dr. WALKER)
_ and has been lately found on the banks of the river Isla in An- _
_ gushire, and at. the foot of Ben Lawers by Mr. Brown.

Leaves circular, :

- -Hoffm. sal. i. 20-Fl. lapp. 7. 3. pag: 8. 5 a Teaf-Fl. ‘don.

117—-Fl. Japp..7. 4, female~Pluk. 436. 7.

The smallest tree I am acquainted with, Beanches ~ horde 1g

an inch long, and with seldom more than 3 leaves. Leaves
nicked at the base. Leaf-scales.none. -Fruit-stalk from the °
same bud with the leaves. Pisti/s smooth. Flowers Oe
Lixn.—Stem about 1 inch: high; bark ash-coloured or brown.

Branches irregular, knotty, striking root. Male catkins termi- —
nating, upright, some lines in length, on fruit-stalks as long as —

themselves. Stamens 2; nectaries 2. Fem. Catkins terminating,

shorter than the male, on fruit-stalks of the same length, Leaves

roundish or egg-shaped, ‘very minutely: serrated; the
near | inch diameter ; blunt, or slightly notched at the oa

smooth ; On leaf-stalks. Hardly to be called herbaceous ; “it is
rather hard. and woody Horses and cattle are fond of Pe alee

Horrman.

Herbaceous Willow. On the. aidciel Stivw dony and on. the ay

mountains of Westmoreland, Yorkshire, and Scotland,” rs

pends catkins shorter x

al
By. a
2 §

Z ;

.)

SALIX RETUSA

Sa

_ DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Salix. 49

st rocks of Snowdon. Mr. Wesi—Sammit of Skid.
e and other mountains in the North. Mr.'Woopwaro.]
Ss. july.

af

Ss. = s somewhat sates inretely Sge-shaped, so retu’sa.
DSi

Pl. XXXII. One). 380 2—Cam. efit. 108. both bad.

Nearly as small as the S. berbacea. Leaves with parallel veins.
Linn.—Creeps on the ground. Leaves smooth, shining, ellip-
tical; the lower and the younger leaves quite round ; those on
the longer branches spear-shaped and thins smooth 5

scales large, egg-shaped, blunt
very few. Hacer

First discovered i
upon Ben Laveen ’

3 (2) Leaves smooth, very entire.
S. Leaves ege- shaped, blunt, Linn, “eee? O° peticula’ta,

- Hoffm, sal.ii, 256 26. 27-F; B.i. &. 2175 S. pum. files rot.
Fi. dan. 212; leaves only-Fl, lapp.7. 1, and 2-ib. 8. 1.

A little Jape ies fs S. forbade. Stem irs poms ey as a

finger’s lengt ay one the ends wi 4 ?
an leaf-stalks, thick, large. to the stem, obscurely hz
when fresh, above led and shining, sea-preen, an

with a net-work of veins Recmuiens the veins at first red, 2
last green, Spike from the same bud with theleaves, blue, Si
pula none. Capsule with bad: fine whitish soft hairs. Liww.—A
shrub, not more than a finger’s length; prostrate. Male
Catkin mostly terminating, rather woolly, an inch long, «
long, slender fruitstalk. Stamezs 2. Nectary double. Fem. Cat.
dim terminating, seldom more than 1 on a branch, cylindrical,
rather longer than the male; on a very long 'Fraissealk.
Leaves on leafstalks, egg paped or elliptical, either pointed, or
rounded, or notin at the end; thick, rigid, very entire; when |
y grown smoo h sides, but marked witha network Pe

Sompel Willow. Mountains of Wales. Yorksh. Comber ae
nd eee S. May.

S. Relves strap-speat-shaped, acute. Hive, rubra.

Branches greenish, tending.to red. Leaves like those of S.
viminalis, but wholly green. Buds reddish, Carkias at first red,
afterwards greenish yellow. Ray.

Vor. II, E

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Salix.

Red Willow. Willow beds, but not common. Os
tween Maidenhead and Windsor, on the side of the river near
Salisbury. T. April, May.* —

“Mr. Hudson introduced this species, seemingly upon the au.
thority in Ray’s Syn. without having seen it himself; and aswe _

. have no farther account of it, it is probably only a variety of the —

auri’ta.

= ny oe. sity sometimes waved at the edge; blunt or nt re ul
short taper point at the end; dark n above, somewhat
_ woolly ; paler, cottony and reticulated underneath. oy

short, cylindrical, cottony. Stipu/e 2 at the base of each]
‘Kidney-shaped, seallbbed a

lana’ta.

; = length, very much branched, a ends covered with silky —

mote in length. Sometimes flowers i in the autumn as well as
_ the spring. Horrman.

S. viminalis, though Hoffman conjectures it may belong to tee
monandra

(3) Leaves very entire, woolly.

§. Leaves woolly on both sides, inversely ¢ y-sha
furnished with appendages. ‘ a rh

Aoffm. . sal. i, 4 and i. 5, 3-foliage i, 22-Fl, lapp. 8. Fis

@teaf only. a

A shrub, a few feet high; covered. with a greyish smnccilie :
bark, not cracked. Branches numerous, spreadin ng, smooth, tou

blackish brown. M. Cathins u right, egg-shaped, blunt, balfan

inch long or yok 3 or 4 lines broad. #ruit-stalk short. Stam

jee ned sin Fem. Catkins upright or expanding,

lial Many to 1 inch tt i io

alks. Leaves “roundish, or inversely egg-sha

and teothed. Leaves, when youn
ven, an inch long; when old, rigid, wrinkled, and 2 i

Salix caprea ? Hups.—Round-eared Willow. Woods 3 4
hedges. Dry mountainous heaths, Hups ne uent about —
Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Woopw. ] Ys ai .

The shoots are slender, and tolerably flexible. f

S: Leaves woolly on both sides, roundish, acute.

~ Fla Refi. is 81. 1-Leaves only Fl. lapp. 7-175 and 8. - a

_ Leaves crowded, egg-shaped, woolly on both fides, very
tire, nearly sitting. Ray.—S ba span high, trunk wie: iy ie

wn. Leaves thick, e -shaped, rather pointed, entire, sittings —
densely clothed on both ai sides. with a ser white “ity dowms —
Stipule on the extreme branches, egg-shaped, pais —_

* es twigs are much sought after by basket makers, carder |

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Salix,

Female Catkin largé; lateral, on a frnitstalk, with 1 or 2 leafits.
Caps. white with down. Fl. Ross.—The plant thusdescribed by
Prof. Pallas is certainly the S. lanata of the Fl. suecica, but can-
not be the plant of Lightfoot, ii, 6@2; so that it is yet a doubt
whether the real S. janata be a native with usor nat. Mr. Light.
foot’s description does not accord much better with'the $. glauca,
so that the plant found by Mr. Stuart at Finlarig still remains to
be ascertained.

Vallies in the Highlands, Finlarig at the head of Loch Tay.

Mr. Stuart in J. scot. S. May.

S. Leaves hairy, spear-shaped.
. FI. dan, 1058~Fi. lapp. 8. t.

Possibly only a variety of S. arenaria, differing only in the
leaves being longer, more woolly above, and wav at the edge,
In habit it is nearly allied to S. glauca ; the leaves are cottony on
both sides, but most so underneath. Fruitstalks furnished with
Jeaves. Germens white and cottony. Linn.—Lower leaves
spear-ege-shaped, but acutely pointed; about 1 inch long; upper
ones twice as long.

Lapland Willow. Highland mountains. Crey-chaillich and
Mal-ghyrdy, Breadalbane. Mr. Sruarr.—Not far from the
‘marble quarry near Porta-currach in Icolmkill, Garnett’s

tour. S. June.
S, Leaves egg-oblong, smooth above, silky underneath.
Hoffm. sal. i, 15 and 16; 8. depressa-E. bot. 183—Clus. is

85—Dod, 843. 2—Ger. CMs 1391. 6—Park. 1433. 2 and 3—
Ger. 1205. 6-F. B i b. 216. Q.

_ The smallest of our common Willows, and indeed scarcely
larger than S. herbacea, the pd only of the branches appearing
above ground. Stem of the thickness of a finger. Branches rod-
like, drooping ; the lesser branches sprinkled with white soft
hairs. Leaves egg-shaped, or egg-oblong, smooth on both sides,
sea green underneath, on leaf-stalks, the lowermost transversel
‘Opposite, and fomewhat hairy. Leaf-scales none. Catkins lateral.
Capsules reddish. Linn,—Root thick, creeping, knotty, wrinkled,,

ish. Branches some trailing, others upright, from 3 to 7
inches long, tough, knotty, pce reddish or dirty green yellow
when old, greyifh and cottony when young. Horrman.—Male

Catkins about z inch long, and 3 broad, F. Carkins rather smaller.
Leaves 4 to 3 inch long, + of an inch broad, strap-spear-sha

ee Salix repens 8 Hudson.—S. humilis, Gets
em, 1391. Sr.—S. depressa. Horrman Sat.
_ Wet sandy heaths. Putney-Heath, in a wood by West

Wickham, and Addington near Croydon, [Boggy fre»

"B2

$1

lappo’num *

_ Te’pens;

52

fus’ca,

\ -
_rosmarini- |S. i leaves spear-strap-shaped, stiff and straights “

fo’lia.

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Salix.

nent, Woopwaxn.—-Boggy parts of Charley forest, Leicester. —
Var. 2. Salix repens i Hups.—Clzs. i. 86. 2=—Ger. Cm. 1391. na
8—Park. 1435.3. Hither this or a variety of it, with leaves —

ire. Putreney. |

silvery on both sides, was found near Sandwich, Kent. R. Syme

S. Leaves egg-shaped, pubescent underneath,

Hoffm. sal. ii. 28 and 29—Facq. austr. 409-Lob. adv, 423.

ic. ii, 138, 1-F. B. 5. 217. 1-a young branch, Ray Syms
19. Sa leaf, Fl. lapp. 8. r.

A small shrub, very low, creeping. Leaves very small,

blunt, nearly sitting, alternate, smooth and green, and at |

of a blackish green above, underneath sea-green and shining, with -
very fine scattered white silky hairs. Catkins without leaves, —

several, at the end of the last year’s shoots, generally turning —
blackish. Buds of 1 valve, divided. Scales brown, Stamens —
yellowish. Salix arenaria, imcubacea, repens, and fusca, ate —

very closely allied. Linn.—About 5 or 6 inches long.

thick, fibrous, brown. Branches several, kn trailing, bark
‘ : ti hh roots. M. —

dull reddish or greyish brown, often

Catkins terminating, scattered, near 4 inch longy —
black purple, with soft white tains Feces long. eytiniiele 2
woolly, furnished with 3 to 5 leafits, silky at the edge and on —
the back. Stam. 2. Nect.1. F. Catkins fewer, scattered, —
upright, egg-oblong, on fruit-stalks which continue to grow
longer. Leaves crowded, firm,‘upright, very entire, egg-speafe
shaped, rather acute at both ey iy 2 sometimes rounded, broadet

_and blunt, smooth, rather shining, dark green, reticulated, transe
ae when viewed against the Teh. ea f-stalk smooth, short. —
0}

FFMAN.—Leaves when young covered with a silky dowm
especially on the back and at the edge, as in Ray’s figure; but —
this vanishes with age. The readiest mark of distinction be- —
twixt this and the preceding 5 pene is the Catkins being on the

- Fepens, :

sides of the branches in the

and terminating in the
S. fusca.

tire, between Macrianesh and Bar. Licutr,—On the slope:

an high hill between Kilnsay and Amcliff, Yorkshire. Curt»
| ast gua Sv Mays Julfe —

ee

nearly sitting, cottony underneath.

Sand Willow. Brown Willow. S. repens ? Huvs.—S. are
_ naria. Licurr.—I am indebted to Dr. Smith for the knowledge

that the S. arenaria of our authors is no other than the S, fusca
of Linn, See E. dot. p. 183. [Between Southampton and Win-
cher. St.] Sea shores amongst loose blowing sand, as in oe |

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Sulix. 53
Lob. obs. 568. 1. ic. ii, 137. Q-Park. 1435. 4-7. B. i. b.

9742,

Leaves strap-shaped, pointed, underneath shining, silky,
woolly. bev icales 3 none. Linn.—Twigs remarkably tough.
Approaches nearest to §. wvitellina. Curt.—The evidence of —
this being with us a native species, was far from satisfactory, but
it is now. inserted on the authority of Mr. Curtis, though Dr.
Smith assures us that he has never seen a native specimen.

Salix répens « Huns. — Rosemary-leaved Willow. Low fields.
Lixn.—Found amongst Mr. J. Sherard’s dried plants, ‘the place
not named. R. Syz. On the edge of a rivulet which runs into

Semier Water, Wensledale, Yorkshire, Cur.

i Leaves spear-strap-shaped, very long, acute, silky un-vimina’lis.
_««, derneath: branches rod-like.
» Hoffm. sal. 1.2..and ls 5. 2. Foliage 1. 21s 2enFo Be 10 be
212. 2.—Fuchs.. 336.—(Munt. 12, is §. vitellina, and
Hunt, Evel, 245, S. fragilis.) ;

~, Aslender and very tall shrub. Leaf and flower buds dis-
_Minet, asin S. Caprea. Leaves rolled back at the edges before
they are unfolded, Linn.—Sometimes ree-like. Bark greyish,
smooth, with here and there a crack. »Branches very long,
straight, slender, tough. M. Catkins egg-shaped or oblong, 1
to 1¢ inch in length, 5 or 4 lines in breadth, on very short fruit-
stalks. Stamens 2. Nectary 1. F. Carkins egg-oblong or cylin-
drical, 1.to12 inch long, 2 inch broad, on fruit-stalks 2 lines long.
Leaves, especially the lower ones, a span long, or more ; waved at
the edge.* . The leaves being silvery underneath, the nectary in
the male flower being long and slender, and the style in the
female flower being very long, are sufficient to distinguish this
and its varieties from the other species. Horrman.—Leaves
above deep shining green, underneath greyish, closely beset with
very fine short hairs lying close to the substance of the leaf.
Leaf-stalks about half as long as the breadth of the leaf. A small
_ tongue-shaped, glandular substance fixed to the stem, just above
the insertion of the leaf-stalk, in the upper part of which there
‘is a hollow to receive it. Leaf-scales minute, 1 on each side of

- * The edges of the /eaves are rolled back, especially when young :
when old they are waved, but sever serrated} tor which reason this a

cies is now removed to the third division, from the fourth, where it
formerly stood. ; ‘s pa

54,

capre’ as

acumina’ta, $, Leaves egg-oblong, cottony undemeath ; upper ones
_. entire, lower ones scolloped. (Hoffman, Miller.)

~ DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Silix:
Osier. Willow-beds, woods and hedges, especially in moift

boggy land. S. April, May.*

(4) Leaves somewhat serrated, woolly..-
S$. Leaves égg-shaped, wrinkled, cottony underneath,
be gg eS towards the end. oa akes - A aie

Hoffman. salvie 3.5. 4 Feliage of the different wavieties. i

21. 1-Fl. dan, 245—Ger. 1203. 3~Ger. emt. 1390. 3+Park,
1432. 1-2 leaf, FI. lapp. 8. s. ad es

No species of Salix requires such a dry soil as this does. an
sometimes becomes a tolerable sized tree. Branches when young,
palish, downy. Buds, the lower producing leaves, the upper
catkins. Leaves slightly tapering to a point at each end, above
and scarce sensibly downy, underneath pale green witha

very thin woolliness ; edge marked with some notches, but not

obvious unless carefully examined, but from the middle down.
wards evidently waved. Linn.—Bark ash-coloured, cracks very

fine. M. Catkins egg-oblong, 1 to 2 inches long, often’ l inch

broad, on short fruit-stalks, which are woolly, furnished with 3 —
to 12 leafits, in a double or triple series; the upper catkins —
flowering first. Sram. 2. Nect.1. ¥F. Catkins oblong or cy:
indrical 1 to 2 inches or more in length, 2 inch broad, on fruit-
stalks which have 6 or 7 leafits. Leaves roundish, egg-shaped, —
inversely egg-shaped or egg-oblong 5 4 ot 5 inches long, about
i owny above, dark green; bluish gtey
and cottony on the back, and marked with a network of veins.
Stipule only to the uppermost leaves, roundish, finely scolloped. _
Gleditsch found on this species both male and female flowers, and
others that were hermaphrodite. Horrman.—S, latifolia ratunda.
R. Syn, 449. This is introduced in order to enable the English _
botanist to determine whether it really exists with us or nots of —
whether the S. cinerea has not always been mistaken for it,

3 broad, either smooth or

cies;

1482, 2-Leaf only, Fi. lapp. 8. a

| Heffiis sal. i. G-Lab. ies tbe 197.1-Ger, em. 1390 4-Parke

A shrub about 6 feet high, often resembling a small trees

Bark smooth, ash-coloured, branches numerous, upright but ex-
panding. M. Catkins egg or egg-oblong, 1 inch or more in

* The branches are much used for making hoops and the largersorts — .

‘of baskets. It is often planted to prevent the banks of rivers from. being

washed away by the force of the current ; and it forms a hedge very —

useful in keeping off winds. —Horses, cows, sheep, and goats eat it. Linn.
poe ss and wheels for catching eels, and bird-cages are mate of the
twigs. Sr,

Ome

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Salix.

length, } inch broad, blunt, on fruit-stalks about 2 lines long
which have 4 or 6 spear-shaped scales, Stam. 2. Nect. 1,
bellying below, with a slender tapering neck, lopped at the end.
F. Catkins the size and shape of the other, on longer fruit.
stalks. Leaves inversely egg-oblong, or egg-spear-shaped,
either entire or a little serrated, 2 inches long and nearly 1
broad ; those on the lower branches a little scolloped at the
edge, dark green above,’ with little or. no pubescence, cottony
on the back, pale or glaucous and reticulated. Sripule kidneys
shaped, waved, and toothed at the edge, seldom found on the
upper leaves. ‘This is an intermediate species between the
S. caprea and S.aurita, but different from both. Horrman.—
Leaves long and pointed. Ray. Hira
__ §. Caprea & Linn. and Huds. ‘Thickets and wet places.
About Oxford frequent. Ray.—[Kirkstall: Abbey, Yorkshire.]
___» Var. 2. Leaves rounder and smaller.
. In hedges near Chisselhurst are some trees of a considerable
height. Ray.—On high and dryish heaths. Hups.

S. Leaves oblong-egg-shaped, somewhat woolly-under-
neath :. stipule half-heart-shaped.

In woods more than 6 feet high; in exposed boggy ground it
spreads more, but does not rise - high, Eile ta shape of
half a heart, serrated ; with 3 glands on each side. Carkins

- ish, eet than the leaves. bears with some
sma ar-s eafits. Leaves -ob. » greenish ;
veins te tie back indistinct, rough vith te the edge ser.
rated. Linn.—Branches tough, cylindrical, smooth, reddish.
Leaves oblong-egg-shaped, a little woolly underneath. Leaf-

stalks considerably shorter than half the breadth of the leaves, .

nearly cylindrical, with a gland on each, just above the base.

Leaf-scales minute, 1 on each, at the base of the leaf-stalk. Car-

4ias egg-shaped, 12 inch long, 2 inch wide. chm ais
Sallew Willaew. Salix caprea, Hups. Licutr. &c. This

is perhaps the most common of all our willows, as well in hedge.

tows as in woods; and I never had a doubt of it being the S.

caprea of Linnzus, until Mr. Afzelius convinced me to the ~
contra

ty. si?
Woods and hedges, but not in dry soil. __ S. April.*
S. Leaves spear-shaped, tapering to a point, ‘serrated,

~

glandular.

_ downy on both sides: the Jowermost scrratures.

* The Bark has been made into coarse paper and pasteboard. The
Wood is excellent for fuel, and also for stakes and hurdles in fences.
‘ 2s

55

cine’rea,

al’ba.

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Salix.

Hoffm. sal. i. 7 &8 8. Foliage i. 24, 3.-Blackw. 327-Matth.
» © 499-Dad. 843, 1-Lob. obs. 567. 2% ic. ii. 136. 2-Gers
“em, 1389. 1-Park, 1480, i-Gars. 508-Ger. 1202. I=
FB. i, b. 212. 1-Trag. 1077-Lon. 3, 25, 2. 5. ee

‘This and S. fragilis are the largest of the species. Linn.—
A tall straight tree, bark grey, aeeeets ibang BE SpA
upright, but expandin or brown green. M. Catkins
Pieetsioah bloat 1z me chien long, 4 lines broad, on fruits
stalks which are 2 inch long. Stam. 2. Nectaries 2, 1 before
the stamens inversely heart-shaped, the other.behind them, and
oblong. F. Catkins slender, cylindrical, 2. inches long, 3 or 4 .
lines broad ; on fruit-stalks near an inch, in, length. Leaves —
s and elegantly serrated, shining but pubescent above, white
and silky underneath. Inner bark green, but in the S. vitele
Zina it is yellow. Horr.

White ot Common Willow Woods, hedge-rows, and.wet
meadow and pasture Jand. = T. April.*

* It loves a moist and open situation ; grows quick, and bears lop-
ping. The wood is very white, and is therefore preferred for-making
Milk pails and Butter-firkins. It is also used for flooring, for chests and
for boxes. It is light, tough and pliable.—The Rev. Mr. Stone, in the
Phil. Trans. Vili. p. 195, gives us an account of the great efficacy of the
bark of this tree in curing intermitting Fevers. He gathers the bark in
summer, when it is full of sap, dries it by a gentle heat, aud gives a dram
of it powdered every four hours between the fits. In a few obstinate
cases he mixed it with one fifth part of Peruvian bark. Itis remarkable
that intermittents are most prevalent in wet countries; and this tree
grows naturally in such situations... Whilst the Peruyian bark remained
at its usual moderate price, it-was hardly worth while to seek for a sub-
stitute ; but now ics prices re than double, and the supply from South
America hardly equal to the consumption, we may expect to find itdearer
and more adulterated every year. The White Witrow Bark.is therefore,
likely to become an object worth the attention of physicians, and if its
success upon a more enlarged scale of at

S na roves equal to Mr. Stone’s
experiments, the world will be much indebted'to that gentleman for his
communication. Thebark of S, triandra and fragilis have the-same pro-
perties. . A set of experiments should therefore be institated to ascertain
which of the species ought to be preferred. —-This bark will tan leather.
Horses, cows, sheep and goats eat the leaves and young shoots, a
different species of it support the following insects : Papi/io Axtiopa, and ~
Polychloros Sphinx Qecellata, Populi; Phalena Quercifolia, RubijLanestrisy
Vinula, Dismal Moth, Phalena Salicis, Phalena Bucephala, Monarcha,
— Zicxae, Cossus, Willow red-under-wing Moth, Phalena Pacta, Citrages

Cream-hordered Pea-gieen Moth, Phalena Salicella, Bushy Prominent~
Moth, Phalena Pavonia, Libatrix, Psi. Willow Beauty Moth, Tenthreda e
Lutea, Caprea, Rustica; Ichneumon Glomeratus; Aphis Salicis, Chrysomela 2
Polita, Chrysomela Sevicea ; Curculic Nebulosus ; Coccinella 14. Guttatus, Cicada
Cornuta, “Large excrescences are frequently found upon the branches and
leaves of Willows, these are habitations of different species of Cyzips.—
Whoever desires to shade a walk with willows, pan set male plants —
only, or else they will soon multiply so as to form a thicket instead of
walk. The same observation holds good of the Poplar. Bees are very
fond of the flowers, 4 SOS

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Fraxinus.

‘The ‘species’ of this genus are very difficult to make out.

of various kinds, as marshy, sandy, mountainous, and
warm, have effected such wonderful changes on the species, that
botanists have’ been often at a loss to what species they should
refer several individual plants. Add to this, that the descrip-
tions are altogether imperfect and unscientific. Their history,
therefore, must be begun anew, in which case let the names of
the old authors be rejected, lest dubious synonyms should occa-
sion a confusion among plants in themselves distinct ; and let
the species be described in local. histories, and literary collec-
tions, holding in view the following circumstances: 1. Buds,

whether of 1 or more valves. -°2. The disposition and folding of

the leaves within the bud. 3. Catkins, whether from the same
or a distinct bud, above or below the leaves. 4. Leaves ser-
rated or very entire; their surfaces naked or woolly. 5. Sta-
mens, their number. 6, Whether Trees, Shrubs, or creeping.
Lann.—Much still remains to be done to clear up the species
and varieties of Salix which this island produces, the genus
therefore’has ‘a claim upon the particular attentions of such as
wish to improve the botanical knowledge of their country.

FRAXINUS. Cal. none, or with 4 divisions:
Bloss. none, or with 4 petals. |
...., Fem. and hermaphrodite flowers. Pist. 1.
_ Caps.2-celled, leaf-like upwards, compressed ;
- Ycell barren: Seed spear-shaped.
F. Leafits serrated: flowers without petals. .
Fl. dan. 969—Hunt. Evel, p. 150; i. p. 145; ed. 11-Blackw.
328—Cam, epit. 64—Park. 1419. 1-Gars, 97 and 277—Dod.
: . 833-—Lob. obs. 545. 1 > ic. lie 107. 2~Ger. CMe 1472-Matth.
185-F. B. i. b. 174, diseased excrescences, and no leaves.
Some trees producing fowers with stamens and pistils, and
others only flowers with pistils; but it often happens that the
former hath some with only pistils intermixed; and the reverse.
Cal. and Bloss, none. Buds, the lateral ones producing bunches,
the terminating one leaves. Linn.—Leaves sometimes simple.
Hups.—In 3 specimens from 3 different trees, the 1st had her-
maphrodite flowers, the 2d only male, and the 3d_ only female.
St.—Leaves opposite, on leaf-stalks ; /eafis fitting, 4 or 5 pair,
with an oddone. ‘ :
Common Ash-tree. Woods and bedgecoe: T. Mar. to May.*
Var, 2. Leaves simple. T. H. W. in Gent, Mag. vol. IV.
p- 598. peek
* It flourishes best in groves, but it y well in rich soil i
fields. It Eurridigsplatiogana Meret Hates, a gb Mein

agpis

57

excel’sior.

- edora’tum.

DIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Anthoxanthuni.

_ "There isno mention of the place of growth of this curiosity,
but the sensible and intelligent reporter could not well be de.
eeived about it.—This is clearly a distinct variety, and my
friend Dr. Bosrock has supplied me with specimens of it froma
plantation near Liverpool. alt Teunses {fired : kyt

ie J

DIGYNIA.

ANTHOXAN’THUM, Cal, Husk of 2 valves,
and 1 flower: Bloss. husk 2 valves, tapering _

toa point: Seed 1, rhs acon BE a
dpe ailongseni-shappeds tiosstslongensharitiaatam
- “supported:on short fruit-stalks, <0 ei poe
Gram. pasc.-Curt.E. bot. 647—-Schreb. 5-Mill. ill.-Giseke.
2-Fl. dan. 666—Stilling. fr.1. out of bloss.—Mus. rust, iv,
2..3+F. Be ii, 466. 1-Anders.—Barr.—124y single spike
good-C. B.. 44. 1-H. ox. Vili. 4. row 2. 25. and 7. row

3. 25-Spike and fructification, Leers 2. \-Seguier. i. 4. 2=
Mont. — 3 a * — We tae oH Be: a3

~ Bless. double. ‘The cuter entirely different from that of any
other of the Grasses, its outside covered to near the top with stiff
brown hairs lying flat. The inner, which Linnzeus calls the

goats eat it: but it spoils the milk of cows, so that it should sot ec
ted in dairy farms. In the north of Lancashire they lop the tops of
this tree to feed the cattle in autumn when the grass is upon the decline,

the cattle peeling off the bark as food.—In a very dry summer the farmers
about Cannock, Staffordshire, in default of grass fed their cows with the
leaves. Sr.—In Queen Elizabeth’s time, the Inhabitants of Co/tom and

Hawhsheadfells remonstrated against the number of forgesin the country,
because they consumed all the loppings and croppings, the sole winter —
food for their cattle. Pen. tour 1772. p. 2g9——When growing by the water

side, and of some considerable age, its branches frequently hang down

‘somewhat in the manner of the weeping willow. ‘The roots run near the

surface; and extend themfelves toa great distance, whence it is destructive

to the herbage-of upland pastures, but if planted on the margins of the
ditches, or low boggy meadows, the roots act as underdedine. and rendet
the ground about them firm and hard; the wood is however in this case
but of little value. Mr. Woopwarv.—It will give a good though not —

beautiful green to cloths which have been blued. St.—T'he wood hath

the singular advantage of being nearly as good when young as when old.
It is hard and tough, and is much used to make the tools employed in
husbandry. The ashes' of-the wood afford very good pot-ash—The bark
is used for tanning calf-skin.—A slight infusion of it appears of a pale
yellowish colour when viewed between the eye and the light; but when

looked down upon or placed between the eye and an opake object, it 1s — os

blue.\, This blueness is destroyed by the addition of an acid, and alkalies

recover it again.—An infusion of the leaves, from half an ounce to an

ounce ail a half, is a yery good purge, and a decoction of 2 drams of the

parky

DIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Anthoxanthum,

nectary, smooth, like the blossom of a Poa. Sr.—Spike not
strictly so, on account of the lower florets having short fruit-
stalks. Filaments short when the blossom first opens, afterwards
very long. Before the expansion of the blossom the anthers are
artly inclosed in the nectary. Stem with 2 or 3 short leaves ;
joints shining. =, § +4 PS 2 as .
Spring grass. Sweet-scented Vernal-grass, Meadows and
pastures, common, P. May, June.*

bark, or of 6 drams of the leaves, has been used to cure agues.—-The seeds
are acrid and bitter—In the church-yard of Lochaber in Scotland, Dr.
Walker measured the trunk of adead Ash tree’ which at 5 feet from the
surface of the ground was 58 feet in circumference. . .. ... ...»

The Leopard Wood Moth, Phalena Prasinana, Dominula, and Fraxini;
and Chermes Fraxini feed upon it. f o8*

* This is one of the carliest of our grasses, and is said by Linnaeus to
occasion the delightful smell of new mown hay. Mr. Curtis says that
the leaves, rubbed betwixt the fingers, impart a grateful odour. Boccone
says, ase led eeaier is prepared from it, as the vehicle of some per-
fumes. Ifit be gathered whilst in blossom, lapped in a paper and carried
in the pocket, it retains the smell of new mown hay for a long time.
Cows, goats, sheep, and horses eat it.—-It abounds chiefly in wet lands,
flourishing in a particular manner on peat bogs. Seems to be of little
consequence to the farmer, as being neither very productive nor very pala.
table to cattle. The valves of the blossom adhere to the seed when it is
tipe, and the jointed awn by its spiral contortions through the alternate
Moisture and dryness of the air, assisted by the awn and the hairs which
cover the valves, which from the same cause act as so many levers, sepa~
Tate it from the, receptacle, and liftit out of the calyx, at a time when
the spike is necessarily kept in an erect situation by a throng of taller
grasses surrounding them. A most curious and beautiful contrivance of
nature, without which, or some similar provision, the seed, in wet sea~
sons, would be apt to vegetate in the husks, and the young plants in con-
sequence become abortive. Mr. Swayne.

eTRIANDRIA... 049

on mas CLASS TIL ig b
| -TRIANDRIA. t-
____ MONOGYNIA.

(1) Flowers superior. ©

VALERIA’NA. Bloss. 5-cleft; bulging at os base:
Seed 1.

BRYO'NIA. Stam. and pistil in separate flowers : Bloss.
ae 5 divisions.

“Fem. Style 3-cleft: Berry somewhat elobular; .

with many seeds, »

RUS’ CUS. Stam. and pistil int separate flowers: Bloss.

none: Neder sigs egg-shaped, abet at ne

noel y MOB oe oa i

CROCUS, Bln feseribling 6 petals, wu t, open: 3
_ Summits rolled in a Ry col a i ch :

VRIS. Bloss. with 6 divisions ; Sonereeneey reflected
Summits like petals,

: (2) Flowers with valves like grasses, and hash-like ely. |

Hermaphrodite. an
NAR’DUS. Bloss. 2 valves: Cal. none: “Seed. covered.

ERIO’PHORUM._ Bloss. none: Cal. chaffy scales, . 2

tiled: 5 Seeds woolly. (Hairs longer than the calyx.
SCIR’PUS. Bloss. none: Cal. chaffy scales, tiled: Seed
_. . naked, or woolly; 3-cornered: (Hairs shorter
- than the calyx, HALLER. All the scales leg
Scop.)
CYPE’RUS. Bloss. none: Cal. chaffy scales, 2 eh
Seed naked.
SCHQ2’NUS. Bloss. none: Cal. chaffy scales, erbaniilens
Seed roundish: (Lower scales barren. Scop.)

(3) Flowers with valves like grasses and husk-like calyxes.
Stamens, and pistils in different flowers.

CA/REX. Cathkin spike-like, tiled with husks: Cal, 1
leaf: Bloss. none,

?

DIGYNIA, |

oF. _— inflated; with 2 or 3 teeth: Summits
. oaely Q: Seed. 1, within the nectary.
‘TY’PHA. Citkin cylindrical: Bloss. none.
-M. Calyx indistinct, 3-leaved,
_ F. Catkinunder the male flowers: Cal. soft hairs:
Seed 1, sitting on the hair-like down. ©
SPARGA/NIUM. Catkin roundish: Cal. 3 leaves: Bloss.
none,
F, Summit 2-cleft: Drupa juiceless, with 1 oF
2 seeds,
{Juncus conglomeratuss and effusus. Salix mene

_ DIGYNIA.

( 1) Grasses. Flowers scattered; 1 in each calyx.

PAYNICUM. Cal. 2 a 2-flowered: 1 floret male,
and 1 hermaphrodite.

ALOPECU’RUS. Cal. 2 valves: loss. 1 valve, ani.
vided at the end: Nectary none.

PHLE’UM. Cal, 2 valves; lopped, dagger-pointed, sit-

ting.
PHA/LARIS. Cal, 2 keeled, equal, iclading :
‘as _ the blossom. =
MY’LIUM. Cal. 2 valves ; sites ‘bellying, rather un-
equal; larger than the blossom. <-
CALAMAGROSTTIS. Cal. 2 valves, nearly equal: Bloss.
with hairs at the base. GMELIN.
AGRO/STIS. Cal. 2 valves; valves acute, shorter than
the blossom; (In all the English species longer.)
DAC’TYLIS. Cal. 2 valves: valves concave, keeled.
STY’PA.. -Cal. 2 valves: Bloss, 2 valves ; outer valve end-
ing in an extremely long awn, jointed at its base.
-LAGU’RUS. Cal. 2-valved, woolly: Bloss. with 2 ter-
minating awns, and another fixed to the back.
Scirpus palustris; and fluitans. Schoenus’ ‘compressus.
= Alopecurus oneal and paniceus.}
og (2) Grasszs. Flowers scattered; 2 in each calyx.

HOL’CUS. Flowers, hermaphrodite and male: Cal, husk
2 valves, with } to 3 florets.
\ -M. Bloss.awned. ~ :
F, Bloss, awnless : Seed 1.

‘DIGYNIA.

AVRA. | Florets, sli Miermasphnoilite, without the rudiment
ofa third, Cal. 2 valves. %

{ Holcus mollis.] i
ME’LICA. Florets all hermaphrodite, Cal. 2 valves.
Nectary of 1 leaf, fleshy.

SESLE’ RIA. Involucr. 2 leaves: Cal. 2 valyes with 1 to a

3 florets: Bloss. toothed at the end.

[Avena elatior, flavescens and fatua, Cynosurus. Dactylis 4
glomerata. J

(3) Grasses. Flowers idignad, enteohl ineach calyx.

BRI’ZA. Cal.2 valves: Bloss. heart-shaped, valvesblunt,
bellying.

PO’A. Cal. 2 valves: Bloss. egg-shaped, valves sharpish.

FESTU’CA. Cal. 2 valves : Bloss. oblong; : valves sharp-
pointed.

BRO’MUS. Cal. 2 valves: Bloss. éblohgs 3 outer valve
with an awn fixed below the point. al

AVE'NA. Cal. 2 valves: Bloss. oblong; valyes with 2

| jointed awn upon the back. |

ARUN'DO Cal. 2 valves : Bloss. awnless, Weally at the.
aSC.

[Dactylis glomerata. Melica cetulea, Aira “a tica.]

«4 Grasszs. Flowers forming a spike, on a bon, and =
phase teh gee |
TRYTICUM. Cal. containing shiny florets. eae
HORDEUM. Involucrum of 6 leaves, containing 3 florets:
Flowers simple. a
ROTTBO/LLIA. Cal. egg-spear-shaped, flat, simple or
_with 2 divisions: Florets alternate on a rena
fruit-stalk. a
ELYMUS. Involucrum of 4 leaves, containing 2 flowers:
Flowers compound, —
LO'LIUM. Involucrum 1 leaf, CONIA 1 rence
ered spiket.
CYNOSU’RUS, Cal. 2 valves, containing many flowers:
valves strap-shaped, tapering to a point, equal:
Nectary of 2 leaves.

{Carex, Alopecurus pratensis, alpinus, & agrestis.]

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Valerian, = 3.
TRIGYNIA. |
(1) Flowers without petals. Stamens and pistils in separate
jtowers.

[ Carex. ]
AMARAN’THUS. Cal. 3 or 5 leaves: Bloss. none.

~ “F. Capsule 1 cell; cut round: Seed 1.

(2) Flowers with blossoms; not husks.

MON’TIA. Bloss. 1 petal: Cal. 2 leaves,

_ TILLA’A. Bloss. 3 or 4 petals: Cal. 3 or 4 leaves : Caps.
with 3 or 4 seeds.

POLYCAR’PON. Boss. 5 petals: Cal. 5 leaves: Caps.

3 valves.
HOLO’/STEUM. Boss. 5 petals: Cal. 5 leaves: Caps.
“opening at the top.

ENNEAGYNIA.

EM’PETRUM. Male and female flowers on distinct
plants: Cal. with 3 divisions: Bloss. 3 petals.
M. Stamens long. F. Berry with 9 seeds,

- MONOGYNIA,

VALERIANA. Cal. none: Bloss. 1 petal, sopeior,
bulging on one side at the base: Seed 1, or
else a 3-celled capsule.

(1) Flowers with 1 stamen.
v. a with a tail: leayes spear-shaped, very entire. rubra.
Riv. 3.2—Ded. 351.1—-Lob. obs. 184. 2-Ger. em. 678.1—Park.
123, 11-Ger, 550. 1-H. ox. 7. 14. 15-F. B. iii. 211. 2.
Oe here Bloss. red; in gardens sometimes white. H. ox.
200 De f
On old walls and rubbish; Devon and Cornwall, common
Huns. Sandyhills near Dartford by the road side. Ger ue. :
1797. p. 217. P, May—Aug.
V.. Leaves with winged clefts, calci‘trapa.

Kniph. 9. 98.
"This plant seems now to meritan introduction to thie British
Flora, as Mr, Caley reports it to have ppniuotd naturalized
itself, if not originally a native.

dioi’ca,

_ the other; in both they havea tinge of red, In Portugal I have

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Valeriana.

On the walls belonging to Chelsea Hospital, shewn to Mr.
Caley by Mr. Dickson. June.
| (2) Flowers with 3 stamens.
V. Stameniferous and pistilliferous flowers on different
_plants: leaves winged, leafits very entire: (somewhat —
serrated.) Stameniferous plants; with imperfect
pistils.
E. bot. 628.—Curt. 278-Kniph. V1=Riv. 2.3. V. minor—Fl.
dan. 687. 1-Wale,-Blackw. 484-Trag. 62~Math. 41-
Ger. 917.3. : =.
Pistilliferous plants with imperfect stamens. é
Curt. 278-Rizv. 2. 2. flor. exig.- Fl. dan. 687. 2Clus. ihe
554 2—Dod. 350. 1—Lob. obs. 411. 3~Ger. m. 1075. 3=
Park. 123. 13~7. B, iii, 211. 1-H. ov. vii. 14, 5-Mor.
umb, 10. ds @. : —

All the leaves and leafits mote or less sertated. Root-/eaves
egg-shaped. Srem-leaves winged, or wing-cleft ; the terminating __
leafit like the root-leaves. The male flowers have sometimesa
short minute pistil, at others no appearance of any. Fem. flowers
have the summit 3-cleft, and have either no stamens, orelseim- —..
perfect rudiments only.‘ The bloss. in thefe are smallerthanin =

observed female flowers producing perfect seeds, on the same —
plant with the male flowers ; the stamens in the latter Posie |
from 1 to 4, though in general there is only 1 stamen in eact

. Small Valerian, Moist meadows, not uncommon,—-{ Garlic
Meadows, Erdington, Warwicksh. ] P, May, June.
V. Leaves all winged and toothed. _ ,

Curt.-E. bot. 698.-Woodv. 96—Ludw. 99~Kniph. 5, the 2d

figure~Math, 40-Clus. iis 55. 1—Ded. 349. 2-Lob. obs.
BIL. 2-Ger, em. 1075. 2-Ger' 917. 2-Col. phytob. 26-
HL ox. vii 14. 2-Riv. 1-Fl. dan. 570~Fuchy 857-

Upper foral-leaves spear-sha hha. ee
Great Wild Faerie. © Pia woods, and marshes ; com-

mon.—[Plentiful in the Garlic ows near Penn’s Mill, Er-
dington, Warwicksh. ] Phe

* It is the latter variety which is in so much repute as a medicine.
The root has a strong, and not an agreeable smell ; its taste is warm, bit-
tcrish, and subacrid ; it communicates its properties to wine, water, or
spirit; but itis best in substance, and may be taken from half a dram to

; . we

TRLANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Valeriana.

Var. 2. Leaves narrower...
> Kniph. 5, the \st fgure-Riv. 2. 1~Garidel 96. at ps 520,
Dry heaths and high pastures. -

V. Stem forked : leaves strap-shaped, very entire,

Var. 1. Leaves entire. Ded. 647. 1-Ger. em. 310. 1—Ger.
242~F. B. iii. 323. 2.
Bloss. bluish white. Leaves and stems fringed at the edges
with fine white hairs.
Var. 2. Leaves pointed. FI. dan. 738-H. ox. vii. 16, 36.
Var. 3. Leaves broad. FT: Bs Hits 92352.
Var. 4. Upper leaves serrated. Curt. 319-E. bot. 811-
Ger, 242—Lob. obs. 412. 2-Ger. em, 310. 2—Park. $12,
. o~F a. ili. 324. 1-H. Ox» vii. 16. Me 36, f. 2~Riv. 6.
2. Locusta minima. ~
~Var. 5. Lower leaves jagged. Ray and Lost. “Lob. adv.
Var, 6. Taller. Eaves entire. Seeds round, swoln, Morison.
H. ox. vii. 16. 37.
Lambs Lettuce. Corn Sallad. Liming Valerian. Common

in corn fields, : A, April, Mays June, July.* )

ewis drums for adose. Thereis no doubt of its snaninacietinannsnilitdn

poet leaps yen Atis often AaB cee pees wtenliie

peta ity less. fp sdton to hese import ebservaton

some nate epilepsies. In addition to these es

1 would add the’ a me nae tact

. sen such Donec eft fullow fom the ise ef any othe ened) in
cases of sive, fhe neuer it: indeed 1 have “ape guccepatns

and

prefer the medicine in powder to any ot peeperagor, and
give it in doses from a scruple to a dram, pede day. No

very conspi

evil.*’—-It is much to that ignorance of, or inattention to,
important particulars should so frequently occasion Ber Pant va-

luable medicine to be used unsuccessfully, and laid aside with disgu:

In habitual co Sy n exce Maize her > oe

roots. —Rats ogh deen 24
a a? an fp, Gtaw the rats sagether, oi

___* ‘The young leaves in and autumn are eaten as sallad, and are
very little inte or. to YOURE hues. Cattle eat it,

Vales ae a separ Ss

lester pores smell, nearly approaching to that of newly tanned

. are delighted —
a hae Mand that the

locus’ta,

are induced, except mitigation of the original

66

dioica.

-TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Ruscus.

BRYO'NIA.. Cul, 5-toothed : Bloss. with 6 divie

_ sions. .
Male. Anthers united at the base.
Fem. Style 3-cleft: Berry roundish, mostly

1-seeded. a

B. Leaves hand-shaped ; rough on both sides, with cal-
lous points: male and female flowers on different
plants. = 3 e

Facq. austr. 199-E. bot. 439-Sheldr. 77-Mill. ic. 70-
Woodv. 189-Blackw. 37-Tourn. 15. 1-Dod. 400—Lob. —

obs. 343.3; ic. i. 624. 2-Ger. em. 869-Gars. 181-Ger.
720-Fuchs. 94—F. B. ii. 143. 2-Cam. epit. 987-Park. —

178. 1-Trag. 820—Lon. i. 209. 2-Matth, 1283.
- ~ Leaves not properly hand-shaped, even the lower ones being
truly lobed. Our plants are all dioecious, and have red berries.
I have never observed that with black berries. The Bryowa

alba, baccis nigris of Ray, is an addition of Dillenius, Woopw. _

‘The female flowers shew the rudiments of 5 stamens, at the in-

sertion of the segments of the blossom, equal in number to that
of the anthers of the barren flowers. Sr. Barren and fertile —
plants generally growing at a great distance from each other, —
never having seen them growing together but once. Lzers-
Flowers yellow white, with greenish streaks, Berry red, Seeds

3 to 6. . |
Redberried Bryony. Wild Vine. Hedges and thickets.

RUS’CUS. Stamens and pistils mostly on different ;

plants: Bloss.none: Cul. 6 leaves: Nectary
central, egg-shaped, open at the top. 7
_ Male flowers, Anthers united.

Fem. flowers, Berry 3-celled: Seeds generally 2. |

| * The root is purgative and acrid ; a dram of it in substance, or halfan
ounce of it infused in wine, is a full dose. A cold infusion of the root
in water is usedexternallyin sciatic pains. A cataplasm ofit is a ean a

erful discutient.—A decoction made with one pound of the fresh
the best purge for horned cattle. The active virtues of this plant see™

to give it a claim to more attention than is now bestowed upon it.

¢ have a method of forming the roots into human figures, and sel!-
ing them for mandrakes. Goats eat it; horses, cows, sheep, and switf

retuse it, Linx. Two or three of the berries have been eaten without anf

observable effect. Mr. Hotierzar, i

5 ft May.* 2

2 OOS

we Ho vr at tla la a aa

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Crocus. 3 67

R.. Leaves bearing the flowers on the upper surface, naked. aculea’tus,
By bot. 560~Woodv. 237-Kniph. 1-Sheldr. 14—Mill, ill.~

Trag. 919-Lon. i. 78. 2~Blackw. 155-Cam., epit. 935—

Park. 253-Gars. 504—Matth. 1214-F. B. i. a. 579-

Dod. 744--Lob. obs. 362.13 ic. i. 637. 2.—Ger. em. 907-

HA ox, xiii. 5. row 2. 1-Ger. 759.

Flower not properly growing out of the leaf, but on a fruit-
stalk from the bosom of the leaf, which is immersed beneath the
outer coat, eer 0 it sa! with ease be dissected. Woopw.
Stem tough, woody, branched, scored. Leaves egg: r-shaped,
— ~ Bloss. yellowish green. Berries oe Mtr. Stack.

remarks, that the 3 outer calyx leaves are larger and rigid,
the 3 inner smaller ; these he considers as petals, and he found a
male flower fallen from the plant, which had only 3 leaves cor-
responding with those of the calyx.

- Knee Holly. Butchers Broom, Prickly Pettigree. Woods,
thickets, and hedges. [Hethel Woods near Norwich. Mr.
Crowe.—Heath near Lowestoft. Mr. Woopwarp.—New Fo-
rest near Stony Cross, ] $. March, April.*

CRO‘CUS.. Biss. with 6 equal divisions : Summits
C. Sheath amare; rising from the root: tube of the blos- sati’vus.
som very long.—Summit in 3 deep strap-shaped
segments hanging out of the blobs Ie Bor,
Var. 1. offcinalis. Leaves natrower, rolled in at the edges,
Flowers in autumn. ge $3
_E, bot. 343-Matth. 69. 70-Mill. 111~Trag. 763-Fuchs. ‘
441-—F. B. iit. 637-Wale,Sheldr. (Saffron. )-Tourn, 184.
~Ger. 123, 1. 2-Ded. 213—Lob. obs. 68—Ger. 151-H. ox.
Av. 2, 1-Blackaw. 144, 1+Park. par. 167.

Bless. ish blue; filaments purple ; summits deep orange.

Crocus autumnalis. E. bot. Crocus officinalis sativus, Huns.
Common or autumnal Saffron. About idge, and Saffron
Walden, Essex. [In a meadow near the copper mills, Derby.

_ * InTtaly it is made into besoms, and the butchers use them to sweep
their blocks. Huxters place the boughs round their bacon and cheese to
defend them from the mice, for they cannot make their way through the
prickly leayes, It will not bear the winters of Sweden. :

F2

-TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Iris. -

Mr. Waarerey.—Common in meadows about Manchester,

vernus.

nudiflo’rus,

Mr. Carey. : P. Aug. Sept.*

Cc. 9 leaves broaden, with flatedges, Flowers in the spring,
Summit 3 short wedge-shaped lobes, inclosed within
~ the blossom. E, Bor. 1. :

Facq. austr. app. 36-E, bot. 344-Ger. om. 153. 1—Clus. i.
- 203. 2-Ger. em. 156. 12-Ger, 125. 1.
Inserted on the authority of Mr. Hudson, but he has given

Ho’ ace of growth. It may however be found in almost every
geen, with blue and yellow blossoms in the month of

Crocus officinalis sylvestris. Hops. Spri Saffron, ot Croctss :
vic Muahaire sone Mettnphiin: Ec Bey, 28 Bears :

C. Tube of the blossom very long, leafless. Summitin
: 3 deeply laciniated segments, enclosed within the
blossom. E. Bor. spets a
E. bot. 491. &
_ 'This new species of Crocus is introduced on the authority of
the £. gor. in which it appears first to have been clearly ascere
tained by the Rev. Mr. Brcuer of Southwell, Nottinghamshire, __
and by whom it was found in great profusion between Notting» _
ham Castle and the river Trent, growing there imveraitend il
the wernus. It is docingcnbes from either of the ing
species by the segments of the summit being deeply subdivided
into from 7 to 12, generally 9, narrow linear lobes. The flowers; _

perfectly destitute of leaves, are in perfection early in October,
and fade before the end of that Selcddaaaae do not begin a

to appear till some time in December, and are more erect than
those of the other species, their matgins'scarcely revolute, colour

YRIS. Bloss. with 6 divisions, unequal, every other
- Segment bent back as if jointed: Summits —
petal-like, 2-lipped, edges at the base turned

In. se . he - wt ye 3
_* The summits of the pistils of the Cr. officinalis sativus, carefullf
collected, and moderately dried, are the saffron of the shops. That col-

lected in England is preferred to all other. It affords a beautiful colour
to water, wine, or spirit, and gives out the whole of its’ virtues.to them-

It hath been holden in high repute as a cordial; but modern practice

pays no great attention to it, since it has been found to uce no sen-
sible 8's even when given in doses greatly larger than those generally
prescribed. . neste

- ‘TRIANDRIA: MONOGYNIA, Trisr 69
¥. Leaves channelled, awl-shaped; stem 2-flowered.. Xi’phium.
| Hi. ox. ive 7. 104Chus. i, 212. 2~Ger. 93. 3-Ger. em. 101.1
~ FB. fi 705—Clus. i. 214-Park, 257. 8=Ger. em. 102.
6-F. B. ii. 704, 1-Saert. i. 35. 5-In fruit, lus. i,
* * 213—Ger, ems YOY. 2=Ger. 93, 400
Sometimes the stem produces only a single flower. Blasts
purplish blue. aifis
Bulbous-rooted flower de luce, or Flag. =
This plant. has long been an ornament -to our gardens; but
Dr. Nash, in his History of Worcestershire, informs us,, ees
has lately been discovered by the Duchess Dowager of Portland,
by the river side near Fladbury, and in other parts of tas

2

I, Every other segment of the blossom smaller than the pseuda‘corus.
summit.
Curt. 197-E, bot. 378-Blackw, 261—Kniph. 3—Fl, dan. AQ+
—~Wodv. 40-Dod. 248. 1—Leb. obs. 31. 1-Ger. em. 50. 2

Park. 1219-H. ox. iv. 6, 11.

Petals, the 3 outer ones toothed on each side next to the sta-
mens. Germen with wag a ulilaaepte git Valves nat the
calyx spear-shaped. Peta/s, the 3 outer and larger ones streaked
with purple lines. . Summits cut into fringed segments at the
top. Flowers 3 together at the top of the stem: the 2 outer
flowers having each 1 sheathing valve, and the middle flower 2.
I should be tempted to describe this flower. as having 9 peta/s,
and 3 styles; which are connected longitudinally to the 3 inner-
Flower de luce. Water Flag. Yellow Flag. Banks of

rivers, marshes, and wet meadows, -. Bijuly4
I, Stem with 1 angle. & a , ate a3 ’ foe’tida.

* The juice of the fresh root is very acrid, and has been found to
produce plentiful evacuations from the bowels, after other powerful
means had failed. Edin. Med. Est. vol. v. art. 8. It may be given for this
Purpose in doses of 80 drops, every hour or two; but the degree of its
acrimony is so uncertain, that it can hardly ever come into general use. In
Some cases it proves diuretic. The fresh roots haye been mixed with the
food of swine bitten by a mad dog, and they escaped the disease, when
others bitten by the same dog died raving mad. The root loses most of
its acrimony by drying. Goats eat the leaves when fresh ; but cows,

and swine refuse them: cows will eat them when dry. The
ate used ih the island of Jura to dye black. Pennant's Tour, 1772,

70

stric’ta.

TRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Nardus.

E. bot. 596-Dod. 247. 2=Lob. obs. 37.0 1-Ger. ems 60+

Park 256. 5-C. B. th. 560-F.. Boii. 731. 2-H. ox. iv,

5. 2=Fuchs. 794—Matth. 99\-Trag. 904-F, B.iie731.1—
Blackw. 158—Ger. 53. 1-C. B. th. 564..

Stem cylindrical, but angular on one side; as long as the

leaves which cover it, and have a very fetid smell. Germen

_ $.corneréd, the corners furrowed. B/oss. of a disagreeable pur-

plish ash colour; not smelling in the night time. Claws of the
outer petals wrinkled and plaited on the under surface. Inner
petals \arger than the summit, expanding. Linn.
Var, 2, Leaves striped. gps 4
_ Stinking Gladdon, ot Gladwyn. Stinking Flag. Neat
Hornsey, and about Charlton Wood, Kent. Hups.—Near Brain-
tree, Essex. [Near Pershore, Worcestersh. Nasn. Bath Hills;
Ditchingham, Norf. Woopw.—In all the S. W. counties very
common, particularly about Teignmouth, on hedge banks and

ground.] P. June, July*
NAR’DUS. Cal. none: Bloss. 2 valves: Nectary
none. | ee :

N. Spike slender, straight; the florets pointing in one

E. bot. 290-FI. dan. 1022-Schreb. 7-C. B. th, 705H. ome
viii. 7. 8—J. B. ii. 513. Q-Lob. ic. 9O.1-Ger. em. 1631.
3=Park, 1199, 5-6-7 Spikes See Leers 1. 7~-Scheuch. 4, Z a

10eMent. 886.5568 2 j.96! vet 5 5 3d. Biante

Straw with a single joint near its bottom, and 1 short

bristle-like leaf. Root-leaves long, thread-shaped. Lerrs. Spike

yellowish, white, or violet coloured. -Florets all pointing to a
one side. sienie . acon: os
Small Matweed. Heath Mataweed, or Matgrass. Heaths

and marshes, [Heaths in Norfolk, frequent. Mr. Woopw.—

Malvern Chace, Worcest. Mr. Battanp.—Birmingham Heath.
Sr.—Lilleshall pool dam, Shropshire. ] P. June—Aug.t

* The juice of the root, both of this and the preceding species, is
sometimes used to excite sneezing ; but it is an unsafe practice. Vi0-
lent convulsions have sometimes been the consequence. Neither horses,
meres not comes ag The scarlet seeds displayed by the opening cap-
sules give the hedge banks a appearance in autumn, The leaves
when bruised smell like rancid Rate ; nae
, + This grass is stiffand hard to the touch, but being generally short,
it eludes the stroke of the scythe, and takes off its edge, which makes it
disliked by mowers. Goats and horses eat it. Cows and sheep are not
fond of it. Crows stock it up, for the sake of the larva of insects which
they find at the root. . :

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Eriophorum. ra

‘ERIO‘PHORUM. Husks like chaff, tiled on every
side: Bloss. none: Seeds encompassed by
very long wool-like hairs.

E. Straw cylindrical, sheathed ; spike skinny. - vagina’tum,

Dicks. b. s.-Curt.. 219-Fl. dan. 236-Scheuch. prod. and
app. 7. 1-F. Bu ii. 514, 2-C. B. pr.23; th. 188—Park. « -
1272. 5-H, ox. viii. 9, row 3, 6. Gr. junceum. ib. 6,
Gr. juncoid.—Park. 1272. 2-1. 1-Park, 1189. 1—Spike
and parts of fructif. Scheuch. 7. 1-3. Mont. I. K.

Root-leaves imperfectly 3-cornered, sharp, with two of the

sides scored. Stem-leaves cylindrical. Sheaths inclosing the
Straw; the uppermost purple at the base. Straw twice as
as the leaves ; scored, cylindrical, but flat on one side. Spike
egg-shaped, tiled... Scales skinny ; brown : the lower ones bar-
ren ; the upper ones bearing woolly seeds. Linn. Spite single.
Straw bluntly 3~cornered.
Bore th tail Rush, Moss Crops. — Single-headed Cotton-grass.
Near Lynn. Mr. Pircurorp.—Very frequent in all
ae northern \counties. Mr. Woonwarp.—Ancott bog, near
Salop. Mr, Arxtn.—Birmingham Heath, in the marshy valley
crossed by the foot-road to Winson Green, In Cornwall on wet
es not. uncommon, J bit P, Feb. Sead

E. ‘Straws cylindrical; leaves flat : spikes on fruit-stalks, ae ‘chion.
Dicks. A. $. ~E. bot. 563~Vaill. 16, Q~Leers ki Be. “
Spike smaller and more compact than in the next species; ,
and the leaves flat as well as shorter, the plants may be
moe aoe though not in rae: Eriophorum polystachion,
& Linn.
First particularly disti from the next, which is our
more common species, by Mr. Dickson. in Northamp-
tonshire ; near Dunstable ; in Yorkshire, Cum erland, and very
commonly i in Scotland. Dicks. in Linn. Tr. ii. 289. [In a bog
at the back of Invercauld house, and in various pate of of the
Highlands, but by no means a common eee Mr. Brown.
5 P May, ht

E. Straws cylindrical: leaves channelled cand ‘8-cor- angustifo’-
‘nered : spikes on fruit-stalks. = um.
Dicks. b, s.-E. bot. 564—Curt, 229-Vaill. 16. 1-2. ox. viii.
9. row 3. 1—Ger. 27. 1-C. B. th. 61-Trag. 683-Garid,
44—Dod. 562. 2-Ger, em. 29**~Barr. 12-F. B. ii, 5144
~Parts “ fructif. Mant. ( Linagrost. ) KL. ft,

73

alpinum

palus’tris,

te —
| TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Seigpus. 2

thes, Ny 3 upon each straw, hicks rises out: of a
sheath, formed by 3 brownish leaves, the outermost of which is
much longer than the rest, and green at the end, Leaves sheath.
ing the stem ; semi-cylindrical, and hollow at the lower part,
but solid and 3.comered towards the top ; tapering 8 gradually to
a point. In its you Mews before the hairs of the seeds grow
‘out, it-may be mistaken for a Scirpus... Mr. Catry. tells me
he has observed the Spikes to be polygamous ; and Sir THomas
Franxianp has sometimes found this plant diorcous, in Lord
Fauconberg’s Park, _Yorksh, £. poly stachion, Huds, Curt, :
Lightf. Bot. arr. ed. i, and ii.

Cotton, 5 ents ~~ Moss-crops. Many-headed Cottons
grass. » not uncommon. [Birming. heath, —

autiais Secon ewport, seayllnes thas several
acres.] S. Senet a

Px

E. Straws ‘aaked, 3-comered : spike shorter than the i.
E. bot. 511+ Fl, dan. 62¢-Schencbx 7. 4~App. nee

Six or 8 inches high, slender, 3-cornered, jointless ; rough
when stroked downwards. Sheaths at the = scored, pointed, a
Spite ‘sinialls dowity « Scurucuz.

[Found in the summer of 1791, on the moss of Resténes S$
miles E, of Forfar, Angussh. Scotl. by Mr. Brown, in co: eS
with Mr. Don. } P,

SCIR'PUS. Husks chaff-like, tiled o on every si ee " -
_ Bloss. none: Seed 4, 3-cornered, often wool-
00 3 “hairs shorter than the spike. |

(Q) Spike single. 7 +4
s. ‘Straw cylindrical, naked: spike nearly egg-shaped,
terminating. — iia
-- E, bot. 131~Fl. dan. 273~Lab, obs. 44. 1-Ger. em, 1631.72
“Park. 1196.1. and 2—H. ox, viii. 10. 32, and row 35 _
fiz. betaveen 33 and 31-Spike only, Scheuch. 7. 17-Dis-
sected flower and a spike, Leers 1.8.

Stranws leafless, but sheathed at the base. . Leers says there

pe

are always 2 summits, never 35 but in E, bot. 9 are described p

* This plant i is useful in the Isle of Skie, to support cattle in the
eatlier part of the spring, before the other grasses are sufficiently grown.
Pennant’s Tour, 1774, p. 308. Poor ople stuff their pillows with the
pitt: and make wicks of candles: wit it, but it becomes brittle wher
quite Gry. <*

_

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA: Scitpig) 73

and represented; Seed surrounded at the base by four white
bristles, shorter than the calyx. Lrzrs. Authors have attempted
to point ont 2 varieties, but there seems to me no other difference
than the size and height, which varies from 6 inches to 2 feet
Or more, ©
Club-rush, Aglet-headed Rush. Common Club-grass. Banks
of rivers, ponds, and ditches ; frequent. [Near Stafford, and
Severn Stoke, Worcestershire. Sr.] P. July.*
S. Straw scored, naked; spike 2-valved, terminating, asccespito’sus,
long as the involucrum : roots separated by scales.
oe . Scheuch. 7. 1S-F, B. ii, 523. 2-C. B. th.79-Fl. dan. 167-
H, ox. 8-10, row 3,.35-~Pluk. 40.6. = 4.
From 2 to 6 inches high. Shearhs at the base of the straw,
terminating in short leaves. Seeds with hairs at the base. Sri
Length off the spike and of its lower scales, called in the specific
character a calyx or involucrum, extremely uncertain, sometimes
this involucrum is as long as the spike, sometimes not half so
long, and in other instances considerably longer, the point of the
: outer valve being lengthened into a kind of awn. is species
is therefore best distinguished from the preceding by the green
and leaf-like appearance of the upper sheaths at the bottom of
Dwarf Clubrush. Deers hair. Dwarf Club-grass. "Tart
bogs and dry heaths. [Bogs in the New Forest.] __ P. June.

.

S, Straw scored, naked: spike terminating; with fewpauciflo’rus.

_ flowers; longer than the valves of eeealpe! LicutTr. *

: 3 * and H 4 7 - Ps 5 ‘ : 5m * “ é

Scheuch. 7. 19—Ger. em. 21. 3—Park, 1270.7.

Root-leaves as high, or higher than the stalks, which they
resemble. Sralks and leaves sheathed. Sheaths lopped, and not
ending in a<projecting point as in the S.caspitesus. Calyx,
valves 2, oval, not ending ina rigid paint. Hatt. Licurroor.

But Scheuchzer describes them as ending in a sharp point.—.
j Scirpus Baothryon Ehth. and Gmelin, beats a character in all
a rahe corresponding with this plant, but no figure is referred to.
udson supposed it might be a vane of Scirpus carspitosus, but
does not assign his reasons. 1 am of the same opinion, because
the number of florets in a spike is in a great measure accidental,
and in the present instance does not form any exact line of sepa.
tation; and the proportionate length or shortness of the lower
: * Swine devour the roots greedily when fresh, but will not touch them

: when dry. Goats, horses, and hogs eat it. Cows and sheep refuse it.

ya

74

acicula’ris.

fly’itans,

lacus’ tris.

- cies: © The S. pauciflorus is very different in its habits from the

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA® Scirpig:

flower scales or calyx is equally variable, as noticed inthe last
article, which reconciles the difference observable in:the descrip-
tions of Haller; Scheuchzer and Lightfoot, just now mentioned.
This plant likewise agrees with the Sc. ceespitosus in the upper
sheaths of the stalk, assuming the green appearance of leaves.
The only. remaining difference between them is an observation of
Mr. Woodward, that the Sc. pauciflorus grows scattered, never
forming a turf. Since writing the above I have been favoured
with the following remarks from Mr. Woodward, in support of
his opinion, that the plants in question are really distinct spe-

coespitosus, for besides its growing single and not cespitose, the
si generally decline a fo from each Sehe tsaaane af 2
being upright and close together ; the stems are also more rigid,
of shorter growth, and the flowers fewer, as the name expresses.””
—If these remarks excite an attention to the subject, it cannot
remain much longer in doubt. ._. eee
Chocolate-headed Club-rush. Highland mountains, [Elling-
ham Fens, Norfolk. Mr. Woopwaap.] °° - P. August.

S. Straw cylindrical, naked, bristle-like: spike egg-shaped, al
2-valved : seeds naked. (see) Cyperus acicularis. =

tea

re Straws cylindrical, naked, alternate: ae : leafy aa i,

limber. . Ee
_ Dicks. b. s.—E. bot. 216--F. dan. 1082—H. ox. viii. 10. 31
—-Scheuch. vx 20. : ia.

_ Stem branched, limber, posting leafy. Branches ago Mee
Leaves alternate. Fruit-stalks produced in plenty towards the
end of the stem and branches, cylindrical, alternate, about 3
inches long, with 1 leaf sheathing the lower part. Mr. Rosson.
Spikes short, of few flowers. Summits only 2. Dr. SmirH—
Plant from 2 to § inches in length. gee ae

. Floating Club-rush or Club-grass. Shallow waterson heaths, __
and in ditches. [Charley forest, in bogs and old gravel pits.
Puttenty.—In small rills of water about Newton Cartmell..
Mr, Haut.—Salesmoor, near Manchester. Mr. Rosson. ] fil 2

-

| (2) Spikes several: straw cylindrical. _

S. Straw, cylindrical, naked: spikes several -shaped,
on frait-stalks, terminating. Linn, balys eats
3-cleft, middle seement seahaped: Se bos phe

Var. 1. Involucrum somewhat membranaceous, shorter than

the panicle. Spikes rather oblong. Hvps,

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Scirpus.

E, bet. 666~FI. dan. 1142-H, ox. viii. 10. 1-Ger. 31. S-
C. B. th. 178-F. Bs ii. 522. 2-Dod. 605. 1-Ger. em.

35. 3—Park. 1191. 1—Leaves, Trag. 674. 1.
Var. 2. Involucrum nearly the length of the panicle: Spikes
egg-shaped. Hups.

eo eet Ger. 31. 4-C. B, th. 181. or

Spikes dark chesnut, or dark brown with a tinge of red.
Scueucu. Calyx dark brownish purple above; below whitish

with le spots. Str.
Var. 3. One side of the straw flattish. Huns.
A, ox, viii. 10. 2. a
Scales of the spikes cloven, and a little pointed subftance at
the bottom of the cleft. Germen with 5 or © hairs at the base.
Seeds brown. Scop. Sikes chesnut-colour. Bees,
Bull-rush. Club-grass, Rivers; pools; fens; common. .
| P, July, Aug.*

S. Straw cylindrical, naked: spikes nearly globular, close-
_- ly compacted ; on fruit-stalks; involucrum @2-leaved,
~. unequal, sharp pointed.

“Hi, ox. viii. 10. 17~Mich, 31. (Scirpoides )-Scheuch. 8. 2-5—
Pluk. 40. 4-C. B, 174—Park, 1194. 4 (not Fl. dan.
os a ceaeh 2 f° |
_. "The globular heads larger than large peas, supported on fruit.
stalks of rious lengths the side of the eth distinguish
this at first sight from every other species, = |
Round-headed Club-grass. Sea coast. [Brounton Boroughs,
Devonshire. Dr. Goopenovcx.] ~P. July.
S. Straw cylindrical, naked : head lateral, compact: floral
leaf bent back, desc! cork d eds ee
- Jacq. austr. 448—Barr. 255. 3—Head ; Scheuch, 8. 6-Pluck.
40. 5. :

< Stracos the thickness ofa thread ; those of thes. ——
as thick as the §. dacustris sharp pointed, Liny. Frequentl}
many headed, Scales egg-shaped, sharp, concave. Jaca.

* When fodder is exhausted, Cattle will live upon it. Cottages are
Sometimes thatched, and pack-saddles stuffed with it. Bottoms of chairs
@fe very commonly made of this rush. If cut at one year old it makes the
fine bottoms. Coarse bottoms are made of it at two years old; and such
as are still older, mixed with the leaves of the Iris pseud-acorus, make
the coarsest bottoms of all. Mats are likewise made, cither of the Scirp.
laucustris alone, or mixed with the aforesaid leaves.—eGoats and swine
Gat it.—eCows and sheep refuse it, eos ‘

75

Holoschee’

roma’nus.

= TRIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. Scirpus:

Single-headed Club-grass. Moist meadows, Marshy places —
near Th ogmontons Worcestershire. Hups. and Nass. ? July.

seta’ceus. §, Straw Saeed, bristle-like: ‘spikes lateral, mostly single, "
sitting or on fruitstalks: terminating spike sitting.

FI. dan. 3\1-Leers 1. 6—Rotth. 15. 5. and 6-H. ox. Vili, 2

10. 23-Park. 1270. 10 and 9. 3

Leaves like bristles. Straws naked, numerous ; 3 as thick. as me

- the leaves but twice as long. Spite 1, rarely 2, terminating,

' egg-shaped. “Lowermost Scale awl-shaped, pale, as long as the
; spike. Linn. Spikes 1 to4. Seeds aie Sr. Plant from2
to 6 inches hi Spikes greenish brown, with a rosy tinge.

Least Rush. Small Plymouth Rush-grass. Least-Club-grass. a
Wet sandy ground. [Sears about Woodhouse, and on C Me
forest. once lt A. July, Ang.’

(3) Straw 8-comnered: Spikes in panicles: panicle naked, — :

tri‘queter. S. Straw 3-cornered, naked: spikes lateral, . egg-shaped, &
blunt, nearly sitting or on fruit-stalks : “sharp point —
of the straw upright.

Pluk. 40, 2. : ere
“Sides of the straw flat, not hollowed out. “Liyw. In some —
specimens the spikes are nearly sitting, in others part of them —
have fruitstalks of different lengths. In the S. mucronatus the —
sides of the triangular straw are not flat, but hollowed, and the
spikes aye always gate ‘The height of the pointed top of the
traw above the clusters of florets is very rent in .
specimens of each species, so that nothing can be determined ou
that circumftance.
- Pointed or 3-square Club-rush. Sea shore; banks of large
rivers, as of the es, both above and below London. of
. Vy . July, Avg:

(4) Straw 3-cornered: spikes in panicles: panicle leafy

sylvat’icus. S, Straw’ -cornered, leafy: umbel leafy: fruitstalksnaked,
trebly compound: spikes crowded. Linn. Scales —
entire. St,
Kniph. 12-C. B. th. 90-H. ox. viii. 11. 15-F, B. ii. 504,
2-Fl, dax. 307-Lob. adv. 38. 1—Ger. em, 30. 5~Parks
1171. 2-Branch of the umbel, Leers, 1. 4. :

Calyx entire. Sr. Leaves ng » keeled; with a blunt;
coloured projection at the end; the edges and keel rough with

aa eS ee

/
‘

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Cyperus:

strong hairs. Seeds girt with 4 or 6 short hairs rising from
their base. Lerrs,
Millet Cyperus grass. Wood Club-grass. Wet shady places.
Ditchin ge Norf. Mr. Srore.—Near York. Mr. Aixinx.—
little . of Breakinbridge over the South Esk, on the S. side.
Mr. Brown,—About Kendal. Mr. Goucu.—Edgbaston Pool,
ere este | ?: July.

S. Straw 3-cornered: panicle close, and leafy: scales of
the spikets 3-cleft, the middlé segment awl-shaped.

Var. 1. Round-rooted C. B. pr. 24. th. 215—Park. 1263, 4=
H. ox. viii, 11. 9—Panicle, Scheuch. 9. 9.

Var. 2. Spreading. Curt. 284—E. bot. 542.-Ger. 20. 7-C.
B. th. 86~Ger. em. 22, 7-Park. 1266. 6. right-hand
plant-H. ox. viii. 11. 25-F. B. ii. 495.1. Left band
- plant-Ded. 338. 1-Lod. obs. 39. 2-Branch of the panicle,
Scheuch. 9.7 and 8. ,

Var. 3.. Tufted. Fl. dan. 937-Ger, em. 22..7—Park. 1266,
6. left-hand plant~F. B. ii. 495. 1. right-hand plaxt.

Leaves stiff, and sharp at the edges. Little spikes much

longer. Linn. Panicle sometimes branched, sometimes simple.
Hubs. as in the fig. on the left hand in Park, and that on the

77

marit/imus.

right in J. B. Sr. Spikes oblong ; colour of rusty iron. Seeds

the same colour; egg-shaped, compressed, ta toa Se

2 or 3 whitish, peel chaffy substances, shorter ert the style,

rise from the base of the - Insome the Spikes

are sitting, and the Stem-/eaves shorter than cea in others
ger: and in some the Spikes are some sitting, some

on fraicstaits: Scop.

‘Salt-marsh Club-grass. Sea-coast. [Salt Marshes near
Yarmouth. Mr. Woopwarv.—Shirley wych, near Stafford.
Sr.—Between Stockton and Porterack, by a river Tees. Mr.
Rogson. | P, Aug.*

CYPE’RUS, Flusks chaff-like; tiled in 2 rows:
Blass. none: Seed Te onkeds ss : *
ae (1) Shee egeel
Cc. Sire aliead es shap:
lucrums Saat ng FR ;
Dicks, b. .—H, ox. Viil. 10, 28 Feactife Scheuch. 7.12, M4.

* Cpaaris “ ‘The roots, @ricd.and ground to powders have been
used instead of pee Rite scarcity. ;

18 TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Cyperus.

Leaves numerous, bristle-like, forming a thick tuft compo. —
sed of small bundles, each bundle covered with many broad —
scales of a blackish brown colour: © Gex. Involucr. 2 valves, —
notched at the end, with a sharp point in the middle. Awa of
the owter Valve much longer than the whole head, and dark —
brown at the end. Linn. Scales 2-rowed. © Spikestalk bent
alternately backwards and forwards. Seeds roundish, approach- i

< ing to 3-square, of a pearly lustre. Hav. Each seed lies e
within the corresponding curvature of the spikestalk. Sr.

Round black-headed Bogrush, or Rushgrass. Schanus migri-
cans. Lin. — Bogs; marshes. [Bogs in Norfolk. Mr. Prrcu~«
ere ttee Darlington, but not common,. Mr. Rosson.

P, June,

acicula’ris. C, Straw cylindrical, naked, bristle-shaped: spike egg- 4
shaped, 2-valved: seeds naked. a?
E. bot. 740-Fl. dan. 287—H, ox. viii, 10, . row 3, 87-Plat |

oxf. t. 9. f. 3~Pluk. 40. 7.

«Forms a fine close green turf. Straw fed 1 to. 6 inches ||
high. Sr. Straw and leaves as fine as a horse hair; the formet

is not 4-cornered, as Hudson said, but though cylindrical it is

often compressed and fluted. As the spike is more ly 2
2-rowed, than tiled on every side, as Haller observed, i nie Me
as Retzius suggests, to be considered as. a Cyperus ; ‘and the abe a
sence of hairs or bristles at the base of the seed adds confirma.
tion to this opinion. s

Scirpus acicularis. Liny. ra Licute.—E. bot,— Little or a
least upright Clubrush. Slender Clubrush. Watery heaths,
marshes and bogs, {Malvern Chace, Wore. St.] P. Auge

(2) Straw 3+cornered; leafy.

lon’gns. C. Umbel leafy, more than doubly compound : fruitstalks
naked: spikes alternate.

Jacq. pl. rar. 297-H. ox. viii. 11. 13-Fuchs. 453-Trage
915 5 (improperly referred by C. B. to his C..rot. vulg-)
F. B. ii. 501. 1-Math. 26, left half of the fig. Ger. 23.
1-Dod, 338. 2-Lob. obs. 40. 1-~Ger. em, 30. 1-Park.
146. 3 (descr. un 4) Cy By th. 216-Blackew. 316-
Branch of a panicle, Scheuch. 8+ 12.
Fruit-stalks sometimes to the amount of 12 or 13, geiaifhg

a sort of umbel, the outer spokes of which are gradeally shorter
and shorter, Little spikes slender, chesnut coloured. Scor. ‘

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Scheenus.

Sweet Cyperus. English Galingale. Isle of Purbeck, neara
chapel on the side that looks towards Portland Island. Ray. Syz.
—{ Not found on St. Faith’s bogs, as mentioned by Huds. ed. 2.
~—A specimen of it was by mistake sent to Mr. Hudson with
some. of St. Faith’s plants. Dr. Smirx.] There is great reason to
doubt its being a native. P. July.*

SCHCE’NUS. Husks chaff-like, of} valve, crowded :
Bloss. none: Seed 1; roundish, within the
husks.

S. Straw cylindrical, smooth: leaves prickly at the edge

and along the back. athe ;

Boccon. 72. 2-Lob. ic. 76. 1-Ger. em. 29. 3-C. B. th. 221-

FB. ii. 504. 1-H. OX. Vili. ss 24—Park, 1264, 1—Mich.
81, Pseude-Cyp.—Fractif. Scheuch. 8. 7-11.

~ Foor or 5 feet high, unbranched, beautifully scored, leafy.

Lower leaves 2 feet long or more, 3 of an inch broad, ending in

a point: prickles on the edge and midrib short and stiff.

Panicles terminating and axillary, consisting of many roundish

maris’cus

icule; the lower ones on pedicles, the upper ones nearly sit- -

ting. Mr. Rosson. Common Calyx composed of scales without
any of fructification. Stam. 2. Scneuc.
sik rooted bastard Cyperus, or Rushgrass, Marshes ; ao.
age Norfolk. Mr. Prrcurorp.—Moss of Restenet, Forfar.
. Brown.—Hell kettles, near Darlington. Mr. Rossow. ]
P, july Aug.
It serves for thatching inftead of straw, and often grows in
ee quantities in pools as to form floating iflands, It is hurt-
to cows.

& Beskw cilinidcical, waked! spadelant epenhaped: read
~-involucrum 2-leaved, 1 valve cwhadliged; long. See
Cyperus nigricans.

‘S. Straw naked: flowers in a double spike : larger valve of
the involucrum as tall as the spike. '
Sine H. ox. Vili, 12. 40, :
Bogs in mountains, Found by Mr. Dickson in Scotland, in
reat plenty. ; ; eke july.
oR The root is-agreeably aromatic to the smell, and warm and bitter to

the taste. The modern practice disregards it; but perhaps itis net in-
ferior to some ab thats does)y medicines brought from abroad,

ni’gricanse

ferrugin‘eus-

fus’cus.

_ Straw not so tall, 3-cornered, but the angles blunt. Leaves _

-compres'sus,

Ju’fus,

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA: Schoenus.

S. Straw leafy: leaves thread-shaped, channelled: spikes
“in pairs, plump. © mig a

; fos He ox. wilt. 41. 40s | TH a | ss
Very mueh resembling the Sch. a/bus, in height, size, ap-
silhont and place of growth, but still, a’ difietene eis a
distinguishable by its Fake spikes being brown, growing in
clustered heads, and not white and flat topped asin Sch, albus.
It flowers also earlier. Linn. Panicle sometimes blackish.

marked with brown spots; 2 or 3 inches long, and somewhat
more than half a line broad. Potricu. i
Scheenus albus (fuscus.) Huns. who with Haller regards it
only as a variety of the albus. pads es .
Brown Rushgrass. Turfy bogs. [Brigstean Moss, and other
mosses about Kendal. Mr. Goucn. ESP aie

S. Straw roundish, but tending to 3-cornered; naked: Ee
spikets in 2 opposite rows. Involucrum 1 leaf:
florets with 1 husk. ee

— 9-Mich. 31, Cyperella. K.-Scheuch. 11.6. ;

Straws round, and somewhat flattened ; below the spike 3«
square and rough. Juvoluer. scarcely longer than the spike. |
Little spikes alternate. Scales fixed without any order to the re-
ceptacle. Summits 2. Seed surrounded with 6 rough bristles.
Leers. Izvolucr. either half as long, equally long, or twice as
long as the spike. Its 2-rowed spike would almost induceone to —
refer it to the genus Cyperus, did not a more accurate examina-
tion support its present arangement. :

Sch. compressus. Linn.—Carex uliginosus. Liyn.—Com:
pressed Rushgrass, Turf bogs. [Near Ditchingham-Bath, Nor-
folk. Mr, Woopwarp. | P, July.

S. Straw nearly Scones | leafy: pike: nearly.
: a sa ‘spikets 1-flowered : involucrum 1 Teak
Be: i. Meese é ae

-
.

Dicks, b. s.—Lightf. fi. A.

Root perennial, branched, horizontal, creeping. Straws
many, 6 inches high, upright, a little 3-cornered, undivided;
leafy at the base. Root-/eaves slender, acute, naked, a little
channelled, almost as long asthe straw. Stem-leaves 2, on leafs
stalks, slender, sharp, about 3 inches long. _ Leaf-stalk sheathed,

cylindrical, scored, smooth. Spike terminating, nearly egg

I
F
j
.

ee

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Carex.

shaped. Little spikes 5 or 6, sitting, alternate, tiled, reddish
brown. Znvolucrum 1 leaf, acute, as long as the spike, not
quickly decaying. . Husk of 1 flower and 2 valves. Valves
upright, ob concave, permanent. Bloss.. Petals 6, spear-
s = sharp, skinny ; half as long as the husk. Sram. Fila.
ments 3, hair-like; shorter than the blossom. Azrhers oblong,
upright, yellow. Pst. Germen egg-shaped, 3-cornered. Sty/e
very short. Swmmits 3, hair-like. Seed single, 3-corneréd,
tapering to a point. Hupson. Colour of rusty iron. Straw
neatly round, Lightfoot. >

Sch. compressus var. Lightf. Taway rush-grass. ‘This has’

often been described for the S. ferrugineus, which I believe has
never been found in Britain. Dr. SmrrH.— Marshes, in the Isles
of Skye and Mull, and near Glasgow. 72. *. P, July.
S. Straw leafy, nearly 3-cornered: flowers in bundles:
leaves like bristles.
- Dicks. hb. 's.—Gies 29-Fl. dan. 320-H. ox. viii. 9. 39-Pluk.
34. 11-Scheuch. 11. 11-Mich. Cyperella I. ~
Flowers at first white, but turning tawny. Micu. Leaves
slightly channelled. Hups. Stam. 2, rarely 3. Sr.

White flowered Rush-grass. Marshes. [A bog near Heydon,
Norf, Wovupwarp.—Blakeley, near Manchester. Mr. Carey.
Birmingham Heath. - New Forest.] ~ PR. July. Sept.

CA’REX. Catkins tiled : Ca/. 1 leaf: Bless. none:
Female florets on the same plant with the
male. Capsule inflated ; entire or 2-toothed
at the end. Summits 2, or 3. Seed 1, 3-cor-
nered, within the nectary (or capsule.) *

albus,

_ * It is well known that this numerous and difficult Genus was lefs —

Successfully laboured by Linn. than many other parts of his system,
which has been the occasion of great confusion in succeeding writers, but
this deficiency, so far as it regards the British species of Carex, is now amply
Supplied by the industry and accuracy of the Kev. Dr: Goodenough,
—— very judicious tract published in the 2d vol. of Transactions of the

nzean Society, has enabled me to present to the English botanist a-

new set of specific characters, and more ample, as well as in many in-

Stances more accurate descriptions, than could otherwise have been given; _

besides the removal of many existing doubts and many established errors.
The species being very numerous, their investigation will be facilitated
by iving the specific characters altogether, as Dr. Goodenough has done.
he annexed numbers will direct the reader to the descriptions more at

» the references to figures, &c. 1 must furtheradd, that it is not only

to Dr. Goodenough’s paper, mentioned above, that myself and my readers

are indebted for the improved state of this Genus, but also to his private
communications of specimens and observations, and to the trouble he
has taken in lodking over ‘the references to figures and pointing out such
45 he thought erroneous, eo

Vou, II, CG

61

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Carex.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

(1). Spike single, not branched.
1. C, dioica. Spike si : edges of the capsule finely 4

serrated: male and female florets on different plants. —

2. C. pulica'ris. Spike simple, with M. and F, florets:
-M. flowers uppermost : capsules diverging, bent —
back, tapering at each end.

3. C: pauciflo’ra. Spike simple, with M. and F. florets?

F. florets about 3, not closely set, opening: MO
florets generally: terminating. |
~ fay Spike compound; Male and female florets ¢ in ac
Spiket.,
»{C. atrata.}

4. C, stellula’ta: Spikets rs 3or4; diétint : cap>
_ “sules diverging; entire at the rim ; “acute.”

5. C. cwta. Spikets about 6, egg-shaped, rather distant, —

- naked: scales egg-shaped, rather acute, shorter than ;

the capsule,

i

fs c. ova'lis. Spikets about 6, oval, alennaah. eas ee ae
“e. aytherg acples sepeer-gnaents acute, as long as the ;

capsule, —

‘1. C. remota. Spikets axillary, solitary, distant, neatly
sitting: floral leaf very oe inary undivided at

the end.

8. C. avilla’ris. Spikets axMlary: often siffee ion 5
st Epiaasie BY, MGIDE + ira leaf long 5 capes. Sore 4 z

Bs C incur'va composed of man} ‘sitting
——— spikets mc, Sti ca involucram none a

curved.

10. C. arena'ria. Spike leafy, aa oy = 2
e, the lo .

spikets many, the u ones
male : Sind iS _

ne i intermedia, Spike ob pee ikets m: i
pike oblong, sp oe made

the upper and the lower ones female,
~ Ones mate : —e ;

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Carex. ~

12. C. divi’sa. Spike egg-shaped, somewhat doubly com-
pound, floral leaf upright: spikets rather crowded :
capsules laid close: root creeping.

13. C. murica’ta. Spike oblong, somewhat doubly com-
pound: spikets not crowded : capsules diverging,
cloven at the end: root fibrous.

14. C. divul'sa. Spike doubly compound, long, somewhat
branched at the base: lower spikets distant, upper

__ ones near together : capsules rather upright.

15. C. vulpi'na. Spike more than doubly pop,
compact though branched, blunt: spikets male at
the top: capsules diverging + ‘Straws with very acute
angles,

16. C. panicula'ta. “Spike (or p hi panicle) more
than doubly compound, acute: branches alternate,
aie distant : igi expanding ; straw 3-cor-
~ ner

17, C. teretius‘cula. Spike more than doubly compound,
branched but compact, rather acute: spikets crowd-

ed: Male floret at the gP3 ime ies:
straw roundish. :

(9) Spikes 1 male, the ni onl e oral leaves mem-

18. a. digi gta. Sheaths jnfilatrigackbes: not Teale;

% ng half the fruit-stalk: spike strap-shaped,

pene male spike shortest : capsules distant.

19. C. clandesti'na. Sheaths membranaceous, not leaf-—

like: female spikes ve ge higher than the
sheath,

(4) ikea Y enlté, 98" cd fonds ed leaves leaf-

2 like, generally sheathing the fuit-stlk. sce
20. C. pen‘dula. Sheaths long, inclosing all the fruit-
eis spikes cylindrical, jer Mlar ona agama Sap-
sules sabia ‘tack egg-shaped, acute

21, C. seri igo’sa. Sheaths long, inclosing all the fruit-stalk:
spike thread-shaped , turning downwards:
sabes he rather 3-eornered, acute,

c2

$3

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Carex:

22. C. pre’ cox. Sheaths..short,. inclosing nearly all the —
" fruit-stalk : spikes near together: male spikes club- _
3% Oxia fem. egg-shaped : ssapeules zmadish, pu-
- bescent.
. 93. C. filifor’mis. Sheaths | short, teas ear all the
fruit-stalk : male spikes generally 2, .strapeshaped :
fem. spikes egg-shaped, distant: capsules hairy.

o4, c. . fla'va. Sheaths short, inclosing nearly all the fruit-
: the upper leaf-like part diverging: M. spike
strap-shaped F Spikes roundish : : eT beak- ‘
"pointed. ve

25. ¢. exten’ sa. Sheaths very short, inclosing all the fruit- |
stalk: the upper leaf-like part somewhat reflected:

_ spikes crowded: female spikes nearly globular: cap-
* sules‘egg-shaped, acute.

26. ae. dis'‘tans. Lower sheath inclosing about half the
“fruit-stalk: upper “ones neatly the whole: spikes
oblong, very far asunder: capsules acute. |

27. C. pani’cea. Lower fee Ba 7 about half the ie

— _ fruit-stalk 5» ipper n the whole: spikes

pak ori (far sander? “capsules: inflated,
bluntish, rather Saat, a

28. C. capilla’ris. Sheaths inclosing half the friiit<etaiioa 4
»~ fem. ‘spikes: oblong, limber, pendant when» ripe:
fruit-stalk hair-like: capsules tapering toa point.

20 c. _feniperi ‘ta. Sheaths_inclosi Jess'than half the

a : fem. spikes distant, few-flowered : cap-
pa yon egg-shaped, inflated, beak-pointed,

30.,C. sylva’tica. Sheaths short : spikes thread-shaped, a
_ limber, pendant: capsules egg-shaped, ending i in af
~ awn-like beak. -

31. C. recur‘va. Sheaths short: fem. a ‘nearly cylin-

: a SF Pin sprees, "yee ish a egg; shaped :

32. ¢. ee cens. Sheaths oe short: g spikes f
- father cylindrical; = yosenn in fruit» eae, te

= G82 _dblong, blanit! y297 .)s :

33. Cc: limo'sa, Sheaths hardly an ‘ei itll
- shaped, ‘pendant : capsules ae impress
“ roots creeping. Hee

34, C. psendo-cype'rus. Shieaths hatdly any : ea spikes
cylindrical, on fruit-stalks, pendant : capsules awn-
heaked, rather diverging.

ge

‘

RIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Carex.

35. C. atrd'ta. Sheaths hardly any: all the spikes with
male and female florets; upper spikes on fruit-
~ stalks, when’ in fruit, pendant : a egg-shaped,
rather pointed.

36. .C, piluli'fera. Sheaths none: one spike slender,

_ females somewhat globular, sitting, siaaahal aa
feeble.

37. C. rigida. Summits 2: sheath none: spikes oblong,
pple sitting : leaves rigid, bent.

38. C. cespito'sa. Summits 2: sheaths none : spikes »

— sitting and cylindrical, blunt: serge upright,

39. C. stricta. ‘Suminits 2: sheaths none: | aes nearly
sitting, cylindrical, acute: male spikes ety. * 2:
leaves. Sant, stiff and aes

(5) Spikes, some male, others female; male spikes: : or
more.

{Cc. fliformis, stricta, recurva, and some others, which ae
though rarely, 2 male spikes. ]

40, nie riparia. Spikes oblong, acute: scales of the male
_ spear-shaped, of the female tapering to an awn-like
~ point: Drain egarspeat-shaped; cloven into two

teeth at the end.

41. C. paludo'sa. Spikes obl Speen ss sf the
males blunt, of the fem pear-shaped : eeperies
- egg-spear-shaped, slightly tbothald at the end. )

42. C. acuta. Summits 2: Spikes thread-shaped : fem.
spikes nodding whilst in flower, upright when ripe:
capsules rather acute, entire at the end. .

43, C. vesica'ria. Male spikes strap-shaped: females ob-

Jong, expanding : sopades inflated, oblong, beak

- pomted, ex

44, C. ampulla'cea. ‘Spikes threads shaped, the males thin
Sate eho cylindrical, upright: capsules inflated,

globular, awn-beaked, diverging.

45. C. hir'ta.. Hairy : all the spikes oblong: female spikes
a oes? eathed ; nena hairy.

85

dioi’ca,

pulica’ris,

}. C. Spike simple

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Carex.

(1) Spike single, not branched.

3; edges of the capsule finely serrated ;
male and female florets on different plants,

E. bot. 543-Fi. dan, 369-H. ox. Vili. 12. 22, Male plant,
ib. 36, female.—Mich. 32. 1 and 2..M. and F. plant; but
the latter érroneously represented with 3 summits instead

of 2 only. 3 :

Root creeping. Leaves like bristles, somewhat 3-cornered :
channelled on the inside, upright smooth, nearly as tall as the
gy Straw 4 to 10 inches high ; 3-cornered, smooth.

. spike $ to 1 inch: Fem. shorter. Caps. expanding, egg-
shaped, acute. Summits 2, Goopenousn, L. Tr. ii, 140. Seeds

a little serrated. Srraw at bottom light brown; but in the

C. capitata the seeds are entire, and the straw black at the bot. —
tom ; so that should the C. capitata at length prove to be a British
plant they may be distinguished by these circumstances. Mr.

AFZELIUs.

Var. 2, Male and female florets on the same spike.
Gent. Mag. Fuly, 1793.

Moors near Cambridge. C, capitata of Hudson, not of Linn.
Revwan, 3

soN.——
meadows. near Bungay; Suffolk, Mr. Woapwarp. |
~ aeaad ny eee eee jane clet : te

2, C. Spike simple, with M. and Boflérets: M, flowers

_ uppermost : capsules diverging, bent back, tapering : =

“at each end,

— Leers 14, 1-H. ox, viii, 12, 21-Mich. 33, 1-Pluk. 34. 1=

_ Straw cylindrical, flattish on one side. Barren flrwers fall
ing off when out of blossom. Capsules pointed, when bent back

Small Seg. ~~ [Polam near Darlington, Mr. Ros. .
s, Ma » Norfolk. Mr. Crowse.—Boggy —

P, June, July. F :

~ Found amongst the other plants on Hinton and Teversham 7

Rive the straw the appearance of a different plant, bearing nO :

small resemblance toa harpoon, Lax. Root fibrous ; this cit

* Scheuchz. rt. 9. 10. has been referred to this species, and by

Linnzeus to-his C. dioica, but Dr. Goodenough informs me Scheuchzer’s”

plant is not a native of Britain, observing, that it.is more like pulicarls
than dioica, but distinct from both; from dioica by the divaricated cap-
sule, from pulicaris by the capsule being divaricated, not reflected, and
by vane egg-shaped at the base, and not tapering from the middle to cack
end.

. Licutr.—Mountainous heaths. Near Glasgow. Huns,

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Caréx: ”

cumstance at all times distinguishes it from the C. dioica, which
has a creeping root. Straw smooth ; 3 to 12 inches high. Spike
terminating, cylindrical. Summits 2. GoopenovcH. L. Tr. 142,
Leaves bristle-shaped, bright green, in tufts, half as long as the
straw. Spike, the male part slender, closely tiled. M. Flowers:

_ Scale somewhat oval. F. Flowers: Scales broad at the base,

embracing the germen, tapering to a point. Capsules lon,
than the scales, = first bent Af shai Wands expanding, at 4
bent back, in which state shining brown, spear-shaped both
ways, at a little distance much resembling a flea, Woopw.

Flea Seg. ‘'Tutfy and muddy bogs. Sides of Ingleborough
and other mountainous situations. Curr.—[ Boggy meadows,
Norfolk, and near Bungay, Suffolk. Woopwarp.—Malvern
Chace. Mr. Batrarp.—Pdlam near Darlington. Mr. Rosson.
Charley forest. Puttreney,—On St. Vincent’s rock, with the
Ophrys apiferas Ree, SN tie pune.

3. C. Spike simple, with M. and F. florets: F. florets
about 3, not closcly set, expanding: M. floret gene-

rally 1, terminating. .

. Dichs. hb s—Lightf. 6. 2 at p. Tile

Root branched. Straw (3 to 5 inches high,) upright trian-
gular, leafy, scored. Root-/eaves few, sword-shaped, pointed,
naked, stem-leaves 2, shorter than the straw. Spike terminating,
upright. Barren Flowers 2 or 3, brown; fertile flowers 3 or dy
greenish. Huns, or ee
Carex patula. Huns. 402 and 657. St.—Few-fowered Seg.
Boggy soil half way up Goatfield mountain in the Isle of Arran,
near a place where peat is dug in the ascent of Brodwick Castle.

(2) Spike compound : toth male and female florets in each

iket.
Pace aerate, YS te e ;
+. C. Spikets generally 3, (or 4,) distant: capsules di-
_ verging ; entire at therim; acute.
E. bot. 806—Leers 14. 8—Fl. dan. 284-H. ox, viii. 12. 26~
_ Scheuchz. 11. 2-Mich. 33. at the bottom, the right hand
small figure. fs NE Sok eee

‘ Root fibrous. Leaves very slender, the edges and the keel a
little rough, particularly upwards, Straw 3-cornered, whilst

87

pauciflo’ra,

stellula’ta.

flowering 3 inches high, afterwards much longer, and taller than

the leaves. Caps. only slightly or not at all cloven at the end.

Summits 2. Goopenovcn. L, Tr ii, 144. Spikets with both

88

cur’ta,

ova’'lis.

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Carex.

male and female flowers; the male flowers below the female.
Leers.—Spikets seldom more than 4, the Spaces between then
about equal to their length. Woopw.—Distinguished from the
C. muricata by having the point of the capsule acute, and not
very evidently cloven. Hattenk. © pe
Sides of wet ditches and marshy places. _ [New Forest, plen-
tifully. ] ~ P. May, June.

5. C, Spikets about 6, egg-shaped, rather distant, naked :
scales egg-shaped, rather acute, shorter than the
capsule. - : ete

Leers, 14. 7 —Mich. 33. 18-Fl. dan. 285~Pluk. 34.4.9 -

Root somewhat creeping. Leaves slender, upright, pale
bluish green, rough along the edges and the keel. Straw 12
inches or more, rather taller than the leaves, 3-cornered, corners
acute, roughish. Spzkezs 6 or more ; egg-shaped, sitting, alter.
nate. Scales thin, skinny, tender. Cas. rim entire. Summits 2.
Goopenoven. L. Tr. 147.—Sprkes of a whitish green. Hat-

Ler. Spikets oblong-egg-shaped,

White Seg. C. canescens. Licutr. C. brizoides. Hups.—
C. cinerea. Bot. Arr. ed. ii. Marshy places ; rare. Terrington
Car, near Castle Howard, Yorkshire. Mr. Trespare.—{Llyn
Idwel, Caernarvonsh. Mr. Grirriru.—At the foot of Lochain
y Gair, near Invercauld, and on Ben Lawers. Mr. ak o

ae ¥, une. 4

6, C. Spikets about 6, oval, alternate, near together: i

scales spear-shaped, acute, as long as the capsule. _ 5
Fl. dan. 1115~E.bot. 306-H. ox. viii. 12. 20, and a separate”
spike at the bottom—Leers 14. 6-Scheuch. 10. 15, s

Root fibrous. Leaves deep green, rough on the edges and the
keel. Straw 3-cornered, a foot high; angles acute, roughish.
Caps. the rim entire. Sxmmits 2. M. florets at the base of
the spikes; few: fem. florets numerous, terminating. GoopE- _
noucH. L. Tr. ii. 148.—Floral-leaves, frequently one at the -

base of the lowermost spiket, neatly as long’as the spiket, soon —

falling off ; the rest similar to the scales, only broader and longer.
Scales oval-spear-shaped, shining, yellowish brown, with a green _
keel, membranaceous at the edge, the upper in each spiket longer
—— pointed, Woopwaxp, Straw 8 to 16 inches high,

* The fig. of Micheli very large and coarse. Loesel, Pruss. p. 117-
t. 32. is one of the best figures extant. In Plukenet’s fig. the spicul@ _
ar wrongly placed on one side. Dr, Goonexoven. ee:

ta

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Carex.

' Naked Seg. C. leporina. Hups.—Marshes and watery places,
On Westbromwich heath, on the south side. ] P. June.

89

7. C, Spikets axillary, solitary, distant, “nearly sitting : remota,

floral-leaf very long: capsules undivided at the end.
E. bot. 832-H. ox. viii. 12. 17—Leers 15. 1—Fl,-dan. 37 0—
Mich. 33.15 and 1¢-—Pluk. 34. 3.

Spikes very small, the lower often on short fruit-stalks. Lin.
A very elegant plant. Stems several together, 1 to 2 feet high,
slender, weak, 3-cornered, leafy below, above the lowermost
floral-leaf rough, below smooth. Leaves numerous, slender.
Sprkes 5 to 8, sitting, spear-shaped, the 3 or 4 lowermost in the
bosom of the floral-leaves, the upper naked. Floral-leaves, the

_Towermost than the stem, the 2 or 3 next above gradually

shorter than the lowermost. Scales spear-shaped, when young
with a green keel, and silvery membranaceous edges; when the
seeds are ripe, yellowish. Sty/e divided about the point of the
capsule into 2 summits. Capsule longer than the scales. Woopw.
Leaves, edged with exceedingly fine teeth.

- Remote Seg. Moist woods and sides of wet ditches.

, A May, June, :

8. C, Spikets axillary, often 3 together, distant, sitting :
_ floral-leaf long: capsules cloyen at the end,

te Linn. Trans. ii. 19. 1. fe ae .

Neither this nor the ding species can well be mistaken

for any other, and though in many circumstances they one

with the other, yet the following observations of Dr. denough

are abundantly sufficient to distinguish them. In C, axillaris

the straw is strong and rigid ; in C, remota soft and feeble.

€. axillaris has 3 to 5 spikets growin ether ; the remota has
never more than J at the base of each leaf. Caps. in remota

entire, in axi//aris cloven. Lixn. Tr. ii. p. 151.)

Found by Mr, Curtis near Putney. _ May, June,

gy, Spike conical, composed of many sitting spikets
aa crowded together: involucram none: straw curved. i

Lightf, f. 24—Allion. fl. 92. 4-Fl, dan. 432.*

Root creeping. Stalk 3 or 4 inches high, indistinctly trian-.
gular, Leaves smooth; channelled, about the length of the

_* Scheuch. prodr. 4» 3» had been referred by Dr. Stokes to this spe-

‘cies, ‘but Dr. Goodenough says it belongs to Haller’s C. feetida, and that

3

pe

it is entirely difterent from’ the incurva, as well in the-foliage as in the.

axilla’ris,

incur’va.

-_ grena’ria.

TRIANDRIA, MONOGYNIAt! Carext

straw. Spike the M. flower at the top, the female at the base,

Summits 2. Licutr. Its conic and compact: spike sufficiently

distinguishes it from the C. arenaria. GooprnoucH. Fromthe —
- description of different authors it appears that the curvature of the —

_ straw is no necessary part of its character, though Mr. Lightfoot —
had supposed it to be so, and Dr. Goodenough tells me that in all —
the specimens he had seen, it had a crooked straw.

Naver, and

10, C. Spike leafy, oblong, rather acute: spikets inane 3

rae

GH.

as the straw. Partial fe ve/ucrum half embracing the apie sys

oe

“oP tofront PG.

a
iN
S
>
a
x
me
S
"4
x
~
&
~~

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Carex: so

awn. Capsules compressed, concave above, convex underneath, —
cloven at the end, edged with a membranaceous border. Sum-
mits g.
Sandy shore on the N. E. side of the Isle of Wight. Nearly
out of flower in May.

31. C. Spike oblong, blunt: spikets many, the upper and interme’dia,
' Jower ones'female, the middle ones male: straw up-.
. ‘ight. Z
Leers 14. 2-(H. ox. viii. 12, 32. Dr. Goopenoves.)
Root thread-shaped, jointed, creeping deep under the surface,
joints, distant, aitowne ot with brietle-tike fringe. Straws
above a foot high, somewhat leafy, naked upwards, rough.
Leaves as long as the straw. Spike upright, at length nodding.
Spikets 20 or 30, sitting, oblong, taper-pointed, yellowish rust-
coloured, the lower more distant, alternate, the 2 lowermost
and the terminating one with all the florets fertile, when ri
egg-shaped and thicker; 2 or 3 in the middle with fertile
flowers and some barren ones at the end, the upper 15 to 20,
-erowded, with only barren flowers. Floral-/eaves, 1 at the
base of each spiket, spear-shaped, taper-pointed, the 2 or 3
lowermost egg-shaped, sometimes terminating in a bristle-
‘shaped leaf just longer than the spiket. Scales of the barren
flowers spear-shaped, of the fertile Howers egg-shaped. Nectary °
rough at the edge. Capsules egg-shaped, taper-pointed, with
sharp edges cloven at the end, Leers. Resembles C. ova/is in
habit. Straw usually taller, 3-square, angles more acute. Spike
longer. Spikets more numerous, smaller, more spear-shaped,
sometimes found proliferous,; the uppermuch crowded. Fiora/-
leaf usually longer than the spike, not always present, and in
its place broad oval spear-shaped scales, of a deeper brown
than those of C. ovalis. Style divided to the base, whereas in
C. ovalis only about 1-4th of its length. Woopwarn.) Straw
'3-cornered, corners acute, rough. Summits 2. Spikets seldom
purely and entirely male or female, the former admitting a few |
pistilliferous, and the latter a few stameniferous florets. Nearly
allied to the C, arenaria, but besides the differences men~
tioned in the specific characters, and the situation of the roots,
in the C. intermedia, the capsule has its margin entire, whilst
, In the C, arenaria it is bordered towards the top with a
broadish membrane. Gooprnoveu. L. Tr. 155. Soft. Seg. C.
disticha, Huns. i, tae
Marshes. [Near Bungay, Suffolk, frequent. Mr. Woopw.
—Boggy meadows on the side of Malvern Chace, Worcestersh.
Mr. Battagp, St,—In a meadow at Blymhill. Rev. S. Dicxen-
fom. >: ~~ P. May, June.

_

92 _ 'TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Carex. 4
divi‘sa. 122°C. Spike egg-shaped, somewhat doubly om Sie
_ floral-leaf upright: spikets rather crowded: cap-

sules laid close: root creeping. Tet

Linn. Tr. ii. 19. 2-( Barr. 114. 25 but the leaves should have
been upright and straight-Park, 1267, 11, the root well
expressed. Dr. GoopenoucH,) » ee |

Root thick, creeping very much, Spzkets egg-shaped, almost __

in contact, upright, terminating florets male. Sca/es longer than |
the capsules. Caps. pressed close to the straw, a little bordered
towards the end. Goopznoucu. Leaves narrow, frequently
longer than the straw. Straw 1} to 2 feet high, bos ger Foe |
Spikets 5 or 6, the lower rather distant, the upper crowded and
expanding Filoral-Jeaf often confiderably longer than the spike,

and growing in a line with the stem, gives the plant the apse
anceofarush. Scales oval spear-shaped, sbrivelling and ling.
off as the spike ripens. Sty/e longer than the capsule, divided
one-third of the way into 2 summits, bent back. Capsules whitish,
oval, pointed at both ends, very indistinctly triangular, or
rather convex on one side, and flat.on the inner, WoopwaRrp.

Marsh Seg. Salt Marshes. Meadows near Hithe, and

Colchester, Essex. R. Syw.—[Near Oakley Bridge, between
‘Norwich and Yarmouth. Mr. Crowg.—Cley, Norfolk, next
the sea. Mr. Woopwarp. | : P. June.

miurica’ta. 13. C. Spikeoblong, somewhat doubly compound: spikets
_.. not crowded: capsules diverging, cloven at the end:
root fibrous, ens —
_ Mich. 33.143 and R. between 19 and 15-H. ox. viii. 122
—- 27-Barr. 20. 3-( Also Lob. ic. i. 19. 2—Ger. em. 21.6,
and Park, 1267. 8. Dr. Goopznoucn.) oe te
Straw 3-cornered, angles acute, rough. Spike compound,
often doubly so. Spikets about 10, the lower ones distant, upper
ones near together, egg-shaped, sitting, male florets at the top.»
Scales shorter than the capsule, which is cloven at the end, and
rather diverging. Summits 2, This species differs from C.
vulpina by its spike never being more than doubly compound, °
and by the straw not being enlarged under the me : from C._
drvisa by its fibrous root, its diverging capsules, and its want
of an upright floral-leaf: from C.-ste//ulata by its numerous and -
contiguous spikets, and its capsules being cloven at the end.»
Goopenovcn Linn. Tr. ii, 158. Straw with or without 4a
floral-leaf. Hups.. Six to 14 inches high. Spike hardly 1 inch. .
Var. 2. More slender, spike less compound : Straw less rough,”
and at the bottam roundish. i

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Cares: TT

Barr. 19-Mich. 33. f, R-Scheuch. 11. 5. Dr. GoopEnousit. :

__ Spiked Seg. C. spicata, Huvs, Licurr. &c. Watery plices:
banks of rivers, woods. P, May, (une,

t4.-Ci Spike doubly compound, long, somewhat brarch- divul’sa.
ed at the base: lower spikets distant, upper ones
near together: capsules rather upright.

E. bet. 629-Barr. 20. 2-Mich. 33. 10, and 11.

Root fibrous. Straw 3-cornered, angles acute, roughsh,

Spike interrupted. Spikets many, egg-shaped, male florets at he
top: floral leaves, bristle-like, rough. Sca/es longer than ‘he
capsules, with an awn at the end. Caps. cloven at the ed.
Style short. Summits 2. The Caps. being not quite uprigir,
but yet not diverging, distinguishes this from starved specimns
of the C. vulpina, as figured by Leers, 14. 3. Gooprnovat..
Linn. Tr. Floral-leaves, that from the base of the lowermst
spiket very narrow, and hair-like. Leaves sometimes as lor,
or longer than the straw. Straws 9 inches to a foot high, sla-
der, somewhat reclining onthe ground. Spike long, interrupte’.
Spikets 6 or 7, small, sitting, the lower ones considerably distan. —
Ray. Spike very frequently, if not generally, branched at tk
base; the branch supporting 2 or 3 spikets, and reaching to tk
insertion of the next spiket above, Sr.

Grey Seg. C. canescens. Huds. not of Linn. Leers, or Lighti
St. Moist shady places. [Common in woods and hedges i
- Norfolk and Suffolk. Mr. Woopw.—Also in meadows. Sr.} —
P. May. July ¢

15. C. Spikemore thandoubly compound, compact thoug! vulpi‘na.
et islnched blurt: spikete male at the top: su
“diverging: straws with very acute angles. es
. Var. 1. Spike doubly compound, floral-leaves awned, St.
- Leers 14. 5-H. ox. viii. 12. 24—Mich. 33, 13.'
Var. 2. Spike compact, florat-leaves awned. St.
Mont. F. H. Scirpoides-Lob. ic. 19. 1-Ger. em. 21. Park
©1266. 7-Ger. 19. 5-C, B. th. 87-F. B. ii 497-1.
Var. 3. Spikes less compact ;. floral-leaves pointed. St.
Sat Oe ES dees bbe Saal dak, SUBS aT PEI
Smaller than the preceding, which in many respects it very
much resembles. Sgrées smaller and less compact. Straws les
upright. Leaves narrow, and shorter than the straw. Ray
Root fibrous. Straw thickest at the spike, not so tall as the leaves.
Spite, a floral-leaf at the base of each branch. Scales rathes

8: -—SsSTRRIANNDRTA. MONOGYNIA, Cates.

. longer than the capsules. Goopenoven. Straw thick, firm,
Spiki thick; rough on all sides. Leaves, the sheaths terminated
by a pointed tongue as in the Grasses. Linn. Leaves bright _

, set with minute teeth pointing upwards, in a thick tuft.
Stens 1 to 2 feet high, 3-square, the sides somewhat concave,
the angles sharp, and near the spike set with minute teeth point. —
ing ipwards. Spike, or rather panicle, short and close. Spikets
shor, numerous, the upper without floral-leaves, or with a scale
broider than the rest at the base. Fleral-leaves sometimes
waiting, that at the base of the lowermost spiket, stiff, triangu-
lar awl-shaped, half embracing the stem at the base, membra- —
nacous at the edge, the upper part green, set with minute sharp
teeh, the whole turning brown as the spike ripens ; those at
thebase of several of the lower spikets similar, but smaller,
Scdes similar in colour, egg-s » broad at the base, ups ‘a
ind an awn. Berreu flowers in the upper part, and the fertile
frovers in the lower part of each spiket. Summits 2; deeply di-
vied. Capsules obscurely triangular, cloven at theend. Mn
Voopw. 3 4 : - je :
. Great Seg. Marshes and banks of rivets, common. [In a
bg at the source of the Yar in the Isle of Wight.] ee
' gag ances arise Jae Pe May, JU

panicula'ta. B.C. Spike (or branched panicle) more than doubly 4
~ compound, acute: branches alternate, rather distant:
capsules expanding: straw 3-cornered. ae

é. dan. 1116—Scheuch. pr. 8. Q—Leers 14, 4—H, OX s Vill. 12.23 ae
-Mich. 33.7. : eee

Reot fibrous, many male florets in the upper spikets, about 4
ithe lower ones. GoopENovcH. Szems numerous, 1 to 4 feet
igh, naked above, 3-square, minutely serrated at the edge. Root- __
uaves ina thick tuft, sometimes taller than the stems, terminat-
ig in a stiff thorn-like point ; minutely serrated and cutting at
te edge. Bunch 2 to 3 inches long, branched below, usually
irminating above in a simple spike; the branches 1 half tol
ich long, with. numerous small roundish spikets, closely
cowded. Floral-leaves awl. short, usually ] at the
ase of the lowermost branch, and sometimes to 1 or 2 of those
_ bove. Scales egg-shaped, blunt at the end, deep brown, Closely
mbracing the capsules. Summits 2. Capsules longer than the
cales, obtusely triangular, tapering to a sharp cloven point.
dr. Woopwarp. > . oe ee
_ Panicled Seg. Bogs and watery places. P, June.
Var. 2. Bunch simple; branches distant. — tama se
_ Sprkets, the lower distant, the upper crowded. The colo
- ithe scales and capsules, the foliage and stem prove it to belong 4

TRIANDRIA. “MONOGYNIA. Carex. gs

to C. paniculata. Mr. Woopwaro. Cultivated in a rich wet
soil; the bunch became as much branched as in the preceding.
GoopDENouGH. ; ahs
17, C, Spike more than doubly compound, branched but teretius‘cula.
compact, rather acute: spikets crowded, M. florets
at the top: capsules expanding; straw roundish.

Linn. Tr. ii..19. 3.

Root fibrous. Straw when'in flower but } the length of the
leaves: in seed, 12 or 18 inches high; 3-cornered, angles rough,
acute, but the sides have a»longitudinal projection which gives
the whole a roundedvappearance. Leaves rigid, sheathing near
half the sttaw, rough on the keel and at the edges. Spike ege-
oblong, rather pointed. F/. Jeaf, the lower one very short,
ending in an awn ;-shorter than the spiket. Spzkets and their spi-
cule egg-shaped, pointed, sitting. M./. uppermost numerous.
Fem. about 6 ; placed below. Caps. rough at the edges, expand-
ing; when ripe, longer than the scales, Summits 2. Goopen.
in Linn. Tr. ii. 163. who observes that it comes very near the
C. paniculata, but is only half the size of that in all its parts.

Marshes near Norwich, discovered by Mr. Crowe. [At Ful-
bourne. Mr. Relhan.] - May.

ry

= (3) Spikes 1 male, the others female: floral leaves mem-
8 he A bs) iranatousss Sere
18, C. Sheaths membranaceous, not leaf-like, inclosing digite’ta
half the: fruitstalk; spikes strap-shaped, upright, _
male spike shortest; capsules distant. —

' E, bot. 6 15—Leers 16, 4~Mich. 32. 9-Scheuch. 10. 14—C. B. a
. Ye ty th, 48. 5 ali i
__ Root fibrous. Leaves longer than the straw when in flower,

-Fough at the edge, quite smooth on the keel. Fem. sp. of about
7 florets. Capsules pubescent, not cloven. Summits 3. Goopen.
Leaves in a thick tuft. Stems obscurely ae slender, not
oo et half to one foot high, entirely naked, except some
reddish brown ares at the base. eae spike half _
long, closely tiled, from the same sheath with the uppermost fer-
tile spike, and being shorter, overtopped by it. Sca/es numerous,

ellowish brown, membranaceous and shining at the ends, and so
untly rounded as to'seem lopped. Fertile spikes 3 or 4, alter-

- mate, distant, about an inch long, on fruit-stalks. Florets alter-
nate, distinct. Scales like those of the barren spikes, as long as
", the capsules. Caps. obscurely triangular, tapering to a blunt

‘ point, Szy/e divided half way dewn into 3 summits, Woop-

clandesti/na.

pen’dula.

strigo’sa,

_ Mr. Rosson-]

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Catex.

Fitigered Seg. Woods and shady places, Near Bath. Mt.
ILE. ae Py May, June.

19. C. Sheaths membranaceous, not leaf-like: female
spikes distant, hardly higher than the sheath.

Scheuchz. 10. 1~Mich. 32. 8.
Root fibrous. Leaves slender, better than thrice the length

‘of the straw, channelled, rough on the keel and the edge towards

the points. Szraw roundish, flatted on one side, smooth. Spikes
1 male, 3 female, all distant. M. spike terminating, acute, ob-
long, 2 inch long; fem. spike oblong, few flowered, on fruit.
ake Sheaths to each spike often involving part of the spike as
well as the fruit-stalk. Cas. entire at the end. Summits 3,
long. GoopenouGH. | |

St. Vincent’s rocks, Bristol, found’by Mr. Sole. P. April. —

(4) Spikes, 1 male, the others female: Floral-leaves leaf-
bike, generally sheathing the fruit-statks.

20. C.Sheaths long, inclosing all the fruit-stalk: spikes
cylindrical, very long, pendant: capsules much
crowded, egg-shaped, acute. ie iS

ne Curt. 180—Bar. 45-H. ox. viii. 12. 4 ee
_ Root fibrous. Plant from 2 to 6 feet high. Male spike ter-

minat: 2 to 4 inches long ; fem. spikes on fruit-stalks, 4 to 6

inches long, pendant. Szmmits 3. Dr. Gooprnovcn. The

size of the plant, and the very long and pendulous spikes render
_ Pendulous Seg. Moist woods and hedges between Hamp-
stead and Highgate, and between Marybone and Kilbourn,

[Near Woodbridge, Suffolk. Mr. Woopw.—Witchery Hole,

near Ham Castle, Worcestershire. Wood between Buildwas_

Inn and the Birches, Shropshire. St.—By the Tees, neat Croft.

ees ee

C, 21. Sheaths long, inclosing all the fruit-stalk: spikes
>

thread-shaped, limber, turning downwards: capsules
oblong, rather 3-cornered, acute. =

Linn. Trans. ii. 20.4. — a
Root fibrous. Straw 2 feet high, or more, taller than the.
leaves, 3-cornered, angles acute, smooth. Leaves broad, rough
at the edge and on the keel. Male sp. 2 inches long; cylin-
drical, slender, ok » terminating. Fem, sp. about 7, very
slender, distant, on fruit-stalks ; at first upright, then hanging ~

zs fos f i

sees: aimee

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Carex.

down ; the upper ones often having a few male florets at the end.
All the spikes sheathed at the base, sheath longer than the fruit-
stalks. Capsules entire at the rim, when full grown near twice
as long as the scales. Summits 3. GoopenoveH. Flowers
thin, irregularly scattered. _Sca/es membranaceous, pale brown,

with a green keel. Capsules 3-cornered, brownish green, ribbed,

ring regularly to a point at each end, but not ta inted
ay C yy ky Weccecaha. Differs from C. irik in
its fruitstalks, being hardly longer than the sheaths, and its
capsules being 3-cornered and acute, but not with a long taper
point. GoopENnoucH. ; . ‘

Loose Seg. Slender-eared broad-leaved Cyperus-grass with
many spikes. R. Syn. Woods and hedges. In a lane near Black
Notley, Essex. Near Oxford. [Woods near Oxford. Mr.
Newserry.—Lanewood and Shortwood, Pucklechurch, Glou.

cestersh. Mr. Swaxne.—In a wood at Hedenham, Norfolk.

Mr. Woopwarp.| — ie. P. April, May.

22. C. Sheaths, short, inclosing nearly all the fruitstalk :
spikes near together: male spike club-shaped: fem.
egg-shaped: capsules roundish, pubescent.

Dicks. b. s.-Facq. austr. 446-Lob. ic. i. 10; the upper fig.
on the right hand with 3-spikes.—Ger. em. 22. 8, the
upper fig. Park. 1160. 8.-(the lower fig. is @ single.
spiked variety, which I have found, occurring now and
then, Dr. GoopENnovcn.) ‘ ;

Root ing. Straw 6 to 12 inches high, leafless, 3.
cornered, anges smooth. Leaves shorter than the straw, wide-
spreading, somewhat channelled, strap-shaped, pointed, rough
on the keel and at the edges. Spikes 1 male, from 1 to 3 females,
but mostly 2; near the top of the straw and not far asunder.
Scales membranaccous, rust-colour, about as long as the capsules

smooth, the scales chesnut Aired the capsules cottony, and the _

eee vale ,
~ On wettish heaths, and poor soiled meadows, common.
seasons aa tan tek sbrig ee Op RR hay

Vou. I, H

97

proe’cox.

98

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Carex.

filifor’mis. 23, C. Sheaths short, inclosing nearly all the fruitstalk :

fla’va.

male spikes generally 2, strap-shaped: fem. spikes
egg-shaped, distant : capsules hairy. ;
Linn, Tr- iis 20. 5—Scheuch, 10. 114

Root creeping. Straw upright, slender, about the length of
the leaves, 3-cornered, angles acute, rough. Leaves slender,

uprights: very fine at the end, 1 to 3 feet high, roughish at the —
Be

on the keel. Spikes generally 2 male, and 2 female.
M. sp. the upper one 12 to 2 inches long, the lower hardly 1
inch, both slender. F. sp. mostly 2, the upper one often sitting;
sometimes 1 ona very short fruitstalk, upright, egg. shaped.
Sheath short, but entirely inclosing the fruitstalk, ending in a
leaf which is hardly so high as the straw. Scales oblong, acute,
about the length of the capsule. Capsule hairy or woolly, 5-
cornered, mouth open, cloven. Summits 3, hairy, rather thick.

“The great length of its slender leaves, its almost woolly capsules,

and the male spikes never being more than 2, readily distin-
ish it from every other Carex. Goopenovcen. L. Tr. 172.
emale iter oblong ; sometimes 3 of each sort, but then the

om spikes are hardly 3 inch long. Straw rough only above

t e es. - ; : - &

, Os paeidiaia: Lightf. Downy Seg. At Eaton, Shropshire,

found by the Rev. Mr. Wiiu1ams.—S. end of Air Links. Dr. —
Hore. [Shortwood near Pucklechurch, Mr. Swarnz.] P, June. —

94, C. Sheaths short, incl “i early ll the fnittl -
verging : M. spike nes

the upper leaf-lke
shaped: F. spike aa : capsules -poin

: +

BL, dan, 1037 —Leers V5. 6-J. B. ii. 498. 1-C. B. th. 109

Lob. ic, 18.1-Ger. em. 17. 1—Park 1187. 2-H. ox. viii.
12.19. gh aie a toe |

Root creeping. Leaves longer than the straw, rough on the

keel and edges. M. sp. single, terminating, slender, 2 to | inch
long. F, sp. either ati crowded t fos aie the ri or Lof

hem lower down, or as is mostly the case, all of them at some
distance apart, Fee eae nis (hs fultsalhy gpciog a8
& “ < - 5 3

leaf ding out, and longer than the straw. C. e
sided, longer than r the ‘seals ; Pet eth
rally entire, and pointing downwards. Gooprnovcu, Stem 2

inches toa foot high, numerous, declining, in the smaller plants —

leafy up to the spike, but in the larger usually naked upwards,
trian bes, fre R gap Josh pale yellowish At pg
closely tiled. Scales numerous, bluntly oval, with one longet
and larger, pointed and sometimes awned at the base. Fertile
spikes 3 or 4, at first roundish, afterwards oval ; scales oval spea!-
shaped, yellowish brown, with a green keel and membranaceous

‘

beak rather bent, mouth gene- g.

ee es

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Carex.

edges ; the lower on fruitstalks, the upper sitting, in the small
plants from the bosom of the leaves, and the lowermost, sometimes
almost at the root. F/ora/-/eaves, in the larger plants 3 at the
base of the lowermost long, expanding, those above shorter, bent
back. Capsules short and thick, tapering to a point,’ pale
greenish yellow. Sty/edivided nearly to the base into 3 summits.
Woopwarp. M. sp. has sometimes fem. florets at its base. Sr.
The length and the horizontal direction of the fl. leaf, together
with the globular heads of pointed capsules, render the investi-
gation easy. The long ae point of the caps. distinguishes
this from the C. extensa. pEN.—Female spikes from 2 to 4.

Yellow Seg. Marsh hedge-hog Grass. Marshes and wet
meadows, common. _. P. May, June.

Var. 2. Lower sheath inclosing but half the fruitstalk, upper
ones nearly the whole. Fem. spikes 2, oblong, acute. Capsules
beak-pointed. ac es :
2 ee Linn. Tr. ii. 20. 6.

“Rost creeping. Straw slender, upright, near a foot high, 3-
cornered, angles acute, rough. Ecos; eptight, narrow, each
at the edge and on the keel, shorter than the straw. M. spzke 1,
terminating, slender, pointed, 2 inch long or better. F. spikes 2,
(very rarely 3,) often distant, egg-oblong, acute, lower one on a
longish fruitstalk, upper one nearly sitting. FY. leaf, lower one
upright, tall as Me straw, sheathing about is the es

apsules somewhat 3-cornered, expanding, but not diverging,
beak-pointed and cloven at the end, filly at long as the scales.
Summits 3. Carex fulva. Goodenough. Linn. tr. ii. 177. Dr.
Goodenough, since the publication of the above memoir, autho-
rizes me to say, that having cultivated the C. fulva he is con-
vinced of its being only a variety of the C. flava. ;

Eaton near Salop, found by the Rev. Mr. Williams. [Cherry
Hinton Fen, Cambridgeshire, and on the borders of Llyn Idwell
Lake, Carnarvonshire. Mr. Grirritu.] ——=~&P.: June, July.

25. C, Sheaths very short, inclosing all the fruitstalk, the
upper leaf-like part somewhat reflected: spikes
_ crowded: fem. spikes nearly globular: capsules
egg-shaped, acute. wed ;
| LE. bot. 832—Linne Tr. ii. 21.7.

: Sinha’ a foot high or more, 3-cornered, ‘an eg blentah,
smooth. Leaves narrow, towards the ends rough at the edge
and on the keel. M, Spike 1, slender, ¢ inch long, terminating.

. Sometimes there is a second M. spike, which is much shorter.

F. Spikes generally crowded at the base of the male, but some-

times the lower one is at a considerable distance, egg-shaped, or

conical, pointed, on short pedicles. Scales egg-shaped, dagger

pointed. F?, /eaves at the base of the fem, spikes, entirely
H2

99

exten’sa,

100

dis’tans.

