THE BOTANICAL WORKS OF THE LATE GEORGE ENGELMANN COLLECTED FOR HENRY SHAW, Esa. EDITED BY WILLIAM TRELEASE anp ASA GRAY. CAMBRIDGE, MASS.: JOHN WILSON AND SON, Aniversity Press, 1887. Ny 109 Ys) : i : 4 EDITORIAL PREFACE. TuIs complete collection of the Botanical Publications of the late Dr. ENGELMANN has been made at the suggestion and by means of the generosity of his fellow-townsman Mr. Henry SHaAw, who thus rears a memorial of his old friend and associate not less appropriate than those in bronze and marble, commemorating distinguished men, with which he has adorned the beautiful park which he gives to the city of St. Louis. He thus greatly obliges and benefits the botanists of our own and future times ; for these publications were very widely scattered, and many of them were practically inaccessible to those who most needed to use them, and in their dispersed condition all were difficult to consult. . Their great extent will excite the surprise even of those who thought themselves well acquainted » with Dr Engelmann’s work. They are the more remarkable as being the result of studies and labors aside from the preoccupations and toils of a well-filled professional life, the fruit of hours which would naturally have been devoted to recreation and needful rest. The classification and arrangement of the papers, and essentially the whole editorial labor has devolved upon the Engelmann Professor in the Shaw School of Botany, Dr. Trelease, under my supervision. The labor has been long and onerous. Most of the papers were published under con- ditions unfavorable to proof-reading ; indeed, some of the Government publications were not revised by the author at all. The more serious misprints were found to be corrected in the author’s own copies, and there were many other corrections or slight changes; all of which have as much as possible been attended to in the reprint. It was difficult to recover the illustrations of Dr. Engelmann’s papers, but it was evidently very necessary to have them. Through the kind attention of Professor Baird, the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, the steel plates of the seventy-six quarto engravings of the Cactacez of the Mexican Boundary Survey were found at Washington, and permission was obtained to use them. Several of them were badly rusted, and had to be repaired at considerable expense. The twenty-four plates illustrating the memoir on the Cactaceze of Whipple’s exploration across the continent on the thirty-fifth parallel, and the three plates of Simpson’s expedition had been engraved or drawn on stone, and the stones were not in existence. The figures have been excellently reproduced by Messrs. Armstrong & Co., of the Riverside Press, who took great pains to further our plans. The original plates illustrating various octavo publications, such as the early monograph of - Cuscutinez, having been mainly lost or destroyed, they have been reproduced in photo-electrotypes ; 1 ll EDITORIAL PREFACE. and so they are incorporated into the letter-press, along with several original illustrations of the kind, such as the page of grape-seeds which illustrated Dr. Engelmann’s well-known essay on the American Grape-vines in the Catalogue of Bush and Son and Meisner, and the large and excellent figures illustrating articles which he from time to time contributed to the “ Gardeners’ Chronicle,” edited by his friend Dr. Maxwell T. Masters. Most cordial thanks are due to Mr. Bush and to Dr. Masters for the prompt and valuable gift of these electrotypes; also to the Smithsonian Institution for facilitating the transmission of the “ Gardeners’ Chronicle” electrotypes from London. The artotype portrait of Dr. Engelmann which faces the titlepage, made by Brimmer and Kalb of St. Louis from the best photograph extant, is from the same negative as that published in the fourth volume of the “Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis,’ and is used by the permission of the Academy. It has been thought proper to append to this Preface the memorial in which the American Academy of Arts and Sciences expressed its sense of the loss which science had sustained in the death of Dr. Engelmann. But it is better that the writings should fully speak for themselves. That the present collection may most beneficially serve to perpetuate his memory and services among botanists is the hope and expectation of his surviving associate, ASA GRAY. CAMBRIDGE, MAssacHUSETTS, March 25, 1887. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. xix REPaINTED FROM THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND ScrENcEs, VoL. XX. pp. 516-522. In the death of Dr. Engelmann, which took place on the 4th of February, 1884, the American Academy lost one of its very few Associate Fellows in the Botanical Section, and the science one of its most eminent and venerable cultivators. He was born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Feb. 2, 1809, and had therefore just completed his seventy-fifth year. His father, a younger member of the family of Engelmanns who for several generations served as clergymen at Bacharach on the Rhine, was also educated for the ministry, and was a graduate of the University of Halle; but he devoted his life to education. Marrying the daughter of George Oswald May, a somewhat distin- guished portrait-painter, they established at Frankfort, and carried on for a time with much success, a school for young ladies, such as are common in the United States, but were then a novelty in Germany. George Engelmann was the eldest of thirteen children born of this marriage, nine of whom survived to manhood. Assisted by a scholarship founded by “the Reformed Congregation of Frankfort,” he went to the University of Heidelberg in the year 1827, where he had as fellow- students and companions Karl Schimper and Alexander Braun. With the latter he maintained an intimate friendship and correspondence, interrupted only by the death of Braun in 1877. The former, who manifested unusual genius as a philosophical naturalist, after laying the foundations of phyllotaxy, to be built upon by Braun and others, abandoned, through some singular infirmity of temper, an opening scientific career of the highest promise, upon which the three young friends, Agassiz, — and Schimper, and in his turn Engelmann, had zealously entered. rrassed by some troubles growing out of a political demonstration by the students at Heidelbers, Engelmann in the autumn of 1828 went to Berlin University for two years, and thence to Wiirzburg, where he took his degree of Doctor in Medicine in the summer of 1831. His in- augural dissertation, De Antholysi Prodromus, which he published at Frankfort in 1832, testifies to his early predilection for Botany, and to his truly scientific turn of mind. It is a morphological dissertation, founded chiefly on the study of monstrosities, illustrated by five plates filled with his own drawings. It was therefore quite in the line with the little treatise on the “ Metamorphosis of Plants,” published forty years before by another and the most distinguished native of Frankfort ; and it appeared so opportunely that it had the honor of Goethe’s notice and approval. Goethe's correspondent, Madame von Willema, sent a copy to him only four weeks before his death. Goethe ' responded, making kind inquiries after young Engelmann, who, he said, had completely apprehended his ideas of vegetable morphology, and had shown such genius in their development that he offered to ates in this young botanist’s hands the store of unpublished notes and sketches which he had accum The siti and summer of 1832 were passed at Paris in medical and scientific studies, with Braun and Agassiz as companions, leading, as he records, “a glorious life in scientific union, in spite lV BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. of the cholera.” Meanwhile Dr. Engelmann’s uncles had resolved to make some land investments in the valley of the Mississippi, and he willingly became their agent. At least one of the family was already settled in Illinois, not far from St. Louis. Dr. Engelmann, sailing from Bremen for Baltimore in September, joined his relatives in the course of the winter, made many lonely and somewhat adventurous journeys on horseback in Southern Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas, which yielded no other fruits than those of botanical exploration; and finally he established himself in the practice of medicine at St. Louis, late in the autumn of 1835. St. Louis was then rather a frontier trading-post than a town, of barely eight or ten thousand inhabitants. He lived to see it become a metropolis of over four hundred thousand. He began in absolute poverty, the small means he had brought from Europe completely exhausted. In four years he had laid the foundations of success in his profession, and had earned the means for making a voyage to Germany, and, fulfilling a long-standing engagement, for bringing to a frugal home the chosen companion of his life, Dora Hartsmann, his cousin, whom he married at Kreuznach on the 11th of June, 1840. On his way homeward, at New York, the writer of this memorial formed the personal acquaintance of Dr. Engelmann; and thus began the friendship and the scientific association which has continued unbroken for almost half a century. Dr. Engelmann’s position as a leading physician in St. Louis, as well among the American as the German ‘and French population, was now soon established. He was even able in 1856, without risk, to leave his practice for two years, to devote most of the first summer to botanical investigation in Cambridge, and then, with his wife and young son, to revisit their native land, and to fill up a prolonged vacation in interesting travel and study. Inthe year 1868 the family visited Europe for a year, the son remaining to pursue his medical studies in Berlin. And lastly, his companion of nearly forty years having been removed by death in January, 1879, and his own robust health having suffered serious and indeed alarming deterioration, he sailed again for Germany in the summer of 1883. The voyage was so beneficial that he was able to take up some botanical in- vestigations, which, however, were soon interrupted by serious symptoms. But the return voyage proved wonderfully restorative, and when, in early autumn, he rejoined his friends here, they could hope that the unfinished scientific labors, which he at once resumed with alacrity of spirit, might still for a while be carried on with comfort. So indeed they were, in some measure, after his return to his home, yet with increasing infirmity and no little suffering until the sudden illness supervened which in a few days brought his honorable and well-filled life to a close. In the latter part of his life Dr. Engelmann was able to explore considerable portions of his adopted country, the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, the Lake Superior region, and the Rocky Mountains and contiguous plains in Colorado and adjacent territories, and so to study in place, and with the particularity which characterized his work, the Cacti, the Coniferw, and other groups of plants which he had for many years been specially investigating. “In 1880 he made a long journey through the forests of the Pacific States, where he saw for the first time in the state of nature plants which he had studied and described more than thirty years before. Dr. Engelmann’s associates [so one of them declares] will never forget his courage and industry, his enthusiasm and zeal, his abounding good-nature, and his kindness and consideration of every one with whom he came in contact.” His associates, and also all his published writings, may testify to his acuteness in observation, his indomitable perseverance in investigation, his critical judgment, and a rare open- ness of mind which prompted him continually to revise old conclusions in the light of new facts or ideas. In the consideration of Dr. Engelmann’s botanical work, —to which these lines will naturally be devoted, — it should be remembered that his life was that of an eminent and trusted physician, in large and general practice, who even in age and failing health was unable, however he would have chosen, to refuse professional services to those who claimed them; that he devoted only the be Pace BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. Vv residual hours, which most men use for rest or recreation, to scientific pursuits, — mainly to bot- any, yet not exclusively. He was much occupied with meteorology. On establishing his home at St. Louis, he began a series of thermometrical and barometrical observations, which he continued regularly and systematically to the last, when at home always taking the observations himself, — the indoor ones even up to the last day but one of his life. Even in the last week he was seen sweep- ing a path through the snow in his garden to reach his maximum and minimum thermometers. His latest publication (issued since his death by the St. Louis Academy of Sciences) is a digest and full representation of the thermometrical part of these observations for forty-seven years. He apologizes for not waiting the completion of the half-century before summing up the results, and shows that these could not after three more years be appreciably different. A list of Dr. Engelmann’s botanical papers and notes, collected by his friend and associate Professor Sargent, and published in Coulter's Botanical Gazette for May, 1884, contains about one hundred entries, and is certainly not quite complete. His earliest publication, his inaugural the- sis already mentioned (De Antholysi Prodromus), is a treatise upon teratology in its relations to morphology. It is a remarkable production for the time and for a mere medical student with botanical predilections. There is an interesting recent analysis of it in “ Nature,” for April 24, by Dr. Masters, the leading teratologist of our day, who compares it with Moquin-Tandon’s more elaborate Z'ératologie Végétale, published ten years afterwards, and who declares that “when we compare the two works from a philosophical point of view, and consider that the one was a mere college essay, while the other was the work of a professed botanist, we must admit that Engelmann’s treatise, so far as it goes, affords evidence of deeper insight into the nature and causes of the deviations from the ordinary conformation of plants than does that of Moquin.” Transferred to the valley of the Mississippi and surrounded by plants most of which still needed critical examination, Dr. Engelmann’s avocation in botany and his mode of work were marked out for him. Nothing escaped his attention; he drew with facility; and he methodically secured his observations by notes and sketches, available for his own after-use and for that of his correspondents. But the lasting impression which he has made upon North American botany is due to his wise habit of studying his subjects in their systematic relations, and of devoting himself to a particular genus or group of plants (generally the more difficult) until he had elucidated it as com- pletely as lay within his power. In this way all his work was made to tell effectively. Thus his first monograph was of the genus Cuscwta (published in the “ American Journal of Science,” in 1842), of which when Engelmann took it up we were supposed to have only one indigenous species, and that not peculiar to the United States, but which he immediately brought up to fourteen species without going west of the Mississippi valley. In the year 1859, after an investigation of the whole genus in the materials scattered through the principal herbaria of Europe and this country, he published in the first volume of the St. Louis Academy of Sciences a systematic arrangement of all the Cuseute, characterizing seventy-seven species, besides others classed as perhaps varieties. Mentioning here only -monographical subjects, we should next refer to his investigations of the Cactus family, upon which his work was most extensive and important, as well as particularly difficult, and upon which Dr. Engelmann’s authority is of the very highest. He essentially for the first time established the arrangement of these plants upon floral and carpological characters. This formidable work was begun in his sketch of the Botany of Dr. A. Wislizenus’s Expedition from Missouri to Northern Mexico, in the latter’s memoir of this tour, published by the United States Senate. It was followed up by his account (in the “American Journal of Science,” 1852) of the Giant Cactus on the Gila (Cereus giganteus) and an allied species; by his synopsis of the Cactacez of the United States, pub- lished in the “Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,” 1856; and by his two illustrated memoirs upon the Southern and Western species, one contributed to the fourth volume of the series of Pacific Railroad Expedition Reports, the other to Emory’s Report on the Mexican V1 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. Boundary Survey. He had made large preparations for a greatly needed revision of at least the North American Cactacew, But although his collections and sketches will be indispensable to the future monographer, very much knowledge of this difficult group of plants is lost by his death. ' Upon two other peculiarly American groups of plants, very difficult of elucidation in herbarium specimens, Yucca and Agave, Dr. Engelmann may be said to have brought his work up to the time. Nothing of importance is yet to be added to what he modestly styles “ Notes on the Genus Yucca,” published in the third volume of the Transactions of the St. Louis Academy, 1873, and not much to the “ Notes on Agave,” illustrated by photographs, included in the same volume and published in 1875. Less difficult as respects the material to work upon, but well adapted for his painstaking, precise, and thorough handling, were such genera as Juncus (elaborately monographed in the second volume of the Transactions of the St. Louis Academy, and also exemplified in distributed sets of specimens), Huphorbia (in the fourth volume of the Pacific Railroad Reports, and in the Botany of the Mexican Boundary), Sagittaria and its allies, Callitriche, Isoétes (of which his final revision is probably ready for publication), and the North American Loranthaceew, to which Sparganium, certain groups of Gentiana, and some other genera would have to be added in any complete enumeration. Revisions of these genera were also kindly contributed to Dr. Gray’s Manual; and he was an important collaborator in several of the memoirs of his surviving associate and friend. Of the highest interest, and among the best specimens of Dr. Engelmann’s botanical work, are his various papers upon the American Oaks and the Coniferw, published in the Transactions of the St. Louis Academy and elsewhere, — the results of long-continued and most conscientious study. The same must be said of his persevering study of the North American Vines, of which he at length recognized and characterized a dozen species, — excellent subjects for his nice discrimination, and now becoming of no small importance to grape-growers, both in this country and in Europe. Nearly all that we know scientifically of our species and forms of Vitis is directly due to Dr. Engelmann’s investigations. His first separate publication upon them, “The Grape-vines of Missouri,” was pub- lished in 1860; his last, a re-elaboration of the American species, with figures of their seeds, is in the third edition of the Bushberg Catalogue, published only a few months ago. Imperfect as this mere sketch of Dr. Engelmann’s botanical authorship must needs be, it may show how much may be done for science in a busy physician’s hore subsecive, and in his occasional vacations. Not very many of those who could devote their whole time to botany have accomplished as much. It need not be said, and yet perhaps it should not pass unrecorded, that Dr. Engelmann was appreciated by his fellow-botanists both at home and abroad ; that his name is upon the rolls of most of the societies devoted to the investigation of Nature; that he was “everywhere the recognized authority in those departments of his favorite science which had most interested him,” and that, personally one of the most affable and kindly of men, he was as much beloved as respected by those who knew him. More than fifty years ago his oldest associates in this country —one of them his survivor — dedicated to him a monotypical genus of plants, a native of the plains over whose borders the young immigrant on bis arrival wandered solitary and disheartened. Since then the name of Engelmann has, by his own researches and authorship, become unalterably associated with the Buffalo-grass of the plains, the noblest Conifers of the Rocky Mountains, the most stately Cactus in the world, and with most of the associated species, as well as with many other plants of which perhaps only the an- nals of botany may take account. It has been well said by a congenial biographer, that “the Western plains will still be bright with the yellow rays of Engelmannia, and that the splendid Spruce, the fairest of them all, which bears the name of Engelmann, will still, it is to be hoped, cover with noble forests the highest slopes of the Rocky Mountains, recalling to men, as long as the study of trees occupies their thoughts, the memory of a pure, upright, and laborious life.” CONTENTS. I. DE ANTHOLYSI PRODROMUS: DISSERTATIO INAUGURALIS PHYTOMORPHOLOGICA. Il. SKETCH OF THE BOTANY OF DR. A. WISLIZENUS’S EXPEDITION. Ill. PAPERS ON CUSCUTINEZ. Pace Pack 1. A Monography of the North American 4. Bemerkungen tiber Cuscuten . . 69 Cuscutinee . . . 59 5. Systematic Arrangement of the spices 2. Corrections and wlisiate ize ip ie Oe of the genus Cuscuta. . j 71 3. Ueber Cuscuta Hassiaca . . . . . 68 6. Collected descriptions of intel: icp IV. PAPERS ON CACTEZ. 1. Cactese of Emory’s Reconnoissance . . 109 8. Cactacer of the Mexican auc >; i 2. Cacte of Plante Fendleriane . . . 113 Explanation of plates. . ee 3. Cacte of Plante Lindheimeriane . . 116 9. Cactacez of the Ives plication - » oe 4. Notes on the Cereus giganteus and some 10. Additions to the Cactus-Flora of the other Californian Cactacer. - . . 122 Territory of the United States. . . 222 5. Further notes on Cereus giganteus . . 125 11. Cactacer of Clarence King’s Explora- 6. Synopsis of the Cactacee of the United tion on the fortieth parallel. . . . 226 States and adjacent regions. . 127 12. Cactaces of Simpson’s Expedition. . 229 7. Description of the Cactaces outtentnd Explanation of plates. . . « 233 on route near the thirty-fifth parallel, 13. Cactacere of Wheeler’s Exploration - 233 explored by Lieut. A. W. Whipple . 154 14. The pulp of Cactus fruit . . . . 235 Explanation of plates. . .- wee V. PAPERS ON JUNCUS. 1. Revision of North American species of Revision of North American Junci, — the genus Juncus, with a description Additions and corrections . . 269, 274 of new or imperfectly known species. 237 | 2. Isolated descriptions. . . . . . . 275 Vlil CONTENTS. VI. PAPERS ON YUCCA, AGAVE, ETC. 1. Yucca and Hesperaloe of the fortieth parallel . . ot ae. 8 2. Notes on the genus oo + se. he eee Corrections and additions . . 296, 297 3. Notes on the genus Yucca, No.2 . . 297 4. Scattered descriptions of Yucca . . . 299 VII. PAPERS ON CONIFER. 1. On Pinus aristata and other Coniferz of the Rocky Mountains. . - 3826 2. Conifer of Dr. Parry’s esteation ’ in ‘thes Rocky Mountains . 332 3. Untersuchungen tiber die iene. « s sot 4. The American Junipers of the section Sabina . ex ee 5. Synopsis of the Aien — es 4: St VII. PAPERS ON AMERICAN OAKS. 1. About the Oaks of the United States . 389 2. Vegetation along the Lakes . . - 408 IX. PAPERS ON VITIS. . Notes on the Grape-vines of Missouri . 411 . The North American Grapes . . 412 : The true Grape-vines of the United States 414 X. PAPERS ON 1. Euphorbiacee of the Mexican Boundary 433 2. Euphorbie of a collection by L. J. Xan- tus in Lower California . . . 439 3. Euphorbiacez of the Ives Kilcicliog - 440 5. Noteson Agave . . + =o ee Additions and seernaiiand sw OES 6. The flowering of Agave Shawii . . . 317 7. Amaryllideze of Wheeler’s Expedition . 320 8. Collected descriptions of Agave . . . 321 6. Conifers of Wheeler’s scans < «& SAG 7. The American Spruces . . : » oe 8. Abietinez of California. . . . dol 9. Revision of the genus Pinus, and aii: tion of Pinus Elliottii. . . > » 260 10. Collected descriptions of Conifers > oe 11. Notes on western Conifers . . . . 383 12. Miscellaneous papers on Conifer . . 383 3. The Acorns and their germination . . 408 4. Description of Septoria Querci . . . 410 4. Collected descriptions of Vitis . . . 426 5. Miscellaneous notes on Vitis . . . . 427 . On diseases of theGrape . . . . . 430 EUPHORBIACES. — the ee Euphorbia in DeCandolle’s 5. ecko of Wheeler’s Exploration 445 6. Collected descriptions of 44 Ose Gerretse Sree CT rea, RTE ee eae eens eee Te Spm XI. PAPERS ON ISOETES. 1. Species of Isoétes in Parry’s botanical 2. Species of Isoétes of the Indian Territory observations in Western Wyoming . 450 3. The genus Isoétes in North America. XI. SHORTER MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 1. Remarks on Nelumbium luteum, ete. . 469 7. Collected species of ee 2. Dimorphism of Draba brachycarpa . . 473 8. Papers on Loranthacee . . 3. Structure of the Fruit and Seed of Ribes 47 9. Spirodela . ‘ 4. Revision of the Genothere of subsection 10. Species of Peres rae Onagra. . . . 475 11. Two new diccious Ciseee of te 5. Remarks on oe ail Chili, - 476 United States. 6. Paperson Gentianee . . .. . . 478 XUI. LISTS AND COLLECTED DESCRIPTIONS OF PLANTS. 1. Catalogue of a collection of Plants made 6. Species founded in Gray’s Manual . by Charles A. Geyer. . 506 7. Note on Polygonum tenue . . . 2. Descriptions in Plante Laniueleeiaiaics 510 8. Botany of Simpson’s Expedition . . 3. Descriptions in Plante Fendleriane . 514 9. Descriptions and Notes from the Botan- 4. Descriptions in Plante Wrightiane . 515 ical Gazette . 3. Descriptions in oe of the Upper 10. Descriptions from the ‘Bulletin of ‘the Missouri. . oo . = wae Torrey Botanical Club. . . . XIV. GENERAL NOTES. 1. Character of the eee of South- 2. Distribution of the North American Flora Weetern Totes... 3 > a 3. The Compass Plant . .. BDDENDA 5. 52 gous . 2 537 I. DE ANTHOLYSI PRODROMUS: DISSERTATIO INAUGURALIS PHYTOMORPHOLOGICA, CUM XCIII ICONIBUS IN TABULIS V LITHOGRAPTIS. FRANCOFURTI AD MOENUM. PROSTAT APUD H. L, BROENNER. MDCCCXXXIL. Socretat1 Naturar ScrutaToruM SENKENBERGIANAE IN HAC IPSA URBE PATRIA FLORENTI HASCE QUALESCUNQUE PRIMITIAS D. D. D. Avctor. PRAEFATIO. DISSERTATIUNCULAM hance quod in lucem sum prolaturus, excusationi mihi sunt universitatis Herbipolitanae leges, quae tale quid scribi jubentes hoc auctoris inceptum securius reddunt a vitu- peratione. Quibus legibus cum obtemperarem, libenter quoque usus essem facultate, quam dat gratiosus ille medicorum ordo, scribendi lingué vernacula, quae vix tantum intra emortuae istius linguae terminos compesci se sinunt ; sed alia voluit mos urbis patriae. Philologus, qui latinitatem tantum spectet, non videbit hoc opellum ; naturae autem studiosus neglecta forma in rem ani- mum advertat. Quod de lingua philologo, artifici mihi dicendum est de iconibus, quas, ut [6] omnia accuratissime perficerentur, ipse lapidi inscripsi. His praemissis, quae de re ips’ mihi dicenda sunt, meliore proferam animo, quamquam, in thematis optione liber, alius voluntatem non habeo, qua nitar. Jam enim prius botanicen amavi ac colui, cumque Heidelbergae Musarum signa sequerer, ducentibus amicissimis atque praestantissimis viris ALEXANDRO Braun et CaRoLo SCHIMPER eo perveni, ut ratione naturae magis congruente indagandas esse plantas sentiam, qua ratione jam dudum magnus GOETHE, qui noster est non ob communem urbem natalem, sed ob communitatem patriae, quique omnes ingenio nihil non per- lustrante jungit, clarissimo Jumine nobis praelucet. Sed inde ab illo tempore medicinae operam navans horas subsecivas tantum huic scientiae relinquere poteram, quae non minus gravis est atque amabilis discipulo, Attamen ex hc sold ego aliquod, quod mihi sit proprium, quodque non nulla 12 DE ANTHOLYSI PRODROMUS. dignum esse videatur studiosi indagatione, afferre poteram, adjuvantibus compluribus VV. [7] DD., inter quos inprimis amicissimus ALEX. BRAUN maxima cum gratia nominandus. Qui, quod hance mihi rem tractandam sumpserim, miretur, velim ut introductione lecta sen- tentiam mutet. Jam hoc unum dicendum puto, mihi neque antholysim, neque in universum doctrinam de abnormitatibus cognoscendam ultimam esse studii metam; nihil volui, nisi ad magnum systema organographiae, physiologiae ejusque, quae omnia in se continet, doctrinae de metamorphosi plantarum particulam addere. Terminos quosdam novos excuses, cum non ex vand termonomania orti sint, sed ex necessitate nonnulla brevius accuratiusque nominandi et definiendi. Nimis auctum est opus inter colligendum, magné natura semper semperque novam mihi praebente materiem ; jam libello finis erat sistendus, sed, cum quae haberem nimia essent, hic nonnisi epitomen profero ; integrum tractatum spero fore ut postea, si VV. DD. judicium [8] non nullam mihi dederit adhortationem, studio. continuo auctum et emendatum in publicum prodere possim. EMEA rie ge ISS ea | INT RODUCTIDC 1, Natura vivit; ejus vita conspicitur in formatione et evolutione. Sicuti autem quod vivit diversos tenet gradus, sicuti vita ipsa divers’ est dignitate, ita evolutio quoque et formatio diversa est in homine ejusque spiritu, in bestiis, in plantis, nec minus in terra mundoque. Clarissime apparet evolutionis progressus in plantis, simplicissimae in iis leges exprimuntur, quae obscure tantum in corporibus coelestibus indicantur, quarum implicationes in animalibus et in homine difficilius solvuntur. Ex plantarum igitur historid (historia autem est narratio evolutionis ejusque processus) facilius et certius communes evolutionis leges cognoscemus. 2. In animalium et forma et vité unitas, organa quidem structura non minus ac functione sunt diversa, eundem tamen finem spectant. Inde a conceptionis momento animal complures gradus percurrit, dum autem maxima est formationis vis, in utero vel ovo absconditum est; gradus per tempora solum distinguuntur, ita ut, cum posteriores emergant, priores transierint. 3. Plantae vero organa externa et, quae dicunt, peripherica nobis offerunt; quae inter se [12] simillima invenimus, singula autem, altero quodammodo libero ab altero, destinationi vitae vegetabilis respondere videntur: planta est multitudo. Unitas autem in solis plantarum organis, in foliis, posita est, quae und cum interfoliis! (cognatis caulis partibus) individua dicamus, neque, uti botanicis nonnullis videbatur esse justum, ramos, gemmasve. Quomodo folia, individua vegetabilia, per totam plantarum vitam variis formis appareant, et in ipsis floribus mutata tantum conspiciantur, ex lis quae infra dicemus, manifestum fiet. 4. Accuratius autem indagantes haud fugiet, ne folia quidem individualia esse sensu strictiore ; folia enim vel in plantis quas perfectissimas esse arbitramur, ad divisionem tendunt et multipli- cationem ; stipulae a foliis sejunguntur, quae ipsa laciniantur et in foliola diffinduntur, nec minus gemmae in margine et intra dentes procreantur (Bryophyllum calycinum, Malaxis paludosa, Carda- mine pratensis, aliae). Non audacius igitur agere arbitramur statuendo, plantarum organa ejusmodi, ut vita plantarum peripherica sit et externa, ad multitudinem tendere, et unitatem semper discerpere, notionem igitur individui? solis respondere animalibus, et improprie tantum nec [13] nisi comparationis caus plantis ejusve organis attribui. 5. Cunctae appendices plantae, quas omnes folia® latiore significatione dicimus, in certa quadam serie disponuntur. Infima caulis folia, folia caudicina, parva sunt, imperfecta, saepe Squamiformia ; tum in caule vel etiam in caudice magis expansa, formis tamen incultis, sine gemmis inveniuntur ; folia autem caulina videmus magis evoluta, dentata, dissecta, etc., plerumque ex 1 Geiger, Mag. f. Pharmac. = Jan. pag. 2. dunt menti, sensibus planta ipsa, ramus, flos, fractus; folium ? Individuum semper est unum, nec vero unitas semper autem verum individuum esse videbatur. individualis; regnum quoque oapmentts (cf. Gét hii plantam * Folia lingua vernacula egregie Blatter propter expan- inca ee Urpflanze, in itineris per Italiam descriptione), sionem nominantur. classes plantarum, familiae, genera, species unitatem osten- 14 DE ANTHOLYSI PRODROMUS. gemmas proferentia foliiferas, quae omnia dicimus folia vegetationis (Laub, phylla, frondes ?); haec sequuntur folia subfloralia (bracteae, involucra, calyces exteriores), quae in axillis flores fovent vel ramos floriferos ; nisi jam sterilia evadant et transitum nobis ostendant ad folia floralia (folia calycina s. sepala, f. perigonialia s. tepala DeC., f. corollina s. petala, f. pollinaria s. stamina, f. pistil- laria s. folia, quae pistillum constituunt, quae singula clausa carpia dicenda sunt), quibus, caulis formatione oppress4, normalis foliorum formatio finitur, qué de re infra latius disserendum, si opus videatur post ea, quae jam ante hos XL annos (éthe in libello, de metamorphosi ingeniosissime agente, docuit. Videmus altiores foliorum gradus fieri per inferiores, neque ex inferioribus, qui ipsi nondum pereunt, sed durant; formationes inferiores juxta altiores observantur ; ergo gradus non per tempora, ut in animalibus, discreti sunt, simul magis per spatia. 6. Plantam igitur demonstrasse mihi videor, aptissimam esse, in qua explorentur for- mationis processus atque evolutionis leges propter structuram simpliciorem, propter vitam [14] materiali magis addictam formationi, propter organa extrorsum posita, propter manifestos et per spatium progredientes evolutionis gradus. 7. Formatio, evolutio progrediens, metamorphosis, in singulis naturae formis non minus ac in cuncta natura apparet, raro autem sensim fit et paulatim ; plerumque per distinctiores gradus et quasi saltuatim progreditur. Tum novus quisque gradus, qui gradus tantum est et seriei articulus facile singulare aliquod, distinctum et proprium esse videtur. Diligentius autem indagantibus obviam fit nisus naturae et intentio ex alio gradu in alium perveniendi, qui nisus fluctuatione formationis et formis transitivis manifestus fit. Nam tendenti ad finem metaphorphosi est promotio et repugnatio et normalis amborum proportio. Nutationes hujus proportionis efficiunt formationes transitivas, abnormitates proportionis evolutiones abnormes.4 Quae ipsae viam nobis ostendunt expeditiorem et intervalla quae sunt inter diversos gradus explent, ita ut metamorphoseos pro- gressum intelligamus. Abnormitates enim in ultimos naturae recessus nos ducunt, et, quae vitae rationem oculis abscondunt, velamina revolvunt. Ita fieri potest, ut conjungamus quae divisa esse videantur, separemus leges semper veras ab iis, quae mutari possunt, cognoscamus grandem in innumeris ejus formis naturae simplicitatem. 8. Quantum his ultimis lustris disquisitiones abnormitatum animalium contulerint ad intelligendum normalem formationis processum, exponere non opus est. In plantis [15] autem earum investigationem eodem esse pretio dignam, nisi majore, consequi mihi videtur ea, quae supra dicta sunt. In animalibus porro vitia primae formationis dicta nonnisi in perparva vitae periodo inveniuntur, in plantis vero exsistere possunt per omnem earum vitam vegetationi dicatam. 9. Abnormes evolutiones fieri vidimus ex nimio motu et ex nimid impeditione. TIlae, in quibus praetermittitur unus alterve gradus, rariores sunt. Multo saepius autem invenimus for- mationes nimid impeditione effectas, quae formationes impeditae (Hemmungsbildungen) vocantur, quas, ut perveniamus ad ipsam rem hac in dissertatiunculd tractandam, opus est, ut paulo accuratius inspiciamus, DE FORMATIONIBUS IMPEDITIS. 10. Dicimus zmpeditas omnes formationes in quibus evolutio, quominus rite progrediatur, impedita est. Animalium formationes impeditae eo videntur, quod evolutio gradum, ad quem pervenerit, non relinquat, vel tardius saltem procedat,—quae autem in plantis raro tantum # Monstrositates dicere non possumus, notio enim haec est conspicere assuetis, videatur a regula abhorrere, quod tale sit, prorsus subjectiva, et id indicat, quod sensibus, regularia quod monstretur. Deer fu Se ae nea a Bak eg alfa SaannanmEeeenens DE ANTHOLYSI PRODROMUS. 15 inveniuntur. Saepe vero formatio seriei organorum impeditur, ita ut gradus aliquis constantius teneatur, et loco altioris gradus semper vel per aliquod spatium tempusque ejusmodi solum gradus formationes appareant. 11. In omnibus vegetabilis vitae gradibus evolutio cohiberi potest. Cum vero inprimis tractandum proposuissemus florem, etiam floris solius formationes impeditas contemplare [16] liceat. Neque autem inflorescentia ejusque folia (folia subfloralia) omittenda sunt. In flore, in quo plerumque singuli gradus uno duobusve verticillis efformantur, formationis impedimentum efficit, ut verticillorum numerus augeatur, nec non hue referenda est multiplicatio numeri foliorum in ipsis verticillis. Quae multiplicatio saepe continua serie per omnes floris verti- cillos invenitur. Id quoque formationis impedimento ortum esse dici potest, ex quo, valido progressu favente, saepe altior gradus et aucta seminum generatio attingitur; saepe autem tales flores, oculo speciosi, steriles evadunt.® Ea tandem abnormitas formatio impedita est, qua nisi numerus, magnitudo tamen foliorum verticilli cujusdam ita augetur, ut folia verticillorum sequentium capiant damnum. 1. Formatio FoLtriorumM SUBFLORALIUM IMPEDITA. 12. Impeditionis, qué florum evolutio retardatur, exemplum praebent, Calla palustris et C. aethiopica, quae interdum binis spathis instructae sunt. In graminibus nonnullis, e. g. in Bromo velutino glumarum aucto numero flores plane supprimuntur, id quod in MHyacintho monstroso quoque obviam fit, cujus bracteae nil nisi ramos bracteatos proferunt. Scabiosa columbaria cum denso foliorum fasciculo loco capituli invenitur ; et Hieracium fallax reperi, cujus anthodium foliosum paucos tantum vel nullos flosculos oosittneliak Coreopsidis ferulaefoliae exemplar, in [17] horto botanico Francofurtensi cultum, flosculos non profert, sed ex capitulo dense folioso anthodia secundaria emergunt simili modo constructa. Lythrum Salicaria haud raro auctarum brac- tearum racemum floribus carentem praebet. Plantaginis majoris,® Veronicae spicatae, Echii vulgaris,’ Meliloti arvensis et Rubi fructicosi® abnormitates observatae sunt Hyacintho illo haud absimiles ; loco spicarum vel singulorum florum paniculae ramosae solis bracteis instructae obviam fiunt. Dianthus caryophyllus denique, quem sub imbricati® nomine in hortis interdum videre licet, aucto squamarum calycinarum numero, quae spicam longiorem flore incompleto vel nullo terminatam efformant, singularem suum acquirit adspectum. 2. ForMatTio FotioruM CALYCINORUM IMPEDITA. 13. Multiplicatio calycis et suppressio ceterorum foliorum floralium in Stachye lanatd hortorum conspicitur ; 4. Braun in Myosoti palustri eam vidit et Courtois® in Veronicd media (?) una cum gemmis axillaribus. In Campanuld rapunculoide omnes hujus abnormitatis gradus apparent, a multiplicatione calycis sine altiorum graduum detrimento usque ad suppressionem eorum totalem” In Aquilegiae vulgaris flore pleno stellato et in Nigellae damascenae flore pleno [18] partim vel prorsus delentur verticilli interiores. *De Candolle tales flores, numero partium auctos, 7 Bot. Zeitung, 1829, pag. 441. concrescentia et abortu, et Nees von Esenbeck (Hand- ® Spenner, Flora Friburg., pag. 744. menses ee Chg II. 164) divisione simplicium foliorum 9 Nov. het Leopold., Vol. XV. tab. 28, fig. 3. — Ephem. . Magaz., esse statuit, de quibus explicationibus plura | Nat. Cur. Cent., 3 et 4, Ann. 1715, p. 368. — Pon le teerii De verticilloram natura, singulorum tab. 1622. pigrsinan dignitate et successione vide infra. Cf. 10 Bydragen tot de Natuurk. Wetensch., 2 Deel, pag. 226. praeterea A. Brann de strobilis in Nov. Act. Leop., Vol. XV. pars 1. *\ Vide Tab. IIL. fig. 15et 16. Cf. Weinmann, Phytanth. ° A. Braun in litt. iconogr. Nro. 292, c. 16 DE ANTHOLYSI PRODROMUS, 3. ForMATIO FoLioRUM PERIGONIALIUM IMPEDITA. 14, Omnes gradus hujus impeditionis in Tulipd Gesneriand, Lilio candido (ana cum apostasi) et multis aliis Zzliaceis cultis observare licet; nec non in Colchico autumnali, Croco sativo, Conval- lari@ majali, aliis Monocotyledoneis. Inter Dicotyledoneas, quibus perigonium attribuendum est, invenitur haec abnormitas in Calthd palustri, Anemone hortensi, Clematide Viticelld, aliis. 4. Formatio FotioruM CoROLLINORUM IMPEDITA. 15. Multi flores pleni, quibus horti abundant, huc pertinent. Flores semipleni illi dicuntur, quorum folia genitalia haud plane abolescunt multiplicatione foliorum corollinorum, in plenissimis autem floribus prorsus deleta sunt.— Exempla fusius afferre haud necessarium; in familiis Primulacearum, Jasminearum, Solanearum, Contortarum, Polemoniacearum, Campanulacearum, praesertim Rosacearum, Caryophyllearum, Violariarum, Malvacearum, Cruciferarum, Ranuncu- lacearum, aliis frequenter occurrunt. Icones plurimae prostant, multae autem satis viles, et minime accuratae. 5. ForMatio FoLioruM PoLLINARIUM IMPEDITA. 16. Haec formatio impedita raro invenitur; in solis Diantho caryophyllo et Saponarid officinalt loco duorum tres vel quatuor verticillos staminum vidi, et in Cheirantho Cheiri et Thlaspi arvenst observavi quatuor breviora stamina, loco duorum. Pistillis tali abnormitate [19] suppressis flores masculi cum staminum numero aucto orirentur; nondum autem tale quid inveni, normaliter vero in Poterio exstare videtur, quod certo ad genus Sanguisorbae pertinet ; nec minus in quibusdam Aceris speciebus.” 6. MULTIPLICATIO FoLIoRUM PISTILLARIUM. 17. Haud legitime hance abnormitatem formationibus impeditis adnumerare possumus; etsi autem folia, quorum evolutio supprimatur, non sequantur, saepe semina, quominus maturescant, impediuntur. Multiplicationem verticilli gynoecei in Gentiand,’ Brassicd oleraced,4 Papavere som- nifero,® Aquilegid vulgari ® observaverunt botanici; nec minus in fructibus, quos Jaeger" appellat praegnantes, et in parte eorum, quibus nomen dat pullulantium, in malis, pyris® malis aurantus, aliis. Auctus singulorum carpiorum in eodem verticillo collectorum numerus in Pruni et Ae dali® speciebus (2— 5 carpia) oceurrit, in Merewriali annud (3 —4 ¢.), Euphorbia Paraliade® (5 ¢.), Medicagine lupulind (2 —5 .), Gleditschid ® (2 ¢.), Mimosé* (5 c.); simili modo in Diantho (5 — 6) et Cruciferis (3 — 4 — 10) interdum folia pistillaria plura, quam fieri [20] solet, ovarium constituentia reperiuntur.”? 7. Dictamno™ et Cardamine observatum est. 2. Dtapnysis. 52. Diaphysis (Durchwachsung) continuatione axis floralis per florem efficitur, elongatione pedunculi, qui receptaculo terminatus erat, et novorum organorum in eo procreatione. Cum ecblastesi confundebatur diaphysis, quamvis jam Géthe in libello de plantarum metamorphosi eas stricte distinxisset nominibus Durchwuchs et Ueberwuchs. Diaphysis triplici modo fieri potest. 1. Intimae floris partes mutatae attolluntur apostasi, amplificantur, novo integumento involvuntur et postremo plus minusve perfectos [44] flores secundarios exhibent. Id quod obviam est in Liliaceis, Rosaceis, Caryophylleis, Cruci- feris, Ranunculaceis, 2. Folia pistillaria aperiuntur et calycis loco circumdant novum florem, qui petalis imperfectis tantum et convolutis significatur, vel plane excultus perficitur ; in Rosaceis, Caryophylleis, Rutaceis. 3. Ultimus idemque perfectissimus diaphysis gradus is est, quo in caulis fine intra folia pistillaria oritur nova gemma, ex qua, cum axis elongetur, ramus foliosus vel inflo- rescentia vel flos evolvitur. Quod inveniebant in Polygoneis, Personatis, Labiatis, Asperifoliis, Gentiancis, Compositis, Umbelliferis, Rosaceis, Caryophylleis, Rutaceis, Cruciferis, Ranunculaceis. Flos secundarius saepe iterum antholyticus est, praesertim nova laborat diaphysi. 53. In Phleo pratensi inter disjuncta folia pistillaria perfectum culmum exire vidi. Primus et 159 Tab. II. fig. 6 et 7. 164 Bot. Zeitg. 1831, pag. 230. 151 Linnaea, I. 458. 155 Linnaea, V. pag. 175. @ ig: 1. 158 L. c., I. . 684. 153 Jager, Missbild., pag. 132 sqq. 157 Spenner, Fl, Frib., pag. 921 in nota. On ars SRS dae ip olds pyle DE ANTHOLYSI PRODROMUS. 97 secundus diaphysis modus occurrit in Tulipd ; 8 in Rumice arifolio™ singuli flores, in Anagallide phoeniced ® foliosi rami, in Orobanche gracili (Schimper) racemi laete florentes procreverunt ex floribus primariis. In Stachye silvaticd *' Schimper novos flores, iterum diaphytos, in Symphyto oficinali autem totas inflorescentias ex florum viridium disjunctis foliis pistillaribus provenisse vidit; nec non de Gentiand acauli loquens, ex cujus floribus virescentibus turiones foliosi protrudebantur, iterum ad eundem certissimum auctorem et diligentissimum sagacissi- [45] mumgque observatorem provocandum mihi est.!® In HMieracio fallace ramulum dense foliosum ex fructu maturescente evolutum vidi Dia- physin Cirsii tricephalodis Cassini ® describit ; stigmata styli viridis foliacea ut bracteae calathidem novam includebant; nec minus ipse vidi in Calenduld et Senecione ex singulo flosculo totum receptaculum, flosculorum vestigiis notatum, evehi.} 54. Nonnullae Umbelliferae diaphysi mutantur; Athamanta Cervaria®” et Daucus Carota sine alia floris abnormitate ; Torilis Anthriscus® autem cum virescentid, in illis singuli flores, in hic plerumque umbellulae vel umbellae oriuntur. In Medicagine lupulind inter tria floris primarii carpia secundarium inveni. Rosaceae multas multiplicesque diaphyses praebent. In ips Rosd ex tubi calycini fundo emergit stipes petala, nonnulla stamina et viridia ex carpiis orta folia proferens ; vel tubus calycinus evanescit et axis cum foliis ex staminibus carplisque ortis elongatur, quae supra in novum colliguntur florem ;”° vel caulis novum florem completum profert, vel folia vegetationis pinnata, pluresque interdum flores; omnes antholysis formae adhuc perlustratae una degen Singu- larem abnormitatem Sudous hic nominabo tantum, cum infra latius describatur; nempe ad internum tubi calycini marginem orta,!7! id quod diaphysis dici non potest, ined [46] quae semper centralis est, ad quam autem fig. 7 transitum ostendere videtur. In Amygdalo persicd diaphysis ita fit, ut ex carpiis numero auctis calyx novi floris formetur ; similia in Amygdalo humili et Pruno Ceraso™ observantur, sed flos secundarius ibi sessilis hie pedunculo squamoso elatus est. Pyra quoque, ex quibus novi flores et fructus gignuntur,” hic nominanda sunt. Rubi diaphysin Spenner 14 exponit, et in Geo rivali ea saepius reperitur;'”° folia floris primarii calycina saepe frondescunt et in flore secundario petalis mutatis supplentur. 55. Inter Caryophylleas diaphysis inprimis in Diantho caryophyllo culto occurrit ; interdum oriuntur in ovariis inapertis nova alabastra,! vel ovarium apertum constituit novi floris calycem, vel = novus flos oritur!’7 et nonnunquam tertius flos ex secundo procrescit. In Silene™® et nide Flore cuculit diaphysis invenitur. Cujus vestigia interdum in Caryophyllearum floribus 2 eee adsunt. Diaphysin ter quaterque repetitam Resedae luteae describit Schimper™ orientem antequam ovarlum aperiatur. Omnes diaphysis modos supra commemoratos Eysenhardt in Dictamno albo obser- [47] vavit. 181 18 Jiiger, Missbild., q T. 595. 172 Jiiger, Missbild., 152. 7" Bot. Ze Zeitg. 1829, aan eae ae . 13 Bonnet, Rech md sig sur l’usage des feuilles 1754, 16 Tab. II. fig. 7. Mém. IV. Pl. XXVI. fig. 1-2. 161 Mag. f. ~—— het Jan., Tab. 1V. fig. 25-28. 174 Fl. Frib., pag. 744. 12 L. c., fig. 17 %5 Breynii, Exot. cent. I. Tab. LX. Hill, Prolif. Flowers, 183 Bot. Zeitg. pokey pag. 440. "i IV. Bot. Zeitg. 1831, pag. 230, etc. Ipse quoque eam 16t Tab. V. fig. 24. saepins vidi. 165 Journ. de —— Posse LXXXIX. pag. 401. 1%6 Bot. Zeitg. 1829, p. 487. % Tab. V. fig. 177 Jiger, Missbild., pag. 144. Weinm., Phyt. ic., Nro. 336, WL. ¢., fig i Nertage ete. Hill, Prolif. Pieives, Tab. VI. 68 L. c., fig. 13 178 Weinm., Phyt. ic., Nro. 680, d. © Tab. III. fig. 2. 179 Jager, Missbild., pag. 142. 0 L.c., fig. 3. 18) Bot. Zeitg. 1829, pag. 438. Mt Le, 4. ie 49, 181 Linnaea, I. pag. 584 28 DE ANTHOLYSI PRODROMUS. Cruciferae duas hujus metamorphosis rationes praebent; alteram videmus in floribus plenis Siliquosarum ; in axe elongato incompleti flores proveniunt, petalorum coronae interdum nonnullis staminibus praeditae.® Altera ratio in floribus virescentibus obviam est, nonnisi inflorescentiae evadunt, nunquam singulos flores observavi. In EHrysimo officinali*® totum hujus antholysis progressum vidi. In fundo pistilli clausi sed amplificati nova folia procreantur, quae serius majora facta dirumpunt tegumenta ; vel folia pistillaria prius disjunguntur et folia nova laete excrescunt ; alias folia pistillaria in novo axe tolluntur quasi cotyledones inflorescentiae inter ea enatae. Prae- terea in Hrysimo cheiranthoide,™* £. barbareé, Alysso incano et Peltarid alliaceé * talem mutationem invenerunt perscrutatores. In Brassicd Napo ex flore minus abnormi, solo pistillo carente, racemum florum normalium provenisse vidi. Inter Ranunculaceas in cultarum Calthae palustris et Ranunculi acris}*® R. asiatici et Anemones hortensis!* floribus plenis plus minusve perfecta diaphysis reperitur; praeterea in Anemones ranunculoidis exemplo in Tauno monte ab humanissimo J. Becker collecto #8 completum florem secundarium conspicere licet. 3. ECBLASTESIS. : [48] 56. Gemmarum apparitio intra florem, in axillis foliorum floralium, quae proliferatio proprie sic dicta est (Sprosszeugung), hic autem propter hujus nominis confusionem ecblastesis (Aussprossen) nominatur, summus antholysis gradus est. Folia floralia in hdc antholysi minus ad propagationem per semina respiciunt, sed ratione foliorum vegetationis gemmas proferunt. Ex his gemmis evolvuntur vel flores vel inflorescentiae vel rami foliosi. a. Leblastesis Foliorum Calycinorum. 57. Folia calycina, vegetationis foliis maxime affinia, saepe iis gemmarum quoque procreatione similia fiunt; et in omnibus formis foliorum calycinorum ceterum normalibus, et in abnormibus, sinmaeititons, disjunctis, apostaticis observare licet ecblastesin. Exempla profero Rumicem obtusifolium,™® Veronicam Chamedryem (A. Brawn), ex cujus singulis floribus totus evolvebatur racemus; Solanum Lycopersicum)® Gentianam campestrem,™ Campanulam rapunculoidem+ Varios ecblastesis modos Umbelliferae praebent, quorum nonnulli in Tab. V. depicti sunt. In Athamantd Cervarid ™ flos praeterea vix mutatus est, nonnisi sepala quaedam interdum aucta sunt, interdum simul hypogyna. Similia observavi in Dauco Carotd, Bupleuro falcato, Torilt Anthrisco et Schimper ™ in Apio graveolente, Pastinacd officinali, Heracleo Sphondylio, [49] Angelicd silvestri. In virescentibus Torilis Anthrisci floribus plerumque totae umbellae ex sepalorum axillis procreantur ; folia pollinaria simul diminuuntur et saepe abolescunt.!® Inter Leguminosas Schimper saepius invenit ecblastesin foliorum calycinorum e. g. in Meluloto leucanthd, Coronilld varid, Medicagine sativd et lupulind, in qua idem ipse quoque vidi. Caryophylleae haud raro in axillis sepalorum frondescentium et apostaticorum ramos gignunt ratione illius Gentianae simillimA. Exempla viderunt Alex. Braun, Schimper, nonnulla ipse quoque in Arenaria trinervid, Agrostemmad Cithagine, Lychnide Flore cuculi, L. silvestrt, Stellarid 82 Jager, Missbild., pag. 135, fig. 21. 190 Linnaea, ae I. pag. 458. 183 Cf. Tab. IV. fig. 5, 6 et 7. 191 Tab. I. fi - Bydragen tot de Nat. Wetensch., IT. Dag. 226. 1” Tab. III fe. 15-16 ” Schimper in Bot. Zeitg. 1829, 18 Tab. V. fig. 14-17, et 21 188 Jager, Missbild., pag. 133. 1% Bot. Zeitg. 1829, pag. 425. 187 Hill, Prolif. Flowers, Tab I.-I1I. 1% Tab. V. fig. 12. 188 Tab. I. fig. 2. on Bot. — 1829, pag. 421. 189 rp eanaty in der Bot. Zeitg. 1829, pag. 421. 7 Lie SAAN Ry eae one a EPET ELAS HETERO TED CME ATST I PME lhe aD Saas ance eee DE ANTHOLYSI PRODROMUS. 29 glaucd, compluribus Silenis et Gypsophilis. Plane alia est ecblastesis in Diantho caryophyllo hortorum, ex floribus plenis procreantur intra calycem minus mutatum flores secundarii interdum longe pedunculati ~ In Resedé luted compluries commemorati ex axillis quoque sepalorum flores procrescunt. Cruciferas saepius cum gemmis sepalorum non mutatorum vel apostaticorum axillaribus vidi, e.g. Brassicam oleraceam,™ Erysimum officinale, Cheiranthum Cheiri ; De Candolle describit Cardaminen hirsutam, quae verisimiliter cum Brassicd in Tab. IV. fig. 1 delineat& congruit. [50] In Cleome, Fig. 3-7 et 13, : et 17 quater, fig. 8-11, 14 et 15 octies, fig. 12 et 18-20 sedecies magnitudinem naturalem superant. 88 DE ANTHOLYSI PRODROMUS. TABULA V. Fig. 1-13. Torritis Anturiscus. Fig. 1. Flos virescens mesogynus; f. pistillaribus apice disjunctis; unum - corollinorum amotum est, ut ovarium melius conspiciatur. Fig. 2. Flos viridis, uti omnes, qui sequuntur, hypogynus. Fig. 3. Flos viridis f. pistillaribus prae ceteris amplificatis, Fig. 4. Flos viridis, inter cujus f. pistillaria quatuor folia viridia incisa (tegumenta ovulorum) apparent, Fig. 5. Folia pistillaria cum duobus ovulorum foliis, quae stipitem parvum (axis rudimentum) ferunt. Fig. 6. Flos viridis f. pollinaribus petiolatis, amplificatis, rotundatis, incisis, tetrapteris s. planis. Folia plana secundum ea, quae in 74 exposita sunt, exteriore infundibuli pollinaris parte formantur. Fig. 7. a transversa f. pollinaris tetrapteri. Fig. 8. _ Flos viridis f. calycinis evolutis, f. pollinaribus sessilibus, ovalibus, incisis. Fig. 9et 10. Folia areas tetraptera 1. _ Flos viridis, calyce amplificato apostatico, Fig. 12. —_ Flos viridis, sepalis ex axillis flores et umbellam proferentibus ; f. pollinaria desunt. a. Flos secundarius, incompletus sepalis apostaticis. b. Flos incompletus virescens. c. Umbella, quae ipsa ex flore secundario ecblastesi orta videtur ; floris tertiarii petalum d. adhue superest. Fig. 13. Flos viridis hypogynus, ex quo novus flos diaphysi provenit, qui iterum ecblastesi aut diaphysi umbel- lulam tertiariam cum neg maturescentibus profert. Fig. 14-21. ArnamantTa Cervarta. Fig. 14. Ecblastesis ex f. calycini amplificati axill4. Fig. 15. Ecblastesis ex f. calycini eee hypogyni axilla. Fig. 16. Similis antholysis. Fig. 17. Ecblastesis f. calycinorum vix mutatorum vel disjunctorum ; carpia disjuncta. Fig. 18. | Diaphysis uno flore secundario. Fig. 19. | Diaphysis duobus floribus secundariis, calyce paulum dirupto. Fig. 20. Flos diaphytus dissectus. Fig. 21. Umbellula secundaria ecblastesi et diaphysi orta ex flore primario, cujus magnam partem adhuc videre lice ig. Fig. 22-29. Composrras. Fig. 22-26. Senecio vuncaris. Fig. 22. Capitulum flosculis centralibus virescentibus, periphericis in inflorescentias secundarias mutatis. Fig. 23. Flosculus ae Fig. 24. Flosculus paulo virescens, uti plurimi in illo capitulo. Fig, 25. Flosculus virescens, pappo partim in folia, ovario in stipitem converso, coroll4 diminuté. Fig. 26. Flosculu a plane viridis inflorescentiae Ig. vestigia in corolla inflata includens. Singuli hi flosculi ex illo capitulo (fig. 22) desumti, praeter normalem (fig. 23). Fig. 27. Hyeracit rauzacis fructus, qui diaphysi ramulum dense foliosum profert. Fig. 28. Floseulus virescens CALENDULAE OFFICINALIS calyce et corolla commutatis in quina folia novum recep- taculum, diaphysi ortum, includentia. Fig. 29. Capitulum Sprnanruis OLERACEAE dissectum, medio constrictum et ita diaphysim orientem indicans. Omnes figurae, exceptis fig. 22 bis auctA et fig. 29 magnitudinem naturalem exhibente, quater auctae sunt.* * It has been found necessary to omit the figures, partly colored, which illustrated this dissertation, on account of the difficulty of reproducing them ; but the references and explanations are retained in full. The subject is treated in so com- = oi eae ey a manner that no effort has been made to include the species referred to in the index at the end of the olume, — St ae asi Nee oes coir eas ate EES ot ATT IL. SKETCH OF THE BOTANY OF DR. A. WISLIZENUS’S EXPEDITION FROM MISSOURI TO SANTA FE, CHIHUAHUA, PARRAS, SALTILLO, MONTEREY, AND MATAMOROS. PRINTED SEPARATELY FROM A “‘Memorr or A Tour To Norraern Mexico 1n 1846 anv 1847, ny A. Wistizenvs, M.D., PRINTED FOR THE USE OF THE SENATE OF THE UNITED States.” WASHINGTON, 1848, Dr. WisLizeENus has intrusted to me his very interesting botanical collections, with the desire that I should describe the numerous novelties included in them. Gladly would I have done so, had not leisure been wanting, and were I not here (in St. Louis) cut off from large collections and libraries. As it is, I can only give a general view of the flora of the regions traversed, and describe a few of the most interesting new plants collected; with the apprehension, however, that some of them may have been published already from other sources, without my being aware of it. In examining the collections of Dr. Wislizenus, I have been materially aided by having it in my power to compare the plants which Dr. Josiah Gregg, the author of that interesting work “The Commerce of the Prairies,” has gathered between Chihuahua and the mouth of the Rio Grande, but particularly about Monterey and Saltillo, and a share of which, with great liberality, he has communicated to me. His and Dr. W.’s collections together, form a very fine herbarium for those regions, The tour of Dr. Wislizenus encompassed, as it were, the valley of the Rio Grande and the whole of Texas, as a glance at the map will show. His plants partake, therefore, of the character of the floras of the widely different countries which are separated by this valley. Indeed, the flora of the valley of the Rio Grande connects the United States, the Californian, the Mexican, and the Texan floras, including species or genera, or families, peculiar to each of these countries. The itethenstern portion of the route traverses the large western prairies, rising gradually from about 1,000 feet above the Gulf of Mexico, near Independence, Missouri, to 4,000 feet west of the Cimarron River. The plants collected on the first part of this section, as far west as the crossings of the Arkansas River, are those well known as the inhabitants of our western plains. I mention among others, as peculiarly interesting to the botanist, or distinguished by giving a character to the landscape, in the eee t in which they were collected, Tradescantia Virginica, Phlox 40 BOTANY OF DR. A. WISLIZENUS’S EXPEDITION aristata, Enothera Missouriensis, serrulata, speciosa, &c., Pentstemon Cobaea, Astragalus caryocarpus (common as far west as Santa Fé), Delphinium azureum, Buptisia australis, Malva Papaver, Schrankia uncinata and angustata, Echinacea angustifolia, Aplopappus spinulosus, Gaura coccinea, Sida coccinea, Sophora sericea, Sesleria dactyloides, Hordeum pusillum, Engelmanniu pinnatifida, Pyrrhopappus grandiflorus, Gaillardia pulchella,* Argemone Mexicana (with very hispid stem and large white flowers). The plants collected between the Arkansas and Cimarron rivers are rarer, some of them known to us only through Dr. James, who accompanied Long’s expedition to those regions in 1820. We find here Cosmidium gracile, Torr. and Gr., which has also been collected about Santa Fé and farther down the Rio Grande; Cucumis? perennis, James, found also near [88 (4)] Santa Fé and about Chihuahua, and by Mr. Lindheimer, in Texas; the petals being united about two-thirds of their length, it cannot be retained under the genus Cucumis; Hoffmannseggia Jamesii, T. and G., was also gathered on this part of the journey; several species of Psoralea, Petalostemon and Astragalus; also Torrey’s Gaura villosa and Krameria lanceolata; Erysimwm asperum, Which before was not known to grow so far south; Polygala alba, Lygodesmia juncea. Here we also, for the first time, meet with Rhus trilobata, Nutt., which, farther west, becomes a very common plant.~_ A new Talinum, which I have named 7" calycinum; was found in sandy soil on the Cimarron. This plant has, like the nearly allied 7. teretifolium of the United States, a remarkable tenacity of life, so much so that specimens collected, pressed and “ dried,” in June, 1846, when they reached me in August, 1847, fourteen months later, grew vigorously after being planted. Psoralea hypogea, Nutt., was collected near Cold Spring, and Yucca angustifolia, from here to Santa Fé. From Cedar Creek the mountainous region commences with an elevation of near 5,000 feet above the Gulf, and extends to Santa Fé to about 7,000 feet. With the mountains we get also to the region of the pines, and of the cacti. Dr. Wislizenus has here collected two species of Pinus, both of which appear to be undescribed, so that I venture to give now a short account of them. The most interesting one, on account of its useful fruit, as well as its botanical associa- tions, is the nut pine of New Mexico (Pifion), Pinus edulis? nearly related to the nut pine of 1 TALINUM CALYCINUM, n. sp.: rhizomate crasso, caulibus demum ramosis ; foliis subteretibus elongatis, basi triangulari productis; pedunculis elongatis nudis; cyma bracteosa; sepalis 2 ovato-orbiculatis, basi productis, cus- ORY aan pete petalis fugacibus calycem bis superantibus; staminibus sub 30; stylo elongato, stigmatibus 3 poutine abe soil on the Cimarron, fl. in June. Differs from T. teretifolium by its larger leaves, larger flowers, much larger persistent sepals, larger fruit and seed. Leaves 1} to 2 inches long, flowers 10 to 11 [15] lines in diameter; capsule and seeds twice as large as in T. teretifolium. EDULIS, n. sp.: squamis turionum ovatis acutis adpressis ; laciniis vaginarum abbreviatarum circinato- revolutis, demum deciduis; foliis binis brevibus rigidis, curvis, tenuissime striatis, margine levibus, supra concavis glaucis, subtus convexis viridibus; strobilis sessilibus erectis, subgloboso conicis, squamis apice dilatato pyrami atis, inermibus; seminibus obovatis, apteris, magnis, testa tenuiore. Not rare from the Cimarron to Santa Fé, and probably throughout New Mexico, A small tree, 10 to 20, rarely 30 feet high; trunk 8 to 12 inches in diameter ; leaves 12 to 18 lines long, and, as is the case in all other pines, con- cave on the inner or upper surface when in twos, and carinate when in threes, which in our species is very seldom the case. Cones about 18 lines in diameter; seeds about 6 lines long, and 4 in diameter; shell much thinner than a hazel-nut’s ; kernel, when slightly baked, very pleasant. * Abundant in the sands about the Arkansas River, with Fendler, a young German collector, who has investigated the beautiful flowers, but only about 6 inches high ; certainly regions about Santa Fé during last season (1847), and bas annual, made most valuable and well-preserved collections, some sets + Like many other plants mentioned here, it has been of which he offers for sale, I shall repeatedly be obliged to collected in abundant and beautiful specimens by Mr. A. refer to him when speaking of the flora of Santa Fé. FROM MISSOURI TO SANTA FE AND NORTHERN MEXICO. 41 northeastern Mexico, Pinus osteosperma® (specimens of which were sent to me by Dr. pice [89 (5) ] as collected on the battlefield of Buena Vista), and to the nut pine of California, P. » phylla, Torr. and Frem., — these three species being the western representatives of Fin inus us Pe inea and Cembra of the eastern continent. The second species, Pinus brachyptera’ is the most common pine of New Mexico, and the most useful for timber. A third species, Pinus flevilis, James, was overlooked by Dr. Wislizenus, but has been collected in fine specimens, by Mr. Fendler, about Santa Fé. Its leaves in fives and pendulous cylindrical squarrose cones assimilate it to Pinus Strobus; but the seed is large and edible, as Dr. James has already remarked, and the leaves are not serrulate and much stouter. The Pijiones, so much eaten in Santa Fé, appear principally to be the product of Pinus edulis. I shall have occasion to speak of three other pines when I come to the flora of the mountains of Chihuahua. Linum perenne makes its first appearance here, and continues to Santa Fé, as well as the justly so-called Lathyrus ornatus. Several species of Potentilla, Hnothera, Artemisia, and Pentstemon, were collected in this district. Among the most remarkable plants met with were the Cactacew. After having observed on the Arkansas, and northeast of it, nothing but an Opuntia, which probably is not different from O. vul- garis, Dr. W. came at once, as soon as the mountain region and the pine woods commenced, on several beautiful and interesting members of this curious family, an evidence that he approached the favorite home of the cactus tribe, Mexico. On Waggon-mound the first (flowerless) specimens of a strange Opuntia were found, with an erect, ligneous stem, and cylindrical, horridly spinous, horizontal branches. The [90 (6) ] plant was here only 5 feet high, but grows about Santa Fé to the height of 8 or 10 feet, and continues to be found as far as Chihuahua and Parras. In the latter more favorable climate it grows to be a tree of 20 or 30, and perhaps even 40 feet high, as Dr. W. informs me, and offers a most beautiful aspect when covered with its large red flowers. It is evidently the plant which Torrey and James doubtfully, though incorrectly, refer to Cactus Bleo, HBK. It is nearly allied to Opuntia furiosa, Willd., but well distinguished from it; and as it appears to be undescribed, I can give it no more appropriate name than 0. arborescens,> the Tree Cactus, or Foconoztle, as called 8 PINUS OSTEOSPERMA, N. sp.: squamis turionum elongato-acuminatis, fimbriatis, squarrosis ; laciniis vaginarum abbreviatarum circinato-revolutis, demum deciduis; foliis ternis binisve brevibus, tenuioribus, rectiusculis, margine levibus, utrumque tenuissime striatis, supra glaucis, subtus virescentibus; strobilis sessilibus, erectis, subglobosis, inermibus; seminibus obovatis, apteris, magnis, testa dura. Mountain borders, near Buena Vista, and about Saltillo. A small tree, 10 to 20 feet high; leaves in threes, more rarely in twos, 1 to 2 inches long, much more slender than in the foregoing species; nut of the same size, but much harder. Pinus monophylla has broadly ovate, obtuse, adpressed scales of the young shoots and mostly single, terete — cone and seeds are similar to both others. 4 PINUS BRACHYPTERA, Nn. sp.: squamis turionum Jonge acuminatis, fimbriatis, squarrosis, subpersistentibus ; vaginis elongatis adpressis ; foliis ternis (raro binis s. quaternis) utrumque viridibus et aspero striatis ; strobilis erectis, ovatis s. elongato conicis, squamis recurvo aculeatis; seminibus obovatis breviter alatis. Mountains of New Mexico, common. A large and fine tree, often 80 to 100 feet high, 2 and even 3 feet in diameter ; sheaths 6 lines long, mostly black; leaves generally in threes, rough, 3} to 6 inches long, in the specimens before me, crowded towards the end of the branches ; cones 2} to 3§ inches long; seed larger than the wing, without this 3 to 4 lines long and 2 wide. 5 OPUNTIA ARBORESCENS, n. sp.: caule ligneo erecto, ramis horizontalibus, ramulis cylindricis, tuberculatis, aculeatissimis ; areolis oblongis, brevissime tomentosis, aculeos 12-30 corneos stramineo-vaginatos teretes undique porrectos gerentibus ; ramulis versus apicem floriferis ; ovario tuberculato, tuberculis sub-20 apice sepala subulata et areolas tomentosas cum setis paucis albidis gerentibus; sepalis interioribus 10-13 obovatis; petalis obovatis, obtusis s. is ; stigmatibus sub-8 patulis ; bacca flava, sicca, ovato-globosa, tuberculata, profunde umbilicata. Mountains of New Mexico to Chihuahua, Parras, and Saltillo ; flowers in May and June ; fruit, at least about Santa Fé, ripening the second year (Fendler); in the north 5 to 10, south 20 and more feet high, 5 to 10 inches in diameter, last branches 2 to 4 inches long; spines of the oe on Waggon-mound 20 to 30 in each bunch ; further 42, BOTANY OF DR. A. WISLIZENUS’S EXPEDITION by the Mexicans, according to Dr. Gregg. The stems of the dead plant present a most singular appearance ; the soft parts having rotted away, a net-work of woody fibres remains, forming a hollow tube, with very regular rhombic meshes, which correspond with the tubercles of the living plant. The first Mamillaria was also met with on Waggon-mound, —a species nearly related to MW. vivipara of the Missouri, and also to the Texan JZ radiosa (Engelm. in Plant. Lindh. inedit.), but probably distinct from either. Mr. Fendler has collected the same species near Santa Fé. On Wolf Creek the curious and beautiful Fallugia paradoxa, Endl., looking like a shrubby Geum, was found in flower and fruit; also a (new?) species of Streptanthus, and an interesting Geranium, which I named G. pentagynum,® because of its having its five styles only slightly | united at base, while most other Gerania have them united for about two-thirds or more [91 (7) ] of their length. In the prairies about Wolf Creek, in an elevation of between 6,000 and 7,000 fois, the smallest of a tribe of Cactacew was discovered, numerous species of which were found in tlie course of the journey south and southeast: several others have also been discovered in Texas. I mean those dwarfish Cerei, some of which have been described with the South American genus Hchinopsis, or have been referred alternately to Cereus or Echinocactus, and which I propose to distinguish from all these under the name of Zchinocereus, indicating their intermediate position between Cereus and Echinocactus: they approach more closely to Cereus, in which genus they, as well as the genus Echinopsis, should perhaps be included as sub-genera. The species mentioned above is distinguished from all others known to me by its yellowish green flowers, the others having crimson or purple flowers. I have named it, therefore, Echinocereus viridiflorus$ south only 12 to 20, generally fewer on the under side of the branchlets ; spines horn-colored, with straw-colored loose sheaths, from 3 to 10 lines, generally about 6 lines long. Flowers purple, 3 inches in diameter; stamens red ; fruit —— 1 inch long, yellow. RANIUM PENTAGYNUM, Nl. Sp.: perenne, caule erecto ramoso cum petiolis retrorso-piloso ; foliis strigoso-pubes- a inferioribus 7-, superioribus 3-5-partitis, segmentis inciso-lobatis ; pedicellis binis, glanduloso-pubescentibus; sepalis glandulosis, aristatis ; petalis basi villo brevi instructis, ad venas pilosiusculis, obovatis integris ; filamentis ciliatis ; ovario glanduloso; stylis ima parte solum connatis; capsula glanduloso-pubescente, On Wolf Creek, flowers in June. Several stems 1 foot high from a large ligneous rhizoma ; similar to @, macula- tum, but easily distinguished from this and most other species by the styles being united only for } or } of their length ; flowers of the same size, but aristz of sepals much larger ; leaves only 2 or 24 inches wide.