QR3E9.9€ ah ee SPECIES BLANCOANAE '"'* e A CRITICAL. REVISION OF THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF PLANTS DESCRIBED BY BLANCO AND BY LLANOS pe —— —— # BY "é i B,D. MERRILL ad . DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES BUREAU OF SCIENCE MANILA Publication No. 12 (Actual date of publication, June 15, 1918.) J CONTENTS PREFACE ere. Fete Nes Bnet pee RE Ar ge EE INTRODUCTION = ae The first edition of Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas........................... The second edition of Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas........................ The third edition of Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas............................ List of plates in the third edition of Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas that represent species not described by Blanco or by Llanos... The Novissima Appendix....... Species described by Fernandez-Villar and Naves in the Novis- sima Appendix .............. : Contemporary opinions regarding Blanco’s work and the early attempts to elucidate his species. The work of local investigators on Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas.... Llanos Fernandez-Villar and Naves Merrill = Factors to be considered in interpreting Blancoan species............ The exsiccatae “Species Blancoanae”. SYSTEMATIC ENUMERATION AND DISCUSSION OF THE VARIOUS SPECIES.... Thallophyta Pteridophyta ...... Spermatophyta ................... Gymnospermae Angiospermae Monocotyledonae Dicotyledonae INDEX Page. econnunau 12 14 PREFACE Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas was first issued in 1837; followed . by a second edition in 1845, printed a few months after the author’s death; and a third edition published in 1877-83 under the auspices of the Augustinian Order of which Blanco was a member. The publication is merely a conventional one, in- complete, imperfect, and presenting no innovations in taxonomy. Naturally the work is chiefly of local interest, as a high per- centage of the species described are confined to the Philippines. To the student of the Philippine flora, as such, and to authors of monographs and revisions of families and genera extending to the Philippines, it is important that the status of Blanco’s species be determined. However, as no botanical material rep- resenting Blanco’s species was preserved by him, or if pre- served, is no longer extant, the matter of determining the identity of very many of his species presents by no means a simple problem. The object of the present work is to record what I have been able to determine regarding the status of Blanco’s species and their relationships with those described by other authors, based on sixteen years experience in prosecut- ing botanical work in the Philippines. Hooker f. considered that, on account of the unsatisfactory nature of Blanco’s work, it was undesirable to devote time to the identification of his species; which, perhaps, well reflects the attitude of the botanists of the middle of the last century. No botanist, not primarily interested in the Philippine flora, was in a position to do much actual work on the status of Blanco’s species, and up to the immediate present data and material by which Blanco’s species could satisfactorily be deter- mined have not been available. Thus, in general, Blanco’s species were considered to be of little importance and, being difficult of interpretation to the average botanist working only with dried material, were frequently ignored or briefly discussed as unknown or imperfectly known ones by authors of various monographs. The necessity for a critical determination of the status of Blanco’s species and of their relationships with those described ‘Hooker, J. D., and Thomson, T. Flora Indica 1 (1855) Introductory Essay 56. | 5 6 SPECIES BLANCOANAE by other authors is a natural corollary of the general acceptance of the principle of priority in the selection of the names of species where synonymy is involved. The matter has already been discussed by me in connection with my detailed study of the species described in Rumphius’s Herbarium Amboinense,? from which the following passage (p. 43) is quoted: Up to the close of the last century comparatively little attention was given to the question of priority in the names of plants, and many authors accepted or changed generic and specific names at will. It is true that in a majority of cases names well established were generally accepted, but changes were often made for the most trivial reasons. In work prosecuted under these lax but easy methods of selecting names for plants, the exact identity of obscure species was a matter of relatively slight importance. With the establishment and general acceptance of the principle of prior- ity in selecting the name of species, it has become important, from the view point of stability of nomenclature, to determine so far as possible the exact status of the species described by older authors. It would admittedly be convenient if many of the names proposed by early authors could be dis- carded, but if we ignore a species of one author, any botanist at any time would be justified in likewise ignoring species proposed by any other author, which would result in a veritable chaotic condition in nomenclature. We can no longer look on the work of this or that author, no matter how incomplete or imperfect, as unworthy of consideration, nor can we accept Hooker’s dictum regarding species proposed by such authors as Blanco, that it was undesirable to devote time to their identification. E. D. MERRILL. MANILA, P. I., June 15, 1917. * Merrill, E. D. An interpretation of Rumphius’s Herbarium Amboi- nense. Bureau of Science, Manila (1917) 1-595. ee eee ee INTRODUCTION THE FIRST EDITION OF BLANCO’S FLORA DE FILIPINAS The first edition of Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas * was printed in Manila in 1837. It is an octavo volume consisting of a pro- logue, a general introduction, and the systematic arrangement and description of about 903 species under binomial names. The work is written wholly in Spanish. The prologue briefly re- lates the circumstances under which the work was prepared and contains a review of the botanical work accomplished by Blanco’s predecessors in the Philippines; namely, Fathers Clain, Delgado, Mercado, and Santa Maria, but with no mention of the vastly more important work of Camel; and a brief mention of the work of Née and Pineda, of the Malaspina Expedition, but no mention of the more important explorations of Haenke, of the same expedition. The general introduction, occupying pages IX-LX XVIII, consists of an explanation of the terms used in descriptive botany and an explanation of the Linnean system of classification, with a list of the admitted genera arranged under their Linnean classes. The generic descriptions are greatly abbreviated, but the specific descriptions are usually long and detailed, although often general in nature; some of them are very short and im- perfect. To these are often added long or short discussions, giving data of economic importance, occurrence, time of flower- ing, native names, etc.; this supplementary data is often of more _ value in locating and interpreting Blanco’s species than are the descriptions themselves. The work is supplied with an alpha- _ betic index to generic names; one to native names, in which not all of the native names mentioned in the text are included; and a tabulation of the various genera screaming to the economic uses of the various species. In the text various species that Blanco was unable to refer to their proper generic positions are described under their native names. These are usually placed under the Linnean classes to which they pertain and cannot in any ‘sense of the word be * Flora de Filipinas. Segun el Sistema sexual de Linneo. Por el P. Fr. Manuel Blanco, Agustino Calzado (1837) LXXVIII +1-887. +* 8 SPECIES BLANCOANAE treated as genera, nor were they so considered by Blanco. They include descriptions of: e Alamag. Cunalon. Longayan. Apulong. Doctojon. Malulucban. Balibai., Ge-jua. Oyisan. Banago. Hinguio. Palindan. Binouang. Iloilo. Pandapanda, Bitlag. Inoyaban. Pasac. Calamansalai. Lanzones. Patdang buys Calicot. Lapolapo. Putian. Camotain. Loctong. Sangumay. Corong. In the present work no special attempt has been made to locate these species, except in those cases where Blanco himself or other authors have later made them the bases of binomials. With few exceptions none of the descriptions have any bearing on questions of nomenclature. The new genera proposed, all but three of which have proved to be invalid, as indicated by the reductions here given, are: Azaola (=Payena). Manungala .(=Samadera). Balingayum (=Calogyne). Palaquium. Calius (=Streblus). Quilamum (=Crypteronia). Cobanga (=Canscora). — Quilesia ( Sipser opeiamablle Enrila (=Ventilago). Soala (= Lumanaja (=Homonoia). Sulipa (= deca: Lunasia. Tala (=Limnophila). Malaisia. Tayotum ._(=Geniostoma). Mamboga (=Mitragyna). THE SECOND EDITION OF BLANCO’S FLORA DE FILIPINAS The second edition of Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas‘ in plan is the same as the first. It was printed in Manila, and appeared shortly after Blanco’s death, which occurred April 1, 1845. In the publication of this work a subsidy of 500 pesos was granted by the local organization, La Sociedad econémica de anntigos del pais.® . In this edition about 1,132 species are described under ‘Late binomials, and 27 under their native names. Four species de- scribed in the first edition are excluded while 198 are_ added, making the total number of species described in the first and ‘Flora de Filipinas, segun el Sistema sexual de Linneo. Por el P. Fr. Manuel Blanco, Agustino Calzado. Segunda i impresion corregida y aumen- tada por el mismo autor (1845) I-LIX + 1-619. * Blair, E. H., and Robertson, J. H. The SPP ns Islands 1493-1898, 50 tei 69; 52 (1907) 312. iss INTRODUCTION 9 second editions under binomial or trinomial names, about 1,136. Numerous changes in specific names occur, but these are dif- ficult to detect except by the tedious comparisons of descriptions, as when a name used in the first edition was altered in the second one, the fact was not stated; there are no references to the first edition. In many cases changes of names were purely arbitrary, while others were made in Blanco’s attempt to reduce his own species to those of other authors; most such changes are erroneous. The numerous typographical errors in the second edition are probably due largely to the fact that Blanco died before the work was printed, so that proof reading devolved on individuals with little botanical knowledge. In the second edition four of the generic names proposed by Blanco in the first edition were discarded for those of other authors, and the following new genera were described, all of which fall as synonyms: Elcana [=Cerbera], Legazpia [=Torenia], Salgada [=Cryptocarya], Llanosia [=Ternstroe- mia], Quirosia [=Crotalaria], and Salceda [=Thea]. Thus of the genera proposed and described by Blanco in the two editions of his work the only valid ones are Lunasia, Malaisia, and Palaquium, with Soala remaining as one of entirely doubtful status. THE THIRD EDITION OF BLANCO’S FLORA DE FILIPINAS The sumptuous third edition of Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas * was prepared many years after Blanco’s death and is entirely the work of Fathers Celestino Fernandez-Villar and Andrés Naves. The Flora de Filipinas is included in the first three volumes and, with slight and unimportant changes, is an exact reprint of the second edition with the addition of Latin transla- tions of Blanco’s descriptions. The authors practically succeeded only in extending the contents of Blanco’s compact second edi- 2 _ *Flora de Filipinas por el P. Fr, Manuel Blanco, Agustino Calzado, _ adicionada con el manuscrito inédito del P, Fr. Ignacio Mercado, las obras del P. Fr. Antonio Llanos y de un apéndice con todas las nuevas investiga- ciones Botdnicas referentes al Archipielago Filipino. Gran Edicion hecha & expensas de la Provincia de Agustinos Calzados de Filipinas bajo la direccién cientifica y literaria de los PP, Agustinos Calzados Fr. Andrés Naves y Fr. Celestino Fernandez-Villar. 1 (1877) XXX + 1-350, index I-VI; 2 (1878-79) 1-419, index I-VIII; 3 (1879) 1-271; index I-VI; 4* (1880) XVIII + 1-108; 47 (1880) VI + 1-63; 4* (1880-83) IX + 1-875, tt. 473. [See Merrill, E. D. The Dates of Publication of the Third Edition © of Blanco’s “Flora de Filipinas.” Philip. Journ. Sci. 12 (1917) Bot. 118-116.Ju 10 SPECIES BLANCOANAE tion through three bulky and unwieldy folio volumes without adding a single item to our knowledge of the Philippine flora. Unfortunately page references to the first and second editions are omitted. In consideration of the date at which it was printed, it is indeed a curious publication. The third edition follows the Linnean system of classification, one that had been obsolete for at least half a century. The only deviations from the second edition are the additions of a few species from the first edition, that Blanco himself eliminated from the second; and occasionally the substitution of the specific name given in the first edition for the one given in the second. The only praise that can be given in this glorified edition of Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas is that the Latin translations made Blanco’s descriptions more available to botanists generally; yet nearly forty years before, Walpers* had published Latin translations of about 180 of Blanco’s diagnoses of new species, which is the part of Blanco’s work of most general interest to taxonomists. Two editions were issued, one the “edicién de lujo,” the other the “edicién econémica.’”’ The cheap edition differs from the edition de luxe in that it is printed on less expensive paper, and the plates are not colored. The plates differ further from those of the edition de luxe in that they are numbered. The cheap edition was sold at 1.25 dollars per fascicle in the Phil- ippines, and 1.75 dollars outside of the Philippines; while the edition de luxe was sold at 2.25 dollars and 2.50 dollars respec- tively, the prices in Mexican silver. Each fascicle was adver- tised to consist of sixteen pages of text and six plates. The cheap edition was to consist of numbered volumes; but the edi- tion de luxe was to be numbered, and the edition limited to 500 copies. The plan of numbering the volumes was apparently abandoned. The edition de luxe, while an expensive work, is by no means a rare one; but the cheap edition is exceedingly rare. I have seen but a single incomplete copy of the latter, consisting of a complete set of the text and about 140 plates. This copy is in the library of the Bureau of Agriculture, Manila. The fourth volume of the third edition of Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas is by far the most important part of the work. It consists of three separately paged parts, of which the third, the Novissima Appendix, is the only one of real value. - "Linnaea 16 (1842) Litt.-Bericht 1-68. INTRODUCTION 11 The first part * consists of a reprint of Llanos’s papers, with his Spanish diagnoses reproduced and also translated into Latin. It is convenient to have these descriptions reprinted, as Lla- nos’s chief publication, his ‘“Fragmentos,” is a rare book. The introduction consists chiefiy of biographical notes relating to Llanos’s life and botanical work; see p. 25. The second paper, a botanical curiosity, is that of Mercado ® originally written in the last third of the seventeenth century. It deals with the medicinal properties of various Philippine plants and the discussions of various species include a curious mixture of fact, superstition, and fable in many cases.1° The scientific names added by Fernandez-Villar are not always cor- rect. From a botanical standpoint the work is of very slight importance, but it contains some data of economic value and is of interest from a historical standpoint. The introduction con- tains biographical notes regarding Mercado, an interesting dis- cussion of the early botanical writings of various representatives of the religious orders in the Philippines, and a history of Mer- cado’s manuscript. The original illustrations, in color, were not reproduced when the paper was published. The 473 plates, illustrating the third edition of the Flora de Filipinas, are usually in two unbound volumes, but in some copies they are scattered through the four volumes of text. They are unnumbered in the edition de luxe, and their proper numbers can be determined only by reference to the text of the Novissima Appendix or to the list of illustrations usually found at the end of the Novissima Appendix or sometimes placed in the first volume of plates. This list consists of six pages numbered by the Roman system. The identification of the plates is the work of Naves, but there are numerous manifest errors, both in relation to Blanco’s species they are supposed to represent and to binomials of other *Fragmentos de Algunas Plantas de Filipinas no incluidas en la flora de las islas de la primera ni segunda edicién dispuestas segun el sistema -Linneano por el P. Fr. Antonio Llanos, Agustino Calzado, afiadidos con _ otros trabajos del autor y vertidos al Latin por el P. Fr. Celestino Fernan- dez-Villar del mismo instituto (1880) XVI + 1-108. * Libro de medicinas de esta tierra y declaraciones de las virtudes de los arboles y plantas que estan en estas islas Filipinas compuesto por el P. Predicador Fr. Ignacio de Mercado filipinense del 6érden de San Agustin hijo del convento de San Pablo de Manila. Corregido é ilustrado con las clasificaciones cientificas por el P. Fr. Celestino Fernandez-Villar del mismo instituto (1880) VI + 1-63. “Cook, A. C. Some Filipino Botany. Plant World 4 (1901) 1-5. 12 SPECIES BLANCOANAE authors. A large number of them refer to species that were unknown to Blanco or at least to those that were not described by him. A very high percentage of the species figured are common and well-known ones of wide geographic distribution and include many of the common weeds and the various cultivated species, including the commonly cultivated ornamentals, some of which were introduced into the Philippines after Blanco’s time. No attempt was made to select the endemic species in the prepara- tion of the plates nor to confine the illustrations to those species not previously figured by other authors; but about 80 of the total of 473 species figured or less than 17 per cent, represent endemic species. In general the illustrations are good, but a few are unrecognizable with certainty beyond the genus. In some cases the color selections are very faulty. The detail draw- ings are usually insufficient, and many are poorly executed. In order to make the present work more completely a key to the Flora de Filipinas, I give below a list of the plates of the third edition that do not pertain to species actually de- scribed by Blanco; those illustrating forms described by Blanco or by Llanos are listed in the following critical discussion of their species. For convenience the sequence follows the system- atic list after the Bentham and Hooker arrangement as published by Fernandez-Villar. LIST OF PLATES IN THE THIRD EDITION OF BLANCO’S FLORA DE FILIPINAS THAT REPRESENT SPECIES NOT DESCRIBED BY BLANCO OR BY LLANOS ?* 344 Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. 148 Talauma villarii Rolfe (T. mutabilis Naves, non Blume). 198 Talauma coco (Lour.) Merr. (7. pumila Blume). 193 Phaeanthus suberosus Hook. f. & Th. (P. malabaricus Naves, non Bedd.). 209 Capparis sepiaria Linn. 94 Dianthus chinensis Linn. 241 Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f. (Calophyllum spectabile Willd.) (poor). 333 Bombycidendron vidalianum Merr. & Rolfe (Hibiscus vidalianus Naves). 3%46 Hibiscus syriacus Linn. (poor). “In this list the names originally assigned by Naves to ae plates are utilized when they are the correct ones. In other cases, where Naves’s | identification was wrong or when the name used by him has been discarded _ for one reason or another, the correct name is given first, with Naves’s e original name in parenthesis. : INTRODUCTION 13 140. Sterculia stipularis R. Br. (S. malabonot Naves). 448 Unrecognizable, but no Sterculia; the drawing is very poor and was probably based on a myristicaceous plant (Sterculia lanceolata Naves, non Cav.). 312 Columbia blancoi Rolfe (C. floribunda Naves, non Kurz). 425 Muntingia calabura Linn. 410 Aglaia odorata Lour. 260 Allophylus dimorphus Radlk. (A. blancoi Naves, non Blume). 160 Crotalaria incana Linn. 79 Millettia merrillii Perk. (1. xylocarpa Naves, non Miq.). 405 Sesbania cannabina Pers. (S. aegyptiaca Naves, non Pers.). 345 Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr. (E. lithosperma Naves, non Blume). 319 Canavalia microcarpa (DC.) Merr. (C. virosa Naves, non W. & A.). 455 Centrosema plumieri Benth, (Clitoria plumieri Turp.). 335 Peltophorum inerme Naves. 451 Delonix regia Raf. (Poinciana regia Boj.). 426 Cassia siamea Lam. (C. arayatensis Naves, non Llanos). 426bis Cassia surattensis Burm. f. (C. glauca Lam.). 213 Cynometra cauliflora Linn. 82 Bauhinia monandra Kurz (B. subrotundifolia Naves, non Cav.). 119 Bauhinia tomentosa Linn. (B. binata Naves, non Blanco). 111 Bauhinia acuminata Linn. (B. tomentosa Naves, non Linn.). 392 Prosopis vidaliana Naves. 400 Leucaena glauca Benth. 454 Serianthes grandiflora Benth. 316 Albizzia lebbeck Benth. 309 Samanea saman Merr. (Pithecolobium saman Benth.) . 136 Bruguiera cylindrica Blume. 200 Terminalia pellucida Presl, vel T. nitens Pres] (7. sumatrana Naves, non Migq.). 300 Xanthostemon verdugonianus Naves. 172 Psidium cujavillus Burm. f. (C. pumilum Vahl). 152 Melastoma penicillatum Naud. (M. malabathricum Naves, non Linn.). 443 Homalium panayanum F.-Vill. (H. grandiflorum Naves, non Benth.). 460 Trichosanthes cucumerina Linn. (T. lugioniana Naves). 299 Cucumis sativus Linn. 414bis Coccinia cordifolia Cogn. (C. grandis M. Roem.). 154 Gardenia augusta (Linn.) Merr. (G. florida Linn.). 431 Ixora chinensis Lam. (J. rosea Naves, non Wall.). 22 txora philippinensis Merr. (Ixora incarnata Naves, non DC.). 868 Ageratum conyzoides Linn. 404 Synedrella nodifiora Gaertn. 287 Cosmos caudatus HBK. 298 Plumbago auriculata Lam. (P. capensis Thunb.). 166 Ardisia serrata Pers. 423 Palaquium luzoniense Vidal (P. latifoliwm Naves, non Blanco). 105 Mimusops elengi Linn. 283 Tabernaemontana subglobosa Merr. (7. globosa Naves, non Blanco). 428bis Kickxia blancoi Rolfe (K. arborea Naves, non Blume). 14 SPECIES BLANCOANAE 212 Hoya imbricata Dene. (Conchophyllum imbricatum Naves, non Blume). 313 Ceropegia cumingiana Dene. .28 Heliotropium ovatifolium Forsk. var. depressum Merr. (H. coroman- delium Lehm., var. depressum DC.). 412 Argyreia mollis Choisy (A. nitida Choisy). 17 Quamoclit phoenicea Choisy (Q. coccinea Auct., non Moench.). 261, f. 2 Ipomoea sp. ? Ipomoea paniculata Naves, non Linn.) (very poor). 32 Ipomoea cairica Sweet (Convolvulus paniculatus Naves, non Linn.). 142 Capsicum annuum, Linn. (C. tetragonum Mill.). 151 Cestrum nocturnum Linn. 461 Russelia juncea Zucc. 368bis Lindernia viscosa (Willd.) Merr. (Vandellia hirsuta Ham). (lower figure). 229 Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb. 427 Vitex pubescens Vahl. 222 Clerrdendron fragrans Vent. 430 Amaranthus paniculatus Linn, 262 Amaranthus viridis Linn. (Euxolus caudatus Naves, non Migq.). 462 Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. (A. cordatum Naves, non seme: 115 Cinnamomum burmanni Blume. 459 Loranthus haenkeanus Presl (L. malifolius Presl). 444 Loranthus ampullaceus Roxb. (L. tomentosus Naves, non Blanco). 317 Muehlenbeckia platyclados Meissn. (Hxocarpos ceramica Naves, non DC.). 167 Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. (right-hand figure). 167 Euphorbia splendens Boj. (left-hand figure). 353 Cleistanthus blancoi Rolfe (Glutia orgyalis Naves, non Blanco). 283 Ficus arayatensis Warb. (F. microcarpa Naves, non Linn. f.). 255 Ficus caudatifolia Warb. (Ficus urophylla Naves, nor Wall.). 464 Alpinia speciosa (Wendl.) K. Sch. (A. cernua Naves, non Sims). 442 Costus speciosus Sm. 429 Dendrobium taurinum Lindl. 465 Vanda lamellata Lindl. : 376 Belamcanda chinensis Leman (Pardanthus chinensis Ker). 271 Zephyranthes rosea Lindl. (Habranthus versicolor Naves, non Herb.). 375 Zephyranthes rosea Lindl. (Habranthus versicolor. Naves, non Herb., var. semiplenus Naves). 422 Sanseviera zeylanica Willd. 83 Commelina nudiflora Linn. (Cyanotis cristata Naves, non Schultes t.). 467 Aneilema malabaricum (Linn.) Merr. (A. nudiflorum R. Br.).. | - 437 Freycinetia sp. (F. luzonensis Naves, non Presl, var. heterophylla Naves, non Migq.). ; 330 Typhonium motleyanum Schott (T. divaricatum Naves, non Linn.). ; 436 Andropogon halepensis Brot. var. propinquua Merr. (Holeus saccha- ratus Naves, non Linn.). 395 Asplenium nidus Linn. THE NOVISSIMA APPENDIX The third and last article in the fourth volume of the third : edition of Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas is the Novissima Ap- INTRODUCTION 15 pendix ** and it is wholly the work of Father Celestino Fer- nandez-Villar and Father Andrés Naves, but mostly the actual work of the former. Fernandez-Villar is the author of the treat- ment of the dicotyledonous and gymnospermous orders, pages 1 to 212, and of the monocotyledonous orders and vascular cryptogams, from Fimbristylis bispicata on page 307 to the end of the work. Naves is the author of the monocotyledonous orders from page 213 to Fimbristylis nutans on page 307. The date appearing on the title page is 1880, and the introduc- tion is dated December 12, 1880. The printer’s date for the last part, indicated on page 375, is June 15, 1883. From an examination of an unbound copy in which the original fascicle covers were preserved I find that pages 1 to 272 were issued in 1880; pages 273 to 336 were issued in 1882; and pages 337 to 375 were issued in 1883.