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Carex.

sheathing the short fruitstalk, ending in a leaf as tall or taller
than the straw, but at length reflected. Capsules smooth, ex-
panding, egg-shaped but somewhat 3-cornered, twice as long as
the scale, pointed and cloven at the end. Summits 3. ‘Taller,
more arden, and the leaves narrower thaninC. fava. Gooven.
Linn. ‘Tr. ii. 175.

C. fava. var. 8 Huvs.—Marshy ground near Harwich, and
on the west side of Braunton Burrows, in the north of Devon.
GoopEnovucH.

26. C. Lower sheath inclosing about half the fruitstalk:

upper ones nearly the whole: spikes oblong, very far

‘asunder: capsules acute.

FI. dan: 1040—H. ox. viii. 124.18.

Root fibrous. Straw 1 to 2 feet high, 3-cornered; angles
acute, smooth. Leaves rough on the edge and the keel. M.
pike 1, sometimes 2, terminating, slender, about 1 inch long.

. spikes 3, egg-oblong, an inch in length, on fruitstalks, far
asunder. Sheath, the lower one embracing fully half, the
upper ones the whole of the fruitstalk ; ending in a leaf shorter
than the straw. Capsules rather 3-cornered, tapering to a point,
slightly cloven at the end, longer than the scales. Summits 3-

C. birta has the female spikes far asunder, as in this species, but

then it has hairy leaves and capsules. Gooprnoucn. When
there are 2 male spikes the under one is much the smallest, and
the upper female spike has sometimes stameniferous florets at the

top. In a young state the lower spike as wellas the others,
has its fruitstalk entirely enveloped in the sheath. ‘The distance

between the female spikes increases considerably after the flower-
ing commences, so that that part of the character is not striki
when the plant first commences its inflorescence; but Dr. Good-

enough, who has been so successful in elucidating this heretofore

obscure tribe of plants, observes to me, that it is sufficient if the
characters apply when the plant is in its most complete state of

inflorescence, so complete that the capsule shall have assumed its

r shape. It sometimes bears only 2 female

ts only 2 ikes. oe
Loose Seg. Marshes. [Edge of Gi ick Tam, and near a

the tops of the highest mountains in Yorkshire. Curr. $
about Manchester, common. Mr. Carey. In the bog: wie

source of the river Yar, inthe Isle of Wight.] P. May, June

pani’cea, 97, C. Lower sheath inelosing about half the fruitstalk,

upper ones nearly thewhole : spikes slender, upright,
far asunder: capsules inflated, bluntish, rather | 5.

tant.
Leers 15. 5=Mich. 32. 11-F/. dan. 261,

ne a Ah Aili

oo

ec |

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Carex.

Leaves roughish at the edge and on the keel. F. spikes 3,
distant from each other, florets thinly set. Sheaths ending in
leaves ‘shorter than the straw. Capsules compressed at the base,
swelling out upwards, bluntish, mouth entire, closed. When
young it much resembles the C. recurva, but may be readily
distinguished by the sheaths, the lower one in the C. panicea
being half as long as the fruit-stalk, but in C. recurwa only 1
quarter the length. Gooprnoven. Root creeping, throwing out
bundles of leaves and stems from the joints. Stems bluntly tri-
angular, smooth, 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves smooth, sea-
green, shorter than the stem. Barrexz spike reranlnasings more
than an inch long, closely tiled. Scales oval. Fertile spikes
mostly 2, upright, loosely tiled. Fruit-stalks long, BERS each
from a joint. Floral-leaves sheathing, 1 at the base of each

101

fruit-stalk, as long as the spike which belongs to it. Flowers —

alternate, many abortive. Scales egg-shaped, or egg-spear-
d, not above half as long as the capsule. Summits 3.
Capsules oval, bluntly pointed. Woopw.
Pinky Seg. Moist meadows and pastures, [frequent in Suff.
Mr. Woopw.—On Dartmoor, common. ] -P. May, June.*

28, C. Sheaths inclosing half the fruit-stalk. Fem. spikes
oblong, limber, pendant when ripe: fruit-stalk hair-
like: capsules tapering to a point.

Dicks. b. s--Fl, dan. 168-Scop. 59.

_ Root fibrous. Straw 2 to 5 inches, be oe 3-cornered, an~
gles smooth. Leaves very slender. M. spike single, termi-
nating, slender, of very few flowers. F. spikes 2(or 3) few-
flowered. Capsules egg-shaped, beak-pointed, entire at the end,
longer than the scales, which are deciduous. Summits 3. The
small size of this plant, its fine slender fruit-stalks, its pendulous
fem. spikes with 4 to 8 florets, and its deciduous scales, are cha-
racters amply sufficient to distinguish it. GoopenoucH.—Smaller,

capilla’ris.

narrower and more delicate than C. pallescens. Straw when in.

flower shorter than the leaf, scarcely a finger’s breadth high, with

a single leaf, with 4 upright spikes at the end, 1 barren and 3
fertile ; but some fiona ste it becomes a span high, thread-like,
upright, with a single sheathing leaf shorter than the stem ; and
when the fruit is ripe a foot in height. Spikes on fruit-stalks ;
the fertile ones mostly 3. Floral-leaves gradually smaller up-
wards, the uppermost hardly leafy. The darren and the upper-

Most fertile spike from the same point. Capsules brown, alter-

Natey remote, distant, fixed to hair-like pedicles. Scades falling
off when the capsules ripen. Linn. io

* Capsules often affected with the smut, in which case they are globu-
lar, larger, black, full of a mealy powder. Almost all the other species
are liable to the same disease, but in this it is as common as it is rare in
the rest. Lina, :

j}02

depaupera’ta,

sylva’tica,

TRIANDRIA: MONOGYNIA: Carex.

Capillary Seg. In pasture grounds at alpine heights. » On
heonsheees and Malshyrdy in Glenlochai. Also on Ben
Lawers and on Craig Cailleach, both in Breadalbane. Mr.
Brown. | to! prs peed dees = July, Aug.

29. C..Sheaths inclosing Jess. than half the fruit-stalk:
fem. spikes distant, few-flowered: capsules egg-
shaped, inflated, beak-pointed. at i
Curt.-C. ventricasa—Mich, 32, 5. '
Root fibrous. Straw 1 to 2 feet high, ‘3-cornered, angles
smooth, bluntish. Leaves shorter than the straw, rough on the
edge and the keel. M. spike single, terminating slender. F.
spikes on long fruit-stalks, far asunder, with 3 to 6 florets, not
crowded together. Sheath enfolding about a third of the length
of the fruit-stalk, ending in a leaf which is generally taller than
the straw. Capsules often in 2 rows, about twice the length of
the scales ; mouth entires Summits 3. Goopenovcu. M. spike
% to ¢ ofan inch long. F. spikes about 3. Capsules only 2 or
3 on a spike, distant, about the size of hemp-seed. .Woopw.. —
Charlton Seg. C. ventricosa. Curtis. First found by Dr.
h in Charlton Wood, and since by Mr. Dickson in
dry woods near Godalmin in Surry. P. May, June.

30. C. Sheaths short: spikes thread-shaped, limber, pen-

se : capsules egg-shaped, ending in an awn-like

Dicks. h sindagitiedi a teBlactand ei 12, o-Fi, dans 404,. : : .

_ Sheaths inclosing about $ of the length of the fruit-stalks.
female florets ; 3-square. Its pendent spikes, the pale yellow
ears ered the baad of toric, which ee 2 form
part of an elliptical curve, give it a very pleasing appearance;
and render it one of the most elegant ornaments aor Weeds:
St. edits ie Leaves in tufts from the joints of the root,
yellowish green, about one fourth of an inch wide, rough to the
touch. Stems numerous, in tufts, 12 to 18 inches high, trian-

gular, rough at the edges, leafy. Fertile spikes 4 or 5, distant,

when in seed pendent, | to 12 inch long, loosely tiled. Floqwers
alternate. Capsules smooth, triangular, with obscure edges, and
a beak nearly as long as the capsule; cloven at the end. Style
divided almost to the base into 2, and sometimes into 3 summits.
Barren spikes terminating, about an inch long, slender, closely
tiled. Mr. Woopw. ities
Wood Seg. C, vesicaria 8 Lixwx.-W ods, common.
_ P, May, June.

cea eee aR eA TE

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA: Carex.

31, C. Sheaths-short; fem. spikes nearly cylindrical, pens
dent: capsules roundish egg-shaped: roots creeping,
Leers 15, 3—Fl. dan. 1051—H. ox. viii. 12. 144

Straw triangular, angles smoothish, sea-green, about.a foot
high, Leaves the same glaucous green at the stem ; very rough
on the keel and the edges, M. spike 1 or 2, rarely 3, terminat-
ing, slender, about an inch long, Fem. spikes 3, the same length
but thicker, on long fruit-stalks, pendent when ripe ; far asunder.
Sheaths inclosing scarce a 4th part of the length of the fruit-stalk,
broad at the base, but ending in a leaf often taller than the straw.
Capsules egg-shaped, indistinctly3-sided, bluntish, a littlecottony,;
closed at the mouth, rather longer than the scales. Summits 3,
thick, downy. Varies much in size and habit, but the pendent
black female spikes, the glaucous leaves, the short sheaths, the
roundish capsules, the smoothish straw, and the creeping root,
are obvious distinctions. GoopzNovcH. :

Heath Seg. Moist meadows, pastures, heaths, and woods.
[ Wet woods in New Forest, plentiful. Pastures near Thornbury,
Gloucestershire. ] : P. May, June.

32, C. Sheaths extremely short, fem. spikes rather cylin-
_drical, pendent when in fruit: capsules oblong, blunt,

Dicks. b. s.—Fl. dan. 1050—Pluk. 34. 5—Mich. 32. 13—Leers 15.4.

(alighaly fibrous. 1a! narrow, rough on the keel and the

ightly) hairy. M. spike single, terminating. F. spikes 3, all
near together, blunt, em fruit-stalks. Shearhs not inclosing more
than an eighth part of the fruit-stalk, but ending in a leaf much
taller than the stem. Capsules closely crowded, oblong, blunt,
‘somewhat longer than the scales, mouth entire. Summits 3. F.
‘Spikes when in flower egg-shaped, when fully ripe nearly cylin-
drical. GoopenovcH. Stems many, 1 to 2 feet high, triangular,
roughish, leafy below, naked upwards. Leaves in bundles from

the root, yellowish green, the lower short, the upper nearly as

103
recur’va.

palles’cens.

long as the stem. Barren spike 4 to 4 inch long, slender, closely

tiled, with sometimes a single fertile flower at its base. Scales
Oval-spear-shaped. Fertile spikes 1 to 3, the lowermost on'a
yery short slender fruit-stalk. Scales oval, pointed. Summits 3.
Caps. oval, pale yellowish green. Mr. Woopwarp.)
Pale Seg. Moist meadows and pastures. [ Woods on a moist
clayey soil in Norfolk and Suffolk, frequent. Woopwaro.—
Wet woods in gravelly soil in the New Forest.] P. May, June.
33. C. Sheaths hardly any: fem. spikes ege-shapéd, pen

dent : capsules egg-shaped, compressed : roots creep-

ing. : r Eedinbt <a bate

Fi, dan. 646-Wilden. dy 4—Scheuch. 10. 13. apes
Root jointed, throwing out at the joints Jong fibres, and tufts

limo’sa.

104

pseudo-
cype’rus.

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Carex.

of leaves and stems. Leaves long, bright green, rough, the ups

ost nearly as long as the stem. Stems slender, triangular,
rough. Barren spike, Scales spear-shaped, the lowermost awned,
yellowish brown witha green keel. Fertile spike generally single,
loosely tiled, on a long slender fruit-stalk. Sca/es ovalsspear-
shaped, taper pointed, of a very rich shining brown, with a yel-
lowish green keel. Fleral-/eaves, 1-at the base of the lower-
most kg if more than 1; very slender, about an inch long.
Caps. oval, bluntish, bright ct owe Summits long. Woopw.
Distinguished from C. recurva by its very short sheath, its egg-
shaped female spike, and by ‘the shape and colour of its capsules,
which are brown when ripe and not black. Gooprnovcn.
M. spike single, slender, not an inch long. Cags. rather longer
than the scales, taper pointed, entire at the end. Summits 3.. Fem. —
spike | or 2, few-flowered. ; 4
‘Cy elegans. Wildenow. Woonwarv.— Browz Seg. Peat bogs
and marshes, Yorksh. Lancash, Westmorel. &c. frequent. Huns.
—Tullybanchar, half a mile west of Comrie near Crief. Mr.
Srvarr in fl. Scot. [Heydon, Norfolk. Bryanr.—St. Faith’s
Newton Bogs. Woopwarp.—Moss of Restenét, Scotl. Mr.
Brown.—Peat bog on Mendip Hills. Mr. Swayne. [P. June.

34. C. Sheaths hardly any: fem. spikes cylindrical, on

__ fruit-stalks, pendent: capsules awn-beaked, rather
diverging. — ig
Fl, dan. 1117—E.' bot. 242—Dod. 330—-Lob. ic. i. 76. 2-Ger.
em. 29, 2~Park. 1266, 4—C. B. th. 85~F, B. ti. 496. 3=
Hi, ox. viti. 12. 5. om < aeoee i

_ Floral-leaves nearly bristle-shaped. Capsules when ripe bent
back, awl-shaped, scored, tapering and ending in a double thorn
orawn, Linn. Stem 1} to 3 feet high, leafy below, naked
above, triangular, edged with sharp teeth, with a joint near the
top. Leaves ing thick tufts, long, broad, finely toothed,
edges peat 2 Floral-leaves similar to the other leaves, the low- —

ermost broad, often more than a foot long, at the joint at the top
of the stem, those above narrower and shorter. ‘Fertile spikes
from the bosom of the floral-leaves, at a small distance one above
the other, sometimes 2 together, the lowermost on a long slender _
fruit-stalk, when in flower upright, when in fruit pendent, from 3
to 5, all rising to nearly the same height; sca/es green, awl-
shaped, longer than the capsules, finely toothed at the edges, and
on the back. Capsules pale green, spear-shaped, obscurely 3+
square, elegantly ribbed. Szy/e divided into 3 summits, scarcely
longer than the awns of the capsule. Baxren Spixg terminat-
ing, 2 inches long; scales clos tiled, yellowish brown, termi-
nated by a long awn, toothed like the stem, and longer than the
filaments. Woopwarp. Root fibrous. Caps. rather bellying in
the middle. The minuteness of the sheaths, the long points, and

4

*

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Carex.

the wide straddling of the capsules, are sufficient to distinovish
it. ‘The intermediate fruit-stalks are sometimes found doubled:

Gooprnoucn. Stem triangular. M. spike smooth at bottom, —

2 inches long, or more. Fem. spike 1 to nearly 3 inches. Caps.
when young pointing upwards, but expanding, when more ad-
vanced horizontal, when quite ripe pointing downwards.
Bastard Seg. Moist shady places, banks of pools and ditches,
common. P. June.

35 C. Sheaths hardly any: all the spikes with male and
_ female florets : upper spikes on fruit-stalks : when
in. fruit, pendant: capsules egg-shaped, rather
. pointed. cir Eee * Sie a) :

FI, dan. 158-Scheuch, Vt. LandQe

~ Root fibrous. Straw 3-cornered, a foot high, angles acute,
roughish, Zéeaves broad, shorter than the straw, rough at the
edge and on the keel. Upper spike mostly female, the lower
part only male, with an intermixture of hermaphrodite florets ;
which is often the case with the others. Ssrkes oblong, acute,

z ineh high, on long fruit-stalks, near together; pendent when

tipe. Scales black, with a green keel; rather longer than the

capsules. F/. /eaf, 1 to every spike, leaf-like, inclosing a very
small part of the fruit-stalk. Capsule green, -shaped, often

acute, compressed, slightly cloven at the end. Filaments 2.

Style with 3 hairy summits. This should, from the dispo-

sition of the male and female florets, have been arranged under

the 2d subdivision, but its habit strongly enforces its present

:

‘Situation, ‘The black egg-shaped spikes, and the want of sheaths

are sufficient to distinguish it. Goopenoucn. Leaves ash.

sea-green, when dried yellowish green. Scueucn. Spikes
oval-spear-shaped, when in flower rising neatly to the same
height, the uppermost without floral-leaves, unequal, frequently
1 or 2 small ones beneath the uppermost ; the upper with barren
flowers at the base, the rest mostly composed of fertile flowers.

" Scales spear-shaped, black, with a brown keel, but when viewed

in a strong light of an extremely rich reddish brown. Stamens 2.
Summits mostly 3, sometimes 2. Woopwarp.
Black Seg. Mountains of Wales about Llanberis, plenti-.

_ fully. Highlarid mountains, frequent. P. June, Aug.

what globular, sitting, crowded: straw feeble.
Dicks. b. se Fl. dan, 1048—Leers 16. 6-H. ox. viii. 12. 16-
Pluk. 91.8.

Root fibrous. Straw 3 to 6 inches long, on more; feeble,
t, 3-cornered, angles acute, smoothish. Leaves fine yellowish

105

atra’ta,

36. C, Sheaths none: male spike slender, females some- piluli’fera.

106

ti gida.

RY
Syst. veg. Moist

TRLIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Carex.

green, slender, shorter than the straw, upwards rough at the
edge and on the keel. Male spikes Binghe, s haped,: termi.
nating. Female spikes 3, at the base of the male, near together,
oblong, acute, more globular when ripe; the 2 lower ones with
a short, sitting, green floral-leaf ; the upper one floral-leaf mem-
branaceous, egg-shaped, keeled, ending in a slender green point. |
Scales as long as the ripe capsules. Caps. turning black, roundish,
somewhat cottony, ete in a short, bluntish, undivided point,
Summits 3. The globular form of the female spikes happens —
from the terminal florets being usually male, and deciduous ; as
these wither away, the spikes assume their round form, other-

wise they are in general oblong. ‘The capsules are somewhat

cottony, as in C. proecox, but the strap-shaped: male spike, the

sitting female spikes, and the reclining straw, mark its distinc-
tion in all stages of its growth. GoopgnoucH.

Pill-bearing Seg. C. montana. fl. Suec. not C. pilulifera.

is bias and pastures, not uncommon. (3 th

Hills. |] y, Suff. Mr. Woopwarp. On a dry bank facing

Lianberris village, on the ascent towards Llyny Cwn. Mr.

GrirriTH.] : “.. P, April, June.

37. C. Summits 2: sheaths none: spikes oblong, nearly
+ * Eee Weaver tee. teyits | 8 ee ae
os Fi. dan. 159~Linn., Tre 22, 10—Mich. 326 46 oe
- Root thick, creeping. Straw 4 or 5 inches high, curved, 3-

cornered, angles very rough, rigid. Leaves dark, and rather

pistes green, rigid, curved, shorter than the straw, towards
end rough on the edge and the keel. M. spike singles

(rarely 2) terminating, oblong, pointed, 2 inch long. Scales

black, egg- » very blunt. Fem. spikes 3, near the male,

the lower further off, oblong, Baer sitting, (the lower often —
on a fruit-stalk) 3 inch long, florets closely compacted, but the
lower ones more distant, 1 or 2 at the top, chiefly on the uppel
ikes, male. Scales black, very blunt, but half the length of
the ripe capsule. F/, deaf, 1 to each spike, broad at the base.

Caps. egg-shaped, blunt, entire at the end, smooth, flatted on one

side ; sometimes longer, taper pointed, and crooked. Summits 2;

thick, white, hairy. . This plant differs from the C. montana ot

Huds. by having no sheath, 2 summits, and smooth capsules: it —

differs also from the saxatilis of Linneus, by being Biclier and a

much smaller plant; and from both by the great rigidity of its

leaves and its crooked straw. By its rigid and spreading leaves
it may be known from the C. caspitose, whose leaves are upright
and soft, as well as from the stricta which is altogether upright-

Goopenoven. L. Tr. ii. p. 193.

On the top of Snowdon. Huds. On the Scottish Alps. Drcks-
—Crib, y Ddeseil, Mr, Grirriru.] =P, April, May.

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Carex. 107

38. C. Summits’ 2: sheaths none: spikes nearly sitting coespito’sa.
and cylindrical, blunt: leaves upright, soft.

Liam Trans. ii. 21. 8~Park. 1266. 3..

Root creeping very much. Straw upright, 4 to 12 inches
high, or more; not rigid, 3-square, corners acute, roughish,.
Leaves pleasant green with a glaucous cast, soft, upright, tall as
the straw, rough towards the end at the edge and on the keel,
Male sp. 1, (rarely 2,) upright, terminating, oblong, 3-sided,

to 1 inch = ; scales egg-shaped, blunt. Fem. sprkes 2 or 35
nearly cylindrical, blunt, the lower on a short fruit-stalk, the
upper ones without any. Florets in 6 or 8 rows, closely tiled.
Scales egg-shaped, either blunt or pointed, black, shorter than
the ripe capsules. F/, Jeaves at the base of each female spike,
but not sheathing, dilated and black at the base, generally taller
than the straw. Caps. -shaped, bluntish, somewhat com-
pressed, smooth, entire at end. Summits2, It flowers near
a month later than the C. stricta, and the capsules in this adhere
to the fruit-stalk even in decay, whilst in the stricta they fall off
as soon as they are ripe, GooprnoucH.—Upper female spike

sometimes with male flowers at the end. The lower florets of
| the female spikes have sometimes 3 summits.

| Marshes and wet woods. P. April, May.

39. C. Summits 2: sheaths none: spikes nearly sitting, stri’cta.
cylindrical, acute: male spikes mostly 2: Leaves
upright, stiff and straight. wt :

Bilt -<« Linn. Tr. ii. 21. 9. .

Root creeping very much. Straw 1 to 2 feet high or more,

upright 3.square, sick acute, rough. M. spikes me rally 2,

pright, 1 to 2 inches long, 3-sided. Scales oblong, acute,

lack. Fem. sp. 3, 1 to 2 inches long, sitting, but the lowermost
ona short fruit-stalk, cylindrical, but acute, because of some
male florets at the . Scales oblong, acute, rather shorter
than the ¢ ~ FI. leaves to the female spikes leaf-like, sit-
ting, dilated at the base when young, but the expanded part soon
vanishes, Capsules compressed, egg-shaped, acute, smooth, en-

i tire at the end, disposed in 8 rows. Summits 2, thickish, hairy.

Has often been supposed the same as the C, corspitosa, from the

number of circumstances common to both ; but in the C. stricta

the root-leaves which sheath the bottom of the straw have this

: Sheathing part split into threads like open network : they too,

| a8 well as the fl. leaves, are shorter than the straw at the time

’ of flowering. The fl. leaves, particularly the lower ones, have

either no expanded appendages at the base, or only oblong ones,

Which are presently so elon ated as to disappear, that is, to lose

all their expanded form. fem. spikes are acute, owing to

their being terminated by male florets ; the scales are all acute,

108 TRIANDRIA: MONOGYNIA. Carex.

the capsules are set in 8 rows, and the male sp. are mostly 2,
On the contrary, C. cespitosa wants the fibrous texture in the
sheathing part of the root-leaves ; these leaves equal the height
of the straw at the time of flowering, and the fl. leaves are taller.
The fl. leaves have always round expansions on each side their
~ base, which do not change their shape; the fem. sp. are blunt,
and have no male florets at the end. ‘The capsules are set in 6,
rarely in 8 rows, and there is seldom more than 1 M. spike. In
its general — also it is a much smaller, weaker, and
softer plant. Goopenouen. Linn. Tr. ii. p. 196. ¢
Found by Mr. Pitchford in Marshes near Norwich. [Hall-
wood, near Newmarket. Mr. Rernan.—Pilmoor pool, Weston,
Staffordsh. where it forms large tufts, which may- be safely
trodden upon. Rev, S. Dickenson. ] : P. April.

(5) Spikes, some male, others female : male spikes 2 or more.

[C. filiformis, stricta, recurva, and some others, which have
though rarely, 2 male spikes.] , :

ripa’ria. 40. C, Spikes oblong. acute : scales of the male spear- |
shaped, of the female tapering to an awn-like pot: _

capsules egg-spear-shaped, cloven into 2 teeth at the

end. Pre

Curt. 281-E. bot. 579-F. dan. 1118-H. Ox. vill. 125 al

Leers 16. 2—Mich. 32. 6 & 7. Fae
Root thick, creeping very much. Straw 2. at high ni
more, upright, firm, 3-square, an, very acute rough. .
Leaves broad, upright, glaucous, pale on the upper side, blackish
green underneath, very rough on the edges and the keel. M.
‘spikes 3y terminating, pointed, oblong but 3-sided, crowded to- —
gether. F. spikes 5, oblong, mostly pointed with male florets —
upright, lower ones on fruit-stalks, Scales black, longer than
a capsules. F/. /eaves, the lower ones in some degree sheath-
ing the fruit-stalks, upper ones expanded at. the base. Capsules
tiled in 8 rows, oblong-egg-shaped, taper-pointed, marked with
fibres, forked at theend, Summits 3. the black, triangular
acute, M. sp, and the cloven pointed capsules, preclude the pos»
sibility of mistaking this species. Gooprnoven. Male spikes —
tapering each way, the terminating’ one from 14 to 3 inches —
Jong, before flowering brownish black, during flowering reddis
brown, when out of flower light brown; near together,
space between the insertions of the lowermost and uppern
being seldom more than from.1 to ld inch. Fem. spikes oblongs
spear-shaped, tapering each way, the uppermost frequently, an
sometimes all with male flowers at the end. Sr,—The serra
awns of the calyx mentioned by Mr, Curtis are not constants

aren ncetartint eins ME on NG

4

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Carex.

nor is the keel of the leaves rough, except towards the point.
The sides of the straw are not flat, but concave.
Great Seg. €. acuta « Huvs.—Edges of rivers, ponds and
ditches, also in meadows, where it is much smaller.
: . ; FP: April, May.

109

41. C. Spikes oblong, bluntish : scales of the males blunt, paludo’sa,
of the female spear-shaped: capsules egg-spear-

shaped, slightly toothed at the end.

: E. bot. 807 -Curt. 280.

_ Root greatly creeping. Szraw 1 to 2 feet high, unequally 3-
cornered, angles i ai Leaves near 4 ich broad, glau-
cous green, red at the base, shorter than the straw, upright,
edges and keel rough. M. spikes 3, terminating, near together,
oblong, blunt, Bes 25 angles bluntish; scales brown, oblong,
blunt. Fem. spikes 3, oblong, blunt, but if terminated by male
florets acute, upright, some on short fruit-stalks, florets closely
and compactly tiled ; scales brown, spear-shaped, very acutely
esate, mostly longer than the capsules. F/. /eaf, 1 to each

spike, somewhat sheathing the BESS seldom expanded
atthe base. Capsules tiled, generally in 8 rows, egg-spear~
ed, rather acute, at first entire at the mouth, but when ripe
bare | 2 very short little teeth. Swmmits 3. Approaches near
to the C. rigaria, but in that the scales of the M. spike are very
acute, in kispensd blunt. In this, the capsules are either
entire, or only slightly cloven at the end, in that they have a
beak which is Goopvenovcn. M. sp. 14 to 2 inches
g: Fem. sometimes 3 inches or more. Straw not always

Acute Seg. C.-acuta. Curt.—Marshes and banks of wet
ditches, often found with C. riparia. P. Apr. June,

#2. C. Summits 2: spikes thread-shaped; fem. spikes
odding whilst in flower, upright when ripe: cap-
sules rather acute, entire at the end.

Dicks. b. s.-E. bot. 580—Curt. 282-H. ox. viii. 12. 3.

Root creeping. Straw varying in height from 3 inches to 2

feet or more ; S-square, angles very acute and rough. Leaves
a epighy pasa glen shorter than the straw, rough at
the edges and on the keel. M. spiées 2, rarely 3, slender, 1 to 3
inches long, scales oblong, blunt, black. F. spikes 3, slender,
lower ones sometimes on fruit-stalks, nodding when in flower,
ss ight when ripe, generally terminated by some male florets, and

linted. Scales oblong, acute, black, rather shorter
than the capsules. Fi. Jeaf, 1 at the base of each, fem. sp. often

panded at the bottom. Cap:ules mostly disposed in 8 rows,

acu’ta.

110 TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Carex.

egg-shaped, acute, compressed, closely tiled, entire and closed at
the end. The slender habit of this plant in all its parts, its
thread-shaped spikes drooping whilst in flower, its 2 summits,
and its compressed flattish capsules entire at the end, keepit —
. distinct from every other species. GoopznoucH. Fem. spike as
long as the terminating M. spike. Curr. :
Slender spiked Seg. C. gracilis. Curt. C. acuta B fi. Suet
Edges of rivers, ponds, and ditches, and also in meadows. P,
Flowers a week or 2 later than C. riparia and paludosa.

vesica‘ria, 43, C, Male spikes strap-shaped; females oblong, ex-
panding : capsules inflated, oblong, beak-pointed,

expanding. | . .
Fl. dan. 647-E. bot. 779—Leers 16. 2. I11.~H. ox. viii. 12

- 6—Barr. 113. 1.

Rost creeping. Straw 2 feet high, 3-square, angles very
acute and rough. Leaves fe gteen, taller than the flowering
straw, narrow, edges and keel rough. M. spikes terminating,
upright, upper one 1 to % inches long, the others shorter, slender,
somewhat 3-cornered : scales oblong, bluntish, yellow. F. spzkes
on fruit-stalks, nearly upright, 1 to 2 inches long: scales spear-
shaped, but narrow and very acutely pointed, pale, at first twice
the length of the capsule, afterwards only half its length. Fi.
leaf, | at the base of every female spike, taller than the straw.
Capsules loosely disposed, expanding, smooth, yellowish, egg-
oblong, taper, and almost beaked at the end, which is cloven.
Summits 3. Its yellow hue, narrow short scales, and inflated
smooth conic capsules, point it out beyond all danger of mis-

‘take. Goopen. 5 Bi teed:
_ Bladder Seg. Marshes. ~ Woods in the New Forest, Hamp-
shire. Edgbaston Pool. j ~P. May, June.

ampulla’cea, 44, C. Spikes thread-shaped, the males thinnest, females
cylindrical, upright: capsules inflated, globular,
awn-beaked, diverging. pre a ;
E. bot. 780—H. ox. viii, 12. 8-Leers 16.2. 11.
Root creeping very much. Straw 1 to 2 feet high, upright, —
3-square, angles acute, rough upwards, but smooth below the
lowest spike. Leaves glaucous, upright, narrow, longer than the
straw, generally rough at the edges and on the keel. M. spikes
2 or 8, strap-thread-shaped, upper one 1 to 2 inches long, the
a oa Scales oblong, either blunt or acute, he ane
em. spikes 2 or 3, cylindrical, f to 2 inches lon Sright, on
short fruit-stalks. Scales spear-shaped, acute, yelowias, but half
the length of the capsule. F7. leaf, 1 at the base of ee tae
male as well as female upright, natrow, Capsules closely

a cs

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Carex.
in 8 rows) inflated, globular, awn-pointed or beaked, diverging,

yellowish, ending in 2 little teeth. Summits 3. The sheaths of |

the root-leaves have the fibrous texture before mentioned in the
C, stricta. GooprnoucH. Stem 1 to 4 feet high, angles ob-
scurely marked. Woopwarp.—The scales both of the male and

female flowers in the C. vesicaria are acutely pointed or awned,
- but in this species they are less acute and not at all awned. -

Beaked Seg. C. vesicaria. Huds. C. rostrata. Bot. Arr.
ed. ii—Bogs and marshy watery places, but not very common,
Bogs of Isla, and on Benteskerny in Breadalbane. Licurr.—
Common in the North, on the edges of brooks and rivulets, as
in Giggleswick Tarn, and borders of Semer Water, Wensledale.
Not nearer London than Virginia Water. Curt.—{ Near Bun-
gay, Suffolk, frequent. Mr. Woopwarp.—Mill below Droit-
wich. Mr. Baxer.—In a pool in the Lakewood, near Puckle-
church, Gloucestershire. Mr. Swayne.—Edgbaston Pool. j

P, May—July.

45. C. Hairy: all the spikes oblong; female spikes far
asunder, sheathed: capsules hairy.

Dicks. b. s.-E. bot. 685—Leers 16. 3-H. ox. viiie 12. 10-

Fl. dan. 379.

Root creeping very much. Straw upright, 3-square, angles
very acute and Saute Leaves near + inch Seead. hairy, rather
shorter than the straw, rough on the keel and the edges. M.
spikes 2. F. spikes 3, far asunder, the lower on long fruit-stalks,

1. leaves 1 to each female spike, sheathing near half the fruit-
stalk of the lower spike. Sxmmits 3. GoopEnoucH. ‘The
hairiness of the leaves, the scales, and the capsules so clearly

stinguish this from every other species, as to render a more
minute description quite unnecessary. ‘

._ Hairy Seg. Meadows and pastures in wet or marshy places.
[Near Uley. Mr. Baker.—Stews at Edgbaston.) -

TY PHA. Gatkin cylindrical: Bloss. none.
_ M. Cal. 3 bristle-shaped leaves.
F. Florets on the same plant, below the males.
Cal. soft hairs: Seed 1, standing ona fine bristle.

hir’ta,

P. May, June. —

111

T. Leaves somewhat sword-shaped : spike with the male latifo’lia.

_ and female florets near together.
Curt. 171—Kniph. 6-Fuchs. 829-7. B. 527. 3-H. ox. viii.
18. row 3. 1-FI. dan. 645—Lonic.1. 174. 1—-Matth. 863.
* Ger, 42-Trag. 681—Dod. G04—Lod. obs. 42.1; ic. 1.815
~-1-Ger, em. 46-Lonic, i. 173. 1, 6,-Park. 1204, 1-F B.
L597. 1 and 2, ?

112 TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Sparganium.

Great Cat’s Tail. Reed-mace. Banks of rivers; fish ee
and in. marshes, P. July.

angustifolia. T. Leaves semi-cylindrical : spike with the male and fe-
male florets at some distance. -

Curt. 1690-Fl, dan. 815-Tourn. 301-H. ox. Vili. 13, row

3. 2—Park. 1204. 2.

Leaves, spike and spike-stalk much more slender, though the
plant grows as tall and as firm as the T. latifolia. The fertile
and barren spikes generally about 1 inch asunder. Woopwarp.
Leaves sheathing the stem, semi-cylindrical below, flat and strap
shaped towards the end.

Small Cat’s-tail, Ditches and ponds. [Clay pits in Nar.
folk and Suffolk, frequent. Mr. Woopw arp. —Pool near Chart-
ley house. Mr. Bacor.}

Var. 2. When g rowing among rocks, and i its roots confined,
it becomes smaller, ut its spikes more numerous. Linn.

Lob. adw. 41. 1c. i, 81-F. B. ii. 540.
Hounslow Heath. R. Syx,

SPARGANIUM. Flowers crowded into @ glo-
- bular form: male and female on the wei

- plant. :
Mile. Cal, 3-leaved.

-dicin- Cal. 6-leaved : Summits 1 or 2. Fruit: a a

_ Juiceless Pa; Sepegen. of 1 cell, and v :
or 2 seeds. ig
ramo’sum. §. Leaves triangular at the ack; the ae concave: ‘rite
stalks branched. pe!
Curt. 342-E, bot. 744—Kniph. 12-Leers 13. 1-H. on VERE
13. row 2. 1-Tourn. 302-C. B. th. 228—Dod. 601. 2-
Lob. obs. 41. 35 ic. i. 80. 1-Ger. em. 45. 1—Park, 1205.

1Pet. 72 9-Cam. efit. 732-J. B. ii, 541, 1-Matth. 990 :

—Ger. Al. 4. a fies
Leaves flat towards the end. Globes of male flowers “upper- .
most. :

Greater Burweed. Sparganium evectum. Linn. Mr. Cortis
having characterized and figured another species which is equally —
erect. I have adopted his specific character and his trivial name-
Ditches, marshes, and banks of rivers. _ P. eh a

sim’plex. §, Leaves triangular at the base, the sides flat: atc
unbranched, (Curtis.) :

“TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Phalaris.s 213

Dicks. b. s—Curt. 341—E. bot. 745—F]. dan. 932—Dod. 601.
3—Lob. obs. 41. 43 ic. i. 80. 2~Ger. em. 45, 2~Park. 1206.
2-F. Be ii, 541, 2-Ger. 41. 2—Pet. 72. 10—Park. 1205.
2, lowermost corner—H., ox: Vitis 13s row 2. 2. q

Grows upright like the preceding, but is a much smaller

plant, though the globes of flowers are larger. :

Marshy places, and sides of pools, particularly such as one
finds on heaths, and have been old gravel pits. | —P. ‘July.

S. Leaves prostrate, strap-shaped, flat. na’tans,

Dicks. b. s.-E. bot. 273~Fl. dan. 260-Pet. 72. 11.

Flowering stem very slender, not rising more than 6 inches
above the water ; undivided; supporting a few balls of sitting -
flowers, and those not larger than a pea. Leaves flat, floating on
the water to a considerable length. Woopwarp. Both before
the stem shoots up, and after the flowering, the leaves, which
much resemble those of the grasses, float on the surface of the
water like those. of Festuca fluitans. The terminating ball of
flowers is entirely male, the lower ones female. Style short.
‘Summits slanting. @ a
.. Sparganium simplex natans 6 Huns.—Floating Burweed.
Pools, lakes, and slow rivers about Norwich. Llanberys, and in
Kraay and Westmoreland. 1 Faith's Newige- Mr. Pitcu-
ForD.—Stagnant waters in the Moss ennet, ire
Mr. Brow] Sap 4 ac

"* DIGYNIA.

PHA’LARIS. Cal.'2 valves, 1-flowered, keeled,
- “longer than, and inclosing the blossom:
_.\ Nectary 2-leaved. ! i Sicer

P, Panicle nearly egg-shaped, spike-like: husks keeled,

hairy: nectaries 2: calyx double.
* Ludw.117-Schreb. 10. 2-Math. 91 9-Trag. 669-Ger. 80.1
~ =C. B. th. 534—Dod. 510-Lob. obs. 26. 1-Ger. em. 86-
Park, 1163. 1~F. B. ii, 442. 2-H. ox. viii. 3. row 3. I=
Spike, Mont, 44—Fractif. Leers 7. 3+ eal af &

, Valves of theicalyx with 2 green ribs on each side, and much
larger than the blossom. Within these are 2 other small, white,
skinny valyes, not more than half the length of the blossom.
Bilos;. the larger valve hairy, the ghee only so along a es

FGTD 2 concave pear-shaped substances on the outside
the base of the blossom.
7a. th e

canarien ‘sis.

114° - TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Panicum.

Manured Canary Grass. Road-sides. and uncultivated
round. [New’s-Wood, adjoining to Malvern, Worcestershire.
. BALLarp. | 5

arena‘ria. P, Spike egg-shaped, fringed: straw branched.
"FL. dan. O15—E. bat. 222-Pluk, 33, 8—Mont.74. Spike only. -
Spike egg-oblong.. Ca/. valves spear-shaped, not lo
not Fue iaied With 2 dagger points, which give such a es :
appearance to the Phleums; fringed with hairs along the kee
Straw branched at the bottom.

Phleum arenarium. Liyx. which see. Sea Timorhy-grass.
Sandy shores. [At Yarmouth. Mr. Woopwarp.—Newborough

Sands, Anglesea, Mr. Grirritu.] ___A. July, Aug.

phleoi’des, P, Panicle cylindrical, spike-like, smooth: here and there

, viviparous.

©

E. bot. 459-Fl. dan. 531-Viviparous floret, Scheuch. 2. 5. ty

Spike pale, divisible into lobes. So exactly resembles some
of the Phleums, that it may be easily mistaken for one of that

‘genus ; but when you examine the spike and press it with your —
, Eestiyst separates, and proves to be a panicle; and the Husts

are not notched at the end. F/oqwers different from'those of the
-Phieum. It is a kind of intermediate plant between the Phalaris,
Phleam, and Alopecurus. Linn, A stiff awn-like thread rises
from the base of the inner valve, {-3d of its length, analogous to
that of Arunde arenaria. St. Never found any of the florets
viviparous. Woopwarp. From 10 to 15 inches high, Panicle

from near 2 to 35 inches long, thick as a goose quill, ey
a igh, dry, i

Cait’s-tail Canary. Hi and sandy soil, [First dis-

‘covered in Great Britain by Mr. Woopwarp and Mr. Crow —
near Swaffham, Norfolk, in 1780.] P..June, July.

arundina'cea. P. Panicle oblong, bellying, large. See Calamagrostis
\ Varlegata. 3

PA’NICUM. fora steed. 2-flowered : 1 floret
_ hermaphrodite, the other male, or else neutral. -

verticilla‘tum.P. Spike cylindrical, rough when: stroked downwards eC

partial involucrums with 2 bristles and 1 floret.
Dicks. b..s.—Curt.-H. ox. viii.4. 11—Ger. 14—C. B. th. 139°
Park, 1177. 2-F. B: ii. 469. 1-Ger. em. 15. 1.

* It is often cultivated for the sake of the seeds, which are found to

be the best food for the Canary, and other small birds, It nourishes
Coccus phataridis, not properly a native, but is become naturalized, t
originally from the Canary islands, :

A. June—Sept.* —

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Panicum,

Greatly resembling the P. viride, but she bunches of the
Spike longer, 3 or 4 together, pointing downwards on one side.
Flowers green. Pistils purple. 1 or 2 rough bristles to each
flower, and longer than the flower. Little fruit-stalks, after the
falling off of the flowers, terminated by a lopped, hollow, white
cup. _ Spzke-stalk cloven, with 3 or 4 corners. Straws smooth ;
spreading ; 2 feet high. Leaves naked, Linn. Spike 22 to 4
inches Jong, and near 7 inch broad.

Kneed-grass. Rough Panick. Cornfields between Putney and
Roughampton. Ray.—Battersea fields. Curt. A. June, July.

P, Spike cylindrical, soft to the touch : es mnrphactaes viride,

> with 3 bristles and 1 floret.

Curt.-Ger. em. 17. ‘3-Park. 3154. 2 and 3—Fi. dan. 852~
Ger. 20. 8—C. B. th. 138-H. ox. viii. 2. iar B. ii.
431. 1-Sprke ; Leers 2. 2—Fructif. Scheuch. 2. 2
Spike 1 to 22 inches long, 3 broad, green or with a
cast Sen the bristles being Sink or less saileniiedl, —
Green Panick. Sandy fields. [Corn fields, Ditchingham,
Norf. Mr. Woop wapipeeMtany, places about Norwich. Dr.

SmirH.] A. Joly.

P, aia alternate and in pairs: little spikes sub-divided :
husks awned, and rough with oes, hairs : spike-
stalk with 5 angles. a #

Var, 1. Awns not above once and a half as long as the hn

‘Linn.—Awns none. Curr.

_ Curt.—Math. 407-H. ox. viii. 4, row 1. 15-Dod. 559. 9
_, Lob. obs. 25. 2-Ger. em. 85. 4—Park, 1154. 1-Ger, Ser
C. B. th. 136.
Var. 2. Awns 10 times as Jong as the calyx,
~ Ger.15, 1-C. B. th. 137~F. B. ii. 443. 2-Ger. em. 96, 1-
Park. 1154. 4—Panicle, Sc. Leers 2. 3-Fructif. Scheuch.
1; 2. 2. FY } 3 See fits
I — Wet come rare, About Battersea. Near
rtha’s rd. Hups.— Deptford and
oyawieh may Peversfil by the Tvalt Hants. Ray. A.Aug.

P. Spikes finger-like, knotty on the inside the base: flow- sanguina'le,

ers in pairs; without awns: ai of the leaves
dotted.
_ Curt, 24%~E. bot. 849-Scbreb. 16-H. ox. viii. 3. row 1. Qa
. Buxdb, ve 65-C lai; ii, 217. 2-Lab, obs 135 1~Ger. CM, 27»
12 e

145

Crusgal’li,

116 —

*

dac’tylon.

are all copied from t

‘plant. But.the hairs

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Panicum:
9 2=Parks 1178. 12Ger. 25. 2-C. Bs thi Wd—Fs Beis,

0) 18 FL dan. 388-Spikes, Sc. Leers 2. 6-Scheuch. 2.11. G.He

“The knots within the base of the spikes, and the dots on the
leaf-shtath do not appear in the figure of the Fl. Lond. but the
latter are mentioned, and the former expressed in the fig. of Leers;
so that there yet remains a doubt whether our plant may not be

the P. filiforme. fig. by Jacq. obs. iii. t.'70, and of which the ©

following is given as a specific character: ‘ Spikes somewhat
« finger-like, ‘approaching, upright, strap-shaped : spike-stalk
“ zigzag: teeth 2-flowered, I floret sitting.” =
Cocks-foot Panickh. Corn fields near Battersea ; and Martha’s
Chapel, Guildford. Hops.—[At Witchingham, Norfolk. Mr.

Woopw.] A. July, Aug.*

P. Spikes fingered, expanding soft hairs on the inside the
~ base: flowers solitary: roots with creeping runners.

» Phatz XX1.—Dicks. h. s.-E. bots 850-Clus. ii, 217-Lob.
_ obs. 12. 1-Gers cme 28» 3—Park. 1179. 5—C. B. th. 112.

| 113-H. ox. viii. 3. row 2. 4—Barr. 753. 1-H, ox, ib. O-

Spikes, Mont. 99-Schenich. 2. 11. Te

to have ae but our plant has none, and yet these
e original fig. of Clusius, to which Linnzus
refers us. But it may be, that in the milder climates of Spain

and Italy, the plant is awned, though not so with us, None of

the other figures have awns, and therefore better with our
te he hairs mentioned in the Sp. char. as existing on
the inside the basé of the spikes, are not so evident in our speci-

_ mens 2s to justify such an application, for though our plants aie

some hairiness there, they have at least as much on the ou
the base of the spikes, and still more in other Na

This species seems first to have been by Mr. Newton,
as tecorded in Ray Syn. 399, who justly rejects the Synon. of
Bauh. pin. 7, which Linnzus probably copied from Scheuchzet
or the older writers, and Hudson from him, overlooking the re-
jection of a ee Joti place mentioned by Newton, it has
again been lately r
me specimens, and also made the drawing from which the annex-
ed plate has been engraved.. Mr. in

with those of Scheuchzer.—Root greatly creeping through the

loose sand, garnished with strong fibres at the knots. Szemrarely

* All the ster s which lie near the ground take root, and by this

means, though an arindal and short lived plant, it increases and spreads

very wide. Miss. Junxanas,
ee ‘

"There nar. little doubt whether ours be the exact plant.
acterized by Linnaus, as the P. dactylon ; the first 4 fig. here

by my friend Mr, Stackhouse, who sent _ |

also favoured me
_with the following remarks on its structure, which agree

he

gel

XX.

| Vol .2.l0 front p- HO.

TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA. Phleum. ~ 117

exceeding 6 inches in height. Leaves sheathing, the sheath part-
ing, from the straw when old, glaucous, hairy or pubescent
throughout. Spzkes 4, diverging, dark purple, changing to ches-
nut colour, near 2 inches long, not more hairy than the other
parts of the plant. FiJorets all on one side of the spike-stalk,
awnless. Mr. SrackHouse. ;

Creeping Panick. Sandy grounds, sea-shore. Between Pen-
zance and Market-jeu, Cornwall. Ray. [And lately again in
the same place by Mr. Sracxuouss. | P. July.

-PHLE'UM. Cai. 2-valved, sitting, strap-shaped,
lopped, ending in 2 dagger points, inclosing
the blossom. aS
P. Spike egg-shaped, fringed : straw branched.—See Pha- arena’rium.
laris arenaria. : .

P. Panicle cylindrical, spike-like; husks naked: straw panicula'tum. 3
’ sometimes branched. Huns. é

Barr. 28. 2—Ger. 10. 1-C. B. th. 51-F. B. ii. 471. 3-Spike,

Mont. 53. 7

Mr. Dryander believes this plant of Mr. Hudson’s may
probably be the same as the Phalaris aspera of Retz. obs. iii. n.
36 ; see Linn. Tr. ii. p. 217. I shall therefore subjoin the follow-
ing description from Retzius, to enable the English botanist to

Ph. aspera. Panicle cylindrical, spike-like: calyx inversely
heart-shaped, dagger-pointed. coe es

Root annual. Straw g inches high, upright, sheathed and
branched at the base, Leaves narrow, naked, short. Panicle spike-
like, 1 to 4 inches long, thick as a goose-quill. Ca/yx inversely
heart-shaped, pale green, hard, hu paral bellying upwards,
ending in dagger-points: slightly keeled. B/oss. husks equal.
Seed oval, oblong, but slightly compressed. Grows on mountains ©
in the South of Europe. Rerzrus. Sheaths of the leaves rough,
Sheath-scale blunt. Panicle bending to one side. Calyx sitting,
tiled, 2-valyed, 1-flowered, pointed, bellying upwards, Bloss. 2
valves, awnless, shorter than the calyx. Hupson; who himself
believed it to be the same as the Phalaris ph/eoides of Linn,

_ Branched Timothy-grass. Meadows below King’s Weston, |
near Bristol. Newmarket-heath. [Gogmagog hills, Cambridge.
Mr. Woopwarv,—Bourmbridge, Cambridgeshire. Mr. om WE. |

as Lim : . Aug.

P. Spike cylindrical, very long: calyx fringed, and awned: praten’se.
straw upright. — ie
Var, 1. darger, Straw upright.

118 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Phileum.

Gram. pasc.-Schreb. 14.1. 2-C. Bu pr. 10. th. 49. 1-Heaxs
wii. 4. row. 3.1 and 2~F. B. ii. 472. 2~Park. 1170. 1=
Spike, Ge. Leers 3. 1—-Mus. rust. v. 1. 1-Mant. 52,
Root nearly bulbous. Spike from 4 to 7 inches long.
Common Timothy-grass. Herd-grass,in N. America. Ray Syme
398.1. Pastures common, _. P. July.
Var. 2. smaller. Straw ascending. —
Schreb. 14.3. 4. and 5—FI, dan. 380-Barr, 53-Pet. ii. gram. |
ital. 4. 1-H. ox. Viii. 4y row 3. 3~Ger, 10. 2-C. B. th. 52 |
Park. 1170. 3-F. B. ii. 472. 3—Dod. 562-Lob. obs. 10.
1—Ger, em. 12, uppermost fig.—Park. 1170. 2-Spike, Ge
_ Leers 3. 2. ee
Smaller than var. 1 in all its parts. Root more like a bulb, |
_and sheathed with brown skin. Spike from 2 of an inch to 2 -
inches long. Leers tells us, that being transplanted into rich soil
it became the year following the Ist variety. Florets sometimes
with 4 styles. Ray Syz. 398. 2. Barren pastures and road sides,
common. : MES Sele palyy Aug.”

nodo’sum. P, Spike cylindrical.: straw ascending: leaves slanting :
“Barr. 22. 1-Pet. ii, gram, ital, 4. 2-H. ox, viii. row 2.1-
Barr. 22. 2.

Resembles Phl. pratense, but the root is bulbous, the straw

not upright, but ascending, and covered by the sheaths of the

_ leaves. Leaves pointing in 2 opposite directions, smooth, ceo
at the edges. Spike smooth. Anthers white. Linn. Notwith-
cre | we are told by Mr. Hudson and by Leers that this in a’
rich soil becomes the Phl. pratense, I am not quite satisfied that’

_ these respectable authors may not have fallen into a mistake from
having considered the 2d variety of the Phi. pratense as the Phi. -
nodosum of Linnzus: but that is a very common plant with us,
whilst what I consider as the true Linnzan nodosum, is rare.t

Lower joints of the straw swollen into bulbs, but the root not
bulbous. Straw universally knee-bent. Mr. Swayne. Bu/bson _
the straw 3 or 4, $ an inch asunder, 2 spear-shaped scales to each —

* Cows, horses, and goats eat it. Swine refuse it.—Account of it in
Mus. rust.—Dr. Pultney says, that notwithstanding the character which :
this grass acquired from Le Rocque’s recommendation, sheep dislike it
neither are cows or horses fond of it, But Leers says, it affords an excel-
lent pasture for horses. —A hard coarse grass, of little value for cattle.—
Mr. Swayne.

+ The only specimen I have seen of it was sent me by the Rev. Mr.
Swayne, author of the Gramina pascua, a work extremely well calculated
to spread a useful knowledge of the grasses amongst the farmers, as well —
as to instruct the country gentlemen in the best means of ameliorating our
pasture lands, i seth

-TRIANDRIA: DIGYNIA. Alopecurus, ag

bulbous joint. Straw not only ascending, but knee-bent. Leaves
natrower than in the preceding species, Ray Syn. 398. 3.

[On the top of a wall about 6 miles from Bath, on the War-
minster road, Mr. Swayne.] June.

P, Spike egg-cylindrical. ok alpi‘num.
E. bot. 519-Scheuch. pr. 3. \-FI. dan. 213.

Spike about 1 inch long, 4 of an inch broad, dark coloured,
purplish, especially towards the base. was of the calyx as
long as the husks ; but in PA/. ie cigd they are much shorter.

Mountain Timothy-grass. Said to be found on Craigneulic,
above Killin. Licurr.—Mountains near Garway Moor. Dicx-
son.—[On Lochain y Gair abundant, and more sparingly on Ben ~
Lawers. Mr. Brown. | : eo idag.-

ALOPECU'RUS. Cail. 2-valved: Bloss.1 valve: .
- Nectary none.
A. Spiked straw upright :. calyx hairy: blossom awned. _praten’sis.
Gram. pase.—Curt. 296-E. bot. 759-Schreb. 19. 1-Mus.
Rust. iv. 2. 9-Stillingf. 2, out of blossom—Ger, em, 11. 1~
Park. 1164..3-Spike, Fe. Leers 2. 4

It is surprising that the spec. char. in the later edition of the
works of Liynus should describe this as awnless. ‘The awn is
twice the length of the calyx, and knee-bent. Spike 1 to 1}
Seiclong. ear Finck bask: Ro 6 ee ee ee a
Meadow Foxtail, Foxtail Grass. Meadows, very common. .
: . _ P. May, June.*

,

A. Spiked straw, upright : calyx not hairy, its husks united agtes’tis.
_ at the base. | x4 |
Curt.-Schreb. 19. 2-E. bot. 848-F1, dan. 697-Ger. em. 11.

2-Barr. 690.2.~Buxb.v. 40.1-F. B. ii. 473. 1-Ger. 9. 4
-C. RB. th. 53. 5—Park. 1169. 8-Spike, Ge, Leers 2. 5~
Mant. 54-Scheuch. 2. 6. A. B.

* This is the best grass to sow in low meadow grounds, or in boggy
‘places which have been drained. Sheep, horses, and goats eat it. Cows .
and swine are not fond of it. Linn. But Dr. Pultney says, this is the
Most grateful of all grasses to cattle. —ALorrcurus ravage Mt is a grass
very promising for cultivation. Lewis Majendie, Esq. Hedingham Castle,

Norfolk, has cultivated it on a considerable scale, and finds it ‘to be an ex~
cellent grass, There is however one circumstafice which will be a great
impediment to its general cultivation, viz. the depredations of the larvae
of a species of Musca which devour the seed so much, that in many spikes
_¥ou wall scarcely find one perfect. These larvee are the prey of the Cimex
ta whose rostrum seems peculiarly formed for searching the
sks of the grasses. Mr. Swayne, : nee

+.

+

120 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Alopecurus.

Spike 2 to 4 inches long, hardly 5 inch broad, of a kind of lead
colour. Calyx 1 leaf, divided rather more than half way down,
Var. 2. Spike shorter. Awns bowed back. Ray Sym. p. 397.

n 2. —S
Cornfields and road sides. [Pastures in the Isle of Wight,

_. very common.] A very troublesome. weed in many places among
_ wheat, and execrated: by the farmers under the name of Black
Bent. Mr, Swayne. P. May, June.

bulbo’sus. A. Straw upright: spike cylindrical ; root bulbous,
: Barr. 699. 1-Ray 20. 2~Mont. 54.

Root not creeping nor sending out suckers. Seraw never strik-
ing root at the joints, never knee-jointed. Spike dark glaucous
green, but not so black as in the bulbous. variety of Al. genicu-
latus. Anthers in this deep glaucous blue, in the variety of geni-
culatus the colour of rusty iron. Woopwarp. Spike 1 to 1%
inch long. Aawzs barely twice the length of the calyx ; little
fruit-stalks branched, eS

Alopecurus geniculatus bulbosus. Huvs. Bulbous Foxtail. In
the first field next the road before you go into Northfleet. Huns.
[Ina salt marsh near Yarmouth. Mr. Woopw.]| P. June, July.

genicula'tus. A. Spiked straw knee-jointed. (Sp. Pl.)
“Var. 1. Awns twice as long as the blossom : ‘root fibrous.
_Curt.339-Fl. dan, 801-H. ox. viil. 4- row 2. 15—Leers 2.7
—Scheuch. a, 6. G. D, E.

‘ + Upper leaves 1 to 1% inch above the sheathing part. Spikes
‘ypmen tang. Acwns fall twice as long as the calyx. Authers

purplish, changing to dull yellow. ; :
_ Meadows, common. — | P. June.
~ Var. 2. Aawms longer than the blossom : root bulbous : sheaths
wider than the thickness of the straw. Azwzxs barely twice the .
length of the calyx. Azthers purple, changing to brown yellow.

res

_ {On a bog at the source of the Yar ; Water Gate, Isle
of Wight. } May.
Var. 3. Awns more than twice the length of the blossom:
[In flat meadows at Highbridge in the parish of Hantspill,
Somersetshire. ] June.

Var, 4. Awns very fine and soft, not longer than the blos-
som: Root fibrous,
Tab. hist. 1. p. 512-C. B. th. 42-Ger. em. 14. 2-Park.
1275. 7s : ,
From the fineness and shortness of the awns this has the ca
pearance of being awnless, Leaves broader than in any of t

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Milium. 121

preceding, sheathing the straw quite up to the top, the sheath
much tet than the thicknest of thes straw, sal widest up-
wards. Sprke-like panicle cylindrical, 2 inches long, 4 inch
‘ broad, pale green. Anthers fine orange, so that the flowering
plant may be distinguished at some distance. I suspect that this
| will prove to be a distinct species. :
| [in a marshy place by the Stews in Edgbaston Park. ]
:! . P. Aug. Sept.

A. Panicle spike-like: calyxes rough : blossoms awned, monspeli~

‘5 4
_ Kaiph. 12-H, ox. viii. 4. row 2. 3—Park, 1166, 3-Panicle, ner
Barr. 115. 2.

Resembles Al. paniceus, but thrice as large. Calyx husks
| fough, but smooth at the edge; both valves awned. Linn.
Bearded Foxtail Grass. Marshes and wet pastures. Pur-
Be fleet, Essex. About 2 miles from Portsmouth, near Drayton,
Hl ~ Ray. E ss A. June, July.

Ay Panicle spike-liké: calyxes set with soft hairs: blos- pani/ceus,

-_.. soms awned.,

Kuiiph. 12-Schreb. 20. 3-Barr, 115. 1-Buxb. 'v. 66. 1.

_ Very much resembles 4. apeiielicat, but the whole plant
is soft, and only 5 or 6 inches high. Calyx husks downy;

- woolly at the dete: Linn. Bloss, 2 valves, awn the Jength of
the valve, issuing from its point. Spikes full 1 inch long,

and 3 inch broad. Both this and the preceding species having a
bloss. with 2 valves, do not well pated with the ric charac.
ter, nor does the shape of the calyx allow them to arrange with
the Phleums as was proposed by Schreber. ‘They will probably
sometime be arranged under a new genus, with something like
the following Essewrraz Cuaracter. Calyx 2-valved, valves

d, \-flowered: B/oss. 2 valves, outer valve awned.

MILIUM. Cal. 2-valved, 1-flowered; valves

nearly equal: Biloss. very short: Smits
a pencil-shaped. | i

M. Panicle spike-like: flowers with awns. -———_—sendi’gerum.

Schreb. 23. 3-Pluk. 33. 6-Gouan. hort. 1. 2-Branch of the
panicle, Scheuch. 3.11. Cs :

. Panicle stra r-sha lossy, 13 to 3 inches long, } to }

inch broad. Calte ballsbag, “politked, and colourless at the

base, finely serrulated at theedges, the longer valve awn pointed,

.

122 © ~~“ TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA: Calamagieatic,

Blass. larger valve terminating in 4 little teeth, the smaller
valve in 2; much smaller than the calyx. © Awa jointed; fixed ©
above the middle of the larger b/0ss, valve; as long as the larger
calyx valve; deciduous.

Panick Millet. Alop. ventricosus. Huvs.—Meadows ‘and
pastures. Isle of Sheepey. [Near Weymouth. Licurr.—
Amongst wheat, Gillingham, Norf. Mr. Woopwarp.]

This cannot properly be considered as an Alopecurus, be-

~ cause the bloss. is 2-valved. If it must be removed from the
Milium, it would best arrange as an Agrostis, but the remark-
able polished swell at the base of the calyx, in the hollow of —
which the blossom lies, seems sufficient to establish it in its pre-
sent situation, ete oi

effu’sum. M. Flowers in panicles, scattered; awnless. :

Curt. 248~—F/. dan. 1143-H. OX. Vili. 5. 10—Ger. 6. 1-C.
B. th, 141—Park. 1153. 1-Partion of the panicle, Leers
8. 7-Scheuch. 3. 6—Floret. Mont. 61. x
Three or 4 feet high. Leaves 3 inch or more in breadth. Pa-
nicle tall and wide spreading, very much scattered from the vari-
x ous lengths of the secondary fruitstalks which grow in whirls
and give the plant an airy, light, and an elegant appearance. ;
Soft Millet. Millet Grass. Wet woods common. [Frequent
in Norfolk. Mr. Woopwarp.—Plentiful in woods about Wick
Clifts. Mr. Swayne. | A. May, June.

CALAMAGROSTTIS. Calyx a husk of 2 valves,
containing 1 flower: Béoss. hairy at the
base. Gmexin. ae By
(1) With awns.

lanceola’ta, C, Panicle spear-shaped, contracted, spike-like: ploss.
strap-shaped, hairy at the base: awn on the back
straight, short: straw branched. pe

, E. bot. 403—-F7. dan. 280. bs
; Calyx flexible, nearly membranaceous, ‘microscopically
rough: valves awl-spear-shaped, the out } line longer than the _
other, Bless. 1 line long, membranaceous, tapering to a point;
point cloven, with an exceedingly minute awn rising from
cleft, often but just taller than the end of the valve. Dr. Stores.
There is reason to doubt whether this-species has ever been foun
in England.. Mr. Woodward favoured me with a sight of his
Farsham wood plant, which seems not to differ from the C.
Epigejos except in having the leaves narrower than usual,

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Calamagrostis.

Small Reed. Arundo Calamagrostis. Linn.—[On the side of
a ditch on the borders of Aqualate Meer, Shropsh. Dr. Sroxrs.
—Earsham Wood, Norf. Mr. Woopwarp. ~ Hardwick Wood ;
Wood Ditton; Park Wood, Mr. Retaan,—Castle Eden-dean.
Mr. Rozson. | P, June.

-C. Panicle stiff and straight: blossoms small, hairy at the
base: leaves flat.

E. bot. 402~H, ox. viii. 8. 2-Scheuch. pr. 5—Ger. em: 9. 1=
Scheuch. 3.3. C. D.

Four or 5 feet high, unbranched. Leaves stiff, harsh. Panicle
very large. Calyx rough and strong. Boss. thin and skin-like.
Acwn from the back of the blossom very slender, with difficulty
found on account of the long hairs from the base of the blossom
besetting it.

Wood Reed. Arundo Epigejos. Linn.—Arundo Calamagrostis.
Huns. and Bot. arr. ed. ii. Moist woods and we [Kipton
Wood, Huntingdonshire. Mr. Woopwarp.] + June, July.

(2) Awnless.

C, Panicle spike-like: blossom hairy at the base: leaves
edges rolled inwards, pointed and thorn-like at the

E. bat. 520-Fl. dan, 917-H. ox. viii, 4. row 3. 16-Clus.

c ii. 221. 1~Lob. obs. 45. 3—Park, 1198, 3-F. B. ii. 512.
1~Ger. 38. 3-C. B. 67-Ger. em, 42, 3-Scheuch. 3. 8»
: A B, C.—Mont. 92.

123

Epige’jos.

arena’ria.

Leaves whilst growing frequently flat, with green and white

streaks. Spike 4 to 6 inches long, $ inch broad. Calyx twice
as long as the blossom.

Sea Matweed. Marram. Helme. Sea Reed. Arando arenariae
-Liwy,—Sea shore. [At Ryde, in the Isle of Wight]
: : - June, July.*

* Grows only on the very driest sand upon the sea shore, and prevents
the wind from dispersing the sand over the adjoining fields, which is not
Unfrequently the case wets this plant is wanting. Many a fertile acre

has been covered with sand and rendered useless, which might have been
~ Prevented by sowing the seeds of this plant upon the shore. The Dutch

ave profited by the knowledge of this fact. Linn. Queen Elizabeth on
this account prohibited the extirpation of it. It is planted, Mr. Wood-
Ward informs me, on some of the flat coasts of Norfolk to repel the sea.
He observes that as soon as it takes root a sand hill gathers round it, and
eae that some of our sandy cliffs ‘may have thus been formed. New-
oe in Anglesea, subsists chiefly by manufacturing it into mats and

T24 |

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA, Agrostis. -

variega’ta, Cy Panicle large, loose, strap-spear-shaped : leaves broad,

flat: straw simple.

H. ox: viii. 6, 41—F 7. dan. 259~Park, 1273. 2-C. B. th. 37
and 92—Leers 7. 3—Mont. 59. °

~ Stem and leaves smooth, the latter 2 an inch or more in

breadth, Panicle 5 to8 inches long, 1 to 2 in breadth, stiff

- and strong; varying in colour from almost white to pale green

in the shade, and in the sun to rich shades of purple and yellow,
with large dark redanthers. = A

Phalaris arundinacea. Lixn.—Banks of rivers and ponds,
not uncommon. ee _P. July.*

Var, 2. Leaves glaucous green. Ray. Syn, p. 400. n. 1.

Sea coast of Jersey, and near Lanperis. . -

Var. 3. Leaves striped.

This beautiful variety is often cultivated in our gardens un-
der the name of Ladies-traces, or painted Lady-grass. The
stripes are generally green and white, but sometimes with a pur-
plish cast. It is figured in'Ger. em. 26. 2-H. ox. viii. 6. 43-
Ger. 24—F. B. it. 476.2. It has not been found wild with us
in this striped state. eHESES

Cc; colorata. Hort. Kew.

AGRO'STIS. Cal. B aved. 1-flowered, rather

smaller than the blossom: Outer

smooth: Summits set lengthwise with

stiffish hairs. ,
Oss, Such is the Ess. Char. given in the Syst, weget. and in

the later editions of the Sp. plant. But'as it does not apply very
happily toany of our species the following is offered,

AGROSTIS, Ca/. i-flowered, 2-valved, spear-
_shaped, acute, generally rough on the keel;

~~ longer than the blossom: d/oss, 2 valves:
summits hairy. % ee

For similar reasons the following characters of the British

ae have been formed upon an attentive examination of the —
ructification only, and are disposed in this tabular form to facil- —

litate the investigation of the species, which appeared. necessaty

* It is used to thatch ricks and cottages, and lasts much longer than
straw. In the province of Seandia they mow it twice a year and cattle
eat it. Lawn. but it is of a hard texture and they are not fond of it
Scurzs, The oftener it is mown the more acceptable it is to cattle. ~

‘TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Actostis,

to be done on account of the difficulties they have occasioned, and —

the confusion in which they have been involved.
SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES,
A. “Spi’ca-ven’ti. Cal. husks nearly equal: dloss. valves
equal: awn twice the length of the blossom, fixed
just beneath its point. .
A. palustris. Cal. husks equal: toss. outer valve twice

_ > the length and breadth, of the. inner: awn. shorter
. than the blossom, fixed just beneath its point. -

A. cani’na. Cal. husks nearly equal: b/oss. valves very un-
equal: awn twice as long as the blossom, fixed just
beneath its middle, ~ ae

A, vinea'lis. Cal. husks equal: bloss. valves nearly equal :

awn as long as the blossom, fixed just beneath its

. middle.

A. pal’lida, Cal. husks unequal: bloss, inner valve hair-
like, very short: awn rather longer than the blossom,
fixed beneath its middle.

A. alpina. Cal. husks unequal: bloss. with: hairs at the
base: awn twice the length of the blossom, fixed
al near its base. a 6 ates puree,

A. littora’lis, Panicle spike-like: calyx awned.

) ee (2) Without awns. :

A, al’ba. Panicle large, spreading : calyx, both valves ser-

_ ulated on the keel.

A, ni/gra. Panicle scattered, branches bare at the base;
~~ florets few: calyx, inner valve smooth.

| stolonif” era. Panicle compact; branches short, stiff,

densely crowded with florets at the base: ee inner
valve smooth; outer only serrulated upwards.

A. mari‘tima. Panicle large, rather spreading, longer
branches naked at’ donee) Cia . sec with
florets : calyx inner valve smooth, outer serrulated
upwards. ae

A. wulga’ris. Panicle spreading: branches bare at the
‘base; florets numerous; calyx inner valve smooth,
outer serrulated upwards: J/oss. inner valve but hal

__ the size of the outer; deciduous, ;

25

126 a DIGYNTAS Agi,
(a), With ans. oa -,
caeven'ti.A. Petals entire, outer with a stiff, straight, and
“ long awn: e spreading. Laws. gh vey
Fi. dan. 853~H, ox. viii. 5, row 2, 3-7F. B. Hi. 462-Leem
* 1-Schench. &: 10, 5

Straw smoothish. Leaves flat, rough. Sheath-scale fri
Panicle 8 to 12 inches long : branches from 2 to 4 inches.

-valves equal in » the inner narrower. Ava
aS Sag the blossom, and fixed
its poin

palus’tris, A. Cal this tal, blossom ‘ile inn te eg
pa breidih.of the: inner; awn straight, much shorter
than the blossom, fixed a little beneath its point,

nding nt frou ot

“Ue owampe and suit asthe Dre e+ Gooosxoven.) | oe
cani‘na, A. Calyx yalves nearly ay Se walges. we
equal: awn | jointed, ‘twice the length of ire blos-

som, fixed just below i its middle, . !

* It is liable to be smutted. Sr. ata tp wl

Vol. 2.to front p.127.

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Agrostis.

Leers 4.2—Fl. dan. 161, (exact as to the flower, but seems a
starved specimen.) ,

About $a yard high; branching from the root. Straw and
Root-leaves smooth. Stem-leaves roughish. Sheath-scale very
short, cloven. Panicle 3 to 5 inches long, either purple or
white. Branches 1 to 14 inch. Calyx valves
flowering but equal in the seeding state ; the oxter only serrulated
on the upper half; the zzmer smooth. Blass. inner valve very mi-
nute, but + the length, and 3 the breadth of the outer. Awz
bent, twice as long as the blossom, and fixed just beneath its
middle. =~ eo.

This is not the Agr. canina of Lrxn. nor of Huns. though
that trivial name is applied to it because it is the name of Leers
and Fl. dan. and as he
another species, no confusion can arise from the use of this name.
The specimens now before me perfectly accord with the fig. of
Lerrs as well as with his description, but they do not shew the
brown knot upon the awn mentioned by him, but he observes
that this does not appear until the flower is old. ; 2

{On the Long Down, a meadow near Blymhill. Rev. S.
Dicxenson.—High Moors in Scotland, not unfrequent. Mr.
Brown. ] A, June, Aug.
A, -Calyces coloured: awn. from the back of the blossom

_ almost as longasthe calyx: straws ascending. SCHREB.
~ Scheuch. 3.9. D. E. (awns much longer than described.)

Straw smooth, trailing and striking out fibrous roots at the
joints then ascending; from 6 to 12 inches high. Root-leaves

"very slender, smooth, numerous. S'tem-/eaves broader, 12 inch

long ; rough. Panicle from 3 to 5 inches long: branches § to 14
inch. Calyx valves equal, only the outer serrulated. Blosse

valves nearly equal. straight, as long as the bloss. and
fixed just beneath its middle, ee
: The panicle and its branches of a fine red le, but as it

tipens the florets change to yellow brown, and the awn and
the inner valve of the blossom are deciduous.
[On heaths, anc

in moist pastures which have been long in
wn, at Blymhill. Mr.. Dicxenson.—Some

pitts OF Hounslow Heath abound with it., Dr. Gooptnoucn.]

A, Calyx valves unequal: blossom inner valve hair-like,

very short: awn somewhat longer than the blossom, —

fixed below its middle. 2.
PLATE XXII.

About 18 inches high. Straws smooth. Root=leaves bristle.
shaped, roughish, Stem-/eaves much broader, flat above the

ead

Agr, canina of Livy. is now referred to.

199

unequal in the —

yinea‘lis,

pal’lida,

4
4

328

alpina.

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Agrostis:

sheathing part, and roughish. Sh, Scales long, pointed. Panicle
a delicate pale green, about 3 inches iat Branches from } to

“1 inch, but little expanding. _ Calyx valves unequal, the outer

serrulated all along the keel, the inner only towards the point.
Bloss. inner valve deciduous, more like a very short and slender
hair than a husk, and so minute that it is with difficulty found.
Awwn jointed, very slender, deciduous, somewhat longer than the
blossom, and fixed beneath its middle. '

This I apprehend is what has sometimes been considered as an
awned Agr. alba; it is clearly what has been called an awned
Agr. caf illaris, (meaning our vulgaris,) but it is sufficiently dis-
tinct from both.

[New Forest, Hants. ] May, June,
A. Leaves like ristles: panicle com act : calyx rough,
coloured : bloss. outer valve with a jointed. awn on
its back.—Gmel. Hairy at the base. St.

" Scheuch. prodr. 4.1. — : ae a

About 9 inches high, just sensibly rough to the touch. Root-
Zeaves numerous, like bristles, in bundles, about 2 the height of
the straw, smooth when old. Sheath-scale long, pointed. Panicle
2 to~3 inches long, purplish blue: branches not spreading,
thickly set with teh seldom. more than 4 inch long. Calyx

valves unequal, both smooth below, but serrulated upwards;
neatly twice as long as the blossom. B/oss. surrounded at the base
by a few fine short hairs: oxter valve with 2.or 4 minute’ pro-

_ jecting points at the end : zzmer valve very minute, not longer than

hittora'lis.

the germen. Avwz jointed, twice the length of the blossom, —

and fixed near toits base. The hairs at the base of the blossom
distinguish this from every other British species. ates

. .

Agrostis canina 8. Hudson. [On the higher Downs, in Dot-

setshire, and the higher parts of the New Forest, Hants, plenti-

A. Panicle somewhat spike-like: calyx husks awned,

‘From 5 to 7 inches high

smooth. Leaves s
sheath-scale spear-shaped. Panicle compact, spike-like, 14 to 2¢
inches long, hardly ; inch broad, pale green, branches extremel,

crowded, close. Calyx, husks the lower half rough on the keel,
upper half smooth, awned. Azwas 3 times as long as the husks,
fixed below its point, 1 to each husk, straight, diverging. Bloss-
2 valves, smooth, awnless, one -much broader than the other 5 é
the length of checalyx.. This is the only British ‘species with
the awns on the calyx, erp? . deidegcos expert

nder, rough, 2 or 3 on the stem, sheathing; —

XXm.

Vol. 2.0 ) front P- 120.

ae es a ee ee

‘

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Agrostis.

Specimens from Wells, on the Norfolk coast, where I under-
stand the plant was first found by Sir JossrpH Banks, _P. June.

(2) Without awns.

A. Panicle large, spreading: calyx both als es serrulated : al’ba,
straw trailing. ; ae

Var. 1. Panicle branches crowded with florets at the base.
Leers 4. 5-H. ox. viii. 6, row 1, 27.

Panicle loose, calyxes awnless, equal. Sp. pl. Stem striking
root at the joints. Flowers roughish. Linn. Panicle either brown
| or green. Pet. gram. S¢raw smooth, upright, but trailing at the
i base. Leaves broad, rough, those on the stem 3 to 5 inches long.
Sheaths rough. Sheath-scale long, spear-shaped. Panicle 5 to 8
inches long ; branches 1 to 12 inch long, rather upright, crowded
with florets quite down to their union with the main fruit-stalk.
Calyx both valves serrulated on the keel. Boss. inner valve but
half the length and breadth of the outer. 4

The specific characters affixed by Linnaus to the Agr. alba
and stolonifera, are so insufficient to distinguish them, that other
botanists have been greatly at a loss how to refer to those species ;
he does not cite any figure of either, and his synonyms afford but
little assistance. Thus under Agr. alba, the reference to Pet.
gram. 118 and 119, only informs us that it is a large grass, and
that the panicle is either brownor green. The reference to Ray
Syn, 404, tells us little more than that it is an awnless grass, and

tows in tufts. Under Agr. stelonifera the most instructive re-
ference is to Scheuchz. 128 and 130, but Scuevenzer’s descrip-
tions are hardly sufficient to remove the difficulty, and we have
- Still no figure to assist us. Mr. Hupson, apparently to get rid of
difficulties, lumps them altogether under the comprehensive title
of polymorpha, including no less than 7 species and varieties, —
nongst which we find the capillaris, the pumila, the stolonifera,
the alba, and the sylvatica of Linnxus, a list not only com-
sates all but one of the awned species of Agrostis, then
nown as natives, but also some species which have not yet been
found with us. It is sufficient at present to say, that the ‘Goare
of Lerrs referred to above, is a very exact representation of the
Plant now spoken of, and this Lerrs calls the Agr. a/ba, though
Boers OF debt erates. ene oo Z
ramen alpinum, panicula fere arundinacea, spadiceo-viridi.
Scheuchz, ist Wet dirches, bogs ae thairkhes> P. June, July.
. Var. 2, Only the shorter branches of the panicle crowded
ith florets at the base : calyx both valves serrulated. fe
Panicle 3 to 5 inches, branches £ to 14 inch long, the longer
; rey bare at the base, the shorter ones crowded with florets.
Calyx both valves serrulated on the back. Bios. inner valve
but half the length and breadth of the outer. a
Vou, II, K

130

nigra.

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Agrostis,

I believe it to be the preceding plant when growing in a drier
situation. I have specimens which shew that they gradually run
into each other.

{ Amongst wheat, in light sandy loam, in a field called Church
Hill, Blymhill, Salop. Mr. Dickenson. | P. July—Sept.

Var. 3. Only the shorter branches of the panicle crowded
with florets at the base ; longer branches subdivided. Ca/. inner
valve only serrulated upwards.

Roots pein, thick. Straw 2% feet high very thick,
smooth. Leaves large, rough. Panicle of a beautiful purple, from
7 to 9 inches long; branches 13 to 2 inches long. Ca/yx outer

valve strongly serrulated, inner with only a few minute serra

tures near the point. B/oss. inner valve but half the length and
breadth of the outer.

It has large creeping roots, resembling those of Triticum re-
pens, and so vigorous and pointed at the end, as to perforate
tatoes which lay in their way. The stems run upon the surface
of the ground to the extent of two feet or more, like those of the
Agr. stolonifera, but the latter has only small fibrous roots strik-
ing cut of the joints of the stem, which lie upon the ground toa
great extent. Mr. Dickenson. nes

In loamy soil, amongst wheat, and even in very light sandy
soil under the Norf. course of turnip husbandry. [In a field at
Blymhill, called Church-hill, amongst potatoes, and in another
called Pyehill, amongst wheat. Mr. Dicxenson.] P. July —Sept.

Var. 4. Panicle branches bare at the base ; subdivided: calyx
both valves serrulated, inner only on the upper half. Bey
Straw trailing, striking root, thick, near a yard long. Leaves”
large, very rough. Mr. Dickenson. Panicle 8 or 9 inches long)
pale green; branches 1{ to 24 inches long; bare at the base
‘subdivided upwards. _ nea
[Amongst wheat, in light land. Mr. Dicxenson-]
All the above varieties are sufficiently common a 2d. ¢
and 4th. constitute the greater part of what is called sguitch in
light arable lands. In some places it is called qwhite sguitch,t0
distinguish it from the Agr. nigra, and stolonifera, which af —
called black squitch, or couch. - : eS

A. Panicle scattered ; ‘branches bare -at the base, florets
few: calyx inner valve smooth: root creeping. >
Lee: rs 4. 6.
Root-leaves long and slender. Straws upright, 18 inches high.
Panicle meagre. Fruit-stalk fine deep purple. Florets deep brow.
Mr. Dickenson. Straws numerous, upright, slender, weak, 4
foot high ; the lower joints sending off branches which neg a
the ground. Leaves slender, flat, weak, smooth, generally shi

————————————

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Agrostis. 131

velled. Leaf-scale short, blunt. Leers. Stem-leaves 3 to 4 inches
long. Panicle 4% to 5} inches, branches 1 to 14, very slender,
straight, expanding, of a blackish brown colonr. Florets few,
thinly scattered at the ends of the branches. Ca/yx outer valve
serrulated, inner smooth, rather shorter. B/oss. inner valve
barely half the length and breadth of the outer.

_ Gramen caninum supinum minus. Schench. 128. Gramen mon-
tanum miliaceum minus, radice repente. Ray Syn. 402. given upon
a supposition that there is no mistake in his reference to ScHrucH.

. This plant has sometimes been considered as the Agr. stolonifera
of Livy. but it is very different from that, and seems to have
been figured by no one but L&ers, who also is inclined to refer it
to the stofenifera, but subjoins a mark of doubt. Both this and %
the ~~ A. stolonifera are indifferently called by the farmers b/ack
Sguitch. i
. [In marley, clayey, and other cold wet soil, whether in grass
or under tillage. Mr. Dickenson. | P. July. Oct.

__ A, Panicle compact, branches stiff, short, densely crowd- stolonif’era,

ed with florets at the base: calyx inner valve smooth,
outer only serrulated upwards. _

Lob. ic. 21. 1~Park. 1174. 4—Gers em. 26, 1+Tabern. 516.
vi—C, B. th. 13—Ger. 24. 1—F. B. ii. 480. 1, was proba-
bly intended for it, but it is a miserable cut.

Panicle branches straddling, awnless. Straw creeping. Calyxes
equal. Linn. Straws creeping, smooth, purplish, striking out
fibrous roots from! numerous joints. Leaves very past lto3
inches long ; broad in proportion to their length. Sheaths smooth-

«ish, Sheath-scale rounded. Panicle 2 to 24 inches long ; branches
% to 3 of an inch, crowded with florets quite down to the union
with the main stem. Calyx, outer valve only serrulated on the |
upper half; inner valve smooth. Bloss. inner valve } the length
and + the breadth of the outer. See ee

Gramen radice repente, fon aer spicata, spadicee viridi,

locustis exiguis muticis. Scheuch. 130. Ag. stolonifera. Linn.
Black Squitch. Moist meadows and pastures: also in cold stiff
arable lands. [In a close called the Far Wet Croft, at Blymhill,
Staffordshire. Mr. Dickenson.) P. July—Sept.*

'. * In clayey arable lands this’ is a troublesome couch or squitch, for
When such lands are broken up and fallowed, the roots are with difficulty
Separated by the harrows from the adhesive soil. Our farmers call it
lack squitch. Mr. Dickenson. At Orcheston, about 19 miles from
isbury, there is a small tract of meadow land, which is sometimes wa-
tered in the winter by means of a spring flowing out of a limestone rock.
It is mown twice in the summer, and after a favourable season for water.
ing, the first crop is near 5 tons per acre ; the second about half as much.
his “extraordinary produce very properly excited the attention of the
Agricultural Society established at Bath, and from the reports gay
K2 sd

-132

maritima...

_ .TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Agrostis.

Var. 1. miaor. Very diminutive, from 2 to 3 inches high:
stiffer, and more glaucous than the foregoing. . Peculiar to the
sea coast. Mr. GrirritH.
A. Panicle large, rather spreading; branches, longer ones

naked, shorter ones crowded with florets at the base:
calyx inner valve smooth, outer serrulated, upwards.

“Dod. 558-Ger. em. 23. 1. |
_ S$tracw creeping, striking out fibrous roots from the joints,
then ascending ; 8 or 10 inches high, smooth. Leaves and sheaths

ce

_ Panicle 2 to 4 inches long, branches 1 to 3 of an inch.

Cal, outer valve serrulated on the upper half, inner valve smooth.
_ Bloss. inner valve one half the length, and one third the breadth
of the outer. It may possibly prove only a variety of the stolo-
-nifera, but until evidence be given of that, the roughness of the,

leaves, the different structure of the panicle, and the smaller size

and greater plumpness of the florets are sufficient grounds of |

vulga’ris,

distinction. as ’ :
Specimens from Dr. Putrenry, gathered in the sand on our ©
southern sea coasts. } _.P. June, July.

A. nae eC, ‘branches bare at the base: florets
_ numerous: calyx inner valve smooth, outer serru-
lated upwards + blossom inner valve but half the size
of the outer ; deciduous.
- Gram. pase —Fl, dan. 163—Mus, rust. iv, 2. 10-Siilling fl. 3-
ee Se gee ee ae
Straw sheaths and lower leaves smooth ; upper leaves rough.

_ Sheath-scale half egg-shaped, all the leaves very slender. Panicle

fine glossy purple, 3 to 6 inches long: branches 1 to 2 inches,
very slender and delicate; pretty much expanded. Florets very
small, numerous, Calyx valves equal, acute; outer serrulated on
the upper half, inner smooth. Blass. inner valve: narrower

but half the length of the outer,

‘This plant has been very generally supposed to be the Agr.
w

- capillaris of Linn.an error which originated with Linnazus him-

self, who first distinguished and characterized his capillaris in the
FI, lap ny and in the Ist edit. of Sp. P/. but afterwards con-
founded it with the plant now in question. We are indebted to

that society, it appears that the crop principally consisted of the Agrostis
stolonifera, Such also was the opinion of Mr. Stonneusz, who seems
first to have noticed it in Howe's Phytologia, p. st, referring to Gerard,
26. 1. The attention which Mr, Swayne has since given to.this subject
makes it probable that this grass is only found in the second crop, and
that the first principally consists of the Poa trivialis palustris, See yol..1+
TI. of the Memitr#'of Bath Abr: Sac 6

_ the elongated part.

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Agrostis:

Dr. Smrru for this discovery. See his Jcomes Plant. fasé: iii. p.
54. In general habit the plants are certainly very much alike,
but the real Agr. capil/aris has the: stem, the leaves, and. the
husks of the calyx quite smooth, as well as every other part of
the plant, whilst in the Agr. vulgaris the stem leaves are roughy
and the husks of the calyx are serrulated on» the keel as they are
in every other British ies of Agrostis, except the minima.
Again, in the capillaris de eve of the blossoms are equal, but in
the A. vxdgaris the inner valve is only half the size of the outer.
A. capillaris. Huds. and Bot. arr. ed. ii. Very common, but
chiefly grows on poor dry and sandy land. It is disliked by cattle,
as are the Bents in general. Mr. Swayne. P. May. July.
Var..2. dawarfr . ; . =
Lightf. ii. frontispiece.

Whether the plant Mr. Licutroor found in Scotland be the

real Agr. pumila of Linnzus Ihave not the means of deciding,
but neither his fig. nor description well agree with the character
of that, the panicle not being 1 rowed, or pointing in one direc-
tion. ‘The specimens now before me from Scotland. and from
Yarmouth, are only starved plants of the Agr. vulgaris, and when
cultivated in a garden from seed, produced perfect plants of the
usual size and appearance, :

Dwarf Bent. Agr. polymorpha pumila. Huds. Agr. pumila.

| Lightfoot. In poor barren soil. [Found on Yarmouth Danes,

by Mr. Woopwarp. ] P. July.

Var. 3. Sy/vatica. Blossom after flowering growing out to
twice the length of the calyx.

_ Agrostis polymorpha sylvatica. Hudson. Gramen miliaceum

peur glumis oblougis. Pet. conc. 121. Ray Syn.404. Buppies
oodmillet-grass, first discovered by him in Bishop’s Wood,
Hamstead. “Agr. sylvatica, Linn. if he has rightly quoted Ray,
and Hunson, but he speak as if the calyx and not the bloss. was

! e seed also grows unnaturally long and
black. ‘The blackness on the main fruit-stalk and at the base of
many of the florets indicate a state of disease, but whether it is
produced by an insect, or a kind of smut, remains to be deter-

mined, though I think it probably the effect of too much moisture.

In one specimen the calyx was preternaturally long and dark

aie at the end, but still the greatest elongation was that of

€ blossom. =
In Hornsey Wood. Huns. ~ —* 'P. June. Aug.
A, Panicle very slender, like a thread. Lryn.

HT, ox. viii. 2. row 3. 10-C. B. th. 26.-F. B. ii, 465. 4—
Scheuch..1.7. 1.

Plant about 2 inches high, very slender and of a delicate pale

green ; smooth; even the valves of the calyx are smooth, which —

133

min’ima,

134

lana’tus.

mollis,

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Holcus. ;

is not the case with any other British species of Agrostis. Spike
+ of an inch long, containing about 6 florets. ‘The structure of
the florets seems to correspond with that of the Agr. capillaris of
the Linn. Herbarium, (see Smith’s Icones Fasc. iit. p. 54,) but in
this the florets form a spike, in that a panicle, Spike-stalk zigzag.
It is difficult to decide the proper place of this 5 pes li
grass. The florets being perfectly sitting on each side of a zigzag

spike-stalk, would direct us to the last subdivision of the grasses, _

(see p. 62.) but there is no genus in that subdivision to which it
is in the least allied. The florets have the habit of a Poa, but
unlike all others of that genus there is only one.in each calyx;
and the calyxes are strictly seated upon a spike-stalk. Its dissi-
militude to the Agrostis has already been noticed.

Found by Mr, Striutner.eet in Wales, A. July, ©
HOL/CUS. Florets hermaphrodite and male, Cai,

husk 2 valves, with 1 to 3 florets.

Hermaphr. Awntwice the length of the blossom. |

Male. 4wm as long as the blossom.

-H. Husks 2-flowered, woolly: hermaphrodite floret awn-

less: male floret with a bent awn, inclosed in the
. calyx. . gre i ;

Gram. pasc.—Dicks. h. s.-Curt, 228-Fl. dan. 1181—Schreb. :

20. 1-Leers 7. 6—F. B. ii. 466. 3-Scheuchz. 4.24—-A. B.
~—Park. 1155. 1-Anders. .

- "The whole plant of a velvet-like softness. Linn. Male
froret containing a pistil. Germen similar to that of the fertile
floret, but much smaller. Sry/es awl-shaped, simple. Seed very
minute, abortive. Curt. Panicle from 2 to 8 inches long, and
from 1} to 3} inches broad. Leaves rather rough but not harsh
to the touch. Ca/yx husks unequal. Both florets on short pe-
dicles, the upper one hermaphr. awnless ; the other male, with an
awn not longer than the blossom,

Meadow Soft-grass. Meadows and pastures, common.
ae P, June, July.*

H. Roots creeping: joints woolly: awn protruding out of
the ealyx. Curr. te a
Dicks. h. s—Fl. dan. 1059—Curt. 323-Leers 7. 7—-Schreb. 20.
2—Scheuch. 4. 25. ;

* This grass, though vegetating rather late in the season, produces an
abundant crop; but it is not very agreeable to cattle, and makes a soft,
spongy hay, very unfit for horses. It abounds chiefly in light and moist
soils, such as turf or peat land. A plot of it, sown by the writer of this,
was entirely killed by a long frost. Mr. Swayne, .

_ TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Aira. | X85

‘The Linnzan character which represents one of the florets as
male, does not agree with our plant, we*have therefore adopted
that given by Mr. Curtis. Root mas 2 Leaves soft. Panicle
3to 5 inches high, and 13 to 23 broad. Calyx husks nearly
equal. Florets both hermaphrodite, 1 on a pedicle, awned, hairy
at the base ; awn twice the length of the blossom : the other sit-
ting, awnless, and not hairy at the base. The young botanist

_ would expect to find this plant in the genus Aira, and certainly

not without reason.

Creeping Soft-grass. Cornfields, hedges and woods.P. July, Aug.

TT

H. Calyx 2-flowered: awn of the male floret knee-bent, avena’ceus.
fixed to the back of the blossom. GMELIN. See
' Avena elatior, ; :

AVRA. Ca/. 2-valved; 2-flowered; without any
7 intervening substance between the florets.

(1) Florets awnless.

; A. Panicle expanding: florets without awns, smooth, aquat’ica.
F longer than the calyx : leaves flat.
~~ Curt.—Vaill. 17. 7-Floret, Mont. 60. ;
| Straw with two joints. Scop. About a foot high. Leaves
broad, smooth, short. Pawicle 4 or 5 inches long, 2 to 3 inches
broad when expanded ; purplish. ape
Water Hair-grass. Grows generally in the margins of pools
and standing waters, seldom on banks, Mr.Swayne.—S. W. —
_ Side of Edgbaston Pool. PB June, July.
(2) Florets awned.
A, Leaves flat: panicle expanding: petals woolly and coespito’sa.
awned at the base: awn straight, short. .
Hi, ox. viii. 5. row 3.17, and row 2. 1-—Leers 4. 8-Ger. 5.
1 and 2~Ger. em. 5.1 and 2-C. B. th. 34. 2 and 35—Park.
1158. 2 and 3—Dod, 561. 1-F. B. ii. 461. 3—FI. dan, 240
—Scheuch. 5. 2 and 3.
Sometimes trails on the ground to the length of several feet.—
Panicle of a beautiful purple silky appearance. Mr. Dickenson;
6 or 8 inches high, or more, and half as broad. Aqwas the length
of the blossom. Soa
Turfy Hair-grass. Moist meadows and woods. P. June—Aug.
_ Var. 2. Panicle viviparous. Lreatr.—On Highland moun-
tains. [In Yorkshire. Mr. Mruye.] : -Oct.*

__™ Itis very apt to grow.in tufts, and occasions irregularities in the
Surface of meadows. Cows, goats, and swine eat it. Horses are not raed
°:

136.

flexuo’sa,

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Aira.

A. Leaves like bristles : straws almost naked: panicles di-

> verging: fruit-stalks serpentine. » |

Schreb. 30-Fl. dan. 157-Scheuch. pr. 6. 1-H. ox. viii. 7.
row 3.9. at the corner, &Ffc—Leers 5. 1s

About a foot high when young, taller when old. Panicle fine
glossy purple, from to 3 inches long, and 3 inch broad ; branches
serpentine and nearly upright in its young state, the florets mostly

inting one way ; as it approaches maturity the purple fades,
the branches expand so that the panicle then measures 1 or 14
inch across. Blossoms woolly at the base ; awn knee-bent, half

-as long again as the blossom.

Heath Hair-grass. Heaths, woods and barren pastures. [ Wick

~ Cliffs. Mr. Swayne.—Rocky moors in the North. Mr. Woop-

monta’na.

warp.—Crib y Ddeseil. Mr. Grirrrra.—Dry woods in Sut-
ton Park, Warwickshire, and woods in the New’ Forest neat
Stoney Cross. ] P. June—Augs

A. Leaves like bristles’: panicle slender and compact: flo-.
rets hairy and awned. at the base: awn twisted and
longer. gg tra

Scheuch. itin. pe 455. fa ViScheuch, prod. A-Stilling, 4=
| Leers 5. 2-Florets, Scheuch. 4. 16. A. B.C. ap

If the Aira montana of the Linn. Herbar. be really different
from the A. flexuosa, I apprehend it has not been found in this
island, for all which I have seen are decidedly the same species,
only that when the plant gets older, the straw increases its
length, the panicle spreads, and its fine purple colour fades ; in
which state it has been called A. flexuosa, and in its younger
state A. montana. 'The figures in Scheuchzer’s itinerary and
prodromus, quoted by Linnzus in fl. Suec. countenance 1
nion. Having communicated these ideas to Mr. Relhan,

_ who thought he had found the montana in Cambridgeshire, he

authorizes me to say that his plant is only the flexuosa.
High heaths and sandy pastures. Pp, July, Aug.

Var. 2. setatea. Awns twice the length of the florets. Hups.

[Stratton Heath, Norfolk. Mr. Crows. ]

of it. The leaves of this grass are the roughest and coarsest of all the
grasses growing in pasture or meadow grounds, and therefore cattle w

seldom touch them, unless forced by hunger. It produces an abundant
quantity of leaves, and few flowering straws; has a very disagreeable ap-

‘pearance in meadows, and often occupies much ground which might be

made to produce better grasses. To get rid of it, the land should first b¢
drained, and then the tufts of this noxious weed should be pared up

burnt. The ashes will be a good manure. Called by the common ps0
ple Hassocks, Rough Caps, Bulls Faces. Mr: Swaxnai

XXIV.

4 4 ee ! Ly , Kg
‘ lie e
~e pees 4 S
Sa S
: (ae $
i Sa *
\

Atra

‘

:
‘
-

*
!

‘ol. 2. to front Pp. 157.

)

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Aira.

137

A. Leaves like bristles: sheaths rough; flowers in a pani- canes’cens,.

cle: awn not longer than the calyx.

Puare XXIV.—F/. dan. 1023; but the panicle much
larger and more expanded than as it grows with us—Lob.
adv, alt, 466. 1-F. B. ii. 463. 2. a
Awms encompassed with little teeth in the middle part, brown
and thick below, but whitish, slender, and somewhat club-
shaped above. After flowering the panicle rises higher out of
the sheath ; before flowering it resembles a spike. This is paler
than most other grasses, and from that circumstance may be

distinguished at first sight. Linn. Panicle scarcely ever coming —
out of the sheath. No plant alters its appearance more com. ~

pletely when cultivated than this, growing much larger, quite
wpright, and losing entirely its grey colour. Mr. Woopwarp.

rom 4 to 6 inches high. Root-/eaves very slender. Stem-leaves
broader. Panicle spike-like, purplish, 12 inch high, 4 inch

broad. Calyx husks unequal ; (Pl. 24, a.) Awn the length of

the shorter husk, nearly twice as long as the blossom, The
structure of the awn is remarkable, the lower half is thicker,
opake, and yellow brown, the upper half very fine, whitish, semi-
transparent, fixed to the centre of the broad top of the opake
woody part, which is encompassed with very minute teeth.
(Pl. 24. ¢.) 4

Grey Hair-grass. Sandy shores. [Yarmouth Danes. Mr.
Woopwarp. ] be PR. July, Aug.

A. Leaves like bristled: sheat fa with fur-" pree’cox.

rows : panicle spike-like awn taller than the calyx.
& i a as d

Dicks. b. s.—Curt. 146—Fl. dan. 383—Pluk. 33. 9-Ray 22. 2.
From 2 to 5 inches high. Spike-like panicle 1 to 1} inch
long, less than 3 inch broad. B/oss. valves cloven at the end,
nearly as long as the calyx. Aan twice as long as the calyx, in
structure similar to that of the A. canescens, but wants the broad
top to the lower opake. part. Sufficiently distinct from the A.

canescens, and flowersiearlier, p49 ;
Early hairgrass. ycommons. [On dry parts of the New
Forest.] Flowers in May. _SeedsripeinJunee Pe

=? +

=
A. Leaves like bristles:
‘panicle wide spreadit 1g 1
the calyx. “ae 7
Dicks. b. s—CrrtE. bot. 812-Fl. dan. 382-H. ox. viii. 5.
row, 3. 11—Stillingy S=Scheuch, iter. ii. 18. 2-Barr. 4.
I-Schewtbs 4.15,

yf y ff : x J As ; -
aths smoothish, furrowed : caryophyl-
en ripe: awns taller than le’a.

138

nu‘tans.

coerulea.

TREANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Melica,
Varies very much in size, from 2 to 12 inches high. Panicle

few-flowered ; close whilst in lower, widely expanded when in | .

seed. Bloss. shorter than the calyx. Awn twice as long as the
blossom, fixed below its middle, yellow and-opake in the lower,
paler and finerin the upper part. The larger’ plants somewhat -
resemble the A. fexuosa, but want the zigzag fruitstalks and
the woolliness at the base of the blossom. ‘The smaller plants
may be distinguished from the A. precox by the panicle expand-
ing when ripe, and by the awn being less than twice the length’
of the calyx. It is moreover an. annual plant. | d

~ Sandy pastures, frequent. [On the beach at Lowestoff, Suf-
folk, and elsewhere. Woopw.—Roddyhill. Mr. Swayne. ] A. July. ©

ME'LICA. Cal. 2-valved, 2-flowered, with a little
substance on a pedicle betwixt the florets:
Nectary 1 leaf: Stamens dilated at the base.

M. Petals not fringed : panicle drooping, undivided.

~ Curt.—Fl. dan. 962-Schreb. 6. 1-C. B. pr. 20. aud th. 155-

Park. 1151. 5-Barr. 95, 2. and 96. 2-F. B. ii. 434.
j—Leers 3. 4-Scheuch. 3. 16. dD. By Be #3 pe ge :

- Cal. values shorter than the blossom, dirty purple, outer
oblong, shorter ; ianeroval. Bloss. satu oblong ; div font
whitish, sometimes tinged with purple; inner a good deal shorter,
pubescent. Sr. Panicle 3 or 4 inches long, few. flowered, flowers
mostly pointing 1 way ; branches only 3 or 4, and those not sub-—
divided, rote a

Melica montana. Huvs.— Mountain Melic. Mountainous woods

_ in Yorksh. Westmorel. and Cumberl. [| Helkswood, by Ingleton,

Yorksh. Mr. Woopwarp. Grasswood, near Conniston. Mr.
Catey.] et Jud P, June, July.*
M. Panicle compact: flowers cylindrical: straw without
knots. is hae we atte? he
Curt.-E. bot. 750-Fl. dan. 239—H. ox. viii. 5, row 3. 22°

Root bulbous. Leaves flat. Straw for a great length with-
out knots. F/orets awl-shaped, rolled in at the edges, sometimes

3, and in very rich soil, 4 in each calyx. A pedicleknobbed at 4

the end rises from betwixt the florets. Anchers purplish blue.
Pistils purple. Liny. Szraw with only 1 knot, which is close to
the root. Scurucn. Szraw near half a yard high. Panicle 3

* In the isle of, Rasa they make this grass into ropes for fishing netsy
which are remarkable for lasting long without rotting. Peanant’s Tout
1774. Pp. 297. Cows, hosses, and goats eat it.

a

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Sesleria.

to 5 inches long; branches few, distant, nearly upright. Calyx
with 2, 5, or 4 florets, but mostly with 2; and thongh the
number of florets, and its general habit, which it must be con-

fessed but ill accords with that of the other Melicas, have in-

duced some to consider it as an Aira, the presence of the pedicle
marks its real situation. In some specimens gathered in the New
Forest the florets are a little hairy at the base, which circum.
stance seems to have induced Hailer to rank this species as an

Purple Melic. Aira caerulea Sp. pl. Huvs. Lees. Scor.
Arundo. Hat. Boggy barren meadows and pastures. [New
forest, Hants. ] P, June, July.*

M. Panicle thinly set; calyx with 2 florets, one herma-
phrodite, the other neutral.

Gace, QO0ei). dan 1I4d—Blant, 2, 4-H oxi vith, 76490
Villars 3.-Lob, adv. alt. 465, 1-F. B. ii. 434—Park,
Troi. rs

Little spike of neutral florets, inversely egg-shaped, between
the blossom and the inner valve of the calyx, together with its
fruitstalk as long as the blossom, composed of the rudiments of
3 and even 4 florets, each consisting of 2 membranaceous valves
similar in shape to those of the perfect floret ; each supported on
a fruitstalk of its own, rising from the base of the inner valve of
the last rudiment ; and each as small again as the floret below
it. No stamens or pistils in any of + Conjectured it to
be a var. of the zutazs, and called it M!. sutans umflora. From
15 to 18 inches high, or more. Straw angular, ascending.
Panicle of few flowers, scattered, 3 to 5 inches long ; branches
3 or 4, distant, pointing one way, rarely subdivided, bowed
whilst in flower, afterwards upright, :

_ M. Lobelii. Villars. Melica nutans, Huns.—Wood Melic.
Woods and hedges, not uncommon. [Lanes in Devonshire very
8 ea Plantations of T, Pearson, Esq, Tettenhall, Staf-
fordshire.] P, May—July.

SESLE/RIA. Jrvolucr. 2 leaves: Cal, 2-valved,
with from 1 to3 florets: Bloss. toothed at
the end, a

* Horses, sheep, and goats eat it. Chermis graminis is found upon it.
Linw.—In the turf moors below Glastonbury, Somerset, in great abund-
ance. ‘The country people make of the straws of this grass a neat kind of
8, which they sell

P_ and no despicable substitute for hair brooms. Mr. Swaynz.—
ourishes in the neighbourhood of the copper works at Pary’s mountain
in Anglesea, while almost every other vegetable, even Lichens, aye in-
Jured ordestroyed. Penns Males ii. 265. .

Cc
Fl

«

139

uniflo’ra.

to the housewives in the neighbourhood, as a -

140°

ceru’lea,

aquat’ica,

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Poa.
S. Straw undivided: spike egg-oblong. —

Dicks. h. s.—Facq. pl. rar. 21-C, B. pr. 21.1. and th, 1585
Park. 4152. 6-Scheuch. be 9, A, B. 2

Straws oblique. Leaves betwixt sea-green and bluish.
Spike sometimes white. Linn. Spike from’ } to nearly 1 inchs
Scueucn. Seeds hairy. Calyx valves ending in awn-like points.
Hatz. Bunch spike-like, egg-oblong. Florets on short fruits
stalks, purplish livid, or brownish white. Jnvolcr. roundish,
embracing the spike-stalk, gnawed, membranaceous, shorter,
but thrice as wide as the calyx ; the lower one at the base of the
bunch, the other a little higher up at the base of the florets of
the opposite side, Ca/yx containing mostly 2 florets, sometimes
just longer, and sometimes just shorter than the florets, edges
and keel bearded. Bloss. valves equal in length, edges and keel
bearded ; exter with 5 ribs, cloven at the end into 4 teeth, end-
ing in awn-like points, the two middle ones shorter, with the —
keel running out from between them into a short awn twice as
long as the teeth. Sr. From 6 to 9 inches high, trailing and
then ascending. Straw with a single sheath, ending in a short
leaf, Leaves broad, strap-shaped, with a strong mid-rib. Spzte
lead colour, or greyish, sometimes purplish as in Jacquin.

Cynosurus ceruleus. Linn.—Aira varia. Jacg. enum. whore-
marks that Linn. has improperly placed it in the genus Cynosurusy
it having no affinity to that family. St. Pry

Blue Moor-grass. Mountainous pastures in the North;
sometimes in marshes. [Crevices of the Lime Rocks at the foot
of Ingleborough. Sr. Lime rocks, Conzick Scar, Kendal. Mr.
‘Govcn. Malham Cove, and on most of the Lime-rocks in

Craven, Yorkshire. Mr. Catey.] ae sa tT. Apr.—June. met

PO'A. Cal. 2-valved, many terete Spikets
egg-shaped: Valves skinny at the edge, ta-
ther acute. eget 5 a

(1) Panicle spreading.

P. Panicle spreading: spikets strap-shaped, 6-flowereds
| Curt 330-Fl. dan. 920-H. ox. viii. 6. 25—Gers7 0 2-C. Be
40-Ger. 6. 2-C. B. th. 38-Ger. em. 6. 1—Leers 5. 5-
Scheuch. 4. 1—Mont. 38. : a

Calyx containing from 5 to 10 florets. Svraqw 6 feet high
Linn. Straw from 4 to 6 feet high; upright, 2 edged, smooth.
Leaves straight, keeled; rough on the edge and the keel. Sheaths
cylindrical, scored, smooth. Huns. Leaves broad, channelled.
Panicle 8 or 10 inches high, and 4 or 5 broad, purplish, Spike#s
egg spear-shaped. Curt. - wie

Vol.2.¢o front pst.

Loa distans,.

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Poa.

Reed Meadow-grass. _Marshes and banks bi riverse - 4
PJ uly-—Aug.*

pa

Ml

re Padiiclis with nabdivided hetridenne spikes pelatied: -dis’tans,

florets Oe), blunt: calyx, valves very mares):

oS SP praise

From 9 to 12 thches high, or more. Straw belie at ‘the
lower joint ; smooth. Root-/eaves short, stiffish, slender, smooth.

Stem-leaves sheathing, rough at the edges near "the end. Sheath-
scale short, broad. Panicle about 3 inches long, 2 inches wide: _

_ branches in distant whirls, 4 or 3 ina Finck 3c expanding 5

when ripe still more so. Spzkets 5 or 6 fi ~ Calyx smooth,
1 valve twice as large as the other. Bioss. smooth, skinny at
the edge and the point, not woolly at the base, un olunt.
Aira aquatica distans. Hus. Loose-flowered M Pyrat
“Sandy places near-Exmouth. About Northfleet in week 4 and in
Yorkshire and Lancashire. r. June. Joly. ~

; ?, Panicle spreading: spikets 5-flowered, smooth: is pratensis.

cylindrical, right Linn. Sheath-scal poe
‘blunt. Cug : =f ee

Gram. patc.—Curt
eas Leers 6. 4m cheuch. 3. 17—Anders.

- Leaves

Mr. Swayne serie at i mento which.
inter it flourishes so as se 2

«Var. 2a. setac

xine ee

Spikets 3-flowered, pube
vee florets 3 or oe not:
asa fiacioW deaved ¥ var t
ness of the whole plant, and me she
me to place it with the P. pra
marked that the sheath-scale i : :

‘ * It isan Schamnalgh useful sink
ooks. Harses, cows, and ~*~ are ( dit ely fond of it, i§

.

eae

Le. B, 28-H. ox. viii. 5. 18-Seilling. , se

42 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Poa.

and pointed, in the P. pratensis short and blunt.” If this hold
true universally there cannot be a doubt of this var. belonging
to the pratensis. The florets when ripe adhere together by the
woolly hairs at the base and on the keel of the bloss. as Linnzus
observes to be the case in his P. angustifolia, — |
Woods and Hedges. [In Hertfordshire. Mr. Woopwaro.]
" P. June.
alpi‘na, P. Panicle spreading, very much branched: spikets 6-
flowered, heart-shaped. ; 7

Scheuch, pr. 3+ 4.
Florets from 2 to 5 in each spiket. Schenchz.

Var. 2. viviparous. Panicle viviparous.
FI. dan. 807~Scheuch. it. i, 46 2-Scheuch. 4. 14+ |
About 7 inches high. Panicle 2 to 3 inches long; only |
some of the florets viviparous. ;
On Snowdon. [Crib y Ddeseil, Mr. Grirriru.—Malghyrdy,
Benteskerny, and on Ben Lawers. Mr. Brown.] P. June, July _ |
|

angustifolia. P, Panicle spreading: spikets 4-flowered, pubescent: straw
cylindrical, upright. Sp. pi. Root-leaves doubled to-
gether, very slender: sheaths smooth, sheath-scale

short, lopped. Get. os !

This has been supposed to be a British plant, but Mr. Afzte
lius assured me‘he had never seen a specimen of it in England 5 4
all that had been shewn to him for it being, like my specimens;
var. of the P. pratensis. See P. ptatensis, var. 2. sefaced
Whatever may be the plant of Linnzus, the var. just now re
ferred to is well represented by H. ox. viii. 5. 10. and also by
Leers, t. 6. f..3, and these figures are cited to the Linnzan P.
a so that probably the plants are not specifically —

Incte 4 s = “ é Ae

bulbo’sa. P. Little spikes egg-shaped: florets smoothish, acute?
___ Straw upright, bulbous at bottom, Hups. ge
dehocs <5 _Faill. 17.8. nH |
_ Panicle branched, the branches angular, roughish. Little
spikes egg-shaped, acute ; with 3,4, or 5 florets, a little hairy at
the base. Hups. Not the P. budbosa of the Linn. Herbar. which
Mr. Afzelius tells me is only the viviparous var, of the P. alpinde —
- Meadows and pastures, mear Clapham, Surry. >
ee . May; June.

Var. 2. viviparous, Panicle viviparous,

TRIANDRIA: DIGYNIA, Poa.

Barr. 703. 1. 2-C. Be th. 32. 2—Park. 1158. 1-Ger. em.
3,1.—Pet. ii. gram. ital. 4. 9.11.-F. B. ti. 464-Scheuch.
4s A, BC: : ;

Found in Scotland: and sent to me by Mr. Mine.

P. Panicles spreading horizontally : branches in pairs : spi-
* kets mostly 4-flowered : leaves flat: sheaths smooth.

Gram. pase.—Curt. 1. 2-Stillingf. 7-H. ox. viii. 5. 21-Mus.
rust. iv. 2. 8—Dod. 560. 1—-Lob. obs. 9. 1—Ger. em. 2. 1-
Park. 1156. 4, the upper left hand-C. B. th. 31-F. B.
ii. 463. 1-Ger. em. 3. 2—Park, 1156. 4, lower left hand-
J. B. ib. 2. He—Panicle, Fe. Leers 6. 1—Anders. called
C. compressa—Branch of the panicle, Scheuch. 3. 17. E.~
Park. 1156. lower right hand. :

Panicle éranches in the middle often in threes, at the top soli-
tary.Curt. Spzkets larger than those of the P. pratensis. Mr.
Dickenson. Growing almost every where on walls and gravel
walks, as well as in the richer soil of pastures, it varies extremely

in size, from 2 to 12 inches or more. Straw compressed, smooth.
_ Leaves tender, smooth except towards the end. Panicle thinly
set, nearly 2 inches long, and almost as broad. Spikets from 3 to
5 flowered, Florets woolly at the base and on the lower part of
the keel. Its smoothness distinguishes it- from the ¢rivia/is, its
compressed straw and thinly set panicle from the pratensis. -
_ Suffelk-grass. Annual Meadow-grass. Pastures, paths, gravel
walks, and the borders of fields. All sorts of cattle eat it.
ons A. April—Sept.

143

an’nua,

P. Panicle spreading: spikets 3-flowered, woolly at the trivia'lis,

base: straw upright, rough: sheath-scale tapering
toapoint. Curr. . SoBe, Sec lhod Wk eaeD

Gram. pase —Curt.—Park, 1156. 4. upper right hand fig.—

C. B. th. 30.

Root creeping. The whole plant rough. One and } or 2
feet high, or more. Panicle or 8 inches high and 3 or4 broad,
when fully expanded. Florets mostly 3 or 4 in each spiket,
Generally 3. Has some resemblance to the P, pratensis, but its
Creeping root, and the great roughness of the straw and leaves,
sufficiently distinguish them, though the uncertainty of the num-
ber of florets in each spiket should otherwise occasion a doubt.

Bird-grass, by which name it is known to the seedsynen. —

Fowl-grats, Fold Meadow grass. Rough-stalked Meadr-grati.

dist meadows and sides of ditches. P. June, July.
__,. War. 2. reptans, Stems trailing, taking root at the joints :
Spikets with 2 or 3 florets, —Orcheston Long Grass. Structure

144

of the spikets the same as in the preceding, and the base of the

| "TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Poa. |

lower floret equally woolly ; but the great length to which it
trails on the ground before the flowering stem rises up, gives it
a claim to particular notice. Mr. Hudson’s P. trivialis palus-
tris, has been supposed intended for this grass, but he quotes the
. ch. of Poa palustris as given by Linnzus in the Spec.

Plantar. which, though not well discriminated, can never be the
plant in question, which Haller describes as having a calyx with
awns, and so it is figured by Morrison. H. ox. viii. 6. 27. cited »
by Linnzus, and also by Hudson,

~ "There is great reason to believe that this is the famous Or.
cheston grass, which, as Mr. Swayne observed to me, was men-
tioned by Ray (from Merret) calling it, Gramen caninum supinum

Longissimum ; giving as its place of growth, Maddington, 9 miles _

from Salisbury. Kay adds, that it is 24 feet long ; that they fat |
hogs with it, and says it also grows in some places in Wales. —
Ray Syn. Indiculus. Pl. dub. Mr. Swayne informs me that the
part of the meadow in which he found this grass, is in the parish
of a and that Maddington and Orcheston St. viaeg
are divided only by a small stream.* =

ae

_*. T requested the favour of Mr. Swaynz. to send me specimens OF

_ this celebrated grass, which he was so obliging to do, and also to add the

following account of it, which I transcribe with pleasure, as being, I be-
lieve, the best account yet given to the public. —‘ The late worthy Ed- | |
mund Rack, first Secretary of the Bath Agricultural Society, was sent to — |
Orcheston, (as you read in one of their volumes,) to investigate this —
wonderful grass. After his return, he shewed me some specimens which —

he brought back with him, at the same time informing me, that the mea- _

dow had been mown before he came there, and that he had picked his —

probably ‘have puzzled a skilful botanist to have determined the species,
much less could I pretend to do this. I knew, however, enough to

specimens from the haymow. These were so imperfect, that it would —

_ satisfy myself, that it was some species of Agrostis. I had thoughtsof =

visiting the place myself for a long time, but the distance of 40 miles
still made me defer it. At length, being on a visit toa friend bir somite
setshire, he told me he had been to see the famous Orcheston grass, that
he had been so lucky as to be there at the time the meadow was mowing, —
had been directed to the rea/ /ong grass by the farmer and labourers at —
work, and had brought back with him living plants and specimens of the —
flowers. When he produced the latter, you may guess my surprize to find —
them specimens of Alopecurus pratensis of very large growth. Icarried =
rome with me a plant, and set it in my garden. It produced, the spring
following, a very fine tuft of the flowering spikes of Alopecurus pra
tensis. ‘This occurrence at once determined me to visit @rcheston, which _
I did the year following, the first week in June. When I arrived, the =
greatest part of the meadow, (or rather meadows, for there are several
partitions, though the whole is not more than two or three acres,) indeed.
all, except one corner, about a quarter of an acre, had been mown, and —
the grass was then lying in small cocks. The standing part had one uni- —
form appearance, and presented a thick and beautiful assemblage of the —
flowering panicles of what I take.to be Poa trivialis palustris of Hudson. —
A specimen shall be sent for your decision. I examined the grass cocks,
and no other flowers of grass speanivs exepe ere and there a few spikes —
of Alopecurus, The grass w: had not been cut, was edged or ee ;

‘

TRIANDRIA: DIGYNIA. Poa.

q . (2) Paniele slender, compact.
P, Panicle spike-like: Calyx husks rather hairy, 2 or 3
(rarely) 4-flowered, longer than the little fruit-stalk :
petals awned, awn-pointed, “3 =

“OE. Bot. G48-H, ox. viii. 4..7—Pluk. 33.°7=Leers 5. 6.

a45-

cristata.

“Root rather bulbous, Straw about a foot high, curved at the”

base, above quite straight, upright smooth. Leaves short, slen-
der, only rough towards the end. Sheaths smoothish. Pawicle
2% inches high, less than 3 inch broad. Calyx 2 or 3-flowered,
larger valve awn-pointed. Blass. larger valve, tapering into a
longer slender point, but not properly awned. _
Crested Meadow-grass. Aira cristata, i e High barren
astures. [On the edge of a Marl Rock, Clarkton Leap, near
orcester. St.—On Wick Cliffs. Mr. Swayne.—Baydales,
near Darlington. Mr. Rosson.—Henllan Village. Mr. Grrr-
FITH. ; : = July.

P, Panicle slender, open when in flower: spikets mostly
_s. 2-flowered, pointed, rough: straw feeble.

on the ground, and had put forth roots at the knots (geniculi) and began
to be erect only at the last knot or two.. I was informed that these mea-
8 are mown twice annually, the first time the latter end of May or
heginning of June, and the second time the latter'end of July or beginning
August. It will readily occur to you, that no grasses but those that
flower early could be in bloom at the first mowing, and that whatever
fasses are in blossom at the last mowing must be of the late flowering
kinds. Mr. Davies says, in his Wiltshire Report to the Board of Agricul-
ture, that Mr. Sole has determined the Orcheston grass to be the Agrostis
stolonifera, and probably that grass may’be predominant, perhaps the only
Srass in flower, at the time of the last mowing, but I think it can make
No part of the first ¢rop.’* Mr. Swaynz,—On the supposition that the
Sass sera ats as great crop of this enviable meadow is at length
ascertained, it follows that its great fertility is not merely owing to the
kind of grass, for that is not uncommon on the sides of broad wet ditches,
» and with us begins to flower the first week in June. But it has been
observed that the crop in the Orcheston meadow depends much upon the
a ais in the winter... } will hazard a conjecture; ghee she advan
“ages im flooding land, depend less u any cappores ¢ 0:
Water, than apg its temperature. "That when brought over the turf soon
after it issues from the spring, as is the case at Orcheston, it enjoys a
temperature equal to 48 or 49 degrees of Fahrenheit’s thermometer, which
it communicates to, the surface of the meadow and to the roots of the

nemora'liss

-8fass, whilst the temperature of the atmosphere is much lower; so that -

_ 488 action is similar to that of a hot wall upon the branches of fruit-trees.
“In Lin, trans. vol. 5, Mr. Maton says he is satisfied that the long grass
of Orcheston is not only not a species peculiar to the spot, but that it is
Composed of most of the species which, grow in other meadows,’’ and this
Certainly appears the most probable solution of the mystery, especially
When we consider the peculiarly sheltered ‘situation and rich soil of the
valley, and that vegetation in general there assumes a gigantick form.—

_ Mr. “Maton: asserts, that the space of only two acres and a half Aas
Y as much as ten tons of jhay in one year, byt that the crops aie
Val fe er eee se ate Aca
Vou. II. L

146

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Poa.

Scheuch. pr. 2.2-Fl. dan. 749-Scheuch. it. ii. 18. 3—Leers
Se 3—Mont. Tr een

Near 2 feet high. Straw smooth. Leaves very slender, just
sensibly rough. Panicle from 2 to 6 inches high, greatly vary-
ing also in its breadth, and in the number of its branches. Calyx
generally 2, rarely 3-flowered, the keel serrulated towards the
end. loss. scarcely woolly at the base, but with some very fine

_ soft and short wool-like hairs along the kee]. It is not very ob-

min‘ima.

rupes’ tris.

_ yious why Linnzus applies the term roxgh to the spikets, in his

Sp. char. Its habit as to strength or feebleness varies very much.

Poa angustifolia nemoralis. Huvs. Wood Meadow-grass
Woods.and shady places. [Plentiful in the North. Mr. Woop-
warp. Wick Cliffs. Mr. Swayne. } . A, June.

P.. Calyx 1-flowered. ee 3
- Agrostis minima, which see; but it is truly a Poa. Sr.
(3) Panicle pointing one way.
P. Panicle spear-shaped, somewhat branched : branches
_ alternate, pointing one way: fruit-stalk bordered. .
Curt.142—Vaill.18. 4-H. ox. viii. 2.9-Barr. 49-—Ger. 4.3
=C. B.th. 32. 1—Park.1157-Scheuch. 6.2 and 3—Mont.11-

Straw very short and stiff. Panicle spear-shaped, inflexible;
doubly compound ; its éraxches alternate. Littles spikes alternatts

‘on inflexible fruit-stalks, which are shorter than the spikes they

support ; strap-shaped, sharp, about 8 florets in each. Florets
shasp and skinny st ape a Calyx keeled. Linn. From 4

to8 inches high. Straw smooth. Leaves slender, rough. Panicle

1} tonear 3 inches ine 4 to 4 inch broad, upright, stiff. ‘This

may be distinguished from all the other species by the principal of
main fruit-stalk being broad on the side opposite to the direction
of the branches, convex, and edged with a paler green border.

Hard Meadow-grass. Dry sandy or stony places, walls and

roofs. iia Vincent’s rocks. Near the mill-pool at Lilleshall,

As June—Ange

P. Panicle spear-shaped, branches alternate: calyx ribbed,
3 or 4-flowered: straw knee-jointed. Ed

_ , About 4 or 5 inches high. Straw knee-bent at the upp
joint, sheathed up to the panicle. Leaves short, broad, ribb
Panicle 14 inch long, neatly 1 inch broad. Calyx 3 or + flow-
ered ; outer valve 3-ribbed. Bloss. valves blunt: It has not the

bordered fruit-stalk of the Poa rigida, é Pas
: y
( ,dO¥

Vol.2.to fion t pls,

~

-TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA, Poa.

_» Gathered on St. Vincent’s Rocks near Bristol by Mr. Minne,
who’ observed to me, that Mr. Curris first found it there ; just

P. Panicle compact, branched: branches in pairs: spikets
oblong : florets blunt: leaves sharp, edges rolled in:
straw cylindrical, slanting. Hups...

Dicks. b. s.—Fl. dan. 251.

Root perennial, creeping. Straw-from 6 to 12 inches high;
smooth, if aes leaf ctalks, expanding, bare. Panicle see:
upright, the lowermost branches sometimes a little expanding.
Florets from 3 to 7 or 8; bluntish, smooth. Hups. Leaves rolled
in so as to resemble rushes. Paxic/e purplish, but little spread.
ing ; composed of narrow, oblong spicula, not awned. Ray.
Panicle in the fig, of flor. dan, too much expanded. Béoss. inner
valve very minutely serrulated. Has been supposed to be the

‘

Festuca fluitans changed by a maritime situation, but this opinion |

is not probable, for the outer and larger valve of the blossom in
this plant, wants the ribs which are so strongly marked in the
Festuca fluitans, the inner valve wants the open cleft at the end,
and besides other differences, 1. have. examined the F, fluitans
whilst growing in the salt marshes at Lymington, and found it
vary but little from that growing in inland places. Mr. Afzelius
believes it to be the same as the Festuca adscendens of Retz. prodr,
fl. Scandinav. 2% ¢
Sea Meadow-grass. Sea coast frequent. [Salt marshes Norf.
and Yarmouth. Mr. Woopwarp. On the river side between
Bristol and the Hotwells. Mr. Swayne. Near the canal from
Droitwich to the Severn. Mr, Baxer.] P. June, July.

147

marit’ima, |

P. Panicle compact : straw slanting, compressed. compres’sa.

EB. Bot. 865-Fl. dan. 742—Vaill. 13. 5—Leers 5. 4—Mont. 10.

\. Florets generally 6 in each calyx. Linn, Root somewhat
creeping.’ Spikers almost sitting, near together. Lrers. Much

ger than those of the P. pratensis. Mr. Dickenson. About
afoot high, Sraqw trailing, then ascending, smooth, Leaves
nearly smooth. Pawicle 2 inches long, slender. Spikets mostly 3
or 4 flowered. Bloss. rarely woolly at the base. gee

Creeping Meadow-grass. Walls, house tops, and other very
dry places, Ses P. June.

P. Panicle beds “Outer petal hairy at the edge: straw ly- decum'bens.

ing down, ;
2

145

giau’ ca,

minor, -

me’dia,

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA., Briza.

vills 1. Go-Monts 2. AnLeers 74 5-Scheucho 8.16. Av B.C.

Cal. 3-floweted, nearly allied to Melica. Lixn. Panicle not
branched, about 1% inch long; Spikets 3 or 6, Cal. as long as
the spiket, 3 to 5-flowered, awnless. Biss. awnless, hairy at the
edge, and sometimes at the base: outer valve larger, with 3 teeth _
at the end. : a pestis]

Festuca decumbens, Sp. Pl, Barren moistish pastures Ave.
P, Panicle open: spikets mostly 3-flowered : florets taper-

ing to a point, woolly at the base: leaves awl-shaped,

oN 1; dan. 964.
May be distinguished from other species at a distance, by its
Jaucous colour. Vani, About 10 inches high. Stem vee 5
ves rough at the edges. Panicle 2 inches long, hardly 1 broad,
few-flowered, but little branched, 3.0r 4 florets in each spiket. -

Poa pratensis. 8 alpina. Huns, not P. alpina of Linnzus, as
I was assured by Mr. Afzelius. Mountains in the North of
England. Hups. [Crib y Ddeseil. Mr. Grirrita,—On the
wicks of Ben Lawers at great heights, Mr. Brown.]