* 7 EcHINOCEREUS, n. gen. Perigonii tubus ultra germen productus, abbreviatus. Sepala exteriora s. tubi sub- ulata, in axillis tomentosis setas s. aculeos gerentes. Sepala interiora subpetaloidea et petala longiora pluriserialia corollam breviter infundibuliformem s. sub-campanulatam emulantia. Stamina numerosissima tubo adnata, limbo breviora s. eum subsequantia. Stylus stamina vix superans. Stigma multiradiatum. Bacca pulvilligera setosa s+ aculeata, perigonio coronata. Seminui testa dura tuberculata nigra. Embryo vix curvatus cotyledonibus brevibus contrariis. Globose, or mostly ovate ; simple, or mostly branching from the base or cespitose ; tubercles forming few oF mostly a great many ribs; Sanches of short or long spines, distant or approximate, often very crowded; vertex never woolly; flowers lateral, produced from last year’s growth, opening only in sunshine, but for two or three days in puccemion ; closed at night, or in dark weather. 8 ECHINOCEREUS VIRIDIFLORUS, n. sp.: ovato-globosus, humilis, sub-13-costatus ; areolis lanceolatis, approximatis, junioribus villosis ; aculeis 16-18 rectis, radiantibus, lateralibus longioribus fuscis, reliquis albidis, centrali nullo s. elongato robusto, apice fusco; floribus lateralibus; tubo pulvillis 25-30 albo-tomentosis setas albas 5-10 gerentibus stipato; sepalis interioribus Jineari-oblongis sub-10; petalis 12-15 lineari-oblongis, obtusis; baccis ellipticis virescen- tibus, seminibus parvis tuberculatis. Prairies on Wolf Creek, flowers in’ June; Santa Fé, flowers in May (Fendler). Body 1 to 1} inch high, oval ; spines 1 or 1} to 3 lines long; central spine when present 6 to 7 lines long; flower 1 inch long and wide, outside green brown, inside yellowish green ; petals only 2 lines wide, being about 5 lines long. * This ‘‘ seems to be Geranium Fremontii (Torr.) of Fremont’s second report,” according to Dr. Torrey, in a note appended by Wislizenus ; but in Watson’s Index (p. 151) it is said to be synonymous with @. Richardsoni. — Eps. on NS : i ae Fe FROM MISSOURI TO SANTA FE AND NORTHERN MEXICO, 43 A careful examination of the seeds of numerous Cactaceew, has indicated to me two principal - divisions in that family: 1. Cotyledons, more or less distinct, directed with their edges to the edge (or towards the umbilicus), and with their faces to the flattened side of the seed; when curved, accumbent. 2. Cotyledons, mostly very distinct, foliaceous, directed with their edges to the faces, and with their faces to the edges of the seed (or towards the umbilicus) ; when curved, incumbent, and often circular or spiral. The first class comprises Mamillaria, with a straight embryo; and doubtless, also, [92 (8) ] Melocactus, seeds of which, however, have not been examined by me; and Echinocactus, mostly with a curved embryo. The second class includes Echinocereus, with a nearly straight embryo, and very short cotyledons; Cereus, with a curved embryo, and foliaceous incumbent coty- ledons (probably also Echinopsis and Pilocereus, and perhaps Phyllocactus and Epiphyllum) ; Opuntia, with a circular or spiral embryo (circular and with a larger albumen in all Opuntia cylindracee ; spiral and with a much smaller albumen in all Opuntia elliptice examined by me), and very large cotyledons. Rhipsalis and Pereskia may also belong here, but were out of my reach. The flowers of all the species belonging to the first class, with the exception of some Mamii- larie, make their appearance on the growth of the same year. Those of the second class produce the flowers always upon the growth of the next preceding or former years. The first class may, therefore, be distinguished by the name of Cactacew parallele (from the direction of the cotyledons), or C. apici flore (from the position of the flowers). The second class can be named, in a cor- responding manner, Cactacece contrarie, or C. lateriflore. Echinocereus is principally distinguished from Cereus proper by its low growth ; its short, more or less oval stems, which are frequently branching at base, and thereby cespitose; by the diurnal flowers, with short tubes; by the nearly straight embryo, with short cotyledons. From Zchinopsis, to which some species have been referred, it differs also by the short-tubed diurnal flowers, and by the numerous filaments being adnate to the lower part of the tube. For further particulars compare the note 7. The species of Echinocereus inhabit Texas and the northern parts of Mexico, where Ceret proper are very rare. They extend even farther north than the Echinocacti ; but appear to be excluded from the old limits of the United States, where the cactus family is represented only by some Opuntie and Mamillarie. The southern limits of the Echinocerei are unknown to me, but I doubt whether they extend far in that direction; the nearly-related ZHchinopses, on the contrary, appear to be exclusively inhabitants of South America, especially the La Plata countries. As I am speaking of the geographical distribution of the Cactacew, I may as well add here that Mamillarie were found ihroaghodt the whole extent of Dr. Wislizenus’s tour, and that at least four species occur in Texas. Echinocacti were observed only south of Santa Fé, and from there to Matamoros, but none on the highest mountains, which were occupied by Opuntie, Mamillarie, and Echinocerei ; two Echinocacti have been found in Texas. Only two species of true Cerei were seen; one of a peculiar type about Chihuahua, and another near the mouth of the Rio Grande, which does not appear to differ from the wide-spread C. variabilis, Pfeiff. Opuntia elliptica, as well as cylin- dracee, were observed from New Mexico to Matamoros, and species of both are also found in Texas. Melocacti, Phyllocacti, and other genera of Cactacew, not mentioned above, were not met with. The notes and collections of Dr. Wislizenus confirm the opinion of that acute observer and successful cultivator of Cactacee, Prince Salm-Dyck, viz.: that most species of this family have a me limited geographical range, the most striking exception being those belonging to the genus puntin. On the same day two other species of Echinocereus were found in pine timber, both [93 (9) ] with beautiful deep red flowers.2 We shall have occasion to speak of others hereafter. ° EcHINOcEREUS TRIGLOCHIDIATUS, n. sp.: ovato-cyJindricus, 6-7-costatus, costis undulatis acutis; areolis sparsis, orbiculatis, junioribus albo-lanatis ; sams 3-6, plerumque 3, rectis compressis angulatis, cinereis, sub-deflexis ; 44 BOTANY OF DR. A. WISLIZENUS’S EXPEDITION After leaving Santa Fé, Dr. Wislizenus directed his course southward along the Rio Grande. The country was partly mountainous and rocky; partly, and principally along the river, sandy ; on an average between 4,000 and 5,000 feet above the ocean. Here we find again some of the plants of the plains and of Texas, as Polanisia trachysperma, T. and G.; Hoffmanseggia Jamesii, T. and G. An interesting Prosopis with screw-shaped legumes nearly allied to P. odorata, Torr. and Frem., of California, was the first shrubby mimoseous plant observed during the journey, a tribe which hereafter becomes more and more abundant ; Mentzelia sp. Cosmidium gracile, Eustoma, Heliotropium currasavicum, Maurandia antirrhiniflora, a beautiful large flowered Datura, Abronia, Hendecandra Texensis, and many others. Near Olla the first specimens appeared of a new species of Larrea,” the first and most northern form of the shrubby Zygophyllacew, more abundant [94 (10)] farther south. In the same neighborhood the mezquite tree or shrub was first met with, probably Algarobia glandulosa, T. and G. From here the mezquite was abundantly found down to Matamoros, but the specimens collected appear to indicate that there are at least two different species. . On the next day, near Sabino, an interesting bignoniaceous shrub was collected for the first time, undoubtedly the Chilopsis of Don, which farther south appears more abundantly. Its slightly twining branches, willow-like slender glutinous leaves, and large paler or darker red flowers, render it a very remarkable shrub. Dr. Gregg mentions it under the name of “ Mimbre,’ as one of the most beautiful shrubs of northern Mexico. The character given by Don, and that of De Candolle, appear defective, though I cannot doubt that both had our plant in view. From the very com- floribus lateralibus, tubo pulvillis 15-20 albo-tomentosis setas spinosas apice fuscas 2-5 gerentibus stipato; sepalis interioribus sub-12 oblongo-linearibus obtusis ; petalis 12-15 obovatis obtusis; staminibus petala subaquantibus ; stigmatibus 8~10 virescentibus, On Wolf Creek, in pine woods, flowers in June; Santa Fé (Fendler) 4 to 6 inches high, 2 to 2} in diameter; spines in young specimens 4 to 6, in older ones generally 3, two lateral ones 8 to 14 lines long, one bent down only 6 to 8 lines long. Flowers 2 to 24 inches long, 2 inches in diameter; setose spines of tube 3 to 6 or 7 lines long; petals deep crimson, 6 to 7 lines wide; filaments and anthers red. In specimens from Santa Fé, collected by Mr. Fendler, the flowers are near 3 inches long, the petals 8 to 9 lines wide, and the setae on the tube are spinous, with brownish points. EcHINOCEREUS COCCINEUS, n. sp.: globoso ovatus, 9-11 costatus, costis tuberculosis subinterruptis; areolis ovatis junioribus albo-tomentosis; aculeis radialibus 9-10 albidis, rectis, oblique porrectis, superioribus brevioribus; centrali- bus 1-3 longioribus albidis s, corneis; floribus lateralibus; tubo pulvillis 18-25 albo-tomentosis, setas tenues albidas 8-11 gerentibus stipato; sepalis interioribus 8-10 oblongo linearibus obtusis; petalis 10-12 obovatis obtusis; stamini- bus brevioribus; stigmatibus 6-8 virescentibus. With the foregoing, also about Santa Fé. — Only 1} to 2 inches high, 14 to 1} inch in diameter; like most other species of this genus, either single or generally branching from the base and cespitose, sometimes forming clusters of 10 to 15 heads. Spines terete all more or less erect, none appressed as in many other species; radiating ones 3 to 6, central ones 8 to 10 lines long. Flowers 14 to 1} inch long, and 1 to 14 wide when fully expanded; bristles of tube 3 to 6 lines long; petals deep crimson 4 to 5 lines wide; filaments red, anthers red or yellow. The flowers resemble ranch those of the last species, but the plant is very different. 10 LARREA GLUTINOSA, n. sp.: divaricato-ramosissima, ad nodos glutinosa ; foliis breviter petiolatis, bifoliolatis, foliolis oblique ovatis mucronatis, nervosis, coriaceis, adpresse pilosis glutinosis; floribus inter folia opposita solitaris; ructu 5-cocco villoso. : Common from Olla and Fray Cristobal, in New Mexico, to Chihuahua and Saltillo; also about Presidio (Dr. Gregg); flowers in March and April; fruit ripe in July. Shrub 5 to 8 feet high, very much branched, very glutinous ; used as a sudorifie and diuretic, and called gobernadora, or in the north guamis, according to Dr. Gregg Leaflets 3 to 6 lines Jong and half as wide, cuspidate or mucronate; ovary 5-celled, each cell with 3 or 4 ovules ; fruit 3 lines in diameter, globose, attenuated at base; seeds by abortion only one in each cell, faleate, smooth, shining.* * This ‘‘seems to be Larrea Mexicana of Moricand, described and figured in a work to which Dr. E. had not access,” according to Dr. Torrey, in a note appended to the paper by Wislizenus. — Eps. NTI Ce sera eng rnc SETS eS FROM MISSOURI TO SANTA FE AND NORTHERN MEXICO. 45 plete specimens obtained both by Dr. Wislizenus and Dr. Gregg, I am enabled to correct those errors. 1} Near Albuquerque a curious Opuntia was observed; it evidently belongs to Opuntia cylindracee, but has short clavate joints, which make the name of 0. clavata most [95 (11) ] appropriate. A singular plant, with the habit of a Ranunculus, but nearly related to Sawrurus, was also found in this neighborhood among grass on the banks of the Rio Grande. The genus has been described by Nuttall from specimens collected by him in California, but whether his Anemopsis Californica is specifically identical with the New Mexican plant, remains to be seen, as this last has regularly 6 leaved involucres, about 6 stamens, and is perfectly glabrous, While the last mentioned plants indicate that we approach another botanical region, we are surprised to meet here with Polygonum amphibium, common in the Old and in the New World, and Cephalanthus occidentalis, so widely diffused in the United States. The famous desert, the Jornada del Muerto, furnished, as was to be expected, its quota of interesting plants. A Crucifera near Biscutella, of Europe, but with very short styles and white flowers, was here met with abundantly. I had considered it as the type of a new genus, when I found in Hooker’s London Journal of Botany of February, 1845, Harvey's description of his new Californian genus Dithyrea,® which probably must be made to embrace our plant as a second species, . A new species of Talinum, with single axillary flowers, was found for the first time [96 (12) ] in the Jornada, but was again collected further south, towards Chihuahua. Dalea lanata, 11 Curtopsis, Don, char. emend. Calyx ovatus plus minusve bilobus, lobo altero breviter 3-, altero 2-dentato; corolla basi tubulosa curvata, fauce dilatata campanulata, limbo 5-lobo, crispato-crenato; stamina 4 fertilia didynama, antherarum nudarum lobis ovatis, obtusis; quintum sterile brevius nudum; ovarium ovatum; stylus filiformis; stigma bilamellatum ; capsula siliqueeformis, elongata, bilocularis, septo contrario placentifero ; semina transversa margine utroque comosa. An erect Mexican shrub, 8 to 12 feet high, ends of branches often slightly twining ; branches smooth, and glu- tinous or rarely woolly; lower leaves somewhat opposite, upper ones sparse, lanceolate-linear, long-acuminate, glabrous or glutinous; racemes compound, terminal, pubescent; pedicels bracted, corolla rose colored or deeper red or purple. Along water-courses or in ravines, from Sabino, near Albuquerque to Chihuahua, Saltillo and Monterey. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide; flowers 1} to 1} inch long; fruit 6 to 10 inches long; seeds with the coma 6 lines long. - There are perhaps two species : one from the neighborhood of Saltillo, with larger, paler flowers, broader, not glutinous leaves, and woolly branchlets, perhaps the Ch. saligna Don; the other from New Mexico and Chihuahua, with longer, narrower glutinous leaves, perfectly glabrous, glutinous branchlets, and darker and smaller flowers, may be Ch. linearis, DC., or a new species, Ch. glutinosa. The calyx is variable in both. #2 OPUNTIA CLAVATA, n. sp.: prostrata, ramulis ascendentibus, obovato-clavatis, tuberculatis; areolis orbiculatis albo-tomentosis, margine superiore setas albas spinescentes gerentibus; aculeis albis complanatis, radiantibus, 6-12 minoribus, centralibus 4-7 majoribus, longioribus deflexis; floribus terminalibus; areolis ovarii 30-45 -{50] albo-to- mentosis, setas albas 10-15 gerentibus; sepalis interioribus ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis s. cuspidatis; petalis obtusis, erosis, sepius mucronatis; stigmatibus 7-10 brevibus erectis ; bacca elongato-clavata, profunde umbilicata, setaceo- spin osa, About Albuquerque (W.), about Santa Fé, on the high plains, never on the mountains (Fendler). Mr. Fendler informs me that the ascending joints sprout from or near their base, and that in this manner they finally form a large ing mass, often 2 and even 4 feet in diameter, to which the white shining spines give a very pretty appearance. Joints or branchlets 1} to 2 inches long, tubercles at their base smaller, with shorter spines, towards the upper and thicker end larger, with stouter and longer spines; radial spines 2 to 4, central ones from 4 to 9 or 10 lines long; ovary 15 lines long, flower yellow, 2 inches in diameter; stigmas only 14 line long; fruit apparently dry and spiny, 1} to 12 inch long ; seeds smoother than those of most other Opuntia, rostrate, with a circular embryo. Apparently near Opuntia platyacanthe, Salm.; but the tuberculated joints and the shape of the embryo approach it closely to O. cylindracee. Dirnyrea, Harv., char. emendat. Sepala 4, basi aequalia, oblongo-linearia. Petala 4 spathulata, basi ampliata. Stamina 6 tetradynama, libera, edentula. Stylus brevissimus: stigma incrassatum. Silicula sessilis, biscutata, basi et 46 BOTANY OF DR. A. WISLIZENUS’S EXPEDITION Centaurea americana, Sapindus marginata, and a Bolivaria, probably identical with a new Texan species, brought to mind the flora of Arkansas and Texas, while the gigantic Echinocactus Wislizeni,4 reminds us again that we are approaching the Mexican plateau. This enor- [97 (18) ] mous cactus attained generally a height of 1} to 2 feet; specimens 3 feet high were rare, but one specimen was found which measured 4 feet in height, and near 7 feet in circumference; its top was covered with buds, flowers, and fruits, in all stages of development. In size it ranges next to Echinocactus ingens, Zucc., specimens of which 5 to 6 feet high were collected near Zimapan, in Mexico. Another Mexican cactus, ZL. platyceras, Lem., is said to grow 6, and even 10 feet high, and proportionately thick. #. Wislizeni is therefore the third in size in this genus. From the same neighborhood a beautiful Mamillaria was sent in dried, as well as living speci- mens. It appears to be one of the few Mamillaria longimamme, though it differs in having purple, not yellow flowers, and stiffer spines. By the name I have given it, M. macromeris,® I intended to indicate the unusually large size of different parts of the plant, the tubercles, the spines, and the flowers. apice emarginata, a latere plano-compressa, Semina in Joculis solitaria, compressa, immarginata, horizontalia. Cotyle- dones plane radicule descendenti septum spectanti accumbentes. _ Annual (all?) plants of California and New Mexico, with stellate pubescence, repando-dentate leaves, yellow(‘) or white flowers in simple terminal racemes. DirHyREA WISLIZENI, n. sp.: erecta incano-pubescens ramosa, foliis breviter petiolatis repando-dentatis, racemo umbelliformi, demum laxo elongato; pedicellis eglandulosis, horizontalibus flore longioribus, sepalis calycis aperti patulis ; petalis (albis) obovatis, unguiculatis basi dilatata sub-cordatis; stigmate cordato conico; siliculis basi profun- dius emarginatis. Common in sandy soil near Valverde and Fray Cristobal, north of the Jornada del Muerto; flowers in July. Plant about 1 foot high, annual or biennial; leaves ovate lanceolate, attenuate in the short petioles, closely resembling those of some species of Gaura; pedicels filiform, longer than the flower or fruit ; flowers white, about 3 lines in diameter, open; petals obovate, with a long and distinct claw, which is widened at base ; filaments also thickened at base ; ovary tomentose ; style hardly visible, more distinct in the fruit, which is 5 to 6 lines in transverse diameter, and about half as much from base to top; the valves appear to be closed at their attachment to the subulate soli dissepiment. Diruyrea Catirornica, Harv.: pedicellis basi bi-glandulosis horizontalibus, flore multo brevioribus; sepalis ealcycis cylindrici clausi erectis; petalis (aureis?) lineari-spathulatis; stigmate bilobo; siliculis apice profundius ee Easily distinguished by the characters just enumerated from the New Mexican plant; though the difference in calyx and stigma will not permit a generic separation. ; _ 4 Ecurnocacrus WISLIZENI, n. sp.: giganteus, vertice villoso-tomentoso; costis . . . acutis crenatis ; areolis oblongis, approximatis, junioribus fulvo-tomentosis; aculeis radialibus flavis, demum cinereis, porrectis ; lateralibus sub-15 setaceis elongatis leviusculis, sammis infimisque 5~6 brevioribus robustioribus, annulatis ; centralibus rubellis annulatis, 3 rectis sursum versis, 1 inferiore robustissimo, supra plano, apice reflexo-hamato, floribus sub verticalibus, ovario et tubo brevi campanulato sepalis imbricatis, auriculato-cordatis 60-80 stipato ; sepalis interioribus 25-30 ovatis obtusis; petalis lanceolatis mucronatis, crenulatis ; stylo supra stamina numerosissima brevia longe exserto ; stigmatibus filiformibus 18-20 erectis; bacca ovata, lignosa, imbricato-squamosa. Near Dojiana, collected in August with buds, open flowers, young and ripe fruits on the same specimen. It belongs therefore to those Echinocacti which flower through the whole season, like EZ. setispinus, Engelm., (in Plant. Lindh.) of Texas, while others are in flower only during a week or two in spring, e. g. Z. Texensis, Hpfr. In the latter, the young bunches of spines, together with the flower buds in their axils, come out at once in spring, and none more are formed during the season, while in the first they are gradually developed during the whole season. Plant 1} to 4 feet high ; oval, with a smaller diameter. Areol 6 to 9 lines long, only 6 lines distant from one another ; radial spines 1} to 2 inches long; straight central ones 14 to 1}, and large hooked ones 2 to 2} inches long; yellow flowers 2 to 24 inches in length, campanulate ; fruit 14 to 14 inch long, topped with the remnants of the flower of the same ie 30% seeds black, rough, obliquely oval, with considerable albumen, in which the curved cotyledons are partly 16 MAMILLARIA MACROMERIS, n. sp.: simplex, ovata, tuberculis laxis, e basi latiore elongatis cylindricis, incurvis, sulcatis ; areolis junioribus albo-tomentosis; aculeis angulatis rectis, elongatis, omnibus porrectis; radialibus sub-12 ROVE FS cl eee atin i aE FROM MISSOURI TO SANTA FE AND NORTHERN MEXICO. 47 In the same region a strange plant was obtained for the first time, but then without flowers or fruit, and which, to the casual observer, appeared as curious as it is puzzling to the scientific botanist ; single spiny sticks or stems having a soft and brittle wood, and a great deal of pith in the centre, one or more from the same root, but always without branches, 8 to 10 feet high, not more than half an inch thick, frequently overtopping the brush among which they were found, only towards the top with a few bunches of already yellow leaves. In the following spring the splendid crimson flowers of this plant were found by Dr. W. between Chihuahua and Parras, and to Dr. Gregg I am indebted for mature fruit, collected near Saltillo and Monterey. The plant proved to be a Fouguiera, two species of which had been found in Mexico by Humboldt; one of them, the F. formosa, a branching shrub, was only known in the flowering state; the other, F. spinosa, a spinous tree, only in fruit. The structure of the ovary of the first appeared to differ so much from that of the capsule of the second, that it was afterwards deemed necessary to distinguish both generically, and the second constituted then the genus Bronnia. Having both flowers and fruit of a third Fouquiera, I am enabled to solve the difficulty to some extent, and prove the neces- [98 (14)] sity of reuniting Bronnia with Fouguiera® The flower of Fougquiera splendens, as I have named the northern plant, is that of a true Fouquiera, while the fruit is nearly that of Bronnia ! tenuioribus, albidis; centralibus sub-3 robustioribus, longioribus, fuscis; floribus maximis, roseis; sepalis ovatis, acutis, fimbriatis ; petalis mucronatis, fimbriatis; stylo supra stamina brevia longe exserto, stigmatibus 8. Sandy soil near Dojiana, in flower in August, All my specimens single; trunk oval, J to 2 inches high ; tuber- cles in 8 rows, 12 to 15 lines long, incurved; groove at first tomentose down to the tomentose supra-axillary areola; radial spines 1 to 14, central 14 to 2 inches long; flowers 2} to 3 inches in length and diameter, probably larger than in any other species of this genus ; petals rose-colored, darker red in the middle. 16 Fouquiera, Humb. B. Kunth, charact. emendat. Calyx 5-sepalus, imbricatus, persistens. Corolla hypogyna, gamopetala, longe-tubulosa, limbo brevi 5-partito, patente, wstivatione incomplete contorta. Stamina 10-15, hypo- gyna, exserta ; filamenta inferne arcuata villosa, basi inter se coherentia; anthere biloculares, longitudinaliter dehis- centes, mucronate, basi cordate, imo dorso affix, introrse. Ovarium liberum sessile; placente 3 parietales ad centrum productz neque connate, ovarium inde incomplete triloculare; ovula sub-18 ascendentia, in quaque placenta 6 biseriata; stylus filiformis trifidus. Capsula coriacea trivalvis; valve medio placentifere ; placente demam mar- gine centrali connate et a valvis solute placentam singulam centralem triangularem formantes. Semina 3-6 compla- nata, alata s. comosa ; albumen tenuissimum membranaceum ; embryo magnus rectus, cotyledonibus planis, radicula breviori infera. Mexican shrubs or trees, with soft fragile wood, and tuberculated, angular branches, the tubercles bearing spines, and in their axils single or fasciculate obovate entire leaves; splendid crimson sganeccige: terminal or subterminal se or panicles. At present only the following species of this genus are known . F. rormosa, HBK.: fruticosa, spinis ee foliis solitariis aleighs subcarnosis ; floribus sessilibus arcte ee staminibus 12; stylo apice tripartito. 2. F. SPLENDENS, n. sp.: fruticosa, simplex, spints longioribus, foliis fasciculatis, obovato-spathulatis, membranaceis ; floribus breviter pedicellatis in paniculam thyrsoideam congestis, staminibus 15 ; stylo ultra medium tripartito, semi- nibus 3-6 comosis, 3. F. sprnosa, HBK.: arborea, ramosa, spinis longioribus, foliis aaa fascicnlatis, obovato-oblongis, mem- branaceis; floribus pedicellatis corymboso-paniculatis ; staminibus 10; seminibus 3 membranaceo-alatis. ouquiera is a common plant from the Jornada del ‘aia in New Mexico, to Chihuahua, Saltillo, and Monterey; flowers in April, fruit by the end of May. A general description has already been given in the text. In New Mexico it was seen only 8 or 10 feet high, but farther south it was found from 10 to 20 feet high, and in favorable localities it is said to grow even 30 feet high, and rarely thicker than about one inch in diameter. Bark smooth and ashy gray; spines horizontal, slightly curved, 6 to 10 lines long, disappearing on old stems; leaves deciduous fascicled,in the axils of the spines towards the top of the stem, short-petioled, spathulate, obtuse, membranaceous, glabrous, somewhat glaucous, 9 to 12 lines long, and 3 to 4 lines wide; panicles from the upper fascicles of leaves, near the top, one or several, erect, crowded, 4 to 6 inches long; pedicels bracted, longer than the yellowish chartaceous calyx; sepals orbicular 2 lines long; corolla scarlet 9 to 10 Lines long; filaments at base slightly cohering with one another, and with the base of the corolla, villous below and with a small horizontal process, which forms an arch over the ovary. Placente in the ovary lateral, 3, bearing each 6 ascending acute ovula, at the inner margin, where they appear to touch one another without being actually united 48 BOTANY OF DR. A. WISLIZENUS’S EXPEDITION Towards El Paso a curious capparidaceous plant was collected, which appears to be nearly allied to the Californian Oxystylis of Torrey and Fremont, and forms with it a distinct group in that family, approaching very closely to Crucifere, as has been remarked by Professor Torrey. 1 have named this new genus (in honor of its discoverer, who has, though unaided and often embarrassed in different ways, done so much towards the advancement of our knowledge of those northern provinces of Mexico —the first naturalist, it is believed, who explored [99 (15) ] the regions between Santa Fé, Chihuahua, and Saltillo) Wislizenta! From Ozxystylis it is principally distinguished by its long stipitate ovary and capsule, which latter is reflexed, and by the elongated racemes; it may, however, have to be united with that genus. On the mountains about El Paso, another of those cylindraceous Opuntia was found, but much thinner and more slender than both species mentioned previously. To judge from an imperfect description, it must be nearly related to the Mexican O. virgata, Hort. Vind. I have given it the name of 0. vaginata,® as the straw-colored loose sheaths of the long spines [100 (16)] are very remarkable. A new Echinocereus was also collected here, which, on account of its dense covering with small spines, I have named Z. dasyacanthus.” I have in cultivation one of at that stage of the growth. Soon after they probably adhere in the centre to each other, and towards the ripening of the capsule detach themselves from the valves, presenting a free central triangular spongy placenta, with about 6 (or by abortion less) seeds. Capsule coriaceous oval, acutish, light brown, about 6 lines long. Seeds compressed, integ- ument expanded in a wing, which is cordate at the upper end, and finally resolves itself into a coma of silky fibres. If my view of the ovary and fruit of this plant is correct, the ovary is l-celled, with 3 lateral placentae —that of a true Fouquiera, the ripe capsule is 1-celled, with one central placenta —that of Bronnia, and the unripe fruit must be 3-celled! Fouquwiera splendens grows readily from cuts, and is used about Chihuahua for hedges and fences. 17 WISLIZENIA, n. gen. Sepala 4; petala 4 oblonga, breviter unguiculata ; stamina 6 toro cylindrico inserta ; fila- menta filiformia longe exserta estivatione inflexa; ovarium longe stipitatum, globose didymum, biloculare, loculis 2-ovulatis ; stylus subulatus, elongatus, stigma globosum. Capsula siliculeformis, didyma tuberculata cum stipite in pedicellum filiformem refracta, bilocularis, loculis plerumque per abortum 1-spermis; valve urceolate a dissepi- mento pertuso solute, semen includente; semen conduplicato-reniforme, leve; cotyledones radicule super@ incumbentes. A glabrous New Mexican annual, much branched, of the habit of Cleomella, with ternate leaves, distinct laciniate- fimbriate stipules, and bracted at last elongated racemes, small yellow flowers; fruit reflexed, stipe with the equally long (not spinous) style, and the small dissepiment persistent after the falling off of the valves. REFRACTA, n. sp. On the upper crossing of the Rio Grande, near El Paso ; flowers and fruit in August. An interesting and quite anomalous plant, on account of its fruit with an almost complete dissepiment, and of its stipules and bracts. Tuberculated valves of the capsule separating from the placenta, and though open, retaining the only (rarely two) seed-placentz forming a complete dissepiment, which, in the perfectly ripe and dry state, finally becomes perforated in the centre. 18 OPUNTIA VAGINATA, n. sp.: caule lignoso, erecto, ramulis teretibus vix tuberculatis; areolis orbiculatis, albo- tomentosis, margine superiore fasciculum setarum brevium fuscarum, inferiore aculeum elongatum corneum vagina laxa straminea involutum, deflexum gerentibus; floribus parvis, ovario obovato, areolis 13 tomentosis setigeris stipato ; sepalis interioribus 8 et petalis 5 obovatis mucronatis; bacca obovata profunde umbilicata, carnosa, aurantiaca 5 seminibus paucis. On the mountains near El Paso; in August in flower and fruit. Belongs to Opuntic cylindracec graciliores (Salm-Dyck); perhaps nearest to 0. virgata, H. V., but distinguished by the longer deflexed spines. Apparently 3 or 4 feet high; ultimate branches 23 to 3 lines in diameter ; spines single, 1} to 2 inches long, rarely with a second smaller one, straight, more or less deflexed ; epidermal sheath yellow or brownish, very loose, at last coming off ovary 4 to 5 lines long; flower 6 to 9 lines in diameter, pale yellow, with a greenish tinge ; stigma conic, with 5 adpressed segments ; fruit 7 to 8 lines long. ; 19 ECHINOCEREUS DASYACANTHDS, n. sp.: ovato-oblongus, s. subcylindricus, 17-18 costatus, costis tuberculatis subinterruptis, areolis approximatis, ovato-lanceolatis, junioribus albo-villosis ; aculeis albidis, junioribus apice rufidis, radialibus sub-18 porrectis, summis brevioribus tenuioribus, lateralibus inferiorilusque longioribus ; centralibus pluribus deflexis. El Paso del Norte. The specimen before me —one of the largest — is 12 inches high, and 3} inches below and 2 inches above in diameter; wool on the young areole unusually long, deciduous; upper spines 3 lines long, = i el a ae Ta ae eae FROM MISSOURI TO SANTA FE AND NORTHERN MEXICO. 49 the largest specimens seen by Dr. Wislizenus, which is one foot high. In this neighborhood Opuntia Tuna, Mill., was seen for the first time; and this is perhaps the most northern limit of that extensively diffused species, as well as of Agave Americana, another common Mexican plant. Both were found in greater perfection near Chihuahua, and from there constantly down to Monterey and the mouth of the Rio Grande. The Opuntia appears to extend also high up in Texas, Together with these a Dasylirion, perhaps the same as the Texan species, was found here, and afterwards again near Saltillo. From El Paso to Chihuahua the road lies in part through a dreadfully arid sand- hill district, where a peculiar Martynia® was observed, and farther on through a lovely [101 (17)] country, which at that season (August), after the annual rains, was covered wit luxuriant vegetation. The elevation of the country is here between 4,000 and 5,000 feet above the gulf. The rare Cevallia sinuata, which Dr. Gregg has also sent from Monterey, was found in this part of the journey. Here also occurred a perennial species of Jinwm, with yellow petals, —so far, in America, the only perennial yellow-flowering Linwm; it is distinguished by its long aristate sepals, whence the name! Several @notherc, not seen before, made now their appearance ; differ- ent species of Gilia, a number of Nyctaginew, several 39. OBTUSIFLORA, HBK.— Humboldt’s plant is the type of a series of forms spread over a great of the globe. The inconspicuous little species of the Peruvian Andes was not recognized nor sought for in the specimens found in widely distant parts of the globe; these, therefore, received digtings specific appellations, and different ones in different countries. hey all are characterized by the bright orange-colored stems (which has suggested several specific names); the loosely globose inflorescence; the obtuse or rounded lobes of the calyx and the corolla, the lacinie usually equal in length to the tube, and soon reflexed ; the thick and at last subulate styles on the large and depressed ovary, which soon after flowering swells considerably, and, leaving the corolla at base, grows into a large, depressed, almost naked 4-seeded capsule, with a large intrastylar aperture of rhombic shape. Seeds 0.6 or 0.7 or even 0.8 line long, oval, oblique, with a long and narrowly linear perpendicular or transverse hilum running almost across the whole umbilicus. All parts of the flower are often, and the capsule commonly, glandulous- dotted. The principal, if not the only, difference I can discover between the different forms here united lies in the shape and size of the scales. Synopsis of the forms of C. obtusiflora. a. Scales ovate or spatulate. * Scales small, shorter than the tube of the corolla: Var. vera, from South America. ** Scales large, equalling or exceeding the tube of the corolla ; all parts of the flower dotted with glands: Var. glandu- losa, from the West Indies and the southern parts of the United States. a##« Lobes of calyx and oo broadly oval, or almost orbicular ; scales large: Var. latiloba, from India, [492 (42)] 6. Scales bifid and often very * Flowers 5-parted, fever glandulous ; scales very small, sometimes almost obliterated: Var. australis, from New Holland and China. ** Flowers often 4-parted, scarcely glandulous ; scales as in the last: Var. brevifora, from southern Europe. *** Flowers and scales larger ; lobes of calyx and corolla narrower: Var. Cesatiana, from Italy and Central Asia. **#** Calyx large, cupulate, lobes somewhat carinate: Var. Cordgfana, from Africa. \ Var. a. VERA. Rng se te HBK.! N. Gen. Sp. ITI. 122. ©. tnodora, Willd.! Hb. nro. 3164.— Flowers “scarcely more than 1 line long ; lobes of calyx very unequal, as in many other forms of the species ; scales spatulate, very small and thin, but slightly fimbriate or crenate ; capsule 1j~1}$ lines in diameter, dotted with, in the dry state, dark red glands. — Andes of Peru, Humboldt! Guayaquil, Jameson! 542; New Grenada, Holton ! 544, a specimen with more slender styles; Triana, Linden! 168 ; Antioquia on the Magdalena River, Jarvis! 1500. This last specimen, with a glandulous corolla and rather larger, more deeply fimbriate scales, forms a transition to the next. r. 8. GLANDULOSA ; calyx, corolla, and capsule dotted with red and shining glands ; calyx shorter than tube in some and quite as large as that in other specimens ; scales large, often exceeding the tube, deeply fringed, incurved; flower 1-1} lines long ; capsule 14-17 lines in diameter. — Parasitic on Polygonum in most of the specimens examined ; Georgia, Boykin! Florida, Rugel! 400; Louisiana, Tainturier! Western Texas, Wright! Bigelow! Schott! Bahama Islands, in Hb. Hooker ! Cabs, Peeppig! under the name of C. Americana. Var. y.?. LATILOBA: flowers larger, 1$ lines long, of a more fleshy or, when dry, coriaceous substance ; calyx and capsule glandulous ; lobes of calyx very unegual ; priate the lobes of the corolla, and the large, deeply Gnas ra broadly oval, almost orbicular; styles short, thick. — Martaban, Wallich! Cat. 13208 under the name of C. sul- ta. — It seems to differ from C. obinsiflora by the more fleshy erect Toles of the corolla, and especially by the more saute than globose inflorescence, but it certainly cannot be united with C. sulcata (Chinensis), where Wallich and Choisy place it. The specimens are withont fruit. Var. 8. AUSTRALIS. OC. australis, R. Brown! Prod. I. 491. — Flowers in this, as in all the forms enumerated above, 5-parted, scarcely more than 1 line long, dotted with glands all over; scales bifid or often reduc to one or a few lateral teeth ; styles short, usually more slender than in the American forms.— C. Mil- [493 (43)]} lettii, Hook. & Arn.! Bot. Beechy, 201, is the same plant, flowers rather less glandulous, styles stouter. — New Holland: Port Jackson, R. Brown! F. Bauer! Caley! Golbourn River, F. Mueller! Canton, China, Millett! — Mr. Mueller’s specimen is almost destitute of glands and also of scales. Only here and there single or bifid teeth are noticed at the base of the filaments. I can distinguish it from the following form only by its 5-parted flowers. Var. e. BREVIFLORA. C. breviflora, Visiani! Fl. Dalm. II. 231. C. Tinei, Insenga! in Tin. PI. Rar. Sic. p. oe C. aurantiaca, Requien! in sched.; Bertol. Fl. It. VII. 623. C. chrysocoma, Welw.! in sched.; DesM. Et. 92 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES " a aa Sapo Mel. Biol. If. $6 Mart. 1855, ex descr. — Flowers 1-1} lines long, usually 4-parted or and 5-parted in e specimen, only partially glandulous, or entirely destitute of glands; scales very small, bihd or es eens of aie lateral teeth, or sometimes almost abortive. On the lower Wolga, Liemaschko! 227; Becker! Kiew, Trautvetter ; Constantinople, Boissier! Greece, Zuccarini! Berger! Dalmatia, Stalio! Alex- ander! Naples, Gussone! Capua, preriay in fields of hemp, Bruni! Syracuse, Insenga! Corsica, Requien! Toulon, Quillon! Montferrand, Ramond! Portugal, Welwitsch! — It is often found in gardens on Basilicum, and is probably often propagated and transported with the seeds of that plant. The Basilicum with the parasite is called in the gardens about Naples “ basilico con perrucche ;” just as the old botanists used to call the grapes, to which C. Epi- thymum sometimes attaches itself, “uva barbata.’”—In France this form has often been named C. Europea; and DesMoulins, Et. p. 67, ete., confounds it with C. suaveolens. Var. ¢ Cusatiana. C. Polygonorum, Cesati! in Cat. Sem. Gen. 1849, p. 22, and Linnea XXIV. 199, not Engelm. C. Cesatiana, Bert.! Fl. It. VII. 623. — Flowers 14 lines long, 5-parted, without glands ; lobes of corolla narrow, longer than the tube ; scales usually exceeding the tube, deeply laciniate and more or less bifid. — Piedmont, on Polygonum, Cesati! Cashmere, Jacquemont! 876. — The strange fact, that exactly the same form should be found a native of so widely distant localities, furnishes but another instance of the cosmopolitan habits of this species. — Professor Cesati, 1. ¢., gives the first correct account of the apparent coiled dehiscence of the capsule in the aes words: “Capsula,.. . ob dissepimenti exsiccationem ... hians,... hine capsulam apice dehiscentem tiens.” Var. n. CorDoFANA: calyx large, sag longer than the tube of the corolla; its lobes united above the middle, somewhat carinate ; scales var. australis ; stamens and style shorter than in any [494 (44)] other form of the species. — Fezogl, Cordofan, 1 Figari! in Hb. Mus, Florent. 40. C. cHLoRocARPA, Engelm.! in Gray Man. ed. 1, p. 350*; ed. 2, p. 337. ©. Polygonorum, Engelm.! in Sill. Journ. XLIII. p. 342, t. 6, f. 26-29; DC. Prod. IX. 461, not Cesati.— Along ponds and wet places, mostly on different species of Polygonum, and also on other plants of these localities ; St. Louis, Missouri, Drummond! Lind- heimer! Engelmann! Illinois, Engelmann! Wisconsin, Lapham! Indian country west of Arkansas, Bigelow! eastward thus far only in Delaware, Tatnall! — Closely allied to the last species, especially to var. breviflora ; the principal difference lies in the triangular, acute lobes of calyx and corolla. Flowers usually 4-parted, about 1 line long ; scales small, bilobed, or oftener consisting of small lateral teeth, —in a specimen from Delaware they are very incomplete, or sometimes almost wanting ; large ovary filling the shallow tube of the corolla; capsule comparatively large, thin, membranaceous, of a greenish yellow color, — whence the name, which I substituted for my former one, referring to the plants on which it is often found; this color of the capsule distinguishes it already at a distance from other species growing in the same region. Seeds 0.8 line long, oval, compressed, scarcely angled ; transverse hilum rather shorter than in the last species. 41. C. arvensis, Beyrich! in sched.; Engelm.! in Gray Man. ed. 2, p. 336. — The different varieties of this species are characterized by smaller flowers (often less than 1 line long) in more compound clusters, which approach in their form to those of the next species; lobes of calyx very obtuse; lobes of corolla almost always longer than the tube, acute or usually acuminate, reflexed and with the point inflexed; anthers broadly oval or rounded; scales og. ee, deeply laciniate-fimbriate, often exceeding the tube; styles rather slender, as long as ovary or longer ; seeds 0.5-0.7 line long, oval or rounded, compressed, with a rather shor, linear, often oblique hilum. The differences in the oe size, and texture of the calyx constitute the following varieties. Var. a. PENTAGONA. C. pentagona, Engelm.! in Sill. Journ. XLIII. p. 340, t. 6, f. 22-24; DC. Prod. IX. 461. C. arvensis, Beyrich! in Hb. C. globularis, Nutt.! in Hb. — Calyx thin and shining; lobes orbicular, as ig or longer than the shallow tube of the corolla, forming where they join five projecting angles. — Dry barren soil o old fields on different Composite or other plants, sometimes also on shrubs ; from Virginia, Rugel ! alk: [495 (45)] vant and Gray! to the Carolinas, Schweinitz! Bosc! Beyrich! Curtis! Ravenel! and to Florida, Rugel! nro. 400, a. and b. The western form, with shorter lobes of the less reer angled calyx, was formerly distinguished by me as ar. microcalyx.— In open woods, on dry soil, on Solidago, Aster, Ceanothus, ete., Illinois, Geyer! Missouri, Trécul! Riehl! Nebr Hayden! Indian country west of peri Bigelow! The latter has often as large a calyx as the eastern ar. 8. VERRUCOSA. C. verrucosa, Engelm.! at p- 341, t. 6, f. 25; DO. Prod. IX. 461. — Calyx shorter than the campanulate tube, fleshy and glandular-verrucose. —On dry ry prairies, often on Petalostemon, but also on other prairie plants: Texas, Drummond! III. 247 ; Sisiveaiwaat 127; Northern Mexico, Berlandier! 2457, to San Luis * The original descriptions of species characterized by Dr. Engelmann in the Manual, etc., will be found in the collected descriptions at end of Cuscuta matter. — OF THE GENUS CUSCUTA. 93 Potosi, the same! and Parras, spi Minrbeiaamed s nro. 473 is an intermediate form between this and var. pentagona, mixed with a few specimens of Ae Soke ar. y. PUBESCENS: pedicels and a mt of the flower or only the ovary and the capsule papillose-pubescent. — Western Texas, Lindheimer! Wright! 1635 (574). — Wright’s 519 and 523 (coll. 1849) are a transition form between this and the last variety, having the a of verrucosa and the ovary and capsule of pubescen Var. 6. CALYCINA : inflorescence often more compact; flowers rather larger ; aeRO Ne calyx not angled, lobes rounded or oval, usually longer than the tube ; lobes of corolla broader and shorter than in the other forms, and often not longer than the tube. — Texas, Lindheimer! 126 (a form from wet prairies, with smaller flowers); the same! 664; Wright! both on Dianthera, in or along water-courses ; Martinique, Mad. Richard! 114 in Herb. Mus. Flor.; Herb. Fauché! (now in Hb. Boissier); Saskatchawan, Drummond! C. Americana? Hook. Fl. N. A.; Oregon, Geyer! 674. Specimens from Brazil Eschscholtz! in Hb. Ledebour; Gardner! 6068 in part (C. decora has also been distributed. under this number) differ somewhat from this variety by stouter and, in fruit, subulate styles ; Gardner’s specimens have also a smaller calyx. wers arranged in loose compound — ; styles usually slender, as long or longer than ovary ; withered Sicha ‘elite at base of capsule or enveloping i -— 42. C, TRICHOSTYLA, n. sp.: caule filiformi; bracteis ovatis obtusis ; floribus breviter pedicellatis cymulas ramosas subglobosas congestis ; — cupulati fere ad basin divisi lobis ovatis bina [496 (46) | obtusis basi imbricatis tubum corolla campanulatum equantibus seu superantibus ; laciniis ovatis obtu tubo zquilongis demum patulis reflexisve ; sitet ovatis filamenta subulata brevia equantibus ; oa late ovatis fimbriatis incurvis ; stylis capillaribus ovario depresso multo longioribus e tubo vix exsertis. Parana, Tweedie! Santarem, Brazil, on Hyptis, Spruce! 854, both in Hb. Hooker.— None of the specimens examined being in fruit, the true position of this species must remain doubtful. The large imbricate calyx, the slender styles, and eapecially the branching inflorescence, distinguish it from C. obtusiflora ; the inflorescence, the shape of the ovary and of the styles, from C. Gronovii and C. racemosa. — Flowers 1}-2 lines long, “ white, with a strong odor of hawthorn,” Spruce; exterior lobes of the calyx in the Panama specimen towards the tip verrucose-cristate ; in the other smooth, thin, and shining ; scales in the former longer than the tube, in the other broader and shorter. 43. (©. GyMNocARPA, n. sp.: caule filiformi; floribus breviter pedicellatis umbellato-ylomeratis ; calycis lobis ovatis seu orbiculatis cbtusissimis nitidis tubum corolle equantibus ; laciniis triangulatis acutis erectis seu demum patentibus tubo equilongis ; antheris ovato-orbiculatis filamentum breve subulatum equantibus ; squamis tenuis- simis late ovatis fimbriatis faucem attingentibus; stylis capillaribus ovarium depressum sequantibus supra capsulam globoso-depressam e corolla ad basin marcescente longe exsertam divaricatis patentibus recurvisve ; Seminibus oblique ovatis tumidis tenuissime sub lente reticulatis. ~ C. Sandwicensis, var. Mimose, Hook. fil. in rans. XX. 205. James Island, of the Galapagos group, in immense abundance on Mimosa bushes, Chs. Darwin! in Hb. Hooker. — Flowers about 1 line long, of a very thin texture ; capsule 1}-1} lines in diameter, with a very small intrastylar aperture; seeds, in the only specimen extant, light yellowish brown, 0.6 line long, plump, nearly smooth, with a short, ee usually perpendicular, hilum.— Much closer to C. arvensis than to C. Sandwichiana ; distinguished from both by the short, broad, and very acute lobes of the corolla, and by the very thet at last nearly horizontal, styles ; from the latter also by the presence of scales and by the naked capsule. 44. C. Sanpwicuiana, Choisy! Cusc. 184, t. 5, f.4; DC. Prod. IX. 458. — Sandwich Islands ; isatenn Se a only species growing there ; mostly on shrubs; Menzies! Eschscholtz! Gaudichaud! Matthews! Stewart! Max witsch! 57; Remy! 424.— Inflorescence a compound loosely-flowered eyme ; flowers pedicelled, 1-1} lines long, “ pallide ochracei” Maxim., of thin, membranaceous texture ; only in Menzies’ specimen in Hb. [497 (47)] Banks I find all the parts of the flower dotted with glands; lobes of calyx ovate, acutish; lobes of corolla acute and inflexed at tip or sometimes obtusish, often reflexed, but at last commonly adpressed to the top of the capsule, which for its greater part is enveloped by the tube; . anthers oval; no trace of scales; capsule 1}-2 lines in diameter, with a small, almost circular, intrastylar aperture ; ; Styles stouter than in the lak 5 species, somewhat divaricate on capsule ; seeds unusually large, 0.8-1.0 line long, verrucose-reticulate, triangular-ovate, somewhat oblique but not rostrate, with a short linear- ‘Adonis perpendicular hilum on the comparatively small regularly cireular umbilicus. ACUTA, n. sp.: caulibus sain, ssrergat, ; eymis compositis laxifloris umbellulas mentientibus ; pedicellis flore Movioctiies bracteis ovatis acutis suffultis; calycis late campanulati membranacei lobis triangulatis acutis seu cuspidatis tubum corollze campanulatum superantibus ; laciniis lanceolatis acutatis tubo lecaioethens erectis seu sub- patentibus ; antheris oblongo-linearibus filamento subulato fere brevioribus ; sqyuamis ovato-spatulatis longe adnatis 94 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES faucem-attingentibus versus apicem crispato-fimbriatis ; stylis capillaceis ovarium obovatum seu globosum éequantibus ; capsula tenuissima corollz rudimentis ad basin persistentibus indusiata apice libera stylis e basi lata subulatis paulo divergentibus coronata ; seminibus 2-4 lenticularibus rugoso-reticulatis. Chatham Island, of the Galapagos group; mostly on Leguminose, common on a low annual Crotalaria, but also on trees, such as Parkinsonia and Mimose, hanging down in massy festoons, Andersson! — Closely allied with both other Pacific species just described, distinguished from them by the very acute lobes of calyx and corolla and by the subulate styles; moreover from C. Sandwichiana by the presence of scales, and from C. gymnocarpa by the covered capsule and the direction of the styles; from C. acutiloba of the mountains of the neighboring coast and from C. wmbel- lata it differs by the inflorescence, by the baccate capsule, etc. — Flowers 1-1} lines long ; scales adnate nearly to the apex, crenulate on the sides, fringed only at tip ; capsule about 1 line in diameter ; Siiveteten aperture large, forming a transverse slit ; seeds only 0.5 line long, dark brown in the specimen before me (perhaps not perfectly ripe) ; and strongly pebiceicns hilum short, oblong-linear, perpendicular or oblique. — The specimens examined by me were all on a low Crotalaria. * *«« Flowers arranged in branching paniculate cymes ; styles slender, as long or longer than ovary ; withered corolla surrounding the capsule or covering its top. 46. C. renurrtora, Engelm.! in Gray, Man. ed. 1, p. 350; ed. 2, p.336. C. earcnionte’ erin ! [498 (48)] in Sill. Journ. XLIII. 336, t. 6, f. 1-6. — Wet places, ceirk on che Salix, Cornus, other shrubs, but also on Vernonia, Aster, and other ny oenssiedl ; Missouri and Illinois, a rel Geyer! Upper Missouri country, Hayden! N ew Mexico, Wright! 16 repre fe tO the same! 1626 (578). —In young plants just nning to flower the cymose-paniculate inflorescence is very distinct, — the terminal flowers of the main branches of the inflorescence opening first, and lateral clusters of smaller and ever smaller buds appearing lower down on the peduncles ; a little later the fruits occupy the ends of the branches, while more and more flowers and buds are developed on lateral peduncles and pedicels, till at length the whole becomes one large and intricate, and often quite compact, cluster. Short pedicels, gradually swelling into the base of the turbinate calyx ; flowers ordinarily 1 line or less in length, mostly 4-parted, later flowers often only 3-parted ; tube of the corolla slender, much longer than the calyx, and larger than the short ovate obtuse lacinie ; scales ovate or spatulate, shorter than the tube ; capillary styles as long as the depressed ovary; capsule globose, 1-1} lines in diameter, bearing the withered corolla on top, often with only one or two seeds; seeds 0.6-0.7 line long, oval, oblique, carinate on the inside, with a short linear-oblong usually perpendicular hilum. — The western forms collected by Mr. Wright differ from those of the Missouri and Missis- sippi valleys only by having larger flowers (1.2-1.4 lines long), larger, more depressed, mostly 4-seeded capsules (13-2 lines in diameter) and larger (0.8 line long) flatter seeds Choisy, in DC. Prod. IX. 458, wrongly gives this very distinct species as a synonym of C. compacta, with which it has scarcely anything in common but the hooded capsule; from small flowered forms of C. Gronovii it differs by the position of the dead corolla and by the structure of the ovary and capsule. 47. C. Canirornica, Choisy! Cuse. 183; DC. Prod. IX. 457; Hook. & Arn.! Bot. Beechy, 364. — Both authors described this plant from Douglas’s specimens under the same name and in the same year (1841); Nuttall, in the Hb. Acad. Philad., had named it C. acuminata. — Flowers on slender pedicels, loosely paniculate ; calyx small, turbinate with acute triangular, lanceolate or acuminate and sometimes recurved lobes ; lacinie very slender, lanceolate- linear, acute or acuminate, erect or spreading, in fruit mostly erect or connivent; scales wanting, or indicated by @ membranaceous inverted arch, with a smooth or crenulate margin connecting the adnate parts of the fila- ments near the base of the corolla, — in a doubtful variety the scales are fully developed ; styles capillary; [499 (49)] ovary small, usually globose; capsule enveloped by the corolla ; seeds often solitary, mubgionoes, slightly compressed, strongly hooked, 0.5-0.6 line long. The different specimens examined vary considerably in the shape and length of the calyx, the proportion of the . to the tube, the length of the filaments, the indication of scales, the length of the styles, and even the shape of e€ ovary. Var. a. BREVIFLORA : flowers scarcely more than 1 line long, on short pedicels ; lacinie rather longer than tube ; anthers, filaments, and Fae He short ; seeds several. — Monterey in fields, Hartweg! 1863 Var. 8. GRACILIFLORA: flowers slender, 14-2} lines long; calyx often shorter than tube of corolla ; laciniz as long as the tube, very narrow ; filaments often short, or as long or Jonger than the linear-oblong anthers, styles as long or much longer than ovary. — California, Douglas! Fremont! 506; Bigelow! Var. y. LONGILOBA : flowers 2-24 lines long ; calyx usually equal to the tube, rarely shorter, sometimes longer; lacinize onde. sometimes twice the length of the tube ; subulate filaments as long or longer than the oblong-linear anthers ; styles very long and slender. — California, Aine gt as it appears, on the coast of the southern parts © ne eat and commonly on some species of Eriogonwm: Sta. Barbara, Nuttall! San Diego, Thurber! 570 & 633 ; ew OF THE GENUS CUSCUTA. 95 ar. 6. APICULATA: corolla somewhat granulate, ovary and 1-seeded capsule conic, apiculate ; otherwise very similar to the last. — On the Colorado, Bigelow! in February. Var. €. ? SQUAMIGERA : flowers 2-2} lines long, on pedicels shorter than the flower, or even the calyx, in rather crowded subglobose clusters ; lobes of calyx lanceolate, acuminate, as long as the open, funnel-shaped tube of the corolla ; laciniz lanceolate, as long as the tube, at last spreading ; anthers oblong-linear, cordate at base, on very short filaments ; scales spatulate, fringed, shorter than the tube, incurved ; styles as long as the very acute ovarium ; capsule apiculate, 1-seeded, lower half enveloped by the tube of the corolla.— The more densely clustered flowers, the presence of scales and the acute ovarium would seem to specifically distinguish this form, but the last mentioned variety appears to unite it with the common form ; perhaps it ought to be classed with the next species. — Saline soil on the Rio Virgen, Utah, on Sueda, J. Remy ! in Hb. Mus. Paris. § 2. Oxycarpez. Flowers subsessile, or pedicelled ; sepals united ; ovary and capsule thickened towards the apex, usually more or less conic. Flowers subsessile, crowded in rather dense, small or large and compound glomerules ; withered [500 (50 )] corolla enveloping or covering the 1-2-seeded capsule. 48. C, suBincLusA, Durand & Hilgard! in Journ. Ac. Phil. III. p. 42, and in Pacif. R. R. Rep. V. 3, p. 11.— This fine and large-flowered species resembles different forms of C. corymbosa and C. odontolepis so much, that I felt considerably inclined to unite all of them as varieties of one and the same species ; but then the dehiscence or non- dehiscence of the capsule would have to be considered as a character of not even specific importance; there are, how- ever, also other differences, so that these species must be viewed as representing different types under a similar external form, — Flowers 2-3 lines long, on very short pedicels or almost sessile, paniculate-glomerate, at last forming large and rather dense clusters ; cylindrical tube of corolla longer than the deeply divided calyx ; lobes fleshy, ovate-lanceolate, eo imbricate ; lacinia ovate, acute, more or less crenulate, shorter than the tube, erect or patulous; anthers oblong e, cordate, usually longer than the filaments, or even subsessile ; scales scarcely reaching above the middle of the ‘ate? ale ate-oblong, deeply fringed ; styles slender, much longer than the 2-pointed ovary, at first scarcely exsert ; capsule oval, 1—-2-seeded, its upper piixt capped by the withered eorolin § seeds 0.7-0.9 line in diameter, rough, oval or subglobose, oblique or almost hooked, with a very small oblong hilum, On the Tejon Pass in the southern part of California, on Salix and Artemisia, Heermann! in the same region on Crategus, Le Conte! Sierra Nevada, above Placerville, Remy! Saline marshes on Mare Island, Bay of San Francisco, on Grindelia, Wright ! — It is remarkable, but in this genus not unusual, that specimens from the high mountains are absolutely identical with those from the salt marshes of the coast ; the only difference I can discover consists in the flower being a little larger, the filaments longer and the anthers shorter. ar. B. ABBREVIATA: lobes of calyx more membranaceous, less deeply divided, scarcely imbricate, rather longer than the short funnel-shaped tube of the corolla ; laciniz as long as tube ; styles as long as the conic ovary, shorter than the oval capsule which is entirely enveloped by the corolla. — Mare Island in San Francisco Bay, on Arthrocnemon, Wright ! 49. C. micrantHA, Choisy! Cusc. 175, t. 1, f.3; DC. Prod. IX. 453; Gay! Fl. Chil. IV. 446.—A small- flowered and low species, perhaps the lowest one in South America, peculiar to Chili : Coquimbo, on the shore of the Ocean, always on Frankenia, Cl. Gay! 538 ; Concon, on Plantago, Trifolium, etc., Peeppig! 89 under the name of C. Popayanensis ; St. Jago, Dr. Philippi! Besser !— Flowers about one line long on short pedicels [501 (51)] or almost sessile, in small compact clusters ; lobes of calyx and corolla broadly triangular, acute, the latter often somewhat crenulate ; scales usually small, ovate or spatulate, attached to the ora of the tube and scarcely reaching to the throat ; styles capillary, usually much shorter than the conic ovary ; stigmas rather small but very distinctly capitate, so that it is difficult to understand how Choisy could place this spiclen among those with filiform stigmas ; even his own figure, though not quite correct, does not bear him out. — Capsule oval, 1-seeded, enveloped in the corolla, with top naked ; seed 0.6 line long, compressed obovate, rostrate, rough, with a very small hilum reduced to almost a point. This is Choisy’s original plant, from Coquimbo ; all the other specimens cited above belong to 8. LATIFLORA : flowers rather larger, 1}-1} lines long, petals spreading, scales often larger, styles longer ; fruit - notseen. Some of Peppig’s plants approach the original specimens by their small flowers and crenulate lacinia. * * Flowers pedicelled, disposed in rather loose paniculate cymes, which often at last become crowded ; withered corolla usually enveloping the capsule or covering its top, in the three last species investing only its base. ¢ Lobes of corolla acute or rarely obtuse, inflexed or corniculate at the apex. > 50. C. pEcorA, Choisy, under the name of indecora. Choisy saw only a very poor blackened specimen, such as Ber- landier was in the habit of making, of the small-flowered variety; but it so happens that this is one of the prettiest species, 96 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES so much so, that Scheele has named it pulcherrima ; I therefore feel justified in the liberty I take with Choisy’s name in lopping off its negative in. — This is a wide-spread and quite variable species, extending from the United States to Brazil, always readily recognized by the structure of the fleshy white flowers, which consist of large convex cells, which make the surface appear rough and the margin crenulate ; these cells are on the surface sometimes elongated into oval or cylindric papillz ; inflorescence loosely paniculate or in some forms at last more compact ; lobes of calyx ovate or lanceolate, acute, of different lengths; lacinize ovate-lanceolate, inflexed at the acute point, erect or spreading, not re- curved ; scales large, broadly oval ; styles usually stout and very unequal, about as long as the conic ovary ; capsule enveloped by the corolla; seeds usually several, 0.6-0.9 line long, ery ovate, rostrate, rough, with a very short, oblong, transverse hilum. The following varieties may be distinguished : Var. a. inpEcoRA. OC. indecora, Choisy! Cusce. 182, t. 3, f. 3; DC. pis IX. 457. C. neuropetala, B. [502 (52) } minor, Engelm.! in Boston Journ. N. Hist. V. 223: flowers 1-— “uy lines long, on long pedicels, loosely panicled, with very short calyx.— On the Rio Grande, Berlandier! 865 & 2285 ; Texes, Lindheimer! 123, (in some of the distributed collections the numbers 123 and 124, both forms of this species, are transposed). — A papillose-hispid form of this variety is C’. verrucosa, a. hispidula Engelm.! Sill. Journ. XLIII. p. 341. C. hispidula, Engelm.! ib, 45, p- 75; DC. Prod. IX. 461; Texas, Berlandier! 956 & 2386 ; Drummond! 248; Lindheimer! 474; Wright! Some of these specimens by their larger flowers approach the next form. Var. 8. PULCHERRIMA. C. neuropetala, Engelm.! 1. ¢, 45, p. 75; DC. Prod. IX. 461. C. pulcherrima, Scheele! in - Linnea, 21, p. 750: smooth or rarely slightly papillose ; inflorescence loose or sometimes more compact ; flowers vari- able in size, 1}-1? lines long, usually broadly campanulate ; calyx as long or longer than tube ; styles usually as long as ovary, rarely much longer; anthers and stigmas yellow or often purple. A form with very large and broad flowers is C. neuropetala, y. littoralis, Engelm. Boston Journ. 1. c. — On wet and dry prairies, from the sea-coast to the mountains, on different shrubs, also on herbaceous Composite, Leguminose, etc. : south-western Illinois, Engelmann! Indian coun- try west of Arkansas, Fremont! 2d Exp. 485 ; Bigelow! Texas, Lindheimer! 124 (a very large-flowered form) 474, 475 ; and westward, Wright! coll. 1849, nros. 520, 521, 524, 525; coll. 185152, nros. 1630, 1633, 1634, 1637, 1638 ; Sonora, Wright! 1622 ; Northern Mexico, Greg e! 78 and 888 ; ee Chapman! St. Marks, Rugel ! 1! 1000 & T001 ; Cuba, Hb. Fini. ! Varsitie, McFaddin! Baneroftl a small-flowered, short-styled form ; Cumming! 95 ; Piste Brazil, Salzmann! in Hb. Buchinger ; Gardner! 5036, a form with very long styles, and 6068 in part (C. arvensis var. has been distributed under the same number). Var. y. SUBNUDA: lower half of capsule enveloped by the tough remains of the corolla, upper part naked ; short styles divaricate. — “ Common on the overflowed islands of the Parana,” Brazil, Tweedie! in Hb. Hooker. > Var. 8. INTEGRIUSCULA : calyx shorter than the deeply campanulate tube of the corolla; laciniz erect ; scales triangular, acutish, thin, almost entire ; styles capillary, shorter than ovary. — Mendoza, on Ephedra, Gillies! —- 651. C. inrLexa. C. Coryli, Engelm.! in Sill. Journ. XLIII. p. 337. C. wmbrosa, Beyrich! vee ne ~~ Berol. in part, not Hooker ; Engelm.! in Gray, Man. ed. 1, 351 ; ed. 2,336. C. parviflora, Nutt. ! in Hb. C.c¢ Beyr.! in Hb. C. compacta, var. crenulata, Choisy i in DC. Prod. IX. 459. — In open woods or dry sey [503 (53) ] usually on shrubs, Corylus, Ceanothus, Symphoricarpus, Rhus, Salix and even on Carya, but also on Helian- thus, Solidago and other Composite, etc. Virginia, Beyrich! Gray & Sullivant ! Georgia, Beyrich! Illinois and Mis- souri, Engelmann! Riehl! Kansas, Fendler! 658 ; region west of Arkansas, Bigelow! on the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers, Hayden! — Flowers 1 line long, of similar structure to the last ; distinguished by the deeper sub- cylindric, mostly a corolla, which at last covers only the top of the capsule, the erect, inflexed lacinie and the ute scales, reduced to lateral teeth; styles of different — divaricate on capsule ; seeds ovate, oblique, thick, 0.6-0.7 line long, with a small, sBlons: oblique or transverse hilum. 52. C. APPENDICULATA, n. sp.: caulibus capillaceis; cymis fasciculato-paniculatis Jaxifloris ; calycis brevissimi basi glanduloso-appendiculati lobis ovatis acutis tubum profunde campanulatum vel subcylindricum dimidium vix zequantibus ; laciniis ovato-lanceolatis demum reflexis apice acuto incurvis tubo equilongis; antheris ovato-orbiculatis cordatis filamento longioribus ; squamis obovatis crispato-fimbriatis fancem equantibus incurvis ; stylis tenuibus ovario acuto subsequalibus ; capsula globoes apiculata sub-1-sperma exserta supra medium nuda, foramine intrastylari magno ; seminibus efi oeag obliquis. Cape of Good Hope, on Erica and other shrubs: Zwellendam, “on dry hills throughout the whole district,” Kraus! nro. 1816, under the name of 0. Africana ; Teufelsberg, in Hb. Fischer! now Hb. H. B. Petropol. — The only South African species belonging to this section ; distinguished by the very small (scarcely } line long) appendiculate calyx, ete. ; flowers 1-1} lines long ; seeds 0.6 line long. 53. C. STENOLEPIS, n. sp.: caulibus capillaceis ; cymis paniculatis laxis paucifloris ; pedicellis elongatis bractea ovata suffultis ; calycis turbinati glandulosi lobis ovatis obtusis tubo corolle subcylindrico brevioribus ; laciniis tubo brevioribus lanceolatis reflexis apice acutiusculo incurvis ; staminibus brevissimis, anthera ovata filamento subulato equilonga ; squamis angustissimis parce fimbriatis faucem vix attingentibus incurvis; stylis ovarium conicum bicuspe , OF THE GENUS CUSCUTA. 97 subequantibus demum exsertis ; capsula globosa apiculata sub-1-sperma apice corolla calyptraeformi tecta ; seminibus subglobosis asperatis. Andes of Quito, Fr. Hall! in Hb. reg. Berol.; J. P. Couthouy ! on a Dalea “on the banks of the Machange, 9,500 feet high.” — A very distinct species covering dae shrubs with intricate masses of their hair-like stems, with scattered loosely flowered panicles ; whole plant filled with a reddish-yellow juice ; eas [504 (54)] scarcely more than 1 line long; scales very narrow, linear, irregularly and sparsely laciniate-fimbriate towards the tip ; seeds 0.7 line long. 54, C. CORNICULATA, n. sp, : caulibus filiformibus crassiusculis ; cymis bracteosis laxis paniculatis seu magis com- pactis subglobosis ; bracteis membranaceis ovatis obtusis ; floribus pedicellatis ; calycis campanulati ultra medium fissi lobis ovatis carinatis basi imbricatis obtusis seu cuspide nodoso-incrassato obtusato apiculatis subinde patulis recurvisve coroll tubum equantibus seu superantibus ; laciniis tubo aquilongis ovato-lanceolatis demum patulis reflexisve apice nodigero seu cucullato corniculatis inflexis ; antheris oblongis filamenta subulata equantibus ; squamis late ovatis fim- briato- fissis tubum excedentibus incurvis ; stylis ovarium pyriforme equantibus, stigmatibus magnis pileatis ; capsula corolla marcescente indusiata apice nuda, orificio intrastylari magno ; seminibus o que ovatis intus carinatis. RACEMULOSA : floribus laxe paniculato-cymosis ; calycis lobis apice nodoso acutiusculis. — Southern Brazil, sallow! a and 3621 in Hb. reg. Berol. r. 8. SPHZROCYMA: floribus globoso-cymosis ; calycis lobis acutiusculis seu obtusis. — Brazil, Prov. Goyaz, on the avis near the Buixas, Weddell! Venezuela, on the Rio Meta, Karsten This is the first of a series of intricate, mostly Brazilian species, which includes nros. 54-58, and which will not be entirely cleared up until carefully studied in their native homes, The inflexed-pointed laciniz and the naked capsule with the large intrastylar orifice seem to distinguish it sufficiently from C. racemosa. Whether both forms described above, which seem to differ so materially in their inflorescence, really do belong together, must be decided after a fuller study of this whole group; Weddell’s specimen seems to connect them. — Flowers 1-1} lines long ; cymes of one 5-8 lines, glomerules of the other 4—5 lines in diameter ; seeds of the largest-flowered specimen 0.6-0.7 line long, obliquely ovate, with a very short linear-oblong transverse hilum. . C. RAcEMoSA, Martius ; spread in several forms over a great part of South America, just like C. Gronovit over North America, and C. planiflora over Asia and the Mediterranean regions ; it has been introduced with erate seeds into Europe, where it has given rise to many discussions, and has, to some extent, stimulated ae fur- ther examination of this genus.— All the forms of this species are characterized by the loose paniculate inflorescence ; calyx usually shorter than the deeply campanulate gradually widening tbe [505 (55) ] laciniz commonly short, spreading or reflexed with inflexed points ; scales large ; ovarium o r obova’ the upper part being compact ; styles stout with large, depressed, almost peltate stigmas ; capsule sbainaobty enveloped by the corolla, with 2-4 light-brown, oval, obliquely truncate or rostrate seeds, 0.6-0.7 line in length ; hilum short, linear, perpendicular or transverse, often with radiating lines on the umbilicus. I distinguish the following forms : — Var. a. Brastziana. C. racemosa, Martius! Itin. I..286; Choisy! Cusc. 181, t. 3, £1; DC. Prod. IX. 456: flowers with few or scarcely any glands, of a rather membranaceous texture and pale color, with very short and obtuse lobes of calyx and obtusish lobes of corolla; flowers usually 1} lines long.— Common about Rio and generally in Brazil, on shrubs and ee plants; Martius! 941; Booz ! Gandichapd | Graham! Pohl! 5,100, in part; —_— 695. a ar, 8. MINIATA. C. se Martius! 1. c.; var. minuta, 1, Choisy! l. c.: flowers of a thicker texture, reddish, more or peed glandulous.— Brazil, Martius! 1292 ; Ackermann! Mikan ! Langsdorff ! Pohl! 5,100 in part ; Vauthier! 