* As indicated in the introduction to the third edition of the Flora de Filipinas,'* it was the intention of the authors that the fourth part of the third edition should form a new Flora de Filipinas, to include all the species described by Mercado, Blanco, and Llanos; all of those described from Philippine material by other authors; and the various undescribed species, arranged in their natural orders. The inference implied by the prospectus, issued in 1877, is that descriptions would be added, but this is not definitely stated. However, owing to various cir- cumstances the authors were obliged to abandon their original plan in part, as indicated in the introduction to the Novissima Appendix** The reasons given were the enervating effect of the climate, the impatience of the majority of the subscribers for the termination of the work, the lack of special training on the part of the authors, the lack of an herbarium, and the lack of botanical publications. Further they had no means of consulting the Philippine botanical material preserved in various European and American herbaria and had not seen a single Specimen of the large Cuming collection, on which up to that date most of the actual knowledge of the Philippine flora on * Naves, A. and Fernandez-Villar, C. Novissima Appendix ad Floram Philippinarum R. P. Fr. Emmanuélis Blanco, seu enumeratio contracta plantarum philippinensium hucusque cognitarum. Cum synonymis P.P. Blanco, Llanos, Mercado et aliorum auctorum. (1880-1883) IX + I-375. “ Merrill, E. D. The dates of publication of the third edition of Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas. Philip. Journ. Sci. 12 (1917) Bot. 113-116. S81 1ST ITX, x : * Novis. App. (1880) V-IX.. 16 SPECIES BLANCOANAE the part of European authors was based. They state also that on account of local climatic conditions, ravages of insects, etc., nobody had succeeded in preserving herbarium material, that is in building up a general herbarium, and that consequently their studies had to be based largely on fresh specimens; that on their own part they preserved specimens only of plants that were secured with difficulty and that were necessary for their investigations. The Novissima Appendix then resolved itself into a merely systematic list with synonyms, with the descrip- tions of thirty-three species, these either proposed as new or redescriptions of species of other authors, chiefly of Blanco. Except in those cases where these new species were based on specimens in Vidal’s herbarium, no material representing them is extant. Such herbarium material as was preserved by Fer- nandez-Villar and Naves, apparently representing but a very small percentage of the species they admitted as Philippine, was destroyed with the burning of the Guadalupe convent near Manila, February 19, 1899.1* In the Novissima Appendix all but about ten or twelve of Blanco’s and Llanos’s species were accounted for to the full satis- faction of the authors, these being reduced without question and without discussion to species of other authors. In a high percentage of cases the reductions were made to species that were originally described from extra-Philippine material, and _ ‘ which do not occur in the Philippines. The generic reductions for the most part are correct, but in some cases they are wrong. — The material on which the Novissima Appendix was based was not preserved, or such specimens as were preserved are no longer extant. The enumeration is trustworthy only in so far as it was based on references in botanical literature that were in turn based on actual Philippine specimens. The Novissima Appendix is an excellent example of typo- graphical work, and allowing for inaccuracies in the treatment of species it is excellent from a bibliographical standpoint. Beyond this nothing can be said in favor of the work, as it is utterly untrustworthy in synonymy, as to the reduction of | 4 species proposed by Blanco and by Llanos, and gives an entirely _ erroneous impression of the status of the knowledge of the Philippine flora at the time in which it was written. A total of 4,479 species was admitted as Philippine, distributed into * Report U. S. War Dept. 1* (1899) 390. Merrill, E. D. Derenienks work in the Philippines. Philip. Bur. Agr. Bull. 4 (1908) 34. INTRODUCTION 17 1,223 genera and 155 families. Of these at least one family and 116 genera have no known representatives in the Archi- pelago; and about 1,948 species, or 44 per cent of the total, do not occur in the Philippines, or at least have not been dis- covered in the course of the extensive field operations that have been carried on since the year 1883. The net result of the publication of the Novissima Appendix has been the burdening of the Philippine botanical literature with the names of nearly 2,000 species that do not occur in the Archipelago and which for the most part can never be placed in the synonymy of actual Philippine species, as descriptions are lacking, and no herbarium specimens representing them are extant. I quote here two passages from a previous consideration of this work which covers the other points at issue:*’ The most striking example of this phase of Philippine botany—that is, the accrediting to the Archipelago of species that do not extend to the Philippines—is that presented by the “Novissima Appendix” to the third edition of Blanco’s “Flora de Filipinas,” for which Fathers C. Fernandez- Villar and A. Naves are responsible. It we take into consideration the comparatively recent date at which this work was prepared (1877-83), it is difficult to explain the great mass of inaccurate data that was compiled by | these authors. The errors of Blanco, working between the years 1805 and 1845, and of Llanos, working between the years 1850 and 1873, sink into insignificance when compared with those of the authors of the third edition of Blanco’s work. In spite of the more recent date at which Fernandez- Villar and Naves worked, their errors are caused primarily by the same circumstances that influenced the work of Blanco and of Llanos. These causes were essentially a lack of knowledge of the Indo-Malayan flora; a lack of knowledge of the Philippine flora as a whole, due to insufficient botanical exploration; a lack of botanical material, both Philippine and extra-Philippine; a lack of botanical literature; and an inadequate concep- tion of the principles of the geographic distribution of plants. Apparently neither author corresponded with European botanists, and they certainly sent no botanical material to Europe for identification or for comparison with types preserved in various public and private herbaria. In most cases an admitted species is followed by the indication that the authors had seen living specimens, usually with an indication of the island, province, and town in which the plant was alleged to have been seen, and frequently with the citation of native names. Some admissions are based on actual herbarium specimens from the collections of Vidal, but where these have been checked on Vidal’s specimens, the identifications are usually found to be wrong. It seems to be apparent that the authors in compiling the “Novissima Appendix” took the standard books that were available to them, various monographs, Miquel’s “Florae Indiae Batavae,” Hooker’s “Flora of British India,” so far as published, and credited to the Philip- ” Merrill, E. D. Genera and apetien erronaeahy-sretites: No the Faitiy: pine Flora. Philip. Journ. Sci. 10 E (38) Bot. 171-194. 1518622 18 SPECIES BLANCOANAE pines those species they thought ought to grow in the Archipelago. In | almost no case is a reduction of Blanco’s species queried, nor is a specific identification qualified by the addition of a question mark. In the Novissima Appendix numerous new combinations ap- pear, these frequently being erroneously credited to Bentham and Hooker f. The new names are often difficult to detect, and about forty of them have not been included in Index Kewensis or its supplements to date. A list of these has been given elsewhere.'® Naves in his treatment of the Orchidaceae ad- mitted numerous nomina nuda from Boxall’s manuscript list supplied to him by Vidal. There is no way of determining the status of these names, and accordingly the few nomina nuda overlooked by the compilers of Index Kewensis have been ignored by me. The species described by Fernandez-Villar are few in number and for the most part fall as synonyms. Below is given a com- plete list of those described by him as his own species, as those of Vidal, or of Naves. The list includes redescriptions of Blan- coan species, for which Fernandez-Villar usually proposed new specific names, and the few of other authors, such as Presl, Laguna, and Hance. SPECIES DESCRIBED BY FERNANDEZ-VILLAR AND BY NAVES IN THE NOVISSIMA APPENDIX Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 3. _ The basis of this is Reifferscheidia speciosa Pres] Rel. Haenk. 1 (1825) 74, t. 62, which is also the basis of Dillenia speciosa Gilg, non Thunb. It is figured in the third edition of the Flora de Filipinas, t. 354. Fernandez- Villar’s specific name is the correct one for this endemic species. Talauma gigantifolia F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 4, non Miq. From the brief description the form Fernandez-Villar erroneously re- ferred to Miquel’s species is Talawma angatensis (Blanco) F.-Vill. Monocarpia blancoi F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 6. This is nominally a new name for Macanea arborea Blanco and the description applies to the form Blanco described under this name. Mono- carpia blancoi F.-Vill. is a synonym of Alphonsea arborea (Blanco) Merr.; see p. 146. i Pittosporum fernandezii Vidal ex F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 13, Cat. Pl. Prov. Manila (1880) 17. This is a synonym of Pittosporum pentandrum (Blanco) Merr.; see p. 161. Vidalia lepidota F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 18— Kayea paniculata (Blanco) Merr. _. The Philippine plant is not referable to Mesua ? lepidota T. Andr. as Fernandez-Villar supposed. A duplicate of Vidal’s specimen on which Fernandez-Villar’s description was based is preserved in the Kew Herba- “Merrill, E. D. An Interpretation of Rumphius’s Herbarium Amboi- nense (1917) 46-50. : ; INTRODUCTION 19 rium, and it is apparently a small-leaved form of Kayea paniculata (Blanco) Merr.; see p. 267. Vidalia garciae F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 18=Kayea garciae (F.-Vill.) Vesque. A duplicate of Vidal’s specimen, on which the species was based, is preserved in the Kew Herbarium. The species is apparently a valid one. Vidalia navesii F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 18=Kayea navesii (F.-Vill.) Vesque. As is the case with the two other species of Vidalia, described by Fer- nandez-Villar, a duplicate of Vidal’s specimen on which this species was based, is preserved in the Kew Herbarium. It is apparently a valid species of Kayea. Ternstroemia toquian (Blanco) F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 19. This is a redescription of Llanosia toquian Blanco, the species being certainly correctly interpreted by Fernandez-Villar; see p. 264. Kosteletzkya batacensis (Blanco) F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 24. This is a redescription of Hibiscus batacensis Blanco, Blanco’s species being correctly placed by Fernandez-Villar in the genus Kosteletzkya. Fer- nandez-Villar saw no specimens but interpreted the species wholly from Blanco’s description; see p. 255. Connaropsis philippica F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 33. Fernandez-Villar apparently had specimens of Connaropsis (Sarcotheca), his material being from the Island of Panay. No type specimen is extant, and no representative of the genus has appeared in our Philippine collec- tions to date. Fernandez-Villar was certainly wrong in reducing here, as a synonym, Averrhoa pentandra Blanco; see p. 195. His description is the basis of Sarcotheca philippica (F.-Vill.) Hallier f. in Meded. Rijks Herb. 1910 (1911) 2. _ Aegle decandra (Blanco) Naves; F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 38; Vidal Cat. Pl. Prov. Manila (1880) 21. This is a redescription of, and a new name for, Feronia ternata Blanco= Limonia glutinosa Blanco=Aegle glutinosa Merr.=Chaetospermum gluti- nosum (Blanco) Swingle; see p. 203. The species is figured in the third edition of the Flora de Filipinas, t. 124. Dysoxylum salutare F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 42. This is a redescription of, and a new name for, Turraea virens Blanco= Turraea decandrum Blanco=Dysoxylum blancoi Vid.=Dysexylum decan- drum (Blanco) Merr.; see p. 209. _ Allophylus cobbe Blume var. blancoi F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 51, non Allophylus blancoi Blume=Allophylus dimorphus Radlk. A common and. well-known endemic species. Gliricidia maculata HBK.; F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 59. _ Fernandez-Villar gives an ample description of this well-known ato. duced species. Gliricidia maculata HBK. is a synonym of G. sapiwm (Jacq.) Steud.; see p. 180. Pterocarpus erinaceus F.-Vill. Novis: App. (1880) 68, non Poir. = Ptero~ carpus vidalianus Rolfe. Fernandez-Villar gives an ample description of the Fa Rolfe character- ized as Pterocarpus vidalianus; Gagnepain, Not. Syst. 2 (1913) 371, shows that the Philippine form is not the same as P. echinatus Pers. 20 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Xanthostemon verdugonianus Naves; F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 82. An ample description of this endemic species is given; it is figured in the third edition of the Flora de Filipinas, t. 300. Osbornia octodonta F.-Muell.; F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 83. . An ample description is given of this species from Philippine specimens; it is evident that F.-Villar was correct in his identification of Philippine material with this Australian species. Medinilla lagunae Vidal ex F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 89; Cat. Pl. Prov. Manila (1880) 31 (nomen nudum). This is the first publication of the species; it was later briefly described, and figured, by Vidal, Sinopsis, Atlas (1883) ¢. 51, f. F.; a duplicate of Vidal’s type is preserved in the Kew Herbarium. Homalium panayanum F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 84. This is a valid, characteristic, endemic species; it is figured in the third edition of the Flora de Filipinas as Homaliwm grandiflorum (non Benth.) ; see Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 246. Homalium barandae Vidal; F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 94; Cat. Pl. Prov. Manila (1880) 32. This is a valid species. It was later figured by Vidal, Sinopsis, Atlas (1888) t. 53, f. A; see Merrill op. cit. 245. Homalium luzoniense F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 94. This is a new name for specimens in Vidal’s herbarium bearing the latter’s manuscript name Homalium aranga; it was later figured by Vidal, Sinopsis, Atlas (1888) t. 53 f. B. A duplicate of Vidal’s type is in the Kew Herbarium. Dichopsis latifolia F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 124. This is a transfer of Palaquium latifolium Blanco, with an ample re- description of the species. It is a synonym of Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C. B. Rob.; see p. 300. Dichopsis oleifera F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 125. This is a transfer of Palaquium oleiferum Blanco, with a brief descrip- tion from a sterile specimen. I consider Palaquiwm oleiferwm Blanco to be the same as Palaquium latifolium Blanco; see page 300. Dichopsis luzoniensis F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 125=Palaquium luzo- niense (F.-Vill.) Vidal. Fernandez-Villar gives an ample description of this well-known species. It is figured in the third edition of the Flora de pane as Siege latifolium (non Blanco), t. 423. Clerodendron blancoanum F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 161. This is a redescription of, and a new name for, Ligustrum eabiétaiesiors Blanco. It is a synonym of Clerodendron quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr.; see p. 335. Myristica heterophylla F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 118=Knema glomerata (Blanco) Merr. Fernandez-Villar gives an ample description of this common species, which is the basis of Knema heterophylla Warb.; see p. 151. Quercus ovalis Blanco; F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 208. This is a redescription of Blanco’s species, which was apparently many interpreted by perchance ore see p. 120. INTRODUCTION 21 Quercus woodii Hance; F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 208. A redescription of Hance’s species, the data entirely from Hance’s original diagnosis. Quercus jordanae Laguna; F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 208. A redescription of this species, the data entirely from Laguna’s original diagnosis. Quercus vidalii F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 209. This form was later figured by Vidal, Sinopsis, Atlas (1883) t. 92 f. B, and rightly or wrongly has been reduced by me to Quercus jordanae La- guna; see Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 322. A duplicate of Vidal’s specimen on which it was based is preserved in the Kew Herbarium. ¢ Quercus caraballoana F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 209. This I have reduced to Quercus jordanae Laguna, which is apparently the correct disposition of it. The type collection, Vidal, does not appear to be extant. Habenaria cordata Naves Novis. App. (1880) 251. From the description and the locality cited, this is apparently a synonym of Habenaria diphylla Dalz. Semecarpus gigantifolia F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1883) 350. This was published on June 15, 1883, but was also briefly described and also figured as Semecarpus gigantéfolia Vidal, Sinopsis, Atlas (1883) XXII, t. $2 f. A. There is no means of determining which author has priority. The species is a most characteristic one, now represented in various herbaria by a number of collections from various parts of Luzon. CONTEMPORARY OPINIONS REGARDING BLANCO’S WORK AND THE EARLY ATTEMPTS TO ELUCIDATE HIS SPECIES In the Philippines the work of Blanco was popularly sup- posed to be of a very high order, and locally he was ranked among the most eminent botanists of the world. The value placed on his work by the Augustinian Order, of which he was a member, was so high that in 1877-83, over thirty years after Blanco’s death, a sumptuous and very expensive third edition of his Flora de Filipinas was issued, in six volumes, folio, of which four volumes are text and two volumes are plates. This edition is fully discussed elsewhere; see p. 9. — In Europe, however, Blanco’s work was considered more as a curiosity than as a valuable contribution to our knowledge of systematic botany, ‘and no botanist familiar with the work is justified in giving it high rank in comparison with similar con- temporary works on other countries. The first mention of Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas of which I have any record is the rather extensive review by George Toes Lay,’® who abstracts data regarding about fifteen _* Chinese Repository 7 (1888) 422-487. 22 SPECIES BLANCOANAE species and gives some additional information based on his own observations. The next review that appeared is by Lindley,?? who gives a brief summary of the contents of the first edition, estimating the number of species described at about eleven hundred, and enumerating the new genera proposed. Regarding the work in general Lindley states: ‘“‘A great proportion [of the species] are referred to Linnean plants, it is needless to say with but little probability of their belonging to them,” and closes his review with this statement: “For the opportunity of examining this curious work I am indebted to the Hon. W. F. Strangways, by whom it has been presented to the library of the Horticul- tural Society.” In 1842 Walpers”: published a comprehensive review of the first edition of the Flora de Filipinas, translating into Latin the descriptions of the new species proposed by Blanco. The consideration includes the first 447 species described, up to and including Vatica mangachapoi, page 401. About 180 de- — scriptions were translated into Latin. No new names appear in this work other than Bauhinia pinnata Walp. for what should be Bauhinia binata Blanco. The species, with this exception, appear under the names assigned to them by Blanco. The article closes with the statement “continuabitur,” but no more was printed as the “‘Litteratur-Bericht” was discontinued with volume 16 of Linnaea. Doctor J. K. Hasskarl *? in connection with his work of eluci- dating or interpreting the work of the pre-Linnaean authors Rumphius and Rheede, commenced the publication of a critical consideration of Blanco’s species, but the work does not extend beyond a discussion of the first thirty-three species of the first edition, pages 1 to 24, as far as Tetrandria, Monogynia. In attempting to elucidate the first thirty-three species described 2 by Blanco, Hasskarl proposed eleven new binomials, which, with one exception, fall as synonyms; so that it is perhaps fortunate that the work commenced by him was never completed, or at least never published. Hasskarl attempted to interpret Blanco’s species from the descriptions, had little knowledge of the Phil- _ ippine flora, and naturally made numerous errors in his deduc- tions and conclusions. * Bot. Reg. 25 (1839) Miscel. 75, 76. * Linnaea 16 (1842) Litt.-Bericht 1-68. *M. Blanco, Flora de Filipinas, tibersetzt und eeenic i beleuchtet von J. K. Hasskarl. Flora 47 (1864) 17-23; 49-59. we i a Di a i is Oh INTRODUCTION 23 The new names proposed by him are as follows: Hellenia gracilis Hassk.=Kolowratia elegans Presl. Zingiber blancoi Hassk.=Zingiber officinale Rose. Roscoea nigro-ciliata Hassk.=Curcuma zedoaria Rosc. Roscoea lutea Hassk.=Curcuma zedoaria Rose. Jasminum blancoi Hassk.=Jasminum sambac Ait. Jasminum aculeatum Walp.” Dicliptera viridis Hassk.=Hypoestes cinerea C. B. Clarke. Rostellularia blancoi Hassk.=Rostellularia procumbens Nees. Didymocarpus ? blancoi Hassk.=Ilysanthes australis Merr. Dopatrium aristatum Hassk.=? Dopatrium junceum Ham, Bonnaya personata Hassk.—Ilysanthes serrata Urb. The eminent botanist J. D. Hooker ** characterizes Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas as follows: The ‘Flora de Filipinas’ of Father Blanco, published at Manila in 1837, ‘is a botanical curiosity, written in Spanish. The descriptions are inte!- ligible, but, from the author’s want of acquaintance with scientific works, so many well known plants are treated as new, that we consider it unde- sirable to devote time to their identification. Alphonse de Candolle,?> speaks of Blanco’s work as follows: Il est 4 regretter que ces révérends ecclésiastiques [Blanco and Loureiro] et méme le Pére Plumier, leur prédécesseur ne se soint pas contentés d’écrire des homélies. Bonnes on les aurait lues, mauvaises on les aurait mises de eété; tandis qu’ en histoire naturelle l’existence de certains noms et de certaines planches rend nécessaire de consulter indéfiniment les plus mau- vais ouvrages. While we must agree with these authorities regarding the value of Blanco’s work, yet it must be thoroughly understood ‘that Blanco made no claim to being a botanist. He definitely states ** that he had neither instructors nor herbaria, nor scarcely any books. On commencing his investigations his only botan- ical work was the Systema Vegetabilium of Linnaeus (the edi- tion not indicated), but later he secured other works of the same author, Jussieu’s Genera Plantarum, and other books. Regard- ing his work I translate Blanco’s own statement: _ It was never my intention to frame a treatise on plants that would be worthy of publication. Mere curiosity impelled me to write what I con- * This new combination, based on Mogoriuwm aculeatum Blanco, is credited by Hasskarl to Walpers in Linnaea 16 (1842) Litt.-Bericht, where it does not occur, the species being considered by Walpers as Mogorium aculeatum Blanco. Jasminum aculeatum (Blanco) Walp. is apparently a valid species. _™ Hooker f. and Thomson T. Flora Indica 1 (1855) Introductory Essay 56. . : *La Phytographie (1880) 141. *Fl. Filip. (1837) Prologo III. 24 SPECIES BLANCOANAE sidered interesting, but some persons who heard of my work urged me to publish it. This I have done after correcting many errors which were due to haste and want of attention when it was written. I have enlarged it as much as the circumstances in which I was placed permitted me, and, although still containing mistakes and being far from perfect, it will at least serve to give a limited knowledge of the great botanical wealth of this fertile and pleasant country, and at the same time stimulate others to proceed with the work. Considering the circumstances under which it was written, Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas even if it is a curious work is also a remarkable book in some respects. Few botanists in any country or in any time have labored under greater disadvan- tages, and Blanco must be credited with initiative, industry, and perseverance. Most of the facts recorded are the result of his own observation, and even if he did make numerous grave errors in interpretation of species, his descriptions, as such, on the whole compare favorably with those of his con- temporaries. In fact his descriptions in general, on account of their length, are distinctly superior to the very brief diag- noses appearing in the older botanical literature as a means of interpreting the species intended. The fact should not be overlooked that species proposed by the early European authors, frequently very imperfectly characterized, are more often inter- preted by an examination of the actual type specimens preserved in various public and private herbaria, than by the descriptions themselves; in fact a very high percentage of all species de- scribed are more or less unintelligible without access to the actual specimens, or duplicates of them, on which they were — : based. Unfortunately Blanco preserved no herbarium material, and accordingly his species must be interpreted solely by the published data. THE WORK OF LOCAL INVESTIGATORS ON BLANCO’S FLORA DE FILIPINAS In addition to Walpers’s attempt to make Blanco’s descriptions of new species more generally available by translating them into Latin, and Hasskarl’s abortive attempt to interpret the species described, the interpretation of Blanco’s species has been the subject of special work by Llanos, Fernandez-Villar and Naves, and myself. In addition to these special works, none of them satisfactory, species described by Blanco in various families have been generally considered, often with little suc- cess, by authors of various monographs of families, tribes, and genera in the past eighty years. : ing INTRODUCTION 25 LLANOS Llanos, who was Blanco’s immediate successor and who had supplied data to Blanco in the preparation of the second edition of the Flora de Filipinas, published a series of papers between the years 1851 and 1873," which are of relatively slight impor- tance and, so far as interpretations of Blanco’s species are concerned, are notoriously inaccurate. Llanos’s papers are reprinted by F.-Villar and Naves in the third edition of Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas,** the miscellaneous descriptions being in- cluded in the reprint of Llanos’s “Fragmentos,” with translations into Latin of all descriptions originally published by Llanos in Spanish. The second and third papers given in the footnote, are reprinted by F.-Villar and Naves under the title: “Appendix sive tentamen aliud novi supplementi ad Floram Insularum Philippinarum secundae editionis cum revisione aliquorum gen- erum quae in ea continentur.”’ ”° The “Fragmentos” consists chiefly of the descriptions of new species or of species of older authors credited to the Philippines by Llanos. Nearly all of the new species proposed fall as synonyms, while most of the interpretations of the species of older authors have been shown to be erroneous. In his “Revi- sion aliquorum generum” sixty-eight of the species character- ized by Blanco in the second edition of the Flora de Filipinas “Llanos, A. Fragmentos de algunas plantas de Filipinas, no incluidas’ en la Flora de las islas de la 1*. ni 2”. edicién. Dispuestas segun el sistema Linneaho por el P. Fr. Antonio Llanos, Agustino Calzado (1851) 1—125. —— Revisio aliquorum generum, quae in Flora insularum Philippinarum secundae editionis continentur. Mem. Acad. Cienc. Madr. III 4 (1857) 507— 509. —— Nuevo apéndice 6 suplemento 4 la Flora de Filipinas. Mem. Acad. Cienc. Madr. III 4 (1857) 495-505, plate 1. —— Columniferae-Sterculiae. Bot. Zeit. 15 (1857) 423; reprinted in Mem. Acad. Cienc. Madr. II 4 (1857) 501, plate. —— Encinas y otros — rad Filipinas. Rey. Progr. Cienc. 15 (1865) 55. — po especie del genero a I i op. cit. 55. —— Nueva Urticacea de Filipinas, op. cit. 191, —— Sobre la Graminea llamada Dava en Filipinas, op. cit. 251. —— Nueva descripcién del Pasac (Mimusops erythroxylon Boj.), arbol de Filipinas, con la primera figura del mismo. Anal, oe Esp. Hist. Nat. 2 (1873) 255, 256, t. 10. isis tie ct haa eich And Aiea Si sRiokAiniie antniniom ie: le de Luzon. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 7 (1875) 209-207, t. 7. *4* (1880) 1-108. ” Op. cit. 99-106. © 26 SPECIES BLANCOANAE were reduced to those described by other authors, but fifty-five of the sixty-eight reductions are erroneous. Llanos, however, realized the importance of preserving botanical material, which his predecessor, Blanco, and his immediate successors, Fernan- dez-Villar and Naves, failed to appreciate. He prepared and sent botanical specimens representing at least some of his species to the de Candolle Herbarium at Geneva, Switzerland, and to the Museum d’Histoire Naturelle at Paris, France, where they are still preserved. In his method of work he also showed superiority over his colleagues in the Philippines in that he cor- — responded with various European botanists. FERNANDEZ-VILLAR AND NAVES The work of Fernandez-Villar and Naves in interpreting Blanco’s species is fully treated under the Novissima Appendix, page 14. MERRILL In organizing the botanical work for the Philippine Govern- — i ment in 1902 it soon became apparent that a special effort must be made to locate and to determine the status of as many of Blanco’s species as possible. Preliminary work on the subject © : at once showed that the reductions proposed by Fernandez- Villar and Naves were very inaccurate. Accordingly, utilizing the work of Fernandez-Villar and Naves as a basis, work was commenced in 1903 in compiling data regarding Blanco’s species, and this work was completed the following year and published in April, 1905.