3 ~_ _P. June, July.

BRIZA. Cal.2-valved, many-flowered : Spiket 2-
rowed ; valves heart-shaped, blunt ; the inner
», minute, .. ope
B. Spikets triangular: ‘calyx longer than the florets.
% Dicks. 73 s—Kniph, 8-H. Oxe viii. 6. 47-Barr. 16~Park.
‘ (4165. 5t ; , : - :

$mall Quake gress: In pastures, [Plentifally near Penzance.
June. J sie A. Linn, P. Huds. July-

B. Spikets egg-shaped: calyx shorter than the florets.
Gram, pase.—Dicks. b. 1,-Fl, dan. 258-E. bot. 340-H. ox

22. i~Perk. 1165, 26 6-F, B, ii, 469. Qe 6—Leers 7+ 20
Scheuch, 4. 8-Mont. 30-Dwarf specimens, C. B. th. 25-1

~H. ox. viii. 6. 46~F. B. ii. 469. GS cheuck: 4,9." : 4 , ;

. Should any difficulty remain in determining these two ae
from the Linnzan ae it may be carted that in the Bs
media the inner valve of the blossom is finely fringed at the
edges, but entire at the end, whilst in the B, mixer it is 20%
fringed at the edges, but cloven at the end,

s

. XXVH.

Vol. 2. to front pt.

Dactyis. ofovriy

TRIANDRIA.DIGYNIA. Dactyli’” = gag

* Comw.quakes. hadiei-bair) Middle Quake-grass. Fields and
Z ac vy tysk—se 29 iRyJuly.* :

.
_*

B. Spikets egg-shaped, forming a bunch, : “4 : max’ima.
Kniph. 8~Fatg. obs. 60-Ger, em. 874 3+Barr, ic. 15, 1-
“Lies: gl © DW Pies wb mele gpa ati gig
: number of florets in each spiket very uncertain, but the
f Spikets in the panicle being rarely greater than from

Ciently distinguishes it from the two preceding spe-
esy which bear panicles with numerous spikets, qui

ose
ped.

justly observes, that it bears a bunch of spikets rat
nicle, and that the spikets are rather egg than h
They are each about 3 of an inch long, and near 2 inch broad.

; Great Quake-grass. A native of the warmer parts ec ahs oh
} frequent in Italy, and I have seen it in Portugal, but lately it
been observed to propagate itself'in the vicinity of London, near
Newington Butts.—This spot, however, Mr. Symons informs
me, was accurately examined in 1797 without success. A. July.

DAC'TYLIS. Cal. 2-valved, ‘many-flowered ;
_ valves broader on one side: Bloss. 2-valyes,
~-inclosing the seed: Nectaries 2.
D. Spikes terminating, sometimes in pairs: florets not ex- stric’ta.
: _ panding: straw and leaves stiff and straight. Horr.

: ees | Pratz XXVII.—E. bat. 380. He.
| About a foot high. Straw curved at the base, then upright, —

smooth, sheathed up to the spike. Leaves sheathing, smooth,
stiff, taper, 3 or 4 on each straw. Spikes 1, 2, or 3, smooth; 3
Anches long, less than half inch broad. Florets pointing one way.
Cal. 1-flowered, keel-shaped, doubled together, hairy, unequal,
Sitting in a hollow of the spike.stalk. D. cynosuraides, Huds.
&c. not the D. cynos. of Linnzus. ee :
Smooth Cocksfoot. Marshes in Essex, and other parts of the
Seacoast. [Near Aldborough, Suffolk. Woopwarp. Near the
“Mouth of Feversham Creek. Vewuey.] P. Aug. Sept.

D. Panicle crowded, pointing one way. glomer “7

. * Cows, sheep, and goats eat it. If a seed is carefully dissected

1a microscope, with a fine lancet the young plant will be found with

"tS roots and leaves pretty perfectly formed.—-A grass of no value as a

Pasture grass, but only as it grows on such wet parts as better grasses
: —— not grow on, such places should be drained and manur

‘fen the herbage would soon be changed. Mr. Swayne. ,

150 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Cynosurus.

| Gram, pascSchreb. 8. 2-E, bot. 335-Fl. dan..743-H. ox.
viii. 6. 38-Bauh. pr. 9. 1, and th. 45, 1-Mus. rustens

1, 5-Park. 1182. 5-F. B, ii. 467. 1-Barr. 26. 1. 2-

Leers 3. 3-Scheuch. 6.15. ED ee
Florets in rainy seasons sometimes viviparous. Mr. Woopw.
Stem compressed, and aided by the sheaths of the leaves, appears

~ to be 2-edged, especially in the stronger plants. ef

Rough Cocksfoot. Very common. ’P, June—Aug.*

CYNOSU’RUS. Cul. 2-valved, many-flo
equal: Bloss.'2-valved, 1 valve concave,
longer: Nec. 2-leaved. yh

crista’tus, C, Floral-leaves with winged clefts. | + ae
Gram. pasc.Schreb. 8. 1-E. bot. 310—Leers 7. 4—Gisek. 54-
FI, dan, 238—Barr. 27. 2-Mus. rust. iv. 2. 2-H, ox. viii.
4, row 3. 6-C. B. th. 43-Park. 1160. 3-Anderson—Stil-
ling f. 11-F. a il. 468, oe 7

Floral-leaves deeply divided into awl-shaped:segments. Husks
enerally containing 3 florets. Smaller valve of the blossom end-
ing in 2 points ; /arger valve ending in a short awn. Florets
all facing one way. Seeds rough, with very strong, short bristles.
Crested Dogstail. és

Var. 2. Spike 4-cornered. Ray Syn. 399.
Pastures, common. 'P. June, July.t
__ War. 3. Spike viviparous. Observed by Mr. Brown in the
King’s Park, Edinburgh, Nov. 1791; and by Sir Tuomas,
S mmmeragreds at oc in Yorkshire: the plant being remark-
ably strong, Sir THomas F. is led to suppose the above effect

may be occasioned by unusual vigour. Bie

echina’tus. C. Floral-leaves winged, seements awned,

__* Horses, sheep, and goats eat it; cows refuse it.. Thrives in the
. shade, and under the drippings of large trees. Sceea farther account of it
in Mus. rust. v. py 45. and ly. p. 136, Orchard Grass, A grass rather
coarse but very productive, especially in leaves, and is notdisliked by
cattle, unless when growing on rank soils. Mr. Swayne. gS
+ The leaves of this grass are of the shortest growth of any of the
pasture grasses; but they grow very close together in. great abundance,
and are very palatable to cattle, particularly to sheep. Itis, therefore,
very proper to be sown in fields intended for sheep-walks, but by no ~
means as a meadow or hay-grass. The straws of this grass are remark-
ably hard and tough, and as they shoot up at a season when the /eaves of
all the grasses are very plentiful, they are not cropped by cattle, but are
suffered tor the most part to stand and perfect their seeds, which_ seeds
afford a scanty subsistance to pigeons at a season when their food is very
scarce. Mr. Swayne, ;

-

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Festucas. 15)

~ Cy B. th. 59-Park..1168. 6-H, ox. viii. 4..13-Barr, 123. 2
(oo aif. Beil, 474. 1-Scheuch, 2. 8. B. D.—Mont. 24.

Bunch congregated, pointing one way. Floral-leaves only on

the outside of the flowers, alternately winged, the rays ending in
awns ; 1 floret in each. Husk 2-valved, 2-flowered, membrana-
ceous, very fine at the point. Bloss. 2 valves, with an awn upon
the outer point. Szy/e cloven, Linn, = ,
_ Thedistinction of these 2 species may be assisted by remark-
ing, that in. x former the florets form a compact strap-shaped
spike, from 2 to 4 inches long, and from 3 to 4 inch broad, but
in this they form a spear-shaped bunch, whose breadth at the
base is equal to about half its length. 3 ;

Rough Dogstail, Sandy soil in Jersey and near Sandwich.

C. Floral-leaves entire: spike nearly egg-shaped. See ceru’leus.
.... Sesleria caerulea. ;

PESTU’CA. Cal. 9-valved: Spikets oblong, round-
: ish : Husks tapering to a point, or terminating
in an awn, <<

(1) Panicles pointing one way: awns longer than the blossom.

F. Spikets upright ; smooth: calyx valves, 1 entire, the bromoi’des.
~~ other tapering to an awn-like point, nS
pl ae Pluk. 33..10-Scheuch, 6.10, and l4. >
f Differs from the F. myurus in its panicle being spike-like.
: and the valves of the blossom not being fringed. Linn. Panicle
broader and shorter than in the F. myurus; the spikets are also
larger and broader. Straw with 3 or 4 joints. Ray. Few plants
‘Vary more in size than this does: in very dry sand on the sea
shore it is sometimes only 2 inches high, as represented in the
fig. of Plukenet : in more fertile soil 10 inches or more. Straw
and leaves smooth. Panicle loose, about 3 inches long. Spzkets
trom 5 to 10-flowered, but commonly 6. Calyx smaller valve
hardly half the length of the other. Boss. valves smooth. Awzs
twice the length “5 the blossom, or more.
Barren Fescue. On walls, and dry sandy places. [On the top
of Brandon Hill, near Bristol, Mr. Swayne.—Dry pastures near
the Mass-house, Edgbaston. ] A. May, June.

F. Panicle spike-like, drooping: calyx smaller valve very myu’rus.
minute: florets rough, awns very long.
Dicks. b..s.-Leers 3. 5—Barr. 99. 1-H. ox. viii. 7. 43-
| Scheuch, 6; 12—Ger. em. 29. *2—Park, 1162. 8.

152

“ovi’na.

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Festuca.

About 16 inches high. Pazicle 5 or 6 inches long, slightly
curved. . Spzhets from 4, to 8 or 10. flowered. Gal. very. unequal,

the smaller valve hardly 4 the size of the larger. Blass. valves”

rough. Asx full twice the length of the blossom. Stamen only.
one.

Wall Feseue. Capons-tail Grass. Walls and dry barren
places. [On the road side gers from Blymhill to Shrewsbury.
Mir. Diceenson.] oe seats 8 acho i. aa

+7

(2) Panicle pointing one way; 3 awns. Be Bs than the Blossom,

F. Panicle compact, awned: straw four-comered, almost
naked: leaves bristle-shaped.

LE. » bot. 585—Mus. rust. iv. 2. 4-Leers 8. 3 pe Singh
8-Scheuch. 6. 6=Mont. 5. - ed
From 5 to 8 inches high, but twice as tall when Eeailwaeeds
Panicle 1} to 2 inches long, mostly pointing one way. Spzkers
from 3 to 5-flowered, but generally 4, and an imperfect rudiment
of a fifth. Ca/. one valve only 3 the length of the other. Aqwas of
various lengths, but generally about 4 the length of the blossom.
Var. 2. awned. Leers 8.3-Scheuch.6. Mont. gage Sb 8.

. Mar. 3. Awaless. See F.. tenuifolia, ee Eee

oh

& Var.4.Viviparous. ” Stheuch. prel.2-Ray Syn.22.1. Rar? 2720 ‘

“Mr. Goverr informs me that vegetating germs of the vivipa-
rous variety, brought from High-street, the highest hill in West-
moreland, and planted in his garden-in the year 17,90, still con-
tinue vivi » and were so even in the dry month of Jul
1794. le says also that he has found plants in the valley ak
vegetating germs on them, and from these circumstances he con~
cludes pea there is either a constitutional difference between the
F. ovina and the F. vivipara, or else that the plant is uniformly.

viviparous, which he proposes as a subject of future enquiry. —— |

Linnzus also calls it a permanent variety, and observes that it
retains its character when transplanted into a garden, Dr. S1B-
THORPE considers the awnless var. also as a distinct species, ;
in his F/. oxen. characterizes it thus. F. tenuifolia. Panicle
pointing one way, rises leaves hair-like, sie rather bp
right: straw
Pluk. 34. 2. .
Gramen capillaceums, locustellis pennatis, non aristatis. “ge
Syx. 410. Bullington Green. Dry gravelly soil, and on stone

_ walls. [3. On the summits of Skiddaw and Ingleborough.

Woopw.—1. Wickcliffs. Mr, Swayne.—4. Crib y Ddeseil. —
Mr. Guierrte. P, June.*

* It Schaiiab best in a dry sand als cows, horses, and goats will
eat it, but it is the favourite food of sheep: they prefer it before all other
Hlasses, -

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Festuca. 153

F; Eefae ices, spikets 6-flowered, awned: floret at the ru’bra.
“~~ end awniless : straw semi-cylindrical.

- « Scheuch. 6+ 9-Stilhing f. 9-Leers 81 @ larger. variety.
* Distinguished from the F.ovina' by its size, its red colour
when ripe, its broader leaves, and its: néarly semi-cylindrical
straw. Linn. It differs from the F. duriuscula it its broader
and flat stem-leaves, in its spikets being somewhat larger, and its
panicle less compressed. ‘The bristle-shaped root-leaves, and the
very short awns distinguish it from the F, myurus. PoLticH.
Leaves on the upper side covered with a soft woollinéss barely:
| perceptible to the naked eye. Straw smooth, but within the
| icle rough : green, but when the seeds are ripe, red. Linn.
aller than the F. duriuscula, and distinguished from it by its
broader leaves. Mr. Dickenson. Péwiele of a reddish purple
colour as it approaches to ripeness, and this colour sometimes ex~
tends. to the leaves and the straw. .About 18 inches high. Spzkets
5.flowered. Cal. one valve but 3.the length of the other. Awas

| 7 or + the length of the blossom.

| Purple Fescue,. High heaths, and dry barren pastures. i
thered in N. Wales, by Mr. Dickrnson.—About Stoney Cross
in the New Forest, Hants, plentiful. ] P, June.

PF. Panicle oblong: spikets oblong, smooth : leaves bristle- durius’cula.
sae & shaped. ti gst : 5
= Gram. pate—E. bot. 470-Ray 19. 1=Leers 8. 2—Fl, dan. 848
vt. .wbab. obs 9.2. eh tte bd spar Rao.
_Resembles the F. dumeterum in its thread-shaped channelled
toot leaves, and its flat grass-like stem-leaves, but differs in hav-
' Ang its sag smooth. Linnzus. phere and hei bristle.
ittle spikes small, egg- ; with very short awns.
Panicle more uit peed Paani it from the F. rubra.
Its cylindrical straw, and the constant presence of the very short
@wxs, from the F, ovina. Pouticn. It varies in its root-leaves
being bristle-shaped and thread-shaped, and rough: in its stem-
feaves being flat and channelled, and bare: in its /itrle spikes -
Containin, ae G to 10 florets, and pubescent. Huns. From 8
to12 inches high. Panicle from 2 to 3 inches long. Calyx
Ways smooth ; in dry situations 5, in richer soil 6 or 7-flow-
ides a barren or imperfect floret at the end ; one valve of

, ‘Basses, and aresaid soonest to grow fat upon it; for though small, it is —
_- Seculent. The Tartars who lead a wandering life, tending their flocks
and herds, always choose those spots where this grass abounds. Lin».
Suc’ may be its just character in the uncultivated wilds of nature, and
4s it prefers'a dry soil, its growth is an indubitable indication of the sa-
ubrity of such places for flocks of sheep, but ina more richand cultivated
, $0untry Mr. Swayne tells me it is of little value asa pasture grass, being
matte diminutive, nor will it remain long in the ground if sown, but

1 soon giye place to more luxuriant grasses.

154

' ways fringed at the edge ; outer valve sometimes so, and some-

dumeto’rum,

gia’bra,

TRIANDRIAy DIGYNIA, ‘Festucaz*
the calyx but $ the length of the other. ..Bloss. inner valye-als

times not quite smooth on the back, as in the fig. of Fl. danica.
Awn-from + to 4 the lengthof the blossom. ‘The panicle often
assumes a purplish blue colour, and in that state it seems to have
been mistaken for the F..amethystina. | ; “ates bie ,

Hard Fescue. Dry places as well. as low and flat meadows..
"Walls of Dudley Castle. Flat pastures in Somersetshire about.
Highbridge] ‘Lonstgnae» Ee Jane

F. Panicle spike-like, pubescent ;' leaves thread-shaped.

Var. 1. Spikets straddling, some pointing upwards, cone

slanting, some nearly horizontally. -
Fl, dan. 700.

Root-leaves thread-shaped, 4 or 5 inches long. Panicle brown
green, 2 inches long, * inch broad, appearing distorted from the
different direction of the spikets. Ca/. 4 to 6-flowered, the ter-
minating floret imperfect. Awas'1-10th the length of the blossom.

[Restlars meadow, Blymhill, Shropsh. Mr, Dickenson. ]

Var. 2. Panicle regular, greyish green,

areal” oct
H. ox. vii 2 fig. te last; (but the pubescence nt expres.)
‘Straw 12 or 18 inches high, thread-shaped, cylit Aiea witht

2 swollen joints. Root-/eaves 1 foot long, roundish, scarcely 2-'

edged. Stem-leaves shorter, channelled. Panicle small, spike-
like. Little spikes 10 or 12, oblong, pubescent, greyish ; the up-
per ones sitting, solitary ; the lower ones in pairs, on fruit-stalks-
Husks terminating in a minute awn. — Bulbs often grow within

the sheath of the straw. Very nearly allied to the F. duriuscula.
Linn. Leaves slender. Panicle 5 inches long, 13 inch broad.

Cal. 8 or 9 flowered, the terminating floret imperfect. Bloss.
outer valve very hairy. Acwzs 2 the length of the blossom. The
Panicle not at all like a spike, is much larger than the preceding
and has nothing of its zigzag appearance. It is possible they
may prove distinct species. icy ee 9

estuca duriuscula dumetorum, Huns. Pubescent Fescue-

Woods and hedges, es - P, June, July.

F, Panicle branched, upright, compact: spikets awl-shaped,
3-flowered, awned, smooth. Licutr. (Nearly
to the F. cambrica, if not the same. Huns.)

See also a description in Lightf. Fl. Scot.”p. 1085.

Found at Ardbigland in Galloway, by Mr. Lightfoot. P. July.

_* A very excellent grass for the agriculturists, as springing very early,
being productive and grateful to all kinds of cattle, and is found in most
good meadows and pastures, Mr, SwavSs.

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Festuca: —

F. Panicle oblong, upright, branched: spikets awned, cam/brica.
' smooth: leaves flat, naked. Huns.

Root fibrous. Szraw near a foot high: slanting, cylindrical,
leafy, smooth; with 2 or 3 joints. Root-deaves nearly upright:
sword-shaped, sharpish, channelled. Stem-/eaves 2 or 3; on leaf.
stalks; sharpish, flat, fibrous. Leaf-sta/k cylindrical, sheath-
ing, scored, hairy. Stipule membranaceous, sheathing, blunt.
1 Panicle rather compact, branched at the bottom. Spzkers on
fruitstalks, about 6 florets in each, egg-shaped, Aawzs short.
Fruitstalks nearly as long as the spikets. Nearly allied to the
F. duriuscula,. Hups. When cultivated the spikets consist of 8
or 10 florets, and the awns are half the len of the blossom,
Calyx smaller valve but 4 the length of the other. ;

Welch Fescue. On the highest hills about Llanberris, plenti-
fully. [On Crib y Ddeseil. Mr. Grirriru.] =P. July, Aug.

~~ (3) Panicle mostly pointing one way; awnless.

P. Leaves like bristles, rather long, upright: straw naked. tenuifo’lia.
(Fl. ox.) Spikets rough. .

Leers 8. 4. Yf<—Pluk. 34. 2—-Monti 4—Anderson—Scheuch. 6.6.

-- About 7 inches high. Panicle near 2 inches long. Spikes
4-flowered, roughish. Bloss. outer valve broader and shorter
. than in any other of our species. .Ca/. unequal, the smaller
) ——— 2 the length of the other. Stem and leaves slender
smooth. :

- Gramen capillaceum locustellis pennatis, non aristatis. Ray Syn.
410. 'This has been considered as an awnless variety of the F.
| Ovina, and it may be nothing more, but I think Dr. Sibshorpe
has done well to keep it separate at sees whatever may be
| its place in consequence of further observations concerning it;
but the want of awns, and the roughness of the spikets must, —
if permanent, be allowed a sufficient distinction. In the te 2
hess of the spikets it resembles the F. dumetorum, but that
awns, and is full twice the size of the present plant. Dry Sete
Pastures. Bullington Green, Oxfordsh. SisrHorre, [Sent to :
me by J. Wynne Grirrirn, Esq. from Crib y Ddeseil, Den-
bighsh.} a ; Pi June.

F. Panicle upright: spikets scarcely awned; the outer ela’tior.
ones cylindrical. Fi. Swec.
Var. 1. Bog. Panicle doubly compound, at first drooping,
nearly upright Shiss in flower; spikets egg-spear-shaped, acute,
aWnless; leaves flat. Curt.
Curt.—Schreb. 2 Leers 8, G-H, ox» Vitis 2. 15-Scheuch. 5. 18.

-

156

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA.. Festuca.

' Stracy smooth. Leaves flat, broadish, very rough» Pavwicle
loose, but mostly pointing one way ; about 7 inches long. Ca/.
‘very unequal, from 5 to 8 floretsineach. Bloss. inner valve not
fringed at the edge; ozter membranaceous ‘at the edge. After
flowering, this thin membranaceous part turns brown and shrivels,
so that the midrib then naked and projecting resemblés at awn.

- Tall fescue. Festuca elatior. & Sp. Pl. Reich. ©“ Boggy meas

_ dows and sides of wet ditches. ~ P. June, July.*

dows.

flu’itans.

_ Mr. Curtis tells us that in a cultivated state it is nearly in-
capable of producing perfect seeds. On considering this fad,
together with what is recorded of the F. loliacea, it is probable
that this plant is a similar hybrid production ; the F. pratensis of

our botanists being the original stock, and as Mr.“Arzeiivs

observed the real F. elatior of the Fl. Sueciea.
Var. 2. pratensis. Panicle slanting, pointing one way: spi-
kets awnless, nearly strap-shaped: leaves flat: Curr.
Gram. pasc.—Curt.—Mus. rust. iv. 2-H. ox. ville 2. 2
Scheuch. 4. 6—Park, 11406. 8.

Cal. larger valve 3-ribbed, smaller 1-ribbed. Boss, smooth,
slightly ribbed. In F. fluitans the calyx valves are not ribbed,

whilst those of the blossom are very strongly so; just the reverse —

is the case with the F. pratensis, so that they may at all times
readily be distingui ; but the differences betwixt the F. pra-

tensis, and the F. elatior areless obvious. Mr. Curtis observes

that the panicle in the F. elatior has twice the number of spiketsy

that its branches are more compound, that it drops more at fitsty —

that it is more equally spread ; that the whole plant is twice as
high, and the leaves twice as broad; but he thinks the spikets
‘d one of the most obvious distinctions, in the pratensis they

are somewhat flat, strap-shaped, and blunt; in the elatior Jess _

flatted, more ovate, and pointed. . : ye
_ Festuca Fluitans pratensis. Hups. Festuca pratensis. Curt.

Festuca elatior # Sp. Pl. F. elatior. Fl. Suec. Rich wet mea-

F. Panicle branched, upright: spikets nearly sitti oy
SSsohnddeayawnleg ta ere
_ «War, 1. fresh water.-Curt.-Leers 8. 5-Schreb. 3. fc 2-Fle
dan. 237—Stilling f. 10—H. ox. viii. 3. 10—-Ger. emt. 14>
1-F. B. ii. 490-Mus. rust. iv. 1.6-C. By th. 41-Parks

1275. 8—Scheuch. 4. 5—Mont. 35.
- Straqw striking root at the joints. Leaves floating flat on
the water. Panicle very long, issting froma long 2-edged

* It makes an excellent pasture, but requires a tich soil. Lr $

Florses, cows, sheep, and goats cat it.

!

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Festuca,

sheath, Spckets cylindrical but flatted, mostly 10-flowered.
Bloss. nid gh Valves with strong ribs, terminating in an equal
number of points, these points connected together by means of a
transparent membrane. Ree

_ Flote Fesgue. Wet ditches and ponds,.common. P. June—Sept.
_ Mr, Curtis observes, that growing on the land it becomes
smaller in every respect, and that the panicle is frequently

_ changed.to a simple spike.*

Var. 2. Salt-marsh. Leaves blunt, broader, shorter, glaucous?
calyx 6 or 8-flowered.

"Inthe Salt Marshes at Lymington, - Jone.

F. Spiked: spikets alternate, sitting, compressed, awn-
~ © less Hups: * ae a
Curt.~Park. 1146. 7-H. ox. viii. 2. 2, the single spike.

._- Spike 8 or 10 inches long ; sometimes a little branched at the

bottom. Spikets sitting nearly upright, containing from 9 to 14

florets. Ca/yx valves ribbed similar to those in F. elatior; inner

8 sometimes wanting. B/oss, not ribbed like that in the F.
tans.

ae apie branched at the bottom, spikets 6 or 8-

the deficiency of the inner valve noticed above, is therefore
‘probably occasioned by the spiket growing so upright and: so
resse nal at te stalk as to destroy it whilst yet young and

ie

of

* The seeds are small, but very sweet and nourishing. They are
Collected in several parts of Germany and Poland, under the name of
Manna Seeds, and are esteemed a delicacy in soups and gruels, upon account
(Of their nutritious quality, and grateful flavour, When ground to meal,
they make bread very little inferior to that in common use from wheat.
The bran separated in preparing the meal, is given to horses that have the
Worms ; but they:must be kept from water for some hours afterwards.
Geese are very fond of the seeds, and well know where to look for them.
The plant affords nourishment tothe Phalena Festuce., Horses and swine
_ + Neither of these varieties produce perfect seeds, which has been no-
Pe by Mr, Cugris and Mr. Swaxne, b ut tg Peery aap apecacay aA

ing curious observations respecting it, as. well as for very
Specimens of the plants. Mr, Swayne pxihd it, F. Ayérida, anda more
name could hardly be desired, but Mr. Hudson's name having

it. ,
o. | Festuca ybtida.’ Not knowing what specific appellation has beer
on by Botanists for this Fescue, Ihave called it Aydrida, from ane

toper
been Sunes, land being also unobjectionable, I thought not right tp

‘

ed os

lolia’cea,

en this is the case the calyx has alv ays 2 valves, ~

158 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Festuca. . ;

decum'bens. F. Panicle upright : spikets nearly egg-shaped, awnless :
___ ealyx larger than the florets : ae lying down. ‘See
~ Poa decumbens. : pees eee

pinna’ta. F. Spikets sitting: straw undivided: awns shorter. than
the blossoms. PoLLicH. if katie

Barr. 25—Pet. il. gram. ital, 3. 1-Wieg. 1. 10-C. B. pr. 18.
Aa and th. 133—Mont. 16-Scheuch. 1.7. H.

- Plant smooth, yellowish green. — Lower deaves now and then

somewhat hairy. Florets from 6 ro 12. Huns. Spike 4 or 5 inches

‘long: Spikets 8 or 10. Calyx 8, 10, or 12-flowered. Bloss.

outer valve with 5 or 7 strong ribs, ending in an awn, a little

hairy at the edge; inzer doubled. down at the edge, with a rib

= along each side fringed with hairs. Aw hardly 4.the length of ©

the blossom.

Festuca. pinnata. Huos.—Bromus pinnatus, Linn. Spiked
Fescue. Chalky soils. Dry hilly woodlands. Near Nunning-.
ton, Yorkshire. Teesdale. 7 P. July.

sylvat/ica. F. Spikets sitting: straw, undivided; awns-as long as the
blossom. PoLLicH. : Gir ah see: tie

gram. ital. 3-H. OX viii. 6, row. 3. 4, on the left hand.
Leaves flat, fringed with long white hairs. Mr. GoucH.
Straw slender, joints woolly. Sprke-stalk slender, weak, often
drooping: Wicrn. It has the habit of a Bromus, the artificial
characters of a Triticum, (see Tritic. canin.) but in its structure
it is truly a Festuca. Sr. ‘The straight hairs on the leaves dis<

constant infertility; supposing that to be the most certain criterion of an
hybrid plant ; and from its resemblance both to F. e/atior var. pratensis,

State fit to receive impregnation, but not’a single seed was formed. This
has been its annual process for a number of years.’* Mr, SwAynt-

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Bromius. 159

appear by cultivation, but the wool-like hairs continue on the
stem. . Spzkes, Calyx and Bloss. similar to the F. pinnatay but
more hairy, and the awns long as or longer than the blossom.
Fest. putnata 8. Huds. Wood Fescue. . [ Woods and hedges,
Worcest. St. Among the Limestone rubbish. at the bottom of
Scars in Westmoreland. Mr. Goucu. } P. July.

BRO’MUS. Calyx 2-valved; spikets oblong, cy-
lindrical, 2-rowed: awa beneath the point.

‘B. Panicle expanding; spikets egg-shaped awns straight. polymor’-
Var. 1. mollis. Panicle rathér upright: leaves very. soft and phus.
woolly : awn about the length of the blossom.
Gram. pasc.—Schreb. 6. 1. 2-Curt, 1. 3—-Leers. 11. 1-
Scheuch. 5. 12-H. ox. viii. 7. 18-Weig. 1, 4—Barr.
83. 1. fs: :
We have 2 sorts of this soft and hairy Bromus, in the one
the panicle branches are downy, supporting 1 or 2, but rarely 3
- Spikets, the spikets have each 10 or 12 florets; the calyx la
valve has a short awn, and both the calyx and blossom are hairy
and strongly ribbed.
__ In the other, the panicle branches are rough, not downy, sup-. »
| Porting but 1, rarely 2 spikets, the spikets haveeach 6 or 8 florets,
the calyx larger valve is scarcely awned, the calyx is ribbed and
~ ated the blossom smooth. ‘This is the kind expressed by
"The former is mostly found growing in cornfields, though
Sometimes in mowing grass; the latter in meadows, pastures,
ge banks, and even on walls. io May, June.*
Soft Brome-grass. Lob-grass. Oat-grass. ee
_. Var. 2. secadinus. Panicle expanding, husks naked, seeds dis-
‘inct, awns shorter than the blossom, not quite straight. ;
: Leers ii. 2-H, OX viii. te 16—Scheuch. br 9-Weige le 2-0,
B. th. 143. ane a
Leaves slightly hairy, and roughish. Panicle branches rough,
not hairy, supporting 1 spiket. Spiket 6 to 10-flowered. Calyx
_ Tbbed, “scarcely. awned. Béoss. very strong and woody, not
hairy, not distinctly ribbed, dav rather shorter than the
Field Brome-grass. Cornfields. [On the sea coast at Ride in
the Isle of Wight.] Ae May, June.

Q * Its merit or demerit in an agricultutal. view, does not seem suffici-
a ently ascertained. Mr. Swayne says it is disliked by farmers as being in
ik Ids.a trou weed, and in pastures and mowing grounds of
ttle value, since it has generally shed its.seed by the, time of mowing,
and produces yery few root-leaves. ee

466

sqarro’sus.

erec’ tus.

\

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Bronius.

’ Var. 3. bordeaceus. Paniclecompact, upright.
Panicle pointing one way. Branches rough, 1 spiket on pa
Spiket 6-flowered. Cal. ribbed, awnless. Bloss. not ribbed, smooth,
Awmn nearly as long as the blossom, not quite straight. -
Rois places : sometimes in meadows. ~ A. May, June.

Var. 4. smooth-husked. Lower leaves somewhat = panicle
smoothish. :
. AL ox. viii, 7. 19.

Panicle branches rough, supporting 1 or 2 spikets. |Spikets
with 7-to 9 florets. Calyx ribbed, awnless. Bloss. ribbed. Aw#
the length of the blossom, not quite straight.

The above plants are arranged under the trivial name poly--
morphus, given = them by Scorotr and Hunson, ‘but perhaps
further enquiries may lead toa better disposition of them, though
Mr. Arzettvus assures me that the Bromus secalinus, 8 hordeaceus,
and racemosus ate the same plant in the Linnean Herbarium,
and that they are all varieties of the Bromus mollis,

B. Panicle drooping; spikets egg-shaped ; awns straddling.
Liny. Panicle neta Hops. . “4

Barr. 24. \-Scheuch. 5. 41-Mont. 32. :
Powel nodding. Spikets smooth, egg-shaped, as ona little

pedicle, thread-shaped, but shickes towards the top. Awas strad-

dling. Livy. ppt
Open-awned Brome-grass. Cornfields near Glastenbury, So-

mersetshire, and meres Sussex. Hups.. .. me alts :

This is inserted on manirie afte ron bona
nanan soy Mi nStiEe specimen, Bess

B. Panicle upright ; cobain abruptly: spalate oblong,
hairy, awned, about 5 florets ineach : straws straight:
leaves hard.: |

E. bot. 471-Vaill. 18. 2—Scheuch. 8. 13.

- Aawns a continuation of the keel of the blossom, thus forming
‘the connecting link’ between this genus and oa Rigen
Panicle branches each >, aa a single spiket. §
der, 5 to 7-flowered. Calyx somewhat hairy, ‘ibe, ‘ee
slender pointed, but not awned. Boss. with a 1,
base, hairy, outer valve ribbed and keeled. Awn 8 ter per than te
blossom. Authers deep saffron colour,

Cornfields.--{Dicchiey Park. Mr. ice pasture
ground near Short Wood, Pucklechurch. Mr, Swarys.]

Var. 2. smooth, Spikets smooth, from 5 to: mays wh
awns straight, short: lower part of the panicle droopings

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA., Bromus, * 161

Bromus arvensis. Hups. not of Linx. In Ditchley Park,
intermixed with the former, also at Earsham, near Bungay. Mr.
Woopwarp.* B39

B, Panicle diffuse, upright but open : spikets strap-shaped, madriten’sis.
the. middlemost * pairs: pedicles thickest at the .
top.

2 H, ox. viii. 7. 13.— Barr. 76. 1.
Straws 2 feet high, sleek, joints swoln, Leaves broadish,

soft. Paxicle loose, with no great number of spikets. Spikets

Straight, nearly upright, in threes, each of which generally on

* a froit-stalk, and sometimes a fourth, with mostly 2 on a fruit-

stalk. Aqwns long, upright. Linn. Panicle not branched. Calyx

keeled, hairy, of 10 florets. Boss. ribbed, hairy. Aawzs shorter

than the blossom. Bromus diandrus. Curt. -*

| Bromus muralis. Huvs. Wall Brome-grass. On old walls
about London and Oxford. Huns. [Severn Stoke, Worcester-
shire. St -] A, May.

B. Panicle drooping, rough: spikets hairy axmned:. leaves as‘per.
. rough. Linn. Spikets slender, 10-flowered: sheaths
of the leaves hairy. Curr.

a Curt. 105—H. ox. viii. 7. 27.
, Panicle branches bearing from 1 to 3 spikets, very rough, =
thickest upwards, pointing one way. Spilers: frdert- sort:
flowered, os slender, nearly cylindrical. stor larger valve
tibbed ; smaller keeled. Bios. larger valve, ribbed towards the —
end. Aevn + the length of the blossom, = os ea
Bromus ramosus. Huds, ed. i. B. nemoralis ed. ii. B. hirsutus:
| Curt, Bi syfvaricus. Vogler. B. altissimus, Wiggers. Br. monta-
mus. Pollich, Hairy-stalked Brome-grass, Woods and hedges,
frequent, fa A. June—Aug.

By Panicle spreading: spikets oblong : florets 2-rowed: ster’ilis.
Calyx taper pointed. Linn. Awns very long.
- Curt—H, ox. viii. 7. 11—Leers 11, 4-Mont. 1-Dod. 540. 2-
_ Lob. obs. 20. 1-Ger. em. 76, 1-Park. 1148, 1-Ger. 69.
MC. B. th, 146—Math, 1205-F. B. ii. 439. 2-Scheuch.
Leaves ribbed, hairy, not very harsh. ‘Panicle branches
from 4 to 6 issuing from the same point ; very long, rarely sub-

—— coarse grass, disliked by cattle, as are all the Bromes, Properly
# Fescue, but has che habic of a Brome. Mr, Swayne.
Vor, fia M ’

162

arven’sis.

gigante’us,

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Bromus.

divided. Spikers flat, broader upwards. Calyx 6 or 7-flowered,
smaller valve keeled, Jarger ribbed, tapering to a point but not
awned. B/oss. larger valve ribbed, very rough, not » Awas
much longer than the blossom. —
- Barren Brome-grass. Woods and hedge sides, frequent.

; A. June, July.

B. Panicle drooping: spikets egg-oblong.

4 Mare 1, Aawned. ©

Leers. 11. 3-Scheuch. 5. 15.

I have a specimen of this with awas of some length from
an. excellent botanist, but where gathered I do not know.
WoopwarD, —

Var. 2. Awaless,

x Fi. dan. 293.

Straw 5 inches high. Root-leaves awl-shaped, smooths
channelled, stiff. Pazicle close, consisting of 8 or 10 spikets-
Spikets almost sitting, and growing on one side of the stalk;
smooth, awnless, consiting of 5 florets. The above differences
possibly occasioned by the sea water, and the poverty of the
soil, Licutr. Shores of the isle of Oransay. Licutr. A. July.

_ ‘The Fl. Lapp. and Suec. certainly contains under the head

_of Br. arvensis the synonyms of different ts, and the subject

has not yet been sufficiently examined. Mr. Lightfoot by his
reference to fl. dan. has demonstrated the existence of that vats
with us, but the plant of Scheuchzer, referred to in the Sp.”
is not yet fully established as a native. The plant called
arvensis by Leers differs somewhat from that of Scheuch; but
hardly enough to cause it to be considered as distinct’

B, Panicle drooping: spikets 4~flowered, shorter than the
° “aawDs. acti, 3

_ Curt. 344—Schreb, 1—Leers 10. 1-Fl. dan. 440.-Vi aill. 18+
3-Scheuch. 5s 17 and 19-Wieg. 1, & a
Four or 5 feet high. Leaves 3 inch broad. Shea
purple, cloven, embracing the straw. This circumstance alones
as Mr. Curtis has observed, is sufficient to distinguish it. Panicle
branches in. pairs, subdivided. Calyx valves keeled, slender
tapering to a point, from 3 to 6-flowered. Biss. not
not hairy. Awas full twice the length of the blossom.
_ Tall Brome-grass. Woods and moist hedges. P. July. Aug+

pinna‘tus. B, Straw undivided : apices alternate, nearly sitting; ¢Y-

lindrical, somew
nata,

awned, Linn.—Festuca pi

TRIANDRBIA, DIGYNIA, Stipa:

i E. bot . 730. fe7 tera
» “Sprkets with their flat side jane towards the straw. Awns

terminating. Leaves flat. Linn. ft
Not uncommon in Yorkshire, Oxforshire, and Kent. Dr.

.
. ‘

3 STYPA, “Cah g-valved; iyoerea bie outer
-.. valve ending in an awn: azon jointed at. lated
- bases.

,

8. Awns woolly.
3 A OX. viil. 7. TOW s 3. 9-Barr. 46-0, az wre 71-Muant.
— 617=Clus. iis 221. 2+Ger. em, 42. 6.-F. B. ii, 512. 2-
Mont. 68-Schench, 3.13. B. Soa 173; good. Mr.
Woodward.)
Acwns from 6 to 12 inches long, or more; set with very fine,
white; soft, pellucid, diverging hairs. “T. his very beautiful and
temarkable feature at once distinguishes it from all our other

grasses,
Downy Feather-grass. Mountains. [ Near Kendal, West-

moreland. Mr. Axperson. ] P. July, Aug.

163

penna’ta.

In Ray’s Syn. p. 393, this elegant grass is said to have been _

found — Dr. Richardson and Thomas Lawson, on the limestone
tocks hanging over a little yalley called Longsleadal about 6
miles N. of Kendal in Westmoreland. Hudson gives no othe
place of growth, but in the 2d ed. of the Bot. Arr. Mr. Al
son, is said to have found it near Kendal; but this I am now in-
3 is a mistake, and Mr. Gough who lives at Kendal, tells
me he has never found it, nor has heard of any person that a
except those just mentioned, there is therefore reason to fear that
t wed be eurenastnaced. I have only seen garden

specimens,
P, Sohne Pee

AVENA. Calyx 2-valved; many-flowered ; awn
: from the back of the blossom, twisted.

A, Panicled : calyx 2-flowered: male floret awned ; here
: maphrodite floret sometimes awnless.
Gram. pasc.-Schreb. 1-Curt. 191-E. bot. $13—H. ox. viii,
7. 38-Park. 1176, 1-C. B. rh, 18-F. B. ii. 456-Ger.
ems 23—F], dan. 165—Leers 4. 4—Scheuch, 4. 27 and 28.
Root bulbous, sometimes a double pear-shaped bulb, one above
other. Svraav about 5 feet high: knots woolly. Leaves not
hairy, Bloss, hairy at the base. The structure of the blossom.
M2

ela'tior.

4
De

164

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNTA. Avena.

agrees so well with that of the Holcus that some have thought it
best placed under that genus, and Gmelin has called it Holcus
avenaceus, under which name it will be found in this work ; but
its habit authorizes us to retain it as an Avena, especially when
we subjoin the following remarks by which it may be dis-
tinguished from that var. of Holcus mollis which contains 2 or 3
florets in each calyx, one of them male, This species of Holeus
has none of those large bulb-like knots at the root and the base
of the straw which are so remarkable in the Avena elatior.
The panicle of the latter is 8 or 10 inches long, im: the former
hardly half that length. In the Avena the leaves and sheaths
are free from hairs, the knots on the joints only are woolly, but
in the Holcus.almost the whole plant is set with soft hairs.

_. Tall Oat-grass or Oat. Holcus avenaceus. Gmel. syst. veg
E. bot. Wet and damp places. Meadows, pastures, and hollow
ways. P. June, Aug.”

nuda. A, Panicled: calyx 3-flowered, shorter than the recept-

cle: petals awned upon the back : the 3d floret awn-

less.

| a, 433, cap. xxi—Dod. 511, 2-Ger. em. 75. 2—Park.
os TBH. a Bec

_ The seeds when ripe fall out’of the husks. Linn. Spakets
with 2 or 3 florets. _Awn neither twisted nor jointed. Halt
Panicle 5 to 8 inches long, lower branches subdivided. Cal. and
Bloss. ribbed. awn about the length of the blossom.
_ Naked Oat.. Pilcorn. Pills, Staffordshire, Pior.—Culti-
vated in Cornwall. Ray. , A. July.t

fat‘ua. A. Panicled: calyx 3-flowered, all the florets awned, and
hairy at the base. |

+ Leers 9. 4-Milll ill. -H. ox, viii..7. 5—Barr. 7502s
_ Bloss. with a few long hairs near the end, as well as shorter

hairs at the base. Acwm twice the length of the blossom, knee-
bent at a joint which stands even with the top of the calyx.

__™ Cows, sheep, and goats cat it.—The roots are sometimes very
troublesome to the farmers in arable lands, Sr. producing a kind of squitch.
Itaffords a large crop, but is unpalateable to cattle, especially to horses:
as are the Avenz in general. Mr. Swayne.

: + This is nearly as good as the cultivated oat ; it will make gruel of
oat cake, and feed cattle as well as that. Ray says it sells in Cornwall 4
the price of wheat. | . ms a ts

*

- TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA; ‘Avena. ~
Bearded wild Oats, Hover, Corn fields. A July, Aug.*

A. Panicle spike-like: calyx 3-flowered: blossoms bearded pubes’cens.

i at the base: leaves flat, downy.

Leers 9. 2~Ray 21.:2-Scheuch. 4. 20—Mont, 65.

Very closely allied to the A. pratensis, but the leaves not
rolled in. Linn. Florets sometimes only 2, sometimes 4, and,
in the more luxuriant plants, sometimes 5. ScuErucu. Panicle
branches shorter than ue spikets, except the lower ones which
are longer and sometimes, though rarely, branched. Calyx fre-
quently 2-flowered. Florets puplah and silvery white. Bloss.
aes length of the awn, with long hairs at the base, but none
at the end. . =a ig lis ;

_ _ Rough Oat. Dry chalky soils. [ Norfolk. Mr. Woopwarp.
—Wick Cliffs. Mr. Swayne.—Marlborough Downs. ] Disagree-
able to cattle. Mr. Swayne. P. June.

5

A, Panicle loose: calyx 3-flowered, short: all the florets
awned, EE.

Gram. pase.—Curt, 212-Shreb. 9-Leers 10. 5-Scheuch, 4.
18—H. ox. viii. 7. 42—Mont. 79.
_ About 3 a yard high. Leaves yellow green, Panicle much
tanched, yellow green, changing to shining golden yellow:
wide spread whilst in flower, upright and compact when in
Seed. Spikets short, 2 or 3-flowered, 1 floret often imper'
Awn nearly twice as long as the blossom. It may be distin-
Suished at a considerable distance by the colour of the foliage
a8 well as that of the panicle. :
Yellow Oat. Meadows, pastures, hills, particularly in a cal-
careous soil. Cattle are not fond of it, but Mr. Swayne says itis

flaves’cens.

the best of the genus for the use of the farmer. JP. July.

_ A. Panicle spike-like: calyx 5-flowered.
~ Fl. daz. 1083—Leers 9. 1-Ray 21. 1 Vaill. 18. 1-H. ox. viii.
: Jo oi, Mont. 66. | .
St raw quite smooth. Leaves roughish doubled together.
Panicle about 4 inches long, branches upright, undivided, except
ne or two at the bottom. Spkers strap-shaped, upper ones nearly
Sitting. — Awas longer than the blossom. — ;

* Horses, sheep, and goats eat it.The awns are used for Hygro-

‘. Sometiines so prevalent amongst barley as almost entirely to

choke it. It may be extirpated by repeated fallowing, or laying down the
in gTass,

praten’sis,

166 / TRYANDRIAS DIGYNIA/ Lagutiis,
Meadow Oét. Heaths and high chalkey lands, .[ Norfolk,

very. frequent. Mr. ers s Park, Edinburgh,

‘Dr. SmiTH.] r Treee July.

‘strigo’ sa. A, Panicle oblong, compact, pointing one way: florets
in pairs, with 2 awns at the end, and a jointed awn
on the back. ScHREBER.

Straw and leaves naked, Retz. Calyx as long as the spiket. ~
Florets smooth, the terminating awns short, fine, red, but white
at the end. Azwefrom the ba , twice the length of the blossom.
Not described by ahy writer. Scuren. spicileg.

Amongst oats. Specimen in my Herbarium found in the North
of ‘England, but I know not exactly where, =“ . be

LAGU’RUS. Cal. 2-valved, awn woolly: best. :
outer petal with 2 awns at the end, and a
twisted awn at the back,

ovatus. L. Spike egg-shaped, awned,

Dicks. b. s.~Schreb. 12s. 3-Barr,. ic. 16S. 2.4 Be
C.-C. B. th. 56, 2. .
From 12 to 18 inches. hi Straw aaec. op ‘a

sheaths soft and woolly, Spike it inch long, 1 inch broad 1 neat
the base.

This is a native of the more southern parts of Europe, but is
inserted here on the authority of Mr. Dickson’s “aah aes wie
it is given as growing in the island Sones:

_ ARUN’DO. Cul. 2-valved: Blass: avila, ‘sur :
‘rounded with down atthe base. 2 i isti‘—S

Phen tes.A, Calyx 5-flowered : panicle spreading. es
E, bot. 401.-H. ox. viii. 8. 1—Dod. 602-Lob. obs. 28. 1-Gere
em. 36, 1—Park. 1209, 1~F. Bi, 485; YC. B. th. 269- 0
- Trag. 674. 2-Leers 7. 1-Mont. Aranda B. E.—Scheuch.
5, 14. D. :
Florets 4 and 5. smooth, but surrounded at the ‘base with

#ewn about the length of the florets, which tises from the spike- 2
stalk, and not from the base of the blossom. (Scheuch.) as €rT0--
neously figured by Leers, (St.) so that in fact the downy fibres
are on the outside of the calyx.

_Comman Reed. Rivers, lakes ditches ; ‘very common, r. Jae

* The panicles are used by the country people in Sweden to d
woollen green. ‘The reeds are much more durable than straw ‘for ee

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Arundo. 167

A, Calyx 1-flowered: panicle upright: leaves smooth un- Epigejos "
' derneath, See { aeaongrentla Epigejos. ~

| A. Calyx 1-flowered smooth : blossoms woolly: straw iia
branched. See Calamagrostis lanceolata, q 7 stis.

A. Calyx 1-flowered: leaves rolled in at the edges, sharp arena’ria,
pointed. See Calamagrostis arenaria.

LO’ LIUM. Cai. 1 leaf, fixed, many-flowered,

. spikets alternate. gent

| L, Spike awnless: spikets compressed, many-flowered, peren’ne.

longer than the calyx.
Gram, pasc.—Dicks.h. s.-Schreb. 37—Leers. 12. 1-H. ox, viii.
2. 2-Fl, dan. 747-—Dod. 540. 1—Lob. obs. 21. 1-Ger. em.
78. 2—Park. 1145, 2, and 1146. 7-C. B. 128-Math.
‘1023-Scheuch. 1.7, A. B. C. D.—Mont. 19. — ee
This plant is subject to considerable var. as it grows in rich
_ ©F poor soil it is from 6 to 20 inches high or more, and the parts
of fructification vary in proportion. The spike is generally flat,
but sometimes nearly cylindrical. Spike sometimes shews a dis-
position to become branched, particularly towards the bottom.
eee from 3 toC or 7-flowered; the términating calyx 2-
_ Var. 2. enue. Spike awnless, cylindrical ; spikets 3-flowered.
ium tenue. Linn. )
: Scheuchz. pr. 2. Gramen loliaceum, Ge.
Spike as broad as it is composed of many smaller spikes
laced in a double row tet hoe crowded . Scheuch.
$ var. is inserted on the authority of Dr. Sibthorpe in Fl. ox. -
— has given only the general habitat of pastures. Way-

Rey grass. Rye-grass, Crap. Red Darnel. Road side, dry
Pastures. ¢ Kota deca i tip on ctor wR WES

ing. Screens to keep off the cold winds in gardens, are made of them 5 and
cd are laid across the frame of wood-work, as the foundation for plaister

* It makes an excellent hay upon dry chalkey or sandy soils. It is
cultivated with advantage along with clover, and springs earlier than
the other. grasses ; thereby supplying food for cattle; at a season when

It is most difficult to be obtained. Cows, horses, and sheep eat it.
Goats are not fond of it, It was hinted in the Gramina pascua ” :
’ . ft.

168

temulen’tum.

arven’se,

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Lolium.

L. Spikets awned, compressed, many-flowered ; not longer
than the calyx: straw rough.

Schreb. 36—FI. dan. 160—Leers 12. 2-H. ox. viii. 25 row 2.
A, a, 2-Ded. 538-Lob. obs. 21. 2-Ger. em. 78. 1—Park.
1145. 1-Ger. 71-C. B. th. 121-Mus, rust. vi. 1. 1-
Scheuch. i. Ve E. F~Mont. 18. y i ;
Straw rough when stroked upwards. Leaves rough when
stroked downwards, Spike 4 to 6 inches long, rough. Awas
longer than the blossom, Terminating spiket with a 2-leaved
ve and the lowermost spikets have a minute inner leaf to the
calyx. cae
Darnel, Ploughed lands, mostly among barley and flax.
: : 3 A. July, Aug.*

L. Spikets awnless, rather shorter than the calyx: calyx -

2-valved: straw smooth.

H. ox. viii, 2. row 2. len. 1-Matth, 411-F. B. ii. 487.

_. Whole plant smooth, except the leaves, which are rough when
stroked downwards. Leaves broad, Spike 6 to 12 inches or ©
‘more in length. Spiket 6-flowered. Calyx outer valve strongs
hard, longer than the spiket ; inner valve much smaller and finer
in its texture. Boss. awnless, larger valve with 1 or 2 long and
soft hairs at the end,

White Darnel, — A, July.t

} ™

"Mr. Swayne, (a) that there was reason to think that the common cultivated

Ray-grass had by frequent sowing degenerated from its natural qualities,
that pe inferior in many respects to the Ray-grass. growing naturally —

_ in our best meadows and pastures. Mr, Pacey, an enlightened agricul-

turist in the upper part of this county, has lately raised a variety of Ray-
grass from seed selected from old pastures, and has now multiplied it to
that extent as to sell annually a considerable quantity at the price of 108-
6d. per bushel. It has been proved by the most competent judges, to
be infinitely superior to the cultivated Ray-grass, and he has a de!
for all he raises. What can have been the cause of the degeneracy of
the cultivated sort? Has the temu/extum had any share in this mischief?
Mr. Swayne, i gh
* The seeds, mixed with bread-corn, produce but little effect, unless
the bread be eaten hot ; but, if malted +h barley, the ale ik occasions —
drunkenness. Lin. Made into bread, with a small proportion of wheats —
and eaten repeatedly, produced vomiting, purging, violent colics,
death. Vol. 67. M. Review, p. 559.—Sheep are not fond of it:

_+ Itis very injurious to a wheat crop, but may readily be avoided, as
it is sown along with the seed. Mr. Pitt.

(2) A publication perfectly well calculated to instruct farmers and gentlemen, ¥b0
posture Blesiene Monet mnttely into botanical coauisies, how te dist the

TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA. Rottbollia. : 169

L. Panicle undivided, pomting one way: spikets awned. bromoi‘des-
Hups. ;
Ray 17. 2. .
From 6 to 12 inches high; slanting, cylindrical, smooth, a
little branched. Leaves a little rolled inwards, sharp, naked,
much shorter than the leaf-stalk. Sheath-scale membranaceous,
bluntish. Spzkets on fruit-stalks, strap-shaped ; florets from 4
] to8ineach, Fruit-stalks short, thick, rough. Husk 1 valve,
strap-shaped, concave, awned. Bloss. 2 valves, unequal. Outer
_ valve larger, strap-shaped, keeled, awned, rough. Juner valve
smaller, flat, strap-shaped, awnless. deux twice the length of
the floret. Huns, Eee

Wild Oat-grass, or Drank. Sea Darnel., Sea coasts, in loose
sand, Vise . A. May, June.

ROTTBO'LLIA. Ca/. of 1 or 2 valves, egg-spear-
shaped, flat: florets alternate, on a zigzag
spike-stalk : d/oss. 2-valved, awnless.

R. Spike cylindrical, awl-shaped : calyx husk awl-shaped, incurva'ta,
contiguous, divided into two. Linw. the Son. Suppl.
114, '

FI. dan. 938—H. ox. viii. 2. 8-Park. 1146—Barr. 5 and 6=
Scheuch. o. 1-—Pluk. 191. 6.

: Spike without awns, smooth, thread-shaped, crooked, but
’ little thicker than the straw. Calyx of 2 valves: both placed
outwardly. Bios. valves placed contrariwise to those of the ca-
lyx. Lyn. All the florets which I have ever examined are
hermaphrodite. Sr, Stems branched. Spike cylindrical, not
‘thicker than the stem, whence it is not readily observable, unless
when in flower. Ray. Mr. Woopwarp. Leaves short, firm.
Flowering stems ascending, below whitish, cylindrical and smooth,
Spike green. Florets, one to each joint, —— ; “or valves
stra r-shaped, ending in a stiff point, the point lying ina
notch « of she joint hate, sell aan py sete without, white
and shining within, one expanding when the pollen is ripe.
Blossom nearly as long as the calyx. Woopwarp.
SE gilops incurvata. Linn. Sea Hard-grass. Sea coast. Soe
_ Marsh, below King’s Weston, near Bristol. Sr.—Near Yar-
mouth. Mr. Crowz.—Near Seaton, county of Durham. Mr.
Rozsoy.} P, July, Aug.

Sinaia taiatints pemeiieneeenmneaes

ELYMUS. Col. lateral, 2-valved, several toge-
_. ther, many-flowered. a

170

arena’rius,.

cani‘nus.

europee'us.

TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA. Elymas,
E. Spike upright, compact: calyx woolly: longer than the

floret.
; Schreb. 40—Gmel; i. 25—Clus. ii. ie 2-C, B, 68. 2-Ger,
23~C. B. th. 14—Park. 1277. 1-¥. B. ii. 478. 2-H, ox.
viii. 2. 11. ee
Spike upright, long, woolly. Little spikes 2 together, straight,
containing 2 florets, awnless. Leaves like those of an Arundo,

bluish green, or whitish ; rolled inwards and sharp-pointed, Linn.
Sea Lime-grass. Sea coast, in loose sand. P. July, Aug.* ©

E. Spike compact, leaning: spikets upright, without an
involucrum: the lowermost in pairs. See Triticum
caninum.

E. Spike upright: spikets 2 florets in each; as long as the
Gal YKy: . Ks
Scheuch. pr. 1. 1\—Park, 1144. 7. (1)—Mont. 94.

Florets, together with their awns, longer than the fences
Linn. Leaves of the fence equal, somewhat scored towards the
end, Florets often 2, and both fertile ; with the rudiment. In
structure it is an Elymus, in habit it approaches rather more to
the Hordeum. In truth it seems the connecting link between
these two genera. Floret generally single. Sr. 2

Hordeum sylvaticum. Huvs. Wood Lime-grass. Woods in
chalky soil. [Rocks opposite Matlock Baths ; Ripton Woods,
Huntingdonshire. Near Berkhamstead, Herts. In the North,
frequent. Mr. Woopwarp.] ee P, June.

HORDEUM. Cui. lateral, 2-valved, 1-flowered,
~. 3 together. ee
Oss. The curious, but complicated structure of the Hordeum,

has prevented many young botanists from ascertaining the species _

to their own satisfaction, though there is no great difficulty in

“the task. We have only 3 species in this island, all of which have

Ist. Two male and 1 hermaphrodite floret ineachset.
gd. All the awns, whether belonging to the involucrumy of t0

the larger valve of the pnd genkey © eee é
Sd. Smaller and inner valve of the blossom awnless.

4th. Involucrum, or fence, 2 leafits, or awn-like substances to.
_each floret, and a third to the hermaphrodite floret, p!

* It resists the spreading of the loose sand on the sea shore. It is
not capable of being formed into ropes as the Stipa tenacissima is 17
Spain ?—Cows, horses, and goats eat it ; sheep refuse it.

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA, Hordeim: 172

-- at'the base and on the outside of the inner valve of the
blossom, and about the:length of the valve.

The following circumstances readily discriminate the British
species. eae :
H. muri'‘num. Some of the fence-leaves fringed at the base:

H. praten'se. Fence-leaves bristle-shaped, neither fringed
nor expanded at the base. ~ ee

HL. marit‘imum. Some of the fence-leaves expanded and
spear-shaped at the base, _
H. Lateral florets male ; awned) smooth on the keel: in- muri’num.
_ volucrum of the intermediate florets fringed.
Curt. 325—F1, dan. 629-Lob. obs. 18. 1—Park. 1137—-H. oxe
viii. 6. 4. Gr. secalin-Ger. 66. 2-C. B. 134—Ger. em. 73,
upper figure-Barr. 111.1~Mont. 90, the middle floret:

_ Involucrum half the length of the florets. Florets 2 barren, 1 _
fertile forming a set ; the larger valve in all the florets awned.
Each male, or barren floret has 2 fence-leaves ; one of which is
fringed at the base. The fertile, or hermaphrodite floret has 2

nce-leaves on the outside the larger awned valve of the blos-
som, both of which are fringed at the base. ‘This fertile floret
has also a third fence-leaf, resembling an awn, placed at the base
_ Of the inner valve of the blossom, and not Cg we ee

_ Wall Barley. Way Bennet. Wild Rye. Rye-grass. Walls
and road sides, common, rae’ 4 sap A. April—Aug.*

H. Lateral florets male, awnless ; involucr. bristle-shaped, praten'se,
rough. Huns. a
Gram. pasc.E. bot, 409—Vaill. 17. 6—H. ox. viii. 2. row 1.
6—F/. dan, 630-Park. 1144. 7. (3)-Mant. 96.
_ Involucrum longer than the barren, shorter than the fertile flo.
tets. Florets, 2 barren, 1 fertile, forming a set, the larger valve
in all the florets awned. Each darren floret has a fence of 2 awn-
like leaves, neither fringed nor expanded at the base. The fertile
floret has 2 awn-like fence-Jeaves.on the outside the larger awned
valve of the blossom, and a third at the base of the inner or smaller
valve, none of them either fringed or expanded at the base. —
_ Hordeum murinum. 8 Linn.—Hordeum secalinum. SCHREB.
Spiciler. Hordeum maritimum. Orper.—Meadow Barley. Moist
pastures, A : 2 4 : os . J t
* Sheep and horses eat it. It feeds the Brown Moth Phalana granella
“and the Barley Fly, Musca frit. : ;
+ In moist meadows it produces a considerable quantity of hay, but
is not to be recommended as one of the best grasses for the farmer,» sat

172 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Triticum. -

mari‘timum. H. Lateral florets male, awnless: middle floret herma-
phrodite, with a long awn.

Dicks. A. smH, Ox. Vili. 6. Si

Involucrum longer than the barren, shorter than the fertile
florets. Florets 2 barren, 1 fertile, forming a set ; the larger valve
in all the florets awned. Each darrex floret has 2 fence-leaves,
one of which is spear-shaped at the base. The fertile floret has _
2 awn-like fence-leaves on the outside the large awned valve of
the blossom, and a third short one at the base of the inner or
smaller valve. : ses

This is the true Sguirre/.tail Grass of the Isle of Thanet, and

; not as Mr. Curtis says, the Hord. murinum. In its short and
stunted growth, from its maritime situation, the awns are rigid
and strongly barbed, so as to be extremely troublesome to the
mouths of horses when mixed with hay. Major Velley, who sent
me the specimen, says it is very common all along the Kentish
coast, from Sheppey Isle to the Isle of Thanet. The Hord. mu-
rinum on the sea coast sometimes assumes the stunted habit of
the true Squirrel-tail, but it wants the rigidity of that, and is
not so strongly barbed.” ;

Sea side Parley. Gram, spicat. secalin. maritimum minus
Scuzucu. 18. Sr. Sea Barley. Hordeum marinum. Hvvs.

_ Meadows and pastures, near the sea, _ A, June, July.

sylvatiicum. H, All the florets hermaphrodite, awned ; calyxes growing
together at the base, shorter than the awns. Hups.
Elymus ezropaus, which, see, Hordeum cylindricum, Muri
prod, 43. as. Sok Sm
TRI'TICUM. Calyx 2-valved, solitary, mostly 3-
flowered : floret bluntish,

jun'ceum. T, Calyx 5-flowered, lopped: leaves, edges rolled in.

Dicks. b. Fl. dan. 916-E. bot. 814—C, B, the 132-H. ors

Extremely smooth. Sheaths downy. Leaves sharp-pointed;
very narrow ; sea-green on the upper surface. Spikets pressed tO ~

the straw. Calyx and Bloss. with or without awns.. Linn.

‘best grasses, in my opinion, are the Alopecurus pratensis, Poa trivialis,
Dactylis glomeraia, Cynosurus ¢ristatus, Festuca duriuscula, Festuca pr@-
tensis, Festuca bybrida, Avena favrscens, and above all Lolium perenne,
_ carefully raised from seeds, first selected from the best varieties to
found in old meadows and pastures, If gardeners, and even farmefs, af©
so careful, as we know they are, in raising the seed of their cabbages and
turnips, surely some of this care is due to their cultivated grasses. Mr,
Swayne. 4

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Triticum. ~

Var. 2, With a leafy spike. Ray. : nid
Ger, 23. 2. C. B, 15.—Park. 1277. 3 ;—this seems only a dis-
eased plant, possibly from the puncture of insects.

|. Sea Wheat-grass. Rush Wheat. Sea shore, common. [Beach
[ _ at Yarmouth. Mr. Woopwarp.} P. June, July.

T. Calyx 4-flowered, awl-shaped, tapering to a point:
t leaves flat. :
; Schreb. 26.

Var. 2. Calyx 2 to 5-flowered ; awnless.—Salt banks at
Weymouth. PORES i ee
Schreb, 26. I1L.-Leers 12. 3-H. ox. viii. row 3. 8—Mont. 25.

Var. 3. Calyx 5 to 8-flowered ; awns not a line long.

Schreb. 26. Il. and 2 and 3—Mont. 26—Park. 1173. 2—Barr.

906. 2-C. B. pr. 17. 1-th. 131-Gmel. 1. 24—Scheuch. 1.
1, A. C. 1.
Var. 4. Calyx 4 to 6-flowered ; awns 2 to 4 lines long. Sr.
Fl. daz. 7 48—Schreb, 26. 5 and 7-Scheuch, 1. 1. C. 2.

Var. 5. Leaves sea green, stiff, acute. Ray. Calyx from 3

to 8-flowered ; florets pointed. Hups. Sea coast.
wit Ven ss satay es of Set ‘hed

.

lossom : spikets upright.
Leers 12. 4. IL.—-H. ox. viii. 1. row 3. 2-Baxb, iv. 50.

Bloss. inner valve spear-shaped, just sensibly longer than the
Cuter; oxter bare of hairs, edges at the point membranaceous.
_ The above circumstances distinguish it from the Festuca sylwaticay
which it very much resembles in its g appearance. St. —
_ ‘Triticum caninum. Liyn. sp. pl. ed. I. Huns. Scares. spicileg.
* It is a most troublesome weed in arable lands, and can only he de
Stroyed by fallowing in a dry summer. At Naples the roots are collected
in large quantities, and sold in the market to feed horses; they have a
* Sweet taste, something approaching to that of liquorice; when dried
_ nd ground to meal, they have been made into bread in years of scarcity.
Juice of them drank liberally is recommended by Boerhaave in ob-
Structions of the viscera; particularly in cases of schirrous liver and
Jaundice. Cattle are frequently found to have schirrous livers in the
Wuiter, and they soon get cured when turned out to grass in the spring.
Dogs eat the leaves té excite vomiting.—Horses eat them when young,
but leave them when fully grown. Mr. Soutuwert. Cows, Sheep, and
Goats eat them. Mr. Pitt observes, that this is the most common kind of
Squitch in gardens, but that the Squitch so troublesome in arable lands is
formed by several species of Agrostis, Holcus mollis, and Avena elatior.—
Staffordshire Reports. , ;

173

re'pens,

ei Calyx pointe mostly 4-flowered : awns longer than cani‘num,
c

474 TRIANDRIA. TRIGYNIA, Amaranthus.

Elymus caninus, Lrnn. -Dags Wheat. Woods: and hedges.
[Rint Wood, 5 fades and i in the North, frequent.
r, Woopwarb. ] P. June, July.

a, T. Spike simple : soctipreell spikets egg-shaped: but
pointed : calyx many-flowered,
E. bot. 221-Pluk. 32. : Poe

Whole plant tigid, 3 or 4 inches high. Floral leaf oad
than the spike. Spzke 14 to 2 inches long, } inch broad. Sprkets

10 to 15, not crowded. “Calyx 6 or 8-flowered, both that and the

blossom awnless. The serpentine spike-stalk, which from the
_ spikets facing one way becomes visible behind through its whole
length, has a strong wood-like mid-rib, edged with a thinner
and greener border, the same as in the Poa rigida,
Poa loliacea. Hops. Sea Wheat, Sandy sea shores.
A. June, July.

“TRIGYNIA.

AMARAN’THUS. Flowers M. and F. on the.
same plant : d/oss. none: calya 3 or Seleaved,

—— Stamens from 2to5. 9 &
Fem. Caps. 1 cell, cut round; 1 ad.

Bli'tum, A. Stamens 3: clusters lateral: flowers 3-cleft: stem
_ spreading.
Kniph. 11—Cam. epit. 236-F. B:: ii. 967.° 1—Pet, mit axeve
30. 5-Lob. 7 le i. 250. 1-Gersen. oT; 4,

Leaves sometimes white or silvery in the middle, with ot
without a brown spot. Linn. Leaves alternate, the smaller egg+
shaped, the larger somewhat rhomboidal, with a deep notch at
the end, and usually a small projecting point, entire ; witha

strong mid-rib and parallel ribs underneath. Leaf-stalks as long
as the leaves. Flowers numerous. Bunches irregular, sitting, :

on small lateral branches, with small leaves interspersed. Mr.
Woopwarp.
_ On rubbisk [Ripton, Hontingdooshite, Mr. oe

MON’TIA. one 2 leaves: bloss.1 pea gas
caps. 1 1-celled, 2-valved.
fontaina, M. fontana.
_— yA 2-Curt, 188-Vaill, oe 4—Pluk, VE s-Pet I 10. 1
Fl, dan, 131.

et Higa Le REL Fe RS ee, en

gee epee

TRIANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Montia. 175

Stems succulent, trailing, crooked; white or tinged with pink.
Leaves rather fleshy, egg-shaped, opposite ; 2 at each joint of the
stem. Flowers on long or short crooked fruit-stalks rising from
the bosom of the leaves. Bloss. white, Seeds black, shining.

Small Water Chick-weed, or Purslane. Water Blinks. Springs
and watery lanes. Sometimes in wet ploughed lands. Wet
heaths in Norfolk, frequent. Mr, Woopwarp. [Hockley Pool
Grate, near Birmingham. Marazion Marsh in Cornwall, where
it grows as large as the figure of Micheli. ] A. May.

‘TILLA’A. Calyx with 3 or 4 divisions: petals 3
or 4, equal: caps. 3 or 4-seeded. .
T. Trailing: flowers 3-cleft. eps musco'sa.
E. bot. 116—Rose 2% 2—Mich. 20.
Stems at first nearly upright, generally red. Rosr. Parts of
Sructification never more than 3. Leaves in pairs, fleshy. Floral
aves shaped like the other leaves, but smaller. Stalks consider-

ably longer after flowering. Mr. Rose’s description very good.
Mr. Woopwarp. .

Mossy Red-shanks, [Dry heaths, Norfolk and Suffolk, Mr.
Woopwarp. ] P. May, June.

HOLO’STEUM. Calyx 5 leaves : petals 5 : caps.1-
_. celled, nearly cylindrical, opening at the top.
H. Flowers in umbels. ica ~~ umbella'tum,
© Dicks. b. s0-E. bot. 27 -F. B. iii. 361. 1.—Rose 2. 4—Ger. em,

~ 695. 16—Park, 1338. 6-H. ox. v. 22. 46.
_ Whole p/ant smooth.. Stem above bare of leaves. | Fruite
stalks terminating, mostly hanging down, of various lenges

each with 1 flower. Mr. Woopwarp. Leaves egg-shaped, but
Pointed, Pezals pale, reddish; toothed at the end, but not deeply
divided as in the Cerastiums. Sramens 3, but sometimes more.
Cerastium umbellatum. Huds, Umbelliferous Mouse-ear. Old
_ Walls, banks, and sandy corn fields about Norwich, where it was
first discovered and examined by Mr. J. Pichford. Rose. Mr.
Woopwarp,—Found about Bury, in Suffolk, by Mr. Cunium. ¥
pee ’ A. April, May.

POLYCAR’PON. Calyx 5 leaves : petals 5, small,
egg-shaped : caps. 1-celled, 3-valved.

P. Stem branched, trailing: leaves in fours, inversely tetraphyl’-
egg-shaped, 3 , um,

176

*,
nigrum.

TRIANDRIA. ENNEAGYNIA. Polycarpon.

Matth.7 ce Denis 534~F. B. iii, 366. 2=Lob. adv. 196.1.

Sometimes without petals. Huns.’ It alters its habit so
much by cultivation as hardly to be known at first sight. Mr.
Woopnwarn. Leaves oval, very entire, on leaf-stalks, growing
mostly in fours. Mr. Newsery. ) “i

Four-leaved Allseed. Dry sandy ground. [Lymston, near
Exeter. Mr. Newsrry.} “A. May—Aug. -

bess ENNEAGYNIA. y
EMPETRUM. M. and F. flowers on separate
plants. Calyx with 3 divisions : b/oss. 3 petals.
Male. Stam.long. Fem. Berry with g seeds.
E. Stems trailing.

Mill. ill. Dicks. b. s.—E. bot. 526—FI. dan. 97 5—Tourn. 421.
$.-Maitth. 154-Clus. i. 45. 2-Ger. em. 1383. 9-Park.
1485. 2-Cam. epit. 77-F. B. i. ae 526.

A small trailing shrub. Bark the outer scaling off, brown;

the inner yellow. Branches rough from the remains of the leaf-
stalks. Bud terminating, of 5 leaves: the leaves membrana-
ceous, hairy at the edge, producing 5 little branches, 4 of which —
are in a whirl. Leaves in fours, nearly 3-square, with a white
strap-shaped keel, on leaf-stalks. Flowers from the bosom of
the leaves, sitting, solitary, surrounded by a floral-leaf, some- —
times male and female on distinct plants, sometimes on the same
plant, and sometimes with hermaphrodite flowers. _Floral-leaf
with 3 divisions, forming a kind of outer cup. Calyx whitish.
Petals and Filaments purple. Axthers brownish black. Fertile
plant similar to the barren one. Stem redder. Leaves deep greeny
in fives. Pistif black. Berries brownish black. Prof. Jacquin
has lately found several plants with hermaphrodite flowers. I
formerly met with a single plant of that kind, but it was only.
one in ten thousand. Linn. Leaves sitting, smooth abovés
glandular underneath, woolly at the edges, and rolled back so
that the edges _ on Pate? side. Calyx segments a
cave, very’minutely serrated. Petals datk ish red. Anthers
qait Gah aciae . purplish red. Anthers—

Black-berried Heath. Black Crow-berries. Crakeoberrit fe a
Moist mountains and high heaths, both in the driest and most _

barren rocky soils, and in bogs and moorish grounds, Stafford-
shire, Derbyshire, and the Northern counties, frequent.
| , | 8. Aprile May-*
* The Highlanders frequently eat the berries, as sometimes do chil-
dren, but they are no very desirable fruit, and if taken in large quantities
occasion head-ache.-- Grouse feed upon them—Boiled with alum

afford a dark purple dye, G qe.
0 a e - Pigae
fica ata. ye, Goats are not fond of it ; Cows, Sheep :

posmpeasercweesre

.TETRANDRIA.

CLASS IV.
| TETRANDRIA.
| MONOGYNIA.-

i Flowers of 2 petals and 1 wads "superior: “Iscon-
PORATED.
DIP’SACUS. Cal. common, leafy : Receptacle conical ; ‘
chaffy : Seeds like little pillars.

SCABIO’SA. Cal. common, of many leaves: Receptacle
"convex, somewhat chaffy : Seeds crowned; rolled in
_a cover.

(2) Flowers of 2 petals, and 2 seeds. INCORPORATED, |

ERIOCAU’LON. Male and female florets incorporated
in the same head, the former in the centre, the
latter in the circumference. —

i }Cal.-common, .of many scalesy)) A. RT A,

ee 2 leaves: Bloss. 2 petals. At
F. Capsules 2 cells, and 2 seeds.

: @) Flowers of 1 petal; Venbath the germen, 3
LITTOREL/LA. M. and F. Reticts on ‘the same plant.
Cal. 4-cleft.
_M. Cal. 4 leaves : Stam.
F. Cal. none: Style long’: edad 3 nut.’

-CENTUN’CULUS. Bloss. wheel-shaped: Cal. with 4

divisions : Caps. 1 cell ; cut roun

PLANTA’GO, ‘Blogs. bent ‘back as if broken: Cal, with
4 divisions: Caps. 2 cells; cut round.

| EXACUM. — Bloss. rather bell-shaped : Cal. 4 leaves:

Caps. 2 cells, compressed. _
[Gentittis‘cempestzis, and liad) iisre
(4) Flowers of 1 petal ; leneath, and 4 naked'seeds.
[MeaalpwillonD equig® a |
Vou, II, N

177

178

TETRANDRIA.

(5) Flowers of 1 petal; above the germen.

SANGUISOR’BA. Bloss, flat: Cal. 2 leaves: Caps. 4s
cornered; between the cup and the blossom.

(6) Flowers of 1 petal; superior; and 2 berries. STARRY.

~ RU’BIA. loss. bell-shaped: Fruit like berries.

GA’/LIUM. Bloss. flat: Fruit ee! globular: Florets all
hermaphrodite. _

ASPER’ULA. loss. tubular: Fruit nearly globular.

SHERAR’DIA. Bloss, tubular : Fruit crowned : _
with 3 teeth.

(7) Flowers of 4 petdls; beneath the germen.

EPIME/DIUM. Nectariferous petals 4, reclining : Cal
4 leaves: Podicell..

[Cardamine hirsuta. Evonymus europzus, Parietaria oficinalis |

(8) Flowers of 4 petals; above the germen. ;

COR’NUS. Cal. eiicae eee eee a a
with 2 cells,

(9) ‘Flowers aconbictos hencash the ema «
ALCHEMIL’LA. oP with 8 clefts: Seed 1, inclosed ied
the cup.
PARIETA/RIA. Fiawets ‘hermaphrodite, and” ‘fee
Cal. 4-cleft: Seed. 1, elongated. !

URTYCA. - Flowers male and female on the same, rarely
on distinct plants.

M. Cal. 4 leaves: Nectary central ; -sha
F. Cal, 2 valves: ‘Shed Ss omya glass a

- (10) Flowers incomplete; above the germen. ses
VIS’CUM. Flowers male and female on distinct plants.
~-M. Cal. with 4 divisions : Anthers fixed tothe aly
without any aie filaments: *

plants. Bin, none, :
M. Cal. with 2 divisions, © — ; a
F, ‘Cal. 2- cleft : Berry with. 1 seed. ,

[ Thesiom alpinum, Ophrys Conlin}

Wi Ak he

TETRANDRIA.

_DIGYNIA.

BUFFO’NIA. Bless. 4 petals: Cal. Sep Ae i
“. cell; 2 seéds and 2 valves. ~~

BE’TULA. Flowers male and female on the same plant.
os 3-cleft: Bloss. with 3 or4 divisions.
M. Cal. containing 3 flowers.
“Ep Cal. containing 2 flowers: Seeds with a membrana-
ceous border on each side.

MYRICA. Flowers male and femaleon die same or on
distinct plants. Cathkin scales See:
Bloss, none. Se ae SEES

_ F. Berry with 1 seed. *

CUS’CUTA. Bloss. aqcleftj setae Cal. 4-cleft :

Caps. 2-celled: cut round.

{Herniaria glabra. Gentiana campestris, and Aisfortae ‘Ga-
‘ lium Mollugo and Aparine. ]

TRIGYNIA.

BUX’US. Flowers ‘male and female on the same plant.
M. Cal. 3 leaves: Bloss. 2 petals: Germen an linpet-
-_. _ fect rudiment only.
er Cal. 4 leaves: Bloss. 3 petals: Caps. mm 3 beaks
_ and 3 cells: Seeds 2.

TETRAGYNIA.
VLEX. Bios 1 petal Cal. 4-toothed : Berry with 4

seeds.
SAGYNA. Boss. a peas Cal. 4 leaves: Caps. with 4
3 cells, and many seeds.
TILLA’A. (See Triandria Trigynia.)

POTAMOGE'TON. Bloss. none : Cal. 4 leaves: Seeds

RUPPILA, Dicks: none: Cal: none: Seeds 3 fa Ho
stalks

.

cA store enduailitun, Linum Radia

n 2

179

180

fullo’‘num.

sylves’tris.

pilo’sus,

TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Dipsacus,

MONOGYNIA.

DIP’SACUS. Cal. common many-leaved ; te

superior : : Receptacle chafty.

D. Leaves sitting ; serrated : chaff bent backwaide,
FL, dan. 965-Kuiph. 12-Tourn. 265—Fuchs. 224—Trag. 847
“=F, B, iii. 73-—Matthiol. 661—Dad. 735. 1—Lab. obs. 487+
1—Ger. em. 1167. 1—Park. Si 1-H, ox, Vil. 36, Ar
Zanon. 68. ;

“Scales much harder than those of the D: sylvestris. Hau.
Manured Teasel. Dee fullonum. B Lixx.*

D. Leaves in opposite = united at the base: chaff

- straight.

Jacq. ausr. 402—Curt. 202-Blackav. ich: 295-7. B.
iii. 74-Matth. 662-Dod. 735—Lob. obs. 487. 3-Ger-
Cie 1167. ahethe ah: or See 1005. 1-H. OX! vii.
36. 3.
Leaves spear-shaped, the mmid-rib set with hooked
as is also the stem. Common calyx leaves of various oR
rising up and some over topping the flowering head.
Wild Teasel. Dipscens Sullonum, Fe. ea er

wet hedge —I have not found 5 it north of Derbysh.
oe, Nottinghamsh. Mr. Woon, B, June —Avg:

D. Leaves on leaf-stalks ks, Wwith appendages at the base.

Curt—Facg. austr. 248-Blackw. 124. 2-H. ox. vii. 36. 5-
Park. 984. 4—Matth. 663—Dod. 735. 3-Lob. obs. 487+ 2-
Ger. em. 1168. 3—Blackw. 124. 1—F. B. iti. 75. 2

na ebere't Rod. Shepherd’s Staff. Small Teasel. Hedges
ood esa ; 1 Sabber, Lane, Evesham, Wore. Mr. Bat-

rate Abbey, Shropsh.] eS Be ANE,

SCABIO’SA. Cal. common, fre Beart ; soos a
double, superior: Recept. naked or ¢
Seed wrapped in the proper cup.

* It is cultivated for the use of the clothiers, who employ tlre heads
with crooked awns to raise the knap upon woollen cloths. For this p=
pose they are fixed round the circumference of a large broad wheel, W
1s made to turn round, and the cloth is held againit them. The plant
flowers in June and July, and the heads are collected in August.

TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Scabiosa.

S. Blossoms 4-cleft, equal : stem undivided: branches ap-
proaching ; leaves spear-egg-shaped.

“Luda. 193—Curt. -Fl. dan. 279-Fuchs. 7 18-Trig. 246—

F. B. iii. 1-H. ox. vi. 13. 7-Blackew. 142—Matth. 623-

Dod. 24 Lob. 065295. age em. cphae feo: wt 1
Ger. 587. 4

_ Stem and leaves rough with hair, generally entire, but chose

on the stem sometimes serrated. Flowers in globular heads. Pre-

per Cup (the outer cup of Lryw.) 4-cornered, hairy, with 4 shal-

low clefts, the segments fringed with white hairs. . ‘Nectary (the

inner cup of Linn.) inclosing the germen, crowned with a

mie glandular receptacle, armed with 4 or 5. strong reddish.

lack bristles. Besides the above apparatus, each fait is fur.

ei with a hear Wee lapel floral-leaf, terminated by a white

taper bristle. Blo Bloss. bluish. purple, flesh-coloured, or white;

sometimes double. ~~
Devils-bit Scabious. Fields and pastures, frequent.
sf ; P. June—Aug.*

S. Blossoms 4-cleft, radiating : leaves wing cleft; and jag~
“> ged: stem rough with strong hairs.
tech, 288—E. bot. 65 9-Kniph. 3—Ludw. 21-Sheldr. 98, §c.
Fl. dan. 447—-Fuchs.716—Trag. 242-F. B. iii. 2. 1-Ger.
583. 4—Blackw. 185-H. ox. vis 13. 1-Ger. emt. 720, 4—

181

succi’sa.

arvensis,

~ Dod. 122. 1-Lab. obs. 291.1—Ger. em. 719.1—Park. 485.1,

Seach smooth. Flowers sometimes white, and all the
gare entire. ‘Haui,—Proper Cup 4-cornered, hairy 5 “with &

small teeth. Nectary (the imner cup of Linn.) inclosing the ger. °

men ; crowned with a concave receptacle, set with shining glands
on the inside, and armed with 8 or 12 spear-shaped, sesateey
Sreenish, bristly substances, hairy at the base.. Floretsin the
circumference larger, with 4 unequal clefts... Florets in the centre
regular. Leaves rough with hairs and tubercles ; -spear-shaped,
and more or less jagged ; some of them wing-cleft. Bless. a little
ly 36 blue, purple, or whi Sd, aaa
_ Field Scabious, Pastures and comfields. _P, July;. Aug-t

s, Blossoms 5-cleft, radiating : oot-leaves simple scol+columb

loped : stem-leaves compound, -

* The dried leaves are used to dye wool yellow or green. Lins =A
Strong decoction of it, continued a good while together, is an empirical
i for gonorrhzeas.
slick tee? and Goats eat it. Horses and Cows not fond of it, Itis

lightly astringent, bitter, and saponaccous, | *

” a es

182 TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Eriocaulon.

Kuiph. 12-Wale.-Ger. 582. 2-Column. phytob, 22—Clus. ii,
2. 2-Dod. 122. 3—Lob. obs. 290. 2—Gers: em. 719. 2-
Park. 484. 1-7F. B. iii. 4~Matth. 970~-Fl.. dan. 314-H.
Ox, Vip 14.20.

Feather with 5 bristles as long as the btossorn: Linx. Root
long, tapering to a point. Outer segments of the outer blossoms
much larger Sais the inner. Flowers bluish lilac colour.

Sma ¢ scabious. oy my pastures, frequent. P. Jeet

BRIOCAULON, Cal. common, a tiled. head.
* Male florets in the centre of 1 petal.

Fem, in the usd hae a ds “Capi
cells. Seeds 2.

septangula’re. E. ‘Stalk ool 7 angles, sheathed at the Bice} leaves bi |

E. bot. 733-Phil. trans. lix. pe. 243—Penn. hebr. i. 39, at p. 314.

Grows under water. Stalk 1 fe 12 foot bigh, the top rising
above the water when in flower. Licurtr. Tg oe calyx
white. Petals white, with a black spot on the Dr. Hort.

_ Dr. Hope sent the plant to Linnzus, who, as he afterwards

me, said it was the E. decangulare ; but Dr. Hope in his

excellent and accurate description, describes the stalk as having
only 7 angles, and sheathed at the base. See Phil. Trans. v. 69.

If the fig. of Plukenet, 409, 5, is to be relied upon, the American

which Linnzus called E. decangulares wants the sheath on

okce pare y a eos
racter ven to y stalk has 10 angles, —

and the he mae fer 4 stamens, so that I am disposed to believe
hat the the British plant is really a different species, a and have name

- Wreathed Pipervort. Nasmythia ess Huns. Disco-
vered by Mr. Rossrtson, a pupil of Dr , in a small lake
in the Isle of Skye, in1768. In 2 or 3 ‘ted water lochs
about z a mile West of Loch-sligachan, in the Isle of Skye, but
‘ Laer te ina ae called Loch-na-Caiplich, close tothe
gachan and Drynoch, in such abundances
a the white hy yy the roots are thrown on the edges of the
loch as sea weeds on the sea shore. Licutr. P. July. Hus
Sept. Licutr. The root is slightly acrimonious when chewed.

SHERAR’DIA: Bloss. 1 petal, funnel- shaped, —
long: seeds 2, naked, crowned by the calyx.

ai the gs Sheep, and Goats cat it. The pepe Dfaturna feeds -

TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Sherardia.

-§. All the leaves in whirls +. flowers terminating. |

. Curt. 315-Fl. dan, 439-Blair 4. 6-Pet. 30, LF. B. iii.
719. 3~Barr. 766, and 541. 1.. .

The whole plant is harsh and rough, from 4 107 inches high.

Leaves 5 or 6 in a whirl. Fi. leawes terminati compressed,

deeply divided into 8 parts, and inclosing 3 or 4 ts. Calyx

_ with 4, 5, or 6 teeth. Bloss. blue or purple: tube very long,

2 rie egg-shaped.
Little Fuld Madders. Little dang wort. Corn and fallow
» COMMON. Pe: A _May—Sept.

paren ide CE a pet funnel-shaped = : seeds

TiP St

A. Liat sina ‘hi, spielen: ‘ois in Binds, odora’ta.

on fruit-stalks.

~ Dicks. b. s.-E. bot. 7 55-Ludaw. 146—Curt. 249~Sheldr. 29-
Kuiph. 1~Clus. ti. 175. 2-Dod. 355. 2—Lob. obs. 464. 2-
Ger. em. 1124 1=Park. 563. 1-H. ox, ix. 22. rew 1, fig.
the Ath—Fl. dan. 562-Ger. 966-Trag. 496=Pet, 30, 9-
~ Blackw. 60-F. B. vis 718. 8-Mill, 55.2.

so divest coveted with stiff hooked hairs. Mr. Woonwaro.
gol with 3 divisions. Leaves varying, from 5_ to 9-ina

| whirl, Flowers of a beautiful snowy vhs and, when a little

ified, a sptinkled with shining, frosted particles. Ca/.

fab ery due y toothed, From 5 to 10 inches high.*

a seeet. Weodroe. Weodrew. Waoodrowell. Woodruff, Wood-
derowffe, as spelt in some old authors. The repetition of the

double letters affords _great amusement to children learning to

spell. [Woods in Herts. Mr. Woopw arp.—Near Armingdale-

wood by Norwich. Mr. Crowz.—About tow, Monmouth-
shire, plentiful in the hedges. Mr. Prrr,— oo and shady
Places, At the ccpuithi near Halesowen. —-P. May.

posite : stem upright © Hlowers 4-cleft.

_E. bot, 33-Kniph. 11-J. B. iti 723. 2-Col. ecpbr. 297. i-
“ Pet. 30. 12-H. Ox. ix. 22. ae : .

* Dr. Smith remarks the fresh herb has no smell ; but 28 soon as it

ins to dry it exhales a pleasant and lasting fragrance e that of new
hay, verging towards the flavour of bitter almonds.

+ The scent of it is said to drive away Ticks and other insects, Linn.
The strongly aromatic flowers infused in water, far excel in flavour all the

teas imported from China. Witticu.—It gives a grateful Beyort to wine.

Cows, Horses, Sheep, and Goats eat it.

183

arven’sis.

repip is

* *

A Leaves 4 in a whirl, strap-shaped : upper. fe 8 aprcynan chica,

184

crucia’tum,

valus ‘tre.
pal

TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Asperula.

Leaves frequently pointing 1 way, sometimes 5 in a whirl.
Mr. Woopwarp. ut 5 or 6 inches high, the lower part
trailing. Leaves unequal in size. Béoss. pale rose red, s ed
with deeper red lines.

Squinancy-wort. Squinancy Woodroof. - Limestone hills, and
high chalkey soils. [Swaffham, Norfolk. Newmarket Heath.
Dunstable Hills. Mr. Woopwarp. Salisbury. Plain.’ .

; ce P, June, July.

GA’‘LIUM. Bliss. petal, bell-shaped, short: seeds
2, nearly globular, beneath ; like cork. ©

(1) Seeds smooth. A,
G. Stem hairy, only branched at the base: leaves hairy.

- egg-shaped, 4 in a whirl: fruit-stalks with 2 or 3
leaves. : . :

E. bot, 142-Blackw. 76-Walc.—Dod. 357. 1—Gars. 235-
_ Lob. obs. 467. 2-Ger. em. 1123. 1-Ger. 965—Park. 506-

H, ox. ix. 21. row 2, 1. Cruciata-F. B. iti..717 and 2.
The structure of the flower is liable to many variations.
They are generally hermaphrodite, but sometimes male flowers
intervene. Bloss. segments from 3 to 5, though mostly 4. Sta-
‘mens 3 to 5, always corresponding in number with the segments
of the blossom. Seeds 1 or 2, the second frequently proving
abortive. In one hermaphrodite fower Mr. Woodward found 5
perfect stamens, and 4 others shorter, but containing pollen ;
the Pistil had 4 clefts, the summit of the 4th only being imper-
fect. Stem branched at bottom, undivided upwards. Bunches
from the bosom of the leaves, divided and subdivided. Bloss.
yellow. When the seeds ripen, the leaves bend inwards and
cover them so effectually, that birds cannot get at them without

tearing away the leaves. . es ee
Valantia cruciata. Linn. Galium cruciata. Scor. Cross-
wort. Mugwort. Mugweed. Hedge banks, and other rough

es often in meadows amongst mowing grass. [Plentifu
‘om Newcastle to within a few miles of Worcester, but further
South it is scarce. Mr. Baxer.] P. May—July-

G. Leaves unequal, strap spear-shaped, smooth, entire,
blunt, 4, 5, or 6 in a whirl: stems rough, sp
. branched upwards. ;
Fl. dan, 423—Pet. 50. 5~Ger. 967.

From 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves scarcely rough to the touch.
Bloss. white, numerous, on lateral and terminating fruit-stalks ;

- forming a sort of umbel cloven into 3 parts, and again subdivided.

Vol.2.to front p. 185.

Galium montanum, — Serer. tee

TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Galium, 155.

Var. 2.. Leaves strap-shaped, 4 inky whirl, get: £5
| Resembles the preceding but smaller and hardly half so high.
i Found on dry ground in Dudley Wood. The leaves being blunt
and quite entire, sufficiently distinguish this from the G. monta-
num and G. procumbens. Aes seas!

White Ladies Bed-straw. Banks of rivulets and pools, moist

} four in a whirl. “Corymbzs three cleft ; white pe

outside before they expand. Axthers brown . Liw: About
eight inches high, not at all branched, except sénding off fruit-

. stalks from the whirls of leaves. Stems feeble, rough: | Leaves
5 in a whirl; turned back, some-so much so as to point down-
wards ; serrated with hairs, pointed with a hair, not with a rigid
bristle or prickle. B/oss. purple on the outside whilst young.
Anthers red brown. Pistil very ‘short, cloven down to the base.
The plant now before me accords with the Linnzan character,
aiid Aso with the additional observations, but not with the Synon.
of Haller, Ruppius, or Pollich, So that it may prove to be a
hew species, | Abinie- fiertl' = Matas

On high, but boggy, parts of Handsworth Hea

G. Leaves spear egg-shaped, Ae or 6 in a whirl; dagger- procum’bens,
pointed, smooth, expanding: stem prostrate, smooth.
CU) By Bot. 815—Pet. 30.6.0

Stems and branches prostrate, smooth, matted together and

j Spreading on the ground. Flowering stem from 2 to 6 inches
high, fea Spec" hoe with 4 rounded corners.
Leaves 4 ina whirl at the bottom, 5 about the middle, and 6 at
the top of the plant, ur in size, edged with fine prickle-
shaped glands ; keel smooth. F/owers in umbels, lateral and ter-
Minating, 1, 2, or 3 from the whirls at the joints of the stem.
Bloss, white, sometimes purplish on the outside. Anthers yellow.
Pistil nearly as long as the Stamens, divided down to the base.
Seeds not rough but with a granulated surface. ~ |

G. montium. Gmelin. Syst. veg. G. montaxum. Huds. G.
Saxatile. E. pot. Trailing Goase-grats. Heaths and mountains.
Hups.—Also in marshy places. Ray.—I suspect, however, that
d Ray’s species comprehends also the G. Mollugo in its dwarf
state, which see variety 2. St. [On Heaths. Mr. Swayne. On
Heat 1 mile S, W. of Dudley ; and on Handsworth

: July.

ee

PRET te oe a ane =

ens caudate

$86

TETRANDRIA. ‘MONOGYNIA) Galina:

nligino'sum. G, Tene, in, sixes; apeir-shapell, dagger-pointed, stiff,

_ pusil’lum,

erec t! um.

ig ici et

bowed backwards; serrated ‘with Boorse blossoms
© Farger tl than the fruit.”

Kuiph. 10-—Barr. 32-J. I Bi iii. vs 2.

“Leaves free from hairs, ending in a thornlike point. Sveds
émooth. Linn. Leaves sometimes 7 or § in‘a'whirl. Huns. Bloss,
white, with a tinge of rose-colour. Hau. The leaves are dis-
posed to turn’back and point downwards, as in ‘the G. montanum:

_ Var. 2. Upper leaves 6, lower ones 4 in a whirl; not dagger.
pointed, All the leaves strap-shaped, but not ending in a thorn-
Fike: point... Jowers in a 3-cleft umbel, the middle spoke but
half the length of the other two: Axthers purplish red.
.(Found growing with G. palustre, but does not at all agree
wth that, andyprobably will prove to be a distinct species...
The prickles. at the edge of the leaves and the sharp dagger-
like, point, readily distinguish the first of these from the G. mon-
taxum, and the smooth stem separates it hoth from the montanun
as well as from the palustre.
~» Marsh Gaase-grass. Meadows, serie and wet heaths. On
the lower bog chsselharst st Seer __ P, July.

G. Leaves 8. in. n awhirl, rough with hairs, 3 ae a
to a point: whirls crowded. at the hase vd

3 | “the ae fruit-stalks forked.
: EB. bot. 74. |

Stems numerous, same a eee aikae length. Leaves 6 or 8 in
one gh sharp,
as‘are alse ‘ete Bee: on irs. Branches
few, alternate. Whirls of lather otien ‘$0 ply set as partly to
tile the stems.. Panicle thin set, mostly terminating, upon t twice
forked fruit-stalks. Linx. Leaves7 or 8 in a whirl; tiling the
lower aie of the stem. Flowers white. Seeds RT smooth.

‘Hups. Angles of the stem, and edges and mid-ribs of the
deaves ms. with expanding hairs. Leaves rarely up to 8. Mr.

Woopwarp. Approaches near to the G. uliginesum, but may
be known from that. by the blossom not bein ate ou The Mae
side, by. the fruit- being either fens or ole hairy and
not rough and harsh with prickles, but notwithstanding thes
differences J doubt whether, the two plants which our pene
have called pusi/lum and uliginosum be really distinct s ;
Least Goose-grass. Limestone Hills, near Kendal, stnors-
land. Near the bath at Matlock. Ds. Smit. P. july, Aug-

G. Leaves. mostly 8 in a whirl; spear-shaped, with fine
prickly serratures : panicles with 3 divisions + stem
rough, flaccid. Huns. ‘

Facq. austr. 80.

TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Galium. 187

Stems rather upright ; swelled at the joints ; 4-cornered, the
| edges roughish; somewhat hairy, branched : flowering branches
te. Leaves 8, sometimes 6 in a whirl; sitting, spear-

aped, and. between strap and spear-shaped ; bare. ‘The ter-
' minating panicle divided into 3.° Flowers white, 4-clefted.
i Seeds small; smooth. Huns. ‘Leaves in whirls, from 4 to 5 inches
. distant from ‘each other’; ‘bent back ; serratures directed towards
ee ee leaf, rma bowed back as in the rest of the
rouglizleaved-species. My specimen agrees in every respect ex-
cept the sakgonend sii suacah Sr. sete had described the
leaves and stem as sleek and shining, and the former as not ser-
rated with prickles, buthe afterwards cortects this description.
See Animadversiones, at the beginning of the 3d vol. of his
. pr ight Goose. rass. Mi dov F and wet. ne t 1 Ps > 5 ¥ 4 5 .
ConimariNatfotke, Mr. Bryant. ] P. June, July.

ee ee
: aneeshatti to 512

G. Leaves 8 in a whirl, eog-strap-shaped, dagger-pointed mollu'go.
somewhat serrated, greatly expanded: stem feeble :

_ branches greatly expanding.
CG Fi. dans. 4.55=-Ger. 967. 4—Fuchs. 281—Lob. it. 802; Q-F. RB
) iii. 716. 1-Lobd. obs, 468. 1—Ger. em. 1118. Q-Pet. 30.4=

the leaves being “ somewhat serrated,” but with us they have no

stich appearance, the edges being quite smooth and entire, which
cireumstance at once aiectnghshae it from the G. erectum of Mr.
Hudson. Ina cultivated state) it grows quite upright, strong,
and 3 or 4 feethigh, gta? SaaS
Madder Goose-grass. White Ladies Bed Straw. Wild Mad-
der. Great Bastard Madder. Hedges, roughs, and heaths, fre--
Qiltnty: f+} 4 bom deh o; malo} 1g:<PpJanex Aug.
Var. 1, Leaves very entire, bent back ; seldom exceeding 3
or 4 inches in height. Scop. Mollugo montana minar, Gallia albo
similis. R, Syn. 224. seems at least to compr this variety
as well as the G. procumbens. Malvern

G. Male flowers 3-cleft, on pedicles springing from the Spv'rium.
-fruit-stalks of the hermaphrodite flowers.
Faill. 4. 3.

188

sca brum.

veTum,

TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Galium,

Fruit-stalks bearing 3 flowers. curved downwards. Hat.
Leaves from © to 8 ; upper surface smooth, keel rough. Fruit

‘roughish, beset with a number of minute tubercles, but which do

not end in hairs. Portico. Umbels on fruit-stalks, generally 2 -
toa whirl, opposite, dividing into 3 branches ;. not leafy at the
base, each bearing one seed. Sr. Pedicles sometimes with one
leaf at the base. Florets sometimes all three, not unfrequently 2, —
though commonly only | hermaphrodite. Szems ee ot a foot
high, or more; not branched... The whole plant very harsh and
rough. Leaves serrated with strong prickles pointing: backwards.
_.. ¥alantia Aparine Linn. G. spurium. Huds. G, tricorne. Bot.
arr. ed. il. Three-horued Corn Goose-grass. .Cornfields..» Monk
Tryston,, between Ferrybridge and Selby, on a limestone soil,
plentiful, and near Weatherby, Yorkshire. Mr. Woopwarbd.
Cornfields, Puckle church, Gloucestersh. Mr. Swayne. |
vlgt : nets SPELT: yO AL June, July.

G, Leayes.:mostly 8 ina whirl, rough, dagger-pointed :
- (Jace,) furrowed : stem and leaves pubescent.STOKES.
; Jacq. austr, 422. ateres

Stems upright, closely beset with very short soft hairs. Leaves
sometimes 7, those of the branches fewer, beset with soft hairs. —
Fruit smooth. Stems above, smooth and shining. Jacq. but in
his figure it is represented as heset with hairs, as are my speci+
mefis, even to the last subdivisions. No appearance of prickles
on the stem or leaves. Flowering branches opposite, one always
shorter than the other. Fruit-stalks smooth. Sr,
Downy-stalk ries Se [Hedgerow in a marley soil on
the side of Red-House- ney near Worcester. Sr.] _P. Aug.
G. Leaves § in a whirl, strap-shaped, furrowed; flower-
ing branches short. _ 7 od si
E. bot. 660-Fl. dan. 1146—Kniph. 6-Ludw. 39-Mill. 139.
1-Scheldr. 61=Fuchs. 19€-F. B. iii. 720. 1-Trag: 492-

Dod. a6 1-+Lob. obs. 467. 3-Ger. em. 1126. 1~Park,

-. 564. 1-H. ox. ix. 21, row 2. 1-Gallium.—Matth. 1131-
Stem with large joints ; cylindrical, scored, a little woolly.
Leaves smooth, rolled back at the edges ; from 5 to 9 in a whirl,
bat generally 6 upon the principal stem. B/oss. segments greatly
expanded. spat cloven more than half way down. Bloss. yellow. |

_ Yellow Ladies Bed Stracw. Cheese Rening. Petty Magee .

Yellow Goose-grass. Sides of fields and roads, frequent. When
within the influence of the sea air it grows extremely small.
ot Pfaly—Ocet
* The flowers will coagulate boiling milk. The French prescribe
them in Hysteric and Epileptic cases, Boiled in alum water they ee

TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Galiuim. 189

_G. Leaves about 6 in a whirl, spear-shaped, pointed, edged ang'licum.
with prickles, reflected: stems wide-spreading, rough :
with prickles pointing downwards. (fudson.)
a» E. bot. 384-Kniph. 10-Ray Syne 9. 1. ioe?
Stems a foot long, feeble, 4-sided, rough when stroked u
be wards. Leaves 7 ina whirl, spear-shaped, dagger-pointed, i,
especially at the edge. Flowering branches opposite, short.
Fruitst. smooth, 2 or 3-flowered. Lin. Stems 1 to 14 foot high,
spreading, 4cornered, branched ; fowering branches opposite.
Leaves bare, (except at the edge) sometimes 7 in a whirl. Hups.
Leaves, the prickly hairs at the edge pointing forwards, some-
simes a few scattered on the surface ; those of the branches gene~
rally in pairs as in Ray’s figure. Branches rough. Fruit-stalks
smooth, generally dividing into 3, one of them supporting 2
dlowers, St. Bloss. greenish yellow, smaller than the fruit,
which though less smooth than that of the other species in this
subdivision, is still not hispid. Linn. refers the above figure of
Ray to his G. parisiense, and also cites Tourn. inst. 664 as
another synonym, but Tournefort tells us his plant had a dark
purple blossom, it therefore cannot be the same as our’s with a
yellow blossom. We therefore rather adopt Mr. Hudson’s name
and character, leaving the parisiense to 'Tournefort’s plant. Mr.
Relhan is now satisfied that the plant found on Chippenham Park
wall, and in Fl. Cantab. called parisiense, is no other than the

Eat ae en RoR i

ft

_ anglicum of Hudson. ee a Ee iD eet 3
-Aparine minima. Ray Syn. 225. Small Goose-grass. Tournefort’s

ae with a dark purple blossom cannot belong to this. As both
Hudson and Linné refer to the fig. of Ray, there can be no doubt

_ but they both speak of the same plant. At Hackney, on a wall. :
H. ox. III, p. 333. Ray.—Sandy ground between Dartford and
Northfleet. Ona wall at Farmingham, Kent. Hups.—[On the
Walls of Binham church, Norf. Mr. Crows.] A. June, July.

sand anes (2), Seeds hispide 20

G. Leaves 4 in a whirl, spear-shaped, smooth, 3-fibred: borea‘e.
_ stem upright. Spe es as
Dicks, bi s—F1. dan. 1024-E. bot. 105-Kniph. 5.—Pet. 30.7

TF BLT. 3.

Bloss, of a beautiful white, but when dried turning to a dirty
yellow, Mr. Gairritu. The 3 strongly marked veins or fibres
on the leaves afford a strong character. Leaves egg-spear-

wool yellow. The roots dye a very fine red, not inferior to madder, and
‘are used for this purpose in the island of Jura. Pennant, 1772, p. 214.
Sheep and goats eat it. Horses and swine refuse it. Cows ate not fond
of it:—This plant is subject to a disease, in which the stem and branches
_2f€ set with fleshy balls, about the ‘size’ of a pea: hollow within, and
<overed with a purplish skin, ©. : :

190 TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Rubia.

prs » 4 in a whirl, but only 2, or 3 at the base of the fruit.
ss Bloss. white, very numerous.

Cross-wort Madder. Cross-leaved Goose-grass. Mountains
in Westmoreland and Wales. [Near Pooley Bridge, by Uls-
water, Cumberland. Near the ferry at Winander Meer. Mr.
Woonow.-+Banks of the River near Down. Mr. Brown.—Rocks
about Strid, near Bolton Abbeys Mr. Woop.—Trigiwulcan
rocks; also about half.a mile from Llanberris, in the gravel by
the side of the second Rivulet: in the way to Llanrwst. Mr.
GrirritH.—Near the lower end of Winandermere, opposite
Fell Foot. Mr. Jackson. ] Pj July; Aug.*

Apari'ne. G. Leaves 8 ma whirl, s tcébiapeds ‘ keel ‘potigh with
prickles pointing Back witde: joints woolly. —
Curt.—Woodv. 2609-Fl. dan. 495-E. bot. 816—Sheldr. 134
Vaill, 4.4—Dod. 353-Lob. obs. 404.3. Aparine—Ger. 963.
1—Ger. em. 1122—Park. 567—H. ox. ix. 22. row 2.1,
Aparine—Pet. 30. 11—Blackw. 39-Matth. 807—Fuchs. 50=
Ja dhe lite 7 13-Trag. SOA atts
Stem 4-cornered, the angles set with prickles prickles pointing back-
wards. oints woolly at the base. | tol Aes 8 or 10 in a whirl,
— strap and spear-shaped, rough above, smooth underneaths
— met the keel ‘set with prickles pointing backwards.
re es opposite. Leaves from 4 to7, or more in a whirl. Bloss

white.
| Catcheweed. Goote- dele Cheaters. ray Rae Cleavers
Conecgrass. Hedges, eG ge As May, June-+ ee

RUBIA. Bless. petal, fpelchspels berry 2-seeded,
- tincto'rum. R. Leaves annual: stem prickly,

Var. 1. Anglica. Leaves smooth, sSemeg deciduous blos-
som with 5 divisions,

2. du. 851-H. ox. ix 21, 2-Pet, 38, 3. aot

t and its presen growth are mentioned b
- Ray and Tees i but it ison seem to accord exactly

any of the Linnean species neithes can tt the Halley's 7 08. “aes

* The roots afford a red dye fot wooHlens, gy #:

_ +. The branches are used by the S wedes instead of a soi to strain milk-
Young, geese are very fond of them, The seeds may be used instead
coffee. The plant is eaten by horses, cows, sheep and goats, Swine re~
fuse it. Linn.—The expressed juice of the stem and leaves, taken tothe

amount of 4 ounces, ni t and morning, is very efficacious im removing —

many of those cutaneous eruptions which are called, al
Scorbutic. It must be. pa bea for several. weeks, The Spbine Stellata»
rum, and the =— Euphorbia, feed upon the different re of Galium-

TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Exaéun.

Hudson referred it to the Rs peregrina of Linn. but in that the
leaves ate perennial. It is certainly embraced by the specific
character.of the R. tinctorum, but it differs from that in several
respects, as appears from an accurate drawing and description
igingly furnished at my request by the Rev. Mr.Swayne, who
abserves that the flowers have no calyx, that the blossoms have
constantly: 5 divisions,»and 5 stamens. He furtherremarks that
the root is perennial, branched, agi aed deeply into the fis-
sures of the rocks; its outer bark red. Stems several, climbing,
4-cornered, the angles set'with prickles pointing backwards.
eaves spear-shaped, somewhat waved at the edge, even and
shining on the upper surface, prickly at the edges and along the
mid-rib on the under side, from 3 to 6 in a whirl, bat mostly 5.
The plant in climbing up the rocks and through the shrubs sup-

ports itself by means of the prickles on the angles of the stem

and under the margins and midribs of the leaves. It seldom pro-
duces more than 1 perfect seed, perhaps there are not more than
‘2 or 3 instances on any one plant in which both the seeds attain
perfection. The whole superficies of the plant does not die in
the winter, but some of the old stem remains alive, which puts
forth fresh shoots in the spring. The leaves which first appear
in the spring are rather pe a as represented in the figure of
Petiver. Mr. Swayne. e uncertain number of leaves in a
whirl will hardly permit a specific difference to be founded upon

that circumstance, but if the R. tinctorum has 4 stamens and a

4.cleft petal, whilst this has always 5, the distinction will be
Sufficiently obvious. Flowers dirty yellow.)

_. Rubia peregrina. Huds. ns estris aspera a. Ray Syn. and |

Bot. arr. ed. it. R. peregrina, E. bot. Wild Madder. Hedges
in Devonshire, near Exmouth. {In the Isle of Wight. St. Wood
“Opposite St. Vincent’s Rocks, Bristol. Mr. Swayne. | .
ee Hibey P, June, July.

: EX/ACUM. Bloss. A-cleft, tube globular: Cal.

leaves, or with 4 divisions: Caps. 2-furrowed,
2-celled, many seeded, opening at the top.

191

E. Blossoms with 4 clefts: on long fruit-stalks ; leaves sit-filifor'me. :

“a titig# Stem forked ove aut
sok) Bs bot. 235-Fl. dan, 324-Vaill. 6 3.

About 3 or 4 inches high. Béoss. yellow, generally closed.
‘Dr. Smith first removed this plant from the genus Gentiana, and
‘very properly, for it always stood as an exception to that. From
the size of a pin to 4 inches ss Ina sunny day the flower
Opens fully and is cruciform. It has nothing to do with the
Gentians either in taste or in habit. .The leaves are so slender
and sit so close to the stem, that they are only discernible on

192

lacus’tris.

ma‘jor.

TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Littorella. |

nice inspection. Habitat ; gravelly places inundated in winter.
Mr. STACKHOUSE.
Least Gentian. -Marsh Centory. Marshes it in Cornwall, near
St. Ives. [In boggy places in Dorsetshire. Dr. Puurengy.
Also not unfrequent in Devonshire in similar situations. Sand
banks between St. Blazeybridge and the Parsand, Cornw. On
the bogs between Bodmin and Lestwithiel. Mr. ne 1
xg is J

LITTOREU/LA. M. and F. flowers on the same
plant.
Male. Bloss. A- cleft : cal. A-leaved : stam. long.
Fem. Bloss. mostly A-cleft : : cal. none : style
. long ; 3 seed a nut.
A ge : sy
E, bot 468-Fl. dat. 170—Pluk, 35. 2-H. ox. viii. 9. 30
Giseck. 21—Dill. muse. 81+ but the substances on the leaves
marked (a. a.) are thought to be Polypess

Its flower is that of Plautago, but the Stam. and Pistil being
fens. The te ers, and its frus ‘it from that
me ean tall eg Sha ng
‘Linn. Fertile fowers 2, sometimes 3, at the

: ofte male Ff he ere of the barren flower. Woopwarp. Leaves

rush-like, pasiahe convex underneath. Ma/e flower terminating.
Rein. This fox is truly amphibious, growing in most of our
lakes several feet under water, but it never flowers except when
on shore, or in water about one inch in depth. Mr. GrirritH.—
It is frequent near the margins of many of our Hi hland Jakes,
but being generally immersed, seldom flowers. The
stamens, which from their Seader make hang down, _the
style which shooting upwards meets them half way, ‘afford 2
beautiful illustration of the sexual doctrine. Mr. aagnct ne
_ Plantain Shoreweed. Marshy places in a sandy, soil. i*
Hainford. Mr. Crows.—On the margins of Oulton Broad by
stoft, pl y- Mr. Woopwarp.—On the. bank at. the

e . Mr. Woopwarp.—In a
watery. sys near ar Penzance by Mr. Wenman. ‘Mr. Sracxxouse-]

P. July—Ang-

PLANTA’GO. Bloss. 4-cleft, perm permanent, the bor-
der broken back: cal. i a ig shane extreme-
Ty long: caps. 2-celled, cut round, superior.

P. Leaves ~shaped, th stall
gee $ ae

TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Plantago!
“Curt=Fls dans 461-Blackw. 35-Woodv. 14-Manb. 479=

193

nal 1-Lob. obs. ~ 2-Park. 493. 2 & 1-H. ox.

iii. ‘502-Ger 338,

u-Stalk nearly Quedged. Mr. Houterean., Leaves with 7 ribs.

_ Mr. Woopwarp. Sra/t from 9 to 18 inches high, the flowering

pn about equal in length to the naked part ; rather rough with
t hairs... Leaves with 7 or 9 ribs.’ ,
Way-bread. Great Plantain. Road sides, very common.

P, June. “bee:
Var. 1 (8 Linn.) Leaves threestibbed.

Tab. ic. 7. 31-Ger. 339-77 ‘B: iis 505. ae me

Much smaller than: the precedin Lapa ; leaves rough. ’ Stalk not
more than 1+ inch inch high; spik in proportion. © ~
[About ' Shire n a Kingsweston, Bristol. ]

Var. 2. ‘taothed. ‘Porivan. Leaves with large teeth towards

the base. Sr.

in 4. 9-Park, 494. oe ee
Var. 3. Spike leafy. Flower-leaves disposed in'a pymaiaidal
or tose-like form.
Ger. 340, 5-H. ox. viii. 15. 3. 5. c.=Park. 4941 5. b-F. B.
| Gli. 503. 1-Ger. em. 420. 4, upper branch-Pet. 4.4, upper
branch.
Park.'494. 5. c.-H. ox. viii. 15.°3. anJ. zB. ii. 503. 1-
Pet. 4. 4, lower branch.
The rose-like and the pyramidal often rise from the same root.
Qn Dudley Lime rocks. Aug.
Var. 4. panicled. Stalk hidachiog § into a panicle. Sr.
Dod. 107. 2—Lob: obs.. 162. 4—Ger. ems 420. 6-F. B. iii.
- 503. 2=Park, 494. 5. a.—Pet. 4. 5-H. ox. Ville 15s Se
[Bedingham, near Bungay, Suffolk, Mr. Srong.]*

P. Leaves g-s ehapens ubescent : spike and ime
oyliengat :
Curt. 259-Fl. dan. 581-Welk. Cees, epit 262-Fucb. 39-
J. B. iii. 504, 1—Matth. 480-Clus. ii. 109. 1—Dod. 107,
— 4-Lob. obs. 162. 3-Ger, em. 419, 2~F, B. iii. 504. 2-H.
ox. viii, 15. 6—Pet. 4. S-Ger 338. i Bene 226. 1-
Fy x ark. 493. 3. s*

‘

Bg Sheep, Goats, and Swine eat it. Cows and horses refuse it. The
ae ple apply the green leaves to cuts. :
Bi. EL. 1 A Ano, 8 .

me’dia.,

Fo4

TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Plantago.

Stalk ftom 5 to.10 inches high ; cylindrical. Flowering
shorter than the naked part of the stalk. Leaves mostly ere
often toothed, spear-egg-shaped, or quite egg-shaped ; sometimes

"variegated with pale yellow stripes.

Lambs Lettuce. Hoary Plantain. Road sides, and pastures,
mostly in chalky or marly soil. {The variegated kind at. Haw-
ford Bridge, near Worcester. Sr. ri janet

lanceola’ta. P. Leaves spear-shaped spike nearly egg-shaped, naked

marit’ima.

stalk angular.

“f. bot. 507-Curt. iis 15-F], dan. 437—Blackew. 14—Wale.-
Dod. 107. 3—Lob. obs..163. 1~Ger. ems 422. 1—Park. 496.
1-H, ox. viii. 15. 9—Pet. 4. 6-7. B. iii. 505. 1-Trag-
225, 2-Ger. 341. 1=Marth. 481—Anders.

Stalk about a foot high. Root as if bitten off. Spike 1 inch
Jong, or not so much. Leaves strap-spear-shaped, ribs 5 t07 ;
often toothed at the base, but in maritime situations toothed all
along theedges. Anthers white, The stalks continue to grow
after the flowering is over, and sometimes shoot out to the length

of 2 feet or more.
Ribewort Plantain. Ribgrass. Pastures very common, P. June,

‘Var. 2. Leaves narrow, 3-ribbed. (Dr. Stoxss.)
Ger. prov. 12-Ger. 339. 4-F. B, iii. 505. 2~Park, 496»
3—Pet. 4.7. :
Mountainous and barren places.
_ Var. 3. foliosa. Summit of the stalk surrounded with leaves
longer than the spike. Mr. Woopwarp..
Ger. 341. 2-F. B. iii, 506. 1-H. ox. viii, 15. 10.
Near Leeds. Sr.—Ripton, Huntingdonshire. Mr. Wee
Var. 4, Spike with 2 or 3 heads. Leers.
Clus. ii. 110-F. B. iii. 506. 2-H. ow, viii. 16. 10-Pet. 4. 8
Isle of Thanet. Ray.* ‘ ;

_P. Leaves strap-sh » mostly entire; woo at the base!
spike a a ce cylindrical. : ie

* Linnaeus says it is eaten by Horses, Sheep, and Goats, ana that Cows
refuse it; but Haller attributes the richness of the milk, in the famous |

- alpine dairies, to this plant and to the Alchemilla vulgaris. —The

absence of this plant in marshy lands, is a certain criterion of the wretched
quality thereof. In proportion-as such soils are meliorated by draining,
this plant will flourish and abound. It is often sown and cultivated a
pasturage, but does not answer the purpose well without a mixtule @
clover or other grasses. Sheep will eat it either green or dried, provige’
it be well gotten. Mr. Dicxznson.—When it grows detached from from other -
plants, as it frequently does by the sides of foot-paths, I have never s¢?
cattle touch it, but they certainly do eat it mixed P with ather herbage,

TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Plantago, 195

© Fl. dan. 243-E. bot. 175-Ded. 198~Lob. obs. 163. 2—Ger.
_ em, 423. 3—Park. 498. 1-H. ox. viii. 17. 34~Ger, 343. 3.
OE, B. iii. S11. '3—Ger. em. 425.1.
_ Root wood-like, inversely conical at the crown. Stalk 5 or
G inches high. Spike 1 to 14 inch long, bent at a right angle
before flowering. Leaves fleshy, convex on the lower, channel
on the upper surface, ciated entire, but sometimes with a few
aoe teeth. Floral-leaves keeled. Bloss, tube woolly. Anthers
yellow.
_ Sea Plantain. Sea coast. [ Also near Barnard Castle, 35 miles
from the sea. Mr. Rosson. ] - -P. June, July. ven
Var, 2. narrow-leaved. Leaves thread-shaped. *
A much smaller plant than the preceding, and flowering ear-
lier. I found it in the Isle of Wight, and going out of blossom
the beginning of June.’ Leaves about 2 inches long. Sva/k cy-
lindrical, slender, not scored, 4 inches high. Spzke 1 inch long,
cylindrical, not closely crowded with florets. i
. Var. 8. flat-leaved. Leaves flat; ribbed, very sparingly toothed.
FB. bist. tii, 506. 2, well represents the leaves, but the
* spikes are too short. ; ,
Leaves 5 inches long, flat, 5-ribbed.. Stalk about 5 inches
| high, cylindrical. Spike 2 inches long, cylindrical, bent at a
tig it angle before flowering. F/. /eaves with a midrib, but not
eeled. :
[Near the Bristol channel. Mr. Swayne. Sea coast, Yar-
mouth, Mr. Woopwarp.] ~
oo Var. 4, mountain. Huds. var. v.
FJ. B. bist, iii. 506. 2
_. Smaller than either of the above varieties. The leaves from
2 to 3 inches high, one eighth of an inch wide.
[On Cwn Idwell. June, 1798. Mr, Grirrirx,]

P. Leaves strap-shaped, toothed : stalk cylindrical. Ji. suec. coro’nopus.
_ —Leaves between winged and toothed. hort. cliff.

Fi, dan. 272~Pet. 4, 10—Fuchs. 440-Trag, 99-7. B. lil.
— $09~Blackw. 460-—Matth. 493-Dod. 109. 1-Lob, obs.

239. 2-—Ger. 427.) 1—Park. 502, 1-H. Ox. Vili. 175 3i. 4
Spike truly nodding before it flowers. Linn. Leaves wing-
cleft, the segments very unequal ; lying on the ground in form
of a star. Sza/k from 4-to7 inches high. Spike 1} to 2 inches
long ; cylindrical. Calyx, segments lapping over each other,
Sceply divided, fringed at the outer edge. Anthers terminated

“by a small spear-shaped transparent membrane.
This plant varies very much both in the size and clefts of the
o2

196

min’imus,

. TETRANDRIA: MONOGYNIA. Centunculus.

: leaves, in the height. of the stall and the length of the spike

but the membrane terminating the anthers is\constant. .,
Star of the earth. Hartshorn, Buckthorn Plantain, Gravelly
soil. Sea shore, frequent. A, June—Aug. -

"Var, 2. Leaves more deeply divided, and more hairy, Heads
short, and lax. BLACKST. P> 77»
~ * Between Dartford and Greenhithe. [Near the Bristol Chan
nel, Mr. Swayne.—Dawlish, Devonshire. ] ?
Var. 3. Leaves strap-shaped, very entire, hairy. . ‘Spike
roundish, Hups:
Very much resembles és ice 439. Ray; which is P, whis
lata. Linn.
Dry meadows on the sea coast. Hups.—Banks of the river
near Yarmouth, and near Sheerness, in Sheppey. Rar. aiff
Var. 4, Leaves between serrated and wena St. = ie
Pet. 4. 9-Pluk. 103. 5." See
[Found on the north coast of Cornw. by Mr. Warr. eo
In its smaller state, and with spikes of flowers scarcely ree
than broad, (var. 1.) it has been-very. generally supposed to be

the Pl. Jochinmii but that plant, accor aoe $ account,
has smooth floral-leaves, heres i in ours they ¢ ES hairy;
‘he ‘are “never

ee on the keel. The root-leaves, ‘he says, |
g-cleft, but in such of ours whose’ spike. most resembles the
other, they are almost always so. '

Moet
sland

CENTUN’CULUS. Cul, A-clefe-: bloss, ge
_ panding : stam. short: ae 1-celled; cut round.
Cc.
Dicks: b. s.—E, sisi 198—Curt. 185Fi, dan. 77 7 Vaile 4. Re
Mich, 18. 2.

Bloss. minute ; white ; in the bosom ae the REA te
Continuing and adhering like a veil to the point of the capsules
never expanding but when the sun shines strongly upon them.
Curr. niece — branched, forked. Leaves sometimes

ite tow, OM; egg-s nt ie
ar ean ree

Bastard Pimpernel. Pimpernel Chaffweed. a sandy
ground, and on commons. [Salt marshes and meadows near the —
sea side. Newton Cartmel, common. Mr. Hatt.—Gamlingay

. Mr. Retwan.—Blithfield, Staffordsh, Hon. Mr. Bacot-
s of St. Andrews. Mr, Brown. ] A, June.

SANGUISORBA. Boss. A-cleft sermon betwixt
the calyx and the blossom.

TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Epimedium. 197
S. Spikes egg-shaped. - _., officina’lis.-

|. Kniph. 4-Ludw. 94—-Fl. dan. 97—Fuchs. 788~—F. B, iii. 120 i
—Gers 889. 2—Pet. 4. 11-Clus. ii, 197. 3—Bed. 105. 2- ,
, Lob. obs. 412. 4—Ger. em. 1045. 2-Park, 582, 3-Matth.
~ 1033—H. ox. viii. 18. 7. : :

A hard woody plant, from 12 to 2? feet high. Leaves wing-
éd 3 wings egg-oblong, serrated, about 4 pair, and an odd one at
the ends £/oss. beneath; segments~ mulberry-coloured, tube
white, . fleshy, inclosing the germen; a glandular ring closely
embracing, but not x ee to the style. Petals when old,
only slightly adhering at the base, that one might almost con-
sider it as a 4-petaled blossom. S. vesse/, besides the coat form:
ed by the permanent tube of the blossom, there is another egg-
shaped seal detect, pelualip” 1 seed. Upper florets either ik.
out stamens or with only an imperfect one. :

Wild Burnet. Great Burnet. Burnet Bloodwort. Meadow
Burnet. Moist pastures, especially on marly or calcareous soil.
{ Limestone pastures in the North, very common. Have not found
it farther to the S. E. than Ripton, Huntingdonsh. Mr. Woopw.
Mazly soils about Stafford, not uncommon.] _—~P.: June—Aug.

EPIME’DIUM. Bloss.A petals : xectaries 4; lean-
ing: cal, deciduous: seed-vessel a pod.
KE paps OES = peal ae paves! alpinum.
- “BL bot. 438—Kniph. 10-Mill, ic. 133—Dod. 599-Lob. obs.
176. 1—Ger. em. 480~Park. 1366, upper fig.~F. B.ii. 391,
__Near a foot high. Leaves heart-shaped, on leaf-stalks, Bioss.
m red, with a yellow stripe. eae
__.In Bingley Woods, 6 miles from W. Brierley, Yorkshire,
not siting! - Ricuarpson, in Biacxst.19. —_—P.. June, July.
», This plant does not appear to have been known to Mr. Ray,
- otherwise than as a native of Austria, &c. nor has it been found
in England by any of our later botanists, but the above authority
18 so particular, that I have been induced to insert it as a means
of exciting to further enquiries. Its creeping roots enable it to
multiply apace, and when once in possession of the soil, it is not
easily eradicated, though if the wood be destroyed where Mr. .
RicHarpson found it so plentifully, it may have disappeared, for
it seems to require shady and damp situations.—{ Since the above
Was written, Mr. Rosson has sent me a specimen which was ga-
thered on Skiddaw in July, 1795. Also specimens from the Rev.
T. Grssorne, whose plants were discovered in 1787 in a very
wild part of Cumberland called Carrock Fell. J

198

sanguin’ea.

sue’cica,

officina’lis,

TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Parietaria.

COR’NUS. Involucrum generally 4-leaved : petals
A, superior: drupa succulent; beneath ; 2-
celled; hard; solitary.