252; Lund! 737. Var. y. Cummrana. C. Chilensis, Bertero! in sched., not Ker. C. suaveolens, Seringe, Ann. Se. Phys. Nat. Lyon, 1840; Cl. Gay! Fl. Chil. IV. 448; DesM. Et. 66 (under ‘Canin and confounded with C. obtusiflora, var. breviflora). C. » Choisy! Cuse. 180; DC. Prod. IX. 456, not Ruiz & Pav. C. Hassiaca, Pfeiffer! Bot. Zeit. 1843, p. 705. i ciiaaiels migrans, Pf. ib, 1845, p. 674. C. diaphana, Wend. Fl. Hass. 364. C. Popayanensis, Peeppig! in rots Vind. not HBK.— Flowers larger, 14-2 lines long, more membranaceous ; lobes of corolla with acute inflexed scales as long as or often shorter than the tube. — Chili, Bertero! 205 in Hb. DC., 940 & 201 in Hb. eee (nro. 940 in Hb. DC. is C. Chilensis); Paeppig! Cl. Gay! 449; about twenty years ago it was introduced into Europe, but is apparently now lost ; on Medicago sativa, sometimes in wet seasons destroying whole fields ; also parasitic on many other plants growing about such fields ; it has been observed in France, Piedmont, Switzerland, Germany, and Holland. Var. 8. catycina. C. suaveolens, Lechler! in sched.: flowers as large as in the last, often glandulons, with longer oni obtusish lobes of calyx and corolla, both as long as the short and. wide tube ; dead corolla covering the eapeale. — Brazil, Sellow! in Hb. reg. Berol., Weddell ! Riedel ! Valdivia, Lechler ! 479. Var. «. NUDA. C. citricola, Schlecht. Linn. XXII. 808? Lobes of glandular calyx ovate, nearly as long 3 98 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES as the tube of the corolla; lacinie of same length, reflexed, at the obtusish apex inflexed ; styles as [506 (56)] long as the conic ovary, at last divaricate; lower part of the depressed somewhat glandulous capsule covered by the corolla, upper half free. — Brazil, near Rio, Sellow! 4.99 B. ; southern Brazil, the same! in Hb. reg. Berol.; Riedel! 990 in Hb. H. B. Petrop.; Island of Sta. Catarina, southern Brazil, on Citrus, Pabst ex Schlechtend. ” 56. C. PARVIFLORA, n. sp.: caulibus capillaceo-filiformibus intricatis ; cymis fasciculato-paniculatis laxis pauci- ~ floris ; pedicellis flore minuto late campanulato longioribus ; calycis turbinati lobis ovatis obtusiusculis tubum corolle zequantibus ; laciniis ovatis seu lanceolatis patulis apice obtusiusculo inflexis ; staminibus brevibus, antheris ovatis filamenta equantibus ; squamis ovatis laciniato-fimbriatis conniventibus ; stylis ovario obovato equilongis. — C. micrantha, Martius! in Hb., not Choisy. Var. B. ELoNGATA : pedicellis elongatis clavatis ; siete minoribus ; laciniis acutis tubo subduplo longioribus demum reflex filamentis subulatis gracilibus ls lacinias equantibus Geraes, on Trembleya, Ackermann! Villa isa on some other shrub; Pohl! 5726; Var. B. Goyaz, Weddell! 2125. ee ren only $- line long, smaller than in any other species, with the exception perhaps of the smallest forms of C. Palestina; of a deep red color when dry ; limb of corolla spreading but not reflexed ; fruit unknown. In var. 8. the pedicels are two or three times as long as the “whitish” flowers; lacinis and especially filaments much longer and more slender. tt Lobes of corolla obtuse, not incurved. 57. (©. DENSIFLoRA, Hooker, fil.! in Fl. N. Zeal. I. 186, not Soyer-Will. — At Port Underwood, on the middle island of New Zealand, on some Apocynea, Dr. Lyall! — Perhaps too near C. racemosa, but apparently distinguished by the much finer capillaceous stems, the very short capulate calyx, the short, ovate, obtuse-spreading but not reflexed nor inflexed lobes of the corolla, — which are only about one third as long as the deeply campanulate tube, — and hy the solitary globose seeds of a brown-red color, with a short linear transverse hilum on the radiately marked umbili- cus, — Flower 13-2 lines long, dotted with yellow glands, which Dr. Hooker describes as oil-canals ; pistils the same as in C. racemosa; dead corolla covering and enveloping the capsule. 58. C. MICROSTYLA, n. sp.: caulibus filiformibus floribusque glandulosis ; cymulis laxis paucifloris ; calycis lobis triangulato-ovatis obtusis corolla tubo profunde campanulato brevioribus ; laciniis ovatis [507 (57)} obtusiusculis tubum zquantibus patulis reflexisve; staminibus brevissimis, antheris ovatis filamenta zequantibus ; squamis tenuissimis ovatis laciniatis faucem attingentibus; ovario magno ce yaar replente, lis subnullis, stigmatibus capitatis pileatis ; Seer conica apice e sores exserta. On he volcano of Antuco, Chili, Reynolds! 95, in Hb. Hooker. — The only specimen seen is very young, with only few flowers open, and a staal half-grown capsule. — Nearly allied with C. racemosa, but well distinguished by the large conic ovary with the thick and rudimentary but nevertheless quite unequal styles; flower 14-1} lines long, thick and fleshy, yellow when dry, dotted with darker glands ; whole plant furnishing a deep yellow dye. 59. C. CRISTATA, n. sp.: caulibus filiformibus; floribus breviter pedicellatis cymoso-paniculatis basi obtusis late campanulatis ; calycis cupulati lobis ovato-orbiculatis glandulosis cristato-carinatis tubum corolla squantibus seu superantibus ; laciniis late ovatis obtusis tubo equilongis, patentibus seu demum recurvis ; staminibus brevioribus, antheris oblongis filamenta late subulata equantibus; squamis ime corolle adnatis spatulatis laciniato-fimbriatis faucem excedentibus conniventibus ; stylis ovario magno ovato apiculato brevioribus fere inclusis, stigmatibus parvis : capsula depressa glandulosa corolle marcescenti insidente supra nuda ; seminibus obovatis obliquis sub lente osis Plentiful in the province of St. Jago de Tucuman, La Plata, Tweedie! 1191, in Hb. Hooker. — Flowers on short and thick pedicels, wide open, about 1} lines long; ovary large, almost filling the tube, subglobose with an abrupt stylopodium in the shape of a fleshy ring; stigma very small, pale yellowish ; capsule with a very small intrastylar aperture; seeds brown-red, 0.7 line ws with an oblong, perpendicular, or oblique hilum. Distinguished by the shape of the flower, the pistils, and stigmas from C. racemosa, var. Sesunad nd from C. Gronovii, with which it is still more closely allied, and which it seems to represent in South Ameri 60. C. Gronovir, Willd.! rel. R. & Sch. VI. 205; Choisy! Cuse. 185, : 4, f.3; DC. Prod. IX. 459, C. Ameri- cana, L. Sp. 180, and auctt. Fl. Am. Bor. in part. C. vulgivaga, Engelm.! Sill. Journ: lc. p. 338, t. 6, f. 12-16. C. wmbrosa, Beyrich! in sched. in part ; Hooker! Fl. Bor. Am. II. 78; Torrey! Fl. N. Y. — This, the most common North American species, is characterized by the loosely-paniculate, rarely from the first more compact inflorescence, which at last becomes densely crowded ; by the deeply campanulate tube ; the obtuse, flat, spreading but scarcely ever reflexed laciniz ; the large, oval, deeply fringed scales; the oval, slightly conic ovary. [508 (58)] Seeds 0.6-0.9 line long, obliquely oval, rarely rostrate, with an oblong-linear, usually perpendicular hilum. — The following varieties may be distinguished : — OF THE GENUS CUSCUTA. 99 Var. a. VULGIVAGA, the common form, as described and figured in Sill. Journ. and Chois. Cuse. It is Will- denow’s original C, Gronovii, in his Hb. nro. 3160, a very loosely flowered specimen.— On coarse herbs and shrubs, commonly in moist shady places, from Canada and Maine to Florida, westward to Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas ; I have seen no specimens from the Rocky Mountains or from the Pacific coast. Flowers 14-14 lines long ; lobes of calyx usually carinate, and, like the laciniw, shorter than the very deeply campanulate tube of the corolla; scales mostly aed i the tube, incurved over the ovary ; corolla remaining at base of capsule. Variable in the size of the flowers ; a small-flowered form is C. polyantha, Shuttlew.! in Pl. Rugel from Alabama ; sometimes it occurs with 4-parted oats var. tetrameris, Engelm. 1. ¢ Var. B. LATIFLORA. C. Saururi, Engelm.! 1. c. p. 336, t. 6, f 17-21: calyx more membranaceous ; laciniwe and stamens of equal length, as long as the shallow tube ; scales narrow and longer than the tube; in eastern specimens the flowers are smaller, in western sometimes larger than in var. a. — From Massachusetts to North Carolina, and westward to Illinois and Missouri. ar. y. CALYPTRATA. C. Bonariensis, H. B. Carlsr. C. Chilensis, H. B. Frib., not Ker.; similar to the first form, flowers even more deeply campanulate, usually glandulous, rather larger, in very loose panicles ; corolla remaining on top of 2 pee — Western Louisian, Gregg oe sacekgunesh cultivated in several botanical gardens in Germany. - 6.? curra. C. umbrosa, Hook. |. c. in part: flowers small, 1} lines long, glandulous ; calyx and short a aide lacinize half as fh as Ae deeply oe tube ; anthers iid coduiay scales very short, bifid or truncate, appressed to the tube ; styles one third or one fourth as long as the conic ovary; corolla surrounding or covering the upper part of the large oval capsule ; intrastylar opening lanes ; ; seeds few and large, nearly 1 line it Se somewhat rostrate, with a small, oblong, transverse hilum. — Northwestern America, Douglas! Fremont! 45). — Perhaps a distinct species, taking the | lac e of C. Gronovit on the Pacific side of the continent. 61. C. rostrata, Shuttlew.! in sched.; Engelm.! in Bost. Journ. N. H. V. 225. C. oxyca Engelm.! in sched. — In shady woods, on tall coarse herbs, rarely on shrubs, southern Alleghanies oe [509 (59)] Maryland and Virginia to South Carolina, Rugel! Buckley ! Gray & Sullivant ! Curtis !— Nearly allied with the last, but flowers larger and wider, Tine es long; scales comparatively small, deeply incised-fringed ; ovary elongated, bottle-shaped ; capsule, with the elongated 2-pointed beak, 24-3 lines long; seeds 1-4, when regularly ‘developed 1-1} lines long, obliquely obovate, — carinate on the inside, bluntly rostrate, somewhat reticulate, with a short oblong-linear mostly transverse hilum § 3. Lepidanche. Flowers pedicelled or, mostly, closely sessile; sepals free, similar to the surrounding sterile bracts, imbricate ; ovary and capsule more or less conic, thickened and fleshy at the apex ; withered corolla covering the capsule like a hood, — Lepidanche, Eng. Sill. Journ. XLIII. p. 343. * Flowers pedicelled, loosely paniculate. 62. C. cusprpata, Engelm.! in Bost. Journ. N. H. V. p. 224; Bot. Zeit. 1846, p. 277. — Parasitic on Iva, Ambro- sia and many other herbs, on wet or dry prairies from southern and western Texas, Lindheimer ! 125 and 277, Wright ! Schott! Thurber! to the upper Arkansas, Trécul! Fendler! N. Mex. 659, b; Marcy! Bigelow! and to the sandhills of the Platte, Hayden!— A well-marked and easily recognized species ; inflorescence loosely paniculate, with many sterile hyaline bracts on the pedicels and at the base of the calyx ; flowers membranaceous, 14-23 (:mostly 3 lines long ; upper bracts and sepals ovate or orbicular, cuspidate or sometimes obtuse; ovary not globose, as I form Tibed it, but oval, with a thick stylopodium ; capsule thick and glandulous at the apex; seeds rarely more than 0 0.4 line Jong, obovate, compressed, rostrate, with a very short oval mostly transverse hilum. The form from Platte river has the smallest flowers, and almost orbicular sepals. 63. C. BRACTEATA, n. sp. : caulibus tenuiter filiformibus ; cymis spiciformibus paniculatis ; pedunculis pedicel- e crassis bracteis pluribus ovatis obtusis, superioribus lanceolatis acutatis stipatis ; sepalis similibus longioribus acuminatis serrulatis tubum corolle subcylindricum squantibus ; laciniis lanceolatis acuminatis tubo brevioribus reflexis ; staminibus multo brevioribus, antheris oblongo- calls filamento equilongis ; squamis ovatis crispato-laceris medio tubo adnatis faucem attingentibus ; stylis capillaceis ovario minuto multo longioribus inclusis, stigmatibus ovato-capitatis. Goyaz, Brazil, parasitic on shrubs, Gardner! 3348 in Hb. Hooker. — Similar to the last, but flowe much larger, 23-3 ie nes long in a rather contracted inflorescence ; peduncles remarkably thick in proportion [510 (60) ] to the stems ; stigmata oval, almost twice as long as they are thick, a form that I have not seen other species. The only specimen examined is barely in flower ; the ovary is probably shaped as in the last species. * * Flowers closely sessile, crowded in compact and often continuous clusters. 64. C. sQUAMATA, n. sp.: caulibus filiformibus aurantiacis ; glomerulis compactis ; bracteis 2-5 sub flore sin- 100 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES gulo arcte sessili late ovatis cuspidatis membranaceis adpressis sensim in sepala exteriora similia et interiora longiora obtusiora tubum cylindracev-obconicum «quantia transeuntibus ; staminibus brevioribus, antheris oblongo-linearibus filamenta subulata eequantibus ; squamis ovatis laciniato-fimbriatis medio tubo adnatis faucem excedentibus conniven- tibus ; stylis capillaceis ovario ovato-conico multo longioribus exsertis; capsula ovata apiculata 1-2-sperma corolle rudimentis calyptrata ; seminibus subglobosis lenticularibusve, hilo oblongo abbreviato. Fields and wastes on the Rio Grande, on Artemisia Ludoviciana, Patients ciliatus and other weeds, from El Paso, Wright ! 518 (coll. 1849) and 1628 (coll. 1852), Bigelow! Thurber! down to Presidio del Norte, Parry !— sters 5-6 lines in diameter, consisting of 8-12 flowers ; or sometimes small, only 2-3-flowered ; occasionally con- tinuous, in the manner of the next species ; flowers 24 lines long, similar in shape to those of the two last species, but osely sessile, in other respects much like the next, but bracts appressed, not squarrose. Seeds 0.6-0.7 line long ; subglobose when the capsule has only 1 seed, compressed when it contains 2, oblique but scarcely rostrate, with a very short re or transverse hilum, almost a mere dot. . C. atomErata, Choisy! Cuse. 184, t. 4, f. 1; DC. Prod. IX. 458. Lepidanche Compositarum, Engelm.! Sill. a: XLII. p. 344, t. 6, f. 30-35. C. Americana (monstruosa), Hook. in Comp. Bot. Mag. 1.173. C. paradoza, Rafin. Ann. Nat. 1820, p. 13, & DC. 1. c. 461 ?— Prairie regions of central North America, on Helianthus, Solidago, Vernonia, Silphium and other tall Composite ; rarely parasitic on any other plant : from Indiana, Dr. Clapp! to Illinois and Mis- souri, Drummond! Engelm.! Riehl! 15 & 16; Kansas, Hayden! the upper Arkansas region, Fendler! 657 ; south- ward to the Canadian, Bigelow! and to the Liano in western Texas, Lindheimer! Mr. Riebl found it very destructive -to the pear seedlings in his nursery. — This, the most striking of all Cuscute, has been so fully described that very little is to be added, The glomerules almost always form two parallel lines on both sides of the [511 (61) ] stem, wherever it is attached to the stem of the nurse and somewhat flattened, rarely in detached clusters, where the stem is free ; these clusters of flowers run completely together and form at last a continuous spiral coil, 6-10 lines in thickness, and several inches in length ; the orange-red filiform stems have by this time entirely disappeared. — Flowers 24-3 lines long, surrounded by numerous squarrose bracts; lobes of corolla obtuse, not acute ; stylopodium larger (Sill. J. 1. ¢. f. 33), or smaller (1. c. f. 34) than ovary proper ; flowers often sterile ; seeds 2 or mostly 1 in each capsule, 0.5 line long, oval, more or less compressed, very slightly rostrate, small oval hilum transverse esque was no doubt the first to distinguish this species, and his name, a very appropriate one, would have the precedence over the later ones, if he, by his very incorrect description, had not enveloped the whole in so much obscurity, that Choisy’s later name is to be preferr 66. C. compacta, Jussieu! in Hb. ; Choisy ! Cusc. 185, t. 4, f. 2; DC. Prod. IX. 458 ; Engelm.! Bost. Journ. N. Hist. V. 225. (C. remotiflora and C. Fruticum, Bertol. Misc. bot. X. 29. C. Americana, auct. var. C. imbricata, Nutt.! in Hb. C. coronata, Beyr.! in Hb. — From the banks of the St. Lawrence in the State of New York south- ward, and on the Alleghany mountains from Pennsylvania to Georgia and Alabama, almost entirely on shrubs, such as Corylus, Alnus, Andromeda, etc.; only accidentally on herbaceous plants. —Clusters in fruit often 3-1} inches in diameter, continuous and thickest where the stem is twined around the nurse, but also abundant where it is free ; tube of corolla slender, lacini oblong ; dead corolla raised on top of the acutish capsule, giving it a pointed appearance ; seeds 1-2, rarely 3-4, in each capsule, 0.8-1.0 line long, oval oblique, lenticular or carinate inside, scarcely rostrate ; hilum small, oblong, perpendicular or transverse. Var. 8. ADprEssA, Lepidanche adpressa, Engelm.! in Sill. Journ. XLV. p. 77. C. acaulis, Raf. Ann. Nat. 1820, p. 13 ?—Shady woods in rich bottom-lands along streams in the Mississippi valley, on Cephalanthus, Cornus, Salic, Bignonia, Vitis, Rhus Toxicodendron, Smilax, and some herbaceous plants ; western Virginia to Illinois and Missouri, and southward to western Louisiana and Texas. —Tube of ii ag wider, more deeply immersed in the calyx, lobes broader, capsule thicker, not so much pointed, and corolla not so much raised above it, so that the clusters, especially in fruit, appear more obtuse ; seeds of same size as in a., usually 2-4 in a capsule, compressed, scarce carinate, with a longer, transverse hilum. The difference in the seeds appears to be constant, and proves [512 (62)] again that in this genus not much reliance can be put on characters derived from them. Sect. 7. LOBOSTIGMA. Styles of nearly equal length, clavate towards the nae stigmatose top, which is divided into several unequal orbicular lobes, and depressed in the centre; capsule bacea’ Inflorescence a loose fasciculate cyme, bracts at the sr of the long pedicels; corolla enveloping and covering the capsule. The only species of this section is a native of Tasmania. 67. C. Tasmanica, n.sp.: caulibus capillaceis ; cymis laxifloris umbellato-fasciculatis compositis ; pedicellis elongatis clavatis in calycem turbinatum profunde fissum abeuntibus; floribus glandulosis ; lobis calycis oblongis obtusis tubum equantibus ; laciniis oblongis obtusis patulis seu dont reflexis tubo longioribus ; staminibus OF THE GENUS CUSCUTA. — 101 brevioribus conniventibus, antheris oblongo-linearibus filamento crasso longioribus ; squamis angustis apice fimbriato ifidis faucem zquantibus ; stylis ovario nickname fere longiorikus exsertis. — C. australis, Hook. fil.! Fl. Tasm. 278, Ho bert tstown, Tasmania, Gunn! 1991, in Hb. Hooker. — Well characterized and distinguished from any other species by the shape of the stigma. Fascicles of 4-8 flowers aggregated in larger cymes; flowers 14-1} lines long. usually 5-parted; anthers turned inward, with a very broad commissure on the back ; scales crenulate on the sides, deeply fringed and usually bilobed at the tip ; styles nearly as long as lobes of corolla, much longer than the stamens ; stigma commonly with four unequal lobes ; styles in fruit subulate from a broad divaricate base, distant, with a small aperture between them ; no ripe seeds seen. Sect. 8, MONOGYNELLA. Styles united entirely or for the greater part of their length, thick and compressed ; stigmata capitate, subglobose or ovate, distinct or more or less coalescent. Capsule regularly circumscissile, usually 2-seeded ; dissepiment of the shape of the capsule, transparent, with a thicker rim, entire, no part adhering to the base of the style. Seeds com- ressed, oblique, more or less rostrate, with a long linear transverse hilum. Anthers sessile, or on very short Tarai often attached to the tube below the throat. Stems thick ; flowers comparatively small, always 5-parted, sessile or on short pedicels, supported by bracts, in small cymules, which ome a compound spike or raceme ; withered corolla remaining, hoodlike, [513 (63)] on the very top of the large capsul Parasitic mostly on ligneous eae Of the eight species of this section, five belong to the continent of Asia, two of which extend into Europe ; one is peculiar to the island of Timor, one to South Africa, and one to Texas, 68. C. EXALTATA, n. sp.: caule funiculari; floribus breviter pedicellatis seu sessilibus spicato-paniculatis ; penn globosi lobis fere disjunctis orbiculatis concavis imbricatis medio verrucosis corolla tubum cylindricum antibus ; laciniis orbiculatis imbricatis tubo multo brevioribus erectis seu erec to-patu: is ; antheris cordato- ocsioaats wi faucem sessilibus ; squamis naa dentatis tubo multo brevioribus ; stylo apice bifido ovario ovato- globoso santas stigmatibus subglo ¥ os Mexicana, This crassifolia, Quercus virens, Juglans, Rhus, etc., 10-20 feet high, in western Texas, on ee Guadaloupe and Cibolo, Lindheimer! 472 ; on the Colorado and Blanco, Wright! on the Leona and at the mouth of the Pecos, Bigelow! on the Rio Grande, Schott !— Stems 1-2 lines in diameter ; compound panicles several inches in length; flowers 2 lines long, small tube hidden in the large calyx ; anthers closely sessile ; scales reduced to two dentate wings on the sides of the very distinct attached filaments, united at base ; upper fourth of the thick style divided ; stigmas depressed, thicker than the ends of the style ; capsule 34-5 lines hex: ; seeds 14-1} lines long, somewhat triangular, very slightly rostrate. The large embryo is coiled up in 2-3 rounds; on the upper (thinner) end 3-4 alternate scales may be distinguished. This is the only species of this section where the styles are not completely united. I formerly distributed it under the name of C. gamostyla. ©. cassyrorpEs, Nees ab Esenb.! in Linnea, XX. p. 196, sine descr.: caule funiculari ; floribus sub- sessilibus cymoso-spicatis; calycis globosi lobis orbiculatis concavis imbricatis verrucosis corolla tubum jets breviter cylindricum includentibus ; laciniis ovatis obtusis vix basi imbricatis erectis tubum equantibus ; antheris cordato- ovatis ad faucem sessilibus ; squamis tenuissimis apice truncato pauci-dentatis tubo brevioribus ; stylo ovario ovato- conico zquilongis, stigmate capitato bilobo ; capsula ovata; seminibus ovato-triangulatis tenuiter verruculosis. Cape of Good Hope ; primitive peas of Uitehage, Drege, 8037; Hangklipp, Mund & Maire; Zeyher II. 3631 (120.5). — Flowers in spiked cymules, 1} lines long, shorter than in the last species; [514 (64)] scales united at base, ovate obtuse or truncate, scarcely dentate ; styles united entirely ; stigma divided almost to the base, lobes subglobose ; capsule 3-4 lines long, sibplobine seeds of the same size and shape as in the last species. 70. C. TrmorEnsis, Decaisne! mss,: caule funiculari; floribus racemoso-spicatis seu axi indeterminata apice bracteata spicatis; pedicellis inferioribus longioribus bracteatis, superioribus brevissimis nudis, omnibus bractea ovato- orbiculata concava suffultis ; calycis profunde partiti lobis orbiculatis concavis imbricatis tubum corolle breyem campanulatum eequantibus ; laciniis ovatis obtusis tubo brevioribus erectis seu sepe patulis reflexisve ; antheris cordato-ovatis tubo infra fancem adnatis ; squamis ad cristulas binas convergentes reductis seu subnullis; stylo cum stigmatibus ovatis compressis ovarium Se zequante; capsula gh; conica sub-2-sperma ; seminibus orbiculato- triangulatis compressis. — C. refleca, Dne.! in Hb. Timor. descr. p. 66, not Rox Island of Timor, Leschenault! in ee Mus. Par. — The tendency . a regularly spiked inflorescence, which is observed in this whole group, is more decidedly developed in this species. The main axis of the inflorescence is termi- nated by an imbricately bracted bud, never by a flower. The lower lateral flowers open first, and the upper ones in succession ; all, or only the lower ones, are supported by pedicels bearing lateral flowers ; the upper ones often have 102 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES shorter pedicels, with two or three sterile bracts; the uppermost ones are commonly quite short and bractless, Flowers 13-1} lines long; anthers almost sessile a little below the throat ; scales very indistinct, consisting mostly of two slight ridges converging towards the base of each anther ; stigmas of the length of the style and scarcely thicker, oval and compressed ; capsule about 3 lines long; seeds 1} lines in diameter. 71. C. monoeyna, Vahl. Symb. II. 32; DC. Prod. IX. 450, & in part. C. orientalis, Tournef.! Cor. 45 ; Sibth.! in Hb. Jacq. C. astyla, Engelm.! Bot. Zeit. 1846, IV. 276. Monogynella Vahliana, DesM.! Et. 65, C. scandens, Brot. Lusit. 1. 208 ?? — On shrubs and trees, as Salix, Tamarix, Pistacia, Vitis, etc.; also on herbaceous plants, Euphorbia, etc.; from southern Europe through middle Asia southeastward : Portugal 7 ?Brot.); southern France, almost always on the grape vine (introduced?), Delisle! Requien! etc.; Roumelia, Frivaldski! specimens often mixed with 0. Europea; Crimea, Trautvetter ; Greece, Heldreich ! Orphanides! Asia Minor, Sibthorp ! Wiedemann! Syria, Tournefort! in Hb. Banks, Labillardiare! Blanche! Caucasus and Georgia, Hohenacker! Prescott ! Wilhelms! Frick! Koch! Soongaria, Schrenk! Persia, Buhse! Noé! Kotschy! 713; Afghanistan, [515 (65)] Griffith ! 682 & 684. — Vahl’s description, “dentibus corollz lanceolatis,” etc., does not exactly agree with our plant, nor is Sibthorp’s figure, Fl. Greec. t. 257, very correct; but the locality of the former and an authentic specimen of the latter (in Hb. Jacq.) leave no doubt that both had the plant in view which I formerly distinguished as CO. astyla. — The inflorescence is a oe spike, consisting of a terminal and several lateral cymes of 2-3 or 4 sessile flowers ; the lowest cymes open first, and are sometimes branched. Flowers 14-1} lines long; corolla 1-1} linesin length ; lacinie oval or orbicular, very obtuse, delicately crenulate, erect, scarcely more than half as long as the tube, which i is entirely enclosed in the calyx; anthers ovate or triangular-ovate, cordate at base, almost sessile a little below the throat; scales attached to the middle of the tube, of the shape of a horseshoe, forming a narrow denticulate or slightly fimbriate border, which is sometimes truncate or even bifid ; style very short, equal in length to the subglobose 2-lobed stigma, much shorter than the oval or globose ovary ; capsule 2-3 lines long, usually oval and obtuse ; seeds rarely more than 2, ovate, strongly rostrate, slightly rough. — Mon. Blancheana, DesM.! in litt. is a form with a somewhat elongated conic capsule, which occurs in Syria and Georgia, and which approaches the next species. 72. C. LeHMANNIANA, Bunge! in Lehm. Rel. in Mem. Sav. Et. VII. 396. — Bokhara, on the banks of the Jan- Darja, A. Lehmann ! — Flowers pedicelled in a thyrsoid inflorescence, slender, 24-23 lines long ; corolla 2-2} lines in length ; lacinie oval, crenulate, shorter than the tube, erect or spreading ; scales horseshoe-shaped, attached to the middle of the tube, and covering the base of the ovate-cordate anthers, which are sessile below the throat ; style munch shorter than the oval or subglobose ovary, of the length of the distinctly 2-parted oval stigma; capsule oval. The shape and proportion of the corolla is similar to that of the next species, especially of its Asiatic form ; the pistil is like that of the last species ; the position of scales is quite peculiar. I class with this a form from Asia Minor Var. 8. ESQUAMATA : pedicels as long as, or often longer, than the calyx ; oblong lobes of the corolla still more distinctly crenate, not much shorter than the tube, spreading, on the fruit erect or twisted ; anthers still shorter ; - almost entirely adnate, commonly showing only a denticulate crest on both sides ; stigma globose or oval, almost — On Pistacia Terebinthus, on Mount Sipyle, near Magnesia, Balansa! 411. — Flowers 2} lines, corolla 2 lines ome more deeply divided than in the allied species. 73. C. LUPULIFORMIS, Krocker! Siles. I. p. 261, t. 36. C. monogyna, auctt. Fl. Germ. al. — (516 (66)] On willows, etc., on the banks of streams from eastern and northeastern Germany, Silesia, where it seems to be comin on the Oder, Lessing! Géppert! Giinther! al., Bohemia and Austria, Kovats! to Hungary, Gerenday! and to central Russia, Kasan, Graff ! — Flowers subsessile, or on at last slightly elongated pedicels ; cymes forming elongated spikes, or sometimes more or less compound racemes, which are always terminated by a 2- or 3-flowered cyme; flowers 2-2} lines long ; lobes of calyx oval, obtuse or almost pointed, half as long as tube of corolla ; lacinie oblong, obtuse, erect, half as long as tube; anthers oblong-linear, sessile below the throat ; scales short, attached to the ee er part of the tube, bifid or reduced to lateral crenulate wings ; ovary oval, conic, attenuated into the slender style, which is much longer than the globose or oval deeply bilobed stigma. Capsule conic, 3-4 lines long ; seeds triangular-oval, rostrate, 1}-14 lines long. ar, 8. Astatica: flowers often longer and more slender, on longer pedicels ; lacinize more erenulate and somewhat spreading ; anthers on short but distinct filaments ; scales see broadly oval, fimbriate and somewhat incurved. @. flava, Siev. ap. Pall. probably belongs here. —On Tamarix, Saliz, ete., from the banks of the Wolga, Fischer! Becker! where it seems to join the western form, eastward pane the southern parts of Asiatic Russia, Caucasus, Hb. Hooker! Soongaria, Schrenk! 229 & 306, b (the last a form with very slender flowers and longish pedicels) ; Buchtarminsk, Karelin & Kiriloff! 926; Altai, Ledebour! Bunge! Gebler! 180, to the river Angara, Turczaninoff ! OF THE GENUS CUSCUTA. 103 C. lupuliformis, having been published as early as 1787, has by four years the priority over Vahl’s name, ©. mono- gyna, published in 1791, and must stand for the species with all those botanists who consider both plants as identical ; but it so happens that C. lupuliformis properly designates the species which in Europe and Asia extends north of the 43d or 44th degree, and C. monogyna that which grows south of that latitude. 74. C. aigantEA, Griffith, Notul. I. 243. — On Tamariz, Siah-sung ravine, Afghanistan, 10,300 feet high, Grif- fith! 1031 (683). — Griffith’s specimens corresponding best with his description are all parasitic on Tamarix, and not on Salix or Populus, as he says in his Notule; nor are the stems very thick, but rather filiform. Otherwise his detailed description — especially that of the corolla, the scales, and the stigmas — agrees so well with his specimen in question, that I cannot doubt about his having it in view ; but he may have confounded it [517 (67)] with C. mounogyna, which he has collected on willows. he inflorescence forms racemose spikes after the manner of this section, but shorter, only 3-3 inch long, flowers 24-23 lines long, membranaceous, on short pedicels ; calyx covering one half of the tube ; lacinie linear-oblong, obtuse, crenulate, a little shorter than the tube, spreading, or reflexed ; ovate-cordate anthers very large, subsessile a little below the throat ; scales oval, fimbriate, reaching from the base to the middle of the tube ; style as long as the conic ovary and the oblong, elongated, somewhat ligulate (linguiformia, Griff.) stigmas. 75. C. Japonica, Choisy! Pl. Zoll., 1854, p. 130 & Pl. Jav. 1858, p. 30.— This species extends in several forms along the whole coast of China and to Japan; all the different varieties are characterized by a very short cupulate calyx, with rounded, mostly cristate lobes, which cover scarcely more than } of the corolla; by the oval or rounded, very slightly crenulate, sometimes cuspidate, spreading or reflexed laciniz, which have $ or } the length of the cylindrical or slightly widening tube ; by the oval anthers, sessile or subsessile at the throat; by the entire, ovate, fimbriate, in- curved oa ; by a berigcta: style, with 2 ovate, more or less conic or subulate, stigmas. Flowers 24-3 lines long. THYRSOIDEA : flowers subsessile with several bracts at base, in a compact, thyrsoid raceme, often 2 inches long igh } ‘tie ‘ioe: scales from the lower part of the tube, reaching almost to the base of the anthers ; styles longer than the conic ovary ; stigmas short and conic. — This is Choisy’s original C. Japonica, and also C. reflexa, var. densi- flora, Bentham! in Hb. — Japan, Zollinger! 355; Hongkong, Abbé Furet! Maj. Champion! 457. —C. systyla, Maxi- mowitsch! Primit. Fl. Amur. ined., from the eae Amur, is exactly the same plant, with shorter scales, and rather oval than conic stigmas. From @. Lapilleforinias var, ic to which it closely approaches, it is distinguished by the short calyx and the shape and insertion of the stamens. Var. 8. PANICULATA: flowers on short viet scarcely bracted at base, in a loosely flowered panicle, 1-2 inches long and of the same diameter ; narrow scales reaching from the base to the middle of the tube ; stigmas conic-subulate, as long as style and as ovary. — C. colorans, Maxim.! 1. ec. — Pekin, Kirilow! in Hb. Fischer, now Hb. H. B. Petrop. Var. y. ? FISSISTYLA: inflorescence same as last; scales from the middle of the tube, not reaching the base of the anthers, broad and often partly confluent; styles united only at their lower third ; stigmas conic. — Hongkong, Chas. Wright! U.S. North Pacif. Expl. Exp., nro. 486. The subulate or conic stigmas, and the often more esas than spiked inflorescence, indicate a [518 (68)] close-approach to the next species, which to Mr. Bentham was so evident, that he considered our plant a mere variety of it; but the structure of the capsule, with the ila persisting on its top and the dissepiment in its base, shows that it truly belongs to Monogynella. The dissepiment is membranaceous, with a thicker centre, but without the thick frame-like border of the allied species. Sect. 9. CALLIANCHE. Stigmata distinct, elongated, conic or subulate, sessile or almost sessile. Capsule regularly circumscissile, usually 4-seeded, a extremely ‘iia, aged evanescent, stylar portion small. Seeds compressed, rostrate, angled on the inside, with a lon g, linear, transverse hilum. Flowers large, 5- parted, usually on bck pedicels in compound loosely paniculate cymules; corolla deciduous after flowering. The only species inhabits East-India and the adjoining islands. 76. C. REFLEXA, Roxb. Corom. 104; Fl. Ind. I. 446. —This beautiful species bears the largest flowers of any, in different varieties from 3-5 lines long ; evi with oval or mostly rounded, very often cristate or verrucose lobes, much shorter than the cylindric tube of the corolla ; laciniz spreading or reflexed, on the margin revolute, much shorter than the tube; anthers oval to oblong-linear, ef or subsessile ; enti? in the base of the tube, about $ or } its length, with short ead delicate curly fringes, curved ; ovary oval, aviltists often attenuated into a short, slightly bifid style, or with sessile stigmas ; capsule subglobose, aout 4 lines in diameter ; at maturity, only the lowest part of the thin dissepiment remains ; seeds 1} lines long. — The following forms are specifically distinguished by most authors; Choisy, however, in Pl. Zoll. already suspected their identity, and different as they seem to be at first sight, I can not but consider them as mere varieties. Var. a, GRANDIFLORA. C. grandiflora, Wall.! Cat. nro. 1318, not HBK. (. macrantha, Don.! Gen. Syst. IV. 104 COLLECTED DESCRIPTIONS OF CUSCUTA. 305; DC. Prod. IX. 455. C. megalantha, Steud. Nom. (C. elatior, Choisy! Cusc. 177. — Flowers of the largest size ; lacinie 4 or sometimes only } the length of the tube ; anthers elongated, on very short filaments i is from the tube below the throat; stigmas glanguie, subulate, Rivisieate: usually on a very short style. doubt Roxburgh’s aicinal C. reflexa, as his figure and description, “stigmata large, spreading, piney » [519 (69)] prove. —In the temperate as well as the tropical parts of India, from the Himalaya, Wallich ! 8 & 13192; Lady Dalhousie! Jacquemont! 1109 & 2183; Strachney & Winterbottom! 1 & 2; ate Hooker, f. & Thomson ! Sikkim, the same! Khasia, the same! to the low lands of the coast of Coromandel, Roxburgh, and to Ceylon, Gardner! 616; Thomson! and Java, Zollinger! 2839.— The specimens from the islands are remarkably stout, and have a larger calyx than the ordinary form. It often occurs with verrucose bracts, pedicels, and calyx or even verrucose stems; this is C. verrucosa, Sweet, Fl. Gard. t. 6, not Engelm.; C. Hookeri, Sweet, Hort. Br. p. 290; C. reflexa, var, verrucosa, Hook.! Fl. Exot. t. 150. 8. BRacHystiema. C. reflexa, Wallich! Cat. in part ; Edgeworth! in Linn. Trans.; Choisy, DC. Prod. 1. c.; and most authors, not Roxb. (. pentandra, Heyne! in Hb. H. B. Petrop.— Flowers smaller ; laciniee 4 or 4 the length of the tube; anthers shorter, sessile at the throat of the corolla; stigmas short, conic, closely sessile, erect. — Calcutta, Gaudichaud! 129, and valley of the Ganges in general, Jacquemont! 149 & 2520, de Silva! in Wall. Cat. 13191, to the Punjab and the western Himalaya, Hooker, f. & Thomson ! Jacquemont’s 149, from Bengal, has the corolla and anthers of var. a., and the short erect stigmas of var. 8.; style distinct, almost as long as the stigmas. C. anguina, Edgeworth! Trans. Linn. Soc. XX. 86, from the Himalaya, is a small-flowered form with more deeply divided tube, otherwise the same as var. B. C. cosy, Raf. in Spr. N. Ent. I. 145, and DC. Prod. IX. 461, from the Wabash, is perhaps the same as C. glomerata | Hothoiege, Uva barbata or Ampelepogon, is the name given to the numerous capillary stems of a Cuscuta which occasionally have been found parasitic on the unripe berries of the grape vine; they often seem to be without flowers ; in one instance they have been ascertained to belong to C. Epithymum. C. subuniflora, Koch, in Linnea XXII. 748, from Asia Minor, I have not seen; it may be a depauperate form of C. brevistyla. C. triflora, E. Mey. in Pl. Drege, from the Cape of Good Hope, is, as well as C. funiformis, Willd., a species of ta, VI. COLLECTED DESCRIPTIONS OF CUSCUTA. [Ir has been thought best not to reproduce the accounts of this genus contributed by Dr. Engelmann to Gray’s Manual, ed. 5; Botany of California, I.; Botany of Wheeler’s Expe- dition, 1878; and Gray’s Synoptical Flora of North America, II. part 1,— as they add little to his earlier papers. But descriptions of new species contained in them are included in the following pages. — Eps.] From ENGELMANN AND Gray's PLANT# LINDHEIMERIANE. (BosTON JOURN. Nar. Hist. Vou. V. 1845.) 123. CuscuTa NEUROPETALA, Engelm. in Sill. Journ. XLV. p. 75, 8. mrnor. A smaller, age [223 (15)] flowering form, growing in drier places, mostly on Petalostemon multiflorum, but also on Liatris even on Euphorbia corollata. It approaches C. hispidula so much that not improbably further arate of living plants may prove both to be only varieties of a single species, for which the name of C. porphyrostigma would be most appropriate, as all the forms that would belong to it are distinguished from every other known North American species by the purplish-brown stigmas. Another remarkable variety is 124. C. NEUROPETALA, Engelm. y. LITTORALIS : cymis paniculatis ; floribus majoribus pedunculatis ; ; tubo corolle late campanulato calycis segmenta late ovata acutiuscula subcarinata et lacinias limbi enervias ovatas abrupte acuminatas crenulatas patentes subsequante ; squamis tubum subequantibus. — Seashore of Galveston Island, on Lycium Carolinianum, Borrichia frutescens, Iva frutescens, ete. Flowers in May. Different from the inland form by the much larger, more openly campanulate flowers, expanding in spring; by the hardly carinate, broader, and not so COLLECTED DESCRIPTIONS OF CUSCUTA. 105 acute sepals, and the broad lobes of the corolla, which are rarely somewhat nerved ; stigmata also purple, [224 (16)] and anthers purple or yellow. 125. C. cusprparTa, Engelm. n. sp.: caule filiformi ramosissimo ; floribus pedunculatis in cymas laxas bracteosas dispositis 5-fidis ; tubo corollz cylindrico sepala usque ad basin libera ovata concava (exteriora cuspidata) et lacinias limbi ovatas acutiusculas uninervias erectas s. patentes superante ; staminibus limbo brevioribus ; squamis ovatis fimbriatis tubum subequantibus ; stylis filiformibus ovario (minuto) globoso pluries longioribus ; capsula globosa corolla marcescente = tecta. ar. a. PRATENSIS: floribus minoribus ; calyce bracteis paucis involucrato ; tubo corolle subcylindrico calycis et corolle nai paulo longiore ; staminibus limbi laciniis ovatis acutinsculis duplo breviori us ; stylis ovarium parvum duplo superantibus. — Dry prairies west of the Brazos, on Tephrosia, Bradburia, Ambrosi un r. 8. HUMIDA: floribus majoribus ; calyce bracteis pluribus involucrato ; tubo corolle infundibuliformi calycis et corolle segmenta duplo superante ; staminibus laciniis limbi lanceolatis acutis paulo brevioribus; stylis ovarium minutum quater superantibus. Bottom lands of the Colorado, on Iva ciliata, Ambrosia trifida, etc. August, 1844 (No. 276 infra). A remarkable species. The stems are very much branched, filiform ; inflorescence loose paniculate, pedicels h many cuspidate bracts, some of them surrounding the calyx like an involucrum, similar in shape but smaller than the sepals ; sepals somewhat lacerate or crenulate, ovate, carinate (the carina less distinct in the var. 8.), cuspidate, interior ones rather obtuse, all concave, loosely imbricated. Lobes of corolla thin, membranaceous, with a strong middle nerve, formed by large oblong or linear cells ; when dry, convolute ; the exterior ones generally somewhat cuspidate, the interior ones obtuse; at the base the leben are dilated and cover one another more sage in any other orth American species. Styles remarkably slender and long, about the length of the stamen elongated after flowering, when the corolla assumes an Seeiclatn shape, and finally covers like a "va [225 (17)] the upper = of the se capsule. — It appears to be an intermediate form between Cuscuta pro and Lepidan The var. 8. has larger and thinner flowers, of paler color, and the lobes of the sctella lanceolate a acute. 126. C. PENTAGONA, 8. CALYCINA, Engelm. Wet prairies. June. 127. C. verrucosa, Engelm.,1.c. Dry prairies. July.? 1 An undescribed North American species, collected in the composed, especially about the tube, of regular, somewhat Alleghanies of Virginia and North Carolina by Dr. Gray and elongated, hexangular cells, easily age regen in dried Mr. Sullivant, in the autumn of 1843, is here appended. specimens with a common glass. In the common species (This was named C. orycarpa, n. sp.; but just as these sheets the cells are linear, mostly much egies interspersed with are going to press, Dr. Engelmann writes that Mr. Shuttle- the large air-cells which have been frequently mentioned. The worth has distributed the same plant from Rugel’s collection, flowers are mostly twice as large as in U. vulgivaga, but of the with a printed label, under the name of C. rostrata, which he same shape and proportion, about 2 and sometimes (especially therefore now substitutes for his own. — A. Gr.) in Tygart’s Valley specimens) 3 lines long ; but the elongated Ber, C. rosTRaTA, Shuttilew. in coll. Rugel: caule ramo ovary, whose stylopodium is nearly as long though only half floribus pedunculatis cymoso-umbellatis 5-partitis ; sige i as thick as the ovary proper, distinguishes it at once even roll globoso-campanulato calycis segmenta ovata obtusa from those forms of C. vulgivaga where the stylopodium is leviter crenulata et lacinias limbi ovatas obtusas patentes unusually large. The filiform styles are at first about the (demum reflexas) duplo superante ; staminibus limbum sub- length of the stamina, but soon after they are long exserted. equantibus ; squamis fimbriatis (convergentibus ?) basi inter The capsule is very large, fully 3 lines long, globose, attenu- se connatis ; stylis filiformibus ovarium stylopodio ejusdem ated to a bifid point ; it is larger and more acute than in any longitudinis coronatum pyriforme subequantibus; corolla other known American species. — During the same journey marcescente ad basin capsule (maxim) acutate persis- the following species was abundantly collected : — tente. — Alleghany Mountains from Virginia to South Caro- C. (LepIDANCHE) compacta, Choisy: caule lina (Mr. Buckley ! 1842), Prof. Gray and Mr. Sullivant! floribus sessilibus glomeratis 5-partitis; sepalis sub-novem 1843. — August to October. — Particular localities recorded leviter crenulatis orbiculatis concavis adpressis, interioribus by Messrs. Gray and Sullivant are: Grandfather and Negro minoribus ; tubo corolle cylindrico calycem et lacinias limbi Mountains, N. Carol.; Tygart’s Valley, Va.; and ‘‘ common lineari-oblongas obtusas duplo superante ; sta . in moist, shady ravines in oe Virginia.” The specimens brevioribus ; squamis pinnatifido-laciniatis ; ovario cum sty- which came under my 0 grow on Urtica, Rubus, lopodio stylos subeequante ; capsula globosa subacuta corolla Aster, Solidago, Rudbeckia, ae some other plants. marcescente obtecta 1-4-sperma. — North Carolina to Ala- After repeated and careful secveedigutions: and with some bama, in the mountains, on shrubs, frequently on evergreens; hesitation, I have admitted this mountain plant as a distinct on Corylus rostrata, Buncombe Co., N. Carol.; on the same, species, different from C. vulgivaga. The large pointed cap- and on Andromeda axillaris or spinulosa, on the sides of sule would seem to characterize it at once ; but C. vulgivaga Negro Mountain, N. Carol., Prof. 4. Gray and Mr. W. 8. offers so many different forms and sizes of the capsule, that Sullivant ; in Alabama, on Prinos glaber, Dr. Gates (Herb. other characters were necessary ; and they are found in the Gray tissue of the corolla, which is ever destitute of the large This is clearly the Cuscuta compacta of Chvisy’s mono- pellucid dots constantly observed in C. vulgivaga, but is graph (and of DC. Prodr. excl. syn.), described after speci- 14 106 COLLECTED DESCRIPTIONS OF CUSCUTA. From THe Boraniscue Zeirunc, Vou. 1V. No. 16, Aprin 17, 1846. C. cuputata, Engelm. in litt. : caule capillaceo; glomerulis multifloris, capitatis, sessilibus ; floribus arcte ses- silibus, pentameris ; calycis campanulati, cupulati lobis transversim ovatis, apice carinatis, abrupte cuspidatis ; tubo corollz campanulato, calyce breviore, lacinias limbi ovatas, acutiusculas, erectas, demum patentes equante ; staminibus limbo brevioribus, filamentis cicero antheris orbicularibus ; squamulis truncatis, apice fimbriatis, convergentibus ; stylis cum stigmatibus ovarium globoso-depressum duplo superantibus, apice ~iesaiana 3 stigmatibus stylorum longitudine ; corolla cireum am globosam circumscissam marcescente. Diese, der C. Epithymum niiher als der C. Europea verwandte Art, stints von gy am Caucasus, von Lede- bour am Altai gesammelt. Choisy begreift sie mit Unrecht unter C. major. — A. From Gray’s ManvaAt, ed. 1, Boston and Cambridge, 1848. 2. C. cHLorocarRPA, Engelm.: low, orange-colored ; flowers almost sessile, clustered ; corolla mostly 4-cleft, open-bell-shaped, the tube about the length of the acute lobes and calyx teeth, remaining persistent around the base of the depressed pod, the scales cut-fringed or cleft (rather small) ; stamensas long as the lobes. (C. Polygonorum, Engelm.) — Low grounds, covering Polygona and other herbs, Ohio and westward. 3. C. reNuIFLoRA, Engelm.: much branched, twining high, pale-colored; flowers at length peduncled and in rather loose cymes; tube of the corolla cylindrical fatatticies after flowering), twice the length bd = obtuse [351] spreading lobes and of the ovate obtuse calyx-lobes, in fruit borne on the summit of the depressed pod ; ate, cut-fringed ; stamens shorter than the lobes of the corolla. (C. Cephalanthi, Bact breiak s common through the Western States, on Cephalanthus and various tall herbs. From Gray’s MAnvuat, 5 ed., New York, 1868. 3. C. INFLEXA, Engelm. : flowers peduncled, in umbel-like cymes, 1” long ; tube of the mostly ihe oo [378] as long as the ovate acutish and minutely crenate erect inflexed lobes and the acute fected calyx lobes ; scales and few-toothed, appressed ; pod depressed, somewhat umbonate, of a thicker texture, brown, its top eee cn the remains of the corolla. (C. Coryli, Engelm. C. wmbrosa, Beyrich, and Ed. 2.) — Prairies and barrens, in rather dry soil, on Hazels, Ceanothus, and other shrubs or herbs ; from Western Virginia and Illinois southward and westward. From Parry’s BoranicAL OBSERVATIONS IN SouTHERN Uran, No. 5. (Amer. Nar., Vor. 1X. 1875.) 205. CUSCUTA DENTICULATA, n. sp. : stems very slender, hair-like ; flowers few, in loose glomerules, on [348] short pedicels, small (scarcely one line long), white ; lobes of the deeply divided globular calyx almost orbicular, overlapping, concave, thinly membranaceous, denticulate, covering the short campanulate (finally urceolate) tube of the corolla ; lobes broadly oval, obtuse, spreading, at last reflexed, as long as the tube ; scales narrow, denticulate, reach- ing to the base of the ovate, almost sessile anthers ; styles slender, as long as the conical, pointed ovary, bearing slightly thickened (scarcely capitate) stigmas ; aaa derveteel by the withering corolla, indehiscent (?), enclosing one or two seeds, — St. George, Utah, on shrubs and herbs (Coleogyne, Biscutella) in arid soil; the first addition to our Cuscuta- flora since my synopsis was published, 16 years ago. Apparently allied to C. applanata, Eng., of Arizona, but with much amsaller flowers and an acute, not depressed ovary, different calyx, ete. C. Californica, var. (’) squamigera, Engelm. Cuse. p. 499. On Sueda diffusa, Watson. Originally found in the same ae by Remy and in Arizona sii Dr. Palmer, always on saline herbs ; no collector has chiaiciet the fruit as yet. From THE Borany or Carrrornia, Vot. I. Cambridge, 1876. 3 SALINA, Engelm. n. sp.: stems slender; flowers (14 to 24 lines long) pedicelled in loose eymes, [536] shorter and wider than in the next [C. subinelusa]; lobes of the calyx ovate-lanceolate, acute, as long mens collected in Alabama and Georgia; the notice in der and mostly smaller flowers. The tube of the corolla Silliman’s Journal, Vol. XLIV. p. 195, must “ayers — exceeds the compact seales of the calyx ata iis, and is — It is very near Cuseuta (Lepidanche) ad, much narrower in proportion to its length; it gives, there- which thus far has only been found on the bottom Py of fore, to the capsule which it covers a much more pointed the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers. This is again a remark. appearance, though the capsule itself is fa globose. This able instance of two nearly allied species; one growing in the appearance of the vestiges of the corolla on the capsule dis- mountainous region of the Southern States, the in in tinguishes this species from C. adpressa just after flowering. the western lowlands. Analogies offer in Buptisia alba and | The corolla appears to be more membranaceous than in the leucantha, Phacelia Jimbriata and Purshii, and others. The western species, and remains whitish when well dali in ountain species is distinguished from its western relative the herbarium ; the other usually turns reddish-b by the closer and compacter glomerules, sad much more slen- COLLECTED DESCRIPTIONS OF CUSCUTA. 107 as the similar but mostly broader and overlapping denticulate lobes and as the shallow campanulate tube of the corolla ; filaments about as long as the oval anthers; fringed scales mostly shorter than the tube, sometimes incomplete ; styles as long as or shorter than the pointed ovary ; capsule conical, surrounded (not covered) by the withered corolla, mostly 1-seeded. — C. subinclusa, var. abbreviata, & C. Californica, var. (?) squamigera, Engelm. 1. c. [Tr. St. L. Acad. 1. 499, 500]. Saline marshes, on various Chenopodiaceous plants, especially Salicornia: Bay of San Francisco, 0. Wright, Bolander, Kellogg. Also extending to British Columbia (Lyall), and in the interior to Arizona and southern Utah. In many respects intermediate between the preceding |C. Californica] and the following species [C. subinclusa] : but dis- tinguished from the former by the presence of infrastamineal scales and the larger flowers ; from the latter by the less crowded flowers, with shorter, more delicate, and open corolla. From THE BoTraniIcAL GAZETTE, Vou. II. 1877. A new Cuscuta, new at least to North America, comes now from California. A great wan- [69] derer is this C. corymbosa, which nearly forty years ago stirred up the botanists of Europe, and the agriculturists not less. This interesting plant has quite a little history of its own. At the period indicated, between 1839 and 1843, an unknown Cuscuta made its appearance almost simultaneously in different parts of western Europe, and, singularly enough, always in Lucerne fields. In Germany it was described as C. suaveolens, C. Hassiaca, C. diaphana, and Engelmannia migrans, until Choisy, in DC. Prod., recognizing its American origin, took it for C. corymbosa, R. & P. In my monograph of Cuscuta, 1859, I established the identity of the immigrant with the South American C. racemosa, Mart., which had been introduced into Europe with the much-vaunted Chilian Ad/a//a, in reality the old established European fodder plant, the Lucerne, and which proved very destructive to its nurse- plant. After ten or fifteen years the energetic measures of the farmers, together with wet and cool summers, in which the seeds did not mature, seem to have eradicated the plant entirely, and as far as I am informed, it has not been heard of again in Europe. But now, lo and behold, our wanderer makes its appearance in northern California, and, precisely as before in Europe, in Alfalfa fields, “proving very injurious.” It has been, without doubt, here also imported from Chili. Rev. E. L. Greene, who has found so many new native plants in the Shasta Valley, sends also this troublesome newcomer. How long it has been there or whether it has appeared in other parts of California, where under the well-sounding name of Alfalfa the Lucerne is frequently cultivated, is as yet unknown, nor whether it will establish itself permanently. It may be well to direct the atten- tion of the farmers, who cultivate Alfalfa, to this dangerous enemy and to urge them to destroy any dodder which may show itself in their fields, before it can spread or mature seeds. C. racemosa, Mart., belongs like our common C. Gronovii to the section Clistoyrammica, characterized by two styles of unequal length tipped with capitate stigmas and a not-opening (baccate) capsule. Ovary and capsule are thickened towards the apex and somewhat pointed ; inflorescence loosely paniculated with longish pedicels; flowers 14-2 lines long, of thin texture, tube of corolla deeply campanulate, widening upwards, spreading lobes inflexed at the acute tip; scales nearly the length of the tube ; capsule commonly enveloped by the corolla. The variety, Chiliana, Eng. Cuse. p. 505, to which this form belongs, has larger and more delicate flowers than the original Brazilian type. The “new” Cuscuta racemosa, the Alfalfa-Dodder, was after all not new to Prof. Thurber [80] and to the readers of the “ American Agriculturist.” By an unpardonable oversight his article in the number of December, 1874, of that journal, adorned with a cut, was overlooked not only in the notice published in the “ Gazette” of January, but also in the Flora of California, published last summer. It seems that the parasite made its appearance in California at least three years ago on Luzerne fields, and its nature and dangerous character was recognized by Prof. Thurber and the means indicated to eradicate it. The little notice of this plant in the January number of the “ Gazette” has elicited the information from California that the parasite is “now well naturalized, here (about San Francisco Bay), and is a great pest among the Chili clover.” 108 COLLECTED DESCRIPTIONS OF CUSCUTA. From WATson’s CoNnTRIBUTIONS TO AMERICAN Botany, XI. (Proc. Amer. ACAD, Arts AND Sct., Vou. XVIII. Ava. 1883.) C. Porostna, Schaffner mss.: stems capillary; the flowers minute (scarcely a line long), ae [124] in small, rather loose clusters ; calyx-lobes triangular, acute, scarcely equalling the deeply campanulate co tube, which is rather longer than its erect, ovate, acute, somewhat inflexed and at last connivent lobes ; stamens short, the subglobose anthers senity as long as the filaments ; scales broad, deeply fringed, slightly — the tube; capil- lary styles nearly as long as the depressed ovary ; pee covered by the marcescent corolla, extremely thin, easily tearing off from its base, but not circumscissile, 1-seeded.— One of the smallest-flowered io closely allied to C. arvensis, from which the very fragile, 1-seeded capsule paren: by the hood-like corolla, principally distinguishes it. — Near San Luis Potosi (779 Schaffner); growing on some labiate, probably a Scutellaria. C. MITR#FoRMIS, Engelm.: stems thick; flowers short-pedicelled, crowded in large glomerules ; calyx-lobes orbicular, unequal, the outer carinate, fully as "long as the short-campanulate corolla-tube ; lobes of the corolla as long as the tube, broadly oval, rounded, at last spreading or reflexed ; subulate filaments as long as the linear-oblong anthers; scales very broad, deeply fringed, exsert, incurved ; ovary with very short subulate styles ; capsule large, exsert, 2-horned with the broad-spreading conical styles, regularly circumscissile. — Between San Luis Potosi and Tampico, in May; Dr. E. Palmer. Flowers 3 lines and capsule 4 lines long; clusters in fruit 10 to 12 lines thick. Nearly allied to C. Xalapensis, but distinguished by its much larger flowers and fruit, and by its short, thick, almost conical styles. EY PAPERS ON CACTESA, I. CACTEZ OF EMORY’S RECONNOISSANCE. From A LETTER IN Notes oF A MILITARY RECONNOISSANCE FROM Fort LEAVENWORTH, IN Missouri, To San Deco, In CaLiForNIA. . .. By W. H. Emory. Apprenpix No. 2. Washington, 1848. On the occasion of my report on the botany of Dr. Wislizenus’s voyage, I have made [157] a careful investigation of the Cactaceze,—of which he brought home with him more than twenty species, — and have been enabled to elucidate several points which had been unknown or obscure before; no doubt because in the hothouses of European gardens these curious plants, though they thrive pretty well, rarely produce flowers and fruit: so that from eight hundred species of Cactacese at present cultivated in Europe, perhaps not one fourth is known as to its flowers, and a much smaller proportion in fruit. I have ventured to describe some of your species from the drawing; my description, however, and the names given by me, must remain doubtful till we are able to obtain some more data to characterize the species. I have written it more for your information than for publication; but if you choose to append it to your published report, I have no objection to it, but must request you to make such corrections or alterations as your notes or your recollection of the plants will enable you to do, — for example, as to size, as in some of the drawings no size is mentioned ;* in which case I have assumed them to represent the natural size. I have, for convenience’ sake, numbered the different figures, and shall now proceed to copy for you the descriptions and remarks following my numbers. 1. Mamriiarta. Oct. 18, 1846. Head waters of the Gila, 6,000 feet above the sea. Proliferous in the highest degree, forming hemispherical masses often of a diameter of 3} feet, which are composed of. 100-200 different heads or stems. Single heads conical, apparently about 4 or 5 inches high and 23-3 inches in diameter ; color bluish- green ; spines white or reddish. This species appears to be allied to M. vivipara, but is distinguished by the conical heads and the hemispherical tufts, while M. vivipara has hemispherical or even depressed heads, and forms flat and spreading masses. It may be an undescribed species ; in which case the name of M. agyregata appears to be most appropriate. - Mamitiarra. Oct. 26, 1846. Rare; on the Gila, 3,000 or 4,000 feet above the sea. Apparently a Mamillaria, though the habit of the plant is more that of an Echinocereus; but all Echinocerei have the bunches of spines disposed in vertical ridges, which is not the case in the figure in question. Stems irregularly cylindrical, with divers contractions and swellings, about 4~6 inches high and 1}~-1} inches in diameter, many (in the figure 8) from one base. The name of M. fasciculata would indicate the peculiarity of this species. * Where the size is not mentioned, the original drawings are the size of nature. —W. H. E. [The accompanying figures are reduced, — Eps. ] x A - ee ea 1% on ft ss Aees a a a a i wm MEG hace , md ae 4 Ras Oat Cot. fn Me vf, ar fag in aes 1, 4 ta me Ae oe gt Bae Faia a Few hes fees a che —- re Sn aul Auvghe. atl Comer tl, Mp fasin Tt HE CACTEZ OF EMORY’S RECONNOISSANCE. . T 110 2 3 See ys See cs sl Me CACTACEH OF EMORY’S RECONNOISSANCE. 111 3. Mamrnnarta. Nov. 4, 1846. Abundant. Several (fig. 3) oval stems from one base, 14-2} inches high and 1} inch in diameter ; tubercles in about 13 rows ; spines whitish, short ; one small obovate red berry toward the apex not more than 1} line long. If the figure is correct, this species ought to be distinguished by the name of M. microcarpa, as I know of no other Mamillaria with such a small fruit 4, Ecurnocactus WIistizent, Engelmann in Wislizenus’s Report. Oct. 26, 1846.. In addition to the descrip- tion in Dr. Wislizenus’s Report, which I have drawn up from dried specimens, I observe in this figure that the species has twenty-one oblique ribs, is of an oval shape and bluish-green color; the ribs are acute, but not compressed, according to the representation of a section, and the grooves corresponding. Ecurnocactus. Oct. 25, 1846. 18 inches in diameter; height equal to the diameter; shape ventricose, eotitrasted towards the vertex, ther etaes somewhat urceolate; with 21 straight sharp ribs; spines apparently 8, straight, brown, color of plant bright green; vertex whitish Gomentoce ?); fruit 1 or 14 inches ion, oval, yellowish or reddish. Seed obovate, obliquely truncated at base, full 1 line long, black, opaque, * slightly opens: embryo curved or hooked, cotyledons accumbent, partly buried in the large farinaceous albumen. This species is distinct from all other New Mexican species examined by me, and is most probably undescribed. I propose to name it after its zealous discoverer, — who has, surmounting numberless difficulties, though occupied by severe and arduous duties, found leisure to do so much for the advancement of our knowledge of the wild countries traversed by him, — Echinocactus Emoryt 6. Crrevus. Nov. 21, 1846. 3 feet high. There can be but little doubt that we have here a species before us, which I have ie from Dr. Wislizenus and from Dr. Gregg, from the neighborhood of Chihuahua, [158] and which I have described in Dr. Wislizenus’s report by the name of C, Greggti, — erect, branching, with 5 Se ribs, dark green, with whitish areole, and about 8 short dusky spines. ecimen figured here is very remarkable on account of the fruit, which was unknown to me. Provided the desta is ed we have here a smooth oval acuminate fruit, crowned with the remains of the corolla, and sup- ported by a distinct stipe of a bright crimson color. stipe, as well as such an acumination, I have not seen in any other fruit of a cactus, Fruit, with the long acumination, 2} inches long, ? to 1 inch in diameter, stipe about $ inch long. Opuntta. Very abundant on the Del Norte and Gila. No date nor statement whether the figure represents the enburad size or is smaller. The species belongs to the section elliptice of Salm. It is ascending, older stems prostrate, branches and younger joints erect, 8-10 inches high ; joints orbicular-obovate, rounded, obtuse or sometimes acutish, of a bluish-green color, 1}-25 inches long and little less wide ; spines short and whitish ; berries obovate, scarlet, only about 3 or 4 lines long. If the figure represents the natural size, this species ought to bear the name . microcarpa. 8. OpunTIA. Oct. 28, 1846. Common on the Gila. Much branched, sub-erect, joints obovate, often acutish, purplish, with 2 or 3 longer brown spines directed oe ; fruits obovate, red. In the figure the joints are 14-2 inches long and 1-17 ‘wide ; fruit about 3 lines There are several Opuntice known with Sa iscdacl joints, but none in the least resembling this, and I must consider it as a distinct species, to which I would give the name of 0. violacea. 9. Opuntia? Oct. 22, 1846. Abundant on the Del Norte and Gila. A remarkable plant, apparently more like a Mamillaria than like an Opuntia. The fruit is also represented without areole or tubercles, exactly like the smooth fruit of a Mamillaria ; but this aaah = an oversight in the artist. The habit of the plant suggests the belief that it is an Opuntia of the section cylindrac Joints or branches ascending, shapes iad, 4-6 inches long, 1-1} inches in diameter ; tubercles very prominent, with about 8 long (1-1 inches) straight spines ; fruit shovate, umbilicate, searlet, towards the top of the branches, about 9 lines long and 6 in ales, It is a distinct species, which I am gratified to dedicate to the skilful artist who has drawn all these figures, — Mr. J. 11. Stanly. I therefore propose for it the name Opuntia Stanly. 10. Opuntia. Nov. 3, 1846. 4 feet high. Stem erect, with verticillate horizontal, or somewhat pendulous branches ; branches cylindrical, strongly tuberculated, about 8 lines in diameter, with short spines on the tubercles ; fruit pale-yellow, clavate, tuberculate, umbilicate, 1-2} inches long, 6-8 lines in diameter. is is probably the Opuntia arborescens, Engelmann in Wislizenus’s Report, though the spines are represented as being shorter than in my ae of O. arborescens from New Mexico and Chihuahua. 11. Opuntia. Novy. 2, 1846. Somewhat resembling the last, but forming “low, wide-spreading bushes.” Joints more slender, only sot 4 or 5 lines in diameter, alternating (not opposite nor verticillate), forming with the 112 THE CACTEZ OF EMORY'S RECONNOISSANCE. CACTEX OF PLANTA FENDLERIANA. 13 stem an acute angle, sub-erect, tubercles more prominent, areole ep seh . si lower edge, with 3 dusky deflexed spines ; fruit clavate, tuberculate, pale yellow, 1 inch long, 4 lines in dia I believe this to be an undescribed species, and would propose ae name ee it of O. Californica. 12. Opuntia. Oct. 1846. Abundant; 3 feet high, with spreading branches ; the same in circumference. I can see no Pie babe een this figure and a plant which - have received from El Paso by Dr. Wislizenus, and which I have described in his report under the name of O. vagin Nos, 13-15 are no Cacti. In 13 I recognize the Keberlinia, Zuccarini,—a shrub common in the chaparrals of northern Mexico, which has been collected in flower about Parras aan Saltillo by Dr. Wislizenus and Dr. Gregg. The fruit is unknown so far. The specimen figured is, however, in fruit; the berry (?) is globose, ?-i line in diameter, crowned with the rudiment of the style. It was collected Oct. 23, 1846, and is described as a shrub 3 feet high, with low, spreading boughs. Collected Nov. 15, 1846. 4 feet high; rare. Is perhaps another species of the same genus, but the entire absence of flower or fruit makes it impossible to decide. Branches similar, straight, leafless, ending in robust dark spines, but much elongated and sub-erect, not horizontal, as in No. 13. 15. Is entirely unknown to me. Perhaps it is an Amaryllidaceous plant. The fruit is said to be 5 inches long. A gigantic cactus was observed along the Gila River, about the middle part of its course, at an elevation [159] of from 2,000 to 4,000 feet. It is frequently mentioned in the report from the Ist to the 9th of November, and figured on several plates (pp. 72-79). It most probably is a true Cereus. I judge so from the seed, which fortunately has been preserved. This is obovate, obliquely truncate at base, black, smooth, shining, small (only about 0.7 line long); the embryo is hooked, the cotyledons foliaceous, incumbent; no albumen. If it is a constant fact that the cotyledons of the seeds of the genus Pilocereus are thick and ae and straight, the plant in question cannot belong to that genus, which comprises the most gigantic of the Cactus tri large Cereus, C. Peruvianus, is vastly different from our plant, which I would propose to name Cereus giganteus. Unfortanatey, I can say but little about the character of this species. The stem is tall, 25 to 60 feet high and 2 to 6 feet in circumference, erect, simple, or with a few erect branches ; ribs about 20, oblique or spiral (?); no spines AS (Emory’s notes, — probably only below without spines) ; aoe produeed toward the top of the stem or branches. (None of the fruit was procured, being too late in the season, but the molasses expressed from it by the Indians was procured in abundance at the Pimos village.) It is called Pitahaya by the Californians; but this appears to be a general name applied in Mexico and South America to all the large columnar Cacti which bear an edible fruit, — capes cially to Cereus variabilis, which is common on the eastern coast, but is widely distinct from our California gian St, Louis, Feb. 13, 1848. Il. CACTEA OF PLANTA FENDLERIAN~. From Memorrs AMERICAN ACADEMY, VoL. IV. 1849. 244, MAMILLARIA vivipaRA, Nutt. sub Cacto. Common from Bent’s Fort to Santa Fé, on rocky hills [49] and elevated plains ; flowering in waby- — “Heads mostly single, often in pairs, rarely ceespitose from the ramifi- eations of the subterraneous stem ;” not proliferous, as some specimens from the Upper Missouri are. — There can be little doubt that this is the true Cactus viviparus of Nuttall, although the flowers do not appear to be entirely central. I have living specimens from Santa Fé and from the Upper Missouri, and shall be able to decide their identity after having seen them flowering. — I possess also a living specimen of Nuttall’s Cactus mamillaris (Gen. p. 295), and have its flower and fruit. It is, as has been long suspected, entirely different from the West Indian Mamillaria simplex, DC., and is nearly related to M. similis, Engelm. in Pl. Lindh. I have named it after its discoverer. 1M. Nvrra.til, sp. nov.: simplex (an semper ?), if laceris acutis; petalis 20-23 integris breviter abrupte mucro- axillis tnberculorum ovato-cylindricorum supra levi natis; stylo supra stamina (rubella) _— exserto, a eed sulcatorum subtomentosis; ge junioribus ey sree bus circa 5 brevissimis erectis adpress cis aculeis rectis albidis, radialibus 13-16 subinzequalibus setaceis, lateralibus subglobosis coccineis. Cactus cine libis , Nutt., centrali porrecto robustiore; “floribus ex axillis tuberculorum non Linn. — On high, dry prairies, about Fort Piorre, on the hornotinorum centralibus (ex rubello flavicantibus); sepalis Upper Missouri; flowering in May. — My specimen is 14 inch petalisque oblongo-lanceolatis; sepalis 10-13, brevioribus ex- high, and of the same diameter; the tubercles 6 or terioribus ciliato-fimbriatis obtusiusculis, interioribus apice long, in 8 spiral rows, slightly suleate. Radial spines 4 or 5; 15 114 CACTEA OF PLANTA FENDLERIAN. 