*° Fernandez-Villar and Naves placed to their entire satisfaction all but about ten or twelve of the species described by Blanco, but an elementary knowledge of the Philippine flora showed — at once that a high percentage of their reductions was wrong, as in numerous cases Blanco’s species were reduced to those of other authors that were not known to occur in the Archi- — pelago. My work was compiled when my knowledge of the Phil- ippine Flora was exceedingly limited, when the local herbarium, the preparation of which was commenced in 1902, contained but a few thousand specimens, and when the library facilities available in Manila were very inadequate. . The species were arranged in the Bentham and Hooker se- quence of families, under each Blancoan species being given ‘the references to the first and second editions, the native names ” Merrill, E. D. A Review of the Identifications of the Species described in Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas. Govt. Lab. Publ. [Philip.] 27 (1905) 1-182. INTRODUCTION 27 cited by Blanco, and the reduction so far as such reduction could be determined. When necessary additional data were given, such as the locality in which Blanco observed the species, the time of flowering, and other brief notes. The species of uncertain status were indicated by an asterisk, these totaling two hundred and thirty-six. Too much dependence was placed on the generic identifications of Fernandez-Villar and Naves, which for lack of special knowl- edge of the problem I was obliged to accept, in whole or in part, in 1904. With a more intensive knowledge of the Philippine flora and a critical study of Blanco’s descriptions it has become clear that they were totally wrong in their reductions in numerous cases. Appended to the systematic enumeration was an index to Latin names used by Blanco in the first and second editions of the Flora de Filipinas, giving page references to my own work, to the first, second, and third editions of the Flora de Filipinas, and to the Novissima Appendix of Fernandez-Villar and Naves. A supplementary index to native names was also included for convenience in field work. The object of this work, which succeeding events justified, was thus stated: The present paper has been prepared in order to summarize in convenient form our present knowledge of the species of plants described by Blanco and to call especial attention to such as are at present unknown, in order that collectors in the future may have some guide in collecting material which may serve to clear up the identity of some of his unknown species *. .* *. For the. best interests of Philippine botany it is very essential that every effort be made to properly identify the large number of unknown species proposed by Blanco, as with so many in our flora a stable nomen- clature cannot be established until the majority are properly identified. From time to time various Blancoan species were discussed by me in miscellaneous papers on the Philippine flora, and one supplementary special paper was issued on the subject.** In this paper critical notes are given on forty-eight of Blanco’s species that were for the most part not definitely placed in my first paper on Blanco’s species. FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN INTERPRETING BLANCOAN SPECIES In the first and second editions of his Flora de Filipinas Blanco described a total of 1,136 plants under binomial or tri- nomial names; the trinomials for the most part occur under "Merrill, E. D. Additional identifications of the species described in Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 429-436. 28 SPECIES BLANCOANAE i Oryza, all here proposed being properly reducible to Oryza sativa Linn., and under Musa, these being mostly cultural forms of Musa sapientum Linn. or M. paradisiaca Linn. Owing to changes in nomenclature in the second edition, the total number of names proposed by Blanco for his 1,136 species and varieties is about 1,386. A critical study of Blanco’s species has shown that he fre- quently described the same species twice, or sometimes three or even four times under different specific names, either in the i same or in different genera. In about 148 cases reductions have been made in this connection, so that the total number of dif- ferent species actually described by Blanco is but about 993 assuming that the fifty species, still of doubtful status, are really distinct from the forms otherwise described by Blanco. Fernandez-Villar and Naves reduced all but about ten or twelve of Blanco’s species, while in my previous consideration of the work, I indicated two hundred and thirty-six as of doubt- ful status. This number has now been reduced to about fifty, which for one reason or another I have been unable to interpret. In many cases these remaining doubtful species are those very briefly and imperfectly described, and there is little reason to believe that such species can be located. In other cases it is entirely probable that data and material may eventually be secured by which some of the species can be located and their ~ status determined. Blanco published about 686 new binomials and trinomials, of which approximately 195 supply the valid specific names for the various species under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Wherever Blanco’s names can be shown to be valid, they have been accepted by me, the ——_ being reduced in the following critical enumeration. © _ Six hundred and ninety binomials originally proposed by other authors were assigned by Blanco to Philippine species described by him, on the assumption in each case that the Philipine plant really represented the species originally described under the same binomial. Blanco’s percentage of error in interpreting species of other authors is remarkably high, which, however, was only the natural result of his methods of work. Over four hundred of these binomials, or about 60 per cent, were misapplied. I have invariably assumed that these misinterpreted binomials | are invalid, which is the only logical method of treating them. Hallier f.,°* however, takes a different view of this matter, as) ROE ST * Beihefte Bot. Centralbl. 34? (1916) 42. INTRODUCTION 29 indicated by his proposition to adopt Exacum albens Blanco (1837) non Linnaeus (1753) as the valid name for the Malayan plant commonly but erroneously referred to Exacum tetragonum Roxb. Eaacum albens Linn. is the name-bringing synonym of Sebaea albens R. Br., and as a synonym Hallier, like many other botanists, does not recognize that it invalidates the use of the same specific name for another species of Hxacum. If this prin- ciple be applied to all of Blanco’s misinterpreted binomials, his specific names would have to be adopted in numerous cases. I hold that the publication of a binomial, whether such binomial be valid or a synonym, invalidates the future use of the same specific name for any other species under the same generic name; any other method of treating such names merely adds to the chaotic condition of binomial nomenclature. In determining the status of Blanco’s species many factors must be taken into consideration. The supplementary data given by Blanco for his various species are not infrequently of greater importance in determining his species than are the descriptions themselves. Utilizing our vast amount of accumulated data on the Philippine flora and our fairly intensive knowledge of the flora of those regions chiefly explored by Blanco, and comparing our material and data with Blanco’s descriptions, it has been pos- sible to determine with a definite degree of certainty the identity of a high percentage of his species. This even applies in those cases where his descriptions are faulty or erroneous; short and very imperfect; and where they are based on material orig- inating from two different species or even from representatives of different genera or families. Much of the data necessary to a clear understanding of many of the species could, of necessity, be secured only by field work with special reference to the problem. Previous attempts to determine just what Blanco intended by many of his species have in many cases proved abortive. European botanists working only with dried specimens; with no knowledge of the Philippine flora from actual field work; with few or no notes accompanying their dried specimens; with no knowledge of the local names and uses of plants, their occur- rence, relative abundance, time of flowering or fruiting, and other factors, have naturally been unable in many cases prop- erly to interpret Blancoan species, and authors of various mono- graphs have accordingly been obliged to compile descriptions from the data given by Blanco and to treat numerous species as unknown or imperfectly known. Local botanists up to the ene of the ania century 30 SPECIES BLANCOANAE were handicapped by a lack of knowledge of the Philippine flora, due to insufficient exploration; by the consequent lack of her- baria; and by the lack of literature. Above all they were limited . by their lack of knowledge of the Indo-Malayan flora. The 4 work of Llanos, Fernandez-Villar, and Naves in interpreting . Blancoan species is noteworthily faulty, inexact, and not to be trusted. Their knowledge of the Indo-Malayan flora was gained entirely from a study of the scanty literature that was q available to them; they had no true conception of the principles ’ of geographic distribution of plants; and they failed to realize the very high percentage of endemism that characterizes the Philippine flora. While they may have had a fairly good knowl- edge of Blanco’s species as such, their reductions of them to a Indo-Malayan species that do not extend to the Philippines are 2 notoriously erroneous in a high percentage of cases. 4 While Blanco called his work a Flora of the Philippines, it is manifest that he did not intend it as a complete flora. It contains descriptions of not more than one-tenth of the species that actually occur in the Archipelago. He definitely states that he included what he considered to be of value or interest, and not infrequently discusses this or that species as being worthy of a place in his work. As noted elsewhere no exhaustive field work was undertaken, the vast areas of virgin forests were scarcely explored, and no attention was given to the rich and characteristic vegetation of the higher mountains. Large and critical families such as the Orchidaceae, Gramineae, and Cyper- aceae, and the Pteridophyta were largely ignored, only a few of the more conspicuous or common species of each group or those of economic importance being described. Thus among the few grasses described we find rice, Italian millet, maize, sugar cane, sorghum, a few bamboos, and a few of the more common and conspicuous or curious non-cultivated grasses. The same is generally true of all the larger families of plants. Cultivated — plants, ornamentals, and native species of economic importance © were given prominence. i Blanco, having no conception of the principles of geographic © distribution of plants, was influenced in his selection of generic and specific names by the limited literature at his command. He > made no attempt in the first edition of his flora to account for. species actually described from Philippine material by other — authors, but did attempt to interpret a few such species in the second edition. Many indigenous and endemic species he iden- tified with species of other authors, based on American material, yet on the other hand described as new various species of Amer- INTRODUCTION ‘Cae ican origin that had been introduced and were cultivated or naturalized in the Philippines. Many of the forms he described as new were based on material originating in the settled areas at low altitudes, species for the most part common and of wide geographic distribution, with the result that a high percentage of his new species must be reduced as synonyms of species previously described by other authors, as in general but about 12 per cent of the species found in the settled areas at low and medium altitudes in the Philippines are endemic. It is a well-known fact that Blanco did not permanently pre- serve botanical material,** although it seems probable that he did preserve temporarily some specimens, which in the course of time were destroyed, as their value was not realized. Most of his descriptions were based on fresh material collected by himself or brought to him by other persons; but some descrip- tions were based on dried specimens received from his various colleagues, notably from Azaola, and later from Llanos. From Blanco’s own statement * it is evident that he did not accomplish any great amount of field work, at least in the sense of botanical exploration as such. Further his botanical work was intermittent and extended over a period of many years. He definitely states ** that on account of the great difficulty in securing material and data he at times became so discouraged that sometimes entire years passed in which he added nothing to his notes. It is then natur- ally to be expected, that descriptions written at long intervals would scarcely be comparative, even within the same genus, especially in view of the fact that many of them were written as he had opportunity to examine plants in the course of his travels and when he naturally did not have access to his own notes. The fact that he preserved no material for purposes of future study and comparison explains many discrepancies in his descriptions, and the reason why he often described the Same species twice under different names in the same or in different genera. “ Botanical material preserved in the herbarium of the Jardin Botanico, Madrid, credited to Blanco by Colmeiro [Bosquejo Hist. Jard. Bot. Madrid 88], and by A. de Candolle [La Phytographie (1880) 395] has been shown by Vidal [Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 14] not to have been collected or transmitted by Blanco. i “Fl. Filip. (1837) 728, sub. Quercus cerris, translation: For those who love the study of nature it is truly lamentable that neither prayers, supplica- tions, nor money will bring to the light of knowledge the precious things of the Philippine forests. “Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) Prologo III. 32 SPECIES BLANCOANAE From his method of work errors were unavoidable. These errors consisted of faulty original observations which could not be later corrected by consultation of specimens on which the original descriptions were based; of descriptions, in some cases, of individual species based on material originating from entirely different plants, sometimes belonging in distinct families; of describing the same species twice under different genera, once from flowering specimens and once from fruiting specimens; and, from placing too much dependence on the Linnean system of classification, by describing the same species twice under different genera, in different classes, from flowering specimens. Thus Paliurus lamio Blanco is based on leaves and flowers of some species of Canarium of the Burseraceae, and a fruiting speci- men of Dracontomelum of the Anacardiaceae; Trichilia volubilis Blanco, a species of wholly doubtful status, is apparently based on leaf specimens of some species of Derris of the Leguminosae, perhaps on the fruits of some meliaceous plant, and as to the properties and native names ascribed to it, Albizzia saponaria Benth. ; Cedrela taratara Blanco is apparently based on the wood of Pterocarpus of the Leguminosae, and perhaps the leaves of some species of Dysoxylum or Aglaia of the Meliaceae; Illigera luzonensis (Presl) Merr. is described from flowering specimens as Gronovia ternata Blanco, and from fruiting specimens as Halesia ternata Blanco; Alchornea sicca (Blanco) Merr. is described both as Hxcaecaria sicca Blanco and as Croton drupaceum Blan- co; Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. is described both as Pongatiuwm spongiosum Blanco and as Reichelia palustris Blanco; Plectronia glandulosa (Blanco) Merr. is described as Ixora glandulosa — Blanco and again as Polyozus bipinnatus Blanco. There are numerous other similar cases. In some cases species were named and described from the statements of others; that is, on hearsay evidence. Notable _ examples of this are Mangifera anisodora Blanco, which is mani-— festly nothing but a form of the common Mangifera indica Linn. and Musa paradisiaca var. ulnaris Blanco. In the case of this — banana Blanco states that it was known only to the Negritos of © Bataan, and that the fruits were a braza in length, that is about — two meters, that they were as thick as the calf of one’s leg, « and that the raceme was reduced to a solitary fruit. In all probability this relation was based primarily on the banana ~ locally known as tundoc, the largest one in the Philippines, the : fruits of which are about 30 centimeters in length. While Blanco correctly treated many of the genera proposed INTRODUCTION 33 by previous authors, numerous others were misinterpreted. In many cases his conception of the genus was very vague, and he often assigned to a generic name species that manifestly belong in entirely different genera or in entirely distinct families. Thus Paederia includes representatives of both Paederia and Psychotria; Ixora contains species of Ixora, Scyphiphora, and Plectronia; Sterculia contains species of Sterculia, Knema, and perhaps Myristica; Nauclea contains representatives of the closely allied Nauclea (Sarcocephalus) and Neonauclea, and also of the entirely distinct araliaceous genus Schefflera (§ Cepha- loscheera) ; Mimosa includes species of Acacia, Pithecolobium, Schrankia, Mimosa, Albizzia, Pterolobium, Adenanthera, and Parkia. This list could be greatly extended, but enough is given to indicate some of the difficulties encountered in dealing with Blanco’s genera. In various descriptions Blanco has misconstrued certain char- acters. Thus the distichous leaves on the branchlets of certain rubiaceous and myrtaceous plants are frequently described as pinnate or even as bipinnate leaves. On the contrary he some- times described leaflets of pinnate leaves as simple leaves. Thus it frequently happens that one must construe Blanco’s descrip- tions rather than to take his use of technical terms as always strictly correct. In a few cases galls have been described as fruits, a notable case being that of the echinate galls of Shorea guiso Blume; from such material Blanco described the species as Euphoria malaanonan Blanco, which is considered in the second edition as “Euphoria ? nephelium?” He realized from his specific name malaanonan that he was dealing with a dip- terocarpous tree; yet on account of its Nephelium-like “fruits” (really galls), he later placed it in the genus Euphoria of the Sapindaceae. In numerous cases Blanco gives the exact locality in which he observed the species described. His material was for the most part from Luzon, and chiefly from the provinces near Manila. The regions from which most of his material was se- cured are what is now Rizal Province, especially from the vicinity of Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Union, Ilocos Sur, and Ilocos Norte, and a few from other provinces such as Cavite, Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines, Tayabas, etc. Few species were from other islands than Luzon, such as Mindoro, Marinduque, Cebu, Negros, and Bohol, but none were from as far south as Mindanao. Most of his material was from the easily accessible regions at low altitudes, from the settled areas in the immediate vicinity 1518628 34 SPECIES BLANCOANAE of towns, second-growth forests and thickets, but little from the virgin forests, and none from the higher mountains. Even from medium altitudes but few species were described, the no- table ones being but four, Pinus taeda Blanco (=P. insularis Endl), Llanosia toquian Blanco (=Ternstroemia toquian F. Vill.), Blechnum colobrinum Blanco (=-Oleandra -neriiformis Cav), and Nepenthes alata Blanco. Naturally in searching for material to elucidate or represent Blanco’s species the actual field work must in large part be confined to low altitudes and to those regions from which Blanco received his material. : ‘As Blanco frequently mentioned the exact locality in which he observed many of his species, this factor has been of especial importance in the identification of them. It has thus been pos- sible to locate many of his species by field work in special local- ities. To illustrate this matter a few special cases will suffice: Borago indica Linn. = Trichodesma indicum R. Br. was cor- rectly interpreted by Blanco in the second edition of his Flora de Filipinas. Blanco states that he observed it in peanut plan- tations in the town of Parafiaque south of Manila. This annual weed has persisted in this locality, can now be found in practically every peanut plantation in Parafiaque, but has scarcely been detected elsewhere in the Philippines. Mimosa quadrivalvis Linn.=Schrankia quadrivalvis (Linn.) Merr. was correctly inter- preted by Blanco in the first edition of the Flora de Filipinas ; Blanco’s description applies unmistakably to this species, which was introduced from Mexico apparently at an early date. Up to the year 1907, no collector had found this species in the Phil- ippines, and I had about concluded that it had become extinct in the Archipelago when a single fragmentary specimen was received from Mindanao. Blanco’s specimens were from Mainit, Bauang, Batangas Province, Luzon, and exploration of this locality in 1915 showed that the species is now very abundant in the place where Blanco observed it some time before the year 1837. Thus Cynanchum viminale Blanco = Sarcostemma bruno- nianum W. & A. is still very abundant at Punta de Azufre, Batangas Province, Luzon, where Blanco observed it, but is known from but few other localities in the Philippines; and ( Adelia papillaris Blanco = Mallotus papillaris Merr., very in- adequately described by Blanco, can still be found in thickets in the neighborhood of Guadalupe, the type locality of the species. In other cases special species cannot now be found within © many miles of the localities mentioned by Blanco in his descrip- tions. In the more densely populated parts of the Philippines INTRODUCTION 35 the vegetation has suffered enormously in the past century. In Blanco’s time it is evident from his own statements that virgin forests existed in the immediate vicinity of the town of Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon ; to-day one must travel for many hours from Angat before he can find any vestiges of the virgin forest. The original vegetation has been destroyed by the primitive prev- alent caingin system of agriculture; that is by felling: and burning the trees on a selected area, abandoning this area after one or two seasons, and clearing another one. The virgin forest thus destroyed is replaced by thickets and second-growth forests in aspect and in constituent species totally different from the original vegetation; by dense bamboo thickets; or by open grasslands characterized especially by the dominance of the cogon, or lalang grass (Imperata). It must be fully realized, in attempting to interpret: Blan- co’s species, that the Philippine flora is a very complex one: While very many of Blanco’s species are naturally of wide geo- graphic distribution, others are very local. It is not sufficient to base an interpretation of many of Blanco’s species on a specimen labelled “Philippines” as a high percentage of our species are strictly local, and very many are known from but a single locality. Whenever possible a Blancoan species should be interpreted by specimens originating as near as possible to the exact place indicated by Blanco, that is, by topotypes. In very many cases the native names cited by Blanco and by Llanos have furnished the first clue to the identity of their spe- cies. This is especially true in those cases where the descriptions are very incomplete, and where, due to misinterpretations of genera, species were wrongly placed. From the description of Rhamnus lando Lianos, for example, while it is evident that it applies to no rhamnaceous plant, no botanist would ever suspect that a species of Embelia of the Myrsinaceae was intended, and I believe that it would have been impossible for any botanist properly to interpret the species except for the clue supplied by the Tagalog name lando cited by Llanos; material received under this name agrees perfectly with Llanos’s description. Cases like this are very numerous, and it has thus been possible to secure data and material of the very greatest value in con: nection with this investigation by prosecuting field work in special localities with special reference to the native names of plants. Native names are naturally not always used correctly by Blanco, and in some cases we have never been able to find certain names cited bee him in use; these may now be obsolete. 36 SPECIES BLANCOANAE It is apparent that not all of the names recorded by Blanco were based on his own researches, but were copied from other authors, notably from the work of Clain.* THE EXSICCATA “SPECIES BLANCOANAE” In 1912 it occurred to me that, as Blanco preserved no botan- ical material, the preparation of an exsiccata to consist of speci- . mens that should represent the various species described by him, as these were understood by me after long experience in the field and a critical study of each individual description, would be very desirable. It was realized that the distribution of such an exsiccata to the larger botanical institutions would do much to fix the status of Blanco’s species, provided the work of selec- tion was critically done. By reference to the actual specimens other botanists would be able to check my conclusions and deter- mine individually the status and relationships of the various species, and the correctness or error in my conclusions in those cases where there is a reasonable cause for difference in opinion either in my interpretations of Blanco’s species or those of other _ authors where reductions have been made. In other words a critically prepared exsiccata would supply a fairly dependable series of specimens that to a large degree would take the place of Blanco’s “types” which were never preserved. In accordance with thisidea it was decided to prepare an exsiccata of sixteen sets, to be distributed to a selected list of botanical institutions in various countries, so that the specimens would become generally available to botanists concerned with the problems associated with the Indo-Malayan and Philippine floras, and with the preparation of monographs or revisions of various natural groups of plants. For this exsiccata the title “Species Blancoanae” was selected. In assembling material for this exsiccata, which contains more than 16,900 specimens, the original idea was to include only those species described by Blanco as new, and those interpreted | by Blanco under binomials of other authors where the actual plant described by Blanco did not pertain to the binomial under. which it was placed. As the work progressed it became evident that the plan must be modified as it was discovered that in some cases Blanco’s descriptions of species of older authors, where the species had been correctly interpreted by him, had been made the basis of new binomials. The plan was then changed *Clain, P. Remedios faciles para diferentes enfermedades (1712). 