C. Branches straight, leaves egg-shaped, green on both
sides ; tuft flatted. L. Hert.

E. bot. 249—Fl. dan. 481—Maith. 260—Lob. obs, 592. 1=

Park. 15212 3-Ger. 1283—Dod. 782. 2-Ger. em. 1467=
_ ~ Trag. 1004.

Tuft of flowers divided into 5 parts, and these again sub-di-
vided. Scop. Leaves egg-spear-shaped, with strong nerves.
Blass. white. Berries purple. Leaves blood red in Autumn. _
_ Dogberry tree. Hounds tree. Hounds berry. Prick wood. Prick
timber. Gatten tree. Female Gornel. Woods and hedges, not
uncommon, : S. June.*

C. Herbaceous, with 1 pair of branches.

E, bot. 310~Fl. dan. 5~Penn. Scotl, ti, 39. at pr. 314—Dill.
elth. 91-FI. lapp. 5. 3-Cluss. 1. 60. 1-Ger. em. 1296. 5+
- Park. 1461. 4—F, B. it. 109, 1-Ger. 1113. _ .

' Stem 4-cornered, rarely branched ; forked at top. Leaves
oval, lower ones rounder ; entire, opposite. General involucr.
4-leaved, inclosing many flowers; /ittle leaves white. Flowers
dark purple, very small, in an undivided umbel. Frust-stalk soli-
tary, terminating, rising from the fork of the stem. The 4
leaves of the involucrum have such a resemblance to petals, that
it is easy at first sight to imagine it a compound flower. RoTH.
Berries

. Cornus herbacea. Hups. Dwarf Honeysuckle. Dewarf Cornel.
Hills in the North. [Howle of Horkham, near Pickering, York-
shire. Mr. Rosson. Pentland Hills. Dr. Horz.]

P. June, July.

PARIETARIA. Fem. florets mixed with herma-
phrodite on the same branch: calyx 4-cleft :
bloss. none : seed 1, superior, lengthening.

P, Leaves spear-egg-shaped: fruit-stalks forked :* cup of

2 leaves.

* The wood is very hard and smooth, fit for the purposes of the
turner. The leaves change toa blood red in the autumn. The berries _
are bitter and styptic ; they dye purple. Horses, Sheep, and Goats cat
it, Swine and Cows refuse it, ;

i

‘rubbish,

TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Urtica.’

Ludw. 115—Wale.-Ger. 261-Fl. dan. 521-Curt, 233-
Woodw. 142-Pet. 8.1-Fuchs. 277-F. B. ii. 976. 2-Garse
441—Lonic. i. 137. 1-Cam. epit. 849-H. ox. ¥. 30. row 3.
1~Matth, 1113—Dod. 102—Lob. obs. 180; tc. i. 258. 1-
Ger. em. 331—Park. 437-Blackw. 156-Trag. 193.

Stems reddish. Bloss. greenish white. Authers if touched
when ripe with the point of a needle, burst, and throw out their
pollen with considerable force. ;
Common Pellitory of the Wall. On old walls and amongst

P. May—Sept.*

URTI'CA. Flowers male and female apart: calyx
_ A-leaved: A/oss. none. — i
Male, nectary in the centre; glass-shaped.
Fem. Cal. 2, opposite leafits very small : swmmit

hairy : seed 1, egg-shaped, shining.

(1) Male and Female flowers on distinct plants.
U. Leaves opposite, heart-shaped: bunches in pairs.
Woody. 146—Fl.. dan. 746-—Blackw. 12—Fuchs. 107-F. B.
iii. 445. 2-Trag. 2. 1-Ger. 570. 2 and 4~Gars. 037-
Lonic. i. 108. 2—Matth. 1126-—Dod, 11. 2-Lob. obs. 281.
1 > it. i. 521. 2—Ger. cm, 706. 2-Park. 441, 3-H. OXe xi.

25, row 2. 1-Pet. 1.9 ” ie

Common Nettle. Ditch banks, ‘and amongst rubbish.
P, July.t+

* This plant was formerly in repute as a medicine, but it does not.
Seem to possess any remarkable qualities.—It is asserted that the leaves
Strewed in granaries destroy the Corn Weevil.—It contains, I have been
informed, a considerable quantity of nitre, and that in making an extract
from it, the mass has taken fire. The Nitraria also contains the same

t, and is said not to flourish unless Nitre is mixed with the soil in
which it grows, Dr. Sroxss, , ye

t The stings are very curious microscopic objects: They consist of
an exceedingly fine pointed, tapering, hollow substance, with a perfora-
tion at the point, and a bag at the base. When the sting is pressed upon,
it readily punctures the skin, and the same pressure forces up an acri-
Monious fluid fromthe bag, which instantly squirts into the wound, and

roduces an effect that most have experienced. — The stalks may be dressed
ike Flax or Hemp, for making Cloth, or Paper, —The plant has formerly
been ‘used as an astringent, but is now disregarded.—A leaf put upon the
tongue, and then pressed against the roof of the mouth, is pretty effica-
cious in stopping a bleeding at the nose.—Paralytic limbs have been re-

‘Covered by stinging them with Nettles.—The young shoots are gathered

farly in the spring to boil in brothor gruel. Cows eat the leaves when

they are a little withered. ‘The leaves are cut to pieces to mix with taf

199.

ee “MONOGYNIA. ‘Viscuni.
_ (2)Male and female flowers on the same’ plant.

pilulifera. v. Tela opposite, egg-shaped, serrated; fertile catkins.

u’rens.

al’bum.

globular. ‘

Bi bot. 148-Mill. ill-Kuniph. 9-Trag. i Q—Pet. : 1l-
Blackw, 321. 1—Fuchs. 100-F. B. iii. 445. 1-Matth,
1125-Ger, 570. 1-Dod. 151. 1-Lob. obs. 281.25 ite ie
$22. 1-Ger. em. 707. 1-Park. 440, 1-H. ox. xi, 25. 5
~ Lonic.i 1. 109. 1-Gars. 638.

When growing very close to a wall it is Becientiy taller and
slenderer, and the leaves generally smaller and egg-shaped, when
more distant the plant is shorter and stronger, and the leaves
larger and heart-shaped. Woopwarp,

Roman Nettle. Rubbish. Yarmouth, and at Aldborough,
Suffolk. R. Syx.—[Under walls at Yarmouth and elsewhere on
the coast, frequent. Mr. Woopwarp. | A. Aug.

“U. Leaves opposite, oval: stem biutehed.

FI, dan. 739-Ger. 570. 3~Matth. 112-Dod. 152-Lob. obte
989. 1; ic. i. 522. 2-Ger. em. 707—Park. 440. 2-Pete
~ J. 10-Gars. 637. 1—Fuchs. 108-F.. B. iii. 446—H. OXs
“Ki. 25. row 2. 4-Trag. 3.1... --

~ Lesser Nettle: Rubbish, cultivated ground. A. July—Sept*

VIS‘CUM. Male and Female flowers on sea i
agers bloss. none.
- Male, calyx with A divisions : filam: none: a1
thers fixed to the calyx.
“Fem. Calyx A leaves, superior: style none:

berry pulpy; 1-celled, 1-seeded: seed biedite
shaped.

V. Leaves spear-shaped, blunt: stem fired Be ee an

ary. |

Mill, ill-Sheldr. 20-Woodw. 270~Blackw. 182 Kipbe 3 a
Fuchs, 329—Lon. i, 55. 2-Matth. 806~-Cam. pit. 555-

food of young Turkeys, and other Poultry. Cows, Hotsea, Sheep, Goats
and Swine refuse them. Asses are fond of it, and Cows eat it in hay-
Sr. It gives nourishment to many species of Moths, Linn.

* The leaves are gathered and cut to pieces, to mix with the food of

young Turkeys. —Cows, Horses, Sheep, Cows ad Swine pete it.
INN

-TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Hippophae. 201

Trag. 948-—Dod. 826—Lob. obs. 361. 13 ics 1.636. 2-Gere
em. 1350. 1—Park. 1393. 1-Gars. 628~Ger. 1168. 1.

A singular parasitical evergreen shrub. The barren plant
opposite to the fersi/e one. Linn. ‘The root insinuates its fibres
into the woody substance on the tree on which it grows, Blos..
som greenish white. Berries whitish. —_- ee

_ White Misselice.. Missel. Mostly on Apple trees, also on
the Pear, Hawthorn, Service, Oak, Hasel, Maple, Ash, Lime-
tree, Willow, Elm, &c. Ray. Rarely on the Oak. Hunr. evel.
’ [Very rare in the Northern’ Counties, growing onlyat Lithe,
: _ near Kendal. Mr. Goven. In Worcestershire and Hereford-

shire very common both in orchards and hedge-row-fruit trees. ]
‘ : é ‘ : Ss. May.*

HIPPO’PHAE. Male and Fem. flowers on dif- |
| ferent plants: d/oss. none.
Male, Calyx 1 leaf, 2-lobed.
~ Fem, Calyx 1 leaf, tubular: berry superior,
1-celled : seed hard, shining. .
~H, Leaves spear-shaped. Rhamnoi des.
FI, Ross i. O8—E. bot. 425-Cam. epit. 81-F. B. i. b. 33-
. Dod. 755. 1-Fl. dan, 265-Gies. 38-Matth. 156-Lon, ii.
8. 2-Clus. i. 110. 1—Lob. obs, 598.32 ice ii, 180, 1=
Ger, em. 1334, 2-Park. 1006. 4600
Shrub 8 feet high. Branches widely spreading, straight,
stiff, thorny x the at the /esser palmer, eye sport,
€xpandin: ° $ $a
green Po oeshing ae ate athe send with “4
Strong prominent mid-rib, which has a corresponding furrow
On the upper surface, edges usually somewhat bent back. Woop-

* Birdlime may be made from the berries.and from the bark. The

Misseltoe Bird, the Fieldfare, and the Thrush eat the berries, the seeds

of which pass through them unchanged, and along with their excrements

to the branches of trees, where they vegetate. Some authors ob-

Serving that the roots are always inserted on the under side of the branches,

: deny this method of propagation ; but they do not recollect that the rains

__ _Will soon wash them into that situation, though it is highly probable that

___ they first fell upon the upper sideof the branch. No art hath yet made.

plants take root in the earth. Sheep eat it very greedily, and it is

frequently cut off the trees for them in hard weather. It is said to pre-

Serve them from the rot. Mr. Houzrerrar. If the berries when fully ripe,

be rubbed on the smooth bark of almost any tree, they will adhere closely

and produce plants the following winter. In the gatden of Mr. Collins

of Knaresborough, are many Jarge plants of it produced in this manner on

the dwarf Apple-tree. Hunt. evel. It was formerly in great repute as a

‘Temedy for Epileptic and other complaints ; but it s now very much dis-
Tegarded ; and indeed its sensible qualities promise but little.

202 TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. <Alchemilla,

warp. Flowers solitary, appearing before the leaves, Male —
flowers below the leaves, between a branch and. a bud;, female
flowers sitting in the bosom of the lowermost leaves, Linn,
“Sea Buckthorn. Common Sallow-thorn. Sea shore, in sand.
Lindley coast, Lincolnshire ; Sandwich, Deal and Folkstone, |
Kent; Whitby and Lyth, Yorkshire. Isle of Sheppey. [Cley |
and Sherringham Cliffs, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe, Between Yar-'
mouth and Winteticn. Mr. Woopwarp.] S. March—May.*
ALCHEMIL'LA. Calyx 8-cleft: d/oss. none:
seed 1 or 2, inclosed by the calyx, =
|

vulga’ris. A. Leaves gashed.

_ Ey bot. 597—Abbot. Fl. Bed. p. 36.—Ludw. 176-Fi. dan. 693-
Blackw. 72-Matth. 1177-Trag. 512—Fuchs. 612-F. B.
ii. 398. (7)—Dod. 140. 2—Ger. em. 949-Pet. 9. 0-Kniph.
3—Clus. ii. 208. 2—Leb. obs. 378. 3—Park. 538-H. ox.
ii. 20. rew 3. 1—Pet. 9, 1C—Ger. 802—Mill, 18. 2.

Flowers forming a kind of umbel, the General involucr.
being a leaf which entirely surrounds the stalk, but the Partial
involucr. goes only half way round. Leaves cloven generally
into 7 lobes, the lobes serrated. Leaf-stalk sending a rib along
the middle of each lobe of the leaf. Seeds generally only 1, but

sometimes 2 in each seed-vessel. Flowers yellowish green. ~
Bearsfoot. Common ladies mantle. Meadows and pastures,
frequent. z P, June—Sept-t

very acid, with an austere vinous flavour, and the fishermen of the gulph i
of Bothnia Sy aod rob from them, which added to fresh fish imparts 4
very grateful flavour. In sunny sandy situations it is planted for hedges-

Linn. :

: * Cows refuse it 3 Goats, Sheep and Horses eat it. The berries ate :

_ + The whole plant is astringent. In the province of Smolandia, ™ .
Gothland, they make a tincture of the leaves, and give it in s' of
conyulsivediseases. Horses, sheep, and goats eat it. Swine refuse it
Cows are not fond of it. The Rev. S. Dickenson gives the following

_ €uriousaccount of its pernicious effects on Cows.—'* Being lately om 4 —
visit at Somerford, Mr. Moncton requested me to examine the herbage of
a meadow near the river Penk, in which he had the misfortune, @ few Se
years ago, to have five milking Cows die suddenly at once, and several
more with difficulty recovered. The symptoms of the disease, which he’
attributed to some noxious plant, were irremediable costiveness and ob-
structions in the bowels. Upon examination I found a very unusual
abundance of Alchemilla vulgaris in every part of ‘the field; and am m+

‘ clined to believe this plant the cause of the fatality, as it is known to be
of @ very astringent quality. It was the aftermath the herd depastureds
and the survivors, upon being introduced into the same field the Summer

_ following, wereimmediately affected with similar symptoms, but remo
im time to prevent the-fatal consequences; since which Mr. Moncton hes
neyer hazarded the depasturing of it by neat Cattle.’? hese adept Sole

dime, i el ee

TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Buffonia.

Var. 2. Leaves pubescent. Hups. 7
Pluk. 240. 2-Barr. 728-Mill. 18. 1.

Alchemilla alpina hybrida, « Linn. sp. pl. who supposes it to
be the product of the seed of the A. alpina, impregnated by the
pollen of the A. vulgaris,

On mountains, -P. July.

A. Leaves with finger-like divisions; serrated.

Fl, dan. AQ~E. bot. 244~Kniph. 5-Munting. 90-Lob. adv.
. 307. 1—Pet. 9. 11-Barr. 756—Park. 394. 3-F. B. ii.
398. (f) 1—Clus. ii. 108. 1-Ger. em. 988. 5—Ger. 837.

5—H, ox, ii. 20. row 2. 3.
Leaves of a shining white underneath ; divided into 7 little
leaves, and serrated only at the ends, Linn. Little leaves some-
times 5, those of the stem leaves 3. Woopnwarn. Flowers

greenish. —
Cinquefoil Ladies mantle, Mountains inthe North. Ulswater,

203

alpina.

near Penrith. Ray. [Rocks in Borrowdale, near Keswick, Cum- .

berland. Mr. Woopwarp. Near Buckbarrow Well, in Long

Sleddale, Westmoreland. Mr. Jackson. ] P, July.
| DIGYNIA.
BUFF O'NIA. Cal, 4-leaved: Beas 4 pea: : caps.
I cell; 2 seeds.
BT enuifolia,

Magn. hort. 15-Pluk. 7 Se Se

‘iis cylindrical, upright, jointed. Branches alternate.
es 2 at each joint of : S stem. Flowers at the base of the

Yes; white.
Bastard 13 Me, ia 9 Chickweed Toadgrass. Hounslow Heath.

Sea Coast, near Boston, Lincolnshire.
A. Huns. P, Linn. May, June.

BETULA. Male ane Female flowers on the same
plant : cal. 1 leaf, with 3 or 5 clefts : bloss.
.... with 4 divisions.
Male. Cal. 3-flowered. -
- Fem. Cal. 2-flowered: seeds 2 or 3.

B. eaves triangular-spear-shaped, acute; smooth, doubly
~ serrated,

tenuifo’lia.

al’ba,

_TETRANDRIA; MONGYNIA; Betalas>

Hunt. Evel. 225; i. 218, ed. 11.—Kniph, 12-Gars. 172, 1~

Dod. 839. 2—Ger. em. 1478—-Lob. obs. 607. 23 tc. ii. 190.
- _ 2-Park. 1400. 8—Maith. 142-Blackw. 240—Ger, 1295-
F. Bs iv bs 149-Trag. 1113. shoag adé-ed
Branches, the lesser deep chesnut coloured. . Male catkins,
scale tipped with brown, with smaller scales fixed to the centre.
Blossom egg-shaped, concave, green. :
Var. 1. Branches upright, stiff, straight. sors
_. Var. 2. Branches pliable, pendant. oe ek t
B. pendula. Roth. Gmelin Syst. veg. Rea:
Birch tree. Birk, Woods and moist hedges. T, Apr. May.”
B. Fruistalks branched, wedge-shaped, very blunt: leaves
~~ roundish, glutinous: veins underneath woolly at the

~ Matth. 140-Ger. 1294—Clus, i, 12: 2-Lob. ic. ii, 1Gteck=

Ger. em. 1477. 2—Park. 1409=Gars. 138—Clus. i. 121-

Dod. 839. i.-Ger. em. 1477. 1—Hunt. evel. p, 2403 i. pe
| 233. ed. Ul-Trag. 1084, _ bag es SUV =

xh BS

cylindrical, deep mulberry colour. Segments of the bloss. un-
equal. Fon Ckin egg-shaped. Szy/e purplish red.

Alder. Owler. Oller. Near water. T. Feb, and Mart

” -% Itis liable to a disease in its branches, which causes it to send out :

a very great seanaiies = teers in the yp eeees a branch, poreen ee ps
grown to some length, € very much th pearance at a distance OF
tree full of Rooks nests; the leaves iat ther shoots are downy and

*

soft. It grows in all kinds of soil, but best in shady places. It Loar

cropping. It is hurtful to pasturage. The wood is firm, to
planted along with hasel to make charcoal for forges. In the northem
parts of Lancashire, they form the slender twigs into besoms for ex porta-
tion. Penn, tour. The leaves afford a yellow dye, The bark is extremely
-useful to the people in the north of Europe; they make hats and drinking
cups of it in Kamschatka. The Swedish fishermen make shoes of it. The
Norwegians cover their houses with it, and upon this cover, they.

“turf three or four inches thick. Torches are made of the bark slicedand

twisted together. It abounds with a resinous matter that is highly is

spring, a sweet liquor distils from it, hia propery fermented, with Oe C

addition of sugar, makes a pleasant wine.—Horses, cows, goats and S!
eat it. Swine refuse it. It furnishes food to many kinds of moths. —
_ +t flourishes best in low marshy’situations, in which it is fre
planted to make hedges. It will not live ina chalky soil, Tt is
propagated by seeds, but not by slips or cuttings. Grass grows .
neath its shade. ‘The wood is soft and brittle; endures a long time undet

water, and therefore is used for pipes ; and to lay under the foundat clogs is
buildings situated upon bogs. Women’s shoe-hecls, ploughmen’s OR.

white: Women’s shoe-heels, and packing boxes are made of it It is a

ently
js easily

_ TETRANDRIASMONOGYNIA, Myricas
” Leaves circular, scolloped.. wa yoodne “twat
Dicks. he s.-Fl. Ross. 40. D. E. F G-Amen. ae ot ae
. supe 851-Fl.. Lapp. Bs Aechiab thy 25. at, i. fe 575-Fl,
dan 91. ) i$ to
ae upright. Trivwk Hard, stiff. © Bark Pas roughish,
saaiing 8 that of the Ulmus campestris. © Branches expanding,
ae ‘scattered, be ti » woolly, somewhat gummy at he
roa

Leaves rather ef than they are long. Sroxes, com-
monly 3 from each bud, Li¢utr. but frequently single and alter-

~

ite hal peerune. entire at the base, scollops dffcn a Cathkin’

an inch long. Woopwarp. =
“Mountains and wet heaths, in Scotland.

— —

MYRcA. Flowers in ‘catkins, on aifferont Pita 3

Cal, 2 \eaves.:-bloss. none.
“Fem. Drupa \-celled, superior: seed 1.

M. Fniives apear-shase somewhatserrated: stem shrub-
bets like. 4 re er
E. bot, 569-Kniph. O-FI. dan. 397 ~Ger. 1228-Gars. 3 sores

_ 780. 2—Ger. em. 1414—F. B. i, b. 225—Lob. adv. 417,
ie ° ii, I 10. 2-Leb. obs. “S47- a-P. ark, oat 3s

togs for mill wheels, and various articles of he Dunee are ade of it.—
‘The bark gives a red colour, and, with the addition of 1 co] peras, a black.
‘Wis also used to dye brown, particularly thread, and for colours to be
Saddened with copperas. It°is principally used by fishermen to stain
their nets, In the Highlands of Scotland near Dundonald, Mr, Pennant
“says, the boughs cut in the summer, spread over the fields, and left dur-
“ag the winter to rot are found to answer as a manure, In March the
Sound is cleared of the undecayed parts, and then ploughed. _ The fresh
fathered leaves are covered with a glutinous liquor ; and some people
strew them upon their Hoors to destroy fleas ; the fleas are said to be en-
“tangled in the tenacious’ liquor, as birds are by bird lime. The caitinedye
“green. — The whole plant is astringent. It gives food to many kinds of
moths and other insects. - Horses, cows, goats, and sheep eat it. Swine
refuse it. If planted ina low meadow the ground surrounding it will be-
tacon bogey, whereas, if Ash be planted, the roots of which penetrate a
Mr We Sreat way, and:run near the surface, the ground will become Giray snd dry.
Woorwarp.
/® Linnseus. somewhere observes that the ts which chiefly
“upon mountains, are hardly found any where else but in marshes. ge
ly because the clouds rating pon she pe ‘of the — keep the

are. rane but clouds in the lower on of the en uc here.—The leaves
‘dye a finer yellow than that yielded by the Betula alba. It affords the
Laplander, in. the summer when he lives on the mountains, fuel for the
fires which he is obliged constantly to keep in his hut to defend him from
the gnats, and covered with the skin of the rein deer, it forms his bed.
“Lann.—The harness for horses in some parts of the highlands of Scatland
is made of the twisted twigs of birch. Garnect’s tour.

«®.

205

na’na.

Ga'le.

206

europe’a.

-

TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Cuscuta,

Stems smooth, rust-coloured, sprinkled with white dots,
Flower-buds above. the leaf-buds, at the ends of the branches,
whence as soon as the fructification is completed, the end of the _
branch dies, the leaf-buds which are on the sides shoot out, and
the stem becomes compound. Szds composed of 9 leafy, shin-
ing scales; the first nearly opposite, very short, rectangularly
pointed; the rest. egg-shaped, blunt. Leaves convolut
sprinkled with resinous points, serrated towards the end, on leaf

of 5 rows, and in each.row 5 berries. Berries thi
roundish, angular, taper pointed, with 3 shallow clefts, a
tooth being fixed to each, sprinkled with golden resinous dots.
Linn. Catkins male and female on the same plant. In other
specimens from the same spot, catkins on distinct plants. STOKES
And sometimes.I have found a few female florets upon. the male

stalks. Flowers appearing before the leaves. Fem. spike oblon
a

Catkcrhig 8+? * ‘
Sweet Gale. Goule. Sweet Willow. Dutch Myrtle.— On bogs

in gravelly soil, not unfrequent, and generally in large quantity.
Highlands of Scorland.— Near Rufus’s Monument in the New
Forest, Hampsh.] S.. May.*

CUS‘CUTA. Cal. A or 5-cleft: bloss.'1 petal:
~~ ¢aps. 2-celled, cut round : seeds in pairs.
C. Flowers sitting, mostly 4-clefted: stamens with a
fringed scale at the base: summits simple.” _

E, bot. 55—Blackaw. 554-Fl. dan. 199-Fuchs. 348—Matth.
1279-Trag.. 810—Dod. .554-Lob. obs 233, 1-Ger. ems

“© §77—Park. 10. 2=Ger: 462=F, B. iii. 266.
This plant is parasitical, without seed-lobes. The seed itself
opens and puts forth a little spiral body, which does not seek the
‘earth to take root, but climbs in a spiral direction from right t0

left, up other plants, from which by means of vessels, it draws it”

nourishment. Leaves none, except here and there a very
‘membranaceous scale lying close undera branch. Linn. -

_ “plant purplish red except the blossom whichis whitish.

_ _* ‘The northern nations formerly used this plant instead ob bones
unless it be boiled a long time it is apt to occasion head-ache.=-The cat-
kins boiled in water throw up a waxy scum, which gathered in sufficient
quantity would make candles. From another species.of this plant, the
Myrica cerifera, the myrtle candles are prepared. It is used to tancalf-
skins.— Horses and goats eat it; sheep and cows refuse it-—Gathered

the autumn it dyes wool yellow. Linn.—The Welsh make use of it for

* the same purpose. They also lay branches of it upon and under their

beds to keep off fleas and moths, and give it as a vermifuge in powder and
infusion, applying it also externally to the abdomen. Pann. Wales ii- P
147. Its essential oil rises in distillation. When growing within reac}
of a sea port I have known the sailors ga some miles te fetch it to make
besoms for sweeping their ships. ial ae

/

_TETRANDRIA, TRIGYNIA. Buxus. ) 207
») On Hops, nettles, flax, thistle, and gorses. A. Aug. Sept.*

C. Flowers sitting, 5-clefted ; surrounded by floral leaves. Epith'ymum,
+ Stamenswithout scales at the base. Summits simple.
E. bot. 55.-Fl, dan. 427—Park. 10. 1-Math. 1277—Pomet. 42. 9.
Biloss. with 5 divisions, none with less. Shape of S/oss. and
calyx agrees with Fl, dan, 427, though in habit it resembles
t..199. Woopwarp. Calyx segments egg-shaped, taper-pointed,
unequal, not running down into a kind of fruit-stalk as in C.
-exrop@a. St. Much more common than the C. europza.
Lesser Dodder. Corn fields and heaths, very common. Hups.
[On Heath about Teignmonth; and on Gorze, (Ulex) in great
_ quantities between Penzance and the land’s end.J June, July.
Var. 2. Cup fleshy at the base ; 5.clefted: bloss. 5-clefted :
stamens 5 ; pistils 2; seeds 2, 0” “
In Deyon and Cornwall, along with the preceding, June,

TRIGYNIA.

BUX’US. Male and female flowers on the same or
ona different plant.
Male, Calyx 3-leaved:: bloss, 2 petals: germen
| .. Female, Calyx 4-leaved: dloss..3 petals : caps.
3-celled,; 3-beaked: seeds 2.
B. Male and female flowers on the same plant... —_sempervi'=
Ludw. 4-Kniph. 1—Sheldr. 85—Wale.-Matth. 190=Ger. TERE,
~ 1225. 1+Trag. 1069-Dod. 782. 1-Munt. 157. 35-Lob. :
| obs. 5623; ic. ti, 128. 2-Ger. em. 1410—Park, 1429. 1- :
~ Fuchs, 642-Blackw. 196—Lonic. i 22622

Leaves oval, thick, glossy. Blossoms greenish white.
Common Box.

. * The seeds sown in a pot produced plants, but which soon died, unless
they could attach themselves to some other plant. Park. aad Ray hist.
_ As soon as the shoots have twined about an adjoining plant, they send out

‘ ftom their inner surface a number of little vesicles or papille, which
ge themselves to the bark, or rind of the plant. By degrees, the

Ongitudinal vessels of the stalk, which appear to have accompanied the

Yesicles, shoot forth from their extremities, and make their way into the
oster plant, by dividing the vessels, and insinuating themselves into the
tenderest part of the stalk; and so intimately are they united with it,
in it ig easier to break than to disengage them from it. Guettard in Gent.
Hea? os che. = : :

4

208 -TETRANDRIASTETRAGYNIA! Tex.

Var. 2. Narrow-leaved, On Box-hill, Ru Syx. | Woods
and hedges. Box-hill, near Darking, Surrey, plentifully. Ray.
‘Woods of them at Boxwel in Coteswould, Gloucestershire, and

-Boxley, Kent. R. Sy. [In plenty on the Chalk, Hills, near
en ult, ay ogDe prt) ; _ , Be Apa.’ >

“TRPRAGYNIA. rive ee!
VLEX: “Sys and pist: variously disposed : calya

“4-toothed: bless. witshanabes style none:
berry A-seeded.

“Aquifollium, I. Leaves egg-shaped, acute, thorny, on lea-stalk flow-
ers in a kin of umbel, ‘axillary.
E. bot. 496-—Kzuiph. 11-Fi. dan. 508—Mill. 46—Hunt. Evel. 383.
i. p. 362. ed. IL —Blackw. 205-Nat. displ. ii. 9. A. at po
71—Dod. 658—Matth. 161~Fonst. 63. 6-Ger. 1155-Lob.
obs. 582. 1-Ger. em. 1338-Wale.—Muat, 164. 38-Trag.
1067—Park. 1487.1. —
Leaves peace by as woody | border; tou shining :
evergreen ; y tndented and each tooth ete ending in @
strong, shaper The eaves upon the same ie ties we ok
them entire, and some of them thorny. Flowers small, whitish,
lateral, on short fruit-stalks, generally 3 together, springing
from a sort of scale upon the branch. Berries scarlet,
with the cup, which turns black. Seeds 3 or 4. I have found
it in flower so Jate as the’ 2d week in June, and then all the
flowers had 4 stamens and 4 puciia.

“Common Helly. On Dh re
_ Var. 2. Berries yellow. x
Agrifol. baccis Int. Se. Ray Syn. 466. Wiston, Suffolk. :

eee Woods, hedges, heaths. [Ont the north side of the Wre-

kin, in Shropshire, the trees grow to a large size. In the hedge

on the road leading from Edinburgh to Queensferry, about a

mile ich ng from the Ferry.]

a

y “April—Junest 2

* The wood is very hard and smooth, and not apt to warp, and there- ee
fore well adapted for the use of the Turner. Combs, Mathematical Ime
struments, Knite-handles, and Button-moulds are made of. it. Anem-— oe
pyreumatic oil, distilled from the shavings, is often used as a ee
plication for the piles, and seldom fai ‘to >) procure ease. ir wiht
quently relieve the tooth-ach, and has been given internally in epilepsies-
~The leaves powdered destroy worms. In the South of Europe it is cul ; F
tivated in gardens, and kept in flower pots: so as much attention as bt 4 |
bestow upon Myrtle.

+ All the varieties which gardeners reckon to the amount of 40 or,
are derived from this one apecies, and depend upon the ways

TETRANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA. -Potamogeton. 209
POTAMOGETON. | Cal. none: petals 45 style ,

Mone: seeds A."
P. Léaves oblong- eggs shaped: on 1 ea tally faking. * 4 na‘tans,

“Var. 1. floating. Sheaths of the fruit-stalks and leaf-talks
more than half the | length of the Tespective stalks. pie Bees 2

Fl. daw: 10252Facbis "651-Trag. 688—Mil/. ill.~Ger. em.
821. 1—Pet. 5. 4-H. ox. v. 29, row 1. 1. at p- Roe eer
675. 1-Park. 1254. 1—Maith. 1137.

Leaves ue, those of the. other species pellucid. ane §, thes
from the base of the leaves, on. fruit-stalks as large as the stem
Flowers sitting, numerous. Woopw arp. Bei aai Leafstalh
or the most-part r than the leaves,

Broad-eaved Pondweed. ‘Ponds and slow rivers, common.

P. July, Aug.*

Var. 2. bog. Sheaths of the fruit-stalks and leaf-stalks less
than half the length of their respective stalks.

When it grows in a place which is dried up in the summer,
it surprisingly changes its appearance, growing upright, and re-
sembling a small Plantago. Linn. Leaves alternate, except the

which are opposite ; /ower ones spear-shaped, on long
leak, 3. apper Ones oval, with shorter leaf-stalks, Stem about

4 inches high. Smaller, alt flowers a month or r six weeks earhice

than.variety Lary . ‘ate
aoe ee oleae fi ae Pi 2)

Pp ‘Leaves lieart-shaped, embracing the ae savage perfolia'tum.
_&. bot. 168—FI. dan. 196-Dod, 582. 3—Ger, em. 822. 3~F.B. :
; _ ti. 77 ¥ 2-Pet. 5. 6-H. 0 0% Ve 29. row 24 3, at p. 596.

ct and the: colour of the ‘belies: erent
winter em the Gemien hs Pennant’s Tour, 1772. P- 325 as are also Deer.
he bark fermented and afterwards washed from

ody makes the common Birdlime. It makes an impene-

tale Rees at and bears cropping ; nor is its verdure, or the beauty of its
Taeeboa an ever observed to suffer from the severest of our winters.

The wood is. Sree nn ae este stained Mast Soper
within reach of ; ere ar Pag ahilet s the opp ory which :
stand in need of no such defence, are without thorns. :

* The leaves floating upon the surface of the water afford an agreeable

ihode to fishy and re the habitatiom and food of the Phalena Potamogeton .
"Ne Toots fcr ane? food. of swans. Their love of this plant, so
a ‘es ‘of water, is such, that by harassing it in

‘root during winter, a pair of them have almost de-
jole_extent of nearly five acres of water, which at

TETRANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA. Potamogeton.

_ Leaves heart egg-shaped, very pellucid, like green oiled silk;
brittle when dry. Blass. yellow ;
Perfoliate Pondweed. Slow rivers and ponds, very common,

' but the fruit-stalk the. eee eS the surface of

~ Tu’cens.

den’sum.

cris’‘pum,

comipres’-
sum,

the water. P, June—Aug.

P. Leaves very long and sped Shaped ating! upper. ones
> opposite.
Ey bot. 376-Kuiph. 8-Fl. dan. 195~Pet. 5. 5-F. B. iii. 777.
“1-Dod. 582. 2-Ger. 822. 4-H. ox. v. 29. 4. at p. 596,
Leaves beautifully green and pellucid, like those of the pre-

ceding species ; sometimes 8 inches long, and 14 ee Blass.

reddish.
Long-leaved Pandweed. Rivers vant ponds. pee Skern,
near Pariete- Mr. Rosson. ] June, July.

P. Leaves” g-shaped, tapering to a point: “opposite,
~ crowded : stem forked : spike 4-flowered.

i ; E. bot. 397-F. B. iii. 777+ 2. RTS Fig

Fruit-stalk very short, in the fork of the stem. Linn. Bent

back. Leaves waved at the edge, : towards the end of the

stem. ‘Woopwarp,

very finely ee”
Lesser Water Caltrops. Frogs Tries. Clo: leaved Pona-

qweed, Ditches and slow streams. P. May, nit

: P, Leaves sper onegrty alternate or opposite, waved and

ae ae Jay 927 iy em. 824, 9-Park. 1248. a-Pet .

5. 0-F. B. iii. 778. 1-Clus, ii. 252. 2-Ger. em. eS
Park. 1248, 3—Pet. 5. 8..

Stems branched, flatted. Leaves slierranes atthe forks ofthe

stem opposite, sitting, nearly strap-shaped, semi-transparer
bit nla Spider as long. as he Baise arose

gee Wauer ai Corled Pondweed. ‘Ponds and or
streams, very common. | --P. May, Jun

P. Leaves srap-thepedy blunt : ‘stem flatted.
mahecnne’t Be bopeh Sad dan. 208~Pet. ‘bu10
> Leaves narrower than i in ‘the 5 receding, ‘not ave
“Fleecetalhedd Pendcandil. “Slow: streams and di i ch

Skern, ‘néat Darlington. Mr. Rosson.} °

TETRANDRIA: TETRAGYNIA: Potamogeton. ein
P. Leaves. bristle-shaped, parallel, menninanions, pointing pectina’tum.

2 ways.
E. bot. 323-Lob. ic. i. 790-Cer. em. 828. 4~-Pst, 5. 13-
Pluk. 216. Be

Flowers 5 or 6 on each fruit-stalk. Mr. Srackuouse.. Stem
cylindrical. Leaves flatted. Bless. whitish.

- Fennel-leaved Pondqweed. Rivers and ponds. [R. Waveney.
Wooswaxp. Entirely ogy upa Leen at Pendarvis, Cornwall.
Mr. Srackuouse.] es aperes ty)

; Leaves strep ,dbsned: alteratte,! ‘aati s thebase siot mari‘num.
ing the stem. __

Fi. dan. 186-Vaill, 32. Beli oxi 29. ve at p. 696

The Stipule not distinct in this, as in the other species, but
the leaves fixed to them. Lrny. Leaves growing from the
sheaths, which are slightly forked at the extremity as in P. pec-
tinatum. \n stagnant salt water ditches the whole plant is
shorter ; the branches and leaves closer and more frequent. In
running water, whether salt or fresh, it grows to a vast length,
and the branches and leaves are farther asunder, but in both cases
Preserve their parallelism. Spike long; with sitting flowers,

growing mostly in interrupted whirls, Fl. dan. 186 more ex-
| actly resembles our fresh than salt water plants, though quoted

in Syst. Veget. for P. marinum. Woopwarp. Leaves scarcely a

line broad, Pottich. In quite fresh water it ‘becomes the P.

r bectinatum. Mr. Crowe, Mr. Woopwarp.

i - Sea Pondweed. Salt water ditches. [Near Yarmouth. Mr.
oopwarp. In the.Skern, near Darlington, a fresh water —
tivulet,. Mr. Rozson.] _ P. Huns. July, August.

P. Leaves strap-spear-shaped alternate ae broader gtamin‘eum,
ee the stipule. : é :
‘FL. dan. 222-Ray Roa,

weclte leaves at the base of the fruit-stalks opposite. Stipule
very numerous and wi ge Haut. FI. dan. and Ray are both

afer set iat as in pee sues Saat Spear-s bAed e.
Pit to a point, toothed, and ata cobtiderable distance from each
eter, asin that of the Fl. dan. Ribs 3; very finely serrated.
SPs, Leaves mostly serrulated upwards.
¥2

219 _ TETRANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA. Ruppia.

1: Grass-leaved Pondaweed. Slow streams and ditches. Binsey
common. Ditches by the road side ing to Port Meadow, Oxon.
SinrHorre. [River Skern, near Soatieeon: Mr. Sake J

ie : : ye

seta’ceum, P. Leaves spear-shaped, opposite, tapering toa poi
In Deny, ditches 3 in Lancashire. P. July, Aug.

usil’‘lum, Py Basves fcieo shaped posite and algcmnet distinety
: expanding from the foe stem cylindrical. :

E, bot. 215-Vaill. 32. 4—Pet. 5. 11. es

Leaves alternate ; but those at the base of the fruit-stalks op-
posite. Necks as is the case in all the species I have examined
even where the other leaves are alternate. Dr. Sroxss. Whole
plant extremely slender. Stem much branched, scored. Leaves
very narrow, pointed, extremely expanding at the base, some-
‘times almost bent back. Stipu/e broader than the leaves, short,
membranaecous. Spike short. Floawers on fruit-stalks. Woop-
warp. Leaves rather longer than the joints of the stem, not at
al] sheathing i it. Fruit-stalks Sasihed at the base by 2 concave,
pag spear-shaped sc scales, which Dr. Smith ¢ are sti-

, being found withiti the base of all the leaves, but are pro-
aly. to answer the purposes both of stipulz and also
of floral leaves as lateral fruit-stalks rise from within them
Spikes terminating, nearly globular, about 3 Howers in each.
Small Pondweed, Ponds in clayey soil. [ About Tamworth,

asickshie] __A. Livy. P. Huns. Site PME
RUPPIA. Cal. n none : _blass, none + : seeds A, on pe

dicles. . :

maritima, R, | i

E, bot. 136~Fl. dan. 364—-Mich. 35—Pluk. 248. ys 2s 6.1
—Lob, obs. 653. 1, amd ic. it. 255. 2-Ger. em. 1573: T-
"Park. 1289. 5—Lightf. 8. 1-Fructif. Ray 6. 1. at tp. . 168

ea cee coe: from 1 to 4, though commonly.

2, one terminating, and one sitting. Stamens, germens

4 in each flower. This plant when. not in fruit, as

sembles Potamogeton marinum, Mr, Rosson. . Lake: ates

very Jong and slender., Stems t h ce Na hE eee
Tassel Pondweed. Sea Tasselagrass. Salt water « di tches {Near

Yarmouth. Mr. Woopwarp. Cornwa Ng Mz, § 3 SRHOUS:

Near the month x 6 Te: eo Roper, a cae Hi

wail te Yat

TETRANDRIA. TETRAGYN IA. Sagina. 213.

SAGI'NA. Calyx A- Jeaved': se aps: 1-celled, ob‘ietzerse
4-valved, Te

S. Branches trailing, = Bete A procumbens.

_ Curt. —Kuiph. 10-Seguier, i he ee 3~Park, 1340. 6—Pet. 59. 10.

Flowers. sometimes with petals, and sometimes without. Lin.
Root perenmial when. cultivated, and i ina garden it produces pe-
tals, though I could never find. any in a wild state. Jacgury.
Two or three inches high ; stems Siren dicas ; Zeaves slender, and
Minute. Blass. greenish white. The 4 valves.of, the capsule,
after it opens, have so. much. the appearence, of petals, that itis
ride to mistake them for such meg

ichaveed-Breakstone. ? Trailing pe iy ‘roofs, ;
sandy, and also boggy pl mS; n walks, pave Eo com.
ee ee P, June. ~

“Var. 2 ‘Flowers with 5 5 =a

This seldom or never..grows in patches. The fruit-stalks
and the capsules are longer than in Var. i. ‘The flowers have
tel 4 petals and 10 stamens, and then they have always 5

[On Ben Lawers, at a great height. Mr. Brown. Aug. 1794. }

s, Stem rather upright, pubescent: flowers alternate ; with- apet’ala,
out pointe: faNs, petals vent minute. Sr, notched
at the end.

‘ Dicks. bh, $. —Curt.—Fl, dan. 845-Plott of 9. 1. arr 6
“Pet. 59. 11-Pluk. 74. :
_ Leaves hairy. Hairs not terminated by minute joholes "
in | Spergula laricina, which it otherwise much resemble:
Still a smaller and a more slender plant than the preceding, fe 3 is.
always hairy, whilst the other is never so, It is an annual and
the other a perennial. Curr. ‘The hairs on the stems are apt to
fall off; but those on the leaves are more permanent. -
Annual Pearlwort. On walls, ee and other very:
» not uncommon, — A “May; June.

s Stem upright, generally | supporting a single flower. y * erec’ta.
_ Dicks h. s.=E. bot. 609-Curt—Ray 15. 4, at he ‘88.-Vaill.

3. 2—P. ete 59. 9. : om 3
| oe with 1 to 3 flowers, es, Cope he of a Cte,
‘with 10 teeth. Curr. A much s plant than either of the

Br wk ; about 2 inches high. aves cage oho aan
ss. White. .

Least Stichwort.. Upright’ Pasiietatt Gravelly soil. [Heaths -
in Norfolk, frequent, Mr. Woopwasp.} A, April, —

214 5) “PENTANDRIA.

eeraetek Ges, S. Stem Secteting forked: leaves battledore, or sendy
egg-shaped ; pointed, bent. back : fruit-stalks Te-
flected after flowering.

Dicks. b. s.-Curt.—E. bot. 166.

A span high; stems several, cylindrical ; branches diverging.
Leaves ite, in pairs, upper ones sitting. © Flowers from the
forks of the stems and branches: Frait-stalk-an inch os
bescent.. Calyx 4-leaved. “ Blost. 4 petals, white, cloven at 1
end, but half the length of the cup. Stam. 4. Germen |

shaped, as long as the stamens. Sty/es 4, vety: short, uj
Summits bait’ back, woolly. Caps. “eylinihiedlyo opening rh ite
top, with 8 teeth. Its habit that of a Cerastium. | Discovered
by Mr. Dickson on the sandy’ shores of Inch” Keits, Inch
<n and on the beach near Preston Pans. —

— _ July. Linn. tr. ii. 343,

‘CLASS v.

_ PENTANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA,

() Flowers of \ petal; beneath; and 4 naked wa.
: ROUGH-LEAVED.
E'CHIUM. Bloss. mouth naked ; ‘irregular; bell,

PULMONA'RIA. Bloss. mouth naked; funnel- pe
. Cal. prism-shaped. as
LITHOSPER'MUM. Blass. mouthnakea finns “ai
Cal. with 5 divisions. ae
-SYMPHYTUM. Bloss. mouth toothed : ellpingeslt
BORA'GO. Bloss. mouth toothed : wheel-shaped. a
LYCOP'SIS. Bloss. mouth closed ; _funnel-shaped 5 5 “be
. Crooner" 3 =
ASPERU’GO. Boss. mouth closed 5 Faine-shaped
_ Fruit compressed. hn
-CYNOGLOS’SUM. Bloss. mouth neers funnel shaped cds
_ Seeds depressed ; fixed sidewise. .
ANCHU’SA. Bioss. mouth closed ; fan-shaped 5°
prism-shaped at the bottom. i

| _PENTANDRIA.
-MYOSO’TIS. ‘Blass. mouth rigiens 4 stapitdti lobes
notched at the end. . ‘
(2) Flowers. of } petal Leneath. Seeds i in a vessel.

; ANAGAL’ LIS. Caps. 1-celled ; cut round: Boss sors
3 Summit aknob.°

LYSIMA’CHIA. Caps. 1-celled ; bsvalved Bloss,

wheel-shaped : Szmmit blunt.

CY’CLAMEN. Caps. 1-celled ; j pulpy within Bloss re~
- flected : Summit acute,’ ~

PRI'MULA, C 1-celled ; Bloss. fennel- staged siegh
open : Sona a knob. /

HOTTO’NIA. Caps. 1 1-celled + “Blogs. tube below the sta-

: men: Summit globular.

MENYANTHES. Caps. 1-celled: Bloss. ‘shaggy: Sum-
mit cloven.

CONVOL’VULUS. bf 2-celled ; 2 seeds : Blass. bell-
shaped : Summit cloven.

DATURA. Caps. 2-celled; 4-valved; Bloss, funnel-

shaped: Cal. deciduous.

HYOSCY’AMUS. Caps. 2-celled; covered with a lid:
Bloss. funnel-shaped : Summit aknob.
VERBAS’ CUM. Caps. a-celled : — wheel-shaped :
CHIRO’NIA. Caps. led. pg pee ~shaped :
Anthers spirally twisted after flowering. _

re Cal.

- LOBE/LIA Caps. 1 to 3-celled: Blass. in
5-cleft.
POLEMO’NIUM.. Caps. 3-celled : Blass. with :S divi-
“sions: Stam. standing on the valves. _
AZA’LEA. aps sealed Rips. bell- aie: Summit
t+ dies |

SOLA’NUM. Berry 2-celled: Ant b 2h
_ATROPA. Berry 2-celled : Stamens dst: crooked.
scagca Centaurium.] - she arg

213

216

PENTANDRIA.
(3) Flowers of 1 petal superior. Seeds in a vessel.

SAM'OLUS. Caps. 1-celled: 5-valved at the top: “Bloss.
salver-shaped : Summit a knob.

-PHYTEUMA, Caps. 2 or 3-celled 5 } ‘perforated : Blosi.

),..with.6 divisions... . |
CAMPA/NULA. Caps. 3.0r pauicalody perfotatdt Bhs.
4 bell-shaped: Summit 3-cleft.

LONICERA. Berry 2-celled ; roundish Blos. nega
.. Summita hake

wad ‘ 4
cae 2 .¥ . 2

| {Viburnum Jantana. Rubia.}

*(4) Flowers of 5 petals; beneath the germen.

RHAM’NUS.._ Berry 3-celled : roundish: Cad. tubular,
resembling a blossom, with 5 converging scales at
the mouth.

EUO/NYMUS, Berry like a capsule; lobed: Cal. ex-
panding: Seeds in a berry-like seed-coat.

IMPA‘TIENS. 1-celled; Jaa d: Bloss. irregu-
J fe tanya abi SS -Siagtats ou

leaves,

(3) Flowers of 5 petals ev phheter

ert

RVBES. Berry many-seeded Cal. beating the blossom:

Style cloven.

-HEDERA. Berry 5-seeded ; clasped by the calyx: Sum=

mit simple.

JASIO/NE. Caps. 2-celled: Bloss, regular : Anthers ad-
| <apties sobetliet Cal. common, schemes

(6) Flowers incomplete; Deasatk the gerimen.! c

ILLE/CEBRUM. Caps. 1-seeded: sevalyed: Cal. simple, i

. - inelegant.

GLAU’X. Capis. 5-seedéd; Sivabveal Cal. simples inele=

gant; bell-shaped.

ily re

ta pohons ’

vr OLA. Fsectle: rer, Bloss, irregular: with
” ehind: Anthers adhering together : Cal. saith

[Salix pentandra, Polygonum ephibim, Atriplex. satel iy
Chenopodium J . a

maritimum.

(7) Flowers:incomplete ; Leneath.
THE’SIUM. Seed 1; crowned: Cal. oe the stamens,

— “pIeyNT eee
Rass - Flowers. Siesta, ;

xioreacon Flowers compound. Male’and feeion
the same plant.
»oM..Gal, common; tiled: Bloss.. 1 pete! $ Socheft fun-
nel-shaped : RecePhes chaffy
_F. Cal. involucrum ; .2-leay a-flowered : eis.
“none: Drupa ines skips ; with” 2 ‘clefts =
_. . Nut 2-celled.

UL/MUS. Berry juiceless; ' dOnipressed : Cal. 1 leaf:
_ shrivelling. ; ,
HUMULUS. Seed 1; within a leafy calyx: Flowers,

male and fem. on different plants. a
~M. Cal. 5-leaved. 5 see Bs Sod
F. Cal. 1 leaf; entire; with an obtinh opening.
ATRIPLEX. Seed 1; 3 won Female flowers on
the same plant's ;
-*F, "Cal. 3 leaves. = ;

_ CHENOPO’DIUM. Seed rane sca fat: Cab: with 5 die

visions } segments concave.

BETA, Seed 1; kidney-shaped: Cal. with 5 diverge:
with a 1-celled capsule in its base.

HERNIA/RIA. Seed1 ; egg-shaped; covered: Cal. with

' § divisions: Filaments 5 varie ones.

SAL/SOLA. Seed 1; like a snail-shell ; jinclosed in iy. :

sule covets! by the = :

tah Hse Pes co 1]
SWEWTIA.
shaped ; wit : res.
_GENTIA’NA. Caps. l-celled; Q-v ved Bloss. tubular:
Receptacles of the seeds, 2. 5 ages |

‘[Cuscuta.] “pc

217

, PENTANDRIA.

(3) Flowers of 5 palsy Wiftedsh, |
_[Staphylea pinnata.} 9 = A Sie SH
(4) Flowers of 5 petals, mostly of at Vesiiailile
A. Involucrum general, and partial.

ERYNG’IUM. Flowers forming'a head: Recept. chaffy.
HYDROCO’TYLE, Flowers ina sort of umbel ; fertile:
Seeds compressed.
SANIC’ULA. Flowers in a sort of annibels 5 central ones
barren: Seeds prickly.
-HERACLE’UM. , Flowers radiate; some barren: Tnvol
deciduous: Seeds membranaceous. re
‘CENAN’THE. Flowers radiate; outer ones barren: Ingol.
simple; Seeds crowned, sitting. :
ECHINO’PHORA. Flowers radiate; some > barren: pet
simple: Seeds sitting.
CAU'CALIS. Flowers radiate; central ones barren: pool,
simple; Seeds prickly. ;
DAU’CUS. Flowers radiate; cantieh caer tur In
winged: Seed rough with hairs.
TORDY’LIUM. Flowers radiate; all fertile: Invol fia
ple: Seeds scolloped at the edge. .
PEUCE’/DANUM. Flowers uniform ; central ones bart
Invol. simple: Seeds depressed 5 scored, Ls
‘CO/NIUM. Flowers uniform; all fertile: Partial Invol.
extending but half wa: round: ‘Petals heart-shaped:
Seeds ging ; rib and furrowed. 07) ig
BU’NIUM. Flowers uniform; all fertile: Partial Inyol. ee
like bristles: Petals heart-shaped.
ATHAMAN'TA, Flowers uniform; all fertile: ‘Petals
~ heart- -shaped : Seeds convex; scored. ; ay,
BUPLEU’RUM. Flowers uniform ; all ‘fertile: Pot
Invol. resembling petal : Petals rolled inwards.
SIUM. Flowers uniform; all fertile: Petals heart-st ape ee
. Seeds nearly egg-shaped; scored. Sey
SELI'NUM. Flowers uniform; all fertile : ‘Petals heart
shaped: Seeds flat; scored.
CRITH’MUM. Flowers uniform; all fertile : Inel. hot
zontal: Petals flattish,

PENTANDRIA.

LIGUS’TICUM. Flowers uniform; all fertile: Invol.

membranaceous: Petals rolled inwards.
ANGE’LICA. Flowers uniform ; all fertile: Umlellules
globular : Petals nearly flat.

SI’SON. | Flowers uniform; - all fertile: Umbel _of few
spokes: Petals nearly flat. ;

B. Involucrum only partial.
CORIAN’DRUM. Flowers radiate ; central ones barred:
. Fruit globular,
SCAN’DIX. Flowers radiate; central ones barren: Fruit
oblong. :
_ ETHU’SA. Flowers Saran radiate ; all fertile! Partial
Anvol, extending but half way round, ;
PHELLAN’DRIUM. neers uniform: all fertile: Fruit
_ crowned.
IMPERATO’RIA.. Flowers fitoait’ all fertile : Umbet
spreading; flat.
CICU’TA. Flowers uniform; all fertile: ‘Petals flattish.

CHAEROPHYL’LUM. Flowers uniform; central ones
pees Partial Invol. of 5 aa
‘dyliam Chaat choca ey ptop iiss
- lica sylvestris. Bunium Bulbocastanum, ni

__C. Involucrum none; vitor teen pel,

SMYR’NIUM. Flowers uniform; central ones barren:
Seeds kidney-shaped ; 3 angular.

CA’RUM. © Flowers uniform; meee mee Seeds
bulging; scored.

PASTINA’CA. Flowers uniform ; all fertile: ‘Seeds de-

pressed and flat.

ANE’THUM. Flowers uniform ; ; all fertile : Seeds bor-
dered; scored.

EGOPO/DIUM. reas uniform ; all frie: Seeds bulg-

“ing; scored: Petals heart-shaped, —

A’PIUM. Flowers uniform; almost all fertile: Petals

bent inwards; Seeds minute; scored.

- PIMPINEL/LA. Bhosbées tositoedt all fertile: Umbels be-

See nodding : Petals heart-shaped,

219

220

- PENTANDRIA.

a 1) Flowers above. the germene,

VIBUR’ NUM. Bloss. 5-cleft: “Berry | sated
SAMBU’CUS. Bloss. 5-cleft: Berry 3-seeded.

(2) Flowers beneath the germen.

CORRIGYOLA. Bloss. 5 petals : Cal. with : 5 divisions:

Seed 1, 3-cornered.

STAPHYLE’A. Caps. with 2 or 3 acne: ‘inflated : Pits,
5 petals.

TA’MARIX. Caps. 1-celled: Seeds downy: Bloss. 5

. pete.

ALSI’NE, see 1-celled : Bloss. 5 petals: Petals cloven:
Cal. 5-leayed.

{ Montia fontana, Arenaria Ss, and marina, Salsola fruti-
cosa, and Kali, Holosteum umbellatum. _ Cheniopodinm
maritimum. Riad dee

arr cae =“ TETRAGYNIA. ORR
PARNAS’SIA. Bloss. 5’ petals: Nectaries 55 5 finged wih
glands: Caps. 4-valved..

flex ar oer]

cot

pie ‘oil

~PENTAGYNIA,.
LI YNUM. Bloss. 5-petals.. Caps. so-called; 1 seed in
each cell, .
DRO‘SERA. Boss. 5-petals: Caps. celled pening
at the top.

SIBBAL/DIA. Bloss. 5-petals : Cal. lomcleft Seeds Se
STA’TICE. Bloss. with 5 divisions; Seed 1.

[Cerastium ne Spergula pentandra, Sassi
Sagina ie na toa Bi oe

PENTANDRIA? MONOGYNIA: ‘Myosotis.
wares: 2° POLYGYNTA:

wrk.

MYost’ RUS. Cal. SJedced Nectaries 5; tongue :

shaped: Seeds numerous. _
~ [Ranuncalus hederaceus. } :

MONOGYNIA.

MIOSOTE Biesoxe- salver-shaped, 5-cleft,
lobes notched: mouth closed with projecting
scales: nuts A, imperforated.

M, Seeds smooth: calyxes inversely egg-shaped, blunt,
smooth, as long as the tube of the blossom: leaves
spear-shaped. !

Curt. 165-Kniph. 11. M. palustris~E. bot. 480, the una
coloured figure~Ger. em. 337. 3—Park. 691, 8-H. ox. xi

Sl. row 2. 4. |
From 6 to 12 inches high. powers, in.a long spike-like
bunch, twisted spirally at the top. B valves
forming a bright yellow eye, convex above and covering the

: anthers which are in the hollow underneath. —

Water Mouse-ear Scorpion-grass. Myosotis scorpioides 8
seis Lin. Wet ditches, springs, rivulets, common.

: | P. May. July.
M. Seeds sttibothi’ cava : fem “tapering to a
point, very hairy, longer e tube of the blos-
_ som: leaves ae cicaraats a“
2 bot. 480-—Kniph. 11. M. arvensis—Fl. dan. FES Rey Sa

22k

palus‘tris,

arven’sis,

19. , at p. 128. Dod. 72.—Lab. obs. 245. 4—Ger. em, 337.
- 4~Park. 691. ea ox. ca a hate = ae B. iii. 589.

Q2-—Wale. 5. °° bee nS ‘ v ; i
sae hn ie way eis beso
e rhaps when growing in a damp an si-
-tuation, as eas oa te the snes hare by Ray. In dry
‘eset the blue border Real, wrote. ‘small, and somes
is scarcely expanded at,all, so bloss. appears yellow.
Both the: Ge des ide wiles are arent bot it: hope
Pens more fr y in the My arvensis. |

*

222. PENTANDRIA: MONOGYNIA. Lithospermtim.

Field Mouse-ear. Scorpion-grass. Myosotis scorpioides, «
/ arvensis. Linn. Walls, ‘dry ~~ gardens, and sandy

places. , A, May, June.

LITHOSPER’MUM. th funnel-shaped, tube
long, slender, open and without valves at the
mouth: ca/. with 5 divisions: muts 4, very
hard, imperforated.

‘officinale. L, Seeds smooth; blossoms binsy longer than the cups
leaves spear-shaped.

Fl. dan. 1084-E. bot. 134—Woodv. 213~Kniph. 9-Ludav.
147—Ded. 83. 2—Ger. em. 609. 2—Park. 432. 1-H, ox. |
xi. 31. row 1. 1-Ger. 486. 2-Maith. — 489-
- . Trag. 536-F. B. iii. 590. 2.

Blossoms pale yellow. Szeds as hard as bone. Linn.

Gromill. Graymill. Common Gromwell. Dry Leary soil.
Woods, common. Mr. Woopwarp. P. May, ec:

. arven’se, i, Seeds wrinkled; icone: handly-longer-than, the cups:

| - Kniph 10-E. bot. 123-Riv. mon. 9. 1-Fl. dan. 456-
~ Blackav, 436~H. ox. xi. 28. 7-Ger. em. Seo ee
. 432. 6—Marth. 917. as

Perfect seeds either 2, 3 or 4, but generally 3, with one 001
_ tives and when there are 4 perfect ones whi I found to ti 3
case in two instances, there were besides 2 abortive, and 6. divi-
sions in the calyx. Mr. Arxtn. Roofs crimson red. Bloss. white.
Seeds rather covered with hard tubercles than wrinkled. Cabx —
segments after flowering 3 or 4 times as long as the seeds, butia
the preceding species not twice their length.

Corn Gromwell. Bastard Alkanet. Bastard Gromill. Salferm.
Seiating Rast. Corn fields, common. a aie June. une.”

f

_-pur’puro- Le Seésle smooths, blossom much lenger than the ‘cup.
_ Cerwleum. Fecq, aust. W=E, bot. 117-Pet. ‘29. 6-Cluse tie 163.

Dod. 83. 1—Lob. obs. 245. 1-Ger. em. 609; 1+Park. aot

-H. ox. xi, 31. 2-Pluk, 76. hac: 436. 1-J: a

B92) Be oan al vo )song Nadw eqettrsq
*. The. in the North of Euro hs 3 Wi t ‘ ms : juic x 5
apoio caer a a he se inges

Fg Allan tha shpat shops ss ?
are not fond of it. Horses and:swine réfise it. 2 y!s nou! ov Perart ree

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA, Anchusa,
The se stems creeping and sending forth roots. Flower.

> stems Blossoms purple, Linn. Bloss. larger than
pao

in either preceding, of a fine deep blue, nearly. twice the
length of the calyx, whose segments after flowering grow oon
longer, as in the L. arvense.

Creeping Gromwell. Modhtainous and woody pastures, rare.
In the west of England, and in a sealey soil near Greenhithe in
Kent, found by Mr. Latham, E. bot. P. Apr. May.

ANCHU’SA. Bloss. fannel-shaped; mouth closed

by projecting valves : muts ag each of. 1 cells
perforated at the base. :

| A. Friniteatalls in heads, Ficwves to ‘each head: leaves exg-

shaped, acute: floral leaves somewhat waved and
serrated.

Dicks. b. ook bot. 45—Munt. 117-H, ox- xi. 26. o-Lob.
adv. 247-Ger. em. 797. 3.
A strong rough dark green plant, near a yard high, Leaves

with us rarely spotted with white, as Linné had observed them to

be. This accident seems principally to happen to the root-
leaves, which have stood the winter’s cold, for the stem does not
stand the winter. . Bloss. fine blue, segments rounded, tube at
the base 4-cornered. Germens bedded in a hollow | glandular re-
ceptacle. Seeds 1 or 2 generally abortive ; rough, Sf hard...
Evergreen Alkanet. Road sides and amongst rubbish. [Had

sempervi'=
rens,

disede. Suffolk, Mr. Woopwarp; near Norwich, Mr. Pirca.”

Forp ; near the Blanketts, Worcester. Mr. Ballard. About Sid-

mouth. Mr. Kwarre. — Near vin on Fs Alcester yo
in sandy hedge hanks: in gas tamer P

fil.) : : Siege July.

CYNoGLOSSUM, Bloss. aaa aed mouth

closed by projecting valves: muts 4, de-
_ pressed, hata to the ig ey the inner side
_ only, imperforated,. )

: c. Sistehs shorter than die bonical nant broad ajar -

‘shaped, sitting, cottony.
— Fi. dan. 1147~Kniph. 6-Weod. 216-Ludw. ‘81-Curt. 24.0~
Marth. . 1190 and 1191-Dod, 54. 1 and 2-Lob. obs. 313—
7 em» S46 1 and 1~Park.§11 and 512. S-Blackw.
9-~Ger, 7. 659-H. ox. xi, 30. 1 and 2-7. B. iit, 593.

“ flicinalle:

e0: -- PENTANDRIA/ MONOGYNTA./Cynoglossiin,

- Whole lant downy, ‘and soft to the touch. » Leaves strap-

, sped ape. Calyx segments oblong-egg-shaped, not: nah
pass ‘a matone or mulberry: colour. | Valves fringed.’

“Gréat Houndstongue. Road sides -_ = marta com.

mon. [Lilleshall Abbey, Shropsh.} - oo B, Junes*

sylvat‘icum. C, Statins shorter than the blossom: fay a Pe
“harsh, flat, distant, nearly sitting. [Jacquin]

Col. ecphr. 175—Park. 512, 5.

ssipl sl) tate green, rough, ‘not cottony. | Flowers dull blue,
or wieadiek; smaller than in the preceding,’ neither has the plant
the pie scent nor the hoariness of that, 3
C. officin. y Linn. [Shady lanes about Worcester. SrToxEs.
—Near. the 3d_mile stone from Worcester on the road to Per-
» phore, Nasu.) = adie May.

% PULMONARIA. Bloss.. paeilices: mouth
“open: calyx tubular, but 5-sided.”

(1) Calyx: as: dong. as the tube of he Llassom.
: —— Roat-e: ar eon ee
“oo Kmiph IF. dan. 483-Ger. 662. 9~Clus. ii. oc Genam

the ike 808. 2-H. ox. xiv 29. row 2. 5—Park. par. 251. 2.
yey nearly allied to the P. officinalis, differing only: id te
narrowness of its leaves. Linn. Bloss. red at first, ex

Peer reeled blue. All the: leaves spear-shaped.

owslips. Lor -leaved Sage of Jerusalem. Ni Na U
inal ageattae i Ar. Goodye: oF found, it ina wood b ;
hay Hint New For ** Jonson i G

aleaiey Pekin, but 2 Sey supposes him to have found 2
F; ‘Goan Mr. Robson informs me that he had a —-
sent him in the year 1783, by the late Mr. W; .

pa ia who found it growing wild on the ruins ee a
Maes Giasy Goh ye hr aa -

i. Ps haeaeak chat shaped pod ag
- acho cog: Shaped, acute. By boty:

* Both the root and leaves hav Ben supe to
erties, but ‘not admitwthe fact. eee

Te Tuishes pu Gass dled Dow Tg Sa

.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Pulmonaria, 225

_ Ludw. 45-Fl. dans 482-Woodv. 212-Kniph. 1. twa figures
AE, bot. 118—Blackw. 376—Ger, 662. 1, and 663.4—Clus. —
ii. 169, 1—Dod. 135. 1—Lob. obs. 317. 1-Ger. em. 808. 1~
H, ox. xi. 29, 8-Wale.—Park. par. 251. 1-F. B, iii. 595
—Matth. 1040, egal stata
Stems 10 or 12 inches high; numerous, branchless, angular,
upright, hispid. Leaves entire, ‘hispid, light — with white

(2) Calyx only half as long as the tube of the blossom,
P. Leaves egg-shaped :. stem branched, trailing. man’tima,

«Dicks. b. s.E. bots 368~Curt.-Lightf. 7-Dill. elt. 65~Fl,
dan. 25—Pluk. 172. 3-H, ox, xi, 28. row 2. 12~Park,
°° 766. S-Sibbald. 12.400
. All the leaves sitting; upper ones oval, lower ones oval-bat-
tledore-shaped. Mr. Harriman, from Mr. Robson, Leaves upper
surface sprinkled with white prominent dots. St. Blass. Jeni
before they expand,. immediately after changing to a fine blue.
t: Avkivbom. (o> 0s a
Sea Bugloss.,. Sea Lungwort. On sandy shores. [Near
ryport, pa eg Mr. Harrimay.—About Aberdeen, ©
Mr. Browne.—West shore of the Isle of Walney. Mr. Ar-
{ Bison. Pe! 8 \ pt aye o> P. July.

_ * When burnt it is said to afford a larger quantity of ashes than almost
any other vegetable; often 1-7th of its weight. Sheep and goats cat it.
_ Cows are not fond of it, Horses and swine refuse it. —The Chrysomela

nemorum feeds upon it. = '

wane Q

226 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Symphytum.

SYMPHYTUM. Bboss. funnel-shaped, bellying
~ towards the top; mouth closed by hollow
radiate valves, which have an open hole on

the outside near the border: nuts 4, perforated.

officinale. S, Leaves egg-shaped, decurrent.

3 Ludw, 80-Kniph. 1-Curt. 230-E. bot. 817-Weodu. 215-

Ble dans 664—Blackews 252+Maith. 961-Dod. 134. I+

+: Lobs obs. 315. 1-Gersiem. 806. 1-Park. 523. 1-Ger. 660.

‘Y and 2-H, ox. xi. 29. Yow 1. 1 1—Pet. 29. 5—Fuchs. 698-
Trag. 240-F. B. iii. 593.

Calyx close. -Bloss, yellow white, tube as ‘Tong as the cai

Valves spear-shaped, flat, covering the anthers 5 edge studded

with small shining glands,
_ Comman Comfrey. Banks of rivers and wet ditches. P. May.*

Var. 2. Red-floweted. Cal ndins shorter se the
tube of the blossom. pein pC mi

Symphy tum patens. Sibth. FL. Cite who considers it as a
distinct species. Frequently found growing | with ae
and flowering at wg same time.

~

eaten sum.S. Leaves half decurrent; ; the uppermost opposite.

Jacq. Austr. 225-Obs. 63=Kniph. 1-Clus, ii. 166, 2-Ger.
em. 800. 3-H..ox. %1. 29. row 14 3-F. B. iit. 5946
Possibly a variety of the S. officinale. Reot white, and not
black on the outside as that of the preceding, Linn. Root tube-
tous. Blass. yellow white.
Tuberous rovted Comfrey. [Fen Banks, Lincolnshire, and
Se intermixed with Symphytum Piel. Woopw- J)

BORAGO. Bloss. wheel-shaped ; mouth lod
- with rays: nuts 4, not perforated. - 7

officina'lis, B. All the leaves alternate : calyxes expanding.

Kniph. 3-Ludw, 3--Fuchs. 142—Dad. 627. i Waades an
E. bot. 36-Ger. em. 797. q~F, B. iii, 574—Blackwe 36+

* The particles of the Pollen a in the microscope like two glo:
bules united together. The loved se a grateful flavour to Sa
panada, and the young stems and leaves are excellent ‘when b sed by
Toots are glutinous and mucilaginous, and a decoction of them is used cat i
dyers to extract the colouring matter of gum lac. Cows and Shee
Horses, Ore and Swine refuse it, Linn. :

_ PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Asperugo. 97

Matth. 1186-Trag. 237-Ger. 653. 2 and 1-H. 0%. xi.
26. 1, on the left-Lab. obs. 309. 2~Ger. em. 797. 1s

_ Fruit-stalks terminating ; supporting several flowers. Came
originally from Aleppo; but now found in many parts of Europe.
Bloss. blue, white, or flesh-coloured. Linx. Whole plant rough
with numerous white prickly hairs. Leaves eg8-spear-shaped.

Bloss, segments spear-shaped ;. the prominencies, one rising from
the base of each segment, brownish half egg-shaped. Filaments
the portion above the insertion of the anthers cylindrical, dark
blue, that below the insertion thick, brown and glandular. Az.
thers black.

_ Common Borage. Walls and amongst rubbish. [Banks of the
river near Tavistock. Mr. Knarrr. On the summit of a high
rock at Llandrydno near Conway. Mr. Dickenson. ]

Sa

: P. June—Aug.*
ASPERU’GO. Calyx, when in fruit, the sides flat,
parallel, indented. _
A. Calyx when in fruit compressed, = 8 © * > procum ‘bens.

E. bot. 667-Kniph. 3-Fl. dan. 552-H, ox. xi. 26. 13-Ger,
963—Ded. 356~—Ger. em. 1122. 2—Lob. obs, 466, 2-Garid,
9-F. B. iii, 600. 2, and 601. 2. -
Stem angular. Leaves most] threes, pointing upwards.
Wesco ine Bhs small, ii 8 ; ea ss
Trailing Catchweed. In roads and amongst rubbish. [Church-
yard, Newmarket. Mr. Woopwarp.}] A. April, May.

LYCOP’SIS. Bloss. tube crooked: mouth closed
_... with scales: nuts 4, perforated.
L, Leaves speat-shaped, rough with hair: Calyx while in arven’sis.
_.. Howerupright. os )
Curt. 336—Kniph. 3-Fuchs. 260-Dod. 628. 2-Ger. em. 799.
| SF. B. iii. 581-H, ox. xi. 26. 8-Riv. mon. 7, 2-Fl. dan
_ 435-Blackw. 234—Trag, 234.
_An extremely harsh, rough, and bristly plant. Stems thick,
Cylindrical, Leaves sometimes nearly strap-shaped, sometimes
7 nearly egg-shaped ; waved at the edge, and somewhat toothed.
Calvx segments sometimes spear-shaped. Blass, sky blue.
* By the experir . Marggraff, Mem. de Berlin, 1747, p. 72,
i appear that the ee eet fer wie ot is cae seis wt oe
Wa as an ingredien H kards ummer .
eae « young ond ender Leaves ie geoa'in abled ac asa poche, Me affords
to the Phalena Gamma.—A horse eat it. Dr. Stoxes.
Q2

‘

228 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Lycopsis.

Wild Buglass. Corn fields and road sides. [Corn fields
about Ulverstone, but. not common. Mr. Goucu.—Sometimes
on dunghills, when the leaves are often 13 inch broad. Dr.
| Sroxms] A. sera

-E'CHIUM. Bhoss. irregular ; neh naked ; ‘nit
A, large, rough, imperforated.

ital’icum. E,: Stem: upright, hairy: spikes hairy: seoments of the
~* “blossoms nearly equal: stamens extremely Tong. —
-Fatg. austr: app. 10—Dod. 631, 2-Lob. obs. 312. 1-Ger. ems
802. 1-H. ox. Xi, 27. 6+Park. 519-F. B. iii. 588.1-
F. B. iii: 584. 2. is referred ta by Ray, but it seems thew —
of Linn. who regards our plant asa variety of the true E,
italicum. :

~ Blass. invariably white, Hatt.

Wall Viper-grass. Sandy meadows and pittarés: On the
sandy ground near St. Hilary, Jersey. P, Hups. A. Ray. J
_ have not been able to procure any specimen of this plant. Bota-
= whothave << ae * it in

erseye TS3 oe ite

vulga’re, E, Stem rough with ‘Sala and tubercles: ‘stem Jeaves
spear-shaped, tie with hair : fewer in.
piles:

‘9 aerial. 996—Dod. 631. 1-Lob. obs. 312. Ger ele
“802. 2-Park, 414, 14H. ox. xi. ike row 3. 1-Mattb. $92.
“aiden near Ke feet long, s ar i ng Reha pend
rous, in reflected s ee ; those of pr
and closely wedg: together. Bless. before Ap expands if 2 ine
2 afterwards of a bright blue. Stamens much longer than the

:, Cousin Vi Sper graves: Sandy corn fields, wien on rubbish
(aro the clay or schistus thrown oun coal mines.] |
B. Jone A

Viola ‘ceum. 5 Stem flaccid, ‘biith with strong has’ “Bd as tong |
as the stamens, scored, hairy ;. tube shorter than th
calyx: se anid style smooth,

* Cin and sheep are not fond of it, Horses aad ts refuse it
poh! parc) the flowers. Linn, 6 Hoe nd et Pe ae
cor. ; ie

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. ‘Echiuni.’

Clus. ii, 164. 2-Ger, em. 802. 4-F. By iti. 589. 1-He ox.
XL, 27. 2, referred to by Linn. but the stamens are longer
than the bloss. and Clus. describes the bloss. as red.

_ Whole p/ant smaller, more slender, weak, and hairy than
E, vulg. but the hairs softer, some of them rising from tubercles,

329

The tubercles hardly, if at all, discernible on the Jeaves ; though

they are on the stem, where they are intermixed with short hairs
not rising from tubercles. Calyx very unequal. Boss. unequal,
smaller than those of E. wu/g. deep blue. Stamens always within
or just even with the blossom. Mr. Woopwarp. Hairs not
rising from tubercles, Bdoss. not red-on the first day of appear-
ance,'as in B. vulg. but uniformly of a pale blue. Murr. prod.
143, ‘The English species of Echium, as enumerated by Ray
and Hudson, are not yet sufficiently ascertained. aes
Banks and corn fields. Near Norwich. Woopwarp. Aug.

_PRYMULA. Bios. tube cylindrical ; mouth open ;
stem within the tube : caps. 1-celled, cylin-
drical, many-seeded, opening with 10 teeth ;
summit a knob. : :

P. Leaves wrinkled, toothed; border of the blossom. flat. .

Curt.-Sheld, \1—Fl. dan, 194-E. bot. 4-Wale.-Blackw, 52
= Clus. is 302. 1~Dod. 147. 3-Lob. obs. 305. 4—Ger. ema

781. 5—Park. 535. 1-H, ox. v. 24. 8 and 9—Park. par.

243. 1eCol, phytob. 6. i,

vulga’ris.

It has a commox stalk, but it is exceedingly short, and is con- ,

cealed beneath the surface of the ground, so that the stalks which.

Thea the flowers are only elongated little fruit-stalks. Linn.
___ This is sometimes but not always the case, as Mr. Aikin observed
_ tome, and Mr. Curtis tells us, that by cultivation it may be
_ brought to throw up a long common fruit-stalk like the Oxlip ;
which countenances the idea of the latter being a variety of this.
Leaf-statks when fully n longer than the leaves.
_ © Primula weris-acaulis, Linn. Primula sylvestris. Scop. Pri-
mula vulgaris, Huns. Common Primrose. Woods, hedges,

thickets, and heaths, [particularly in aclayey soil.]
See oer PTC ary brie sarees 7 -P. April, May.*

.__* Gerard reports that a dram and a half of the dried roots taken up
in autumn, operates as a strong but safe emetic.. Sheep and goats cat it.
Cows are not fond of it. Horses and swine refuse it. Linx. Silk worms
May be fed with the leaves. Trans. of Soc. of Arts, ii. p. 157+ Both this
and the Garden Polyanthus have roots which bear what the florists call
Pin-eyed flowers and other roots bearing only rose-eyed flowers. [In the
Pin-eyed flower the pistil and its summit reach nearly to the mouth of the
Tube, so that the anthers which are placed lower down are inyisible,
Whilst in the rose-eyed the anthers are uppermost. :

230

‘ela’tior.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA: Primula.

Var. 2. Liver-coloured. Blossoms a red liver colour.
Hedge banks and pastures, between Penzance and Treveylea,
Cornwall. May.

P, Leaves wrinkled and toothed : stalk many-flowered ;
outermost flowers drooping: border of the blossom
flat... : ;

E. bot. 513-Kniph. 1-Fl. dan. 434—Fuchs. 851—-F. B. iti.
496. 2-Clus. 301. 2—Dod. 147. 1-Lob. obs. 305, 3-Ger.

em. 780, 2-Ger. 635. 1-Col. phytob. 6. 2.
Bloss. pale yellow ; diameter of the border more than. the
length of the tube. Leaf-stalks shorter than the leaves.
Primula. Hau. 2. 609. Primula veris elatior. Linn. Vul-
garis 8 Huns. ed. II. Veris 8 ed. 1. Oxlips.. Great Cowslips.

Oxlip Primrose. Woods, hedges, and sometimes pastures. [Clayey

‘ officina’lis.,

tures, Suffolk. Mr. Woopwarp. High pastures, near Little
enlock, Shropshire. ] P. April, May.
Dr. Smrrx thinks it possible that the Oxlip may be a hybrid
production between the common Primrose and the Cowslip, of
that, if a variety, it rather belongs to the former than the latter.
In its long common fruit-stalk it resembles the Cowslip, in its
scentless flowers and the expanded border of the blossom it agrees
with the Primrose.—Mr. Turner says he has specimens in
which both the Primrose and Oxlip are produced from the same
root. : '

P. Leaves wrinkled and toothed: stalk many-flowered ;
_. all the flowers drooping: border of the blossom con-
E. bot. 5—Kniph, 3-Ludw. 48-Fl. dan. 433-Blackaw, 226-
Wale.—Curt. 67—Fuchs, 850—Clus. i, 301 + 1-Lod. obs. 305.
1—Ger, em. 780. 1-Trag. 201—Ger, 635. 2. pe ee
_ Leaf-stalk often longer than the leaves, which is not the cas¢
in the Primrose or Oxlip. Bios. sweet-scented, full yellow, with
ete tee at the base of each segment ; contratted about
the middle of the tube, where the stamens are inserted.
Primula veris officinalis, Linu, Veris. Huns. Pagils. Paighs»
Cowslip: - Cowslip Primrase. Meadows and pastures in loamy oF
clayey soil, _- P, April, May.”

P. Leaves scolloped, smooth : border of the blossom flat.

* The blossoms are used for making cowslip wine. The leaves afe
Sometimes eaten as a pot-herb, and in sallads. ‘I'he root has a fine scent,
like anise.—Silk worms are Youd of the leaves and flowers. Trams.
Soe, of Arts, ii. p. 157, Ps a ay ore

Pink

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA, Cyclamen, 231

Dickss be So-E, bot. 6-Cart.Fl, dan, 125-Waleo-Gmel. ive
44. 2 and 3-Kuiph, 9-Ger. 639. 2 and 1—Clus. is 300. 1-
Lob. obs. 307. 2~Ger. em. 783. ‘1-H, ox, v. 24, row 2. 5
and 0-Clus. 300. 2-Lob. obs, 307. 1-Ger. em. 783. 2—
_* B, ili. 498. 3s ib. 3, 6-H. OX 2b, 7-f. Bg, ib. 2. ;
Swert. ii. 4, 9-Park. par. 243. 10. xi a

Fruit-stalks and calyx as if dusted with flour. Linx. Leaves
mealy underneath. Bloss. bluish red.

Bird’s-eye, Bird’s-eyn. Bird’s-eye Primrose. Marshes and
bogs on mountains in the north. Ray. Woopwarp. [Meadows
near Kendal in the richest profusion. St. Wet places near Dar-
lington. Mr. Rosson.—Covering whole meadows with a fine

inky colour, about Connistone, and other parts of Craven,
orkshire. Mr. Catsy.] P. May.

CY/CLAMEN. Bloss. wheel-shaped, reflected ;
tube very short; mouth projecting ; recept.
fleshy, supporting a berry inclosed in a case.

C. Blossom bent back as if broken : leaves circular, scol- europe'um.
_loped.. 5
Jacq. austr, 401-E. bot. 548.~Black. 147—Fuchs. 451-Miller,
115—Ger. 694—Dod. 337—Lob. ic, 605—Ger. em. 843—Park.
1364—Kniph. 3—Cam. epit. 357. eer:
Leaves greatly varying from round to angular. B/oss. purplish

Mr, Woodward assures me it has lately beeen found wild in

Suffolk, and Gerard mentions it as growing in Wales and in

Lincolnshire and Somersetshire. P. April, May,

MENYAN’THES. Bloss. hairy or fringed: nect.
~ § at the base of the germen : szmmut 2-lobed:
caps, 1-celled. :

M. Leaves heart-shaped, very entire : blossom segments nymphoi‘des.

bordered, fringed with teeth,

E, bot. 217—FI. dan. 339~Tourn. 67-F. B. iii. 772. 1—Pet. 7 1. 4

_ Leaves heart-shaped at “3 base, rounded at the end; some-
times spotted. Blossomyellow. Pe ae
Pringid Water Lib, Fringed Buckbean. Large ditches
and slow streams. Found by Lord LewisHam, in the Thames
near Walton Bridge. E. bot. Lake at Castle Howard, York-
shire, Traspare. [In the Isis near Oxford; particularly at
Ferry Hincksey, Mr. Butt.] P, July, Aug.

232
trifolia’ta.

palus’tris.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Hottonia.

M. Leaves growing by threes: blossom segments entire at
the edge, shaggy on the uppet surface.»

Curt. 240-E. bot. 495-Fl. dan. 541-Blackw,. 474-Woodv.
5—Ger. 1024. 1 and 2-Dod. 580—Lob. obs. 496. 2-Ger.
ém. 1194—Park. 1212-H. ox. xv. 2, row 2, 1st figure on
the left hand.

Leaves speat-egg-shaped. Bloss. pinky and white, forming

a spike-like See iu Here ead it the base of each pedicle.
One of the most beautiful of all our native flowers.
~ Marsh Trefoil. Water Trefoil. Marsh Cleaver. Trefoil
Buckbean. Ponds and pits frequent. [Abundant in pits near
Ranton Abbey, Staffordsh. } P. June, July.*

~HOTTO'NIA. Boos. salver-shaped : stam. fixed

to the top of the tube:. summit globular:
caps. \-celled, globular.

H. Fruit-stalks in whirls, many-flowered. |

Dicks. b. s.—Curt. i, 4-E. bot. 364—FI. dan. 487-Matth.
_. 1168-Ded. 584. 2 and 3~Lob. obs, 460. 2-Ger. em. 826.
1 and 2~Park. 1256, 4—Ger, 678. 1-Gisek. 43.

~ Foliage under water as in Myriophyllum. Spike of the flowers
alone rising above. Linn. Some flowers have 6 stamens,
then the cup and the blossom are divided into 6 segments.
. Whether we consider the lightness of its elegantly winged
leaves, or its whirled spikes of Ilac blossoms, it is cer-
tainly superior in beauty to the greater part of our indigenous

Water Violet. Water Yarrow. Water Gilliflower. Ponds —
and ditches. [Several places near Stratford, Essex. Mr. Jones: —
~—Between Ormskirk and Liverpool. Dr. Sroxes.—Road sides
from Litchfield to Barton. Mr, Prrr.—Ditches, Suffolk, fre-

it. Mr. Woopwarp.—In a pit by the foot road from Wel-

ington, in Shropsh. to Leegomery. ] P, June, July.

* An infusion of the leaves is extremely bitter, and is prescribed in
theumatisms and dropsies. A dram of them in powder purges and vo-
mits. It is sometimes given to destroy worms. In a scarcity of hops
this plant is used in the north of Europe to bitter the ale: two ounces
Supply the place of a pound of hops. Some people smoke the dried
leaves. The powdered roots are sometimes used in Lapland instead of
bread, but they are unpalateable. Some people say that sheep will cat
it, and that it cures them of the rot. But ons the Upsal experiments it
‘appears, that though goats eat it, sheep sometimes will, and sometimes

will not, Cows, horses, and swine refuse it,

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Lysimachia.

LYSiMA‘CHIA. Bioss. wheel-shaped : caps. glo-
bular, dagger-pointed; of 1 cell, 5 valves,
and many seeds.
(1) Fruit-stalks many-flowered.
L, Panicled: bunches terminating, = — vulga’ris.
-. Curt. 288-E. bot..761.-Blackw. 278-Kniph. 7-Clus. ii. 50.
2—Dod. 84—Ger. em. 474. 1—Park, 544. I-H. ox. v. 10.
14—Matth. 949-—Fl. dan. 689—Fuchs. 492-Trag. 183.

- Leaves smooth, or wooly, in pairs or in threes, nearly sitting,
spear-shaped, waved at the edge, Cal. and d/sss. sometimes with
6 divisions, Filaments b and united at the base into a cy-
linder inclosing the germen. Flowers yellow.

Yellow Willowherb. Yellow Loosestrife. Banks of rivers and
shady marshes. [ By the side of the Avon at Pershore. M. Bat-
Lagp.—Moist situations in Hampshire, common, Mr. Prrv.]

P. June, July.

f

L. Bunches lateral , on fruit-stalks. | ie thyrsiflo Ta.
E. bot. 176—Fl. dan. 517-Clus. 53. 1-Ger. em. 475. 3— .
Baier. epist. at p. 9\, and 162, f.1—Clus. 53. 2~Park.5440
3-F. B. il. 904. 2—Dod, 607. le 5
Lateral branches in an upright plant is a peculiar circum-
stance. Bless. divided almost to the base, with very short teeth
Interposed ; segments marked at the end with tawny dots. Linn.
Stem never branched. Weser. Hardly a foot high. Leaves op-
Posite, sitting, spear-shaped, half embracing the stem. Blass.
yellow, segments with red dots. ‘The number of the stamens,
= the segments of the cup, and of the blossom, varies from
to 8. er. . 5
Tufted Loosestrife. [Marshes and banks of rivers, nearKing’s
Langley, H shire, In a bog near Severus’s Hills, near
York, Dr. Wurre.—But the bog having been since drained,
It is no longer to be found there, as the Doctor informs me. Dr.
Suiru, |—Anglesea. naa P. June.

L, Leaves egg-shaped, acute : flowers solitary: stem trail- nemoyTum,
obs. 248. 2—Ger. em. 618, 4—Park. 558, 5-H. ox. v. 26,
_ row 2. 1. 2-Ger, 494. 3.
~ ‘Stem Dhol Cal. segments very slender, Biss. yellow,

er than the leaves,

234

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Anagallis,

Yellow Pimpernell of the Woods. Pimpernell Loosestrife. ‘Moist
shady places. _. P. May, June.

nummula’ria. LL, Leaves somewhat heart-shaped : flowers solitary: stem

arven’sis.

creeping.
E. bot. 528—Ludw. 148—Curt. 149-Kniph. 8—Fl. dan. 493
Blackw. 542-Wale. Trag. 808-Fuchs. 401-F. B, tit.
871. 1-Ger. 505. 2—Martrh. 1013—Dod. 600. 2—Lob. obs.
251. 1-Ger. em, 630. 1.—Park. 555. 1-Park. 555. 1. (6)
=H. ox. v. 26. row 1.1, Nummularia-Ger. 505.12
. Stem compressed, with 4 membranaceous edges. Cal. seg.
ments spear-shaped. Boss. yellow, as large as the leaves.
Moneywort. Herb T-wopence. Moneywort Loosestrife. Moist

meadows. [ Near a brook which crosses the Meriden road about
two miles from Birmingham.] P. June.

ANAGAL'LIS. Bless. wheel-shaped: caps. cut
round ; of 1 cell, and many seeds. ;
A, Leaves eeg-speat-shapets stem trailing: calyx seg-
Var. 1. Blossoms scarlet. weer
E. bot. 529-Kniph. 6-Curt, 1. 1-Fl. dan. 88-Trag. 388-
Blackw. 43-Fuchs. 18-F. B. iii. 369, 2-Dod. 32. I=
Lob. obs, 247. 2-Ger. em. 617. 1—Park. 558. 1-Wale
BH ox. v. 20. row 2. 5—Matth. 621-Ger. 494.1200
Male Pimpernel. Common Pimpernel, Cornfields and sandy
a ee A. May—Aug-
Var. 2. Blossoms blue. 3 Rae
Blackw. 274—Fuchs. 19-F. B. iii. 369. 1—Clus: ii. 183 1-
Dod. 32. 2-Lab. obs. 248. 1-Ger. em. 617. 2=-Matth. 622.
Female Pimpernel. Between Stockwell and Camberwell.

Hups. Bredon Hill, in a cornfield at the top of Overbury Wood,
Worcestershire, Nasu. [Dawlish, Devon. also between Bath

and Bradford. Mr. Martyn. ]—A. ceruleea. Schreb. andGmel.

syst. Veg.

It is also said sometimes to have white flowers, with a purple —

eye. Leaves dotted underneath ; mostly opposite, sometimes +
together. Fruit-stalk not twice the length of the leaves. Fila-—
ments united at the base. Caps. marked with 5 lines as if the
seams of so many valves, but it always separates transversely
into 2 parts, | 7 wire oh
Every part of this plant is singularly beautiful, and will
amply repay the trouble of a minute examination, _ shsditet

*

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Azalea. 935.
A. Leaves egg-shaped, rather acute: stem creeping, strik- tenel’la,

‘Ing root at the joints...

Dicks. be s.~Curt. 187-E,. bot. 530-Fl. dan. 1085-H. ox.
v. 26, row 1. 2—Ger. em. 630, 3-Park. 554. 2-F. B. iii.
371, 2.

Leaves not dotted underneath ; egg-shaped, or heart-shaped,
or circular, Fruit-stalks more than twice the length of the —
leaves. Bios. pale purplish red, each segment marked with 7
darker streaks. ;

_ Purple-flowered Moneywort. Bog Pimpernel. Wet heaths,
meadows, and turfy bogs.—[{In § frequent. Mr. Woop-
_ WarDd.—Tittensor Hills, Cannock Heath, Staffordshire. Sr. __
——Upper pool at Soho, in the turf by the side. Needwood Fo-
test, Staffordsh.] eee P. July, Aug. Sept.

AZA'LEA. Blass. bell-shaped: stem fixed to the
~ receptacle: caps. 2 to 5-celled : many-seeded.

y

A. Branches spreading wide, and trailing. _ procum’bens.
Linn. lapp. 6. 2-Clus. i. 75. 3-F, B. i, @ 527~Fonst. 116.
8~Fi. dan. 9-Penn. tour in Scatl, ii. 5, p. 43.

Flowers bright red. Licutr.

» Trailing Rosebay. Highland mountains, on dry barren ground,
near their summit. [Ben Lomond near the top. Found there
first by the Rev. Mr. Stuart, of Luss. Dr. Smrra. In abun-
dance on Ben Bourde, on Lochain y Gair near Invercauld : more
ee on Ben Lawers, Ben Teskerney, and on Malghyrdy.
Mr. Brown. ] i

CONVOL/VULUS. Bloss. bell-shaped, plaited :
__nect. surrounding the base of the germen: sum-
mits 2: caps. 2 or 3-celled, 2 seeds in each.

be 3 : (1) Stem twining. 2 "
C. Leaves arrow-shaped, acute on each side: fruit-stalks arven’sis, .
Curt. 119-Kniph. 12-Fl. dan. 459-Wale—Fuths, 258-F.B.
ii. 157-Trag. 806—Ger. 712. 2-Clus. li. 50. 1-Daed. 393-
- Lob. obs. 340. 2-Ger. em. 861. 2-Park. 171. 2-H. ox. 1.
3: 9, "
Bloss. flesh-coloured, or almost white, or striped, or purplish.
Small Bindweed. Corn fields and road sides, P. June, July.

238

se’pium.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Convolvulus.

“Vare'2. Leaves arrow strap-shaped. _
F luk. 24,3."
> Bath Reaves and flowers smaller.
._ | Between Harleston and Eversden, Cambcidgeshire: Rav.

Var. 3. Bloss. very small, almost divided to ithe base.
Near Maidstone. Ray,

C. Leaves sivowecebapdl ape at the base: fruit-stalk
4-cornered, bearing 1 flower.

E. bots 313-Curt.—Fi. dat. '438-Sheldr.. 56—Blackw. 38
Kniph. 12-Dod. 392—Lob. obs. 340. 1-Ger. em. 801. l=
Park, 163. 3-H. ox. i 3. 6+Ger.:712. 1—Fuchs. 720-F.B.
Hi. 154-Trag. 805-Blair. 4. 3—-Swert. ii. 14. 8-Wale. 56

Edges of the leaves brown. Bloss. white. Linn. Floral leaves

2, close to the cup, whilst in the precedin ing species they are.at
some distance below it. ‘The large size of its fine milk white

blossoms makes it a beautiful ornament to our hed:
Great Bindued, Moist hedges. gir bao July ie

(2) Stem not twining. A 3 sei

a3 8S

Soldanda.C, Leaves aney_ chapel : fruit-stalks Hi: 1 heres

E. bot. 314—Matth. 469-Dod. 395-Lob. obs. 329. 2-Gersen,
838. 1—Park. 168. 2. 6-H. ox, i. 3. 2-Ger. 690, .
Stems in open ground short, and. lying flat, ta a semi-
cnelar. di direction ; but among bushes poewing aps .
unbranched, bearing no no flowers. Leaves sometimes heart-shaped.
Leena rates & tr, Woopwarp. Blossoms red. At some
sea, not above half the meatal size, but the plant
in voter respects the same,
Scottish Scurvy Grass. Sea Chiegurt: Sea Rindoeed. Bea
shore. [Norfolk coast, frequent. Mr. Woopwarp. Walney
isle, Mr. Datron.—Near the sea a Cornwall. ] P. July: t

* "Teac sos of thc plant ip doses of 26 and 30 ganna vv

‘drastic purge. Scammony is t issated juice of as
of Convolvulus so much resembling, Sg on they cee with dif sty
distinguished. Though an acrid purgative te the human race, it is eaten
by Hogs in large quantities without any detriment, Sheep e- welts wage
horses eat it. Cows refuse it,

+ Half an ounce of the juice, or a “dram of the powder, is an acrid
purge. - The leaves applied externally are ‘said. to diminish dropsical
swellings of the feet. The difierent species furnish nourishment to i
tees evel aod ee Fett i é

vhs *

CP RT ae tie Godt ak LTE , 2 ees wad

shaped,
shaped, and the broader
Bless, blue, purple, or white.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.* Polemoniam.

‘POLEMO'NIUM. Bioss. wheel-shaped, with 5

divisions: f/aments broad and membrana-
ceous at the base : szmmit 3-cleft : —: 3-
“celled, opening | at the top: seeds angul rs

P. Tinrees winged : flowers upright: calyx i than the

tube of the blossom.

_ £. bot. 14-—Kniph. cag po 61. 1-Fl. dan. 255-Doed. 352,
1—Lob, obs. 412. 1-Ger.em. 1076. 5—Park. 123. 12-F.B.
M212. 2-Ger. 918. 5-Savert. ii, 28.3.

Little leaves egg-spear-shaped ; 11 pair or more on each leaf.
Bless. blue, sometimes white.

‘Greek Valerian. Ladder to Heaven. ©, sk ‘Facob’s Ladder.
{Matham Cove, Yorkshire, Ray. Mr. Woon. “And at the Lo-
ver’s Leap, Buxton. Mr. Woop —Near Bakewell. Mr. Wuare-
ty.—Gordale, Yorkshire. Mr. Goucu. | P. June.

CAMPA’NULA. Bbess. bell-shaped : Silaments

broad ‘and arched at the base: sammit 3-
cleft : caps. beneath ; 3-celled ; opening at 3
Tateral holes.

7?

(1) Leaves smoother and narrower.

c Root-leaves kidney-shaped ; ; stem-leaves nae

very ‘entire.
reste: 226-Fl. dan. 1086-Wale.—Clus. iis . 173—Dod. 167-
‘Leb. obs. 178. 1-—Ger. em. 452. 3—Park. 651. 11=H, ox. ve
/ 2. 17—F.B. ii. 810.1, and 796—Ger. 367. 3—Allioni. 47. 2.
nantiess the root-leaves be carefully searched for, they will

be the C. observed, and then the plant. may easily be mistaken

C. patula. ” Stem round and smooth, Root-leaves some-

‘times entire, sometimes notched, varying from kidney to heart-

Stem-leaves varying from strap-spear-shaped to thread-
ones sometimes with a few serratures.

Round-leaved Bell-fower. eaths, road sides, 2nd hedge
» barren pastures, ous in a ae. soil. AS =

Var, 2, Single flowered.

Fi. dan. 189.
4 Root leaves heart-shaped, very entire; Witiienve spear=
shaped.

Highest mountains of Wales and Westmoreland. Huns. Hill

eS
” a

: = of Moretict near Perth, Licutr, ~ Mr, Woopw.]~

237

coeru’leum,

rotundifo'lia,

“338 - PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Campanula, -

pa'tula, _C. Leaves stiff and straight s root-leaves spear-egg-shaped:
panicle expanding. _ ;
: E. bot. 42-Dill,. 58. 68-Fl, dan. 373»

Stem with 5 corners and 5 flat sides, roughish with short hairs,
containing a milky juice. Leaves sometimes toothed, sometimes
finely serrated. Cup segments towards the base serrated with
minute teeth, but my specimens do not shew the livid tooth on
each side the base mentioned by Linnzus. B/oss. conical, larger, |
more’ of a reddish purple than in the preceding species, more ex- |
panded at the mouth, segments curved bec lovards? and each
marked with 3 lines. Whether the plant be in flower or not, |
these ‘observations are at all times suflicient to discriminate it |
from the C. rotundifalia. : ad ;

Z Field Bellflower. Woods, hedges, corn fields, and road sides,
ina moist soil. [ Borders of Buddon Wood, near Loughborough;
between Lichfield and Meriden ; and about Worcester. Huns.
And Malvern. Nasu.—Near the Bath at Lichfield ; and on the
road to Coleshill. Mr. Woopwarp. On the road side in a wet
lane in the village called Water Orton. Near Hagley on the
Kidderminster road, plentiful. On the left hand side of the
Meriden road about six miles from Birmingham.] B. July, Aug.

Rapun’culus. C, Leaves waved: root-leaves spear-oyal : panicle compact.
FI, dan. 855-E, bot. 283—Kxiph. 11-Dod. 165. 1~Lob. obs.

178. 2-Ger. em. 453—Park. 648. 1-H. ox. v. 2. 13° i

Fuchs.’ 214-F. B. ii. 795-Ger. 369. 2-Trag. 7 or * ,

_ Fruit-stalk generally growing by threes, the middle one the
Tongest, Ltxn. Resembles the C. patula in the roughness of its
angular stem, its milky juice, the size of its blossoms, and the 3
lines on their segments, but may be distinguished from it by the
flowers and fruit-stalks being nearly upright, not expanding, b
the segments of the cal
and by the stipulz on the

. Hedge-banks,
[Old Buckingham Castle, N
_ Iatifo‘lia, C, Leaves egg-spear-shaped : stem unbranched, eylindri-

* The roots are eaten raw in sallads, or boiled like Asparagus. 1”
Gardens they are blanched. - “ Riks-Ase Wee ae

*PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Campanula.

Zz. bot. 302—F7. dan. 782-Clus. li. bie gr 1-Ger, eM. 448, 3-
Park. 643. 1-H, OX. v. 3. 275

Sometimes 4 feet high, and very strong in its growth. Stent
smooth. Leaves either spear-shaped or egg-spear-shaped, almost
vee a rough with hairs, irregularly serrated. Flowers upright,
but the fruit-stalk when ripe bent downwards ; and the calyx be-
comes large and globular at the base from the distension of the
inclosed capsule. Blass. blue or pale red.

Broad-leaved Bellflower. Giant Throatwort. Thickets and
hedges. Mountainous parts of the Northern Counties. Ray.

' [Clayey parts of Suffolk. Woopwarp. Woods about Manches-

ter. Mr. Catzy. On banks of marle at Burton, a mile S. of
Stafford. On the road from Hales Owen Abbey to Birmingham,

a mile from the former, on a shivery sand rock.] P. July, Aug.*:

C, Sta meee Jeaves on leaf-stalks: cups fringed :
_ fruit-s alks 3-cleft: : ’
FI. dan. 1026-E. bot. 12-Clus. ii. 170. 2-Dod. 164, 1-
Lob, obs. 176. 2-Ger. ems 448. m 1-Ger. 364, 1-Fachs.
432-Trag. 927-F. B. ii. 805. 2-H. ox. v. 3. 28—Sawert.
ii. 16. 4. 5.

Stem branched, hairy and membranaceous at the corners.

Leaves heart-spear-shaped, upper ones sitting, lower ones on leaf.
stalks. Mr. Woodward has sometimes observed 2 flowers on a
fruit-stalk in the C.. latifolia, and only 1 on the C. trachelium,
and Dr. Stokes has found the calyx in the latter almost without
hairs, as represented in Sowerby’s fig. in E. bot, 12; so that the
Linnzan characters are hardly sufficient in all cases to discrimi-
nate these 2 species; but the membranaceous angles of the stem,

and the different. heart-spear-shaped leaves of the C. trachelium

ate at all times sufficient to distinguish it from the C. latifolia.

_ Bless. hairy within : blue, sometimes pale red ; not unfrequently

double, and when this is the case the stamens and nectaries are

~ Great Throatwort. Canterbury Bells. Nettle-laved Bell-
Power. Woods and hedges. P, July, Aug.

a Very common in our garden. The juice a‘dirty yellow.

239

trache ‘lium.

Cc, Stem siiraler, not branched : flowers sitting : mostly: glomera’ ta.

f,: terminating. 2. 2a oe
E. bot, 90-F. B. ii. 801. 2-Clus. ii, 171. 1-Dod. 164. 2-
: Lob. obs. 176, 3-Ger.. Cite 449. 4-Park. 644, fig. 4th~

_ * The beauty of its flowers frequently procures it a place in our gar-
dens. ‘The whole plant abounds with a milky liquor. Horses, sheep,
and goats eat it. . The young shoots stripped of the skin are hoiled and
faten as greens, about Kendal. Mr. Govcu.

240 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Campanula.

H. ox. v. 4.40 & 43—Herm. par. 235-Thal, 8, 2-Barr.
S2Se Je ee
Leaves egg-oblong, sitting, bluntish.- One flower in the bo-
som of each of the three upper leaves, the others forming a ter-
minating cluster. Linn. Root perennial, branched, fibrous... Stem
generally § or 16 inches high, Leaves spear-shaped, hairy,
somewhat serrated ; the lower leaves on the larger plants on long
leaf-stalks, and sometimes heart-shaped at the base. Calyx
segments hairy, sometimes toothed. BJoss. blue, or white; not
sa ‘eine both on the same plant ; hairy within. Stamens
either 4 or 5. Style long, woolly, slightly cloven either into
2 or 3 fleshy, villose, spear-shaped summits. :
Few plants vary more than this both in size and inhabit. In -
general it is from 12 to 1 foot high, hairy and dry ; but in the
wet climate of Kendal Mr. Gough has observed it 2 feet high,
with a trailing stem, green, and but little hairy. On the other
hand, when growing on a high and very dry soil, as on the sum-
mit of Aston Down in the Isle of Wight, it is only from 1 to-
2 inches high (see Pl. 11. f. 8.) can scarcely be said to have a
stem ; bears only 1 or 2 flowers, with 4 stamens and frequently
but 2 summits. The examination of two imperfect specimens of
_ this kind erroneously led me to think it a Gentian. Not being
able to procure more imens, and unwilling to cut up the only —
tolerable one I had, this error appeared in the last edition of the
arrangement; but in the summer following Mr. Watt brought
me a series of specimens from the Isle of Wight from 1 to 10
inches high, which convinced me of my mistake, and soon after-
wards Mr. Turner informed me that on barren Limestone Hills
in Norfolk it grows equally diminutive ; though the blossom as
he observes, is as large as in the largest specimens, which he has
_ sometimes seen above two feet high. <a Sie
| Little Throatwort, or Canterbury Bells, Clustered Bellflower
Mountains and chalky pastures. [Near Pontefract, Mr. T. F.
Hiiu.—Chalk Hills, in Norfolk, Mr. Woopw. and Surry ; and
between Grantham and Wilham Common. Sr. On the Fife
and Angus coast, not unfrequent. Mr. Browne.] __—-P. July-

(3) Capsules covered ly the reflected segments of the calyx. Bo
hedera'cea. C. Leaves heart-shaped, 5-lobed, on leaf-stalks, smooth:
arta stem feeble. | tod galeeun gies

Dicks. b. s-E. bot. 73-F. B. ii. 797-Hi ox. v. 2. 18—Pluke

23. 1-Pet. Gaz. 51. 2-Fl. dan. 330. pe Sol

"Stems thread-shaped, trailing, matted“together, in patches of

. a foot diameter. Mr. Warr. PE ors heart oidney- :
shaped, nearly entire. Mr. Woopwarp. Leaves with 5 to 8 ;

teeth, but not properly lobed. Mr. Sracxuousz. The delicacy

Re eR rere a ne ea ee ee

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Phyteuma.,

and transparency of this elegant little plant sufficiently separate
it from all our other species. Blass. pale blue. :

Ivy-leaved Bell_flawer. Moist shady places. [About springs
and rivulets in Cornwall, very frequent. Mr. Warr. Woods
in Oxfordshire. Mr. NewBerry. Roxborough Common, near
_ Plymouth, plentiful. Mr. Knarre.] | P, May—Aug.

(4) Capsules prism=shaped.

C. Stem stiff and straight, somewhat branched at the base:
leaves oblong, scolloped: cups. incorporated, and
longer than the blossom. esha Sele

: £, bot. 37 3-Ger, Ci. 439. 2~Park. 1331. 2-H. ox. wa Bs 22.

_ Calyx segments permanent, crowning the ripe capsule. Mr,

Woopw arp. ~ cia Oi 3 deeply divided. ‘The wen length

of the capsule, and the segments of the calyx reaching above the

top of the blossom, at once distinguish this from every other

British Campanula.* -

Lesser Venus Looking Glass. Codded Corn Violet. Carn Bell.

Flower. Chalky cornfields, [Bury and elsewhere in Suffolk, in

chalky cornfields. Mr. Woopwarp. | A. July.t

PHYTEUMA. Bios. wheel-shaped, with 5 divi-
_ Slons; segments strap-shaped: summits 2 or

3-cleft: caps. beneath, 2 or 3-celled ; a hole

opening at the side of each.

241

P, Flowers in a roundish head: floral-leaves ‘spear-strap- orbicula’ris,

shaped, fringed.
Dicks. b. s.-E. bot. 142-Facg. austr. 437—Col. ecphr. 224—
Barr. 525-Riv. mon. 109. 1-H. ox. v. 5. 47-Ger. ems
‘455. 5- ; | ae
About a foot high. Reot-/eaves heart-spear-shaped. Blass.
a
_ Round-headed Rampion. Chalky pastures. Downs of Sussex
and Hampshire. Near Leatherhead. P. July, Aug.

.* It appears that Linnzeus had good reason for considering this as a
Plant haying no very permanent character, for Mr. Ronson, having sown
tin his garden, it produced plenty of luxuriant plants which ripened
their seeds; but these seeds the following year produced plants, the
8reater number of which were C. specu/um, and the rest a sort of interme-
diate plant with smaller flowers than the latter, but larger than the former.

_ + Phalena exsoleta feeds upon the different species of Camranuta.

242

Dortman’na..

‘Mr. Grirrira.}

u’rens,

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Lobelia.

LOBE'LIA. Cal. 5-cleft: bloss. 1 petal, irregular,

divided lengthwise on the back: anthers

~ somewhat united: caps. 2 to 5-celled; be-
neath.

L. Leaves strap-shaped, very entire, containing 2 cells:

stem almost naked.

» Dicks, h, s-E. bot. 140-Fl. dan. 39-Lightf. 21, at p. 505-
Clus. cur. 40—Park, 1250—Pet. 07.7. 5

r Whole plant, even the leaves beneath the water, milky.
Linn. Root.fibrous; fibres numerous, hair-like. Svem upright,
cylindrical, hollow, smooth, 12 to 18 inches high, naked, ex-
cept 3 or 4 oval sitting scales, about a quarter of an inch long.
Leaves in acircle at the bottom of the water, numerous, about 2
inches long, bowed back at the end with an elegant curve,
smooth, green, composed of 2 hollow parallel tubes. Flowers as
many as 9 in a loose bunch, rising above the water, from one _
half to ‘one inch asunder. Frait-stalks slender, about half an inch
long ; from the bosom of a flower-scale. Flower-scales similar
to the scales on the stem. Ca/. divided into 5 strap-shaped seg-
ments. Boss. pale blue, 3 of an inch long; upper dip upright; -
Jowier, segments oval, bent back, the middlemost the largest and
longest. Woopwarp. ~
Water Gladiole. Cardinal flower. Lakes in mountainous
countries, as those of Wales, Westmoreland, Cumberland, and

Scotland, [Coniston Water, Winandermere. Mr. Woopwand-

—Loch Lomond. Dr. Horz,—White Meer, near Ellesmere.

L. Stem nearly upright: lower leaves. roundish sodtlaes pea:
the upper spear-shaped, serrated: flowers in bunches: —

Curt.—Poce. rar. 11. 3-H. ox. v. 5. 56.
Stem straight, simple, a foot high, rather bare, the corners
rough. Root-eaves elliptical, smooth, bluntish, some'
toothed; stem-leaves far asunder, 8, sitting, as it were give? —

to at the base, sharply serrated, smooth, distant. Bunch termi: -

hating, quite straight. Flowers upright, distant. Cal. 5-cleits
rough; segments aw]-shaped, upright. Bloss. blue, rough, the —
palate with 2 pale blotches; segments of the lower lip spe!

‘shaped, hanging down. Linw. Whole plant milky, of awa — 4

taste, and if chewed excites a pungent sense of burning in Mi

tongue, Boccon. especially the root. Morts. I1. 467. 2 56. i
Monntainous meadows. [Shute Common, between Axminstef

and Honiton, Devonshire. Mr, Newsarry.] A, July, Aug: —

»

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Lonicera.

243
SA’MOLUS. . Bloss. salver-shaped: stamens pro-
tected by the valves of the blossom: caps.
1-celled; beneath; opening with 5. valves
_ at the top.
gs," — Valeran‘di,

EB. bot.703-Fl. dan. 198—Kuiph, 4—Curt. 268~Lob. obs. 249.
1—Ger. em. 620. 38-Park. 1237 5-F. By ili. 792. 1-H,
0x. lil. 24, 26, and 28.

Nearly a foot high. Leaves spear-egg-shaped, very entire.
Spike-like bunch of flowers 2 to 4 inches long. Baas: white.

Round-leaved Water Pimpernell. Pimpernell Brookaveed.

Marshes and moist meadows.—[ In the large ditches leading from
Poplar to the Isle of Dogs, opposite to Greenwich. Mr. toek:
—Side of the brook running from the brine pit on Defford Com-
mon, Worcestersh. Messrs. Battarp and Hoiierear.—Lord
Shelburne’s Park, near Calne, Wiltsh. Dr. Sroxes.—Salt marshes
about Lymington.] P. June, July.*

LONICE’RA. Bjoss. 1 petal, tubular, irregular:
' . _ berry beneath; 1 to 3-celled; many-seeded.

_ L. Heads egg-shaped, tiled, terminating: leaves distinct, Pericly’me-

~ deciduous : blossom gaping. !
Curt. 1, 1-E. bot, 800-Kniph. 8—FI. dan. 908-Riv, 122-
— Blackw. 25-Fuchs. 646-Trag, 822-F. B. ii, 104. 1-

Ger, 743. 1—Ded. 411,1~Lob. obs. 358.1—-Ger. em. 891.1

+P. ‘ark. 1460, ke t

Bloss. lower segment divided twice as deep as the rest.
Leaves and stem smooth. Linn. Bless, red on the cutside 5
Yellowish within. Berries red. eee.
Common Honeysuckle. Woodbine Honeysuckle.

Var. 2. Leaves indented. [In Sir J. Woodhouse’s
i ik. Mr. Woopwarp. ] :

* Dr. Smith observes, with Linnaeus, that the Water Pimpernell is

und, in almost every part of the globe, and under very different lati-
tudes. We have had occasion to remark that this circumstance, however
a plants, as well as animals in general, happens to several

+ The beauty and fragrance of its flowers renders it a pleasing ornament

~ Our gardens, hedges, and arbours. Cows, goats, and sheep eat it, horses

refuse it, Spbine Ligustri, and tipuliformis ; and:Phalena dydactyla, and
ee ced upon it,

R2

Ss. Ney, June.t .
woods,

num,

244

Xylo’steum,

monta’na,

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Jasione.

L. Fruit-stalks 2-flowered: berries distinct: leaves very
. entire, pubescent. >.

z Riv. mon. 120-FI. daz. 808~Clus. 58..1—Lob. ic. 633. 2+
Dod. 412. 1—Ger. em. 1294. 1. OT Siss sa
A shrub 6 or 8 feet high. Leaves mostly egg-shaped, im

opposite pairs, 3 pairs on each branch; rather soft and cloth-like

to the touch. Frait-stalks opposite, axillary. Bloss. yellow;

upper lip 4-cleft, lower lip strap-shaped, entire, —Filaments
Upright Honeysuckle. S. May.*

JASIO’NE. Common calyx 10-leaved: cup proper

§-toothed: bless, 5 petals, regular: anthers

~_ united: caps.. beneath; 2-celled; many-
seeded, opening atthe top, crowned by the
proper cup. © ae rte?
J. Leaves strap-shaped, very entire, ‘
Kniph. 12-Curt. 45-Fls dans 319-Col, ecphr. 227-H. ot.

v. 5. 48-Pet. 5, 2-Dod. 122; 2-Lob. obs. 291, 3. ic. ie
536. 2-Ger. em. 723. 12. fuce’

Stem a foot high, or more ; cloathed with leaves for some-
thing more than one third of its height: above naked. Branches
several, from amongst the upper leaves, alternate, much shorter
and slenderer than the stem.’ Leaves strap, or strap-spear-shapeds
sitting, waved at the edge, hairy, pointing upwards, A
though rarely, with here and there a small tooth. WoopwAk)> _
Fruit-stalks naked. Blossoms blue, or white. — Pees

Hairy Sheeps Scabious. Scabious Sheepsbit. Only in very
dry parched situations. Linn. St.-—Sandy and barren fallows and

pastures. Ray.—Meadows and heaths. Huns. A. June, July-
Var. 2. dwarf. Whole plant very hairy; when full grow?

but about an inch high.

- Sea coast, Cornwall.

* This species was admitted into the 1st édition of this work, on the
authority of Wallis, p. 149, who’mentioned it as having been found undet
the Roman wall on the west side of Shewing Sheels. No further ev
dence of its being a native appearing, it was omitted in the second editiony
but several bushes of it having been found lately in the wood on the S. W;
side of the pool in Edgbaston Park, its admission into the flora of this 15!
cannot longer be disputed, In the north of Europe it seems a common?
plant; Linneus informs us it makes excellent garden in a dy
soi] : thiat the clear parts between the joints of the shoots are used in Swe>
den as tubes for tobacco pipes, and that the wood being extremely hatds
makes teeth for rakes, &c, x : oe

> —

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.. Verbascum.

_ VERBA’SCUM. Bioss. wheel-shaped, neatly re-

gular: caps. 2-celled; 2-valved; many-
seeded. | :

V. Leaves decurrent, cottony on both sides: stem un- Thap’sus.

branched: summit globular. ;
Fl, dan. 631—E. bot. 549-Woodv. 125—Blackw. 3-Kniph. 9.

From 4 to 6 feet high. Flowers in a long terminating spike.
Bless. yellow ; rarely white. —
_ .Great White Mullein. High Taper. Cows Lungawort. Ladies
Foxglove. Dry ditch banks, in chalky and gravelly soil.
— eee gee Bz July.*
Var. 2. Thapso-nigrum. Leaves egg-oblong ; lower ones
on leaf-stalks, middle ones sitting, upper ones decurrent : stem
branched: flowers several together, sitting. Mr. Rosson.
_. Tam indebted to Mr. Robson, of Darlington, for this curious
hybrid plant, together with the following account of it.
_.. This was the produce of V. Thapsus and nigrum. In. the

pring of 1789, I planted a root of V. nigrum near a plant of the

Thapsus. Both species flowered well, and the latter was suf-
fered to stand and shed its seed. In the spring of 1790, several

plants. appeared, different from either, but partaking of both
Species. i
_.... The specimen sent was taken from a plant which has come up
and flowered for 5 years successively, but produces no perfect

seed, Whole plant hairy; hairs branched. Roar branched, pe-
Tennial, Stem 5 or 6 feet high; branched from the bottom.

Branches undivided, long, angular, lower part leafy. Leaves
£gg-oblong, wrinkled, scolloped: /ower ones on leaf-stalks ;
middle one sitting; ~pper ones decurrent, more acute than the
lower; gradually diminishing to floral-leaves, and at Iength to.
Hower-scales. Spikes terminating the branches, 1; to 2 feet lon:
esti of many clustersof sitting flowers, about 6 or7 in
Cal, segments spear-shaped. Boss. segments inversely heart-
Shaped, nearly equal, yellow. Filaments yellow, hairy, hairs
purple, 2 of them hairy only on one side. Azthers orange.
Germ. woolly. It is difficult to say to which of its parents it is

Most nearly allied. In V. Thapsus the leaves are decurrent, in

Sa leafstalks ; in the hybrid the lower leaves have leaf-
Stalks, the upper ones being decurrent. V. Thapsus has 3 of its -

|. * Externally used it is emollient. Dr. Home advises a decoction of

it, 2 ouncestoa quart, in diarrhceas of an old standing ; he gave a quart
every day. Clin. Exp. p. 439. It eases the pains of the intestines; it is
as an injection in tenesmus with advantage; and is often applied cx-
-letnally to the piles. i,~It is said to intoxicate. fish so that they may be
aken with the hand.—In Norway they give it to cows that are consump-

' Nvé.—=The down serves for tinder,+Neither cows, goats, sheep, horses) ¢
pe eeane wall eat it, 2S ss

245

246

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Verbascum.
stamens hairy, and 2 smooth ; nigrum has all its stamens hairy;

the hybrid has all its stamens hairy, but two of them so only on
one side. Mr. Rosson.

Var. 3. Another hybrid variety which Mr. Turner would
call wigro-dychnitis, he found near Yaraiouth, and describes. it
thus :

“« Leaves woolly, and excepting those of the root, all sitting.
Stem about 4 feet high, throwing out numerous flowering
branches which are. axillary. Flowers in bunches of about
a dozen each, resembling entirely those of V. nigrum, and all the
stamens purple and woolly. It evidently perfects no seeds.”

This variety has since been extirpated, but may probably —
appear again in the same place, or elsewhere.

Thapsoi’des.V. Leaves decurrent: stem branched.

Lychni'tis,

Fuchs. 846—Dod. 143. 2-Ger. em. 773. 2-F. B. iti. 872. 4+

A hybrid plant, produced in the gardens of Upsal, in the year
1761, from the seeds of the V. Lychaitis, impregnated by the pol-
len of the V. Thaps. both which grew in the same bed. —
long ago by: Agerius, who sent it to J. Baugh, from whom suc-
ceeding authors have copied it. Agrees with V. Lychz. in its
branching stem; its fowers, and also though less so in the purple _
hairs of the filaments; and with the V. Thaps. in size, inits —
leaves, which run down the stem, though not all the way,
which are not so white; in its calyx, which, however, has 2 —
longér fruit-stalk, though not so long as in the V. Lychu. Ina —

word, it is not a distinct species, but rather a variety of Ve

Lychaitis. Linn. Pete
_ _ Bastard Mullein. Chalky and sandy meadows and re.
in Kent. Hups, ena B. July, Aug: —
V. Leaves wedge-oblong. Sie ie =
Var. 1. powdery. Whole plant covered with a meal-like
ne : - tt ts
E. bot. 487.1—Verbascum pulverulentum.—F.B. iii. 875+ le
Stem 4 to 5 feet high. Leaves, lower ones somewhat notched 3 |
upper ones sometimes embracing the stem, more and more pointee
as they ascend. Bloss. yellow. Woopwarp. _ eigen ee %
About Norwich. Ray. [and Mr. Pircurorp.—Very come

mon in Norfolk. Mr. Woopwarp.]— and Wollertom,
Northamptonshire. Ray. one B. July,

Nea 2. Green. Lower leaves green above, cottony under- |
em. 775. 3=Ger, 632, 3 Fl, dan. 586. aah 25

?

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Verbascum.

247°

Stem seldom more than 3 feet high. Lower Jeaves of a plea-

_, Sant green, their upper surface shining. Mr. Woopwaro.

Flowers in terminating and lateral spikes ; pale yellow, or dirty

white. | '

Hoary Mullein. aa and sandy meadows and pastures, and
road sides, Kent. [Kinver, Staffordshire, near the Rock Honses.
Dr. Sroxes. ] te, July.

V. Leaves heart-oblong, on leaf-stalks.

ni’grum,

OE. bot. 59-FI. dan. 1088—Fuchs. 849—Dod. 144. 1=F. B.

iii. 873. 3-Trag. 218—Ger, 631. 2-Ger. em. 775. 2-H.

ox. V. 9. row 2. 5.

Leaves notched, downy underneath. Stem angular. Spike

loose, sometimes branched. Linn. Leaves heart-spear-shaped, not
~ doubly scolloped ; the lower on short broad leaf-stalks. Flowers
about 7 in a set. Spike long, but not very compact. The
beapty of: its golden yellow blossoms is. much enriched by the
tints of purplish brown at the mouth of the tube, and the yel-
lowish scarlet colour of the anthers.

Black Mullen. Hedges and road sides. [Road sides, sandy
soil, Suffolk. Mr. Woopwarp.—At Hampstead, betwixt Bir-
tmingham and. Walsall. ] P. july—Sept.

ting: stem branching: fruit-stalks several coget
sitting. Sr. DERE Se ey

_E. bot. 580-Lob, ic. 564~F-'B. ii. 875016

Root branched, slanting, biennial, whitish, bitter. Svem up-
fight, from 5 to 6 feet high, branching from the bottom, round,

‘marked with superficial angles foes edges of the leaves run-
hing down the stem, and of a wood-like hardness below.
Branches undivided, long, rod-like, alternate, solitary, leafy be-
low, beset with flowers to the length of 2 feet and upwards.
Root-leawes a good deal resembling those of the Common Prim-

V. Root-leaves somewhat lyre-shaped: stem-leaves sit-

virga’‘tum,

rose, spear-shaped-oblong, wing-cleft-scolloped towards the base, _

Unequally and doubly notched, wrinkled; above somewhat glossy,
with scattered raved stitirmaiide venous and woollys Lower

x _ Stem-leaves oblong-speat-shaped, or egg-oblong-spear-shaped,

notched, and some of the lowermost scollo towards the base,
harrowing down into very short leaf-stalks. ‘Upper stem and
branch-leaves egg-shaped, or oblong-egg-shaped, toothed, not
Serrated as in V. Boerb. and Blat#. sitting, not embracing the
Stem asin V. Blatt. Flower-leaves egg-shaped, gradually di-
Minishing, the uppermost spear-shaped, and at length becoming

-&kind of flower-scale. Flowers nearly sitting, in small clusters,

from the sides of the stem and branches, at moderate intervals.

248

Blatta’ria.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Datura.

Bloss. yellow, with a purplish ring round the mouth; 1} inch
diameter ; 2 or 3 in bloom at once. Fruit-stalks horizontal, very
short, seldom more than half the length of the calyx.

Blattaria lutea major, sive Aispanica. Park. 04. and pate
383—Blattaria lutea fol. long. lacimato altera 4 cubitorumy 3y 45 5s
et plura vascula conjuncta habens. C. B. pin. 240-—Blattaria
magno fore. C. B. pins 241. F. B. ili, 875. R. hist. 1096.
Tourn. 148.

First found by Mr. Waldron Hill, of Worcester, in a field on
the S. side of a lane leading from Gregory’s mill to the turn-
pike:road, near that town. The side of the turnpike road from
‘Worcester to Ombersley, opposite ‘to the lane leading to Beverey,
cultivated for 3 years without any perceptible alteration. Dr.
Sroxes, aes

V. Leaves embracing the stem, oblong, smooth: fruitstalks
‘solitary. — : .

E. bot. 393—Fuchs. 183-Trag. 925-F. B. iti. 874. 1-Gers

em. 778. 7—Park. 64. 3—Ger. 633. 1—Matth. 1151-Dod.

145. 1—Lod, obs. 304, 2-Ger. Cite 776. 1—Park. 61. o>

Pet. ii, 62. 5-H. ox. V. 9. row3.5. | Zi
Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slightly angular, smooth. Leaves

somewhat wrinkled. Potticu. Leaves glossy on the upper side}

sometimes toothed, and sometimes notched; Joqwermost. wing-
cleft at the base. Fruit-sta/ks longer than the flower-leayes. _

Yellow Moth Mullein. Gravelly soil. Lane between Mit-
cham Common and Casalton, Horn’s place, near Rochester, be-
tween Deptford and Greenwich, Ray.—About Plymouth and
Ashburton, Devon, Huns. : A. June, July

| DATURA. Bloss. funnel-shaped, plaited: cad tu-

bular, angular, falling off with the blossom:
caps. A-valved. ck oe |

Stramo'nium. D, Seed-vessel ony: upright, ego-shaped: leaves egg

ee a oe hey
ae, Sos a
ie een

oy

Oy Sa a ne | ae
Stoerck.-Fl. dan. 436-Woodv. 124—Kniph, 10-Cuus. exot-
289-Ger. em, 348. 2-Blackaw. 313—Col, phytob. 12.
A large wide spreading plant, about 2 feet high. Leaves
deeply indented, Bloss. white: sometinnés witha Sage of purple
Common Thorn-apple. Amongft rubbish, and on dunghills.
{Tritton Heath, Suffolk, Mr. Woopwaxp.]—A native of Ame-
rica, but now naturalized in Europe. Linn. Be July
a right the kaver, particularly the upper ones, rise up and inclose

the flowers. An ointment prepared from the leaves gives ease in extern
inflammations

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Hyoscyamus.
HYOSCY’AMUS. Bioss..funnel-shaped, blunt,

irregular : stam. leaning : caps. with a lid, 2-
celled: seeds many, kidney-shaped.