245. M. PAPYRACANTHA, sp. nov.: ovata, prolifera, aculeis omnibus planis chartaceis flexilibus albis, radialibus brevibus 8 centralibus 3-4 multo longioribus, 2-3 superioribus sursum curvatis, singulo inferiore longiore latiore deorsum flexo ; floribus centralibus (albidis) ; sepalis 12-16 ovatis acutis integris ; petalis sub-13 lanceolatis acumi- natis integris ; stigmatibus 5 suberectis exsertis albidis. — In a valley between the lower hills, near Santa Fé, in loose, sandy, though se soil: found only once ; flowering in May. — About 2 inches high and 14 inch in diameter ; the tubercles in about 8 spiral rows ; lower ones proliferous ; their shape not well distinguishable in the half-rotten specimen before me. ps. silky-white, shining, of the consistency of stiff paper. None of the 8 radiating spines (13 or 2 lines long) are directed upwards, but all laterally or downwards; the 2 or 3 central curved [50] spines are directed upwards, and 6 to 8 or 9 lines long, the middle ones shorter or wanting. The lower central spine is the longest (10 to 14 lines) and broadest, being from 1 to 1} line wide. Flowers pearly white, 12 to 13 lines long and 12 to 15 lines in diameter. Lower sepals membranaceous; the upper herbaceous in the middle. Petals about two lines wide. 246. CEREUS VIRIDIFLORUS, Engelmann in Wislizenus’s Report, note 8, sub Echinocereo, Eastern mountains of Santa Fé, on sunny, rocky declivities ; flowering in May and June. — I have seen specimens brought from other parts of New Mexico of much larger size than those of Fendler or Wislizenus ; some of them 14 inch in diameter and 3 to 4 inches high, some with stout central spines, others entirely destitute of them 247. C. coccingus, Engelm. 1. ¢., sub Echinocereo. Higher mountains about Santa Fé; often in large [51] clusters of 8 or 15 heads ; flowering in May. — The areole are hardly oval, but almost orbicular, and are dis tinguished from those of most related spicied by their large size. — Among a number of plants of this faanity which Mr. Fendler sent from Santa Fé in a living state, but which unfortunately were all dead when they came to hand, are e specimens which appear to be varieties of this species, namely : — 8. MELANACANTHUS : aculeis radialibus 10-12 cinereis, centrali longissimo atrofusco porrecto recto seu leviter deorsum curvato.— y. CYLINDRICUS: subsimplex cylindricus ; aculeis 8 radialibus, singulo robustiori porrecto. C. TRIGLOCHIDIATUS, Engelm. 1. ¢., sub Echinocereo. Higher mountains about Santa Fé ; also in gravelly soil on tha lower hills ; flowering in May and June. — To the description given in Wislizenus’s Report I will add here that the spines are often somewhat curved ; the ridges are sharp, but the grooves between them very wide and shallow ; the areole widely distant from one another (often over 1} inch) ; and the expression “ areolis sparsis,” in th e character, ought to be changed to areolis distantibus. the central one 5 to 6 lines long; the young spines at the apex only half as large, although the pits of the globose black seed he same size. 1 After a careful revision of the characters which distin- . Those n to me as belonging to New Mexico, Chihuahua, and Texas, may be ed into t namely: — §1. meee Sete 4-10-costato; aculeis radialibus pl. m. por- non pectinatis; areolis orbiculatis. eke Tuberculis subdistinctis. 1. C. PROcUMBENS, sp. nov. ined.: tuberculis iSeiaibe: aculeis brevibus tenuibus, 5-6 radialibus, 1 centrali. — Matamoras. teretibus. 8, oe — 9. Costis 9-11; radialibus pices centrali io. ©. greesmreeeate Engelm. 1. c. not. 28. Costis 10; aculeis radialibus 10-12, centr, 4 rectis. ££ Rance : ne es, aculeis radialibus 8, s 5. (C, FENDLERI, sp. nov. st yon 9-10, aculeis radialibus 7, centrali 1 curvato * Aculeis — angulatis. 6. C. ENNEACA gelm. 1. c. not. 46. leis radi ries Py pre Zt recto. 7. (C. TRIGLocHIDIATUS, Engelm. 1. c, not. 9. Costis 6-7; aculeis 3-6 pipiens Costis 10; acu- § 2. SuLcatr: caule sinubus 10-24 parum incisis sulcato; areo- lis pl. m. elongatis; acul. rad. tinato-connatis. 8. C. pasyacanTHous, Engelm. 19. Septdec decim-sulcatus ; aculeis radialibns caipatondl cen- tralibus radiales hes eee er —— deflexis. C. RUFISPINUS, Engelm. 1. ecim-sulcatus ; aculeis rad. adpressis Fic ets, centrali 1 robusto + persion nee ; 10. C. apusTUs, Engelm ‘Le , aculeis rad. peetinatia fers adustis centrali nullo seu lrobusto. The last form is 2. ANS (Ee hanvesreib radians, Engelm. 1. c. n ll. ©. IFLORUS, Engelm. 1. c. not. 8. Tredecim-sulcatus 5 aculeis rad. pectinatis variegatia, centrali nullo seu idw. sub Echinocacto; Engelm. 1. c. ereo. Octodecim-23-sulcatus; acu- leis radialibus — centralibus 2-5 setae ee C. cxspitosus, Engelm. in PI. 18-sul- catus; aculeis fe rad. a centrali walle CACTEA OF PLANTA FENDLERIANA. 115 249. C. FENDLERI, sp. nov.: globoso-ovatus, simplex vel e basi proliferus, caspitosus ; costis 9-10 obliquis tuberculatis interruptis ; areolis orbiculatis approximatis ; aculeis basi bulbosis robustis, radialibus sub-7 compressis subincurvis fuscis demum cinereis (tribus inferioribus longioribus, superioribus brevioribus, summo nullo); aculeo centrali robustiore longiore teretiusculo sursum curvato atro-fusco ; floribus campanulatis; tubo pulvillis sub-30 albo- tomentosis stipato, inferioribus aculeos setaceos albos apice adustos 8-12 radiales et singulum centralem, superioribus aculeos sub-3 robustiores longiores curvatos albos gerentibus ; ; sepalis interioribus 12-15 lineari-lanceolatis acutis ; petalis See game eas acutis vel obtusis 16-24; stigmatibus 12-14 viridibus stamina numeronsans vix supe- rantibus. — 8. PA CULUS: has robustis abbreviatis, radialibus 5-7, seach subnullo. — San , on elevated sandy plains ; Pere in June. — The specimens before me are 2} inches high, and at the base of the same diameter; the areolz from 4 to 6 lines dotaak ; the lower radial spines 7 to 10, the upper from 3 or 4 to 6 lines long ; central spine somewhat erect, curved upwards, 10 to 15 lines long. In var 8. the spines are all from 3 to 6 lines long. The upper spine is wanting in all my specimens, and the opposite lowest one is longer than any except the central spine. Flowers from 24 to 3} inches long and wide, vivlet-purple. The spines on the lower part of the tube are from 2} to 3, and on the upper from 3 to 5 lines long. Petals variable in shape. 250. OPUNTIA PHAIACANTHA, sp. : diffusa ; articulis obovatis seu orbiculato-obovatis compressis; [52] areolis orbiculatis fusco-setosis margine satiate aculeos robustos 1-5 rectos compressos inzequales fuscos apice pallidiores plerumque deflexos garenitititis rariusve nudis; ovario obconico areolis sub-30 tomento pallide fusco instructis, superioribus albo-setosis ; sepalis interioribus sub-20 late obovatis retusis seu emarginatis; petalis 10-13 tusis seu emarginatis; stigmatibus 5-7 suberectis stamina vix superantibus; bacca obovato-pyriformi nuda. — On rocky hills about Santa Fé, and on the Rio Grande, very common ; flowering in May and June. This appears to be a most northern form of the Opuntiz with yellow or brown and fattened spines, which belong to the section of 0. Tuna. Another species, with larger joints and larger fruit, occurs in Texas. — Some specimens before me are prostrate, with ascending branches; the joints 5 or 5} ares long and 34 or 4 wide ; areole an inch distant from each other, most of them bearing stout spines; the lower sometimes only 1, the upper from 2 to 5, but mostly 3 or 4; one or two are directed agen, the other and stouter ones more or lees downward. Larger spines 1} to 2 inches long, dark brown with lighter tips ; the smaller from } inch to 1 inch long, whitish. — Another specimen has larger, more orbiculate joints, from 6 to 8 inches long and 5 or 6 wide ; the spines fewer, all directed downwards, or areole none at all; The flowers which have been distributed under this number are 2 or 24 inches in on ny diameter; ovary about 1 inch long; sepals yellow with red; petals yellow; stamens red 0 low ; oe apparently green. The fruit which Mr. Fendler says belongs to this species is about half an fidks Jig red, smoo apparently juicy when fresh ; the seeds often 3 lines i in diameter, margined like those of O. vulgaris everal sane Opuntize z with compressed joints, some of them with fleshy, others with dry and spiny baa wae - them very pd and others almost Fein of spines, —have been collected by Mr. Fendler about Santa Fé; but for want of complete materials, a description is not here attempted. 251. O. CLAVATA, ‘te eres ae in Wislizenus’s Report, note 12. Plains hae Santa Fé, — never found on the mountains; flowering in e, —I add to the description already published, that the areole are very large and closely pater imate. From 9 to il ‘ocular and narrower spines are a upw a or radiating; about 6 of them are wnward, and are larger and longer ; the former are fro o 4, or even 6 or 8, ne long; the latter are ia 6 ts 14 lines long. The joints form a large and spreading, ia ae mass, which attains the diameter of several feet. e 52. O. ARBORESCENS, Engelm. l. c., note 5. Hills and elevated plains, from Bent’s Fort, on the Arkansas, to Santa Fé; flowering in June. — About 5 feet high, sometimes as much as 5 inches in diameter [53] below ; the older stems and branches terete ; the younger joints strongly tuberculated. Spines often an inch long ; generally from 15 to 25 in each fascicle. 116 CACTEA OF PLANTZ LINDHEIMERIANA. Ill. CACTEZ OF ENGELMANN AND GRAY’S PLANTA LINDHEIMERIANS. Part i. OPUNTIA FRAGILIS, Nutt., var. FRUTESCENS. 244 thickets (vide No. 233), on the Colorado; o stem, covered with light gray bark, and sometimes with lichens, larger one (4-5 lines long) ; these disappear from the older stems. terete (or angular when withered), and bear the ultimate articulations, which are about an branches are green and t O. frutescens, Engelm. mss. n acquiring the height of 4 or 5 feet, with a branching ligneous From Boston JouRNAL OF NATURAL History, Vout. V. 1845. Near the Muskit- [245 (37)] It bears bunches of small capillary spines, with one The wood is hard and close-grained. The younger inch long, and very easily break off. These bear when young, like rE Opuntiz, short terete subulate leaves, with a single spine in their axils, and above this a bunch of small ones. with the obovate so scarlet ie which are about 8 lines siice , fleshy, but eds, is most remarkable, these fruits are often proliferous, and bear (2-5) white, compres specimens are not in flower, but are covered not juicy, and contain very few ‘om 1 to 4 ord new hdkincles from the upper Sten of spines, The fruit either falls off with these branches, or ali dries up, persists, and finally forms part of the stem.} 1 Mr. Lindheimer has sent seven other Cacti, mostly in living specimens, namely : — [246 (38)] 1. OpuNTIA, sp.: without fruit or flower; probably O. vul- garis, It attains the height of several feet, with large obovate joints and a few spines. 2. O. MissourrEensis? Perhaps 0. vulgaris, but very spiny. 38. MAMILLARIA SIMILIS, n. s albidis, pointe, peut basi spa dustry. »Evidently near Jf. simplex, —at least to Nuttall’s plant of that name, — but czspitose, forming tufts often a foot in diameter. Flowers not seen rries scarlet, of the size of a large pea. numerous, subglobose, scrobiculate, black, with an elongated white hilum. I have living plants, but they have not pa flowered. 4. M. suLcaTa, n. sp.: cespitosa ; tuberculis ovato- oblongis ne sib apicem versus prolifero superne exa- spinis rectis radiantib ersus cilia sordide flavis ad basin intus SNe in brevibus rubicun- dis ; stylo supra stamina ; stigmatibus 7-10 flavis; baccis setingfe ol virescentibus. —With the preceding. Flowers opening for two or three days, in direct sunshine, 2 inches or sepals, denticulate petals, ete. [This pretty species has diss payin in the Cambridge Botanic Garden.] 5. ECHINOCACTUS SETISPINUS, n. subglobosus, apice 85 ae pleramque 13 nentis subobliqus aculeis 15-18 fi fuscis » Superiori- bus 3-5 elongatis, fi centralibus longissimis erectis, caeteri s minutis solita ariis e macula subtom entosa tis nutim tuberculatis. = Weasins on the Colorado River. Near E£. tonntapisinia, Link & Otto, from Brazil. Our specimens are about 2 inches in diameter and 14 inch high, with pretty sharp ribs separated by deep grooves. The longest apne are 15 lines long ; flowers about 5 lines long. . E,. LINDHEIMERI, n. sp.: hemispherico-depressus, ver- tice oa oso ; costis 21 verticalibus acutis subundulatis ; : eintbes 6-7 ineequalibus radiantibus subrectis centrali recurvata multo brevioribus ; floribus e vertice depresso to- mentoso ex axillis fasciculoram spinarum einndactitl pro- venientibus confertissimis; sepalis (80-100) in tubum brevem infundibuliformem Janosum coalitis lanceolatis spinoso-aristatis, interioribus mar gine here : eed (39)] petalis (4 0-50) Lineari- oblongis margine fimbria ifidis aristatis ; staminibus numerosissimis bus ; stigmate irregulariter 14-17-fido. — On deserted ant- hills, near the Colorado River. Often a foot in ee : our specimens are 8 or 9 inches in diameter and 4 or 5 i high. Spines strongly prone stout, the larger ones atten 2inches long. Flowers about 2 inches in length, twelve or more aggregated in the woolly ea The petals at the base are scarlet, verging to orange, from which a pale purple cr violet midrib extends to the apex, and is prolonged into a delicate bristle of the same color, while the upper part of the tal is pearly white, with feathery margins. The flowers remain for three days, catia only in bright sunshine. . CEREUS CHSPITOSUS, n. sp.: ovato-globosus demum cylindricus, apice de een ambi licatus ; costis sub-15 e tu- b cem versus ciliato- gana a exterioribu lar reduced Cereus, quite —— and even occasionally, in the manner of Opuntia, beginnin when only 2 inches high, and oe pliee than Sa but aga the height of at least 6 inches ; the ribs from 12 to s in flower for two days; the flowers about 2 inches broad om fully expanded. Petals rose-purple. Filaments reddish at the base, yellow at the summit. CACTEH OF PLANTA LINDHEIMERIANZ. 117 Part II. From Boston JouRNAL oF NATuRAL History, Vou. VI. 1850. Mr. Lindheimer has again sent many living specimens of Cactacee from New Braunfels, San Antonio, the Pierdenales, and the Liano. Among them I not only recognized all the species described in Plant. Lindh. (Boston Journal, Vol. V.), but found also a number of new forms. From other sources I have obtained other species from the lower Rio Grande. All these will be enume- rated here in order to complete, as far as possible, the catalogue of the Texan Cactacee. A corre- spondence with Prince Salm Dyck,— than whom none is better acquainted with these curious plants, —and his examination of living specimens of most of the species, enables me to give this revision an authenticity not otherwise attainable. MAMILLARIA. § 1. FRucru vVIRIDI, OVALI; COROLLA PERSISTENTE ; TESTA SEMINUM PERGAMENTACEA FUSCA; FLORIBUS EX AXILLIS TUBERCULORUM HORNOTINORUM M. catcarata. WM. sulcata, Engelm. Pl. Lindh. 1. ¢., non Pfeiffer. Near M. scolymoides, Schdw., but sufficiently distinct, according to Prince Salm. — Rocky and hard, clayey soil, on the Upper Guutalonpe: ad [196] specimens from there are mostly densely czespitose ; tubercles in thirteen oblique rows; proliferous groov ducing the buds always near its upper end. Flowers 2 inches long and 2 to 2$ inphen i in diameter ; tte, 8 ae rather outer firmer perigonial leaves) 20-35 ; sepals (inner more delicate petaloid aratuid leaves) 30-35; yellow (dirty yellow only when fading), reddish at the base. M. compacta, Engelm. in Wisliz. Rep. note 32, from the mountains of Chihuahua, is mentioned here only in order to add to the description of the plant that of the flower, which I have had occasion to examine in the living state. — Floribus in vertice dense lanato centralibus; sepalis (17-19) lanceolatis acutis integris (rufescentibus, inte- rioribus margine flavis) ; petalis (28) oblongo-lane solatin mucronatis versus apicem denticulatis (sulphureis) ; fain matibus 7-8 cuspidatis flavicantibus supra stamina portion: oe xsertis. — Flowers at the end of Jun — of July (in St. Louis). Flower-bud dark reddish-brown ; flower about 15 lines long aa of ne same diameter. Petals 6 lines long and 1? lines wide. fees 2 lines ae cuspidate, as in WM, vivipara, while all other species known to me have Shins stigmata. M. RApDIOSA, n. sp.: simplex s. parce prolifera, ovata seu cylindrica ; tuberculis teretibus supra plus minus suleatis apice ex tomento albo aculeatis; aculeis rectis numerosis valde inzequalibus, plurimis (20-30) radiantibus tenuioribus albicis, Sikes 4—5 robustioribus fuscis s, rarius flavis, 3-4 sursum directis, singulo deflexo; axillis nudis, suleo cabennonlio’ ; floribus (violaceis) ex axillis tuberculorum hornotinorum ortis sparsis (nee centralibus) ; sepalis petalisque lineari-lanceolatis acuminatis aristatis ; _Sepalis (40-50) arachnoideo-fimbriatis, exterioribus breviori- s adpressis, interioribus longioribus recurvatis ; petalis (30-40) integris s. basi subciliatis patentibus ; a (violaceis) numerosissimis equalibus ; stylo longe ae stigmatibus 7-9 (violaceis) erectis obtusis ; oblonga viridi floris rudimento coronata; seminibus fulvis ovatis scrobiculato-punctatis.— Sterile, sandy coil on [197] the Pierdenales ; flowers (in St. Louis) about the middle of June. The flowers open for three days, in direc ni only, nt later than most other Cactacee,— namely, from twelve or one till three or four o Aven) Stems Be inches high, about 2 inches in diameter, dark green; tubercles in 13 oblique rows; ? radian spines from 4-6 lines long; flowers 14-9} inches long, and about the same Sianseet when satis a pale of a ‘ihier violet color or of a splendid dark purple; stigmas deep oF pur ple. — Very near M. vivipara, Haw., which has been found from the Upper Missouri to Santa Fé. This, however, is distinguished by its low, mostly ceespitose eats, by the smaller number of radiant spines (14-18), thé sit of the deflexed central spine, the smaller central flowers, the apiculate stigmata and smaller seeds ; it also flowers earlier (in St. Louis about the middle of May), but, like M. radiosa, opens the flowers only after twelve o’clock. In M. vivipara the youngest tubercles produce in their axils the flowers which appear central, and remain so till after fructification, whereupon new tubercles are developed in the centre, and the young fruit is pushed aside and becomes more and more lateral. In M. radiosa the flower-buds are _also formed in the axils of the first young tubercles of the season, but are immediately pushed aside by a continuous growth of more tubercles ; the buds, as well as the flowers and fruits, are therefore lateral. M. vivipara has not yet been found in Texas, though it may be expected in the mountainous regions bordering New Mexico. 2 It will hardly be necessary to mention that there are of the tubercles. It is well known that in different speci- several different sets of rows of tubercles observable; but one |- mens of the same species they turn to either side, right or set is usually more distinct than the others. They na ata left. on the size of the plant, and the number, size, and close 118 CACTEA OF PLANTA LINDHEIMERIANA. § 2. FRUCTU COCCINEO ; COROLLA DECIDUA. * Fructu clavato meek seminum testa pergamentacea, fusca ; caule simplici, succo lacteo; floribus ex [198] is tuberculorum anni prioris.® M. APPLANATA, n. sp.: simplex, depressa ; tuberculis ae ap aE subquadrangulatis apice ex tomento albo lanoso demum evanescente aculeiferis ; aculeis rectis 15-20 tenuioribus inequalibus radiantibus, singulo centrali robustiori erecto ; axillis nudis ; floribu us sordide albidis 8, vaitelita ; ovario glabro, sepalis 8-13 lanceolatis; petalis 12-18 lanceolatis mucronatis, internis versus apicem fimbriato-denticulatis ; stigmatibus 5-8 stamina brevia pauca flavida longe excedentibus flavis; baccis elongato-clavatis; seminibus pabitolicncsciriitis scrobiculatis rugulosis vis. — Rocky plains on the Pierdenales; flowers (in St. Louis) in May. Flowers forming a circle or wreath, in the larger specimens, of 1-14 inches diameter, around the growth of tubercles of the same year, while the scarlet fruit is frequently still persistent, and forms an outer circle. -_ 24 to 44 inches in diameter, 1-2 inches high, with an almost level top and depressed vertex; in larger specimens 34, in smaller ones 13 or 21, spiral rows of tubercles are most conspicuous. Radiating spines 23-6 lines long, aay the 3 or 4 outer or lower are stouter and very light brown ; the central spines erect, or rather somewhat inclined upwards and inwards, 2-4 (mostly 3) lines long, light yellowish-brown. The innermost tubercles of the preceding year appear to produce the inconspicuous flowers, which are from 9 to 12 lines long, urceolate when not fully expanded in bright sunshine. Berry 8 to 15 lines long. HEMISPHARICA, n. sp.: simplex, hemisphzrica; tuberculis elongato-pyramidatis subquadrangu- [199] latis apiece ex tomento albo brevi mox cs aculeiferis ; aculeis rectis, 9-10 cs aha ineequalibus iantibus, singulo centrali robustiori porr axillis nudis ; floribus sordide albidis s. ubellis ; ; ovario glabro ; sepalis sub-13 lanceolatis acutis vel gS naa tp petalis sub-13 oblongo-lanceolatis os integris 8. versus apicem denticulatis ; stigmatibus 5-8 ex flavido rubellis supra stamina numerosa ru ertis; baccis elongato- elavatis ; seminibus elongato-ovatis rugulosis minutis. — Below Matamoras, on the Rio Granta. " Nrvnght home by the St. Louis Volunteers in 1846 ; flowers (in St. Louis) in May. Very similar to the last species, but well distinguished by the hemispherical shape, the much smaller number of shorter spines, the less woolly areole, and the much smaller, less rough, and lighter-colored seed. I can see no essential difference in the flower. Body of the plant 3-43 inches in diameter, 2-3 inches high ; flowers 10-15 lines long and about the same diameter when fully open in the forenoon sun, urceolate in the afternoon. Radial spines 2 or 3-4, the central spine 2-3 lines long M. gumMirera, Engelm. in Wisliz. Rep. note 33, has now flowered with me, and proved, as was expected, similar to the two foregoing species. I add here the description of the flower. — Floribus rubellis ; ovario glabro; sepalis sub-13 oblongo-inearibus obtusiusculis fimbriatis; petalis 16 eens breviter acuminatis eae erosis ; stigmatibus 6 stamina brevia rubella longe excedsidthets petala subzequantibus virescentibus. — Flow 15 lines ious, 6-12 sa wide when fully open, town ish-red outside, the petals reddish-white, with dark nl in the middle. Flower larger than that of M. applanata, much darker and more elegantly colored; style longer, etc. Fruit not seen. * * Fructu subgloboso; seminum testa dura nigra; caule prolifero (an semper ?), succo aqueo; floribus ex axillis tuberculorum hornotinorum M. Norra, Engelm. in Plant. Fendl., from the Upper Missouri. The only specimen I possessed [200] was unfortunately iaenvet = Mamillaria inilhe Engelm. in Plant. Lindh. |. ¢., first discovered by Mr. Lindheimer near the Brazos, has since been found by him south of the Guadaloupe, about New Braunfels, and on the Pierdenales, in several “Sill It has frequently flowered with me, and annually produces abundant fruit. I substitute the following character and description. 4 : subsimplex s, plerumque czespitosa ;_ tuberculis ovato-cylindraceis supra plus minus sulcatis (sulco in junioribus basin versus tomentoso sepe prolifero) axilla tomentosis ; areola albo-tomentosa demum nuda ; aculeis 10-12 rectis albidis, radiantibus tenuioribus equalibus, centrali nullo s. singulo robustiori ; floribus ex axillis tubercu- lorum hocnitinaiien subcentralibus s. demum lateralibus (flavis s. ex rubello flavicantibus); sepalis petalisque lineari- lanceolatis acuminato-aristatis ; sepalis 15-25 ciliato-fimbriatis sepe plus minus recurvis ; petalis 20-30 integris 8. basi subciliatis ; stigmatibus 5-8 virescentibus supra stamina numerosissima exsertis ; bacca obovato- subglobosa coccinea ; seminibus nigris subglobosis scrobiculatis majoribus. * It has been stated over and over again that all the Cac- years. In Wisliz. Rep. 1. c., I have stated that some opaied tacee parallele (with cotyledons parallel to the more or less larie probably formed an eieeptial to that ru What compressed sides of the seed, see Wisliz. Rep. pp. 91 and 92) a supposition then I have since ascertained to be the fact. produce the flowers from the same year’s growth, and the These few species, however, are the only ones in which I have contrarie (cotyledons contrary to the compressed as yet observed this exception. sides of the seeds) from that of the last preceding or former CACTEZX OF PLANTA LINDHEIMERIANA, 119 a. CESPITOSA: gracilior ; aculeis radiantibus sub-12, centrali subnullo; sepalis 15-20; stigmatibus sub-5. 8. ROBUSTIOR: subsimplex; aculeis radiantibus sub-10, centrali robustiori; sepalis 20-25; petalis 25-30 ; stigmatibus 7-8. Flowers (at St. Louis) in May, — Stems 1}-23 inches high, alavaie: of smaller dianintes taberdhen i often in 13 rows ; spines 3-4, in B. 4-8 — long ; central spine, when present, 6 lines long. Grooves proliferous worries the upper or the lower end. Flowers 13-2 inches long, and of the same diameter when fully open, radiating like stars with their pale yellow, silky vie giving this species a most beautiful appearance when several open on the same morning ; petals 12-15 lines long and 2 lines wide. Berries 3-5 lines in diameter. ECHINOCACTUS. [201] The Lape described i in the account of Lindheimer’s plants under the name of L, setispinus were the most northern and rather diminutive forms of this beautiful species ; the flowers were incorrectly described from a withered bud adhering a one of the specimens. Numerous plants have since been sent by Lindheimer from San Antonio, and by the St. Louis Volunteers from the lower Rio Grande. E. sETIsPINus, Engelm. 1. c.: ovato-subglobosus s. oblongo-cylindraceus ; costis 13 acutis sepe undulatis s. subinterruptis plus minus sbliquis; ; areolis remotis, junioribus flavido- s. albido-tomentosis ; aculeis steer inesr une ate 10-16, summis longioribus imisque flavicanti-fuscis, lateralibus albidis, centrali subsingulo robusti uoso 8. apice uncinato; floribus solitariis nudis infundibuliformibus, tubo glaberrimo ; ; sepalis inferioribus ordi obtusis s. cuspidatis 25-40, superioribus elongatis lanceolatis 15-25 omnibus margine membranaceis basi auriculato-cordatis tenuiter ciliatis ; petalis 20-30 (cum basi miniata flavis) oblanceolatis acutis integris s. denticulatis ; stylo supra stamina rubella ine exserto; stigmatibus 5-8 sulphureis recurvis s. erectis; bacca pulposa globosa rubra ter ae sepalorum infimorum Sa es stipata. US : ae subovatus ; aculeis radialibus 10-12, centrali robustiori hamato. . hamatus, Muhlenpf. E. Makers, B. 8 EUS: minor, subglobosus ; aculeis radialibus 14-16, centralibus 1-3 setiformibus flexuosis. L. setispinus, Engelm. = c. — Texas, from the Colorado to the Rio Grande. Flowers from April or May to October, and therefore, on account of its beautiful flower, one of the most valuable species for cultivation. — Plant 2-4 inches in diameter and 14-6 or 8 inches high ; flowering when quite small, simple or (in cultivation at least) sometimes ogee at base. Var. a. is the larger ae form, with fewer, stouter, and longer spines (radial 6-16 lines, central 12- lines long). Var. 8. is the smaller, more northern form, with more and thinner spines (radial 5-10, ane [202] 12-16 lines long). ices ie 20 to 35 lines long and 24-30 in diameter when fully open; petals then often somewhat recurved; flowers open two days, only in bright forenoon sunshine. My specimens from the Rio Grande have 5 erect stigmata and a longer flower ; ps the others have 6-8 spreading or even recurved stigmata and a shorter flower-tube. Berry about 4 lines in diamet Withered —- finally deciduous. Fruit often bursting, when the filamentous red pulp and the black, ehfnahile shag ed, verrucose seeds are seen. This pulp is formed by the clavate, elongated, twisted funiculi, which most probably form che pulp “of all the soft Cactus fruits; but they do not always remain as distinct as in this species. E. Texensis, Hepf. LE. Lindheimeri, Engelm. 1. c. Mostly depressed, but sometimes globose. Common from the Colorado +e the Rio Grande, and from thence to Saltillo (Dr. Gregg). Near New Braunfels it prefers the so-called Muskit-flats, or fertile level places with muskit-trees, overflowed in the rainy season. My specimens have several times fructified. Berry subglobose, pulpy, red, about 8 or 9 lines in diameter,. covered with spiny bristles and soft wood, crowned by the woolly remains of the flower; seeds reniform, compressed, large, smooth, and shining. Ribs in smaller specimens 13-14, in larger mostly 21, sometimes 24. Areole about 6 lines long and 12 lines apart. Spines from 6-10 lines long in some, 15-25 lines in others ; sometimes the central spine is 2 or 3 lines Flowers all open within a few days, i in May (in St. Louis) ; unlike the last-mentioned species. CEREUS. 402. C. casprrosvs, Engelm. Plant. Lindh. 1. ce. Common about New Braunfels; in flower in May. — This plant has been cultivated in Europe, as Prince Salm informs me, under the name of Echinopsis Reichen- bachiana, Hortul., and has been confounded with ©. pectinatus. Compare Wisliz. Rep. Appendix, note 45. [203] This species has ins been sent from Saltillo by Dr. Gregg. Mr. Lindheimer has sent from the granitic region of the Liano a beautiful variety with chestnut-brown spines. 8. CASTANEUS. — The characters given in Plant. Lindh. to this species have been corrected in Wisliz. Rep. l. c. I add here only that the fruit of this, as well as of all the other northern Cerei seen by me, ripens within a few weeks, — contrary to what is observed in our Mamil- larie and Opuntie,— and mostly bursts open longitudinally when ripe. —I cannot omit an interesting morpho- logical observation made on this species. The usual structure of the flower of all Cerei observed by me is the 120 CACTEX OF PLANTA LINDHEIMERIANZ. following. ‘The ovary is covered with very short and (for the greater part) adnate sepals; the adnate part forms a oe (tubercle) ; the free part is mostly very small, often only a minute deciduous scale. In the axil of the scale we find the areola, covered with a short tomentuma, long wool, and almost always with bristles or spines. All this Deets forms the pulvillus of pie Next in sid follow those sepals which form the tube of the flower. The lower of these are entirely similar to the sepals on the ov In the upper or interior sepals the tip, or free part, becomes larger and larger, more herbaceous, and finally more or ‘ine petaloid ; the wool and bristles become scarcer, but the latter longer, and are produced from an areola which is almost always situated in the axil of the sepal, where its free part separates from the common tube. Now, in C. cespitosus the free upper part of these sepals.of the tube is more and more elongated, somewhat terete, not foliaceous, and bears the areola with its wool and bristles just below the subulate or (in the innermost sepals) somewhat foliaceous tip, reminding us almost of the tubercles of a Mamil- laria. The descriptions given in Plant. Lindh, and in Wisliz. Rep. have to be corrected accordingly. C. PROCUMBENS, n. sp.: humilis ; cs subtereti s. ey oi aaa ramosissimo ; tuberculis aculeiferis distinctis 4-5-fariis ; areolis parvis orbiculatis, junioribus breviter albo-tomentosis; aculeis brevibus tenuibus [204] albidis apice fuscis, 5-6 radiantibus, pene singulo erecto nh longiore ; ects diurnis; ovario tuboque brevi pulvillis sub-40 albido-villosis setas spinescentes breviores fuscas 6-9 gerentibus stipato; sepalis interioribus sub-15 lineari-lanceolatis acuminatis ; petalis 18-20 oblongo-linearibus acutis mucronatis subintegris (violaceis) ; stigmate viridi infundibuliformi 10-partito stamina (pallide seiboitate ne ee — On the lower Rio Grande, below Matamoras, collected by the St. Louis Volunteers in 1846, — Plant spreading, 3-5 inches high. Joints or branches 14-2 inches long, } inch in diameter, much icant) at the oa: Tubercles 4 or 5 lines distant from one another, — often in 4 rows, whence the plant derives a distinctly quadrangular appearance ; or in 5, when it is more cylindrical. Radial spines 6, or mostly only 5, the uppermost being frequently abortive, 1-14 lines long ; central spine 1}~2} lines as long, stouter, directed upwards. Flower 3 inches long, and as wide when fully expanded, of a delicate purple color ; petals 4 lines wide, often, in a bright noonday sunshine, recurved. Bristles on the tube about twice as long as the ered, below 13-2, above 24-3 lines long. — We have in gardens in St. Louis a similar species in cultivation under the name of C. Deppii, but, as Prince Salm informs me, widely different from the true C. Deppii. It is not known whence it was obtained. It is distinguished from C. procumbens by the larger, thicker, more cylindric limbs. Tubercles elevated, very distinct, in 5 or 6 rows ; spines weaker and longer ; 6-8 radial spines 5-6 lines long ; ventral spine from 5 to 14 lines long; flower with a shorter tube, fewer pulvilli, with aaa wool but longer and weaker bristles. C. R@MERI, n. sp.: ovatus, e basi ramosus; costis sub-8 (7-9) tuberculatis interruptis ; areolis orbiculatis, junioribus breviter tomentosis ; aculeis albidis s. flavidulis demum cinereis teretibus, radialibus sub-8, centrali singulo robustiori — meas diu noctuque apertis infundibuliformibus, limbo pies sag ; sepalis ovarii et tubi 17 squamosis in axillis ex tomento albo brevissimo setas spinescentes albidas 3-5 gerentibus ; — [205] interioribus 8 ovato- sews carinatis obtusis mucronatis; petalis 10 obovato-spathulatis obtusis integris con cavis chartaceis (coccineis); stylo longe supra stamina numerosissima exserto; stigmatibus 7 eal retedicn eet viridibus. — Granitic region about the Liano; flowers (in St. Louis) in May. — Na amed after my friend Dr. F. Roemer, of the University of Bins, who was the first to explore the geology of western Texas, and brought the pase specimens of this species. Sent also in numerous specimens by Lindheimer. Heads 3-4 inches high, 1-2} inches in diameter, single, or mostly 3-5 or even 10 from the same base; ribs interrupted ; areola 4-8 lines distant from one another; radial spines 5-12 lines long ; lateral spines longest; upper ones usually shortest ; central spine 10-15 lines long. Flower open by day and night for four or five, and in cool cloudy weather as much as six or seven days, 2 inches long and 1 wide; petals 8-9 lines long, 5 lines wide, stiff ; bristles on the tube 2-3 lines long. — The stiff and almost per- gamentaceous petals are uninfluenced by sunshine or darkness like those of most other Cactacer. Several other northern species most probably agree in this particular, as especially C. coccineus and C. triglochidiatus of New Mexico, while other nearly related species have certainly diurnal flowers. — C. coccineus differs by the more numerous ribs, more humerous spines, larger and more crowded areole, etc. C. polyacanthus, Engelm. in Wisliz. Rep., has more numerous spines, and 10 ribs; C. enneacanthus, Engelm. 1. c., is larger, with the tubercles less distinct ; 10 ribs ; spines larger, angular. C. VARIABILIS, Pfeiff., with its beautiful white nocturnal flowers, delighted our volunteers in their camps on the lower Rio Grande. Young plants are procumbent, with terete or paler elavaie beseliens ; adult plants several (3-10) feet high, mostly triangular, with very long and stout, or sometimes quite short spines. Fruit large, luscious, with red pulp; seeds large, smooth, shining. CACTEZ OF PLANTA LINDHEIMERIANS, 121 OPUNTIA. [206] § 1. APPLANATA. - MACRORHIZA, ni. sp.: prostrata; articulis obovato-orbiculatis planiusculis ; pulvillis setis fuscis et seepe aculeis singulis binisve instructis ; aculeis teretibus validis porrectis s. paulo deflexis basi apiceque fuscis ceterum albidis cum adventitio inferiore graciliore reflexo seepe deficiente; floribus sulphureis basi intus rubellis ; ovario sepalis subulatis deciduis 13 in axillis setulas fuscas brevissimas gerentibus stipato ; sepalis interioribus 15-18 subulatis et (internis) ovatis acuminato-cuspidatis ; petalis 8 sepala superantibus late obovato-spathulatis obtusis cuspidatis eroso-denticulatis; stigmatibus 5 obtusis, adpressis, stamina numerosa equantibus; bacca subpulposa clavata glabrata ; seminibus mar- ginatis. — Naked, sterile, rocky places on the Upper Guadaloupe. Flowers (in St. Louis) in June. Root a large and fleshy tuber, sometimes 2 or 3 inches in diameter; joints 3-4 inches long, about 23-3} wide, hardly attenuate at the ase. Leaves subulate, about 5 lines long; areole 7-1 inch distant, more crowded toward the base and on the edges ; spines (often wanting) 1 inch long, the smaller 4-6 lines long. Flower 3 inches in diameter ; ovary 1} inch long; etals 1 inch wide, 14 inch long, pale yellow, red at the base. Fruit 14 inches long; the strongly margined seeds comparatively few, 24 lines in camels ter.—I1 have found the same plant in similar nitions in western Arkansas ; and it is possible that it may be one of Nuttall’s new — Ae mesacantha, O. cespitosa, or O. humifusa) of which I cannot find a description, — Nearly related to O. vulga O. INTERMEDIA, Salm. The species mentioned in Plant. Lindh. 1. c. No. 1, has since produced abundant flowers and fruit, and proves to be the above plant. It is near O. vulgaris, but more erect or ascending ; the joints much larger ; flowers larger (44-5 inches in diameter) ; ovary more slender, 2-2} inches long, with 20-25 subulate sepals; petals obcordate ; stigma 5-lobed, erect ; fruit 24 inches long, 6-8 lines wide at the top, deeply umbili- [207] cate. Lindheimer’s specimens are from Iodaatey; south of the Beas, I believe I have seen the same species near Natchitoches, on Red River. . LINDHEIMERI, n. sp.: erecta, robusta; caule lignoso ; articulis (magnis) ellipticis basi attenuatis planis ; pulvillis remotis ad margines confertioribus griseo-tomentosis, setis flavidis aculeisque paucis instructis 1-3 compressis validis deflexis varie divergentibus stramineis, nunc cum 1-2 aculeis adventitiis gracilioribus; flore . . . bacca clavata elongata subpulposa glabrata ; seminibus late marginatis. — About New Braunfels. Plant erect, often 6-8 feet high ; stems terete ligneous, sometimes 6 inches in diameter, with gray bark, and very light, spongy w Larger joints 9-12 inches long, 5-7 broad. Areolz 14-2 inches distant on old joints ; bristles on them 1-3 lines long. Spines all pale yellow, much compressed, indistinctly annulated, 4-1 inch long, various; the 3 longer spines, or the 1 longer, with 1 or 2 shorter spines e fruit which Lindheimer has sent as belonging to this species resembles very much that of O. vulgaris, 2-24 ‘nciée long, slender, with a deep umbilicus, very different from that of the following species. Seeds 2-2} lines in diameter, not numerous. Young plants grown from this seed have the same compressed spines, but are brown at the base ; the lower areole produce no spines, but a quantity of long, coarse hair. — I add here the following species, though not properly belonging to the flora of Texas, because I suspect that it is also found at the mouth of the Rio Grande, within the limits of Texas. There, and especially on the barren sand islands at the Brazos, near Point Isabel, the St. Louis Volunteers found large and impenetrable thickets formed by an Opuntia with large joints, covered with almost globose fruits, with innumerable small seeds and a very luscious deep red pulp. The fruit are before me, but unfortunately I did not obtain a living specimen. O. Ena@eLtmMannt, Salm mss.: erecta; articulis orbiculato-obovatis planiusculis ; pulvillis remotis ad [208] margines confertior! bes griseo-tomentosis setis flavidis aculeisque paucis compressis ancipitibus instructis, 1-4 validis spe ineequalibus plus minus deflexis varie divergentibus basi rufis, ceterum stramineis cum adventitio infimo graciliore albido sepe deficiente ; fl. . . . bacca ovata subglobosa late umbilicata pulvillis pluribus tomentosis stipata ; seminibus minoribus anguste maryind atis .— From El Paso to Chihuahua, indigenous and cultivated (Dr. Wislizenus). No doubt also on the Texan side of the Rio del Norte.— Erect, 5-6 feet high. Upper and larger older joints 12 inches long by 9 broad. Areole 14-2 inches distant ; bristles 2-6 lines long; spines 1-1? inches long, very stout. Fruit 14-1} inches long, about 14 in diameter; umbiligus large (10-12 lines), flat ; pulvilli on the fruit about 5 lines distant. Seeds very numerous, about half as large as 0. vulgaris, 14-1j lines in Ahieeter: of an irregular shape. — Near 0. Dillenii and O. polyantha, as Prince Salm informs me. § 2. CyLINDRICa. TESCENS, Engelm. in Plant. Lindh. 1. c. under 0. fragilis, from which it widely differs, stands near 0. penttea Salm (raised from Mexican seeds), but is sufficiently distinct (Salm). Fruit by the abortion of the seeds very often sterile. — I had occasion to observe this species in blossom, and add the description of the flowers : oribus ex ramis anni prioris provenientibus ; ovario clavato basi 5-gono sepalis subulatis sub-13 stipato ; mealis interioribus 8 lanceolatis ex viridi sulphureis ; petalis 8 — cuspidatis (sulphureis s. subvirescentibus) ; 122 CEREUS GIGANTEUS staminibus numerosis (40-50) ineequalibus (externis majoribus) ; stylo exserto; stigmatibus 5 adpressis albidis. — The flower cannot be distinguished from that of the Opuntie applanate, but it is only 8-10 lines in diameter ; ovary 9-12 lines long. Flowers (in St. Louis) July and August. O. arBorescEeNs, Engelm. in Wisliz. Rep., is recognized by Prince Salm as identical with his 0. stellata ; but as no description of his plant has ever been published, he adopts the above name. [209] IV. NOTES ON THE CEREUS GIGANTEUS OF SOUTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA, AND SOME OTHER CALIFORNIAN CACTACE. From THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND ARTs, Seconp Serres, Vou. XIV. Nov. 1852. In Emory’s “ Notes of a Military Reconnaissance,” published in 1848 by order of Congress, I have ventured, from the data furnished. by Colonel Emory, to describe one of the largest Cacti ever known. Since then several travellers have met with this giant of the Gila country, and have con- firmed the extraordinary accounts of the first discoverer. But no further scientific details were obtained till Colonel Emory — now again in those regions as the chief of the scientific corps of the United States Boundary Commission — had occasion early this spring (1852) to send an expedition down the Gila River. Dr. C. C. Parry, who was connected with this party, paid particular attention to the Cacti of that region, and made it an especial object carefully to examine the Cereus giganteus. From his very full notes, kindly communicated by Colonel Emory, I have completed the description of the plant, with the exception of the flower and fruit, the account of which rests as yet on the verbal information obtained by Dr. Parry. CEREUS GIganTEvS, Engelm. in Emory’s Rep. p. 158: erectus, elatus, simplex, sepius parce ramosus; [336 (2)] gerrel erectis caule cylindrico versus apicem sensim attenuato brevioribus ; vertice parum depresso lanato ; ostis ad basin 12 versus apicem 18-20 rectis compressis obtusiusculis (versus basin obtusissimis) subrepandis; sinubus pot angustis ; areolis prominentibus orbiculatis albido-tomentosis ; aculeis rectis, radialibus 11-17 brevioribus setaceis albis, centralibus 6 robustioribus oo (quorum imus robustissimus deflexus) tenuiter sulcatis albidis basi bulbosa nigris apice rubellis ; floribus . seminibus ie ee nigris levibus lucidis. Dr. Parry found this melusitid species, ‘which de liane name “Suwarrow,” in rocky crevices and on gravelly table-lands, from Tucson north to the Rio Gila; he learned that it also occurs in Central Sonora, near the heads of streams which empty into the Gulf of California. Colonel Emory observed it in 1846 from the middle towards the lower Gila; and Dr LeConte, who explored California in 1850, informs me that he found it “common along the Gila to within thirty miles of its mouth, where it suddenly disappears.” It is no doubt the same plant of which Humboldt makes mention in his work on New Spain (II. p. 225), where he says that the Spanish missionaries found at the foot of the Californian Mountains nothing but sand or rocks, on which grew a cylindrical Cactus (Organos del Tunal) of extraordinary height. ms 25 to 60 feet high and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, not absolutely cylindrical, but thickest about the lower third, where generally the few (mostly 2-3) alternate or sometimes opposite branches start, and from thence slightly tapering toward the summit. Stems and branches marked by superficial transverse furrows, indicating, as it seems, the annual periods of growth, forming rings of 4 to 8 inches in height. Branches unequal, and always of less height than the main stem, mostly 5-10 feet long, with 12-18 ribs. The stem consists of an exterior fleshy substance, 3-6 inches in thickness. This encloses a circle of bundles of ligneous fibres, corresponding with the intervals between the ribs. These bundles are of a loose texture, but tough and elastic, and form continuous columns or sticks of 4 to 3 inches in diameter, frequently anastomosing, increasing in thickness towards the base, and swelling into irregular, knotted, horizontally spreading roots. This frame- work remains after the decomposition of the fleshy parts. The exterior fleshy tissue passes between the bundles, and forms in the centre of the stems the pith, of 4-6 inches diameter. The ribs are mostly vertical, at the base about 12 in number, broad, rounded, 4 inches or mo: wide, with broad and shallow intervals (also 4 or 5 inches wide), worn, and destitute of spines. Uprant [337 (3)] = number of ribs increases by bifurcation, or additional ribs originate in the intervals. There the ri “sharply rounded,” 14 inch wide, with deep intervals 2} inches wide, densely set with pines. eli somewhat AND OTHER CALIFORNIAN CACTACE. 123 elevated, circular, an inch distant from each other. Radiate spines 4-} inch long ; central spines stouter and longer ; the lowest deflexed, 1-2} inches long, the two next lateral, the three upper ones pointing upwards and outwards, and shorter. Dr. Parry was informed’ that the flowers were produced in May and June, from the summit of stem and branches ; they are said to be white, with a red centre, and 3 inches in diameter. The fruit matures in August, and is set with small spines; it is obovate, 1} inches in diameter, red, pulpy, of sweet taste. The seeds obtained by Colonel Emory and by Dr. LeConte have already been noticed in Emory’s Report; they are 0.7 lines long, obovate, obliquely truncate at base, black, smooth, shining. Embryo hooked, without an albumen; cotyledons foliaceous, unequal, incumbent. My opinion that our plant is a true Cereus, and not a Pilocereus, which was based on the structure of the seeds (the foliaceous, not globose cotyledons), appears to be further confirmed by the fact that this Cactus bears no hair-like spines, and no cephalium, or distinct woolly head, and that the fruits are (as is said) spinulose and not scaly. It is by far the largest Cereus known, and only some Piloceret approach it in size. The only Cactacee thus far known to grow in California were those vaguely noticed by Hum- boldt (the “ Organos del Tunal” and some Opuntiz) ; the Echinocactus viridescens and Cereus Cali- JSornicus discovered by Nuttall in 1834; the Cacti found on the Gila by Colonel Emory in the fall of 1846, and mentioned in his report; Mamuillaria Goodrichii — lately described by Scheer — of Kew; and Eechinocactus Californicus of Monville. Dr. Parry has, in the years 1849 and 1850, when he was also attached to Colonel Emory’s corps in the survey of the Mexican boundary, examined and described ten or eleven distinct species of Cactacez, all found along the southern boundary of California, from the sea-coast to the mouth of the Gila. He, as well as Dr. LeConte, states that much farther to the north no species of this family are found except an Opuntia, cultivated and now naturalized about the missions. subjoin here a short memorandum of Dr. Parry’s Californian Cactacez, reserving a fuller description for a more extended memoir. 1. MAMILLARIA TETRANCISTRA, n. subglobosa ; aculeis radialibus brevibus albis num centralibus 4 longioribus cruciatis uncinatis ; anes centralibus parvulis flavido-rubellis ; eapuaiiben 2 re [338 (4)] bacea coccinea pyriformi; seminibus nigris hilo spongioso fusco auctis. m San Diego to the junction of the Gila with the Colorado.— M. Goodrichii, Scheer, obtained on the island - Cons, on the coast of California, is distinguished by the lower central spine only being hooked, by much smaller tubercles, et 2. eerie VIRIDESCENS, Nutt.: depressed; berry subglobose green, coated with lunate mem branaceous scales. On dry hills and ridges near San Diego. 3. E. VIRIDESCENS, 8.? CYLINDRACEDS, is distinguished by its ae or cylindrical shape, larger size, longer spines. Found near San Felipe, on the eastern slope of the California Mountain Note. —E. Catirornicus, Monv., is the name of young plants pie from seed in Europe. I am informed that neither the ee nor the native country of these seedlings is satisfactorily known. 4, Cereus Emory, n. sp.: caule prostrato; ramis erectis cylindraceis 15-costatis; aculeis radialibus 40-50, centrali deaiia Sains porrecto ; bacca globosa spinulosa. n thick patches, on dry hills near the sea-shore, about the boundary line. Erect branches 6-9 inches high. 5. C. EnceLMAnnt, Parry in litt.: caulibus pluribus pedalibus ; costis 13 tuberculatis ; aculeis 4 centralibus ineequalibus radiales tenuiores superantibus; bacca ovali aculeata pu Mountains about San Felipe, on the eastern declivity of the Cordilleras. ote. —C.? Cattrornicus, Nutt. in Torr. and Gray’s Flora, is most probably a cylindraceous Opuntia, with “small yellow flowers,” which I cannot now identify. OpuntTIA ENGELMANNI, Salm. San Diego, on dry hillsides, in patches, 4 to 6 feet high. Originally dis- covered about Chihuahua, this species appears to extend westward to the Pacific. 7. O. Tuna, Mill., is cultivated for fences, and naturalized about the missions; called “'Tuifia.” It is 10-15 feet high ; the fruit large and edible. . O. PROLIFERA, n.sp.: caule erecto ligneo; ramulis cylindricis tuberculatis divaricatis ; aculeis fuscis vaginatis ; bacca spinulosa. 124 CEREUS GIGANTEUS San Diego, on arid hills and in dry creek beds. Plant 3-8 feet high, forming impenetrable thickets. Near O. arborescens of New Mexico ; but the red flowers smaller, the berry spinous, etc. 9. O. SERPENTINA, n. sp.: procumbens ; articulis cylindricis elongatis tuberculatis; aculeis 7-9 vaginatis ; bacca sicca hemispherica aculeatissima. Dry hillsides, San Diego. 10. O. RAMOSISSIMA, n. sp.: caule erecto ligneo divaricato-ramosissimo ; articulis gracilibus ae [339 (5)] dricis tuberculatis cesiis ; aculeis subsolitariis saccato-vaginatis ; bacca sicca tuberculata setosa et aculea Gravelly soil near the Colorado, and in the desert. Plant 2 feet high ; the joints 4 inch in pic prero the Opuntia cylindracee graciliores. 11. ParRYI, n. sp-: caule prostrato; articulis adscendentibus tuberculatis; setis fuscis ; aculeis brevibus albidis, singulo longiore deflexo; bacca subglobosa setoso-aculeata, Eastern slope of the California Mountains, near San Felipe. Joints 4 to 8 inches long ; the longest spines 4 inch long. Flower 13 inch in diameter, yellowish green. Approaches the Opuntie clavate. Mr. Charles Wright, well known to the botanical world by his collections made in the south- west, now also attached to the Mexican Boundary Commission, has, under the instruction of Colonel Graham, made large and interesting collections of Cacti in western Texas and southern New Mexico, and sent them to me for examination. It is impossible here to give as full an account of them as would be desirable; but most of them are now in cultivation, and will be described hereafter. Most of the Cactaceze discovered by Wisli- zenus, Fendler, and Gregg are among them, together with a considerable number of new species. I will here only state that my doubts in regard to the fruit of Cereus Greggii, expressed in my account of the plant in Emory’s Report, have been entirely dispelled by Mr. Wright. He says that the plant is large, much branched, has a very large fleshy root, generally implanted in hard stony soil, and the pulpy scarlet fruit is just as figured in Emory’s Report, — stiped at base and attenuated above. The seeds he sends are black and opaque, rugose and pitted, about 1 line in diameter. They have germinated well with me. This same plant has been sent from Chihuahua to Kew by Mr. Potts, and has been described by Prince Salm as Cereus Pottsii, — which name, however, must give way to the prior name, C. Greggii. It is every way a very singular plant, and though found from western Texas and Chihuahua to El Paso, the copper mines, and the lower Gila, appears to be rare everywhere. [The following observations, sent in as a substitute for a sentence on p. 339, but received too late for insertion at that place, were printed on p. 446 of the same number. — Eps.] The curious Cereus Greggii, E., has been noticed from the Pecos River east to the Mimbres Mountains west of El Paso, and from Chihuahua towards the mouth of the Gila, but always in isolated specimens, very scattering and rare. The fruit which was figured in Emory’s Report is deep scarlet, succulent, with short spines on the pulvilli; it is oval, sessile, and attenuated at base, and not stipitate, but long acuminate, and with the long tube of the flower curved downwards, remaining attached to its point. The seeds are black and opaque, rugose and pitted, and about 1 line in diameter. The root is large, turnip-shaped, and produces many stems, 2-4 feet high. The young plants raised from seeds are dark purplish, triangular; root not yet enlarged. Collections of Cactacez have also been recently made by Dr. John M. Bigelow of the Boundary Commission, who has sent them to me for examination. My collection under study includes about 12 species of Mamillaria, 8 Echinocacti, 12 Cerei, and 12 Opunti, most of which are new forms. Sr. Lovts, Sept. 7, 1852. CEREUS GIGANTEUS AND C. THURBERI. 125 V. FURTHER NOTES ON CEREUS GIGANTEUS OF SOUTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA WITH A SHORT ACCOUNT OF ANOTHER ALLIED SPECIES IN SONORA. FROM THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND Arts, SECOND Series, Vou. XVII. Marcu, 1854.* SpEcIMENS of flowers and fruit, together with interesting notes and drawings communicated by Mr. George Thurber, and specimens of ribs of the plant with spines presented by Dr. Parry, enable me to perfect the history of this giant Cactus. Mr. Thurber travelled through the Gila country and Sonora, as one of Mr. Commissioner Bartlett’s party, in the summer of 1851, and is believed to be the only scientific gentleman who has seen the plant in question in flower. These materials enable me to furnish the following detailed character. CEREUS GIGANTEUS, Engelm.: erectus, op simplex, s. ramis paucis erectis caule cylindrico versus apicem sensim attenuato brevioribus candelabri is; vertice applanato tomentoso ; costis ad basin caulis sub-12 versus apicem 18-20 rectis obtusis (vetustioribus ad eat basin obtusissimis) subrepandis ; sinubus ad basin oat latissimis versus apicem profundis angustioribus angustissimisque ; areolis prominentibus éraicenbiedieds junioribus albido- tomentosis ; aculeis rectis basi valde bulbosis tenuiter sulcatis angulatisque albidis demum cinereis, radialibus 12-16 imo summisque brevioribus, lateralibus (preecipue Rear ete longioribus robustioribus warn cum re adven- titiis paucis setaceis summo areole margini adjectis ; aculeis centralibus 6 robustis albidis bas apice rubellis demum totis cinereis, 4 inferioribus decussatis quorum infimus longissimus rai [232 (2)] deflexus, 2 superioribus lateralibus brevioribus ; floribus versus apicem caulis ramorumque , tubo ampliato breviusculo petalisque petalis:; : Fahne ovate — 25-30 squamiformis EE cast in axilla fulvo- ong stipato; sepalis tubi sub-30 orbicul ibus mucronatis, inferioribus in axilla lanigeris, superioribus s intimis 10-15 spathulatis obtasis carnosis (pallide viridibus albescentibus) ; petalis sub-25 obovato- aha obtusis integris crispatis coriaceo-carnosis crassis (flavescenti-albidis) ; staminibus numerosissimis, fila- superiori tubi parti adnatis (inferiore nudo); stylo stamina paulo superante ; stigmate multifido; bacca obovata sm sepaloideis encase carnosis minutis ad axillam ignite» ane pericarpio duriusculo carnoso, demum valvis 3-4 patentibus reflexisve dehiscente ; seminibus numerosissimis in pulpa saccharina nidulantibus oblique obovatis leevibus lucidis exalbuminosis ; embryone ne (Eee foliaceis pebieayon a hamato. This species ranges from as of the Gila River southwardly into Sonora, to within 20 miles of Guaymas on the Californian Gulf. It doubtless also occurs on the Peninsula of California ; — according to Vanegas in his history, published about one hundred years ago, the fruit of a great Cactus forms an important article of food to the natives of the eastern coast, the harvest time of which was a season of great festivity. The flowers are produced in May and June, and the fruit ripens in July and August. Mr. Thurber collected the last flowers and the first ripe fruit in the beginning of July. He has collected abundance of seed, and will be pleased to communicate it to those who take an interest in the cultivation of Cacti. The youngest plants Mr. Thurber noticed were three or four feet high, with narrow furrows and long spines; the smallest flowering plants were about 12 feet high, and the tallest specimens observed appeared to reach the elevation of 45 or 50 feet: The ligneous fascicles correspond with the intervals between the ribs, and not with the ribs themselves; of which Dr. Parry has fully satisfied himself, and which indeed is the case in all ribbed Cacti. From between these bundles ligneons fibres radiate horizontally towards the ribs, and especially to the areole. At the base of the stem the ribs are broad and obtuse, with wide and shallow intervals; upwards the ribs are somewhat triangular, rounded or obtuse, with deep and acutish grooves between them ; towards the top of the plant the ribs are equally obtuse, but quite compressed, and the grooves are deep and narrow. he elevated areole are 7 lines long, nearly 6 lines in diameter, about an inch distant from one another, some- times more closely approximated. Lowest and upper radial spines 6 to 12 lines long, sometimes the upper ones with a few additional, [233 (3)] shorter, flexuous, setaceous spines : lateral ones 12-18. Tu nes long, the lower ones longest ; the four lower central spines straight or very slightly curved downwards, 20-30 lines long ; the two upper ‘ate: spines 15 to 18 lines ong. The stoutest spines are one line in diameter, their bulbous pices beinie fully twice as thick. The old spines together with the whole areola readily come off in one bunch, but generally the 6 central spines fall off first, leaving the radiating ones appressed to the stem, till finally they also fall away. ee this Journal, New Series, vol. xiv., page 335, November, 1852. A translation of these notes appears in the Botanische Zeitung for 1854, pp. 616-620. — Eps 126 CEREUS GIGANTEUS AND C. THURBERI. The flowers are produced near the summit of the plant, but not on it, and the fruit is usually 6-12 inches from it. The dried flower communicated by Mr. Thurber is 3 inches long ; but the drawing represents the flowers as fully 4 inches in length and diameter. The ovary in the dried specimen is ? of an inch long; the lower naked part of the tube 1 inch, the upper staminiferous much widened part ? of an inch long. Upper sepals fleshy, greenish white, 3 of an inch long, below 2, above 4 lines wide. Petals of a light cream color, an inch long, 6-7 lines wide above, very thick and fleshy, and very much curled. Filaments light yellow, adnate to the upper half of the tube: anthers 0.8 to 0.9 of a line long, linear, emarginate at the base and apex. Style not seen ; the drawing represents the numerous (15-20 ?) stigmata as half an inch long, suberect, of a green color. The flowers appear to be open night and day, and probably for several days in succession. The fruit sent by Mr. Thurber (in alcohol) is obovate 24 inches long, by 14 in diameter, beset with about thirty scales, having short brownish wool in their axils, but entirely destitute of spines. Mr. Thurber informs me that this specimen is unusually long: the fruit, he says, is usually 2 or 3 inches long by 1} to 2 in diameter ; the color is green, reddish towards the summit ; the remains of the flower fall off, leaving a broad and convex scar. The pericarp has the hardness of a green cucumber, somewhat softer towards the apex, and is about 2 lines thick: it bursts open on the plant with 3 or mostly 4 irregular, interiorly red valves, which spread mec een and appear like a red flower when seen at a distance, which accounts for the report of this species having red flov The crimson- colored and rather insipid pulp has the consistency of a fresh fig ; it completely separates from the rind, and drying up from the heat of the sun, falls to the ground, or is beaten ives, when it is collected by the natives and rolled into balls, which keep several months, or is pressed for the thick molasses-like saccharine juice which it contains. The innumerable seeds are 0.7 to 0.8 lines long. Another, dicen nearly allied species, was collected in Northern Sonora. From the half of a flower before me, together with Mr. Thurber’s meagre notes (other specimens unfortunately having been [234 (4)] lost), I have sat to make out the following description : THURBERI, n. sp.: erectus, elatior, e basi ramosus sub-14-costatus, sulcis parum -profundis, aculeis brevibus nigricantibus ; floribus tubuloso-campanulatis virescenti-albidis ; ovario globoso sepalis 80-100 carnosis squamiformibus triangulari ibus acute imbricatis ad 19. C. Emoryt, E. in Sillim. Journ. : caule cylindrico 2-3-pedali prostrato ; ramis adscendentibus seu erectis ; costis 15 tuberculatis ; sinubus acute incisis ; areolis confertis orbiculatis, junioribus fusco-tomentosis ; aculeis rectis rigidis gracilibus aciculatis e virescenti flavis numerosissimis intertextis, exterioribus 40-50 tenuissimis stellatim por- rectis, centrali singulo robustiore multo ee floribus bagi emp flavis ; tubo breviusculo aculeolato ; bacca globosa ‘iceleatbarian? semin obovatis acute carinatis basi acutis lucidis minutissime sub lente Ghiealeie: hilo ventrali angusto ; ; cotyledonibus folinceis hamatis Scab us. (Tab. LX. fig. ountains, near the coast of California, about San Diego, growing in thick masses, and covering patches of 10 or 20 feet square (Dr. Parry); not north of the boundary line (Dr. Le Conte).— Prostrate stems 2-3 feet long ; branches 6-9 inches high, 1} inch in diameter; flowers abundant near the top of the branches, rather short, yellow, 2 or 25 inches wide. Fruit 14 inch in diameter, densely covered with numerous pulvilli, each bearing 20 or 25 stiff yellow spines, from 2 to 6 lines in length, 3 of them stouter and longer than the rest, often about an inch in length ; some indistinct remains of the dead flower are hidden among the spines. Seed 1.2-1.4 line long, with a very prominent keel and linear hilum. The short aculeolate flower, persistent on the spinose fruit, would seem to refer our plant to Echinocereus, but the seed and embryo permit no doubt about its position. I have seen specimens of a fruit of a columnar Cereus from dha Pacific coast near Mazatlan, sent by the late Dr. J. Gregg, which is a gigantic representative of our California fruit, and suggests the idea that on the western coast of our continent several species exist . a still unknown section of Cereus. is plant, peculiar to the western termination of our spor line, fitly bears the name of the energetic and Aer Baek commissioner under whose auspices the greater part of the interesting plants here described have been collected, 20. C. vaRIABILis, Pfeiff., a tall species, 3-10 feet high, common to the east as well as west coast of Sein America, extending northward to the mouth of the Rio Grande, and up that stream toward Matamoras. — Ft stems lt few and stout spines, but young shoots with 8 ribs and numerous slender spines. Trine white, iitioker al « fruit oval, about 3 inches long, spinose, crimson externally and internally. Seeds obliquely obovate, engined: nearly amboth,; and shining, 1.5-1.7 line long; hilum subventral, narrowly oblong or linear, albumen almost none ; embryo much curved ; cotyledons large, foliaceous, incumbent. (Tab. LX. fig. 1, E. in Wisliz. Rep.: e radice crassa napiformi erectus, gracilis, 2-3-pedalis ; ramis paucis erectis 3-6 ala ee aS sepe rufescentibus ; costis acutis; sulcis latis planiusculis; areolis oblongo- ian confertis seu subconfertis, junioribus lana e cinereo nigricante demum decidua vestitis; aculeis e basi [41] bulbosa’ crassa gas subulatis acutissimis brevissimis nigricantibus, vetustis cinereis, radialibus 6-9 recurvis, infimis 3 tenuioribus longioribus, centralibus binis superimpositis brevibus, ra singulo; floribus jiakbo albidis seu ochroleucis (nocturnis 2); ovarii ovati pulvillis orbiculatis obscuro-villosis vix aculeolatis ; tubi elongati sepalis 40-60 squ us lineari-lanceolatis acuminatis, inferioribus aculeolos paucos breves, superioribus plures capillares gerentibus ; sepalis interioribus 15-20 et petalis totidem lanceolatis acuminatis ; stylo stamina equante ; stigmatibus sub-10 erecto-patulis albidis; bacca ovata basi contracta apice rostra dimentis siccis recurvis demum deciduis coronata pulvillis aculeoligeris mox nudatis munita coccinea palpooe ; seminibus magnis oblique obovatis rugosis tenuissime tuberculatis ; hilo subbasilari circulari; albumine parcissimo; embryone cotyledonibus foliaceis incumbentibus hamato. 5 This section is proposed here only as a receptacle for our few Cerei not included in the other subgenera. It is not im- possible that the greater part of the species of this genus will it i bable that a care- with the great aang of refrain from characterizing Eucereus. subgenera. Not being familiar the species, I aed state that the few species ee here have an elongated ; spines on the flower-bearin sterile part of the slant not different ; tube of the or elongated, and beset with hairy or spiny palvillts stigmata whitish ; berries usually with deciduous (or persistent?) spines; dry remains of the flower aa, at length deciduous; seeds weer smooth and shining, and the embryo hooked, with curved fo cotyledons, 202 CACTACEZH OF THE BOUNDARY. Var. a. cisMonTANUS: areolis elongatis; floris tubo minus gracili aculeolis brevioribus munito; petalis latitnitinn: (Tab. LXIII. LXIV. ar. 8B. TRANSMONTANUS: areolis ovato-orbiculatis ; floris tubo graciliori aculeolis longioribus tenuiter capil- laceis flexuosis munito; petalis lineari-lanceolatis longe acuminatis. (Ta ) From the San Pedro in western Texas (Parry, Wright, Bigelow), to the Gila (Emory) and Sonora (Thurber, Schott); and from the Rio Grande south to ee (Gregg, Wislizenus); in gravelly or hard clayey soil; nowhere a common plant. Flowers in May and June. — Root a large fleshy, dirty-yellowish tuber, often 4-6 inches in diameter and 6-10 inches long, generally producing "bit 1 stem, 2-3 feet high, with erect branches; stem thin at base, rather terete and ligneous, upward 9-12 lines in diameter, usually 4-5, angled. The acute ribs at first sight seem crenulated the pulvinate areole being separated by a slight depression, and the spines being scarcely visible without a close examination. Areolz 1-1} line long; in younger shoots 5-6 within 1 inch of the rib; in older plants about 3 areole in the same space. Spines remarkably short and sharp from a disproportionately thick base, only 4-1 line long: the 3 lowest spines are the longest, and run into a fine bristle-like point, often somewhat curved, and not rarely crossing each other; above them 2 or usually 3 pairs of lateral spines, points of the lower ones diverging downward, and of the upper ones rather upward ; central spines mostly 2, very short and thick, the lower one turned downward, the upper one upward. The spines seem to grow in size for several years, as on the older part of the stem they are twice as thick though not any longer than the younger ones; they also become irregular, some of the smaller apparently dropping out, while the larger ones crowd into the vacant space (see figure). The flowers have been seen by onl Dr. Gregg and Mr. Thurber; they seem to be nocturnal, as the latter gentleman collected them in the early morning hours, commencing to fade. Ovary 9-12 lines long, whole flower 6-8 inches long, about 24 inches in diameter ; bristles at base of tube 1-2 lines, or upward 4-6 thiies, and in var. 8. 6-10 lines nae; ; style not reaching above the large anthers ; stigmata about 10, suberect. Berry ovate, 14-13 inch long, an inch in diameter, slightly contracted at base, but not stiped nor even clavate, — as I formerly was induced to believe, — somewhat rostrate at the upper end, bright scarlet, fleshy, and edible. Seeds 1.2-1.5 line long, 1 line thick, with a large hilum; the warts of the testa are t and very minute, but the large wrinkles are very distinct to the naked eye. The young seedling has quite short cotyledons, which finally form a thickened rim around the base of the young stem; this stem is always triangular, of a reddish-brown color, the edges showing an almost continuous line of the characteristic small and sharp spines ; the root very soon swells, as our figure shows, and assumes the shape of a small carrot, almost as large as the [42] stem itself ; in old specimens the root is very much larger than the whole stem and ieatichis together. Subgen. 3. LeEprpocrrevs.