1-298. I have not seen the original edition of this work, but a second edition was — published in Manila in 1857, pp. XXXI + 1-638, index. INTRODUCTION 37 to include in the easiccata all species described by Blanco of which it was possible to secure specimens, whether proposed by him as new or whether correctly or incorrectly interpreted spe- cies of other authors. Still later it became apparent that the work of Llanos on the Philippine flora was logically to be treated in the same manner as that of Blanco. Llanos was a colleague of Blanco during the latter years of this author’s life, and was his immediate suc- cessor in matters pertaining to the Philippine flora. As, com- paratively speaking, Llanos’s work is of slight importance and scarcely worthy of separate consideration; as his species are even more obscure than are those of Blanco; and as his work is in the nature of a continuation of Blanco’s labors, it was later decided further to modify the original plan by including a critical consideration of Llanos’s species with those of Blanco. I have accordingly included in the exsiccata ‘Species Blancoanae” speci- mens representing Llanos’s species where their status could be determined with reasonable certainty, and where Petre rePy resenting them could be secured. The exsiccata “Species Blancoanae” includes 1,060 Bp dg the result of several years work on this problem. When the plan of securing this material was first adopted naturally mate- rial representing several hundred of the commoner and well- known species was quickly secured. After these were collected the work progressed very slowly, and toward the last resolved itself into special trips to specific localities, often at special seasons, to secure material representing individual species. Un- fortunately many of Blanco’s species were unknown, and the plan has further involved a critical study of all his descriptions of species of doubtful status, their identification, and then their collection. This has involved considerable special correspond- ence with various officials in many parts of the Philippines, special trips of exploration, and a careful survey of special localities mentioned by Blanco. It has not always been possible to secure the desired material, even when the exact status of a species was known. In some cases the species has not been found in flower or in fruit, and sterile material has of necessity been substituted. In other cases it has been very difficult to secure the desired material in suffi- cient quantity for a set of sixteen specimens. In the case of some rarely cultivated species, specimens have actually been grown from seeds or cuttings. Curiously some fairly well-known and widely distributed species have so far escaped collection in suf- ficient quantity for the exsiccata, although many have been re- 38 SPECIES BLANCOANAE ceived in current collections during the time the exsiccata has been in preparation, but without a sufficient number of dupli- cates. Naturally it has not been possible to secure material illustrating those species described by Blanco or by Llanos whose status is now entirely uncertain or unknown, but fortunately the list of doubtful species is now very greatly reduced. Most of the material utilized in the preparation of the exsic- cata “Species Blancoanae” has been collected by employees of the Bureau of Science, many sets by myself, some by Eugenio Fénix, but a much larger number by Maximo Ramos. I have had the cordial codperation of Doctor F. W. Foxworthy, of the Bureau of Forestry, and of other employees in that Bureau in securing specimens to represent special species. A few sets have kindly been supplied by Mr. C. A. Wenzel, of Jaro, Leyte; Mr. D. L. Topping and Mrs. Mary Strong Clemens, of Manila; by Doctor F. C. Gates, formerly of the College of Agriculture at Los Bafios, Laguna Province; by Mr. Rafael Lete, San Fernando, Union Province; and by Father M. Vanoverbergh, of the Belgian Mission, Mountain Province, Luzon. The assistance granted by these individuals, but for which the exsiccata must have been much more incomplete than it is, is gratefully acknowledged. — SYSTEMATIC ENUMERATION AND DISCUSSION OF THE VARIOUS SPECIES THALLOPHYTA ALGAE CHLOROPHYCEAE ULVACEAE ENTEROMORPHA Harvey Ulva intestinalis Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 842; ed. 2 (1845) 582; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 262=ENTEROMORPHA INTESTINALIS (Linn.) Link. Blanco apparently correctly interpreted the Linnean species which is at certain seasons very abundant in tidal streams in the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from tidal streams, Manila, Luzon, No- vember, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1041). Ulva compressa Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 842; ed. 2 (1845) 581; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 261=ENTEROMORPHA PROLIFERA J. Ag. ‘The description is very short and imperfect. Mr. F. §. Collins writes that he feels sure that it is this species, as represented by my number 4173. CODIACEAE HALIMEDA Lamouroux Fucus prolifer Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 838 (sp. nov. ); ed. 2 (1845) 579; ed. 8, 3 (1879) 259=HALIMEDA OPUNTIA (Linn.) Lamx. ' Blanco’s description applies unmistakably to Halimeda, and the species he described is undoubtedly Halimeda opuntia (Linn.) Illustrative specimen from coral reefs, Puro, San Fernando, Union Province, Luzon, October 24, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No. 993). : CHARACEAE CHARA Linnaeus Conferva litoralis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 843; ed. 2 (1845) 582; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 263—=CHARA ZEYLANICA Willd. Blanco’s description applies unmistakably to Chara, his speci- mens being from fresh water. The identification of Conferva litoralis Blanco is made largely on the basis that Chara zeylanica 40 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Willd. is the only species of the genus that is common at low altitudes in central Luzon; it is very abundant in pools in and about Manila, August to December. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 180). Chara congesta Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 112; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 92, non Spreng.=CHARA CORAL- LINA Willd. This identification follows A. Braun, who examined Llanos’s specimen in the de Candolle Herbarium as reported by H. & J. Groves in Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 69. It is suspected that a reéxamination of Llanos’s specimen will show it to be a form of Chara zeylanica Willd. PHAEOPHYCEAE DICTYOTACEAE PADINA Adanson Ulva umbilicalis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 842; ed. 2 (1845) 581; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 261=PADINA AUSTRALIS Hauck. Blanco’s description applies unmistakably to Padina, this genus being the only one known from the Archipelago that conforms at all with the characters indicated by him. Illustrative specimen from coral reefs, Puro, San Fernando, Union Province, Luzon, October 1916 (Merrill: Species Blanco- anae No. 994). ENCOELIACEAE HYDROCLATHRUS Bory Ulva reticulata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 842; ed. 2 (1845) 582; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 262, non Forsk,=HYDROCLATHRUS CANCELLATUS Bory. This identification has been made by Mr. F. S. Collins. The species is represented by my numbers 6681, 9124, 9125. FUCACEAE SARGASSUM Agardt Fucus denticulatus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 839 (sp. nov.) Fucus natans > Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 579; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 259, non Linn.= _ SARGASSUM sp. The form Blanco described is apparently the one common at certain seasons in Manila Bay. Its true position within the genus Sargassum has not yet been determined. Illustrative specimen from Manila Bay, Luzon, November, 1916 Cane: Species Blancoanae No. 1029). | SPH AEROCOCCACEAE-CYATHEACEAE 41 RHODOPHYCEAE SPHAEROCOCCACEAE GRACILARIA Greville Fucus gulaman Blanco FI. Filp. (1837) 839 (sp. nov.) =Fucus edulis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 580; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 260, non Linn. =GRACILARIA Sp. This alga is commonly used as food in Manila and is brought unto the markets during the rainy season by fishermen. It is a Gracilaria, but its position within the genus has not yet been determined, as it has not been found in fruit. Blanco probably included in his conception of the species Gracilaria confervoides Grev. FUNGI HYMENOMYCETACEAE MARASMIUS Fries Conferva setosa Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 844 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 583; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 264=MARASMIUS sp. -Blanco’s description applies unmistakably to the characteristic horse-hair blight, Marasmius. It was observed by him attached to the leaves of trees on Mount Arayat, Pampanga Province, Luzon, and he states that he at first thought the specimens were horse hairs. PYRENOMYCETEAE XYLARIA Hill Sclerotium subterraneum Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 845 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 584; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 266—=XYLARIA NIGRIPES (KI.) Sacc. Blanco’s description applies unmistakably to the branched conidial form of Xylaria that can be readily cultivated from the comb of white ant’s nests, and which is apparently the conidial form of Xylaria nigripes Sacc. Blanco’s material was secured from the nest of the anay, i. e., the white ant. PTERIDOPHYTA CYATHEACEAE CYATHEA Smith Trichopteris falcata Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 111 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 91—=CYATHEA IN- TEGRA J. Sm. Llanos’s species does not appear in Christensen’s Index Fil- icum. The description is short and rather vague, but among all the tree ferns known from the Philippines applies best to Cyathea integra J. Sm., the type of which was from Luzon; Llanos’s specimens were from the town of Calauan, Laguna 4? SPECIES BLANCOANAE Province, Luzon. It was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Also- phila crinita Hook., a species that does not occur in the Philip- pines. The species is of wide distribution in the Archipelago, growing in primeval forests at medium altitudes. a Illustrative specimen from Cagayan Province, Luzon, January, 1912 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. F203; POLYPODIACEAE DRYOPTERIS Adanson Pteris sinuata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 830, non Thunb., nec Wall.=Poly- podium adiantiforme Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 573 (adianthiforme) (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 3 (1879) 245—=DRYOPTERIS DISSECTA (Forst.) O. Ktze. Blanco’s species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to N ephrole- pts davallioides Kunze, a species that does not extend to the Phil- ippines and one to which Blanco’s description does not at all apply. The description is so very short and imperfect that it is practically impossible properly to interpret the species except by exclusion, and the present reduction is based primarily on that fern growing in the vicinity of Manila that best agrees with the description. Ss Illustrative specimen from Masambong, Rizal Province, Lu- zon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 181). HEMIGRAMMA Christ Acrostichum simplex Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 826; ed. 2 (1845) 571; 3, 3 (1879) 241, non Sw.=HEMIGRAMMA LATIFOLIA (Meyen) Copel. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 406. - Synonyms of this are: Hemionitis gymnopteroidea Copel., Polybotrya latifolia Meyen, Gymnopteris latifolia Presl, G. tac- caefolia J. Sm., G. trilobata J. Sm., G. subquinquifida Pres}, Dendroglossa latifolia Fée, D. taccaefolia Fée, Hemionitis zol- lingert Kurz, Leptochilus zollingeri Fée, L. subquinquifidus Fée, and Hemigramma zollingeri Christ. Meyen’s specific name is the oldest valid one, although Blanco’s description is much earlier. — Blanco’s Acrostichum simplex is not cited by Fernandez-Villar by — name, but from the page citations on page 342 of the Novissima Appendix it is evident that he intended to refer it to Acrostichum latifolium Sw.=Elaphoglossum latifolium J. Sm., a species con- fined to tropical America. Blanco’s description is very poor, and in respect to size does not apply to Hemigramma latifolia; “de la altura de una braza” * * * “estipites lampifios”, but otherwise there are few discrepancies. I do not know any Phil- ippine fern that agrees with Blanco’s description in all respects, — and consider it very probable that the description is based on POLY PODIACEAE 43 more than one species, or on detached fronds of Hemigramma. Hemigramma latifolia Copel. is widely distributed in the Phil- ippines at low and medium altitudes. - Tilustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 628); Mon- talban, Rizal Province, Luzon, February, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 984). OLEANDRA Cavanilles Blechnum colubrinum Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 834 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 576; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 252=0. NERIIFORMIS Cav. (Oleandra colubrina Copel.). I fail to see how this species can be distinguished from Olean- dra nertiformis Cav., the type of which was from “la insula de Mauban”, i. e., Mauban, Tayabas Province, Luzon. It is widely distributed in the Philippines occurring on most mountains above an altitude of 800 meters. Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 490). NEPHROLEPIS Schott Pteris signata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 830 (sp. nov.) =Polypodium signatum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 572 (comb. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 248—NEPHROLEPIS BISERRATA (Sw.) Schott. Polypodium serratum Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 827; ed. 2 (1845) 572; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 243, non Willd. nec Aubl.=NEPHROLEPIS BISERRATA (Sw.) Schott. Blanco’s Pteris signata—Polypodium signatum is very im- perfectly described, and the species has been considered a very doubtful one. Fernandez-Villar reduced it to Polypodium albido- squamatum Blume, which is a species of the mossy forests, while Blanco definitely states that his specimens were from Manda- loyan, near Manila, a region where Polypodium albido-squamatum does not and cannot grow. Blanco’s description, so far as it goes, applies perfectly to Nephrolepis biserrata Schott which is abundant about Manila, many specimens of which present the | white dots on the upper surface mentioned by him. Blanco’s Polypodium serratum is certainly the same species, a form with- out the manifest white dots on the upper surface. Illustrative specimen from Mandaloyon, Rizal Province, Luzon, Oetaber, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 153). ATHYRIUM Roth Hemionitis incisa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 829 fen: nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 574; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 246—ATHYRIUM ESCULENTUM (Retz.) Copel. (Diplazinm esculentum Sw., Callipteris esculenta J. Sm.). 44 SPECIES BLANCOANAE This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines along streams and is universally known as paco; the tender shoots are much used as food. Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, December, 1912 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 592). ASPLENIUM Linnaeus Allantodia pinnata Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 571 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 3 (1879) 242—ASPLENIUM MACROPHYLLUM Sw. This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Asplenium brackenridget Baker, which is a synonym of Diplazium (Athy- rum) bulbiferum Brack. Copeland in his revision of the Phil- ippine species of Athyrium, Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1907) Bot. 297, considering that F.-Villar was correct in this reduction of Allantodia pinnata, has adopted Blanco’s specific name, calling the species Athyrium pinnatum (Blanco) Copeland, and citing many synonyms. Fernandez-Villar was manifestly wrong in making this reduction for three reasons: first, Blanco’s de- scription does not apply to Diplaziwm bulbiferum Brack. ; second, Athyrium “pinnatum” of Copeland does not grow in or near Mandaloyon; and third, there is no valid reason for con- sidering that it ever did grow there. The species, as interpreted by Copeland, is one of the primeval forests and usually occurs at and above altitudes of 500 meters, although it has been found in Bataan Province at an altitude of about 75 meters; Manda- loyan, a suburb of Manila, is at sea level or nearly so, and Man- daloyan has certainly not supported any type of primeval forest within historical times. The only fern to be found on the entire Mandaloyan estate that at all agrees with Blanco’s description is Asplenium macrophyllum, and this fern is abundant in some parts of the estate, and moreover is a fern to which Blanco’s description certainly applies. Illustrative specimen from Mandaloyan, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 7B). STENOCHLAENA J. Smith Diliman Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 573; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 245—=STENO- CHLAENA PALUSTRIS (Burm. f.) Bedd. This fern is common at low altitudes in swamps near the sea throughout the Philippines. It is locally known as hagndaya, and in Manila as diliman. The tough climbing stems are brought to Manila in large quantities, and on account of their durability — in salt water are extensively used by the natives in tying together the parts of bamboo fish traps. : POLYPODIACEAB 45 Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 366). CEROPTERIS Link Acrostichum tripinnatum Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 826 (tripinatwm) (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 571; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 241=? CEROPTERIS CALO- MELANOS Und. Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Acrostichum apiifolium Hook.=Polybotrya apiifolia J. Sm.—Psomiocarpa apitfolia Presl, to which Blanco’s description does not at all apply. The descrip- tion is very short and imperfect, a fern about three feet high with smooth stipes, tripinnate fronds, the pinnules very numer- ous, about 3 lines long, oval, tapering at the base, etc., the sori covering the entire lower surface. Blanco’s specimens were from Malinta, near Manila. The only fern that conforms at all to this description that occurs anywhere within many miles of Manila, is Ceropteris calomelanos Und., now locally abundant in the region surrounding the City of Manila. The only objec- tion to this reduction of Acrostichum tripinnatum Blanco lies in the fact that this is an introduced species in the Philippines, and there is no definite evidence that it occurred here at the time Blanco wrote his Flora de Filipinas. Illustrative specimen from San Pedro Macati, Rizal Province, Luzon, September, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1000). ONYCHIUM Kaulfuss Caenopteris quadripinnata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 833 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 576; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 252 (Coenopteris) —ONYCHIUM SILICU- LOSUM (Desv.) C. Chr. This was correctly reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Onychium auratum Kaulf.—O. siliculosum C. Chr. In describing it as “de la altura de una vara” Blanco certainly erred, as the fern never reaches this height; otherwise his description applies perfectly to Onychium siliculosum C. Chr. The species is widely dis- tributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Montalban, Rizal Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 748). ADIANTUM Linnaeus Adiantum lyratum Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 832 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 575; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 250=ADIANTUM CAUDATUM Linn. There is no doubt whatever as to the identity of Blanco’s species with Adiantum caudatum Linn., which is very common in the country about Manila. Blanco’s specimens were from Mandaloyan, near Manila. 46 SPECIES. BLANCOANAE Illustrative specimen from -Mandaloyan (topotype), Rizal Province, Luzon, August, 1910 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 284). ADIANTUM PHILIPPENSE Lins Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 831; ed 2 (1845) 575; ed. 3.3 (1879) 249. Adiantum tenuifolium Blanco op. cit. 832; 575; 250, non Lam., nec Sw.= ADIANTUM PHILIPPENSE Linn. Blanco was correct in his interpretation of the Linnean species, and Fernandez-Villar was correct in his reduction. of it to Adiantum lunulatum Burm. f. However, the Linnean name dates from the year 1753, while Burman’s name dates from the year 1768; there is absolutely no doubt as to the correctness of the present interpretation of the Linnean species, the only Philippine fern described by Linnaeus. Adiantum tenuifolium Blanco is manifestly only a thin-leaved (shade) form of. the common A. philippense Linn. The species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines. Ey Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 496). PTERIS Linnaeus Adiantum lancea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 833, ed. 2 (1845) 576, ed. 3, 3 (1879) 250, non Linn. nec. Bak.=PTERIS VITTATA Linn. (P. longi- folia Auct., non Linn.). Pteris trichomanoides Blanco op. cit. 830; 574; 247, non Linn.=PTERIS VITTATA Linn. (P. longifolia Auct., non Linn.). | Pteris grandifolia Blanco op. cit. 829; 574; 246, non Linn.=? PTERIS VITTATA Linn. (P. longifolia. Auct., non Linn.). Adiantum lancea Blanco was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Lindsaya ensifolia Sw.=Schizoloma ensifolium J. Sm., a species that does not occur near Manila and one which is very rare in the Philippines. The description is very poor, but so far as it. goes agrees fairly well with Pteris vittata Linn. which is common in and about Manila and which is widely distributed in the Phil- ippines; Blanco’s specimens were from Mandaloyan, a suburb of Manila. Pteris trichomanoides Blanco was reduced by F.- Villar to Nephrolepis ramosa Moore, but from Blanco’s im- perfect description it cannot possibly belong in Nephrolepis, — but is unquestionably Pteris vittata Linn. Pteris grandifolia Blanco was reduced by F.-Villar to P. opaca J. Sm., which is unquestionably an erroneous disposition of it. The name taga- bas, one of these cited by Blanco, i is now used in parts of Cavite Province, Luzon, to designate a species of Dryopteris of the D. parasitica group. Blanco’s short description, however, applies — POLY PODIACEAB 47 better to Pteris vittata Linn. than to any other species known tome. This form appears in herbaria as Pteris longifolia Linn., but Hieronymus, Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Gattung Pteris, I. Uber Pteris longifolia L. und verwandte Arten. Hedwigia 54 (1913) 283-294, has shown that Pteris longifolia Linn. is a species confined to tropical America, and that P. vitiata Linn. is the proper name for the very common and widely distributed form in the Old World. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 167). Adiantum falcatum Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 833; ed. 2 (1845) 576; ed. 3, “3° (1879) 251, non Sw.=PTERIS FLAVA Goldem. This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Lindsaya retusa Mitt. = Odontosoria retusa J. Sm., a species that not only does not grow in the vicinity of Manila (Blanco’s material was from Mandaloyan), but also a fern to which Blanco’s descrip- tion does not at all apply. The statement “Las fructificaciones en linea continua en las margines redobladas de las pinas’”’ defi- nitely places Blanco’s plant in the genus Pteris; but three species of the genus grow naturally in the vicinity of Manila, and Blanco’s description applies to the form distributed herewith better than to any of the others, although it does not agree in all particulars. This form has generally been determined as Pteris quadriaurita Retz., but Hieronymus, Hedwigia 55 (1914) 325-375, has shown that Pteris quadriaurita Retz. is confined to Ceylon, and considers that the “collective species” of the older authors includes numerous distinct species. The form here considered appears to be Pteris flava Goldem., but I cannot dis- tinguish clearly between P. flava Goldem. and P. glaucovirens Goldem. from the data given by Hieronymus who cites Cuming 79 under both. Illustrative specimen from near Mandaloyan, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 182). DRYMOGLOSSUM Presl Nothoteei’ piloselloides Kaulf.; Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 110 (No- thochlaena piloseloides) ; F Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, -47(1880) 90=DRYMOGLOSSUM HETEROPHYLLUM (Linn.) C. Chr. Notholaena piloselloides Kaulf. was correctly interpreted by Llanos; its proper name, however, is Drymoglossum heterophyl- lum ins. ) C. Chr. It is widely distributed in the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Apayao Subprovince, nities May, WRT (Merrill: Species Blancoonoe No. 1058). 48 SPECIES BLANCOANAE POLYPODIUM Linnaeus POLYPODIUM PHYMATODES Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 827 (phy- matodus) ; ed. 2 (1845) 572 (phimahodes) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 242. The Linnean species was certainly correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from the Barrio of Pineda, Pasig, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 186). CYCLOPHORUS Desvaux Pteris piloselloides Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 830; ed. 2 (1845) 574; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 248, non Linn.=CYCLOPHORUS ADNASCENS (Sw.) Desv. Blanco’s species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to N ephro- lepis acuta Presl, but there is no part of the description that applies to Nephrolepis. Blanco describes the fronds as alter- nate, lanceolate, glabrous, narrow, and much pointed, and the rhizomes as creeping, with numerous rootlets. His entire de- scription applies unmistakably to Cyclophorus, although it is impossible to determine whether to C. adnascens or to C. varius; probably to the former was intended as it is the common form at low altitudes in the Philippines, Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 790). DRYNARIA (Bory) J. Smith Polypodium quercifolium Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 827; ed. 2 (1845) 572; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 244—=DRYNARIA QUERCIFOLIA (Linn.) J. Sm. This characteristic species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, — 1914, there known as pacpac lauin (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 640). : ACROSTICHUM Linnaeus Acrostichum lagolo Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 826 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 570; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 240=ACROSTICHUM AUREUM Linn. | This well-known species occurs along the seashore back of : mangroves, along tidal streams, in salt or brackish Swamps etc., throughout the Philippines; it is occasionally found inland about salt springs or mineral springs, occurring at about 1,500 meters altitude about mineral springs at Bugias, Benguet Subprovince, Luzon. Lagolo is one of its Tagalog names. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 382). PARKERIACEAE-—SCHIZAEACEAE 49 PARKERIACEAE CERATOPTERIS Brongniart Najas ? obvoluta Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 460 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 3 (1879) 66=CERATOPTERIS THALICTROIDES Brongn. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes but is rare in and about Manila. The species was placed in Najas by Blanco with expressed doubt. Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon, February, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 290). SCHIZAEACEAE LYGODIUM Swartz Ugena alba Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 823 (sp. nov.) ed. 2 (1845) 569; ed. 8, 3 (1879) 288=LYGODIUM FLEXUOSUM Sw. Blanco’s description applies better to Lygodium flexuosum Sw., than to L. scandens Sw., although Fernandez-Villar reduced Ugena alba to the latter species. There is very little doubt but that Blanco included in Ugena alba both Lygodium flexuosum Sw. and L. scandens Sw., and possibly also L. japonicum Sw. All three species are common and widely distributed in the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 347). Ugena semihastata Cav.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 822; ed. 2 (1845) 568; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 237 p.p.=LYGODIUM SEMIHASTATUM (Cav.) Desv. Blanco’s description is in part that of Lygodium semihastatum, but this part may have been taken from Cavanilles’s description. Lygodium semihastatum is a perfectly valid species, entirely dis- tinct from L. flexuosum Sw. to which it has been reduced. For a discussion of this see below. Illustrative specimen from Malicboi, Tayabas Province, Luzon, December, 1914, comm. D. L. Topping (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No. 739). Ugena semihastata Cav.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 822; ed. 2 (1845) 568; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 237, p.p.=LYGODIUM CIRCINNATUM (Burm. f.) Sw. Blanco manifestly included two species in his description, one the true Ugena semihastata Cav. = Lygodium semihastatum (Cay.) Desv., and the other L. circinnatum Sw. Lygodium semi- hastatum (Cav.) Desv. is a perfectly valid species, entirely distinct from L. fleruosum Sw. to which it is reduced in Christen- sen’s Index Filicum. It is much less common in the Philippines than is L. circinnatum Sw. It is suspected that Blanco took the 151862——4 50 SPECIES BLANCOANAE parts of his description that apply to L. semihastatum from Cavanilles, and added the circinnatum characters from actual specimens of this species. Lygodium circinnatum Sw. is com- mon and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 106). MARSILEACEAE MARSILEA Linnaeus Marsilea minuta Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 834; ed. 2 (1845) 577; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 253, non Linn. =MARSILEA CRENATA Pres] (M. mearnsié Christ). This species is widely distributed in the Philippines, growing in open wet places, rice paddies, and in shallow pools at low altitudes throughout the Archipelago; it is, however, of rather local occurrence. Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco cor- rectly interpreted the Linnean species, but most authorities now consider the Philippine Marsilea crenata Presl to be a valid species; M. mearnsii Christ is certainly identical with Presl’s species. This is also the most likely identification of Marsilea trifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 835 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 577; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 254 which F.-Villar erroneously reduced to Pilularia globulifera Linn. Blanco’s description is manifestly that of a Marsilea, and, moreover, no species of Pilularia is known to occur in the Philippines. It is suspected that Blanco observed an abnormal form of Marsilea crenata, with three, rather than four, leaflets; however, no such form appears in our collections, and many thousands of living plants examined by me in the vicinity of Manila all present four leaflets. Marsilea trifolia Blanco antedates M. crenata Presl; but as Blanco’s spe- cies must be considered a doubtful one, it is believed that Presl’s name should be retained. Illustrative specimen from the Barrio of Pineda, Pasig, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 194). : MARATTIACEAE se ANGIOPTERIS Hoffmann Myriotheca arborescens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 831 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 575; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 248=ANGIOPTERIS ARBORESCENS (Blanco) comb. nov. (Angiopteris angustifolia Presl Suppl. (1845) 21)- Blanco’s species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Cyathea integra J. Sm., due to the erroneous description of the species as having a trunk five yards high and thicker than one’s arm. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE—LYCOPODIACEAE 51 This statement is an error on the part of Blanco, as he confused with his Myriotheca arborescens some species of Cyathea ‘or Alsophila. His description, otherwise, is unmistakably of An- giopteris and Llanos had already reduced it to Angiopteris evecta Hoffm: “‘Frondes dos veces aladas. * * * Fructificaciones en muchas lineas de puntos redondos, cortas mellizas, en las mar- gines de la fronde y perpendiculares a ellas, y se componen de muchas cagitas globosas que se abren a lo largo en la madurez.” It is the common form in the provinces near Manila, a sylvan species as low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 51). OPHIOGLOSSACEAE HELMINTHOSTACHYS Kaulfuss Helminthostachys dulcis Kaulf.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 596; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 254=HELMINTHOSTACHYS ZEYLANICA (Linn.) Hook. Kaulfuss’s species was correctly interpreted by Blanco, but it is a synonym of the older Helminthostachys zeylanica (Linn.) Hook. It is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, in thickets, etc. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 776). LYCOPODIACEAE LYCOPODIUM Linnaeus Lycopodium dichotomum Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 570; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 240=LYCOPODIUM CERNUUM Linn. This species is widely distributed in the Pitlopines ‘rare at low altitudes, but abundant at medium and higher elevations. Blanco’s description is very short and imperfect, but I am now of the opinion that Fernandez-Villar was correct in reducing L. dichotomum Blanco to L. cernuum Linn. : Illustrative specimen from Laguna Province, Luzon, October, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 957). Lycopodium gnidioides Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 824; ed. 2 (1845) 569; ed. 8, 3 (1879) 289, non Linn. =LYCOPODIUM SQUARROSUM Forst. Blanco’s description was interpreted by Fernandez-Villar as applying to Lycopodium selago Linn. an impossible reduction, as the Linnean species does not occur in the Philippines. Among all the Philippine species of the genus the description applies best to Lycopodium squarrosum Forst., which is widely distrib- 52 SPECIES BLANCOANAE uted in the Philippines in forests at medium altitudes. I have not the slightest hesitation in referring it to Forster’s species. — Illustrative specimen from Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, Oc- tober, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1046). SPERMATOPHYTA GYMNOSPERMAE CYCADACEAE CYCAS Linnaeus Cycas circinalis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 745; ed. 2 (1845) 518; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 146, non (?) Linn. =CYCAS RUMPHII Mig. The limits of Cycas circinalis Linn. are doubtful, pending a critical revision of the genus. The form Blanco described is Cycas rumphii Miq. or C. circinalis Linn. sensu latiore. The species is locally abundant in some parts of the Philippines, presenting several distinct forms. The one distributed herewith is the more common seacoast type in the Philippines. Stam- inate inflorescences of what I take to be the same form are sometimes nearly a meter in length. It is commonly known in the Philippines as olivas, a name of Spanish origin; its Tagalog name is pitogo; in Cagayan Province, Luzon, it is known as sawang; in the Batanes Islands as vait, and in Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago as bayit. Illustrative specimen from cultivated plants, Manila, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 855). PINACEAE AGATHIS Salisbury Agathis loranthifolia Salisb.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 528; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 170=AGATHIS ‘ALBA (Lam.) Foxw. in Philip. Journ. Sci. A- 5 (1910) 173; 6 (1911) Bot. 167. The Philippine form has been described by Warburg as Aga- this philippinensis Warb., but I agree with Foxworthy in con- sidering that Agathis loranthifolia Salisb., A. philippinensis Warb., and the numerous other names cited by Foxworthy are properly considered merely as synonyms of Agathis alba (Lam.) Foxw., being essentially identical with Dammara alba Rumph. Herb. Amb. 2 (1841) 174, t. 57; see Merrill, E. D., Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 76. It is a very large tree of wide distribu- tion in the virgin forests of the Philippines at altitudes from 200 to 2,000 meters, growing on well-drained slopes. It is very generally known in the Philippines as almaciga, the Spanish name of the resin produced by it; 7. e., Manila copal of commerce. Illustrative specimen from Mount Mariveles, Bataan Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 898). GNETACEAE—TYPHACEAE 58 PINUS Linnaeus Pinus taeda Blanco FI. Filip. (1887) 767; ed. 2 (1845) 528; ed..3, 3 (1879) 169, t. 453, non Linn.=PINUS INSULARIS Endl. This species is widely distributed in the mountains of northern Luzon, its altitudinal range being from about 900 to 2,800 meters. Pinus insularis Endl. is certainly very closely allied to the Indian P. khasya Royle; in fact Shaw, The genus Pinus (1914) 60, places Royle’s species as a synonym of Pinus insularis Endl. Illustrative specimen from Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 219). GNETACEAE GNETUM Linnaeus GNETUM GNEMON Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 747; ed. 2 (1845) 514; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 147. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It occurs in forests at low altitudes throughout the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 373). Thoa pendula Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 746 (sp. nov.)=Thoa edulis Willd.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 514; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 146=GNETUM INDICUM (Lour.) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 77 (Abutua indica Lour., Gnetum latifolium Blume, G. philippinense Warb.). This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines at low and medium altitudes. The nomenclatural con- fusion in regard to this species is very great, but I consider the Philippine form to be the same as Abutua indica Lour. If the Philippine form really proves to be a distinct species, then Blanco’s Thoa pendula provides a specific name much earlier than that proposed by Warburg. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914, there known as culiat (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No. 249). ANGIOSPERMAE MONOCOTYLEDONS TYPHACEAE TYPHA Linnaeus Typha angustifolia Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 687; ed. 2 (1845) 477; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 91=TYPHA ANGUSTIFOLIA Linn. subsp. JAVANICA Schnizl. I have followed Graebner in the interpretation of this common, . low altitude Philippine form, but I also suspect that it is Typha : orientalis Pres], the type of which was Philippine, Cuming §4 SPECIES BLANCOANAE 1767, from the Island of Cebu. Graebner, Engl. Pflanzenreich ~ 2 (1900) 10, does not credit Typha orientalis Presl to the Philip- | pines, giving its distribution as northern China and Japan, and — reducing it to T. shuttleworthit Koch & Sond. as a subspecies. It is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, being generally known to the Tagalogs as balangot and to the Visayans — as lampacanai. ; Illustrative specimen from Los Bafios, Laguna Province, Luzon, — June, 1914, comm. E. Quisumbing (Merrill: Species Blacoanae — No. 38). PANDANACEAE FREYCINETIA Gaudichaud Tillandsia pseudo-ananas Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 853 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 162; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 292=FREYCINETIA sp. . Naves reduced this to F'reycinetia insignis Blume, a species — that does not extend to the Philippines. The description of the | habit and leaves applies better to Pandanus, than to Freycinetia, — but the seed characters, taken from very young fruits, indicate — Freycinetia; it is very probable that Blanco never saw the living plant, but based his description on material brought to him. The species may even have been based on a mixture of material from two different plants. At any rate, the characters are so very imperfectly expressed that it is impossible more than to — indicate its probable generic reduction. PANDANUS Linnaeus f. PANDANUS RADICANS Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 780 (sp. nov.); ed. 20 (1845) 537; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 184. This is a valid species, and was erroneously reduced by Naves | to Pandanus bagea Mig. Blanco’s specimens were from Leyte, — where it is known as olango. It has been rediscovered there by Mr. Elmer, the plant still being known as olango; see Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1 (1906) 74. The nomen nudum, Pandanus olango Blanco ex Espejo & Garcia Suppl. Cat. Sem. Hort: Bot. Manil. 1869 (1871) 6, (1876) 14, from its name, is the same. PANDANUS EXALTATUS Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 778 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 586; ed. 8, 3 (1879) 183. This species was erroneously reduced by Naves to Pandanus fascicularis Lam., a species that does not extend to the Philip- pines, and one to which Blanco’s description does not remotely apply. Two species are included by Blanco, if not in the descrip- tion, then in the discussion following: “Es comin en las playas PANDANACEAE 55 del mar, y en los bosques.” The seacoast form is, without the slightest doubt, a form of P. tectorius Sol.; the forest form, true P. exaltatus Blanco as described by him. It has been described by me as Pandanus arayatensis; by Mr. Elmer as P. banahaen- sis; and by Dr. Martelli as P. vidalii, for I consider the type of P. vidalii Mart. to be only a form of P. exaltatus Blanco with juvenile fruits. Vidal’s figure, mentioned by Martelli, is an entirely different species, and represents the common beach form of Pandanus tectorius Sol. that is abundant along the shores of Manila Bay. Pandanus tectorius, at full maturity, develops a thick, soft, fleshy, edible pulp about the lower part of each drupe, and this mature form Vidal figures; this pulp sometimes persists in the dried drupes'as a zone or collar, as in the form of P. tectorius described by Martelli as P. coronatus. Illustrative specimen from Sablan, Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, November, 1910, slightly different from the form grow- ing in Bulacan, Rizal, Bataan, and Laguna Provinces, Luzon, Blanco’s type being from the mountain back of Tala, Bulacan Province, Luzon (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 421). Pandanus spiralis R. Br.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 777; ed. 2 (1845) 535; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 181=PANDANUS TECTORIUS Sol. (P. odoratissimus Linn. f.). Pandanus Gibatas Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 536 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 3 (1879) 182=PANDANUS TECTORIUS Sol. This species is very abundant along the seashore throughout the Philippines, presenting but slight variation in its fruit characters so far as Philippine material is concerned. It usually forms dense thickets immediately back of the beach. As Pandanus spiralis R. Br. is reduced to P. tectorius Sol., I have assumed the Philippine plant described by Blanco to be a form of Robert Brown’s species, althongh probably not exactly the same in all details. Pandanus spiralis Blanco, non R. Br., is the whole basis of Pandanus blancoi Kunth, which hence becomes a syn- onym of Pandanus tectorius Sol. Pandanus malatensis Blanco has been retained by Martelli as a distinct species, but Blanco’s description is manifestly that of the staminate inflorescence of Pandanus tectorius Sol. Malate is a part of the City of Manila, and only cultivated pandans, such as P. veitchii and perhaps P. sanderi are now to be found in Malate. In Blanco’s time, when Malate was still a village, the common seacoast pandan was undoubtedly abundant along the Malate beach, now entirely altered by streets and buildings, as it is still very abundant along the Pasay beach immediately south of Malate; Pandanus tec- 56 SPECIES BLANCOANAE torius Sol. is the only species of the genus, other than the re- cently introduced and cultivated forms mentioned above, that is to be found within a radius of at least 25 kilometers of Manila. Pandanus vidalii Martelli is in part Pandanus tectorius Sol.; that is, the figure cited by Martelli, Vidal Sinopsis, Atlas, t. 94, f. l, which is a poor representation of the common seacoast Pan- danus tectorius Sol.; the specimens from which the figure was drawn were from Manila. Pandanus coronatus Martelli is ap- parently nothing but Pandanus tectorius Sol., at least the Philip- pine form of Solander’s species, with fully matured fruits. At full maturity the lower two-thirds of the drupes are surrounded with a soft, fleshy, edible orange-red layer which persists on the dried drupes under certain conditions in drying. As this pulpy layer develops, the drupes become loose and soon com- mence to fall from the apex of the syncarp. Illustrative specimen from Pasay beach, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 534). Pandanus sabotan Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 779 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 537; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 184=PANDANUS TECTORIUS Soland., var. The identification of this species is made chiefly from the native name, sabotan, this name being universally used in La- guna Province for the particular form represented by the illus- trative specimens distributed herewith. Blanco described a young sterile specimen. The form apparently never produces fruits, as numerous efforts to secure fruits have proved abortive, while the natives who know the plant well, who have been ques- tioned on the subject, state that they have never seen fruits. At the present time the form is commonly cultivated in parts of Laguna Province, the leaves being utilized in the manufac- ture of a rather fine grade hat known as the sabotan hat. The species was erroneously reduced by Naves to Pandanus dubius Spreng., a species that occurs in the southern Philippines but not in Luzon. Blanco compared the species to Pandanus exaltatus, and from this note and his description there is some | reason for considering that the form he described is Pandanus — utilissimus Elm., a species also cultivated in Laguna Province © but one to which the name sabotan is apparently never applied. _ Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914, there known as sabotan (Merrill: Species — Blancoanae No. 185). : 7 SORRY GRACILIS Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 778 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 : (1845) 536; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 182, ¢. 446. : This species is a valid one, but was erroneously reduced by NAJADACEAE 57 Naves to Pandanus humilis Rumph., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. Pandanus whitfordii Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 8 is a synonym of Pandanus gra- cilis Blanco. It is of local occurrence in the Philippines, grow- ing in virgin forests at medium altitudes. Illustrative specimens from Mount Mariveles, Bataan Prov- ince, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 896) : Mount Maquiling, Laguna, Province, Luzon, March, 1915, comm. A. Villamil, (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 890). NAJADACEAE NAJAS Linnaeus NAJAS PALUSTRIS Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 660 (sp. nov.) =Najas lobata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 459 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 3 (1879) 65. I can see no reason for discarding this species or considering it as a doubtful one, and Blanco’s first name should be retained. It manifestly belongs in the subgenus Cawlinia, section Euvag- matae, and is the form described by A. Braun in 1870 as Najas foveolata. Rendle in his monograph of the family, Engl. Pflanzenreich 7 (1901) 18, places it among the species dubiae vel excludendae, with the statement: “Folia alterna, fiores not- abiles, fructus vesicaeformis cum genere haud congruunt.” Blanco’s ample description is slightly inaccurate, but certainly applies to the species as here interpreted; moreover it is the only Philippine plant known to me that at all agrees with Blanco’s description, and is very common in stagnant fresh water in and about Manila. As to Dr. Rendle’s objections, Blanco’s descrip- tion of the leaves as “alternate” was undoubtedly due to an inaccurate observation, he probably being misled by the alternate branchlets; as to “flores notables,” Blanco states: “Flores * * * muy visibles,” i. ¢., readily visible, which is true, and further states that: “Los calices son delicados, blancos, y de media linea de largo’; and as to the “fructus vesicaeformis,” Blanco states: “Cagilla o vegiga que no se abre con una especie de harina aguanosa dentro,” which is an exact description, not of the fruit, but of the fresh, immature male flowers with the con- tained pollen grains! Blanco’s species was erroneously reduced by Naves to the Australian Najas tenuifolia R. Br., a species that does not occur in the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, September, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No, 519). 58 SPECIES BLANCOANAE ALISMACEAE SAGITTARIA Linnaeus Alisma sagittifolium Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 69 (sagitifolium) ; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 51, non Willd.= SAGITTARIA SAGITTIFOLIA Linn. Llanos’s specimens were from Calumpit, Bulacan Province, Luzon. His description is very imperfect, but certainly applies to Sagittaria sagittifolia Linn.; certainly not to Limnophyton obtusifolium Mig., where it was reduced by Naves. Miquel’s species does not occur in the Malayan region. Sagittaria sagit- tifolia Linn. is widely distributed in the Philippines, but is of very local occurrence. Illustrative specimen from Palapag, Samar, March 10, 1916, there known as gauay-gauay (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 982). HY DROCHARITACEAE > HYDRILLA L. C. Richard Udora verticillata Spreng.; Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 101; F.-Villar & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 4? (1880) 73=HYDRILLA VERTI- CILLATA (Roxb.) Royle. This fresh water aquatic plant is common and widely distrib- uted in the Philippines, growing in slow streams. Sprengel’s species was correctly interpreted by Llanos. Illustrative specimen from Calumpit, Bulacan Province, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 666). VALLISNERIA Micheli Vallisneria spiralis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 781; ed. 2 (1845) 538; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 187, non ? Linn.=VALLISNERIA SIGART EA Graebn. | in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 49 (1912) 68. _ Although the Philippine form has recently been described by Graebner as a distinct species, Vallisneria gigantea, I am by no means convinced that it is specifically distinct from V. spiralis _ Linn. It is found in shallow ponds and slow streams through- out the Philippines at low altitudes and is exceedingly variable, - its size depending largely, if not entirely, on the depth of the water in which it grows. The native name cited by Blanco, — cintascintasan is from the Spanish cintas=ribbon, and merely means ribbon-like. Illustrative specimen from Calumpit, Bulacan Province, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 667): ; + GRAMINEAE 59 ENHALUs L. C. Richard Vallisneria sphaerocarpa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 780 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 538; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 186—=ENHALUS ACOROIDES (Linn. f.) Rich. (2. koenigti Rich.). In shallow water of sheltered bays along the seashore through- out the Philippines. Blanco’s species is not listed in Index Kewensis. Illustrative specimen from Taytay Bay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 383). OTTELIA Persoon OTTELIA ALISMOIDES Pers.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 461; ed. 2 (1845) 821; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 230. Ottelia ensiformis Blanco op. cit. 460 (sp. nov.) 320; 229=OTTELIA ALISMOIDES Pers. Ottelia alismoides Pers. is exceedingly variable in vegetatiee characters, depending largely on the depth of the water in which the plant grows. Blanco certainly correctly interpreted the species, but I can see no valid reason for considering his O. ensiformis other than a habitat form of Persoon’s species. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines in stagnant pools and slow streams at low altitudes. - Tllustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 92). GRAMINEAE ZEA Linnaeus ZEA MAYS Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 686; ed. 2 (1845) 476; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 90, t. 279. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. The species is cultivated throughout the Philippines, having been introduced from Mexico at an early date by the Spaniards. The common type found in the Philippines is the one distributed herewith. | Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, January, 1915 Meret: Species Blancoanae No. 793). | coix Linnaeus Coix lachryma Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 688 (C. lachrima); ed. 2 (1845) 478; ed. 3, 3 (1879). 92, t. 188=COIX LACHRYMA-JOBI Linn. This very characteristic species is common and widely dis- tributed in the Philippines. It is certainly an introduced plant, but also certainly of prehistoric introduction. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 269). 60 SPECIES BLANCOANAE IMPERATA Cyrilli Saccharum koenigii Retz.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 44; ed. 2 (1845) 30; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 56=IMPERATA CYLINDRICA Beauv. var. KOENIGII Benth. In my previous paper on Blanco’s species I erroneously con- sidered Blanco’s description of Saccharum koenigii to apply to Saccharum spontaneum Linn. It occurs throughout the settled areas of the Philippines, where the forests have been destroyed, practically occupying exclusively immense areas which are locally known as cogonales, from the almost universal Filipino name of the grass, cogon. Blanco’s description in part, “de la altura de un hombre,” applies to Imperata exaltata Brongn. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rul: Species Blancoanae No. 381). SACCHARUM Linnaeus SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1887) 42; ed. 2 (1845) 29; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 55, t. 18. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. Sugar cane is very extensively cultivated in the Philippines, is not a native of the Archipelago, but was unquestionably in- troduced into the Islands by the early Malayan invaders in the prehistoric period. Illustrative specimen from San Antonio, Laguna Province, Luzon, October, 1915, from cultivated plants; local name tub6é (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 959). Anthistiria gigantea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 49; ed. 2 (1845) 33; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 62, non Cav.=SACCHARUM SPONTANEUM Linn. subsp. INDICUM Hack. Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco correctly iieersretcd Cavanilles’s species, in which opinion I concurred in my previous — consideration of Blanco’s species. His description, however, applies unmistakably to Saccharum spontaneum, which is very common and widely distributed in the Philippines and is universally known in the Tagalog provinces as taldhib, the local name cited by Blanco. : Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 543). POGONATHERUM Beauvois Cinna filiformis Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 9 (sp. nov.); F-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) Paris ghetea PE Rha Ss PANICEUM (Lam.) Hack. This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Deyeuxia quadriseta Benth., a species of Australia and New Zealand and GRAMINEAE 61 one to which Llanos’s description does not at all apply; moreover no species of Deyeuxia is known from the Philippines. The habitat given by Llanos is the typical one of Pogonatherum paniceum, a species that is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, while Llanos’s description applies in all char- acters mentioned by him. Illustrative specimen from Montalban, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 727). ISCHAEMUM Linnaeus Andropogon ramosus Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 37; ed. 2 (1845) 25; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 48, non Forsk.=ISCHAEMUM RUGOSUM Salisb. var. DIS- TACHYUM (Cav.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 330. This species is widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines, but it is of rather local occurrence although very abundant in some regions. Blanco’s Andropogon ramosus was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Ischaemum ciliare Retz., a spe- cies that does not occur in the regions from which Blanco secured his botanical material. It grows in old rice paddies, low wet lands, etc. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 165). ANDROPOGON Linnaeus ANDROPOGON CONTORTUS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 38; ed. 2 (1845) 26; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 49. The plant Blanco described is certainly a form of Andropogon eontortus Linn. The species is very abundant locally in open grasslands at low and medium altitudes in the Philippines; it is certainly not a native of the Archipelago, but probably was introduced after the Spanish occupation. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 501). Andropogon anias Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 29 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 20—=ANDROPOGON FES- TUCOIDES Presl. This species was retained by Fernandez-Villar in the Novis- sima Appendix to the third edition of Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas as a distinct one. It is very closely allied to Andropogon ziza- nioides (Linn.) Urb. (A. muricatus Retz., A. squarrosus L. f.), and is apparently identical with Andropogon nigritanus Benth. (1849) (A. squarrosus var. nigritanus Hack.), A. muricatus var. aristatus Biise, and Andropogon festucoides Presl. It differs from Andropogon zizanioides Urb. not only in its slen- derly awned perfect spikelets but also in the fact that its roots 62 SPECIES BLANCOANAE are odorless; it is probably best, however, to consider it merely as a variety of Andropogon zizanioides Urban. Merrill 4231 and 4240 from Pampanga Province, Luzon, represent Andropo- gon anias Llanos, both distributed as A. squarrosus Retz. Illustrative specimen from Arayat, Pampanga Province, Luzon, November, 1914, comm. J. Santos, there known as anias (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 389). Andropogon nardus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 39; ed. 2 (1845) 27; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 51, non Linn. =ANDROPOGON ZIZANIOIDES (Linn.) Urban (A. squarrosus Linn., A. muricatus Retz.). The species is common and widely distributed in the settled areas in the Philippines and is frequently planted along the banks of rice paddies. It is certainly not a native of the Philippines and has possibly been introduced since the Spanish occupation of the Archipelago, although it may have been introduced in prehistoric times. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 355). Rhaphis trivialis Lour.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 45=Andropogon acicu- laris Roem. & Schultes; Blanco 1. c. ed. 2 (1845) 26; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 49=ANDROPOGON ACICULATUS Retz. This was correctly referred to Rhaphis trivialis Lour., and later to Andropogon acicularis R. & S. by Blanco, the former being a synonym of the latter. The species is a pest in the settled areas of the Philippines on account of its barbed rachillas by which the spikelets adhere to ones clothing and to the fur of animals. It is very common and widely distributed in the Philippines but has no true native names, being known by a Spanish name, amores secos, or corruptions of it; this probably indicates its introduction into the Philippines after the arrival of the Spaniards, for it is certainly not indigenous to the Archi- pelago. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 546). | Andropogon schoenanthus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 38; ed. 2 (1845) 27> ed. 3, 1 (1877) 50, non Linn.=ANDROPOGON CITRATUS DC. Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco correctly interpreted the Linnean species, but this is certainly not correct; Andropo- gon schoenanthus Linn. does not occur in the Philippines. Blanco speaks of his Andropogon schoenanthus as indigenous, but this is certainly not the case. It is never found outside of cultivation, except perhaps near deserted plantations, and very GRAMINEAE 63 rarely produces flowers in the Philippines. Blanco speaks of having seen old flowers once; I have never seen them in fifteen years residence in the Archipelago. The fresh leaves have the strong lemon-like odor characteristic of Andropogon citratus DC., and chemical analysis of oil extracted from the Philippine grass is the same as that extracted from de Candolle’ Ss species. Its common Tagalog name is tangldd. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 267). Holcus saccharatus Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 47; ed. 2 (1845) 82 (sacha- ratus); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 58, non Linn.=Holcus sorghum Linn.= ANDROPOGON SORGHUM Brot. var. VULGARIS (Pers.) Hack. The form described by Blanco is apparently very near the typical Holcus sorghum Linn., which supplies the earliest valid generic and specific name; in fact Holcus has been recently adopted by Hitchcock as the proper generic designation of those species of Andropogon that were placed by Hackel in the sub- genus Sorghum. This form is the commonest one found in cultivation in the Philippines and is in scattered cultivation throughout the Archipelago. Its generally used native name is batdd, and the species is probably of prenistoric introduction in the Archipelago. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 654). PASPALUM Linnaeus Paspalum villosum Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 40; ed. 2 (1845) 28; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 53, non Thunb.=PASPALUM SCROBICULATUM Linn. Paspalum sumatrense Roth; Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 22; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 15=PASPALUM SCRO- BICULATUM Linn. Fernandez-Villar reduced Paspalum villosum Blanco to Pas- palum mollicomum Kunth.=Panicum muticum Forst., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. Blanco’s description applies unmistakably to the common and widely distributed Pas- palum scrobiculatum Linn. The Tagalog name parag-is, cited by him, is now generally applied to Eleusine indica Gaertn: Roth’s species was apparently correctly interpreted by Llanos, while the exact form described by him is apparently the same as that described by Blanco as Paspalum villosum. Following the current interpretation of Philippine material it is placed : under Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn. _ Illustrative specimen from Taal Volcano, Batangas Province, Luzon, November, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1035). 64 SPECIES BLANCOANAE ERIOCHLOA Kunth Milium zonatum Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip, (1851) 24 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 47 (1880) 16=ERIOCHLOA RAMOSA (Retz.) O. Ktze. Llanos’s Milium zonatum does not appear in Index Kewensis. It is certainly identical with Eriochloa ramosa which is very common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low alti- tudes, and with which Llanos’s description agrees. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 210). DIGITARIA Persoon Digitaria lanosa Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 28 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 19=DIGITARIA CON- SANGUINEA Gaudich. This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Eleusine aegyptiaca Pers.—Dactyloctenium aegyptium Richt., but Lla- nos’s description does not at all apply to that species, which he apparently described in the same work as Eleusine mucronata. The description is indefinite, but I can make nothing of the species but the common Digitaria consanguinea Gaudich., which agrees with all the characters indicated by Llanos. The species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 787). Paspalum fasciculatum Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 23; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 16, non Willd.=DIGITARIA LONGIFLORA (Gmel.) Pers. Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Panicum elythroblepharum Steud., a species not known from the Philippines, and one to which Llanos’s description does not at all conform. From the description and indicated habitat, Llanos’s plant can scarcely have been other than the widely distributed Digitaria longi- flora Pers. Illustrative specimen from Bukidnon Subprovince, Mindanao, July, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1022). PANICUM Linnaeus Aegilops fluviatilis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 47 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 32; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 59=PANICUM STAGNINUM Retz. Orthopogon foliaceus Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 36; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 26, non Spreng.=PANICUM STAGNINUM Retz. Blanco’s species was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Rottboellia muricata Retz.—Eremochloa muricata Hack., a GRAMINEAE 65 species that does net extend to the Philippines; I previously thought that it might be the same as Manisuris exaltata O. Ktze. =fottboellia exaltata Linn. f.; see Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 91. Blanco’s description, however, although very im- perfect, applies to Panicum stagninum Retz. Retzius’s species is the only Philippine grass known to me to which Aegilops fluviatilis Blanco can be referred. It is common in low wet places, in stagnant pools, etc., about Manila. Orthopogon lolia- ceus as described by Llanos is certainly the same as Retzius’s species, I}lustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 352). Orthopogon dichotomus Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 38 (sp. nov.) ; F.-VilL & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 28=PANICUM COLO- NUM Linn. This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Panicum stagninum Retz., but Llanos otherwise described P. stagninum in the same publication as Orthopogon loliaceus; moreover his description of Orthopogon dichotomus certainly does not apply to Panicum stagninum Retz., but agrees closely with P. colonum Linn. It is very common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines, growing in the open country of the settled areas from sea level to an altitude of at least 1,600 meters. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 710). Orthopogon hispidus Spreng.; Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 37; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 27=PANICUM CRUS GALLI Linn. Orthopogon subverticillatus Llanos op. cit. 88 (sp. nov.); 283=PANICUM CRUS GALLI Linn. Orthopogon hispidus, as interpreted by Llanos, was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Panicum hispidulum Lam., which is a syno- hym of Panicum crus galli Linn., and O. subverticillatus was reduced by the same author to Panicum colonum Linn. The re- duction of the first species is certainly correct, although Llanos | may not have had exactly the form described by Sprengel. The reduction of Orthopogon subverticillatus Llanos to Panicum colonum is impossible, the plant being described as being a yard and a half high. Orthopogon subverticillatus Llanos is certainly the form of Panicum crus galli Linn. with the spikes, or some of them, arranged in whorls of three’s, as in the illustrative material distributed herewith. The species is common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines, grow- ing as a weed in rice lands and along slow streams. 151862-——5 66 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Illustrative specimen from the bank of an estero (stagnant stream), Manila, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No, 684). Panicum radicans Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 43; F.-Vill) & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 31, non Retz.= PANICUM DISTA- CHYUM Linn. This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Panicum prostratum Lam.=P. reptans Linn., but Llanos’s description does not apply to that species. The description is very indefinite, but mani- festly applies to some species in the group having racemosely arranged spikes and the spikelets on one side of the rachis. The description does not fit Panicwm distachyuwm Linn. in all details, but better applies to this species than to any other known to me. Common and widely distributed throughout the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 711). Panicum crispum Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 42 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 30—=PANICUM PSILO- PODIUM Trin. Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Panicum prostratum Lam., a species that does not at all conform with Llanos’s description. The only Philippine representative of the genus known to me that conforms at all with the description and with the indicated habitat is Panicum psilopodium Trin., at least as that species is represented by currently identified Philippine material. Panicum violaceum Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 42 (sp. noy.); F.-Vill in Blanco Fl. Filip..ed. 8, 4* (1880) 31—=PANICUM NODOSUM Kunth (P. multinode Presl). There is very little doubt as to the correctness of this reduc- tion of Llanos’s species, although his description is rather vague and decidedly imperfect; the reduction is in agreement with that of F.-Villar. It is common and widely distributed at low and medium altitudes in the Philippines, being especially abun- dant in abandoned clearings, borders of thickets, etc. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, ee August, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 944). Panicum polygonatum Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 41; Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 30 (poligonatum), non Kunth, nec Schrad.=PANICUM AUPEEIGKULE Rudge. : Llanos’s description applies unmistakably to Rudge’s species and to no other known Philipping erAaR. It is widely distributed GRAMINEAE 67 in the Philippines at low altitudes, but is of local occurrence. It always grows along the margins of streams and lakes, or some- times in shallow water. Lilanos’s species was erroneously re- duced by Fernandez-Villar to Panicum miliiforme Pres] which is apparently a synonym of P. distachyum Linn. At any rate the plant Llanos described is entirely different from Presl’s species. Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon, September, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 967). Panicum tuberosum Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. ( 1851) 40 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 4? (1880) 29=PANICUM REPENS Linn. Panicum tuberosum Llanos does not appear in Index Kewensis. It was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Panicum ischaemoides Retz., which is generally. considered to be a synonym of Panicum repens Linn. The description manifestly applies to Panicum repens Linn., which agrees with Llanos’s statements as to habitat and as to root characters. It is still known in Calumpit as luya+ luya, on account of the resemblance of its fresh rhizomes to those of ginger. It is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines at low altitudes, especially near the sea. . Illustrative specimen (a topotype of Panicum tuberosum) from Calumpit, Bulacan Province, Luzon, January, 1915, there known as luya-luya (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 708). OPLISMENUS Beauvois ; Orthopogon setarius ? Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 35; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 25, non Spreng.=OPLISMENUS COMPOSITUS (L.) Beauv. Orthopogon hirtellus R. Br.; Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 37; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880 26—=OPLISMENUS COM- POSITUS (L.) Beauv. 5 F.-Villar reduced Orthopogon setarius Llanos to Oplismenus burmannii Beauv., but the description applies rather better to the much commoner O. compositus Beauv., where I think it should be placed. Llanos was correct in his interpretation of Orthopogon hirtellus R. Br., which is, however, a synonym of Oplismenus compositus Beauv. It was reduced by Fernandez- Villar to Paniewm lanceolatum Retz., which is also a synonym of Oplismenus compositus Beauv. It is common and widely dis- tributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. ’ Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 204). aie | 68 SPECIES BLANCOANAE SETARIA Beauvois Setaria pilifera Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 34; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 25, non Desv., nec Spreng.=SETA- RIA FLAVA (Nees) Kunth. This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Panicum helo- pus Trin.=Panicum setigerum Retz., fide Hooker f., a species that does not extend to the Philippines and to which Llanos’s description does not apply. The description does not entirely apply to Setaria flava Kunth, but I know of no other Philippine grass that at all agrees with Llanos’s description. The species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 766). Panicum miliaceum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 39; ed. 2 (1845) 28; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 52, non Linn.=SETARIA ITALICA (Linn.) Beauv. This species, known in the Philippines as dava or dawa, is © probably of prehistoric introduction. It is fairly common in — cultivation, but is usually grown on a very small scale. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 484). CENCHRUS Linnaeus Cenchrus hexafilorus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 36 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 24; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 46=CENCHRUS ECHINATUS Linn. This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Pennisetum © nigricans (Presl) Mig.—Pennisetum compressum R. Br., while — in my previous consideration of Blanco’s species I considered it — as certainly the same as Pennisetum macrostachyum Trin., chiefly — on account of the known distribution of the two species of Pen-— nisetum in the Philippines. However, Blanco’s description does — not at all apply to Pennisetum, but manifestly does apply to — Cenchrus echinatus Linn., a species of wide distribution and — abundant in and about towns in the Philippines. The state- ment “Los involucros son membranaceos, y muy tiesos, y doblan- dose algunos hacia dentro, forman una cosa algo semejante a — los abrojes” (abrojes=caltrop) leaves absolutely no doubt as — to the species intended, yet it is difficult to conceive just why Blanco described the involucres as membranaceous and at the © same time as very hard or solid. The species was certainly — introduced into the Philippines from Mexico. 3 Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, February, 1915 : (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 811). GRAMINEAE 69 SPINIFEX Linnaeus Stipa spinifex Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 41; ed. 2 (1845) 29; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 54=SPINIFEX LITTOREUS (Burm. f.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 229. The Linnean species, pistillate plant, was correctly interpreted by Blanco. The earliest valid specific name, under the Inter- national Code of Botanical Nomenclature is that supplied by Stipa littorea Burm. f. (1768) ; Stipa spinifex Linn. dates from 1767; while Spinifex squarrosus Linn. dates from 1771. Along sandy shores throughout the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Parafiaque, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1915, comm. Mrs. Clemens (Merrill: Species Blanco- anae No. 768). Spinifex squarrosus Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 46; ed. 2 (1845) 31; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 57=SPINIFEX LITTOREUS (Burm. f.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 229. The Linnean species, staminate plant, was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is common along sandy shores throughout the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Parafiaque, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1915, comm. Mrs. Clemens (Merrill: Species Blanco- anae No. 764). ORYZA Linnaeus Oryza sativa praecox Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 274 (var. nov.) ; ed..2 (1845) 190; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 340=ORYZA SATIVA Linn. This is one of the cultivated varieties of rice, still commonly known to the Tagalogs as dumali. It is an upland rice, grown on recently cleared slopes, not in paddies. It was reduced by F,-Villar to Oryza praecox Lour. Illustrative specimen from Balayan, Batangas Province, Lu- zon, August 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 480). —Oryza sativa pilosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 275 (var. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 191; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 341=ORYZA SATIVA Linn. This variety was referred by F.-Villar to Oryza latifolia Desv., but is manifestly only one of the numerous forms of Oryza sativa Linn. Blanco’s variety is characterized by the promi- nently pubescent glumes. The form is one of the upland rices, grown on recently cleared slopes, not in regular paddies. Illustrative specimens from Batangas Province, Luzon, there known as bolohan, the same native name as Blanco cites (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 477, 1018). 7 70 SPECIES BLANCOANAE ‘ Oryza sativa quinanda Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 274 (var.-nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 191; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 340, t. 102, right hand figure=ORYZA SATIVA Linn. eet This is merely one of the numerous cultural forms of the common rice plant; the natives of Batangas distinguish two forms under the name quinanda, quinanda puti (i. e. white) and quinanda pula (i. e. red). Illustrative specimens from Batangas Province, Luzon, Octo- ber 21, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1015, quinanda puti; No. 1017, quinanda pula). Oryza sativa glutinosa Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 273 (var. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 190; ed. 8, 1 (1877) 339, t. 102, middle figure=ORYZA SA- TIVA Linn. A form with glutinous grains, when cooked. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, October 21, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1037) locally known as malagkit. Oryza aristata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 274 (var. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 190; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 8389=ORYZA SATIVA Linn. This is perhaps the most characteristic of all the varieties of the rice plant described by Blanco; it is distinguished by its long awns. It is commonly cultivated by the Ilocanos in northern Luzon. Illustrative specimen from Bauang, Union Province, Luzon, there known as saigurot, October 23, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No. 992). The remaining forms of rice, characterized and named by Blanco, are all cultural forms or varieties of Oryza sativa Linn. and should be reduced here. F.-Villar has attempted to inter- pret them some as forms of Oryza sativa Linn., others as repre- senting Oryza latifolia Desv., O. praecox Lour., and O. glutinosa Lour. The last two, as described by Loureiro, are certainly nothing but forms of Oryza sativa Linn., while Oryza latifolia Desv. is a species of tropical America, ‘totally different from any of the Indo-Malayan forms of Oryza. The forms indicated by Blanco, other than those listed above, are are: ous Oryza sativa binamban Blanco (var. hv.) Fl. Filip. (1837) 273; ed. 2 (1845) 189 (binambang) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 388, t. 102, left hand ‘figure. Oryza sativa lamuyo Blanco op. cit. 273 (var. nov.) ; 190; 339. Oryza sativa rubra Blanco op. cit. 275 (var. nov.); 191; 341. Oryza sativa violacea Blanco op. cit. 275 (var. nov.); 191; 343. GRAMINEAE 71 LEERSIA Swartz LEERSIA HEXANDRA Sw.; Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 26; F.-Vill. & _ Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4+ (1880) 18. This species was correctly interpreted by Llanos. It is widely distributed in the Philippines, growing in open muddy places and in shallow water. In and about Manila it is extensively cul- tivated for green forage and is the chief source of forage supply for the City of Manila. The land is prepared in the form of paddies, as for the cultivation of rice. There are many hundred hectares of land in and near Manila devoted to the cultivation of this grass. It is universally known as barit or zacdte. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 749). SPOROBOLUS R. Brown Spermachiton involutum Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 25 (gen. et sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 47 (1880) 2 Af gh SPOROBOLUS INDICUS (L.) R. Br. This genus and species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Eriochloa punctata Ham.—E. ramosa O. Ktze., a species to which Llanos’s description does not apply, and which Llanos cer- tainly describes, op. cit. 24; 16, as Miliwm zonatum. While the description is very imperfect and indefinite, I consider that the statements “semilla vestido con un saquito,” in the generic de- scription, and “semilla * * * cubierta con un saquito,” in the species description, very definitely refer the plant to Sporo- bolus. The description in all essentials applies to Sporobolus indicus, a species that is common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 845). CYNODON Persoon Chloris rufescens Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 31; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3. 4* (1880) 21, non ? Lag. =CYNODON DAC- TYLON (Linn.) Pers. This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar, with dbuibt: to Cynodon dactylon, but the reduction is unmistakably correct. Llanos does not indicate whether or not he considered his Chloris rufescens as a new species, and adds no literature reference. The de- scription applies perfectly to the very common Cynodon dactylon which is commonly known in the Philippines as grama, a name 72 SPECIES BLANCOANAE cited by Llanos, and it is extensively gathered by the Filipinos for feeding horses and other stock. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 104). CHLORIS Swartz Chloris inflata Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 31; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 47 (1880) 22, non ? Link =CGHLORIS BARBATA Sw. This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Chloris truncata R. Br., a species that is unknown from the Philippines. Chloris barbata Sw. is the only species of the genus found in or near Manila, is common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines at low altitudes, and Llanos’s description agrees with it in all respects. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 211). ELEUSINE Gaertner ELEUSINE INDICA Gaertn.; Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 45; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 8, 4* (1880) 33. Eleusine indica (Linn.) Gaertn. was correctly interpreted by Llanos. It is very common and widely distributed throughout the settled areas of the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 735). DACTYLOCTENIUM Willdenow Eleusine mucronata Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 46; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 34, non Spreng., nec Michx.=DAC- TYLOCTENIUM AEGYPTIUM (Linn.) Richt. Llanos’s Eleusine mucronata, which he intended to represent Sprengel’s species of the same name, was reduced by Fernandez- Villar to Chloris barbata Sw., a species with which the descrip- tion does not agree. I consider it to represent Dactyloctenium aegyptium which is very common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 212). PHRAGMITES Trinius Arundo tecta Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 48; ed. 2 (1845) 33; ed. 3, 1 (1877). 60, non Walt.=PHRAGMITES VULGARIS (Lam.) Trin. (P. com munis Trin.). The species is common in low swampy places, along the scale of stagnant pools and streams, ete. Its common Tagalog name is tambo. It is especially abundant, forming dense thickets, GRAMINEAE %3 about the source of the Pasig River which drains Lake Bay, near Manila. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 319). ERAGROSTIS Host Cyperus paniculatus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 32; ed. 2 (1845) 22; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 42, non aliorum=ERAGROSTIS VISCOSA (Retz.) Trin. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines in the settled areas at low altitudes, especially in waste places in and about towns; it is certainly an introduced plant in the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Manila, December, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 229). Poa japonica Thunb.; Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 47; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 34=ERAGROSTIS JAPONICA (Thunb.) Trin., forma. The proper specific name for this species is obscure, but if it be interpreted in the sense of Stapf in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 7 (1897) 317, then Eragrostis japonica Trin. is the correct name, sensu latiore; Thunberg’s name, Poa japonica, dates from 1784. ‘The species is very generally named Eragrostis interrupta Beauv., but this was not based on Poa interrupta Lam (1791), but on Poa interrupta R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 180; see Beauv. Agrost. (1812) 175 (in index sub Poa). Poa interrupta R. Br. is, according to Bentham, a variety of Eragrostis brownei Nees, or according to Hackel a synonym of Eragrostis elongata Jacq. The name Eragrostis interrupta (Lam.) Doell. is untenable for the species. The plant that Llanos described is the form that is generally called Eragrostis interrupta Beauv.; it is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, growing in low wet lands, along streams, ditches, etc. Illustrative specimen from Calumpit, Bulacan Province, Lu- zon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 709). Poa annua Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 47; F.