H. Leaves embracing the stem, indented: flowers sitting.
E. bot. 591-Kniph. 1-Ludw. 85-Clus. ii. 83—Dod. 450.
1—Lob. obs. 139. 1—Ger. 283. 1-Ger. em. 353. 1-Woodv.
§2—Park. 362. 1—Blackw. 550—Riv. mon. 102-Stoerch.
‘ —Hy 0%. V. 11. row 2. 1-Martth. 1004—Fuchs. 833-F.B.
iii. 627. 1-Trag. 133. 3

Whole plant with a strong and peculiar odour; woolly and
clammy. Calyx woolly at the base, a little distended on the
under side. Bloss. tube white, with the middle deep purple;
border pale yellowish brown, beautifully veined ith purple.
Anthers and style of a fine deep purple.

Common Henbane. Villages, road sides, and amongft rubbish,
not uncommon, B. Linn. A. Huns. June.*

Hi. Leaves on leaf-stalks, bluntly indented :‘ flowers sit-
ting.

_ This plant, new to the English Botanist, has been found
at different times by Mr. Rosson of Darlington, on Ballast
Hills and other places near Sunderland, rs ats

_ berry globular, 2-celled.

inflammations and Hemorrhoides. The Ediburgh College directs an ex-
_ tract to be prepared by evaporating the expressed juice of the leaves. This
hasbeen given with great advantage in convulsive affections and epilep-
__ Sles.—Out of 14 epileptic patients, 8 were entirely cured by it, at Stock-
holm.—The dose trom: 2 to 16 grains a day. Med. Commi. 368. iii..22.

See also Lond, Med, Four. ii. 295. The seeds or leaves given internally

bring on delirium, tremors, swelling, itching, eruption, and inflammation

On the skin: these effects were produced by adose of adram and a half,

_- Ma girl of g yearsold. See Dr. Fowler’saccount, Med. Comm, vol. 5. p.
164. Cows, goats, sheep, and horses refuse it.

___* The seeds, the leaves, and the roots, taken internally, are reputed
‘Poisonous ; and well attested instances of their bad effects are recorded.
Madness, convulsions, and death, are the general consequence. But Dr.

Sinith says he has often eaten the seeds with impunity. Itis said that the

leaves scattered about a house will drive away mice. The Edinburgh

College order the expressed juice of the plant to be evaporated to an cx-

_ ‘fract ; and perhaps in this state it may be advantageously joined with
_ pium, where the effects of that medicine are desirable, and costiveness,
4S to be avoided.—There is no doubt of its being an useful medicine un-
der proper management. ‘The dose is from half a scruple to halfa dram,

_ “sSheep sometimes eat it when young. Mr. Battanp.Chrysomel
: Hyoscyami, and the Cimex Hyoscyami, are found upon it, Pi ctl

APROPA. Bios. bell-shaped: stam, distant :

~ Goats are not fond of it. Horses, cows, sheep, and swine refuse it. Linns

niger,

al’bus.

249

250° PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Atropa. |
Belladon'na, A. Stem herbaceous: leaves egg-shaped ; entire.

EB. bot. 592-Curt. 347-Ludev. 128—Facg. austr. 309-Fl.
dan. 758-Kniph. 9-Sheldr. 101-Mill, 62-Woedv. 1=
Clus. ii. 86. 1+Dod. 456, 1+Lob. obs. 134. 2=Ger, emt.!
340—Park. 346. 0-Ger. 200+H. ox. xiii. 3. 4-Blackw.
564—Matth. 1073-7, B. iii. 611. 1-Fuchs.686-F. B. ib.
x Qeib. 8-Trag. 301. ae 3 |
"Two or 3 feet high. Sem. zigzag. Bloss, dark purple. Berry |
green, changing to red, and when Pe black. :
Deadly, or sleepy Nightshade. Dwayberries. Deadly Davale. |
Hedges, amongst limestone and rubbish. [In St.’ Faith’s, New-
ton, near Norwich, and in Herts, ftequent. Mr. Wooow.-——Very"
luxuriant amongst the mines of Furness Abbey, whence the val-
Jey is called the vale of nightshade. See West’s “Antiquities of
Furness. Mr. Arxinson.— Yard of Lantony Abbey, near Glou- —
cester. Mr. Battarn.— Hardwick Park, Derbyshire. Dr.
Sroxes.—Banks of Dudley Castle. ] P. June. Auge?

~

SOLA’NUM. Bhoss. wheel-shaped : anthers alittle
— united, 2 holes. at the top of each : berry

Dolcama'ra, S. Stem without prickles, rathér shrob-like, #ipyags uppet - |
leaves halberd-shaped : flowers in tuft-like bunches. :

E, bot. 565—Ludw. 58—Curt. i. 1-Fl. dan. 607—Blackaw. 34
= Kniph. \-Woodv. 33-Dod. 402. 2-Lob, obs. 136. 4-Ger.
em. 350—Park, 350-Ger. 279. 1-Trag. 816-Matth 1281+

* The whole plant is poisonous; and children, allured by the beau-
tiful appearance of the berries, have too often experienced their fatal ere
: fects. Tumours of the breasts, even of the cancerous kind, are said to
have been resolved by a topical application of the fresh leaves. Dr. Gra-
ham in the Med. Communicat. vol. i. p. 419, says, he found grez el z:
from a poultice made of the roots, boiled in milk, and applied to hardill-
conditioned oo ape ulcers; and relates a deplorable case, in which
_ this poultice effected a perfect cure. There is no doubt but their externa!
application may be productive of good effects in several cases, but the fol-
lowing instance shews us that their application is dangerous when the
skin is broken: A lady, who had a small ulcer a little fe one of her
eyes, which was supposed to be of a cancerous nature, put a small bit of
the green leaf upon it. In the morning the uvea of that eye was S04
fected that the pupil would not contract, even in the brightest light
whilst the other eye retained its usual powers. The leaf being removed,
the eye was gradually restored to its former state. This could not be an
accidental effect, for it was repeated three separate times, and the same.
circumstances attended each application. Ray Hist. 680, The juice-of
the ripe berries stains paper of a beautiful anddurable purple.

PENTANDRIA: MONOGYNIA. Solanum, 531

Stems twining... Leaves egg-spear-shaped ; the upper somes
times, but not i halberd shaped ge €, with 2 green
rons at the base of each segment. Awthers on the Ist opening of
the blossom readily separable, but afterwards growing dryer,
they sooner tear than be disjoined.- Berries scarlets Blass.
sometimes flesh coloured ; rarely white. . gs

_. Bitter-sweet. Woody Nightshade. Moist brakes, hedges, and
| sides of ditches. P. June, July.*
Var. 2. Leaves hairy. Hups.—Sea coast. Ray and Hups.

S. Stem without prickles, herbaceous: leaves egg-shaped, ni’grum,
toothed, angular: bunches nodding, pointing 2 ways.
E. bot. 566-Ludaw. 172-Curt.—Fl. dan: 460~Woodv. 226-
Sheldr. 106—Blackaw. 107—Dod. 454. 1-Lob. obs. 133. 2
—Ger. em. 339. 1—Park. 346. 1-H. ox. @ xiii. 1. row 1.1
_—Matth, 1069-Ger. 268.1~Fuchs. 686-F. B. iii. 6. 608—
Trag. 303.

_ Stem branched, angular. Fruit-stalk lateral, midway between
the leaves. Bloss. white. Berries black when ripe. is plant
is subject to such varieties that I once suspected Linnzeus had
confounded different species under the name of S. nigrum; but
the judicious remarks of my truly estimable friend Dr. Corréa de
Serra, at length convinced me to the contrary. With us it is
truly an herbaceous annual, but in Portugal I have seen the stem
from + to | inch diameter, cutting like wood, and its dura-
tion certainly biennial, probably perennial, the stem and branches
becoming quite black with age. The fig. of Mr. Curtis seems
to have been taken from a plant in an intermediate state, between
the strictly herbaceous northern and the woody southern va-
Tieties. |

Common Nightshade. Garden Nightshade. Amongst rabbish.
and on dunghills, and in Kitchen Gardens. | A. June—Oct.t

* Boerhaave says it is a medicine far superior to China and Sarsaparilla
as a sweetner and restorative. Linneus says an infusion of the young
twigs is an admirable medicine in acute rheumatisms, inflammations,
fevers, and suppression of the lochia. Dr. Hill says he has found it very
efficacious in the asthma. Doctor Hallenberg advises it in ischiatic and
theumatic pains, jaundice, scurvy, and lues venerea. He directs a pint of

boiling water to be poured upon 2 drams of the stalks sliced and dried,
after standing half an hour, it must be boiled 15 minutes. The dose is 2
tea cups full or more, morning and evening. The stalks may be gathered
tarly in the spring, or at the end of autumn. Med. Comm. vol. 3. p. 1 5.—
The root has the smell of the potatoe. Dr. Beovoss.—Sheep and gozts

tatit. Horses, cows, and swine refuse it. — ea
__+ From 1 to 3 grains of the leaves infused in boiling water, and taken
at bed-time, occasions a copious perspiration ; increases the secretion by
the kidneys, and generally purges more or less the following pe These
; fs,

*

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Chironia:

CHIRO‘NIA, ‘Bless. funnel-shaped : pisii/ leaning:
stam. fixed to the top of the tube of the

blossom: anthers becoming spiral: seed-
-vess. 2-celled.

.

Centau'rium. C. Herbaceous: leaves spear-shaped: calyx shorter than

_. Var..2. Much branched.

_ long time together; but brings on hardness of the liver, palsy, and apo-
isa

the tube of the blossom.

Dicks. b. s-Curt. 247-E. bot. 417-Woodv. 157-Fl. dan.

617—Kniph. 8-Walc.-Sheldr. 82-Fuchs. 387-F. B. ill.

$33. 2-Matth. 655—Dod. 336—Lob. obs. '218-Ger. em.
547. 1—Park. 272. 1+Blackw. 452-Trag. 140-Ger. 437-
Hi, os V2, 26. row by 5.’ "

_Bloss. sometimes only 4-cleft. Hups. and sometimes white.
Ray. Plant 10 or 12 inches high ; upright, dividing at the top
into 3 flowering branches; and sometimes one or two flowering
branches spring from the bosom of the leaves on the side of the
stem. Flowers forming a Corymbus. Ca/yx adhering to the tube
of the blossom, and that again to the germen. Blass. funnel-
shaped, tube long, yellowish: border pinky red, segments lap-
ping over each other. Azthers twisted in a spiral after discharg-
ing the pollen. Szy/e cylindrical, cloven at the top, and divi-

sible without much force all the way down. Summits 2, shaped

like a horse-shoe, yellowish green. pee
Lesser Centory. Gentiana Centaurium. Linn. Barren pastures.

qs i hata Ge tiew moc pice

_ Var. 3. Dawarf; hardly { inch high. This grows on barren
limestone rocks, and has much the appearance of the Ch. pul-
chella, but, however small, it still preserves its dichotomous ha-
bit, and its leaves have not the woody ribs or nerves so evident

x sats

in the Ch. pulchella. ‘The calyx best distinguishes the Ch. pul-

chella from the starved specimens of Ch. Centaurium.

properties, judiciously applied, render it capable of doing essential service

in several diseases, as may be seen in Mr. Gattaker’s Treatise on the So-
lanum, But its effects on the nervous system are so uncertain, and some-
times so considerable, that it must ever be administered with the greatest

A. June—Aug.” |

caution. The leaves externally applied abate inflammation, and assuage»

pain. The flowers smell like musk. Horses, cows sheep, ar
swine refuse it, . 3 Dasa ce ie

* Extremely bitter. It is the basis of ‘the famous Portland Powder,
which prevents fits of the gout, when taken in a large quantity, and 4

plexy. _ A tincture of the leaves, and the upper part of the root, good
ay in weak stomachs and cachectic habits. A decoction of the
whole plant destroys lice, and cures the itch.—Cows are not fond of it-

_ Linn, and in sheep pastures it is frequently left untouched. ‘Dr. Stoxts-

~PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA, Rhamnus.

leaves, not branched. Flowers 1, sometimes 2, ter-

Floral-leaves strap-shaped. a
E. bot. 458~Swartz. nov, act. Stockh, 1783. #.35.-2. 3.
J: 8.9. ‘SiTSA :
The latter figure is cited from Gmelin in his edit. of the.
Syst. Natura, and on the authority of Mr. Afzelius.
Specimens sent by Mr. Grppy in 1796. The dwarf plants
first found by Mr. Warr having no stem, and several flowers at
“the crown of the root are exactly the same with the fig. in E.
bot. 458.—Dr. Smith cites Vaill. par. vi. 1. but that fig. is
much larger than either the Cornish or the Gorlestone plants.
Sir Th ). Frankland observes the habit of the Ch. palchella
‘also seem different at their insertion, those of Ch. centaurium
uniting; in Ch. pulchella they appear distinct,
CALYx segments nearly as long as the tube of the blossom,
but not adhering to it, as in the preceding species.
‘Bross. funnel-shaped: border 5-cleft, segments spear-
shaped ; tube not adhering to the germen.
Sram. fixed near the ee of the tube. Anthers twisted
spirally when dry, but when damped resuming their
OFighti a SEO, ee oe

som, Style half the length of the filaments, Swm-
mits 2, horse-shoe-shaped, velvety. .

Caps. partitioned into 2 cells.

SEEDS numerous. .

\ _ Gentiana palchella. Gmel. Syst. Nat. G. Centaurium. B
Linn, ; . ' * Aug. Sept.
[Downs at Port Owen, near the sea, Cornwall. Mr. Warr.
Gorlestone, Norfolk, near the sea. Mr. Turner.] E. bot. Sept.

RHA’MNUS. Calyx tubular ; scales protecting the
stamens: A/oss. none: fruitadrupa.

on different plants: leayes egg-shaped: stem upright.

Woodv. 114—Dod. 7 56—Ger. em, 1337. 2-Park. 243. 1 af
the bottom.—Clus. i. 111-Lob. obs, 599, 1-Ger, em, 1337+
1—Park, 243, 1. Le

Pee |

minating, Leaves egg-spear-shaped, 3 or 5 fibred. _

to be very different from that of the Ch. Ceztaxrium : the leaves ”

Pisr. Germen oblong: fiearly Alling: the tube-of the blos-

Fi, Ross. i. 61-F/. dau. $50-Blackw. 135—Maith. 158- .

253

C. From }to 4 inches high; stem with 3 or 4 pairs of pulchel/la,

R. Thorns terminating: flowers 4-cleft, male and fe ale cathar'ticus,

254 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Euonymus.

Summit cloven into 4. Berry 4-seeded. Linn. Stamens 4.
Blossoms pale green. Berries black. i

Purging | uckthorn. [ Woods and hedges near Norwich. Mr.
Crowe Side of a brook near Hanley-Castle, Worcestershire.
Mr. Battarp. In Shropshire, common. ] S. April, May.*

Fran’ ula. R. Without thorns : flowers hermaphrodite, with 1 pistil :
leaves very entire. ; :
--Kniph. *-E, bot. 250-Ludw. 89-Blackw.152-Fl. dan. 78

—Matth. 127 1-Ger, 1285-Lob.. obs, 594. 2-Park. 240-
Dod. 784. 1-Ger. em. 1470-Fe B. i, 560. 2-Trag. 981-
Lob. obs. 594. 1. if
Bloss. with 5 clefts. Summit notched. Berry with 4 seeds,
. ‘The inner bark is yellow; the outer, sea-green, and the middle
bark red as blood. Linn. Berry with 3 cells. Scor. With 2
seeds E. bot. fea S sic
Black-berry-bearing Alder. Alder Buckthorn. Woods and
wet hedges. [Woods, Suffolk. Mr. Woopwarp. Wood at
Smethwick, near Birmingham. Sr.. Hedges at Pendeford, near
Wolverhampton. Mr. Prrr. .Landsmouth Wood, 4 miles N.
of Knayton, Yorkshire. Mr. Futnrorr. Cotcliffe Wood, near

Burrowby. Mr. Ronson.} = _S. April, May-t
EUONYMUS.. Bhoss. 5 petals: caps. coloured; —

5-sided, 5-celled, 5-valved: seed-coat hol-

low: seed veiled, ee.
europe’us. E. Flowers mostly 4-cleft : leaves sitting. © ae
_E. bot. 362-Fl, dan. 1089-Kniph. 5-Trag. 983—Ger. 1284+

1—Dod. 733-Lob. obs. 591. 2-Ger. em. 1468, 1—Park.

241. 1-F. B, 1.6.201, ee

* A purgative syrup prepared from the betries is kept in the shops-
About an ounce of it is a moderate dose; but it generally occasions 50
much sickness and griping that it is falling into disuse. The flesh of birds —
that feed upon the berries is said to be purgative.—Thie juice of the un-
Tipe betries is of the colour of saffron,and is used for staining maps or paper.
These are sold under the name of French Berries. - The juice of the ipe
berries mixed with alum, is the sap green of the painters; but if they ate —
gathered late in the aytumn the juice is purple. The bark affords a
beautiful yellow dye. Goats, sheep, and horses eat it. Cows refuse it-

+ From a quarter to half an ounce of the inner bark, boiled in small
beer, is a sharp purge. In dropsies, or constipations of the bowels of
cattle, it is a very certain purgative.—The berries gathered before they
are ripe, dye wool green. The bark dyes yellow, and with preparations of —
iron black. Charcoal prepared from the wood is preferred by the makers
of gunpowder.—The flowers are particularly grateful to bees. Goats de-
vour the leaves voraciously, and sheep will eat them.—The P: apilie
Rbamzi, and Argus, live wpon both the species, Ss

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA, Viola.

\.In_Cornwall it has 4 stamens. Mr. Stacxuovse. Leaves
egg-speat-shaped, opposite, on Jeaf-stalks. Fruit-stalks from
the bosom of the leaves, and supporting 1 or 2 pair of flowers.
Petals greenish white. Filaments fixed in holes in the recep-
tacle. Fruit angular, purplish ; sometimes-white.
ay, feochgtie Spindle Tree. Prick Woods Prick Timber Tree. Gat-
teridge Tree, Louse Berry. Woods and hedges. This singular
and enueitat shrub is very common in stint ] ,
" S. May, June.*

v

VIOLA. Gaive 5-leaved, adhering to the blossom
above the base: A/oss. 5 petals, irregular with
a spur behind: anthers cohering: caps. 1-

celled, 3-valved.
ar. © (a) Stemless.
V. Leaves heart-shaped, rough with strong hair. Lryw. hir’ta.
_ Leaf-stalks rough with hair: floral-leaves below the
“middle of the fruit-stalk. Curt. _

~ Wale.—Curt.-Fl. dan. §18-H. ox. Vs 35. row 1. fi 4—Pet.
: 37. 7-Brunsf. 137. 8-Trag. 558.
©» Root throwing out young shoots, but which do not creep and
strike root as in the V. odorata. After the first flowers are wi-
thered, the plant continues, for a month or more, to throw out
others entirely destitute of petals, or with only the rudiments of
them, which never appear beyond the calyx, but with all the
other parts of fructif cation perfect, and producing as the first
crop perfect seed. Curr. Boss. pale blue; scentless. _ :
Hairy Violet. Shady places and hedges in a calcareous soil.
pes : P. March, April.

25a

V. Leaves heart-shaped : suckers creeping. Linn. Floral- odora’ta

- leaves above the middle of the fruit-stalk. Curr.t
E, bot. 619-Curt.—Ludw. 175-Wale,-Woodv. 8\—Kniph. 3
Fl, dan. 309-Renealm, 141. 1-Blackw. 55—Sheldr. 17

_ * The berries vomit and purge violently. They are fatal to sheep.
Powdered, and sprinkled upon che bait, they destroy lice. 1f the wood is
Cut when the plant is in blossom, it is tough, and not easily broken; and
in that state is used by watch-makers for cleaning watches, and to make
skewers and tooth-picks. Goats and sheep eat it. Horses refuse it.
Cows are so fond of the shoots in the spring as constantly to break down
the banks of the fields-;wherever a plant of it stands. Mr. Woopwarp.
_. + This observation to be made when the flowers are fully expanded,
&s the part of the fruit-stalk above the floral-leaves grows considerably
longer before the blossoms are faded ; Cuat. for which reason, dependiny
‘pon it as.a_ mark of specific distinction, may mislead. Mr. Woopwaaa.

256

palus’tris.

eani‘na.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Viola.
Dod. 156. 1—Ger. em. 850. Q—Pet. 37.3-Ger. 699. 1 and

Q-Lob. ic. i. GO8. 2-Ger. em. 850, 1—Pet. 37. 1-Matth.
1180-Lonic. i i, 180. 1-Trag. 558. 1 and 2~Fuchs. 3il- :

7 & B. iii. $42.

Leaf-stalks nearly smboth. Fruit-stalks channelled on the
upper side above the floral-leaves. F/owers both with and with-
out petals, all producing perfect seed.. Curt. Blossom rich blue-
purple, smelling very sweet. Woopwarp.
Sweet Violet. It is liable to a change in the colour of the
blossom, from the blue purple to red purple, pale flesh colour,

and even white. In the white ones the lateral petals are some-

times without the hairs which grow on the inside the claws in
the purple kind, but the fragrance is the same. Warm hedges

and ditch banks, and in moist warm lanes ; particularly i in clay —

or marle. P. March, April.*

V. Leaves kidney-shaped.
E. bot. 444—Curt. 217-Abbot, Fl. Bed. - 190-F1. dan. 7 3-
H. ox. v. 35~-row 2. f. 1—Pet. 37. 5—Allion. 2,2.
Calyx skinny, and white at the edge. Petals, the Jower ofa

uniform pale purple colour ; the /atera? ones with 1 strong, and 1
faint purple line, and a ‘cluster of short stiff bristles near the

base ; the wpper with about 11 purple branched streaks.

Marsh Violet. Moist meadows, peaty and mossy bogs. » Jn A

the North; frequent. [Near Wittonle-Wear. Mr, Barter. Ab

mond Park, Salop. Mr. Arkin. Needwood Forest, Staffordsh.
Bogs on Rene atte . . OP April, ged —

(2) Mi tha stem. | Stipule. entire.

Ve Shale ascending as it attains its full growth : leaves ob 2

Jong-heart-s aped.
E. bot. 610-Curt. 108-Wale.—Barr. 695-Lob. ice is 609.1

Pet. 37.6-Trag. 558.3-Dad. 156. 3—Lob, ics is 609-2
ae 2 Ger, em. 851. 0-H. ox. ¥. 7. 2-Pet, Sta A-Gars, G22 ee

Park. par. 285. 1-F, B. iii. 544. 1,

- Calyx segments pointed. Curr. At the first opening i they)
flower it has no stem, but one afterwards poe? Ups and fruit- 0

* The flowers and seeds are said to be mild sateen: ‘The powdered
root, in doses from 40 to 80 grains, yomits and purges. The petals give
the colour to the syrup of Violets, for which purpose they are cultivate
in large quantity at Stratford-upon-Avon, ‘This syrup is v
many chemical enquiries, to detect an acid or an alkali, the former chang-

ing the blue colour toa red, and the latter to a green. Slips of white —

‘paper, stained with uice of the petals airs
light, answer the aie seh ee ee

4

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Viola.

stalks proceed from it. Leaves sometimes rather hairy. Stipule
fringed with hairs. Bios. pale blue, streaked, scentless, some-
times all white, sometimes the spur only white.
Dogs Violet. ony places, heaths, hedge banks.
P, April—June.
Var. 2. Davarf. Smaller in all respects. Spur of the blossom
yellowish, Dit. A n, ae si

Ray 24. 1, at p. 478.
Stem very short. Leaves rougher and much smaller than the
common kind, the largest not exceeding half an inch long, and
one-third broad. Leaf-scales not so much fringed. Flower sel-
dom more than 1. I have carefully traced it through all its

stages, up to the plants of V. canina. Woopwaro.
Pastures —— a R. Syn. [Heaths frequent, Mr.
Voopwarp.} May.
Var. 3. Ledve spear- Acai Flowers pale.
E. bot. 445.

“ [Found ve Mr. Stackhouse at Pendarvis i in Cornwall. ]
(3) With a stem. Stipulce wing-cleft. Summit urn-shaped.

V, Stem branched: leaves egg-shaped, toothed: calyx tri‘color.

smooth, but half the size of the blossom,
. This plant is liable to almost endless eens a eed the
gare the most remarkable.
o Var: 1. Blossoms white, or yellow white ; small, wikia tee
ible streaks.
Math. 1183-Ger. 704, 4, and 703. 1+ Fucks, 803~F. B. iii.
*. 546. 26Trag. 564—Lob. ic. i, 611. 2-Ger. em. 854, 4-
HA, ox. ve 7. 10.~Pet. S7i 9.

eae [Gravel-pits, sides of paths, ee and culti.-

ae Dr. Sroxes.] wigan

Ss Blossoms blue, 0 opus ial Ww
- Kniph. 7-Riv. pent. 122. V. BicolorPet. 37. 8~Barr. 757.
— land 3.

_ Road sides, in poor sandy nk gravelly soil, common,

Var. 3. Blossoms of more than 2 colours. Dr. Sroxes.

ee —Weodw, 252-Fl. dan. 623—Pet. 37. 8, the 2 separate

: ‘Se

pat weak ' Seifale terminating at the end in a leaf-stalk.
"Téat-stalks compressed. Floral-leqves 2 on each fruit-stalk, hal-
v ped each of the lobes with 2 teeth. snes ene
OL, e S

257

258 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Impatiens.

hollow and.open. In no plant may the process of impregnation
be so distinctly seen. Linn. Sammit fringed on the lower part,

and the hairs of the fringe nearly in contact with the anthers. .
These varieties are improved and enlarged by garden culture,
and then obtain the names of Pansies. Heart’s-ease. Three faces
under a hood. Love in idleness. Corn fields and ditch banks.
[Very fine in the lanes about Bishton, Staffordsh. ] ti
: A. May—Sept.*

lutea. |” Ve Stem unbranched, upright, 3-corered + leaves fringed
_. with hairs, lower ones heart-shaped, upper ones
spear-shaped. ' LN hip |

E. bots 22 iP ele Sve 10H. ok. Ve Te Lhe ee

From 2 to 8 inches high. Root creeping, Lower leaves
heart-shaped, upper leaves spear-shaped; stipule strap-shaped,
entire, or rather divided down to the base, but in the V. io,
they are hand-shaped. Frait-stalks very long, axillary, uprigat,

_ 1-flowered. fe AG but bright yellow. hs the V. tricolor
the leaves are hairy at the edges as well as elsewhere, but not —
fringed with strong hairs standing out like an eye-lash, as in the
V. lutea. ‘The stem of the former is almost always branched,
but I have never seen the latter branched, not even in the strongest

Var. 2; Two lower petals tipped with purple. Mr, Gouc#:

Var. 3. Upper petals blue, eee. ees

Yellow Violet or Pansies. “Mountainous pastures, in. the
North, and in Wales in a rotten peaty soil. Ray. | About Atta-
mine Cliffs near Settle, Yorkshire. Curr. [Hills above Dove
dale, Derbyshire, and in the’North. Mr. Woopw. Chatswort!
Park, Derbyshire. Mr. Wuatetey. Pastures about cog or

~ near-Oxton plentiful. Mr. Goucu.—lIn the road between

_ and Malham Tarn, Yorksh. Mr. Carey.—On Ben Lawers
Craig Calleach, Mr. Brown. ] P. May—Sept-+

IMPA'TIENS, Caha 2-leayed : bless. 5-pet@
_ wregular : nectary hood-like : stam. cohering
>. ¢aps. superior, 1-celled, opening with a}!
- Into 5 spiral valves. ay ag eee

ayet

* Dr. Strack says that it infallibly cures the scabby complaints %
young children, called Crusta /actea. He boils. anal of ee 05,
half a dram of the dried leaves, in half a pint of milk, and gives this
morning and evening, for some weeks. "Fred. Fourn. ii. p. os eee of

_ t This plant has been usually considered as the Violafgrand , how
Linn. but Dr. Stokes in the 2d editionof the Bott. Arr. shewed with
little propriety ; and Mr. Afzelius has since informed me that our plat
‘Was entirely tnknown to Linnaeus, whose V. grandiflora bears 2
Jarger Hower, and ditférs both in the spur and in the stipula

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Ribes. 259°
I; Fruit-stalks many-flowered, solitary: leaves egg-shaped : Noli-tangere.

- stem swoln at the joints.

_ FI. dan. 582—Riv. tetr. 244. Impitions— Did. 659. 2—Ger.
em. 446. (. erroneously printed 450 -) 4-Park. 296. 5-Trag.

* 995—Lonic. i. 99. 4—Col. ecphr. i. 150. 1-Barr. 1197—
Gars. 414—Ger. 361. 3-Lob. adv. 135, ic. i, 318. Is
F. B. ii. 908.

When the seeds are ripe, upon touching the capsule, they ate

thrown out withrconsiderable force. In the day time the /eaves

| are expanded ; but at night they with eds pendant. Linn. Blossoms
& Felton 5 the lateral petals eenenee reds by cultivation they —
| are changed to pale yellow or
Quick-in-hand, Impatient. Drak ake Moist shady
ces and banks of rivulets. Banks of Winandermere near Am-
ide, near Rydall Hall and other places in Westmoreland.
Sys Ambleside and Rydall Hall, Westmoreland, plenti-
y- Dr, J. E. Smrra.—By "the side of Coniston Lake, Lan.
cashire, and near Ambleside. Mr. Woopwarp. Near the foot-
path going from the Inn at Ambleside up the brook, towards.
the cascade. Mrs, Watr.] A. July, Aug.*

RIBES. Petals 5, they and the stamens fixéd to

the calyx: style cloven: soem beneath, 1-
celled, many-seeded.

(1) Without prickles : Doxiiae® ei
-R. Bunches smooth, pendant: flowers flattish. _ ro’brum.
- Weodw.74-Fl. dan. 967-Ludw. 92-Sheldr. 91.1, 2% 3
and 5—Wale.~Blackw. 285. 1. 24—Kniph. 2-Trag. 995-
Math. 168—Clus. i i, 120. 1—Dod. 749. 2-Leb. arid OA
Ger. em. 1593. 1-F. B. ii. 97.

| Leaves's ts rounded. Calyx spreading. ‘Floral-leaves
than the flower. Bioss. greenish white. Berries red.

es ne bid Woods in the northern mae oe fino this

ae found undoubtedly upon the banks

OE rivers; one Paik oprah eeay and the latter by the Skern,

aes in ae: places. Mr. Rosson. } ee ‘S. May.t

* The whole plant i is Sebbbaeetenced: Vaart eat it, Hoses, cows,
nd sheep refuse it, ‘The Sphinx Elpenor lives upon it.

‘dan ‘The fruit is universally acceptable, either as nature presents it, or

wepreren y The juice is a most agreeable acid in punch. If equal

currants and pure sugar are ie over the fire, the liquor

iets seeeeaty f is a most agreeable jelly. Cows,’ goats, and

Horses are not fond of them. Liny. This plant

be sone wie i infevted d by the Aphis Rber, and then the grees leaves be-

pitted, and puck:

8 2

aes PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Ribes.

“Var. 2. Saweet Currants. Ribes vulgaris fructu dulci. Rav
Syn, 456. —
Woods in Yorkshire and Leicestershire.
Var. 3. Small Currants. Ribes fructu parvo. Ray Syn. 456.
Wimbleton Park, Surry ; and many places in Lancashire,

alpinum. R. Bunches upright : floral-leaves longer than the flowers.

E. bot. 704-Fl. dan. 968-Kniph. 3-Gunn. ii. 2.1 and 2-
-Facq. austr. 47-F. B. ii. 98.

Leaves segments spear-shaped, pointed. Calyx tubular,
bluntly 5-sided. Stam. shorter than the petals. Piszil as tall
as the cup. Z

Sweet Mountain Currants, Woods and hedges in Yorkshire.
{About Bradford. Mr. Woopwarp. In the wood on the S. W.
side of the pool at Edgbaston, plentifully. } S. May.*

Var. 2, Male and female flowers on different plants.

_ Facq. austr. 37. left hand fig. the male plant, and the single
floret at the bottom. This, hitherto unnoticed as an English
plant, was communicated to me by Joun Sneyp, Esq. who

it in a hedge not far from Ilam in the North of hire, on
lime-stone land, The female flowers produced 5 imperfect sta-
mens, and form a shorter and more thinly set 2 than the

male flowers, which have 5 perfect stamens, and 2 summits, but
no germen, ‘These dioicous plants have been observed in Ger-
many by Jacquin and Leers, but the female plant much more
scarce than the male. Mr. Rosson informs me that it is pretty
frequent about Darlington, and that the plants are often male
spica‘tums. R. Spikes upright: petals oblong : floral-leaves shorter
than the flowers, (Linn. Tr. tail cath ?
Linn. Trans.
__ This isnot a hybrid plant, for its seeds produced perfect plants.

fruit of that species is pendant, which is not the case with this.
The upright spikes are sufficient to distinguish it from all its bre-

The wood being hard and tough makes good teeth for rakes. Cows, goats
sheep, and horses eat the leaves.—** It is well worth observing how truly

traveller in the most unknown wilderness might eat in safety, aN “thu
the natural tree of tonite lei eins. sot. - ,

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Ribes. -

veted and described by Mr. Rosson. He had the first tree from
the neighbourhood of Richmond, Yorkshire, and afterwards

found it by the ‘Tees, between Piersbridge and Gainford, in the ~

county of Durham. _ §. April, May.
* Ons. Its floral-leaves being shorter than the flowers, will
prevent its being taken for the R. alpinum.

261.

R. Bunches hairy : flowers oblong. _ nigrum,

Ludw. 9\-Kniph. 2-Fl. dan. 550-Wale.-Sheldr. 91. 7;

Sruit-Woodv. 7 5—Blackw. 285. 6—Dod. 749—Ger. em 1593 —

. -f. B. ii. 99. 1—Park. 1562. 2-—Park. ib, 3. % :
Buds glandular. Floral-leaves woolly, and as long as the little
fruit-stalks. Flowers woolly. Leaf-stalks a little woolly, and
beset with glands. Linn. Flowers turban-shaped. Calyx seg-
ments often ofa rich brown red colour. Stamens sometimes more
than 5, and then there are fewer petals ; so that when there are
10 stamens there are no petals. ‘This change of the petals into
Stamens, is just the reverse of the process by which single flowers
are known to become double, but it is the only fact of the kind
that has occurred to my observation. wie

_ Squinancy Berries. Black Currants. Wet hedges and banks of
tivers. [ Alder swamps, Norfolk, Mr. Woopwarp.] S, May.*

(2) With prickles, GoosEBERRIES.

R, Branches prickly : fringe of the leaf-stalks hairy: ber-Grossula'tia.

: Wilt Meith: 2, ;
Flower-scales 2, sometimes 3, opposite, embracing the fruit.

ries hairy,

‘Stalk. Sroxes. If the flower-scales will not distinguish this.
from the R. Uva-crispa, the roughness or smoothness of |

Species

eee will hardly do it, for Mr. Ropson assures me that

seeds from the same plant will produce both rough and smooth

ete ack soe

ou eberry. Feaberry in ire, Lancashire, ar

Yorkshire. Hides: Wane. And on old buildings and
church towers, S1.— Woods and hedges about Darlington, com-

on, Mr, Ropson.] " : _ _S. Apr

., The berries have a very peculiar flavour which many people dis-
like; but their juice is frequently boiled down into an extract, with the
Addition of a small proportion of sugar; in this state it is called rob ; and
48 much used in sore throats, but chiefly in those of the inflammatory
Kind. Some people put them into brandy, ‘for the same purpose that
ther people use black cherries. ‘The tender leaves tinge common spirits
£0 as to resemble brandy. An infusion of the young roots is useful in
fevers of the eruptive kind ; and in the dysenteric fevers of cattle. Goats
and horses eat the leaves, Linw.—A horse refused it. St,—All the spe.

ey

262

| Uva-cris' pa» R. Branches prickly: berries smooth: fruit-stalks witha

Helix.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Ilecebrum.

_ flower-scale of 1 leaf. ot
Schmied. 1-Blackw. 277-Fuchs. 187-Trag. 977-Matth.
167-F. B. i. 6. 47—-Lomic. ic 43. 1-Dod. 748-Lob, ie. it,
206. 1, obs, 617. 2-Ger. em, 1824—Park, 1560, 1s

J hg

Buds woolly. Calyx bent back. Bunch none. Fruit-stalk

woolly. Flower-scale egg-shaped, embracing the fruit-stalk,

generally with 3 divisions. Flower single, pendant. Leaf-stalk -

n ged with knobbed hairs, A triple shorn beneath the buds.
Smooth Gooseberry. Woods and hedges. Parker’s Piece, Git-
ton, Shelford, Ditton, Harston church-yard, and Triplow, Cam-
bridgeshire. RetHan.—[ Road between Newport and the Light+
house in the Isle of Wight, in a hedge far from et house.}
Beast 3 8. Apr. May-
HE’DERA. Petals 5, oblong : berry 4 or 5-celled,
3 to 5-seeded ; juiceless, encircled by the
| calyx. ee

H. Leaves, some egg-shaped, others lobed.
Ger. 708. 2 and \-Fuchs. 722, and 723-F. B. ii. 111+
1 and 2-Dod. 413. 1 and 2-Lob. obs, 336. 2, and 337+!

| =Ger. em. 857. 1 and 2—Park. 678, 1, and 679. 4—Matth» —

624 and 625.

When it trails on the ground its branches are small and weak,
and its leaves with 3 lobes, Curt. In which state it does.not
gence fruit, and has been called Barren or Creeping Tey.
Sroxes.—But when it climbs up walls or trees it grows mucl
stronger, and the leaf changes to egg-shaped. Curt. Leaves
glossy. Bfoss. greenish white. Berriesblack. = ==

Common Ivy. Woods, hedges, and old buildings. S. Oct.*

ILLECEBRUM. Caiys 5 leaves, like gristle: bltt.

"none: summit simple: caps. 5-valved, 1-seeded.

* The roots are used by leather-cutters to. whet their knives upon.

Its ever-green leaves adorn our walls, and cover fhe naked trunks of trees.

Apricots and peaches covered with ivy during the month of February, have
been observed to bear fruit plentifully. Phil Trans. No. 475- ‘The leat?

have a nauseous taste. Haller says they are given in Germany as a$
“in the atrophy of children. Common people apply them to issues. *’
berries have a little acidity. They purge and vomit. In warm climates

a resinous juice exsudes from the stalks. Horses and sheep eat it. 62
and cows refuse it. Lixw,—Sheep are fond of it, Sr.—And in severe Wet
ther it is stripped off the trees as food. Mr. Horter, 2 —™S

*

Curt-Fl. dan. \02{-Sheldr. 103-Blatkw, 188—Trag. 801~

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. ‘Thiitim. i ae

I. Flowers'in-whitls, naked: stems trailing. 9 = 7 verticilla! tum

» Kaigh. 12-F], dan, 335-Vaill. 15. 7-7. Bei iil. 378. 9-Pet,
10, 7=Ger. em. 563~Park, 1333—Ger, 449, 1.
Lcatth oval, keeled, fleshy. Upper whirls crowded near to-
ms » by no means so. far asunder as in F]. dan, Mr. Wooow.
lant about 3. inches high. Flowers whitish.

“Whorled Knotgrass. Marshes and wet pastures. {In Coie,

and Devon, not uncommon. On the road side betwixt Elnal and

- Ranton Abbey, Staffordsh. ] P. July, Sept.

GLAU’X. Cal. 1 leaf: ee ‘none: eps. 1- celled,
ecvalvede t 5-§ arene fs

oO aa maritima,
E. bot. can eh ny 227. Py it em. 562~Park. 1283. Qa
Fle dani:548~Ger, 448 4.48,

Birdes ove. oblong. Linn. From 2 to 4 inches high ; often
trailing. Flowers numerous, purplish or whitish.

Sea Milkwort. Black Saltqwort. Salt marshes, not uncom.
mon, [Salt Marsh at Ingestiels Staffordsh. Mr. Bacorr.—
Norfolk coast. Mr. Woopwarp.—Cornish coast. Mr. Wart,
—Near Bristol. Mr. Sw ara: —Below King’s Weston, Port.
land Island, ae : oP June, July.*

THE’SIUM. Cal. 1 leaf, on wick the stamens
grow: seed 13 ‘beneath. cai

T. Spike branched: floral-leaves by threes : ‘tele strap- inopbya
- spear-shaped: calyx tube very short. , lot.
Dicks. Bs s.+K. bot. 2472Ger. prov. 17. 1—Relh, ar “p. 99—
H, ox. xv. 1. 3-Kniph. 9-Clus. i is $24. 1-Ger. em. 555
- Park. 459. 0~Ger. 442, 7—Pet. os 5=F. B. iii. 461. 3.

Floral-leaves cloven into 3, the middle segment long and

pees, downwards, Woopwarp, Stems ascending, caged
branched, and from 3 to 5 inches high; sometimes up brett pat

little branched, and 10 inches high, Flowers mostly in unchesy
but sometimes the lower ones forming a panicle. Calyx 4 or 5
cleft, widely conical. Stamens 4 or 5. oa De: Smith says that
the T. alpinum differs from this in having a Jong tubular calyx,
but that otherwise they are much alike, In a specimen of the
T. alpinum from Switzerland, the leaves are not only broader
than in our dixophyllum, but standing more upright they clothe
and nearly hide the stem, which is never the case with our plant.’

* Cows eat it. Mr. Arxinson says it is much used asa pickle. _

#*

264

minor.

ma’jor.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Vinca.

Dry heaths and hills in a calcareous soil. [Common in Dor:
setsh. Dr. Purrenzy.—Chalk cliffs on the S. W. side of the
Isle of Wight. Dr. Sroxes.—Near Bury, Suff. Mr. Woopw.
—lIn the loose sand by the ferry leading to Portland Island. Mr.
STAckHousE, } ..., /P. June, July.

VIN’CA. Bloss. salver-shaped : seed-vess..2 upright ,

little bags: seeds naked.

V. Stems trailing: leaves spear-egg-shaped; flowers on
fruit-stalks, .

Curt. 172-Ludw. 75-Kniph. 1-Sheldr. 22-Blackw. 59=
Dod. 405-Lob. obs. 360. 1-Ger. em. 894. 1.—Park. 381.

1-F. B. ii.131-Matth. 956-Wale.-Trag. 394—Fuch. 360.
Leaves blunter, smooth at the edge. Fruit-stalks curved.
Cal. short. Liyy. Flowering-stem upright in the spring, but
in autumn it bears flowers on the shoots of the year, which are
trailing. Mr. Woopwarp. Calyx shorter than the tube of the

blossom. Sty/e inversely conical. Upper summit woolly, Leaf- —

stalks short. _ Bless. blue or white.
Lesser Periwinkle. Woods and hedges, but rare. [Neat
Hampstead. Earsham Wood, plentifully. Mr. Woopwaro-

-—Rainsal brow, near Manchester, plentiful. Mr. Carey. Ina
lane leading from the Larches to the Moseley road, neat Bir-

mingham. ] P. April, May.*

V. Stems upright: leaves egg-shaped: flowers on fruit-_

E. bot. 514~Curt. 222~Tourm, 45-Wale—Clus. ix 121. 2°
Dod, 406.1—Lob. obs. 360, 2—Ger. em. 894. 2~Park. 381+

2~F. B. ii. 132-Garid. 81.

Leaves fringed with hairs at the edge. Calyx as long as the
tube of the blossom. Bless. tube woolly within, just above the
anthers. Leaf-stalks long. Bloss. blue, with a blush of purple.

Greater Periwinkle. Woods and, hedges. [A She in
Thorpe, by Norwich. Mr. Woopwarp.—Isle of Wight, to the
South of Yarmouth, plentiful. ] | _ iP. Mays

* The ripe seed-wessel 1 have nev been able t discover. Cuat.—The
fruit seldom comes to maturity, and Casale pee the only one that has
observed it in this state. It may, however, be easily obtained by planting
the V. major in a pot, where the roots not having free room to extend
themselves, the juices are more copiously propelled towards the pistil
which then expands into well-formed seed-vessels. Tovan.

*

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Herniaria. 265

DIGYNIA.

HERNIARIA. Cal. with 5 divisions : A/oss. none:
_ stam. 5 perfect, and 5 imperfect: caps, 1-
seeded.

H. Plant smooth. ! _ gia’bra,

_ FI. dan. 529-E. bot. 206=Trag. 527-Matth. 953~F. B. iii.
378. 3-Ger. 454—Dod. 114-Ger. em. BAD Black. 320~
Pet. 10. Q—Park. 447. 9. : :

Stem prostrate, wood-like, and knotted at the botseim, branches
oan Fr fined very numerous, without petals ; floral-leaves tri-
This is undoubtedly a perennial plant, and

its Ae re geerly at the edge , so that I believe the
H. glabra and hirsuta may be the same p! Sor. Mr. SrackHouse.
Stems from 4 to 8 inches long, trailing on the ground, Flowers

yellowish.
Smooth Rupturewort. Gravelly ee Lizard Point, Corn.
wall. Huns. P. July, Aug.*

- H. Plant rough with hair. , hirsu’ta,

Sheldr. 110—Pet. 10. 10-7, B, ili, 379» 1-H, OXe Ve 29.
row 1.256. prot

Scarcely more than a variety of H. glabra. Lrww. ns
Hairy Rupturewort. a soil, Calney Hatch, near
Barnet, A. July, Aug.

CHENOPO'DIUM. Cal. with 5 clefts and 5 ribs:
- bloss. none: seed 1, round but flatted, superior,
horizontal, covered by the closing calyx.

! (1) Leaves angular. ee
_C. Leaves triangular-arrow-shaped, very entire: spikes Bonus-
_ compound, leafless ; axillary. > Henri’cus.
Curt. 184—Ludw. 185—Fuchs. 463-7. B. ii. 965. 2-FI. dan.
579-Ger. 259-Trag. 217—Matth, 598—Dod. 651-Lob. obse

129, Ger. em. 320—Park, 1225. 6-H. ox. v. 30. row 2.
Ws Le figure 3d-Pet. 7. 12-Blackw. 311—Munt. 191.

Little spikes alternate; sitting. Floqwers congregated ; sitting.

* A little saltish and astringent. It increases the secretions by the

Ss. ined juice takes away specks in the eye. Cows, sheep, and
bone tat it. Goats and swine refuse it.

- PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Chenopodium.

Linn. Leaves waved at the edge. Bloss. greenish white. Hatt.
Lower little spikes on short fruit-stalks rising from the bosom of
the flower-leaves, fe ; oe

> Mercury Goosefoot. Common English Mercury. All-good. Good —
Henry. Good King Henry. Wild Spinage.Amongst rubbish, on

_ road sides, and walls, [and sometimes in pastures. Sr. ] .P. May.*

C. Leaves triangular, somewhat toothed + bunchesictowdl
9 ed, quite straight, laid close to.the stem, very long. ©

~v & A e bs : E; bot. 717-Fi. dan. 1148—Pet. 8. 8. if

Possibly a variety of C. rubrum. There seems no distinction
except in the bunches: but in the English Botany we are in-
formed, on the authority of Mr. Curtis, that an attention to the
size of the seeds will readily determine betwixt these two spe-
cies ; the ripe seeds of C. rubrum being no larger than grains of
writing sand, whereas those of C. urbicum are at least five times
that size, or about as big as rape seed. Ca/yx smaller. Mr
Woonw. Leaves widely and deeply notched. ee

_ Upright Goosefoot. Dunghills, and amongst rubbish. __
= A. Aug. Sept.

C. Leaves heart-triangular, rather blunt, and toothed:
_ bunches mppgpt compound, somewhat leafy, shorter

’ than the s

Red Goosefoat. Sowbane. Dunghills, rubbish, and culti-
vated ground. RO eRe S

often boiled in broth. The roots are given to sheep that have a cough.—
Goats and sheep are not fond of it. Cows, horses, and swine refuse 3

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Chenopodium. 267

Cc. Leaves diamond-triangular, gnawed, entire behind; al’bum.
the uppermost oblong: bunches upright.

\ Curt.—Blackav. 553—Fuchs. 119-7. B. ii. 972. 1—Dod. 615.
2-Ger. em. 326. 6-Ger. 257. 4—Pet. 8. 2.

» Plant whitish when full grown. | Bunches always branched,
and, as it were, tuftlike, straight, ‘composed of siasch spikes.
Sprkes small, egg-shaped, sitting, alternate, crowded ; composed
of flowers set close together. Flower-leaves strap-shaped, very
entire; sitting, small, 2 or 3 toeach spike, Linn. Stem shining,
bluntly angular, streaked with green, purple, and white.
Branches, 2 together, especially at the lower part of the stem,
Leaves with 3 semi-transparent veins springing. from the base,

‘ les espe pecially opts upder, side, with white shining par-
tic. es; t

Common Wild ade. White Goosefoot. Corn fields, old
dung-hills, rubbish, and gardens, common, _ A, Aug.*

Var..2. Huns. Chenopodium viride, which see.
Var. 3. Huns... Leaves generally very enters sometimes
toothed. Ray p. 155. 2. 12,
F. B. ii. 973. 2.
Var 4. Huns, Leaves thick, blunt. Ray. . 156. n. 13.
A. Aug. Sept.

Ss Leaves diamond-shaped, toothed, iiodepseds saunches vir'ide.
o> ebranched, sometimes leafy, f

Curt. 103—Fl, dan. 1150-Varll, 7. VoPebt 8. 3.

\ Stem upright, green ; with ish angles. Leaves of the
ota baal Ye very ek only 1 or2 teeth. Bunches :
thread-shaped, divided, long, bare. Calyx of the fruit with 5
‘sharp angles, " so nearly allied’ to the preceding as to render it

- doubtful whether it be a distinct species, or only a variety pro-
duced by difference of soil. Linn. Angles of the joints con-
sey bright red; seeds reticulated with impressed dots, but i in

the Ch. afin they are smooth, Curt.

Green Goosefoot. Kitchen Gardens, common. A. Ag.

C. Leaves heart-shaped, with kanes hy’bridum.
bunches branching, i
_ Curt. 248-Vaill. 7. 2-Barr. 540-Pets £57.

Leaves rather lopped at the base ; 2 or 3 large teeth on each
side. Bunch at first compact, but forming a panicle when fully

_* Cows, goats, and sheep eat it. Horses’ refuse it. Swine are ex-
tremely fond of it. Linx. Horses sometimes eat, and even appear fond
Of it. Sr, A black Aphis feeds upon it, and sometimes oa res Sit. St.

glau’ cum.

mura’le.

o’lidum,

polysper’-

* mum,

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Chenopodium.

expanded, much lighter and more widely scattered than in any
of the preceding species.

Maple-leaved Goosefoot. Rubbish, ‘Kitchen gardens, and
corn fields.. Near Northfleet. | . * Ay Aug,

C. Leaves cxg-ablong, ‘serpentine: bunches — naked,
simple, clustere bi
FI. dan. fisi-7. B. ii. 973. 1—Pet. 8.1. !

Smaller than any of the preceding. Leaves glaucous green on

the under surface.

Oak-leafed Gaosefoot.. On rubbish. A. Abg.

C. Leaves egg-shaped, shining, toothed, acute : bunches
_ branching, leafless.

Pet. 8. 5=Ger. 256. 2-F. B. ii. 976. 1.

Of a green’ colour. Stems upright, » thick, smooth on
the upper side. Leaves hihssle pleats Bacatle very like those
of C. rubrum, but more sharply toothed. Flowers in ac
as'in C. Aybridum, not in bunches as in C. rubrum. Fruit i in 2
sort of panicle. Linn.

_ Wall Goosefoct. Danghills, and rubbish. — “Ae Isp Aug

(2) Leaves entire.

C, Leaves my entire, eee eer ney peter con-
Curt.-Fl. dan. Lise aides 145-Ger. 258—Dod. 616. ald.
bs, 128. 4-Ger, em -$27—Park. 749. O-Pet. (os et
Blackaw. 100-F, Bui ii O75. 1-H. OX. Vi Ole 6. ed
Trailing on the ground and smelling like salt fish,
Stinking Orache. Stinking Goosefaot. Ch. vulvaria, LINN -
Road sides, old walls, and on rubbish. [ At the foot of the tevin
Yarmouth, and at Cambridge. Mr Prouersss: oe

ditch Wockhogse. Mr. Wuatzty.]

C. Seve very entire, egg-sha' stem tr ‘aly
: of the fruit open. neat aa
Curt. Fl. dan. 1153.—Fuchs. V74—H. ox, ¥- 30. row , 3.6
Ded. 617. 2=F. B. ii. 967. aol ox. ib. 3-Gere as .

* Scent rank, and and fetid. It has the reputation of being an anti-
hysteric, Cows, horses, » Zoats, and pt paid Swine refuse it. Tt
Phalena exsoleia is found upon it, we a8 oe

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Atriplex.

3—Pet. 7. 10-Lob. obs. 129. 1-Ger. em. 325. 3-Park.
754. 3. :

Leaves sometimes in the more luxuriant plants with a large
tooth on one, and sometimes on both sides. Dr. Sroxes. Stem +
square, bright red. Seeds reddish. Curt. Leaves egg-spear-
shaped. Stamens very evanescent ; it is rare to be met with 5;
sometimes there are only 3, often but 1 or 2, frequently none.

Upright Blite. All-seed Goosefoot. Cultivated ground and

dunghills. [Generally in turnep fields. Mr. Woopwarp. ]
5 . A. July, Aug.

_ Dicks. b. s.-B. bot. 633-Fl. dan. 489-Dod. 81. 2-Ger. efte
535. 3~Park. 279. 2-Lob. ad. 170. 1—Pet. 9. 1.
Leaves accurately semi-cylindrical Mr. Woopwarp.
Branches alternate. Flowers solitary, axillary. Style single.
Summits 3, pink-coloured. Seeds glossy.
Small White Glasswort. Small Glasswort. Sea Goosefoot.
Sea Shore. [Salt Marshes. Mr. Woopwarp.] _ A, Aug.*

C, Leaves awl-shaped, semi-cylindrical.

A’TRIPLEX. Bloss. none. Flowers some herma-
- phrodite: others fem. on the same plant.

_ Herm. Calyx 5-leaved: seed 1, depressed, up-

achat ag sors ihrer acahs
Fem. Calyx 2-leaved ; seed 1, compressed.

marit' imum.

A. Stem shrub-like: leaves inversely egg-shaped. sietnlacie’-

— &, bot. 261—Dod.771.1-Ger. em. 523, 2-Matth. 160-F. B.
hb, 228—Kniph, 2-Clus. i. 54—Lob, obs. 213.15 ice ie

: 392. 1~Ger, CMe 523. 3—Park. 724. 1—Pet. Ts 7°
- Stemand dame usually declining. Leen re : » the
young ones spear-shaped, and strap-spear-shaped. Buaches branch-
ed, he aioe ait ites the bosom of the upper leaves, with a

A. Stem herbaceous, reading: leaves trowel-shaped, an-
gular and scottied ; very mealy underneath. &. Lot.

* An excellent pot-herb,=-The Phalexa Lubricipeda feeds upon most

S. July, Aug.

of the 5 :

des.

few small leaves iuterspersed. Mr. Woopwarp. Whitish. Spikes _
“Shrabby 0: rache. Sea Purslanes Sea shores on’a clayey

lacinia’ta.

270 PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Atriplex.

“Dicks. b.s.-Es bot. 165—Maith. 463-Park. 748. 4—Ger. 257.
4—Dod. 615. 4—Lob. obs. 128. 3, tc. i. 255. 1-Ger. em
925.4—F. Boiis 974. 1-H. ox. v. 32. 17—Pete7s Be

- Stem much branched, spreading, generally prostrate, smooth,
yellowish or reddish. Leaves, the lower trowel-shaped, the up-
per trowel-spear-shaped ; below very entire at the edge, above
variously jagged, sprinkled with a shining mealiness; mostly
altetnate, some few even of the upper ones opposite. Leaf-stalks
very short. Valves-of the seeds very large, trowel-shaped, co-
vered with the same mealiness as the leaves. Woopw arp. Female

flowers axillary. E. bot. me he
Frosted Orache. Sea shores. [Near Harwich. Dr. J. E.
Smrru. Pakefield, Suffolk. Mr. Srone. Ramside opposite the
os Isle of Walney and Rosebeck Low Furness, Lancashire. Mr.
Woopwarp. | A July, Aug:

hasta’ta. A. Stem herbaceous: calyx valves of the female flowers
large, trowel-shaped, indented. aes

Curt.-H. ox. Ve 32, 1A—Pet. 7. le

Varies in the stem being upright or trailing; the /avet
trowel-shaped and indented-toothed, or toothed, or entire. Hups+
Agrees with A. patula as follows: Stems angular and somewhat
furrowed. Leaves triangular and halberd-shaped, the be en a ‘
longer or shorter, toothed or entire, the upper usu y spe
shaped andentite. Valves of the seeds larger than those of the
A, patula, flatter, and toothed only at the edges, Branches )
often horizontal, and even bending down. Mr. WoonwaRDe

Wild Orache. Fat-hen. Lamb’s-quarters. On rubbish, |
dung-hills, and in kitchen gardens, A. Auge Sept."

_ Var. 2. Stems trailing. Leaves hardly indented. Ray. All
the leaves oval-spear-shaped, yery entire. Mr. WooDWARD- —
F. Be ii. 974. 2-Chabr. 306. 4—Pet. 7. ene

Banks of the sea marshes near Maldon, Essex. . About Lon-
don, and on the sea-side in Selsey, in Sheppey Island. R. oy"
[¥armouth. Mr, Woopwarp.] | as

pat’ula. A. Stem herbaceous, spreading: leaves somewhat trowel
spear-shaped: calyx of the fruit toothed on the dis¢-
Matth. 560-Dod. 615. 3—Lob. obse 129. 45 ite i. 257+ 2
Ger. em. 326. 7—Park, 7482 7-H. ox. ¥. 32, 15-PeteT
5-7. B. ii. 973. 3y 4. ' 4 4 ok eget oF

Sikes alt jee ae

* It is sometimes gathered as a pot-herb, and eaten in Siew of spinach
and other greens. - Conk guitiene and swine eat it, but donot seem

to be fond of it,

PENTANDRIA, DIGYNIA. Atriplex;

Resembles 4. hastata which see. Valves of the: seeds more
convex, and toothed, and tubercled on the sides) Mr. Woop-
WARD. ’

Spear Orache. Onrubbish and ditch-banks. A. Aug.
- Var. 2. Leaves alban siaped toothed: upper leaves strap-

spear-shaped. Atriplex erecta. Hudson, ed. I. a2 23

_ At the entrance into Battersea Field from Nine Elms. R.

Syn.

_ A, Stem herbaceous; upright: leaves all strap-shaped ;
very entire. Linn, or serrated. Woopwarp.
~ Var. 1. Leaves very entire. a. : i‘?
: pe RM FOS Pet F 6 Ou

Differs from A. patula as follows. Colour always sea-green.

Stem furrowed. Leaves not always very entire, but sometimes
with scattered teeth, and bowed back at the end. Witxrcn. ill.

_n. 6. Stems numerous, at first trailing, afterwards declining or
upright, much branched. Leaves. perfectly strap-shaped, the

lower now and then toothed. Valves of the seeds triangular,
toothed at the edges. :

By the Pier at Ramsgate, Kent. R. Sy. [Yarmouth, Blake-
mney, and Wells, Norfolk. Mr. Woopwarp. | Chisselbank,
Portland Island. Mr. SracxHovuse.] :

Mar. 2. Hups. Boccon rar. 30. 1-H. ox. v. 32.20.
_ Var. 3. Hups. Leaves blunter. Probably a variety of 1.
e ‘Ramsgate Pier, Kent, R. Syn. | : ; arn ee . a
Var. 4. Leaves toothed. Woopwarp.

littora‘lis.

872

PENTANDRIA. DIGY¥NIA. Atriplex.

peduncula’ta, A. Stem herbaceous; straddling: leaves spear-shaped;

lu’pulus,

blunt; entire: female flowers on fruit-stalks. - :
< E. bot. 239—Pluk. 36. 1—Pet. Vs 8—F/. dan. 304,

Branches straddling. Bunches terminating, axillary. Fruit.
stalks lateral, simple, in pairs or incorporated. Ca/yx resembling
the fruit of Thlaspi Bursa Pastoris with 3 lobes, the middlemost
the smallest. Linn. Stem much branched. Leaves some in-
versely egg-shaped, sea green. Female-flowers on long fruit-
stalks. Vikoes of the fruit egg-shaped, the middlemost lobe
triangular and short. Mr. Woopwarp. | ypwisee

Stalked Orache. Sea shores. Near Scirbeck, 1 mile from —
Boston, and in the Isle of Thanet, near the Ferry. R. Syn. Neat
Yarmouth, [in the salt marshes out. of the North gates. Mr.
Woopwarp.—At Lynn. Dr. J. E, Smirn and Mr. Crows.) ©

: A. July—Sept.

Var. 2. Smaller; leaves small. Near Lynn, Norf. R. Sya*

HUMULUS. Male and female flowers on dif-
ferent plants: 4/oss. none. oot
Male. Calyx 5-leaved. oe Bh See
Female. Ca/yx 1-leaved, with a slanting open-
ing, entire: seed 1, within a leaf-like calyx.
H. | i ; ' J
E. bot. 427-Mill, ill-Kniph. 9-Gars. 355—Blackw. 536.
- a. b—Clus. i. 126. 2-Dad. 409. 1-Lob. obs. 347.23 it»
i. 629. 1-Ger. em, 885—Park. 177-Ger. 737. 1-Cam.
_ epit. 933 fem. and male 934—Fuchs. 164-F. B. ii. 151-
Trag.812—Maith. 1213-Ger. 737-F. B. ii, 152-Lon. 1.
208. 3. ae Os
Stems climbing and winding to the right. Leaves lobed)
serrated. Flowers greenish yellow. of

ee ee to AR “Pp. Junest

* The July Arrach Moth. Phalena Atriplicts, Phalena lubriciped’y
Phalena exsoleta, Phalana Oxyacanthe ; and Aphis Atriplicis are found pom

the different species. ;

+, The English, according to the most credible accounts, learned the
use of Hops from some native of Artois, who, in the beginning of tlie 16th”
century, introduced them into this country: but a long time after the a¢
dition of them to beer was held to be anadulteration of that liquot-
Monta. Mac.—If the hop-yards were covered with stones, the plants
would be less liable to suffer from the honey dew or from the
Moth : for the honey dew is. the excrement of a apis of Aphis, Dat
these insects seldom increase so as to endanger the plant, unless st be iB

! PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Salsola.
BE/TA: Cal. 5-cleft, 5-ribbed; closing on the

ripened seed: d/oss. none: seed kidney-

shaped, horizontal, beneath, in the substance

of the base of the calyx.
B. Flowers in pairs. | ia
E. dot. 285. .

Differs from B. valg. in flowering the first year ; in the leaves
growing oblique or vertical ; in the leaves of the cup being equal,
and not toothed. Linn. Svems_ prostrate. Flowers either soli-
tary or in pairs.’ Sxmmits sometimes three. E. bot. _

_ Sea Beet, Sea coast, and about Nottingham. [Near Lynn,
Yarmouth, and Wells. Mr. Woopwarp. And Isle of Wight.
Sr. Dorsetshire coast.} 9 “ P. July. Sept.

SAL/SOLA. Calyx 5-cleft: Bloss. none: seed 1,
beneath; coated by the calyx. mit
S. Herbaceous, lying down: leaves awl-shaped, thorny,
__ fough: calyces bordered, axillary. ce!
» EB. bot. 634— Fl. dan, 818 left hand fig.—Woodv. 142=Dod.
81. 1-H. ox. v. 33. 11.
Flowers greenish. as

Prickly Glasswort, or Kelpawart. [Sandy ‘a shores; fre"

quent. Woopwarp. | A. July, Aug.

_ 8. Shrub-like, upright: leaves thread-shaped, bhuntish.
| E. bot. 635.-Lob. adv. 163. 3-F. B. iii. 704. 2.

weak condition; and the larvze of the Otter-Moth at the roots, first oc-
fasion the plant to be sickly. Now when the hop grows wild in stony
: Places and in fissures of rocks, where the moth cannot penetrate to de-
i its eggs, the hop is never known to suffer from the honey dew.—
The flowers of the female plants are very generally infused in wort or boiled
along with it to prevent the ale or beer growing sour. The young shoots
*re-eaten early in the spring as asparagus, and are sold under the name of

Hop-tops.—-Strong cloth is made in Sweden from the stalks. For this
Purpose ist be gathered in autumn, soaked in water all winter; and

273

mari’tima,

Ka‘li.

frutico’sa,

'n March, after being dried ina stove they are dressed like flax.—Horses, —

8, sheep, goats and swine eat it. The PapilioFo, C. album,the Otter, Pha-
lena Eumuli andRostralis live uponit. It i esse Olt yellow. Whatis that

vucal murmur like very distant thunder when the hop-poles are
pope a = by the wind? Linn. Soil and cultivation occasion some varieties,
Fees Long White, and Oval Hop; but for the common purposes
den ins they are distinguished as Kentish or Worcestershire Hops.—A
decoct tion of the roots, or from 20 to 30 grains of the extract is said to be
With and to answer the purposes of the Sarsaparilla.—A pillow filled
a h hops is Teported to produce comfortable repose in cases where Opiates

ve been unsuccessful, “ aes
Web, ii. T

a

-PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Ulmus.

_ |) Shrub Stone-Crop; or Glasswort, Sea shore.’ [Near South- -
wold. Suffolk, Mr. Woopwarp.] S. Aug,

UL'MUS. Cal. 5-cleft : bloss. none: caps. su-
; perior, 1-celled; leaf-like and compressed:
seed solitary. =

campes” trie, U, Leaves doubly serrated, unequal at the base: flowers —

_. almost sitting, crowded together. |

Wood. 197-Fl. dan. 632=Hunt. Evel. i. p. 114. ed. %
Park. 1404, 1. 6-Matth. 144—Lob. obs. 607. 1-Ger. em»
1480, I-Park. 1404. 1-Ger, 1297. 1-Trag. 1087.
_ "The flowering-buds are beneath the leaf-buds, Flowers in a
kind of corymbus. Baré of the trunk cracked and wrinkled.
Common Elm. Hedges. - Not found to the north of Stam-
ford. Ray. Plentiful in Worcestershire and Middlesex. Chiefly
in hedge rows. T. March, April.*
Var. 2. small. Differs from the preceding only in the small-
ness of all its parts. Ray. . ee
baat of 837-Ger, em, 1480, 2-Park. 1404, bee
Between Christ Church and Limmington. Ray. [In Lord |
Dudley’s woods, at Himley, Staffordshire. ] ao

Narrow-leaved Elm.

Var. 3. Leaves smooth, Ger, em. Ray. &e,
~ Stamens from 4 to 6,

‘to ete 1905-5 2=Ger, ome 1481; 4--Pank. 1404136. 97
Witch Elm. Road beyond Dartford, and near Rumford:

Ray. and Ger. {Growing to a very large size in Edgbaston —
Park.J “i T. March, Aprile

* A decoction of the inner bark drank freely has been known to cary
off the water in dropsies.—It cures the Lepra icthyhosis of Sauvages. Let
som’s Med. Mem. § 3.—-The bark dried and ground to powder, has been
mixed with meal in Norway to make bread, in times of scarcity. The
flowers have a violet smell.—The wood being hard and tough is used
inake axle-trees, mill-wheels, keels of boats, chairs, and coffins.

5. —The

tree is beautiful, and well adapted to make shady walks as it doesnot

destroy the grass, and its leaves are acceptable to Cows, ‘Horses, Goats:
Sheep and Swine ; tor this purpose it should be grafted upon the U, glab 34
and then the roots will not send out suckers, which the common elm is
very apt to do, and give a great deal of trouble to keep the ground cleat
of them.—It loves an open situation, and black or clayey soil. It et

to be transplanted.—Papilio polychloros, and C. album ; Phalana Lubricipedts
Pavonia betularia and vellica ; Cimex ulmi and striatus ; Cicada ulmi? a

ulmi, feedupon it. The latter generally curl the leaves, so as 0 ie
them a secure shelter against the weather. Linn,—Silk-worms will ¢ :
Vour the tender leaves with great avidity. Trans. of Soc. of Arts, i. 157

_ PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Swertia.

275

U. Leaves doubly serrated, unequal at the base, egg-shaped monta‘na.
this

but taper-pointed ; smooth.
Lob. ic. ii. 189. 2-Ger. em. 1481. 2-Park.-1404. 2.

Bark of the trunk very much cracked, that of the branches
smooth. Flowers scentless, from 6 td\15 in a corymbus ; leaf-

buds and flower-buds distant. Mr. Goucu. . Clefts of the calyx.

5, 6, and in one instance 4 and 9. Stam. 5 and 6. Summits 3.
Iam clearly of opinion that it is a distinct species. Sroxes.
_ Flowers on long fruit-stalks.

The dark will peel from the boughs for many feet without
breaking. The doughs spread themselves wider, and hang more
down than those of the U. campestris. Leaves and seeds much
eet Jounson iz Ger, em. Trunk soon dividing into long
wide-spreading winged branches ; when at its full growth seldom
tises to above one third of the height of the U. campestris, It
flowers when even under 30. feet high, while the U. campestris
seldom flowers till it has gained a much greater age and height.
‘Branches very brittle. Dr. Sroxes. .

‘Wych Hasel. Broad-leaved Elm. Ulmus montana. C. B. pin.
Ulmus effusa Wilden. Shady lanes, and outskirts of woods. Ray.
It is certainly a native. Lrcutroor. In Scotland, and the north
of England, it seems more oer 4 to prevail, from the scarcity
of the U. campestris, which last Linnzus notes as growing near
the villages of Europe, whereas this Pees is found in woods
and brakes, as well as hedge rows. St. [About Kendal, in
Westmoreland. Mr. Govex.}> _ ~ 'T. March, April.

: SWER’TIA. Bloss. wheel-shaped ; nectariferous

“pores at the base of the segment: caps. 1- .

celled, 2-valved.
_S. Blossoms 5-cleft: root-leaves oval.
Facg. austr. 243-—Kniph. 7—-Clus, 1. 316, 2-Ger. em. 433. 5-
Barr, 91-H. ox. xii. 5. 11. —
Marsh Gentian, Marsh Felwort. Mountainous places in
ales, “2 P. Aug.
_GENTIA’NA. Bioss. 1 petal: recept. of the seeds
~ 9, placed lengthwise: caps. 2-valved, 1-celled.
G. Blossoms 5-cleft : bell-shaped ; on fruit-stalks: leaves

Dicks. b. s.-Kniph. 8-Fl. dan. 269-E. bot. 20-Gmel. iv. 51,
A.—Maith.646=Clus. i. 313. 2-Lob. obs. 166. 2-Ger. em.
438—Park. 406. 1H, ox, xii. 5, 12-Ger. 355—Barr. 51,1
=F: B. iii. 524.1, ;
T

peren’nis.

Pneumo-
nan’the.

to
“I
a

| PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Gentiana.

As the flowers are not always opposite, not even in large and
cultivated specimens, that, circumstance is omitted in the Sp.
char. because, as Dr. Smith has well observed, it can only tend
to mislead. oe

Blossoms blue. ~ 2ae

Calathian Violet. Marsh Gentian. Moist pastures. [Strat-
ton Heath, Norfolk. Mr. Crowr. Newton Heath, near Man-

chester. Mr. Catry.—Rollesby Heath, Hopton Heath, near

Yarmouth. Mr. Wice.—In a ‘marsh on a heath near Holmes _
Chapel, Chesh, Mr. Hunrer.—Walney Isle. Mr. a 5 es

verna. G. Blossom 5-cleft, funnel-shaped, tooth-serrated, | ger

than the stem: root-leaves crowded, larger than | 1e
stem-leaves : summits fringed. ;

E. bat. 493-Facq- obs.71-Cam. hart. 15.2-Clus. bist. 315. |

Lob, ie. 310: 2-Ger. em. 436—Park. 403.

Stem simple, supporting a single flower, ascending ;

or 6 in opposite pairs near the root, and two or three air on th
stem, These paits are united at the base so as to form a k
of cup round the stem. Calyx something more than hal
length of the tube of the blossom. Bloss. fine blue, seldo
long as the stem; segments serrated and toothed ; between:
segment there is a little blue 2-horned appendage, issuing from
white Stripe in the tube of the blossom. Axzhers shorter tl

.

Par

4. gw
‘Ss

~ . This species and the G. bavarica are nearly allied ;! the most_

obvious difference consisting in the tuft of leaves-at the base of a 4

the stem, which does not exist in the bavarica. This plant
not be the Gentianella fugax verna seu precox. Ray Syn.

Gentiana bavarica. Facquin. obs. Sh? Ply’ eae
_ First discovered by the Rev. Mr. Harriman and Mr. OL1vE®,

growing in great abundance in'Teesdale Forest; county of Durham,
| on the low grounds and on the bordering mountains, where”

it is vulgarly called Spring Violet, or Blue Violet. P. Aptily May-

nivalis. _G. Blossoms 5-cleft, funnel-shaped : branches axillary, al-

ternate, 1-flowered : calyx with 5 keeled an eS. >

Fi. dan. 17.-Lob. adv. 13). and ic re 3. 10. 3-Hall. enum. 75>
Béoss. tube greenish, border a beautiful blue. Haller...

On Ben Lawers, Scotland. Dickson. Linn. Tr, ii. 290+ Ae

a ‘ calyx

Amare‘lla, G, Blossom 5-cleft, salver-shaped ; poe RS
segments equal, '.

rather fleshy, dotted with glands, ovate, not at all pointed; 4 ae

the tube. Swmmits 2, funnel-shaped, fringed ; open on. the int em

if he has rightly quoted the figure of ‘Col, Ecphr. t. 221-—

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Gentiana.

«Bs bots 236-Fl. dan. 328+Kniph. 7-Wale—Clus. i, 316. 1-
Ger. em. 437-—Park. 406. 3-H. ox. xii. 5. 3-Ger. 354. 1-
\ Barr, 510. 1-F. B. iii. 520. 2 and 3.

Scarcely to be distinguished from the G. campestris, but by
the calyx. Linn. Lower flowers often 4-cleft, especially in plants
lich have been bitten off and shot up afresh, in which case also
bo it often produces very minute double flowers, the segments curling

in, so as to form a kind of button. Woopwarp. Béoss. blue.
Autumnal Gentian. Felwort. In dry pastures, mostly on
calcareous soil. [Canham Heath, near Bury, Broughton Heath.
_ Huntingdonshire; and Dunstable Hills. Mr. Woopwarp. About
_ Gordale, be/ow the waterfall. Mr. Woop. Arthur’s Seat, Edin-
burgh. Mr. Brncuam. River side opposite St, Vincent’s rocks. ]

Le agen Ses A. Aug. Sept.

ee aoe Var. 2. Bloss. 4-cleft. . as
ektins Wale. named G. campestris.

3 Ae Danstable Hills. Mr. Woopwarp.

KS - Var. 3. Early flowered. Ray Syx. 275.

a - Col. Ecphr. 221.

__ Near Kendal, on the back side of Hells-fell-nab. Mr. Ray
Was misinformed of this being the vernal dwarf Gentian. Mr.
Fitz-Roberts told Mr. Wilson that the plants he had mentioned

| Gentianella fugax verna, seu precox.—Gentianella purpurea
Aietews Ay Apnil—June.

4%
2
=;

~ 2 of them larger.
: bs . bot. 237—Fl. dan. 367 —Barr. 97. 2-H. ox. xii. 5, row 3.9.

_ Calyx 2 outer opposite segments flat, upright, twice as broad
as those between ares Stam. 4. Linn. Ea lyx-leaves distinct,
or merely adhering at the base ; the 2 outer egg-spear-shaped ; the
tuner spear-shaped, somewhat membranaceous, not more than jth
the breadth of the outer. Woopwarp. Bbss. blue.
_ Field Gentian... Mountainous pastures. About Kendal.
Copwarp. Lilanberys, Wales, and Perian Round, Cornwall.
; Boggy field adjoining to Horsforth Beck, 4 miles from
Leeds, plentiful. And amongst the high rocks above the water-
fall in Gordale. Mr. Woop. Sea coast, Cheshire, Stratton
Heath, Norfolk. Mr. Crows.] — » A. Aug.—Oct.
G. Centaurium, see Chironia Centaurium. —
G. filiformis, sce Exacum filiforme.

t

to Petiver were the Autumnal Gentian flowering sooner than —

277

G. Blossom 4 or 5-cleft ; mouth bearded: calyx segments, campes’tris.

78 ~~ PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Eryngium.
XAN’THIUM. Male and farnabe flowers on the

same plant.

Male. C2/. common, tiled: Sloss. 1 petal, fun-
nel-shaped, 5- cleft : recept. chaffy.
Fem. Involucr. 2-leaved, 2-flowered : best.
none: caps. double, prickly, cloven: nut.
2-celled.

Struma’rium. X. Stem thornless : ates heart-shaped ; 3- fibred.

Fi. dan.97 0-Blackw. 444—Fuchs. 579-F. B. iit. 572
Trag. 839-Lonic. i. 65. 1-Ger. 664. 2—Matth. 1204—
Dod. 39. 1-Lob. obs. 319, ic. i. 588. 2-Ger. em. $3
2—Park. 1223. 4—Gars. 642. -

Male flowers in a branched bunch, terminating the stem ad

branches. Fem. flowers immediately beneath, in the bosoms of
the upper leaves. Mr. Woopwarp.

Lesser Burdock. Burdock Clottweed. On dunghills, and peat
highly manured. _ A. JonexSegie

‘ERYNGIUM. Flowers goa a head : general
gvoluer, many-leaved : recept. chaffy : seeds
rough with flexible scales.

maritimum. E, Root-leaves roundish, plaited, thorny : fowering hese
on fruit-stalks : chaff 3-pointed. ,

Dicks. b. s.-E. bot. 718—Kniph. C-Waodv. 102-Fi,, don. 81 5
~Blackw. 297, 1 and 1\-~Marth. 680—Clus. ii. 159. 2-
Dod. 730. 1-Lob. obs. 490. 1-Ger. em. 1162, 1—-Pet. 999+
1~Park. 986. 1-H. ox. vii. 36. 6~F. B. iii. a. 86.2.

Root-leaves, and lower stem-leaves 3-cleft, on fritsstalkes
sper embracin ng the stem. Leaf-stalks embracing the stem.
Woopwarp. Leaves mealy on the surface, with a whitish
like border ; angles ending in sharp whitish thorns. Bloss.
whitish blue,
Sea Eryngo. Sea Holly. Sea shore, common. [At Yarmouth.
Mr; Woopwarp.—And on the sands at Hayle, Portawen,
reath, and Penzance, Cornwall. Mr. Warr.—N,. Shore, ‘Liver-
f pool. Mr, Carey. } P. Joly. Aug t +

* The leaves, are bitter and astringent. —A didocssies of the ‘whole
plant affords a showy yellow colour; but it is better if only the flowers
are used. Horses and goats eat it, Cows, sheep, and swine refuse it-

+ The leaves are sweetish, with a light aromatic warmth and pun-
gency. The roots are supposed to have the same aphrodisiac pease
the Orchis tribe, They are kept in the arta candied.

PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. Sanicula. -

E, Root-leaves embracing the stem, winged, spear-shaped. c

_ Jacq. austr. 155—Fuchs. 206—F. B. iii. a. 85-Matth. 679-—
Fl. dan. 554—Blackw. 297. 2—Ger. 999. 2-Clus. ii. 157.
2-Dod. 730. 2—Lob. obs. 490. 2-Ger. em, 1162. 2=Park,
986, 2-H. ox. vii. 36. row 2. 1. J: 2-Trag. 871.

Root and loawer stem-leaves on leaf-stalks, doubly and trebly

divided into winged clefts. Leaf-stalks long, sheathing the stem

at the base. Mr. Woopwarp. Pera/ls blue; sometimes white,
or yellowish.

Eryngo. Common Eryngo. Eryngium. Blackw. a Trew 2.

_ 297. Sr. Watlingstreet Road, opposite Brookhall, near Da-

ventry. Ona rock as you go down to the ferry from Plymouth

~ into Cornwall. On the shore called Friar Goose, near Newcastle

upon Tyne. Ray Sy#. 222. [About Sunderland and Newcastle.

. Rosson.] - P. July, Aug.

HYDROCO’T YLE. Umbel simple,on a foot-stalk :
involucr. of 2 or A leaves: petals entire: fruit
compressed, bulging, divisible into two parts.

279

ampes’tre.

H{. Leaves target-shaped, notched: umbels 5-flowered. vulga’ris.

E, bot. 751—Fl. dan. 90-—Dod. 133. 1—Lob. obs. 209, 4—Ger.
em. 529. 5—Ger. 424. 3—Park. 1214—Pet. 6. 12.
Stems creeping, and striking root. Leaves circular, smooth.

Leaf-stalks smooth, cylindrical. Fruit-stalks from the base of

the leaf-stalks.. Umbels, 2 on a fruit-stalk, 1 springing out of the
other, each containing from 4 to 6 flowers. Flowers reddish white.
- Marsh Pennywort. White Rot. Matshy grounds. — P. June.
"The farmers suppose it occasions the rot in sheep. (See Pix
gurcula vulgaris.) ae

SANI'CULA. Unbellules crowded, forming a kind
. of head: florets of the centre barren: fruit
set with hooked prickles. -

"S$. Root-leaves simple: florets all sitting. europe a.

Fl. dan. 283—Blackw, 63~E. bot. 98~Wale.=Fuchs. 67 1-
.. Trag. 509-Riv. pent. 31. Sanicula-Dod. 140. 1=Ger, em.
948-—Ger. 801—Col. phytob. 16-Hy ox. Vv. 34 row 3. 1-

Lob. obs, 378. 2-Park. 532. 1-Matth, 1019.
_ A foot, or half a yard high. Roat-/eaves 5-lobed, segments
jagged, paler green and shining underneath. The central bar-
ten florets have na style, but in its place a concave glandular nec-

280

rotundifo’

jium.

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Bupleurum.

tary filled with honey, similar to what crowns the germen in the
fruit-bearing florets. B/oss. white. :
Common Sanicle. Woods and thickets. P. May, June.

BUPLEU'RUM. Partial involucr. largest of 5
leaves; petals rolled inwards: fruit egg-
shaped, bulging, small, not crowned.

B. General involucrum none: leaves perforated by the stem.

Dicks. b. s.—E. bot. 99-Kniph. 7—Riv. pent. 46. Per foliata-
Ger. 430. 1-Maith. 1156—-Fuchs. 632-Trag. 482—Blackws
9E~H. ox. ix. 12. 1~Dod. 104. 1-Ger. em. 536. 1-Park:
580. 1-F. B. iii. 6, 198.1.

From a foot to half a yard high. Leaves oval, sini bli
green. Flowers yellowish.

Common Thoroughwax. Cornfields. In a calcareous soil.
[Marham, Norfolk, Mr, Crows.—Carlby, between Stamford
and Bourn. Mr. Woopwarp.—Near Amesbury on Salisbury
Plains, plentiful. ] A, June, July.

tenuis'simum,B, General involucrum of 3 leaves: umbels simple, alter-

spino’sa,

nate, of few flowers: leaves strap-spear-shaped : stem
~ prostrate.
E. bot. 478—Fl. dan, 1090-Col, ecphr. 247. 2-F. B. 6. 201.
_ 2-H, ox. ix. 12, row 3, 4.
Flowers yellowish. 3
aa aren avax. Meadows and pastures. [Salt ‘ditches,
Regis, Dr. Smrru, Mr. Prrcurorp.—Maldon, Es-
ground at the western end of St. Vincent’s rocksy.
ha Dr. Broucuron.—Salt water ditches, Wis-
beach Mr. Retyan.—Banks of the Tees, near Stockton, York-
shire. Mr. Rosson. ] A, July, BUS:

ECHINO’PHORA. Lateral florets male, central
florets hermaphrodite: seed 1, pinaribs- in
_ the involucellum. me

E. Little leaves awl-shaped, thorny, very entités

Matth. 49C-Ger. 427-Ded. 705. 2-Lab, obs. 408, 2-Ger.
em. 583. 2—Park. 1286. 3. s
‘Petals white ; or reddish. ee
“Thorny or prickly Samphire. Sea maiest Sea coast. At
Roveebtick, Low Furness, Lancash. Ray. where I searched for its
which has been — by a person resident near that

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Tordylium. — 281

place, but without success.. Mr. Woopwarn.—Between Fe-
yersham and Sea Salter. Buacxstrone.—Gerard also says it was
found near West Chester, as well as near Sandwich, but it does
not appear to have occurred to any modern botanist. Mr. At-
kinson lately told me it is not to be found near Roosebeck, but
that the Salsola Kali is found there, and that it is apprehended
this was sent to Mr. Ray ina dried state by his sister, who used
to collect plants for him. But Ray gives this plant on the au-
thority of Mr. Lawson, so that if there be a mistake, it probably
originated with the latter. P. July.

TORDY’LIUM. Bios. radiated,all the florets her-
maphrodite: ¢voluer. long, undivided; seeds
_ round, compressed, flat, with a thick border.
T. Umbels crowded, radiated: leafits spear-shaped, cut- max’imum.
Facq. austr. 142-Riv, pent. 1~Tordylium-Clus. ii. 201. 1-
Ger. em. 1021. 4—Lob. ic. i. 737.
___ Stem scored, rough with bristly reflected hairs. Leafits 7, cut,
pubescent, the odd one twice the size of the others. Fruit-stalk
stiff, straight, much longer than the leaves. Umbels few, rigid,
rough. Umbellules about 9. Involucrum 5-leaved, slender, ex- .
' panding, shorter than the umbel. Jnvolucellums 5-leaved, awl-
Shaped, as long as the umbellule, the 2 inner leafits smaller.
Bloss. radiate, white, red underneath. Florets all fertile. Seeds
circular, flatted, hispid ; the border thicker, prickly red. Linn.
Ray suspects that neither this nor the next species are properly
natives, and that they are only found as the outcasts of ga ‘4
~ Banks of fields. Under the hedge on the north side of the

Parks. F/, Oxon. Found by Mr. Doody about dary seg fee :
ee ate ; ; . June.

T. Partial involucrums as long as the flowers : leafits ege- officina’le.
spear-shaped. | . Pe oo .

Jacq. hort. 58~Dod. 314~Lob. obs, 425. 1-Ger. em. 1050. 1,
=F, B. iii. b. 4. 2-Park. 906. 8-Ger. 894. ~ ages,

_ Stem nearly smooth. Lower leaves with 2 pair of little leaves; ~
(tule leaves hairy, on leaf-stalks, the odd one at the end with 3
oo = 3 those o the u -leaves spear, or strap-: r-shaped, deep! cply

Serrated, a Saned with tple. Seeds a, flat, with broad,
raised, notched edges ; which last circumstance required that it
should be kept distinct from the other English species. These
Mr. Hudson has accordingly very properly removed to the genus
Caucalis, Woopwarp. The T. maximum and officinale are
teadily to be distinguished by observing, that in the former the

283” -PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Tordylium.

terminating leafit of the stem-leaves is strap-spear-shaped, in the
latter short and rather wedge-shaped ; and further, that the par-
tial involucrums in the former are longer, in the Jatter shorter
than the florets. :

Small Hartwort. Tordylium apulum. Jacq.—Cornfields, On
the banks of the road to Heddington, about half a mile from
Oxford. Snerarp in R. Syx.—[Shewn me growing near Ox.
ford by Mr. Newberry, but not on the road to Heddington.
Mr. Woopwarp.] | : A. June,

T. Anthriscus, see Caucalis Anthriscus.
T. nodosum, see Caucalis nodosa.

~ CAU’CALIS. Bhoss. radiated : florets of the centre
male: involucr. leafits entire: petals bent in-
wards, notched at the end: seeds covered

.. wath prickles or bristles.

leptophyl’la-C. Involucrums of 1 Jeaf, ornone: umbel cloven:’ invo-
lucellums of 5 leaves. ie

Jacq. hort. 195. er cies

This is inserted as a native on the authority of the author of

Hort. Kew. , . ; Bea 4 Oe

‘ Caucalis pumilis. Jacq.—Cornfields. ; A. July.

daucoi‘des. C. Involucellums extending half way round, strap-
shaped: seeds egg-oblong; angles.on the back 45_

_ distant, rough with bristles: leaves smooth, hairy

_ on the ribs and at the base. es Bees

Jacq. austr. 157-Riv. pent. 24, Echinophora-E. bot. 197-
Hi. ox. 3%. 14. 6—Pet. 27 8—F. B. iii. 80. 1-Park.
920. 6. _ ’ f Lat P +

Umbel cloven into 3 or 5. Umbellules sitting, generally 5.
fnvol. none. Lavdlucel. of 3 leaves. Florets equal, not. t4-
diated, reddish, most of them barren Seed-prickles hooked, a
some distance from each other, smooth. Linn. Leaves more than
doubly compound, extremely elegant, finely divided. Involucel.
of mostly 5 leaves, Mr. Woopwarp. Florets pink coioureés
Seeds rarely more than 3 or 4 in each umbellule attaining pe
fection. C. daucoides Sp. Pl. ed. ii. appears to be a dif
plant from that of the subsequent works ; probably a vat. of sie
grandis. Sr. C. leptophyl. Huds ed. 15 not C. lprphylla of

"ine-leaved Bastard Parsley. Small Hensfoat. Calcareous
corn fields and barfen spots. [Marham, “Norf, Mr. Crow®-

/

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Caucalis. -_ 283

Carlby between Stamford and Bourn. Mr. Woopwarp. Thorp
arch, Yorkshire. Mr. Arxin.] — A. May, June. ©

C. Seeds egg-shaped, ribs on the back several, elevated, latifo’lia,
prickly: leaves simply winged, serrated.

Facq. hort. 128-E. bot. 198—Col. ecphr. 97—Mill. 85.-Garid.

22, at p. 146—H. ox. ix. 14. raw 1, middle SigureF.
B, iii. 6. 80. 2—Pet. 27. €-Park. 920, the 2 uppermost of
the smaller figures at 2.0.7. —

Whole plant rough with flat prickles. Little-/eaves spear-
sha Umbels with 3 and 4 spokes. meee ot sitting. In-
volucr. egg-shaped, mine inny, as long as the spokes ; the general
one from 3 to 5 leaves 5% : partial of 5. Florets equal, white ;
many of them barren. Fruit 5 in each umbellule, rough with
prickles ; prick/es very rough with minute reflected prickles.
Linn, Bloss. tinged with purple; outer petal larger than the
test. Woopwarp.

Bread-leaved Hensfoot. Corn fields. Crooks Edston, Ham
shire. Hups. [Between Cambridge and Gogmagog Hills. Me
Woopwarp. | .. A. July.

€. Involucrum of one leaf, or none: seeds egg-shaped ; arven’sis.
styles reflected: leaves doubly compound, terminat-
ing leafit strap-spear-shaped: stem much branched,
Ait. H, Kew. ; dy

Jacq. hort. iii. 16—Riv. pent. 33. C. humilis. _
~ Involucrum 1 leaf, umbellules crowded ; wig a 3
shaped: little leaves egg-spear-shaped, with winged clefts,
Huns. Stem about a footed ocldont if ever, more iy a cubit
high; knots more frequent than in C. anthriscus ; and less hairy
towards the root. B/oss. white, with a cast of yellow. Never
found in hedges, and mostly in corn fields. Ray. Branches
numerous, alternate, very much straddling. See#s rough with
hair. Woopwarp. a
Corn Hensfoot. C. helvetica. Jacq. and Gmetix. Corn
fields in chalky or marly soil. A. July, Aug.

C. Seeds oval, rough on the back, with scattered prickles. Anthris’cus,
~ Linn. —Involucrum many-leaved : seeds egg-shaped:
styles reflected: leaves doubly compound; the ter-
-- minating leafit strap-spear-shaped. dit. H. Kew, -
FL dan. 919-Facg. austr. 26\-Kniph. 10-Col. ecphr. 112
~ CyB. pr. 80-Cer. em. 1022. 5—Park. 921. 9-Pet, 27,
9-F. B, ili, b, 83, 1-H. Ox. ix 14, 8,

284 , ' PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Caucalis.

Umbellules crowded. Seeds oblong. Leafits egg-s wing-
cleft. Branches upright. Hups. Leaves hairy, with about 2 pair
of leafits; the terminating leafit very long. Involucr. leaves .

' strap-shaped, from 5 to 8, not half the length of the umbel.
Umbel spokes 8 to 10. Involucell, leaves spear-shaped, sur-
rounding, and of the length of the umbellule. Flores all fertile.

Tordylium Anthriscus. Linx. which see. Hedge Parsley or
Hensfoot. Hedges. B. Aug.

Horses are extremely fond of it.

scandi’cina, C. Seeds egg-shaped but tapering to a point; with short
hooked prickles on the back,

Curt.—Facq. austr. 154-E. bot. 818—Riv. pent. 35, Cauc
fol. cerefol—Fl. dan. 863~Pet. 27. 12——H, ox. ix. 10. row
1.2—F. B. iii. 6. 182. 1.

Leaves triply winged, segments wing-cleft, crowded with
white stiff, upright hairs. Szem, branches and fruitstalk quite
smooth ; sheaths of the leaves remarkably woolly. Jwvo/ucr.
none. IJuvolucell. of 4 or 5 leafits. Umbels either sitting, or on
friutstalks ; spokes 5 or 6. Umbellules spokes 5 to 7. . Flowers
almost all fertile. Petals white. The prickly fruit induced .
Scopoli and Haller to consider it asa Caucalis, and as such it is
now arranged by Gmelin in the last ed. of syst. veg.

Scandix Anthriscus. Linn. Huds. Jacq. Curt. E. bot.
Amongst rubbish, and on road sides. [On the beach at Wey--
mouth. } : eee : ¢ May, June.

nodo'sa. C.Umbels lateral, simple, mostly sitting: seeds ege-
= mh outer ones set with bristles, immer ones

© Facq: austr. app. 24—E. bot. 199-Ger. em. 1022. 6-H. oX+
“ix, 14, 10-Pet. 27. 11-F. B. iii. b. 83.9, ~

Leaves finely divided, with a slight hairiness on. each side.’
Umbels opposite to the leaves. Roughness on the inner seeds re-
sembling.shagreen. Woopwarp. Ina specimen from Montpelier
all the seeds rough with bristles. Sroxes. Plant from 6 to12
inches high. Bristles of the seeds barbed, ending in a claw. _

Knotted Hensfoot. Tordylium nodosum. Sp. pl. Borders of
Cornfields. [Ditches inSomersetshire.] ~ Ss A. June

~DAU’CUS. Blass. somewhat radiated, (generally)
all the florets hermaphrodite: leafits of the
_involucrum. divided: seeds with mem-—
branaceous toothed. ridges.

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA: Daucus:

285

D. isles of the seeds 4, distant, hispid: leafstalks Caro’ta.

fibrous underneath : umbel concave when in seed.

Kuiph. 5-Ludw. 9—F1. dan.723+Blackaw. 546-Woodv. 161
o\ ° sRiw. pent. 28, Staphylinus—Ger. 873-Matth. 748=Dod.
- 679=Lob. obs. 416, 2-Ger. em. 1028—Park. 902. 1-
Fuchs. 684-F. B. iii. 6. 62-H. ox. ix, 13. 2-Trag.
440. | ee : =
Var, 2. Leaves of a dark glossy green, hairy, large, seg-
ments deeply cloven. owen at ot dieu Mean etoce
Sea shore near Dover. R. Syn. 218. n..3. [Devon and
Cornwall] go ee 5 pet irs
_ Var..3. Whole plant very harsh and rough with stron
white bristly hairs. Involucr. very long. Flowers with a reddis
tin ae 7 sae Sg ay a an , 3
be “Cospinocetisat Penzance. Mr. Tuompson. — _ June.
Var. 4. Leaves light green, hairy, segments slightly cloven.
Flowers white, except the central floret which is deep crimson.
- Hedge-sides and fallow fields. July.
~ Var. 5. Umbel proliferous.
3 Facq. hort. iii, 78.
_ Flowers white, with an umbellule of crimson florets standing
Da the middle of the umbel. Sent from Cornwall by Miss
IDDY. : 2 ¢ & a
asl Daucus polygamus. Gouan. Shady places. © ——s Aug.
In all these varieties the root is et yellow, the stem from
2 to 23 feet high; the segments of t!
_ umbels are at first flat, or gently convex, but when in seed con-
_ tave like a tea cup. The Involucram composed of about thir-
teen Jeafits with deeply winged clefts; the Involucellums of

x.

eight or nine leafits, three of which are wing.cleft, the rest en-

tire, The spokes of the umbel about 40, those of the Umbel-
tales about 30. The seeds have 4 longitudinal ——.
tidges, like the comb of a cock, with 3 other i ridges
between them; the teeth flat, tapering to a point, but not

SBirdsaxtst, Common wild Carrel. “B. June—Aug.*

* The wild*Carrot has always been marked by Botanists as a biennial
Plant; but, in our corn-fields, and also when sown in a) garden, it is am
‘annual; hence some doubt may arise whether it be, as supposed, the
‘Parent stock of the cultivated or garden Carrot, which is always consi-
-Mered as a biennial, though I believe here and there a plant shoots up to
‘Seed the first year. The roots of the garden Carrot are white, or yellow,
*rdeep red yellow. ‘The seeds have been sometimes used as diuretics

and. catmiaatives ; and are highly recommended in calculous canine

5

leaves are pointed ; the |

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Bunium.

mari’timus, D, Angles of the seeds 4 large and 3 small: umbels con-

vex when in seed.

I first gathered this plant on the western coast of Cornwall,
and at my request the Rev. Mr. THompson, of Penzance, paid
a particular attention to it during the course of | last summer,
from whose observations and from the examination of the dried

‘specimens the following circumstances are given.

Root a dirty white. : 3
Stem from | to 2 feet high, woolly and scored.
Leaves hairy, or rather woolly ; leafits slighty cloven,
broad, rounded at the end, succulent, curled.“
UmBets white, convex, not cupped when in seed.
InvoLucRUM 9 wing-cleft leafits, segments: spear-shaped.
INVOLUCELLUM 9 leafits, 6 spear-shaped, 3 wing-cleft.
SEEDs with 4 large, broad, deeply toothed ridges, and 3
smaller intervening ones. The seeds resemble those
of the D. muricatus, but the plant differs in other re-
; _ Sea-coast Carrot. Rocks on the S. W. coast. A. July, Aug-

BU’NIUM, Bhoss. uniform : umbel crowded styles
bent back, deciduous : seeds.rather cylindri-
cal, scored, thicker towards the end. siodlp'

B. Involucrum of many leaves: stem with leaves at the
, base rising from the root: styles deciduous.
FI. dan. 220—Barr. 244~—Dod. 334. 1—Lob. obs. 429. 25 tee
i. 745. 1-Ger. em. 1064. 2-Bark. 893-Ger. 906. 1-H.
ox» IX. 2. row 2. figs Udy. 1-Pet, 25. YF. B. iii. 6, 50
—Ger, 906. 2-Marth, 866. cee

An infusion of them has been found to afford relief in sharp fits of the
gravel, Mr. Woopwaxv.—Carrots area grateful and nutritious food for
all kinds of cattle, and well worthy of a more general cultivation for the
‘purpose of the farmer. Carriage horses will work upon them nearly %
well as upon oats, but if given beyond acertain the cattle are 4

_ tomake bloody urine.—Crickets are very fond of them, and’ are eas!)

destroyed by making a paste of powdered arsenic, wheat meal,
‘scraped carrots, which must be placed near their habitations. A poultice
made of the roots has been found to mitigate the pain, and abate the
“stench of foul and cancerous ulcers. ;

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Conium. 9987
~» It is probable this has not been found in England; Ray and

Johnson in Ger. em. speak of both species, which are well figured
in the latter, but say they have only found one kind.

B. Involucrum from 1 to 3 leaves, deciduous: stem leaf- flexuo’sum. _
__ less at the base, tapering downwards, zigzag: styles
permanent. .
Curt. 273-—Ger. em. 1054. 1—Tourn. 161.9.

Root tuberous. Stem smooth, scored, but little branched.
Leaves doubly winged ; segments very slender, and tapering to a
point. Jxvolucrum seldom of more than 1 or 2 slender leaves,
but in most instances altogether wanting, and after examining
above 50 plants prowing ip differing soils both in woods and open
pastures, P could never find more than one with any general fence —
after the blossoms were opened. Jnvolucellum mostly shorter
than the umbellule, of 3 or 4 very small spear-shaped leaves.
Umbel spokes 8 to 12. Umbellule, spokes about 16. Styles, at
first close, afterwards straddling, but never bent back. Flowers
white.

Bunium Bulbocastanum. Curt.—Earth, Kipper, Pig, Hawk,
or Fur-nut. Earth Chesnut. Lesser Pignut. Meadows, pas-
tures, orchards, and woods. P, May, June*

CO'NIUM. Jnvolucelben going half way round,
of about 3 leaves: fruit egg-shaped, bulg-
‘ing, ribs compressed, waved before the fruit’

a. 1S .pe.
C. Seeds without prickles: stem greatly branched, smooth, malcula’-
spotted. : » tum.

Jacq. austr. 156—Curt.i. 7-Woodv. 22-Riv. pent. 75,
Cicuta—Kniph. 11-Storch-Gent. Mag. 1762. p. 273-Clas |
- ii. 200. 2—-Dod. 461-Lob. obs. 422. 13 ite is 732. 1-Ger.
em. 1061=Park. 933. 1-H. ox. ix. 6. raw 3. 1-Blackw.
573. ae 6—Fuchs. 406-F. B. iii. 6. 175. 3-Trag. 474-
Marth. 1098—Ger. 903. 1-Blackw. 451.
_ Stems and branches shining, spotted and streaked with ;
_ brownish or blackish purple. IJnwolucell. of 1 leaf divided into
Sand 4; segments at the edges white and membranaceous. Oxter
_ petals the largest. Flowers white. ©
Common Hemlock. Kex.—Hedges, orchards, rubbish, culti-
Yated ground, and dunghills. B. June, July.+
(ee Phe roots eaten either raw, boiled, or roasted, are very little inferior
_ to Chesnuts, and would be an agreeable addition to our winter deserts.

... t The whole plant is poisonous, and many instances are recorded of
its deleterious effects; but modern experience has proved it to be —
4 virulent

288

_ flowering reddish on the outside. Woopwarp.

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Selinum.

SELYNUM: = Involucr. reflected : petals heart-
“shaped, equal: ‘seeds small, with 5 mem-
.branaceous ridges, the lateral ones the
largest. n ed’
S. Stem solitary: styles wide spreading after flowering:
petals rolled inwards. ;
Facq. austr. 152-E. bot. 229-Riv. pent. t. 20, Thyssel.
_ angustifo.—Fl. dan. 412—Dod. 699-Ger. em. 1020—Park.
928 and 904. 6—H. ox. ix. 17. 2=Lob. obs, 4093 1, andic.
i. 711. 1-C. B. pr. 85. #
Whole plant somewhat milky. Stem mostly single, hard,
deeply scored. ‘Ihe terminating /ittle-leaves elongated. Root
hot in the mouth. Linn. The whole plant when wounded
pouring forth a milky juice. Root thick, branching, yellowish
without, white within. Stem 2or 3 cubits high, deeply fur-
rowed, smooth, as in the whole plant. Leaves of a pleasant
green, triangular, in the more luxuriant plants upwards ‘of 17

feet long and as much or more in breadth; the uppermost sit-—

ting trebly and quadruply winged, the last leafits wing-cleft; wings
with 2 or 3 clefts, varying from strap to oval-spear-shaped, very
entire, reddish at the points. Umbel large, beautiful; spokes
about 30. Umbellules, spokes upwards of 40. IJnvolucr. pet-
manent ; leaves spear-shaped, about 9. IJnvolucel/. about 12.
Seeds roundish, blunt, edged, with a kind of border, scored in
the centre. Peta/s blunt, with 2 slight lobes, white ; before

,

virulent than was formerly imagined, and though it may not cure Cancers
it is certainly a very useful medicine when properly prepared. In the
first and second editions of this work, very particular directions were g1V°D_
for making the extract, but such is the uncertainty of it, owing to the

difficulty of preparing it, that 1 have now for some years laid it aside, and

prescribed only the powder of the dried leaves.. Let the leaves ‘be ga-
thered about the end of June, when the plant isin flower. Pick off the
little-leaves and throw away the leaf-stalks. Dry these selected little leaves

in a hot sun, oron atin dripping-pan or pewter dish before a fire. Preserve —

hemin bags made of strong brown paper, or powder them, and k
— in glass vials, in a drawer, or sdulathing tharwitt exclude the fi

in chronic rheumatisms, and also in many of those diseases which are
usually spupceed to arise from acrimony. The nature of this book does
not allow of minute details of the virtues of plants, but I can assure the
medical practitioner that this is well worth his attention.—Dr. Butter
says, obstinate cases of gonorrhaea virulenta may be safely cured by doses
of 10 grains of the inspissated juice ; a mode of treatment communicated

to him by Baron Storck.—Mr. Whately, surgeon in London, bears ample
testimony to the beneficial effeéts of the powder given in doses of only 40°F

§ grains twice a-day, for promoting a disposition to heal in

ulcers on the legs; and its tendency to heal ulcerations of the lungs, after”

the inflammatory symptoms haye been abated, must be generally allowed.

) the
* 4 oF tad * . ; mF
_for the light soon dissipates the beautiful green colour, and with its co-—
lour, the medicine loses its efficacy, From 15 to 25 grains of this powder —
may be taken twice or thrice a-day. I have found it particularly useful

-PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA, Athamanta, 289

_ Selinum sylwestre. Jacq. austr. Marsh Milkweed. Wild
Parsley. Wild Milky Parsley. [Found in 1779 or 1780 by
Mr. Seatle, at Cannon Winder, near Flookburgh, Lancashire ;
in the ditches near the sand side not very plentiful; and I have
since found it round the sides of Ayside Tarn, 3 miles. north of
Cartmel. Mr. Hatt. Brought to me and Mr. Crowe, when
in Lancashire in 1781, by the Rev. Mr. Jackson, Mr. Woop.
warp. In Alder Swamps, near Yarmouth, Mr. Wicc. In
great plenty in low wet moors with Iris Pseudacorus, near Whit.
ift, Yorkshire, 4 miles from the confluence of the Ouse and
rent. Mr. Woop. ] | P., June, July.

ATHAMAN’TA. Perals bent inwards, notched
at-the end: fruit egg-oblong, scored.

A. Leaves doubly-winged, flat: umbels hemispherical: Libano’tis.
_ seeds hairy. ;
Facg. austr. 392 and 392*—Relb. at p. 113—E. bot. 138-

F. B. iii. b. 1054Pluk. 173. 1-C. B. pr. 77. 1.
Terminating umbel sometimes proliferous, with the spokes 2

inches long. Rec. The first pair of wings (in the lower leaves.

St.) next the leaf-stalk placed cross-wise. Lower /eaves almost

trebly winged, the wings being deeply wing-cleft. Woopwarp. °

Flowers white. . Germens and styles purplish, r

A. Libanotis. Huds. ede i. ‘A. Oveoselinum. Huds. ed. ii.

Mountain Spignel or Stone Parsley —Chalk pit, close, Hinton,

re Mr. Retuan.—Gogmagog Hills, Cambridgshire,

4 Ye \ ‘i
A. Libanotis only has been discovered in Great Britain,

which is the plant found by Ray on the ‘Posmagog Hills, and

which Mr. Relhan first clearly ascertained to be A. Libanotis.

Mr. Woopwarp. P. Aug. Sept.

PEUCED’ANUM. I nvolucrums very short: fruit
elliptical, slightly ridged, compressed and.
bordered... saeco’

ee Leaves 5 times divided into 3 ; thread-strap-shaped. - officina’le.
— Riws pent. 11, PeucedsFuchs. 599-F. Bz iti. 6. 36.1-Dod.
| B17 +Lob. obs. 453, and ies is 781—Ger, em. 1054. 1+Park.
880. Ger, 896. 1-Trag. 881. aa

Petals yellowish. :
Common Sulphurwort. Hogs Fennel. Harestrong. Salt

ies. Shoreham. Sussex, Walton, near Harwick, Essex 5
Vor. TI. nerteyia ck G “y° ef 4 ed ; iF

mi‘nus,

Silau’s.

| crt MUM, Hrs equal: fruit oval com

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Crithmum.

and near Feversham. R.. Syz.—About Yarmouth and Clay,
Norfolk. Hupss - <P. June July.”

P, Tedves winged; leafits wing-cleft ; seoments strap-

shaped, opposite: stem very much branched, spread-
ing. Huns. ed. I. Linn.
Pimpinella diaica, which see.

'P. Leafits wing-cleft; segments opposite: Involucrum of

2 leaves. LINN. ©

Facq. austr. 15—Crantz. umb. 6, and austr. iii, 6-Riv. pent. 58.
Seseli prat.-Ger. 1047. 1—Park. 904. 4-¥. B. iii. 2.
171-Ger. 877-Ded. 310. 2-Lob. obs. 425.43 and ic. i.
738. 1-Ger. em. 1048, 2—Park. 904. 3.

Lower-Jeaves trebly compound ; the /ittle-deaves cloven into
2 or 3 spear-shaped, segments. Znvolucr. 1 or 2 little leaves.
Involucell. 12 spear-shaped leaves, deep purple or black at the
ends, Unmbel of about 7 spokes. Umbellules 12 to 2U, and up-
wards. All the forets ny fertile, but some of the central
‘ones sometimes barren. Petals pointed, yellow. Germen crowned
ve a glandular yellow receptacle, turning to a deep red as the
seeds ripen. % ne at
Meadow Saxifrage, or Sulphurawort.’ Moistish meadows
and pastures, : ; P, Augs

marit‘imum C.. Leafits spear-shaped, fleshy, as #7 ots:

Facq. hort. ii, 187—-E. bot. 819-Kniph. 8-Dod. 705. 1-Lob-
obs. 213. 25 and ic. i. 392. 2-Ger. ems 533, 1-Fo B, iii.
2. 194—H, ox. ix. 7. row 1, 1—Lon. 1. 257-Matth. 489°
Ger. 427. 1. ia equa

Leafits strap-spear-shaped. Flowers white.

Roe ye ire. Sea oe [On the chalk cliffs near the
Needles in the Isle of Wight. St. On all the cliffs on the
Cornish coast. Mr. Warr. On the rocks at Dunnerholme,
and above Cartmel Wells, on the sea shore, growing out of the
crevices of the rocks and difficult to be got ate Mr. ATKINSON]

_* The roots have a strong fetid smell, and an acrid, bitterish, unctuous
taste. Wounded in the spring they yield a considerable quantity of ye
Jow juice, which dries into a gummy resin and retains the strong scent
the root, Its virtues haye not yet been ascertained with precision. \/

wa Naa Nl ata

-

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA: Heracleum.

Fields about Port’ Gwylan, Caernarvonshire, covered with it.
Psy. Wales. ii. 200. P. Aug.*

HERACLE'UM. Involucr. shedding: loss, irre-
gular; petals bent inwards, notched at the
end: seeds compressed, leaf-like, smooth, en-
compassed by a narrow membranaceous
border.

H, Leafits wing-cleft, even: flowers radiated.
Kniph. 11-Blackw, 540-Riw, pent. 4. Sphond-H, ox. ix.
16. row 1. 1. f. 2-Dod. 307—-Leb. obs. 401. 25 ic. in
‘701. 2-Ger. em, 1009—Park, 953—Pet. 24. 1-Park. 954.
3—Matth. 79\—Fuchs. 53-F. B. iii. 2. 160-Trag. 437.
Leaf-stalks spreading out at the base into'a kind of bags,
scored, membranaceous, woolly at the edges, and in its younger

/ State sheathing and‘inclosing the fruit-stalks and umbels... Stem.

leaves winged, hairy; /eafts about 2 pair, jagged, and indented,
the odd one cloven into 3. Outer florets radiated, central ones
nearly equal. Seeds with 3 ridges on each side. Flowers white.
Cow Parsnep. Madnep. Hogweed. Parsnep Hogweed. Hedges,
meadows, pastures. B. July.t
__ Var. 2. narrow-leaved. Little-leaves spear-shaped. Sr,

_ Facq. austr. 174—Pluk. 63. 3—Pet. 24. 2—Park. 954.2.

_ [have found the root./eaves of this and of H. Sphondyl. rising
from the same root. Leaves winged; wings with mostly 3
lobes ; /ower-lobes long, and standing nearly at right angles give
the cross-like appearance ; /obes strap-spear-shaped, deeply and

doubly serrated. Mr. Woopwarp.

__* Poor people on the sea-coast eat it as a pot-herb, and gather it for
sale, it being much used as a pickle.— Sheep and Cows eagerly feed, and
are said to grow fat, upon it. Penn. id. mis ad 6's

_ + In Poland and Lithuania, the poor people prepare a liquor from the
leaves and seeds; which undergoes a fermentation, and is drank instead of

291

Sphondy-
Yium.

— PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Ligusticum.

Hedges. About Harefield. Buacxsr. {[ Between Okeover and
Ashbourne. Sr. Berkhamstead, Hertfordshire. Mr. Woopwarp,

_ Inthe woods and other places about Hayes, near Oswestry, as
common as the first sort, Seeds gathered Oct. 4, 1770, were
sown Jan. 2, 1771, and prodaced plants which flowered in 1772,
and they or many of their progeny now occupy the same spot in
Jan. 1789. It seems to be more than a variety. Mr. es

» July. .

LIGUSTICUM. Bios. equal; petals rolled in-
wards, undivided: fruit egg-oblong, tapering
at each end, 5 ridgeson each seed.

Sco’ticum. L. Leaves doubly three-fold. .
Pluk, 96. Q=Pet, 26. 11—Penn. tour. ii. 24. at p- 205—Herm.
bar, 227-F]. dan. 207.
Learutt glotsy underneath. Lryw. Little-leaves oblong-wedge-
shaped, entire below, above irregularly serrated, and sometames
deeply cut. Mr. Woopwarp. :
_ Scottish Lovage, or Sea Parsley. Rocks and cliffs by the sea-
side in Scotland and the Western Isles. Near Queen’s Ferry. jo
Kinghorn, Scotland. Mr. Waatrevy. At Weams castle Fife-
shire, and on the coast between Arbroath and the Red-head,

Angus-shire. Mr. Brown. Cramond Island, 6 miles from Edin-
burgh. Dr. Hort. } ; B, July."

Cornubien'se.L, Root leaves doubly compound, cut; stem leaves 10
threes, spear-shaped, entire: furrows of the seeds
“indistinct. BO Sk ee ae

E. bot. 682—Smith. ic. pict. fase, tim Ray, at p. 209-Pet. 26-9
Cornwall Saxifrage. Cornish Lovage. Cornwall. B. July-

Ever since the time of Ray this plant seems to have been lost,

or at least to have eluded the researches of our modern botanists,
and for a long time only one specimen was known to exists and
some concluded that the species was extinct ; but a few yeats 48%
Mr, Pepnnas Csorerct it in great plenty in a field near Bod-
min, which had then been ploughed, after having lain fallow
from time immemorial. Being at Bodmin in June 1793, 1 ap-
plied to Mr. Gilbert, the proprietor of the land, who very oblig~
ingly sent a person to conduct me to the field in which Mr. Pen-
nington had re-discovered the plant. ‘This field is more than 4
mile North of Bodmin; the furze is again growing upon it, but

* Ttis much valued in the Isle of Sky. The root is reckoned : fort
carminative, and an infusion of the leaves a en urge for calves. me
besides used as food, either as a sallad, or boiled as greens. Penn. a
1772. p. 310, Horses, sheep, and goats eat it. Cows refuse it.

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Angelica.

not a single plant of the Ligusticum was to be found. Dr. Hall
me with his company on this occasion, and we searched
the surrounding fields and hedge rows to no se. Atlength,
ina field about half a mile further from Bolmin, on ground » ed
ing into a valley facing to the west, and nearly at the bottom of
the slope, we discovered a few plants amongst the furze. It
therefore appears probable that it will soon be lost again, owing
to cattle belie ‘ot nd of it as to eat it down wherever they can
get at it, for the few plants we found were so protected by
thorns and briars as to be inaccessible to cattle. Mr. Stack-
house informs me that he has since found it plentifully at Hun-
gerill, in the parish of Cardynham, near Bodmin, on the sloping
Side ofa barren hill, I do not find (continues Mr. Stanehiyor)
the dical leaves in threes, as represented i in Ray’s SynopSis, but
rather twice ternate, as expressed in:Smith’s Icones picte, fasc.
ie think, the circumstance of having leaves of two distinct
shapes is not that the one are radical and the other not, for both
arise from the crown of the root, The spindle-shaped root is
constant and very distinctive. In Dr. Smith’s figure, the left
hand leaf in the plate admirably describes the difference of the
radical leaf from the others, as) it.consits in the form of the lobes,
and the smaller number of segments, not in a trifoliate-leaf as in
Ray’s figure. From the woody quality of the root I suspect it

death ste ae

ANGELICA. Bliss. equal, petals bent inwards:
styles reflected : frutt roundish.

293

A. Leaves winged; leafits unequally serrated, the odd one Archange’-

at the e 3-lobed.

Fuchs. 124-Trag. 421~Lob. ic. 698. 2, and obs. 399-Dod. -

318. 1-Ger. em. 999. 1—Matth, 814. 2-Tabern, 230. 1-

HL, ox. ix. 3, row 2. 1-Ger, 846.1.
The serratures on the leafits in the A. sylvestris z are Sie re-
ge and the leafits otherwise entire, but in this species the
ts are broaderand with more of a lopped appearance at the
base, the serratures much larger, very irregular, and some of them
Cleft into 3 segments. In some specimens the Involucellums are

mach lon the Umbellules.
* {Broadsiste, Wood 7 ales N? Ww. from Birmingham] "

‘Tn a cultivated state this is supposed to be the Code ‘ip ea
_ fica which is used in some distilled waters, and candied by the
Confectioners. It is figured in Blackw. 490, Kniph 4, and
ie ce 422; also wretchedly done in Fi. dam. 206.

Ay Veatite equal, egg-spear-shaped, serrated.

lica.

sylvestris.

294

latifo’lium.

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Sium.

Ludw. 178, 179-Fuchs. 105~Taberes 230, 2-Trag. 422-

_ Lob, ic. 699. 1-F. B. iii. 2. 144-Woodv. 265-Dods 318.

~ Q=Ger. em. 999. 2—Ger. 846. 2-Matth. §14. 3-H. ox.
ix. 3. row 2. 2-Park. 940. 29-Lon. 1. 227. 2-Riv, 17.

Spokes to 40. Fruit-stalks to 80. Rein. Jnvolucrum none,

or sometimes, though rarely, of 1 or 2 very small, slender leaves.
Involucell. permanent; leaves 5 to 12, awl-shaped, unequal.
Bloss. white, more or less tinged with purplish red. Seeds,
border membranaceous, with 3 ridges on the outer side, ;
_ Wild Angelica. Marshy woods and hedges. P. June, July.*

SUM. Involucrum many-leaved: petals heart-
_ Shaped: styles bent back: fruit roundish.

S. Leaves winged: leafits ege-spear-shaped, regularly and
_ sharply aes SHE termntiiating leaf 3ccleft aie
bels terminating. ; plate
Facq. austr. OC-E. bot. 204—Fl. dan. W6-Riv. pent. 78.
Sium—Dod. 589-Lob, obs.'¥13.13 ics i, 208. 1. 2-Ger.
em, 256. 2-H, ox. ix. 5. 2-Pet. 26. 2-Ger. 200. 1-Ger.
em, 256.1—Park. 1240. 1-F. B, iii. 2. 175. 1—Pet, 26. 1.
Leafits of the reot-leaves in marshy places sometimes deeply
cut, and the segments of such as are under water strap-shaped-
Huns. Involucr. leafits strap-spear-shaped, toothed. Woopw.
A large strong plant 5 or 6 feet high. Flowers whitish.
Broad-leaved Skerrett. Great Water Parsnep. Rivers an

"fens, [Moors near Pitchcroft, Worcester. Dr. ‘Tomson: Nor-

angustifo’-
lum,

folk, frequent. Mr. Woopwarp. Isle of Ely. St. Pool in
Nottingham Park. Dr. Arnoyp.] ss ~—=&Ps: July, Aug.t

S, Leaves winged, leafits irregularly jagged and_serrated :
involuerum wing-cleft: umbels sae nals axil-

+. Yacq. austr. 67-E. bot. 139=Riv. pent. 79 Sium minus-fl.
| dat, 247 Parks VIAL 2.0) oa Ge
Involucrum, /eafits either entire, or serrated, or else wing-

cleft. Huds.. Flowers white. ‘This and the S, latifolium are
readily distinguishable by the specific characters, but the trivial

__ * It is warm, acrid, bitter, and aromatic ; but the species cultivated
in our gardens possessing these properties in a higher degree, this has been
long neglected. Papilio machaon feeds uponit. Cows, goats, and swine
eat it. Horses r-fise it. Livy. A horse eat the fowering stem. St.
+ Horses and swine eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. The roots oe
noxious to cattle, ~~ : :

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Sison. 295

names Of broad and zarrew-leaved are ill appropriated because
tending to mislead, for neither the leaves nor leafits of the latter
are narrower than those of the former, and if there is a difference
itis generally the reverse of what the trivial names would lead
us toexpect. bel Ay teisg
~ Upright Water Parsnep.. Narrow-leaved Skerret. Ditches
and rivulets. :[ Norfolk. Mr. Woopwarp. Kingston Pool, near
Stafford. King’s Park, and meadows and ditches near Edin-
burgh. Mr. Brown. ] ; P. July—Sept. -
_Atcertainly possesses active properties which ought to be en-
S. Leaves winged ; leafits tooth-serrated: umbels lateral, nodiflo'rum,
opposite the leaves, sitting or on'fruit-stalks. -
“EY bot. 689-Woodw, 182-Tourn. 162-H. ox. ix. 5. 3-Pet.
26. =. ‘ $ j
“Stem and branches generally trailing or floating on the wa-
ter, and striking root at the joints. Jwvolucr. deciduous. Invo-
fucell. of 5, 6 or 7 spear-shaped reflected leaves. Flowers white.
‘Creeping Water Parsnep, ox Skerret. In rivers and ditches.
1 ae 7 tf July, Aug.*

S. Stem creeping: leafits roundish, toothed and angular. re’pens.

Jacq. austr. 260, :
(Found by Dr. J? SistrHorp in moist ground called Cowley .
Bottom, near Oxford. On the bank of a pond at Fisherrow, 5
miles from Edinburgh, and in abundance on the moist parts of
Guillon Links,*East Lothian. Dr. Hort. P. June, July.
Smaller in all its parts than S. zodiflorum. Leafits, the ter-
Minating one deeply divided into 3 lobes. Dr. J. SratHorr.
Umbels on frait-stalks, opposite the leaves. Leafs roundish
egg-shaped, unequally serrated, serratures bluntish, the lower
ge also generally deeply cut in one place. __ Dr. Sroxes.
SYSON. Involucrum about 4 leaves: fruit egg-
Shaped, scored : styles bent back,
S. Leaves winged: umbels upright. ..——«—— Amo‘num.
Jacq. hort. iii. 17—Blackw. 442-F, B; iii. o. 107—Fuchs. ee
655-Trag. 461—Dod. 697. 1-Ger. em. 1016, 1~Park. 914.
| ISH, oxs ix. 5. V~ : :

* A young lady 6 years old was cured of an obstinate cutaneous dis-
ease, by taking 3 large spoonfuls of the juice twice a day ; and I have
pe y given to adults 3 or 4 ounces every morning in similar com-
Plaints, with the greatest advantage. It is not nauscous, and children take
it readily if mixed with milk. In the doses I have given it, it neither
affects the head, the stomach, nor the bowels.

296 PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA, Sison.

Stem cylindrical, upright, scored, smooth. « Leaves winged 5
leafits egg-shaped, cut, serrated, but the uppermost more finely:
divided. Umbel of 4 spokes, the 4th in the centre. Invalucr, of.
3'leaves. Lnvolucell. of 5 leaves, verysmall, Linn. Root-leaves:
of several pair of /izt/e-/eaves, the terminating one cloven into 3.
Stem-leaves from 2 to 3 pair ; upper leaves of 2 pair, deeply and
irregularly cut, the lowermost pair winged, and much :longer.
Umbels nodding before flowering. Woonwarn. — Littlesleaves
with generally a lobe-like gash on each side below.’ Umbels: _
mostly terminating. Flowers white. | r ingTo 3
Bastard Stone Parsley. Hedge Stonewort. Moist woods and

~ hedges. P. August, Sept.

se’getum. S. Leaves winged: umbels nodding. 1634 )
Facg. hort. 134-E. bot. 228~Ger. em, 1018—Park. 932-H.

ox. 1X. 5. row 2. 6.

All the leaves with numerous pairs of little-leaves. Umbel
spokes 3 to 5, very unequal, Umbellules spokes 6 or 7, vety Ns,
equal. Woopwarn. | Little-leaves egg-shaped, deeply cut and
serrated ; serratures very. finely pointed. Sroxes. Petals very
minute, white. Axthers reddish. : se gy

Corn Parsley, or Stonewort. Cornfields and hedge sides in
chalk and clay. [Binham, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe.]

fe B. Linn.—A. Hups.—July.

inunda‘tum. §, Creeping : leaves under water hair-like; those above
winged: umbels of 2 spokes,

Dicks, be 5B. bot. 227 “Fl. dan, 89—H, 03: ix. 5. 5-Peta 2e
"The smallest of the umbelliferous plants that I am hitherto
acquainted with. Linn. Jnvolucrum none. Umbellule some- -
times sitting. Woopwarp. Flowers white. = 4

Least Water Parsnep. Water Stonewart. In ditches, pools,
and ground subject to be overflowed. [Esthwaite lake and
Rusland-Moss in Furness Fells. Mr. Jackson. Salesmore, neat
Manchester. Mr. Rosson. Near Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Woon-
warp. Sides of rivulets on Malvern Chace, Worcestershire. Mr-
Bavtarp.- Marazion Marsh, Cornwall. } oy cB, Janke

verticilla'tum §, Leafits in whirls, hair-like. 2 eg

E. bat, 395-Lightf. 35. at p.1096-—Moriss umb. t.6-H. ox»

igi Zs 10,
Leaves, each of the whirls consists of 2 opposite little-leaves

Sap divided into hair-like segments, Umbels, rays 8 to 10

{

PENTANDRIA: DIGYNIA. C&nanthe.

Whirled Honeruort. Meadows and pastures. On the Western
side of Wales, and in Scotland, P. Aug.

CGENAN’THE. . Florets.of different shapes, those

in the centre sitting, barren: frui#with a cork-

. like coat, oblong, scored ; crowned by the
styles and the calyx, which are permanent.