® 22. C. aiaantEeus, E. in Emory’s Rep. 1848: erectus, elatus, cylindricus, versus basin apicemque sensim attenuatus, simplex seu parce ramosus, candelabriformis ; ramis paucis erectis caule brevioribus ; vertice applanato tomentoso ; costis infra sub-13 sursum 18~—21 rectis, vetustis (versus caulis basin) obtusis obtusissimisque, sursum e basi lata acutatis acie obtusatis subrepandis ; sinubus ad basin caulis latissimis versus apicem profundis acutis angustioribus angustissimisque ; areolis prominentibus ovato-orbiculatis, junioribus albido-tomentosis ; aculeis rectis basi valde bulbosis tenuiter sulcatis et subangulatis albidis seu stramineis demum cinereis; radiali ticle 12-16 summisque brevioribus, lateralibus (precipue inferioribus) longioribus robustioribus, subinde aculeis adventitiis sails setaceis summo areole margini adjectis ; — centralibus 6 robustis albidis basi nigris apice rubellis demum totis cinereis, 4 inferioribus cruciatis quorum infimus longissimus validissimus deflexus, 2 superio oribus brevioribus, laterali- bus sursum divergentibus ; floribus versus apicem caulis ramorumque aggregatis ; ovarii ovati sepalis 30-40 squami- formibus triangulatis acutis ad axillam albido- seu fulvo-villosam aculeolum unum alterumve nigricantem deciduum gerentibus ; sepalis tubi ampliati breviuseuli 30-40 orbiculato-subdeltoideis mucronatis, inferioribus in axilla lanigeris, superioribus nudis; sepalis intimis 10-15 spathulatis obtusis carnosis (pallide viridibus albescentibus) ; petalis sub-25 obovato ee obtusis integris crispatis coriaceo-carnosis crassis (ochroleucis seu albidis); staminibus numerosissimis superiori tubi parti adnatis, inferiore nudo; stylo stamina paulo superante ; stigmatibus 14-18 fili- formibus fasciculatis ; bacca obovata seu sepe pyriformi squamis triangulatis carnosis parvis ad axillam lanatis munita, floris rudimentis deciduis; pericarpio duriusculo coriaceo demum valvis 3-4 irregularibus patulis reflexisve dehiscente ; seminibus numerosissimis in pulpa saccharina coccinea nidulantibus oblique obovatis levibus Iucidis exalbuminosis ; hilo oblongo basilari ; cotyledonibus foliaceis incumbentibus hamatis. (Tab. LXI. LXII. et tab. front.) ® This subgenus is proposed for the two tall western species nent, will find their place here. A drawing of C. Chilensis, with uniform spines, ers, ovary and tube with numer- among the papers of the United States Exploring Expe- ous scale-like imbricated sepals, fleshy petals, pale stigmata, | dition, represents a flower almost identical with that of smooth seeds, and hooked embryo. Probably C. Chilensis, C. Thurberi. and perhaps other species from the Pacific slope of the conti- CACTACEA OF THE BOUNDARY. 203 In rocky valleys and on mountain sides, often in mere crevices of rocks, from the valley of Williams’s River, lat. 35° (Bigelow), to Sonora, lat. 30° (Thurber, Schott); and from the middle Gila (Emory) down to near its mouth arry). I cannot find that it has been collected west of the Colorado, though it is probably also an inhabitant of the California peninsula. Flowers from May to July; fruit ripe in July and August. The Suwarrow or Saguaro of the natives. — Young plants, as Dr. Bigelow observed, are almost always found under the protecting shade of some shrub, especially of Frémont’s “ green-barked Acacia” (Cercidiwm Floridanum), so characteristic of the barren ilderness ; and not rarely the dead stems of this plant are found near the older: Ceret. Young plants retain their globose shape for several years; a specimen in my possession, 5 or.6 inches high, is supposed to be between eight and ten years old. It flowers at the height of 10 or 12 feet, but grows up to four or five times that height. Stems have been measured 46 feet high, and higher ones are stated to occur ; so that the first statement of Colonel Emory is not at all improbable, — namely, that this plant sometimes has been found 50-60 feet high. The stem is thickest in or a little above the middle, and tapers upward and downward; one was found by Dr. Bigelow to be at 1 foot [43] ‘hove the ground 13 siclicd and 10 feet higher more than 23 inches, i in diameter. The fleshy part of the plant is, as he notes, bitter, and not acidulous, as in most species of Cacti. The ligneous skeleton consists of thick (1-2 inches thick) and somewhat terete perpendicular bundles of fibres, corresponding in number and position to the grooves of the stem. In younger plants and on the upper part of the older ones these sticks are distinct, and sway in the wind like so many reeds, but at the lower part of the older stems they are reticulately connected with one another by resich tissue, the open meshes corresponding (just as in the cylindric Opuntie) with the bunches of spines or tuberties j n the oldest stems the inner cavity becomes nearly filled by the same tissue. Stems aire eaiare older ones often with a few erect branches ; they are rarely much branched, but specimens have been ed where 5-9 branches sprang from the same part of the main stem ; the primary Sant very rarely produce as ones ; the branches usually drop off from the skeleton of the dead stems, but in very old specimens ae remain, and present a view like the one in our landscape plate opposite the titlepage, which is taken from an accurate sketch made on the spot by Mr. Meellhausen. Ribs at the base of the stem few (12-15), broad, obtuse, often almost obliterated, and generally without spines; higher up the number of ribs increases to about 18-21; they are triangular with an obtusish edge, separated by deep triangular acute grooves; toward the top of the plant the young ribs are narrowly compressed, with obtusish edges and narrow grooves between them. The somewhat pulvinate areole are 7 lines long, nearly 6 lines in diameter, about an inch distant from one another, sometimes more closely approximate ; at first they are covered with a thick yellowish or tawny tomentum. Lower and upper radial spines 6-12 lines long, sometimes a few additional shorter flexuous setaceous spines are placed above ; lateral ones 12-18 lines long, the lower ones longest ; the 4 lower central spines straight, or very slightly curved pe 20-30 lines, the 2 upper central spines 15-18 lines long, diverging upward. He stoutest spines are 1 line in diameter, their bulbous base fully twice as thick. In old age, and toward the base of the stem, the 6 central spines fall off first, leaving the radiating ones appressed to the stem ; finally these wi come off, together with the whole areola. The flowers are produced in abundance near the summit of the stems and branches; the fruit is usually found 6-12 inches from the centre of the top. Specimens of flowers have been sent by Mr. Thurber and by Mr. Schott: those of the former are not over 3 ake as the others have a longer tube, and are between 4 and 5 inches in length and 3-4 inches in diameter ; the flowers are probably open day and night. Ovary 1-1} inch long; lower scales of the tube triangular ; upper sepals fleshy, greenish- sigs #-1 inch long, lower ones 2, upper ones 3-4 lines wide ; petals of a light cream color, 1-1} inch long, 6-8 lines wide above, very ‘thick and enliy, and yery much curled ; filaments it yellow, adnate to the upper half of the gots its lower part for the length of 1 or 1} inch naked ; stigmata over half an inch long, slender, suberect, of a greenish-yellow color. Fruit 21-3 inches long, 13-2 inches in fee oval or obovate, or often narrowed at base and almost pear-shaped (perhaps where many are spe ye together); the remains of the flower falling off leave a broad convex scar; the color of the fruit is green, and towards the upper end reddish. The pericarp has the hardness of a green cucumber, somewhat softer towards the apex, and is about 2 lines thick ; it bursts open on the plant with 3 ér usually 4 valves, which are red on the inside, and when spreading horizontally, or somewhat recurved, look like a red flower. The crimson-colored sweet but rather insipid pulp has the consistency of a fresh fig ; it completely separates from the rind, and, drying up from the heat of the sun, falls to the ground. [44] The innunentha black seeds are 0.7-0.9 line long. Those brought by Mr. Thurber, and largely distributed in this country and in Europe, have well germinated ; the cotyledons are short and acute ; the seedling plant is globose, grows very slowly, and is rather delicate. 3. C. Taursert, E. in Sillim. Journ.: caulibus erectis seu adscentibus elatioribus fasciculatis articulatis 13-14-costatis ; sinubus tassels ; areolis subremotis pulvinatis griseo- seu fulvo-tomentosis ; aculeis 7-15 gracili- bus rectis flexuosisve sae sxe cinereis valde inzqualibus irregulariter fasciculatis ; ; floribus infra caulis apicem lateralibus aggregatis ; ovarii squamis sepaloideis 80-100 pluri inate triangularibus imbricatis axi copiosam albidam vel fulvam ae aculeo a paucos nigricantes gerentibus ; sepalis tubi sub-50 olivaceis, plat bus acutiusculis, superioribus obovato-spathulatis obtusis; petalis obtusis carnosis albidis ; bacca magna _ globosa 204 CACTACEZ OF THE BOUNDARY. aculeolata demum nuda olivacea intus coccinea ; seminibus numerosissimis oblique obovatis dorso carinatis leviusculis (sub lente minutissime tuberculatis) lucidis exalbuminosis ; hilo oblongo subbasilari, embryone cotyledonibus foliaceis curvatis incumbentibus breviter hamato. (Tab. LX XIV. fig. 15.) a rocky cafion near the mountain pass of Bacuachi, Sonora (Thurber) ; on all the sierras of Sonora westward of the Sierra Madre, and more common southward (Schott), — called there Pitahaya. Flowers in June and July ; fruit in July and August. — Stems 5-15 from one root, fasciculated, erect or ascending, “curved inward,” 10-15 feet high, articulated ; low er joints 2-3, upper ones 5-6 feet long, 4-6 inches in diameter; ribs 13-14, very slightly promi- nent. The skeleton of this a according to Mr. Schott’s observations, consists oe flattened bundles of wood, very loosely connected by transverse fibre as to form a kind of hollow tube. Areolz pulvinate covered with eons or ashy wool, only about 3 lines in aadek 12-15 lines apart. Spines irregularly fasciculated, 7-10 according to Mr. Schott’s notes, but 15 in the flower-bearing bunches before me. (Might not the flower-bearing spines be more numerous and perhaps more slender than the others, indicating a transition to Pilocereus?) Spines slender, flexible almost setaceous, very unequal in length, 5-18 lines long in the same bunch, partly deciduous. Flowers usually 6-12 inches below the top of the plant, ‘about 3 inches in length : ; ovary very densely imbricate with sepaloid scales, which bear dirty wool and often short bristly spines in their axils ; in some specimens they are wanting, in others they also invest the fruit, but are easily brushed off at maturity. Fruit 3 inches in diameter, like a large orange, of delicious taste, the crimson pulp dotted with numerous black seeds; these are 0.9-1.0 line long only, —a little larger an those of the last species, which they very much ebeatlsne~aud very minutely tuberculated. The seeds germi- nate like those of C. giganteus, with very cae acute cotyledons, and grow up with a globose head like the Echinoceret, while all the Zucerei which I have seen germinating at once grow up in a cylindric or prismatic column, Subgen. 4. Prnocerevs.? 24. C. Scuorrir, sp. nov.: caulibus suberectis elatioribus fasciculatis articulatis 4-7- (plerumque 5-) costatis flavo-viridibus 5 ; areolis in caulibus sterilibns remotis aculeos radiales 4-6 robustos breves cinereos [45] ferentibus ; floribus in aculeorum barba pene occultis carneis ; tubo gracili eae ovarium globosum 10-squamatum constricto decurvo intus basi nudo sepalis 10-12 lanceolatis instructo ; petalis 10-12 oblongis obtusiusculis ; stig- matibus 5-6 fasciculatis ; bacca parva globosa squamosa pulposa coccinea mois ‘radimentis coronata ; seminibus oblique obovatis carinatis levissimis lucidis, hilo angusto subventrali; albumine parcissimo ; embryone hamato cotyledonibus curvatis foliaceis incumbentibus seu subinde obliquis. (Tab. LX XIV. fig. 16.) Sierra di Sonoyita, and southeast toward Santa Magdalena, Sonora, where it is named Zina, or Sina, or Sinita by the inhabitants (Schott). In August with flower and ripe fruit. — Stems 8-10 or more from the same base ; 8-10 feet high, ascending at base, and when full grown always curved outward at the top, the reverse of C. Thurberi. Often many plants together, forming thickets, and covering a large space of ground ; not rarely associated with the just- mentioned species. Stems of 2-4 articulations of 4 or 5 inches diameter ; lower part entirely denudated of the quite deciduous spines, Spines of the sterile joints, or young plants, 5-7, not over 3 or 4 lines long; areolw of the flowering joints 3 lines in diameter, covered with a dirty-whitish tomentum, 2-3 lines apart ; spines irregularly fasciculated, 10-25 in number, and from 1 to 4 inches long, flexuous and penthutlctix Flower somewhat hidden in this reddish-gray beard, and its tube evidently bent downward by it; length of flower 13-13 inch ; sepals without any wool in the olivaceous, lower ones triangular, acute, upper ones lanceolate ; petals dirty fhests-color’ ; stamina comparativ ely few, leaving the top of the ovary and the lower part of the tube naked ; stigmata 5-6, filiform, broom-shaped, exactly like those of C. giganteus or CO. Thurberi. Berry scarlet, 3 or 4 lines in diameter. Seeds very similar to those of C. giganteus, but larger, 1.0-1.2 line long; germination very much like that of the last two species ; cotyledons of seedling plant acute, short, spreading ; head globose, but soon somewhat elongated, while both otpers remain globose for a long time. C. Schottit is closely allied to Pilocereus scoparius, Poselg., from Vera Cruz. This, however, is a larger plant, 20-25 feet high, 1 foot in diameter, with 12-15 ribs on the sterile, and 20-25 on the flowering part. I have named this interesting species, the only Pilocereus of our Flora, after its zealous discoverer, whom I bave often had occasion to mention in these pages, and who, with all his other arduous duties in the field, still found leisure and inclination to study the Botany of the Boundary from the Pacific to the Gulf of Mexico. T Cereus Schottii, described in the text (evidently a Pilo- plant (the latter having more numerous, longer, and thinner, cereus, as that genus has been established by Lemaire), leaves often hair-like spines), and by the smaller flowers with no doubt in my mind about the propriety and necessity of a the parts reduced in number. The other characters ascribed reunion of the ‘‘ Old man Cactus” and its allies Me Cereus. to Pilocereus Citantenite from the whole surface of the tube, us, Pilocereus ee be characterized by the and even from the top of the ovary, and especially the short difference of the sterile and the flower-bearing parts of the and globose cotyledons) are not found in our species. ; CACTACEH OF THE BOUNDARY. 205 IV. OPUNTIA, Tovurn., Mitx.® Subgen. 1. STENOPUNTIA. Articuli complanati. Aculei non vaginati. Flores parvi. Petala parva, subulata, erectiuscula (aurantiaca). Stigmata pauca (1-3), acuta. Bacca? et Semina | The habit of the two species — the only ones yet known — is entirely that of the next subgenus ; vl oe [46] small flower (less than 1 inch in diameter) has numerous very small and narrow petals, and few and a stigmata. 0. grandis, the only other species known, has 2 or 3 stigmata, and 0. stenopetala only one peat ef must remark here that all the ovaria I have opened contained no ovules, and not even a cavity. ay not the acute single style (an unique and anomalous case in this family) be in some connection with this sterility, and may these flowers not be abortive or staminate forms ¢ _» 1. O. STENoPETALA, sp. noy.: prostrata; articulis magnis crassis; pulvillis ad eco confertissimis fusco- setulosis ; aculeis sub-3 compressis ancipitibus curvato-deflexis seu oe ee adjectis sepe 1-3 minoribus, omnibus atrofuscis ; floribus ex areolis fulvo-villosis ; ovarii obconici tuberculati pulvillis 30-40 constants albido-tomentosis setosis ; sepalis tubi petalisque sub-25 lineari-subulatis acuminatis aristatis aurantiacis erecto-patulis ; imo tubo nudo ; stylo medio globoso-ventricoso apice indiviso acuto staminibus sub-breviore. (Tab. eve CG n on the battle-field of Buena Vista, south of Saltillo, Mexico (Dr. J. Gregg, 1848). Flowers in July. — The Seca before me consist of dried segments of joints, bearing flowers. Toate apparently large, perhaps 7 or 8 inches in diameter ; pulvilli about 1} or 1} inch apart on the surface, but much crowded toward the edges, with much dirty-white wool, short dark brown bristles, and very dark, almost black spines, lighter at the tip. The stonter spines 1}-2 inches long, flat on the upper, rounded on the lower surface, often much curved. Floriferous pulvilli v woolly ; ovary about 9 lines long ; leaves (or sepals) on the tubercles deciduous, se slender, 2-2} lines long, sepals and petals 4-6 lines long, not more than 1 line broad at base, very slenderly acuminate, fleshy; sepals greenish-red, petals orange. Stamens numerous, half as long as the petals; style very ne inflated in the middle, and to all appearances (I have carefully examined about six flowers) with a single pointed stigma. No fruit or seed was obtained ; nor is it probable that these flowers would have ripened fruit, as no ovula could be found. Cannot this curious plant be obtained living? It is interesting to find in the Mexican O grandis, mentioned above (which has long been cultivated in European gardens, but has only lately for the first time flowered in Prince Salm’s collection), a very similar species, confirming this subgenus: this is an erect plant, with smaller joints, two white spines on the pulvilli, and 2 or 3 acute stigmata. sides its strictly differential characters (namely, the ous areola in Coryphantha and Echinocactus, but are quite ees nalts and the flat bony seeds with large foliaceous distinct, morphologically, from the spines themselves. In cotyledons), this genus is distinguished from the other Cac- Eumamiliarie the aculeiferous and floriferous areole are en- tacee by its subterete, subulate, and deciduous leaves, and tirely at ; in tesa they are united by a long by its barbed spines, which I do not find in any other plant groove chinocactus by a short one, or are quite con- of this family. These spines render Opuntie so much more tiguons, atihoagh ae distinct ; in Cereus we do not ob- —< eeable and even dangerous than other Cacti. In several serve a persistent floriferous areola, — the flower, as well as pecies (0. frayilis, “8 Bigelovii, O. frutescens, — others) the young bud, bursts the epidermis above and close to the Aa joints easily separate from the stem, and adhere by their spiniferous areola, where a kind of floriferous areola is formed, bar s to the ron or clothes of the ati — the and continues till soon after the fall of the fruit, when it most annoying burs. Besides these spines, —which are usually, gradually disappears. In all these plants the floriferous areola altiiough not in every species, present, — bristles are almost occurs only on the fully developed part of the plant capable invariably found on each pulvillus, usually small (less than of bearing flowers. But in Opuntia the pulvillus (which in its or 2 lines long, sometimes longer), and very numerous, lower part is the spiniferous and in its upper part the florifer- mixed with soft wool. These bristles are extremely sharp, ous areola combined) is the same in all stages of development ; and barbed backward like the spines, and are loosely attached only it is smaller on the lower part of each joint, and at their insertion ; consequently when touched they come off fewer or o no spines, and rarely if any flowers or new from the plant and a ost annoyingly to the skin or shoots, while the uppermost pulvi’li have the longest and clothing. Both the areola aculeifera and the areola florifera most numerous spines, and bear the flowers as well as the are united in this genus into one circular or oblong pulvillus young branches, The pulvilli of Opuntie continue to grow in the axil of the deciduous leaf. The spines oceupy the year after year, and the bristles become longer and more lower and the bristles the upper part of this pu/vil/us ; be- ce, and in many species the spines themselves grow tween the bristles, and surrounded by them, and always above Sometimes new spines are developed between the the spines, the young shoots or flowers originate. ese eat magne a low degree of continued vegetative ac- bristles correspond with the bristles and wool in the axils of tivity on the rudimentary axis represented by the floriferous some Eumamille with the tomentum of the florifer- areola. 206 CACTACEZH OF THE BOUNDARY. Subgen. 2. PLATOPUNTIA. [47] Articuli complanati, lanceolati, elliptici, obovati seu suborbiculati. Aculei nunquam vaginati. ee majores seu magni, Petala latiora, obovata seu orbiculata, flava seu rarius miniata, rarissime pur- purascen weer plura (5-10) obtusa. cca floris rudimentis dejectis late umbilicata, pulposa seu succosa, et inermis, rarius sicca et aculeata. Semina margine latiore seu angustiore cincta. Embryo plus quam circularis circa albumen parcum spiraliter convolutus. Cotyledones semper contrarie, incumbentes. This is the well-known form of Opuntie, with compressed and more or less elliptic ad decumbent or erect, with fibrous or sometimes tuberots roots; mostly with spines only on the upper or in section (Xerocarpee) on all the pulvilli, rarely (principally the Pubescentes) spineless. Flowers commonly 2-3 fai and sometimes even 4 or 5 inches in diameter ; stigmata, as far as my observation goes, always from 5 to 8 or at most 10 in number, whitish, yellowish, or green, patulous or mostly erect. Fruits often edible, so that some species are cultivated for their fruits, and have been introduced into the warmer parts of the other continents ; in the section Xerocarpece the fruits are spiny and dry, Seeds among the largest in the whole genus, or even in the whole family ; in some species over 3 lines in diameter. O. STRIGIL, sp. nov.: suberecta ; articulis ovatis obovatis seu orbiculatis obtusis sen subinde assy sovasthet } sulvillis confertis, ‘tiitirtbus albido-villosis mox setis difformibus stramin neis stipatis, omnibus aculeiferi aculeis rufis fuscisque versus apicem flavidis, 5-8 radiantibus deflexis, versus margines articuli cum 1-2 Zleiatnciiile longioribus erectis patulis seu deflexis; bacca parva subglobosa late umbilicata areolis 25-30 minutis stipata rubra ; seminibus parvis crassis obtuse marginatis. (Tab. LX VII.) Western Texas, west of the Pecos, in crevices of flat limestone rocks; Wright, Bigelow. — About 2 feet high, pale green ; joints covered with numerous pulvilli, each with a bunch of bright red-brown spines, paler at the tip, which give this plant a very showy appearance. Joints 4-5 inches long, 33-4 inches wide ; pulvilli 4~6 lines apart, prominent ; their whitish wool soon disappears, leaving them covered with fine pale-yellow bristles, a dozen of which are longer than the rest, radiating _— and laterally, and by joining the lower radiating spines forming with them a complete circle. Spines on most areole 5-8, — on the lower ones (as usual) fewer, renee and Sa on the upper and marginal ones more perfect ; veseits radiating spines 3-4 lines, lower ones 5-8 lines long ; the one or two stouter somewhat compressed spines on the upper areolz are nearly an inch long ‘dood aw. bale, ja sak biota! in the middle, gradually fading into yellow at the point. Flower unknown. Fr ral 6-7 lines long, about 6 lines thick, with a broad and flat umbilicus; areole small, with gray wool and a few bristles. Seed 14 line in diameter, rather irregular, very thick in proportion. It would be desirable to obtain living specimens of this pet species, which could be easily done by travellers on the now well-frequented road between San Antonio and El 3. O. ENceLMannt, Salm: erecta, grandis ; caule demum lignoso tereti cortice cinereo rimoso obducto ; articulis orbiculato-obovatis seu obovatis magnis pallide viridibus ; pulvillis remotis griseo-tomentosis ; setis [48] flavis rigidis valde inzequalibus sparsis ; aculeis paucis (in areolis superioribus pleruamque 2-3) validis compressis seu angulatis rectis seu subinde curvatis deflexis seu varie divergentibus stramineis corneisve basi rufis, cum adven- titiis inferioribus 1-2 gracilioribus pallidioribus sepe deficientibus ; floribus flavis intus rubellis ; ovario obovato- subgloboso seu rarius elongato subclavato sepalis e basi lata subulatis et pulvillis 20-25 griseo- seu fulvo-tomentosis parce setosis instructo ; sepalis tubi sub-13, exterioribus ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis, interioribus orbiculato-obovatis cuspidatis ; petalis 8-10 obovatis subspathulatis obtusis mucronatis; stylo crasso parum tumido; stigmatibus 8-10 erectis ; glo bovato seu rarius pyriformi late umbilicata ; seminibus minoribus Jelctremaleetiais plerumque anguste marginatis. (Tab. LXXYV. fig. 1-4.) From the Canadian River (Bigelow) to New Braunfels, in Texas (Lindheimer), and to the mouth of the Rio Grande; westward to the Pecos and Presidio (Bigelow), El Paso (Wright), and perhaps to the Pacific (Parry) ; south to Chihuahua (Wislizenus). Flowers in May and June. — A stout, coarse-looking plant, 4-6 feet high ; lower part of old stems woody with loosely reticulated ligneous fibres, and with gray bark often covered with lichens, about 6 inches in diameter. Joints in the larger specimens 1 foot long, 9 inches in diameter ; leaves subulate, 3-4 lines long, patu- lous ; pulvilli 13-14 inch apart, 3-4 lines in diameter ; bristles coarse, sparse, and very unequal, longer ones on the upper edge of the pulvillus sometimes 4-6 lines lene spines 1-1} inch long, lower smaller ones 6-9 lines long. Flower 24-3 inches in diameter, characterized by the usually quite short ovary and the comparatively narrow and not emarginate petals. Ovary commonly 1-1} inch long, almost globose ; in some instances, gota T have seen it clavate and nearly 2 inches long (perhaps then sterile and inclined to become proliferous). Fruit subglobose, some- CACTACEH OF THE BOUNDARY. 207 what contracted at base, nearly 2 inches long; umbilicus about an inch in diameter, flat or a little depressed ; fruit dirty purplish, usually with a bright pinnihsil pulp, of an insipid or even nauseous taste. Seeds usually less than 2 lines, in most specimens only 1.5-1 7 line in diameter, of a regular (from Matamoras) or commonly more irregular twisted shape, with an obtuse or acutish, caine narrow margin. Young plants raised from seed are characterized by the fascicles of very long (3-1 i fine woolly hairs on the pulvilli, which appear in the second season, and remain for several years. Among the numerous varieties of this species, the var. cyclodes, from the upper Pecos, has been described in Captain Whipple’ s Pacitic Railroad Report; another one was collected by Mr. Wright on the Limpia, with 1-6 stout, — spines on the upper pulvilli, and none at all on the lower ones. gelow distinguishes from this species another plant, which he has frequently observed near Presidio del Norte ee ‘Eagle Pass. From his notes, and from the meagre material on hand, I venture to describe it, without asserting its specific difference from the last species. LCIS, sp. nov.: adscendens, patula ; articulis obovatis ; pulvillis remotis ; setis fulvis difformibus, exteriori- bus sate tenuioribus tresioeiinm subeequalibus, interioribus uniseriatis robustioribus multo longioribus ; aculeis 2-3 angulatis sepius tortis pallidis deflexis, ssepe cum 1-3 gracilioribus ; bacca ovata late umbilicata pallida; seminibus minoribus regularibus anguste marginatis. (Tab. LXXV. fig. 5-7 suberect, spreading bush, lower and with smaller joints than the last species, and always with a very sweet and pleasant-tasted fruit. Plant about 2 feet high; joints } foot long; spines 1-1}? inch in length, almost white. A semicircle of short spines or long bristles distinctly separates the spiniferous from the bristly part of the pulvillus ; the bristles themselves are much more numerous, finer, and more crowded than in 0. Engelmanni. [49] This arrangement of the bristles I find again only in O. chlorotica (Engelmann & Bigelow), from the western Colorado. The spines resemble O. tortispina (Engelmann & Bigelow) ; the flower and fruit, O. Engelmanni; and the seed seems different from all these Fruit 14-1} inch long, 1 inch in diameter; umbilicus 3 inch wide, shallow. Seeds 1.5-2.0 lines in diameter. O. occrpentauis, E. & B. in Pac. Rail. Rep., found by Dr. Bigelow “in immense patches forty miles east of Los Angeles,” Calon, was also observed by Mr. Schott in the high valleys of San Pascual and Santa Isabel, north- east of ‘Gass Diego, “ covering extensive tracts of land.” It is probably a good species, and quite distinct from 0. ae eee Young plants raised from Dr. Bigelow’s seeds do not show the peculiar capillary spines of that species mentioned a Another tha grows on the hill-sides and plains near San Diego (Parry), and on the sea-beach there eo: An erect plant, 4-6 feet high ; spines 2-4, stout, compressed, yellowish or brownish, also forming large thickets; join 6-8 inches long and 4-6 inches wide ; ovary subglobose, with 16-20 bristly pulvilli; 15-18 broadly obovate ae sepals ; about 8 (2) orbiculate petals ; 8-10 stigmata ; a large yellowish or purple fruit, of pleasant taste, much relished inhabitants Whether this is a form of 0. Engelmanni, or O. Ficus Indica,— which, from having for a i while been cultivated about the settlements, may have become naturalized, —I cannot at present determine. O. MACROCENTRA, sp. nov. : adscendens ; articulis magnis suborbiculatis tenuibus sepe eretacenets ‘ foliis gracilibus lineari- puiliulatia’s palviltie subremotis orbiculato-ovatis setas graciles eee fulvas tomentum vix superantes gerenti us plerisque inermibus, summ mis et marginalibus solum armatis ; aculeis 1-2 rarius plistbas prelongis rectis seu varie flexuosis fusco-atris sursum pallidioribus sepe annulato-nota oti superiore terete inferiore subbreviore = seu canaliculato; flore flavo; ovario ovato; pulvillis 20-25 villosis et fulvo-setosis versus superiorem ovarii partem congestis ; sepalis tubi 13 lanceolatis seu interioribus obovatis acuminatis cuspidatisve ; petalis sub-8 — obtusis mucronatis; stigmatibus 8; seminibus majusculis late obtuseque undulato-marginatis. (Tab, LXXYV. fig. 8. Sandy elon in the bottom of the Rio Grande near El] Paso, also on the Limpia (Wright). Flowers in May. A remarkably sisiking plant, 2-3 feet high, with large, almost rounded, thinly compressed, often purplish joints, BE very long nearly black spines, of which it would be very desirable to obtain living plants, as none of those sent home by Mr. Wright have survived. Joints 5-8 inches long, 4-7 inches wide ; leaves 24-3 lines long, remarkably slender ; pulvilli #-1 tabh apart, lower ones smaller and closer together, unarmed ; spines on the upper ones 2-3 inches long, lower half almost black ; ovary 1} inch long, 8 lines in diameter ; flower 3 inches in diameter when fully open. The seeds sent by Mr. Wright as belonging to oy — are 2,0-2.2 lines in diameter, much twisted, their border undu- lating, very similar to seeds of some form o O. pheacantha. From this species our plant seems to be distinguished by its larger, thinner, more orbicular joints, pe closer and more woolly pulvilli, the slenderer leaves, and the small number of very long spines ; the ovary also is more elongated, the sepals narrower, the flower larger. 5. O. pH#acantHa, E. in Plant. Fendl.: diffusa, adscendens; articulis obovatis seu Sana crassis oes foliis e basi crassa subulatis ; pulvillis subremotis orbiculato-ovatis setas graci mineas tomento griseo plerumque longiores gerentibus plerisque armatis; aculeis 2-5 eee arco [50] ‘erence porrecto, ceteris brevioribus inequalibus plus minus angulatis seu compressis deflexis fuscis seu 208 CACTACEZ OF THE BOUNDARY. fusco-atris sursum pallidioribus ; flore flavo; ovario brevi pulvillis sub-20 tomentosis et fulvo-setosis versus superiorem ovarii partem congestis ; sepalis tubi sub-13 oes late oblanceolatis ceteris late obovatis cuspidatis ; petalis 8-10 late obovatis obtusis submucronatis ; stigmatibus 8 erectis ; bacca cuneato-pyriformi late umbilicata vix pulposa ; seminibus plerumque majusculis sub-regu RE crasse ener (Tab. LXXV. fig. 9.-13.) Var. a. NIGRICANS: obovata, viridior; pulvillis magis approximatis; aculeis brevioribus acute angulatis nigricantibus. r. 8. BRUNNEA: obovata, glaucescens ; pulvillis remotis ; aculeis longioribus obtuse angulatis infra brunneis. long the Rio Grande near Santa Fé, var. a. (Fendler) ; var. 8. common about El Paso, on the sandy ridges in the immediate valley of the river (Wright).— The northern plant has been correctly described in “ Planta Fend- lerianz,” with the exception of the flower, which probably refers to O. Missouriensis, or some allied species. The variety from El Paso has remarkably thick and glaucous joints, which in fall and winter often assume a purplish hue ; they are commonly 4 or 5 inches long and 2}-3 inches wide, the largest ones were 7 inches long and 4} inches broad, sometimes they are more orbicular and shorter; leaves 2}-3 lines long, thick in proportion ; pulvilli 1-13 inch apart, with dirty yellowish or brownish bristles, only the lowest ones without spines ; spines usually 2-4, sometimes 4 or 5, and even more, in one bunch, 1-2 or sometimes 24 inches long, terete or more or less flattened, but without sharp angles, often striate, light or dark brown below, whitish above, lower spines often entirely whitish. Flower 2}-21 inches in diameter ; ovary 10 lines long, 8 lines in diameter. Fruit 1j}-1} inch long, with the lower part contracted, solid and seedless ; umbilicus sithen. shallow. Seeds very variable, ee over 2 lines in diameter, but sometimes smaller, O. TENUISPINA, sp. nov. : diffusa seu adscendens; articulis mediis seu majusculis obovatis basi attenuatis lete viridibus ; foliis gracilibus subulatis parvis, pulvillis subapproximatis setas breves graciles fulvas rufasve gerenti- bus, plerisque armatis seu inferioribus inermibus ; aculeis singulis binisve teretiusculis rectis gracilibus flexilibus albidis non raro basi apiceque fuscatis annulatisque, adjectis seepe inferioribus tenuioribus albis, superiore in areolis - superioribus porrecto, ceteris deflexis ; ovario clavato gracili pulvillis 25 versus apicem aggregatis griseo-villosis et fulvo-setosis stipato; sepalis tubi sub-13 oburvate-arbioatatle abbreviatis cuspidatis ; petalis 13 obovatis sub-emarginatis mucronulatis flavis basi aurantiacis ; stigmatibus 7-8 erectis virescentibus ; md minore oblonga profunde umbilicata, seminibus minoribus irregulariter angulatis anguste marginatis. (Tab. LXXYV. fig. Sand-bills on the Rio Grande near El Paso, from Doiia Ana to San Elizario aed: Flowers in May. — About a foot high, spreading; joints 3-6 inches long, 2-4 inches wide ; leaves 2 lines long or less, } line in diameter; pulvilli 2 inch or in the largest specimens almost an inch apart, with short gray wool, and bright, reddish-brown, slender Teletlen, 1-1} line long. Spines stiff and very straight, but flexible ; lowest ones 3-1} inch long ; upper ones 13-2} or rarely even 3 inches long, whitish or in some species brown toward the base or on the lower half, always darkish at tip. Flower 23-3 inches in diameter ; ovary 1-1} inch long, slender; sepals remarkably short; petals rounded or somewhat emarginate, 1-1} inch long, 6-9 lines broad, yellow, with orange-red at base, turning all red on the second day of flowering. Fruit 1-1} inch long, with a very deep usar and without any contraction at base. Seeds [51] 1.5~-2.0 lines in diameter, deeply notched at the hilum, very irregular. Distinguished from the nearly allied O. pheacantha by its thinner joints, slenderer and longer spines, Bese flowers, different fruit, etc. 7. ©. FILIPENDULA, sp. nov.: adscendens, glauca ; radicibus nodoso-incrassatis tuberiferis ; articulis minoribus diversissimis orbiculatis seu siicaitd seu oblanceolatis tenuibus ; foliis minutis subulatis ; palvillis approximatis in tomento albo setas numerosas tenuisissimas penicillatas demum elongatas virescenti-stramineas — plurimis armatis seu omnibus plus minus inermibus ; aculeis 1-2 albidis elonpatis setaceis non raro subangulatis tortisque, 1-2 minoribus sepe adjectis ; ovarii subcylindrici gracilis pulvillis 16-20 villo albo et setis parcis stramineis munitis 5 sepalis tubi sub-8 Lsiscbitatie interioribus obovato-cuspidatis ; petalis 8 late obovatis retusis purpurascentibus margine pallidioribus ; ~ ie purpurascente ; stigmatibus 5 erectis flavidis ; seminibus minoribus tumidis anguste crasseque marginatis. (Tab. LX VIII.) Alluvial bottoms of the Rio Grande, in rather fertile soil, near Dofia Ana, above El Paso, and at San Elizario, below it; also on alluvial prairies between El Paso and the Limpia (Wright). Flowers in May and June. — The tubers of the root, }~-1 inch thick, are long and peorerbs or oval, or globular swellings of the roots, strung upon thick fibres ; these tubers will sprout when planted. The stems are 6-12 inches high and spreading ; joints of a bluish, hue, more so than any other of our species, very y vitisble in shape, orbicular, or even transverse to obovate and lasiévolate ; often on the same plant, 14-3 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, very much compressed ; leaves 13-1} line long ; pulvilli 4-6 lines apart, with a perfectly white tomentum, becoming gray when old, and numerous slender, greenish-yellow bristles, which finally hecome 2-3 lines long and very conspicuous. Sometimes the joints are entirely spineless, but usually they are armed with long, deflexed, very slender white spines, the longer ones 1-2 inches, the lower and shorter ones less than 1 inch in length ; ovary slenderer than in any other species known to me, an in long, at top hardly more than 3 lines wide. Flowers about 2} inches in diameter, purplish, without any mixture of CACTACEZ OF THE BOUNDARY. 209 brick-red or yellow, as in the allied species ; the only other purple one of our Platopuntie is O. basilaris, which is of a yet purer and deeper purple color. Fruit unknown, Seeds have been sent which have germinated and produced plants which already after the first year showed the characteristic glaucous hue and the tuberous roots. These seeds also differ from all our other Opuntia seeds by their great thickness, and their remarkably narrow but thick and obtuse margin. They are only very slightly notched at the hilum, and i a diameter of 1.7—2.0 lines, with a thickness of 1,2 line. 8. O. MacroruHIzA, E. in Plant. Lindh., from between San Antonio and Austin CPanthetmnse), " iieP BEY well perma by its large tuberous roots, mbich even the young seedlings very soon begin to show without these is hardly distinguishable from 0. Ce ty E. of the Mississippi valley. I find the flower se an ee pe the stigmata always 5. (Tab, LXIX.) 9. O. RUFIDA, sp. nov. : erecto-patula ; articulis late obovatis seu suborbiculatis pubescentibus ; foliis e basi lata subulatis longe acuminatis ; pulvillis confertis griseo-villosis setas rufidas graciles numerosissimas penicillatas gerentibus inermibus ; floris flavi ovario obovato pulvillis 40-50 instructo ; sepalis tubi 20-30, exterioribus lineari- lanceolatis acuminatis, interioribus obovatis —— ; petalis (8 ?) orbiculato-obovatis obtusis erosis seepe mucronu- latis ; stigmatibus sub-7 abbreviatis in capitulum globosum congestis. n about Presidio del Norte, on he Rio Grande, on rocks and mountains (Bigelow) ; in the lower [52] valley of the Nazas, southeastern Chihuahua (Gregg). Flowers in May. — Stems 2-4 feet high ; joints 2-6 inches long, pale green, sae any red or colored spots surrounding the pulvillus, as is said to be constantly the case in the allied O. puberula and O. decumbens ; leaves apa patie: acuminate, 2} lines long, about twice the length of the axillary ons pulvilli thickly tomentose, and with an abundance of very delicate brown-red bristles, almost entirely _ covering the surface of young or not fully-grown Ams in adult ones about 4 lines apart. The flower described above was obtained south of the Rio Grande, in the sia de Mapimi; ovary 10 lines long, flower 2} inches in diameter, stigmata (green?) about 1 line in length. This species is nearly allied to 0. microdasys, which is common in cultiva- tion, and specimens of which from Saltillo I a been able to compare. Our plant has more rounded and larger joints, more distant pulvilli, which bear reddish-brown (not yellow) bristles and longer leaves. From 0. puberula, which seems to be yet nearer allied to it, it differs by the absence of spines, larger eat ete. Mr. Schott has noticed a pubescent Opuntia on the dividing ridge of the California Cordilleras, near the bo y line, and a suberect species in the Santa Cruz valley, in Sonora, about 3 feet high, both without spines. It is Spribans to form any opinion where they belong, as no specimens have been saved. 10. O. BastzaRis, E. & B. in Pacif. R. R.: found by Mr. Schott in the Gila valley, and up the eastern slope of the California mountains. Flowers in May. . O. ARENARIA, sp. nov.: diffusa, adscendens ; radicibus crassis elongatis seepe stoloniferis ; articulis minori- bus obovatis crassis tumidis seu ibccuibcaian tuberculatis nitide virentibus ; foliis minutis pulvillo vix longioribus ; pulvillis enemies parce albo-tomentosis setas plurimas gracillimas pallidas demum in articulis vetustis numerosis- simas pulvinatas fulvas gerentibus, omnibus fere armatis; aculeis superioribus 1-4 sepe subangulatis, summo validiore soot albido seu fusco-variegato, ceteris brevioribus divergentibus seu deflexis albidis ; aculeis inferiori- us 2-6 brevibus setaceis albis radiantibus; floribus sulphureis; ovario obovato pulvillis 20-30 setosis aculeolatisque iii: sepalis tubi 12-14, inferioribus late obovatis cuspidatis, — obtusis ; petalis sub-8 obcordatis seu bus emarginatis spe mucronatis ; stigmatibus 5 mucronatis viridi n capitulum collectis ; bacca oblonga ovata aculeolis 216 CACTACEZ OF THE BOUNDARY. Page 12 =page 183. M. pectinata is probably not sufficiently distinct from M. radians, DC., and, with it and both the following species (M/Z. Echinus aud es scoli cp may belong to Mf. cornifera, DC. ; the two former being the forms without, and the three latter those with, ral s Page 14= page 183. WM. ca a specimen brought by Dr. Bigelow has flowered. The flower greatly resembles that of M. pectinata, figured on Plate XI. , but is more of a reddish than yellow tinge. Dr. Poselger assures me that they also vary with white or whitish flowers. Jf. h tberculosa is po ee identical with MM. strobiliformis, Scheer in Salm, Hort. Dyck (1850), as I have ascertained by a careful examination of the original specimen (now dead) in the collection of Prince Salm. r. Scheer’s name, having oe priority, must be substituted tr min = page 186. M. heteromorpha, Scheer in Hor Druk, 1850, is the same species, to judge from the “skeleton” of the original specimen in eal: Salm. — Anhalonium. As = genera of Cactacee are now constituted, Anhalonium will prob- ably better be kept distinct from hintiaeti A second section of the genus, with flattened tubercles arranged into ribs, would comprise Echinocactus Williamsii, Lem. The tufts of dense wool on this plant do not represent the (absent) spines, but are axillary productions, surrounding and partly including the flower and fruit. The ovary is perfectly naked, as in other Anhalonia or Mamillarice, which has already been noticed by ot rare rs. The in etait Leuchtenbergia Principis, Fisch., may fees have to be reduced to a third section of this genus. The flowers being borne just below the tip of the nascent tahindles ich, when full grown, are 3 to 6 or 7 sl long, saieatti ti or awl-shaped, and bear at the tip several flat flexible nee in [75] place of spines), the plant can have no affinity with Cereus. If the ovary should prove to be naked, the large flower and elongated tube would not be sufficient to separate it from Anhalonium. My. Labouret, in his ‘‘ Monographie des Cactées,” Paris (without date, probably 1853), page 162, notices the position of the flower. I have seen the young buds below the apex the tubercle at Kew, and the scar left by the fallen fruit at Mr. Haage’s in Erfurt, but could not meet with either flower or fruit itself. —_A. fissuratum is very nearly allied to the Mexican 4. sulcatum, Salm (A. Kotchubei, Lem.), of which it seems no _ living nor dead specimen is at present extant in Europe. The upper surface of the tubercle of A. sulcatwm is said to be deeply grooved, the groove being filled with silky tomentum ; otherwise the tuber cles a are cae to be sm age 21— page 188. Fig. 12 exhibits the enlarged funiculi, which consist of a loose juicy teal It seems that in most Cuctacee the funiculi toward maturity become large and juicy. Usually pak =e then burst, and form the so-called pulp, in which the seeds are described as nestling, — ‘‘ semina nidulantia. Page 23, line 14 = page 190, line 6. It ought to have been mentioned that the lower central spine is as long as the others, or more pai greatly exceeds them. == page 192. J. horizonthalonius. Numerous original specimens of this plant, living and dead, examined in European collections, sates no doubt of the entire aceeaehd of the different forms, which can scarcely be counted as varieties. e 200, line 6. C. pentalophus is erect, ‘10-15 inches high,” only when so trained. It [76] grows naturally like C. Satine tart C. procumbens, and C. Ehrenbergii, Pfeif., all of which los resemble one another habit. C. pentalophus has a 5-angled stem of bright green color, with short spines ; C. Ehrenbergii is usually 6-angled, pale green, with numerous long and setaceous spines. Flower and fruit of either seem to be unknow age 39, line 21 = page 200, line 45. The root of young plants forms a single globose abe: in older ones it consists of a cluster of several oval or shore tubers, sometimes 6 or 8 in number, 1-14 inch in diameter and 2-3 inches long. Page 39, line 29 = page 200, line 52. After “family,” add: ‘‘or the specimen observed by Dr. Poselger offered one of those rare anomalies (one of cat found by Zuccarini in Cereus serpentinus, was figured by him in the Annals of the Munich Academy) where the ovary actually forms the continuation and termination of a trench: by which the sagacious observer just mentioned was induced to = the so-called ovary of Cactacee itself a branch, with the real ovary immersed in it. But how would he view it in Mamillaria Page 41, line 13 = page ni line 1. This is C. Pottsii, Salm, Hort. Dyck, a later name. Page 46, line 26 = page 205, line 28. Cultivated specimens of 0. grandis are erect, because, tied to the stake, they are not permitted to grow otherwise. Their white spines seem to grow dark very soon, and the smaller number and greater distance of the spines may be owing to the influence of cultivation. There is therefore scarcely a permanent character left to distinguish the new species from this one. ine 8 = page 206, line 7. This margin is the enlarged and indurated funiculus itself, which, by a lateral expansion, aviliks the seed proper and forms its exterior bony coating. This dilatation of the funiculus takes place long before the flowering period ; it covers the ovulum so completely that only two small lateral openings remain, which lead to the orifice. After Mr. Payen and others bad already noticed this expansion of the — Dr. Caspary, of Bonn, lately has more eS . investigated its nature. It appears that in many if not in all other Cactacew, the funiculus is bent over ee ap of the ovalu ey covering it (I have seen it in some Mamillarie, Echinocacti, “cal Cerei) ; but that only in Opunti expands into an exterior seminal coat, which is distinguished from arillus proper only by its being already fully Gras [77] at the flowering period. Page 58 = page 213. 0. arborescens seems to be very closely allied if not identical with 0. rosea, DC., and 0. imbri- cata, DC. The former is described from a figure ; the flower and fruit of the latter remain unknown, —so that it is difficult if not impossible at present to solve these doubts. Page 59, line 30 = page 214, line22. 0. Wrightii Sed not be different from 0, KZeinie, DC., from Mexico, long cultivated in Europe, tha Bower of Which does not seem to be kno 60, line 21 = page 204, line 53. 0. pana seems identical with 0. gracilis, Hort. Monae, and 0. virgata, Hort. Vind., the flower and fruit of which are unknown. It is stated that the spines of 0. gracilis are not vaginate. This is no doubt CACTACEH OF THE BOUNDARY. 217 a mistake; but the sheath is probably not as loose asin others. It corresponds, therefore, with my var. brevispina, Synops. Cact. in Proe. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., Vol. III. In delicate specimens — and such are usually the cultivated ones — the spines of most of the cylindric Opwntie do not exhibit the sheath very plainly ; it ¥ senally adheres closely to the body of the spine. This vagina consists, like the whole spine, of elongated indurated cells; the barbs of the spine are covered by it and are closely adpressed until the vagina detaches itself, which commonly takes aes very early. Mr. Paulus Reetter, of St. Louis, made the drawings for the plates under the close superintendence of the author, The steel engravings were done partly by Mr. W. H. Dougal, of Georgetown, D. C.; a few by Messrs, Maillard & Connor, of St. is; and the balance by European artists, namely, — Mr. Weber, of Berlin, Prussia, and Mr. Davesne, [78] Mr. Rebuffet, Mr. Martin Schmelz, and the brothers Picart, all of Paris, France. The high order of iM of the engravings, especially of those of the Picarts and of Schmelz, cannot fail to strike those who examine the gures of the embryos in Plates XXIV., XXXIV., XLI., and XLVII., the line indicating a division of the cotyledons does not show in all the copies. The embryo in Plates XXIV. and XXXIV. resembles that of Plate LXXIV. figs. 9 and 10 ; and that of Plates XLI. and XLVIL, is like that on Plate LV. St, Louis, November, 1858. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Remarks. — All the figures are in natural size unless otherwise stated. The seeds of Mamillarie, Echinocacti, and [63] Cerei are represented in the natural size, and eight times magnified: a@ is a lateral view, natural size ; b, same, eight times magnified ; ¢, part of the surface of the seed still more magnified ; @, seed after the removal of the outer coat, with endopleura and albumen ; ¢, embryo; /, another form of same seed; g, ‘iacdting plant ; 4, back view; 7, front view; %, basal view; 1, top view of embryo. All eight times magnifie Th ds of Opuntie, being larger, are reginnenited a, side view, natural size; 6, same, four times magnified, as are all the following ones; ¢, posterior view; d, anterior view; e, vertical section; f, seed after the removal of the testa; g, embryo. The landscape opposite the titlepage represents a region near the Colorado River, with several Cacti, especially Cereus giganteus ; one of them decayed, showing the form of the ligneous skeleton. The different plants are accurate copies of nature. Plate I. MAMILLARIA MICROMERIS: 1, a young plant not yet blooming, without the tuft; 2, a plant in bloom, with the tuft; 3 and 4, different views of a plant of the largest size, — several fruits are seen in the tuft ; 5, a tubercle with a bunch of oe eight times magnified ; 6, a bunch of spines in natural size, and 7, the same, eight times enlarged. e II. teral view of a bunch of spines, and its wool on the flower-bearing part of the plant, ~~ times sand, ce oteqedan = “eee elongated clavate spines; 2, flower, four times enlarged ; 3, fruit ; 4, seed. — Fi M. MICROMERIS, var. GRE : 5, bunch of spines; 6, same, eight times magnified, showing the ragged ends of eis oo spines where they are Saray off ; 7, a bunch of spines, with its wool from the flowering part of the aaa with the long clavate spines, eight times magnified ; 8, seed. Plate III. M. LastacanrHa: 1, a plant of the ordinary size in flower; 2, flower, four times magnified ; 8, a tubercle with a bunch of spines, showing the pubescence, eight times magnified ; 4-5, bunches of spines, natural size, and eight times magnified. Plate IV. M. LASIACANTHA, var. DENUDATA: 1, a fruit-bearing plant ; 2, a tubercle, with its bunch of spines, eight times magnified ; 3-4, bunches of spines in natural size, and the same eight times magnified ; Plate V. M. pusiiLa, var. Texana: 1, whole plant in flower; 2, a ers with a bunch of spines and the axillary wool, twice magnified ; 3, a bunch of spines, same; 4, flower, same; 5, fruit natural size; 6, seed. Plate VI., fig. 1-8. M. Granamr: 1, asingle plant; 2-4, bunches = spines, with one, two, and three oes [64] spines; 5, a tubercle mad rn of spines, magnified twice; 6, a bunch of spines from Dr. Parry’s specimen Colorado, eth magnified t ; 7, a flower from A. Schott’s specimen from the Gila; 8, seed. — Fig. 9-12. < BARBATA : 9, a tubercle and bunch re ime natural size; 10, bunch of spines, magnified twice; 11, fruit; 12, seed. Plate VII. M. PHELLOsPERMA: 1, a flowerless plant ; 2, a bunch of spines ; ; 3, a tubercle with the axillary wool and gg and the terminal bunch of spines, twice magnified ; 4-6, bunches of spines, with one or more hooks, twice the natural sau fruits of different size; 9, seed. e VIII, fig. 1-8. M. Wrientir: 1, a whole plant in fruit, from a sketch of Mr. Moellhausen’s ; 2, a young, and, 3, an ie hase with spines, of the same specimen ; 4~6, spines of a specimen from the Copper-mines, four from the older part of the plant; 7, flower; 8, seed. — Fig. 9-14. M. Goopriperr: 9, tubercle with spines ; 10, bunch of spines, natural size ; 11-12, tubercles with the axillary wool and bristles, and the spines ; 13-14, bunches of spines. The last four figures are inagnified twice, Plate IX., fig. 1-3. M. MEIAcANTHA: 1, whole plant in flower; 2, fruit; 3, seed. — Fig, 4-14. M. Heryprrt, var. 28 218 CACTACEH OF THE BOUNDARY. APPLANATA : a upper part of plant in flower and fruit ; 5-6, different views of flowers; 7, fruit; 8, seed, — all from the same specimen from El Paso; 9-14, bunches of spines of different forms of the same variety, from western Texas. — Fig. 15-17: bunches A spines and seed of the var. HEMISPHZKICA, from Matamoras. — Fig. 18-20. M. GuMMIFERA: different views of tubercles and spines. Plate X. M. Ecuinus: 1, whole plant in fruit ; 2-3, tubercles sen the groove and the wool on the basal areola ; 47, aces of spines of younger ee older plants ; 8-9, same, with the central spine curved ; 10, fruit; 11, . M. pectinata: 1, whole plant in flower; 2-3, diffe oor views of tubercles from is sides a the plant ; 4-7, fee of spines ; 8-9, ide from the wer-bearing top of larger plants ; 10, Plate XII., fig. 1-16. M.TUuBERcULOSA: 1, a large specimen in fruit ; 2-11, tuber ie sal bunches of spines of different 2 neg (2-3, from a young plant; 10, a very Fits tubercle), — all the ‘Agharoles exhibit the large mass of dense wool at ag + ae 13, flower ; 14, fruit; 15, seed of the same ; 16, seed of another specimen, smaller, and with smaller marks. — Fig. 17-22. M. DasyAcANTHA: 17-20, tubercles and bunches of spines of different specimens ; 21-22, seeds of Plate XIII. M. raprosa, var. Neo Mexicana: 1, a plant with several branches in flower; 2 and 8, different tubercles with bunches of spines, the woolly grooves extending more or less down along the upper side of the tubercle ; 4, a bunch of spines ; 6, a fruit ; 7, seed. Plate XIV. M. MACROMERIS in flower. Plate XV. The same: 1, one of the largest bunches of spines; 2, one of the smallest ones; 3, a young tubercle not fully developed ; 4, a young hak full-grown tubercle, bearing the flower at the lower end of the woolly groove, far above the axil, a younger tubercle attached to it; 5, a ripe fruit, with a few scales; 6 and 7, seeds of the largest and the smallest kind. Plate XVI. M. Fissurata : 1, a flowering plant; 2, petals ; 3-9 tubercles of different size and age and in re: positions ; 3, a large tubercle from above; 4, same from below; 5, same from the side; 6, a smaller one, with few divisions from above ; 7, side view of same ; 8, a small tubercle from above; 9, a young one, with the silky ete eer} [65] straight and smooth ; 10, a young tubercle bearing a fruit, which becomes visible after separating the wool; 11, seed. Plate XVII. iy ise ae ScHEErt : 1, a full-grown plant in flower ; 2, part of a rib, front view, showing the form of the ae and their grooves ; 3, part of a rib, side view ; 4-6, bunches of spines ; 7, seed. Plate XVIII. E. prevrHamartus: a full-grown plant of ordinary size. Plate XIX. The sume: 1, part of a rib, side view, to exhibit the tubercles and their grooves ; 2, part of a rib almost in front, with a flower; 3, a tubercle, with a flower at the base of the long groove; 4, a young bunch of spines from a small specimen ; 5-8, bunches of spines from different full-grown specimens. Plate XX. E. sETISPINUSs: 1, top of a plant with flower; 2, another flower; 3, Aower-bud; 4-6, bunches with 12 radial and 1 central spines of different size aud shape; 7-9, bunches with more radial and sometimes more central spines ; 10, bunch of = with two almost straight central spines; 11, fruit; 12, several seeds attached to the funiculi, four times magnified ; 13, seed of the usual size and form; 14, larger seed of a specimen from Eagle Pass, to which spines Plate XXI. E. LONGEHAMATUS : part of a rib, with a flower. Plate XXII. The same: arib, side view, showing the tubercles, and with their short grooves and their flexuous spines. Plate XXIII. The same: 1, a bunch of spines of the longest spined variety ; 2, a fruit; 38, seed; 4 and 5, bunches of spines of the smaller variety. Plate XXIV. The same: 1, a bunch of spines of the thick spined Mexican form; 2 and 3, lower central spines of the same; 4, seed of - — agrias, the sour cactus-berries of Saltillo, to exhibit the peculiar form of the seed and the great Sencalty of the surf Plate XXV. : WIsLizent : 1, upper part of a rib with a flower and a flower-bud ; 2, pistil; 8, fruit; 4 and 5, seeds of different form and surface, from El Paso; 6, seed of different shape, from the upper Gila. Plate XXVI. The same: 1-3, Sesiaboee of spines of different shape and proportion Plate XXVII. E. Le Conrer: 1, part of a rib with a fruit ; 2, a bunch of aden: 3, a flower; 4, section of same; Plate XXVIII. E. Emoryr: 1, bunch of spines of a large specimen, from Guaymas; 2, young bunch of spines with flower, from Sonora; 3, section of flower. te XXIX. E. vintpescens: 1 and 2, bunches of spines of a young plant; 3, flower; 4, pistil; 5, fruit, not fully ripe, and therefore a little shriveled ; 6, Plate XXX. E. cytinpRacevs: 1, a bunch of spines of a young specimen ; 2-5, bunches of spines of older but not yet fully grown specimens. Plate XXXI. E. HoRIZONTHALONIUS : in flower. Plate XXXII., fig. 1-5. The same: 1, a young plant ; 2-4, spines of different forms; 5, seed. — Fig. 6-7. E. PARRYI: bunches of spines. Plate XXXIII., fig. 1-6. E. Texensts: 1, a larger, 2, a smaller bunch of spines; 3, flower; 4, fruit; 5, seed from Texas; 6, seed from Matamoras, smaller and more distinctly marked than fig. 5. — Fig. 7, seed of E, Sanp1uton (Gay), from which has also a woolly fruit. CACTACEZ OF THE BOUNDARY. 219 Plate XXXIV. E. INTERTEXTUS: 1, a plant of rather large size, in flower ; 2-5, young bunches of spines, more [66] or less ag ; 6-8, old bunches of spines ; 9, fruit, with a few scales, with wool at base and the dry flower on to 10, se Plate XXXV., fig. 1-5. E. ipa var. DASYACANTHUS: 1, 1-2, young bunches of spines ; 8-5, old ones. — & Fig. 6-8. E. uNGUISPINUS: bunches of spin Plate XXXVI. CrEREUS VIRIDIFLORUS: 1, large plant, from the Limpia, in flower, one flower fully, another one half open; 2, bunch of spines of this plant without, and, 3, with a central spine; 4-7, bunches of spines of a specimen collected by Dr. Bigelow on the upper Pecos, with one or more central spines (4, a very young bunch; 5, a full-grown one; 6, a simi- lar larger one, like the former, with two central spines ; 7, another one, with the largest central spine curved upward) ; 8-10, bunches s ae with and without a central spine, from gates collected by Dr. Wislizenus in northeastern New Mexico; 11, part of a plant in flower, with very obtuse petals and very small spines, collected by A. Fendler at Santa Fé ; 12-13, bunches 7. spines of this variety; 14, fruit oo Santa Fé; 15, seed of the same; 16, fruit from the Limpia. Plate XXXVII. C. cHLORANTHUS: in full blo Plate XXXVIII. The same: 1, top view, oxbihtcihe the rays formed by the central spines; 2-7, different bunches of spines ; 8, a small fruit ; 9, one of usual size; 10, seed of common size; 11, smaller seed. Plate XXXIX. C. DASYACANTHUS: a simple, branchless plant, with one flower. Plate XL. The same: bunches of spines, different in size, number, and proportion of the spines ; all twice magnified. Plate XLI., fig. 1-2. The same: 1, fruit; 2, seed. — Fig. 3-5. C. Rarrert: 3-4, bunches of spines, magnified it. Plate XLII. C. crenorpEs: 1, a large specimen in flower; 2-8, front view and lateral view of a bundle of spines, twice magnified ; 4, top part of another specimen, in which the spines are not so closely pectinate ; 5-6, spines of this specimen, 8 Plate XLII. C. casprrosus: a specimen of one of the largest forms ; petals unusually curled. Plate XLIV. The same: 1-4, spines of the larger form, in different states of development, magnified twice ; 5-7, spines of the smaller form, also iia twice, — some of the bunches show rudiments of central spines; 8, a fruit with the rudi- ments of the flower shrivelled up ; 9, a fruit exhibiting yet the tube of the flower very distinctly ; 10-11, seed of the larger, and, 12, seed of the smaller ti 11, g, young seedling soon after germination. Plate XLV. C. LONGISE Plate XLVI. OC. srramrneus: One head out of a plant with numerous heads. Plate XLVII. The same: 1, another head with smaller spines, seen from above ; 2-4, bunches of spines; 5, fruit ; 6, seed of the same, usual size ; 7, seed of another specimen larger than usual. Plate XLVIII., fig. 1. A flower of the same. — Fig. 2-4. C. ENNEACANTHUS: 2, part of a stem showing the ribs and spines and a flower from El Paso; 3, flower of a specimen from Eagle Pass; 4, bunch of spines from El Paso, which, however, may belong to a form of C. a — lower central spine triangular and much flattened. Plate XLIX. The same: ead of a specimen from Eagle Pass; 2, another one with longer and stouter spines ; 3-10, bunches of spines of plants are at ae Pass and at El Paso ; 10, with a curved central spine ; 11, fruit belonging to flower, fig. 3, of last page; 12, Plate L. C. pusius: 1, oa a a tik with a flower ; 2, bunch of ama and, 3, seed of same plant ; 4-5, bunches [67] of spines of another specimen ; 6, same, with flower just closed ; 7, fruit, and, 8 seed of sa Plate LI. C. FENDLERI: a vigorous head of a plant, brought saat El Paso Plate LIT. The same: 1, top of a plant with flower-bud bal flower, from El Paso; 2, fruit with few and stouter spines; seed of same; 4, fruit wey numerous slender spines; 5, seed of same; 6, another form of see Plate LIII. Zhe same: 1, flower, from Santa Fé; 2, young bunch of spines; 3-12, bunches of spines of different shape and size. Plate LIV. C. POLYACANTHUS: in flower; usual form with short sp Plate LV. The same: 1, part of a rib with a flower and a bud ; At seca of spines ; 5, fruit with a bunch of spines; 6, seed of same; 7, fruit of another long-spined form ; 8, seed of same. Plate LVI. C. paucisprnus: 1, an entire plant; 2-5, bunches of ret 6, Plate LVII. C. nas eS 1, a head, brought from Soriora by A. shat 2, young, and 3-4, older bunches of spines of the same; 5, fruit; 6, seed of same; 7, seed of Dr. Parry’s Bs inal speci Plate LVIII. ©: a ASE 1, part of a plant with flower and cua 2-4, bunches of spines; 5, fruit ; 6, seed. Plate LIX., fig. 1-11. ©. procumpens: 1, a plant with flower-bud, flowers, and young fruit ; 2-9, different bunches of spines ; 10, fruit; 11, seed. — Fig. 12. 2 TUBEROSUS : see Plate — fig. 1-4. C. Ewonvi : 1a fruit ;2, a ciier® of spines of this fruit ; 3, another one twice the natural size ; , seed. — Fig. 5-6. C. vaRraBILis: 5, fruit ; see Plate LXI. C. GIcaNTEuUs: 1, part of the rib of an adult plant with two bunches of spines; 2, a bunch of spines ; 3, part of a young rib of an adult plant collected in March, spines very short and slender yet; 4-5, bunches of spines of a young plant about 8 inches high. Plate LXII. The same: 1, eit 2, fruit; 3, seed; m, side view of embryo, cotyledons a little open; m, front view of same. 220 CACTACEA OF THE IVES EXPLORATION. Plate LXIII. C. Greaet, a. clsmoNTANUS: 1, a flower; 2, a young plant raised from seed in the third year, showing the tuberous root. Plate LXIV. The same: 1, lower part of a stem with the large tuberous root, half the natural size ; 2-4, sections of the stem; 5-11, spines of Sure states of development and of different ages, all four times the natural size (5, a bunch of very young spines imbedded in the wool of the areola ; 6-10, full-grown spines, — 10, shows the lower spines crossed; 11, represents a very old bunch of vane ; 12, a fruit; 13, Plate LXV. C. GreoGoll, 8. TRANSMONTANUS: 1, flower; 2-3, spines, Four times magnified. Plate LXVI. OpuNTIA STENOPETALA : 1, part of a joint; 2, part of another one with two flowers; 3, section of flower. Plate LXVII. O. Srriciz: 1, an elongated joint with two fruits, bearing a young joint; 2, an orbicular joint ; eral seeds. Plate LXVIII. O. FrirrenpvuLA: 1, a whole plant in flower, half natural size ; 2, a joint with flower and young fruit, natural size ; 3, seed of this plant from below El Paso; 4, seed of same from Dojia Ana, above El Paso, a little smaller. Plate LXIX. O. MAcRoRHIzA: 1, a whole plant with flower and buds, half natural size; 2, fruit, natural size; [68] 3-4, seeds of different size. Plate LXX. O. EmMoryr: from the region sonthwest of El Paso, in fruit. Plate LXXI. The same: 1, a whole plant, reduced; 2, lateral view of a tubercle with a bunch of spines; 3, front view of one of the largest bunches of spines ; part of the central spine, four times magnified ; 4, different seeds. Plate LXXII. O. Granamr: 1, whole plant, with large tuberous roots, and in fruit ; 2, a young joint; 3, a bunch of spines of the usual form; 4, another one with broader central spines; 5, seed. The seed, as well as parts of spines, are four times magnified. Plate LXXIII., fig. 1-8. O. Scnorrir: 1-2, bunches of spines, with parts four times magnified; 3, seed with an oblique embryo. tg . O. Scnorrm, var. Greceir: a bunch of spines, with part magnified four times. — Fig. 5-6. O. BULBISPINA : 5, an entire joint; 6, a bunch of spines, part of central spine four times magnified. — Fig. 7-8. O, IMBRICATA: 7, a joint; 8, a bunch = ‘line and fragment of central spine, four times the natural size, showing the sheath. Plate LXXIV. Seeds * —L Mamillaria calcarata ; 2, M. compacta; 3, M. vivipara; 4, M. radiosa, var. borealis ; 5, M. radiosa, var. Texana; 6, M. Nuttallii, a. borealis; 7, B. caespitosa ; 8, M. robustispina ; 9, Echinocactus uncinatus ; 10, #. uncinatus, var. W ee 11-14, £. sinuatus (11, from the San Pedro, Wright ; 12, from northern Mexico, Gregg ; 13, from the s same regions, Poselger; 14, the form sent by Poselger under the name of £. rvbustus); 15, Cereus Thurberi ; 16, C. Schottii Plate LXXV. Seeds of Opuntia: 1-4, 0. Pe amen ~~ from Chihuahua, Wislizenus ; 2, from Matamoras ; 3, from Presidio, Bigelow; 4, from Santa Rosa, Bigelow) ; 0. dulcis, Wright and Bigelow; 8, O. macrocentra, Wright ; 9-13, O. pheacantha (9, from Santa Fé, Fendler ; as southern New Mexico, Wright); 14, O. tenuwispina, El Paso ; 15, O. arenaria, El Paso ; = O. arborescens ; 18, O. fulgida ; 19, O. mamillata, IX. CACTACE OF THE IVES EXPLORATION. From Report UPON THE CoLORADO RIVER OF THE WEST, EXPLORED IN 1857 a oe By LIEUTENANT JosEPH C. IVES. Washington, 1861. Part IV. Borany. P.1 ARIA GRAHAMI, Engelm. in Mex. Bound. Rep., II. p. 7, tab. 6, fig. 1-8; Synops. Cact. in Proc. [12] Amer. Acad. Arts evant Sci., III. p. 6. Common along the Colorado. In flower April 7 ; fruit of last year just ripe. In the Mex. Bound. Rep. the fruit is erroneously called a “small oval berry, probably green.” The specimens then at command had shrivelled and discolored fruit ; those now before me show that the berry is elongated, clavate, scarlet, ? or even 1 inch long, with or without the remains of the flower. The seeds are absolutely the same as those of sates El Paso plant. MILLARIA PHELLOSPERMA, Engelm. 1. c., p. 6, tab. 7; Synops. Cact., p. 6. Common with the last, and easily ceca with it by the casual observer; apparently more abundant westward, while the former prevails more eastward. Generally simple, sometimes many-headed. Some of Dr. Newberry’s specimens closely resemble the figure in Mex. Bound. Rep. ; others have fewer (30-35), shorter, and stiffer spines, almost in 3 series, the 8-12 interior ones stout and purplish- brown. One of the specimens before me has in each bunch three divergent, hooked, central spines. Ecutvocacrus Wurepter, Engelm. & Bigelow in Pacif. Rail. Rep. IV., Cactacee of Lieut. Whipple’s Exped., Ee 28, tab.1; Synops. Cact., p.15. In sandy soil on the Little Colorado, often half buried in sand, in the same region where Dr. Bigelow discovered this pretty species in 1853. In flower in the middle of May. CACTACEZ OF THE IVES EXPLORATION. 991 The specimens have 13 compressed, interrupted ribs. The floriferous is contiguous to the spiniferous [13] areola, not separated from it by the cylindric glands present in several allied species. After flowering, the floriferous areola forms a groove two thirds down the upper side of the tubercle (or prominent part of the rib), or even almost to its base. Number of radial spines 7 to 11. The description of the flower, wanting heretofore, may be given thus :— loribus versus apicem congestis virescenti-flavis pollicaribus; ovaris sepalis squamiformibus paucis (2-5) orbiculatis seu reniformibus munito; sepalis tubi 10-15’ inferioribus ovatis, superioribus oblongis obtusis; petalis sub-8 oblongis mucronatis; infimo tubi parte intus nudo; filamentis tenuissimis numerosis; stylo exerto sursum clavato apice infundibuliformi in stigmata 5 brevissima erecta seu conniventia divi e flowers are 1 inch long, greenish-xed; externally tinged with suas ee . shies green. The fruit remains unknown as yet. The large seed has been figured in the work mentioned. Ecurnocactus Leconte!, Engelm. in Mex. Bound. Rep., II. p. 23, tab. 27; and Pacif. Rail. Rep. 1. c., p. 28, tab. 2, fig. 3-5 ; Synops. Cact., p.18. In the Colorado valley. In flower in April. — Specimens of 3-5 inches diameter have below 8 and above 13 ribs; those of 9-12 inches show 19-21 ribs. The lowest bunches (those developed probably in the third or fourth year) have 8 radial and 1 central spines, all annulated ; the central one is curved, not hooked, 1 or even 3 of the lower radial ones are often hooked. The fully developed bunches consist of 4 central spines, the upper and lower one of which is quite flat ; 5 or 7 lower radial ones, never hooked ; 3 upper ones; and 6-12 slender, bristly radial spines. The ovary is covered with about 30 sepaloid scales, in the specimens examined, in 4 or arrangement. Ecurnocactus? Young specimens, 3-5 inches high, of another evidently large species, were collected, with 13 ribs ; 4 central and 5 lower, stouter, and 3-6 upper slender radial spines, all annulated and curved.. The plants, showing no indication of floriferous areola, must be undeveloped; they may possibly be young ones of Z. polycephalus, or belong to species yet unknown to us. E. VIRIDESCENS, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. I., p. 554; Engelm. in Mex. Bound. Rep. II., p. 24, tab. 29; Synops. Cact., p. 19. San Diego, California; with 25-30 scales on yellow fruit. Seed as described in Mex. Bound. Rep., but the pits are much closer together than in fig. 6, ¢.!