-Villar & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 34, non Linn=ERAGROSTIS sp. (prob- ably). This was considered by Fernandez-Villar to be Poa annua Linn. but Poa annua occurs in the Philippines only as a recently introduced plant and at altitudes of 1,300 meters and above. Llanos gives no description, but rather naively remarks: “No he tenido tiempo de describir esta planta, pero caso no dudo sea este genero y especie.” He adds that it grows in irrigated lands. _ It is certainly no Poa, and if an Eragrostis then probably E. 14 SPECIES BLANCOANAE unioloides Nees, the only Philippine species of the genus agreeing as to habitat. Uniola spicata Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 33; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 23, non Linn.=ERAGROSTIS SPAR- TINOIDES Steud. Llanos’s Uniola spicata was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Eragrostis cumingii Steud. The description, however, applies very closely to Hragrostis spartinoides Steud., which is abundant locally about Manila and is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 170, 422). Uniola paniculata Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 32; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4% (1880) 23, non Linn. =ERAGROSTIS DISTANS Hack. Llanos’s interpretation of Uniola paniculata was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Eragrostis pilosa Beauv., a species to which Llanos’s description does not particularly apply and moreover one that apparently did not occur in the Philippines until its accidental introduction into Manila sometime after the year 1905. At the present time (1917) Eragrostis pilosa is definitely s known in the Philippines only from few localities in the City of Manila. CENTOTHECA Desvaux Melica philippensis Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 44 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 32—=CENTOTHECA LAT- IFOLIA (Osbeck) Trin. (C. lappacea Desv.). This species is very common and widely distributed in the Philippines, and there is no doubt as to the correctness of this reduction of Melica philippensis Llanos. Centotheca malabarica — Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 385, based on Poa malabarica Linn. (1753) is untenable, as Poa malabarica is a Panicum. The Linnean Poa malabarica is erroneously cited by Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 7: 332, as a synonym of Centotheca lappacea, this being the source of my error in taking up the specific name malabarica under Centotheca; see Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1910) Bot. 248, where Poa malabarica Linn. is transferred to Panicum as P. malabaricum (Linn.) Merr., the SO sali he ce Rate a oa oldest specific name for the plant later described as Panicum : oe arnottianum Nees. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 206). GRAMINEAE 75 BAMBUSA Schreber(*) Bambus pungens Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 270 (sp. nov.) =Bambus arundo Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 188; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 835, t. 100, non Nees, nec Wight=BAMBUSA SPINOSA Roxb. (Bambusa blumeana Schultes fi).. This species is found throughout the Philippines at low and and medium altitudes in cultivation or in abandoned cultiva- tion, rarely spontaneous. It is the most valuable and most universally used bamboo in the Philippines and is almost cer- tainly not a native of the Archipelago, but of prehistoric intro- duction from Malaya. It grows in large clumps, reaching a height of 15 to 20 meters, and is characterized by the dense thicket of spreading, interlaced, very spiny branches surround- ing the base of the culms. The Tagalog name cauayan is used for this species, but also in a generic sense for bamboo; cauayan totoo, frequently applied to this species meaning ‘‘true bamboo ;” see Merrill, E. D., An interpretation of Rumphius’s Herbarium Amboinense (1917) 97. Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, July, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 148). Bambus monogyna Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 268 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 187, ed. 3, 1 (1877) 88383=BAMBUSA VULGARIS Schrad. in Wendl. Coll. Pl. 2 (1808) 26, t. 47. Bambus mitis Blanco op. cit. 271 (sp. nov.); 188; 336—=BAMBUSA VUL- GARIS Schrad. There is no doubt as to the specific identity of the two species Blanco described, and equally no doubt of the correctness of the reference of both to Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Fernandez- Villar reduced the first to Dendrocalamus strictus Nees, and the second to D. sericeus Munro, but neither of these species is known from the Philippines. In describing Bambusa mitis, of which Blanco saw neither flowers nor fruits, he states: ‘““Algu- nos dicen que esta especie es lo mismo que la Monogyna.” I have a number of specimens, some sterile, others in flower, re- ceived under the Tagalog name cauayan quiling, cited by Blanco under Bambusa monogyna, and others received under the Taga- log name tiauanac, cited by Blanco under B. mitis, and I cannot detect any specific differences between them. Bambusa vulgaris is widely distributed in the Philippines in the settled areas at low and medium altitudes and has undoubtedly been purposely introduced into the Archipelago; it does not grow in the primeval _ forest. Bambusa blancoi Steud. is a synonym. *See Merrill, E. D. On the identity of Blanco’s species of Bambusa. Am. Journ. Bot. 3 (1916) 58-64. . 76 SPECIES BLANCOANAE ~ Illustrative specimen from Balayan, Laguna Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 77). GIGANTOCHLOA Kurz Bambus levis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 272 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 189; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 337=GIGANTOCHLOA LEVIS (Blanco) Merr. in Am. Journ. Bot. 3 (1916) 61 (Gigantochloa scribneriana Merr.!, G. robusta Kurz?). Blanco’s description is very short and imperfect, but there is no doubt that the species he intended is as here interpreted. It is the only bamboo growing in the Philippines to which his description at all applies. As described by Blanco, the leaves on the ultimate branchlets are unusually large; when young, at least, rather softly pubescent on the lower surface; and with scattered, short, thick projections (scarcely hairs) on the upper surface, the margins and the midrib on the upper surface scab- rid; the sheaths are at first appressed-hirsute, in age becoming nearly glabrous. Seven collections from the provinces near Manila present flowers from January to April; Blanco saw dried flowers in June and remarks: “tal vez florecera en Febr.” I have received no specimens under the Tagalog name cited by Blanco, cauayan boo, its most common name being cauayan sina, that is, “Chinese bamboo’’, indicating merely that it is probably an introduced species, not necessarily, however, from China. It apparently does not occur outside of cultivation in the Philip- pines. Gigantochloa robusta Kurz, of Java, is probably the same. Illustrative specimen from Tayabas Province, Luzon, March, 1914, comm. D. L. Topping (Merrill: Species Blanéoanae No. 310). SCHIZOSTACHYUM Nees , Bambus textoria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 270 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 188; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 335=SCHIZOSTACHYUM TEXTORIUM (Blanco) Merr. in Am. Journ. Bot. 3 (1916) 64 (S. merrillii Gamble!). This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Gigantochloa atter Kurz, but without good reason, although G. atter Kurz has been reported from the Philippines (Polillo) on the basis of specimens so named by Mr. Gamble. Blanco’s description is very short and imperfect, and he states (under B. lima) that he had never seen the flowers of calbang (B. textoria). It is described as erect, about 6 yards high and the culm 14 inches in diameter, the leaves sword-shaped, glabrous, the stems very straight and smooth, very common in some but not in all forests, much used by the natives, and known as calbang. Attempts to locate any bamboo under the Tagalog name calbang resulted in failure until an exploration of Batangas was commenced with GRAMINEAE 77 view to locating some of Blanco’s doubtful species, The material distributed herewith is the form known in Batangas as calbang, it agrees with Blanco’s description as to size, habit, and other characters indicated by Blanco, and may safely be assumed to represent the species Blanco described. Schizostachyum mer- rillii Gamble is a synonym of S. textoriuwm (Blanco) Merr. Illustrative specimen from Bauang, Batangas Province, Lu- zon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 714). Bambus lumampao Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 272 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 189; ed. 8, 1 (1877) 8388 =SCHIZOSTACHYUM LUMAMPAO (Blanco) Merr. in Am. Journ, Bot. 3 (1916) 63 [Schizostachyum mucronatum Hack. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 3 (1908) Bot. 169]. While Blanco’s description is short and imperfect there is not the slightest doubt as to the correctness of its interpretation as identical with Schizostachyum mucronatum Hack. It is an erect, thin walled, gregarious bamboo, in some provinces almost exclusively occupying large areas of land. It is generaily known now as cavia boho, but I have seen specimens of it under the native names bocaui and lumampao as cited by Blanco. Blanco’s description, short and imperfect as it is, unmistakably applies to the species as here interpreted, which is abundant in some of the provinces near Manila. Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon, March, 1915, there known as cava boho (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No. 891). Bambus lima Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 271 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 189; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 336=SCHIZOSTACHYUM LIMA (Blanco) Merr. in Am. Journ. Bot. 3 (1916) 62 [Schizostachyum hallieri Gamble in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 274]. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, being known from central Luzon to Pala- wan, Mindanao, and Basilan. Among the Philippine bamboos it is well characterized by its long internodes, these from 90 cm to 1.2 m in length. Blanco’s description is very imperfect, and he saw no flowering or fruiting specimens. In spite of this I consider that there is absolutely no doubt as to the identity of the species. Blanco specifically mentions the long internodes: “La distancia entre nudo y nudo es grande”, and this form is the only Philippine bamboo known to me with long internodes; moreover, the Tagalog name anos cited by Blanco for Bambusa lima is constant and is applied only to this species so far as our extensive collection of bamboos shows. Our four specimens of this species from the Tagalog provinces all bear the native name anos. Mr. Gamble’s statement, op. cit., that Blanco described 78 SPECIES BLANCOANAE the leaves of Bambusa lima as “angusta” is an error, due to Steudel’s and Munro’s translation of the word “anchas”’ as nar- row; it signifies wide, for he definitely states that the leaves are “lanceoladas, anchas’’, that is, lanceolate, broad. Blanco’s description, so far as it goes, applies entirely to the species as here interpreted and to no other Philippine bamboo known to me. Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, July, 1912, comm. E. Quisumbing, here known as anos (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 41). Bambus diffusa Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 269 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 187; ed. 8, 1 (1877) 334=SCHIZOSTACHYUM DIFFUSUM (Blanco) Merr. in Am. Journ. Bot. 3 (1916) 62 (Schizostachyum acutiflorum Munro, Dinochloa diffusa Merr.). In spite of Blanco’s description of the leaves as ‘“‘pelosas por debajo,” there is very little doubt that this is the species he intended, as frequently the leaves are slightly hairy. It is possible that he may have included more than one species in his description. The habit, most of the uses, the fruits, and its habitat, as indicated by Blanco, all apply to Schizostachyum acutifiorum Munro, which is common and widely distributed in Luzon, especially in those provinces near Manila. Blanco’s spe- cific name is the older, and I believe that it should be retained for the material distributed as illustrating the species, while certainly typical Schizostachyum acutiflorum Munro is also typical Bambusa diffusa Blanco —Schizostachyum diffusum Merr. Illustrative specimen from Los Bafios, Laguna Province, Lu- zon, March, 1914, comm. F. C. Gates (Merrill: Species Blanco- anae No. 418). CYPERACEAE CYPERUS Linnaeus Cyperus subrotundus Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 14 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4? (1880) 8=CYPERUS DIFFOR-. MIS Linn. Llanos’s description agrees perfectly with this very common and widely distributed Linnean species. It is a characteristic weed of the rice paddies and low wet fallow lands. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 162). Cyperus imbricatus Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 17 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 4" (1880) 11, non Retz., nec ad seve: = CYPERUS RADIATUS Vahl. This species was reduced by Naves to Cyperus neler Presl=Mariscus stuppeus (Forst.) Merr. (M. albescens Gau- dich.), to which species Llanos’s description does not well apply, CYPERACEAE 79 and which Llanos otherwise described as Cyperus ovatus. The description and habitat is better that of Cyperus radiatus Vahl, a species very common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 429). Cyperus nuttallii Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 14; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4% (1880) 9, non Torr.=CYPERUS IRIA Linn. Llanos’s conception of Cyperus nuttallii was reduced by Naves to Cyperus flavicomus Michx., a North American species. The description applies closely to the very common Cyperus iria Linn., which is a characteristic weed in rice paddies, low wet lands, etc., throughout the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, N ovember, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 174). Cyperus humilis Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 13 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 4% (1880) 7, non Kunth=CYPERUS COMPRESSUS Linn. This was definitely indicated by Llanos as a new species, but is not included in Index Kewensis. The description manifestly applies to the common and widely distributed Cyperus compres- sus Linn., a species that is abundant throughout the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 203). _7®YPERUS ROTUNDUS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 31; ed. 2 (1845) 21; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 40. cyeeri curvatus Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 15; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 9, non Vahl=CYPERUS ROTUN- DUS Linn. Blanco certainly described a form of the Linnean species, probably var. nilagiricus (Hochst.) C. B. Clarke. In this reduc- tion of Llanos’s species I follow F.-Villar, for I can see no reason, from Llanos’s description, to consider Cyperus curvatus Llanos other than this very common form. Cyperus rotundus is abun- dant in all parts of the Philippines in the settled areas. Illustrative specimens from Manila, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 580); Taytay, i so May, 1918 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 790). Cyperus caespitosus Llanos Frag. Pl. Philip. tie) 14 Sosailiesds) _ F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. wnat ed. 3, 47 (1880) 8, non Poir. san |; CYPERUS HASPAN Linn. Llanos did not intend this as a new species, but thought that 80 SPECIES BLANCOANAE his plant was the same as Cyperus caespitosus Poir. of Mada- gascar, as described by Sprengel Syst. 1: 221. Naves er- roneously reduced it to Cyperus dehiscens Kunth, a species that does not extend to the Philippines. From the imperfect description and the indicated habitat the form that Llanos de- scribed can be nothing else than Cyperus haspan Linn. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 999). PYCREUS Beauvois Cyperus strigosus Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 16; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 8, 4* (1880) 10, non Linn., nec aliorum=PYC- REUS ODORATUS (Linn.) Urb. (P. polystachyus Beauv.). Cyperus strigosus of Llanos was reduced by Naves to Cyperus macrosciadion Steud.—Cyperus radiatus Vahl; but Cyperus imbricatus Llanos, op. cit. 17, is unmistakably Cyperus radiatus Vahl, and it is improbable that Llanos would describe this very characteristic species twice and under separate names. Lla- nos’s description agrees at least as well with Pycreus odoratus as with any other species, so it is assumed that this is the form he intended. It is common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, in wet — lands, along small streams, etc. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 171). MARISCUS Vahl Cyperus ovatus Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 15 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 47 (1880) 10—=MARISCUS STUP- PEUS (Forst.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 398 (M. albescens Gaudich., Cyperus pennatus Lam.). This species was reduced by Naves to Cyperus distans Linn., a form agreeing with Llanos’s description neither in the char- acters indicated by Llanos nor in its habitat. By “esteros” Lla- nos certainly means brackish tidal streams, and Mariscus stuppeus is the only species growing in such a habitat that at all agrees with the description. The statement: “Una hojuela del involucro es de cuatro pies de largo” is a false one, no Philippine species of the entire family having such a long involucral leaf. It is common along the seashore and tidal streams throughout the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 428). Cyperus luzoniensis Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 17 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4% (1880) 11=MARISCUS DI- LUTUS (Vahl) Nees. CYPERACEAE 81 Cyperus quadriflorus Llanos op. cit. 18 (sp. nov.); 12 (cuadriflorus) = MARISCUS DILUTUS (Vahl) Nees. In the reductions of the above two species I have followed Naves. The first species is certainly correctly reduced, and the reduction has been verified by C. B. Clarke who has examined a specimen from Llanos; see Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 81. The second species, Cyperus cuadriflorus (i. e., quadri- florus), is probably correctly reduced; at least I know of no other Philippine species that agrees with Llanos’s description. Mariscus dilutus Nees (M. microcephalus Presl) is exceedingly variable in size and is common and widely distributed through- out the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium alti- tudes, growing in open wet lands, in rice paddies, along streams, ete. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 658). KYLLINGA Rottboell Kyllinga triceps Linn. f. (p. p.); Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 34; ed. 2 (1845) 23; ed. 8, 1 (1877) 44=KYLLINGA MONOCEPHALA Rottb. The species is very common and widely distributed in the Philippines, Blanco’s description applying unmistakably to Rott- boell’s species. Kyllinga triceps Linn. f. is in part identical with K. monocephala Rottb., the Linnean species having been based on two different forms. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 448). FUIRENA Rottboell Fuirena striata Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 21 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 14=FUIRENA CILIARIS (Linn.) Roxb. (F. glomerata Lam.). Llanos’s description agrees perfectly with Fuirena ciliaris. The plant, agreeing with the habitat cited by Llanos, is a char- acteristic one of rice paddies. It is common and widely distrib- uted in the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 173). SCIRPUS Linnaeus Carex glomerata Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 24; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 45, non Thunb.=SCIRPUS ARTICULATUS Linn. This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Fimbristylis ferru- ginea Vahl, but the reduction is manifestly wrong, although F. ferruginea is common at low altitudes in the Philippines, es- 151862——6 __ : 82 SPECIES BLANCOANAE pecially near the sea. Blanco’s description calls for a plant that is similar in appearance to his Carex tuberosa [—Eleocharis dulcis (Burm. f.) Trin.], with many, short, conglomerate spike- lets near the base of the stems. This description applies only to Scirpus articulatus Linn., among all the Cyperaceae known to me to occur in the Philippines. It is common in wet places in and about Manila and is probably of wide distribution in the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913 (Mer- riul: Species Blancoanae No. 268). Cyperus difformis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 32; ed. 2 (848) 22° ed. 3,1 (1877) 41, non Linn.=SCIRPUS GROSSUS Linn. f. Scirpus kysoor Roxb.; Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 20 (kisoor) ; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 14 (kisoor) =SCIRPUS GROSSUS Linn. f. Fernandez-Villar reduced Cyperus difformis Blanco to Cyperus ornatus R. Br., which is a synonym of Cyperus procerus Rottb., and a species that does not extend to the Philippines. C. B. Clarke, Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 84, refers Cyperus difformis Blanco to Cyperus malaccensis Lam. This may be in part correct, but Blanco’s description, at least for the most part, applies to Scirpus grossus L. f., which is very common in low wet lands about Manila. The only Philippine sedge known to me to which Blanco’s statement “Esta planta * * * de la al- tura de un hombre, y su tallo se hace de mas de una pulgada de grueso” applies is Scirpus grossus Linn. f., which is commonly known by the Tagalogs about Manila as tiquio, the native name cited by Blanco. Scirpus kysoor Llanos was reduced by Fer- nandez-Villar to Scirpus maritimus Linn., a species that does not occur in the regions from which Llanos secured his material, and one to which his description does not at all apply. I can see no reason for considering Llanos’s ace other than the common Scirpus grossus Linn. f. Illustrative specimens from Calumpit, Bulacan Province, Lu- zon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 692) ; Ma- nila, Luzon, October, 1913 (Mergent Species Blancoanae Ne 564). ELEOCHARIS R. Brown Carex tuberosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 35 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 24; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 45, t. 15, non Degl.=ELEOCHARIS DULCIS (Burm. f.) _ Trin. (Eleocharis plantaginoidea W. F. Wight; E. plantaginea R. Br., Andropogon dulcis Burm. f.). This species was reduced by Naves to Eleocharis tuberosa Schultes. It is of local occurrence in the Philippines, growing CYPERACEAE 83 in open very wet places or in shallow water. The tubers, known as apulid and cabezas de negrito (Sp.—Negrito’s heads) are sold in large quantities in the Manila markets in the months of October to December; see Merrill, E. D., An interpretation of Rumphius’s Herbarum Amboinense (1917) 104. Illustrative specimen from Obando, Bulacan Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 395 2 ‘Scirpus retroflexus Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 19; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 13, non Poir.=ELEOCHARIS CA- RIBAEA (Rottb.) Blake in Rhodora 20 (1918) 24 (E. capitata Auct., non R, Br.). This reduction was made by Naves, which is certainly the correct disposition of the plant Llanos described and erroneously ascribed to Scirpus retroflexus Poir. as described by Sprengel Syst. 1: 205. Eleocharis capitata R. Br. is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, January, 1918 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1063). FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl Scirpus niloticus Blanco Fl. Filip. (18387) 33; ed. 2 (1845) 23; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 43, non Gmel.=FIMBRISTYLIS MILIACEA Vahl. This is one of the most abundant and widely distributed rice paddy weeds in the Philippines. Illustrative specimen.from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 545). Scirpus falcatus Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 20; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 13, non Vahl=FIMBRISTYLIS sp. Fernandez-Villar considered that Llanos correctly interpreted Vahl’s species and referred it to Fimbristylis falcata (Vahl) Kunth, a species that does not extend to the Philippines. From the very short and imperfect description given by Llanos it is suspected that the form he had before him was the common and widely distributed Fimbristylis diphylla Vahl. SCLERIA Bergius Scleria foveolata Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 103; Pr Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 79, non Cav.=SCLERIA SCROB!- CULATA Nees. — This reduction follows that of Fernandez-Villar, and Llanos’s description applies to Scleria scrobiculata Nees, which is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. While Llanos’s species is undoubtedly Scleria serobi- culata Nees, interpreting the species in a broad sense, I am not sure whether the illustrative specimens are really referable to S. _ 84 SPECIES BLANCOANAE scrobiculata or to the manifestly very closely allied S. purpwreo- vaginata Boeckl., or S. multifoliata Boeckl. The distinctions between the three species are not clear to me. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 680). PALMAE CORYPHA Linnaeus Corypha umbraculifera Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 228; ed. 2 (1845) 160; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 290, non Linn. =CORYPHA ELATA Roxb. Naves considered that Blanco correctly interpreted the Lin- nean species, but I have followed Beccari in considering the Philippine plant referable to Corypha elata Roxb. The species is found throughout the Philippines at low altitudes, in river valleys, open grasslands, etc., and is the largest palm found in the Archipelago. The leaves are up to 3 m in diameter, suborbicular, the segments about 100, extending one-half to two- thirds to the base; the very stout petioles are about 3 m long. The species flowers at maturity and then dies. The great ter- minal inflorescence is conical in shape, up to 7 m high, the lower branches up to 3.5 m in length, the upper gradually shorter. It is known to the Tagalogs and Visayans as buri or buli and to the Ilocanos as silag. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 412). LIVISTONA R. Brown Corypha minor Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 229 (Coripha) (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 161 (Coripha); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 290, non Jacg.