O, Sending forth suckers: stem-leaves winged; thread-
shaped ; hollow. fie ig coat :
—Lob, ic. i. 73. 1. 2=Ger. em. 1060—Park, 1233. 1=Pet.
"25, 5-F. B. iii. 2. 192-Ger. 902. 5.0
From 12 to 18 inches high. IJnxvolucrum sometimes none,
ometimes of one, and sometimes of 5 leaves. Umbel spokes from
2to7. The first umbel is cloven into 3 parts ; the succeeding
ones into many; so that the plant changes its a ce con-
siderably in the course of the summer. Peta/s white.
Water Drapwort. Ponds and ditches, frequent. [Marsh at
Fresh water Gate, in the Isle of Wight, May, June.] P. July.*

Var. 2. pucedanifolia. ‘This is a small var. mentioned by
Ray, and figured in E. bot. 348. where it is made a dis-
tinct species.—Dod. 590—Lob. obs. 4215 and ite ic 732. 1
Park, 1233. 2-H. ox. ix. 7, 8—Pet. 25. 6-Cam. epit. G11,

_ right hand figure. :

“Mr. Afzelius thinks that the var. 1. is the true O. fistulosa
of Linn. and that the other is the O, pucedanifolia of Pollich i,
Page 289, tab. 3. ‘The plants I got in the Isle of Wight cor.
tespond with the fig. of Pollich, and the leafits are 3 or 4 inches
ones but the other kind has leafits rarely more than half or £
nch long. The bulbs of the roots seem to vary their situation
as the plant grows in more or less water, in a thin or a stiff mud,
or in a garden soil, so that their being placed in a bundle at the
bottom of the stem, or on the fibres of the roots at a greater or
r distance, are circumstances too variable to establish a
er. : : :

0. All the leaves many-cleft, blunt, nearly equal,
» Phil. trans. abr. %. 23, at p. 772-Blackw. 57 5—Gent. Mag.
1747. xvii. at p. 322-Facq. hort. iii. 55—Woodv. 267-Pet,

= * Cows and horses refuse it, though from experiments made on pure’
Pose, it does not appear to be in the least degree noxious to the former,

297

fistulo’sa.

croca’ta.

298

pimpinel-
loi’des.

aquat’icum. P, ‘Ramifications of the leaves straddling.

PENTANDRIA: DIGYNIA, Phellandriim.

Tid 25.7>H. OX. ix. Ts row 2, 2.—Lob:. advy 326. Seite ts 730.
20). @Ger, em. 1059. 4—Park, 894. 6~F.'B. iii. 23'493.2.9°"'
Leaves, some winged; but more doubly winged. "The little
leaves wedge-shaped; smooth, streaked, jagged. | ‘Petals Avie,
acute, bent inwards. Jnvolucrum-wanting. Lany,!; It has an
involucrum of 5 strap-shaped leafits, about half the length of the
shorter spokes, but it very readily falls off. Mr. GoucH. Stem
and /eaves quite hairless. Umbellules nearly globular. General

blossom not very unequal. er E.R ee
~ Dead Tongue. ‘Hemlock Dropawort. Watery places, banks of

rivers and ditches. [ Meadows, near Hanley Hall, Worcestersh.
Mr. BaLiarp.—Between Bishops Aukland. and Wolsingham,
and near Stockton..,Mr. Rosson,—Bent Bogs, near Manchester
race ground. Mr,Cazy.J] P. June, July.*

O% Leafits of the root-leaves wedge-shaped, cloves; those
oh er ee
vi # BAS SSCL an gt We nent : : i ee iene
_Facq. austr. 391-E, bot. 347-Matth. 867 -Ger. 901-Kniphe:

8-H. ox. ix. 7. 3—F. B. itis 2. 191. 1-Pets ii. 25.8.
"- Stem-angular, 6 inches high. Rozt-Jeaves like those of parsley»
but thicker, doubly. winged, broad ; Zeafes cut. Scem-leaves less
mpound, scarcely doubly winged; /eafits strap-shaped,,,chan-
nelled, very long. Umbels unequal. Involucrums general and
partial, all bristle-shaped. Bloss. white, somewhat radiated.
Lixn.. | Outer rays very long, and the florets barren, WoonW+
Cal. teeth unequal. Szy/es upright. od agree,
_ Parsley, Dropwort. Slow streams, ponds,.,,and. ditches.
arshes, near Yarmouth, Mr, Woopwarp.—North side of Ofep

z"t
.

Worcestershire, Nast. Ps July Ange

fruit egg-shaped, smooth ; crowtied with the
pistil and the calyx.

3 sae

* The whole of this plant is poisonous ; and Dr. Pulteney remarks,
that the root is the most virulent of all the vegetable poisons that Great
Britain produces. Many instances of its fatal effects are recorded;
March 1755, and Sept. 1758. —An infusion of the leaves, or 3 tea spoon-
fuls of the juice of the root taken every morning, effected aicure ina very
obstinate cutaneous disease; but: not without occasioning very great dis-
turdances in the constitution. Phil. trans. Ixii. p. 469. Mr. Gough in-
forms me, that the country people in Westmoreland apply a poultice ‘
the herb to the ulcer which forms in the fore part of the clett of the hoof
in homed cattle, and is called the foul. —Sheep eat it. Cows and horses

refuse it.

‘ for ;
°°" which see Phil. Trans, ib. and vol. i. p. 856; Gent. Mag. Ju yi74iy

a a

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNITA. Cicuta.

- \E, bot. 684—FI. dan. 1154—Rijv. pent. 65, Phellandr.—-Woodvs

266—Blackw. 570-Dod. 591-Lob. 0b. 424. 1, and ic. i.
oo a 1-Ger. Cite 1063—Park. 935. 6-Pet. 28. 4—H, OX ix.
7—row I. 7—Ger. 905. oe 2 sea)
- Leaves under the surface of the water long and hair-like,
Woopwarp. Stem'very thick. Petals white. ee
= Water Hemlock, or Horsebane. Rivers, ditches. and pools.
[ Clifton, near Severn Stoke, Worcestershire. Mr. BALLARD. —
Ditches near Darlington. Mr. Rosson.—In a pit at the farm yard
3 miles on the Stretford road from Manchester. Mr. Carey. }
Wars 2. Fintlage: Soo oe *
Grows in running streams. The leaves are divided like those

of the Ranunculus aquatilis in the same situations. Sometimes,
_ though rarely, when the plant grows in an angle out of the rapid ©
course of the stream, it produces its flowers. Revuan. Ray men-

ioe it as growing between Woodstock and Blenheim, near the
ridge.

-CICU’TA. Fruit neatly egg-shaped ; ribbed.

C. Umbels opposite the leaves: leaf-stalks bordered, blunt.

_ &. bot. 479—Phil. trans. abr. X. 23. at p. 77 2-Woadv. 268
FI, dan. 208-Blackw. 574, a. b. e—Gunner. 2-Riv. pent.
97. Citutaria—Dod. 589. 3—Lob. obs. 105. 2, and ici. 208.
2~Ger. em. 250. 4—Park, 1241. 3-F. B, iii, 2.175. I=

~~ “Pet. 28, 1-H. ox. ix. 5. 4.
Leaves winged ; leafits spear-shaped, in threes, serratures
white at the point. Umbel expanding, red at the base. Jnvolu-
cellum of several leaves, bristle-shaped, short. Szy/es upright,
white ; in the fruit straddling. Summits simple. Fruit com-

viro’sa,

pressed, even, lopped, opening transversely. Linn. Stem about

4 feet high, reddish towards the bottom. Leaves, serratures
sometimes brown. Fruit-stalks sheathed at the base by the leaf-
stalks. Receptacle of the spokes reddish. Leaves with about 7

. _* The seeds are fecommended in intermittents, and are said to be diu-

Tetic, antiseptic, and expectorant. Dose from 1 to 3 drams daily. Dr.
Lance.—The leaves are sometimes added to discutient cataplasms.—It
is generally esteemed a fatal poison to horses, occasioning them to become
paralytic; but this: effect is owing to an insect, (Curculio paraplecticus)
which generally inhabits within the stems. The usual antidote is pig
dwhg.—In the winter the roots and stem, dissected by the influence of the
Weather, afford a very curious skeleton or net work. Horses, sheep, and
oats eat it. Swine are not fond of it, Cows refuse it. Chrysomela

' Phellandria, and the Gilt Leptura are found upon the roofs, and the Curculia

Paraplecticus within the stems.

goo PENTANDRIA, DIGYNIA. thus, ss‘

pair of Jittle-leaves, which are variously divided and indented. i
Petals yellowish ple green. |
Long-leaved ater Hemlock, W ater Cowbane. Sides . of

ols and rivers. [Pond two miles from Northwich on the side
of the road to Chester; and in Nottingham Park. Mr. Woop.
—Near Norwich.. Mr. Prrcurorp.—Near Yarmouth. Mr.
Woopwarp.—Kingston Pool, near Stafford. Sr.— Lochs of For.
far and Restenet. Mr, Brown,—Mr. caReY; s Feel dam, Hat-
ton, Reh) ay eS ne P, July, Aug.*

ET HU'SA. DrvalaeeBions ‘aching half way renal

~~ 3-leaved, bent downwards; frujt nearly glo-

_. bular, deeply furrowed, te

ium, 2, st the leaves alike: fruit nearl {obular. rs :
Cyna’pi y gi

- Curt._Kniph, 12-Riw. pent. 76, Cynapium—Ger, em. 1061.1=
Park. 933. 2—Pet. 28. 3—Blackw. 517—-H. ox. ix. 7. 2. 25

Sige ist.
From 1 to 2 feet high, branched. Ses doubly view
-smooth, glossy dark ; leafits divided into 3 segments,

are again subdivided into 3. or 5. _Umbel spokes often 18 oF
more. Involucell. 3 very long and slender leafits, pointing
downwards.’ Flowers whitish.

Fool’s Parsley, or Ciceley. Lesser Hemlock.” ‘Cornfields and
kitchen gardens, _A. Aug. Sept-t

Meum. £. All the leaves divided into many bristle-shaped seg-
ments: involucrum 1 ak fruit egg-oblong, ~ 3
“een ing at each end.
Dicks. b. s—Ludaw. 66-Facp. austr. 303-Riv. enh 65
* Meum-Clus. ii. 198. 2—Dod. 305—Lob. obs. 449. 2, and ite
fits! 1-Ger. em. 1052. 1—Park. 888. 1-H, ox, ix. 2, row

* This is one of the rankest of our vegetable poi isons. Numerous ine
‘stances are recorded of its fatality to the human species im a treatise upon
it by Wepfer and | Haller’s hist. helv. n. 781. See sive an account of its
leterious effects in the Phil. Trans. abr. x. Early in the sp ett hen it
grows in the water, cows often eat it, and are killed by it t as the
summer advances, and its scent becomes stronger, they carefully avoid it.
Though a certain and fatal poison to cows, goats devour it greedily é
with impunity.—Horses and sheep eat it with safety.

+ This plant, feoatnis its resemblance tocommon parsley, has has sometimes

mistaken for it, and when eaten it occasions sickness. If the curled-
leaved ler only was cultivated in our gardens, no such mistakes WO
Sanity horses, sheep, goats and swine eat it. “It is noxious 1

PENTANDRIA, DIGYNIA, Coriandrum.

1, fig. 2-Blackw. 525-Matth. 24—Ger. 895-Tourn. 165=
Fuchs. 231-F. B. ili. g 1 1~Trag. 445-Kniph. 4.
__. Involucr. none, or but rarely, of 1 leaf. Involzcel. from the
side as in this genus. Peta/s white. Linn.

Athamanta Meum, Sp. pl. Liguiticum Meum, Crantz.—
Seseli Meum. Scor.—Meum athamanticum. Jacg.—Spignel,
Spicknel. Meu. Bald, or Bawd Money. Spignel Ciceley.—
Mountainous pastures in the northern counties. Near Dolgehle,
Merionethshire.» Ina field by the 4th milestone, leading from
Kendal to Appleby, but not frequent in Westmoreland. Mr.
Goucu. In Conistone, Furness Fells. Mr. Jackson. P. May.*

CORIAN’DRUM, Blossom radiated ;. petals bent
inwards, notched at the end: involucrum 1
leaf: involucel. reaching half way round:
_. fruit globular, smooth.
C. Fruit globular.
Woodv. 181-E., bot. 67-Kniph. 10-Ludw, 37—Riv. pent.70,
Coriandrum~Blackw. 176—Fuchs. 345-F. B. iii. 2. 89—
Dod. 302.1 and 2-Lob. obs. 403, and ic. i. 7 U5. 2-Ger,
em. 1012. 1 and 2~Park. 918 and 2-Ger. 859-Maitth.
703—Trag. 115—Lon.79.
. . Whole plant smooth, Leaves cut into very slender strap-
shaped segments. Proper calyx 5 leaves, permanent, more dis-
tinctly formed than is usual in ions 0" nese - Styles per-
manent, reflected. Outer florets of the um rr barren ; petals
larger, radiated, expanding ; centra/ florets fertile petals equal,
bent inwards. . Flowers whitish. Seeds 2, continuing united so
as to form a globe. . :
Common Coriander. Cornfields, road sides, and dunghills.
: sore June, July.t

* Linneus says, that the radical fibres of this plant form the basis of

*

- sati’vum.

the Calculus A:gagropila, but though ! have examined several of these ©

balls, I never found it so. Mr. Govcn. The roots and seeds are aromatig¢

and acrid. . They have been used as stomachics and carminatives. Some- -

times they are given to cure tertians ; and there is no doubt but they will
often answer as well as pepper, and other acrid aromatics. =

‘+ The leaves have a very strong and disagreeable scent. The seeds
are grateful to the taste, and incrusted with si are sold by the confec-
tioners under the name of coriander, comfits.. The Edinburgh college use
them as correctors in the bitterinfusion and the preparations of senna, no-
thing so effectually covering the disagreeable taste of that medicine. They
have been consi as suspicious, if not deleterious, but I have knowa
€ drams of them taken at once, without any remarkable effect.

odora‘ta.

Pee/ten.

ford.)

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Scandix.

SCAN’DIX. Blass. radiated: central florets fre-
quently male : pefa/s notched at the end:
.o' styles permanent: fruit awl-shaped.

S. Seeds furrowed ; angular.

Facq. austr. app. 37-E. bot. 697-Kuiph. 4—Riv. pent. 57,
_edorata-H. ox. ix. 10. 1~Dod. 701..1-Lob. abs, 423. 2.
and it. ie 734. 1-Ger. em. 1039. 3-Park. 935. 1-Ger.

-882)2-Blackw. 243. ss shea
Leaves trebly winged ; /:tt/e-leaves with winged clefts ; seg-
ments deeply and sharply serrated. Seeds longer than the wake
lules. Woopwarn. Umdébels on fruit-stalks, both Jateral, and
terminating. Seeds of a sweet agreeable taste. . Whole plant of

an aromatic scent. Dr. Sroxes. Flowers white.
Saveet Ciceley, or Shepherd’ s-needle. Great Sweet Chervil.
Sweet Fern. Orchards and waste places, but always near houses.

_ Liextr. Sr. And hedges. Hups. Banks of the Derwent above

Chatsworth. Mr. WHaretr. Pretty common near Leeds, and
certainly wild. Mr..Woop. In an orchard at the top of Sous-

~ ton’s Roche, near Shelshley Walsh, Worcestershire. Mr. Bat-

Larp.—Llangollen Monastery, Denbighshire, and White Ladies
hear Boscobel, Shropshire. Mr. Dickenson. Tixall near Staf-

S. Seeds with a very long beak : leafits with many fine di-
visions. Z, a
| Facq. austr. 23-—Curt. 249-Fl. dan. 844—Riv. pent. 38,
| Scandix-Dod. 701. 2-Lob. obs. 419. 2, and it. 726+ 2>
Ger, em. 1040. 1—Park. 916. 1-F. B. iii. 6.71. 2-H. on
_ ix. 11, row 2. 1-Matth. 527-Ger. 884. =

Seeds thread-shaped, containing a kernel at the base. Linn.
From 8 to 18 inches high. ,Involucr. none. Umbel of 2 or 3 spokes,
Involucell. \eafits cloven, Umbellules of 7 or 8 florets. Fruit
flatted at the base, finely serrated at the edges, The glandular
receptacle crowning the.germen of a fine purple. By carefully
dividing the germen after it has shot out an inch or more in
length, a tube continued from the styles down to the seeds may
be discovered. Petals white. ; ee

_ Comman Shepherds Needle. Crake Needle. Venus Comb. Corn
fields. : | A. June, July:

< dhtthe seeds are used in the North of Rnglind for polishing and per=
fuming oak floors and furniture. Mr, Woopwaap, ei ee:

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Chietophyllam.

nearly sitting,

Facg. austr. 390—Fuchs. 216-F. B. iit. 2. “ag Oe 700. 2=
Trag. 471-Riv. pent. t.. 43-Ger. em. 1038,.1=Matth.
— 526-—Ger. 882. 1-H. ox.. ix. 11. row ls i Stepan 1. 238—
OB lackw. 236. .

i" ed anid of an exvendiigti elicitin texture. _Unbelss sometimes
from the forks of the stem’; often on fruit-stalks from a line to

an inch in length. Spokes woolly, generally 4, but sometimes 3

and 5 ; those of the umbellules 10 and 12, Tuvolucr. leaf, strap-
shaped, _Biloss. white. Dr. Sroxes. sf ¥* ‘
; Common Chervil. Chervil Shepherds Needle. [Near Wor-
cester, in considerable plenty in the hedge on the South East side
‘of the: Beiiegb aed, joer beyond: the Turnpike. “And in the
a“ in _———s Lower Old Swinford. Sroxzs.].. A.M

: ay.*

S. Seeds 305 shaped, rough with hair = blossoms <atten :

"stem smooth, see aucalis scandicina. S*

CHEROPHY L'LUM. = Involucellum reflected,

t

_ concave : petals heart-shaped, bent inwards:
_ fruit shining, generally smooth, oblong.

4 Stem smoothish, scored; a little swoln at the knots.

SCurt. 27 273-Facg. austr. 149-E. bot. 752-H. ox. ix. 11. 5-
: al — pent. =, Cerefol. Oe 25, 2-Lonice

, 1238.0
Stem woolly, particularly Sikireepitin Central Bdrete of the
sGheinies often . Dr. Stoxes. Flowers white. Styles
permanent.
Wild Ciceley. Cow-weed. Cow Parsley. Cow-weed Chervil.
Hedges, orchards, and pastures. _ P. May, June.t

. hei Iti is cultivatd i in 1 our gardens asa pot-herb, and for salads. It is
y aromatic and aperient. Cows. are — fond of it. Sheep
ae eat it, Horses refuse it.

“4 The roots eaten as parsneps haye been found poisonous. The um-
id epee ae dye; the leaves sit stems a beautiful
8reen. Its presence indicates a fruitful soil. Neither horses, sheep, or

oats are fond of it. Cows and swine refuse it. Linw.—Cows and rab-

are fond of it, In some parts of the kingdom, in times of scarcity,

; is used as a pot-herb. Curt. —Cows are so fond of it, that when a

Pasture is over-run with it, as is often the case about Dudley, they alyays
een in to catitup, Mr. Wainwaicur,

303

S..Seeds glossy, cylindrical and heaked 4 spools lateral, Cerefo'lium,

Anthris‘cus.

sylves’tre,

304 PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Impetatoria,

te‘mulum. C, Stem spotted, joints swollen: stem and leaves rough:
leafits cut, acute.
Fl. dan. 918-Facq. austr, 65—Riv. pent. 49, Myrrhis.—
| Ger. 867—-Ger. em. 1038. 2—-Park.. 915—Pet, 25.3-H. ox.
ix. 10. 7-7. By iii. 2..70. Qand 1. ve
From 2 to 1 yardhigh. Involucr. none, or from 1 to 4 leaves.
Involucell. 1 leaf, with 6 or 8 clefts. Flowers very white ; petals

cloven. Retuan, Umbellules in the centre barren. Linns
Wild Chervil. In hedges, common. A. July, Aug,

IMPERATORIA. Pefals bent inwards, notched
at the end: seed compressed, with a broad,
membranaceous border, and 3 ridges on the

5 Fe back. J ; ‘

Ostru ‘thium.T,
Woodv. 35-Riv. pent.7. Imperatoria~Fuchs. 763—F. B. iii.
2. 137-Blackw. 27 §—Park. 942-Trag. 433—Matth. 775-
-Lonie. :, 298, 9-Clas. il. 194. 2-Dod. 320. 1—Lob. obs.
398.1. and its 700. 1-Ger.em. 1001, 1-H. ox. ix, ae row ©
~1.1-Garid. 94. ne y = haa ies Rea:

Found by Mr. Lightfoot on the banks of the Clyde, partica-

larly about Arden Caple. Isle of Bute, near Mount Stewart.

[Near Bridgnorth, but in a situation that would allow of its be-

ing an outcast of a garden. } oo

Common Masterawort. -?P. June.

PASTINACA. Petals rolled inwards; entire: seeds
! elliptical, compressed, leaf-like, smooth, boz-
; der thin, narrow. rite coonie

sativa. P. Leaves simply winged ; downy underneath. 9 © ©
: Var. 1. Wild. ee: ‘i
_ E. bot. 556-Kniph. 6-Riw, pent. 6, Patinaca—Fuchs, 755-

F- B. iti. 2. 149-H. ox. ix. 16. 2-Matth. 776-Gers 856+

Stem 3 or 4 feet high, membranaceous at the corners. Javolu-
crum none. Umbel spokes 6 to 12. Involucell. sometimes of 1
leaf, Umbellules, €s short, numerous. Flowers yellow. ole

* Root warm and aromatic; a sudorific, diuretic aiid sialagogue ; re
Siattigiided in dropsy, debilites of the stomach and bowels, and at infu-
in wine is said to have cured quartans that have resisted
pe Dr. gay Whes chewed it excites a copious flow of rie ed
‘ting @ warm and not disagreeable sensation in the gums, and freq)
curing the rheumatic tooth-ache, =

PENTANDRIA: DIGYNIA,. Smyrnium. 305°

_ Common Wild Parsnep.. Borders of ploughed fields, in lime-
stone. [And marl. Sr. frequent in Gloucestershire. } :
7 sy artes cee ~ By Jane, July.

Var. 2. Leaves tiroudes: ga :
Fuchs.751-Dod. 680. 2=Ger. ent. 1025—F, Be tiie Q.150— > |
Ger. 870. 2=Matth: 747-Gere 870. 1—Ded. 680. 1-Lob.
obs. 407. 25 and ie. i. 709. 2-Ger. em. 1025.4—Park. 044.
Retzius remarks that the cultivated garden Parsnep has wing-
cleft leafits, furnished with ear-like appendages, and that it is >
either hairy or smooth.* Sue'k 3s aa ;
Garden Parsnep. ‘gyi 3 ce See oe

SMYR'NIUM. Pesals keeled, tapering to a point:

: i; o

: fruit e g-globular, bulging, angular with ribs. ry

s. Stemi-leaves growing by threes; on leaf-stalks: serrated. Olusa’trum.
Dicks. b. s-E. bot. 330-Ger, 864. 2-Trag. 436—Lonic. i.
237. 2-Blackun 408-F. B. iii. 2. 126—Dod. 698. 1-Lod.
- 1. 708. 2+Ger, em. 1019—Park. 930. 1-Pet. 24. 1-H. ox,
ix. 4, r00w QIK 1. Sig. 8d. :

Root-leaves in triple threes, stem-leaves in threes ; the upper
Ones [Prcatte 3.on a leaf-stalk. Sheaths of the leaves ragged
and fringed. Jnvolucell. very short. Central florets male, the
often of a sickly yellowish cast... Flowers greenish yellow.

Alissanders.. Common Alexanders. Ditches and.rocks on the

ea coast. About Scarborough Castle, Deptford, Battersea, Vaux.
hall, and Nottingham. [Almost covers the South-west end of
Anglesea. Penn. wales ii. 253. Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Woopw.
Under the walls of York. Mr. Woop. Between Great Comber-
ton and Wollershill, under hedges near the Avon, Worcester-
shire, Nasu. . Found by the Rev. Mr. Welles at Hill Croome,
Worcestershire. Mr. Battarp. And Pirton, plentifully. Mr.

OLLergaR, Very common in all the Western counties, and
- also in the flat parts of Gloucestershire. © E. May, June.t

* The roots when cultivated are sweeter than carrots, and’are much
_ Used by those who abstain from animal food in Lent : they are highly riu-
_ trhtiows."‘In the North of Ireland they are brewed, instead of malt, with
hops, and fermented with yeast. The liquor-thus obtained is agreeable.
‘The seeds contain an éssential oil, and will often cure intermittent fevers.
Hogs are fond of the roots, and quickly grow fat with them.
_ + It was formerly cultivated in our gardens, but its place is now bet.
ter supplied by celery... It is boiled and greedily eaten by sailors return-
1 from long voyages, who happen to land at the South-west corner of
Anglesea. Pennant. ~~ ,

306

Fzni'culum,

Ca’rui.

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA.. Carum.

ANE/THUM. Petals-entire ; rolled inwards : fruit
lentil- shaped, but’ compressed ; ; small, scored,
bordered.

A. Leaves with many divisions, hair-like: seeds egg-ob-
long, tapering at each end, not bordered.
Mill. ill-Sheldr..13—Woodv. 160-Riv. pent. 61, Fenicul.-
+ Tourn. 164—Dod. 297-Lob. obs. 448. and ic. i. 775. 2-
| Ger.em. 1032-Park, 884—Blackaw. 288—H. ox. ix. 2. row ”

Ger. 877. I.

From 3 to 5 feet high; blue green. Flowers yellow. .
Common Fennel. Finkle, Fennel Dill, Chalk Cliff. [Near
Marazion, Cornwall, plentiful. Mr. Wart. ~ Nottingham Cas-
tle. Mr. Wuarety.—Near Spetchly, Worcestershire. St.—
Western coasts, common. } ‘ B. July, Aug.*

CARUM: jp i L leaf’; petals Pate bent in-
_ wards, notched: at the end :. fruit. small, el-
She eee bulging, reandish aid ero
Ce BS axe +
Fi. dan. Gk Lechst tig faze austr. bow, 45-
Tourn. 160. 3—Blackaw. 529-Riv. pent. B5y. Carum-Ger.
» 879-H. ox. ix. 9, row 2. 1-Pets 26.'1-Dod. 299. 2—Labs
“obs. 418. 1, and i ic. i, 724. 1-Gers em. 1034~Park. gu.

| Plant 2 to 3 feet 3 ‘quite smooth, Leaves doubly bg

pound ; heafits in eal ‘sort of whirl, 2 a ene

volucr. from 1 to 5 leaves. Umbel, spokes 9 to 12.

fertile. Petals and styles slightly tinged with red.
Common Caraway. Meadows and Madd 3 ‘Near he

Mr, Cuttum.] ae B, May, Jone-t

4 a hitie, oie gi le ni oa oy , oiled are wsedin
sauce for several kinds of fish, and eaten raw with ars Ys fish.— In Italy
the stalks are blanched as a winter sallad.—-The sceds abound with an
essential oil, which is carminative and diuretic, but not. LL”
Papilio machaon feeds upon i ite,

_ + Parkinson says, the young roots are better eating panne
The tender leaves may be boiled with pot-herbs. the seis a
cakes ; incrusted with sugar are called caraway comfits, and are ‘ sod
with spirituous liquors for the sake of the flavour they. afford. ea tne B
were formerly recommended by Dioscorides to Ron -faced , Bila
ore modern days their use in that case is not ne
‘despicable remedy in tertian agues.—They abound vik an a
which is antispasmodic and carminatiye.—Sheep, goats, and —
Cows and horses are not fond of i ite ‘<

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Pimpinella.

PIMPINEL’LA. Petals bent inwards: styles up-
Tight: Swmmuts nearly globular : fruit small,
egg-oblong; with 5 elevated ridges.

J

307

P. Leaves winged : leafits on the root-leaves roundish, saxifraga,

those of the upper ones strap-shaped. Sp, Pl.

E. bot. 407.
regge' 1. All the leafits egg-shaped, serrated.
Tabern. ic. 88; 255, 1 and 2 of the Germ. edition—Ger. 887.
(Land 2-F, B. iii. 2. 111, 1 and 2-H, oxwix. 5, 6-Trag.
-466—Fuchs. 609-Matsh 1032.

Pimpinella xifraga, « F/. Suec. Pimpinella minor, @ F/.
Lapp. There is a wonderful diversity in the size and in the foliage

of these plants. The root-leaves are winged, the leafits ege-
sha and: serrated; but the stem-leaves are many-cleft, the
leafits strap-shaped. ‘But it often happens that the root-leaves
become Tike those on the stem, and then it has been supposed a

distinct species although the same plant. Linn.

Var. 2. Leafits on the rdot-leaves egg-shaped, serrated,
those on the stem-leaves strap-shaped, mostly entire ; floral-leaves

‘strap-shaped.

einges. austr. 395~Clus. ii. 197. 9~Dod. 315. 2—-Lob. obs.
413. 1, and i iC. 719. 2-Ger. dna) ‘1044, 2-Parks 947. =

Cam. epit. 776.
< Va: 3. Leafits on the root-leaves egg-sha 5 “aeerated 5 on
= lower stem-leaves deeply wing-cleft : -leaves ves winged.

Fle dan. 669—Blackw. 472—Riv. pent. 83, Pimpinella minor.
~ Pimpinella minor. a. Fl, lapp.106.
°Var.4. All the leaves doubly pa leafits nec

mostly entire; floral-leaves winged. _
Specimen from Mr. Renan.

Var. 5. di istectay Root-leaves doubly winged, leafits wing-
cleft, segments entire ; stem-leaves doubly winged, leafits entire 5
Hora-teaves oeren at ‘the end.

si. » Retan iin t. 26 hak
‘The first ring vie diocpeaneaSiad growth are simply

poset, the ts roundish, but when these vanish it never puts
ot 7

th other than such as are mentioned above.
- Pimp. dissecta, Retzrvs.

Var. 6. All the leaves winged, leafits wing-cleft, segments
Spear-shaped ; floral-leaves wing-cleft.
oP austr. 397 =~Gonan, ill. 15—Rivw. pent, 80, Pimpinella,
x 2

308

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Pimpinella.

Pirppinella orientalis. Govan. JACQurn. |

All the above varieties are probably occasioned by A aif.
ferent age of the plant, and the greater or lesser expansion of its
foliage according to the soil in which it grows. It is a

that the first fruit-leaves are the same.in all, that is, si ly

winged, the leafits egg-shaped and serrated. When these di
appear, the lower leaves have wing-cleft, or doubly winged
leaves, and the upper leaves become also more compound with
the rest. An attentive cultivation is wanted to demorstate
whether such be the case, or whether some of them be aay dis-
tinct species.
Saall Burnett amadbeal Saxifrage Anise. Diy enuidlly soil,
_\P. Aug. Sept.

P. Leaves uniform, winged; leafits pear-shaped, irregu irregu

darly serrated ;, “floral-leaves wingecleft, 4%

z bot. 408-F. de: 1153-Facg. austr. °396—Dod. 315. 1-
Lob. obs. 413.2, andic. i. 720. 1-Ger. em. 1044. 1-Park.
947. 1—-Fuchs. 608-F. B. iii, 2. 109-Clus, ii. 197-Barr.
243-H, ox. ix. 5, row 1. 1-Cam. epite 7 {7 5—-Pete 26. 5

bead Lonicer.. 229. 2—Maris. umb. 50 fr de at dt
Leeks broader than they are long, serrated, as if pesenenvel
with oil, veined, of the appearance of those of Skirrets (none cit-
cular, or strap-shaped, or divided into many parts.) Leaf-stalks

compressed. Linn. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Szem-/éaves gradually
narrower, at length strap-shaped, almost entire. Umbel, aa

od, ina th spokes 10 to 18. Petals white. pear

stone. [ ipton V tingdonshire, Mr, Weomeat>.
—Wearcebtelhire. 1 r. eget —Hollinghall Wood, Leicest:

- Dr. Arnotp.—About ‘Thirsk, and leer pieheen .-¢ Yorkshire,

very common. Mr. Rogson.] resd ods 164s ae. an mee
Var. 2. Linn. Blossoms pale rose colour.
Riv. pent, 81, Prepecle®. oe fe ge
_ [In Wednesbury Field, Staffordsh,] sana _ Aug:

Var, 3. All the leaves jagged, Rays 20 8
Pet. 26, 6-H. Ox. ix. 5. rowel, oe Moris, fia be 6 ¥
ts Malducee; Kent.. Ranh; bal antag 2489 fT
* This ial the former species: partake near of che saate quali.
The root is very acrid, burning the mouth yf the te At adords a blue
oil. Its acrimony hath occasioned it to ape to cure the ce

and to cleanse the skin from ‘freckles. It'is chewed to “promote
cretion of saliva, and is used in gargles for dissolving viscid mucus in
throat. In Germany it is prescribed in the asthma and SOPOT a
Pupilie Machaen is found upon ae species. ~ .

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Apiam. °

309

P. Plant dwarfish : umbels very numerous, compound and dioi’ca.

simple: male and hermaphrodite flowers on distinct
plants. Hups.

Jacq. austr. 23—Clus. ii. 200. 1-Ger. eft. 1054. 3-Ger, 863.

FB. iii. 2.18. 1-Lob. adv. 331. 2, and ic. 1.745. 2-

Ger. em. 1021. 3. ;

_, Stem a hand’s breadth high, wide spreading, smooth, scored,
with but few leaves. Leaves 3 or 2-fingered, strap-shaped. Um-
dels, 1 terminating, and 2 lateral, opposite, generally com 5
some few simple. Pera/s long-spear-shaped, bowed in, not nicked.
Stam. white, long. Inwvoluc. none. Some plants with only
stamens, others with stamens and pistils. Nearly allied to P.
glauca, or constituting a distinct genus. Linn. Root spindle-
shaped. Fem. flowers have 5 stamens, but the anthers are imper-
fect. Hups. The male plant has a yellow sickly appearance.
Mr. Swayne. Flowers yellowish or whitish.

Least Axise. Mountainous pastures. Uphill, Somersetshire.
[St. Vincent’s Rock, just behind the Hot Well House, Bristol. ]
‘ -P. May, June.

A’PIUM. Involucr.1 leaf: petals equal: fruit small,
bulging, ribbed : sty/es bent backwards.
A. Stem-leaves wedge-shaped. ee:
Kniph. 5-Ludw. 180-Fl, dan. 790-Blackaw. 443-Ger. 862-
Hox. ix. 9. 8-Fuchs. 744-F. B. iii. 2. 100-Trag. 464-
Pet. 26. 12-Matth. 768-—Dod. 695-Lob. obs. 405. 2, and
ite i. 707. 1—Ger. em. 1014—Park. 926.

Involucr. often wanting. Lrxn. Stem smooth, shining, deeply
furrowed. Umbels, some sitting, others on long fruit-stalks, ap-
pearing as if prolifergus. Mr. Woopwarp. Root-/eaves winged.
Leafits divided into 3 lobes, serrated. Umbels, spokes 5 to 1 ;
those of the umbellules 11 to 16. Petals white.

Smallage. Parsley. Ditches and marshes. [Salt marshes near
Yarmouth, and in the midland counties. Mr. Woopw.—Bog
near Marazion, Cornwall. Mr. Warr—Moors, Sansom Fields,
Worcester, Sr.—Side of the river opposite Ste Vinownis) poe

_.* The root in its wild state Sees it grows near water, Sr.) is fetid,
acrid, and noxious ; but when cultivated (in dry ground, Sr. ) it loses these
Properties, and the root and lower part of the leaf-stalks and stem blanched
covering them up with earth, are eaten raw, boiled in soups, or stewed.
Inthis latter state it is called Celery. They are said to be hurtful to
A ng subject to nervous complaints. They are certainly good antiscor-
Outics, ‘The seeds yield an essential oil, Sheep and goats cat it. Cows
Rot fond of it. Horses refuse it. A:

grave’olens.

310

PENTANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Viburnum.

pes omc ape Fruit egg-oblong, scored, | ta-
--pering at each end. :

Podagra’ria. 42. Upper leaves 3 together, lower ones in triple threes. —

Lanta’na.

O’pulus,

FI. dan. 670—Riwv. pent. 475 Podagraria—Ger. 848.-7,B. iil.
2, 145—Dod. 320. 2—Lob. obs. 398. 3, and it. i. 700. 2-
Ger. em. 1001. 2—Park. 943—Pet. 25. 1C—H. ox. ix. 4, 11.
leaves. ite. Linn. Root creeping. Umbels and
ieee es i Blanom white. Ren. pak spear-shaped,
serrated. Mr. Woopwarp.
Herb Biccod: Gerard’s Goutweed. Ashaveed. Ground Ash.
Orchards, gardens, and pastures, common, P. May.*

TRIGYNIA.

VIBUR’NUM. Cal. with 5 divisions; superior: loss.
5-cleft ; berry of 1 cell; closed : seed 1.

vy ‘Leaves neset-sbped. serrated, veined, cottony under-
neath.

2: bot. 331-Facg. austr. rene: 217—Dod. rebels
‘obs. 591. 3—Ger. em. 1490-—Kniph. 1-Walc.—Park. ess

F. Bi. 558.
Leaves oval ; the down radiated, each hair consisting of seve~
ral.rays divergin from a unt Flower leaves coloured. Bloss.

clover half way down ; white. Summits so much ubiiced 28 00,2
-asone. Berries black.

Plant Mealy-tree. Way- Fating Jee: Woods and in
calcareous soil. (Herts, | ent. Mr, Woonwarp.—Ri
Field, Worcestershire, Mr, Batarp.} Ss ba t

V... Leaves lobed leaf-stalks set with na Lis

E. bot. 332-Fl. dan. 661-Ger. 1236, 1—Dod. 846. 1-Ger.
vem, 1424, 1-Park, 209. 5-Trag, 1002-Matth. 1269
ee 2 he 553.

"The nctitetrtein the cirenhieteroe-of ths eink!” ‘are the
first to expand. They have 5 minute imperfect stamens and 3
pistils, which are sometimes covered by small projecting scales»
of the same substance with the tenis but the scales are not as
ways present, ‘These abortive parts of fructification drop be

* The leaves may be eaten carly in — spring with other poten
Cows, sheep, and goats eat it. Horses are not fond of it.

+ The bark of the root is used ‘to make bird-lime, Th berries ar@
drying and astringent,

PENTANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Sambuctis.

the perfect flowers expand. The summits are scarlet, but there
are no styles to the pistils, and hardly any filaments to the sta-
mens, Leaf-stalks with } or 2 pair of glands; those near the ex.
tremity of the flowering branches with 5 to 8 thredd-like stipu-
lz, frequently terminated by glandular knobs. Mr. Gouox.
Umbels with 5 to-7 spokes. 3lossoms white. Herries red.
Water Elder. Guelderose Mealy-tree. Woods and wet hedges.
S. May, June. Berries ripe in Sept.
Var. 2. The Guelder Rose is a variety in which the whole of
the wmbel consists of neutral florets, and is contracted into a glo.
bular form. Dr. Sroxes. ft

SAMBU’CUSy Cal..5-toothed : d/oss. regular, with
“~~ shallow ‘clefts : berry juicy, closed, many-
S. Tufts with 3 divisions ; stipule leaf-like: stem herba- E/bulus,
ceous.
* CurtmE. bot. 475—Fl. dan. 1156—-Woodv. 260-Blackav, 438.
Mill. 126-Matth. 1270—Lab. obs. 589. 2-Gers em. 1426
nF. Bot. a. 549. 2-Fuchs. 65-Ger. 1238-Trag. 796—
Park, 209.7. :
Stems very brittle. Leaves winged, with several pair of leafits.
Leafits spear-shaped, serrated, unequal at the base, the upper mar-
deficient. Woopwarp. Stem and leaf-stalks furrowed. Little
aves at the base of the leaf-stalks eg a Calyx segments
sometimes 6, purple. B/oss. segments pointed, white above ; pur-
ple beneath. Axthers purple; one fixed om each side of every
filament, so that there are properly speaking 10 anthers. Berry
* © Dewarf Elder, Wallwort. Danewort. Hedges and road
sides, ['Tutbury Castle, Staffordsh. Mr. Prrr.—On Goosegreen,
near Dalton, Lancashire. Mr. Arxinson.—At the foot of Tam-
worth Castle Hill, towards the river] ==———s—ssssSSs Jully.*

a S. Tufts with: 5 divisions: leaves winged : leafits nearly ni’gra.

_ egg-shaped, serrated : stein tree-like, |
big E, bot. A70—Fl, dan. 545-Blackw. 151-Woodv, 78~Matth,
| 1268-Ger, 1294~Fucks, Gi-Ger, em. 1422. 1-Dads 845.

> 1~Ger. em. 1422. 2~Park, 208. 1=Trag. 997—F.B.i. a 544,

+ .* Has the same medical properties with the S. nigra, but in some re-
Spects more violent, and therefore less manageable. A dram and 4 half
of the root is a strong purge.--T he berries give out a vialet colour. —The
Sicen leaves drive away mice from granaries, and the Silesians strew them
where their pigs lie, under a persuasion. that they. prevent some of the
diseases to which they are liable, Neither cows, goats, sheep, horses, of
Swine will eat it,

312

pinna’ta.

PENTANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Staphylea,

Berries green, at length blackish purple, with a juice of the
same colour. Seeds 3. Retn. (Blossoms white. Berries black.
Anthers yellow, arrow-shaped, one on each filament.

Common Elder. Woods and damp hedges... S, April, Mayet

‘Var. 2. Berries white or green.

Staffordshire, Warwickshire, and Shropshire. The berries
of this also are used for making wine by some housewives in ie
country.

- Var. 3.) daciniees Leafits jagged. —
Kniph. &—Ger, 1234. 2~Dod. 845. ERS ohai 589. 2-Gers
CMe 14.22, 3-F. Ee 42 a. 549. \—Park. 268, &

Retzius in his 3d fasc, obs. believed this to be adttiitaie
cies, but in his 6th fase, he abandons. this opinion, having found
that the seeds uniformly produce only the S. nigra, ; :

Parseley-leaved Elder. In hedges, near Berge seni Mee!
Dartford, and Walsoken, near Wisbech,’ at

ST APHY LE’A. Cal. with 5 divisions: petals 5:
caps. inflated, united: seeds 2, globular,
marked with a scar, somewhat like a a Aut

Ss. Leaves simply winged. _ va Sa pm
- Kniph. 9-Gisek. 56—-Marth. a el 30. QLab, aaa 540,

2—Park. 1418—F. B. i. a, 27 Mere winds a0 98
Dod. 818—Ger. em, 1437. EWES

* The whole’ plant has anarcotic smell : it is. oakwett tos ci

its shade=-The wood is hard, tough, and yellow, It.is com,

into skewers for butchers ; tops for angling rods ; and needles for wea In}
nets, abn fete cin ry ciate gid ie
‘purgative, and may with where acrid purgatives are |
requisite. In smaller doses it is diuretic, and has done eminent service in
obstinate glandular obstructions, and in dropsies. If sheep that peareiig
rot are placed in a situation where they can get at the. bare and the you
shoots, they will soon cure themselves. It is an ingredient in the blz
= —The leaves are purgative like the bark, but more nauseous. They

an ingredient in several cooling ointments. : If turneps ceil
fenie-thete, or corn, re are subject to blight from a rape of j boone

wet ee

fichiers aie frost eache it hey Tidaed ‘the belly. aca inayat
used in fomentations to ease pain and abate inflamma tion . Many - people

from the derries is a gentle opener, and promotes
Be ce of the berries is See ay Sn ee oo

_. PENTANDRIA. TRIGYNIA, Alsine.

Styles sometimes 2, but mostly 3. Capsule 3-celled. Seeds
constantly 2 in the larger cells, that in the third abortive.

Lrers. Leafts vatying from egg-shaped to spear-shaped. but .

always pointed. - Bless. in whirls ; white.
Winged Bladder nut-tree. Hedges near Reatalinct Yorkshire.
Ray.—About Ashford, Kent. Park. cae ore Ss. June.

TA’MARIX, Cai. with 5 divisions ; aah bs caps.

L-celled, 3-valved: seeds ‘ithe hairs.

T. Flowers with 5 stamens: branpties scaly = scales iting,
alternate.

~ Mill, ic. 262. i-Blackew. 331. 2 Leh adv. ‘47. aiid ic 218,
“narbonens -Kriph. isis

Flowers i in Jong slender spikes, white, with a rosy tinge

oles at plenty on St, Michael’s Mount, Cornw a ase

tthe Lizard, though chiefly on the banks of

pest CP called Pirdsee. First communicated to me by Mr..Gippy.

—On the beach near Hurst Castle, and elsewhere on. the Western

coast of England. Dr. Putteney.} S. July.

CORRIGIO’LA. Cal. 5-leaved, border membra-
naceous, white: Pets 5: nut small, round-
ish, but 3-sided.

e “Leaves oblong : flowers in a terminating Baie”

ty Be. bot. 668-—F/.. dan. 334~F. B. ii. 379. 2-H. OX. Ve 29, 1.

Flowers sometimes lateral, Ca/. very like the blossom, but
ts towards the base are of a rich chesnut brown. The
mike habit of the flowers, more particularly the seeds and the
Pistils, resemble the Polygonums. In Portugal it is not limited
to the sea side, but grows in hedge banks, and in ploughed fields
at a distance from the sea.
Sand Strapwort. {Found by Mr. ‘dion on Slapham Sands
beyond Dartmouth and near the Star Point. Mr. Martyr. ]

hehe Sept.

ALSI'NE. Cal. steal : petals 5, equal : aps 1-
celled, 2-valved.

313°

gal’lica.

SE ats closes devant tbe, bares learee Se cll me‘dia,

“iss, See Stellaria media,

.

~ littora’lis.

314

palus’tris.

- PENT. ANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA. Parnassia.

_'TETRAGYNIA.

PARNA‘SSIA. Cal. with 5: divisions : petals’5 Bt
~nectaries 5, heart-shaped, fringed, with little
balls on the top of the fringe: caps. 4-valved,
1-celled: seeds with a membranaceous border.

P. Noches simple.

_ Ditks..b. s.~E. bot. 82-Kniph. 7-Ludw. 110-Mill. wJ-Fl,
dax. 584—Dod. 564-. 3—Lob, obs. 330. 1—Ger. em. 840. 1-
Park.429. 2-H. ox. xii« 10. 3-Ger. 691. 2-F.B. iii. 537. 2

Stem somewhat twisted. Whilst it is in flower, the germen

having neither sty/e nor summit, is open at the top. The stam.

lay their anthers alternately upon ‘the orifice, and having dis-
charged thejr pollen, recede ‘ick to the petals. Lixw. Stems un-
divided, with 5 sharp corners.’ Petals a little scolloped at the
edge, slightly nicked at the end; white, with semi-transparent
greyish veins, Nectaries green, the globules yellow, from 10 to
15, generally 13. Stam. only half as long as the petals, at first
not longer than the ,» but each in order becomes longer
than the rest; as it si eds its pollen on the ofifice of the germen,
which closes as. soon as all the anthers have shed. their pollen.
Root-leaves heart-shaped, on long leaf-stalks. StemJeaves sitting.

Grass of Parnassus. Marsh Parnassia. Moist meadows 1n
Wales and the northern. counties. Common. in in exe . bogey

- meadow in Norfolk. Woopwarp.—Also in Staffordsh

. Arme’ria.

Worcestershire. Dr: Stoxes.— Abundant in a meadow. ie
Moor, at. ATS tas aco ef the high Ini et
ton, Miss Spee Sige Pe pet ny St

ay -PENTAGYNIA, ee

STATICE, Cal. 1 leaf, entire, plaited: are yerma-

_ nent; petals 5 caps. 1-celled, without valvesi
seed upright. Pen e
S. sun simple, with a-head of flowers: leaves strap- hi ped .

Dicks. b. sB. bot. 296-Fl. dans 1092-Wale.-Kniph. =
se gee 564. 1-Lob. obs. 242. 1-~Ger. em. 602. tol gee 4279
~ 13-Ger. 482. 1-7. &. iii, 336. QPet 72. 8. as

* Another striking por sa of she remark that che same plants

May grow on mountains and in marshes, because the clouds resting be

the tops of the mountains keep the air ina moist state, as is done by
togs in meadows and marshes,

PENTANDRIA; PENTAGYNIAy Statice:
Stalk from 2 to 8 inches high, sheathed at the top by a skin-

like involucrum which extends down it for near an inch from the

base of the head of flowers.. Béoss. pink.

Common Thrift. Sea Gilliflower. Sea Cushion. Meadows.
and rocks on the sea coast, and mountainous situation,,as.Snow-
don, near Settle, and Ingleborough. [Wansley Dale, between

Asctig and Aysgarth. Mr. Woop.—Wells, Norfolk ;° South-
wold, Suffolk. Mr. Woopwarv.—All the rocky coast of Corn,
wall. Mr. Warr.—lInchkeith in the Firth of Forth. On the

: Cliffs near Sidmouth, very large. ] ___P. May, June.*

315

S. Stalk panicled, cylindrical: leaves smooth, without Limo‘nium.

nerves ; dagger-pointed underneath.

Kniph, 4-E. bot, 102-Blackw. 481—F/. dan. $15: terid gue
H. ox. xvi 1. row 1.0.1. f. 4th.Dod. 351—Lob. obs. 157.
3-Ger. em. 411, 1—Park, 1234. 1-F. B. iii. 876. 3.

Salt marshes, and rocks on the sea coast. [ Wells, Norfolk :
Southwold, Suffolk. Mr. Woopwarp. | iP July. —Sept.

_ Var, 1. Much smaller, Leaves ually tapering to, the
base, having no regular leaf-stalks. rel

Lob, adv. 123—Ger. em. 411, 2.
We have 2 varieties corresponding with the above character ;

— inthe one the leaves short and blunt, in the other longer and

more pointed. The sharp point at the end of the leat marks

them hoth as belonging to this species. Mr. Wooowaro. Bloss.

of a “ed deep purple. Mrs, Warr.
Harwich. Ranspase. Ray.—[Cornwall, Mrs. Watr.—
Lynn. Mr. Woopwarp. }

Seer 2, Leaves longer, and taper-pointed. Flowers later.
D hanickder Thrift. Sea banks near Walton, Essex ; and be-

_ tween Heybridge and Maldon. Ray. [Both var. on the Lanca-

shire coast at Low Furness, and on the Se en
sands,. Westmoreland. Mr, Goucs.]

8. Stalk lei lying flat: the barren branches naked reticula’ta.

bent aackiaile' leaves Lae nega tion ice
» any sharp points. Spas set a
j Pluk. 42, ei te,
Ret. tt oblong-wedge-shaped, on Sescatalbn> 7 iipada
embracing the stem, awl-shaped, terminating in a long
Point, Higgnbtandccans at the a> Mr. Woonwakp.

a, We much used in gardens as oh Hibiidiy Roe beeline, salah
to pastures on the sca coasts wo

and goats eat it. Sheep are sidaios Of ite

‘316

usitatis’si-

ee an

peren

r ro and capsules blunt : leaves ieee vary

PENTANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. Linum:
Matted Sia Lavender, or Thrift. On the Norfolk coast.

rat Wells, Norfolk, abundantly. Mr. Woopwarp. —At Blake-
MY Messrs, Crowe and PircHrorp.] Pi July ~~"

LYNUM, Cal. 5-leaved: petals 5: caps. 10,
valved, (E. bot.) .10-celled : seeds solitary.

io (2) Leaves alternate.

% Calyx and capsules dagger-pointed : petals scene é

leaves spear-shaped : stem generally solitary,

Curt. 326-Kuiph. 9-Ludw. 144—Blackws, 160, 2-Wooder
iti-Fuchs. 47 Ff B. iii. 451-Marth. 414-Dod, 533—Lob.
obs. 225. 1-Ger, em..556-H. ox. v. 26. row 2, 1—Lonits
153. 2-Blackw. 100. 1-Trag. 353.

Stem cylindrical. Petals sky blue, scored with deeper CO-
loured lines. Filaments united at the base. Sty/es blue, thicker
towards.the top. The inner edge of the cup a little fringed.

Common Flax. Corn fields and sandy pastures in Dorsetshire
and Devonshire. “Nee ear Cawston, Norfolk. Mr. Bryant. Com —
fields, ge Nh a Mr. Woopwarp. Downs,
par ASEUFES, al fields, near..t0, commons about

bus enemas Mir, Warr.) nat ot A Jalyt

Var. 1 Upright.
_. » &. bot, 40-Mill, 166. 2-Kniph. Ee a
Calyx leaves oval, hollow, with a short bluntish pc tat che

end, ot fringed or hairy, marked with 5 lines. ier ne Sr z

Perennial Flax. Pastures and meadows in a calcareous
‘Marham, ‘Norfolk. sites Sifts Gogmagog: Hills. Mts
OODWARD. | -P, June; ve

foltsT Fete Ris, uable plant orginally came fam those. parts of Bp
which are aed ‘to the inundations of the Nile. The seeds yield, OY

expression y, a large | Proportion of oil, which is an excellent pectorals fe f
as is likewise the mucilaginous infusion. ‘They.make an easy and and useful

poultice in cases of external inflammation ; and they are the food of several a

small birds, After the oil is expressed, the remaining farinaceous: a
called Oil Cake, is given to oxen, who soon.grow fat; upom it.« The

itself differs in. several respects from other expressed.oils :, it doesnot ¢0P> y
- geal in winter, nor does’ it forth a solid soap with fixed ; sicaline salts ; and :

it acts more powerfully as a menstraum updn sulphureous bodies. -
heat is applied during the expression it gets a yellowish colour, and @
jar smell. In. this state itis used by the painters and the varnishes
he fibres. of the ste are paulaevehye, linens. and zs ingay e®
worn to rags, is made into paper.“ i's ste?

PENTANDRIA, PENTAGYNLA. Linum. ey

- Var, 2. Stem trailing. Both varieties rise from . the same
_ qoot. In the xpright the stam. are longer than the pistils, in the
trailing they are shorter. Hine,

'L. Calyx segments tap ring to a. geal leaves scattered, tenuifo'lium.
strap-awl-shaped, rough when. stroked. downwards.

E. bot. 381-Facq. austr. 215—Clus, bist. 1. 318. Ve 8

Varo Qe adngayfotien (Huds. ) Stem reclining at the bases
Boce. mus. t. 125«

Cha, ie 328: left i ia ie dbs. 226, 2 eptnd se. I he
413. right hand fig. are pr representations of oc
Netcare to upright atthe t the: base. Stems numerous, branched to.
wards the top. Leaves spear-strap-shaped,. ‘stiff, pointed, scattered,
hairy underneath, as far as the stem is trailing pointi ng uprards,
abo that: iin’ various directions. C'2/yx shorter than thé capsule,
-shaped, blant, but ending ina sharp point, keeled with'a
BS ova rib. Blass. much smaller than that-of L. perenne, pale
‘Feddish -purple with darker lines; seta/s not absolutely entire.
Style not bent back beyond the stamens. Woopwaap. Root
Simple, fibrous, ale brown: woody, perennial. E. bot. Sralés
_Bumerous, ascending, round, smooth, leafy, branched only towards
‘the’ top } from 18 to 24 inches or more in height. Leaves strap-
spear-shaped, little if-at all hairy, very entire, irregularly dis.
ae ying | nearer to the stem than in the L. usita ‘issimum. ee
lowers in a panicle. © Calyx leaves pointe » keeled, p Bis eR ONeUIOT
membranaceous, not hairy at the edge. Peta/s bluish , streaked
with purple veins ; wedge-shaped, deciduous, slightly waited by
theclaws. Samens 5, white, scarcely broader at the base.
“Anthers blue, inclined to the styles, somewhat united. Sty/es the
iy 9 of the ‘filaments, bluish, slightly cohering. Capsule globu-
_ Tar but tapering to a sharp point ; with 10 cells andi0 valves.
Seeds k- me each cell. Mr. Gippy., Stems. slender, but. stiff.
Leaves narrow, sharp pointed, Flowers. dilute purple or flesh
colour or white. Ray. Leaves rough when stroked downwards,
‘particularly the u ones, but this roughness vanishes with
age. Stems: ease one root. Peta/s very entire. Capsules
‘and calyx, shatp-pointed. Our es) seems to a’ ear the fifth
var. of the L. Saale! of the Sp, Plantar. though Sih Hud.
‘son thought i it a distinct species,
Narrow-leaved Flax. "Ss meadows seh pastures. [Very
‘plentiful in Cornwall. Mr. Warr. In Devonshire. — inster
an the Isle of Sheppeys and Deal, Hups. ee 7 Pe June, july.

5 i 7 nel) Leaves apeetia
rib stair opp egg-spear-shaped: stem forked : bloss. cathar'ticum,
~ S"poEnt

“SIB PENTANDRIA: PENTAGYNIA. Drosera.

Dicks, hb. s.-E. bot. 3 382-Kniph. 8—Ludw. 143-Curt. 151<
* WalteBlackw. 368-F. B. iii. 455. 2+Pet. 55. 12-Ger.
em. 560. 5~Park. 1336. 10—Barr. 1165. 1.
__ Before the flowers open they hang down. Linn. Calyx ed ige
fringed with minute glands on foot-stalks. Dr. Sroxes. Fila-
ments united, forming a bag which incloses the lower half of the
CRs 4
Purging Flax. Mill-mountain. Duoatf Wild Flax. Dry
——— and pastures. [On St. Vincent’s rocks Bristol]
A. May—July.*

Radi‘ola. L. ‘Leaves opposite: stem forked: stamens 4, pistils 4.

Dicks. b. s.—Fl. daz. 178—Kniph. 8—Vaill. 4. 6-Ray 15. 3.at
p: 348-Pet. 59. 12-Michel. 21-Ger. em. 569. y Bie “
Gmelin in his ed. of Syst. veg. has again made this a distinct
“genus restoring its former name, Radiola. Bloss, white. .
All-seed Flax. Least Rupture-wort, Moist sandy heaths.
A. August.

‘DRO'SERA. Calyx git 5 divisions: petals 5:
elt, 1 cell, with 5 valves at the ash es
, fixed to the sides,

rotundifolia. D.. Dae rae the root: leayes circular. ‘Linn. siya
UDS. .

Fle dan. 1028-Sheldr. 39-Lob) obs: 4722 2-Ger. ents 1, 1556.
mend fem 1062.11. bs ¢.—Pet. 63. 10~Blackaw. 432-Thal.
9. 1-7. B. iii, 761. 2-Barr. 251. Antraty aca" a
fe 222, 2-Gere 1366. be

se ea a leaf-stalks fringed, but the latter are apt lot
(aden as the plant grows old. Boss. white.
eT leaved Sundew. Rosa solis. Redrot..Youthwort. Moor- é
Mie bogs eA Chace on the sideof the rivulet
Battarp. ear ee oe |

* Ap 1 infusion i aac or more of the dried: tae | is an be ate

purge, and has been given with advantage in many obstinate r
At frequently acts as adiuretic. Horses, sheep, and goats eat it!”

_ + The whole plant is acrid, and sufficiently caustic to erodethe kin:
‘but some ladies know how to mix thej juice with ‘milk, so as to make it
an innocent and safe application to remove freckles and sunburn. ‘The
juice that exsudes from it unmixed will destroy warts and corns. The plant
has the same effect upon milk as the Pinguicula ull pet os
i oe oe poe the ed

PENTANDRIA. PENTAGYNLA. Drosera: 319

D. Stalks from the root: leaves inversely egg -spear-shaped, longifo’lia,
Linn. Styles 6. Huns...

Fl. dan. 1093—Dod. 474. 2~Ger.-bmi. 1556. 2—Pet)63. 11-
Thal. 9. 2~F. Bi iii, 761.1 1—Barr. 251. 2-Leb. adv. 2c near eect
454. 2.-Park. ee a-Ger- = 2. fe’ : ;

ron

er a Stor : P. July, ? Aug.
D. ‘Stalks from the root: leaves ‘oblong: styles. 8. Hups. ang'lica,

“Dicks. b. 8H. ox. xv. ‘4, oe 1; Figure the last-Pet. 63. 12—
Park..1052. 2.

Has many things in common with the preceding species, but
oa fet and the capsules have 4 valves, Huns.
_ Great Sundew. , Boggy. ni penoaer ge eee De.
vonshire,. Hants, and egits na marsh ona heath near
Holmes Chapel, Cheshire. Mr. Honrer.] ~ P. July, Aug.*

coagulated milk of the Syrians, called Ledax, or. Lev, pir ak prepared
ae some plant of this kind? See Russel’s nat. bist. of Aleppo. .

-.. The name, Sunpzw, seems to be derived from a very striking circum-
; stance i in the ap; pearance of these plants ; the leaves are fringed with hairs,
; supporting small drops or globules of a pellucid liquor like dew, which
' continue even in the hottest part of the day, and in the fullest exposure te
the sun, Perhaps the achineny: of. the: Plant. resides in, this, sesseed

RS free pr nag ee

“In August, ct examinin ‘the cirseens in company vith Mr.
ately on his inspecting some of the contracted bees we observed a

Re

320 PENTANDRIA: PENTAGYNIA. ‘Sibbaldia.

© 300) SIBBA’LDIA. Cal: 10-cleft: petals 5, fixed to the
: . calyx: styles fone the sides of the heed 3
seeds 5, naked. . )

procumbens. $. Leafits with 3 teeth.
Dicks. b. s-Fl. dan. — sop ii. 5; at b 45-Plk
21d 3—Pet. 41. te —

‘

: ena peers aye aulnigtadpaitined therein, which Sottihénied soils
> to me at least, how it happenedote get into that confined.
situation, Afterwards, on Mr. Whately’ Saisataheette! pressing eh as
other leaves, yet in their natural, and expanded form, we observed a
markable sudden and elastic” spring of the leaves, so as to become pee g
upwards, and as it were encircling the pin, which evidently shewed the
method. a which the _ came suits § its es situation. This ex-

ee Fi

allt uae hy bow, ee ees eatin tie a
hese. ou a

eee : fia in eacl tance (0 the 4

iongea ma , might a haved ‘Bilier ier peri

cet lich wpairof plyers t place an ant peberet of aleaf of

the D. rotundifolia, but so:as not to pros eng The ant endea-

voured to.escape, but was held fast by the clammy juice at the 4g

thehairs, which was drawn out by its feet into fine threads. In some mI-.

pon tad eae PD leaf began to bend, then the és
laid’themselves upon the insect. After a while seat

1 some hours the Ne eS :

axint aval saticenaalt ‘Of Ie

than the ant er done, the hairs bent themselves as before, and at §
evening the leaf was bent together, and held the fly shut up. The
Sebesinees Date ade, 09 ah Dog the same. effects t

ea insects be not meron to the =e

ways the largest. eae
EE mm te acseas are not coe wee,

y close inspection of the Ww as Z
covered by, ane with, — cor

PENTANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. Myosurus.

Root woody. Stems trailing, covered with the remains of
the dead leaf-stalks. Leaf-stalks slender, below oblong, mem.
branaceous, embracing the steths. Leaves 5-fingered. Leafs
inversely egg-shaped, but somewhat lopped at the end, beset on

- eachside with soft hairs ; teeth somewhat pointed. Bless. yele

low, smaller than the calyx. Pisti/# sometimes 1(), and 5 in the
same plant. In what respects it differs from the Porentilla may
be seen by comparing the descriptions of the two genera. Linn.
Leaves entire at the edgés, lopped and 3-toothed at the end.
‘When cultivated, the stamens are often 7, or more, the gere
mens 10; seeds hi; fixed to a dry hairy receptacle.

Procumbent Silver-weed. Mountains of Scotland. [North
side of Ben Lomond, three-fourths 7~ mountain, i
On Ben Mor, sparingly. Mr. Brown. P. July, Aug.

- POLYGYNIA. 5
MYOSU’RUS. Cul. 5 leaves, united at the base,

deciduous: mectaries 5, like petals; awl-
shaped: seeds numerous, coated, pendent.

EB. bot. 435—Kniph. 5—Curt. 251~FI. dan, 406-Mill, illustr.
~Dod. 112. 1-Lob. obs. 242. 1-Gers em. 426. 4~Park.
— §00=F. B. iii, 512-Pet. 39. 7-Ger. $45. 4—Lonic. ii.

18. de ss . d

~ Stam. varying from 4 to 10 or 20. Lyons. Guen. Leaves
sometimes hairy. Hups. From 2 to 4 inches high. Sza/k simple.

391

min’imus.

Leaves narrow, strap-shaped. Flowers yellowish green, termi- _

nating. Receptacle of the seeds very long, nearly eylindrical,
like the tail of a mouse.

Ec Little Mouse-tail. Cornfields, meadows and pastures, in a

oe soil. [At Lahenham. Mr. Crowe. Derby.

Hatety.—Malvern Chace, Worcestersh. Mr. Battarp.] _

—The whole plant is acrid. An May, June.

Vox. Ii, ¥

HEXANDRIA.
CLASS VI.
HEXANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.

o (1) Flowers with a Cup and a Blossom. .
FRANKE'NIA.. Biloss. 5 petals: Cal. 1 leaf; beneath
Capsule 1-celled; many-seeded.. -
BER’BERIS. Sloss. 6 petals : Cal. 6 leaves: peeigih:
Berry 2-seeded.
[Hottonia palustris. Anthericum calyculatum. Lythrum
hyssopifolium. Peplis Portula.] » iti
(2) Flowers with a Sheath, or Husk.
LEUCO’JUM. Bloss. superior; of 6 petals; bell aia;
Stam. equal.
GALAN’THUS. Bloss. superior; of 6 petals ; 5 inner
: petals shorter, and notched attheend.
NARCIS’SUS. loss. superior; of 6 petals. Nectary
bell-shaped; = the stamens.
AL’LIUM. Bloss. beneath; 6 petals: Petals egg-
aie naar? 3 sitting. :
. (3) Flowers tiaked, eit bie
CONVALLA'RLA. Bloss. “beneath “Gzcleft ‘Barry 3
s
HYACYN’THUS. Bloss. beneath 6-cleft: Germen with

_ 8 nectariferous pores at the. * Segments of
_bloss. rolled back.) ¢

ANTHERICUM, Bloss. beige’ of 6 petals’ flat.

NARTHE’CIUM, Bloss. 6 petals: Style none: Seeds
with a tail at each end.

ORNITHO’GALUM. Bloss. beneath; of 6 petals: File-
ments every other broader at the base.

SCIL/LA. Bloss. beneath ; of 6 pees deciduous: Fila-

' ments thread-shaped.

* I never could observe these pores in the English speci¢s.
.

| ansroporcaa, Calye none: Bloss.1 petal; tongue

HEXANDRIA.

_ ASPA’RAGUS. Bloss. beneath; of 6 petals: Berry 6-

seeded.

FRITILLA’RIA. Bloss. beneath; of 6 petals ; 3 egg-

' shaped; with a nectatiferous ha in the base
. of each.

TU’LIPA. Bloss. beneath; of 6 petals; bell-shaped: Style

none.
aie Polygonum Hydropiper. ]
~ (4) Flowers without Petals.

TA’MUS. Flowers M. and F, on distinct plants. Calyx
with 6 divisions,

F. Style 3-cleft: Berry 3-celled; beneath; Seeds 2.
A’CORUS. Spike-stalk many-flowered : cake 1-celled.
JUN’CUS. Calyx 6-leaved: Caps. 1-celled. -
PE’PLIS, cas i 12-cleft: Caps, 2-celled. _

DIGYNIA.

~ [Ramex digynus. Polygonum persicaria, & Hydropiper.
Agrimonia tiene Scleranthus annuus. Quercus. }

CO’LCHICUM. Calyx: a sheath : "Blass. like 6 petal,

TRIG/LOCHIN. Calyx 3-leaved: Bloss. 3 petals: Caps.

opening at the base.

RU" MEX, . Calyx 3-leaved: Bloss. 3 petals: Seed 1;
-3-cornered. .

TOFIEL/DIA. Calyx none: Bloss. 6 petals se 2 3-
Si celled ; 6 valved.

[Anthericum calyculatum. Drosera rotunda, and longi.

- folia, ie ee viviparum. Quercus.} —
_ HEXAGYNIA.

shaped; entire: Caps. 6-celled ; beneath,

’ [Alisma Damasonium. ]

‘POLYGYNIA.

ALIS’MA. ‘Cal. 3-leaves: Bloss, 3 petals: S. Ves, a

{Triglochin maritimuni.] —
¥ 2 #

323

niva’lis.

HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Leucojum.

‘MONOGYNIA,

GALAN’THUS. Petals 3; concave: nectary 3
smaller petals notched at the end: summit
undivided.

G. y =.

Dicks. b. s.-Facq. ausir. BYB-E. bot. 19-Kniph. 1-Wale
Clus. i. 109. 1~Ded. 230. 1—Leob. obs. 64..3-Ger. e7.147-
Park. par. 107, fig. between 6, 7, and 9~Ger 120. I=.
Matth, 1245. :

Rost bulbous. Linx. Biss. white, with 9 semitransparent
streaks on each petal. Nectary white, with green streaks and a
green border on the outside. NPAC Ray -

Common Snowdrop. Fair Maids of February. Orchards,
meadows, sides of hedges. [At the foot of Malvern Hills, on
the right of the road running below the Camp. Mr, Bacrarp.

Where no traces of any buildings or gardens are to be found.

Near Cirencester, Gloucestershire. Mr. Arrowsmira.—Banks

of the Tees», about Blackwell and Conniscliffe, in situations which

do not, admit of its being the outcast of gardens, Mr. Rozsox.
ee. nok, - ¥ poing.s ai " re Feb, March.

AEsti’vum °

‘

LEUCO’'JUM, Bless. bell-shaped, with 6 divi-
sions, thickest at the ends : summit undivided.
L. Sheath many-flowered: style club-shaped.
Curt.<E. bot, 621-Facq. austre 203~Renalm. 100-Clus. ie
-:170=Cam. epit. 236. 3-Ger. em, 148. 4—Leb. ic. 122. 2
Dads 2300 3 ¥ 2
About afoot high. Leaves inch broad, strap-shaped, keeled
at the base, as tall as the stalk. Flowers white, streaked, with
a green blotch near the point ofeachpetal .. . . _,,
¢ are indebted to Mr. Curris for this addition to the British
flora. He found it about half a mile below Greenwich, by the
side of the Thames ; it has also, he says, been found on the oppo

_ site shore on the Isle of Dogs. [Ina small island, in the n¥e

)

about 3, miles south of Kendal, on the ok. abet npowder -
mill. Mr. Goucu.] =~ ue a 5 ee, May-

NARCISSUS. Bhs. superior, of 6 equal petals:
nectary of 1 leaf, surrounding the stamens,
mostly funnel-shaped. tigate

f

HEXANDRIA: MONOGYNIA. Narcissus.

_N. Sheath 1-flowered: nectary wheel-shaped, very short
skin-like, finely scolloped. ORS esi

E. bot. 275~Kniph. 7, the \st fig.—Dod. 223. 1,
_ . Leaves rounded on the keel, reflected at the edge. Flower

solitary, pure white; nectary edged with crimson. e bot.

Sandy heathy places. On a rabbit warren at Shorne, be-
tween Gravesend and, Rochester... At Wood Bast wick, and other
parts of Norfolk. ; _ P. May.

N. Sheath 9-flowered : nectary wheel-shaped, very short,
skin-like, finely scolloped: leaves acute on the keel,
the edges turned inwards. E,Bor.

B25 .

poet’icus. -

biflo’rus.

B. bot: 976=F. Be tis 604. 1=Lobs ie 114. 1-Dods 228. 2-5

Clus. i, 156—Ger. 110. 6.

. Flowers mostly 2; sometimes 1, and seldom more than 3 on
a stalk, larger than any that bear many flowers upon a stalk, of
a sweet, .but cloying scent. B/oss. pale whitish cream colour.

Nect. pale yellow. Parx, Edged with white. ,
fee Dafoe. Meadows and hedges but rather rare. Hops.
—Fields and sides of woods in the west of England. Grr.—And
at a distance from any house. Ray. -Near Hornsey Church.
Suer. in R. Syn,—At Bellow Hill, near Whitchurch, Cheshire.
Mi Me ere Pisces pee ay wautne 58.
pool, Worcestershire, together with N. ‘Preiss Nibeheus,
Repu. . ser a oe
N. Sheath 1-flowered: nectary bell-shaped, upright, curl-
; ed; as long as the petals: petals egg-shaped.

E. Bot. 1 -Tourn. 185. H.—Dod. 297, 1—Lob. obs. 61. 1=
2-Trag. 757 -Ger. 115. 2. Sh. i Me

Stalk 2edged. Petals egg-spear.shaped, straw-coloureds Nect.

throughout of a full yellow; the rim a little plaited and snipt.
Common a . Woods, meadows, and sides of hedges.
Tn woods near Erith, Kent. { Norfolk. Mr. Woopw.—And in
orchards. Hanley Castle, Worcestershire. Mr. Battarp.—
Covers almost a whole field beyond Erdington, on the road from
Birmingham to Sutton. Abundant in fields near Yardley-wood
pool, Worcestershire. Madely, Shropshire.] P. March. May.

Pseudo- -
Narcissus.

AL‘LIUM. Bhss. 6 petals, expanding : sheath dry :

and skin-like, many-flowered : umbel crowd-
ed: caps. superior, 3-celled.

sd

396 _. -HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Allium, °

(1) Stem-leaves flat ; wmbel bearing capsules.

Ampelo’- A, Umbel globular: stamens 3-pointed: petals rough on
prasum. the keel. ; ve

Clus. Ie 190. 1=Dod. 690. 1-Lob. obs, 79. 1-Ger, em, 180. 2,
Park. 872. 3-7. B. il, 558 e-O i
Filaments 3-pointed and single pointed alternately, Keel
of the petals more or less serrated. Blass. pale purple.
Round-headed Garlic. Isle of Holmes in the —— ge: Z
fs roy =! iy ; - July.

(2) Stem-leaves flat ; umbel bearing bulls.

arena’rium.A, Umbel sheath pointless: stamens, 3-pointed: leaf-
sheaths cylindrical. erty 4

FI. dan. 290~Clus. 1. 193+Ger. em. 1870 4—Park. 873, 5=
F. Buti. 560-Rupp. jen. ab. Hall. 2. Mr. Woodward. -

Bulbs and blossoms blue, Stamens a little longer than the blos-
som. Leaves narrow, entire at the edge. Linn. Leaf-sheaths
strongly Relat. Mr. Wome : Sim 2 to As high. Leaves 3
or 4, wer ones quickly withering, broad, ¢€ hairy, or
sather finely toothed, but the teeth not dincernitle Siskin a glass.
Bulbs numerous, deep purple. Flowers a few, on short fruit-
stalks, small, purple, marked with a deeper line. Woopwarp-
Sand Garlic, Mountains of Westmoreland. Santine’s mea-
dow, Castle Howard. Teespate.—[Sir Jaines Lowther’s Woods,
by Lowther, Westmoreland, and pastures adjacent, Mr. Woop-_
warp.—About Thorpe-arch, Yorkshire, plentiful. Mr, Woop.
_ At Pool Bridge, in Furness Fells, Mr. Jackson.]
. 2 1 PA dee Bie By puly, Hage
carina’tum..A, Umbel sheath very long: filaments awl-shaped.
Hall. de All. 2.2. in opusc. at p. 392-Fuchs. 738-Trage

HL ox. iv. 14, 5-Sawert, i. 60. 5-Park, par. 143. 3-Lob.

i. 156, iss a Pe3
Root scentless. Stem to 4 feet high when cultivated. Leaves

a foot long, not ¢ inch broad. Sheath-leaves 2, awl-shaped, un-
ieee chaning cotonrla. Tec eee Ge eee
yellow, to c. lant has but littl
the Garlic smell. te eas :

» Mountain Garlic. Rocks, meadows, pastures. Near Longsle-
dale, Westmoreland, Near Ramsgate. Between Deal and

* This is eaten along with other pot-herbs. It communicates its
flavour to the milk and butter of cows that cat ite

-HEXANDRIA/ MONOGYNIA, Allium.

Saridwich. - Sas ie Craggs, at the head of Winandermere,
Mr. Govucu. 5 P. June, July:

(3) Leaves round; umbel learing lulls.
A. F ilamants 3-pointed.

Dod. 683. 1-Ger. em. 179. 1—Pet. 66. 1—Park, so 1 Facbe.
737~Lonic. 196. 1-Trag. 748.
Bulbs tapering, bowed back, often running out into long

Sag.

vinea‘le,

hailike points, compacted into a ‘chose head. Bioss. small, violet. °

Filaments with 2 long. bristles projecting beyond »the flower.
Eqn... Stem about 2 feet _ Leaves smooth, hollow, slender,
very long. Umbel Sheath of 1 leaf, broad at the base, ending i in
an awl aped point, about an inch long, scored with green lines.

Bulbs numerous, white. Blossoms few, small. Mr. Woopwarp.
) Crow Garlic. Meadows and pastures. [Near Norwich. Mr.
Crows.— Huntingdonshire and Derbyshire. Mr. Woopwarp. }
P, June.*

“Var. 1. With a double head of bulbs.
Lob. obs. 78. 2—Park, 871. I: 3-H, Ox. iv. 14, te

‘Near Worcester. Sroxes.

A, Filaments undivided : leaves semi-cylindrical, rough,
— (Leaves not rough. "

“E. bot. 488-Hall. de All. 1. 2. in opuses p. 386-Clus, i, 194,
4 1—Ger. em. 188. 6-H. OXs iv. 14. 2~F. Bui li. 561, ¥e

Root a solid bulb. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, upright, or only a
dittle bent towards the top, smooth, not scored, solid. Leaves
hollow. Bulbs egg-shaped, forming a roundish knob; from be-
tween these arise several thread-shaped fruit-stalks, each sup-
porting a single flower, which is drooping ; cylindrical, but james
what ‘bell-shaped Blass. whitish green, with 3 dark
streaks on each petal. Very minute white dots, hardly visi
to the naked eye, are scattered over the whole plant. Linn.
Leaves and leaf-stalks deeply furrowed. Bulbsnumerous. Fruit-
stalks, some upright. &/oss. pale, with purple lines. Germen

See tapes, G-angled. Szy/e slender, longer than the blossom.

ng that the leaves can hardly be called rongh, it corre-
Enero exactly with A. oleraceum. Mr. Woopwarp. Sta~
mens Rites than the petals,

Wild Garlic. Mexioes pastures, and; amongst corn. Bay-
dale, near Darlington. Mr. Rosson. ] P, July.t

* The young shoots arg eaten in sallads, or boiled as a pot-herb.

+ The tender leaves are very commonly boiled in soups, or frie] with
other herbs. Cows, goats, ee and swine eat it.

olera’ceum,

328 - HEXANDRIA, MONOGYNIA; Fritillaria.

(4) Leaves from the root: stalk naked.
ursi‘num. A, Stalk 3-square: leaves spear-shaped, on leaf-stalks :
umbel flat topped, : :
Dicks. b. s.-E. bot. 122—FL. dan. 757 —Fuchs, 739-F. B. ii,
566. 1.-Trag. 748. 2-Walc-~Matth, 560-Ded: 683.:2<
~ Lob. obs. 80s 2nGer. em, 179. 2-Ger. 141.: 2+Pet, 66, S=
A. ox. iv. 15. 15.
Stalk below, semi-cylindrical. Rerz. Flowers large, nume.

rous, white, 3 :} S00 pS TRE 134811

_ Ramsan Garlic. Ramsons. “Woods, hedges, and dry «mea
dows. [Several meadows near Penn’s mill at Erdington, Ware
wickshire, abound so much with this plant as\to be called) from

that circumstance, ** the Garlick Meadows,'?], |» P May.*

~ Scheeno’- A. Leaves eylindrical, awl thread-shaped, as long as the
prasum. stalk. ~~ SRE OF SAO DRC HAETE at Wot
Fuchs. 635~Fl. dan. 971-Trag. 742. 2—Lonic. i. 194 2

Dod. 689-Kniph. 8-Lob. obs. 77. 1-—Gere em, 177+ \~

689. 2~Lob, obs. 78. 1. Emo a

- Chived Garlic. Meadows and pastures. By Fast-Castle, on

the borders of Berwickshire, and in Westmoreland. [Cartmel
Fell, in a small rivulet called Chivey Syke. Mr. JAcKson.—
Meadows near Kirby moor side, Yorkshire, Mr. ig %

‘FRITILLARIA. Bhoss. with 6 petals or 6 divi

’ - sions, bell-shaped: nectary a cavity above

~ each claw : stam. the length of the blossom:

summit 3-cleft : caps. superior, 3-celled.

Melea’gris. F. All the leayes alternate: stem 1-flowered, : - ee

Dicks, by 4.~B: bot. 622-Fl. dan. 972-Curt. 218-Wale

© Jacq. austr. v. app. 32-Kniph. 6-Rencalm, 146—Cls: i

353, 1-Ger, em. 149, 1~Ger, 122, 1-Clus. i, 152-Dad.

(233. 2-Ger. em, 149, 2-Ger. 122, 2nPark. par, +e 2
Swerti. 7.4. ae”

Root bulbous, solid, small for the size of the plant, throwing
out numerous fibres beneath, and increasing by off-sets.

*
o:,

* An infusion in brandy is esteemed 2 good remedy for the are |

Penn. Four, 1972, p. 175 —Other plants growing near it do not
Cows eat it; but it communicates its flavour to the milk and butter; 5?
as to be very offensive to many people in the spring,

Jo Rag can AS CS SRT VRE ea ase See en ee er ee a

HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Tulipay 329

from the. sideof the root, 12 to 18 inches high, cylindrical,
smooth, bending .at the top into an.elegant arch, Leaves 3 to
5, short, zrasslike, half embracing the stem, alternate, distinct.
Flower droo ing. Perals oval, the’3 outer bulging at the base,
the 3 inner flat, of a’ dull red, chequered with a ‘deeper colour,
feahy m6 inixtute of ‘green ‘or yellow. Woopw. Nectary a

: ular substance aes the stamens to the petals. -
FAD: “Chequeréd Daffodil, or Tulip. Snakes-hend.
Guinea-hen-flower. Meadows and pastures. Mawde Fields,
: ‘Common, Middlesex ; near Bury, Enfield ; and in the
“Mortlake and Kew. [ Between Laxfield and
Stirrup-street, Suff. Mr. Wooowarp.—In a meadow heat Blym-
BAY chiderastive, plentifull + Mr. Dickenson. —Near Leices-
ter. Dr. Arnon.) fuat -P. April, May.

wag a White flowered,
~~ “In great abundance in a meadow on the right hand side of
ine road leading from Wolesely bridge to Stafford, not 3 of a
ge ee the bridge. 7th May, 1787.

TU LIPA. Bloss. 6 ‘ei bell-shaped : style

none : caps. superior, 3-celled.

'T,. Flower rather drooping: leaves spear-shaped : stamens silves’tris.
hairy above the base,
EB. bot. 63-Lob. Bist. 63. 2-ib. ic, 124. 2-Clus. hist. 151. 2-
.» Ger, em. 138. 1—Park, 1342. 2-FI. dam. 375.
Blsen yellow, sweet scented. Petals spear-shaped, acute; outer
enes greenish, with | or 2 transverse tee at the base: inner
ones dull yellow, with a green keel, and the edges hairy towards
the bottom, . Filaments very slender at the base, thicker just
above, and surrounded with a fringe of white hairs, under which
is found honey, Anthers and Pollen yellow. Summit blunt,
neither compressed nor dilated. Linn. )
In old Chalkpits in Suffolk and Norfolk; see E. bot. 63,
where it is first adopted as a naturalized plant. P. April.

ORNITHO-GALUM. Bloss. 6 petals, upright,
permanent, above the middle expanding :
filaments, the alternate ones dilated at the
base : caps. superior ; 3-celled.
Q. Stalk angular, 2-leaved : fruit-stalks in an unbranched lu’teum,
umbel. 3
EB. bot. a 1-Clus. i. 188, 2-Dod. 222-Lab.
obs, 726 3=Ger, eRe 165. 2—Pet. 66. 12-Fi, date 378—=

536°

HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Omithogalum.

Fuchs. 189-F: B. ii. 622. 1~Ger. 132. 2~Lonie 1930 1s

H. ox, iv. 13.'12.-Sawert. i, 57. 3-Park. par. 137.7,"
Root-leaf generally single, longer than the stem, Stem-Leaves
sometimes » or ‘, unequal, | much larger. Fruit-sta/k sometimes
solitary. Petals in 2 series, the inner greenish yellow, the outer
reen. Mr; Woopwarp. Stem from, ito 6 inches high. Leaves
fringed with fine white hairs. Spokes of the umbel from 3 to7,
each supporting only 1 flower. Mr. Rosson. os
Yellow Bethlem Star, Moist sandy places. , Woods on. the
banks of the Tees near Greta Bridge, and Bignal, Yorkshire,
R. Syn. Mr. Rosson, and Rev. Mr. Zoucu. Near.Doncaster
and Kendal. {Under Malham Cove, Mr. Woon. In a,meadow
adjoining to the Copper Mills, Derby. Mr. Wuareiy.JP.April.*

2 renaicum.O. Bunch very long: filaments spear-shaped : fruits 6

_. when in flower expanding, equal, but afterwards aps
' proaching the stalk. ‘aiid «itt fork ae
E. bot. 499-Facq. austr. 103—Clus. i. 187. 1-Dod. 209. I=
Lob. obs. 47: 34Ger. em. 97~Ger., 89-F. BS it.) RI-E _
Park. par. 137. de - Far 2G. STOn
Stalk 1} or 2 feet high. Fruit-stalks slender. Flower-scals
mempbranaceous’at the base, broad, and half embracing the stalk,
upwards awl-shaped. Peta/s nartow, expanding, a yellow —
within, green without, with whitish margins. Mr. Woopwaro-
Sprked Bethlem Star. Meadows and pastures. Near Ashley,
between Bath and Bradford ; and near Chichester: [Near OMe
Charlton, Somerset, and between Bath and Warminster. ‘Mr.
Swayne.} ais; ~ P, June.

ane ae &

: : , whe wis ae ; 1s ity si
ambella’tum.O. Flowers forming a corymbus: outer fruit-stalks ‘taller

ij than the central ones *

Jacq. austr. 343<E. bot. 130-Ger. 132, 1~Dod. 991, 1-Lobe
_ 0b. 72. 2-Ger. em, 105. ISawerte i. 57.460
Fruit-stalksvery long, broad. Flewer-scales very latge, white,
membranaceous. Mr. Woopwaro. Petals white, with a broa
green streak along under the side. Filaments spear-shaped, Mats
; every other broader. Germen with 6 blunt-an

_ Common Bethlem Star. Woods, meadows, and pastures in
Norfolk. [Plentiful in a field near Knaresborough, Yo ge
Mr. Rozson.] Py April, May-

* The bulbous roots of all the species are nutritious and wholesome,
and those of a species have been employed for food ina pone * Po
Provisions. Horses, goats, and sheep eat it. Swine are not fone:
Cows refuse it, ae :

HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Anthericunt, ast

SCIL’/LA. ‘Bloss. 6 petals, expanding, deciduous +»
Filaments thread-shaped.

S, Leaves strap-shaped, narrow.: flowers in a_spike-like autumna fis.
corymbus : fruit-stalks naked, ascending, about as
long as the flower. fe Seo

” Curt-E. bot. 78-Clus, i. 185 9-Dod. 219. 1-Lob, obs. 53. 3
—Gers em. 110. i—Ger. 98. 4.

Root bulbous, coated. Leaves numerous, much shorter than
the stalks. Mr. Woopwarpo. Flowers ‘rather forming a bunch
than a corymbus ; blueish purple’ 9 © we
_. Autumnal Squill. Dry pastures, St. Vincent’s Rock, near
Bititol ; Lizatd Poids,” ornwall; Black Heath; near Ditton,
on Moulsey Hurst, over against Hampton Court. [Common, near
Chace Water Mine, Cornwall. Mr. Warr.] P. Aug. Sept.

§. Root solid: flowers nearly upright, without floral leaves: bifo’lia.
root-leaves 2, spear tee

Jacq. austr. \NT—E. bot. 24—Clus. 184. 3-Dod. 210—Fuchs.
2 837—auh. hist. li. 579. tA 3-Pet. 67. ae

‘Leaves 2, rarely 3. Flowers in a bunch, mostly pointing
ie Thisis introduced in English bot. on the authority of Buddle’s-
| Herbarium in the. British Museum ; but no parti
growth is-assigned. Jacquin tells us that it is found in
the Danube, and in woods upon hills, flowering in March. P.

sei veagt Ss
islands of

eS, Bunch of few flowers, furnished with floral leaves: yer’na.
_ blossoms bell-shaped: leaves from the root, strap-
shaped, channelled: bulb-coated.

f Dicks. A 3.- Fi, dan.-568-E. bot. 23.

In its wild state the root-leaves are seldom more than 2, and ©

the flowers from 4 to. Floral leaves longer than the fruit-
| Stalks. Bloss. blue. .

| Vernal Squill, Meadows and pastures. Cliffs on the sea shore
_ 4 Anglesea. and Wales ; about St. Ive’s, and other places in
| ~Cornwall, I have received specimens of it under the title of
8. bifolia, but that species is not a native of these islands. Hups.
th, Caernarvonshire. [Cliffs on the Isle of Man. Mr.
Hatt.—Near Redruth, Cornwall, Mrs. Warr. Near Pen-
Zance.] --P. May, June.

ANTHERICUM. Boss. 6 petals, expanding,
caps, oblong, superior, 3-celled.

932 _HEXANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. Narthecium,

sero’tinum.A, Leaves flattish above, convex. underneath : stalk/with
1 to 4 flowers; upper floral leaves decurrent, bent
inwards. : ; :

Facg. austr. app. 38-E. bot. 7 93-Ray 17. 1. at p. 474=
Ff. B. ii. 665. 1.

Root oblong, covered with scales, the remains of dead leaves.
Stalk with 3 or +-sheathing floral leaves, spear-shaped, very mi-
nute, alternate. No flower sheath. Peta/s with tawney lines and
yellow claws. Filaments not woolly. Linn. 8/oss. permanent. -
I am indebted to J. W. Grirriru, Esq. of Garn near Den-
. bigh, for the above specific character, and also for the following
description of this rare and almost inaccessible species.
Plant from 4 to 8 inches high. Rost a club-shaped, bent bulb,
covered nuh white paiened membranaceous ache sy 25
strap-awl.shaped, very slender, bending downwards, often longer
chan the Sale, Stalk with 3 or 4 one leaves, spear-awl-shaped,
the upper ones decurrent, bent inwards, the lower ones sheathing,
slanting outwards. Flowers from | to 4, but most frequently
single. Petals 6, oblong, expanded, permanent, veined, white
within, keel dull pink with a tinge of green. Germen obscurely
triangular : swmmrts triangular, lopped. oe a
Mountain Saffron. he Sos Spiderwort. On high mountains,
as on Snowden, and on the mountains in the neighbourhood of
Llanberrys on the west side of Trigvylchau. Ray.—On Criby
Ddeseil rocks near Lanberris, in inaccessible situations, fare;
also on the most inaccessible rocks above Lynn Idwell, Caetnar-
vonshire, very riear Tull df in the greatest abundance. Huns.
sii i f is ae P, June.
ossifragum. A. Leaves sword-shaped: filaments woolly,
Narthecium ossifragum. Hups. which see. .

calycula’‘tum.A. Leaves sword-shaped: eup 3-lobed: filaments 00
woolly ; flowers with 3 pistils. . we
Remarkable as a Liliaceous plant in having a cup. bide a
nal appearance it accords so exactly with the u . ossifragum, that
so far from removing it from that natural order, we are obliged
to place them in the same genus, notwithstanding ss 3-cormmel”
calyx, the absence of a style, the 3 germens, and the naked /i/e-
ments. LINN pi anaes Os BS
_ Tofieldia palustris. Huns, which see.

NARTHE'CIUM. Bloss. 6 petals, permanent :
style none: caps. egg-shaped : seeds tapering |

. to each end,

‘

HEXANDRIA! MONOGYNIA. Asparagus.

N. Hops..: te" re fie

Dicks. 5, Sooke bot. 535—F7, dan. 42—Clus, i, 198. 1-De °

~ 208. 2-Lob, obs. 47. 1-Ger. em 95, 2-F. B, ii, 633. 2m

. Hy, OX. iv. 1.7—Pet. 66. 9. :

Stem ascending, cylindrical, 4 to 9 inches high. Root-leaves
strap-spear-shaped, flat, scored ; crooked stem-/eaves lying close
tothe stem. Flower-scales, 2 to each fruit-stalk, spear-shaped,
alternate, concave. Peta/s strap-spear-shaped, a little concave,
gteatly expanding, greenish on the outside, of a full yellow
within. Filaments woolly, yellow. Anthers scarlet. Antheri-
cum ossifragum. LINN.. Soa ig “ge

Asphodelus Lancastrie. Ger,em. 96.2.2. Lancashire, or
Bastard Asphodel. Lancashire King’s-spear. Tarf bogs. [ Der-
singham Moor, Norfolk. Mr. Crows.— Bogs in the North, very
common, Mir, Woopwarp. Needwood Forest. Birmingham

ae sere P, July, Aug.*

“ee:

ASPA‘RAGUS. | Biss. with 6 divisions, upright :
the tops of the 3 inner petals reflected > berry
superior ; 3-celled: seeds 2.

Ay Stem herbaceous, cylindrical, upright: leaves bristle.
«shaped: leaf-seales solitary or in pairs : male and fe-
11 SRS Bowers Sonretitixes on distinct plats;
oo Knish. 6-Ledwe 78-Fl. dan. 505-Mill,. 55~Sheldes 832
“CB, bot. 339-Matth. 477—Fuchs. 58-Trag. 222-F. B. itt,
726. 1-Ger. 949.* 1—Blackw. 332—Clus. ii. 17 9-—Dod.7 03.
1~Lob. obs. 458—Ger. em, 1110. 1—Park. 454. 3-par. 501.
6~Lonic. 141. 2. : ;

Stems herbaceous, uptight, panicled. Leaf-scales the outer

333
ifragum,

officina’lis.

solitary, with 2 smaller ones within, from between which rise 3,

and sometimes 4 and 5 strap-shaped /eawes. This is the case in
_ the upper part of the branches where there are na flowers, but in
the lower part of the branches a small branch rises in their stead.
_ Fruit-stalks in pairs, limber, bearing 1 flower, pendent, with
- @jointed knot. B/oss. bell-shaped ; inner petals longer. In the
- Sultivated varieties the male and female flawers are. not ondis-
- Unct plants. Lin. The flowers are either male, or female, or
hermaphrodite, Seeds from 1 to-3. Bloss. yellowish green. Ber-

Ties red, ms 4 i tigate i“ tae
__ Camman Asparagus. Sparagus, corraptly Sparrowgras:.
Seerage, Measaws and ach air the sea coast.» Lizard Point,

SE [tis-Detiowed in Sweden to be noxious to sheep, and has been sup»
Posed'to soften the bonesof animals that eat it, but this opinion wants
Sonfitmation. Cows and herses eat it, Sheep and swine refuse it.

334 / FEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Convallatia:

Gravesend, and in the marshes below Cook’s Folly, two miles
from. Bristol ; about. Harwich and Greenwich. Ray.—Isle of -
Portland. Hops In the Salt Marshes below King’s Weston,
near Bristol, with Dr. BroucHton. St. Mullion Island, near
the Lizard Point.] — -i vt ea oly

CONVALLARIA. Bioss. 6-cleft: berry 3-celled,
superior: seeds 2. Se

os (1) Blossoms bell-shaped. sie
maia'lis. €. Stalk naked: semi-cylindrical, flowers spiked, nodding.
Cart. 302-Abbot. Fl. Bed. p. 76-Ludw. 87-Kniph. 10=
Blackw. 70-Kniph. 1-Matth, 875—-Sheldr. 25—Fl. dat.
854~Ger. 331. 2—Pet. 44. 7—Park. 251. 1-Hy one xitie
4. 1-Ger. em. 410, 2~Dod. 205. 1-Lob. obs. 87. 1-Gers
“em. 410, 1-Wale.-Ger. 331. 1-Fuchs. 241-F. B. itis

531. 3-Trag. 57 2~Lonic. ie 183. 2. 3
Leaves elliptical, generally 2. Flowers few, growing from
one side. Fruit-stalks arched. Floaver scales, oats at the base

of each fruit-stalk, spear-shaped, ‘membranaceous... Bloss. con-
tracted at the mouth; segments reflected at the edge. Berries

/ 0.4, ¥ed. Mr, Woopwarp. Sloss. white; highly fragrant. Linn.
Lily of the Valley. May Lily. Lily Solomon’s-seal.. Woods
and heaths. Near Hampstead. [Castle Edendeane. Mr. STEFHe

- Rosson. Common in moist woods in Craven, Yorkshire. Mr
Carey. Woods in Norfolk..Mr. Crows. Rowdsey Wood,
Cartmel, plentifully. Mr. Jacxson.] PaMayt -

(2) Blossoms funnel-shaped.
verticilla’ta,C, Leaves in whirls, _ ce
_E. bot, 128—Clus. hist. i, 277. 1-Lob. ic. 805. 1-Dads 345+
2-—Ger. em. 903. 2-—F/. dan. 86. ae at
Leaves strap-speat-shaped, sitting, mostly in whirls. Fruit-
_ stalks, axillary, from 1 to 3. lowers on exh tile. yellow Mer
neatly cylindrical. Berry red when ripe; in ite unripe sat
marbh ‘ » but never blue. Mr. Paes. i Ea oe

_ * The young shoots of this plant, in its cultivated state, are very uni-
versally esteemed for their einen and nutritious qualities. - They impart
no urine the scent of. water in which they have been boiled.—-Th¢
aragus Chrysomela lives upon it. ‘ eet
_+, The flowers highly fragrant, but when dried of a narcotic scent
Reduced to powder they excite sneezing. An extract repre from the
wers, or from the roots, partakes of the bitterness, as wel -as of the ord
gative properties of aloes. The dose from 20 to 30 grains. A beautitl®
and durable green colour may be prepared from the leaves by. the ae.
#ncc of lime. Sheep and goats eat it. Horses, cows, and swine refuse +

HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA, Convallaria. 335

[In the Den of Rechip, 4 miles N. E. of Dunkeld, Perth-
shire, chiefly towards the head of the Den. First discovered
there by Mr. G. Don of Forfar, and not by A. Bruce, Esq. as is
erroneously asserted in E. bot. Mr. Brown. ] P. Aug.

C. Leaves ‘alternate, embracing the stem: stem 2-edged: Polygona’-
fruit-stalks axillary, mostly 1-flowered. tum.
\ Kniph. 3-Ludw. 47-Fl. dan. 337-E. bot. 280-Woodw.
— 44—Clus. 1. 276. 1-Ded. 346, 1-Ger. em. 904. 3-F. B.
4.) fii, 529. 2~Park. 696. 3, figs Ist—He ox. xiii. 1. 4—Pet.
: 44.0—Barr.711. 1-Blackw. 251. 2-Ger. 756.1.

Flowers, sometimes 2, on long fruit-stalks, hangitig down on
the side opposite to the direction of the leaf; white with a green
line runnir g down each segment; segments rather bent in, Ber=

and Skipton, Yorksh. [Rocky part of Syke’s Wood, near Ingle-
ton, Yorksh. Mr. Catey.] P. May, June.*
... War. 2. Solomon’s Seal with white Hellebore leaves and a
purplish stalk. Ray.

_ Woods on the north of the Mendip Hills. 74.

€. Leaves alternate, embracing the stem: stem cylindri- multiflo’ra,
eal: fruit-stalks axillary, many-flowered.
By bot. 279-Mill. 101. 1-Wale Fl. dan, 152-Fuchs. 585—
“ Ff. B. iti. 529. 1-Lonie. i. 170. 8—Clus. i. 275. 2-Dod.
345. 1-Lob. obs. 368. 2—Ger. em. 903. i—Park. 696, 3-
H. ox. xiii. 1. row 3. 1-Pet, 44. 5-Blackw. 251. I.
: 1, 55 7—Trag. 399-Matth, 954-Ger. 750 3+
_ Fruit-stalks branched, usually with 2 flowers above, 3 lower
down, frequently 4 at bottom, and in gardens more. Flowers
smaller, and segments more pointed than in C. ie per white
tipped with green. Berries when ripe, black. Woopwarp.
Common Solomon’s-seal. Woods. Bramdean, Hampshire ; Roe-
hill, Kent ; about High Wickham, Bucks. [Copse at Gorlestone, —
Suffolk. Mr. Wiec. Woods at Bigland Hall, Cartmel, plentiful.
‘Mr. Jackson. In the lané between Stockton and Stainton,
Yorkshite, Mr. Rossox.} | —s=—Ssé&s: May, June.

x

Sie P ‘ os 2
..," In.a scarcity of provisions the roots have been made into bread:
Sheep and goats eat it. Horses, cows, and swine refuse it.

_ + The young shoots are eaten by the Turks as Asparagus, and the
Toots have been made into bread as the C, Po/ygonatum. Linn. Cows,
oats, and sheep eat it. ‘

336 HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Hyacinthus.
Var. 2. Dwarf English Sclomon’s-seal, Ray. Woods in
Wiltshire. ib. a : ye] ’ nie A
HYACIN’THUS. Bloss. bell-shaped, perma-
nent; segments rolled back: germen with 3
nectariferous pores at the top.

non-scrip'tus. EJ. Bloss, tubular-bell-shaped, with 6 divisions, segments
__. rolled back: floral leaves in pairs. .

E. bot. 377—Curt. 139-Clus. t. 177. 1=Dod. 216. 1-Lob.
obs. 53. 2—Ger. em. 111. 1=Ger, 990 1—F. B. ii. 586-
Weale.—Park. par. 125s 5-Swert. 13. 15.2, 35 and 4.

Leaves from the root, limber. Flowers pendant, fine blue.

The absence of the nectariferous pores on the germen, the very
deep divisions of the blossom, almost forming 6. distinct petals,
and the structure.of the other parts of the fructification would
induce me to wish that Linneus had arranged this plant under
the Genus Scilla. ‘The blossoms shrivelling and not fallin

and the ends of the petals being rolled back, seem’ to constitute
the only observable differences. Flowers varying, as many blue
ones are apt to do, to white or flesh colour. ROP Sse
Harebell Hyacinth. English Hyacinth. Scilla nutans. E.
bot. Woodsiand hedges. 9 : P. May.*

A’CORUS. Spadix cylindrical, covered with florets:
bloss. 6 petals, naked: style none s, aps. 3-
Calamus. A. Floral-leaf very much longer than the spike.
_ E. bot. 356-Fl. dan. 1158-Ludw. 34—-Waoded. 173-Kaiph.
Q—Leers. 13. 12-Blackw. 466. Clus. i, 251. 2-Dad. 249
3-Ger. em, 62. 1-Park, 140-$. B, iin 734—He ox+ Ville
13. 4—C. B. th. 626-Dod. 249. 9—Loab. obs. 30s Ger
OMe 62. 2~Clus. iy 231.1—Lob. obs. A Os 9% ‘oe on ; « :
_ Spike about 3 inches long, closely studded with florets set —
in spiral lines. Mr. Srackwovse. Root 3 to 1 inch diametefy —
often 14 foot long or more, sending out a number of long coarse
fibres. ‘The old one decays every year, but 2 young ones shoot —
out from the crown of it. Stem flatted, bordered with olen |
edge, and above the insertion of the spike expanding into a leat.
Leaves sword-shaped, sheathing one another, some plaited ina

~”

+ The fresh roots are poisonous. ay ma be converted into starch: ; |
—Phalana Plantaginis Dar yee it. seiiages “se es -

HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Tamus. 237

serpentine line. Spzke proceeding from the edge of the leaf. Pe-
tals skinny, thin, aed with s kind of horizontal hat.

Myrtle Flag. Sweet Smelling Flag, or Calamus, Sweet Myr-
tle-grass. Banks of rivers with a muddy bottom. R. Yare, near
Norwich. _Hedly in Surry, in Cheshire, near Cambridge,
Hounslow Heath, near Harefield. [R. Waveney, near Bungay,
Suffolk. Mr. Wi coumiet —R. Avon, near Pershore. Mr. BaL-
Larp.—R. at Tamworth, at the bottom of M. Oldershaw’s gar. :
den, Marshes near Glastonbury. ] P, May, June.*

TA’ MUS. Flowers male and female on different
plants.
Calyx with 6 divisions: Bless. none.
Fem, style 3-cleft : berry 3-celled; beneath ;
seeds 2.
T. Leaves heart-shaped ; undivided. communis.
Mill. ill.-Blackw. 457-Giseck. 22-E. bot. 91-Dod. 401=
ss ells wba 344 ; ic. i. 625. 1-Ger. em. 871—Park. 178. 6~>
F. B. ii. 148-H. ox. i. 1. 6-Ger. 721. 1-Matth. 1285-
Gars. 182-Cam. epit. 988.
Root very large. Stems twining. Leares 33 varying from kid.

ney to heart, heart, heart- and tr. and even
Se face ee gee
Tadpocal Pack Briony, eet Badges, P. June.

_JUN’CUS. Husk 2 leaves: calyx 6-leaved, perma-
nent : bloss. none : caps. superior, 3-celled, 3-
valved, pbngeectiee> or else 1-celled, and

7 3-seeded. ‘

re (1) Straw naked. ;
| Ip Straw oti ae oe by 9 Teaves ‘aut from'l th’¢ fowers. tri‘fidus.

* The roots powdered might supply the place of our foreign spices. It

is our only native nde ge pely “Bl The powder of the root

: jag onty native truly aromatic Bark has failed. The roots have a

_ Strong aromatic smell, and a warm, pungent, bitterish taste. The flavour

__ iS greatly improved by drying. They are evicinonly tar from the

Levant, but those of our own growth are full as good. The T Turks candy

the roots, and think they are a preservative against —— Neither

horses, Cows, goats, sheep, or swine will eat it. =
t The young shoots are good eating when dressed like asparagus. The
Tot is acrid and stimulating, Horses will not eat this plant,

Vor, i." ee

338 ; HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Juncus.

Dicks. . s.-Lightf. 9. 1. at p. 186-Facg. hort. 4. 1-Fl,
dan. 107-C. B. pre 22, 25 th. 185, 2~Park. 1195. 3-
FB. iie 521. 1.

Flowers from 1 to 4: the former most common, the latter

more rare. Mr. Brown. }

Trifid Rush. Bogs on the summits of the Highland moun.

tains. [On the mountains about Invercauld copiously ; on those
of Perthshire more sparingly. Mr. Brown. P, June.

conglome- J. Straw stiff and straight : flowers in a lateral head ; egg
- shaped, blunt, 3 stamens in each.

Fl. dan. 1094-E. bot. 835-Matth.. 1036—Leers 13. 1“, B.
ii. 520, 2~H, OX» viii. 10. 7~—Park, 1191. ve
Stamens always 3. Seeds kidney-shaped.

Round-headed Rush. Moist meadows and heaths. P. fay hae
Used to make wicks for watch lights, and the pith in toys

effusus. J. Straw stiff and straight : panicle lateral, loose : flowers
egg-shaped, blunt, 3 stamens in each.

Fl. dan. 1096-E. bot. 836-Leers. 13. 2~Dod. 605, 2-Lob.
43. 2-Ger. em. 35. 1-H. ox. viii. 10. 4—Park. cat 99
Ff. B. ii. 521. 1-C, B, th, 182.
The loose panicle of this plant at once didtingoiahes 3 it from
the Sy adh whose flowers form a close compact head. —
Soft Rush. Common Rush, Seaves, Wet meadows and pas-
tures. P. June. “

inflex’us, a aes si asad and sccintaact membranaceous at
re € panicle lateral, spreading ; flowers egg-
shaped, but tapering to a fang

E. bot. 665-1, dan. 1159—Leers 13. 3-Ger. 31. 2-C. B. the

184—H. ox. viii. 10. 25—H. ox. ib. 13—Dod. 605. 3-Labs

obs. 43. 38~Ger. em. pL 4—Barr. 204—F. B. il. 520. 1. : if

Straw scored, glaucous green. Sheath at the base of the straw
of a dark red chesnut colour, spear-shaped but blunt at the end.
Panicle bay colour, more upright and more diffuse than i met the

prece J. effusns 8 of Haller and Hudson, but certainly v°*Y
ee J. glaucus. Sibth. Fl. Oxon.

Hard Rush. Pastures and road sides ina moist soil. P. July.

* Rushes afe sometimes used to make litt! baskets. The pith of
phone i oir receding species is used instead of cotton to make the wick:
of candles w oe Horses and goats cat if

HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Juncus, 339

J. Straw crooked, slender thread-shaped; panicle lateral, filifor’mis.
not branched, few-flowered.

Smith Spicileg. iii.—Leers 13. 4-Scheuch. 7. 11-Pluk. 40.8.

So slender as hardly to support itself. Panicle not always
expanded. Florets about 5. sind

Turfy bogs on mountains. Not far from Ambleside. Ray.

[At Windermoor, in Cartmel. Mr. Jackson. ] P. Aug.

J. Straw rigid : leaves like bristles; panicle terminating ; squarro'sus,
leafless. aia ——
Fl. dan. 430—H, ox. viii. 9, 138—Park, 1193. 2.
, .From 8. to 18 inches high, Root-leaves numerous, unequal
in Jength, the longest near half the length of the straw. nec
Mois Rush. Goose Corn. Barren turfy bogs on heaths,
na ; P. June, July.*

J, Straw nearly leafless, cylindrical, sharp-pointed, pani- acu’tusy
cle terminating ; involucrum 2-leavyed, ending in a
thorn-like point. oe

~ Barr, 203. 2-C. B. pr. 21. 2, th.173-Park, 1193. 4-H. ox.
Vili, 10. 15.

Panicle crowded, close, from 2 to 3 inches long. Involucrum,
the —o ecto: Figo paid th » termi.
: nati ‘ina . . a ais lori - it : 3 at the 7 ler

lag’ about 1 inch long, terminating ina sharp point about 3 inch

. SCHEUCH,

_ Pricking large Sea-rush, Sand Hills on the sea coast of Me.
_ Monethshire. Ray. Sei

Mar. °. Panicle not spreading, from 3 to 6 inches long, con-
fisting of 2 principal branches, one of which is from 3 to

Wards of 6 inches long, the other very short, ininhedinsehy te
Viding into lesser branches. Jnvolucr. the sheath of the outer
leaf about 1 inch long, terminating in a very sharp pointed pun-
_ ent leaf from 3 to upwards of 6 inches Jong ; that of the zmer
on pinch Sones ending in a finely tapering leaf from 7 to 1
ch long, SHeucn. Jnvolucr. leaves extremely rigid and
sharp. Grows in tufts near 6 feet high. I am doubtful whether
4 be not a variety of J, inflex. WoopwaRD,
? Park. 1193.7—H. ox. viii. 10. 14.
| Sea Hard Rush. Salt marshes, about Maldon, Essex, and
.* Horses eat it. The leaves lying close to the ground elude the stroke
Sf the scythe. It indicates a barren soi

°

z2

840 ETEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Juncus.

: “west coast of Wales. [Coast of Norfolk, Mr. Crowe. Mr,
Woonw. and Lancashire. Mr. Woon. ] P. July, Aug.

- “(ay Straws leafy.

articula‘tus. J. Leaves with knot-like joints: flowers panicled : petals
blunt.
Var. 1. aguaticus. Linn, Leaves compressed ; panicle simply
branched : straw trailing.
SFR dal: 1007—Leers 13. 6-H. ox. viii. 9.2. f. 9, the 3 right
hand straws-C, B. pre 12.1, th. 76. 2—Park, 1270. 5=
Ger. em. 22. 9=F. B. ii, 521. 2+Ger. 12.1.
Js campressus. Relh. an Sibth, who consider it as a distinct
species, -
Vat. 9, sylvalicus.” age Leaves cylindrical : “panicle
“subdivided : straw upright. ;
_ E. bot. 238-H. ox. vill. 9.1. fi 8.

a is nemorosus. Fl. ox. Dr, Sibthorpe consider it as adistint ;
species,

Var, 3. Leaves like bristles ; capsule sock males Raye
H. ox. viii. 9, row. 2.3. of So me 2
= J. ieBeviis: Fi. ox. Sibth. Roth. fl. Germ. tot
~ In all the above the /eaves are not so properly jointed as se se+
parated transversely by partitions, which become visible when
pressed by the fingers or held against the light. Linne ~ )
Fointed Rush. 1 and 2 grow in meadows, wet woods a
pastures 5 3 on wet and poor sandy: or gravelly commons. see
P. June—Aug:

og Vato 4. All these varieties are liable to the attacks of insects a

in consequence to. assume, a peculiar appearance, nee, producing

bundles of slender leaves instead of, or intermixed valli: a
flowers., In this state they are represented in wet

C3 Be pr. 12; 2. and th. 77-H. OX, viil. 9. 2. f. 9 Se atl
~The i insects found upon these plants have been the Chermes
minis, by Mr. James Hoy, the Acarus’ opter i
r. Stokes, and some of the Coccus tribe ‘by Mr. Lighth
The diseased plants are'very common in the bogs on Birming.
ham Heath, and also in those of the New a where
is a gravel.

»5,.Husks white.. Not common. Mr. Westin aii

uligino'sus, Jy.Straws trailing, proliferous from. the heads of flowers * ;
leaves like bristles, —— knotted, .

HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNITA. Juncus.’ 341°

EE. bot. 801-F/, dan. 817~H. ox. viii. 9. 4—Scheuch, 7 10-.
rf Pluk. 32:3.

©. This is now made a distinct species by Gmelin, consistent
with the. opinion of Haller, and Ray, and on the atithority of
Roth. #. germ. p. 155, but I have not seen that book. ‘The knots
or rather valves of the leaves in some of my specimens are | iy
observable, but itr Orne they. are not to be seen though car
searched for. —

~ "The former grows in the bogs on irtiatgtida’ Heath, ‘and I
have always considered it as a variety of the J. articulatus ; if ghe
latter was sént me'without a erage = was a pngrete to be
viviparous var. of the J.. —

J. Straw undivided: ianeetat compressed : leaves s strap- bulbo’sus.
shaped, | channelled : panicle terminating, shorter
~ than the floral leaf: cups and capsules blunt,

Leers 13. 7-H. ox. viii. 9. 11<F. B. ii. 522, gates dan.431
—Barr, 114. and 747. 1 and 2...
From 2 inches to 2 feet high. Woopwarp. Ripe capsules
longer than the calyx.
Bulbous Rush. Wet meadows and heaths. [Sea coast. Salt
water ditches, near ers Mr. Woopwarv. | 'P. Aug,

J. Straw faites? > Rowse solitary; Sitting: calyx leafits bufo’nius,
"'spear-shaped; sets -pointed : . capsule egg-shaped, ;
shorter than the calyx.

a Fle dan. 1098—Dicks. hb. s.-E, bot. 802-Leers 13. 8-H. ox.
Vili. 9, 14—Ger. em. 4. 4-Ger. 4. 4—Park. 1190. 8=Barr.
263." ¥, 2 and 264—Rose 2. 5 and 6, and Pet. N gae sy Say

im its seedling state~Park, 1270.11.

’ Ut varies very much in size, from 1 to 10 inches: rp and
in the smaller plants the leaves are very slender, not angular but
folded together. The flowers are mostly in pairs, and :only 1
‘Sitting, but in all of them the ripe capsules are brown, ‘shining,
=< shorter than the ¢alyx. .

_ Toad Rush. Wet gravelly or indy meadows and “pastures, ~
especially i in — that have nee Sresiowess in the winter, not :
uncommon. ae 2 ‘MayAug.

-.

J. Leaf awl-shaped : husk 9-flow jue , terminating : inner biglu’mis,
floret standing on a fruit-stalk, A
FI, dan. 120—Amoen. acansi ii. 3. 3.

The blunt capsules and the fruit-stalk with which the inner
flower is always provided are invariable characters in this spe-

342

triglu’mis.

HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Juncus.

cies. Mr. Brown. From 2 to4 inches high. Leaves few, one
third the length of the straw. Outer leaf of the husk much
larger than the other, and ending in a pointed substance as long
as itself and standing higher than the florets.

Two flowered Rush. [In bogs on the top of Mal-ghyrdy, a
mountain between Glenlochy and Glenlyon, and upon |
Teskerney, bot’. in Breadalbane. On Craig Cailleach, and on
Ben Lawers, precisely in the same situations, but not quite so
common.as J. triglumis, Mr. Brown. ] P. Aug.

J. Leaves awl-shaped, hollow: husk mostly 3-flowered,
terminating: florets all sitting. |

Dicks. b. s-Fl. dan. 132-Lightf. 9. 2-Fl. lapp. 10. 5.-He
“gx. viii. 12. 40, :

~ Thave been favoured with specimens from J. Wynne Grir-
FITH, Esq. in which the heads contain 2, 3, and 4 flowers.

Var. 2. Bractea elongated and pointed.

Occasionally found growing with the more common var. from
which it differs in. no, respect .but ‘in the greater length of the
Bractea. Mr. Brown. mee Kylee 3 is

_ Three flowered Rush. Bogs on mountains, On Trygvylchau,
near Llanberrys, and Llyn’y Cwn, near Snowdon: East side of
raig-Cailleach above Finlarig, Breadalbane, &c. See Lightf.

Pp» 1120. [In the ascent from Llanberris to Glyder, only in one

pilo’sus, |

max’imus,

small spot which lies between a little eminence called Bryn bras,
and a rivulet called Avon lis. Mr. Grirrira.—On Ben Lomond.
Dr. Hopz.—Burrowdale, near Keswick, Cumberland, and fre-
quently with only 2 flowers. Mr. Rozson,}] . P. June.—Aug.

J. Leaves flat, hairy: contabus branching. Sams Flowers
' solitary. Huns. ’

E. bot. 736—Curt. 345—Leers 33. 10+H, Ox. vill. 9. row 1.
1. fi 3-Ger. em. 19. 1—Park. 1184. 1-Ger. 17. 1-C. Be

Re! te ss : ?
“Lower branches of the panicle bent downwards.
Hairy Rush, Woods, common, ~_P, Apr. May.

J. Leaves flat, hairy: panicle terminating, ‘very much
‘branched: flowers 1, 2 or 3 together.

E. bot.737-Curt, 344-Fl. dan. 441-H, ox. viii, 9. 70
1.2. f. 4-F. B. ii. 403. 2-C. B. pr. 15. 1, & th. 102
Park, 1185, 3=H, ox. viii. 9. row 1. fi 5, between 2 & 3.

Three or four feet high. Root-leaves 2 an inch or more in

‘adth, Mr, Swayne, ‘The flowers not being solitary, but

HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Juncus.

mostly in pairs, will readily mark the difference between this.

and the preceding species. .

Wood Rush. Psphoetiini Huns. Curt. E. Bor. Bor.
Arr. ed. ii, Woods and hedges, near Hampstead. [ Whitsell
Gell, near Askrig, Yorkshire, and at the bottom of the Rye-loaf
near Settle. Curr. Witchery Hole, near Clifton upon Teme,
Worcestershire. Mr, Batxrarp.—Common in Scotland, near
rivulets and in woods. Mr. Browne.—Corby Castle, near Car-
lisle. Leighwood. Mr, Swayne. ] P, May, June.

J. Leaves flat, somewhat hairy: spikes sitting, and on
fruit-stalks, p24 ase
Curt. 140-E. bot. 672—Kuniph. 12-C. B. pr. 15. 2, and th.
103~H, ox. viii. 9. row 1.4—Leers 13. 5~F. B. ii. 493.3
~Ger. em. 17. 2~Park. 1185. 6-Ger. 16. 2.
_Spikes 3 or 4, the central one sitting, the others on fruit-

stalks of unequal lengths.
Field Rush. Pastures, meadows, and heaths, common.

Ps April. May.

343

campestris,

J. Panicle larger, more compact than the J. campestris : li‘niger.

_ spikes globular : straw and leaves as long again. Ray,

H. ox. viii. 9. row 1. f..1, the left hand corner.—Ger. 16, 1~
__ "This uncommon species (Var. 2. J. campestris of 3d edition)
ds much more hairy than the preceding, and at the base of
the stem the hairiness looks as if some dressed flax adhered to
the plant, whence I have named it /imiger. ‘The leaves are } of
an inch broad, but in the preceding not more than half that
breadth. The flowers are much more numerous and closely
compacted into globular heads, and it flowers a month Jater.—
Mr. Caley noticed it 3 successive years bearing the same charac-
ters; he observes that J. campestris grows along with it, and
attains its height, but is easily distinguished from it by its slen-
der habit, and being destitute of the globular head.—Mr.
Swayne says it flowers the latest of our leafy-stemmed rushes,
ah resembles the J., campestris the nearest, but still is very
tinct * |
. Flaxen Rush.—Turfy bogs. [Shortwood, near Pucklechurch,
Gloucestersh. flowering the latter end of June. Mr. ea
a hae j : +» June,

J. Leaves flat: spike bunch-like, drooping.
Fl. dan. 270-F]. lapp. 10. 4

spica’tus,

Very nearly allied to, if not a variety of F, campestris, LINN.

344

vulga’ris.

«

HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA, Berberis. —

I have seen the ¥. campestris growing with it, but they are per.
fectly distinct. eDr. Smiru. Five or 0 inches high. Spike ter. —
minating, pointing almost horizontally, about + inch long, :
Spiked Rush. [On the very. summit of Ben Lomond. Dr.

J. E. Smtr. and Dr, Hors. On bare. spots. on mountains;
often on their summits. On Ben Bourd near Invercauld ; on all
the mountains between Angus-shire and Dee side, and on all
those of Breadalbane and Glenlochai. Mr. Brown. | ts
RE 'P, July, Aug.

BER’BERIS. Calyx G6-leaved: petals 6, with 2
glands to the claw: style none: berry supe-
_ Nor, 1-celled; open at the end: seeds 2.0r 3.

B, Fruit-stalks forming bunches thorns 3 together. —

FI. dan. 904—Woodv. 234—E. bot. 49=Mill. 63-Blackw. 165 ©

| “Fuchs. 543—Trag. 993—Clus. i. 120. 2-Dod. 750~-Lab.
obs. 599. 2-Ger. em. 1325—Park. 1559-F. Bui. 6. 54
Ger. 1144—Lon. i. 46.1. |

The first leaves inversely egg-shaped, between serrated and
fringed, ‘not jointed, Leaf-scales terminated on-each side by @
hair-like tooth. Stem-leaves alternate, the lowermost somewhi
wing-cleft, with thorny teeth; the rest are changed into 3-forked
thorns. The secondary leaves in pairs, oblong, serrated. Between
the lowermost leaves and the thorns are concealed lesser leaves.
Thus, when the leaves: of the present year are changed. into
thorns, others will succeed to take place of them in the next. Is
there any instance analogous to this? Liny. s. pl. Leaf-scales
solitary, 3-forked, changing into thorns. F/. suec. In searching
for the nectaries at the Fie of the petals when the flower is fully.

a if you happen to touch the filaments, though ever sO

slightly, the anthers immediately approach the summit and burst
with an explosion, Bot. arr. ed. iiWhen the anthers are
thoroughly ripe, if the bottom of the filament be irritated with a
pin, ora straw, the stamen rises with a sudden spring and strikes:
the anther against the summit of the pistil, affording a remark-
able instance of one of the means used to perform the important
office of impregnation, Mr, Wuarety, from Dr. Sims. See
also Phil. Tr. 1788. Bloss. yellow, sometimes streaked with ,
ast a series red, a ee Dee :

ommon Barberry. Pipperidge-bush, Woods and hedges. U9
Chalk Hills, About Wallen, Essex. ~ §. Mays June.”

'* The leaves are gratefully acid. ‘The Rowers are offensive to the
smell, when near, but at a proper distance their odour is extremely we ;
The berries are so yery acid that birds will not eat them, but boiled eae

wi = B @

HEXANDRIA, MONOGYNIA, . Frankenia. 349

FRANKENIA. Calyx 5-cleft, funnel-shaped : pe-
tals 5: summit with 3 divisions: caps. 1-
celled, 3-valved.
F. Leaves strap-shaped, crowded, fringed at the base. —‘ee“vis.
E, bot. 205—Michel. 22. 1-Lob. adv. 180. 3-Ger. em: 566. 3
_ «Park. 1680. 6—Barr. 714-¥. B. iii. 703. 2—Pet. 10. 114

A shrub with numerous branched, trailing stems. Leaves
fleshy, egg-shaped, but the edges being rolled in they appear
almost cylindrical with a groove underneath, flatted at the base.
Calyx with 5 to 7 ribs, and as many teeth. Petals wedge~
shaped, a little sco at the end. —Nectary a fleshy scale,
fixed to the base of each petal. Szy/e cloven half way down into
3 segments. Bloss. pinky red. iy ot

| Smoath-Frankwort, Salt marshes in a muddy soil. Loving.
‘land, near Yarmouth, Isles of Sheppey and Thanet ; Essex, Sus-
- sex, and Kent, common, [Near Yarmouth, Mr. Crowe.]
: ; P. July, Aug,

F, Leaves inversely egg-shaped, dented at the end, dusted pulverulen'ta.
“~~ underneath.

Clus. ii. 186. 2-Dod. 376-Ger. em. 566. 2-Zanont. 79-Lob,

Stems lying flat, slender, branching ; knots about a finger’s
breadth from each other. Leaves 4 at a joint, hoary ur
Flowers in the bosom of the leaves, Mont. in Zanon. Leaves ~
with very short hairs underneath, edges not rolled.in, on short
leaf.stalks. Dr. Stoxes. ‘ ian

=

Sugar they form a most agreeable rob or jelly. They are used likewise as
2 dry sweetmeat and in sugar-plumbs. An infusion of the bark in white
wine is purgative. The roots boiled in lye, dye wool yellow, In Poland
they dye leather of a most beautiful yellow with the bark of the root.

inner bark of the stems dyes linen of a fine yellow, with the assist-
ance of alum.—This shrub’should never be permitted to grow in corn
lands, for the ears of wheat that grow near it never fill, and its influence
in this respect has been known to extend as far as 3 or 4 hundred yards
across a field. This very extraordinary fact merits further investigation,
or, though credited in France as well as in England, Mr. Broussonet
assured Dr. Smith from his own observations, that it was totally void of
tion. See E. bot. p. 49. What then could have given rise to

Such an opinion, so confidently asserted and so widely diffused ? The first
information I had upon the subject, was from an excellent botanist, a
Scrupulous observer of nature, whose accuracy could hardly be ques-
tioned, and of whose veracity I could not entertaina doubt. The year
following I examined some wheat sown round a Barberry bush in this
gentleman’s garden, and found the greater part of the ears abortive —

_ Knowing-a very sensible farmer in whose hedge rows the Barberry was a
common plant, I enquired if he had ever observed the corn near those.

ledges to be any how particularly effected. His reply constitutes the
first part of this paragraph, 5 Sin

346 HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA, Peplis.

‘Dasky Frankwort. Sea coast of Sussex between Bognot and-
Esighsbyirnstones ; ie 0 July.

PE’PLIS.,. Calyx biiad eae rim, 12- teh “petals
none, or 6 fixed to the cup: aS: supeHOr,
_2-celled ; many-seeded.

Por'tula. P, Hower often without petals.

Dicks. bs s.—Curt, 288-Vaill. 15. 5-Fl. dan. 64-Mich. 18,1
~ Ger. em. 614. 11~Park. 1260. 4—F. B. iii. 372.3.

Stems numerous, creeping. Leaves inversely egg-shaped,
sometimes tapering into leaf-stalks. Petals deciduousy itis mi.
nute ; both blossom and filaments pinky red.

“Marshy: and watery places, especially such as become dey i in
summer. Ac “J tigee Stoel

TRIGYNIA.

RU’MEX. Calyx 3-leaved : petals 3, closing : we
A, three- cornered, inclosed i in the blossom.

@) Fleurs hermaphrodite ; petals entire, only 1 bended
sanguin'eus. R. Valves very entire: leaves heart-spear-shaped. —

sddust. brit. 113. and phyt. 196—Pet. 2. 5-F. B. iis 989. I

| Blackw.492—Dod. 650. 2—Lob. obs. 154, and ic. 4, 290. .

Ger. em. 390—Park. 1226. 10—H. ox. v. 27260

Leaves with red veins containing a_blood-coloured juice.