| The hooked acute cotyledons are bent over a rather copious albumen, similar to those of EZ. Wislizeni, tab. 25, fig. 4, e. Cereus FenpDLertI, Engelm. in Plant. Fendl. in Mem. Amer, Acad. 1848, p. 51; Mex. Bound. Rep. II., p. 33, tab. 51-68; aie Cact., p. 25. Coveras, New Mexico, and from Laguna to Santa Fé. Flowers in April. C. pHaniceus, Engelm., Pacif. Rail. Rep. 1. c., p. 34, tab. 4, fig. 1; Synops. Cact., p. 28. Echinocereus coccineus, Engelm. in Wisliz. Re ep. N. Mex., note 9.— This is Mamillaria aggregata, Emory’s Report, 1848, and the a keoeregate | Cactus” of the explorers of the western parts of New Mexico and the Gila regions. It grows in large dense masses, often 100 or 200 heads from a single base, the whole often of the shape and size of a bushel basket, -sseyd on apparently naked rocks ; in the proper season densely covered with beautiful crimson flowers. It was und from Camp 64 to Camp 78 (Yampai Valley to Partridge Creek). In flower in April. The flowers collected are i than 2 inches long, much more densely covered with bristle-bearing sepals than the next species, and with only 5 stigmata; the neal space in the base of the tube is nearly 4 lines long. The fruit and seed of this common plant, which has now been known to science for twelve years, still remains unknown, and living plants are as yet extremely scarce. C. conorpEvs, Engelm. & ap ehh Lc., p. 35, tab. 4, fig. 4-5: Synops. Cact., p. 28. Camp 96 (Oryabe gardens, Moqui “country) owering in May.—So nearly allied to the last that we considered ita [14] form or subspecies of it. Dr. oa beeeh has now obtained the flowers. His specimen has fewer spines than Dr. Bigelow’s original ones, — 8 or 9 radial ones, about 1 inch long, and 1 or 2 central angulate ones, 13-2 inches long, all whitish and somewhat translucent. They resemble the spines of C. enneacanthus; but the flowers are vastly different, being open day and night, and not diurnal, as those of the species ae mentioned. Floribus magnis diametro transversali duplo longioribus coccineis; ovari 0 parvo squamis sepaloideis 8-12 trian- gulatis in axilla lanam albam et aculeolos 3-5 graciles gerentibus manite tubo sensim ampliato sepalis fere 20 lanceo- latis aculeigeris instructo ; —— supeioribus sub-8 oblongis obtusis ; petalis 10-13 spathulatis obtusis ; staminibus numerosissimis et stigmatibus & 9 vix exsertis petala subequantibus flowers are 33-4 sashes long a 1}-2 inches in diameter ; the slender spines in the axils of the upper sepals are 6-8 lines in length ; the stigmas, as in the whole subgenus Pidinccetes, velvety green. OPUNTIA BASILARIS, Engelm. & Bigelow, 1. c., p. 43, tab. 13, fig. 1-5, and tab. 23, fig. 14; Synops. Cact., p. 42. Abundant on the Colorado from Fort Yuma to the Great Cafion, and one of the most common species in the Colorado valley and desert. Dr. Newberry confirms the description before given of the peculiar growth of this species. A large number of joints of different shape — obovate, obcordate, emarginate, or elongate and almost oblanceolate — issue from 222 ADDITIONS TO THE CACTUS-FLORA OF THE UNITED STATES. nearly the same base, and are covered in spring (March and April) with a profusion of rose-colored or purplish flowers, often 150 on one plant. The ovary is described as somewhat tuberculate, but sometimes almost smooth. The fruit is dry when ripe. Seed large and thick, as in the figure above cited. O. HystRicIna, Engelm. and Bigelow, 1. c., p. 54, tab. 15, fig. 5-7, and tab. 23, p. 15; Synops. Cact., p. 43. ommon from the Colorado to the Rio Grande. The form sollceted by Dr. Newberry, and named in es notes “hairy-spined Opuntia,” has fewer, shorter, and usually straighter spines than the specimens figured and described in Lieutenant Whipple’s Report; the larger ones are also angular and erect, and by these characters distinguished from the nearly allied Opuntia Missourtensis. However, Mr. Fendler’s specimens from Santa Fé (the flowers of which were inadvertently distributed with No. 276, O. pheacantha, but are easily distinguished by the spinulose ovary) seem to be intermediate between the two, and may make it necessary to unite them Dr. Newberry’s specimens have 1-5 larger spines, 1-1? inch long, nearly erect, and about 5 smaller deflexed ones below, with a few very small ones above. Flower nearly 2 inches in diameter; ovary with 20-25 tomentose pulvilli, each with a short slender leaf (sepal) less than 1 line long, and 5-12 bristly spines of very different lengths; the interior sepals are obovate cuspidate petals, obcordate, orange-yellow ; 5 erect green stigmata, forming a compact h O. ECHINOocARPA, Engelm. & Bigelow, 1. c., p. 40, tab. 18, fig. 5-10, and tab. 24, fig.8; Mex. Bound. Rep. II., p- 56; Synops. Cact., p. 49. In the Mojave valley, and common on the Colorado. Begins to flower the end of March. The specimens obtained are low, with many short branches, much of the habit of the clavate Opuntie, but distinguished from them by the sheathed spines and the reticulated wood peculiar to the cylindroid Opuntie. The ovary is 6-8 lines long, with about 20 pulvilli, bearing thick ovate leaves, abruptly narrowed into a subulate point, 1-2 lines long, and in their axils in a white tomentum 6 or 8 sheathed spines, the large ones 6-8 lines long. greenish-yellow flower when fully open is 14 inch wide; petals spatulate, rounded or emarginate, denticulate, the exterior ones mucronate; stigmata 5-6, large and thick, and apparently yellow. O. ARBORESCENS, Engelm. in Wisliz. Rep. N. Mex., note 5; Mex. Bound. Rep. IL. p. 58, tab. 75, fig. 16-17; Pacif. Rail. Rep. IV., tab. 17, fig. 5-6, tab. 18, fig. 4, and tab. 24, fig. 12 ; Synops. Cact., p. 51. Common in western New Mexico. X. ADDITIONS TO THE CACTUS-FLORA OF THE TERRITORY OF THE UNITED STATES. FroM THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY OF ScrEeNcE or Sr. Lovis, Vol. II. Sixce my “ Synopsis of the Cactacee of the United States”! was published, Dr. J.S. [197] Newberry, attached to Lieutenant Ives’s Expedition to the Colorado River, 1857-58, has elucidated more fully the natural history of several species heretofore only imperfectly known? In the same year (1858) and the following one my brother, Henry Engelmann, geologist to the Expe- dition sent under Captain James H. Simpson, U. S. Topographical Engineer, to explore the best emigrant routes through the interior of Utah, discovered in that interesting country a number of new forms, which were placed in my hands for examination. My report on them, illustrated by several plates from the hands of our skilful artist, Mr. P. Reetter, was in due time sent to the Depart- ment; but the necessities of the country not permitting the official publication, I have received permission to communicate the substance of my investigations. 1. Mamrinarra vivrpara, Haw. Engelm. Synops. Cact., p. 13. In the South Pass, and on Sweetwater River ; no specimens of this wide-spread species have turned up from the other side of the great mountain-chain. 2. Ecurtnocactus Srpsont, sp. nov.: e basi turbinata simplex, subglobosus seu depressus, mamilliferus ; tuberculis laxis ovatis oblique truncatis axilla nudis; areolis ovatis seu ovatolanceolatis, eesti albo-villosissimis mox nudatis; aculeis exterioribus sub-20 tenuibus rigidis rectis albidis, interioribus 8-10 erecto-patulis robustioribus 1 Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., Vol. III. pp. 259-314, and 344-346, Nov. 1856. ; 2 See my account in Lieutenant Ives’s Colorado River Exploring Expedition; Botany, pp. 12-14. Washington, 1861. ADDITIONS TO THE CACTUS-FLORA OF THE UNITED STATES. 223 paulo longioribus obscuris ; areola florifera sub tuberculi apice aculeis contigua circulari; floribus in vertice dissitis minoribus ; sepalis ovarii paucis et tubi brevis inferioribus orbiculatis crenulatis, super rioribus ovatis obtusis, — oblongis cuspidatis e virescente roseis, stigmatibus 5-7 brevibus in capitulum globosum compactis ; ‘aetlioo latissimo truncata flore marcescente demum deciduo coronata; seminibus paucis magnis oblique Soest minute tuberculatis. Var. 8. MINOR: tota planta, tuberculis, aculeis, seminibusque minoribus. Butte Valley, in the Utah desert, and Kobe Valley, farther west ; var. 8. in Colorado Territory, e.g. in coarse gravel or in crevices of rocks, abundant near Mount Vernon, at the base of the mountains (Parry, Hall, & Har- bour). Flowers in May; fruit in July and August. — With the New Mexican EZ. papyracanthus,? the Mexican [198] E. horripilus, Lem., and perhaps the South American £, Odierii, Lem., and E. Cummingii, Satis; this specie forms a small sth of Echinocacti with the appearance of Mctgiticrien named by Prince Salm (Hort. Dyck, 1849, p- 34) Theloidet. Through the Coryphanthe they are nearly allied to Mamillaria; while our species at least (the fructification of the others not being known), by its dry fruit, its black tuberculated oe. and especially the large and curved embryo and the presence of an albumen, proves itself a true ec ciee very closely connected with the regularly ribbed E. intertextus, Engelm. Cact. Mex. Bound., tab. The similarity in all essential organs of these two species is such that no system ought to separate t the em ; re Sais again a how little essential importance among Cactacez the external form must be regarded. ‘Another striking example, among many, is the rat-tail - Cereus tuberosus, and its globular or oval allies, C. cespitosus, ete Full-grown specimens are 3-5 inches high and 3-4 inches in diameter ; dark green tubercles, loosely arranged in #; or 4} order, 8 and 13 spirals being most prominent ; tubercles 6-8 lines fone. at base 6-7 lines wide in the vertical and 4-5 lines in the transverse diameter, fruit-bearing ones rather shorter and stouter ; areole 3-4 lines long. External spines 4-6 lines long, whitish, with the addition of several bristles at the upper end of the areola ; central spines 5-7 lines long, yellow, reddish, deep brown or even black upward. Flowers 8-10 lines long and of siaitly the same diameter, with a short and wide tube, externally greenish-purple; petals yellowish-green verging to pale purple ; the short stamens arise from the whole inner surface of the tube, leaving only a very small nectariferous space in its base ; funiculus very short, stout and straight, and not curved over the micropyle, as I have found it in almost all other cactus flowers examined. Fruit 3-3} lines long, oe the same in width, with 1-3 small calycine scales toward its flat top, each with 1 or 2 small spines in its axil; it usually bursts srregaiarty on the side, and, falling off, leaves its base adhering to the areola, as is the case in tales de diet Echinocacti, e. g. E. horizonthalonius. Seeds 14 line long in the longest diameter, covered with minute, closely set tubercles, with a large oval subbasilar hilum, and an embryo strongly curved around a small albumen. The plant germinate with erect pointed cotyledons, and [199] when a few weeks old begins to develop its then pubescent spin Var. B., with seston tubercles in J; or $}, or even 24 ir closely set, bearing smaller but often more numerous spines (20-28 external, 6-7 internal), may be confounded with the simple mountain form of M. vivipara, from which, when not in flower or fruit, only a close examination can distinguish it. 3. EcHINOCACTUS PUBISPINUS, sp. nov.: parvus, turbinatus ; costis 13 subobliquis compressis interruptis ; areolis orbiculatis ; aculeis breviusculis velutinis demum nudatis albidis apice adustis, radialibus inferioribus laterali- busque 5-8 brevioribus, superioribus 1 oe robustioribus rectis curvatis seu hamatis, centrali deficiente seu si x pai longiore arrecto sursum ham ze Wiltay: near Salt Lake Deak Found in May without flower or fruit, but exhibiting in the vestiges of the ial ‘sicdeiene floriferous areole the character of the genus. — Perhaps the smallest species of the genus, 2 inches high, 1-1} in diameter; ribs formed by ss pee aia tubercles ; areole 4-6 lines apart. Radial spines 1-4 lines long, more scars pubescent or even tomen than I have seen them in any other Cactus, on the lower areole 5 or 6, on the upper ones 9-12; here and sila a single central spine makes its appearance, 5-6 lines long, stouter, and always strongly hooked. . E. Wureptet, Engelm. & Bigelow, Cact. Whipp., p. 28, tab. 1; Synops. Cact., p. 15; Ives’s Exped. Bot., p. 12. Var. SPINOSIOR: aculeis radialibus 9-11, inferioribus spe saiuislenttanes reliquis inieiiicsions niveis, summis 2 sepe elongatis latioribus curvatis, centralibus 4, summo longo plano flexuoso, ceteris paulo brevioribus obscuris, solo —— seu omnibus hamati Desert Valley, west of Deue Floyd, Utah, with the remnants of flowers and fruit, and with seeds hid between the aia exactly like the seeds figured in the plate cited above. Embryo curved about 2 around a large albumen ; 8 Mamillaria papyracantha, Engelm. Plant. Fendl., p. 49 ; nascent — — the plant an Echinocactus, accord- Synops. Cact., p. 8. A closer examination of the dey speci- ing to the vi at present prevalent. It is si men obtained by Mr. Fendler near Santa Fé proves that the Fendler’s a aad imen has remained thus far the only one floral areola joins the spiniferous one on the top of the small ever obtained of this well-marked species. . 294 ADDITIONS TO THE CACTUS-FLORA OF THE UNITED STATES. stigmas 6-7. The locality is about 5 degrees north of the place where Dr. Bigelow, and afterward Dr. Newberry found the plant. 5. CEREUS VIRIDIFLORUS, Engelm. Evidently the most northern Cereus, found as far north as the Laramie region, and not rare in Colorado, par tats it occurs 1-3 inches high, mostly with 13 ribs, and with the greatest variability in the color of the radial spines and in the presence of the 1-2 central ones. C. Enegetmannt, Parry. In the Salt Lake Desert, far to the northwest of the country where it was originally discovered. Always characterized by the cruciate central spines. 7. OPUNTIA SPHZROCARPA, Engelm. & Bigelow. Var.? Uvanensis: diffusa; articulis orbiculato- obovatis crassis, junioribus seepe globoso-ohovatis vix tuberculatis ; areolis subapproximatis ; foliis pera [200] subulatis divaricatis ; setis brevissimis, aculeis nullis seu parvulis seu rarius singulo longiore recto robus albido ; floribus sulphureis ; sepalis exterioribus transversis obcordatis cuspidatis ; petalis 8 late obovatis aiiaeciills ; stigmatibus 8 brevibus erectis; bacca obovata areolis sub-25 stipata; seminibus irregulariter compressis anguste marginatis. the Pass, west of Steptoe Valley, in the Utah basin. In flower and fruit at the end of July. — Joints 2-3 inches long and of nearly the same diameter ; areola 6-8 lines apart ; leaves smaller than in any other of our species except O. basilaris, scarcely 1 line long; bristles few on young, none on old joints, about 4 line long ; stouter spines, when present, 7-1 inch long. Flowers 3 inches in diameter, pale or sulphur-yellow. Fruit 1 inch long, half as thick, with a very deep umbilicus, and with a few bristles, or here and there a minute spine on the areole ; in the specimens before me ged fleshy, but perhaps dry at full maturity. Seeds very irregular, 2 lines or in the longest diameter 2} lines w Loth to increase the seastis of ill-defined species, I provisionally attach this to the New Mexican O. sphero- carpa, of which, however, leaves and flowers are as yet unknown, and the fruit is rather different. 8. O. HysTRICINA, Engelm. & Bigelow, is evidently a western representative or may be a western form of O. Missouriensis. (See Bot., Ives’s Exped., p. 14.) It was collected in the present Territory of Nevada, between Walker and Carson rivers. Flowers 23-3 inches wide, larger than in Dr. Newberry’s specimen; stigmas 8-10, short, erect. . O. Missourrensis, DC. , itself is not rare in the deserts between Salt Lake Valley and Rush Valley. Var. ALBISPINA, approaching to var. trichophora, was found on Smith Creek, Lookout Mountains. Flower 3-34 inches in eter ; ovary with 20 or 25 scarcely spiny areole ; 5 very short erect stigmas. 10. O. FRaciiis, Haw. Suppl., p. 82. Cactus fragilis, Nutt., Gen. I., p. 296. Fort Kearney to the North Platte country. In flower in June and July. — This, I believe, is the first time, since Nuttall’s discovery in 1813, that the flowers of this species were collected. Travellers report the plant very common on the sterile prairies at the foot of the Rocky Mountains, but rarely found in flower, and still more rarely in fruit. It seems to propagate principally by the extremely brittle joints, which even the wind is apt to break off and carry about. I have had for many years specimens in cultivation, brought by Dr. Hayden, but have never been able to obtain flowers. Nuttall says the flowers are solitary and small, —in the specimen before me they are nearly 2 inches in diameter, pale [201] yellow ; ovary 8-9 lines long, with 13-15 areol, densely covered with white wool, the upper ones with a few white spines ; lower sepals broadly oval, with a short cusp ; petals 5 obovate, roundish, crenulate; style longer than stamens ; stigmas 5, short, cuspidate, erect. 11, O. PULCHELLA, sp. nov.: parvula, diffusa; articulis obovato-clavatis leviter tuberculatis ; foliis minutis e basi ovata subulatis; areolis acuta: superioribus aculeos albidos rectos, singulum longiorem complanatum por- rectum seu deflexum, cseteros brevissimos radiantes subiatinds: ; floris purpurei ovario areolis 13-15 albo-villosissimis et aculeoligeris dense stipato ; sepalis inferioribus lineari-oblongis breviter cuspidatis, superioribus cuneato-spatulatis ; petalis 8 obovatis obtusis ; stylo cylindrico exserto, stigmatibus 5 linearibus suberectis Sandy deserts on Walker River, Nevada. Flowers in a une. — This is one of shen smallest and prettiest species of the genus, and belongs to the section Clavate (Synops. Cact., p. 46). It is readily distinguished from its allies by the small joints and purple flowers. Joints 1-1} inch long ; rae scarcely 1 line long. Flower bright purplish-red or deep rose-red, 1}-1} inch in diameter ; ovary 4-5 lines long, beset with white bristly spines, 15-25 on each areola ; style not ventricose in the lower half, as is usual in this genus ;4 stigmas slender, pale yellow. 4 Another deviation from the usual form I observe in the style of O. coccinellifera. From a very narrow and short base it is suddenly dilated five or six times its diameter, and then gradually contracts upward, ADDITIONS TO THE CACTUS-FLORA OF THE UNITED STATES, 225 From other sources I am enabled to give the following further Additions and Corrections to my former publications : — Many ELumamillarie (Synops. Cact., p. 4) have an ovariwm exsertum. Not only do the large-flowered Lon- gimamme, which approach closely to Coryphantha, deviate in this respect from the assumed character of the sub- genus, but in a great many other species I find the same peculiarity ; so that I am inclined to restrict the ovarium immersum to that natural subdivision, the Lactescentes, already recognized by Zuccarini. Probably all those with limpid juice have an exsert ovary. MAMILLARIA BARBATA, Engelm. This species is easily propagated by seed, and apt to flower in the second year. The first flowers in spring (May) appear in the axils of the last, innermost tubercles of the last year, and are therefore ao central ; the later ones seem to be developed from the axils of the first tubercles of the same spring! Flowers 9-10 lines long, of the same diameter; tube constricted above the exsert oval ovary; 12-13 exterior green sepals, lanceolate, cuspidate, fimbriate, 8 interior ones, reddish; longer, lance-linear, slightly ciliate ; 18-21 petals, rose-red, with a deeper colored streak, lance-linear, shorter and narrower than [202] the inner sepals, entire; stamens not half as long as petals, with oval anthers ; style much longer than sta- mens, with 5-6 short, greenish-yellow suberect stigmas. M. sicotor, Lehm., is not a Texan plant, as has been stated a in Synops. p.7. Dr. Poselger found it on another Rio Ceandle; between Tampico and Real del Monte, Mexico. M. PAPYRACANTHA, Engelm., is an Echinocactus, as stated above. M. RECURVISPINA, Engelm. in Cact. Mex. Bound., p. 12; Synops., p. 10. As there is already a species named thus by Vriese (see Walp. Rep. ie p- te I now name the Arizona species M. recurvata. M. recurva, Lehm., is a form of EE eee DC., fide Salm CEREUS VARIABILIS — thus named in Cact. Mex. Bound., p. 40, tab. 60, fig. 5-6, aa in Synops., p. 31 — is not Pfeiffer’s plant, figured in Abbild. 2, tab. 15, but seems to be, as regards fruit and seeds, identical with a species i acca by Dr. Poselger near Tampico, and decided by him to be C. princeps, Hort. Wiirzb. ex-Pfeiff. Enum., p. 108. Plants from the Rio Grande have repeatedly bloomed here at the late Mr. Grieve’s, and as the flower has never been described, I here supply the omission. Fruit and seed, obtained near Matamoras, have been described and figured in Mex. Bound. Cact. 1. ¢ ores ad apicem caulis ramorumve pauci magni albi nocturni ; ovario ovato areolis aculeolatis 25-30 stipato ; tubo elongato cylindrico sursum sensim ampliato areolis 16-20 vix aapaesien inferioribus aculeolatis munito ; sep- alis superioribus 20-25 lanceolatis patulis reflexisve ; petalis 0 pluriseriatis lineari-lanceolatis Sra ; staminibus superiori tubi parti gradatim adnatis; stigmatibus 1 Pete in caphation clavato-obovatum coarctatis palli virescentibus pies from July to September. Flower 7-8 inches long, 53-6 inches wide ; tube 4-5 inches long. Lower sepals near the well-defined upper edge of the tube reddish-green, 3-9 lines, upper ones petaloid, 9-18 lines long ; petals 2 inches long and about 4 lines wide. Lower part of the tube, for 2 or 2} inches, with a naked, nectariferous surface ; the upper part, 25-3 inches, densely beset with stamens of about equal length, so that the mass of the an form a deep funnel corresponding to the shape of the upper part of the tube. The outer series of stamens forms a regular crown, but is not separated from the inner lower ones by a naked belt, such as is found in many species ; nor are the filaments declined and, so to say, fasciculated. This is interesting, as it weakens the value of this arran ment of stamens as a generic or subgeneric character ; nevertheless, it is one of the few general characters left us [203] to be used in the arrangement of the very large number of species of this protean genus, to which several lately established genera have to be reduced. The following disposition is suggested : — 1. Cerei flore be ed plerumque breviore ; staminibus tubo gradatim adnatis. 2. Cerei flore swpe obliquo plerumque longiore; corona staminum exteriorum erectorum a ceteris gradatim adnatis plus minus declinatis discreta. ; Echinopsis, Zuce. Eue i Phyliocactus, Link. Disis k. Under the name Acanthocerens I comprise the species of this division with spiny fruit, but not belonging to Echinocereus ; it is probable that Pfeiffera, Salm, is only a diminutive form of Acanthocereus. Lepidocereus — to 29 226 CACTACEZ OF CLARENCE KING’S EXPLORATION. which many tropical species must be referred, and also a few which lately have been classed with Pilocereus ~ is dis- tinguished from the latter by the uniformity of the fertile and sterile branches and areolx ; while in Pilocereus the fertile areolz are closer together, and densely beset with bristly spines or long wool. Eucereus, in a more restricted sense than Miquel has used it in his Genera, or 9 in the Synopsis, would comprise the largest number of Cerei of the second division, of very different external shape, and would probably have to be again subdivided when we get to know more of the fructification of the different species. Neither Echinopsis nor Phyllocactus do in their flowers differ from Eucereus; and Disisocactus is but a depauperate Phyllocactus, with scarcely more than the crown of stamens left, a few single ones representing the great mass of inner stamens of the allied sections. I am as yet undecided whether Epiphyllum, as restricted by Prince Salm, has also to be united with Cereus or not. The fasciculated declined stamens spring from the whole tube; the exterior ones form no crown, but the innermost ones are separated from the rest, and form, with their confluent bases, a kind of vault, which is arched over the base of the tube. I have had no opportunity to examine fruit and seed. am not sure whether the true Cereus variabilis is also found on the lower Rio Grande. A specimen in Mr. Geebel’s horticultural establishment, said to come from that region, has repeatedly flowered and borne fruit. flowers opened in May, and the fruit ripened after ten or eleven months. Flower 9 inches long, white, open only at night ; ovary angular, with 5 or 6 triangular scales, but no spines; long tube with about 8 per [204] crown of exterior stamens distant from the others 8 or 9 lines; about 10 filiform spreading stigmas. Frui irregularly oval, about 2 inches long, naked, deep violet-purple, at last bursting and dropping seeds and ae Seed quite different from that of the last species, very obliquely Peat meet curved from a narrow base, with an orbicular hilum, 0.9 line long, smooth, shining, with a few i dot: Through the kindness of Dr. A. W. Chapman, of Kisii Florida, I have received living specimens and fruit of the little southeastern sea-coast Opuntia, so that I can now complete and correct the description of this very distinct species. Opuntia Pes Corvi, Le Conte in herb; Engelm. App. to Synops. Cact. in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci, III. p. 346; Chapm. South. Flora, p. 145: lete viridis, diffusa; articulis parvis ovatis seu obovatis tumidis sepius teretiusculus fragilibus; pulvillis pulvinatis ; foliis ovatis cuspidatis incurvis ; areolis junioribus albo-tomentosis setas parcas brevissimas pallidas et plerisque aculeos 1-3 rectos rigidos seepe basi compressos tortosque obscuros gerentibus, infimis inermibus ; floribus minoribus flavis ; ovario obovato pulvillis perpaucis fusco-villosis stipato ; sepalis exteriori- bus ayato-lanceolatia, interioribus obovatis cuspidatis; petalis sub-5 obovatis spatulatis obtusis ; stigmatibus 4-5 erectis ; seminibus paucissimis anguste obtuseque marginatis in pulpa viscosa bacce sepe floris rndimentis coronate nidulantibus. n sands along the coast of Georgia and Florida. — Joints 1-3 inches long, obovate, tumid, or narrower and subcylindric, usually many of them growing in the same season, one from the top of the last one, till they at last become prostrate and 1 or 2 feet long; pulvilli somewhat prominent, 4, 6, or even 8 lines apart ; leaves 2}-3} lines long ; spines 1-1} inches long, very straight, when in threes divergent. Flowers 14-1} inches in diameter; sepals and petals less numerous and narrower than in any allied species ; ovary 4 inch long, with only 2 or 3 areole on its surface and 3-5 on its upper edge. Fruit obovate, 6-7 lines long, rose-purple, with a shallow umbilicus ; areolie almost obliterated. Seeds 2 lines in diameter, 1-3, rarely as many as 5, in one fruit. Evidently near 0. vulgaris, from which the shape and armature of the joints sufficiently distinguish it ; far removed from 0. fragilis, with which at first glance the tumidity and fragility of the joints would seem to connect it. XI. CACTACEZ OF CLARENCE KING’S EXPLORATION OF THE FORTIETH PARALLEL. VoL. V. Botany, By SERENO WATSON. P. 115-120. 1871. Maminnaria (EUMAMILLARIA) GRAHAMI, Engelm. Globose or oval, usually simple, 1-3 inches high. [115] On the short, oval, close-set tubercles are numerous thin but rigid whitish spines, 3-6 lines long ; the outer 15-30 in a single series and straight, surrounding a stouter and longer hooked brown one. Flowers small, nearly 1 inch wide, reddish ; berry oval, green, with black pitted seeds. — Rocky localities in southern New Mexico, Arizona, and the adjoining parts of Utah. M. PHELLOSPERMA, Engelm. Resembling the last, rather larger, more oblong or cylindrical ; tubercles longer and crowded. Spines more numerous; the outer 40-60 in two series, the exterior bristle-like, the inner more robust, with 3-4 brown central spines, of which one or more are hooked. Flowers similar; berry club-shaped, CACTACEZ OF CLARENCE KING’S EXPLORATION. 207 scarlet ; re — with a larger spongy brown appendage. — Gravelly soil in southern Utah and Arizona ; rarer than the M. ace oma VIVIPARA, Haw., var. Simple, oval, the almost terete tubercles bearing fascicles of ~ 5-8 reddish-brown spines surrounded by 15-20 grayish ones in a single series, all straight and very rigid, the latter 5-8 lines, the former even 10 lines long. Flowers purple, often 2 inches or more in diameter, with numerous lance- subulate petals and fringed sepals ; tre oval, green ; seed pitted, light brown. — Near St. George, southern tah (J. E. Johnson). Larger than the often cespitose forms of the eastern slopes and plains. Another simple [116] form, but scarcely half as large, occurs in Colorado, and possibly in eastern Utah. M. Nurrattu, Engelm. Smaller, globose, simple or sometimes cespitose, with fewer (10-20), weaker, ash- eolored spines. Flowers "yellow, 1-2 inches broad ; berries scarlet, subglobose ; seeds few, black, globose, pitted. — Common on the eastern slopes of the mountains of Colorado, and perhaps to be found in eastern Utah. Ecurnocactus Simpsont, Engelm. Simple, globose or depressed, with ovate tubercles like a Mamillaria, bearing about 20 outer ash-colored spines and 5-10 stouter darker inner ones, all straight and rigid. Flowers from = — of the just developing tubercles, small, 9-12 lines broad, yellowish-green to purplish ; scales on the ovary very ; berry small, dry, with few black tuberculated seeds. — Butte and Kobe valleys, Utah (H. Engelmann) ; fre- aaa on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, Colorado. Flowering in April and May. [Found on the Havallah, Battle, and Toyabe mountains, and above Thousand Spring Valley, Nevada, only on high rocky ridges, 7,000-8,000 feet altitude. July in flower. Heads 2-5 inches in diameter, often clustered, the fleshy interior fre- quently colored. s.w.] A small variety, resembling forms of M. vivipara in habit, but the tubercles grooveless and fruiting at top, has spines 4-6 lines long, the inner scarcely different. A larger form has much larger tubercles and spines, often 12-14 lines long, the inner ones bright reddish-brown. (433.) HIPPLEI, Engelm. & Bigelow. Middle-sized, globose or : ovat with 13 interrupted ribs. Outer spines 7-11, mostly ivory-white, the owest darkish, the upper much longer, flat and often curved ; central spines 4, the upper oader, longer, white, the others brown, the lowest hooked. Flowers greenish-red, with few (2-5) sepals on the aie 9-15 lines long, not quite so wide ; seeds few, large, tuberculate. Heads 3-5 inches high; spines 3-20 lin long. — On the lower Gators (Bigelow, Newberry); in Desert Valley, west of Sevier Lake, Utah (H. Engelmann) ; the latter with more radial spines, and often with more than one hooked. E. poryancistrus, Engelm. & Bigelow. Medium-sized, oval, with 13-17 interrupted ribs. Outer [117] spines 20 or more, white, the uppermost broader and longer ; central spines 5-10, upper one broadest, longe: white, curved, the others brown, terete, mostly hooked. Flowers yellow, large, 2-23 inches long arid wide, with about ged sepals on the ovary; seeds as in the last. — Headwaters of the Mohave (Bigelow) to the sage-plains of western Nevada (Gabb). The southern form 4-10 inches high, with longer spines (the longest 3-5 inches); the northern but 3-4 inches high, with spines rarely more than 2 inches, the radial ones but }-1 inch long. E. pupispinus, Engelm. Small (only 2 inches high), oval, with 13 compressed sinuate ribs. Outer spines 6-10, bristle-like, 1-4 lines long, the uppermost longest, often eurved or hooked, with or without a stouter hooked central one, all eres tela pulicitens: Flower and fruit unknown. — Found by H. Engelmann in Pleasant Valley, near Salt Lake Des E. Jounsont, Parry MSS. Medium-sized (4-6 inches high), oval, with 17-21 low, rounded, interrupted, close- set, often oblique ribs, densely covered with stoutish reddish-gray spines; the outer 10-14, $-1} inch long, the upper longest ; the central 4 stouter, recurved, 14 inch long. Flowers large, 2-2} inches long and wide, ciiehe or ™ with numerous reniform sepals on the ovary oad tube, and ovate obtuse petals ; seeds reticulate-pitted. — Diseo about St. George, in southern Utah, by J. E. Johnson, whose zeal for the development of the natural easy: pie resources of his region is commemorated in the name of the species. POLYCEPHALUS, Engelm. & Bigelow. Usually with several heads, often over a foot high, with few very stout annulated curved spines and very early flowers, the base of which, as well as the fruit, is enveloped in dense cotton, — From the Mohave region, and may be looked for in southern Nevada. Cereus ENGELMANNI, Parry. Heads several, 4-12 inches high, cylindric or ovate, with 11-13 ribs, bearing bunches of about 13 pale acicular radiating spines, 3-6 lines long, and about 4 darker eae brown, [118] or black), stout and angular, straight or curved central ones, 1-3 inches lo ong. Flowers very numerous, large (23 inches broad or more), pataies diurnal. — From Salt Lake Desert (H. Engelmann) to Silver Peak i in the Sierras (Gabb), and southward to southern Utah (Johnson) and the Mohave country (Bigelow). C. vIRIDIFLORUS, Engelm. With very short, pectinate, pale, and reddish-brown spines and small green flowers, — Common in Colorado, and may be found in Utah. Opuntia (PLATOPUNTIA) BASILARIS, Engelm. & Bigelow. Low; joints 5-8 inches long, obovate or triangular, proliferous from their base, pubescent, unarmed, but beset with numerous dense fascicles of short brownish bristles, as 228 CACTACEZ OF CLARENCE KING’S EXPLORATION. is also the ovary. Flowers large, 2} inches in diameter, purple ; fruit dry, with large and thick seeds. — Nevada, in the Silver Peak region south of Walker’s Lake (Gabb), and southward O. SPHZROCARPA, Engelm. & Bigelow, var. (7?) Uranensis, Engelm. Prostrate; joints small, orbicular-ovate, 2-3 inches long and nearly as wide, thick. Spines in the axils of the minute subulate leaves, few and mostly weak or solitary or none, with few and very short bristles. Flowers 3 inches in aig pale yellow ; fruit oval, almost spineless, at last dry. — In the pass west of Steptoe Valley, Utah (H. Engelm . Missouriensis, D.C. Prostrate; joints medium-sized, obovate or ae orbicular, tuberculate; leaves Sintibe, subulate, all bearing in their axils 5-10 radiating or deflexed spines, 1-2 inches long, often with a few erect darker ones. Flower large, 3 inches broad, yellow ; ovary and dry fruit spiny. — Quite variable, especially in the stoutness and color of the spines. From the upper Missouri to the Canadian and New Mexico, and throughout the Salt Lake basin. [Found in Salt Lake Valley and the Wahsatch, 4,200-6,500 feet altitude. July in flower. Joints sometimes 6 inches long and 4 inches broad. s.w.] (434.) O. HysTRictna, Engelm. & Bigelow. Very similar to the preceding, and probably only a form of it, with [119] longer and more numerous gray or reddish spines, longer yellow bristles, and usually smaller flowers. — New Mexico ; between Walker and Carson rivers (H. Engelmann), and Owen’s Valley (Gabb), Nevada. [Found abun- dantly in Monitor and Thousand Spring valleys, Nevada, 5,000-6,000 feet altitude. July in flower; September in ruit. Flowers either purple or sulphur-yellow, scarcely smaller. s. w.]. (436.) O. ruTILA, Nutt. Similar to 0. Missouriensis ; joints often larger, 3 inches by 4 inches, covered with prenios set bunches of mostly radiating and deflexed spines, the larger ones flattened and often twisted. Flowers rose-red ; and dry berry spiny. — From Fillmore to St. George, Utah (Dr. aa J. E. Johnson). A rediscovery of Nuttall long-lost plant, who found it near the Green River in southern Wyomin O. ERINACEA, Engelm. & Bigelow. Pacif. R. R. Surv., 4. 47, tab. 13. Diffuse, ascending ; joints thick, ovate, 2-25 inches long, or sometimes elongated and almost cylindric, densely covered with clusters of 3-5 radiating spines, slender, $-14 inch long, very rigid, reddish-gray, with 2-4 smaller ones below; berry ovate, 1} inch long, with crowded clusters of 12-20 mostly deflexed spines, 3-6 lines ste — Near Mohave Creek, southern California (Bigelow). [A specimen in Herb. Gray., collected by Dr. Bloomer near Virginia City, Nevada (not seen by Dr. Engelmann), may belong to this species. s. w.] O. FRAGILIS, Nutt. Joints small, ovate, compressed or tumid or even terete, 1-1} inch long, fragile ; larger spines 4, cruciate, mostly yellowish brown, with 4-6 smaller white radiating ones below ; bristles few. Flowers smaller, yellow ; fruit smaller, with 20-28 clusters of bristles, only the upper ones with a few short spines ; seeds few, regular. — On the upper Missouri and Yellowstone, southward probably to New Mexico. [Found at the west base of the Wahsatch, in Jordan Valley. Specimens not seen by Dr. Engelmann, but doubtless of this species, s.w.] (437.) O. (CYLINDROPUNTIA) PULCHELLA, Engelm. Low, 3-10 inches high, spreading. Joints small, slender, 1-3 inches i 6 lines thick, clavate, tuberculated, with bunches of — _ spines 6-18 lines long, from white to early black, one or more of the inner longer ones flattened. Flow e, 14 inch or less in diameter ; ovary and ies berry bearing numerous flexible, not barbed bristles. — ae Walker 8 ia Nevada (H. Engelmann, Ga [Frequent in the valleys of western Nevada from the Trinity Mountains to Monitor Valley, 4,000-5,000 feet [120] altitude; May—August. A very showy species, with sometimes 50 flowers upon a single plant ; main stem erect, becoming 9 lines in thickness, and occasionally showing 25 annual rings. 8. W.] (438.) O. ARBORESCENS, Engelm. 3-5 feet high or more, with horizontal branches, cylindric, strongly rN joints, numerous sheathed spines, large purple flowers, and tuberculated unarmed fruit.— New Mexico and Arizo and probably farther northward. - ACANTHOCARPA, Engelm. & Bigelow. Similar to the last; rather more slender, and with more erect branches, smaller copper-colored flowers, and rather even, spiny fruit. — Arizona, and probably southern Utah. O. rruTEScEeNs, Engelm. 2-4 feet high, with slender terete joints 3 lines in thickness, very small yellow flowers, and scarlet berries. — From Texas to southeastern California, and probably farther northward.t 1 For the Borayy or CaLtrornta, by W. H. Brewer and Sereno Watson, Dr. Engelmann contributed the article Cae- tacee. But as all but one of the species had at been published, only this one is here inser py Ep1 MAMILLARIA ARIZONICA, n. § dia eee ovate; tubercles den-cytindrieal senting asc growed bearing numerous straight, rigid spines; the terior spines whitish, 3 to 6 interior rae at peat a. above ; flowers large, rose-colored ; sepals 30 to 40, linear- subulate, fimbriate ; age 40 to 50, lance-linear, curved ; stigmas 8 to 10, ; berry oval, green, with obovate, compressed, pitted, ar beh seeds, sandy and rocky soil in northern Arizona, from the Colo- oer eastward (Cones, Palmer, F. Bischoff), and into southern h (J. E. John ~ probably in southeastern California. ‘a rger in all its parts than M. phet losperma, 3 or 4 inches thick ; tubercles an inch long; spines 5 to 15 ee long 5 flowers 2 to 24 inches wide, very showy. — Vol. I. p. 244. CACTACEA! OF SIMPSON’S EXPEDITION. 299 XII. CACTACEZ OF SIMPSON’S EXPEDITION. From Report oF EXPLORATION ACROSS THE GREAT BASIN OF THE TERRITORY OF UTAH FOR A DIRECT WAGON-ROUTE FROM Camp FLoyp To GENOA, IN CARSON VALLEY, IN 1859, By Caprain [Now CoLONEL] J. H. Srmpson, U. 8S. ENGINEER. Washington, 1876. Engineer Department, U.S. A. HE geographical limits of the area of this curious American family have been con- [436] siderably enlarged by this Expedition, proving the presence of at least seven species in the Utah Basin between the thirty-eighth and fortieth parallels, — namely, two Echinocacti, one Cereus, and four Opuntize. Several species known before have been found in new localities, and three new and very distinct species have been discovered, — two Echinocacti and one Opuntia. MAMILLARIA VIVIPARA, Haworth, ee Pp: bl Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 2, p. 554; Engelm. Synops. Cact., p. 13. Cactus viviparus, Nuttall, Gen. 1, p. 2 Was collected in the South Pass and on Sweetwater River. It extends from here to the mountains of mr a ae Mexico ; but its most characteristic forms are peculiar to the more elevated plains, where it assumes that ces itose, spreading g dulte sea from which it has received its name. The mountain form usually makes larger heads, but remains single or branches out very sparingly. Its large purple flowers, with numerous lance-linear, long acuminate, bristle-pointed vitals and its leather-brown pitted seeds, readily one it as allied species. ‘ EcHrINocactus SIMPSONI, sp. nov.:1} simplex, subglobosus seu depressus, basi turbinatus, conser ; [487] cars te cals ; tuberculis laxis ovatis apice oblique truncatis axilla nudis, rahe rien ompressis basi deorsum productis, ConareR ibus obcompressis basi dilatatis; areolis ovatis seu ovato-lan aki nascentibus ie cctlesiseirais mox nudatis; aculeis exterioribus sub-20 radiantibus tennibus rigidis rectis albidis, additis supra aculeis 2-5 setaceis brevibus, interioribus 8-10 robustioribus obscuris erecto-patulis, areola florifera sub tuberculi apice areole aculeigerze contigua circulari; floribus in vertice dissitis minoribus ; ovario abbr eviato —_ sepaloideis triangulatis paucissimis (1-3) instructo; sepalis tubi brevis late infundibuliformis orbiculatis seu ovatis obtusis membranaceo-marginatis crenulatis fimbriatis, pelt superioribus 10-12 ovatis obtusis isteineiale petalis 12-13 oblongis apice crenulatis cuspidatis ex virescente roseis ; stigmatibus 5-7 brevibus erectis, bacca parva viridi sicca umbilico latissimo truncata squamis paucis subinde aculeiferis instructa flore marcescente demum deciduo coronata irregulariter basi seu latere dehiscente; seminibus magnis obovatis ie minute tuberculatis, hilo ace aa ovato subbasilari, sg aio circa albumen parcum fere cirenmyohato amat : tota planta, tuberculis, aculeis, floribus iste eat minoribus Butte Valley, ; in the Utah desert, and Kobe Valley, farther west. Flowers in ye and May ; fruit in June and July. Var. 8. comes from the mountains of Colorado. — This, and the New Mexican Echinocactus papyracanthus,? the Mexican £. Rersitager: —_ nd perhaps the South American E. Odierti, Lem., and E. Cummingit, Salm, and probably o r two others, form the small group of Echinocacti, with the appearance of Mamillaria (Theloidei, tuberculis aia Siete eu Salm, Cact. Hort. Dyck, 1849, cult., p. 34). They constitute the closest ‘asd most imperceptible transition to Mamillaria, subgen. ntha, Synops. Cact., p. 8, which bear the flowers in the ils of the nascent tubercles, the flower-bearing and the spine-bearing areole being connected by a woolly groove. In M. macromeris, Ragelumen they come from the middle of the tubercle (Cact. Mex. Bound., tab. 15, fig. 4), and in the Theloidet they advance to the top of the tubercle, close to the spines, thus assuming the position which the flowers pia frais in the genus Echinocactus (see Cact. Mex. Bound., tab. 20, fig. 2; tab. 21; tab, 25, fig. 1; tab. 27, fig. 1; tab. 28, fig. re 8 The ovary is also almost naked, like that of Manilla generally, or has only a few scales, like ae of M. macromeris. On the other hand, the dry fruit, —such as is often found in Echinocactus, but never in Mamillaria, — the eabencataied black seeds, and especially the large and curved embryo, and the presence of an albumen, do not permit a separation from Echinocactus. 1 An extract of this description was published in the nascent tubercles. Thus far Mr. Fendler’s specimen, eee Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Sciences, Vol. II. near Santa pas eg remained the only one ever obtained o! p- 197 (1863). this pretty spec 2 The plant I formerly described as Mamillaria papyr- 8 Echi: este edibles Engelm., forms an exception. acantha, Plant. Fendl., p. 49, Synops. Cact., p. 8, proves to In this species the flowers are situated exactly as in Cory- belong to this section of pitvsanons A closer examination phantha, at the base of the tubercle, and connected with the of Mr. Fendler’s original specimen shows that the floral distinet spiniferous areola by a “end groove. (See Cact. areola joins the spiniferous one at the apex of the small Mex. Bound., tab. 19, fig. 2 and 3 230 CACTACEZ OF SIMPSON’S EXPEDITION. This species is further interesting because it again nego: proves that the vii appearance, the [438] habitus, of a cactus plant not necesaly indicates its real affinities. Not only is it a true Echinocact notwithstanding every appearance of a Mamillaria, but it is moreover closely allied in all its essential chueaiel to the very compact E. intertextus, Engelm., moe. Mex. Bound., p. 27, tab. 34, in which all traces of tubercles are lost in the straight ribs. It has the same small flowers and the same small dry fruit, containing few large seeds, of similar structure, though not entirely the same arrangement of the spines. ull-zrown specimens of our plant are 3-5 inches high and 3-4 inches in diameter, of dark green color, tubercles loosely arranged in ,8; or $4 order, 8 and 13 spirals being most prominent; they are 6-8 lines long, at base somewhat quadrangular, 6-7 lines wide in the vertical and 4-5 iiss in the transverse diameter, becoming subcylindric upward ; areola 3-4 lines long, a little more than half as wide; the fruit-bearing tubercles are rather stouter and shorter. Exterior spines 4-6 lines long, whitish ; interior ones spreading, stouter, and a little longer (5-7 lines long), yellowish, and upward deep brown or black ; no truly central spine. In the very young plant the spines — 18-20 in number and only 1-14 lines in length —are all radiating, closely fitting with their compressed bulbous bases on a linear areola, resembling in deape and arrangement those of Cereus cespitosus. Soon afterward the areola becomes wider, and 6 or 8 short, stout, brown interior spines make their appearance, divergent like the original ones ; next the ordinary arrangement, as described above, takes place. ms that quite early in spring the young tubercles on the vertex of the plant begin to form, exhibiting their densely woolly tops ; and soon afterward, long before any spines make their appearance, the tips of the smooth brown flower-buds come out. The flowers are 8-10 lines long and of nearly the same diameter, externally greenish-purple ; petals yellowish-green or verging to pale purple. The short stamens arise from the whole surface of the tube, leaving only a very small nectariferous space in its base. The fruit is about 3 or 3} lines long and almost as wide, borne on a very large circular areola, surrounded by a woolly margin (see tab. 2, fig. 1). It bears toward its top 1-3 scales, some- times with 1 or 2 small spines in their axils, The fruit usually opens by an irregular lateral slit ; falling off, its base remains attached to the areola, as is ae case in many (or all? or only all the dry-fruited 7) Echinocacti, thus produe- ing a basal opening (see tab. 2, fig. 5). Seeds 14 line long in the longest diameter, covered with minute close-set tubercles : the young seedling i erect, pointed cotyledons, and when a few weeks old begins to develop its pubescent spines. ar. 8. has been received this fall from the Colorado gold region. The smallest specimens were 1 inch in diameter, globose; the small tubercles in 8 order; spines 14-2 Feu long, often curved, sometimes 1-3 darker stouter ones in the centre. The larger specimens are almost of the size of those of Utah, but often depressed at top ; tubercules arranged in 4% or even 2} order ; spines only 4-5 lines long, 20-28 external and 6 or 7 internal ones. This species has been named in honor of the gallant commander of the expedition. PUBISPINUS, sp. nov. :® parvulus, turbinatus, costis 13 subobliquis compressis interruptis tuberculatis; [439] areolis orbiculatis, aculeis brevibus, rectis seu seepe curvatis albidis apice adustis velutinis demum nudatis, radialibus superioribus 1-2 robustioribus, longioribus rectis curvatis seu hamatis, ceteris 5-8 brevioribus ; aculeo ntrali ses seu singulo robustiore longi arrecto sursum hamato ; flore ?; ; tut. easant Valley, near the Salt Lake Desert ; found May 9 without flower or fruit. Plant 2 inches high, lor 1} a diameter ; compressed tubercles 4-6 lines distant from one another, confluent in 13 ribs. Radial spines 1-4 lines long, white pubescent or almost tomentose, more so than I have observed in any other cactus. On the lower areole I find only 5-6 spines, the upper ones a little longer and stouter than the balance ; farther upward the number increases to 10, one or more of the upper ones becoming still stouter and often hooked ; at last here and there a single central spine makes its appearance, 5-6 lines long, the strong hook always turned inward or upward. At first only the dusky point of the spine is naked ; with age the whole coating seems to wear off. In another specimen I find the spines $-12 in number, a little longer, more slender, all radiating. The small supraspinal areola proves this plant to be an Echinocactus ; it probably belongs, together with the next, to the section Hamati, Synops. Cact., p. 15. E. Warretet, Engelm. & Bigelow, Pacif. Rail. Rep. IV. Cact., p. 28, tab. 1; Synops. Cact., p. 15. Var. SPINo- sion: globosus; costis 13 compressis interruptis, aculeis radialibus 9-11, inferioribus sepe obscuricribus, reliquis longioribus niveis, 2 superioribus swpe elongatis complanatis curvatis ; centralibus 4, summo elongato [440] complanato pergamentaceo flexuoso albo, 3 reliquis paulo brevioribus obseuris omnibus seu solum in imo hamatis ; floribus minoribus ; ovario squamis sepaloideis 5 oblongis munito ; sepalis tubi linearibus margine membra- naceis integris mucronulatis, petalis angustis oblongis; stigmatibus 6-7 ravibus in capitulum globosum congestis 5 bacea ovata parce squamata floris rudimentis persistentibus coronata. * It here grows and thrives, probably at a higher elevation 5 This description has _ published in Trans. St. Lape than any other northern Cactus, occupying, e. g., the gravelly Acad,, Vol. II. p. 199 (1863). It is rather strange that moraines of the glacial period of Clear Creek Valley, between neither this nor the above-mentioned Z. papyracanthus has 8,000 and 9,000 feet altitude, and, in the southern part of ever been found again (January, 1876). the Territory, the Sangre de Cristo Pass, 10,000 feet high. CACTACEA OF SIMPSON’S EXPEDITION. 231 he species was bran! discovered on the Little Colorado by Dr. Bigelow, and was found afterward on the same stream by Dr. Newberry. The variety here described was met with more than five degrees farther north, in Desert Valley, west of Camp Floyd ; remains of fruit, with the withered flowers attached, and some seeds, were found concealed between the spines, from wrhtich the description has been drawn.* Globose heads 3 inches in diameter; radial spines 3-1} inch long, central ones 1}-2 inches in length. Flowers, if I may judge from the withered remains, about 1 inch long; ovary small, bearing about 5 membranaceous scales, the lower triangular, the upper oblong-linear, almost entire, and never cordate or auriculate at base, as they appear in most of the allied species ; pee of tube also narrow, linear, or ee 2-5 or 6 lines long, 3-1 line wide; stigmas about } line long. Fruit apparently an oval berry, $ inch long. Seed just as it is described and figured in Whipple’s Cactacewx ; the rel on the seed- coat are extremely minute and distant from one another, each forming a central protuberance on the otherwise flat surface of an angular cell of two or three times the diameter of the tubercle itself; embryo curved about ? around a rather copious albumen. CEREUS VIRIDIFLORUS, Engelm. in Wisliz. Mem., note 8, sub Echinocereo; Cact. Mex. Bound., tab. 36; 4 Cact., p. 22. This is evidently the northernmost Cereus, extending to the upper Platte ; it is sbandiened in Colorado. These northern specimens are 1-3 inches high, 13-ribbed, and show the greatest vatiobility 4 in the color of the radial spines ; in some bunches they are all red, in others white. In others again the colors are distributed without much regularity ; sometimes the upper and lower spines are white and the lateral ones red, or a few or even a single one above and below are red and all the rest white, or the lower ones are red and the upper ones white, and all these variations sometimes occur on the same specimen. I mention this to show how little reliance can be placed on the colors or the distribution of the colors of the spines. Central spines wanting, or one or two projecting horizontally, straight or curved upward, white or tipped with purple or all purple, 6-9 lines in length. C. EncGEeLMAnnI, Parry in Sillim. Journ., n. ser. 14, p. 338; Engelm. Cact. Bound., p. 36, tab. 57; Synops. Cact., p. 27. Deserts west of the Salt Lake, without flower or fruit. Specimen entirely wiuilar to the one figured in the Cactisee of the Boundary. The species seems to extend from the Salt Lake region southwestwardly to Arizona and the Mohave country. OPUNTIA SPHZROCARPA, Engelm. & Bigelow, Pacif. Rail. Rep. IV. Cact., p. 47, tab. 13, fig. ee [441] Synops. Cact., p. r.? Uranensis: diffusa, lete-virens, articulis orbiculato- shovutls crassis, junio seepe glibodo-cbewsding mes subapproximatis ; foliis minutis subulatis divaricatis; setis brevissimis paar strami- neis; aculeis nullis seu parvulis nunc singulo longiore recto robusto albido; floribus sed petit: ovario obovato areolis fasco-tomontadin sub-25 instructo, sepalis exterioribus transversis obcondatis cuspidatis ; petalis 8 late-obovatis emargi- natis ; stylo vix supra stamina exserto; stigmatibus 8 brevibus os ; bacea obovata areolis plurimis tomentosis iioata seminibus numerosis irvegulasitor compressis anguste margina’ ass west of Steptoe Valley, in the western mountains of the stig found July 19 in flower and fruit. Joints 2-3 inches ne and of almost the same diameter, often over } inch in nie weer sometimes almost terete, or rather egg-shaped ; areole 6 or 8 lines apart ; leaves very slender and acute, scarcely 1 line long, smaller than in any other of our aun except 0. basilaris, also a western form from the lower Colorado ; bristles few, and even in old joints scarcely more than $ line long ; apes none, or on the upper areole a few short ones, with here and there a stouter one 3-1 inch in length. Flow early 3 inches in diameter, pale or sulphur-yellow; when fading, reddish. Fruit about 1 inch long and half as ek, with a deep umbilicus, and with 20-25 areolee, which sometimes show a few ristles or a minute spine. Seeds very irregular, 2, or, in the largest diameter, sometim: es 2 Unwilling to increase the number - ill-defined species in this most difficult genus, I ing ‘this plant to the only species known to me to which it possibly can be compared, — O. spherocarpa, from New Mexico, —though its fruit is not spherical, has not a shallow umbilicus, and is, at least in the specimen before me, not dry. The latter would be an ee distinction, if we might not suspect, what in fact is often the case, that the fruit later in the season would become dry and brittle. The leaves — which heretofore have been entirely too much neglected as a diagnostic character in this genus — and the flowers of the original O. sphewrocarpa are unknown thus far. O. tortisprna, Engelm. & Bigelow, 1. c., p. 41, tab. 8, fig. 2-3 ; Synops. Cact., p. 37. Forks of the Platte ; flower in July. The specimens being very incomplete, I am not quite sure that this is the same species as that of Captain Whipple’s Expedition ; the joints appear to be — smaller, the areole closer together, and the spines shorter (1-1} inch) and rather weaker. Tt may possibly prove to be an extreme form of 0. Rafinesquii, the area of which extends to the Rocky Mountains. Leaves subulate, : lines long ; flowers 24-3 inches in diameter, sulphur- yellow ; ovary long (1-13 inch), with 20-30 areole, with light brown wool and short bright brown bristles ; exterior sepals obovate, lance-cuspidate ; petals 6-8, broadly obovate, obtuse, crenulate ; stigmas 6-8, short, erect, as long as the stamens. 8 The botanist of Dr, Hayden’s Expedition of 1875, Mr. Brandegee, found it abundantly in southwestern Colorado. 282 CACTACEAZ OF SIMPSON’S EXPEDITION. QO. HysTRIcINA, Engelm. & Bigelow, I. c., p. 44, tab. 15, fig. 5-7 ; Synops. Cact., p. 43. A flowering specimen, collected in June between Walker and Casi rivers, is pene like one found by De, Bigelow on the pan Chi- quito. It has slenderer and straighter spines than the one figured in Whipple’s Report, and approaches so what to O. erinacea, Engelm. & Bigelow, of the Mohave region, in which I now recognize the long-lost O. wae [442] Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Flor. 1, p. 555. Joints 5 inches iene half as wide, obovate ; leaves 14 lines long ; areolw closely set with long straw-colored bristles ; lower ones with few and short white spines, upper ones with numerous grayish-red spines 13-2 inches in length. Flowers pale straw-colored, 2}~3 inches in diameter ; ovary 1 inch long, with 20-30 white woolly aculeolate areole ; exterior sepals oblanceolate, squarrose, or recurved at the elongated tip ; petals obovate, obtuse, crenulate ; style with 8 or 10 short erect stigmas, longer than the stamens. The squarrose tips of the sepals are particularly conspicuous on the bud, O. Missourrensis, De Cand. Prod. 3, p. 472; Torr. & Gray, Flor. 1, p. 555 (in part). Cactus ferox, Nutt. Gen. 1, p. 296. From the deserts of Salt Lake Valley to Rush Valley ; specimens without flower or fruit. Joints small (2-3 ee — broadly obovate or circular; areole closely set ; spines numerous, stiff, stout, angular, white, mostly deflex MISSOURIENSIS, var. ALBISPINA, Engelm. & Bigelow, I. ¢., p. 46, tab. 14, fig. 8-10; Synops. Cact., p. 44 Smith Creek, Lookout Mountains, in western Utah; flowering in July. By their sberidier exo spines the spect: mens approach to var. trichophora. Flowers 3-34 inches in diameter, bright golden-yellow ; ovary 1 inch long, with 20 or 25 areolx, scarcely spiny ; exterior sepals obovate, cuspidate ; petals about 8, obtuse, es Se style shorter than the stamens ; stigmas about 5, very short, erect. Some flowers have elongated and very spiny ovaries, evidently abortive. O. FRAGILIS, Haworth, Suppl., p. 82; Torr. & Gray, Flor. 1, p. 555; Synops. Cact., p. 45. Cactus fragilis, Nutt. Gen. 1, p. 296. Fort Kearny to the North Platte country; in flower in June and July. This is, I believe, the first time that the flowers of this species were collected since Nuttall’s discovery of it in 1813. Travellers report that the plant is very frequently seen in the sterile prairies east of the Rocky mountains, but that it is rare to find them in flower, and rarer still in fruit. Since many years I have the plant in cultivation from specimens brought down by Dr. Hayden, but have not been able to get it to flower. Nuttall only informs us that the flowers are solitary and small. In the specimen before me thoy are yellow, scarcely 2 inches in diameter; ovary 8-9 lines long; the 13-15 areole are densely covered with thick white wool, the upper ones bear a few white spines ; lower sepals broadly oval, with a short cusp ; petals 5, obovate, rounded, crenulate ; style longer than the stamens ; stigmas 5, short, erect, cuspidate.* O. PULCHELLA, sp. nov.:7 parvula cespitosa diffusa ;_ articulis parvis obovato-clavatis ; foliis minutis [443] e basi ovata subulatis ; areolis confertis, eran aculeos albidos rectos, singulum longiorem complanatum porrectum seu deflexum alios brevissimos radiantes gerentibus; floris purpurei ovario areolis 13-15 convexis albo villosissimis et longe setosis dense apie ; sepalis inferioribus lineari-oblongis breviter cuspidatis, su perioribus spatu- latis ; petalis sub-8 obovatis obtusis, stylo cylindrico exserto, stigmatibus 5 linearibus suberectis; bacca sicca setosis- sima, seminibus crassis rhaphe lata plana notatis. Sandy deserts on Walker River ;* flowers in June. — This is one of the smallest, as it is one of the prettiest, es of this genus. It belongs to the small section of Clavate (Synops. Cact., p. 46) of the cylindric Opuntic, but is Gaines from all those known to me by its small joints and purple flowers; all the others have, so far as I know, yellow flowers. Joints 1-1} inch long, 4-6 lines thick, very slightly tuberculated ; leaves scarcely 1 line long; areole crowded, white woolly. Larger central spine on the upper areole 4-6 lines long, flat, and somewhat rough above, convex below; smaller ones 4-6 or 10, radiating, }-14 line long. Flowers crowded, of a beautiful bright purplish- -red or deep rose-red color, 1}-1} inch in diameter ; ovary 4-5 lines long, beset with white capillary spines, 3-5 lines long, 15-20 on each areola; style not ventricose, as is usual in i genus, but cylindric; stigmas slender, pale yellow ; berry clavate, at last dry, about 1 inch long, well marked by the conspicuous white-woolly ravedlis and their numerous es flexible, hair- like bristles, 4-6 or 7 lines long. These bristles are entirely destitute of the minute barbs 1 bristles of Opuntic. The thick round seeds, 2 lines in diameter, are well distinguished by a broad rhaphe, much wider than I have seen it in any other clavate Opuntia. * This note, containing the character and mesos of 8 This pretty species afterward (1867) collected Opuntia Pes Corvi, having been p Pp ‘‘among the sage brushes” of tical by Mr. William Gabb; (p- 226), is here omitted. — Epirors. and in the following year by Mr. S. Watson, “frequent in 7 An account of this species was given in the Transactions | the valleys of western Nevada, from the Trinity Mountains of the St. Louis Academy, II. p. 201 (1863). to Monitor Valley, 4,000-5,000 feet alt.” CACTACEA OF WHEELER’S EXPLORATION. 233 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Plate I. Echinocactus Simpsoni as it appears in early spring. On the vertex a young growth of tubercles is visible, their tops covered with wool. Plate II. Details of the same. Fig. 1. Four tubercles from near the vertex : one shows the broad scar where the fruit has fallen off; another one is just developing its —s exhibiting their points above the thick wool. Fig. 2. A detached tubercle beari Fig. 3 and 4. Flowers with the bi part of the tubercle and its young spines. Fig. 5 and 6. The fruit magnified three times ; fig. 5 showing the basal opening, fig. 6 the broad umbilicus. Fig. 7. A scale of this fruit more magnified, with two axillary spines. Fig. 8-12. Seed: fig. 8 natural size, the others eight times magnified ; fig. 9 lateral, fig. 10 dorsal, fig. 11 basal view; fig. 12 part of the surface, highly magnified. Fig. 13. Embryo, wists in the inner seed-coat, —_— also the at magnified. Fig. 14. Lateral, fig. 15 frontal view of the embryo, magni Fig. 16. Seedling, a few weeks old, magnified. Fig. 17. Tubercles of the smaller variety, from Colorado, in every state of development. Plate III. Fig. 1. Part of a plant of Opuntia pulchella, opie a flower-bud and two flowers, natural size. ig. 2-4. Bunches of spines, four times ee natura Fig. 5. Section of a larger spine, more magnified. Fig. 6. A om Si an ovary, with the eit woolly and bristly areola, four times natural size. Fig. 7. A fru Fig. 8-9. ak four times magnified ; fig. 9 showing the broad rhaphe, XIII. CACTACEZ OF WHEELER'S EXPLORATION. From bug UPON UNITED STATES gees dra SURVEYS WEST OF THE ONE HunpREDTH MERIDIAN, IN CHARGE OF rst LIEUTENANT George M. Wueever, U.S. Encinrrrs. Published by ENcInzeR DEPARTMENT. Vol. VI., Rice by J. T. Rornrock. 1878. MAaMILLaRIA (CoRYPHANTHA) VIVIPARA, Haw., Engelm, in Watson’s Bot. King’s Expl. 117. A common [127] plant on the western plains from the Missouri to Texas, extending in the mountain regions as far Arizona and South Utah. The large, deep rose-colored or purple flowers, with Singul sepals iat Gee acuminate petals, green oval berries, with light brown pitted seeds, readily distinguish the species. The form of the plains is lower and often densely cespitose-spreading ; the mountain plant is often simple and larger. The largest form, which comes from Arizona, I had at one time distinguished as M. Arizonica, but must now consider it as only a akin Vivipara, 3-5 inches high, 4 inches in diameter, with spines often over 1 inch long on rather broad and spreading tubercles, Rothrock, 1874 (203), is a smaller form, from Camp Apache, M. (CorYPHANTHA) CHLORANTHA, sp. nov. Similar to the last, but with fos yellow petals ; stems oval to cylindrical, 3 inches wide, sometimes 8-9 inches high ; tubercles compressed from above ; 20-25 outer spines gray, almost in 2 series ; 6-8 or 9 inner ones stouter, $-1 inch long, reddish or brownish only at the tip. Flowers yellowish or greenish-yellow, crowded on the top of the plant, 1} inch long and wide, often 1-2 small fringed sepals on the ovary (which also occasionally is seen in Vivipara) ; sepals lanceolate, fringed ; petals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, -denticulate; 7-9 whitish stigmas, erect-spreading. — Southern Utah, east of Saint George (Dr. Parry, I. E. Johnson) Ecutnocactus WistizENni, Engelm. Very large, often over 3 feet high and half as much in diameter at first globose, then ovate to cylindrical, with 21-25 5 vathod sharp ribs. The large linear-oblong areole as [128] oo when young) bear three kinds of spines: first, 4 very stout, annulated, reddish ones, 13-2} inches long, the 3 upper ones straight, the lower one hooked ; second, 3-5 lower and usually 3 up oat spines, ~ but straight, stiff, and annulated, of reddish color ; third, 12-20 whitish, bristle-like, flexuous, lateral spin Flowers 2-23 inches long, 1} wide, yellow, outside greenish with purple-brown ; ovary and fruit imbricately tains with numerous (50-60) cordate or reniform crenulate sepals; sepals of tube oblong, ciliate ; petals broadly linear, crenate, bristle-pointed ; style deeply divided into 12-18 linear stigmas; seeds 1 line long or over, selieslike or ‘dullow- pitted. — Southern New Mexico. 30 234- CACTACEZ OF WHEELER’S EXPLORATION. Var. Le Conte: (£. Le Contei, Engelm.). At last clavate from a slender base ; lower central spine more flat- tened, curved or twisted, but not hooked ; flower rather smaller and with fewer parts. — This is the western form, from South Utah and Arizona to and beyond the Colorado River. Dr. Rothrock collected, at Camp Bowie, Arizona, a peculiar form (492), which may represent another variety, decipiens: globose, 1 foot in diameter ; spines shorter and fewer, no straight spines above the 4 central ones, none longer than 1-13 inches, 10-15 thin flexuous spines on side and upper end of areolz ; only 20-25 sepals on ovary. E. POLYCEPHALUS, Engelm. & Bigelow (see Watson in Bot. King’s Expl. 117). From the Mojave region to southwestern Utah. The numerous spiny-bristly sepals, and the linear, acute, yellow petals, almost hidden in a dense cottony wool. E. WurrrtE!, Engelm. & Bigelow; Watson, 1. c. 116. On the Lower Colorado River, and northward into Utah. Cereus (EcCHINOCEREUS) ENGELMANNI, Parry ; Watson, l.c. 117. Throughout Arizona and into Utah and southern California Flower purple, open only i in mid-day sunshine. — Camp Bowie (1002); Mrs. Major Sumner, | Flower only. May be this or an allied species. C. (EcHINocEREUS) PH@NICEUS, Engelm. Globose or oval heads, 2~3 inches high, about 2 inches in diameter, several to a great many (sometimes over 100) from one base, 8-11-ribbed ; 8-15 slender but straight, stiff, and very brittle spines in each bunch, }-1} inch long, 1-3 of them more central and a little stouter. Deep red [129] flowers, 14-23 inches long, half as wide, open equally day and night ; spatulate, rather stiff petals, rounded at tip. — From West Texas to southern Colorado and Arizona, as far west as the San Francisco mountains (Bigelow), and from Fort Whipple (Palmer). C. HINOCEREUS) TRIGLOCHIDIATUS, Engelm. Few (2-5) globose or oval heads, 2-4 inches high, 2-24 thick, 6-7-ribbed ; areolz more distant than in the last ; spines fewer, only 3-6, flattened or angular, usually curved, about 1 inch long ; flowers same as in last. — New Mexico, Santa Fé, 1874; Rothrock (39 C. gonacanthus, Engelm. & Bigelow, — which extends from New Mexico to the Arkansas River and westward to Zui, and is characterized by its stouter, longer, and more numerous spines, —may belong to this species ; and perhaps both, with numerous other so-called species, which vary only in the number of the ribs, the number or form of the spines, and the closeness of the spine bunches, but have all similar flowers, may have to be considered as forms of one polymorphous type (C. pheniceus). Opuntia (PLATOPUNTIA) BASILARIS, Engelm. & Bigelow. A low plant, with broadly obovate, often retuse or fan-shaped joints, branching mostly from the base, pubescent, as well as the fruit ; areole very close, without spines, but densely covered with short yellowish-brown bristles; flowers large, rose-purple ; fruit dry, subglobose, with rather few large and thick seeds. — Southeastern California to Arizona. Distinct from all other species of this region by its mode of growth, its pubescence, the absence of spines proper, and the very large (33-5 lines wide) seeds. The large purple flowers, which in the season completely cover the plant, make a beautiful show. O. (PLatopuntra) Missourtensts, D.C. Santa Fé, New Mexico, 1874; Rothrock (6). Common from the plains of the Missouri into the mountains. A low, very spiny (whence Nuttall’s name, 0. ferox) species, with yellow, or sometimes (on the upper Arkansas plains) purple flowers, and dry spiny pods, which contain large, much com- pre: and broadly margined seeds. Several more — probably half a dozen — flat-jointed Opuntia have been noticed in Arizona; some prostrate and with smaller joints, others tall, erect, with large joints (to a foot or more in length), many of them very spiny. Of them not much is known, as the plants are “difficult to preserve, and flowers and fruit have not often been [130] found or collected. Full notes, living joints, good fruit and seed, and pressed flowers are desirable to make us sufficiently acquainted with these plants. The best method of preserving the flowers is to split them open before attempting to dry them. Living plants or joints are very valuable, but alone are not sufficient, because in cultivation they very rarely flower and scarcely ever bear fruit, 0. (CyLInpRopuntra) cLavaTa, Engelm. A low, cespitose plant, with short (1-3 inches high, 1 inch thick), clavate, ng, strongly tuberculate joints, the upper areole bearing 4-7 ebony-white, flattened, striate spines, surrounded by a apr of smaller bristly ones; yellow flowers, 2 inches wide ; dry, yellow, oval pod, covered with numerous — woolly, and long-bristled areole. —El Rito, New Mexico (Rothrock), in 1874 (92) ; also about Santa Fé, e 0. been PULCHELLA, Engelm. (see Watson’s Bot. King’s Expl. 119 ; Simpson’s Rep. Bot., tab. 3) A very small, purple-flowered species of Nevada. A flower brought home by Mr. Bischoff was by a singular error enumerated in the Catalogue of 1874 as Cereus viridiflorus. O. (Crurnpropuntra) ARBoRESCENS, Engelm. (see Watson, 1.c. 120). Cuero, New Mexico (101), Rothrock in 1874; Cienega, South Arizona (near Tucson), the same (584); and from Camp Bowie, Arizona (1002), by THE PULP OF CACTUS FRUIT. 