Outer valve of the flower with a large red globular grain, and

: sometimes the other with a small grain. It migrated from Vir-
: ginia to Hampstead in England. Lyn. Blossoms reddish. Leaves

al at the base.
Small-grained Dock Bloodawort. Woods neat . Hampstead, but
not frequent, and near Maidstone, Kent. B, Julys

(2) Flowers hermaphrodite; 3 petalsentire, all of tl them teade

¢ris’‘pus. R. Valves strongly veined: leaves spear-shaped, acute,

waved and curled at the edge.

Curt. 101—Munt, brit. 104, and phyt. 190-Ger. 312. 4
Pet. 2, 2.

Grains on the valves very large, nearly round. Mr. Wooow-

Root yellow. Curt. Beadsi or 3, rarely 2. Dr. STOKES/-—
Leaves strap-spear-shaped. Valves large, brown red when ripes

HEXANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Rumex.
ne pale when young, changing to blood red and then to brown

‘Curled Dock. Meadows, pastures, road sides, and cultivated
ground. In‘almost all soils. Pi P. June, July.*

R. Valves veinless: leaves oval-spear-shaped, uneven at
the edges.

Curt. 181—Blackw. 491—Kniph. 3—Fuchs. 461,
"The edges of the leaves, though seldom very entire, are by
no means waved and curled, ‘ite the Secbidicg species. The
valves are much smaller than in any of our other hermaphrodite
species; very entire, all of them beaded. In sunny situations,
both the stem and leaves are apt to get a tinge of = red.
iride, Ray

R. sanguineus, vat. 2. Bot. arr. ed. 11, Lapathum v

Syn. 141. ere
‘Linneus says, that in his R. acutus, the valves are toottied.
which is not the case with our plant, but then his Synon. actord.
with ours, and with the Lapathum acutum of Ray, which he
quotes. We must therefore ‘either suppose the Synon, to be
wrong, or else that the teeth of the valves are uncertain things.
I have purposely avoided more references to figures, that of J. B.
il. 984. 1, being a wretched reduced copy of that of Fuchsius ;
Pet, ii. 3. is inexpressive; Lob. ic. 284.1. Lob. obs. 150. 2.
Park. 1224. 1. Ger. em. 388.1. Matth. 353, 1. and Dod. 648.
1. are all the same, and therefore all equally bad, nor would the
subject be illustrated by quoting the mutilated representation in
H, ox v.27. 3. Lonic: i. 87. 1, is tolerable.

Woods, hedges, sides of rivers and roads, and sometimes in
fields and meadows, common, . P, June, Jaly.t

347

acu’tus.

R. Leaves heart-spear-shaped, bluntish : whirls of flowers paludo’sus,

distinct ; beneath the floral-leaf.
. 3 E. bot. 724—~Munt. 194. sags
Root branching, Stem upright, 4 feet high, scored, branching;
Branches alternate, upright. Root-leaves egg-shaped, bluntis

. Somewhat finely notched ; stem-/eaves alternate, on leaf-stalks,

somewhat finely notched, rather pointed, flat, naked, on short
leaf-talks. Leaf-scales sheathing, membranaceous. Flowers in
Whirls, on fruit-stalks. Whirls generally distinct. Valves, the

* In Norfolk it is the pest of clover fields. Mr. Woopwarv.—The

resh roots bruised and made into an ointment or decoction cure theitch. +

The seeds have been given with advantage in the dysentery.—Cows and
Soats and horses refuse it.

+ Cows and horses refuse it. It is infested by the Aphis Rumicis,
Linn.—The root is used by the dyers. It gives a great variety of shades,
from straw colour to a pretty fine olive, and a fine deep green to cloths

which have been previously blued. Stoxzs,

348

HEXANDRIA, TRIGYNIA. Rumex.,

outer ith a large red grain; the rest with a small, grains
ST abe hiSepetion ce eee ee
__In the Bot. arr. ed. ii. this was suspected;to be a var. of the
R: crisptis, but ‘if it be not distinct, I now Tat ete RPO, it to
be R! acuta’, grown to a more than ordinary size. ‘The valves
are entire, all of them beaded, but in its younger flowering state,

'. the bead appears only upon one or two of them. “They have not’
- the pita veined texture of the R. crispus. - In the smallness

of the flowers, the distance-of:the whirls, and the position of the
floral-leaves, it agrees with the R. acutus. The summits are fan-
shaped arid ‘beautifully fringed, as ‘they are in, several of the
species. $5 3 ; : = is . ke oe si
Marth Dock. “Marshes and banks of rivers. [Near Tam-
worth} mets 0 Uh a

oy t « 1" 7 i a yy fie frase Bis ts

+.» Ing at the base. ......

Save ba

R.’ Léaves spear-shaped, smooth, acute, very entire, taper
Mant. brit: \-Munt. phyt. 2002£Pet. 2. 1-Ger. 311..1-F.B. ii, 1.
” Veins of the Ieaves very strong, and nearly perpendicular, to,
the mid-rib. Root white within, black without. . Stem 5 6
and waved at the edge ; the ower ones to 18 inches long. Leaf-
stalks se be lindrical, those -of the lower leaves: sometimes 15
inches long. Fruit-stalks encompassed a little below the middle
with an indistinct ring, in half whirls. Whirl: from alternate -
sides of the stem and branches, surrounded by a skinny sheath
Calyx \ leaf, with 5 divisions ; segments spear-shaped, somewhat
concave. Valves very slightly. toothed, especially towards’ the
base ; teeth becoming more and more evident as the seed ripens.>

' beads gteenish white or purplish. Summits flat, fringed.

differs from the R. aquaticus of Linn, which is charace

- terized aS having valves without beads, and the leaves heart-

shaped at the base. Notwithstanding this, the Synonyms are
the same to both, and I. suspect they may be the en tis for

_ in our Hydrolapathum, the beads are not very obvious in its
__ flowering state, though becoming large and conspicuous as the

seed ripens. The leaf heart-shaped at the base is well repre-
with our R. Hydrolapathum. bi Lr es

_ Water Dock. Peat matshes, wet ditches, pools, and sides of —
rivers, growing generally in the water where it is shallow, and
seldom but in the water. Ray. [About Clifton, Worcestersh-
Mr. Bartarp. St.—Tamwoirth, at the foot of Bowbridge, on
the Coventry road.] . P, July, Aug-*

__ * Itis.a medicine of considerable efficacy, both externally applied as
a wash for- putrid spongy gums, and internally in some species of sgt 4
e ¥ wR gd BES ie de ‘ % ; yt

fy
car

Ray. Curt.

‘HEXANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Rumex.
(3) Flowers hermaphrodite ; petals toothed, only 1 beaded,
R. Root-leaves fiddle-shaped. (ou

H. ox. Vo 27. 19—Pets 2.10-F. B. ii. 988. 3-Till. pis 37.

Stem-leaves egg-oblong, entire, not hollowed out at the sides,
Flowering branches bow back. Valves blunt at the end, the
outer. with a grain, and the rest with an imperfect gtain. Linn.
Stem much’ branched. Branches alternate, with a strap-speare
shaped leaf under each. Woopwarp.

Fiddle Dock. Rubbish, dry meadows and road sides. [In
Norfolk, very common. Mr.. Woopwarp—Wick cliffs and
Mangots field near Bristol... Mr. Swayne.—Opposite the Inn at
Alliston, Gloucestershire, Mr. Baxer.]. ..._—*~P. July, Aug.

(4) Flowers hermaphrodite : petals toothed, all beaded.
R. Leaves strap-shaped ; flowers in distant whirls.
re _ Curt.\63~Lob. obs. 151s 2s'and ic. i. 286. 1-Gers em 389,
QPark, 1225. 8 Fs Be ii, 987. 2-Pet. 2.7.
Root red. Linn. Root without of a reddish brown, within of

a beautiful carmine red. Leaves sometimes found with red veins,
Tike those of R. sanguineus. Valves green, with 2 or 3 fine long

teeth on each side. Curr.
Road sides; and amongst rubbish. _ Tothill Fields, London.
Prux.—St. George’s Fields, and many places about London.
li Ss PRIS ELS are

R, Leaves strap=shaped: whirls ctowded together, spike- au’reus,

~ B. bot. 725—-Kniph, 7-Pets 2. 8-F. B. ii. 988.1.

_ Tam clearly of opinion that this is a distinct 'species. Dr.
Sroxes. Stems very leafy. Mr. Woopwarp. ‘Leaves flat and
smooth, Petalseach with 4 long teeth, like the fingers of an
expanded hand. Whirls of flowers golden yellow, so closely
crowded together as to assume the appearance of leafy spikes. .

. Golden Dock. R. maritimus E. bot. R: aureus o Petiver,

= Lapathum folio acuto, flore aureo. Ray Syn. 142. Seeds very
‘small, lighter coloured than in the other species; leaves paler

and narrower. Ray. Lapathum aureum. Periver. R, maritimus

_ & Huns. and Bott. arr. ed. ii.

__In marshes ; about Crowlandy Lincolnshire ; near the ‘Trent
at Swarston, Derbyshire ; and between Hithe and the sea, Ray.

In rheumatic pains, and chroni¢ diseases, owing to obstructed viscera, it
is said to be useful. The powdered root is one of the best things for
cleaning the teeth. The root has sometimes a reddish tinge, but soon
changing to a yellowish brown when exposed tothe air. The Circudie
Lapatbi is found upon the leaves,

350 HEXANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Rumex.

——Sea coast, in 1 low wet places. ‘Solway Frith. Licutr.—[Se.
vern Stoke, Worcestershire. Mr. Battarp.—Sides of Ancott

pool, near Shrewsbury. Mr. Arxin.] P. July, Aug.

ebtusifolius. R. Leaves heart-oblong, bluntish, finely notched,
Curt. 168—Lob. ic. i. 285. 1—Ger. em. 388. 3—Park. 1225.40
Pet. 2. 9—Munt. brit. 68, phyt 187-Ger. 312. 3-F. B,
ii. 985. 1.

Stem-leaves spear-shaped, pointed. Mr. Wavawiie, Stems
about 2 feet high, furrowed, and set with short white transparent
bristles. Leaves curled at the edge, ribs downy ; the zper heart-
strap-spear-shaped, the lower ones oval at the end. Leaf-talks
shorter than the breadth of the leaves. Frait-stalk sprinkled near
the top with white shining globules. Pedicles surrounded near
the pees by an indistinct cartilaginous ring. Calyx leaves boat-

shaped, nearly as long as the petals. Petals spear-shaped flat,
not very evidently toothed: that with the largest grain outer-
most when the fruit-stalk bends downwards, and with the longest
teeth; none of the teeth equal in length to the diameter of the

petal. i
Broad-leaved Dock. Amongst fps Sinrait courts, 3
and sides of ditches, P, July, Aug.*

(5) Flowers hermapraie : ae cathoud beads,

dey’ nus. R. Styles 2.
Fl. dan. 14—Pluk, 252. 2-H. ox. v. 36. row 3. f. 3—Pet. 3. 4

Flower cloven into 4, consisting of a calyx of 2 leaves, and
a blossom of 2 petals. Germen compressed, Seed 2-edged, com-
. Linn. Stem naked. Leaves kidney-shaped, slightly

and irregularly notched ; on long leaf-stalks. Valves i

tinged with red, herbranactons, Mr. Woopwagp. “

Acetosa rotundifolia, Fc. R. Syn. 143. Mountain Dock.
Welsh Sorrel. Mountains of Wales, Yorkshire, Westmoreland,
Cumberland. Rocks by the sides of rivulets from the Highland
mountains, and Isles of Rum and Skye. [On walls at Tortworth.
_ Mr, Baker. About Keswick. "Mr. Ronson.) P. May—Joly:

(6) Male on female flowers on distinct plants, :
Accto’sa, R. Leaves oblong arrow-shaped.

Sheldr. 57-E. bot. 127~Blackw. 230-Weadw. 65 Poi;
742. left hand figure Pet. 3, \-Fuchs, 464—-Trag. 315

* Fallow Deer eat both this and the R. acutus with avidity, biting
lose to.the root, so that it is very rare to sec a Dock growing ina

HEXANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Toficldia,

-f. B. il 990. 1—Maith. ‘447—-Dod, 648. 4—Lob, obs.
155. 1, ile i. 290. 2—Ger. CM. 396. 1—Park. 742. ay le
H. ox. v.28. row 1. 1=Ger, 319, 1—Mant. brit. 174y
and phyt. 73—Lonic. 88. 2.

Leaf-stalks purplish. Bloss. reddish.

Common Sorrell, Sorrell Dock. Meadows and pastures.
: - P, June.#

3st

R.! Leaves spear-halberd-shaped. ~ Acetosel’la,

Fl, dan. 1161-Blackw. 307-Trag. 316-F. B. ii. 992.1
Dod. 650. 1~Lob. obs. 156. 1-z2¢. 1. 291. 2—Ger.em. 397.

| 3~Park. 744. 13=H. ox. v. 28. 12-Pet. 3. 2-Munt. brit,
189, 2; phyt. 76.2; brit. 182. phyt. 77-Matth. 448~
Ger. 320; 3-Park. 744. 15-H. ox. ib. 11-Pet. 3. 4a
Zanon. 5. > <

» The lobes at the base of the leaves pointing upwards or hori-
zontally, but in the preceding species they always point back.
wards. Flowers reddish, o—

It is subject to some slight variations in the shape of the
Jeaves, as represented in Ger. 321. 6 and 7, and Ger, em,
398. 6.

Sheep’s Sorrell, or Dock. Sandy meadows, pastures, gravel
Walks, Sete taper atinote | _P. May, June.

~ Oss. The Phalena fuliginosa, Atriplicis and Rumicis, and
~e Mele Proscarabeus, are found upon the different species of
this genus,

TOFIELDIA. Calyx none: bless. 6 petals: caps.
3-celled, 6-valved.
tisk cB : - .
E. bot. 536-Seguier. 2. 14-Fl, dan. 36-Clus, i. 198-Ger.
em. 96-Lightf. 8.2. at p. 124—Fl, app. 10, 3-Gmel, is
rk Se eee eee .

* The leaves are eaten in sauces and in sallads. The Laplanders use
_ them to urn their milk sour, In France they are cultivated for the use

of the table, being introduced in soups, ragouts, and fricasies. In some
Parts of Ireland they eat them plentifully with milk, alternately biting
and supping. The Lrish also eat them with fish, and other alcalescent
food. ‘The dried root gives out a beautiful red colour when boiled. A
Salt, sold for Salt of Lemons, is prepared in Germany, from the ex-
Pressed juice of this plant, and is imported into England in considerable
quantity. The mucilaginous parts are separated by water mixed with
Pipe-clay, and 2 or 3 chrystallizations make the Salt sufficiently pure.—
Horses, ‘cows, goats, sheep, and swine eat it. The Aphis Acetose. feeds
upon it, Bae sl a

s

palus‘tris,

352

palus’tre,

HEXANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Triglochin,

"A small ttifid floral-leaf at the base of each flower, resembling
acup. Licurr. Leaves like grass. Flowers in a spike; yellow.

Asphodelus Lancastrie verus. Ger. em. 96.2. 2. Anthericum
calyculatum. Linn. Scotch Asphodel. Marsh Tofieldia. Bogs
on mountains in Scotland. Near Berwick. On Glenmore, Ross-
shire, and Ben Grihum, Sutherland. - About Loch Rannoch,’
Perthshire. Isle of Rum, and Bidan-nam-bian in Glencoe. [In
2 bog at the back of Invercauld house Aberdeenshire, where it
grows abundantly and with uncommon luxuriance. Also on se-

~ veral hills about Invercauld and on the mountains of Breadalbane.

Mr. Browne.—West side of the county of Durham. Mr. Ros-
s0% ] <P, July—Sept.

TRIGLO'CHIN. Cal. 3-leaved : petals 3, like a
cup: style none: caps. opening at the base.

as Capsule $-celled, nearly strap-shaped.
E. bot. 366—F/. dan. 490—Leers a2, 5+Trag. 679-H. OXe
viii. 2. 18-F. B. ii. 308. 2-Ger. 18. 1-C. B. th, 81-
Ger. em. 20, 1—Park. 1279. 10.

Stamens, 3 within the leaves of the calyx, and. 3 within the
petals. Mr. Houterzar. The pointed valves of the capsule

opening at the bottom, give it the appearance of the head of an

arrow. Flowers in a long terminating spike, greenish.
Arrow-headed Grass. Marsh Arrawegrass.. Wet meadows —

and pastures. _['Tamworth,] P. July, Aug*

marit'imum. T, Capsule 6-celled, egg-shaped.

Fi. dan. 306~E. bot. 255-Ger. 12. 2—C, B. th. 82-Park. ee
1278. 9-H. ox. Vili. 2. 10-F. B. ii. 508. 1.
Leswes cers semi-cylindrical. Spike from 4 to 12 inches i
long ; greenish. ;
Sea Arrow-grass. Meadows near the sea. Near Yarmouth.
Mr. Woopwarp.—Salt marsh near Ingestre, > SP
Bog at the source of the Yar, in the Isle of Wight, Salt marshes
about Lymington. eS E.. May. amet

COL/CHICUM. Calyx none: bloss. with 6 divi- ©
sions, tube very long, extending nae te the :
root: Caps. 3, inflated, united, -?

* Cowsare extremely fond of it. Horses, sheep, goats, and swineeat it.

+ It is salt to the taste; but horses, cows, sheep, goats, and swine are
very fond of it. Linn, —May it not, t therefore, prove a useful mmc eer
sea shore, and in salt marshes? Dr, SToKEs, :

. HEXANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Colchicum.

C. Leaves flat, spear-shaped, upright.

Stoerck.—Fuchs. 356. 357-Woodv. 177-E. bot. 133-Trag,
759-F. B. ii. 649-Blackw. 560—Kniph. 12-Dod. 460. 2
~Ger. em. 157. 1—Ger. em. 157. 2—Pet. 67. 2—Tourn. 181.
182-H. ox. iv. 3. 1-Ger. 127. 1 and 2.

Flowers in September, produces its fruits in the following
spring, and ripens it in summer. Linn. In the spring several

spear-shaped /eaves arise, with generally 1 or 2 as long as the:

rest, but only { as wide, being a kind of flower-leaves to the seed-
vessel. Capsule large, somewhat egg-shaped, with 3 very blunt
angles. Woopwarp. Bloss. tube 3-cornered 3 segments rather
unequal, Sty/es reaching down to the root. .Germen at the root
surrounded by the rudiments of the future leaves. It lies buried
all winter within the root; in spring it grows up on a fruit-stalk,
and ripens about the time of hay harvest. May not the very

at length of the styles account in some measure for the delay

~ in the ripening of the seeds? As this plant blossoms late in the

353

autumnale, :

year, and probably would not have time to ripen its seeds before »

_ the access of winter, which would destroy them, Providence has

¢ontrived its structure such, that this important office may be

performed at a depth in the earth, out of reach of the usual effects -

of frost, as seeds buried at such a depth, are known not to vege~
tate. A no less admirable provision is made to raise them above
the surface when they are perfected, and to sow them at a proper
season. Bios. pale purple.

Meadow Saffron, or Tuberoot. Meadows, low as well as

Mountainous, in rich soil in the west and north of England.—
[Near Bury. Mr. Woopwarp.—Derby. Mr. Wuatety.—In
orchards on the borders of Malvern Chace, Worcestershire. Mr.
arp.—On the meadows bordering the Severn, Worcester
shire. Sr.—Wellington and Hales Owen, Shropshire. In the
meadow between the church and the medicinal spring at Chel.
tenham, in great plenty. ] . Aug. Sept.*
_ Var. 2. Blossom divisions very large, green, and leaf-like ;
Stamens imperfect. ' : :
Shewn me by Mr. Satmon, who observed it growing thus
year after year in Wiltshire. Ree <4

* This is one of those plants which upon the concurrent testimony of
Was condemned as poisonous ; but Dr. Storck, of Vienna, hath taught

Us that it isa useful medicine. The roots havea good deal of acrimony,
An infusion of them in vinegar, formed into a syrup, by the addition of
Sugar or honey, is found to be a very useful pectoral and diuretic. it

Sems in its virtues very much to resemble Squill, but is less nauseous
_. nd less acrimonious, though more sedative.

In a pasture in which were several horses, and eaten down pretty bare,

the it under the but not a leaf bitten..
Mr. Woon closely ae leaves, : en

Vou, II. Aa.

354 HEXANDRIA. HEXAGYNIA. Aristolochia,

HEXAGYNIA.
ARISTOLO‘CHIA. Bloss. 1 petal, tongue-shaped,

entire: stamens near the germen: caps. 6-
celled, beneath.

Clemati’tis. A. Leaves heart-shaped: stem upright : flowers crowded,
in the bosom of the leaf-stalks, ;

Ludw. 105-E. bot. 398—Riv. mon. 116~Mill. illustr. Mille
ic. 51. 1-Woodv. 238-Blackw. 255~Kuiph. 1-Clus, ii 71
~—Dad. 326—Lob. 0b5. 332. 24 ic. i, 697 ~ 2-Gere ems 847
4-H. ox. xii. 17. 5—Ger: 697-Lonic. i. 134. 2—Fuchs. 90=

: Trag. 178-Matth. 648-Gars. 5. A. tig
Stem upright, 2 or 3 feet high, simple, scoged, cylindrical,
smooth, slightly zigzag. Leaves alternate, blunt, shining above, ~
pale green, smooth and veiny underneath. Leaf-stalks nearly as
long as the leaves, Flowers 6 or more together, upright or hang-
ing down. Blossom scored, yellowish green, often tinged with
purple. Capsule egg-shaped, blunt, hanging down. Mr. Woopws
Woods and hedges. - Wood 2 miles from Thorndon, Essex,
and in Cambridgeshire. Buacxsrons.— Near Maidstone, Kent.
Hups.—[Stuston, Suffolk, Mr. Woopw.]_ —__P.. July —Sept.
The Tipula pennicornis fecundates the flowers, SCHREBERe ,

POLYGYNIA... ga
ALISMA. Calyx 3-leaved : petals 3: seeds many
Planta’go. A. Leaves, egg-shaped, acute, on leaf-stalks: imbellules
~~ bluntly 3-cornered. ay vane
Curt. 318-E. bot. 837—Kniph. 12-Fl. dam. 561-Trag. 226»
Q—Lonic. 142. 4—Fuchs. 42-F. B. iii. 787. 3—Matth. 482
~Dod. 606. 1~Lod. obs. 160. 1~Ger, CMs 417. 1-Parke,
1245, 1-Ger, 337. 1~Pet. 43. 6. PM sis
: Fruit-stalks mostly 6 in a whirl, alternately longer and
“e shorter ; their subdivisions the same. Mr. SracxHouse. Stems
and branches with 3 blunt corners. Leaves with 8 ribs, 2 of
them near each edge. B/oss. fully expanded about 4 in the after~
noon ; petals ragged at the end, shrivelling, pale reddish purple,
yellow at the base. Capsules about 18; egg-shaped,
Water Plantain, Greater Thrumwort.
Var. 2. Long-leaved.

Sis. ates tat Sei ees Fa is al :
Leaves spear-shaped ; on leaf-stalks; less acutely poi

HEXANDRIA. POLYGYNIA., Alisma, : 355

than in the preceding.—Common in watery places, banks of
pools and rivers, P, July—Aug.

A. Leaves heart oblong : pistils 6 : capsules awl-shaped, Damaso’-

Curt.—Lob. obs. 160. 2, and ice is 301. 1—Ger. em. 417. 2= mum,
Park, 1245. 3. - :

Leaves with net-like veins. Leaf-stalks flat, long. Stem

naked, Flowers in lateral and terminating umbels. Mr. Woop.

warp. Capsules large, spear-awl-shaped, forming a star-like

umbellule with 6 spokes. Bloss, white.
Star-headed Thrumwort. Ditches and stagnant waters. [Rum-

ford. Mr. Prrcurorp.] . es P. June—Aug.

A. Root-leaves strap-shaped, membranaceous ; floating na’tans,

leaves egg-shaped, blunt, on long leaf-stalks: fruit-
stalks solitary. :

She E. bot. 775.

Capsules generally 8, Flowers several from the same sheath.
Lyn. Fruit-stalk very long. © Flowers large. Woopwarp.
Tn alpine rivulets I have seen the leaves drawn to the length of
3 or 4 yards by the force of the stream, but in this state and
Situation it never flowers. Mr. Garrritu.

Creeping Thrumwort. Lakes and wide ditches. [South end
of the lake of Bala, Merionethshire. Mr. Woop. In a small
tivulet on the west side of the lower lake at Llanberris, about
% a mile from the old castle, Mr. GrirritH.] P. Julys

A. Leaves strap-spear-shaped; on leaf-stalks: umbellules ranunculoi’«
globular ; the points of the capsules diverging. des,

E. bot. 326=FI. dan. 122-F. B. iii. 788—Lob. ic. i. 300. Qa
“Ger. em. 417. 3=Park. 1245. 2=Pet. 43s 8. Se
This plant has a ve ange ble smell. Mr. Arxtnson..
Th places ~ 4 a A nearly dried up the stem is from 2 to
G inches high, hardly longer than the leaves, and some of the
flowering branches trailing ; but, where there is plenty of water,
the stem is from 1 to 2 feet high, upright, naked, the umbels nu-
Merous, proliferous, and the root-/eaves not greatly exceeding the
leaf-stalks in breadth. Mr. Woopwarp. Capsules inversely
€gg-shaped, pointed. BJoss. bluish white, opens about noon.
Lesser Thrumwort. Wet turfy bogs. [Giggleswick Tarn,
Yorkshire, Curt. Boggy meadows, common. Bungay, Suffolk.
Ellingham Fen, Norfolk. Mr. Woopwarp. Between Burton
and Dede: Mr. Wuarety. In the ditch at Goldmire near
— Dalton, Mr. Arxinson, In the marsh at Marazion.]
; P. June—Sept,

AA

256

HEXANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. <Alisma.,

lanceola’ta. A. Leaves strap-spear-shaped : fruit 3-cornered,

Europzea,

Ger. 337. 2.

_ Not more than an inch or two in height, Leaves nearly
strap-shaped, without any distinct leaf-stalk.
Ditches and shallow waters.

Sees

CLASS. VII.

HEPTANDRIA.

- MONOGYNIA. |
TRIENTA'LIS. Calyx 7 leaves: bloss. with 7 di-

visions, equal, flat : berry dry, superior, glo-.

bular, 1-valved, 1-celled: seeds flatted.
T. Leaves spear-shaped: veryentire. =
E. bot. 15—Fl. dan. 84—C. B. pr. 99—Pet. 62. 13-Park. 50%
5. a-C.B. pr. 100—H. ox. xii.10. row 3. 6-Park, 509.5.»
Blass. close on the approach of rain, when the flowers hang
down. Linn. Stem single, about 5 inches high, Leaves 5 to7s
terminating the stem. Flowers commonly 2, on long fruit-

stalks. Licutr. Terminating aves sometimes 8, finely, but
obscurely serrated, smooth; 1 or 2 smaller ones scattered on the

upper part of the stem. Sroxes. Leaves sometimes oval-spear=

shaped. Woopwarp. Bloss. white, on long fruit-stalks.
Chickweed Winter Green. Woods and turfy heaths in the
northern counties, Neat Bingley, Yorkshire, plentifully. Moorish
gee on the sides of the Highland mountains. £ oot of Ben-

nd. On the North side plentiful, Den :

Perthshire, and woods about Aberdeen. Mr. Brown. | eS

OCTANDRIA.

CLASS VIII.
OCTANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.

er (1) Flowers complete,
A’CER. Male Flowers many: Bloss. 5 petals: Cal. 5-
cleft: Capsules 2 or 3; } seed in each ; winged with
a membrane at the end. :
CENO’THERA. Cal. with 4 divisions; Bloss, 4 petals.
- Caps. cylindrical, beneath. Seeds naked.
EPILO’BIUM. Bloss. 4 petals: Cal. with 4 divisions ;
superior : Caps. 4-celled: Seedsdowny. _
CHLO’RA. Bloss. 8-cleft: Cal. 8 leaves; beneath: Caps.
: 1-celled; 2-valved; many seeded.
VACCI’NIUM. Bloss. 8-cleft: Cal. 4-toothed : superior:
__ Anthers awned in the middle: Fruit a Berry.
ERI’CA. Bloss. 4-cleft : Cal. 4 leaves; beneath: Anthers
cloven: Caps. many-seeded. 7
POP’ULUS. Flowers in Catkins; M. and F. on distinct
- plants. Cal, a ragged scale of the catkin: Bloss,
ane turban-shaped ; oblique ; entire. =
F. Summit 4-cleft : Caps.2-celled: Seeds many ; downy.
[Monotropa Hipopithys. Andromeda Daboecia. ]

(2). Flowers incomplete. i

DAPH’NE. Cal. 4-cleft; equal; resembling a blossom :
Stamens inclosed: Berry pulpy.

[Salix pentandra. J

DIGYNIA vives eae
CO’RYLUS. Flowers M. and F.on the same plant: Bloss.
none. ee ;
M. Cathkin tiled: Cal. 1 leaf; 3-cleft; resembling a
scale: inclosing 1 flower.
~ F. Cal. 1 leaf; 2-lipped ; ragged : Nut egg-shaped.
{Scleranthus annuus, and perennis. Chlora perfoliata. Poly»
gonum pensylyanicum. Chrysoplenium, Quercus;}

oe : OCTANDRIA.

TRIGYNIA.

: POLY’ GONUM. Cal. with 5 divisions coloured : Blosse
: none: Seed 13 naked.

[ Quercus. ]

TETRAGYNIA.

ELATI/NE. Bloss. 4 petals: Cal. 4 leaves: Caps: 4=
* celled,

PA’RIS. Bloss. 4 tals; as shapes | Cal. 4-leaved :
Berry 4-celled.
ADOX’A. Bloss. superior; 4 or 5-cleft: Cal. 2 leaves:
Berry with 4 or 5 seeds.
MYRIOPHYL’LUM, Flowers often M. anid F. on the
same plant: Cal. 4 leaves: Blass. none.
F. Style none: Seeds 4; naked.

QUER’CUS. Flowers M. and F. on the same plant : Bloss.

none,

= Cal. mos ty 8-cef ‘Stan. 5 to 10.
- Cal. 1 leaf; very entire; rough: Styles 2 to 5:
Seed 1; egg-shaped.

RHODI’OLA. Flowers M. and F. on different plants. ‘
< Cal. with 4 divisions.

M. Bloss. 4 petals.
F. Bloss. none: Nectaries 4: Caps. s-sceded,

OCTANDRIA,

MONOGYNIA.

EPILO'BIUM. Cul. 4- leaved, deciduous: petals
A: caps. beneath, 4-celled, very long: seeds
many, downy at the top. a4
(1) Stamens leaning.
4 E, Leyes scattered, strap-spear-shaped blossoms irre-
um. gular,
Fl, dan. 326-Cuyt. 106-Kniph. 11~Park. par. 267. 6-Ger

em, 289. 7~Pets 52, 10-F. B. ii, 907, 1-He ox» ills 11°
rw ly fe Su:

OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Epilobium.

Leaves edged with a few small teeth, thinly set. Blossoms
_ rose coloured, or white. Peta/s entire. The Stamens, the An-
| thers, and the Pistils, have regular and successive motions dur-
_ ing the impregnation of the Germen. ;
Rosebay Willaw-herb. Woods and hedges. Meadows near
Sheffield; Alton, Hants; Maize Hill beyond Greenwich ; many
places in Scotland; Grass Woods near Kilnsay, Yorkshire. [ At
Satterthwaite and Brow-edge in Furness Fells. Mr. Jacxson.—
Near Berkhamstead, Herts, plentifully. Mr. Woopwarp—Near
the canal bridge at Oldbury, Staffordshire. ] P. June. Aug.*

(2) Stamens upright ; Blossoms regular ; petals cloven. |
E. Leaves egg-spear-shaped, hairy, half embracing the
stem; stem very much branched and hairy.
Fl. dan. 326-Curt. 117-E. bot. 838—Fuchs. 491-F. B. ii.
905. 3-Lonic. i. 135. 2-Ger. 386. 3-Ger. em. 476. 6~
Pet. 52. 11—H. ox. iii. 11. 3.

Stem cylindrical. Leaves opposite or alternate, with soft
hairs on both sides; serratures hooked, blunt. Branches and

united at the base by means of a glandular receptacle, Petals
twice as long as the calyx, inversely heart-shaped, of a fine rose-
colour: claws white with white scores spreading upwards. Fi/a-
ments white, the longest much longer than the calyx. Flowers
sometimes wholly white. diet ag

* Large flowered Willowherb. Great Hairy Willowherb. Cod»
lings and Cream. Moist hedges, ditches, and banks of brooks,
_ Tivers, and lakes. P. July.t

hairy, unbranched.
| : Curt. 125-E. bot. 795-Fl. dan. 347-H. ox, tii, 11. 4—Pet,
| $2.12.

Stem cylindrical, sometimes branched towards the top.

359

hirsu’tum.

Jruit-stalks from the bosom of the leaves. Calyx Jeaves smooth, —

i

Leaves mostly opposite, lower ones rather embracing the stem).

+ Goats are extremely fond of it. Cows and sheep eat it, Horses
~ and swine refuse it. —The Phalena Porcellus and Spinx Elpenor, are found
-Uponit. The suckers of the root are eatable. An Infusion of the plant
as an intoxicating property, and the Kamtschatcadales brew a sort of ale
ftom the pith, and Yrom the ale make alegar. The down of the seeds
also mixed with cotton or fur has been manufactured into stockings and
other articles of cloathing. :

+ The top shoots have a delicate fragrance resembling scalded cod-

lings, whence one of its names, but so transitory, that, before they have:

gathered 5 minutes, itds no longer parpiile- Horses, sheep, and .

- * Goats eat it, © Cows are not fond of it. Swine refuse it. |

ie

E. Leaves spear-shaped, pubescent, nearly sitting: stem parviflo'rum,

360 OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Epilobium.

middle ones sitting, upper ones sometimes on very short leaf-
stalks. Bloss. much smaller than in either of the preceding
species; flesh coloured. Filaments the longest hardly longer
than the calyx. “:
Welly or Wood Willowherb. E. hirsutum. 8 Linn. E. hire
sutum. Huns. E. villosum. Curt. Fl. oxon. and Bot. arr. ed. ii,
E. parviflorum. Scures. Gein, and Bot. arr. ed. i. Watery
places and sides of ditches and rivulets. -P. July, Aug.

monta'num. E. Leaves opposite, egg-shaped, toothed; the upper ones
‘ alternate: stem cylindrical.

Curt. 195—Fl. dan. 922—Kuniph. 11-Wale—Clus. ii. 51. 2-
Dod. 85. 1-Lob. obs. 185. 4—Ger. em. 479. 11—Park.
548, 38—Pet. io ae

Stem cylindrical, upright, reddish, very soft, somewhat
downy. Leaves smoath, finely toothed, very soft, especially un-
derneath, witha down just perceptible. Linn. Leaves spear-
egg-shaped. Petals pale purple, veined with deeper purple lines ;
sometimes white. ;

Var. 2. Leaves 3 and 4,at a joint. Be) ae

Smooth-leaved Willowherb, Woods, hedge rows, shady
Janes, and moist meadows, ina gravelly soil, and sometimes on
walls in courts, : P. July.

tetragoinum. E, Leaves spear-shaped, finely toothed, the lowermost op-
_ posite: stem 4-cornered: (summit entire. Curt.)

~ FI. dan. 1029-Kuiph. 11-Curt. 131.
Stem upright. Leaves smooth; sometimes all strap-spear-
shaped. Woopwarpv. Boss. purplish red. D
Square-stalked Willowherb. Marshes, and sides of rivulets
and ditches. [Near Bungay, Suffolk ; and Alconbury, Hunting-.
donshire. Mr. Woopwarp.] . P, July.

. palus‘tre. E. Leaves opposite, spear-shaped, very entire: petals
_ notched at the end: stem upright. pees
Dicks. b. s.-E. bot. 546-Ger, 386. 4—Pet. 5304.
Stem cylindrical, downy, or smooth. Rernan. Upper-
leaves alternate, varying extremely in breadth. Short leafy.
branches rise from the bosom of the leaves. Woopwarp. Leaves
sitting smooth. Pera/s notched at theend, reddish purple, with
wae purple streaks. Azthers, at the time of shedding theif
len, adhere firmly to the summits, so as hardly to be separated
lesen, Violence, but before and after that time they do not
uch it. . ° ae
Marsh Willewherb, Marshes, bogs, and sides of a re

OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. CEnothera.

361

E.” Leaves opposite, sitting, smooth, egg-spear-shaped, al- alpi‘num.

most entire: capsules sitting: stem with about 3
flowers, trailing at the base.

Dicks. b. s.-Fl. dan. 322-Lightf. 10. 1. at Pe 242.

Stem trailing, hardly a span high. Linn. Afterwards upright,

bearing’1 or 2 flowers at the top. Leaves quite smooth. Pods

uite smooth, 4 or 5 times longer than the leaves. Licutr.
Loads: sometimes slightly toothed. Mr. Woopwarp.

Alpine Willowherb. Alpine rivulets. Cheviot Hills, Nor-
thumberland; near Settle, Yorkshire; Ben Buy, Ben Lomond,
and near Little Loch Broom, Ross-shire. Mountains in Breadal-
bane and Corry Yaal, in Glenco. [Moist rocks about Buck-

barrow Well. Curt. ] P, July, Aug.

_CENO’/THERA. Bhos. 4 petals. Cal. with 4 divi-
sions. Caps. cylindrical, beneath. Seeds na-
ked. ’

O. Leaves egg-spear-shaped, flat; -stem covered with bien‘nis.

sharp points and soft hairs,

Fl. dan. 446~Kxiph. 67.
‘This plant has been difcovered in such various and little fre-

quented parts of the kingdom, that we canno longer hesitate to ,

introduce it as British. Mr. Norris says, it has established it-
self, to his knowledge, during five years, if not longer, in a ne~
glected concavity whence a coarse sand-stone has been formerly ex-
tracted, in Bowood Park, the seat of the Marquis of Lansdown,
near Devizes. The seeds are regularly ripened every year, and
produce abundantly: the plants in general do not flower before
the second season, after which the root dies, being biennial.
They seem perfectly naturalized and increase in number yearly.
“Mr. Norris lately saw more than twenty distinct ones in flower,
Surrounded by a multitude of younger, which will not blossom
till the succeeding season. The spot is not near any house nor

vestiges of such. About Bath, and some other places, it is said

‘ to be commonly found on dunghills, &c. seeming to bein paral-
_ lel circumstances with the Datura Stramonium. It attains the

height of 5 or 6 feet. ‘The main stem and larger branches are

_ €very where beset with minute asperities, terminating in fine

_ transparent hairs, feeling not unlike a rough file. Leaves rae
ther waved than flat. ;

- [Bowood*Park. Mr. Norrts. Ballast-hills, near Sunder-

land, Durham. Mr. Rosson, In Worcestershire. Rev. Mr.

Bourne, ] B.

ge:

Pseudo-
pla’tanus,

it might be considered at first sight asa cupof 10 leaves.
Sycamore Tree. Sycamore Maple. Woods, sige and neat
ye ee

OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Acer >
O, Leaves spear-shaped, blunt, smooth, on small leaves

stalks. Stems rather prostrate. Capsules acute-

angled..

Stem 5 or 6 inches high, herbaceous, coltmnar, gentl¥ wind.
ing, straddling. Leaves elliptically spear-shaped, very entire.
‘Flowers from the base of the leaves, solitary, upright, nearly
sitting. Petals yellow, inversely heart-shaped, streaked. Caf.
sules inversely egg-shaped, blunt, with 8 angles, the 4 wider
angles compressed ; 4 valves. Root perennial. Linn. This elegant
plant, new to the English botanist, has been found growing wild
on Coleshill Common, Warwicksh. by Lord Aylesford’s gar-
dener. sae

-

AVCER. Male flowers intermixed.
Calyx 5-cleft: bloss. 5 petals: caps. 2 or 33 13

seeded; ending in a leaf-like expansion.

A. Leaves 5-lobed, blunt, unequally serrated: flowers in
compound, pendent bunches, :

E. bot. 303—Hunt. evel. p. 200. is p. 193. ed. 11. at p. 293-
Nat. delin. ti. 2141. at p. 312-Lob, obs.614. and ic. ite
199. 2-Park. 1425. 1-Clus, i. 10. 1-Ded. 840. 1=Gere
em. 1484, 1-Trag. 1125+ ed

Blas. yellowish green ; petals so much like the calyx that

houses. -'T. May, June.*
Var. 2. Leaves glaucous underneath; serratures very distant 5

filaments hairy.

First observed by A. Caldwell, Esq. of Dublin. Dr. Smith —

suspects it may be a distinct species. See E. bot. p. 30335 but
the filaments in Var. 1, are hairy, as well as the germen. <

* It flourishes best in open places and sandy ground: put will thrive ;
very well in richer soil. It grows quick; is easily transplanted 5, beafs

cropping, and the grass flourishes under its shade. It is said to gfOW

better near the sea than in any other situation, and that a plantation, of
these trees at 50 feet asunder, with 3 sea Sallow-thorns between every 2 of,
them, will makea fence sufficient to defend the herbage of the county
from the spray of the sea, Gevt. Mag. 1757, p. 252.—The wood is soft,

and very white. The turners form it into bowls, trenchers, &c.—If a hole
is bored into the body of the tree, when the sap rises in the springs it dif-

charges a considerable quantity of a sweetish watery liquor, which is used

in making wine; and, if inspissated, affords a fine white sugar.—The ps ‘

Jen appears globular in the microscope, but, if touched with any t

moist, these globules burst open with 4 valves which then appeat in form

of across. Scarabeeus Melontha feeds upon the leaves, Linn,

OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Chlora-

A. Leaves 5-lobed, very entire: the lower lobes notched : campes'tre,

corymbus with 3 divisions, upright.

Hunt. evel. at p.190; i. p. 183. ed. IL—E. bot. 304—Tourn.
386. 1-Spect. de la Nat. ii. 29.2. at p. 290. and Nat.
delin, ii. 19. 2. at p. 312-Dod. 840. 2=Ger. em. 1484.
2=F; B.i. 2. 166-Trag. 1123-Lon, i. 36. 1.

Bark angular, cork-like. Seldom ripens its fruit in Swe.
den. Linn. Blossoms terminating ; pale green, _ :
Common Maple. Hedges and thickets. S. June.*

CHLO’RA. Cal, 8-leaved: dioss. 1 petal, 6 or 8-
3 cleft: Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved, many-

seeded.

ae
~ F
-

C. Leaves: perforated. : _ perfolia’ta.

' - E, bat. 60-Wale.—Barr. 515 and 516-7. B. iii. 355-H. ox.
v. 26. row 1.1. and 2. f. 1—Pet. 55. 8-Clus. ii. 180~
Lob. obs. 219-—Ger. em, 547. 2-Park. 272. 4—Ger. 437.2.

Root-deaves oval, sitting, spread in form of a star; Jowest
stem-leaves oval, spear-shaped, sitting, the rest perforated, oval-
_ spear-shaped. Floqwers in a kind of umbel, of 3 rays, encom.

ssed by the uppermost leaf, the middle one bearing a single

wer without any leaves; the outer ones terminated by a leaf
similar to the stem-leaves, from which an umbellule supporting 1
or more flowers. Woopwarp. Leaves of the calyx, and divi.
sions of the blossom varying from 8 to 10. Stamens from 6 to
9. Caps. oblong, longer than the tube of the blossom. Sty/e
thickest towards the top, cloven, yellow. Summits 2, shaped
like a horse-shoe, yellow. Bloss. fine full yellow.

Perforated Yellow-wort. Stiff clay or marly grounds;
_ Mountainous meadows and pastures in a calcareous soil. {Near

Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Woopwarp. Side of Malvern Chace,
Worcestershire. Mr. Battarp. Edge of the Ridd Cliff, Wor-
cestershire. Sr. Coalbrookdale. Mr. Arxtn. Ranton Abbey,
Staffordshire, River side opposite to St. Vincent’s Rocks. ]

: A. June—Sept.

-VACCY'NIUM. Calyx superior : BJoss.1 petal: fila-
ments fixed to the receptacle: berry 4-celled,
many-seeded ; beneath; dimpled.
3 (1) Leaves annual, or deciduous.
| * ed Peep ™ much argh ee in the lathe, and vessels a Sige

2
\

364 : OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Vaccinium.

Myrtil’lus. V. Fruit-stalks 1-flowered: leaves serrated, egg-shaped :
; stem angular.

Dicks. b. s.-E. bot. 436-Sheldr. 18—Fl. dan. 974+Kniph. 8.
Matth. 23\-Dod. 768. 2-Lob. obs, 540, 2—Ger. em. 1415.
1-Park. 1456. 1-Blackw. 463.

/ Stamens 10. Bloss. segments 5. Caps. cells 5. Stem and
branches 4-corhered Leaves alternate, serratures blunt. Berries
black. Linn. Bloss. nearly globular, but a little flatted at the
base; pale reddish purple ; mouth very small, with 5 small re-
flected teeth ; reddish white. © Berries bluish black.

Black Worts Black Whortle-berries. Hurtle-berries. Bil.
berries. Wind-berries. Blea-berries. Bilberry Whortle. Woods
and heaths. [Portland Heath, Mr. Crows. Rocks above
Great Malvern, Worcestershire. Mr. Batuarp. ‘The Bishop’s
Woods, near Eccleshall. Lightwoods, near Birmingham. |

a Ss. April, May.*

wligino’sum. V. Fruit-stalks 1-flowered: leaves very entire, inversely
egg-shaped, blunt, smooth. :
E. bot. 581-Kniph. 9-Fl. dan. 231-Clus. i. 62. 1-Ger, cate
1416, 6=Park. 1456.2.
Stems generally a foot high. Leaves when young fringed at
the base, flat. Berries blue, with 4 slight angles, and a white
pulp. Linn. Leaves with a network of veins underneath, some-
times slightly dented at the end,. often tinged with red. _ Mr.
Woopwarp. Sioss. pink. © Se
_ Great Bilberry Bush, or Whortle. Rash-berries. Moistish |
woods, heaths and pastures, and tops of mountains. Between |
Hexham and Penrith. Forest, of Whinfield, Westmoreland
Near Julian’s Bower, Highland mountains. [Near Gamblesbys
Cumberland, Ray. Mr. Woosenen] - §. April, May t

é

(2) Leaves evergreen. pase
Vitis-ide’a. V. Bunches terminating, nodding: leaves inversely egg-
ehaped 5 edge very entire and rolled back ; dotted
underneath. Be 3

* The first tender leaves, cannot be distinguished from real tea, when
properly gathered, and dried in the shade. Wriricu. ‘Yhe berries are
very acceptable to children, either eaten by themselves, or with milk, oF
in tarts. The moor game live upon them in the autumn. The juice
Stains paper or linen purple. Goats eat it; sheep are not fond of its
horses and cows refuse it,

+ Children sometimes eat the berries; but in large pe ores they
©ccasion giddiness, and a slight head-ach, especially when full grown and
quite ripe. Many vintners in France are said to make use of the juice to
colour their white wines red. Horses, cows, sheep, and goats eattti
swine refuse it, ee:

,
'

OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Vaccinium.

Dicks. 4 somE. bot. 598—Fl. dan. 40—Kuiph. 9-Dod. 770 I=
Ger. 2. 1415. 2~Park. 1456. 4-F, B, i. ae 592,

Is seldom found in blossom. Curr. Stems obliquely ascend.
ings ‘scarcely a span high, cylindrical. Leaves alternate. Berries
d. Linn. Leaves with deep veins above, which are equally
prominent underneath: some much smaller leaves intermixed
with the rest. Woopwarp. Leaves sometimes obscurely ser-
rated towards the end. Stoxes. Floral-leaves and cups coloured.
Filaments very white, woolly. Axthers red, of 2 cells, each
with a yellowish tube at the point. Bloss. pale pink.

Red Whortle-berries. Mountainous parts of Derbyshire, Staf-
fordshire, and Yorkshire, Ray. Dry places in heaths, woods,
and tops of mountains. Licutr. and marshy heaths. Huns.
Hh of Skiddaw and Ingleborough. Mr. Woopw. Cannock

eath, Staffordshire, in a dry gravel. Dr. Sroxes. Stiperstones,
near Salop. Mr, Arkin. Near Witton-le-Wear. Mr. Rosson. ]
Se S. March, April.*

365

Y. Fruit-stalks single, or in pairs: leaves egg-shaped, very Oxycoc’cos,

entire, edges rolled back: stem thread-shaped, trail-_

ing, not hairy. :
Dicks. b. s.-Fl. dan. 80-E. bot. 319-Blackw. 593—Lob. obs.
a BAT BAF. Bode ae 227. 2-Dod. 779, 2-Ger. em. 1419—
Park. 1229-Ger. 1367. a
~ Stamens sometimes 10. Mr. Goucu. FI. leaves 2. Lixy.
Fruit-stalks red, semi-transparent, single or in pairs, 1 flower on

each. Calyx smooth, fringed at the points, coloured. Bloss. 4

distinct petals, rolled back to the base and falling off + bane
Anthers 2-~celled, each ending in a hair-like tube open at the end.
Style red, tubular. Sammit an open hole. Béoss. deep flesh-colour.
Berry pale red, mottled with purple dots; when fully ripe pur-
plish red. Schollera Oxycoccos. Gmex. Syst. veg. In structure
certainly different from the other Vacciniums, but as the Schol.-
lera of Gmelin seems different from the genus so named by

Schreber, it was judged better for the present to let it remain

with the Vacciniums. ;
Cran-berries. Moss-berries. Moor-berries. Fen-berries. Marsh

Whorts. Marsh Whortle-berries. Corn-berries. Peaty bogs. [In

the North, t. Mr. Hosen spy. s- Dating ea: Moor,
Norfolk. Mr, Crowz.—Sutton Coldfield Park, Warwickshire.

> The berries are acid, and not very grateful, but they are eaten by the
Laplanders and by the country people, and are sent in large quantities
from W. Bothnia to Stockholm for pickling. Linn. They are also made

aoe rob, and jelly. Goats eat it; cows, sheep, and horses re-
it, : ‘ ™

366. ~OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Erica.

Ray. ‘Sroxes. ~— Lincolnshire, in great quantities. Bishop’s
Woods, near Eccleshall, Staffordsh. Birmingham Heath. ]*

ERICA. Cal. A-leaved : bloss. A-clefted : filaments

_ fixed to the receptacle: anthers cloven and

perforated at the top: caps. A-celled, 4-
- valved, many-seeded. |

(1) Anthers simple, awniess : leaves alternate
Daboe’cia, E. Leaves cottony underneath.

Dicks. b. s-E. bot. 35-Pet. gaz. 27. 4.

Bunch terminating, simple. Flowers alternate. Pedicles with

1 flower. Floral-leaf strap-shaped, at the base of each pedicle.

Calyx only a 4th part as long as the blossom, falling off. Blass.
cylindrical-oval ; mourh a little contracted, 4-cleft ; segments bent

back. It has the habit of Andromeda, but the numbers of Erica.

Linn. . Leaves generally alternate, sometimes opposite, or even

"ss """""3 together; dark green above, white with cottony down under.
neath. Calyx 1 leaf, deeply divided into 4 spear-shaped segments.

Blossoms purplish red, flatted at the base, marked lengthwise —

with 4 slightly elevated ridges ; segments speat-shaped, waved
at the edge, rolled back. 4 EMEPT SPORE SNARE
Andromeda Daboecia. Linn. Irish Worts, or Moorawort.

Spongy wet uncultivated land on the mountains of Mayo and

Hiar Connacht. Ray. _ §&, June, July.

prota! 3 Anthers awnless: leaves 4 in a whirl.

va"gans, E. Anthers and style projecting : bloss. bell-shaped: fruit

- stalks with 1 flower. E. bot.
dee bot. FA

Stems woody, spreading, branched, nearly cylindrical. : Leafs

stalks very short, pressed close to the stem, glandular at the bases
Leaves strap-shaped, blunt pointed, edges rolled back so as t0

form a groove along the middle on the underside. Flowers —

axillary, numerous, mostly pointing one way. Fruit-stalk half
the length of the flower, with a gland-like joint, and 2 floral«

* The berries made into tarts are much esteemed, but nicole ofa

peculiar flavour, are disliked by some.’ They may be kept several years
if wiped clean, and then closely corked in dry bottles; or the bottles may

be filled with water.—At Longtown, in Cumberland, 20 or 301.’s worth.

are sold by the poor people every market day, for 5 or 6 weeks together.
Licurts. The most general name, Cranberry, probably originated from the
fruit-stalks being crooked at the top, and before the expaision of the
blossom, resembling the neck and head of a crane,

land, Heaths and woods.

OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Erica,

leaves. Blossom from dark purple to rose red, and sometimes
white. | dztbers colour of a mulberry, forked, projecting out of
the blossom.

Cornish, or Double-tipped Heath. Erica didyma. Bott. arr.
ed. ii, Heaths. Goon Hilly Down, going from Helston to the
Lizard Point, Cornwall. Ray. [Near Pancarvie on the road
from Camborn to Hoyle, in ,the low ground between Tregothan
and Connor Downs. Mr. SracxHouse. | P. June—Aug.

(3) Anthers with 2 smooth awns at the base; leaves 4 in a
whirl,

367:

E. Leaves oblong, fringed, cottony underneath; flowers Te'tralix;

in umbels: caps. fringed, and cottony.

eo ; iy £ Dicks. b. s.—Curt.Fl. dan. 81.
__ Leaves sometimes 5 in a whirl. B/oss. pendent, pointing one
way, from pale rose red to quite white.

_ Cross-leaved Heath. Moist heaths, [ Norfolk. Mr. Woopw.
Hartlebury Common, Worcestershire. Mr. BaLLarp.—Worces-
tershire and Staffordshire. Sr. Heaths and bogs near Manches-
ter. Mr, Carey. ] 3. P. July.

| (4.) Anthers with 2 tooth-serrated awns at the base : leaves

— opposite.
KE. Leaves arrow-shaped. © 6 tom

Fuchs. 254~Trag. 952—Dod. 767. 1-Ger. em. 1380. I-
~ Park. 1482. 5—Lonic.i. 37. 1-Ger. 1196.1. 2-Park.1480.1.

~The calyx has close to its base 4 or 5 circular, concave, co-
loured leaves, fringed with soft hairs ; and on the outside of these

2 or 3 others partly resembling theses and partly the leavesof the

cup... Proper cup coloured, so as in every respect to resemble the

1, which is of a pale rose colour, sometimes white, not —

distended : 4 or 5-cleft. Sced-vess. inclosed by the proper cups
Common Heath. Ling. Grig, in Shropshire. Hether, in Scot-
era! S. June—Aug.*

. * This plant, but little regarded in happier climates, is made subser-
Vient to a great variety of purposes, in the bleak and barren Highlands of
Scotland. ‘The poorer FB ch athe make walls for their cottages, with
alternate layers of heath, and a kind of mortar made of black earth and
Straw, the woody roots of the heath being placed in the centre, the tops
€xternally and internally. They make their beds of it, by placing the
Toots downwards, and the tops only being uppermost, they are sufficiently
soft to sleep upon. _ Cabins are thatched with it. In theisland of Ilay,
ale is freq) made by brewing one part malt, and 2 parts of the young

‘tops of heath; sometimes they add hops. © Boethius relates, oe
: uor

‘ \

vulgaris,

368

al’ba,

OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Populus.

Var. 2. Leaves and branches hoary.
[Enville Common, Staffordshire. Dr. Sroxes, Birmingham
Heath. } 7

(5} Anthers with 2 tooth-serrated awns at the base: leaves
3 ina whirl,

E. Leaves spear-shaped, entire, smooth: flowers in umbels:
egg-shaped: cups finely serrated: branches woolly.

CurtFl. dat. 38-Wale.—Clus. is 43. 2-Lob, 0b. 620» 1
Ger. em. 1382. 7—Park. 1483. 8—Ger. 1198. 7.
Stems woody. Leaves fleshy. B/oss. bluish purple. Style

crimson. : :
Fine-leaved Heath. Dry heaths and grooves. [Heaths near

Yarmouth. Mr. Woopwarp. In Staffordshire and North of

Worcestershire. Sr. ] . S. June—Aug.

POPULUS. Flowers male and female in catkins
on distinct plant. Calyx scales ragged : bls.
turban-shaped, mouth entire, slanting. Fe-

male summit A-cleft; caps. 2-celled: seeds
many, downy. .

P. Leaves nearly triangular, toothed and angular ; cottony
_ underneath. .

| Haat. evel. 208 ; i. p. 201. ed. I1.—-Specet. de la Nat. 31+ 2
at ii, . 292-Nat, delin. 20. 2, at ii. p. 312-Matth. 136
Cam. epit. 65—F. B. i. 6. 160. 1-Ger. 1301, 1—Dod, 835

Ger. en. 1486. 1—Park, 1410, 1-Lob. obs. 609. lite tie

19861 Garks 467. AcaiirlleKion: liny aadia OO

Tree very tall. Leaves without glands, either at the base of
serratures. Flowers exactly similar to those of P. tremula. LINN.
Leaves smooth and blackish green above, with a white t
cotton underneath. Ray. Leaf-stalks flatted, and grooved op
each side. Leaves less circular than triangular. ee

liquor was much used by the Picts. Penn. tour, 1772p. 229. Woollen cloth
boiled in alum water, and afterwards in a strong decoction of the tops of
heath, comes out a fine orange colour. The stalks and tops will tan leas
ther. In England besoms are made of it, and faggots to burn in ovens, —
or to fill up drains that are to be covered over. Sheep and goats will
s eat the tender shoots, but they are not fond of them. Bees
extract a great deal of honey from the flowers, but where heath abounds,
the honey has a reddish cast.—In the north of Scotland ropes are made of
2 as Pistia as durable, and nearly as pliant, as hemp. Garmett’s (04%
147. ’

en

OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA: Populus.

~ White Poplar. Abele Tree. Hedges, woods, and near brooks.

. Wei ti i4 as March.*
* (Var. 2. Leaves smaller. Ray. |
Lob. ic. ii. 193. 2-Ger. em. 1487. 5—Park. 1410. 2-F. B. i.
{ 4..160. » ow - Fas :
No place of growth mentioned either by Ray, or Lightfoot
who cites Gerard's: figure. Dr. Stoxes. ome oe :

369

P. Leaves circular, toothed and angular, smooth on both trem’ula,

sides.
_ Kuiph. 6-Blackw. 248. 2-~Matth. 139-Cam. epit. 67~F. B.
i. b. 163-Ger, 1302..3-Dod. 836. 2-Lob. obs. 610. 1. and
it. ii, 1944 2-Ger. em. 1487. 3-Park. 1411, 4—Trag.
1083—Lonic. i. 26. 2.

Leaves rolled inwards, with 2 glands running one into the

other on the inner side above the base. Linn. Leaf-stalks flatted
towards the end, whence the trembling of its leaves. Govan.
The same takes place in S. a/ba and nigra. The plane of the
leaf-stalks is at right angles to that of the leaves, which allows
the leaves a much freer motion than could have taken place had
their planes been parallel. Sr. Leaves more circular than in the

preceding. ;
Asp. Aspen. Aspen Tree. Trembling Poplar.—Moist woods,

P, Leaves trowel-shaped, tapering to a: point, serrated,
smooth on both sides, saad —
Blackw, 548, and 248, 1-Lonic. i. 26. 1-Matth. 187-Cam.
eit. 66—Park. 1410. 3-F. B. i, b. 155~Lob. obs. 609. 2,

and it. ti, 194, 1-Dod. 836. 1-Ger. em. 1486, 2-Gars.
467. B. b,-Ger, 1301, 2-Trag. 1080, |
Leaves without any glands at the base, but
.® Scleveedon situations, tion and flourishes best in clay. It grows quick,

d bears cropping, but itis unfavourable to pasturage. The wood is soft,
white, and stringy, and makes good wainscoting, being but little subject

. to swell or shrink. Floors, laths, packing boxes, and turners ware are
Sando ie: Hitcaratiepe sod. gillorentle-2'Gerrs aoe sothR Ort.

___+ Itwill grow in all situations, and in all soils, but worst in clay.
Itimpoverishes the land ; its leaves destroy the grass, and the numerous
shoots of the roots spread so near the surface of the earth, that they will
hot permit any thing else to grow. It is easily transplanted. The wood
1s extremely light, white, smooth, woolly, soft ; durable in the air. The
bark is the principal food of beavers. The bark of the young trees is

nigra,

oe atures :

madé into torches. ‘The leaves and leaf-stalks sometimes are set with red

ar substances, about as large as a pea, which are the nests of the

Tipula juniperina, Sheep and goats eat it ; horses and swine refuse it,

‘Vor, II, Same 8

370

r

_ OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Daphne.

glandular on the inner side. Stamens as many again as in P. tre.
mula. Linn. Stamens 16. Lezrs. Leaf-stalks yellowish. ©

Black Poplar. Near riversand wet shady places. 'T. March.*

DAPH'N E. Calyx generally none: boss. 1 petal,
regular, 4-cleft, funnel-shaped : drupa like a
berry, 1-celled, superior. og oh

Meze’reum. D. Flowers sitting on the stem, mostly 3 together : leaves

spear-shaped, deciduous : berries globular.

Fl. dan. 2068-Sheldr. 62-Ludw. 63-Blackw. 582-Kniph. 1
-Woodv. 23~Fuchs. 227-F. B. t 566—Dod. 364. Q=Lob.
obs. 199. 4—Ger. ems 1402, 2~—Park, 202. Se

"The terminating buds produce leaves ; the lateral buds flowers;
which open very early in the spring, often in the winter ; and
are so thick set as entirely to hide the branches. ‘Their colour
a beautiful red. Livy. be sorts

Mexereon. Spurge Olive. Spurge Flax. Dawarf Bay. Woods
near Andover, {and Laxfield, Suffolk. Mr. Woopwarp. Need-
wood Forest. Mr.Pirt.} = = S, Feb. Match-t

* It loves a moist black soil ; grows rapidly, and bears cropping. The
wood is not apt to splinter.. The bark, being light like eork, serves t0
support the nets of fishermen. The red substance, like berries, upon the
leaf-stalks, as large as a cherry, bulging on one side, and gaping on the
ether, are occasioned by an insect called the Aphis Bursaria.— Horses»
cows, sheep, and goats eat it.—The several species support the following
insects: Sphinx Populi, Phalena Vinula, Populi, fascelina, Ovange under
wing Moth: Aphis Populi; Chrysomela Polita, populi ; Curcubio Tortrix}
Cimex Populi; Sphinx Apiformis. oS Re i Zt:

+ An ointment prepared from the bark or the berries has been suc-

cessfully applied to ill-conditioned ulcers. The whole plant is very cof

rosive; 6 of the berries will kill a wolf. A woman gave 12 grains of the
berries to her daughter, who had a quartan ague; she vomited blood, and
died immediately. Linn. A decoction made of 2 drams of the cortical
part of the root, boiled in 3 pints of water till 1 pint is wasted: and this
quantity, drank daily, is found very efficacious in resolving venereal nodes,
and other indurations of the periosteum. See Dr. Russel’s paper in the
Med. obs. iti. p. 189.—The considerable and long continued heat and
irritation that it produces in the throat, when chewed, made me first
think of giving it in a case of difficulty in swallowing, seemingly 0c¢a-
sioned by a paralytic affection. The patient was directed to chew a thin

win - root as often as she could bear to do it; and, sn cesta
months, she recovered her power of s wing. This won a

disagreeable irritation, and the ulceration its acrimony

mouth, with great resolution ; but she had been reduced to skin and bone,

and for 3 years before had suffered extremely from hunger, without being
,

_ able to satisfy her appetite: for she swallowed jigesis very imperfectly:

and solids not at all. The complaint came on after lying in.—Daphné
mezereum, Veratrum album, and Menispermum tes are used by

fraudulent brewers to communicate an intoxicating quality and st1008

taste to weak beer ;~-a practice worthy of execration ; and here, and
many other countries, forbidden under severe punishment. Month, Mage

ea

OCTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Corylus.

371

-D, Bunches of about 5 flowers, axillary: leaves spear- Laure’ola,

shaped, smooth.

Facq. austr, 183-E. bot. 119-Wale~Blackaw. 62—Lob. obs.
~ 200, 1-Ger. 1404, 1—Park. 205. 1~Ger. 1219. 1-Dod,
365~Lob, 063. 200. 25 Se FB. i. 564. sates
Bunches from the sides of the stem, nodding, clustered into
an umbellule. Floral-leaves concave, alternate, without any
flowers from their base. Flowers terminating the bunch. Boss.

yellowish green. Linn.
Spurge Laurel, or Laurel Mexereon. Woods and hedges.
[Common in Yorkshire. Needwood Forest; with a variety with

variegated leaves. Mr. Prrt.] S. March, April.* |

D. Flowers termin ing, sitting, crowded together: leaves
spear-shaped, naked: with a point at the end : berry
juiceless,

Gesner 3. 6—Pollich. 4—Clas. 90. 1-Ger. em. 1596. 4—Park.
201. 2-Maitth. 46. 1. ;
Stems woody, trailing, branched; naked below and rough
with the scars of leaves which have fallen off. Leaves crowded,
irregularly disposed. Flowers reddish purple.
ound by Mr. Meyrick at the foot of Snowdon, about two

‘miles from Beddkelert on the road leading to Caernarvon, not

far from the place where the ascent to the summit of Snowdon

Cneo’rum.

DIGYNIA.

CO’/RYLUS. Male and Female Flowers on the
same plant: Aloss. none. ;
Male. Cai. 1 leaf, 3-cleft, resembling a scale,

: containing 1 flower.

_ Fem. Cul, 2-leaved, ragged : nut egg-shaped.

C, Stipule spear-shaped : twigs hairy.

EB, bot. 723—Blackaw. 293-Hunt. evel. 220 ; i. p. 213. ed. II.

- Kniph, 1—Lonic. i. 30. 1-Trag. 1096-Matth. 281-Park,

__* Very happy effects have been experienced from this plant in rheu-
Matic fevers. te operates as a brisk and rather severe purgative. It isan
fficacious medicine in worm cases; and upon many accounts deserves to
be better known to physicians; but, in less skilful hands it would be
dangerous, as it is possessed of considerable acrimony. The whole plant
has the same qualities, but the bark of the roat is the sttongest. Dr. Al-
ee ere
BB

Avella’na,

372 OCTANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Polygonum.

“i 1415. $—Gars. 233-Spect. de la Nati $2. 2. in iis p. 292
+ Nat. delin. 20. 4, in ii. p. 312-Lob. it. ii. 192. 2-Ger.
9. «eit. 1438. 2-Ger, 1250. 2- Fuchs. 398. :

/ The styles bam 2 of a vivid crimson have a very beautiful
appearance in March, when the catkins expand. Mr. Woopw.
Catkins in pairs, yellowish green. Scale, the middle segment
pointed at the end. Leaves oval, serrated, wrinkled. Catkins
green, when out of flower brown.

Common Hasel-nut Tree. Woods and hedges. T. Mar. Apr."

TRIGYNIA. — ae

POLYG’ONUM. Cai. none: dloss. resembling 4
is cup with 5 divisions: seed 1, angular ; gene-
rally naked. —

t
\

(1) Stem herbaceous : flowers with 5 stamens...)

amphibium. P, Style cloven: spike egg-shaped. ite
Var. 1. aguatienm, Leaves floating, blunt, ‘very smooth:

«Ey bot. 436-Kniph. 9; called P. Hydropiper-Ludaw.168- _

Pet, 3. 12. 6-FI. dan. 282=Dod. 582. 1~Park. 15414

—H, ox. v. 29. row 2. 1—Ger. em. 821. 2~Park, 1254

H. ox. V. 29. row 1, 2. f. 4—Ger. 675, 2. a eee

* Itis frequently planted in hedges and in coppices, to make charcoal
for forges. The owners cut them down in winal portions the rotation
of 16 years, and Fates segues revenues out of them : often more than the —
rent of the land, for frecholders of 351. or 51. per ann. are known to Make ©
constantly 601. a year from their woods. Pen. tour. 1772, p»29-—T?
wood is used for fishing rods, walking sticks, erates, hoops for barrels, &¢-
the shoots for springles to fasten down thatch. ‘The roots are preferre
where beautiful wood is required for inlaying or staining. Itis a practice =
in Italy to put the chips of hasel into turbid wine, to clear it, which it
does. in 24 hours : and in. countries where yeast is scarce, they take the
twigs of Hasel, and twist them together, so as to be full of chinks: these

__ they steep in ale during its fermentation : then hang them up to dtY, 4n8
_ when they brew again they put them into the wort ins! of yeast-—
Painters and'engravers prepare coals for delineating their design thus * they
take pieces of Hasel about as thick as a man’s arm, and 4 or inches long,
@ry and then cleave them into pieces about as thick as one’s fanger.. These
they put into a large pot full of sand, and then cover the top of the pot
with clay. . This is exposed in a potter’s oven, or any other sufficient de
gree of heat, and, when cooled again, the sticks aré converted into
~ charcoal, which draws freely, and easily rubs out again. The nuts are
agreeable to most people. Squirrels livechiefly upon them. An expressed “a.
oil is obtained from them, for the use of painters.—Goats and horses ©
the leaves ; sheep and swine refuse them.—The Brindle Spider, ge
cember Moths ; Phaleda Populi, Pavonia, Psi, Gonostigma, Attelabus ©?
ryli; and Curculio Nucum, feed upon it. Cie Be Se Se La

i tn i ii

OCTANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Polygonum:

wt Leaves of a pleasant.green; oblong-spear-shaped, glossy. sur

rounded at the very edge with a reddish line; the younger very

minutely serrated. _ Flowers red.

— Rerexnial Willow-leaved Arsmart. Narrow-leaved Pond.

weed. Pools, lakes, marshes, and ‘ditches. P. July, Aug.
Var. 2. terrestre. Leers. Stem upright: leaves somewhat

pointed, rough’: stamens about as long as the blossom.

#3 ~ Curt. 223-Pet. 3. 12. a.

|» Leaves darker green.

_ Amphibious Snakeweed. In cultivated ground, but very sel.
dom flowering, except in spots where water has settled. [On the

side of a piece of water, the flowering stem growing on the

‘land, and other branches from the same root floating in the '

<

water. St.J eg _P, Sept.
“(2) Flowers with 6 stamens: capsule of 1 cell.

P, Flowers with cloven pistils : stipulze somewhat fringed : Hydropi’per.

_» leaves spear-shaped,

» Curt.-Blackw. 119-Fuchs. 843-F. B. iti. 780—Pez. 3. 5-
SO Afarbs 583.

The leaf-scale sheaths tight round the stem, lopped, ripped,
the ribs terminating in bristles forming a fringe. Leaves very
thin, smooth on each side, edge very entire, but serrated as it
were with bristles laid to the edge, and scarcely perceptible.
Linx. Leaves spear-shaped, waved, not spotted. Spikes ‘very
Slender, nodding. Curt. Spikes drooping, even before flower-
ing. Mr. Woopwarp. Whole plant sprinkled with minate
_ glandular dots, but even with the surface, and more obvious with
4 moderate than a higher magnifying lens, probably the seat of
its very acrid ore 8 _ Spikes long, slender, pendent. Flowers
$reen, red towa ees Sr. :
, Water Pepper. Arsmart. Lakeweed. Biting Snakeweed.
Watery places, on the sides of rivulets, lakes, and ditches.

3 A. July—Sept.”

“2: Flowais with slightly cloven pistils: leaves strap-spear- mi‘nus,

~~ shaped: stem creeping atthe base.

as

* The whole plant has an acrid, burning taste. It cures little apthous
ulcers in the react. It dyes wool’ yellow. The ashes of this plant,
mixed with soft soap, is a nostrum in a few hands, for dissolving the stone
an the bladder: but it may be reasonably questioned whether it has any
advantage over other semi-caustic preparations of the vegetable Alcali.
Its acrimony rises in distillation, and the distilled water drank to the
amount of 2 or 3 half pints daily, has been found very effectual in some
tephtitic cases.” “Horses, cows, goats, sheep and swine refuse it,

athe

374 OCTANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Pélygonum.

Cemecil okoabee 1 ic0-Getiien: thG: Bn Pavk S57 <dedh ov:
v. 29. row 3.5. f. 1—Pet. 3. 6.

Stems several, 9 inches to a foot high. Leaves almost vein-
less. Spikes slightly nodding. Sty/e sometimes slightly cloven
into 3. Curt. Leaves not acrid. Sr. Spzkes slender, shott ;
flowers few, reddish. Summits 2, sometimes 3.. :

Persicaria angustifolia ex singulis geniculis florens. R. Sym.
145. P. Persicaria Band 2. Linn. Creeping Snakeweed, Moist
and watery meadows. [Tothill Fields, Westminster. Huns,
Curr. Gravel pit on Malvern Chace with P. Hydropiper. Sr.]

A. Sept.

Persica’ria. P. Styles 2: spikes egg-oblong: leaves spear-shaped: _
‘ ___ stipula: fringed. ‘
Kniph. 4—Fl. dan. 702-Wale.—Curt-E. bot. 756-Pet. 3. 7~
Blackw. 118-Dod. 608. 2—Loh, obs. 171. 1-Ger. em. 445¢
1—Park, 857, 1-Ger. 361. 1-Trag. 90.

Pistils half cloven: fruit-stalks smooth: sti fringed ;
spikes egg-oblong, upright. Flowers of a bright rose-colour.
Germen oval and flatted, or 3-square. Style often cloven half way
down into 3 parts, and, when this is the case, the germen and
seed are 3-square. Seed egg-shaped, and slightly convex on one
side, or 3-square. Curt. Leaves nearly smooth, but with very
minute bristles lying along the edge. Leaf-sca/es sheathin;
ribbed. Common fruit-stalks springing from the sheathing lea!
scales at the joints of the stem, Flowers 3 or 4 together, M-
cluded in a membranaceous fringed sheath, on short fruit-stalks |
of different lengths, which are again inclosed by skinny sheaths,

Bloss. segments concave, unequal, Sam. sometimes 5 and 7.

Anthers sometimes 2 upon one filament. Style cloven nearly half
way down. Summits globular, Ss ee ee :
. Dead or Spotted Arsmart. Spotted Snakeweed. Ditches;00
e side of water, and not unfrequently in corn fields.

, : | A, July—Sept.*

pallidum. P. Pistils 9: stipule not fringed: fruit-stalks rough with
glands: seeds depressed on each side. CurT. ~~ a
- Curt.Lob. ic, 815. 1-Pet. 3. 11-Fuebs. 630-Trag. 91~
¥. B. iii. 779. 2-Lonic. i. 162. 1—Dod. 608-Ger- om
_ 445, 2-Park, 857. 2-H. ox. ve 29. row 2B
Stem upright, 3 feet high, of the thickness of one’s finget
Leaves of a palish green, ‘with a kind of mealiness,

~-® Its taste is slightly acid and astringent. Woollen cloth dipped in #
solution of alum obtains a yellow colour from this plant. Goats, sheePs
and horses eat it. Cows and swine refuse it. Linn,

OCTANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Polygonum.

spotted, sometimes not. Spikes thicker than those of P. Pérsi-
caria, heavy, and, in consequence of their weight, often hanging
down. Seeds larger than those of P. Persicaria. Ray. Stem
cylindrical, smooth. Leaves egg-spear-shaped, smooth above ;
the uppermost dotted underneath with minute glands, the lower.
most covered with a kind of down; sometimes with, and some-
times without spots. Leaf-sta/ks hairy underneath, with a slight
roughness to the touch. Leaf-scales more strongly ribbed than in
P. Persicaria. Fruit-stalks beset with minute yellowish glo.
bular glands, on exceedingly short foot-stalks. Syrkes oval,
when the seeds are ripe drooping. Flowers greenish, set close
together. Seed flat, with a depression in the middle of each
side, sometimes obtusely triangular. Curt. P. lapathifolium
Sp. pl. according to Sibthorpe ; but it does not agree with Ray’s
description of that plant, see Ray Hist. iii. 119, nor are the sta-
mens as tall as the blossom, though it is well represented by the
figure in Lob. ic. 315. 1. which is also quoted’by Linneus. P.
pensylvanicum. Curt. and Huns. ed. i. but not the P. pensy/.
vanicum of LINN.
Pale flowered Suakeweed. Dunghills, corn fields, and some.
. times on the side of water. — ; A. Aug.

Var. 2. Stem and flowers red, but not so beautifully bright
as those of P. Persicaria. Like the preceding in every other
respect, Curt. ;

Dunghills with variety 1, and also in corn fields.

Var. 3. Flea bitten. Stem spotted with red. Curr.

‘ Curt. P. pens. caule maculate. =

Comes near to a distinct species. Stem spotted with red.

Spikes much slenderer, even more so than those of P. Persicaria, —

red, but not so bright as those of the Persicaria. Leaf-stalks
rough, underneath. Leaves generally white underneath. If not
attentively examined will be taken for the P. Persicaria. Curr.
Spikes of a dull rusty red on the side opposed to the sun, pale
green on that not exposed to the sun. F/owers when in blossom
whitish green, becoming tinged more or less with red as the seed

_ advances to maturity. Svem like that of P. Persicaria, and pal-

l:idum, spotted with small oblong spots resembling flea-bites.

Leaves, the upper smooth and dotted underneath ; the /oqwer spread _

_ Over with a thin bluish white down, not dotted. Leaf-stalks of
the lower leaves smooth. Spzkes oblong, and egg-oblong.
| Py Persicaria. Potticu. Lesrs.2.¢. Hups. Ditches about
_ St. George’s Fields often with P. Persicaria, and on the watery
tts of Blackheath and Peckham Rye. Dunghills, and in a

: ditch on Stourbridge Common, Sr. _ A, Sept.*

= Sparrows and other small birds are very fond of the seeds of all the
Varieties, Curt. la

375

376:

Bistor’ta,

-OCTANDRIA! TRIGYNIA: Polygontim.

Way 4. Leaves hoary underneath. Ray.
oF : "Suro. oe
* Willow-leaved. Corn fields, and other situations where the
soil is not very rich.
( 3) nye with 8 stamens and 3 ecaope spike single : stem
undivide

F. Lean eeg-shaped, extended at the base along the leaf-

ME. ae 500—Ludw, 31-Kniph. aay ~Blackw. Osh Mi I.
66-FI. dan. 421-Waodv. 34—Sheldr, 111-Clus. ii. 69. 1-
Dod. 333—Lob. obs, 156. 3-Ger. 7s 399.1 1-H. OX. Ve 28.
row 3. 2-Matth. 946—Park. 392. 1—Fuchs. 773-Trag-

f 321-7. B. iii. 539, 1-Lonic. i. 202. o~ Fuchs: 774-7. B.
Git, 538-Ger. 322. 1 and 3.

Upper-leaves arising from long sheaths inclosing t the stem.
Mr. Woopwarp. Sheaths of the leaf-stalks sometimes rising
above the insertion of the leaf.stalks to half the length of the
leaves. St. Root-leaves extended down the leaf-stalks. Svem-—
deaves sheathing the stem. Flowersina spike. Common caly xof2
valves, skinny, the one large, lopped, the other smaller ae ter-
minated by’a lenhy'p projection. Flowers, 2 within each com-
mon caly yx, one of them on a fruit-stalk, the other sitting, sut-
rounded Prick a kind of proper cup, thin, skinny, nearly cylin-

_drical ; mouth even and very entire. Blossom with 5 divisions,

ered. Anthers double, the 2 parts being unl united by ne
Wheels Bistort, or Siakieoséa Moist iaddwei in the north:
ern Counties. ’s Wood near Hampstead: and Battersea.
‘Brome, Norfolk, Mr. Wooow. Ham Green near Mathon and
artley, centre. Mr. Battarp. Near Derby. Mr-
Wuarery. Near the Infirmary, Stafford. In the Garlic Meas

dows, near Penn’ s Mill, pers Warwickshire. ]~ .
oe = rad jeatt

vivip’arum, P, Eanes eal alae ake terminating.

E. bot. 669-Fi. dan. 13—Kniph. 2~Clus. ii iM. 69. 2-Ger. eit
_, 399. 2-Park. 392+ 4-Ger, 922. 2-F. By iis 589- 2-Pluk.
site tei :

a The root { is one of the strongest ae ee “a y roang
shoots are eaten in herb puddin: et north of England: St. and about
Manchester they are substitu for- greens" under the name of Patience
Dock. Mr. Cazzy, ,

OCTANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Polygonum.

Lower flowers of the ssike frequently changed into vege-
tating bulbs. Linn. Svem-/eaves strap-shaped, arising from a
sheath. .Sheaths “inclosing the stem, terminated by a blunt
_membrane. Mr. Woopwaxp. Bulbs darkish purple, egg-shaped,
sometimes intermixed with the flowers, mealy and white within.
St. Blossom whitish. :

~~ Small Bistort. Viviparous Snakeweed. Mountainous pas-
tures. Crosby Ravensworth, and other places in Westmoreland >
near Settle, Yorkshire, and Scotland... {Edge of Semer Water
at Carr End, Wensley Dale. Curt. In the fields between Shap

and Hardingdal, Westmoreland. Mr. Govcu. ] P. June.*
Var. 2. Huns. Root-leaves roundish and minutely serrated.
Stem about 4 inches high. Ray.» . fi pat

Pastures on a high rock called y Grib Goch, above the Lake

(4) Flowers with 8 stamens and 3 pistils: spike single: stem
branched. —

317

P. Flowers axillary: leaves spear-shaped :. stem trailing. avicula’re.

Var. 1. latifolium. Retz. Broad-leaved.

\. Curt. 1.10—Fuchs. 614-7. B.iii. 375. 1-Trag. 391—Blackw.
315—Fl. dan. 803—Matth. 951—Dod. 113. 1—Lob. obs. 228.
3-Ger. em. 565—Park. 443. 1-H. ox. v. 29. row 3. 1-
Pet, 10, 1~Ger. 451—Lon. i. 168. 3-Wale. 5, Convolvulus.

_ Stem scored, thickest at the joints, and separating when

- Leaves, some egg and some spear-shaped. Flowers 2

or 3 to r, in the bosom of the leaves. Fruit-sta/ks short,
but 2 of them longer. Ca/yx double, skinny ; the outer with 5
pear-shaped segments inclosing the 3 florets; the inner incloses
only the 3d floret, and sometimes the rudiment of a 4th. Béoss.
greenish on the outside, white within, often tinged with pink.
~» Knotgrass Snakeweed. Road sides, paths, streets, corn fields,
especially in a gravelly soil. A. or B. April—Sept.t
Var. 2. brevifolium. Revz. Leaves oblong; stamens 7-
eS Ger. 451. 2—Pet. 10.3. <-> fen 3
Leaves about 1-4th of an inch long.

__.* Plants cultivated. for 4 years in a garden, constantly produced per-
feet seeds in July, and ya as constantly a second time in September.

‘These latter zerms vegetated on the stem. Mr. Goven.

+ "The seéds are useful for every purpose in which those of the next

Urcies areemployed: Great numbers of small. birds feed upon them.

‘Cows, goats, sheep, horses and swineeatit.. The stubbles in Sweden

are purpled over with this plant, Livy, It affords nourishment to the

378°

OCTANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Polygontinn,

In gravelly spots, and road sides. [Sandy ae near I tre
Heath, Staffordsh He Sr: ] 7
Var. 3. angustifolinm. Retz. Leaves seapsape

é B: et. 10, 4e z
Sey very slender.
Camberwell, and amongst corn in Houndfield by Pounders
end. Ray. :

_ Var 4. Huns, Leaves oval.

Pet. 10. 2.
2 Sa places. Ray. [Near Coleshill, Warwicksh. Sr.

Oxs. No plant varies more in the shape and size of the
leaves, from strap-shaped to oval, and in breadth from a line to
% inch, Mr. Woopwarp.

Var. 5. Huns. P. maritimum. Stamens 8: styles 3: flowers

axillary : leaves oval -shaped, evergreen: stem somewhat
shrub-like. Linn, _ rs

F. B. iii. 377. 1-Pet. 10. 5=H. v. 29. row 3. | slab.
adv. 179.
So nearly allied to P. ‘poicstaai as scarcely to be distinguished

from it. Flowers in fours. Stem flatted on one side, shorter, hard,
perennial. Leaves egg-shaped, leather-like, turning bluish in.

‘drying. | Liyn. 8: Linn.

(5) ieties somewhat heart-shaped.

Fagopy’rum. P, Leaves heart-arrow-shaped : stem nearly upright; ‘ :

out prickles ;. angles of the seeds equal.

_ Dod. 512-Lob. obs. 513. 3-Ger. em. 89—Park. stole ox.
v.29. row 1. 1, f. 1-Pet. 2. 12-Trag. 648-7. B. ii. 993-
Ger. 82..2-C. B. th. 530-Lonic. i i, 253, 1 and 2.

Bioss. purplish white. Flowering spikes shorter than the

leaves.
Buck Wheat. Snakeweed. Bucke. Braake, French Wheat.
Crap. Corn fields. Se Julys Aug.

* This plant is very impatient of cold, pai at ede sup ase attack
of frost. ‘The seeds furnish a nutritious meal, which is not apt to turn
acid upon the stomach, It is made into thin cakes iit some parts of Eng- a
land, called Crumpits. It is usual with farmers to sow’ a crop of a5
wheat, and to plough it under, when fully grown, as a’ manure septast

The seeds are excellent food for poultry. 'Sheep that eat this P
Beovine: unhealthy. As it flowers late,in the summery, Mer Du Hamel, io
his observations upon the management of bees, serene the hives
in the autumn, toa situation where plenty of this plant son Lai
goats, and Tr eatit; swine and horses eaiete It. anegyls ‘aad

OCTANDRIA. TETRAGYNLA: Paris, »

379

P. Leaves heart-shaped: stem twining, angular: flowers convollvulus.

blunted. _

Curt. 253-Fl. dan. 744—Gers 713. 4.

Leaves atrow-shaped, the angles at the base sometimes lop-
ped. Flowering spzkes longer than the leaves, Bloss. greenish .
white. <Anthers red.

Black Bindweed, Climbling Snakeweed. Corn-fields, gar-

dens, and hedges, A. June—Sept.*
TETRAGYNIA.
PARIS. Calyx A-leaved: | petals A, ‘narrower!
berry A-celled. io ot bac FR
P. Stem-leaves generally 4. | quadrifo’lia.

Kniph. 12-Fl. dan. 139-E. bot. 7-Blackw. 286-Maith.
1093—Dod. 444—Lob. obs. 137. 2-Ger. em. 405. 1—Ger,
328. 1—Pet. 44. 8—Fuchs. 87-F. B. iii, 613—Park. 390.
1-H. ox. xiii. 3. 6.

Root somewhat fleshy. Stem naked. Leaves shining. Flower
1. Linn. Leaves from 1 to.7; plants with 1, 2, 3, and 4 leaves
barren; with from 3 to7 bearing a flower. Calyx sometimes
with only 3 leaves. Mr. Carey. Leaves mostly 4, egg-shaped,
_ tapering toa point, fixed to the top of the stalks Szy/es pur-
plish black, fardly so long as the betry, Blossoms pale green.
Herb Paris. True-love. One-berry. Four-leaved True-
Tove.—Woods and shady ae [Wood near the Devil’s Den
near Clifton upon Teme, Worcestershire. Mr. Bartarp. Woods
on the sides of Breedon Hill, Worcestershire. Nasa. Ripton
Wood, Huntingdonshire. In Norfolk, rare. Mr. Woopwarp.
Love Lane, near Derby, Mr. Wuatety. Wood of Methven,
Perthshire. Mr. Mriiar. Near Gainford, and in Raby Park.
Mr. Rosson, About Frankly Worcestershire.] P. May, June.t

ADO’XA. Cal. cloven; beneath: Abss. 4 or 5-
_ cleft; superior: derry 4-celled, united to
the calyx.

_* The seeds are quite as good for useas those of the preceding species,
are produced in greater quantity, and the plant bears cold better. Cows
and goats eat it: sheep, swine, and horses refuse'it. Linx, A horse eat
it. Sr. The Phalena Lubricipeda is found upon several of the species.

_ +. The leaves and berries are said to partakeof Bepwercare Opiums
The juice of the berries is useful in inflammations of the eyes. Linnaeus
$s the roots will yomit as well aS Ipecacuanha, but it must be given ia

.

a le quantity,

OCTANDRIA.TETRAGYNIA. Elatine,

Moschatel’- A. os geluers

lina.

Dicks. bh. s.—E. bot. 453~FI. dan. 94—Curt. 187-Kniph. &

F. B. iii. 206-A. ox.iv..28. 14-Wale.—Ger. 933. 10-
Park. 62. 1—Lob, advy 300, ri and. ile i, rofltAs 2-Ger.
1091. 10-Park, 320. 6.

Root-leaves generally 4, alternate from 2 rows, doubly 3-
fold : /eafits lobed, cut, smooth. Leaf-stalks channelled. Stem

of the length of the leaves, undivided, nearly 4-square. Stem-

leaves 2, opposite, 3-fold; /eafts on "leaf-stalks. Fruit-stalks
quadrangular, bare, terminating. Head 4-cornered, composed of
4 flowers in a whirl, with a 5th at the top, Flowers green.

Linn. Root-leaves , triply 3-fold ; /eafits 3-lobed. The caly#
in the uppermost flower has only 2 lobes, the bloss. 4-cleft, fie
stamens 8, and the pistils 4; but the lateral flowers have a 3-
cleft calyx, a a 5-cleft blossom, 10 stamens, and 5. styles. Berry
green, reddish when quite ripe.

Taberous Moschatel. Damp woods,:and shady places “not
uncommon. . [In the wood on. the S..W. side of the Pool at
Edgbaston, plentiful, In the woods to the North of Aston Park,
near Birmingham.] _ . . ... 2. April, May.

ELATINE. Cal, A-leaved: petals 4: caps. Accel:
led, 4-valved, flatted,

E. ‘Leaves in whirls,

‘Leaves 8 to 12 ina whirl. Hatt. Mr. Woonwann.
Flowers white. ‘
: Watercwort. Ditches and it oe: Augest:

OUER'CUS. Male and Fem. Flowers. on the same
plant. Bloss. none. .
Male Calyx 5-cleft stamens from 5 to 10.
| Fem, Cal. 1 leaf, very entire, rough; sali
from 2 to 5: nut egg-shaped, iahectt e
~ of 1 seed, and, ‘when Tipe, of. 1 cell.

Q. Leaves on leaf-stalks, oblong, broadest ‘aneeard the
- end, indentations rather acute, angles blunt: fruit.

neatly sitting,
Linden 69—Hunt. evel. po. 69-Weodo.i26-Car. 480—Dade
893. 1—Lab. obs. 582+) 8, and: itv ii. 154. 2-Ger. eme
~ 1340, 2-Park. 1390. 1-Lob-obs. 583, 25 and ic. ti, 155s
2-Kniph, S-Mattb. 204-7. Bi. b, 85-Labe obs. 5835

Se ee vk sae |

Sa eee ve

OCTANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA. Quercus;

Iie. ii. 155. 1-F. Bei. b. 88-Ger. 1156. 1-F. Bi Gi,
b. 700, 2—Lonic. i. 31. Q—Fuchs. 229-F. B..i.b. 70. 1=
Trag. 1102—Spect. de la nat. 25.1, at iis p. 283=Nat.
delin. 17415 at ii. p. S11... = .

Leaves appear later than in the next species, and the flowers
come out later. Fruit later. Acorns 4 to 12 together, on some
trees, egg-shaped, in others oblong, taper-pointed. Wood red-
dish, brittle. Du Rot. Leaves deeper green, and not so deeply
indented. Ray. Frequently retains its leaves. all winter. Mr.
WoopwarD. AE :

2. Robur & Huds—Q. latifalia mas,
R. Syn. 440.—Bay-Oak about Newberry.

dis brevi pediculo est.
R, Syn. Bagley-Wood,

.

and other places. Bozart in R, Syz.—Common but less so than —

the next species. Mr. Woopwarp. ; T. April.

Q. Leaves oblong, on short leaf-stalks, blunt, wing-
_ eleft with imdentations: fruit mostly solitary, on
long fruit-stalks,

~~ Fl dan. 1180.

Leaves not so deeply indented, nor the indentures so irre-
gular, as in the preceding, but opposite. Trees raised from
acorns of this sort prodaced acorns and retained all the marks of
their parent tree. Mrit. Leaves of a deeper green than in the
i) ing and narrower towards the end. Acorns. from 1 to 3
joined together. Wood whitish, hard. Du Ror. Male fl. Calyx
© to 3-cleft nearly corresponding to the number of stamens.
_ Stam. 7 to 9, but mostly 8. Fem. fl. Ca/. tiled, composed of
about 20. spear-egg-sha membranaceous coloured leaves.
Styles mostly 3, bent back. Sr. In the midland’ counties the
fruit-stalks are 5 or 6 times as long as the leaf-stalks.

By the Boat-house in Edgbaston Park.

381

fem/’ina.

“"Qpercus Robut «Hops. Woods and hedges. [Not socom.

mon as the Q. Robtr, but in the wilds of Kent and Sussex I.
have seen many large trees of it. Its timber is accounted better
than that of the QO. Robur. Mizz.} ~ Ts Aprile
_ Some of the figures referred to under the preceding species be~
long to this, particularly that of Hunter’s Evelyn’s Sylva, but in
general they are so ill drawn, and with so little attention to the
Rice, differences, thatit is hardly possible to refer them with any

__ * The Oak Joves hilly better than boggy ground, and thrives best,
while young, in large plantations. Its roots descend deep into the earth,
and therefore will not bear to be transplanted: Much lopping destroys
it. Grass will hardly grow beneath it.—The wood is hard, tough, =

€

of certainty. ‘The following remarks also belong to both.

OCTANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA. Rhodiola.

RHODIOLA. Male and Fem. flowers on dif-
ferent plants. Ca/. with 4 divisions.
Male, Bioss. A petals.
Fem. Bloss. none: nectaries A: Caps. 4, many~
seeded. :

E. bor. 508—FI. dan. 183—Blackav. 586-Matth. 1024-Clus.
~4. 65. 1—Dod. 347. 2-Lob. obs. 212. 33 ic. 1. 391. 1-Ger.
em. 532-Park. 727—H. ox. xii. 10. 8—Pet. 42. 2-Kniph.

2-Ger. 426—Cam. epit. 760—Fuchs. 665-Trags 913-Fo

B. iii. 683-Lonic. is 62. 1.

A female plant cultivated by itself in a garden produced
small unproductive seeds. Linn. Nectaries 5. Stamens 6, 8, 00

Jerably flexible; not easily splintering; and therefore is preferred before
all other timher for building ships of war. It is weil adapted to almost
every purpose of the carpenter ; but an attempt to enumerate all the uses
of this well known wood, would be equally superfluous and difficult.—
Oak saw-dust is the principal indigenous v le used in dying fustian.
All the varieties of drabs, and different shades of brown, are made with
Oak saw-dust, variously managed and compounded.—The balls, or Oak-
apples, are likewise used in dying, as a substitute for galls. The black got
from them, by the addition of copperas, is more beautiful than that from
galls, but not so durable.—The bark is universally used to tan leather.
Its astringent properties may be turned to good account in many

indications. An infusion of it, with a small quantity of copperas, is used
by the common people to dye woollen of a purplish blue: the colour,
though not very bright, isdurable. The balls, or galls upon the leaves,
are occasioned by a small insect with four wings, called Cynips querci folii,

which deposits an egg in the substance of the leaf, by making a small per- —

- foration on the under surface. The ball presently begins to grow: and

the egg in the centre of it changes toa worm; this worm again changes to

a nymph, and the nymph to the flying insect with four wings. —Horses,
cows, sheep, and goats cat the leaves. Swineand deer fatten on the acorns.
The Papilio Iris, Quercus ; Phalana Vinula, Quercus, Monacha, dispars
chrysorrhea, pudibunda, Oo, lubricipeda, quadra, pacta, Psi, Bi a, La-
certinaria, Viridana, Prasinana, Amataria, foe sm nupta ap Vindata;
apis Quercus Bacce, Quercus folii, Quercus petioli, Quercus Gemma ;
mes Quercus; Aphis Quercus; Curculio Quercus, feed upon it. LINN-
—An tree in the parish of Little Shelsley. Worcestershire, measured
_in circumference about 2 yards from the ground 22 feet 4 inches,and close
to the ground nearly 48 feet. Mr. Houttrear.—In one growing in 17645
in Broomfield Wood, neat Ludlow, Shropshire, the trunk measured 68

feet in girth, and 23 in length, and which, allowing 99 square feet for the

larger branches, contained 1455 feet of timber. LicutrooT.—The girth of

the Green Dale Oak, near Welbeck, at 11 feet from the ground, was 38 ~

feet; and one growing at Cowthorpe, near Wetherby, Yorkshire, m¢ea-
sured 48 feet in circumference at 9 fen from the f and 78 feet close
to the ground. Hunt. evel. witha figure of the former at ii. p. 200, and
of the latter at p. 197. Inj the year 1757, an Oak in Earl Powis’s Park,
near Ludlow, measured 16 feet 3 inches at § feet from the ground, and

its trunk rose full 69 feet quite straight and clear of branches. Bath Sot ie j

Mr. Marsuam, : “s

EE a a EF, en ee

- OCTANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA. Myriophyllam.

12. Fasrrc. Stems numerous, simple 4 to 10 inches high, cy-
lindrical, smooth, hollow. Leaves numerous, growing without

order, egg-shaped, egg-spear-shaped, and in the panes plants .

spear-shaped ; upwards distantly serrated, towards the base very
. entire, fleshy, sea-green, sometimes tinged with purple. Stamens
much longer than the blossom. Szy/es very short, pointing out-
wards permanent. Habit that of Sedum Telephium. Root white.
Stem simple, upright, leafy. Leaves serrated. Blossoms ter-
minating, yellow.

Yellow Rose-wort. Rose-root. Mountains of Westmoreland,
Cumberland, Yorkshire, and Wales. [Ona rock on the summit
of Ingleborough, to the North West; and on a monntain called
the Old Man, at Coniston Water Head. Mr. Woopwarp.—
High-street, Westmoreland, on the edge of a precipice called Blea
_ Water Cragg. Mr. Goucu.—Near Mr. Rigge’s slate quarry,

in Conistone. Mr. Jackson. | P. June, July.* —

MYRIOPHYL'LUM. Male and Fem. flowers

frequently on the same plant. Ca/. 1 leaf, 4- |

toothed: petals 4, with claws: soon failing
off: styles none: nuts 2 to 4, covered with
a coat.

M. Spikes interrupted, leafless.

E. bot. 83-Fl. dan. 681-C. B. pr. 73. 1-Park. 1257. 7--

Fi B. ili. 783. 1—Pet. 6. es
Flowering Spike rising above the water. Whirl: 6 or 8,

the upper of male flowers, somewhat crowded, the lower of fem. |

flowers more distant. Peta/s oval, concave, purplish without,
shedding. Summits expanding cross-wise. Mr. Woopwarp.
Stems simple, or branched ; divided within into about 16 hollow
cells. Leaves winged, fan-shaped, 4 in a whirl; Jeafts awl-
shaped. Flowers 4 in a whirl; the males the uppermost, and
some of them containing the rudiments of 4 nS.
Spiked Water-Milfoil. Ditches ponds, lakes and still water.
: P. May—July.
Var. 2. Huns. Broadish entire leaves at the base of the
whirls. Bogart in H. ox.

M, Flowers in leafy whirls. ee,
FI. dan, 1046-E. bot. 218—Clus. ii, 252, 1=Park. 1256. 2-
7 B. iii, 783. 2—Pet. 6. 8.

® The root has the fragrance of a Rose, particularly when dried; but
Cultivated in a garden, it loses most of its sweetness. Goats and sheep
_ Satis. Cows and swine refuse it.

spica’tum,

verticilla’-

384 - OCTANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA. Myridphyllum:

In muddy ditches, with little water, it appears as follows.
Stems 6 or 8 inches high, unbranched. Leaves not more than an
-inch long ;leafits 14 or 2 lines longs In ponds as follows,
Stems branching, 2 feet and more long. Leaves under water 1}
to 2 inches long; leafits half an inch long, hair-like and
slender. Sike 0 or 7 inches long, with 12 to 16 or more
whirls, the lower ones about half an inch distant, the upper
nearer, with 4 or 5° winged leaves at each whirl, about half an
inch long, leafits about 1 line long. Flowers in the bosom of the
leaves, similar to those of M. spicatum ; those of the upper whirls
usually male; those of the lower female, ‘and sometimes the
‘upper male,: the middle one hermaphrodite, and the lower female,
Mr. Woopwarp. Flowers greenish. Anthers yellow.
Whirled Millfoil. Ditches and stagnant waters. Hups.—
rare. Per.—[ Ditches near Bungay, Suffolk, and near Yarmouth. |
‘The large sort in a pond at Hedenham, Norfolk, on a strong

we soil, Mr. Woopwarp. ] eats ss? .
“ENNEANDRIA.
_ DIGYNIA.

MERCURINLIS. Flowers, male and female on. faint’
plants: Cal. with 3 divisions: Bloss. none. Dy,
ws 9 Stem. 9 to.12: Anthers globular; double.
F. Caps. 2, united; each with 1 cell and 1 seed.

ee)

_HEXAGYNIA,

BU’TOMUS. Teale: simple; of 3 leaves: Boss. 6 pe-
tals: Caps. 6: Seeds many.

: HYDRO‘ CHARIS. Flowers male and Siiaale 6 on dstne

plants: Cal.’ 3-cleft: Bloss. 3 petals. :

_ M. Sheath 2-leaved: Filaments, the 3 inner ones
bearing a kind of style, —

EF, Caps, 6-celleds many-seeded beneath, —

ENNEANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Merciiriati:
DIGYNIA. |

MERCURIA‘LIS. Male and fem. flowers on dif. :

ferent plants: d/oss. none: calyx with 3 divi-
sions, — in a is |
“Male. Stamens from 9 to 12: anthers globular,

double. | .
Fem. Caps. double, 2-celled, 1 seed in each.

=

M., Stem undivided: leaves rough, wit
Curt—Walch—Kniph. 1, male plant, Fl. dan. 400—Mill. ill.
—Cam. epit. 999, male; 998, female—Fuchs. 444-F. Bz

385

peren‘nis,

ii. 979. 1-Trag. 191—Lon. i. 136. 3—Pet. 1.6-Dod. 659.

1—Lob. obs. 132. 1. and ic. i. 260. 1-Ger. em. 333. 1-

- Park. 296. 2=Pet. 1. 5-F.Bv ii. 979. 2-H. ox. Vs 34.3,
4—Marth. 1299. - as

Male spikes longer than the leaves; fem. spikes shorter. Mr.

Woopwarp. Male flowers in spikes, from the bosom of the

per leaves. Fem. flowers on fruitstalks age. solitary.
cdaibers, 2 upon each filament. Flowers ye ow green. oe

Dogs Mercury. Woods, hedge banks.—Male and female
plants rarely intermixed, each sort usually growing in large
patches, whence it is probable that this plant, which gates
itself so much by roots, rarely produces perfect bab ‘Mr.

Woopwarp. P. April, May.* -

M., Stem branching: leaves smooth: flowers in spikes.
Male plant.—Curt. 336. 2-Cam. epit. 996—Fuchs. 475-F.
-) Bo ii, 977. 2—E. bot. 559.-Trag. 190-Ger. 202. 1-Dod.
658. 1-Lob. obs. 191. 1, and te. i. 259. 1-Ger. em. 332.
1—Park. 2905—Pet. 1. 8=H. ox. v. 34, row 1. 1=Blackw.

164. 4, &e.—Low. i. 136. 2=Gars. 382-Matth. 1297.
Fem, plant-Curt. 336. 1-Fuchs. 473-F. B. ii. 977. 3-Trag.
190-Blackw. 162. 2 and 3. 1-Cam. epit. 997-Dod. 058.

2~Lob. obs, 131. 2, and ic. iv 259. 2—Ger. em. 332. 2—

Pet. 1. 7-H, ox. v. 34-row 13 2=-Ger, 2602. 2-Gars.
382-Matth, 1298. :

* It is noxious to sheep, and deleterious to man. Ray relates the
Case of a man, his wife, and three children, who experienced highly dele-
terious effects from eating it fried with bacon.—Sheep and goats eat it ;
cows and horses refuse it.—In drying it turns blue. Linn,—and steeped
in Water it affords a fine deep blue colour, but which unhappily is destruc-
tible both by acids and alkalies, and recoverable by no means that I have

able to discover, Sr, : ft

Vor, II, Cc

an’nua.

386

umbella’tus Bie

ENNEANDPRIA. HEXAGYNIA. Butomus.

Barren spikes much shorter than the fertile ones. Mr. Ross.
Some male plants bear a few female flowers. Calyx smooth in
the male, hairy in the female flowers, Stamens sometimes 16 or

: more.

i» French Mercury. ‘Waste sla and. dunghills about towns
and villages. [Near Norwich, and at pon a Suffolk. Mr.
Aree A neat Sunderland. Mr. Rosson.] A - Aug, Sept.*

‘si

_... HEXAGYNIA.

BU'TOMUS. Involucrum simple, of 3 leaves é pe
tals 0 ; caps. 6 ; many-seeded : anedls fixed to
the. sides of the capsules.

Curt -E. hen 651-Kniph. 7~FI. dan. 604-Wale. OF 27.2
—Maith. 1037=Dod. 601. 1-Lob. obs, 44. 2-Gers ert. 29.
*#2_ Park. 1197. 1-H. ox. xii. 5. row 3. f. 3-F.B. ti. 524.

Leawes 3-cornered, very long. Involucr. of 3 brown spear-

shaped leaves. Fruit-stalks forming an umbel; long, thread-

shaped, unequal, separated . by brown membranaceous.. leaves. _

Stamens placed in a regular circle upon, the receptacle, not as in

the,generic character, Stem cylindrical, naked. Blossoms purple

—_ terminating, aoetian quite white.

Flowering Rush. Water sieditlen.s Slow streams, and muddy

ditches, [Skern, near Darlington. Mr. Rossox. Side of the

river Avon, at Evésham, Worcestersh. Mr. Battannes Pangys
Suff, Woopw aro.—Stafford and Tamworth. ] P. June.t

HYDRO/CHARIS. Male and fema flowers ame
different plants: cal. 3-cleft: Bless. : 3 petals.
" Male; sheath 2-leaved: filaments, the 3 inner
ones style-bearing.
Fem, caps. O-celled ; many-sceded beneath,

: Curt. 167-E. ss “808-Fli'dan. 878-Dod. 583. ios, om
818. f. 2-Park. 1252.4-Dod, 583» Podabs ic, i. 596. 1~
mas B iii. 773+ » ee

* The whole plant is mucilaginous, ‘and was formerly 4 ene
ployed as an emollient, but is now disregarded.

The small Old Gentlewoman Moth, and Phalena Meticulosa feed upon
i, Linn.—The seeds taste like those of hemp.-St. ~

+ Neither cows, horses, sheep, swine, or goats will eat it. Linn.
It is an ornament to the banks of our rivers and marshy ditches. Mr.
Woopwaap. fk:

\

ENNEANDRIA, DIGYNIA. Hydrocharis.

It bears. duds or rather bubbles. Bud pendent, on a
long thread-like leaf-stalk, consisting of 2 convoluted scales re-
sembling leaf-scales, within which are contained the leayes, be.
coming gradually larger, tiled and convoluted. Linn. Root of
many long thick white fibres. Leaves round-kidney-shaped,
very entire, smooth,’ fleshy, andy on removing the outer skin

when the leaves are dried, a most beautiful close net-work of.

veins is seen. Mr. Woopwarv. Leaves kidney-shaped, thick,
smooth, reddish underneath, Béoss. white.

_ Common Frog-bit. Slow streams and wet ditches. P. June.
_ Var. 2. Blossoms double, sweet-scented. Linn.

in the Isle of Ely, R. Spin

Ditch on the side of 3 ees near a ‘wham: bridge -

CLASS X.
DECANDRIA.
MONOGYNIA.

“(). Flowers complete ; 5 regular ; of many Petals.

,

MONO’TROPA. Calyx like a blossom; bulging at the

base: Caps, 5-celled ; many-seeded.
PY’ROLA. Anthers peed, upwards : Caps. 5-celled ;

many-seeded,
- [Geranium. Lythrum salicaria.]

(2) Flowers of 1 petal ; regular.

ANDRO/MEDA. Bloss. bell-shaped, but roundish : Caps.

5-celled.

AR’BUTUS. Bhoss. egg-shaped : Gshagstrene at the base:
Berry 5-celled.

" [Vaccinium Myrtillus and Oxycoccos, Chora perfoliata

) (3) Flowers incomplete ;
[ Mercurialis. ] ,

*.

DIGYNIA.

: SCLERAN’THUS. ‘Blos . none: Calyx 5-cleft: supe-

rior; Seeds 2,
ec2z

387

388

CHERLE’ RIA.

.DECANDRIA.

CHRYSOSPLE/NIUM. Bloss. none: Calyx superior :
Caps. 2-celled ; 2-beaked.

SAXT'F RAGA. Bloss. 5 petals: Calyx with 5 divisions :
"Caps. 1-celled: 2-beaked. _..

SAPONA/RIA. Bloss. 5 petals : Caly x tubular: naked
at the base: Caps. 1-celled ; oblong.

DIAN’THUS, Bloss.5 petals: Calyx tubular; with Scales
_ at the base: Caps. 1-celled: oblong.

Lees: Sarpinie: Aagrimonia Bupajorie]
oe SRIGYNIA-

ARENA/RIA. Caps. 1-cclled: Petals entire; expanding.
STELLA’RIA. Caps. 1-celled: Petals deeply divided

expanding.
CUCU’BALUS. Caps. aS Sifed Petals cloven: Mouth
naked.

SILE’NE. Caps. 1 to 3 cells: Petals (mostly) cloven :
Mouth eaten laa
+ \Nectaries like petals 5 ;

smaller than thee cup. :
[Polygonum Bistorta. Qocrcms, Sambucus Ebulus. Alsie-)

? -PENTAGYNIA.
COTYLE DON. Caps. 5, adjoining the nectaries: ‘Bloss.

SE/DUM. Caps. 5, adjoining the nectaries : Bloss.5 petals.

OX’ALIS. Caps. 5-celled: angular: Bloss, petals con-
nected at the base.

LYCH'NIS. Caps. 1-3, or 5-celled ; “olan: ; Calyse ob-

long ; membranaceous.

AGROSTEM™MA. Caps. 1-cell; s oblong: Calyx tubal

membraiaceous,
GERASTIUM: Caps. 1-celled: Petals cloven: Calyx
5-leav
penis Caps. 1-celled: Petals entire; Calye 5-
eave

[Adoxa moschatellina. Cochin Cucubalus Behers .
‘Arenaria media, Quercus.)

DECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA, Andromeda,

| MONOGYNIA.
MONO’TROPA. Culyx none: petals 10, the 5

outer ones hollowed at the base to contain
honey : caps. 5-valved. (These are the num-
bers of the terminating flower.)

389

M. Lateral flowers with 8, the tehreaaating flowers with Fypep ‘ithys.

10 stamens.

E. bot. 69—FI. dan. 23°-Kniph. 10-Plot. oxf. 9.6, at b: 146
=H, ox, xii. 16. 13. 20. a. b-Plak. 209. 6.54) 10%

Spike when in flower nodding, when in fruit upright. Mr.
Woopwarp. The whole plant smells sweet, and is of a pale
yellow colour, which peculiarity is generally confined to para-
sitical plants, and such as grow in very shady situations.

Primrose scented Birds-nest. Woods, growing on the roots
of other plants. In Oxfordshire, Bedfordshire, Bucks, Berks,
and the Beech Woods of Sussex. [ Woods near Uley, Glouces.
tershire. Mr. Baxer. Shottisham, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. In
pao Grove, Stoke, Norfolk. Mr. Woopwarp. Lord Stam-

ford’s ~~ at —— bigucmrag ie. rE. July.

ANDROMEDA. Pohl with 5 aivinens : bloss.
. more or less egg-shaped; mouth 5-cleft:
caps. 5- celled; seeds few.

A. Umbel of few flowers, terminating: bloss. egg-shape polifolia

nodding : leaves — ean rapes t edges
rolled back, —

‘Dicks. b. s.—Fl. Ross. i. 71-E. bot. 71 3-FI. Japp. lL o-Plub.
175. 1-Park. 76. 7-Wale.—Fl. dan. 54-F. B.i, a. 227
1—Buxb. v. 55. 1-Ray ed.is tele

Blossoms tinged with red. mar eo -
: Marsh Cistus. Wild Rosemary Poley Mountain, Ros
Mosrwort. Marsh Holy Rose, Turk bogs. Yorkshire, Cone
Lancashire, Westmoreland, Cumberland, and Scotland. [ Bogs
‘about Halifax, Yorkshire. Mr. Crows. Causeway Moss and
Rusland Moss, Furness Fells. Mr. Jackson. Thorn | Moor,
Yorkshire, Mr. Rosson. Chartley Moss. Mr. Bacot.]

de
Ai Daboecia. See Erica Daboecia,

3

U’nedo.

alpina.

Uva we S

cs

DECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Arbutus.

AR’BUTUS. Cal. with 5 divisions, dloss. egg-
shaped, pellucid at the base : mouth 5-cleft:
berry 5-celled, many-seeded : superior.

A. Stem tree-like: leaves smooth, bluntly serrated: pani-
__ cle terminating: berries with many seeds. ©

Hunt. Evel. 373. ti. p. 81. ed. 2-Mill. 48. 1 and 2-Clus. i.
47. 2-Dod. 804. 2—Lob. obs. 571+Ger. em. 1496—Park.

1490. 1~F. B. 1. ds $3—-Maith. 270-Ger. 1310, 2~Lonit.
i, 50. I<

- Berries rough with tubercles formed by the stadt. Linn. Siem,
serratures of the Leaves and Flower-scales coloured. Calyx seg-
ments lapping over each other, coloured at the points. Bloss.
Secers white, a little hairy within. Anthers reddish scarlet,

ble, opening at the base, with 2 yellow horns. Berries reds
Common Strawberry Tree. In the. West of Ireland.; in the

county of Kerry ; near the Lake of Killarney. Ray. On barren
limestone rocks, lt. Crowe. 2 gone Sept.*

‘-: Stems trailing: leaves eee: somewhat serrated, .
and frin with hairs. ‘
oe dan, 73-Light. ll. @. yo at “73 ae Ore | Fi Ci Merit
1417. 4—Park. 1456. 3-Ger. 1230. 4—F. B, i, a. 519-

_ Berries black, globular, sitting upon a very small red. cup. »

Mountain sereialety sees Dry mountains, in Scotland ©
and the Western Isles. Ss May.t ©

A. Stems trailing: toe cloneeesapdy ren gatite,
veined like net-work underneath.
2 ‘ber 714-Kniph. Q-Fl, dan. 33-Blackw. 592: 1. 2 ier
3-Fl. lapp. 6. 3-Woodv. 70-Lightf. 11. cy do at p, 216-
ce 3 Be i. a, 523-—Zanon. 178-Ger. 1230. 5 5-Clus. 7; 63. I
Lob, obs. 547. 1-Ger.em, 1416, 5—Park. 1457. 6.
Blossom, mouth very much contracted, tinged with red Mr.
Woopwarn. Flowers flesh-coloured. gp Bag red, ©

PR en best Bear Whortle-berries. Bear-berry. Straw-be w ry
rm uae snag weed, seen Cetomen: ert Hex-

Jand, cat it, but ants drink water after.

} Ther meting o te vf Bk currant, Wet
I Goats refuse it.

DECANDRIA."MONOGYNIA. Pytola’> 393

ham, Northumberland. “Isle of Mull, next to ¥-Columb-Kill,

ving plentifully for some miles together. Mr. Luwyp.—
FOadeiso about Blair, Mr. Warr.—West side of the county
of Durham.} ; S. May, June.*

PY’ROLA, Calyx with 5 divisions: petals 5: caps.
5-celled, opening at the angles: seeds nume-
rous, coated,
P, Stamens ascending: pistils leaning downwards. rotundifolia,
E. bot. 213-Fl. dan. 110-Blackw. 591-Riv. pent. 157-
Matth, 982-Fuchs. 467-Trag. 707—F. B. iii. 535=Dod.
138—Ger. em. 408. 1—Ger. 330, 1-Clus, ii, 116, 2-Lobs
_ obs 157. 2-H. ox. xii. 10. row 2. 1—Park, 508—Lonic. 186,
>. Blassoms white. ° ; UR
‘Common Wintergreen. Woods and groves in the North of
England: in the South rare. Near Halifax, Yorkshire. [Hock-
_ fall Woods, near Grewelthorpe, Raydale Wood, near Carr-end
Wensley Dale, and Tennant’s Wood, near Kilnsay, Yorkshire.
Curt. Meadows at Gorlestone, Suffolk. Mr. Wicc. Woods
of Duplin and Panmure, Angus-shire, and about Loch Ranoch,
Perthshire. Mr. Donn. Chartley Moss, Staffordsh. Mr.Bacor. }
os Bee ei P. Sunt, July. -
ae Flowers in a bunch, scattered : stainens ascending, pis- mi‘nor,
: tils straight.

E. bot. 158-Fl. dan. 55-Kniph. 9-Riv. pent. 136. 1.

Much resembles. the P. rotundifolia. Stem in both '3-cor-
nered. It is very probable that this plant was first produced by
the Pollen of the P. secunda, impregnating the germen of the
P. rotundifolia. B/oss. reddish white. Linn. ‘Two flowering
stems frequently arise from the same root. Whole plant smaller
and weaker than the P. rotundifolia. Woopwarp. Anthers with

~ * "The berries aré insipid, pulpy, and mealy, The plant ismuch
used in Sweden to dye an sored ec totan leather. Halfa dram of
the powdered leaves given every, or every other day, has been found
useful in calculous cases.‘ ” It was first used for this purpose at Montpe-
Ber, and atterwards by Dr. de Haen, at Vienna, who relates several cases,
in which it proved of the greatest service, Its success in England has
been uncertain. Sometimes the patients found no relief, but thought
their complaints rather aggravated than alleviated ; whilst, in other cal-
cious andinephritic ‘cases, the symptoms have been almost entirely re-
Moved. Perhaps, upon the whole, we shall firid it no better than other
ener astringents ; some of which — long been wee by the. pan |
people, in ae ly complaints, apd with yery great advantage :_thoug
er - nm se z thet I : BE 6 ete » COWS, goats, and
Sheep teftise it.” pate a 3 Peat —% Cee OF

.
at *

392

secun’da,

uniflora,

alternifo’-
lium,

‘

DECANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Chrysosplenium.

2 holes at the base, but not protruded into tubes as in P. uniflora.

Bloss. pale pink or white. E. Bot.
re. intergreen. Woods. Near Clapham, Yorkshire.
hlands, and Isle of Skye. [Near Tring, Herts, Woopw.
Sie en Church Woods, Oxfordsh. Hon. Mr, Bacor.]
P, June, July.

P, Flowers in a bunch, from one side.
Dick. b. s.—E. bot. 517—-Fl. dan, 402—Clus. ti. 117. 1-Ger.

Cm. 408. 2-F. Bvi lil. 536. 1—Park, 509. Sei. OX. xii. 10. ij

vow 2,4,

The stamens project beyond the ieee and the summit
beyond the stamens. Bloss. white.

Serrated Wintergreen. Woods. Haslewood, near Sir Walter
Vavasor’s Park, Yorkshire, with the P. rotundifolia. [In a Den

near Comry, Perthshire. Mr. Donn. On the banks of the river ©

Isla near a cataract called the Reeky Lyn in Angus-shire. Mr.
Brown.] P. Sept.

P. Stalk bearing only 1 fawie.

E. bot. 146-—Riw. pent. 139. 1-H, OX. xii. 10. Q—F/], dan. 8.

Flower odoriferous, white with red streaks. Amthers with 2
tubes at the base. Summit with.5 rays. E. bot.

Single flowered Wintergreen. Firwoods near Brodie House,
in Moray, Seotland 5 plentifully. Mr. Hoy. Linn. Tr. P. July.

_DIGYNIA.

CHRYSOSPLE'NIUM. Cal. coloured, 4 or 5-

cleft: bloss. none: caps. 2-beaked, 1-celled,
many-seeded ; partly beneath ; division of the
valves extending but half hed down.”

C. Leaves alternate.

Dicks. b. itonk, bot. 54~Fi.. daz, 366-Wale.—Pet. 6. io
H. ox, xii. 8. 8—F. B. iii. 707.1.

Stamens in the terminating flower 10, in the rest 8. fax

Eschenback, Leers, Moench and Woodward only found 8 sta-
mens in the terminating flower, r than the next speciess
so that where they grow intermixed this may be known at some
distance, Stam. 3-cornered. Root-/eaves longer than the leaf-
stalks. Woopw. Middle stem- leaves solitary or alternate.
Fie bieke bright yellow.

Vternate-leaved Ses caret Wet my woods, along along with :

the C, ts Tess frequent. [About Esholt, on

Sons ayeotnnanineaec

_ DECANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Saxifraga.

river Air, 8 miles above Leeds, plentifully. Mr. Woon. Bogey
‘grove on Porland Heath, near Norwich. Mr. Woopw.—Purlieu
Lane, leading from the Wytch to Mathon, Worcestersh. Mr.
Batiarp.—River side and woods at Roslin.» Mr. Brown.—
Moorlands at Belmont, Staffordshire. Mr. Prrr.—In a wood at
Colton Beck Bridge in. Furness’ Fells. Mr. Jacxson.—Baydales
near Darlington. Mr. Rosson.) P. March, Apr.

C. “Leaves opposite.

Curt. 138-E. bot. 490-Fi, dan. 305—Dod. 316. 2-Lob. obs.
336. 1—Ger, em. 841, 2-Park, 425. 2-H. ox. xii, 8.7 is
Fi et. 6. 9. : Le :

Stamens in the terminating flower sometimes 10. Curr. Stem
upright, with 2 or 3 pair of leaves. Suckers from the base of the
stem, covered with leaves, creeping. Stem-leaves 2 or 3 pair, cir-
cular, with the base lopped on each side, indistinctly and irregu-
larly notched, Woopwarp. Stem 4-cornered. Root-leaves longer
than the leaf-stalks. Stamens sometimes only 6 or 7. Flowers
bright yellow, Linnaeus remarks, that this and the
species are very closely allied; but they may at once be distin-
‘guished by the rey different "lengths of their respective root.

ves.

Golden Saxifrages. Opposite-leaved Sengreen. Moist shady

aces, sides of boggy rivulets, common. {Copse on Polingland
th, -near Norwich. Mr. Prrcurorp. Moist heaths about
Manchester. Mr, baler 1. P. April, May.

" SAXI'FRAGA. Cab 5-toothed : Bloss. 5 petals:
caps. beneath; 2-beaked, 2-celled, many-

393

oppositifo’~
lium,

seeded, opening tree a hole between the’

=* _ Styles. - | ~
ee Leaves sedeatlad: stem eeig Lalla

S. Leaves serrated, oblong-inversely egg-shaped: stem
ri branched : petals spear-shaped, 2 dots upon
eac

E. bot, 167~Facg. col. i. 13—Fl. dan. 23-Fi. nese 2. 3
Scop. 13. Be 492. at p. 200=Pluk. 58, 25 Lb. 222. 4—
H, ox. xii: 9. 13—F. B, iti. 708. 1.

Stibess close to the root, numerous, pepsi sine Nar.

codaguschanets. Stem a finger’s len Flowers 3 to
&, on short fruit-stalks. ri ee Petals white, with 2

| STAI rah Tea To

stella’ris. -

niva’lis,

DECANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Saxifragas

rather indented at the top, slightly hairy.. Stem, 1 from each tuft,
Branches, each having at its base a leaf, spear-shaped, entire, or
cloven into 3, and bearing 1-or 2 flowers. Mr. Woopwazop.
Hairy Kidneywort, or Saxifrage. .Moist rocks, and by the
rills of Snowdon, Carnedh-Llewellyn, and Caderidris, &c. In
the north of England, and in Scotland. [About Buckbarrow
Well, Longlesdale, Yorkshire. Curr.—Mountains in Lancash.
Westmoreland and Cumberland. Mr. Woopw.—Between Pater-
dale and Winander Mere. St.—On Conistone Fells. along with
the Saxifr. aizoides and hypnoides. Mr. Jackson, On the very |
summit of Snowdon. Mr. Aixtn.] P. June, July.

owers in heads, :
Dicks. b. s.-E. bot. 440-Fl. dan. 28—Lightf.12. at p. 221=
Ray 10. 1, at p. 358—Pluk. 222. 5—F/. lapp. 2. 5 and 6.

Leaves blunt, lying on the ground. Stem somewhat hairy.
Petals blunt, white, Scarcely is any plant subject to such remark-
able variations, in appearance as well as size. Sometimes it 19
exceedingly small, with heart-shaped-Jeaves, flowers collected
into a single head, and a strap-shaped leaf at the base. Some-
times it produces only a single flower on a sfalk, and sometimes.
2 of these rise from one root. At other times it bears a number
of flowers at the top’ of the stalk, on fruit-stalks, forming an ums
bel, and sometimes it appears twice as large, with a spike com-
posed of smaller ones as figured in Ray. But in all these states
it is easily distinguishable by its leaves, reddish underneath, and

purplish pistils. - I have seen the same plant flower thrice in one —

S. Leaves eeechapeds scolloped, nearly sitting: stem leaf-

less :

‘summer. Mr. GrirrirH.

Mountain Saxifrage. Summits of the higher mountains of
Wales and Scotland. Glyder.Vawr, near Snowdon. Penn.
Wales. [On Ben Lomond and on Malghyrdy. Mr. Dox. On

~ Ben Teskerney, Craig Cailleach and Ben Lawers. Mr. Brown.]

uambro’sa,

_P. end of Apr. to Oct

S. Leaves egg-shaped, scolloped and gristly at the edge,
CRS Spather Dateder the a weer eae, ; flowers na
panicle. bg
E, bot. 663-Mill. 141. 2-Park. 738, fig. Wd.-par. 233. 5»
Leaves stretching down the léafistalk. | Bloss. whitish with —
elegant crimson dots, very beautiful when moderately maj nified.
London Pride. Geum falio subrotundo majori, pistille flor's
rubro..'Tourn.R. Syn. | Nome-so-pretty. Princes Feathers
Mountains of Sligo, and on Mangerton in Kerry, Ireland. [18
a sloping: field. a little below Moseley Common, and also 00
Chapmoss,:Lancashire,: Mr, Ww, Evanss poo accion? ‘P, June dl

DECANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Saxifraca.
(2) Leaves undivided; stem leafy.

403

§. Stem-leaves opposite, tiled; the uppermost fringed. _oppositifolia.

Dicks, be s.—-E, bot. 9-Curt.Fl. dan. 34-Fl, lapp. 2. 1-
, Alliant 21, 3-Pet. 61. 9-F. B. iii, 694. 1-H. ox. xii.
10. 36. JF 293 i

Stems thread-shaped, hanging down, or creeping. Leaves
disposed in 4 rows, sitting, fringed. ~F/ower terminating, soli-
tary, sitting. Linn. Leaves oval, somewhat eit down the
stem, in opposite paits, alternately from each side of the stem,
giving the appearance of being seca a Bt tiled, all fringed,
sea-green, frequently tinged with purple. Cuzp purplish, fringed,
Petals very blunt, bright purple. Mr. Woopwarp.