235 Mrs. Major Sumner. This handsome species extends northward to the plains of Colorado and Pike’s Peak, covering extensive tracts. Remarkable for its horizontal, often whorled branches; purple flowers, 2-24 inches in diameter ; vary often with some spiny bristles, which at maturity disappear. The skeleton — as the cactus wood is ra faneifully called after the soft tissues have rotted away — forms a heavy, hollow cylinder, with regular rhombic holes or meshes corresponding to the tubercles and spine-bunches of the plant, and makes excellent canes This species is closely allied to the Mexican O. imbricata and O. decipiens, — arborescens being the northern, larger-flowered form, — but the seeds are different . (CyLinpropuntIA) BieELovil, Engelm. (Pacif. Rail. Rep. 4, Bot. 50, tab. 19). An erect, bushy [131] plant, 10-12 feet high, with oval or subcylindric joints, bearing on short oval tubercles 3-5 large (1 inch long) and many smaller spines, the larger ones loosely covered by glistening whitish sheaths ; purple flowers, small, 1 inch wide ; fleshy greenish es ; humerous small and very irregular seeds, or often abortive ; wood a wide fragile tube, with short meshes. O. (CYLINDROPUNTIA) TESSELLATA, Engelm. a bushy, from a stout trunk, with solid wood, sometimes several inches thick ; ultimate branches as thick as a swan’s quill, covered with angular, flattened, ashy-gray tubercles, the uppermost bearing at their upper end single, long, loosely yellow-sheathed spines; flowers small (about ? of an inch wide), yellow; small fruit, oval, covered with long, soft, brown bristles. Pacif. Rail. Re = On both sides of the Lower Colorado River, 6-7 feet high. The yellow shining spines, crowded on the upper nee of each year’s growth, together with the scale-like tubercles, give the plant a singitler and striking appearance. There are several other cylindric Opuntie in Arizona not collected in these Expeditions, and for the most part only imperfectly known. It is desired to direct attention to this interesting group, which, on account of the bulky forms and forbidding armament, are too much shunned by travellers. — O. echinocarpa, Engelm. & Bigelow, is a low and very spiny bush, with yellowish flowers and dry spiny fruit. — O. acanthocarpa, Engelm. & Bigelow, is taller, a elongated tubercles, or rather ridges, copper-colored flowers, and dry fruit bearing few but stouter spines. — 0. m lata, Schott, and O. fulgida, Engelm. & Bigelow, are allied to O. Bigelovii, with thick tubercles or prominent a the former with small, the other with numerous long and shining sheathed spines ; fruit often abortive. speci- mens, With flower, fruit, and good seed of the same plant (so that mixing species and forms may be avoided), are very desirable, as we know scarcely anything more about them than what the botanists of the Mexican Boundary Com- mission (often at the most unfavorable season) could find out twenty-five years ago. — 0. leptocaulis, D.C. (O. frutescens, Engelm.), the most slender Opuntia known, bushy, with branches like pipe-stems, small yellow flowe red, somewhat fleshy berries, is common from North Mexico, through Texas, to Arizona. It has been said that [132] its flowers, contrary to the habit of the genus (which has diurnal flowers, 7. ¢. open in sunlight), are nocturnal, which, however, is now positively denied. XIV. THE PULP OF CACTUS FRUIT. From TRANSACTIONS OF THE St. Louris ACADEMY oF Science, Vou. II., Ocroper, 1861. ZUCCARINI, than whom none better understood the morphology, as well as the systematic [166] characters of the Cactacez, had already in the year 1845 (Plant. nov., fase. 5, pag. 34) expressed the opinion that in Cactaceze, as well as in Cucurbitacez, the funiculi assisted in forming the pulp of the fruit. Schleiden (Grundziige, ed. 3, p. 408) ascribes the pulp of Mamillaria to an arillus, dis- solving into single juicy cells. Gasparrini, in his extended but rather odd description of the Opuntiz fruit (Osservazioni, 1853, p. 20), also considers the pulp as a peculiar sort of an arillus. I had long since come to the conclusion, especially after examining the somewhat dry fruits of Cereus ceespi- tosus and Echinocactus setispinus, that the funiculi alone constitute the pulp, and in Cact. Mex. Bound. tab. 20, fig. 12, I had figured the enlarged funiculi of the latter plant. The Cactus fruit is usually succulent ; only some Echinocacti and some Opuntiz are known to bear dry fruits. The succulent fruit consists of the fleshy walls of the fruit itself, originating from the carpel and the adhering calyx (or part of the stem, as Zuccarini will have it), coalescing and forming a homogeneous mass, and of the juicy pulp, in which latter the seeds are imbedded. In 236 THE PULP OF CACTUS FRUIT. some species the parenchyma of the walls, in others the mass of the pulp, prevails. Zhe pulp is always the product of the funiculus or its appendages. The funiculus, even at the flowering period, bears on its inner side a beard of transparent fibres, 0.01—0.10 line in length; the fruit maturing, these fibres are enlarged, and the whole cellular tissue of the funiculus becomes, as it were, hyper- trophic, every cell swelling up, filling with a sweetish, mostly red-colored juice; at last the cells in most species separate from one another, and leave the seeds floating in the pulp attached only to the slender spiral vessels. The mass of the funiculi and their proportion to the mass of the seed is very different in different species; in Lepismiwm Myosurus it constitutes only } or } of the seed; in Mamillaria Nuttallii it bears, perhaps, a still smaller proportion ; while in other Manillaris, e.g. DL. polythele and M. pusilla, it is 2-4 times as large as the seed. In the large edible [167] fruits of Cerei, such as C. trinngularis, C. grandiflorus, C. giganteus, etc., it constitutes by far the largest part of the fruit. The cells are globular, oval, or variously compressed ; in some species extremely small, 0.01—0.03 line long, while in others they are 0.1—0.2 and even 0.3 line long. The genus Opuntia apparently differs in having the whole seed covered with juicy cells, which, in size and quantity, vastly predominate over the cells of the rather insignificant funiculus proper. But the whole bony coating of the seed being but an arillary enlargement of the funiculus (Cact. Mex. Bound., p. 76), this peculiar case entirely falls into the analogy of the other Cactacew. The real difference is caused by the nature of the arillus, which, getting extremely hard, leaves the cells of the epidermis only to grow out, and finally to form the pulp of the fruit. Soon after fecundation these cells gradually become elongated, cylindrical, and disconnected among one another, rising per- pendicularly from the surface of the seed; they are shorter, of nearly equal length, and perfectly straight, on the faces of the young seed, and longer, hair-like, and twisting in different directions on and near the rim. In 0. glaucophylla, which J take to be a mere variety of O. Ficus Indica, I find them at their first appearance on a seed of less than one line in diameter only about 0.004 line long and wide; on the rim they soou grow to twice the diameter and ten times the length, till at matur- ity the larger ones are 0.3—0.5 line long. These cells, at first simple and cylindrical, become at last jointed and clavate, the terminal cells being many times larger than the basal ones, thus properly filling the interstices between the seeds. During winter, the fruit and seeds having reached their full growth, these cells contain a colorless, viscous, insipid fluid ; in the following spring, when the fruit has assumed a deep purple color, and attained full miabasiny. they contain a sweetish, purple - liquid, and soon separate, forming what is properly called the pulp. The single cells are mostly oval or oblong, 0.02—0.20 line in length. I find the same structure in 0. Engelmanni, which, how- ever, ripens its fruit, with us, in autumn, and it undoubtedly obtains in all Opuntie with large and juicy fruit. In 0. Rafinesquii, and probably in all species with less juicy fruit, the cells on the face of the seed are not developed, those on the rim producing the pulp, which in this species as well as in O. vulgaris and O. Pes Corvi, remains, even at full maturity, insipid, viscous, and of pale red color. In this condition the fruit adheres to the plant, unchanged, until it falls off in the following spring. . Brasiliensis and O. monacantha these epidermis-cells are greatly elongated, forming, in fact, a matted tough beard, 2-3 lines long, analogous to that of the unripe cotton-seed ; each hair consists of several slender joints, 0.01—0.02 line in diameter, the terminal one often thickly clavate or otherwise variously inflated. I have found them thus in the unripe fruit late in autumn; how they may change at maturity I have been unable to ascertain. No such development of the epidermis-cells seems to take place in the Opuntiz with dry fruit, such as 0. Missouriensis, O. clavata, etc.; the seed, consequently, has a whiter, polished, ivory-like surface, while that of the juicy Opuntice Suited is dull and almost rough, and not so white. The cells of the parenchyma of the fruit, as well as those of the bony seed-coat, are full of aggregations of crystals ; those of the funiculus proper contain fewer and smaller clusters ; but in the pulp itself I have never seen them; neither could I discover any in the parenchyma, or in the pulp of the fruits of Mamillariz. | V. PAPERS ON JUNCUS. IL A REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS J UNCUS, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF NEW OR IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES. From THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE St. Louis AcapEmy oF Scrence, Vol. IL, p. 424-498. [Issued down to p. 458, May, 1866.] 1866-1868. THE difficulty I found in arranging the species of Juncus of my own herbarium, the [424] doubts in which the authors left me by incomplete and unsatisfactory descriptions, and by confusion in the names and synonyms, the want of confidence which all my correspondents, even such as had paid a good deal of close attention to it, seemed to place in themselves and their own judgment when this genus was under discussion, —all this induced me to enter upon a critical study of our Junct. 1 was greatly aided by the most liberal contribution of specimens and of obser- vations from all sides; among those to whom I am thus indebted I mention Professor Asa Gray, of Cambridge, and Messrs. E. Durand, C. E. Smith, and Professor Leidy, of Philadelphia, who sent me their own and the herbaria of the institutions under their care; Dr. J. W. Robbins, of Massachu- setts; Rev. O. Brunet, of Quebec; Dr. H. P. Sartwell, of New York; Professor T. C. Porter, of Pennsylvania ; Mr. M.S. Bebb, of Washington; Rev. M. A. Curtis, of North Carolina; Mr. W. H. Ravenel, of South Carolina; Dr. A. W. Chapman, of Florida; Mr. E. Hall, of Illinois ; and last, but not least, Professor W. H. Brewer, of the California State Survey, and my indefatigable and ever obliging friend, Mr. H. N. Bolander, of San Francisco. In Europe I was greatly assisted by Professor Caspary, of Kcenigsberg, who compared E. Meyer’s herbarium, and by Professor A, Braun and Dr. Garcke, of Berlin, who examined Willdenow’s and Kunth’s herbaria for me. My very particular thanks are due to all of them. Michaux’s and Lamarck’s plants have, thus far, been inaccessible to me, and thus some questions of synonymy must remain unsettled for the present. A very conscientious examination of over a thousand specimens from all parts of the country, with careful dissections of their flowers and fruits, and drawing of these details, has enabled me, I believe, to place the proper value on the characters derived from the different organs of these plants, and to arrive at definite conclusions in regard to their species and varieties and their affinities among themselves. | These investigations, to be sure, were all made “in the closet” since the end of last summer, but I trust that they are not the less reliable, and that those who have the opportunity will follow them up in the field, and will enable me not only to improve upon this paper, but also to publish, with their aid (which some have already promised me) an Herbarium Juncorum Boreali-Ameri- canorum normale, which will stand in place of expensive plates, and will, it is believed, be [425] far preferable to them. Arrangement.—The numerous species of the genus Juncus have been divided into sections 238 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. according to characters taken from their organs of vegetation, their stems and leaves, and also their inflorescence, more than from the differences found in their flowers or fruits. In these most essen- tial parts all the species show a remarkable uniformity, which will only permit us to make use of them to characterize minor divisions, and for specific diagnosis. Desvaux (Journ. Bot., Vol. L, Paris, 1808) had already separated our Juncus repens, on account of a peculiarity in the dehiscence of the capsule, and some alpine species, because of their long-tailed seeds, as two distinct genera, Cephaloxys and Marsippospermum. But we know now that other species of far different alliance form a transition from the ordinary loculicidal to the septifragal dehiscence, that species of all forms and sections, and otherwise very dissimilar, have tailed seeds, and that others exhibit all the transitions from the tailed and loosely tunicated to the merely pointed and closely coated seed. From the following it will appear that these genera cannot stand even as sections. Vegetative Organs. — The different forms of the root-stocks, and of the stems and leaves of these plants, are so well known that I need not here dwell upon them; by their differences the principal types of Junci are best characterized, i. e. those that produce no leaves or leaves equal to the stem itself, those that have channelled or flattened leaves, and those that bear knotted leaves. But I must say that we have forms that seem to bridge over these apparently well-marked distinctions, and which again prove that Nature knows nothing of our systematic subtleties, and that our systems are only an imperfect aid for our limited comprehension. To give an example —no section of Juncus seemed to be better characterized and more natural than that of the true Juncit with naked stems and so- called lateral inflorescence. To this section we are bound to refer J. Drwnmondi and J. Hallii, while J. biglumis, which can scarcely be separated from them, is, in all our systematic works, far removed from them. Again, J. Vaseyi comes so close to J. Hallii that we should hesitate whether to class it with this or with the flat-leaved J. tenuis, if J. Greenti did not unite it more directly with the latter. The form of leaves is not quite constant. While those of the articulate Junci are usually described as terete or compressed-terete, the observations of our southern botanists prove that in some species, at least, soil and moisture have a most important influence on [426] them, as they also have on the development of the inflorescence ; the overgrown forms of . scirpoides, as I understand that species, have large, laterally compressed, gladiate leaves, while in the forms grown on drier and poorer soil the leaves become almost or entirely terete. On the other hand, the peculiar tribe of articulate Junci of the Pacific slope, which I have called Znsifoli¢ trom their characteristic sword-shaped leaves, exhibits, in alpine situations, such narrow leaves that they might inadvertently be mistaken for terete ones. Inflorescence. — The inflorescence offers us important but, to a surprisingly great extent, variable characters. All Junci have, as is well known, a terminal inflorescence, even where it is seemingly lateral. In the Californian sub-genus Juncellus, and in a few South American and antarctic species which form the subgenus Rostkovia (gen. Rostkovia, Hook. f., Rostkovia, Desv., and Marsippospermum, Desy., in part), a single flower terminates the stem or scape; but all the true Junci have a more or _ cetpeund inflorescence of single flowers or of flowers crowded into larger or smaller heads. In the inflorescence we observe numerous bracts, usually of a membranaceous texture; the _ uppermost bracts bear in their axils the flowers, which are always lateral, though in the species with single flowers they appear terminal. In these the lower of the two highest bracts, which are always found at the base of the flower, and which were therefore termed “ calyx” by Rostkovius, bears the flower in its axil, the upper one remaining sterile ; but the trace of an axillary product, an abortive flower or a leaf-bud, ought occasionally to be found, as is regularly the case in J. pelocarpus. In the single-flowered forms of this species the uppermost bract usually bears an abortive bud, or this bud grows out into a leafy branch, or it becomes a second flower ; and then a third bract is formed, often 1 Steudel, in his “‘ Plante Glumacee,” 1855, enumerates 196 species, many of them, however, undoubtedly nominal ones. NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 239 again with a leaf-bud, but never, so far as I know, with a third flower. Thus we have the complete transition from the single-flowered to the species in which the flowers are grouped into heads. In these each bract bears in its axil a flower, in centripetal succession, the uppermost minute bracts remaining sterile in the centre of the head. The single-flowered Junci bear panicles, or, as E. Meyer and many botanists after him called them, anthele, of different form and development. In some species (¢. g. in the common forms of J. tenuis and J. dichotomus) the panicle has often the shape of an almost regularly dichotomous cyme, or at least the main branches are dichotomously divided ; in most other species this regu- larity is considerably obscured by the development of many elongated branches from a short axis, which often almost seem to constitute an umbel, but which are mostly of very different [427] length, the lower ones being by far the longer. These rays or branches often repeat the development of the main axis several times, or are regularly dichotomously divided, or they assume the appearance of one-sided spikes with lateral inflorescence, somewhat after the fashion of the Borraginee. A remarkable example of this is furnished by J. tenuis, var. secundus, which form also proves that this unilateral development of the inflorescence can by no means constitute specific distinction, as a series of intermediate forms are not wanting. We observe a similar condition in J. Balticus and the var. Pacificus; the Eastern form has the ordinary panicle, while that of the Pacific coast bears on the branches unilateral flowers. In many others, and especially in all those that have knotted leaves, the flowers are arranged in heads. These heads consist of few, or are (often in J. pelocarpus) reduced to single flowers, or they bear a great many, and the different forms of the same species often vary immensely in this respect. Thus we find from 2 or 3 to 50 flowers in each head of the different forms of J. pallescens, 6 or 9 to 100 in the forms of J. nodosus, and 2 or 3 to 80 or 90 in J. Canadensis. These heads are single, or composed of several heads crowded together, when they appear lobed. I have seen the axis of the heads abnormally elongated, thus changing them into spikes 9-12 lines in length in three different species, all found in the southern States. In all of them the lower flowers seem to remain sterile, and only the uppermost ones bear fruit ; or, after the earliest flowers have performed their functions, the axis, perhaps in a wet season, continues to grow and produces a second crop of flowers. J. cylin- dricus, Curtis, is such a spicate form of J. marginatus; I have also seen it in J. pallescens, var. frater- nus, and most beautifully developed in J. Canadensis, var. longicaudatus. In this last specimen numerous rays form a rather compact almost level-topped umbel, and each ray bears a head of 3 to 5 or 6 sessile, diverging spikes. The heads are either single, terminating the stem like the head of an Allium, or they form a more or less compound inflorescence similar to that of the single flowers. Flowers. — The flowers of these plants consist normally of 5 circles, each of 3 component parts ; 3 outer and 3 inner perigonial leaves, which we call, on account of their herbaceous texture, sepals ; 3 outer and 3 inner stamens and 3 carpellary leaves; each of the circles alternating with the next one, so that the 6 stamens stand before the 6 sepals, and the 3 carpels before the 3 outer sepals ; but the 3 stigmas, as well as the valves of the capsule, before the 3 inner sepals. The third circle, con- sisting of the 3 inner stamens, is sometimes wanting. Only in one instance, in the only species of the sub-genus Juncellus, I find each circle consisting of two parts only,a curious [428] and rare arrangement in a monocotyledonous plant. In place of flowers we find, in some species with articulate leaves, leafy buds or shoots as the result of retrograde metamorphosis, or as the morbid product of the oviposition of the Livia Jun- corum or some sikea insect. They are most common in J. pelocarpus, which, from this peculiarity, has been named viviparus and abortivus; in J. pallescens, var. fraternus, which therefore got the name J, paradoxus, and in J. nodosus genuinus. Sepals. — The always persistent sepals furnish important characteristics. The exterior and interior ones are sometimes similar, but more frequently dissimilar; the former usually carinate or 240 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. naviculate, more herbaceous, more strongly ribbed and sharper pointed ; the latter more delicate; with a wider membranaceous margin, flat or slightly concave, but not naviculate, and more fre- quently obtuse or only mucronate, but more variable in their outline than the exterior ones. The sets of sepals are either equal in length, or one exceeds the other, but neither their proportion nor the form of the inner sepals offers perfectly reliable characters in all species ; in some they are more constant, while in others they vary considerably. In examining dried and even living specimens, the error of mistaking an involute sepal for an acute one must be avoided,— an error into which even careful botanists have sometimes fallen. The nerves of the sepals, which are of such diagnostic importance in Graminew and even Cyperacec, are of minor value in Jwnei, as they vary considerably in different forms of the same species. Stamens. — E. Meyer had already paid attention to the number of stamens and their proportion, and in many species valuable characters are derived from them, but they alone cannot constitute specific distinction. They are generally persistent, which permits us to examine them in all stages of development of the flower and fruit; only in J. Smithti and in J. Remerianus the anthers fall away early and the filaments only persist. The number of stamens is normally six, but in many (principally American) species, it is, by suppression of the inner circle, reduced to three; those three stamens stand, therefore, before the outer sepals and at the angles of the ovary or capsule. We have only two species in which their number regularly varies between three and six, J. Buckleyi and J. caudatus ; in them the inner circle of stamens is incompletely present. In many triandrous species we find occasionally a fourth or fifth stamen, and that often smaller than the rest; but where both circles are regularly developed, I have never seen them unequal in size or shape, which we notice so often in other allied families. The proportion of stamens and sepals, and of anthers and filaments, is often very con- [429] stant, but in some species they vary very much, as may be seen in J. scirpoides, the different forms of which bear stamens of different length and anthers of different size, without exhibiting other characters of sufficient specific value. n a rare form of J. Remerianus I find both circles of stamens suppressed or rather unde- veloped and in a rudimentary state, so that those plants become unisexual. Corresponding male plants may perhaps yet be discovered. Filaments are always present; in some species they are very short, in others elongated, in all dilated at base, and, at least in the hexandrous ones, more or less united. Their base, which in the young flower adheres to the base of the pistil, after fecundation remains attached to the base of the sepals. The shape of the anthers is of slight importance; they are longer or shorter, sane or oblong, in some species pointed or cuspidate, in most others obtuse or emarginate, more or less sagittate at base; but these characters show little constancy. Pistil.—The pistil exhibits great differences in its form, and furnishes good and generally con- stant characters. The ovary is obtuse or acute, gradually or abruptly elongated into the style. tee organ is often very short, but in many species it has the length of the ovary, or even exceeds it ; a few species only it is variable, ¢. g. in J. seirpoides, which in this as in most other organs pas a degree of variability scarcely seen in any other species. The stigmas are longer or shorter than the ovary with the style, always (except in Juncellus) three in number, very slender and more or less twisted ; in J. acutus they are short and thick, and in J. stygius, as already Linneus remarks, short and eared. In just expanding flowers the length of the stamens is often equal to that of the ovary and style together, so that the stigmas only emerge from between the anthers, or they are equal to the ovary alone, when the whole style with the stigmas protrudes over the anthers. Capsule. — The capsule is diagnostically one of the most important organs in Junci. It varies from globose to ovate, obovate, prismatic, pyramidal or subulate, terete or angular, retuse, obtuse or NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 241 acute, mucronate or rostrate; it is shorter or longer than the sepals or equal to them; but all these characters vary within certain limits, in some species more than in others, and only the examination of a large number of specimens can decide about their constancy and value in a given species. The capsule is always three-valved (excepting again Jwncellus), opening into the cells, the valves bearing on their median line the placente either immediately (parietal placente and one- [430] celled capsule) or on a fold which extends to the centre and forms the dissepiments (central placentze and three-celled capsule); shorter dissepiments make semi-trilocular capsules. Very fragile dissepiments, which break off when the capsule opens, leaving the placenta central and detached (septifragal dehiscence), are found in J. repens (therefore generically distinguished by Desvaux), and to some extent also in J. Parryi, J. patens, and J. setaceus. The placente of J. Remerianus are enormously developed into a spongy mass, which fills the greater part of the capsular cavity. The capsule opens almost always from top to the middle or to the base; only in some of our species with subulate capsules (J. seirpoides, J. nodosus) the separation of ue valves commences in the middle, while at the top they remain united for some time. Seeds. —The seeds, when perfectly ripe, furnish some of the most interesting and constant char- acters, but they are so small and their markings so delicate that only a strong glass, or, better, a microscope with a magnifying power of fifty or sixty diameters, will properly exhibit them. It may not be useless to caution botanists not to be deceived by seeds loosely lying about with the speci- mens, as they very often will be found mixed. The seeds are ascending or (the elongated ones) more or less erect, with a lower end at the insertion of the funiculus and an upper one at the chalaza, both ends united by the rlhaphe and often by a distinct fold of the testa. The seeds are usually ohovate or oblanceolate, thicker at the upper than at the lower end, mostly terete, or, in rare cases (J. trifidus), angular, when a few large seeds are pressed upon one another. The ends are sometimes obtuse (/. bufonius), but commonly either abruptly or more gradually pointed, apiculate or even fusiform (J. padlescens, nodosus, scirpoides). Very frequently the testa is slightly elongated beyond both ends of the body of the seed and forms a small, membranaceous appendage (J. effusus, tenuis, marginatus); in such seeds the longitudinal fold of the testa, mentioned above, also becomes more distinct. In many and apparently more in American and in alpine or arctic species (J. Drummond, Greenii, Canadensis, etc.) these appendages become more conspicuous, and extend beyond the seed itself as empty, shrivelled, tail-like, white, or, rarely, reddish sacs. Such seeds have been called scobiform; their seed-coat is more loosely ad- hering and sometimes (J. stygius) can be readily removed. This elongation of the testa is of great diagnostic value, but the absolute or proportionate length of the appendages is extremely variable; even in the same capsule I find the lower seeds with shorter tails than the upper ones, and in J. Canadensis we see forms with such different length of tail that only the absence of [431] any other diagnostic characters can induce us to consider them as belonging to one and the same species. Much less can generic distinction be based upon this character, as was done by Desvaux, who comprised in his genus Marstppospermum all Junci with tailed seeds. Even E. Meyer's (in Synopsis Juncorum, 1822, and in Ledebour’s Flora Rossica, 1853) separation of the species with tailless seeds as a second section is unnatural, as not only tail-seeded kinds are found in all the great groups, but also species with intermediate seeds exist, which it would be difficult enough to eS properly. R. Brown (Prod. Nov. Holl., p. 258) settles the whole question in the following pithy sentence: Mee secernende sunt ee que seminibus gaudent scobiformibus, testa nempe, que in pluribus utrinque laxa, in hisce valde elongata. The size of the seed varies from 0.1 to 2.0 lines in length, it mostly ranges between 0.2 and 0.3 lines, and rarely reaches 0.4 lines; the tailed seeds are usually larger than the others, averaging from 0.5 to 2.0 lines in length; even without the appendage, J. trifidus has the body of the seeds of 0.5, J. castaneus of 0.5-0.6, and J. stygius of 0.7-0.8 line in length. 31 242 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. The delicate markings of the seeds are so various, and in the same species so constant, that it will be useful to dwell a little longer on them. Their surface appears never quite, and rarely nearly, smooth, when magnified fifty or sixty times. We can almost always discover longitudinal ribs, more or less close together, from 8 or 12 to 30 or 40 or more around the seed; as it is difficult to count the ribs all around these small bodies, and as an approximate designation is quite sufficient, only the number visible on one side may be counted. These ribs are very marked, sharply elevated, in J. marginatus (semina costata), or they are reduced to more delicate lines in J. Canadensis and most tail-seeded species (semina multicostata and striato-costata). These ribs or lines are usually united by very delicate transverse lines (/ineolw), when such seeds may be termed costato-lineolata, or by fewer and more prominent cross-bars: semina costato-reticulata. When the ribs are fewer and wider apart, and united by transverse ridges so as to form some- what rectangular meshes, I call the seeds semina reticulata. The area of these meshes is sometimes quite smooth (J. militarzs), or crossed with very few transverse or longitudinal lines (/. sevrpoides): semina areis levibus reticulata; or it is distinctly marked by numerous delicate transverse lines, sometimes, also, with one or two perpendicular lines: semina areis lineolatis reticulata. In very few instances I find an irregular and indistinct reticulation: semina irrequlariter sub-reticulata. A large number of Junci exhibit a very delicate but regular transverse reticulation without (in fully ripe seeds) very distinct ribs: semina lineolata. In some species the [432] marks are coarser, in others more delicate. We divide the seeds, then, into semina reticulata, lineolata, and costata; to both the former belong the tailless, to the latter the tailed seeds. arrange all the species, the seeds of which I have been able to study, according to their surface markings, in the following table. Our species are in italics, the foreign ones in Roman type:— I. SEMINA RETICULATA, vix seu distincte apiculata. i mg levissime irregulariter fermen seu leviuscula, non costata nec lineolata. Omnes e Juncorum genuinorum sectione. Pacificus, compressus, filiform ithit, 2. ae regulariter reticulata, areis ee seu levissime longitudinaliter lineolatis. Nostrates e Juncorum articulatorum sectione, pauct exotict graminifolit. J. militaris, Elliottii, scirpoides, pheocephalus ; J. Tasmanicus,? squarrosus, capitatus. 3. Semina regulariter Teticulata, areis tenuiter transverse lineolatis. Omnesad J. articulatos pertinent, J. pelocarpus, articulatus, — , pullescens, Bolanderi, pecan nodusus, xiphioides, Mertensianus ; J. sylvaticus, atratus, = Oloonentg ciekohadian, oxycarpus, supinus, Leschenau II. SEMINA TRANSVERSE LINEOLATA, levissime costata ; vix seu distincte apiculata seu breviter caudata. 1, Semina areis latioribus fere transverse reticulata, 2. Juncorum genuinoruin et graminifoliorum sectionibus. : i , dichotomus, 2. Semina areis angustissimis transverse lineolata. E. Juncorum genuinorum et graminifoliorum sectionibus et Juncelli cies unica. J. effusus, patens, tenuis, Gerardi, bufonius, repens, saginoides ; J. glaucus, pauciflorus, bulbosus. lif. Semrna costata, plus minus caudata, 1. Semina inter costas plerumque pauciores conspicuas lineolata ; apiculata seu breviter caudata. E. Juncorum genuinorum et gramin ese sectioni: . Remerianus, acutus, eearpbiating longistylis, Buckleyi ; J. maritimus. 2. Semina inter costas plures distincte reticulata ; soe seu plus minus caudata. Ex omnibus Juncorum sectionibus. J. arcticus, Drummondii, Hallii, biglumis, Greenii, Canadensis, var. sub-caudatus 3. Semina inter costas numerosissimas tenues seu Saisadine transverse lineolata seu levia; caudata. Ex omnibus Juncorum J. Parryi, Vaseyi, triglumis, castaneus, stygius, trifidus, Canadensis, caudatus, asper ;' J. Jacquini. It will be observed that in this arrangement some forms which I consider as belonging to one specific type had to be separated ; thus, the Pacific form has been removed from J. Balticus, and the 2 The Tasmanian J. falcatus, which I consider a distinct species. NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 243 sub-caudate variety from J. Canadensis, proving that differences in the surface or in the shape of the seed alone are not sufficient to establish specific distinction. What constitutes a Species. —The specific character lies not in any single organ of the [433] plant, however essential it may be; only sufficient and corresponding differences in a series of organs can authorize us to recognize specific distinction. But as such discrimination is of course left to individual judgment, different investigators will arrive at different conclusions. Some species, to be sure, vary very little, and will by every botanist be recognized as distinct from all others, and as indivisible; such are, e. g., J. filiformis, J. militaris, J. stygius, J. repens ; but other species exercise the botanists considerably, some forms being held distinct by some, while they are united by others. such are, among our species, especially J. pallescens, J. scirpoides, J. nodosus, and J. Canadensis, all belonging to the group Articulati. I have no doubt that some botanists, especially such as have not the means of comparing the bewildering quantity of transition forms now before me, will find my views in this respect too contracted, but careful investigation in the field will, I trust, bear me out. After these preliminary remarks I submit a list of our North American Junci and their prin- cipal varieties, as I understand them, followed by an account of their geographical distribution. Systematic Arrangement. GENUS JUNCUS, Linn. Sus-cenus I. JUNCUS. I, JUNCI GENUINI, caule aphyllo basi vaginis aphyllis seu rarius folia ipso cauli similia gerentibus stipato. Glomerulifiori. J. acutus, Linn., California, New Jersey (7). J. Remerianus, Scheele (J. maritimus, Auct. Am.), New Jersey to Texas. B. Singuliffori. Sages panicula fy u Robus tiores, sade ovatis seu a obovatis, ‘TINILIAV agra Foliiferi 3. J. compressus, H.B.K., Bias Mexico. 2. Aphylili. * Hexandri. 4. J. Breweri, n. ack -, California. . 5. J. Balticus, ard. : CE coast of New England to the Baise montanus, western deserts and Rocky M ai naan J. Pacificus, Pacific coast. * Triandri. 6. J. procerus, E. Mey. (?), California, 7. J. effusus, Linn., over the Paso country.3 B. aciliores, Sorin plerumque peneages sepe viridulis, sepalis fructiferis sepe entibus, capsula subglobosa. ‘SUNANNOD fi pans 8. J. patens, E. Mey., California. 9. J. filiformis, Linn., northward. hea 10. J. Smithii, n. — , Pennsyl ll. J. setaceus, Rostk., Virginia Pe eases - Pauciflori, arg vix usquam composita. 5 a erie Willd., Griednak Sub-sp. J. Sitchensis, northwestern coast. p. Cau *1OLLOUY 1. Aphylli. 13. J. Drummondii, E. Mey., Rocky Mountains and northwestward. . Foliiferi. 14, J. Haliii, n. sp., Colorad 15. J. Parryi, n. sp., Rocky ponte and mountains of California and Oregon. 8 The triandrous J. Pylei, La Harpe, which is entirely unknown to me, seems to belong here, or near J. arcticus. 244 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. II. JUNCI GRAMINIFOLII, caule nudo seu foliato; foliis planis seu semiteretibus canaliculatis seu raro subteretibus. A. SAN alpini, seminibus paucis magnis caudatis, foliis fistulosis. auciflori. 16. J. trifidus, Linn., northeastern mountains. ) 17. J. biglumis, Line, Arctic regions. b. Capitellati. =f 18. J. triglumis, Linn., Rocky Mountains to Arctic regions. 5 19. J. stygius, Linn., western New York to Maine and New Brunswick. 20. J. castaneus, Smith, Rocky Mountains to Arctic regions. B. Singuliflori. Ae a rae erecti. Cav 21. J. Vaseyi, n.’sp., Lake Michigan to Colorado. ' 22. J. Greenii, Oakes & Tuck., New England. B. Apiculati. 23. J. tenuis, Willd. communis, all over the country. . secundus, Pennsylvania to New England. congestus, California 24. J. dhilciacta: Ell, District of Columbia to Louisiana J. Gerardi, Lois., pani rn sea and lake coasts, and ankigeks De Banicel, spot diffusi. 26. J. bufonius, Linn., all over the country. J "SHANA, C. Glomeruliflori. . * Hexandri (No. 30, 3-6-andrus). 27. J. repens, Michx., Maryland to Louisiana. 28. a JSalcatus, E. Mey., Pacific coas 29. longistylis, Torr., Rocky Mouths and northwestward, 30. ; leptocaulis, Torr. & Gray (J. filipednulus, Buckl.), Texas. * « Triandri 31. J. marginatus, Rostk., Atlantic and central States to Texas. *IANIKVUD) Ill. JUNcr aARTICULATI, caule folioso ; foliis septis transversis interceptis inde nodoso-articulatis. A. Articulati veri, foliis teretibus seu leviter (in No. 40 var. forte) tereti-compressis. a. Apiculati. 1. Sub-singu ; < 32. J. pelocarpus, E. Mey. (J. Conradi, Tuck. . Nevfoun to South Carolina, and along the great Lakes. B. crassicumlex (J. abortivus, Chapm.), Florid y- (2). subtilis, Canada. a é 2. —— (No. 37, var. 8, ad multifloros mccain exandri. 33. articulatus, Linn., northern New York and New Englan 34. = —- Vill. (J. pelocarpus, Gray), northwestern New a to the Rocky Mountains and the Arctic regions. 35. J. ris, Bigelow, New England and southward. * * Triandri. 36. J. Elliottii, Chapm., North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. 37. J. pallescens, Lam. a. diffusissimus, Texas. B. debilis (J. alee Mx.), middle and southern States east of the Mississippi. y- robustus, Mississippi valley from Tlinois to Lonisinnn. 8. fraternus (J. paradoxus, Mey.), _ Michigan and M tts to the Rio Grande. ‘TLV IOV andri. 38. . brachycarpus, n. sp., moraapen mar and to the Rio Grande. J. Bolanderi, n. sp., Cal stemon. ; ve —— Sonth Carolina to Texas. B. brachystylus, New Jersey to Arkansas and Texas. B. brachystemc a aadion Maryland to Florida and Texas. _—B._ gladiatus, North Carolina to Arkansas and Texas. n de foe * Hexandri. ! genuinus, Pennsylvania to Canada and to the northwest coast. — Texanus, Texas. y. megacephalus, western New York, southwestward to Texas and California. J NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS, 245 b. Caudati. . * Hexandri (No. 43, 3-6-andrus). 42. J. asper, n. sp., New Jersey. 43. J. caudatus, aia South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. * * Triandri. 44, J. bonne Gay. 2 . brevicaudatus (J. acuminatus, Gray). S) A. coarctatus, Pennsylvania, northward and northwestward. 5 ae ie Pennsylvania to western New York and Ohio zs B. bahonadetus Connecticut to Geo y: longicaudatus (J. paradoxus, Gray i itchahia southward to Louisiana, and northwestward to Minnesota. B. Ensifolii, foliis iridaceis compressis equitantibus. 45. J. Mertensianus, Bong., Rocky Mountains northwestward to the coast. 46. J. xiphioides, E. Me auratus, California B. littoralis, path 1 y- montanus, y Mountains and eastw age into the plains. S 6 macranthus, ate and to the northwest c 4 e triandrus (J. ensifolius, Wick.), California pe Chistaiehkic S 47. J. oxymeris, n. sp., Califo nia. = 48. J. phoocephalus, n. sp., Califo ria. 49, J. chlorocephalus, n. sp., California. Sus-cenus II. JUNCELLUS. 50. J. saginoides, n. sp., California. *"SATIGONA GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Of the fifty species above enumerated, thirty-three, or two-thirds, are peculiar to our [437] country, and seventeen, or one-third, occur also in other parts of the world. Two of these seventeen (J. effusus and bufonius) are cosmopolitan species, which are found in almost all countries of our globe; six (J. arcticus, trifidus, biglumis, triglumis, stygius, and castaneus) are alpine or arctic forms, which also inhabit appropriate localities in the old world; three (J. acutus, Balticus, and Gerardi) grow principally near salt water, and also occur in Europe, and the former, also, in Africa and South America; three others (J. filiformis, articulatus, and alpinus) make their home in the northern parts of the northern hemisphere; one (J. tenuis) is also found in middle America and western Europe; and two extend southward over our limits, J. compressus into Mexico, and J. procerus, if our plant is correctly referred, to Chili. The different forms of J, Balticus, nodosus, and Canadensis, grow in different regions. The eastern and northern J. Baltieus is distinct from the form of the interior plains, and very much so from that of the Pacific coast ; the Texan form of J. nodosus is very different from the northern one, and that of the western States and Territories is quite unlike the others; J. Canadensis has a northern, an eastern, and a third form, which is more generally distributed. None of the eight southern species are found anywhere else, and of the nine Pacific species only the two above mentioned extend beyond our territory to other parts of America, adding another proof of the well-known fact, that of all our Floras that of the southern and that of the Pacific States are the most peculiar and exclusive ones. From their geographical distribution our species may be arranged thus : — 1. Over the whole country grow J. effusus, tenuis, bufonius, and nodosus. Of these only the last one does not extend into other Floras. 2. Over the whole country, with the exception of the western plains and mountains, and the Pacific slope: J. marginatus and pallescens, both peculiarly North American. 3. Over the whole country, with the exception of the great interior valley and the Pacific region: J. pélocarpus and Canadensis, both only found in North America. 246 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 4. In the great interior valley from Michigan to the Rio Grande: J. brachycarpus, and, with more extensive limits, one of the forms of J. nodosus (the var. megacephalus). 5. Northward: J. filiformis and the northern varieties of J. nodosus and Canadensis ; northeastward : J. articulatus, Greenii, and, very locally, /. Smithai ; northwestward, extending [438] to the Rocky Mountains: J. alpinus and Vaseyz. 6. Southward, mostly southeastward and to the Gulf, some of the species extending south- westwardly to Arkansas and Texas: J. setaceus, dichotomus, repens, Elliottii, scirpoides, caudatus, and asper, the latter only in the most northeastern limits of the region; J. seirpoides as far north and southwest as any of these species; southwestward : J. leptocaulis and a form of J. nodosus (the var. Texanus). 7. On the Pacific slope, in the low country: J. compressus, Breweri, patens, arcticus (var.), Bolanderi, and oxymeris. The following extend from the coast to the mountains: J. Mertensianus, wiphiotdes, and phceocephalus, the two former spreading eastward to and beyond the Rocky Mountains. 8. Maritime species, — northeast : J. Balticus, Gerardi, and militaris, the two former extending inland along the lakes, the two latter also southward; southeast: J. Remerianus; Pacific coast : J. acutus, procerus, Balticus, subspecies, and falcatus. 9. Alpine and arctic species, — eastern: J. arcticus, trifidus, and stygius; western: J. Drum- mondii, Hallii, Parryi, triglumis, castaneus, longistylis, chlorocephalus, saginoides, — the two last only on the Californian Alps. J. biglwmis has been found thus far solely in the highest arctic regions of our continent. The following table exhibits at a glance the geographical distribution of our species : — Peculiar to Common with Total. our country, other countries. Bi Winelw onatity oO a ee es ae 1 3 2. Whole country except Pacific region . . . . . 1 es 2 =e 2 3. Whole country except Pacific region and Mississippi valley 2 2 Se TORENT VRE oe ee nec SNE ee ae eet ce ee 1 1 Bie oe eS Soe ee 3 3 6 es OUR RE i os 5 se Oe) eo 8 are 8 Wi Pe a a a ee 7 1 8 Siete ea oS eee 3 4 7 0. Alpine and arctic specieh. 8. ee ee 6 6 12 TOM 6 eC ae ee ee We a eee 33 17 50 NOTES ON THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 1. J. acutvs, Linn., has been found by Prof. Brewer near San Luis Obispo, California, “ where it is abundant in a stream in the hills between the town and the landing of the same name, a few miles from the sea, growing in dense tufts.” His specimens were collected in April in full bloom ; the stem is nearly four feet high, the pan- [489] icle six inches long; the flowers, absolutely identical with European specimens, are easily recognized by their broadly margined sepals, the inner ones being deeply emarginate, and by their thick and short subulate stigmas. I have also seen specimens said to have come from the coast of New Jersey ; Baldwin collected it on the La Plata in ’ South America, and Chamisso and Gaudichaud brought it from the same regions. J. macrocarpus, Nees, from the Cape of Good Hope, is the same species. 2. J. Rawertanvs, Scheele, Linnea, 22, 348; Walp. Ann. 3, 655: rhizomate longe repente ; foliis caules (2-3 pedales) robustos rigidos teretes equantibus ; spatha paniculam supra-decompositam patulo-effusam longe superante ; glomerulis 3-5-floris ; sepalis ovato-lanceolatis 5-nerviis exterioribus acutatis, interioribus brevioribns obtusis sepe NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 247 mucronatis ; antheris sex late linearibus filamento ter quaterve longioribus demum deciduis ; stylo ovario ovato multo reviore ; capsula ovata obtusa mucronulata sepala exteriora equante placentis tumidis triloculari; seminibus late obovatis obtusis vix apiculatis tenuissime (sub lente) costato lineolatis (J. maritimus, auct. Amer.). Atlantic coast of the United States from New Jersey to Florida and Texas. io Glonly allied to the European J. maritimus, for which it has eae been taken, until Scheele, without discovering its distinctive seesaw gave it anew name. It is well marked by an open epieadinig panicle ste slender flexible branches; deciduous anthers; a very short style, which is not half as long as the obtuse ovary ; an obtuse, short, deep brown capsule ; remarkably large, spongy placente, which fill the greater space of the capsular a and the like of which I have not seen in any other species ; and obtuse, tailless seeds, marked with very slight wavy ribs and slighter cross lines. — J. maritimus bears a rigid, fastigiate panicle, persistent anthers, an ovary attenuated into a style of nearly its own length, a greenish, ne capsule which usually exceeds the sepals, placente of ordinary size, and seeds with distinct tails and stronger The light brownish flowers are 1.5 lines, and the seeds 0.3 line long, and nearly 0.2 line thick. This is the only Juncus in which occasionally unisexual specimens occur (Georgia, Le Conte, in Hb. Acad, Philad., and Florida, Chapman, in Hb. A. Gray); these plants, pistillate by abortion of ea stamens, have a stricter but fewer flowered panicle, and thus present a very unusual aspect ; our southern botanists ought to find out under which conditions this form occurs, and whether any corresponding staminate plants grow with them. 3. J. compressus, H. B. K. nov. gen. 1, 235; Kunth, Enum. 3, 317: rhizomate repente, gaa: saree [440] maribus sesquipedalibus) compressis farctis siccis tenuiter striatis ; vaginis aphyllis muticis seu rune simillima breviora gerentibus; spatha paniculam compositam seu decompositam ad ultimos ramos ipeeer era gequante seu superante ; sepalis eae a neers acutis seu subulato-a acutatis, interioribus paulo brevioribus Seedsals stamina sex dimida seu tertia parte superantibus ; antheris late linearibus filamento brevi multo (quad- ruplo quintuplo) longioribus ; stigmatibus ovarium cum stylo 0 fere equilongo subequantibus; capsula ovata acuta (inclusa ?) conte ; seminibus ovatis obtusis vix barge leviusculis, alin sscicge in sandy river bottoms, May 1, in flower; Calif. State Survey No. 529, the only locality in our flora ee to me. Dr. J. Gregg collected the same species in northern Mexico ; smaller forms, eight inches high, with very short ie and a stouter one, 12-18 inches high, with longer spathe and larger panicle. The Califor- nian specimens are 10-15 inches high, with a spathe 2-4 inches long; panicle small, rather simple, only the extreme branchlets with one-sided flowers ; the reddish streaks on the sepals very pale; the only capsule seen (not ripe) was shorter than the sepals and aE a few large seeds, 0.37 line long and apparently nd slightly lineolate. — This plant is evidently closely allied to J. Balticus ; it bears very similar but paler flowers, with the same stout anthers on very short filaments ; but the flattened stem and the frequent occurrence of leaves tale it. Among Fendler’s Sante Fé plants, however, I find under No. 860, with the legitimate J. Ba/ticus, var. montanus, small specimens 6-7 inches high, with the darker flowers of the former, but with a slightly compressed stem, and occasionally with a leaf from the vagine. Is that a form intermediate between and connecting both species . BREWERI, n. sp. : rhizomate perpendiculari; caulibus exspitosis (pedalibus) compressis levibus farctis ; vaginis nervosis muticis ; spatha paniculam paucifloram in ultimis ramis secundam longe superante ; sepalis subequali- bus ovatis late marginatis abrupte acuminatis ; antheris late linearibus filamento brevi multo (quadruplo quintuplo) longioribus ; stigmatibus ovarium cum stylo equilongo equantibus exsertis ; capsula . ... sandy soil, near Monterey, California, the same unfortunate locality that has so often heen confounded by botanical writers with Monterey in Nuevo Leon, Real del Monte in Mexico, and even Montreal in Canada; Calif. State Survey No. 651, in flower in the latter part of May. — The perpendicular rhizoma (if a constant character) and the strongly compressed stem, together with the broad and abruptly acuminate sepals, distinguish it from [441] the smaller forms of J. Balticus, the absence of leaves and the form of the sepals from J. compressus, with both of which it is closely allied by the form of the stamens, so different from those of any other American or European Juncus of this section. — Stems a foot high, four or five inches of which belong to the spathe ; inflorescence small, rather compact ; flowers 2} lines long ; sepals dark brown, greenish in the middle, membranaceous on margin. — I have named this plant for Prof. Wm. H. Brewer, in acknowledgment of his services in the cause of science in California. 5. J. Baurrous, Dethard. ap. willa, is well characterized by its long and large anthers, which it has in common only with the two last-mentioned species, aid its terete stem and leafless vagine. Originally found on the shores of the Baltic, it has been traced to those of northwestern Europe and to our northeastern coasts from Newfoundland to Massachusetts ; but here it leaves its seaside home and appears in several swamps in Lancaster county in the interior of Pennsylvania ; all along the great lakes it is a common plant, not unexpected, to be sure, as on their shores we mee with many other marine plants, such as Cakile, Lathyrus maritimus, Euphorbia ia en and others, while they are quite free from saline matter. Is it the ocean-like spray of the waves of these immense bodies of fresh water, is it the ever-varying sand-formation of the downs, which invites sea-strand plants, or are las the remnants of an ocean- 248 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. coast vegetation left from a period when the beds of these lakes were filled by an immense arm of the sea? Be that as it may, our species is not confined by the line of the lakes, but appears again on the upper Mississippi and St. Peters rivers, hence northwestward into the British possessions, aud westward to the Mauvaises Terres and to the head waters of the Missouri, and then southward along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and New Mexico, and farther west tothe Cascade Mountains in Oregon. find it again as a true maritime plant on the Pacific coast from the northern Russian islands to Californ nia and in ie This Pacific form is so different from the others that some will regard it as a distinct type. The different forms may be thus characterized :— J. Balticus genuinus : es tenuioribus rigidis farctis ; panicule laxioris ramis dichotomis ; floribus minoribus ; capsula obtusa mucronata ; seminibus grosse lineolatis. , ar. a. Europeus: sepalis exterioribus acutioribus longioribus capsulam late ovatam obtusam mucronulatam subeequantibus ; antheris minoribus filamento duplo longioribus; seminibus ovatis obtusis brevissime apiculatis. — Northern Europe. r. B. littoralis: sepalis ut in Europeo capsulam angustiorem acutius angulatam longius mucronatam equanti- bus ; Moraes majoribus filamento brevissimo quadruplo longioribus ; seminibus ut in Europxo. — Atlantic coast to the upper ] pegeaes an r. y. montanus: sepalis fere equilongis equalibus seu interioribus obtusioribus ; antheris ut in littorali; cap- sula Silene sabia angulata rostrata ; seminibus minoribus angustioribus longius apiculatis. — Western plains and mountains. Sub-sp. J. Pacificus: caulibus crassioribus mollioribus sepe fistulosis ; panicule densiflore ramis secundis ; flori- bus majoribus ; sepalis exterioribus acutissimis interiora obtusa paulo superantibus capsulam ovatam acutam: mucrona- tam subequantibus; antheris majoribus filamento brevissimo quadruplo quintuplo longioribus ; seminibus magnis ovatis obtusis breviter seu vix apiculatis tenuissime irregulariter reticulatis seu levisculis. — J. Lesuewrit, Bolander in roc. Ac. Calif. 2, 179. J. Balticus, Benth. Pl. Hartw. p. 341. J. compressus, E. Mey. Pl, Chamisso in Linn, 3, 368, planta Chilensis.— J. Henkei, E. Mey. Syn. Junc. p. 10, forma borealis pauciflora. . PROCERUS, E. Mey.? Linn. 3, 367 ; Kunth, En. 3, 322: culmo erecto elato (tripedali) tereti striato farcto basi vaginis —— obtusis breviter aristatis stipato; spatha- paniculam decompositam densifloram multiradiatam corymbiformem longe superante ; sepalis equilongis lanceolatis, exterioribus acutato-subulatis, interioribus obtusis mucronatis midis ovatam subacutam trilocularem equantibus; staminibus 3 sepalis quarto parte brevioribus antheris linearibus filamento paulo longioribus; seminibus majusculis ovatis. In brackish marshes, San Francisco, Cal., H. Bolander. —In its technical character, especially in the form of the sepals and the capsule, this plant corresponds well with Meyer’s Chilian species, but a specimen in the royal herba- rium at Berlin, brought from Chili by D’Urville, has much smaller flowers, a more compound, loose-flowered panicle ; smaller flowers, and smaller, narrow, long-apiculate, finely lineolate seeds, and is in all respects similar to J. effusus, with the exception of the inner sepals and the capsule. But unwilling to give a new name to a plant so incompletely known, I provisionally refer this arr to the Chilian species; I suggest, however, the possibility of the bpd nian plant being’a hybrid between J. effusus and J. Pacificus, whisk both occur in its neighborhood ; it seem that only very few and imperfect seeds can be found in the otherwise well developed specimens now before me, [43] and that in size and form these seeds, as well as the flowers, anthers, and capsules, are intermediate between those of the supposed parents, while the number of stamens is that of J. effusus. The panicle is remarkably compact and consists of 10-15 secondary branches of nearly equal length. 7. J. errusus, Linn., is found from Maine to the Rio Grande and to the Pacific, but is wanting in some tricts. It has always three stamens, the small anthers of which are of nearly equal length with the filaments. The most prominent and very constant character consists in the number of stamens and in the obovate or even clavate, upwards almost tricoccous, retuse capsule; seeds apiculate and finely lineolate. 8. J. patens, E. Mey. Syn. Luzul. p. 28; Rel. Henk. 1.141; Kunth, En. 3, 318. J. compressus, E . Mey. Syn. June, p. 16, non H. B. K. This very distinct species seems not ‘6 have fallen under the observation of botanists since, about seventy years ago, Henke discovered it near Monterey, Cal., until Mr. Bolander and Prof. Brewer again obtained it near San eide and in the Santa ee Mountains of that State. Meyer’s ieee in Rel: Henk. 1. c. is so complete that very little can be added. I find, however, the — cespitose, slender, but wiry stems not compressed but terete, and distinctly striate; they are 15 inches to 2} and 3 feet high including the oaths which has a length of 3 or 4 to 8 or 10 inches; their base is enclosed by elongated sheaths, brownish-red below and greenish piiniaghaaie upwards, tipped with a conspicuous awn; the panicle, 1-2 inches long, consists of 3-5 larger branches, the ultimate branchlets one-sided, spreading, or recurved, whence the specific name. The flowers are not quite as large as those of J. Balticus, and much lighter colored; sepals lanceolate, acute, exterior ones subulate at tip, equalling, or slightly exceeding, the inner ones, spreading in fruit; stamens about half the length of the sepals, and anthers nearly equal to the filaments; ovary with the short style about the length of the stigmas. The subglobose, NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 249 mucronate capsule, a little shorter than the sepals, opens with septifragal dehiscence, the three placente with their membranaceous wings, remnants of the dissepiments, remaining in the centre. The very numerous seeds are ovate, obtuse, usually oblique, obliquely apiculate, delicately lineolate, 0.22-0.30 lines long. . J. FILIFORMIS, Linn., which was formerly often taken for J. setaceus by American botanists, extends from Oneida Lake in western New York to the White Mountains in New Hampshire, and to Maine, is common in Lower Canada and in the Hudson ee region, and has also been found from the northern Rocky Mountains to the Cascade Mountains. The American specimens are in nowise different from the European ones; the seeds are [444] obovate, strongly apiculate, with a very distinct rhaphe, and are irregularly and rather indistinctly reticulated. 10. J. Surrutt, n. sp.: rhizomate? vaginis? foliis? caulibus bipedalibus teretibus farctis siccis striulatis; pan- icule laxz subsimplicis pauciflore spatha longish $ ; Sepalis equilongis, exterioribus acutatis, interioribus obtusis: staminibus 6; capsule exsertee subglobose acute mucronate (fuscate) trilocularis eae eer tenuissimis fragili- bus; seminibus magnis shovato-dblongis obtusis vix apiculatis irregulariter reticulat Pennsylvania, in a sphagnous swamp on Broad Mountain near Pottsville, Schuylkill county, where Mr. Charles E. Smith, of Philadelphia, for whom this species is named (J. Smithii, Kunth, is the English J. tenwis), discovered it in June, 1865, with nearly ripe fruit, and where he expects to.obtain more complete specimens in the coming season, as it grows in a very accessible, but thus far little explored part of Pennsylvania. We will then learn whether I am correct in my surmise that it is a leaf-bearing species, closely allied to J. setaceus. The question may even arise, whether our plant is not the true J. setaceus of Rostkovius, as he credits it to Pennsylvania, and, so far as I know, the plant we take to be setaceus has not lately been found so far north. The figure of Rostkovius is too poor to decide the question, but his description is full enough to point to our setaceus; the “ three-leaved calyx” — 1. ¢., the three bracts under the flower by which he distinguishes ar ger from J. filiformis —are found in most Rowiies of both J. Smithit and J. setaceus, and also in some other species, e. g., J. tenuis, but not in J. filiformis; the lowest of those three bracts generally bears an abortive bud in its iis: and has, therefore, another morphological value than the two upper ones. — The thin and wiry stems before me are two fect high, eight or nine inches of which belong to the spathe ; the flowers are scarcely more than one line long, not much more than half as long as those of J. setaceus ; the anthers had fallen off and only the six filaments remained; the thick but sharply angled and pointed capsule is light- brown and shining ; its valves seem to tear away from the dissepiments when it opens. The seeds are few and of large size, 0.4 line long, and irregularly ribbed and reticulated. — The small flower, the form of the sepals, the exsert angular capsule, and the more elongated and differently marked seeds distinguish it abundantly from the next. 11. J. seraceus, Rostk. Mon. June. 13, t. 1, f. 2, is a regularly leaf-bearing species, though neither its author nor most of the later writers make mention of the leaves, while E. Meyer (Syn. June. 1822, p. 18) [445] already describes them, and Gray and Chapman are fully acquainted with them. Though its author credits the species to Pennsylvania, it is not now known to grow there; in all the herbaria examined by me I have seen no specimens found north of North Carolina, whence it extends as a common species to Florida and Louisiana. It is well characterized by its terete leaves; a very long spathe ; a compact or sometimes spreading, few-flowered panicle ; smooth and shining sepals; a globose scarcely angled but conspicuously rostrate capsule, the dissepiments of which separate from the valves; and by the subglobose, obtuse, coarsely lineolate, or almost transversely reticulate seeds, with short appendages and ‘distinst rhaphe, and seldom over 0.3 line long. 12, J. arcticus, Willd. The only American specimens I have seen were brought from Greenland by Dr. Kane; they differ in no respect from the European plant. The seeds are 0.4 line long, obovate, oblique, obtuse, with very short appendages and distinct raphe; 12-16 ribs are visible on one side, with very faint cross-lines Of the plant which is found on the Russian islands Kodiak and Sitcha, on the northwest coast of America, I have seen too few and too incomplete specimens to form a definite opinion. It seems to me to constitute a sub- species of J. arcticus, which might be designated as Sitchensis, and which can be distinguished by the much elongated spathe, the larger flowers, nearly equal sepals, turbinate pyriform capsules, with very few and apparently smaller seeds. 13. J. DrumMonptt, E. Mey. in Ledeb. Flor. Ross. 4, 235 : cespitosus ; caulibus (pedalibus yeaa mane ae filiformibus ; vaginis setaceo-aristatis ; spatha paniculam simplicem (subtrifloram) plus minus supera lis lanceolatis acutis vel exterioribus interiora vix superantibus acutatis stamina 6 plus quam a seen athane etthadll linearibus filamento paulo Jongioribus ; stigmatibus ovario gracili prismatico stylo perbrevi coronato brevioribus inclusis; capsula ovato-oblonga triangulari retusa triloculari sepala sequante seu eis breviore ; seminibus ovatis striato- reticulatis longe caudatis.— J. compressus, +y. subtrifiorus, E. Mey. Linn. 3, 368, and Rel. Henk. 1, 141; J. arcticus, Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2, 189; Gray, PL Hall & Harb. in Proc. Ac, Phil. 1863 Var. B. humilis: sunlibien digitalibus; spatha brevissima 1—2-flora ; sevalle heatenattie: On the alpine heights of the Rocky Mountains of — Hall & Harb., 563 ; to California, Hillebrand ; the 950 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. Cascade Mountains, Lyall; and to Unalaschka; the variety on Mount Shasta, Calif., at an altitude of 8,400 feet, Brewer. — The soft, compressible stems are 8-17 inches high, and always, as far as I have seen, leafless; [446] and when Meyer (FI. Ross. 1. c.) says that they occasionally bear leaves, he had probably one of the allied leaf- bearing species before him, which are at first glance so much like our plant that they have been almost constantly confounded with it. The spathe is 5-1} inches long and usually exceeds the flowers ; in the variety it measures only 2 or 3 lines and is shorter than the flowers, of whieh the primary one is sessile and the accessory one peduncled, just as we see it in J. biglumis. Flowers 3 lines or more long; sepals green on the back, brown on the sides, pale and membranaceous on the margins ; outer ones with 5-7 nerves ; stamens less than one-half, often only one-third as long as the sepals ; capsule deep chestnut-brown and shining; seeds 0.3 line, or including the tails, about 1 line long; appendages as long as, or longer than, the body of the seed, which is delicately striate, with 10 or 12 ribs visible (on one side), and distinctly cross-lined ; it is one of the very few species in which we find the appendages as long as or longer than the seed itself. 14. J. Hawi, n. sp.: cespitosus ; caulibus (spithameis pedalibus) teretibus filiformibus folia teretia setacea longe superantibus ; spatha paniculam subsimplicem paucifloram coarctatam vix sen parum superante ; sepalis lanceolatis acutis, exterioribus paulo longioribus stamina 6 bis superantibus; antheris linearibus filamento paulo brevioribus; stigmatibus subsessilibus ovarium ovatum equantibus inclusis; capsula ovata angulata retusa triloculari vix exserta ; seminibus oblongo- aaa striato-reticulatis longe caudatis. —J. arcticus, var. gracilis? Gray in Pl. Hall & Harb. 1. c. p. 77, ex part Near Lake Ranch, ei ‘Hall & Harbour, Rocky Mountain Flora, No, 562; for the former of whom, Mr. E. Hall, of Athens, Menard county, Ill., who discovered this and many other plants in that region, it is named, It seems to be a rare plant, as neither Dr. Parry nor any one else, so far as I know, has obtained it. — Stems very slender, 6-12 inches high; leaves from 2-5 inches long, grooved just above the vaginal part, terete upwards ; spathe as long as, or a little longer than, the compact inflorescence, which consists of 2-5 flowers about 2 lines long; capsule deep brown, as long as, or longer than, the acute but not subulate-pointed, chestnut-brown, white-margined sepals; seeds 0.5-0.6 line long, the body of the seed being about 0.3 line long, and the appendages half as long as the body, or often shorter ; I notice on one side of the seed about 10 delicate ribs. 6: J. PAaRRYI, n. sp.: czspitosus; caulibus setaceis humilibus (digitalibus spithameis) folia sulcata sursum .teretia superantibus; spatha paniculam simplicissimam (1-3-floram) superante ; sepalis lanceolato- [447] eae exterioribus longioribus aristatis stamina 6 ter superantibus; antheris linearibus filamento bis terve longioribus ; stigmatibus ovarium lineari-prismaticum in stylum attenuatum vix equantibus inclusis ; capsula pris- matica acutata exserta triloculari; seminibus oblongis tenuiter Soaae longe caudatis. —J. arcticus, var. gracilis ? Gray in Pl. Parry, p. 34, and in Pl. Hall. & Harb. 1. ¢., ex part On the western and northwestern mountains; Dr. C. C. Parry, the “indefatigable explorer of those mountain _ regions, who has been so often mentioned in the pages of these an aan and ee whom I have named this in- teresting little plant, discovered it in Colorado in 1861 (coll. No. 360); Messrs. Hall & Harbour found it in the same region (No. Ree Dr. Hillebrand in the Sierra Nevada, and Dr. pr in the Cascade Mountains: it is generally, as it seems, associated with J. Drummondii.— Stems very thin and wiry, 4-8 inches high, leaves one-half to two-thirds as long, deeply grooved for over half their length, terete upwards; spathe usually overtopping the flowers, often 1 inch or more long; flowers mostly two, very rarely three in number, 2}-3$ lines long, larger than those of the last two species, and distinguished by their bristle-pointed exterior sepals, which are greenish, with brown sides and white margin, and strongly nerved. After maturity the placente of the slender and very acute brown capsule become detached from the valves and persist in the centre. The whole seed is about 1 line, and the body alone about 0.4 line long ; longitudinal ribs 10-12 on one side, cross-lines very faint. A Californian specimen before me has somewhat shorter capsules and smaller and thicker seeds, but shows no other difference. 16. J. TrrFIpvs, Linn., apparently a rare plant in North America ; thus far found only on the highest moun- tains in New York, New Hampshire, and Maine, and in Newfoundland and Greenland.