Heath.like Saxifrage. Rocks. On the north side of Ingle-

borough; higher rocks of Snowdon, about Llanberys ; Highland
mountains, and Isles of Rum and Skye. [Ingleborough and
Pennigent. Curr.—This beautiful plant insinuates its roots into
every crevice, and, with its namerous trailing branches, clothes,

with a rich tapestry, the perpendicular rocks on the westside of

the summit of Ingleborough. Mr. Woopw. On Ben Lomond,
Dr. Hore: and Ben Vurlock. Mr. Brown.] P. April—June.

Ss. Stem-leaves “spear-shaped, alternate, naked, without Hir’culus, -

a—Breyn. ib. p- 106—H. OX. 6—Gmel. iv. 65. 3-Hall. Tl,
3-Clus. cur. 6—Gers ems 1284, 8-Park. 656, figure the
lowest-H. OXs Xi. 8. 5-Breyn. 106. te 48.

Stem purple, simple, generally with 2 of 3 flowers. Fruit.
_ stalks downy. Cup bent back. ‘Leaves not fringed. Petals

_ Tibbed, yellow, with tawny dots, towards their base an oblong
hollow or chink of 2 valves, with pointed ends, ‘containing ho-
ney. Linn, The ribs on the cup and on the petals ciearly
—— it from-the S. aizoides, Woopwarp.

arsh Saxifrage. ‘Turf bogs. Knutsford Moor, Cheshire.
Ray and Licurr. who first ascertained it to be the S. Hirculus.

i. Pi July, Avg. coco
= Stem-leaves strap-awl-shaped, somet etimes fring ed; root- aizoi’des,

DECANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Saxifraga.

a few hairs at the edge, but oftener without. \Fruitstalls many,
from the bosom of the leaves, of various lengths, the lower ones

» longest ; generally with 1 flower.. Flower leaves 2 on each

granula’ta.

cer’nua.

fruit-stalk. Cups nearly as long as the blossom. Petals blunt,
yeliow, spotted. Woopwaro. | Mr. Afzelius informed me, that
the S. aizoides and the S. autumnalis of Linnazus were both the
same plant; that when the leaves are fringed it had been called
by the Jatter, and when without fringe bythe former. name.
From the same authority also it maybe observed that the Sy-
nonyms from Bauhine and Morison given to the S,.autumnalis,
belong to the S. hircnlus, as does also that of Breynius. :
Yellow Mountain Saxifrage. S. autumnalis, Huds. Lightf.
Bot. arr. ed. ii, Ingleborough Hill, and in, Westmoreland.
Beeston Castle, Cheshire; [and in Long Sledale and Whitsell
Gill, near: Askrig, Yorkshire. Curt.—In Furness Fells; near
the top of a high mountain called the Old Man; in moist places:

Mr. Atxiyson. } re P. July, Aug,
(8) Leaves lobed; stem upright. ;
S. Stem-leaves kidney-shaped, gashed :.stem branched:
Dicks. b. ¢—E. bot. 500-Kniph, 1-Curt. Fl. dan. 514~Mill.
ll. -Woodv. 232-Ludw. 120-Wale.-Matth, 97 8—Fuchse
747-7. B., lil, Dod. 316. 1—Lob. obs. 335. I—Ger. em,
841. 1-Park. 424, 1 and 2-H. ox. xii. 9, 93—Ger. 693+
1-Trag. 525~Lonie. i, 220. 1-Blackw. 56. a
Root consisting of several tubercles crowded together. Ger-
men beneath. Linn. Branches without leaves. Cup a little
pee ee ale out pi =
__ White Saxifrage.._.Dry meadows and pastures. _ Neat
Wandsworth. { Bevere,.near Worcester. Sr, PPlentiful in the -
field below Malham Cove,. Yorkshire. Wood behind Agecroft

Hall, and many. other places. about Manchester. Mr.. CaLey-
In the Garlick Meadows, near Penn’s Mill, Erdington, War-

wicksh ] Er} bat 3 Se a aa - ie at e B. Apr. June.
Ss. Stem-leaves hand-shaped, on leaf otallcs: stem un- ?

branched, 1-flowered, bulb-bearing. i
EB, bot. 665-Fh Lapp, 2..4—Fl. dane 22.

_ eFlowers. rather nodding. Stem-leaves smooth, more hand-

shaped, and the germen more elevated above the receptacle than
in the S.-bulbifera. - In that plant too’the stem is branched, and

beats more than I flower. Lanne . Very seldom flowering, but
_always

s producing its axillary purple bulbs. Mr. Brown. F/s daa
590, and Gans nory. By, 2, seem. also to Fepresent this Species

‘DECANDRIA. DIGYNIAWSixifraga, 397

but the stem in these figures bears 2 flowers. Root not beaded.

Flowers white.
On mountains in the north. Amongst the'rocks onthe sum-
mit of Ben Lawers, Scotland ; first found by Mr. Dickson.
‘ P. Aug.

S. Stem-leaves wedge-shaped, alternate, 3-cleft: stem tridactyli'tes.
branched: leaves in very dry situations sometimes :
undivided.

Dicks. b. s.-E. bot. 501—Cure, 120-Walc. Sheldr. 24—H,
ox. Xl. 9. 31-—Ger, 499. 3-Pet. 61. 8<Scop. 16. 490—
~Blackw. DLs os -

Turns red after flowering. Hairs terminating in globules.
Stems forked, in some situationstrailing. Root-/eaves tapering
down into flat leaf-stalks. Stem-leaves sitting, the upper, and |
sometimes all above the first branches, spear-shaped and opposite.
Frait-stalks with ee flowers ; axillary. Cup, mouth with 5
egg-shaped clefts. Petals white, egg-shaped, but little longer
than the segments of the cup.

Var. 2. Stem branched : upper stem-leaves opposite, spear.
shaped. ie
~ On the tiles of the shed which covers the mill wheel at Mox ,
~. Var. 3. Stem unbranched ; all the leaves entire. ©
__ This sometimes happens to small specimens in very dry situa-
* tions. :

Rue Whitlow.grass. Rue-leaved Saxifrage. Walls, roofs,
and amongst rubbish. [Very common in Craven, Yorkshire,
but rare in Lancashire. Mr. Caney. In the walks at Hatton,
near Shiffnal, Shropshire. On the Winnets near Castleton, Der-
byshire.] ; A. Apr. May.

S. Root-leaves incorporated, strap-shaped, 3-cleft or en- moscha’ta.
tire: stem-leaves 3 to 5, entire: flowers on long
fruit-stalks: whole plant hairy and glutinous.

Jacq. Mise. ii. 21. 21-F. B. iii. 762. 2-Gesn. fasc. 6. 31—
. Hall. opusc. it. helw. heh * : te
_, -Growing in tufts. Leaves a fine green, mostly entire. Srem-
Feaves about 5; strap-shaped, rarely cloven. Flowers form 3 to
3 Petals pale yellow, not scored. Whole plant odoriferous.
ACQ.

| Matted Saxifrage. S. cespitosa. Huns. and Bot. arr. ed. ii;

_ “NOt S. sespitosa. Linn. S. pyrenaica. Haller, Mountains above

398

DECANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Saxifraga,

ito’sa. S. Root-leaves e, strap-shaped, entire, or 3-cleft: _
cesp aggregat Bp Pp

hypnoi‘des.

stem upright, nearly

‘one or two flowers. — :
E. bot. 7 94—FI. dan. 71-Gun. Nor. t..7.f- 15 3y de
Plant smooth: the extremities of some of the branches

estitute of leaves, bearing

‘viscid:. Petals yellowish, streaked. Linn. Stem bearing only

one flower; root-/eaves 3or, 5 cleft. Mr. Grirriru.
Found by Mr. Griffith on Snowden; and on the..rocks in
Cwm Idwel very near Twildu.
S. Stem-leaves. strap-shaped, entirey-or 3-cleft: suckers
trailing: stem with few leaves. =

. EB. bot. 454—Fl. dan. 348-H. ox. xii. 9.26.50
Stem, fruitstalks, and calyx thickly set with short hairs, tete
minated by red globules; the rest of the plant thinly set with —

fine white hairs. Upper-leaves, both of the stem and Bs
suckers, generally entire ; the lower frequently 3-cleft. _ Petals
greenish white, with 3 green lines; slightly cloven at the end. —

Ladies Cushion. Moss Saxifrage. Rocks and high moun-
tains. Snowdon, and other mountains in Wales, Westmore-
land, Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Malham Cove, Chedder Rocks.
[About Settle. Curr.—Dovedale, Derbyshire, and northern _

counties. Mr. Woopwarp.—Middleton Dale, Derbyshire.

palma’ta.

-8-dleft, a/7 covered with long jointed transparent hairs,
taper to a fine point, Svem about 2 inches nig

Mr. Wuatr ty. } .,P. May—July-
Cultivated in gardens as an edging for borders, =

a4

sea eat (4). Stems.trailing, én
S. Leaves hairy, palmate: the lower ones in 5° divisions;
upper in three, Shoots ascending. Stem erect, leafy,
ots et dense panicle of few flowers, Petals roundish
E. lot. : ns

B. bot. 455-Fl. dan. 71H, ox. xii 9. 28-Pluk. 229. 3
Gouan ill. 18. 3, is the plant, but very much larger than
the other figures or citr specimens, a eae .

Root-leaves sitting, mostly 3-cleft, wedge-shaped; the rest _

: h, branched, sup- —
ing from 5 to 8 flowers, each subtended by a 3-cleft floral

eaf. Calyx 5-cleft, segments oval, covered with short globuli-
ferous hairs. Petals expanding, thrice as long as the ee bi
oval blunt, each marked with 3 pale green lines. Whole plam

hairy, the hairs jointed like a Conferva, and secreting ge
nous liquid. Flower yellow white, with a greenish tinge. Fetal

DECANDRIA. DIGYNIA, Scleranthus. : 399

‘Palmate Saxifrage.—+We are indebted to the indefatigable
researches of J. Wynne Griffith, Esq. for this beautiful addition
to.our Flora. He found it on the rocks of Cwm Idwell, above
Llyn Idwell, near Twll dd, and favoured me with recent speci-
mens, . It is a very scarce plant. P. ——

SCLERAN THUS. Cal. 1 lege: Shes none: seed
1, inclosed in the cup. :

S. Calyx, segments thornless; tapering to a point; open an’nuus,
when the fruit is ripe. Hae,

E. bet. 351-Fl. daz. 504-Trag. 398~Lonie: i. 169. 1-Dod.
115. 1-Ger, em. 500. 4—Park. 447. 7~—Ger. 452. 2—Pet.
9. ¢ 6.

Branches ausbice hr oposie or alternate. Mr. Goucn ; always
woolly, Leaves wi embranaceous and downy edges smooth
. above. Flowers i in clusters at the end and divisions of the
branches sitting. Woopwarp. Stamens 6 to 9, generally 8, .
unequal, 2 or 3 of them twice as long as the rest and produting
peen:t the rest barren. Dr. Sroxes, Flowers at the base of the

leaves greenish.
German Knotgrass. Annual Knawell. Sandy ground and
corn fields. | A. July, Aug.*

_§. Calyx, segments blunt, closed when the fruit is ripe. _ peren’nis,

E. bot. 352-Kniph. 10—Ray 5. 1. at p. 160~F. B. iii. 378.
1-H. ox. v. 29.*row 1. f. 2-Ger. 453-Ger.em. 567. i=
Park, 427. 2-Pet. 9.7~Fi. dan. 563-Vaill, 1. 5.

" Stems sometimes, but not always woolly. Leaves sea-
ee at the edge. Woopwarp. Calyx not perfectly closed, .
tless open than in $, annuus. HALLER. Stamens 10. Flowers
pectinad edged with white.
Perennial Knawell, Sandy corn fields. Elden, Suffolk.
Snetisham, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. Bury, Suffolk. Mr.
et P. July, Aug.*

S. Cal. segments thorn-like ; widely erpenee when fipe: polyycar‘pos?
stem somewhat woolly.

* The Swedes and the Germans receive the vapour arising from a de-
coction of it into their mouths, to cure the tooth-ach. Goats and sheep
#at it; cows refuse it.

+ The Polish eet Coccus Saee is found upon the roots in
the summer months,

*

DECANDRIA: DIGYNIA. Saponaria.
Said to have been found at Broomholm, near Lon gholm, Esk.

| dale. Ligure. fi.'scots p. 1135.
cit ihauH t w.} 70 : d a

SAPONA’RIA. Calyx leaf, naked: petals 5,

with claws: caps, oblong, of 1 cell.

S. Calyx cylindrical : Teayes egg-spear-shaped.
Curt.—Fl. dan. 543-Woadv. 251—Dod. 179-Lob. obs. 170.
2—Ger. em. 444—Park. 641. 1-H. ox. v. 22. 52—Blackw.
113. =

Leaves sitting, opposite. 3-fibred. Flowers terminating.
Bloss. flesh-coloured, or white. irl

Bruisewort. Common Soapwort. Meadows and hedges.
On Black Heath. Near Mordern College, Kent. [ Norfolk, not
anfrequent. Mr. Woopw. Hedges near Hanley, Worcester-
shire. Mr. Battarp. On the brink of the river below Pres-
ton, Lancashire. Mr. Savitte. Somerton and Beverstone, Glo-
cestersh. Mr. Baxer.] i, July, Aug.*

Var. 2. Aybrida. Leaves concave. A singular variety, found”
by Gerarde, in a wood called the Spinnie, near Lichbarrow, in
Northamptonshire; but Morton informs us it is*no longer to be
met with there, not being capable of-propagating itself by seed.
It is possibly, however, still preserved in the gardens of the cu-
rious. It seems to be a mule produced between the Saponaria and
the Gentiana, the pollen of the latter falling upon the pistils of
‘the former. Lixn.. |
_ Var. 3. Leaves united at the base. Bloss. whitish, of a pale
flesh-colour at theedge. Ray. Leaves egg-shaped, those beneath
the flowers clasping the stem. Calvx heat. tik, ragged at the
mouth, rnc ng dong, with a number of short Dae i
companied sometimes wi en leaves. Specim rom |
herbarium of C. B. and Mr. Taco: Hatt. Cone ae

Ger, 353-F. B. iii. 521. 2-H. ox. v. 53—Parh. 641.

Saponaria comcava anglica convolute folio. Park. 641.—
Gentiana concava. Ger. em. 435. Sr. og SET

* The whole plant is bitter. Bruised and agitated with water it raises
2 lather like soap, which washes greasy spots out of clothes. A decoction

of it, applied externally, cures the itch. The Germans use it instead of
Sarsaparilla in venereal complaints. M. Andry, of Paris, cures violent

gonorrhzas, by giving half an ounce of the inspissated juice daily. By the
use of the extract, and a decoction of the leaves and roots, M. Jurine
‘cures old venereal complaints, such as ulcers, pains, and emaciations; —
ae haye resisted the use of Mercury. Journal de Medicine, tom 66,

+

DECANDRIA. DIGYNIA: Dianthus. 401

DIAN’THUS. Cai. cylindrical, of 1 leaf, with from
2 to 8scales at the base : petals 5, with claws: ~
~~ caps. cylindrical, 1-celled.
(1) Stem herbaceous, many flowered ; flowers incorporated.
D. Flowers in bundles : scales of the calyx egg-awl-shaped, barba’tus.
as long as the tube: leaves spear-shaped.

Renealm. 47-—Clus. i. 287. 1-Dod. 176. 2—Ger. em. 598. 4—
Ger. 479. 4—Sawert. ii. 18. 8 and 9.
Sweet Williams. [Ona limestone wall at King’s Weston

near Bristol. Dr. Sroxes. Common in gardens. ] P. June.

D. Flowers in bundles : scales of the calyx spear-shaped, Arme’ria.
woolly, as long as the tube. : *
Fl. dan 230-F. B. iii. 335. 2-Lob. ic. i, 448. 2-Ger. em.
: 594. 11-H, OX. Ve 25. 20-—Pet. 56. 5—Seguter. a Te 1t-
Matth. 579. ;
Petals taper pointed, with 1 or 2 teeth. Linn. red.
Deptford Pink, Gravelly meadows and pastures, Charlton
Wood, and elsewhere in Kent. Near Croydon. [Norfolk, fre.
quent. Mr. Woopwarp. Near Ketley, Shropshire, in gravel,
and Clarkton Leap, Worc. in marle. Sroxes. About Perth-
shore and Eckington, Worcestersh. Nasu.] A. July.

_ D. Flowers in heads: scales of the calyx egg-shaped, blunt, pro’lifer,

_ awnless, taller than the tube.
c Fl, dan: 221+Kniph. 7—Seguier. i. 7. 1-F. B. iii. 335. 1-
3 : Lob. it. iG 450. 1-Ger, Che 599. 5~Park. 1338.1-H, OX
wii . Vv. 20s 21. : : Stat

» Stem usually simple, upright, slender, Flowers nearly con.

cealed by the scales of the calyx, opening one at a time for a con-
siderable time in succession, Mr. Woopwarp. Blossoms red,
sometimes white. They expand about 8 in the morning, and
close about 1 in the afternoon.
Childing Sweet Williams. Childing Pinks. Proliferous Pink.
Ows and pastures. Selsey Island, Sussex. oe
Norwich. Mr. Woopwarp. In a marle pit Landridge Hill ;
Hanley Castle, Worcestershire, Mr. BaLiarn.] A, July.

(2) Stem herbaceous, many flowered ; flowers solitary.
D. Scales of the calyx almost rhomboidal, very short: pe-Caryophyl'lus

tals irregularly toothed. (See Linn. tr, ii, 299.)
Von, pes Do

J

402

DECANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Dianthus.

EB. bot. 214—Dod. 174. 3—Ger. em. 591. 1+Pet. 56. le

Stem panicled. Leaves finely toothed just above the base.
Flowers several, but not in bundles. Scales, the 2 outermost nar-
rower than the inner ones, which are broader than they are long.
Petals smooth at the orifice, pale flesh-colour. E. Bor.

Common Pinks. Single red Pink. D. Caryophyllus 8 Huds.
The Clove Pink or Clove July Flower of our gardens, is a var.
of this. Old walls. Rochester, Deal, Sandown, and other

castles, plentifully. Ray. [Leverington near Wisbeach. Retn.]

P. June, July.

deltoi’des. D. Scales of the calyx 2; egg-spear-shaped, acute ; petals

toothed at the end.

E. bot. 61—Fl. dan. 577-Clus. i. 285. 1-Lob. ic. 444, 1
Ger. Cm. 593. 6—Pet. 56. 2-F. B, lil. 329. 4.

Root slender, long, with a few fibres.’ Barren stems nume-

rous, reclining, throwing out roots; fowering stems 6 to 8 inches —
high, cylindrical, slender, weak, jointed. Leaves very narrow,

in opposite paits, embracing the stem; those of the barren
branches narrower, not much pointed. Flowers 2 or 3.on a
stem. Bloss. reddish, with a ring of deeper coloured dots sur-
rounding the eye. Seeds chaffy, brown. It flowers during the
summer and till autumn. Ray. Fruit-stalks single or in paits.
‘Flowers palish red, sometimes deeper, always witha circle of
deeper coloured dots at the base of the limb.

Maiden Pink. Sandy meadows, pastures, and heaths. Neat:

Nottingham, on the road to Lenton in Bedfordshire. Mantham
Hill not far from Slough, near Windsor ; Hildersham, Cam-
bridgeshire ; Bridgnorth, Shropshire ; near G. Strickland, West-

‘morel. and about Hampton Court Park, Ray. Dupper’s Hill,
>

near Croydon. Huns. Near Whitewood, Cam-

bridgeshire. RetHan. King’s Park, Edinburgh. LicHTFooT-

Cley, Norfolk, and Chedder Rocks, Somersetshire: Mr. Crow +
Near Bury, Suffolk. Mr. Woopwarp. Hills: between Bake-
well and Chatsworth. Mr. Wuarezy, Sand Banks near Wok
lerton, Nottinghamshire, on the road from Derby to Notting-

ham. Mr. Saviite. Blackford Hill plentifully, and many other —

places in Scotland. Mr. Brown.] : B. J uly —Oct.
Var. 2. glaucus. Scales of the calyx mostly 4. _
Dill. elth. 298. 384. *

So nearly allied to D. deltoides, that they are difficultly dis-

tinguished, except in size and colour. Stem longer, more up-
right. Bloss, greenish underneath, above white, with a toothed
scarlet circle. Linn. Bioss. white, with a purple eye. In
respects differs very little from the D, deltoides, LicHtF.

3 s

-

cieereaeece eee

DECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Cucubahis.

D. glaucus. Lixx. Common in gardens. King’s Park, Edin-
burgh. Pact [Chedder Rocks, Somersetshire. Mr. Swayne. ]
P. June, July.

(3) Stem herbaceous, supporting a single flower. .

D. Stem mostly single-flowered: scales of the calyx
roundish and short : petals irregularly toothed: leaves
rough at the edges. (E. bot.)

Dill. elth, 208. 385~E. bot. 62.

Stem trailing, the flowering branches rising upwards. Leaves
bluish green, soft to the touch, but finely serrated with pointed
semi-transparent glands at the edges. Ca/yx scales either 2 or
4. Petals with short stiffish purple hairs at the base of the limb.

Flowers pale pink. -
Mountain Pink. D. virgineus. 8 Linn, D. glaucus. Huds.
See English Botany. p.62. Chedder Rocks. . P, July.

TRIGYNIA.

CUCU’BALUS. Calyx inflated: petals 5,with claws,
not crowned at the mouth : capsule 3-celled.

_ ed: branches straddling. eda.
Dicks. b, s—Mill. 112-Clus. ii. 183, 2-Dod. 403-Lob. obs.
136. 3—Ger. em. 614. 13—Park. 759. 1-F. B. ii, 175. 1—
Tourn. 176.

_ This singular plant will not properly arrange either with the
Cucubalus or with the Silene. The fringe or crown at the
mouth of the blossom refers it to the latter genus, but the fruit,
which is a pulpy berry, not a dry capsule, excludes it from both.
Whole f/ant somewhat hairy. Stem, joints large ; branches nearly
horizontal. Leaves in pairs at the joints, Flowers nodding.

Calyx egg-shaped. Pezals, when young, not seeming to

403

ce’sius. —

fringed at the mouth, bat afterwards it becomes visible ; and the ©

fringe is serrated at the ends, so that it is properly a Silene.
Berry with 3 partitions, but not sufficiently projecting to sepa-
rate it into distinct cells. Flowers white. Berries black.
_ Berry-bearing Chickweed. Hedges in Anglesea,

C. Calyx bell-shaped : petals distant ; seed-vessels colour-_ bacci’ferus.

Se Calyx nearly globular, smooth, with a net-work of veins: Be’hen.

/

«. leaves egg-spear-shaped, glaucous, smooth,
iP S2

Oti’tes.

an’glica,

DECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Cucubalus.

Fl. dan. 914-E. bet. 164—Kniph.12-F. B. iii. 356—Pet. 57.
2—Blackw. 268~Clus. i, 293. 2—Dod. 172~Lob. obs. 184+
1—Ger, em. 678. 2-Park. 263—Ger. 550. 2~Trag. 130-

- Lomic. ti. 33-H. ox. Vv. 20. }.

We have adopted the improved Spec. char. as given by Dr.
Smith in the Eng. bot. because, as he justly observes, our plants
have no. appearance of a crown at the mouth of the bloss. Calyx
white, or purplish, with green or purple veins. Flowers white.
Pistils sometimes 4 when growing on the sea coast.

Spatling Poppy. White Bottles Bladder Campion. Corn fields
and dry meadows and pastures, common, ———s—~P.. June, Aug.*

C. Male and female flowers on different plants: petals
strap-shaped, undivided. ~
4 E. bot. 85—Kuiph. 12+Fi/, dan. 518-—Clus. i 295. 1-—Ger.
em. 593. 1-F. B. iii. 350. 2~Pet. 57. 11-Ger. 396. l=
H. ox. Ve QUs De .

The barren plants bear more flowers, and in closer panicles
than the ferti/e ones. -I have examined many hundred plants,
but never met with one with stamens and pistils in the same ca-
lyx. Woopwarp. Though the male flowers sometimes produce
i pistils, and the female imperfect stamens. Root-leaveg

lying on a circle on the ground. Bloss. pale yellowish or —

greenish white. 3
Spanish Campion. Gravelly pastures. Gravel pits on the
North side of Newmarket, and between Barton Mills and Thet-
ford, Norfolk. {Near Swaffham and Narborough, Norfolk.
Mr.Wooowano.} ° = ~ B, July, Aug.

SILE'NE. Calyx distended : petals 5, with claws s
crowned at the mouth : caps. 1 or 3-celled.

(1) Flowers lateral, solitary. :

S. Hairy: flowers upright, alternate, on fruit-stalks : lower

ones bent back after lowering,
~~ Curt. 266-Dill. elth. 309.398.
Leaves spear-shaped; flowers axillary ; fruit-stalks hairy,
clammy, at first upright, then bent back, and at length when
the seeds are quite ripe upright again. Petals white, either en-

* The leaves boiled have something of the flavour-of pease, and proved
of great use to the inhabitants of the island of Minovca, in the year 16855
when a swarm.of locusts had destroyed the harvest, The Ge
apply the leaves to erysipelatous eruptions, :

DECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Silene:

tire or notched at the end. Curr. Sometimes with pale reddish |
spots. E. bot. 86.

Small Corn Campion, with a very small white flower, Ray.
English Catchfly. Sandy corn fields. Near the Devil’s Ditch,
Cambridgeshire. -In Essex. About Coombe Wood, Surry 5
and near Newport in the Isle of Wight. [Road side between
Dundee and St. Andrew’s. Cornfields in several parts of Fife-
shire, Angus-shire, and Perthshire. Mr. Brown.] A. June, July.

S. Petals very entire, roundish: fruit upright, alternate.

E. bot. 86-Kniph. 8. —

Calyx of the fruit upright, hairy, clammy. Peta/s blunt,
scarcely nicked, very entire at the edge, purple, with a white
margin. Linn. Plant less hairy and less viscid than the pre-
Fie ‘Limb of the petals white, with a blood red blotch at

se. 4

Variegated Catchfly. S. anglica. Kniphoff. Sandy Corn fields
about Wrotham, Kent. Huns. In our flower gardens very com-
mon. A. June—Aug.

(2) Flowers lateral, or terminating.

S. Petals cloven: calyx ribbed: flowers lateral, pointing nu’tans.

_ one way, bowed downwards : panicle drooping.

E. bot. 465—Fi. dan. 242-Clus. i. 291. 1-Ger. em. 470. 8-
Park. 631. 5. : i
Stem simple, cylindrical, a foot high, with 3 joints below the
panicle, beset with clammy hairs. Leaves spear-shaped, with
short hairs. Root-/eaves on short leaf-stalks, forming a close
turf. Petals white, narrow, cloven more than half way down ;
ents scolloped at the end, rolled inwards in the day time.
Claws of the blossom twice as long as the calyx. Stamens
white, twice as long as the claws of the petals. Szy/es 3, white,
as long as the stamens. Linn. Stem frequently branched from
the root. Mr. Woopwarp. Capsule with 3 cells, and its mouth
with 6 clefts. -
Nottingham Catchfly. Mountainous meadows. [On the
Lodge at Nottingham Castle.—Rocks in Dovedale, Derby-
shire. Mr. Woopwarp. Near Gloddeath, Caernarvonshires

Penn, Wales.—Foot of North Queen’s Ferry Hill. Mr. Brown. ]

P. June. July,

The Lychnis major noctiflora Dubrensis perennis of Ray Syn.
340; is supposed also by Mr. Woodward and Mr. Lightfoot to
be the S. nutans, which Ray himself also strongly suspected, and
his more ample description of it in Hist. Pl. it. Pp. 995, agrees
with my specimens of the S, nutans. At any rate it cannot be
the Cucubalus viscosus of Linnaus as Mr, Hudson had supposed,

405

quinque-
vul’nera.

406

DECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Silene.

. misled by the reference to Ray in the Sp. Pl. but that reference

has since been directed to be erased. Retz. in obs. iii. tells us,
that he had Ray’s Dover plant growing in his garden, and that
it was not specifically different from the Cucubalus Italicus. But
it is evident from Ray’s description that the Dover plant is a Si-
lene, and not a Cucubalus, for he particularly mentions the crown
at the mouth of the blossom, and the circumstance of the stamens
rotruding from the blossom, and pointing downwards, is so re-
markable in the C. italicus, that 1t could not have escaped the
observation of our countryman. a
Mr. Afzelius informed me, that Ray’s Dover plant was a

" Silene, and very much resembling the S. nutans, but not the

marit/ima.

same ; but on comparing Ray’s plant with the fig. of Clusius, re-
ferred to by Linnzus, and with his full description in the fl. Suec.
I cannot perceive wherein the difference consists. Since. the
above was written I have been favoured with a specimen of the
Swedish Silene nutans, sent by Professor Thunberg, which only
differs from our plant in having smaller leaves.

S. Stem trailing, branches ascending; calyx veined, smooth:
petals cloven, segments very entire.

Fl. dan. 857-Lob. adv. 143. and ic. 337-Tab. ic. 676. xiii
=Ger. em. 469. 2-Bauh. bist. iii. 357. 1-Ger. 382. 2
Park. 639. 3 and 4—Pet. 57. 1-H. ox. v. 20. 2.
| Stem trailing; branches ascending. Leaves speat-shaped,
varying much in breadth, those on the barren and trailing branches
the narrowest, edges transparent, serrated with very minute
prickles. Fruit-stalks either from the bosom of the leaves or ter~
minating ; mostly solitary, though in the larger and more up-
right plants there are sometimes 3 terminating flowers as in the
fig. in the Fl. Danica. Floral-leaves 2, opposite, spear-shaped,
at some distance from the flower. Calyx semi-transparent, with
a net-work of veins, but neither hairy nor ribbed ; often coloured.
Petals white, (it is said sometimes red, but I have not seen them
So), cloven, segments rounded, very entire; the crown formed by
2 little plaits in each . Styles sometimes 5. Germen oblongy
mulberry coloured. fixed on short pedicles to the Rio:
cle, which becomes loose. When cultivated the segments of the
petals are sometimes jagged, ae

Sea Campion, or Catchfy. Cacubalos Bebew. @-Line.” Six

amena. Hups. and Licurr. if his referencesare to be trusted.
In S. amena the fruit-stalks are 3-flowered and opposite, the
flowers all pointing one way ; the cups hairy and with 10 angles,

but none of these circumstances apply to our plant. Sandy places -
on the sea coast. [Southwold, Suffolk. Mr. Crows. Wells,

Norfolk. Mr. Woopwarpv. Coast of Wales. Mr. SawYER.
Portreath, near Hayle, Cornwall. Mr. Warr. And on almost
all the Western and Southern coasts. ] ~~ P, April—Aug-

a

eS ee ae

Sins: blachmbnclnantae

DECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Silene.
(3) Flowers growing from the forks of the stem.

S. Petals entire ; flowers in flat-topped bundles : upper-_

leaves heart-shaped, smooth.
Kuiph. 8-Fl. dan. 559-Clus. i, 288. 1-Dod. 176. 4—Lob.
obs, 242. 3-H, ox. v. 21. 26~—Ger. 481. 2.

Whole plant smooth. Stem upright. Leaves oblong, the up-
per heart-shaped. F/oqwers terminating, the ends of the branches
subdividing into forks, the forks close together. Peta/s nicked
at the end ; teeth of the crown taper-pointed, open. Linn. Stem
forked. Leaves sea-green, opposite. Petals pale red, slightly
notched atthe end, :

. Common Catchfly. Corn fields, and old walls. Banks of the
river half a mile below Chester. {Common in gardens. }

S. Petals entire ; calyx of the fruit globular, tapering to a
point, with 30 scores: leaves smooth.

Clus. i. 288. 2-Lob. obs. 183. 2, and ic. i, 339, 2-Ger. em.
470. 7-~F. B. iii. 349. 4—Park. 631. 4-H. ox. v. 21. 33.

These are the figures which Linnzus refers to his S. conozdeay,
and with these, as well as with the description of S. conordea, my
specimens from the London Botanic Garden accord. Mr. Hud-
son, indeed, gives to the S.conordea, the synonyms which Linnzus
has referred to the L. conica, but he mentions no place of growth.
except on the authority of R. Syn. Dr. Sroxes. But it can hardly
be supposed that Ray or Dill. should have been mistaken in this
case, we must therefore’believe the S. coxica to be the plant ga-
thered near Sandown Castle, without however meaning to deny
that the S. conaidea may be likewise English.

_ Stem beset with clammy hairs. Leaves spear-shaped, smooth.

407

Arme’ria. ~

conoi‘dea.

o ae ribs rough with hair. Capsules globular, with a cylindrical _

- Petals small, undivided, entire. Nectaries with 3 clefts,
inted, and with a tooth besides on each side at the base of the
ossom. Linn. Leaves, edges and mid-rib underneath downy,

and sometimes also the whole of the leaf. Calyx rounded at the

base. In. conica the calyx is lopped at the base, and the whole

plant covered with short thick cottony down, without a mixture”

of longer hairs, and not clammy. Dr. Sroxes. Flowers dull red.
Common Catchfty. | : A. June, July.

S. Petals cloven: calyx of the fruit conical; with 30 scores ; Co’nicas ©

leaves soft. :
. - Facg. @ustr. 253~F. B. iii. 350. 1~Lob. ite i, ‘338, 2-Ger,
Cm, 470. 6—Park. 633. lle. ,

408

“

noctiflo’ra.

acau’lis.

DECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Silene.
Capsule \-celled. Hauge. Plant greyish green. Leaves op-

‘posite, united at the base. F/oqwers fine red.

.

_ [have a specimen gathered many years ago in England, but
cannot recollect where.~Sandy corn fields. A little to the north
of Sandown Castle, plentifully. Mr. J. Suzrarp and Mr. Rano.
R. Syn. ed. iii. ee: A. June, July.

S. Petals. cloven : calyx with 10 angles: the teeth as long :

as the:tube: stem forked.

EB. Bot. 291-Cam. hort. 34—-H. ox, Vv. 20. 12.

_ Stem upright, hairy, clammy. Leaves broad-spear-shaped,
hairy. Flowers solitary, on fruit-stalks, slanting, whitish. Ca-
yx cylindrical ; when in fruit, globular-egg-shaped, full of seed,
scored, with a net-work of veins ; teeth nearly as long as the:ca=:
lyx. Floawer opening in the night sweet-scented in the summer,
not so in the autumn. Linn. Leaves growing together at the
base. Fioavers few, in the bosom of the upper leaves, and termis
nating, mostly nodding. Sved-vessel upright. Mr. Woopwarp.
Bloss, whitish, with a pinky tinge ; only expanded in the evening.
Night-flowering Catchfly. Corn fields... Between Newmarket

and Canvass-hall in Woodditton. . About Norwich. [Sandy -
fields, Norfolk, frequent. Mr. Woopwarp.]_ eS July.
oer as (4) Stemless. Beare he
S. Stemless, depressed: petals notched at the end : capsules:
globular. Ee tea a0"
Dick. b. s.-Lightf. 12. at p. 22\-Fl. dan. 21—Dill. elth.
167. 206.—Allioni 79. 1-Pona ap. Clus. ii. 341, 2-Gere,

: em. 593. 8—Barr. 380-Park, 639. 10-F,. B. iii. 768
: Pet. 56. 4. - see : t oe Roe
~ Forms a thick turf. Leaves awl-shaped, smooth, but the
edges beset with hooked teeth pointing downwards. Flowers
single, bright purple. Frwit-stalks sometimes not + an “inch,
high, but lengthening as the fruit advances to maturity, to 1 of
2 inches. Petals inversely heart-shaped, with 2 small teeth
forming the crown. Capsule'as long again as the calyx, smooth,

shining, tinged with purple. Mr. Woopwarp. — ee ae

Moss Catchfy. Mountains of Caernarvonshire, near Llanberris,
Mountains. [Ben Lomond. Licurr. Dr, J. E. Syvrru.— Mal-
ghyrdy and Ben Vurloch. Mr, Brown.] _ P. May, June.
STELLA’RIA. Cal. 5 leaves, expanding : petals ‘

~ 5, mostly divided down to the base s caps:

- Lecells seeds many! 02 2 wat one S

aka

FE Ne ee ENS SIN eae

Dartmoor, Devonsh. Isles of Mull, Rum, and Skye, Highland : ;

DECANDRIA. TRIGYNILA. Stellaria.

409

: §. Lower leaves heart-shaped, on leaf-stalks: panicle with ne’morum,

forked fruit-stalks.

E. bot. 92-Kniph. 1C—F I, dan. 27 1~H. OX. Ve 93. 0—Park,
762. 1-Col. Ecpbr. 290. 2.

From 5 to 12 inches high, Stems very brittle. Whole plant
hairy. Leaves rather stiff, underneath hairy only on the veins
and mid-rib. Frwitst. the lateral ones solitary, the terminating
ones forming a kind of leafy panicle, widely straddling and rather
turned down after flowering. Flowers white. Styles 3, but in
the Cerastium aquaticum always’ 5, so that how much soever
they may resemble each other in general habit they cannot well
be mistaken. <i giePORENS SOIT

Broad-leaved Stitchwort. Woods, moist hedges, and banks

of rivers, in the northern counties. [By Casterton Mill, near .

Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmorel. Dr. J. E. Smrra.—Near Ken-
dal. Mr. Goucu.—Baydales near Darlington, Mr. Ros-
son. | Z P. June.

S. Leaves spear-shaped, very finely serrated: petals cloven.

Dicks. b. s.-E. bot. 511—Curt.Kniph. 10-Wale—Mill. ill ~
Fuchs. 136-F. B. iti. 361. 2—Trag. 329-Dod. 563-Lob.

Holo’stea,

obs. 26. 2-—Ger. em. 47-Park. 1325—Pet. 58. 1-Ger. -

- 43.1.

Leaves spear-strap-shaped, in pairs, at the joints of the stem,
sitting ; a a rolled inwards, set with fine prickles; mid-
rib underneath beset with small prickles; above smooth, and
marked with a hollow groove running lengthwise along the
middle. Flowers white.

Greater Stitchwort. Hedges and woods, common.
hg P. April, May.

S. Petals deeply divided: Jeaves egg-heart-shaped: stems
with a hairy ridge on one side. :
E. bot. 537-Fl. dai 525, and 438-Curt.Sheldr. 9-Wale.

_ Dod. 29, 2-Lob, obs. 245, 3+Ger. em. 611s 2—Park.
7 60-H. ox. v. 23.4—Blackw. 104-Fuchs. 2i-F.B, iii. 6,

363-Trag. 385—Lonic, i. 107. 1 and 2~Ger, 488, 2. and’

Ai re :
"This very common plant which grows almost in all situa.
tions from damp and almost boggy woods to the dryest gravel
walks in gardens, is consequently subject to great alterations in
its appearance. ‘Those who have only seen it in its usual state
as garden Chickweed, would hardly know it again in woods
where it sometimes exceeds half a yard in height, and has leaves

me

‘dia.

ato

DECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Stellaria.:

near 2 inches long and more than 1 inch broad resembling in its.

habit the Stellaria nemorum, or the Cerastium aquaticum; dis-
tinguishable however from the latter by the number of pistils,
. and from the former by the woolly or hairy ridge extending
along the stem.
‘The great uncertainty in the number of stamens occasions

some difficulty to the young botanist. In its truly wild state, in’

damp woods and hedge bottoms with a northern aspect, what-
ever be its size, it has almost always 10 stamens, dryer soils
and. more sunny exposures the stamens are usually 5 or 3; and
this is also generally the case in gardens, though sometimes
flowers are found with only 1 or 2 stamens. The calyx in all

these different states is sometimes smooth, sometimes hairy. The.

other parts of the fructification are very constant, ‘and the capsule
opening with 6 valves, compels us to consider it as a species of
Stellaria rather than as an Alsine; its further agreement with

the former genus will also be evinced by the following descrip+.

tion.

Stem, thickest upwards, smooth and cylindrical, except a.

ridge on one, rarely on two sides, and this ridge is
_ » woolly, “<
- Leaf-stalks broad, hollowed on the upper surface, con-
vex underneath,

Leaves, the lower on leaf-stalks, the upper sitting; op-
posite, varying from heart to heart-spear-shaped,
and egg-spear-shaped, tapering to a point, smooth,
sometimes hairy at the edges.

Frurtsr. mostly terminating, 1} to 4 inch long, 1-flow- :

ered, hairy, standing out horizontally, or even point-
ing downwards after flowering. S
Catrx, 5-leaved, leafits concave, between egg and spear-.
_ shaped, permanent, either hairy or smooth. .
Bross. Petals 5, deeply divided, segments flat, betwixt
spear and egg-shaped, shrivelling. a
Sram. Filaments 10, the 5 outer shorter than the 5 inner
ones, glandular at the base. Anthers small, oblong,
double. r
Pistrt. Germen roundish, with 3 blunt corners and 3
flatted sides. Styles’ 3, hair-like, expanding, after
flowering reflected. Summits simple, blunt. .

S. Vrss. Capsule roundish, covered by the calyx closing ~

upon it, of 1 cell and 6 valves,

eae ee Oe

Pe

DECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Stellaria. ait

SEEDS many, roundish, compressed, rough with tuber-
cles, fixed to the receptacle.

Common Chickweed. Alsine media. Linn. Alsine media.

pentastemon, or 5-stamened, fl. dan. 525; Bot. arr. ed. ii. 323.

Alsine media decastemon, or 10-stamened, fl. dan. 438; Bot.
alr. 3246 A March—Oct.*

S. Leaves strap-shaped, very entire: flowers in panicles. gramin’ea.
E. bot. 803-Kniph. 10=Gmel. iv. 61. 2-Pet. 58. 3-Ger.
43. 2-F, B. iii. 361. 3. zs “2 tap
Calyx leaves ribbed, in the S. Holostea not so. Dr. Sroxzs..
Leaves strap-spear-shaped. Peta/s as long as the cup; white.
Lesser Stitchwart. Meadows, pastures, hedge ba :
ae : ‘ A. May.

S. Leaves spear-strap-shaped, very entire, glaucous green, glau’ca.
in cross-pairs: petals half as large again as the calyx.
Fl. ox.t ;

EE bot. §25—Pet. 58. 2.

| Corners of the stem roughish. Leaves strap-shaped, acute,

very entire; but when magnified the edges appear set with very

«Minute teeth, though not rough to the touch. Panicle lateral.

| Petals not quite twice the length of the calyx, The stem and

leaves appear under a lens sprinkled with numerous, minute,
white dots, and its glaucous colour is owing to this circum-
stance. Mr. Brown.

Differs from the S, graminea, not only in having shorter
and stiffer stems, but the leaves also are more rigid, glaucous
be acute, and the flowers are larger. Ray. Syn. 347.3. Flowers
white.

Glaucous leawed Stitchwort. S. media. Fl. ox. 8. gramineas
Hide. On itch bakin the tleat Bly, plentint. aes

* Flowers upright, and open from 9 in the morning to noon; but if it
rains that day they do not open. After rain they become pendent, but
in the course of a few days rise again, Caps. opens with 6 valves, let-
ting fall the seeds. -Seeds round, compressed, yellow, rough with little
tubercles. Bloss. white.—This species is a notable instance of what is
‘called the S/eep of Plants—for every night the leaves approach in pairs, so
as to include within their upper surfaces the tender rudiments of thenew = (om
Shoots; and the uppermost pair but one, at the end of the stalk, are fur-
nished with longer leaf: stalks than the others, sothat they can close upon
the terminating pair, and protect the end of the branch. Linn. The :
young shoots and leaves, when boiled, can hardly be distinguished from
Spring spinach, and are equally wholesome. Swine are extremely fond of
_ it; cows-and horses eatit ; sheep are indifferent to it ; and goats refuse it.
It is a grateful food to small birds and to young chickens, —__
+ As itappears necessary to introduce the Alsine media into this genus,
the trivial name affixed to this plant by Dr. Sibthorpe, could not well be”

412 DECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Stellaria.

Otmore, Oxfordshire. SisTHorP. [Marshy ground on the top of
Braid-hill, near Edinburgh. Mr. Brown. About Falmouth.]
; P, June, July.

uligino’sa, S. Leaves spear-shaped, very entire: stems trailing: pa-
nicles lateral, ScHREB. é

Pet. 58. 4—Ger. 490. 9—Ger. em. 613. 8-H. ox. V. 23. 8=F.
: B. iii. 365. 2. :
_ ‘Leaves fringed at the base. Frazt-stalks from about the
middle, and from near the end of the stem, in threes, from the
bosom of the leaves, the 2 lateral ones dividing into 3, and
bearing 3 flowers. Peta/s shorter than the calyx, divided down
to the a3 the segments distant. Sramens, 5 inserted into the
claws of the petals, the other 5 intoas many glands, surrounding
the germen. Lezrs. Svems several, from 2 to 12 inches high,
square, weak, and sometimes creeping at the base, above up-
right, extending beyond the panicles, but little branched;

branches upright. Leaves smooth, except at the base, sitting

or tapering down into short leaf-stalks, upright. Pamicles
pointing one way, sitting, upright, generally 2 on each stem;

mostly consiting of 3 primary branches, the outermost bearing a _

single flower: the other 2, in the more luxuriant plants, divid-
ang date forks, with a fruitstalk bearing a single flower at each
_ fork ; the shorter as long again as the single fruitstalk ; and the
3d nearly as long again as the 2d. Flower-seales 2, at each
fork of the panicle. Petals white; segments strap-shaped. Styles
sometimes 4 and 3. Sr. : ; oe
. . §. uliginosa. Scares. consp, pl. ap. spicileg.—S. dilleniana.
Legrs.—S. graminea vy Linn. ft. suec. 393, and Huds. fl. ange
190. Lightf. ¢,—Alsine langifolia uliginosis proveniens locis. fo
B, itt. S05. R. Syn. 347. —Alsine. fontana, Ger. 490, eme 613.
—Alsine aquatica media. Baub. pins 251.—Alsine. Hall. n. 882.
P.— Bog. Stitchuort. Fountain Chickweed. Sides of Ao
tivulets, ditches, and boggy meadows. {Rivulets on the side
of Malvern Hills, and on the side of the hill at west end of
Powick’s Ham, neat Worcester. St.— Moist grounds, neat
Leeds. Mr. Woop. —Marshes in Cornwall. Mr, STackHOUsE+
Hockley pool dam, near Birmingham.} A, Jun

_ eerastoi’des.S, Leaves oblong: fruit-stalks -pidktly wy muwetede ;

Dicks. b. s-Smith pl. it, 15-Fl, dan. 92-Gunn, tie O2-

Jacq. coll. i, 19. wae .
Stems trailing ; flowering branches ascending, naked, cylin-
drical, smooth. Leaves sitting, opposite, egg-oblong, blunts
very smooth. Flowers terminating, 1, 2 or 3, on long fruit

stalks, the lateral ones with .a pair. of floralleaves. Petals

~~

*
Le oe

DECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Arenatia, — 413

cloven, white. Linn. and Smita. It is certainly a Cerastrum,
differing only in the number of styles, a difference by no means _
constant. J have found it with 4 and 5, but, I confess, more
frequently with 3 only. Its resemblance to C. arvense is very
anlies Mr. Brown. 2 ;

Found by Mr. Dickson on Ben Nevis, Scotland. [On the
side of Ben Bourde, a high mountain 7 miles from Invercauld.
Mr. Brown. | ; ; Aug.

ARENARIA. Cal. 5 leaves, expanding : petals
5, entire: caps. 1-celled, many-seeded.

A. Leaves egg-shaped, acute, fleshy: : g peploi’des,
Dicks. A. $o—Ee. bot. 189-Fi/, dan. 624—Pet. 65. 9-Ger, CMs
622. ey a . , it ake
Glands on the receptacle. Liyn. Leaves egg-spear-shaped,
somewhat embracing the stem, smooth, succulent, the points
turned back. Flowers white. ,
Sea Sandwort. Sea shore frequent, and salt water marshes.
é ~P. June, July.

A. Leaves egg-shaped, 3-fibred, pointed, on leaf-stalks. . triner’via.
Curt. 272~Wale.—Fl. dan. 429-F. B. 364. 1—Pet. 59. 1.

- Stems ima: teal cylindrical, several growing- together
in tufts. Branches mostly from the upper side. . Leaves beset
with very short fine hairs, and fringed with short fine bristles ;
the /ower nearly heart-shaped, on flat leaf-stalks ; the upper spear-
egg-shaped, nearly sitting. Peta/s expanding, half as long as the
calyx; white. Stamens as long as the cup; every other shorter.
Styles sometimes 2 or 4. Summits bent back, woolly. Has greatly
the habit of the Stellaria media. _

_. Plantain-leaved Sandwort. Woods and wet hedges.

A. May—July-

A. Leaves somewhat ezs-shaped, 7 acute, sitting: blos- serpyllifo'lia.
_ soms shorter than the calyx,
FI. dan. 977-Curt. 268-Ger. 488. 3-Dod. 30, 1-Lob. obs

£46, 2-Ger, em. 612. 3—Park. 1259. 3—Pet. 59.2.
Stems spreading, forked upwards. Leaves stiffish, somewhat

woolly. Flowers white. = 8 © eas ea
Least Chickweed. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. Roofs, walls,

sandy and very dry places. — ; A. May—July.

A. Leaves semi-cylindrical, tapering, opposite, as long marina.
as the joints: -stipule membranaceous, acute, |
stems prostrate: capsules longer than the calyx,

414

rubra,

media.

DECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Arenaria.

Fl. dan. 740—Pet. 59..7-H. ox. vi 3. 15.

~ Leaves frequently longer than the joints. Woopwarp.
Leaves and fruitstalks woolly and clammy. Linn. Stamens va-
tiable in number. Retuan. Seeds bordered. Flowers purplish.
A. rubra. 6 Linn.—Salt marshes, and on the sea coast, com-
mon. f[Portreath, near Redruth, Cornwall. Mr. Warr.—In a
salt marsh near Shirley Wich, Staffordshire. Sr. ‘Teignmouth,

Devon, and Fresh Water Cove in the Isle of Wight. ]
: ; P. May—Oct.*

A. Leaves thread-shaped, opposite, but half the length of
the joints of the stem: stem prostrate: calyx as long
as the capsule.

E. bot. 852-Kniph. 11-¥. B. iii. 722. 3—Pet. 59. 8.

_ Stipulaz membranaceous, sheathing. Linn. Stamens 5; styles
from 3 to 5. Hatier. Stems smooth. Leaves flatted, smooth,
terminated by a little sharp point. Calyx leaves spear-shaped,
concave, membranaceous at the edge, clammy, and beset with
minute hairs with globular heads. Summits woolly. Petals

purple.
Purple Spurrey, or Sandwort. Sandy meadows and corn-
Se | Aw June—Aug.

A. Leaves strap-awl-shaped, 6 in a whirl: stem upright:
capsules twice the length of the calyx. wee

Ephem. act. nat. cur. 5. 6. ts 4. (Reichardand Gmelin.)

Smaller than A. marina. Stem, knots more distant than in

A. rubra. Flowers somewhat smaller than in either. Seeds
smaller than those of A. marina, variable in shape, but in t
not bordered. Ray. Resembles A. marina, but less branched;
stems more bent, pubescent. Floqwers white; petals scarcely
larger than the calyx. Seedsbordered. Linn. Pistils 5. Pou-

- Licu. Lower leaves expanding, reflected, upper ones about the

length of the joints. Stamens4, 5, or7. Petals . Seeds
flat, between half heart-shaped and kidney-shaped, the circular
edge downy, with an elevated rounded border, the straight
edge plain, dark brown ; some en ssed with a membranace-
ous border, deeper than half the breadth of the seed, white, with

radiated scores, toothed at the edge. So remarkable a difference

in structure one might have expected to afford a mark of specific’

distinction, but, thongh generally the two kinds of seeds are
found on different plants, yet they are sometimes seen in the same:
seed-vessel, Dr, Sroxes, Spergula maritima flore parvo cxruledy
semine vario, Ray Syn, 351, according toHudson. be
__,* Itis succulent, and very much resembles Samphire, and consider-
able quantities of it are actually pickled and sold for that plant. Mr

Warr.

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

DECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Arenariai

Pastures on the sea-coast. Hups.—With A. marina on Shell.
coast in the Isle of Sheppey. Ray. A. June—Sept.
It is not quite clear that this plant of Ray and Hudson is the
real A: media of Linn. It may be only a var. of the A. marina.

A. Leaves awl-shaped: stems panicled: calyx taper-
pointed, scored.
E. bot. 512. Facg. austr. 404—Pet. 59. 4—Herm. par. 12.

Differs from A. saxati/is in its stems being scarcely a hand’s
peers high, and beset with scattered hairs; fruit-stalks hairy.
Mountam Sandwort. Mountainous situations about Settle,
Kendal, Holywell, and Llanberris. _{ Arthur’s Seat, Edinburgh.
St.—Matlock, Derbyshire, and in the northern counties. Mrs
Woopwarb.—Road side between Holywell and St. Asaph. Mr.
Woop. Blackford and Braid Hills, and on Craig Lockart, all
near Edinburgh. Mr. Brown. Snowdon, and Holywell.
Mr. Grirritu.] P. May—Aug.

Als

ver’na,

A. Leaves awl-shaped : stems panicled: capsules upright: tenuifo’lia.

petals shorter than the calyx, spear-shaped. .

Dicks. b. s.-E. bot. 219-Vaill. 3. 1-Fl. dan. 389-Seguier..

Ae Os 2-F., B, iii. 364. 3—Pet. 59.36.
Leaves aw\-shaped, connected at the base. Calyx leaves
_ greatly tapering, or rather awned, painted underneath with two
green lines, Petads broad-spear-shaped, half as short again as the
calyx. Linn, Flowers white, only one upon a fruit-stalk, but
‘these so numerous as toresemble a panicle. E. bot. The petals
‘being shorter than the calyx, distinguishes this from the pre-
ceding, and from the two subsequent species. It is also much
taller and much more branched than any of them, often attaining
the height of 8 or 9 inches. tia~e

__ Fine-leaved Sandwort. Sandy meadows and pastures. Corn-
fields on the borders of Trip Heath ; Gogmagog Hills, Cam-
bridgeshire. Near Deptford; Cornbury Quarry, near Charlbury,

Oxfordshire, On a wall in Battersea. [Near Cley, Norfolk. _
Mr, Crowe.—Near Bury. Mr. Woopwarv.—Malvern Hill, ~

“Worcestershire. Mr. Bautarp.] ~ A, June, July.

A. Leaves awl-shaped, stiff and. sharp: stems upright: cups juniperi‘na,

scored: capsules oblong, -

aca ce Ger. fi. prov. 15.16 *. ,
__ Stem 5 or 6 inches high, stiff and straight, smooth : leaves
awl-shaped, not easily beatings Soe eh oe pa at the
end, and thorny ; flowers in a calyx g) acute, with

416

laricifo‘lia,

sedoi’des,

DECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Cherleria.

5 fibres: petals spear-shaped, white: capsule oblong, a little
longer than the calyx. Linw.—Near 4 inches high. Root-leaves
in bundles, very slender but strongly ribbed, pointed. Panicle
few-flowered. Peta/s white, rather longer than the leaves of the
calyx.

Specimen from Mr. Grirriru, who gathernd i it near Llan-

berris.

A. Leaves bristle-shaped : stem rather ive above: calyx
somewhat hairy.”

” Facq. austr. 272-Magn. Mert o-F, B. iii. 360. 2.

Caps. oblong, streaked, cylindrical, downy. Linn. ©

Larth:leaved ° Séndaort. Motintains in the’ North. i
Snowdon. Mr. Grirriru. | \ . P. July; A

The last 4 species are not easily to be distinguished by R2
specific characters. ‘The leaves in all are very slender, the stems
more or less hirsute, as are also the calyxes ; the calyx leaves
are ribbed, and they all bear their flowers in panicles. The best
distinctions 1 may perhaps be taken from the consideration of the
calyx leavesand petals ; thus: V9

In the Aren. tenuifolia, the calyx leaves are oSeatvliape, .
‘much longer than the petals.

os simtinye «++. laricifelia, the calyx leaves are serap-spear-shapedy
Bes and shorter than the petals. yh ;
Spaeetae .. verna, the calyx leaves are spear-shaped, and shorter
: _ than the petals.
vines eee: - f ookachen: the calyx leaves are egg-shaped, scarce.
ly hirsute, and eae as long” as the
petals., bgo

CHERLE’ RIA. Cal. 5 feaveds iaztapite 5; brhcd ;
resembling petals: anthers, every other bar-
Ten: aps: T- celled, 3-valved, Risen 3

C.

Dicks. h. iS austr. 281-Hall. opusc. 1. 3. at ped 300—
Hall, 21.1, at ii. p 114~Pen. voy. 33—Pluk. 42,6-Perk.
737° 11-H, os Xi. 6, 14, fi

Leaves opposite, shaped, rough at the ae Bivsecsel ;
at the base into a kind dof sheath heath. ar Reg the leaves fall off, the —

sheath and keel of the leaves remain, cloathing the stem, whence as

it has an affinity to the Galliflower tribe. Lrnn.
Moss-like Cyphel. Highland Mountains, near their. summitse
[On Ben Teskermy and Craig Calleach; but in immense et

DECANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. Cotyledon. . 417

tity on Ben Lawers, but only at truly alpine elevations, Mr.
Brown.] _ P. July, Aug.

PENTAGYNIA.
COTYLEDON. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft: bhss. 3

petal: nectariferous scales 5, at the base of
the germens: caps. 5.

C. Leaves target or kidney-shaped, scolloped: stem nearly Umbili’cus,
simple: flowers pendent: floral-leaves entire. Hups.

Clus. ti. 63. 1-Blackaw. 263—Dod. 131. 1~Lob. obs. 209. 3.
Ger. em. 528. 1—Park. 740. 1—Ger. 423. 1-F. B.. iii.
684. :1-Marth. 1122.

Root oblong, sometimes the size of a nutmeg, flat at bottom,

covered with small fibres, but no extended roots. Mr. Stack.
House. Whole p/ant fleshy. Leaves thick, fleshy, circular,
with central leaf-stalks, concave on the upper surface, with a
hollow dimple nearly in the centre, just opposite to the insertion
of the leaf-stalk underneath. Svem-/eaves resembling the root=
leaves, but not so exactly circular, and the leaf-stalk not fixed so
nearly in the centre. Stem upright, cloathed with a long spike +
like of pendent flowers, but in the smaller plants the flow-
ers are sometimes upright or horizontal. Flora/-leaves stra
-shaped, entire. P/oss. tubular, 5-sided, pale greenish yellow.
C. umbilicus @ Linn. Common Navelwort. Kidneywort.
Wall Pennywort. Old walls and moist rocks. West of Eng-
land. Caernarvonshire, and about Troutbeck, Westmoreland. ’
[Old walls at Peterborough ; and Thorpe, between Peterborough
and Wandsford. Dr. J. E. Smirx, and Mr. Woopwarp. Walls,
Cornwall, Mr. Warr. Plentifully throughout Caernarvonshire .
‘and Merionethshire.. Mr. Woop. Malvern Hill, Worcester-_
shire. Mr. Battarp, St. “In Devon and Cornwall, very luxu-
riant. On walls, roofs, and rocks.] P. June—Oct.

C. Leaves target-shaped, scolloped: stem neatly simple : lu’tea.
-., flowers upright : floral-leaves toothed. Huns. sae
i. Dodart. 73. at p. 265, (I have not seen.)
Roots knotty, creeping. Morison. eda
af sehibrnss Bigg: (oF Navelwort, Walls and moist
rocks in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Mr. Tortztv. In the

garden of Mr. Clement, who received it out of Somersetshire.
Hupson, P, June.

SVEr te ae ont ante,

418

DECANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. Sedum.
SE/DUM. Cul. 5-cleft: dloss. none, or 5 petals:

nectariferous scales 5, at the base of the ger-
mens: caps. 5, distinct, like a legumen.

(1) Leaves flat.

Teleph’ium.S. Leaves flattish, serrated : corymbus leafy: stem upright.

villo’sum.

upright, from 3 to 5 inches

Var. 1. White-flowered.
Kniph. 4-Ludw. 200-Fuchs, 800-F. B. iii. 681—Matth.
636-Clus. ii. 66. 2—Dod. 130, 2—Lob. obs. 211—Ger. ems
519. 2-Park. 726. 2~H. ox. xii. 10. row 1. 1—Ger. 416.
9-Black. 191, 2
- More rarely met with than the following.
Var. 2. Purple-flowered.
Curt. 210-Fi. dan. 686—~Fuchs. 801-Kuiph. 4—Clus. il. 66.
1—Ger. 417. 1-H. ox. xii. 10. row 1. 2~Blackw. 191=
Lon. il. 24. 2-Trag. ofoe 4
_ Orpine Stonecrop. Pastures and hedges. [Sandy fields, Suff.
uent. Mr. Woopwarp. Near Ashburne. Mr. WuHaTeLy.
Fields about Robinson’s End.. Malvern Chace. Mr. BALLaRp.
Many — about Manchester. Mr. Carey. Crevices of the
rocks on Haugheman Hill near Salop. Mr. Arkin. In a pasture
by the mount at Mr. Pearson’s, Tettenhall, Staffordsh. ] P. Aug.*

(2) Leaves roundish, nearly cylindrical.

S. Hairy and viscid: leaves flatted, both them and the
- Jeaf-stalks hairy : stem upright, somewhat branched

at the base. nF

© FI; dan. 24-E. bot. 394~Clus. ii. 59. 3—Ger. em. 516. 1-

Park. 734. 6-H. ox. xii. 8. 48—Pet. 42.7. 0

Stem smooth below, hairy and clammy above. Leaves fleshys
oblong, nearly flat above, hairy, the lower ones smooth. Frurt-
stalks hairy, clammy, oo eee Cal. hairy. Woopwarp, Stef
Marsh Stonecrop. Moist mountainous meadows and pastures.
Moist rocks about Ingleborough Hill, Yorksh. and Hartside Hill,
near Gamblesby, Cumbe “Ray. Mr. Woopwarp. Hin- ~

‘klcham, near Settle, Scotland. [Carr-End, Wensleydale, York-

shire. Curr. Close by Weathercoat Cave, at the foot of Ingle-
borough. Mr. Woopwarp. A common plant on the banks of
streams in Scotland, which run from moorish Dre
Horr. |: » Juney Joly

* A decoction of the leaves in milk is a forcible diuretic. It has been

given with succes$ to cure the piles.—-Cows, goats, sheep, and swine 6a
it; horses refuse it. a Ap Ot

DECANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. Sedum.

419

S. Leaves oblong, blunt, nearly cylindrical, sitting, expand- al’bum,

ing : tuft branching.
Curt. Fl. dan. 66—Blackaw. 428~Allioni 65. 2-Ger. 413. 2—
Clus. ii. 59. 1—Dod. 129. 2—Lob. obs. 205. 2—Ger. em.
512. 2-Park. 734. 1-H. ox. xii. 7. 23-Fuchs. 35~-Trag.
378-F. B. iii. 690-Wale.—Lonic. 1. 60. 1.
Stems trailing, striking root; flowering branches upright,
bearing a forked tuft of flowers with subdivided fruit-stalks.
Leaves semi-cylindrical, being flatted above and loose underneath
at the base. Flowers white, but with reddish streaks, and a
general blush of red, and the whole plant has sometimes a pur-
plish tinge. : :
White-flawered Stonecrop. Sedum minus teretifol. alb. R. Syne
p: 271, Sr. Walls and roofs. [Walls at Peterborough. Mr.

Woopwarp. Rocks above Great Malvern, Nasu. Wick
P. June, July.

Cliffs. Mr. Swayne. ]

S. Leaves neat] ega-shaped, growing to and sitting, bulg-
ing, nearly upright, alternate: tuft with $ divisions.

“Curt.-E. bot. 839-Woodv. 231-Sheldr. 49-Fuchs. 36-F. Bs

a’cre.

iii. 694. 2-Trag. 379-Blackw. 232-Ger. 415-Clus. ii. ©

=

. 3. 12-Pet. 42. 9-Dod. 129. 3—Lob. obs, 205. 4—Part.
‘Shoots club-shaped, closely tiled with leaves on every side.
Flowers terminating ; yellow. ;
Pepper Stonecrop. Wall Pepper, Walls, roofs, rocks, and dry
pastures, | - * P, June, July.*

_ *™ Itis very acrid. Applied externally it blisters. Taken inwardly
it excites vomiting. In scorbutic cases, and quartan agues, it is an excel-
lent medicine under proptr management. This plant continues to grow
when hung up by the root, which has been considered as a proof that it
Teceives its nourishment principally from the air ; but from some accurate
experiments made by Mr. Gough of Kendal, and communicated to me, it
appears that though the life of the plant is retained in such a situation for
Some weeks, yet it seems to be at the expence of the juices which its
succulent leaves had previously imbibed. At the end of 3 weeks, the
Plant, suspended towards the end of June, beforea window with anorth-
ern aspect, had lost about half its weight, though it had put out some fine
fibres from the root, and had still life enough to enable it to turn to the
light after having been purposely turned from it. After being kept in
Water for 24 hotirs, it regained more than half of what it had lost. Mr.
Gough therefore very justly considers the succulent leaves: as reservoirs,
_ Which support it in dry weather, and are again replenished in rainy sea-
Sons, but does not admit the common observation that it attracts its nou-
rishment from the air more than other plants do, He used plants which

61..1-Ger. em, 517. 2-Park. 735. 7—H. ox. xii. 6. row

420

sexangula're,

DECANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. Sedum.

S, Leaves somewhat egg-shaped, growing to and sitting,
bulging, nearly upright, tiled in 6 rows.
= Curt.225.
Agrees with the §. acre in appearance, flowers, and situation,
but differs in its leaves being, ndoe blossoming, evidently tiled
in 6 rows, and instead of having a biting, acrid taste, being insi-

pid. Branches never so copious as to forma tuft. Flowers in

each branch of the tuft seldom more than 3. Linn. Flowers
yellow. Number of stamens, &c. uncertain, varying from 8 to ~
12, ‘The rows of leaves most obvious in the young shoots.
Insipid Stonecrop. Walls, roofs, and dry pastures. Near North-
fleet and Sheerness, the Isle of Sheppey, and South side of Green-

_ wich Park Wall, near the West corner. — P. June.

ang‘licum.

S. Leaves somewhat egg-shaped, growing to and sitting,
bulging, alternate : tuft branched, forked. Huns.

FI. dan. 82-E, bot. 17 1—Ray 12. 2. at p. 326—Pet. 42. 102.
' Root branching. Svem trailing, cylindrical, leafy, smooth,
branching, reddish: branches alternate. Leaves tiled generally
in 3 rows, somewhat pointed, flattish above, bellying under-
neath, pulpy, naked. Tuft, branches somewhat bowed back.
Flowers sitting, pointing one way. Bloss. white, or Sh
white. Caps. purplish. Huns. rz
S. rubens. Licutr. English Stonecrop. Rocks, roofs, walls,
in Wales and the N. of England. [On all the coast of Suffolk.
Woopw. . Rocks between Dundee and Broughty Castle. Mr.
Brown. On rocks on the Devonshire and Cornish coasts, and
on roofs at Penzance in profusion. On Dartmoor.] P. May, June. —

dasyphy!lum.S, Leaves opposite, egg-shaped, blunt, fleshy: stem weak:

» flowers scattered. —

_ E bot. 656-Facq. hort. 153-Curt, 147-H. ox, Xiie 7+ 35
Ff. B. iii. 691.

Stems numerous, weak, trailing. Leaves broader than they Page

are long, nearly flat above, convex underneath, sea-green witha

tinge . Flowers few, terminating, solitary. Fruit-stalks

branched. Mr. Woopwarp. . Flowers whitish. . Stamens often —

11 or 12. Pistils and petals 6. at take Sap oe
Thick-leaved Stonecrop. « Walls and roofs. Market-eit neat

~ Market-street ; Hammersmith and Kew. [ Bu en, Huntingdon-

reflex’um.,

shire. Hups. Mr. Woopw. Near London. Mr. Woopwarp-
; er 7 June, July.

S. Leaves awl-shaped, scattered, loose at the base; the —

lower ones bowed back,

€

DECANDRIA. -PENTAGYNIA. Oxalis.

Ez. hie 695—F/. dan. 113-Clus. ii. 60. 2—Dod. 129. 1=Ger.
em. 512. 1-H. ox. xii. 6. 6—Pet. 42. 5—Clus. ii. 60. 1—

Ger. em, 513. 6—H. ox. xii. 6. 7~Pet. 42. 6—Fuchs. 33-"

F. B. iti. 692. 3—Ger. 412. 1.

Branches often reflected. Leaves green, often with a tinge
of red, not crowded, lower ones bowed back, quickly falling o
Calyx segments 6 or 7. Petals from 5 to 7. Stamens 10 or 12.
Pistils and nectaries 6. Flowers bright yellow.

Yellow Stonecrop. Prickmadam. Walls, roofs and. rocks,
frequent. [Malvern Hill. Mr, Barrarp.]. P. July.

S. Leaves awl-shaped, in 5 rows, crowded, loose at ‘the
base ; flowers in tufts.

&, bot. 170-Dill. oa 256. 333~Pet. 42685

Leaves sea-green, more thickly awl-shaped than in the S. re-
flexum ; tiled in 5 lines. Linn. Stems before flowering closely
tiled. Leaves scattered. Flowers in a close, thick, branched
tuft. Bloss. yellow. Mr. Woopwarp. ‘The disposition of the
leaves in 5 rows may be best observed by viewing the plant with
the‘ends of the branches opposed to the eye, ‘Their points are
not bent back as they are in the S. reflexum, The flowers have
frequently 6 or 7 parts. Blossoms yellow.

Rock stro Chedder and St. Vincent's Rocks. z Taig

y .*

OX’ALIS. Calyx 5 leaves : peti connected by the
claws: capsules 5-sided opening at the corners.

O. Stalk with 1 flower : leaves 3 together: leafits inversely-

heart-shaped, hairy.

421

rupes’tre

Acetosel'la-

Curt. W1-E. bot. 762-FI. dan. 80-Sheldr. 26~-Mill. ill.-

Wale.~Blackw. 308—Woodv. 20-Fuchs. 567-F. B. ii. 387.
2-H, ox. tie 17. row 4. 1-Trag. 521—Mill. 195. 2-Dod.
~ 578. 2-Lob. obs. 499. 1-Ger. em. 1201—Park. 746. 1+
Pet. 63. 7-Lenic. i. 219. Tae. eae: 1030. 1
Facq. ox. 80. 1.

PP ihe equal. Jaco. Leaves frequently underneath ;

*

s close against rain. Floqwers large. "e /, white, beauti-

fully veined. with purple. Mr. Woopwarp. The Petals are
connected by small fleshy excrescences, the claws being inserted
into the receptacle separate and distinct.

* Both this and the S. reflexum are cultivated in Holland and Ger-
many to mix with lettuces in sallads. It is acrid te the taste.

422 - DECANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. Oxalis.

Wood Sorrel. Cuckow-bread, Sour Trefoil. Woods, shady
hedges, and heaths. ris ae P. April.*

Var. 2. Blossoms purple. —
Lane between North Owram and Halifax. Ray. .

cornicula’ta. O. Stem reclining, herbaceous ; fruit-stalks forming um-
bels. ;

Jacq. Ox. 5—Fi. dan. $73=Clus. ii. 249, 1—Dod. 579. 1-

‘Lob. obs. 495. 2—Ger. em. 1202-Park. 746, 2-7. B. ii.

388-H. ox. ii. 17. row 4. 2—Ger. 1030. 2.

Filaments connected as in the class Monadelphia. Sr. Umbel
generally of 2 flowers. Mr. Martyn. Seeds brown, transverse-
ly scored, inclosed in a transparent seed-coat, which, being
pressed, opens with a jerk, and throws out the seed to some dis-
tance. Mr. Hontergar. Stem prostrate, striking root. Styles
nearly equal. Jacquin. Capsules long and pointed. Blossoms
yellow. O puszlla. Mr. Salisbury. Linn. Tr. ii. 243. |

Yellow flowered Cuckowbread. First found in Great Britain
by Mr. J. Turner, in several places in the neighbourhood of Ex-
eter. Berxenu. Outlines ii. p. 127.. Mr. Martin. [In a waste

_rubbishy spot at Dawlish, Devonshire. Sept. 1781, and since in
several other places in the same county. Mr. Martin.) ._ .
A. but if housed during the winter P, Rerz.i. 52, May—Oct.

2 ee

AGROSTEM’MA. Calyx 1 leaf, like leather : pe-_
» |. tals 5, with claws; border blunt, undivided :
caps. \-celled, ges
_Githa’go. A. Plant hairy: calyx as long as (or longer than) the bloss. —
petals entire, not crowned.“ ios ieee
E. bot. 741—Curt. 200—Kniph, 5—Fl. dan. 576—Dod. \73-
Lob. obs. 23. 2-Ger, em. 1087—Park. 632. G-H. ox. V-

_* An infusion of the leaves is an agreeable liquor in ardent fevers, and
boiled with milk they make an agreeable whey. Lewis. Sheep, goats,
and swine cat it, Cows are not fond of it. Horses refuse it. The juice —
is gratefully acid. The London College directs a conserve to be made of
the leaves. beaten with thrice their weight of fine sugar. Theexpressc¢
juice depureted, properly evaporated, and set in a cool place, affords 4
erystalline acid salt in considerable quantity, which may be used where-
ever vegetable acids are wanted. It is employed to take iron moulds out

_of linen, and is sold under the name of Essential Salt of Lemons.
We are lately assured that the leaves and stalks wrapped in a cabbage

Jeaf, and macerated in warm ashes until reduced to a pulp, have been

successfully applied to scrophulous ulcers. This poultice should remain

on the sore for 24 hours, and be repeated 4 times. Afterwards the ulcer

1s to be dressed with a poultice made of the roots of the Meadow-sweet a

ron ioe mixed up with the scum ofsour buttermilk, Beppozs 0*

DECANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. Agrostemma.

21. 31—Pet. 57. 12-Fuchs. 127-F. B, iii, 341. 2~Trag.
127—Matth. 798-Ger. 926—Wale.—Lonic. i. 83. 3.
Calyx 10-ribbed, longer than the blossom. Flowers purplish

ged, sometimes white.
Corn Cackle. Cornfields, not unfrequent. A. June, July,

LYCH’N IS. Calyx 1 leaf, oblong, even: petals 5,
with claws, limbs often cloven : caps. 1 to 5-
celled. .

L, Stamens and pistils in distinct plants: capsules 1-celled. dioi’ca.

- Var.-1. dinyna. Blossoms red: capsules roundish,
Curt.—Kuiph. 11-—Ludw. 170-W ‘ale.—Clus. i, 294, - 1-Dod,
171. 1—Lod. obs. 181. 2-Ger. em. 469. 1—Park. 631, 1
oe -and 2-H, ox. v. 21. 23—Pet. 57. 6.

~ Upper stem-leaves generally spear-shaped, lower ones egg
shaped, tapering at each end: but I have a specimen gathered
on the rocks at Blaze Castle, near Bristol, in which the upper
leaves are egg-shaped, and the lower ones circular. This is a
female plant. \

Red-flowered Wild Campion, Campion Cuckow Flower.
Hedges, ditches, and moist woods. The rocks on the Isle of
Ailsa are covered with it, where there is none of the white.
Licurr. [The red flowered very common, the white very rare,
about Manchester ; the white common abont Chester, but none
of the red. Mr. Carry. This fact tends to corroborate the opi-
nion of Dr. Sibthorpe, mentioned below.] P. May—Sept,

Var. 2. vespertina. Blossoms white; capsules conical.

Walc.—Matth. 997—-F. B. iti. 342—-Pet. 57. 5~Fl. dan. 792~

H, ox. v. 21. 21. :

- Both these plants correspond in structure, they both have
male and feanie Rowen on separate roots, and both sometimes
are found with hermaphrodite flowers. Ray observes that in the
red-flowered the stems are weaker and more flaccid than in the
other, and from their not growing intermixed, Mr. Woodward
and some other judicious ists believe them to be distinct
species. In the white-flowered sort the petals of the male plane
have the limbs divided down to the claws, but in the female they
are only cloven half way down. ‘The mouth of the blossom is
partly closed by a crown formed of 4 little scales at the top of
the claw of each petal. . te
Since the above was written, I perceive that Dr. Sibthorpe in

FI. Oxon. enumerates the red and the white-flowered dioicous
chnis as distinct species ; the former he calls L. diurnay ree,
marking that the capsules are roundish, and that its scentless

423,

424

DECANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. Lychnis.

flowers stand open through the day. ‘The latter he says has
conical capsules, that its flowers are odoriferous, and only open’
towards evening. . This he calls L. wespertina. These trivial
names and his distinction founded on the shape of the capsules
are therefore added to their respective varieties, though I am
far from thinking that they may not be distinct species.

More lately still Mr. Robson informs me thaty from havin
cultivated both, he is satisfied they are distinct species, thoug
they are both liable to change the colour of their blossoms to
flesh colour. ~ =

Wild White Campion, or Cuckow Flower. Pastures, hedges,
[and fallow fields, sometimes so plentifully as to make them ap-
pear at a distance quite white, where the red is never found. Sr. ]

P. June—Aug.

Flos-cu‘culi. L. Petals (3 or) 4 cleft: fruit roundish ; of 1 cell. =

Visca’ria,

E. bot. 578-Curt.—Kniph. 11-Wale.~Fl. dan. 590-Trag.
403—Lanic. i, 171. 1-Ger. 480. 1 and 2-Clus. i. 2924 2—
-Dod.177~-Ger. em. 600. 1-H. ox. v. 20. 8=Pet. 55. 6.
Petals, the 2 middle segments the longest ; claws with 2
small spear-shaped teeth at the top. Béoss. pink, or purplish
red; sometimes white. _ s
“Meadow Pinks. Wild Williams. Meadow Cuckow flower. —
Ragged Robin. Crow flower. Moist meadows and pastures,

FF -
‘Var. 2. Double flowered. git i Piece
~ Mill. 169. 2-Clus. i. 293. 1-Ger. em. 600. 3—Park. ? an.

DB Agi B por
Pleasant in Sight. Meadow near Bungay, Suffolk, Woopw.
L. Petals nearly entire. :

E. bot. 788—Fl. dan. 1032-Kniph. 19-Clus. i. 289. 2-Gere
em. 601. 3—Park. 637-H. ox. v. 20. 6—Pet. 57. 3-F.B.
- iti, 348. 9, . eS
Stems, the upper part of the superior joints anointed. with a
reddish black tha substance like tar, in which Ants, and
other wingless insects are inviscated, in attempting to creep Up”
to the flowers. Capsules with 5 cells. Linn. pa upright,
simple. Blass, red. roe ;

Var. 2. White flowered. Me

_ Red German Catchfly. Catchfly Cuckow Flower, Moun-
tainous pastures. Sides of Craig Wreidhin Hill, Montgomery-
shire. [Rocks in the King’s Park, Edinburgh, on the South .
side ; and abundantly at Craig Hall, Perthsh. on rocks, Mr.

Brown. Near Croydon, Surrey. Mr, Crowz.} P. May, June.

DECANDRIA: PENTAGYNIA, Cerastium, 425

CERA’/STIUM. Calyx 5-leaved: petals cloven :
caps. 1-celled, opening at the top. ,

ZY (1) Capsules oblong. i
C. Upright, woolly and clammy. vulga’tum.
E. bot. 780—Curt.=Vaill. 30. 3—Pet. 58.5.

Hairs on the calyx and on the upper part of the stem ending
in oval or globular glands, containing a viscid liquor, which
gives a clamminess to the touch. In other respects it approaches
very near the C. viscosum, but is more upright and less spread.
ing. Petals white, shorter than the calyx.—Dr. Surry, who
has rescued this and the following species from their former con-
fusion, observes, that “ the light green hue, yellowish in decay,
* of the C. wulgatum, its broad ovate leaves and smaller flowers,
distinguish it from the Cs wiscosum.”’ .

C. viscosum. Bot. Arr. ed. 3.—Clammy Mouse-ear. Mea-
dows, pastures, walls, dry banks, and ant-hills. A. April. Oct. -

C, Leaves egg-shaped: petals as long as the calyx: stems visco’sum.
__ spreading. "Sq
E. bot. 790-Curt. 130-Vaill. 30. 1-Walc. 5-Pet. 58. 6~
FJ. B. iii. 359. 1.
This species is also viscid, ‘« though less so at an advanced

age, and’in cold weather, E. bot.—The most obvious distinction :
seems to be the trailing, or upright stems. Whole plant rough .
with hairs. Calyx leaves membranaceous at the edge. Petals -

white, in small poor plants in very dry situations as long as the
calyx, in larger and more luxuriant specimens shorter ; rarely to
‘be seen in an expanded state. =

C. vulgatum Bot. Arr. ed. 3—Narrow-leaved Mouse-ear.
Meadows, pastures, walls, sides of roads and amongst rubbish,
When growing in bogs the leaves are sometimes as convex as an
egg cut through lengthwise. Mr. Armin. =P, May—Aug.

C. Leaves elliptical, naked, or clothed with long hairs. alpi‘num,
Panicle eked, of few flowers, furnished with brac-
tee. Capsule oblong, curved. E. ot. os

E. bot. 472-F1, dan, 6-Lightf. 10. at p. 242-Ray 15. 2..at
Pp 348. i "is Sue ,

Whole plant, except the petals and se a covered with
long, soft, ~ emi biiee: Paste leaves oval ; upper Oval-spear-
shaped, opposite. Branches terminated by 1 or 2 flowers. Flowers
large on separate fruit-stalks, each furnished with 2 ite
eanshiendl Medkchesives. Capsule when ripe lengt out
into a straight horn, WoopwarD. ~

426

DECANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. Cerastium.

We have 2 varieties of this, one with the leaves quite smooth
and almost glossy ; the other with woolly leaves ; but they are
clearly one species. What can be the cause of the smoothness of
the one, growing, as they do, intermixed ?— Flowers generally
1, and sometimes 2, but in the Dutch gardens several on a stem.
Linn. 7. /app. Some plants green, and others hoary. Doubted
whether not 2 distinct species. Ray. Hairs on the fruit-stalks
transparent, jointed, the knots somewhat opake. Mr, GrirFiTH.
From 2 to 4 inches high. Flowers white.

Alpine Mouse-ear. Mountains and sides of rills, as an Snow-
don, on the north side of Wyddfa and Clogwyn du yn yr Ardue
near Llanberris. [Top of Clogwyn y Garnedd, very near to
plants of C. Jatifolium. Mr. Grirritn. | “?P, July, Aug. -

latifo’lium, C.. Leaves elliptical, clothed with short spreading bristles :

arven’se.

flower-stalks terminal, simple, mostly solitary :
capsule oval... bot.

BE. bot. 473-¥aeq. call. i. 20.

The stems form tufts, but are shorter and more thickly set with
leaves than in the C. alpinum; the leaves are broader and more ob-
tuse, clothed (constant/y, as faras we have observed) with numerous
short rigid spreading bristly hairs, various in position and direc-
tion, making a harsh kind of covering, quite different from the
silky hairs of C. alpinum. ‘They are also in general more thickly
jointed. The fower-sta/ks are terminal, mostly solitary, simples
often as long as the whole stem, clothed with glandular spread-
ing hairs, and frequently destitute of bractee. The flowers.
differ but little from that species. It appears that the sem is at
length protruded beyond the insertion a the flower-stalk, and

may occasionally bear an autumnal flower ; when the first has

ripened itsseed. The capsule is oval, and is not curved, shorter
than that of C. alpinum. E. bot.—Mr. Licutroor refers his
Scottish specimens to the C. latifolium, but his figure represents
the C. alpinum. :

[Specimens from Mr. Grirrirn, gathered on Clogwyn y
Garnedd, agree with a specimen. which I have from Switzer-
land. Mr. Grirritru observes that it grows in no other place
about Snowdon.] si mae June.
C. Leaves strap-spear-shaped, bluntish, fringed at the

base: blossoms larger than the calyx. rey

E. bot. 93-Kniph. 8-Vaill. 30.45 and 5-Ger. 477. 11-Fl-

dan. 626—F. B. iii. 360. 1-Ger. em. 595. 15-Parke
est SD ‘

Leaves pointed, covered with a short thick down, VAILL«
Petals twice as long as the calyx, Haut, ites Serge

Seeeapaebiommeme es eee ee

DECANDRIA, PENTAGYNIA. Cerastium. A427

Corn Mouse-ear. Caryophyllus holosteus arvensis. Ger. em.
595. Corn fields, gravelly meadows and pastures, at the foot
of walls, dry banks and heaths, in Cambridgeshire. _Dupper’s
Hill, near Croydon. [About Bury, frequent, amongst corn.
Mr. Woopw. Near Norwich. Mr. Crowz. By hedges, but
rarely among corn. Mr. Rosson. ] P. May—Sept.

C. Flowers with 5 stamens: petals notched at theend. semidecan’-

Dicks. bh. s.-Curt. 122-Ray 15. 1: at p» 348~Vaill, 30. 2, —

Stems very short. Leaves egg-shaped, opposite, somewhat
' channelled, blunt, sprinkled with very short hairs. Fruit-stalks
very short, each aah 1 Pe Calyx with glutinous hairs,
membranaceous at the point and edges. Petals str.
white, sharply he end. Sa: 5, with 2 ea
, the 5 inner ones without anthers. Five nectariferous dots

between the fruitful stamens and the petals. Linn. Barren fila. -
ments not found with us. Stamens fertile ones sometimes more
than five. Flowers white. :

Least Mouse-ear. Walls, pastures and heaths. A. April, May.

C Flowers with 5 stamens: petals cloven, as long as the pu’milum,
calyx: capsule twice as long.

: Curt. Fl. Lond.

_ Discovered by Mr. Dickson. Nearly allied to the C. semi-
decandrum, but distinguished from that by the flowers being
more conspicuous, the petals being near twice the size, fully as
long as the calyx, and cloven to } of their length. The cap.
sules also are much longer, being for the most part twice the.
length of the calyx. Curtis. PA

On dry banks near Croydon. A Feb, March.

_ (2) Capsules roundish.
_ C. umbellatum, see Holosteum umbellatum. Pit
C. Leaves oblong, cottony: fruit-stalks branched: cap- tomento ‘sum,
sules globular.

Whole slant white, with a dense, compact down. Svems in
a thickly matted tuft, forked, with sometimes a single flower on
a long fruit-stalk from the division; the divisions branched,
expanding, each branch bearing a sort of umbel. Leaves gra-
_ dually narrower downwards. Petals white, as long again as the
calyx, cloven not half way down, segments blunt. Woopwarop.
Woolly mouse-ear. Specimens gathered in the garden of Mr.
Bonfoy of Ripton, whose Gardener, Mr. Wurrexocx, now Nur-
seryman at Fulham, assured me that it was the individual plant

428 DECANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. Spergula,

he had transplanted from Ripton Wood, Huntingdonsh, where —
he found it growing wild,-and where we searched for it, but
without success. Mr. Woopwarp. “4

- aquat’icum,C. Leaves heart-shaped, sitting : flowers solitary: cap-
sules pendent. ee

E. bot.538-Curt.—Dod. 29. 1-Ger. em. 611. 1—Park. 759.
2—Ger. 488. 1.

In habit much resembling the larger plants of the Stellaria
‘media, but the petals are much larger than the calyx, and
the hairiness on the stem is general and not limited as in
that plant to a line extending along it. Leaves often heart-
spear-shaped, and sometimes curled at the edge. Whole plant
set thick with fine short hairs, terminated by globular heads,
containing a clammy liquor. Flowers white.
Marsh Mouse-ear, Watery places, banks of rivers mostly
amongst bushes. = . * <P. Jaly?

SPER’GULA. Cal. 5 leaves : petals 5, entire;
caps. egg-shaped, of 1 cell and 5 valves.

arven’sis. S. Leaves in whirls: flowers with more than 5 stamens:

_ stems thick at the joints. :
Curt.—Fl. dan. 1033-Ded. 537—Lob. obs. 467. 1-Ger. em
1125-Park, 562-F. B. iii, 722. 1—Pet. 59. 6.

Leaves 6 in-a whirl, 3 on each side, cylindrical, thread-like,
woolly, clammy. Fruit-stalks branching, Linn. Stamens in
the autumn frequently fewer than 10. Seeds rough with rising
dots, when ripe black, with a white border. Flowers white.

Corn Spurry. Corn fields and sandy places, especially where
water has lain; gravel walks. = A. July—Sept.*

subula’ta.S. Leaves in whirls, hae at the edge, rather pointing one —
: way + stems thread-shaped, flowers solitary. é
Curt. 139. ee
Whole plant set with short hairs, terminating in minute glo-

bules. Stamens from 5 to 10. Petals white, roundish, as long
as the calyx.

_* Poultry are fond of the seeds ; and the inhabitants of Finland and

Norway make bread of them when their crops of corn fail. Experience

shews it to be very nutritious to the cattle that eat it. Horses, sheep,
goats, and swine eat it. Cows refuse it.

ae

DECANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. Spergula.
This has been considered by some of our most accurate bo-

~ tanists as the S. laricina or the S. saginoides of Linnzus, but Mr.

Afzelius informs me it is neither, but a kind of intermediate plant
between the two. The S. saginoides is more branched, has swol-
len knots at the joints of the stems, with a remarkable contrac-
tion just under the knots ; itis also a larger plant, is destitute of
hairyness, and its flowers ‘always contain 10 stamens. The .

-Jaricina has the Jeaves in opposite pairs, with bundles of youn

leaves or branches in the axille. The fruit-stalks are smoot

and furnished with floral-leaves. "The calyx leafits are 3-fibred,

the stamens are always 10, and the flowers moch larger than those

of the S, subulata.

S. saginoides. Curt, S. iepicina Sone ten Dry

tures in a gravelly soil. Uxbridge Moor. Isle of Bute; Cx

and Esher, Surry ; Devonshire and Cornwall? Putney Heath,

Coomb Wood, . Surry ; ; Bagshot Heath, Potnell Warren, near

the great bog at Virginia Water. (Sandy ground by road sides

near Forfar, and between Dundee and St, Andrews. Mr. Brown.]
; P. June.—Aug.

s. Leaves opposite, awl-shaped, smooth: stems simple.

Curt. 261-E. bot. 694-Kuiph. 11-Fl. dan. 96-F. B. iii.
724—Ger. 567. G—Park, 427. 3~Pluk. 7. 4—Pet. 59. 5.

_ Bunches of meetin leaves in the bosom of the opposite
tudiments of small branches. Ray. Stems

Knotted Spur . Marshy lace. ces, wet pastures and ‘sides of
rivers, lakes, a’ marshes. { about Settle, and in the North.
Curr.— Bog ound in Sutton Park, Warwickshire. Dr.
Pe BY (Bo fake at Llanberris, plentiful. Mr. Atkin. j

_ Mr. Norris has discovered this plant, of a diminutive size

and comparatively glaucous hue, in a very unusual situation,
He says it pin near Bromham, Wiltsh. upon the southern and
sun-burnt brow of a chalky eminence called Morgan’s-Hill,
within a furlong south of the ancient Wansdike; living in a

most parched and dry, (among loose flints, &c. and asso-

"aning with the Sedum acre, Poa ete Phyteuma orbicularis,

and <—s smeamngee a os OP. i ae

429

nodo’sa.

430

DODECANDRIA,

CLASS mk,
DODECANDRIA.
MONOGYNIA. |

CERATOPHYL/LUM. Flowers M. and F. on the same
plant: Bloss. none; Cad. with many divisions.
Ff, Style none: Seed 1.

AS’ARUM. Bloss. none: Cal. 3-cleft; superior: Caps.
6-celled,

LY’THRUM. Bloss. 6 petals: Cal. 12-toothed; be-
neath: Caps. 1 or 2 celled.

_DIGYNIA.

CAR’PINUS. Flowers M. and F. on the same plant:

~Bloss. none: Cal. 1 Seale 5 fringed.
M. Stam. 10 to 16.
F. Germens 2; with 2 styles to each: Nut egg-shaped.
AGRIMO’NIA. Bloss. 5 petals: Cal, 5-cleft: Seeds 1

or 2.
[ Mercurialis. Crategus. |

TRIGYNIA. _
FA‘GUS. Flowers M. and F. on the same plant: Bees

none.
M. Cal. 5-cleft; bell-shaped.

F. Cal. 4-toothed; changing into a ‘capsule, oes
4-valved; 2-seeded,

_ RESEDA. Bloss. petals many-cleft: Cal. divided: Caps.

1-celled; gaping open. ©
EUPHOR'BIA. Bloss. petals fixed by the centers Cal,
bellying: Caps. 3 united dry berries,

recommen een

DODECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Asarum.
TETRAGYNIA.

[ Tormentilla erecta. ]

HEXAGYNIA.
{Sedum Dasyphyllum.]

DODECAGYNIA.
SEMPERVI‘VUM. Bloss. 12 petals: Cal. with 12 divi-
sions: Capsules 12. —

}

-“MONOGYNIA,
ASA’RUM. Calyx 3 or 4-cleft, sitting on the ger-

mens: bjoss. none: caps. like leather, crown-
ed, of 6 cells: but no valves.

A. Leaves kidney-shaped, blunt, in pairs.

Mill. ill-Blackw. 383.-Trag. 64-Dod. 358-Lob. obs.
328. 2-Ger. em. 836. 1-H. ox. xiii. 7. row 3. 1-Park.
266. 1-Matth. 36—Fuchs. 10~F. B. iii, 548-Mill. 53.
= Se :
Flocwers

Mavabictey: Woods and shady places, Lancashire. P. May.*

CERATOPHYL’LUM. Male and Fem. flowers
on the same plant: ca/. with many divisions:
bloss. none. = :

Male. Stamens twice as many as the segments
~ of the calyx. | : ger Ee |
Fem. Style none: nut coated, without valves.

™* The root powdered, and taken to the amount of 30 or 401s. excites
Vomiting. If it is coarsely powdered it generally purges. The powder
of the leaves is the basis of most of the Cephalic Snuffs, which occasion
a considerable discharge of mucus from. the nostrils without much sneez-
ing, An infusion of x or 2 drams of the leaves, in wine, yomits, Cows eatit.

43}

oe Europe‘um.
Woodv. 86—Kniph. 9—Lud, 182-Sheldr. 19~Fl. dan. 633-~ -

432

demer’sum,

submer’sum.

DODECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Ceratophyllum. |

C. Leaves forked, toothed; lower ones strap-shaped; up-
per ones much crowded, tubular and inflated, beaks
~ of the capsule of equal length.

FI, dan. 510—Loes. 12 at p. 67-Vaill. hist: de l’acad. vel,

_ for 1719. p. 21. z

Root striking deep in the mud. Stem much branched, the
lower part generally covered with mud. Leaves in whirls,
about 8 in a whirl, the lower whirls about half an inch distant,
but closer upwards, and extremely crowded towards the end;
twice-forked, bristle-shaped, harsh and somewhat brittle, semi-
transparent, green, spotted with short purple lines, and the ex-
treme forks toothed on the outside only; those on the part of
the stem covered with or lying in the mud, short, forked, much
thicker than those above, and appearing as if broken or bitten.
Flowers few, in the bosoms of the leaves. Seed-vessel with 1
long thorn at the summit; and 2 shorter on opposite sides neat
the base. Mr. Woopwarp. ‘a

Floating Hornweed. Ditches and slow streams. P. Aug. Sept.

C. Leaves forked, toothed; lower ones tubular andsome-
' what inflated; upper ones hair-like, near together;
capsules with a short blunt point. Bete f oe

E. bot. 679-Vaill. bist. de Pacad, 2. 2, vol. for 1719. p. 16.
So nearly allied to C. demersum that it may prove to be only
a variety. Linn. Specimens from Paris had the leaves twin-
forked. I should not be inclined to consider it as a distinct
species. Hatt. ;
This species is certainly to be distinguished from the more
common C. demersum by its fruit being unarmed, not furnished —

with 3 long divaricating thorns. E. bot.

Salica’ria.

Ditches on the side of the road from Chichester to the Isle of
Selsey. R. Syn. [Near Yarmouth, Mr. Dawson Turner. E.
ty Sept.

bot. J

LY’THRUM. Cai. often with 12 or 16 teeth:
petals 5 or 6, fixed to the calyx: capsule 1
or 2-celled, many-seeded. =,

L, Leaves opposite or alternate, heart-spear-shaped ;
flowers in spike, 10 or.12 stamensineach. . —
Curt. 186-Kniph. 5-Fl. dan. 671-Matth. 950-Clus. ti. 51+
1—Dod. 86. 1=Ger. em. 476. 5—Park. 546. 1—Pet. 62. 6=
Blackw. 520-Ger. 386. 2. Od ois gp egated
Stem upri f . Leaves s ear-shaped, sitting, all
posite, or all tie or the lower es a F and Ths poet

DODECANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Carpinus.

ones alternate. Filoqwers in tufts in the bosom of the leaves,
_ sometimes close together ; forming a long leafy spike. Calyx
hairy, 6 of the teeth short and blunt, the other 6 awl-shaped.
Petals fixed within the longer teeth of the calyx, red purple.
Sometimes a single anther grows to one of the petals, and in this
case, besides the 12 perfect stamens, a single filament is found
without an anther,
Purple-spiked Willowherb, or Loosestrife, or Grasspoly.

Var. 1. Leaves 3 ina whirl: stem 6-cornered. Ray.
Marshes and banks of rivers. P. July, Aug.

L. Leaves alternate: flowers with 6 stamens.

Hall. jen. 6.2, at p. 295-Facq. austr, 133-E, bot. 292-
C. B. pr. 108—F. B. iii. 792. 3-Ger, em. 581. 2~Park.
220. 2-Hall. jen. 6. 3. 3

Stems trailing, rather stiff, branching, rod-like. Leaves alter.

nate, sitting, stra -shaped, quite entire. Floawers solitary,

in the bosom of i lentes. Calyx tubular, with 5 or 6 i

teeth. Petals 6, purple, white at the base. Stamens shorter

than the calyx. Linn. Stem simple, or branched near-the root,
not so upwards, Leaves strap-shaped, scattered. Flowers nearly
sitting. Blossoms blue. Mr. Woopwarp.

3 Hyssop-leaved Willow-herb. Grasspoly. Small Hedge-hyssop.

atery places, and where water has stood during the winter.
road. Mr. Woopwarp.] A. July, Aug.

4

DIGYNIA.

CARPI’NUS. Male and female flowers on the same:

plant: d/oss. none: ca/. 1 leaf, a fringed scale.
Male. Stamens 18 or 20. Soe ere
Fem. Germens 2, with 2 styles on each: mut
egg-shaped.
C. Scales of the cones flat.
Marth. 145-Ger. 1296-Park. 1406-F. B. i. b. 146-Hunt.
Evel, p. 143 31. p. 138. ed. I1.—Clus. i. 55. 2-Dod. 841-
Lob. obs. 607. 2, and ice ii, 190. 1~Ger. em. 1479-Trag.
1109—Lonic. i. 33. 2.
Stamens 8 to 16. Linn. Filament dividing at the top, each

.

division re a distinct anther. Bark smooth, white. _

Leaves oval, pointed, sharply serrated.
“Vortec FY

433.

Hyssopifo’-

Bet’ulus.

434 DODECANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Agrimonia.

C smititohe Horn-beam Tree. Hard-beam Tree. Horse, or Horn.
beach Tree. In woods and hedges. _'T. April, May.* _

AGRIMONIA. Calyx 5-toothed, surrounded by
another : petals 5: seeds 2,in.a capsule at the |
bottom of the calyx, which becomes indu-
rated. oe OE REN

Eupato’ria, A. Stem-leaves winged: the odd leafit on a leaf-stalk:
fruit hispid. ,

Curt, 317-Kniph. 5-Woodv, 258—Ludav. 29-Mill. ill-Fl.

dan. 588—Ger. 575-Blackw. 283—Fuchs. 244-F. B. ii.

p- k. 398-Dod. 28. 1-Lob. obs. 394. 2-Ger. em. 712-

Park. 594. 1-Matth. 1014-Trag. 514—Lonic. i. 218. 1

with the calyx, and a yellowish fleshy receptacle. Szy/es thread-
shaped. Summits, 2 thin lips at the end of each style. Capsule
egg-shaped, hairy, ribbed. Sveds nearly egg-shaped, flatted on
= _ Flowers in long, upright, terminating bunches ;

yellow. = TreES :
Common Agrimony. Borders of cornfields, shady places, and
hedges, ay J une, July t

* It loves a poor stiff soil, on the sides of hills ; is easily transplanted,
and bears lopping. In 1764, in Lord Petre’s park, at Writtle, in Essex,
stood a Horn-beam tree, measuring full 12 feet in girth, at 5 feet above ~
the ground, Bath Soc. i. Mr. Marsnam.—Cattle eat the leaves, but pas-
turage will not flourish in its shade.The wood burns like a candle; it
is very white, very tough, harder than hawthorn, and capable of gtd pe

ing a great weight. It is useful in turning, and for many implements oF

sbafidry. It makes cogs for mill wheels; even superior to Yew.—
The inner bark is much used in Scandinavia to dye yellow. —The Phalana
érumata and rostralis feed uponit. 7
+ The Canadians are said to use an infusion of the root in burning fe-
vers, and with great success. An infusion of 6 ounces of the crown of
the root, in a quart of boiling water, sweetened with honey, and. half a
pint ofit, drank 3 times a day, Dr. Hill says, is an effectual cure for the
Jaundice, Headyises to begin with a vomit, afterwards to keep the bow-

DODECANDRIA. TRIGYNTA. Fagus.

-'TRIGYNIA.

FA’GUS. Male and female flowers on the same
plant: A/oss. none.
Male. Calyx 5-cleft: bell-shaped. 3
Fem. Calyx with 4 teeth, changing into a
prickly 4-valved, o-seeded capsule.

435

F, Leaves pover ehaped, with a apeong serratures, naked Casta’nea.

underneath.

Kuiph. 5-Hunt. sBewk p 159. 1. ir 153. ed. II.—Mill. 84~__

Tourn. 352—Nat. disp. ii, 30. at p. 290-Nat. allie. ii ii. 19,

: i. 6. 121—Gars. 204—Ger. 1253. beefachse, see Rpchs.
37 7-Trag. 1100—Lonice. i. 31.1.

Catkins cylindrical. Linn. Leaves ending in a ekg very
taper 5 sesaile serratures endin ng ina kind of thorn. Mr. Woopw.
Chesnut Tree. Woods and hedges, in Kent, common. [Bur-

ieigh Park, in ee abundance, Mr. Woopw. ] T. May.*
1 mua sa cult an: Pog baron? gl ib eae mone: glossy

els soluble, and to continue the medicine as Tong as any. ‘Ayaiptomne of the
disease remain.

~ Sheep and goats eat it. Cows, horses, and swine refuse it. Linn.
The flowers, fresh gathered, smell like apricots.

__.* Nothing will thrive under its shade.—The wood is applicable to
the same uses that oak is.—If the bark is not taken off, it makes poles for

espaliers, dead fences and hop yards, and pipes to convey water under

ground, which will last longer than elm or oak.—Some of the oldest
ildings in London are said to be constructed with this wood.—At Tort-
worth, in Gloucestershire, there is a tree 52 feet round. It is proved to

_ have stood there ever since the year 1150, and was then so remarkable as

to be called the great Chesnut of Tortworth. It fixes the boundary of
the manor, and is probably near 5 Be years old. Gent. Mag. 1766, p. 321,
where there is a drawing of it. Mr. Collinson, the author of this ac-
count, makes no doubt of the | Chesnut being a native of Zaginnd, and
assigns the great profit that arises from them when cut for hop-poles, as
the reason wh dt Jn 59, fa bo a6 Tithe aes ite

Mr. Marsham measured this tree in the year 1759, at the height of 6
feet from the ground, where its girth was 46 feet 6 inches. He calculates
that it cannot be less, probably much more, than 1100 years old, and that
it was 540 years old when John came to the throne, and would then mea-
sure 11 yards in circumference. Bath Soc. 1.

The nuts are used for whitening linen cloth, and for making starch.
They are roasted on small stoves in the streets by the fruit-woimen, and
in winter form a as, agreeable addition to our desserts. They constitute
a great Proportion AE ASS food of the common people in the south of Eu-
rope ; on them. as they run wild in the inapsved are reck.
oned artclts Pte oak 7

FFQ

2, and - 588. widen em, 1442, I-Park. 1400. 1-F. B. :

436

sylvatica.

Lute’ola. -

DODECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Reseda.

leaves and with 6 to 9 pistils to each seed-vessel, ‘This is said
to bear fruit more early, and of a larger size. Mr. Sracknouse.

F, Leaves egg-shaped; indistincly serrated.
Hunt. Evel, p. 136.1. p. 131.ed. I1.—-Matth, 205-Ger. 1255
—Dod. 832-F. B. i. b. 118—Lonic. i, 33. 1—-Spects de la
nat. ii, 29. 1, at p. 290-Nat. delin. ii. 19.1, at p. 312.

Catkins globular. Linn. Bark smooth, white.
Beech Tree. Woods and hedges in a calcareous soil.
“ : T. March, Apr.*

RESE/DA. Calyx 1 leaf, divided? petals jagged :
capsule \-celled, many-seeded, opening at
the top. :

R. Leaves spear-shaped, entire, with a tooth on each side
the base: calyx 4-cleft. rt

E, bot. 320-Kniph. 5-F1. dan. 864-Sheldr. 92-Trag. 362-

Lonic. i. 155.4=Ger. 398. 1-Matth. 1307-Dod. 80-Lob.

obs. 190. 3-Ger, em. 494—Park. 603. 1—Pet. 38. 12-

Black. 283-F, B. iti. 465.2. 0 ne

: OS ge ieee hollow, furrowed. Leaves strap-spear-

shaped, with a very minute reddish tooth on each side of the

base. Floral-leaves, 1 at the base of each flower. Calyx —
ments RLS ana go the 2 upper wide asunder. Petals 3, th

upper hand-shaped, with 4 divisions ; the 2 /ateral ones pine
sometimes cloven, Nectary broad, somewhat hollowed on the

_ * The tree is large-and beautiful, but no verdure will flourish under
its shade. It loves a fertile soil. Whilst young it is apt to suffer fro
exposure. It is difficult to transplant. It retains its old leaves throu
the winter. It bears lopping well, and may be trained to form very
hedges. ~The wood is brittle ; soon decays in the air, but endures under
water. It is formed into tool handles, planes, mallets, chairs, and bed-
steads. Split into thin layers it is used to make scabbards for swords. It
is excellent fuel, and when burnt affords a large quantity of Pot-ash.—
The leaves, gathered in autumn, before they are much injured by the
frosts, make infinitely better mattrasses than straw or chaff, and endure
for 7 or 8 years. The nuts, or masts as they are called, when eaten, c-
casion giddiness and head-ache ; but when well dried and powdered make
wholesome bread, They are sometimes roasted and substituted for coffee.
They fatten swine, and are greedily devoured by mice, squirrels, and birds.
The poor people in Silesia use the expressed oil instead of butter. Sheep
and goats eat the leaves.

Phalana Populi, Coryli, pudebunda; Curculio Fagi; Scarabeus Mele-
lontha ; Aphis Fagi, feed upon both species. Linn. A horse kept at grass
sue Mr. aor ar er In some s of Hertfordshire, brie oe

tis a strong clay full of flints, trees grow to a very large Sian :
and are of extreme beauty. It does not relish a light soil. Notree’s
more beautiful when standing singly in parks or ornamental grounds, a31¢
throws out its branches very regularly, and feathers almost to the ground.

In woods or groves it grows clear of branches to a great height. Mr-
Woopwarp, :

DODECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Euphorbia.

euter side at the base, which is covered by a thin concave lid,
formed by. an expansion of the claw of the upper petal. Stamens
20 to 30, or more. Germen pyramidal, 3-sided, corners blunt.
Styles none. Summits 3. Capsule with 3 valves, rolled inwards
so as to enfold the seeds. Flowers yellow. ,

Wild Woad. Dyers-weed. Dyers Yellow-weed. [Wolds.
Woulds. Weld. St.) Meadows, pastures, walls, and barren un-
cultivated spots. [Coal-pit banks in Staffordshire and Sh
shire, and about the ruins of Dudley Castle. Mr. Swayne ob-
serves that it is one of the first plants that grow on the rubbish
thrown out of coal-pits. It is very common in Gloucestershire
by the sides of roads, and also about Manchester, probably, as
Mr. Catery thinks, from scattered seeds from the dye-houses. ]

; A. June, July.*

R. All the leaves 3-cleft : the lower winged. _ Ju’tea.

Dicks, h. s.-E. bot.321-Facq. austr. 353-Ger, 216. 1-Lob.
adv. 76—Ger. em. 277. 1~Park. 823. 2—Pet. 38. 11-F.B.
ili, 467. bem
Calyx segments 6, strap-shaped, the uppermost the smallest.
Petals 6. Stamens to 20. Reuwan. Flowers pale yellow.
Rocket Yellow-weed. Base Rocket. Corn fields, meadows,
pastures, chiefly in a calcareous soil; sometimes on walls. [Bun-
gay, Suffolk. frequent. Mr. Woopwarp. On a wall at Clifton
near Bristol. Mr. Swayne. Between Sunderland and South
Shields. Mr. Rogson.] *f A. June—Aug.
Var. 2. Curled-leaved. 38
Bocce. pl. var. 41. 3. at p. 76-Pluk. 55.4. |
Barren closes about Roe-hill and Northfleet.

Ray considers this as a perennial, and therefore a-distinct
species. It merits further attention. I can only add, that the
R. luteola is not an uncommon plant in Portugal ; that in all the
specimens I saw there the leaves were curled, but that with the
most attentive examination I could discover no other difference.

EUPHOR‘BIA. Calyy 1 leaf, distended : bloss. 4 or
5 petals, sitting on the calyx : caps. 3, united,
(1) Flowers solitary. eg

E. Forked? leaves very entire, half-heart-shaped : flowers Pe’plis.

solitary, axillary: stems trailing. —

__* "This plant affords a most beautiful yellow. dye for cotton, woollen»
mohair, silk, and linen, and is that which is most commonly used by the
_ dyers for that purpose, as it gives the brightest dye, Blue cloths dipped
in a decoction of it become green. ‘The yellow colour of the paint,
called Dutch Pink, is got from this plant. The tinging quality resides

in the stems and roots, and it is cultivated in sandy soils, rich soil making

_ the stalk hollow and not so good, Cattle will not eat it, but sheep some.
times browse ita little.

437

438

Pe’plus.

. exig’ua.

DODECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Euphorbia.

Clus. iis 187: 2-Lob. obs. 197. 3—Ger. ems»! 503, 20-H. ox.
x. 2.18—Pet: 53. 12-Marth. 1260-Ger. 406. 16-Park.
194. 7. .
Plant generally red, or purple, Stem forked immediately from
the root. Branches trailing, forked, of irregular lengths. Flow-
ers on fruit-stalks, Capsules smooth, tipped with purple. Mr
WoopwarD.
Purple Spurge. Sandy sea shores. Between Penzance and
Marketjeu, Cornwall; and Exmouth, Devonshire.
pit ‘A. July, Aug.

(2) Umbels with 3 spokes. —

E. Umbels with 3 spokes; spokes forked: involucellums
egg-shaped : leaves very entire, inversely egg-shaped,

_on leaf-stalks. :
Curt.—F/, dan. 1100—Dod. 375. 2—Lob. obs. 197. 2-Ger. em.
503. 19-Park. 194. 6-H. ox. x. 2. 11-Pet, 53. 11—Ger

406. 15-Walc. peeks cents :
Leaves alternate. Invelucr. egg-shaped. All the flowers
fertile. Petals with 2 horns. Fruit smooth, or only rough at
the edge. Livy. Umbel spokes divided and subdivided into
forks 3 and 4 times over, the divisions straddling. Blossoms

yellowish green. "WES <3

Petty Spurge. Rich cultivated soil. A. July, Aug.

E. Umbels with 3 spokes; spokes forked: involucellums
_ spear-shaped;. leaves strap-shaped. os
sat Dicks, b. s-Trag. 296-Curt. 215-Fl.. dan. 592-Ger. 503
17—Park. 193. 5—Pet. 53. 6-H. ox. X..2. 5. %
Petals 4, crescent-shaped. Leaves of the Involucr. and In-
volucell. not broader than those of the stem. Fruit smooth. —
Linn. Plant sometimes simple, upright, but in a more luxu-
riant growth there is sometimes a pair of branches bearing 3-
spoked umbels, rising from the lower part of the stem. Ter-
minating umbel sometimes with 4 or 5 spokes, generally twice

x

forked, sometimes more. Invalucr. of 2'or 3, sometimesof 4
» leaves, sitting, bent back, more or-less tapering to the point.

Involucell. of 2 leaves, sitting, hollowed out on one side.
Stamens 5 to 9, swelling out into.a globular form close under the ~
anthers. Summits 0. ert vines

Dewarf Spurge. E. exigua acuta, Linn. Leaves pointed.

Ray. In some native specimens the leaves are bluntly pointed,
but I have never seen a native one of the E. exigua retusa, Dt. _

Srocrs. Com fields,

s

if
A, July, [to Sept].

gee

Spokes wide-spreading ng.

DODECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Euphorbia.

Var. 2. Umbel with 5 spokes. Reiwan.

Euphorbia segetalis. Martin cat. Woopwaro. E. platyphyl-
los, 8 Huds. Comberton Hill, Cambridgeshire. Mr. Re.Han.

(3) Umlbels with 5 spokes.

E. Umbel with generally 5 spokes; spokes cloven: invo-
lucellums heart-kidney-shaped: leaves tiled up~
wards.

Jacq. hort. 188—E. bot. 195—Dod. 370. 1—Ger. em. 498, 1~
Hy. ox. X. i. 24~Park, 184—Pet. 53. 8—-Ger. 401. 1~
Matth. 1252—Dod. 370. 2. ahoe

Petals entire. Plant sea-green. Linn. Leaves very entire,

somewhat pointed. Jaco. Stems numerous, ascending, thickly

tiled with leaves, lower part generally red. Leaves smooth,
fleshy, pointing upwards, gradually increasing in size from be-
low ; the lower ones strap-spear-shaped, or oblong, sitting; the
upper ones oval-spear-shaped, half embracing the stem. Fruit
very large, smooth. Woopwarp. ‘The shortness of the spokes
of the umbel, and the leaves pointing nearly upright, lying
one over another so closely as to hide the stem, at once distin.
guish this from all its British congeners. When cultivated ina
garden the leaves become more expanded.

439

Para‘lias.

Sea Spurge. Sea shores. [Between Southwold and Dunwich, ©

Soffolk. Mr. Woopwarp. . Mr. Warr. West side
of Walney Isle. Mr. Arxinson. Dawlish, Devon.] __

E. Umbdl with 5 spokes: spokes forked: involucellums

somewhat heart-shaped, concave: leaves strap-
spear-shaped, smooth, expanding, =

E. bot. 441-Ray 24.6. at p. 479.

Portlan‘dica.

~~ Stems rather shrub-like, a hand’s breadth high, smooth, a

lindrical, red during the winter. Leaves alternate, nearly sitting,
with a sharp point at the end, red underneath at the base. Little
Mie opined from the heron the het ‘ hi lower
tren, but at length growing out and resembling the stem.
me ie Incelirems similar ama a In.
woluc el em ne ed. Flowers nearly sitting, vy, the Ist
and 2d with only stamens; petals oa sed eaheiet horns ;
the rest with stam. and pistils, and horned. Fruit smooth, but
the corners rough with sharp points. Linn, Spokes from 3 to 5.
Central florets : calyx with 5 sides, 5 blunt corners, and 5 slight
clefts ; segments more or less toothed at the end. Peta/s hairy
on the inner side. Stamens 8 or 9. Lateral florets : calyx seg-
ments 4. Petals 4, Stam. 14ormore. Filaments surrounded

446

DODECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Euphorbia.

at the top with a ring. In all at the base of the flower are se.
veral flat, slender, skinny, woolly substances, cloven at the end.
Leaves strap-egg-shaped. of
Portland Spurge. Sandy sea shores. On the neck of land _
joining Portland to Dortsetshire. Near Exmouth, Devonshire,

- and near Caernarvon. (Cornwall. Mr. Warr. Lulworth Cove. ]

stric’ta,

A. May—Aug:

E. Umbel of 4 or 5 spokes, each 3-cleft and these forked:
involucella nearly ovate: leaves spear-shaped, ser-
rated, entire at the base, smooth: capsules warty,
hairless. a :

E. bot. 333.

_ Root small, fibrous. Whole plant hairless. Stem simple,
upright, cylindrical, purplish. General imvolucr. ovate; par-
tial heart-shaped, all serrated. Peta/s circular, entire, yellow.
Germen clothed with tubercles, which as the fruit ripens be-
come prominent prickles. Szy/es permanent, cloven, but united
at the lower half. E. bot.—Spokes of the umbel from 2 to 5.
The root in Petiver’s figure is imaginary. :

From the disagreement of our specimens with the Linnzan
E. verrucosa, I had been led to suppose that there had been a
mistake in calling our species the verrucosa, and expressing my —
suspicions on this point to Mr. Relhan, who seems to have been
the first who found the plant since the time of Ray, he very
obligingly sent me some young plants, but unfortunately they
did not live. Dr. Smith now informs us, that our plant is the ~

_E. stricta of Syst. Nat. which Linneus afterwards omitted, and

heliosco pia,

sonfpanded with the verrucosa. See E. bot. 333. A. Aug.
pright
shire. [In acorn-field on the north side of Eversden Wood,
Cambridge. Mr. Retuan.]

E. Umbel with 5 spokes, spokes with 3 divisions, and
these forked: involucellums inversely egg-shaped:

leaves wedge-shaped, serrated.

“ Chbt-Kuinb, 12 Wale Lob. obs: 19%. 9-Gor cme, BOR Be

Park. 189-H. ox. x. 2. S-Fl. dan. 7 25—Fuchs. 811- !
— Trag. 294—F. B. iii. 669. 1-Ger. 401. 2—Pet. 53. 10-
Lonic. i. 98. 1-Matth. 1253. ate
Leaves alternate. Spokes of the umbel twice divided into 3,

‘and these again forked. Invelucrum leaves 5, similar to those
of the stem, Jnwolucellums of 3 leaves; at the forks 2leavese

Sola 4, entire. All the fowers hermaphrodite. Fruit smooth.
INN, Se ee ae gE ae es aus

ht warty Spurge. Corn fields in Essex, and York-

DODECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Euphorbia.

Wart.wort. Churnastaff. Cats-milk. Sun Spurge. Com-
mon in cultivated places, as gardens and corn fields.
= A. July, Aug.

E. Umbel with 5 spokes, spokes with 3 divisions, and these platyphyl’-

forked: involucellums hairy along the keel: leaves
serrated, spear-shaped; capsules warty. “Eh tig

Facqiaustr. 376—-Kniph. 9-Fuchs. $13-F. B. iii. 670-H. ox.

X63s row 2,1.

Upper part of the s/ant greenish yellow. Stem upright a
foot high, smooth. Leaves alternate, distant, expanding, smooth,
finely serrated, nearly embracing the stem, with scattered hairs
along the keel; the lower almost on leaf-stalks, broader towards
the end; the upper nicked at the base, and above the base bent
down at the sides. Jxvolucr. spear-shaped. Involucellums egg-
oblong ; the rest egg-heart-shaped, all finely serrated. Petals en-
tire, nearly circular, yellow. Germens obscurely warty. Um-
bellules with 3 divisions, from the bosom of the leaves. Linn.
Stem unbranched, upright, smooth, but with a few scattered
hairs. Leaves alternate, spear-shaped, very finely serrated,
smooth above, hairy underneath, half embracing the stem. Um-
be/ terminating, with 5 spokes, sometimes though rarely with
3; spokes forked, hairy. Jxvolucrum 5 leaves, spear, or spear-
egg-shaped, serrated. Jxvolucellums half heart-shaped, serrated.
Caps. surface rather granulated, but hardly to be called rough.
About a foot high. Whole plant of a delicate yellowish green,
_not at all disposed to send out branches or lateral umbels.
Spokes when in flower + inch long, in fruit £ an inch or some-
what more.

Corn-fields. Black Notley, Essex. Between Harefield Com-
mon and Battle’s-well. Near Northfleet. [Ripton, Huntingdon-
shire. Mr. Woopwarp. Isle of Wight. Sr. Amongst the corn

oc on Salisbury Plain. } : A June, July.

Var. 1. Leaves nearly entire, only at the base very finely
serrated. Huvups.

“Long-leaved Corn Spurge. R. Syn. 312. 5. Dillenius asserts

it to have been E£. platyphylios. E. segetalis. 6 Relhan. In the

corn about Kingston and Comberton, Cambridgeshire, but Mr,

los.

Relhan tells me that this is not the Cambridgeshire plant, butthe .

E. exigua, var. 8.
| (4) Umbels with 6 spokes.

E, Umbels with 6 spokes, spokes forked; involucellums
oval: leaves very entire: branches none: capsules
‘warty. : :

hyber’na. .

*

442 DODECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Euphorbia.
' |

Dill. elth. 290. 374—Kniph. 9-Clus. ti. 190. 1-Dod. 372. 2
~Lob. obs. 196. 2-Ger. em. 500, 12—Park, 188. 11-Pet,
+539. 7—He0x. X. 2.

Leaves oblong, either hairy or smooth. Frat very warty.
Linn. Umbel sometimes with only. 5 spokes. Leaves nearly
strap-shaped, pointed. Solitary fruit-stalks frequently arising
from the bosom of several of the upper leaves. : |

Makinboy. Kuotty-raoted Spurge. Corn fields, neat Twiten- i
ham Park against Richmond ; and near Otterspool; and. between |
Feversham and Sittingborn, Kent ; also in Jreland.. _ P. Aug. = T

(5) Umbels with many spokes. se |

Es’ula. E, Umbel with many spokes, spokes cloven iato two: in-
volucellums, nearly heart-shaped: petals generally .
two-horned: leaves on the barren branches uni-

form.

Hall, hist. Helv. 1046-Scop. cara. 580.

All the Floqwers fertile. Petals 4, of a yellowish colour, -
‘indistinctly divided into two horns. Fruiz'smooth. Umbe/s forked
from the sides of the stem. Linn. This plant, now first ranked
as a native of Britain, was sent by Mr. Brown, who says it
was found in the Hopetown woods, Linlithgowsh. by Mr. J.

May ; and also in a wood about 16 miles South from Edin-
burgh by Mr. Keil; in both these places undoubtedly wild.

Chara’cias, E. Umbel with anc spokes, spokes pice, d: eae Re 4
tums perforated, notched at the end: leaves very ah

entire: stem shrub-!
Jacq. ic. i-Kniph. 1-Riv. tetr. 227, Esula ‘caule crassom
Clas. ti, 188. 1-Dods 368. 2—Lob. obs. 194. 2-Ger. em.
499, 8-Park. 186. f. 2, from the. left.-F. B. iti. 672-
Math. 1250.

Stem 4 feet high, somewhat woolly. Leaves spear-shaped,
Jeather-like, somewhat downy, reflected, green, with an ele-
vated rib on each side. Umbel small, crowded; spokes onl
once forked. Jzvolucr. leaves several, small, rather spear-shape
reflected. Javolucellums cloven half way down. Petals 4, purple.
Flowers within the first involucel]. male, the rest hermaphrodite.
Liyy. Lateral branches numerous; stem-leaves Saat tiled ;
floral leaves bent back. Spokes short. Woopwarp. Whole plant,
except the flowers woolly. The stam. the edges andthe mid ribs
of the lower leaves sometimes tinged with red, Lateral fruit-

Teeihes 7 or 8, lessthanan

stalks numerous, solitary. Umbe
inch in length. Jnvolucr, leaves inversely egg-shaped, entire.

®

DODECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Euphorbia. — «as

Involucellum \eafits slightly notched at the end. Petals dark
purple, almost black. Germens very woolly.

Red Spurge.’ Woods and hedges, but rare. (Not now to be
found) in Heywood Park, see Ray, and Plot’s Staffordsh. On
Malvern hill, between the Inn and the Wells. Near the great
road betwixt Yoxall and Sudbury, Needwood Forest. Mr.
Wuaterty, S. June.*

E. Umbel with many spokes; spokes forked; involucel-Cyparis'sias.
lums nearly heart-shaped; leaves on the stem spear-
shaped, on the barren branches bristle-shaped.

Jacq. austr. 435-E. bot. 840-Kniph. 12-Fuchs. 812-

Blackw. 163. 3—Cam. epit. 964.
~The slender fir-like leaves on the barren branches at once dis-
tinguish this from the other British species. In its young state
the umbel is very compact and almost globular, but as it expands
the «a grow out to the length of 14 inch, and are about 7 in
number. a ‘pe
[Woods at the Earl of Stamford’s at Enville. Barton Leat _
Wood, Bedfordshire. Rev. Mr. Ansor in £. dor. 840. ]
don Daag m May, June.

: E, Umbel with many spokes; spokes forked; involucel- amygdaloi’-
_ lums perforated, circular: leaves blunt. des.
E. bot. 256—Wale.—( the old fig. are too bad ta quote.)
Leaves alternate, remote, thin, not leather-like and stiff.
Some lateral ls. Differs from £. sylvatica in its cir-
cular involucellums, In EZ. Sylwatica they are extended
to a point. Linn. The flowering part of the stem during
flowering grows to more than twice its original length. Lateral
flower Avauhe: numerous, twice forked. IJzwolucrum leaves
By h-inversely-egg-shaped. Inelucell. circular or ellip-
ssical, cloven half way down on each side, and rounded at each
extremity, with a small point just perceptible to the naked eye.
ne Petals crescent-shaped, yellow. Root-leaves downy underneath. St.~
Wood Spurge. Woods and hedges, [in a clayey soil, frequent.
Mr. Woopwarp. Devonshire and Somersetshire, eee)
. . May.
There is a var. with variegated leaves often cultivated in
gardens. — -

*
i
=

* The powdered leaves, in doses of 15 to 25 grains, operate asa purge.
The juice of every species of Spurge is so acrid, that it corrodes and ulce-

- rates the body wherever it is applied , so that physicians have seldom ven-
tured to use it internally. Warts or corns anointed with the juice pre-
sently re es A drop of it put into the hollow of a decayed and

%, aching tooth, destroys the nerve and consequently removes the pain. Some
“S, people rub it behind the ears, that it may blister, and by that means give

“f

444 DODECANDRIA. DODECAGYNIA. Sempervivum.

DODECAGYNIA. ae

SEMPERVI‘'VUM. Calyx 12-cleft: petals’ 1, 6, i
12, to 24: caps. 12, many-seeded, like a
legumen.

tecto’rum. S. Leaves fringed : off ctls expanding.

Schmid. 53-—Curt. 160—F/. dan. 601-Mill. ill.-Sheldr. 59-
Trag. 376—Fuchs. 32-F. B. tite 687—Blackw. 366-Clus.
ii. 63. 2—Maztth. 1117—Dod. 127. ae em. 510. 1-
Park. 731. 3—Ger. 411—H. ox. xii 7. tile
Floavering branches bowed back. Blass. ee red. St. Leaves
fleshy Calyx not half as long as the blossom; teeth 11 or 12,
Petals 12, smooth within, fringed with pellucid hairs at the
edges, and on the outside. Stamens 6 to 25. Pistils 12, placed
in an oval or triangular form.
Cyphel. Common Houseleek. Roofs and old walls... P, July.*

: * Thejuice, either applied by itself, or mixed with cream, gives pre-
‘sent relief in burns, and other external inflammations, Mixed with honey,
it is a useful application in apthous cases.. Sheep and goats cat ite

*

‘END OF THE SECOND VOLUME.

cae

H, Baldwin and Son, Printers, New Bridge-street, London.