— American specimens do not differ from those of Europe. The seeds are few and large, irregularly compressed, very faintly striate, with very short appendages ; 0.7-0.8., or even as much as 1.1 lines long, and 0.3 line or more in diameter. 17. J. Bigtumis, Linn.: the only American localities known to me are those given by Hooker (Fl. Bor. Am. 2, 192) —“ Arctic sea coast and islands, Rocky Mountains north of Smoking River, and Behring’s Straits.” A speci- men from the Arctic sea coast, which I had the opportunity of examining, does not differ in any respect from the Norway and Lapland plant. The body of the seed is ovate-oblong, 0.34-0.42 line, and with the appendages 0.66-0.72 line, long; these are equal to, or shorter than, the diameter of the seed. In a Scotch specimen I [448] have seen a regularly tetramerous flower, with 8 sepals, 8 stamens, and a 4—valved capsule. The leaves, which botanists do not seem to agree upon, appear to me fistulous, on the lower half so deeply grooved as almost to present two cavities, and upwards nearly terete or slightly flattened. Its alliance with J. Parry: is indeed very close. NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 251 18. J. TRIGLUMIs, Linn., on the Arctic coast and in the Rocky Mountains ; in Colorado, Parry 395, and Hall é& Harbour, 557. — The seeds are of the same size as in the last species, but the appendages are much longer, though only in a specimen from Zermatt, Switzerland, I have seen them longer than the body of the seed. The roundish leaves are channelled below and flattened upwards, and really enclose two, or even three, tubular passages. 19. J. styerus, Linn. From northwestern New York to Maine, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland. The seeds of this are the largest of any of our species; the body is 0.7-0.8, and the whole seed 1.5 lines long; the seed- coat, extremely loose and easily removed, is scarcely striated. Mention has already been made of the short and recurved stigmas which are peculiar to this species; the filaments are 8 or 10 times as long as the oval anther, and much longer than the pistil; the flowers, in the American specimens examined by me, are 3 lines long, while in one from Norway I find them only 2 lines long. A careful examination of the leaves proves them to be somewhat laterally compressed, with a very shallow groove on their lower part (generally a little on one side), and the interior cavity filled with very loose tissue witch divides it into several (3-5) tubes. 20. J. castaneus, Smith : the lower part of the terete fistulous leaves is so deeply channelled that their base appears equitant, and that in the herbarium the pressed leaves look like the averse and ensiform leaves of J. xiphioides ; but their back is rounded and not in the least carinate, and the upper part of the leaf is only very superficially grooved. The flowers are usually over 3 lines long, and the stamens, as well as the elongated ovary with the short style, attain the length of the sepals; linear, pointed anthers half as long as the filaments; stigmas exsert ; oblong seeds, 0.4-0.5 line, or with the appendages, which considerably exceed the seed in length, 1.6 lines or more, long, the longest of any of our species. —From the Rocky Mountains of Colorado to the northwest coast, and eastward to the Hudson Bay regions and to Newfoundland. 21. J, VASEYI, n. sp.: ceespitosus; caulibus (1-2-pedalibus) tenuibus rigidis striatis basi fusco-vaginatis ; foliis elongatis setaceis teretiusculis striatis versus basin sulcatis farctis; spatha paniculam parvam contractam [449] sequante seu raro superante; sepalis equilongis lanceolatis, etevioribus apice subulatis, interioribus latioribus mucronatis stamina 6 plus quam duplosuperantibus ; antheris filamenta equantibus; stigmatibus ovarium ovatum cum stylo brevi vix equantibus inclusis ; capsula straminea ovata sursum tricocca retusa triloculari sepala equante seu paulo on appendicibus semini ipso lineari costato-lineolato paulo brevioribus. On nks Fox river, near Ringwood, in Northern Illinois, “a few years ago, in an open wood, now plowed over,” Dr. George Vasey, who paid a good deal of attention to this genus and to the botany of his neighborhood generally, and for ak this species is named; on the Saskatchawan, Bourgeaw; in the Rocky Mountains, Drummond ; and, mixed with J, tenuis, in Colorado, E. Hall. — The wiry stems, 1 or 1} to 2 or 2} feet high, are covered at base with brown sheaths, the innermost of which bear very slender terete leaves, shorter than the stem, and channelled only near the base, so that our plant is thus most closely allied to those of the first section; its inflorescence, however, is decidedly terminal, and connects it with J. tenwis and its relatives. The compact panicle is 3-1 inch long, green, or, when fully ripe, of a light brownish straw color; flowers 2 lines long; seeds very slender, body about 0.3, and with the appendages, 0.5-0.7 line long. This species is the western representative of J. Greenti, from which it is dis- tinguished by the longer stems, the terete, scarcely channelled leaves, the lighter colored flowers, the shorter capsule, and by the slender seeds with longer appendages. 22. J. Greent, Oakes & Tuckerm. Sillim. Journ. 45 (1843), p. 37; Steud. Glum. 2, 305; Gray Man, ed. 2, 483: cespitosus; caulibus (pedalibus sesquipedalibus) rigidis strictis striatis basi parce stramineo-vaginatis; foliis caule brevioribus teretiusculis totis profunde sulcatis; spatha paniculam contractam ad ramos ultimos secundifloram plerumque longe superante ; — (stramineo-fuscis) lanceolatis niles subeequalibus seu interioribus pai brevioribus cuspidatis stamina 6 duplo superantibus; antheris filamenta zquantibus ; capsula ovato-oblonga retusa sepala excedente (pallide fusca) triloculari ; seminibus obovatis costato-lineolatis breviter caudatis. On the coast of Massachusetts and Rhode Island (to Long Island?) and on the Saco River at the foot of the White Mountains. — Few and pale sheaths at the base of the stem ; leaves deeply channelled all their length; panicle contracted, with erect one-sided branches 1-14 inches long; flowers 1.7-1.8 lines in length; seeds 0.25-0.30 line, and with the appendages, 0.37-0.40 line long, appendages about half as long as the diameter of the seed. 23. J. TENUIS, Willd., is one of the most common and best known, but also one of the most variable [450] species, and can always be cadale distinguished from all the allied ones by its flat leaves, which only in the narrow-leaved forms are on the margin slightly involute ; by the lanceolate, subulate sepals of equal length, which somewhat exceed the ovate, retuse pe Bes and principally by the small, mostly oblique, delicately lineolate seeds, with distinct but short whitish appendages; they are very similar to those of J. effusus, and are mostly 0.25-0.28, rarely only 0.20 line lon Notwithstanding the great variability in the size of the plant (from a few inches to two feet), in the size and development of the one, two, or even three spathes, and in the size and fulness of the inflorescence (1-5 or 6 inches in length), I can distinguish only the following well-marked varieties: — 252 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. Var. B secundus, ramis panicule spatham excedentibus erectis incurvis ; floribus minoribus secundis.—~—J. secundus, Poir. ar. y. congestus, ramis panicule spatha brevioribus abbreviatis; floribus fere in capitulum congestis; sepalis fusco-striatis ; cee e stramineo fusca. he legitimate J. tenuis is found over the whole country, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and south into the tropical parts of America, in the West Indies, and in western Europe. — The interesting and quite distinct-looking variety with unilateral flowers has usually 4 or 5, but sometimes even 6 or 7, flowers on a single* branch, which is curved inward and not backward, as is the case in Borraginee, the one-sided inflorescence of which bears a great analogy to that of our plant. Most of the specimens of this variety which fell under my observation were obtained in Pennsylvania, and a few in New England ; forms Sreesss it are found in other regions also. — The variety y., which occurs in California (San Francisco, Bolander ; Monterey, Brewer) and in Colorado, Hail, is very striking ; its apparent heads, 4-9 lines in diameter xnd nearly as high, bear flowers a little larger than ordinary, with darker colored ee The seeds of both varieties are undistinguishable from those of the common plant. J. picHotomvs, Elliott, Sketch, 1, 406 ; Chap. Flor. 493; though closely allied to the preceding, is a well- sare seta and would not have so often hens confounded with it if the characters, as given by Elliott, had not site overlooked. The terete leaves, which are marked ky a shallow groove on their upper side, distinguish it at once, even when the subglobose, mucronate, but never retuse, capsule is not yet formed. The seeds are very [451] similar to the smaller ones of J. tenuis (0.22-0.23 line long), and have the same oblique white appendages, but they are coarsely lineolate, the meshes being about twice as wide as in the other species ; the bulbous base of the stem, indicated by Chapman, is perhaps not always so well marked. Mr. Bebb remarks that about Washington, where it is abundant, the contrast in the color of the mature plants of this and the last species is quite striking; the latter becomes pale throughout, while .J. dichotomus remains dark green, and the ripe pods assume a mahogany color. — The northern limit of this species seems to be on the Chesapeake Bay, whence it extends to Florida. 25. J. GERARDI, sce Notic. (1810) p. 60, ex Kunth, En. 3, 352 ; Koch, Syn. Germ. 731, is well distinguished from J. bulbosus, Linn., which has never, I believe, been found in America, by the subterete stem, the much larger flowers, which are as mie as the capsule; by the large linear anthers and very short filaments, the long style, which is equal to the ovary, and by the larger seeds. These are 0.31-0 33 line long, while those of J. bulbosus are only 0.23 line long; both are delicately lineolate. —It is a salt water plant, and is found in brackish marshes from the British possessions to North Carolina, Curtis, and Florida, Ware (J. Floridanus, Raf.in Hb. Durand) ; inland it has been found by Judge Clinton about Salina, western New York ; and near Chicago by Dr. Vasey. On the coast of New England it is well known under the name of “black grass,” and is cut in large quantities and makes pretty good hay (Oakes). 26. J. Burontvs, Linn.: this well-known weed, found all over the globe, and, perhaps with the exception of J. sagi the only annual Juncus of our flora, is most variable in its size, the size and disposition of the flowers, the proportion of inner and outer sepals, and the size of the seeds. The seeds are ovate, very obtuse, and commonly very slightly apiculate, and delicately lineolate ; 0.15~0.20 line is their usual length ; I have rarely seen them 0.22 line long, and in a Galveston specimen have found them only 0.13 line long, Only one marked variety has been distinguished under the name of fasciculatus, Koch, or fasciculiflorus, Boiss., apparently a southern form, common in our southeastern States and in the south of Europe; it is also found in the interesting colony of southern plants near the Philadelphia navy-yard; the last three or four internodes of the branches af the inflorescence are so much shortened that the flowers become crowded into false heads, which psec the plant a very peculiar aspect. 27. J. REPENS, Michx. Fl.1,191. Cephaloxys flabellata, Desv. ; Chapm. Flor. 496. A well-marked south- [452] eastern species, found from Maryland, Canby, to Florida, Alabama, and Louisiana ; it is a true Juncus, as I have shown above, and evidently, notwithstanding its great difference, nearly allied with the last species. Seeds obovate, somewhat pointed, about 0.2 line long, and delicately lineolate. = 2 a Mey. Synops. Luzul. p. 34; in Rel. Henk. 1, 144, et in Led. Fl. Ross. 4, 228, excl. syn. ; Kanth, En. 3, 360: rhizomate ascendente stolonifero; caulibus (digitalibus pedalibus) erectis levibus compressis unifoliatis seu ‘hades foliis gramineis planis adversis plerumqne oblique ad latus deflexis inde falcatis ; capitulis sub- singulis spatha seepius evinntias : ; floribus (majoribus castaneis) extus scabris pedicellatis; sepalis ovatis, exterioribus acuminatis interiora obtusa subinde mucronulata ta equantibus seu eis brevioribus; staminibus 6 dimida sepala super- antibus ovarium obtusum cum stylo ei equilongo eequantibus, antheris late linearibus filamento multo longioribus ; stigmatibus — exsertis ; capsula obovata obtusa mucronata triloculari ; seminibus (ex Hooker) testa producta lineari-oblongis. — J. Menziesii, R. Brown in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2, 192. * These branches are only apparently single axes, for in reality they are formed of many short, successive branches. NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 253 From the Russian island of Unalaschka, Chamisso, to California, Henke, Eschscholtz, Douglas, Coulter 808, Bo- rem and on the Cascade Mountains, 49 deg., Lyall. —A very striking and much controverted plant, as distinct fro castaneus as it is from J. ensifolius ‘ied Zé Mertensianus, with all of which different authors have thrown it eases the perfectly flat and adverse (7. ¢. the flat surface facing the stem) leaves, the very broad and scabrous sepals, and the long anthers on short filaments, distinguish it fully from all these. — Eschscholtz’s specimens in Hb. Gray are only 14-3 inches, while those of Lyall are 15 inches high; 6 or 8 inches is their usual size. The leaves are of different lengths, shorter than or sometimes exceeding the stem, and are usually laterally bent so that even the stipular appendages of the sheath are unequal. Heads mostly single, sometimes two or three, $ inch in diameter, composed of from 8 to 18 large (3 lines long) flowers; sepals remarkably broad and rough on the outside, chestnut- brown or (in Coulter’s and Lyall’s specimens) green with two lateral brown stripes; this roughness seems to be constant in this species, and in no other have I seen it. Meyer (Rel. Henk. 1. ¢.) says of the fruit in Chamisso’s Sager trigono-pyriformis, perianthio paulo longior seeleackaa seminum testa laxior albicans sed non scobiformis. None of the specimens before me have ripe fruit, only one, from the Cascade Mountains, shows a half- danke capsule with young seeds, and these are ie eR tail- pointed and already 0.6 line long; Dr. [453] Hooker (Bot. Antarct. Voy. Fl. Tasm. 2, 64) speaks of the seed of this species as “linear-oblong, striate, wit the testa produced beyond either end,” and as ib Simantan plant ® has very different seeds, his remark must refer to the Californian species ker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, p. 402, distinguish from the original J. Menziesii, oe obtuse sepals, the variety Californicus, with acuminate ones. I have found, in all the specimens examined e, the outer sepals acuminate and the inner ones obtuse, with or wihaas a mucro; but in some, as stated before, A ies ee ones are much rter than, in others as long as, the inner ones. 29. J. LoNGIsTYLIs, Torrey in Bot. Mex. Bound. p. 223 : caulibus (pedalibus bipedalibus) ceespitosis stoloniferis teretiusculis sursum sepius (sub lente) scabriusculis foliatis ; foliis planis gramineis ; capitulis a in paniculam contractam aggregatis seu raro singulis; floribus (majeribus viridulis fusco-striatis) levibus pedicellatis; sepalis eequalibus Sasi Neale acutatis seu cuspidatis stamina 6 duplo superantibus ; ae filamento ep long- joribus ; ovario stamina et stylum gquante, stigmatibus exsertis ; capsula ovata obtusa mucronata seu rostrata castanea nitida triloculari calycem epee rpess seu paulo superante ; setdinibos oblanceolatis seu ata apiculatis costato-reticu- latis. —J. Menziesii, Gray in Pl. Parry, p. 34, and Pl. Hall & Harb. p. 77, “the var. Califurnicus, Hook & Arn., probably an unpublished species.” Rocky Mountains from New Mexico, Wright 1924, Fendler 857, to Fort Whipple, Arizona, Cowes & Palmer ® 48, and northward to Colorado, Parry 631, Hall & Harb. 566, to the Saskatchawan, Bourgeau, and towards Oregon, Lyall. — Stems cespitose, or, eecbakly in richer soil, stoloniferous, 1-2 feet high 3 cutie mpsed 1} -24 or 3 inches long, consisting of 5-9 heads ; heads 3-8 or 12-flowered, sometimes fewer or single, and then 12-15- Row ered; flowers 243-3 lines long ; stamens as long as the ovary, so that the style, which is of the same ais eR beyond [454] them ; seeds 0,25-0.27 line long, oblanceolate and acute, or, in the Fort Whipple specimens, , chovate & upw: obtuse ; these specimens are also distinguished by the absence of all traces of stolons, and by the slightly roughened surface of the upper part of the stem.— From the closely allied J. faleatus our leds is distinguished by the greater size, the paniculate heads, the shape, proportion, and surface of the sepals, and the shape of the seeds. 30. J. LEpTocauLis, Torrey & Gray in Herb. Durand: caulibus czspitosis erectis (spithameis pedalibus) gracilibus ape ea oe fistulosis paucifoliis ; foliis planis caule brevioribus ; capitulis singulis seu paucis (1-3) spatham fere zquantibus 3-6-floris ; bracteis ovatis aristatis flore subpedicellato pleramque brevia ribus ; sepalis ovato- See ee zequalibus seu exterioribus paulo brevioribus stamina 3-6 et capsulam obovatam tricoc- sam mucronatam trilocularem quarta parte superantibus; autheris oblongo-linearibus filamento bis terve alae ; stigmatibus ovarium obovatum cum stylo perbrevi sequantibus inclusis ; seminibus obovatis apiculatis costato-lineolatis. — J. aie paged in Proc. Acad. Phil. 1862, p. 8. Arkansas, Herb. Durand, Western Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, Buckley. — Whole plant light green ; gracile stems 6 or 8 to 12 and 14 inches high, growing in dense tufts from very small but apparently perennial rbizomas ; heads single or rarely two or three, the secondary ones Cisiacusitake and overtopping the primary one, in fruit 4-5 ines § in 5 The Tasmanian J. faleatus, Hoo k. f. 1. ¢., of which I 8 While this sheet was in the hands of the printer I re- find a good specimen with ripe fruit, collected by Gunn, in ceived a most interesting collection of Arizona Plants, made Gray, is certainly very similar, but seems to is- last year by Drs. Elliott Coues and Edward Palmer, in which Hioguiahusl by smaller brit also scabrous flowers, ovate retuse found good specimens of this species, and also some of J. capsules of the length of the equal acutish sepals, and ob- compressus, unfortunately again withont fruit ; the leaves of ovate, og ai abruptly apiculate reticulate seeds, the areole this last, however, are finely developed, thus adding another of which a See eae aie it might be distin- proof for the opinion that it is really a regularly leaf-bearing guished by the name of J. species. (Compare p. 440.) 254 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. diameter, consisting of 3-6 or 7 light green flowers: these not quite 2} lines long, remarkable for the elongated sharp points of the inner as well as the outer sepals, and for the irregular number of stamens; stamens sometimes 3, often 4 or 5, rarely 6, some of the inner ones commonly depauperate, with very slender filaments and extremely small anthers ; seeds very similar to those of the next species, 0.22 line long, with about 6 strong and dark ribs visible on one side. I had to change the only published name of this species, J. filipendulus, because it is absolutely wrong, the fibrous rootlets bearing no tubers at all; intending to substitute the name of the author and call it J. Buckleyi, I dis- covered, from a label in Mr. Durand’s herbarium, that Torrey and Gray had already named the species ; I therefore adopt their very appropriate designation. 31. J. MaraiNatTus, Rostk. Mon. June. 38, t. 2, f. 2: a well-known species which grows all over the eastern and interior States, and down to Texas as faras woodlands extend, but has not been found in the western plains or mountains. It is distinguished from all our other species by the purple, or when dry red-brown color (already [455] noticed by La Harpe) of its three anthers, which usnally exceed the outer sepals in length; it is further character- ized by the acute outer sepals being much shorter than the obtuse or sometimes mucronate inner ones; by the ovate, obtuse ovary, with the almost sessile enclosed stigmas of the same length ; and the subglobose, obtuse, mucronulate capsule. The seeds are quite variable in size and form, but always strongly pointed or almost caudate and conspicu- ously ribbed, with few (4 or 5, or at most 6) ribs visible, lineolate or rarely reticulate ; they are commonly slender, obliquely lanceolate or fusiform, but in Lindheimer’s FI. Tex. exsice. 193, which has been named J. heteranthos, they are quite short, ovate-obtuse and abruptly apiculate. The length of the seeds varies from 0.22 to 0.33 line, and their thickness from } to 4 of their length. —J. aristulatus, Michx. 1,191, and J. aristatus, Pers. Syn. 1, 385, are exactly the same ; J. ifcrws, Ell. Sketch, 1, 407,’ and J. heteranthos, Nutt. Pl. Arkans. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. V. 153, are forms of the same with fewer heintes in the head. J. cylindricus, Curtis, Sillim. Journ. 44, 83; Stend. Glum. 2, 304, is a form with heads elongated into spikes 6 lines long and 3 lines in diameter, sterile ha aa only me uppermost flowers bearing fruit ; outer sepals almost as long as inner ones. We may distinguish the following forms : — Var, a. pc ka 13-3 feet high, with 5-8-flowered heads in a compound or decompound cee Ate common Var. B. biflorus, as tall as the former, with raga heads in a decompound and often very large panicle; a ovtethnoes fot, from Delaware, A. Commons, to Var. y. ge a pra 1- a feet high, with “ (2-6 or 8) larger 8-12-flowered heads; Long Branch, New Jersey, C. W. Short, and els 32. J. PELOCARPUS, “i Ah Synops. Luzul. p. 30; La Harpe Monog. 124; Kunth, En. 3, 333, non Auct. Amer.: rhizomate horizontali tenui pallido ; canlibus (spithameis pedalibus et ultra) gracilibus teretiusculis erectis paucifo- liis ; foliis teretiusculis indistincte nodulosis; panicule: decomposite laxe ramis plerumque elongatis secundifloris demum recurvis ; floribus (parvis) singulis Sidtive sepe in gemmam vel ramulum foliosum abortientibus ; sepalis oblongis obtusis, exterioribus plerumque brevioribus rarius mucronatis stamina 6 et ovarium acuminatum in stylum breviorem abiens vix superantibus ; antheris late linearibus filamento multo (duplo quadruplo) longiori- [456] bus; tibus ; capsula triquetra acuminato-rostrata 1-loculari exserta ; seminibus obovatis breviter apiculatis reticulatis, areis lineolatis. — J. Muhlenbergii, Spreng. Syst. 2, 106 (1825). J. viviparus, Conrad in Journ. Ac, Phil. 6, old ser. part 1, p. 105. J. Conradi, Tuckerm. in Torr, Fl. N. Y. 2, 328 (1843) ; Gray Man. ed. 2, 482; Chapm. Fl. 495. J. dichotomus in herb. plur. Var. B. crassicaudex, e rhizomate crasso ‘caulibus foliisque robustioribus. — J. abortivus, Chapm. Fl. 1. ¢. Var. y? subtilis, caule reptante vel fluitante radicante folioso : foliis brevibus setaceis ex axillis proliferis ; flori- bus subbinis 3-andris. — J. fluitans, Michx. Fl. 1,191. J. subtilis, E. Mey. Syn. Luz, 31; La Harpe Mon. 135. From Newfoundland (ex La Harpe) and Canada, Macrae, westward to Lake Superior, Robbins, and southward, chiefly along the coast, to South Carolina, Curtis ; var. B. in Florida, Chapman ; var. y. in Canada, Herb. Michaux. — A very peculiar and morphologically very important plant, the synonymy of which has been quite obscure. Meyer's original diagnosis is too short, so that it permits strong doubts about the agent oe of the plant he had in view, and his unfortunate comparison of his species with J. lampocarpus and J. paradoxus, “ cujus habitum refert,” necessarily throws botanists on the wrong track. But La Harpe,® who wrote only two years after Meyer’s publication, and who seems to have been well acquainted with Meyer and with his species, gives a full description, which can leave no doubt, even if Meyer's herbarium did not settle the difficulty. Though originally the species was described from specimens in C. * The inner inner sepals, however, are not the shortest, as 1825, in the third volume of Mémoires de la Société d’His- usually so careful and reliable Elliott, probably po a pec ai toire Naturelle de Paris, pp. 89-181, and is a work of careful the = says, bath, as in all the forms of this es, the research, in which I believe I can trace the conscientious lon pols tae and the critical spirit of my io and highly § Jean de La Harpe’s “ Monographie des vraies Joncées” esteemed, now departed, friend, Jacques Gay, seems to be little accessible to botanists ; it was published, Harpe was the first to give full and sate “Sedesty iii of NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 255 Sprengel’s collection, which seem also to have been the originals of his J. Muhlenberyii ss probably received from Muhlenberg ewrinpe i several specimens, obtained later from different sources (e. g. uckerman and A. Gray) are preserved in Meyer’s herbarium with the name of ‘‘J. pelocarpus” in his own si oath ; and others so named by him are found in Ay royal herbarium at Berlin. Now, this plant is so peculiar that no one who has ever exam ined it can confound it with any other ; is it, then, at all probable that Meyer bimself should have done so in his [457] own herbarium? His original specimens may not have exhibited the foliaceous excrescences, so that he could not mention them in his description of this species, while he did allude to similar ones in his account of his J. para- dozus ; his diagnosis is so short that he does not even mention the unusually small number of flowers. rhizoma is whitish and slender, often almost filiform, and sends out few and distant, or sometimes more crowded, slender and almost terete, not flattened, stems, 4 or 6 to 18 or 20 inches high ; leaves slender, almost seta- ceous, scarcely compressed, and incompletely knotted. The panicle shows very different forms in different specimens ; sometimes, probably in the earlier part of the season, it is only 2 or 3 inches long, and moderately spreading, with flowers more crowded ; but usually, at least in the numerous herbarium specimens examined by me, and perhaps later in the season, it attains a length of 4 or 6 inches, with about the same diameter, the few slender spreading or recurved branches bearing the distant flowers on one side. The flowers are green, with a reddish tinge, especially on the inner sepals, usually 1.0-1.3 lines long, and generally single ; sepals obtuse, sometimes mucronate, or rarely the outer ones acutish ; these are generally shorter than the inner ones; but in a Lake Superior specimen the flowers are only 0.8 line ag. and all the sepals equal, broadly oval and fies, Stamens about the length of the outer sepals ; anthers always longer than filaments, sometimes scarcely twice as long, in others fully four dite their length. Style shorter than the acuminate ovary. The capsule ought not to have been described as Meyer and (copying him) La Harpe did, as triquetro-ovata mucronata ; it is rather, as Gray has it, taper beaked, and is completely one-celled, the lateral pla- cente occupying only the lowest third or fourth part of the commissure of the valves, Seeds 0.25 line long, delicately but distinctly reticulate, aree transversely lineolate. I cannot distinguish Dr. Chapman’s J. abortivus from the northern plant except by the not essential characters given above ; the flowers are absolutely identical, and fruit I have not seen ith some hesitation I add J. subtilis as a procumbent or floating variety with short internodes, and short leaves which bear leaf-buds in their axils. In American collections this form does not seem to exist, but La Harpe, who saw it in Michaux’s herbarium in Paris, gives a full description of it, from which I have extracted above; the flowers are described exactly like those of J. pelocarpus, and there is, notwithstanding the different habit, nothing in it that would specifically distinguish it, except the smaller number of stamens, and the single, two-flowered heads ; [458] fruit and seed are unknown. I take it for a depauperate water form of our species, while Hooker, Fl. Bor, Am. 2, 191, unites it with J. uliginosus, which with him is what I have taken for J. alpinus ; but that is also a 6-androus species. The botanists of Canada and of our northern border ought to find it again and clear up these doubts. I have already (p. 426) spoken of the great morphological importance of this plant, which connects the single- flowered with the head-flowered species, and Asser as certainly might have been expected beforehand, that no abso- lute difference exists between them: that the flowers in all of them are really lateral ; that in the former only one flower is formed, while in the others a series e them, from two to an indefinite siiabee, are developed in centripetal order. In our species a second flower is more commonly not present, and its place is occupied by a bud, which often, and especially later in the season, grows to a leafy excrescence (whence the name viviparus) ; sometimes even the first flower is replaced by a leaf-bud, and in rare instances a leaf-bud makes its appearance between two flowers as a third axillary organ. I have never seen more than two flowers, nor more than one leaf-bud in a head. Botanists who have the opportunity ought to investigate the variations in the inflorescence of this plant according to locality, season, or other circumstances. 3. J. aRrvicuatvus, Linn. That form of the Linnean species which was distinguished by Ehrhart as J. lampo- carpus, and which is common in northern Europe, has a very limited range in North America. All the specimens 1 have seen came from the New England States (Boston, Pickering ; Amherst, Tuckerman ; and Providence and Nan- tucket, Olney) and from western New York (Penn Yan, Sartweil); to these La Harpe adds Newfoundland.— Stems densely cespitose from a creeping rootstock,with us usually erect and about one foot high ; panicle short, dense-flowered, spreading, brown ; sepals mostly equal, lanceolate, acute and mucronate, or inner ones slightly longer and sometimes obtusish ; stamens about two-thirds the length of the sepals, and anthers as long as filaments ; ovary acuminate, ter- minating in a style about half its length ; capsule longer than the sepals, acute, or even rostrate, at least in all the American specimens seen by me, and imperfectly three-celled, the placente not meeting in the centre. Seeds obovate, these plants, and of all their organs, and only after the date of having been able to compare Michaux’s original plants, I have his publication do we find in Meyer’s papers similar wet ae with confidence relied on the critical references of La Harpe, accounts in place of the former short diagnoses, e. he see 4 in regard to species about which aoe oo existed, Junci of the Reliquie Henkeane, published 1827, ” Not uch as J. fluitans, acuminatus, and polycephal 256 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. obtuse at the upper, acute at the lower end, and at both strongly apiculate ; 0.3 line or a little less long, and about half as much in diameter ; reticulate, with arex finely cross-lineolate ; 7 or 8 ribs visible. 34. J. aupinus, Villars, Delph. 2,233 ex Koch, Syn. Germ. 730. J. fusco-ater, Schreb. ex Kunth, En. 3, 326. J. afinis, R. Brown. J. Richardsonius, Rem. & Schult. J. pelocarpus, Gray, Man. ed. 1, 507, in part, non [459] Mey. J. ieiteadones var. pelocarpus, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 482, in part. J. elongatus, Vasey, in herb.— This form ought, perhaps, not to be separated from the last species ; but with us it is easily distinguished, and occupies a distinct geographical range. I, therefore, keep them apart for the present, and leave the final decision to the botanists of Europe, where both forms are much more abundant. — With us this species is confined to the northern and western parts of the continent, where it is usually found on the sandy or gravelly banks of lakes or streams ; from Lake Cham- plain, Robbins, Macrae, and Seneca and Ontario lakes, Sartwell, where it meets the eastern J. articulatus, northward to the Hudson Bay regions, Drummond and others, and the Arctic shores, and westward along the Great Lakes to Detroit, Bigelow, Herb. norm. 51, Northern Illinois, Casey, and the upper Platte, Hayden, Colorado, Hall & Harb, 558, and beyond the Rocky Mountains toward Fort Colville, Lyall. Stems erect from a creeping rootstock, 10-18 inches high ; branches of the meagre panicle, at least in the larger specimens, strictly erect and much elongated, greenish and light brown; sepals oblong, obtuse, outer ones mucronate or cuspidate, equal to, or exceeding, the rounded inner ones ; stamens same as in last; ovary ovate, with a very short style; capsule as long as ora little longer than the sepals, obtuse, mucronate, incompletely three-celled ; seeds very similar to last, but usually more slender, oblanceolate and acute at both ends, rarely obtuse at the upper one, 0.30~ 0.35 line long. —The alpine form of this plant, the original type of Villars, is louis in our Arctic regions, and is only a few inches high, bearing very few almost black heads, and has the slenderest and longest seeds. The ordinary American plant is distinguished from the usual European form by its lower stems, still stricter panicle, and paler flowers and fruit. Fries has sent absolutely the same from Sweden, need as J. sylvaticus, and as J. acutiflorus, and later as J. alpinus, var. insignis, which name may be retained for it 35. J. DUBIUS, n. sp.: rhizomate crasso horizontali ; caulibus (13-3- pedalibus) erectis cum foliis tereti-com- pressis; panicula supradecomposita patula; capitulis pauci-(6-10)floris stramineis ; floribus subsessilibus; sepalis lanceolato-subulatis acutissimis equalibus stamina 6 fere duplo superantibus ; antheris linearibus filamento sublon- gioribus ; capsula lineari-prismatica acutata uniloculari exserta ; seminibus obovatis utrumque apiculatis areis lineo reticulatis. orming large tufts in wet granitic sand in Clark’s meadow, near the Big Tree Grove, Mariposa, California, at an altitude of 6,500 feet, H. Bolander, flower and fruit in July; Cal. State Surv., 6032, Hb. norm, 52. Witha [460] good deal of hesitation, expressed in the specific name given to this plant, I venture to separate it from the closely allied J. ozymeris of the same region. Its rounded and only slightly compressed leaves certainly seem to be very distinct from the flattened equitant leaves of the latter species ; but otherwise the whole appearance, the rhizoma, the panicle, the flower, the stamens even, and the fruit, show scarcely any difference ; only the seed proves distinct, and as, I believe, we can safely rely on characters derived from the sculpture of this organ, we must consider both as really distinct species. The seeds of J. oxymeris show on one side 7-9 ribs and a distinct reticulation, the arew being smooth, and only the ribs slightly crenulate ; J. dubius has seeds of the same size (0.22-0.25 line long), but with fewer (5-7) ribs, and larger, strongly lineolate are. The panicle of this plant is 3-5 inches long, the flowers slender, and with the capsule nearly 2 lines long. J. MILITARIS, Bigelow, Flor. Bost. ed. 2 (1824), p. 139; Gray, Man. ed. 2. p. 482, was “ discovered by B. D. Greene at Tewksbury,” and has since been traced from Maine, Blake, to Massachusetts, and southward to the Pocono Mountains in Pennsylvania, T. Green, New Jersey, Asa Gray, C. F. Parker, Maryland, A. Commons, and, if there is no error in the label, as far as Alabama, Drummond. — The stout stems, 2 to 4 feet high, spring from a creeping rootstock, and bear on their lower half a single leaf, }-33 feet Iong, which usually overtops the inflorescence, and is mostly fol- lowed by a second very short one, rarely developed beyond the vaginal part. The decompound, rather crowded and often somewhat contracted light brown panicle is 2 to 5, usually about 3, inches long; the heads are 5-12- flowered, only in a Maryland specimen I find them 15-25-flowered. Flowers (in the North in August) 14 lines long ; sepals lanceo- late, outer ones subulate-pointed or even aristate, mostly very little shorter than the acute inner ones ; stamens 6, two- thirds the length of the sepals ; linear anthers a little longer than the filaments; stigmas exsert, as long as the ovate acuminate ovary and the distinct style together; say sharply triangular, ovate, acuminate, rostrate, equalling or slightly exceeding the sepals, one-celled ; seeds obovate, obtuse, unusually thick, and abruptly apiculate, 0.25-0.30 line long, and three-fifths of their length in diameter, aaa reticulate, the aree marked with few longitudinal lines ; 8 to 10 ribs visible. Dr. Robbins has discovered a very curious peculiarity of this plant, which abounds in the Blackstone River, near Uxbridge, Massachusetts, and its tributaries, and in the flumes of the manufactories, but only in rapid parts o these streams, and is there not found in sluggish streams or in stagnant water. It seems that about the period [461] NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 257 of maturing the seeds, at the end of August, the long horizontal rhizoma, which at its end is to bear the flowering stem of next season, begins to shoot forth, and from the axils of its scales produces a number of extremely short or rudimentary branchlets which are again branching and form short knobs on the rootstock. ese branchlets bear a number of capillary leaves of the thickness of horsehair, but knotted like the ordinary leaves of this species, at this time, end of August, few in number, and only a few inches long. Towards the close of the season they increase in number and length, and seem to live through the winter wherever they are immersed deep enough to escape the rost. They attain their full development about May and June, when they are 2 or 3 feet long, and carpet the bottom of those streams, at the depth of 2 to 4 feet below the surface, with their dark green undulating masses, most beautiful to look at, but quite obnoxious to the proprietors of the mill-streams, the sluices of which they are apt to obstruct. These leaves decay about the period the plant begins to bloom. The beautiful specimens collected by Dr. Robbins for the Herbarium Normale (No. 53) exhibit them to perfection. The twist and bend of the stem of many of Dr Robbins’ flowering specimens is caused by the strong current in which they grew. The only thing mpeoeenne such sub- merged leaves, Mr. Parker has found in the Delaware iret Philadelphia, where this plant grows “in shallow water, extending to the border of deep running water, the finest specimens growing at a depth of 3 or 4 feet.” How does this species grow in stagnant ponds or swamps? It would be very desirable that collectors of Junci should pay more attention to the circumstances under which these plants occur, the process of their vegetation, the time of flowering and of maturity, and, of course, to the base of the stem and to the rootstock, which is too often a vain desideratum in herbarium specimens. 37. J. SUPINIFORMIS, ne sp.: foliis vernalibus e basi latiore Sit tie ceapillaceis longissimis teretibus pallide on natantibus evanescentibus ; caule florifero erecto humili tali vel ultra) folia érecta teretia aes erente ; panicula simplici; capitulis sub-5-floris ; sepalis dancin cuspidatis nervosis equalibus seu extern aH part Aa inter se inequalibus stamina 3 stigmataque paulo excedentibus ; antheris oblong filamento ral -brevioribus ; stylo eee) eapsula prismatica obtusa mucronata uniloculari calycem fere excedente ; seminibus obovatis utrumque apiculati Common in and aro ia ponds, near Mendocino City, California ; May and June, H. Bolander, Cal. State Surv. 4767. — Mr. Bolander informs me that in spring these ponds are completely covered with the pale green [462] capillary leaves of this species, 1 or 2 feet long. As the water recedes with the advancing dry season, the erect flowering stems begin to form, and a little later the vestiges of the decayed vernal leaves cover the remaining mud with grayish sia hectiml -like filaments, The flowers are nearly 2 lines long, the (immature) capsule is prismatic with concave sides; the seeds, too imperfect to make out their sculpture, were 0.27-0.30 line long, large for the size of the lant. This species is closely allied to J. supinus of Europe, whence the name, and appears to stand next to its var. fluitans ; but that species has smaller flowers, with obtuse sepals, an obtuse capsule, and smaller seeds. These charac- ters, however, do not seem to be quite constant, so that further examination of more complete specimens will be necessary. J. Extiorri, Chapman, Flor. South. St. 494: caulibus (1-2-pedalibus) ceespitosis erectis folia tenuia longe assure bus ; panicula composita vel decomposita subpatente; capitulis oot otie globulosis; sepalis ovato-lanceolatis acutissimis sequalibus stamina 3 tertia a ee capsulam late ovatam obtusam brevissime mucronulatam 1-locularem atrofuscam lucidam fere equantibus; antheris linearibus sendshs vix longioribus; ovario ovato obtuso stigmatibus Scat he subinclusis fere eijulldnigo’ seminibus oblanceolatis saeco iees isons ntrinque attenuatis rufo- uscis areis levibus From North Chsatita Canby, to South Carolina, Ravenel, Beyrich (distributed under the name J. acumin sel Florida, Chapman, Hb. norm. 54, Alabama, Sullivant, and southern Mississippi, Z. Hilgard. — Many slender stem: spring from a short rhizoma, whic bears numerous long fibrous rootlets (under water ?); panicle usually 3-4 ‘esha long, with a few principal branches ; fruit-heads (from the broad, blunt capsules) obtuse, 2 or 2} lines in diameter flowers 1,0-1.2 lines long, greenish, turning brown ; capsule usually very dark-colored and shining, rarely paler ; ws easily listinguished by their dark color aid steiidee form, mostly 0. 23-0. 27 line long and ovie-thind as much in dia’ quite conspicnous. This is one of our earliest species, flowering in April and May. The sdeeitee growth, the small, ee dark-colored heads and dark seeds distinguish this plant at once, but whether Elliott’s J. acuminatus is the same as this, as Chapman suggests, or whether it belongs to one of the forms of the next species, does not appear foci his inguilichent description. J. ACUMINATUS, Michx. 1, 192, non Gray, Man., nec Auct. Amer. plur.: caulibus cespitosis Ried ; pantie ula effusa plus minus composita; capitulis pauci- vel multifloris pallidis sepe demum stramine soni ; sepalis lanceolato-subulatis acutissimis subequalibus stamina 3 dimida seu tertia parte secianteithias: ; [463] antheris filamento plerumque brevioribus ; stigmatibus subsessilibus ovario ovato obtuso seu rarius acutato sub- 33 258 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. brevioribus inclusis ; capsula prismatica mucronata seu acutata uniloculari sepala equante seu excedente ; seminibus minutis obovatis seu oblanceolatis utrumque acutis areis lineolatis reticuiatis. a. legitimus: caulibus (1—-2-pedalibus) erectis gracilioribus; panicula simplici composita vel decomposita patula ; coitus pluri- seu multi-(5-12-30-50) floris demum e fusco stramineis ; floribus majoribus ; sepalis equalibus seu raro exterioribus paulo longioribus Fee prismaticam obtusiusculam mucronatam fere scyusintilve ; antheris filamento multo brevioribus ; ovario ovato acuto. —J. acuwminatus, Michx. 1, 192; La Harpe, 136; Elliott, 1, 409? Kunth, 3, 335, non Auct. Am. plur. J. st eae E. Mey. June. 31, non ee ek, J. paradoxzus, E, Mey. 1. c. 30; La Harpe, 141; Kunth, 3, 341; non Auct. Am. J. fraternus, Kunth, 3, 340. J. debilis, Gray 1. ¢. ex parte. Pondii, Wood Bot. (1861) 724. Var. 8. debilis: caulibus (spithameis sesquipedalibus) debilibus erectis seu decumbentibus radicantibusve ; capi- tulis pauci-(3—6)floris ; floribus minoribus pallidis ; capsula acuta breviter mucronata exserta. —J. debilis, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 481. ar. y. diffusissimus: caulibus (bipedalibus ultra) erectis panicule ultradecomposite ramis numerosissimis fili- formibus elongatis ; capitulis pauci-(3-7)floris pallidis ; sepalis angustioribus stamina fere duplo superantibus; ovario acutato ; capsula lineari-lanceolata acuta calyci fere duplo longiore. — J. diffusissimus, Buckley, Pl. Tex. 1. ¢. p. 9. Var. 8. robustus: caulibus elatis (2—4-pedalibus) erectis foliisque elongatis robustis ; panicula ultradecomposita patula ; capitulis pauci-(5-8)floris stramineo-fuscis; floribus minoribus; antheris filamenta equantibus; capsula ovata obtusa mucronata fusca sepala acutissima paulo excedente. All over the States, from Massachusetts southward to the Rio Grande, and westward to Missouri. Var. a. is the most common form found in the whole territory indicated ; var. 8. I have only seen from New Jersey, C. mith ; Pennsylvania, Schweinitz, Moser, Porter; Ohio, Lea ; Kentucky, Short (the original of Gray’s J. debilis) ; ; Missin E. Hilgard, and South Carolina, Ravenel, but it is probably more extensively distributed ; var. y., northw n Texas, Lincecum, Buckley ; var. 8., in the Mississippi Valley from Illinois, Geyer, Mead, Vasey, to Missouri! and a poe J. Hale. — All the forms of this species flower early in the season, according to latitude, from April to June, and shed their numerous seeds from May to July. Through the kind liberality of Profs. Roeper of Rostock and Decaisne of Paris I have now had the oppor- [464] tunity of examining and comparing fragments of Lamarck’s original J. pallescens and Michaux’s J. acuminatus. The former’s name refers, as Prof. Roeper informs me, to two poor (more suo) specimens collected by Commerson near Buenos-Ayres ; the heads are apparently 5-flowered ; the flowers, not yet open, are similar to those of our plant, but are 6-androus and pedicelled. Lamarck gives North as well as South America as the habitat of his plant, but adds that his specimens are those above noticed; his reference to North America is evidently based on quotations from Pluk. Alm. t. 92, f. 9, and Moris. Hist. 3, sect. 8, t. 9, f. 5, which both represent rather something like J. tenwis. Meyer was undoubtedly misled by these references to North American localities to substitute Lamarck’s for Michaux’s name. La H , p- 136, suggests, probably with more justice, that Commerson’s plant is an immature J. Dombeyanus. Michaux’s specimen, collected in South Carolina, is a rather small-flowered form of var. legitimus, such as often occur southeastward (comp. Hb. norm. 58), with only 5 flowers in a head (Michaux says 3 flowers), the (unripe) capsule being about as long as the sepals. The other synonyms of the older authors have not given any less trouble, princi- pally because both Meyer and Kunth have described their J. paradoxus and J. fraternus with outer sepals exceeding the inner ones (a very rare case in any form of J. acuminatus) ; and in the former the capsule was said to be longer, in the latter shorter, than the sepals; neither mentions the seeds. Having been able to examine a fragment of Kunth’s plant, which had been sent from Boston by Boott, and is preserved in the Royal Herbarium at Berlin, I can most positively assert that it is a scanty-flowered form of what I have called var. legitimus, with the outer sepals very slightly exceeding the inner ones, and with a not fully ripe capsule about the length of the inner sepals. Meyer's J. paradoxus is more difficult to identify, because the original specimen does not exist in his herbarium ; he had examined it, as a memorandum indicates, in Hb. Lehmann, to whom it was given by Willdenow under the name of J. polycepha- lus, and preserved only a drawing of it and a rough sketch of some details. There are, however, in the sheet super- scribed by Meyer J. paradoxus, ten dried specimens from different parts of the United States and Mexico, perhaps rather uncritically thrown together; flowers of only one of them have been sent to me, and they belong to the ordinary form of var. legitimus. The figure of the original type represents a plant with a decompound panicle about 4 inches high and as wide, with numerous few-flowered heads, and leafy excrescences from some of them; the other sketch shows an acute capsule exceeding the lanceolate-subulate sepals of equal length, and the inside of a valve [465] with a parietal placenta on the lower half. Meyer, therefore, had seen the ripe fruit, and could not have failed to see some seeds, unless all had fallen out ; but as they did not differ from the common form of Juncus seeds, he did not mention their shape, which he would Sertainky have done, and would have placed the plant in his second section, Marsippospermum, had they been at all appendiculate, as they are in the plant with us heretofore taken for J. para- doxus, Besides this, the latter, which is enumerated here as J. Canadensis, var. longecaudatus, never has the inner sepals shorter, but almost always longer, than the outer ones, and has rarely, if ever, as far as I am informed, those i ai ae NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 259 leafy degenerations of the flower-heads so common in var. legitimus. La Harpe, who describes J. paradoxus from Pennsylvanian specimens, speaks of the sepals as being nearly equal to the capsule, and of the seeds as ovoid. Why both, Meyer as well as La Harpe, should have separated their J. pallescens or acuminatus from this J. paradoxus is not very clear ; they have evidently seen very few or single specimens only, and seem to have laid too much stress on the slight difference in the length of the sepals. The extreme forms of this variable plant might readily be taken for distinct species were the intermediate on wanting. All the forms produce from a short rootstock few or many erect or somewhat ascending, rather weak pile in var. 6.), terete or slightly compressed stems, rarely (except in var. y. and 6.) over two feet, and sometimes less than one foot high. The bracts are broad, membranaceous, and (the outer ones at least) awned ; heads and flowers are of different sizes, but the sepals always regularly lance-subulate and very acute or almost awned, but not rigid, and, with rare exceptions, equal in length ; only in some few specimens of var. legitimus I have seen the outer a little longer than the inner ones. Capsules as long as or longer than the sepals, pale green to straw-colored or light brownish, with parietal placentz on the lower half of the valves. Seeds obovate or oblanceolate, acute or apiculate at both ends, 0.20- 0.25 line long, the length being equal to about 2} diameters, of a yellowish or light brown color and apparently semi- ee neatly reticulated, and 6 or 7 ribs visible on one side. a. legitimus is the most variable of all the forms of this species, but is always readily recognized by the larger dies. 1.5-2.0 lines long, , and the ovate-prismatic obtusish mucronate capsule of the length of the sepals. pound and the latter fewer-flowered north and eastward, while some Illinois (Z. Hall, Hb. norm. 55) and Texas specimens (‘‘ Hog-bed prairies” on the Guadaloupe, Wright, Guadaloupe to Matamoras, Berlandier 1571 and 2556 [466] in part) have few (3-8) large globose 20-50-flowered heads. Capsule rarely excioding the calyx, and then ap- proaching var. 8. Seeds variable within the limits of the species, slender, or sometimes thick. Hb. norm. 56 is a taller and 57 aslenderer form with fewer flowered heads, from Michigan, Deglow: 58 and 59 are what Meyer named J. parudoxus, the former a smaller-flowered form from S. Carolina, Ravenel, the latter a larger-flowered one from Delaware, ‘ommons. r. 8. debilis is distinguished by the mostly very weak stem, 4-1} feet high, sometimes reclining, and even decumbent and rooting ; panicle loose-flowered, 3-6 inches long ; flowers 1.2-1.5 lines long ; capsule very pale, more or less protruding beyond the calyx ; seeds the smallest in the species. A rather small but rigid form comes from South Carolina, Hb. norm, 60, Rewind: and a similar autumnal = in which the heads by renewed vegetation of their axis degenerate into spikes, has been sent by the same botanist, i ‘ Var. y. diffusissimus is stouter, 2-24 feet high, with a sale 8 or 9 inches long and fully as wide ; nee 5 lines in eee flowers 1} lines, or, with the straw-colored radiating capsules, fully 2} lines long ; seeds as ar. 8. vhibehiei is a very different looking plant, which in the hot Nelumbium swamps of the Mississippi ‘Acton grows even 4 feet high, with a stem 3 lines in diameter and leaves in proportion, which, however, do not reach beyond the base of the inflorescence ; panicle 6-10 inches long and a little less across, with fruit-heads only 2 lines in diam- eter ; flowers smaller than in the other forms, 1.1-1.2 lines long; and capsules more obtuse than in the others, with a short mucro ; seeds among the larger ones. — The specimens distributed in Hb. norm. 62 are, owing to the very dry season, not so well developed as the plant is often seen, nor did the fruit mature at all in that or the following year. It i3 an interesting fact observed by me for many years, that, if not in the whole Mississippi Valley, at least in this neigh- borhood, our ponds and lakes become lower every year, their rich vegetation is becoming extinct, and many have dried up altogether. Our beautiful Nelumbium, which twenty and ten years ago was an ornament to many sheets of water on hill as well as lowland in this vicinity, hiding them under their broad velvety leaves, and from the end of June to the middle of August dotting them with their splendid cream-white flowers, is fast disappearing in consequence of the retrocession of those waters, and with it its companions the Sagittarie, the Spargania, the Junci, the Scirpi, the Zizania, and many of their minor attendants. But what botany and beauty loses cultivation gains, and, above all, the health of the neighborhood. 40. J, BRACHYCARPUS, n. sp.: caulibus e rhizomate crasso horizontali paucis erectis (1-2) es [467] rigidis teretibus ; panicula e capitulis globosis m multi-(30-50-100)-floris paucis seu pluribus simplici se posita conferta ; sepalis lanceolato-subulatis, interioribus quam exteriora multo brevioribus stamina 3 puis ee triangulato-ovatam acuminato-rostratam unilocularem equantibus seu paulo superantibus; antheris lineari-oblongis filamento multo brevioribus ; stigmatibus subsessilibus ovarium ovatum acuminatum fere equantibus inclusis; sem- inibus parvis oblanceolatis obovatisve utrumque acutatis areis leviusculis reticulatis. — J. cryptocarpus, Bebb in litt. n the Mississippi Valley from central Ohio, Sullivant, Michigan, Folwell, Bigelow, Hb. norm. 74, ip Illinois, Bebb, Hall, Hh, norm. 63, to Missouri! Kentucky, Short, Mississippi, Hilgard, Louisiana, Hale, and Texas, Berlandier 309, 313, 1569, 1573, and 2556 in part, Lindheimer ; also, if the locality is gp ite reported, near Thardetoes, S.C., B (distributed as J. echinatus). — Flowers in May and June, in Texas in April. — On one side this species is allied to the large-headed forms of J. a:wminatus, and on the other much more closely to J. scirpoides, with both of which it has 260 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. been confounded. It has the rhizoma and the inflorescence of the latter, but its very short inner sepals and short capsule at once distinguish it from either. —Stems from 8 or 10 inches (seen mostly in Texas — to 2~2 feet high, rather rigid; heads 4-5 lines in diameter, single or 2-3 together, or more commonly 5-8, or even 10, in a short (1-2 inches long) contracted panicle ; flowers 1.8-2.0, and capsule 1.2, lines long, so that, as Mr. Bebb remarks, at maturity the arid sepals, protruding over it almost hidden aaa, give the plant an appearance of sterility. Filaments twice or three times as long as the anthers. Seeds 0.20-0.22 line long, in shape like those of the last species ; but the ares are scarcely lineolate, the ribs however are crenulate, and sometimes short, transverse lines extend from them into the area. Among Linheimer’s Texan specimens are some, the heads of which are degenerated into leafy excrescences. 41. J. scrrporpEes, Lamarck, Enc. 3, 267 (E. Meyer in Linn. 3, 370): caulibus (1—-4-pedalibus) e rhizomate horizontali crasso albido rigidis strictis (seu raro decumbentibus) foliosis ; capitulis globosis multifloris paucis seu pluribus ; sepalis subulatis sxpius aristato-acutissimis demum rigidis spinescentibus ; staminibus 3 ; capsula triangu- lato-pyramidata subulata uniloculari ; pert oblanceolatis bhovatieve ve ag acute apiculatis areis sublevibus reticulatis. — J. polycephalus, Michx. Fl. 1 ; Pursh, Fl. 1, 237; Mey. June. 33. Var. a. macrostemon: caulibus teelietttie follisque teretibus eae strictis; capitulis paucioribus [468] minoribus in paniculam strictam dispositis; staminibus sepala fere sxquantibus, antheris lineari-oblongis filamento pluries (quater seu ultra) brevioribus ; capsula calyci equilonga seu rarius exserta ; seminuibus minoribus. — J. scirpoides, Chap. 494, in part. A. macrostylus: sepalis equalibus seu pepe exterioribus brevioribus ; stylo elongato, capsula plerumque lageni- formi. — J. macrostemon, Gay, in La H B. brachystylus: sepalis equalibus seu ia a exterioribus eae s tylo perbrevi. —J. echinatus, Muhl. Gram. 207? J. seirpoides, Lamarck in Herb. ! Gray, Man. ed. 2, 48 Var. 8. echinatus: caulibus (14-3-pedalibus) foliisque me rigidis strictis ; capitulis paucioribus majoribus in paniculam simplicem dispositis ; sepalis exterioribus plerumque longioribus stamina dimidia seu tertia parte super- antibus ; antheris filamento (duplo triplove) brevioribus; stylis abbreviatis; capsula sepalis eequilonga seu rarius a seminibus minoribus. —J. echinatus, Ell. Sk. 1 , 410. J. snepacenhalus, Curtis, in Bost. Jour. N. H. 2. polycephalus, a. La Harpe, 140. J. scirpoides, Chiari. 1. c. in part. Var. y. polycephalus: caulibus (2-4-pedalibus) compressis erectis seu flaccidis hine decumbentibus ; foliis a re compressis arene panicula effusa decomposita et ultra; capitulis majoribus; stylis abbreviatis ; capsula rta ee Fe 409; Chapm. 494. J. polycephalus, a. Michx. 1. ¢.; Pursh, 1. c. ; Mey. June. 33. J. polycephalus, y. La Har A. minor: caulibus satel paulo minoribus; sepalis mqualibus trinerviis; antheris filamentum fere pe scr Sorserrsig majoribus fusiformibus. B. : caulibus capitulisque majoribus sepalis uninerviis exterioribus interiora tenuia superantibus; antheris Prneen bikevselBad seminibus obovatis abrupte apiculatis. southern species, which eu northeastward as far Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Var. a. A. I have only seen from South Carolina, Hb. norm. 67 (the form with lobed heads), to Florida, lend di and Texas; a. B. is distributed over the whole range of the species, from New Jersey and Pennsylvania, Hb. norm. 65, to South Carolina, Hb. norm. 66, . Arkansas, and Texas. Var. 8. has been found from Maryland to Florida, Hb. norm. 68, and Texas ; var. y. A. from North Carolina to Florida, Hb. norm. 69, and var. y; B. from the same States westward to Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas. There must be some error in La Harpe’s statement that La Pylaie found J. macrostemon in Newfoundland ; perhaps he took the large-headed form of J. nodosus for it.— It flowers, according to latitude, from June to August. I comprise under the name of J. scirpoides a number of forms, several of which have often been taken for distinct species. Michaux, who no doubt had seen a great deal of it in the southeastern States, had united all [469] under his J. polycephalus, in which he was followed by Pursh as well as by Meyer; but the earlier name of Lamarck must take precedence, though it seems to refer only to a single form, a specimen of which, brought by Fraser from South Carolina, is still preserved in his herbarium, now in the hands of Prof. J. Roeper of Rostock. This proves to be var. macrostemon (the form with longer exterior sepals), as has already been stated by Meyer (Linn. 3, 370). The older authors appear to have confounded it with J. nodosus, which latter Michaux does not seem to have known or distinguished, and which, on the other hand, is taken by Hooker in Flor. Bor. Am. for J. polycephalus. All the forms of this species have compact, globose, mostly greenish heads, turning straw-color or light brown at maturity, on rigid or stout stems, rising, at least in var. a. and 8., from thick white horizontal rhizomas ; those of var. y- I have never seen in herbarium specimens ; sheaths of the leaves, especially in a. and 8., loose and open ; stamens 3, very rarely, i in var. a., 4 or 5 in number; seeds though differing much in form and size (from 0.2 to over 0.3 line long, and from an elongate fusiform to a thick ovate shape), with 5 or 6, very rarely 7 ribs on one side, and smooth or delicately marked arew ; these marks consist of one or a few perpendicular lines, sometimes crossed by a couple of hor- NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 261 izontal ones. — Our southern botanists will have to find out whether one or the other of these forms may not justly claim to be considered as a distinct ee Var. a. is readily recognized by its wiry stem 1-2 tie high, its a erect panicle of a few (5-9, rarely single) small heads, 33-4 lines in diameter, a composed of 15- flowers,® the stamens of which are as long as the sepals, the small anthers often protruding from between ie tips ; peicli 1}-14 lines long ; seeds 0,22-0.28 line long, their length being equal to 2-25 diameters. The form with long protruding styles has in flower a very curious aspect ; in fruit it is often of a deeper brown than any other variety, and its capsules are not regularly subulate, as we find them in all other forms of this species, but oblong and rostrate, almost bottle-shaped. _ peculiarity . it is, that its heads are often lobed, as already remarked by Dr, Chapman, i. e. composed of a nun smaller heads, the axillary productions of the lowest bracts of the primary bead. Sometimes the piles ai larger, 6 inches or more in length, and composed of numerous heads; in some southern, especially Texa specimens I find the inflorescence more spreading, and with somewhat larger heads, so that thus the Mintel [470] to the following perpen seems to be given. ar. B. is 1-3 feet high, and stouter, and bears its larger heads in an almost umbel-shaped more compact panicle ; heads bs Pa in diameter, consisting of 50-90 flowers, each of which is 13-2 lines long; seeds 0.22-0.25 line long, slender, their — being equal to 3 diameters. The inflorescence is sometimes looser and more compound, es a transition to t r. y. is a very different looking plant, with a compressed, tall, often inclined and even decumbent stem, which is said become 4 feet’ long ; leaves laterally compressed, already described by Elliott as gladiate, 3-6 lines wide; panicle spreading, 8-12 or 15 inches long and about as wide, with distant, sometimes one-sided (usually called sessile) heads, i. e. heads from the base of which a long axillary peduncle springs, which bears a second head that often behaves in the same manner. So far both forms of this variety agree, but in the flowers and in the seeds they ap- pear very different, - hers! eventually have to be separated, though our best southern botanists do not distinguish them, and seem to agree in the view that it is the rich marshy soil of their ricefields, me similar eres which produces these! ss ame cuee f forms. — The fruit-heads of a smaller form have a diam cs) a composed of 30 or 40 to 70 or 80 flowers; flowers, i. e. x, 2-2} lines long, sepals oda equal in eeath; and exterior and interior ones not more different in structure ae is usually the case; anthers longer than in any other variety of our species, and equal to the filament ; seeds the longest and most wlendex of all the forms, 0.30-0.33 lin long, the length equal to 3 or 3$ diameters. —The subvariety major has fruit-heads of 5-7 lines in diameter, the long pointed capsules radiating conspicuously in all directions ; 20-50 or 60 flowers, 2}-2} lines long, in each head ; sepals very unequal in length, as well as in texture, the exterior ones triangular dagger-shaped, and at maturity indurated ; the interior ones much shorter, and more or less membranaceous ; seeds ovate or almost globose-ovate, obtuse, very abruptly or sometimes scarcely apiculate, 0.20-0.23 line long, the length being equal to 14 or less than 2 diameters. J. BoLANDERI, n. sp.: caulibus (bipedalibus ultra) gracilibus rectis faigaiaY sort foliorum teretiusculorum atriatorum vaginis longe isaticiintie: capitulis multi-(30-50)floris singulis seu paucis in glomerulum tng eg seu breviter pedunculatis; florum Ctapcataess sessilium. sepalis Sniaslmarndiatn aabalpiia ig stam quarta parte superantibus capsulam clavato-turbinatam obtusam mucronatam unilocularem Sethe ; [47}) filamentis anthera oblongo-lineari apiculata bis terve longioribus ; ‘casiaihen obovatis apiculato-acutatis areis lineolatis Seevigtic wamps near Mendocino City, California, discovered in October, 1865, by H. N. Bolander, and named for him, one of the acutest and most zealous explorers of Californian Botany. Rhizoma not seen ; flattened stems very slender, terete leaves strongly knotted ; mature heads 4-5 lines in diameter, brown, shining, single, or 2, or usually 3-5 together, either sessile and crowded together into a large cluster, or some of them peduncled ; flowers 2 lines long, with very narrow and sharp pointed sepals, and very slender stamens; shape of capsule quite peculiar; seeds 0.25 line long, with about 8 ribs visible. The flattened stems and the brown hentia assimilate this species to the Californian Rneivasi, but the rounded and strongly knotted leaves and the sessile flowers seem to separate it from them and place it with J. scirpoides and its allies. sires Lin. Sp. PL, ed. 2, 1, 466, excl. syn.; Rostk. Mon. 38, t. 2, f. 2, excl. syn. Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2, 326, a var. 2; fan. ed. 2, 482: ulate teretibus erectis e basi stolon di tabebiterds emittentibus ; panicule plerumque subsimplicic eapitulis pluri- vel multifloris; sepalis baiseedtato:Tnasihtiis subulatis stamina 6 fere duplo superantibus capsulam pyramidato-rostratam unilocularem equantibus a Sige ea brevioribus ; seminibus ovatis abrupte apiculatis lineolato-reticulatis. — J. Rostkovii, Mey. Junc. 26; La Harpe, Mon. 133; Kunth, 1. c. 332. J. polycephalus, Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2, 190 ® Muhlenberg describes his J. echinatus with 9-flowered heads, and Lamarck his J. scirpoides with heads bearing 12-18 flowers. 262 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS. Var. a. genuwinus: caule humiliore LLRs ultrapedali, rarissime elatiori) foliisque tenuibus ; spatha erecta penienlam subsimplicem coarctatam (raro capitulum sehen superante; capitulis sirkegpe pluri-(8~20)floris ; floribus minoribus fuscatis; sepalis he equalibus seu exterioribus paulo brevioribus ; antheris oblongis seu oblongo-linearibus phictizaciic apiculatis filamento mene ibus; ovario ovato stylo erent coronato ; capsula ovato- lanceolata rostrata plus minus exserta ar. 8. Texanus: caule elatiore (pedali bipedali) foliisque tenuibus ; spatha patente paniculam plerumque compositam decompositamve fere equante ; capitulis majoribus multi-(15-40)floris ; floribus majoribus demum stra- mineis ; sepalis lanceolato-subulatis exterioribus sn thereat ; antheris linearibus obtusis filamento (hinc duplo) longi- oribus; ovario lanceolato in stylum longiorem sensim abeunte ; capsula pyramidato-lanceolata subulata exserta. . >: sphalus, Torr. 1. c.; caule elatiore pate tripedali) foliisque robustis ; spatha erecta seu aulo defler foliove summo paniculam subsimplicem coarctatam sepius superante ; capitulis magnis aero [472] multi-(30-80)floris ; floribus majoribus virescentibus demum stramineis ; sepalis lanceolato-subulatis exterio ibus longioribus; antheris linearibus filamento paulo brevioribus; ovario lanceolato in stylum re sensim abeunte ; capsula pyramidato-subulata vix exserta. —J. megacephalus, Wood, Bot. 724, non Curtis. is species takes a much wider geographical range than the last, including the whole of North America north of Mexico, with the exclusion of the southeastern States ; but the different forms occupy different geographical regions. Var. a. is found throughout British North America from Canada and the Hudson Bay regions to the Rocky Moun- tains and the northwest coast, and extends southward to Pennsylvania, Porter, Hb. norm. 70, Ohio, Lapham, Michigan, Bigelow, Hb. norm. 71, and Wisconsin, Lapham, Hale. I have seen no specimens from further south, though the older authors credit it to Virginia and Carolina, quoting, among others, Bosc as their authority. Var. 8. has been solely found in Western Texas, Lindheimer, 545, Wright, Buckley. Var. y. meets a. on Lake Ontario, where also J. alpinus and articulatus join, and extends from thence westward to Michigan, Bigelow, Hb. norm. 74, and southwestward to Illinois, Missouri, the northern Red River, Hubbard, the Saskatchawan, Bourgeau, the Yellowstone, Hayden, Colorado, Parry, Hb. norm. 75 (a dwarfed form), New Mexico, Fendler, 849 Wright, 696 and 1926, Texas, Lindheimer, 546, and others ; and to Arizona, Coues & Palmer, and California, Coulter, 809. It flowers from July to August. Our plant is very closely allied to the last, and is often confounded with it; but the number of stamens and the markings of the seeds will readily distinguish any of the forms which may be mistaken for one another, e. g. J. scir- poides, B. echinatus, and J. nodosus, y. megacephalus. Besides, the slender stolons which terminate in a sia of small bulbs, probably the only part that sustains the life of the plant during winter, are quite characteristic of all the forms of this species. Another peculiarity of var. 8. and y. is the direction of the leaves, oe the upper ones, which are patulous, making a very distinct angle with their sheathing base, while in var. a. the leaves are erect, forming an almost straight continuation of the sheath. Var. a. and more rarely var. y. exhibit sine a that degeneration of the heads into bunches of sheaths or leaves which has been spoken of in another place. The seeds are 0.22-0.27 line long, the length being nearly equal to 2, rarely to 2} diameters; commonly 8 ribs are visible on one side. The northern form, var. a., - the genuine J. nodosus of Linneus, who described it from specimens sent by Kalm (most probably from Canada), as Prof. Gray ascertained in the Linnzan herbarium itself. He informs me that “ Linnzeus’ reference to Gronov. ties ted 152] is a mistake, in copying from Gronovius of Gramen junceum [473] elatius pericarpiis ovatis Americanum, Pluk. alm. That this is not the type of J. nodosus is se i does not, like all other Gronovian