=LIVISTONA BLANCO! Merr. nom. nov. Corypha minor Blanco is unmistakably a species of Livistona, the palms of this genus being widely known in the Philippines as anahao. His description of the leaves is definite in the state- _ ment that the petioles were unarmed: “Peciolos sin aguijones.” For this reason the reduction of Corypha minor Blanco to — Livistona rotundifolia Mart., is inadmissible, the latter, based wholly on Saribus Rumph. Herb. Amb. 1: 42, t. 8, having spiny petioles. The Philippine species with smooth petioles are Livis- — tona merrillii Becc. and L. whitfordii Becc., but Livistona blancot — Merr., as here interpreted, differs remarkably from both of these in its short leaf-segments and in its much more slender petioles. Naves reduced Corypha minor Blanco to Livistona ~ . rotundifolia Mart., and in part to L. papwana Becc.; the former has spiny petioles, while the latter does not occur in the Phil- PALMAE 85 ippines. There is no reason for considering that Blanco’s description is based on material representing more than one species. Illustrative specimen from Unisan, Tayabas Province, Luzon, May 11, 1916, there known as anahao, comm. Felix Bawan (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 919). CALAMUS Linnaeus CALAMUS USITATUS Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 265 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 185; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 330, t. 99 (C. mollis) . After a careful consideration of all the accumulated data and material here, in connection with a study of Blanco’s descrip- tion, I am obliged to dissent from the current interpretation of this species. It has been placed by Beccari and others as a synonym of Daemonorops gaudichaudii, but I interpret it as the species described and figured by Beccari as Calamus mollis (non Blanco!). It was reduced by Naves in part to Daemon- orops rumphit Mart., and in part to Calamus pisicarpus Blume, neither of which occur in the Philippines. While Blanco’s de- scription may have been based on a mixture of specimens, this is entirely improbable. Beccari has interpreted Calamus usita- tus to be a Daemonorops chiefly from the calyx characters given by Blanco. I interpret it especially by the leaf characters given by Blanco, its great abundance at low altitudes in the provinces contiguous to Manila, its edible fruits, and the almost universal and nearly exclusive use of the native name way for this plant. See the discussion of Daemonorops mollis, infra. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914, there known as way (Merrill: Species Blanco- anae No. 682). CALAMUS MAXIMUS Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 266 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 185; ed. 8, 1 (1877) 381. This is a perfectly valid species and is Calamus merrillii Becc. in Martelli Webbia 1 (1905) 347, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 (1908) 105, 390, t. 167. It is the same as Beccari’s original identification of Blanco’s species, Merrill 1893, in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 45, which number Beccari later made the type of Calamus merrillii Becc., at the same time referring Calamus maximus Blanco to Calamus ornatus Blume var. philip- pinensis Becc. Palasan is Calamus maximus as here interpreted, while Calamus ornatus Blume var. philippinensis Bece. is in- variably limoran, and the two are never confused by the natives. Both native names are cited by Blanco, the former under Calamus maximus, the latter under an undescribed species of Calamus RG SPECIES BLANCOANAE following the description of Calamus gracilis. Moreover, Blan- co’s description applies unmistakably to the present interpreta- tion of the species, and not to Calamus ornatus Blume. The leafiets are described as: “‘Hojuelas lanceoladas, con tres nervios notables, y en los dos laterales una hilera de pelos tiesos en la pagina superior y en la inferior una sola hilera de lo mismo.” This is a character of Calamus maximus as here interpreted, but Calamus ornatus Blume var. philippinensis Becc. is without such hairs. Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1915, there known as palasan (Merrill: Species Blanco- anae No. 879). Calamus gracilis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 267 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 186; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 332, non Roxb.=CALAMUS BLANCO! Kunth. This species is manifestly very closely allied to Calamus usita- tus Blanco (C. mollis Auct., non Blanco), and is perhaps identical with it. I have seen no specimen of Cuming 1225, or Loher 1376, on which Beccari based his conception of Calamus blancot, but our Batangas material of talola seems to agree with the figure given by Beccari, taken from Cuming 1225, and with the description. Cuming’s specimen was from Ilocos Norte Prov- ince, Luzon, from his own list of localities. Batangas is the only province, so far as our collections and data show, where talola is in use as a name for Calamus, and it is apparently generally applied to the specific form distributed herewith. The closely allied Calamus usitatus Blanco (C. mollis Auct., non Blanco), is known in the same locality as talolang lutukan. The striking differences are that in talola the leaflets are constantly solitary, — while in talolang lutukan, and in very many of our numerous specimens of Calamus usitatus some of the leaflets are frequently paired on the same side of the rachis. It was erroneously re- duced by Naves to Calamus buroensis Mart., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Mount Batulao, Batangas Preeines Luzon, February, 1915, there known as talola (Merrill: sipncine A Blancoanae No. 791). DAEMONOROPS Blume Calamus mollis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 264 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 184; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 329=DAEMONOROPS MOLLIS a comb. nov. (D. gaudichaudit Mart.). a: This is one of the commonest rattans at low and caine altitudes in Luzon, is abundant in all the provinces contiguous to Manila, is universally and rather exclusively known as ditdn, PALMAE 87 has non-edible fruits, and otherwise agrees with Blanco’s descrip- tion. On account of these data I am obliged to differ from all other authors in my interpretation of Calamus mollis Blanco. Beccari, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 (1908) 212-215, has inter- preted Calamus mollis as a distinct species of Calamus, with C. haenkeanus Mart. as a synonym. Naves reduced Calamus mollis to C. haenkeanus Mart. From the data and abundant material now available here I cannot agree with this interpreta- tion of Calamus mollis Blanco, but am forced to the opinion that Calamus mollis Blanco is identical with Daemonorops gaudichau- du Mart. and that Calamus mollis of Beccari and other authors is Calamus usitatus Blanco, a species that was erroneously reduced by Beceari to Daemonorops gaudichaudii Mart. : Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914, there known as ditdén (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No. 685). _CARYOTA Linnaeus Caryta cursus! Blakee HE Filip. (1837) 740; ed. 2 (1845) 510; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 142, ¢. 349, non Linn. —CARYOTA CUMINGII Lodd. Caryota urens Linn. does not occur in the Philippines, and Martius was correct in referring C. wrens Blanco to C. cumingii Lodd. It is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes and is generally known to the Tagalogs as pugdhan, sometimes as taquipan, and to the Visayans as taquipan and patican. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 736). - ARENGA Labillardiére Caryota tremula Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 744 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 512; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 144=ARENGA TREMULA (Blanco) Bece. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 612, name only, excluding description and cited specimens! (Arenga mindorensis Becc.!). Blanco’s species was considered by Naves as Wallichia tremula Mart., which was based on Blanco’s description. It is absolutely certain that Caryota tremula Blanco is the species described by _ Beccari as Arenga mindorensis, and that the specimens referred by Beccari to Arenga tremula (Blanco) Becc., and the descrip- tion given by him, refer to an entirely different species very closely allied to, and very probably identical with Arenga ambong Bece. Arenga tremula as interpreted by Beccari does not grow in any of the provinces from which Blanco secured his botanical material. Arenga tremula (A. mindorensis Becc.), as I interpret it, occurs in abundance, although locally, in the provinces of Bataan, Laguna, Batangas, and Tayabas, and in Mindoro; a very 88 SPECIES BLANCOANAE large number of Blanco’s species were from Batangas, Laguna, and Bataan. The uses indicated by Blanco are those of the palm I refer to Arenga tremula. Blanco’s description, more- over, certainly applies to Arenga mindorensis Becc.; and not to the form Beccari refers to Arenga tremula. The leaflets are described as very long, linear, with the apex “hendido en dos partes desiguales, 0 en forma de dos arpas.” This description applies to some of the leaflets of Arenga mindorensis, but to none of the leaflets of Arenga tremula as interpreted by Beccari. Moreover in Bataan, Batangas, Laguna, and Tayabas Arenga mindorensis=A. tremula is universally known as dumaydca, — the native name cited by Blanco, a name that does not appear on any of our specimens of Arenga ambong and allied forms. Illustrative specimen from Mount Batulao, Batangas Province, Luzon, February, 1915, there known as dumaydea (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 828). Caryota onusta Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 741 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 511; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 143, t. 419=ARENGA PINNATA (Wurmb) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 119. (Saguerus pinnatus Wurmb, Arenga saccharifera Labill.). This palm is found throughout the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, growing in the settled areas as well as in the primeval forest in some localities. From its interrupted distri- bution, and the fact that it is entirely wanting in perhaps most of the forests of the Philippines, I consider that the species is probably not a native of the Archipelago, but a purposely in- — troduced one, and one that has been distributed from island to island by the natives. Its occurrence in some regions in the primeval forest can probably be accounted for by the fact that the fully matured fruits are eaten by wild hogs, which would tend to scatter the species in the forested regions. , Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 652). ORANIA Zippel Caryota palindan Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 513 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 3 (1879) 145=ORANIA PALINDAN (Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 88. This species is widely distributed in Luzon, occurring in pri- meval forests at medium altitudes. In appearance it much _ resembles the common coconut palm. Blanco’s species was er- roneously reduced by Naves to Orania regalis Blume, a species - that does not extend to the Philippines. Orania philippinensis PALMAR 89 Scheff. ex Becc. in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 2 (1885) 156, is a synonym. Illustrative specimen from Sablang, Benguet Subprovince, Lu- zon, March, 1912 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 144). ARECA Linnaeus ARECA CATECHU Linn. (err. cathecu) ; Blanco Fl. — (1837) 714; ed. 2 (1845) 494; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 120, t. 350. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is commonly cultivated throughout the Philippines and is often spontaneous. There is no reason whatever for considering the species a native of the Archipelago, although it has been collected at least once (in Palawan) in the primeval forest, but here near an ancient trail. It is certainly a purposely introduced plant in the Philippines and of prehistoric introduction. The specific name cathecu is the original spelling, but it is a manifest typo- graphic error for catechu. Illustrative specimen (immature fruits) from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 218). Areca catechu Linn. var. humilis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 716 (var. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 495; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 120=ARECA IPOT Becc. in Elm. Leafi. Philip. Bot. 2 (1909) 639. The form described by Blanco as the variety humilis of Areca catechu is a very distinct endemic species, recently described by Beccari as Areca ipot. It was erroneously reduced by Naves to Areca catechu Linn., var. pumila Mig. The species is of local distribution in the Philippines and in Luzon is generally known as sacsic and ipod (not ipot); Blanco gives the Tagalog name as mangipod. Illustrative specimen from Nagcarlan, Laguna Province, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 844). COCOS NUCIFERA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 716; ed. 2 (1845) 495 (nucigera) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 123, t. $64. The coconut palm is very extensively cultivated in the Philip- pines and presents a number of more or less distinct forms, varying in the size of the plant and in the size, shape, and quality of the fruits. It is most certainly not a native of the Archipelago and nowhere occurs spontaneously in the Philippines. It is cer- tainly of prehistoric introduction into the Archipelago. Illustrative specimen from the Catubig River, Samar, Feb- ruary, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae 927). 90 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Cocos mamillaris Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 722 (mammilaris (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 499 (mamilaris) ; ed. 3, 3 (1897) 123=COCOS NUCIFERA Linn., var. Blanco’s species was reduced by Naves to Cocos nucifera Linn. var. lansiformis Mig. without sufficient reason. The palm is much smaller than the usual form of Cocos nucifera, the trunk much more slender, a little larger than that of Areca catechu, flowering freely when less than a meter high, and the fruits are very much smaller, as indicated by Blanco. Illustrative specimen from Nagcarlan, Laguna Province, Lu- zon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 858). NIPA (Nypa) Wurmb ar Nipa litoralis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 662 (sp. nov.) =NIPA FRUTICANS Wurmb; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 461; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 68, t. 386. The form proposed by Blanco as a new species, Nipa litoralis, was correctly reduced by him in the second edition of the Flora de Filipinas to N. fruticans Wurmb. The species is found along tidal streams, within the influence of salt or brackish water, throughout the Philippines, and is locally of great economic importance, its leaves being used to thatch houses, the sap se- cured from the peduncles of the pistillate inflorescences being one of the chief sources of the alcohol distilled in the Archipelago. Illustrative specimen from Malabon, Rizal Province, Luzon, September, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 420). ARACEAE POTHOS Linnaeus Batis hermaphrodita Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 791 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 544; ed. 8, 3 (1879) 197=POTHOS HERMAPHRODITUS (Blanco) comb. nov. (Pothos longifolius Presl). As imperfect as is Blanco’s description, there is no other plant known from the Philippines to which it can apply. Naves re- duced it, by error, to Pothos chapélieri Schott, a species that does not extend to the Philippines. It is widely distributed in Luzon at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Prov- ince, Luzon, November, 1912 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae — No. 57). are RHAPHIDOPHORA Hasskarl Pothos pinnata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 646; ed. 2 (1845) 450; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 48, t. $89, non Linn. =RHAPHIDOPHORA MERRILLI! Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 37 (1905) 115. This species was reduced by Naves to Epipremnum medium Engl., a species that was credited to the Philippines by the ARACEAE 91 reduction of Rhaphidophora huegeliana Schott. However, Rha- phidophora huegeliana is a distinct species=Epipremnopsis huegelianum Engl.; does not occur in the vicinity of Manila; and is a species to which Blanco’s description does not apply. Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl. is fairly common in the vicinity of Manila; is widely distributed in the Philippines at low alti- tudes; agrees with Blanco’s description and the indicated time as to flowering; and is very generally known to the Tagalog as tibdtib, one of the names cited by Blanco. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1915, there known as tibdtib (Merrill: Species Blan- ' coanae No. 715). AMORPHOPHALLUS Blume Arum decurrens Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 656 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 457; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 62=AMORPHOPHALLUS CAMPANULATUS (Roxb.) Blume. Arum decurrens Blanco is the whole basis of Amorphophallus decurrens Kunth, which Engler, Pflanzenreich 48 (1911) 108, has admitted as a doubtful species. It is identical with A. cam- panulatus Blume. The species is widely distributed in the set- tled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, growing in thickets, in waste places, along roadsides, etc., but never in the virgin forests. The spathes and spadices are enormously variable in size, depending largely on the size of the corm, and shrink much in drying. Illustrative specimen from Pantay, Rizal Province, Luzon, June (flowers), September (leaves), 1915, there known as pongdpong (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1044). ALOCASIA Schott Calla maxima Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 658 (sp. nov.) =Arum grandifolium - Blanco op. cit. ed 2 (1845) 458; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 63, t. 177 (as Arum grandifoliwm Spreng.), non Jacqg.=ALOCASIA MACRORRHIZA (Linn.) Schott. Calla badian Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 658 (sp. nov.) =ALOCASIA MAC- RORRHIZA Schott. eg Calla maxima was reduced by Naves to Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott, but seems rather to be referable to A. macror- rhiza. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines and exceedingly variable in size; when young acaulescent or nearly so, later with a trunk up to 4m in height. Calla badian Blanco is included in the second and third editions of the Flora de Filipinas, without specific name, casually mentioned under Caladium esculentum; i. e., Colocasia esculenta Schott. F.-Villar reduced it to Alocasia indica Schott var. variegata Engl., while 9? SPECIES BLANCOANAE I previously considered it to be a form of Colocasia antiquorum Schott=C. esculentum Schott. From the native names cited, there being no other data from which its status can be deter- mined, as Blanco gives no description, it can scarcely be other than a form of Alocasia macrorrhiza Schott. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914, there known as biga (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No. 630). COLOCASIA Schott Calla gaby Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 659 (sp. nov.) Caladium esculentum Vent.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 459; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 64=COLOCASIA ESCULENTA (L.) Schott. (C. antiquorum Schoit.). The taro, widely known in the Philippines as gabi, is exten- sively cultivated, a number of forms or varieties being found in the Archipelago. It is at times at least subspontaneous, but is certainly not a native of the Philippines, Illustrative specimen from Los Bajios, Laguna Province, Luzon, May, 1914, comm. F. C. Gates and F. Q. Otanes (Merrill: Spe- cies Blancoanae No. 21). TYPHONIUM Schott Arum divaricatum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 657; ed. 2 (1845) 458; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 62, non Linn. (vel Linn. p. p. tantum) =TYPHONIUM CUSPIDATUM (Blume) Decne. This was reduced by Naves to Typhonium divaricatum (Linn.) Decne., but the original Arum divaricatum Linn. was in part Typhonium divaricatum Decne. and in part T. cuspidatum Decne.; the Philippine form described by Blanco is apparently the latter. It is found only in and near towns in the Philip- pines and probably is an introduced plant in the Archipelago. Illustrative specimens from Manila, Luzon, August, 1912, Sep- tember, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 676, 970). ARISAEMA Linnaeus Calla polyphylla Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 659 (sp. nov.) =Caladium ? digitatum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 459 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 8, 3 (1879) _ 64=ARISAEMA POLYPHYLLUM (Blanco) Merr. (A. cumingit Schott.). A species of wide distribution in the Philippines at medium — and higher altitudes, exceedingly variable in vegetative char- acters. The leaves vary greatly in width, and the maximum — length I have observed, on very luxuriant specimens, is about 25 cm, LEMNACEAE—FLAGELLARIACEAE 93 Illustrative specimen from Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 460). PISTIA Linnaeus PISTIA STRATIOTES Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 651; ed. 2 (1845) 454; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 55, t. 468. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines in stagnant pools, slow streams, etc., at low altitudes, its common Tagalog name being quiapo, its Ilocano name loloan. It is exceedingly variable in size, the rosettes in luxuriant specimens up to 20 cm in diameter. Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 94). LEMNACEAE LEMNA Linnaeus Lemna gibba Blanco FI. Filip. (1887) 672; ed. 2 (1845) 468; ed. 3, 3 (1879) - 98, non Linn. =LEMNA PAUCICOSTATA Hegelm. This species is frequently very abundant on stagnant pools about Manila during the rainy season, often associated with Wolfia arrhiza Wimm., less frequently associated with Spiro- dela polyrrhiza (Linn.) Schleid. The Tagalog names are inala, lia, and lija. It is widely distributed in the Philippines. This is probably the form indicated by Llanos as Conferva lia Llanos Frag, Pl. Filip. (1851) 113 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 92, regarding which he naively states that he never had any occasion to write a description of it, but that there was scarcely any doubt as to its belonging in Conferva. There is no description. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, July, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 131). FLAGELLARIACEAE FLAGELLARIA Linnaeus FLAGELLARIA INDICA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 196; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 347. ; Blanco correctly interpreted the Linnean species, which is com- mon throughout the Archipelago at low and medium altitudes. It is commonly known as balinguay. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 386). 94 SPECIES BLANCOANAE BROMELIACEAE ANANAS Tournefort Bromelia ananas Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 230; ed. 2 (1845) 162; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 291, t. 458=Ananas sativus Schultes f.=ANANAS CO- MOSUS (Linn.) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 133 (Bromelia comosa Linn.). The pineapple is generally cultivated throughout the Philip- pines and in some regions, notably parts of Palawan, has become thoroughly naturalized. It was introduced from Mexico at an early date by the Spaniards and is universally known in the Philippines by its Spanish name pia. Bromelia pigna Perr. (1825), based on Philippine specimens, is a synonym. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 778). COMMELINACEAE POLLIA Thunberg _Lechea minor Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 52; ed. 2 (1845) 35; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 65, non Linn. =POLLIA SORZOGONENSIS (E. Mey.) Endl. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines, occurring usually in forests and in shaded ravines. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, UES: 1914 (Merrill: Species Blamcoanae No. 586). COMMELINA Linnaeus Commelina polygama Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 25 (poligama) ; ed. 2 (1845) 18; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 34, t. 18, non Roth=COMMELINA BENGHAL- ENS!IS Linn. This species is common and widely distributed throughout the - settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. It is apparently an introduced plant in the Archipelago. ee Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 135). 7 RHOEO Hance : Tradescantia discolor L’Hérit.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 232; ed. 2 (1845) 163 (discolar); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 294, t. 8;=RHOEO DISCOLOR ~ (L’Hérit.) Hance. This American species was correctly interpreted ws Blanco. : ; q It is found in the Philippines only in cultivation. ae Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, April 18, 1914 a (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 240). i PONTEDERIACEAE—LILIACEAE 95 CYANOTIS D. Don Tradescantia cristata Jacq.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 231; ed. 2 (1845) 163; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 293=CYANOTIS CRISTATA (Linn.) Roem. & Schultes. The species was correctly interpreted by Blanco but properly belongs in the genus Cyanotis. It is to be noted that this is not the plant figured by Naves, as representing Blanco’s species, in the third edition of the Flora de Filipinas, ¢. 83, the figure being Commelina nudiflora Linn. It is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes in the settled areas. Illustrative specimen from near Fort William McKinley, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 155). ; FLOSCOPA Loureiro Tradescantia geniculata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 232; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 294, non Jacq., nec Lour.=FLOSCOPA SCANDENS Lour. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. It was omitted from the second edition of the Flora de Filipinas, but was included by F.-Villar and Naves in the third edition. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 118). PONTEDERIACEAE MONOCHORIA Presl Pontederia vaginalis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 255; ed. 2 (1845) 178; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 320, t. 466, non Burm. f.=MONOCHORIA HASTATA (Linn.) Solms. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines at low altitudes in fresh-water swamps, along streams and stagnant pools, etc., and is abundant about Manila. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 419). LILIACEAE ALOE Linnaeus Aloé humilis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 256; ed. 2 (1845) 179; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 321, t. 95, non Linn. =ALO& VERA Linn. © Naves reduced this to Aloé barbadensis Mill., which is a syn- onym of Aloé vera Linn. The plant is still cultivated on a very limited scale in gardens in Manila and in some of the larger towns of the Philippines, being widely known as sdbila. It rarely flowers in the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Batangas, Bataigis Province, 96 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Luzon, October 21, 1916, there known as sdbila (Merrill: Spe- cies Blancoanae No. 1005). ALLIUM Linnaeus Allium tricoccum Blanco Fl Filip. (1837) 239; ed. 2 (1845) 167; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 301, # 87, non Ait.=ALLIUM TUBEROSUM Roxb. Naves reduced this to Allium uliginosum Don, which is sup- posed to be a synonym of A. tuberosum Roxb., which in turn was described from specimens grown at Calcutta. The plant is com- monly cultivated by Chinese gardeners in Manila as a vegetable, - being especially used for flavoring soups, etc. It is universally known as cuchai, a name derived from the Cantonese kau choy, indicating that the plant itself was introduced into the Phil- ippines by the Chinese. It rarely produces flowers in Manila.. It may not be distinct from Allium porrum Linn. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, from Chinese vegetable gardens, flowering in June and July (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No, 1021). PLEOMELE Salisbury 7? Pandanus inermis Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 537 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 3 (1879) 184, non Roxb.=PLEOMELE ANGUSTIFOLIA (Roxb.) N. E. Br. (Dracaena angustifolia Roxb.). Blanco’s entire description consists of the following: ‘“Hojas esparcidas, y sin ganchos.—Es un Pandan, que he visto en los bosques de Angat, de unos nueve pies de alto, y no se si se hara mayor. No tenia flores ni fruto.” By F.-Viilar it was reduced to Pandanus moschatus “Rumph.’’ (Miquel), a species that does not occur in the Philippines. Pandanus inermis Blanco is, without doubt, Pleomele (Dracaena), and from our material I cannot distinguish it from Pleomele angustifolia (Roxb.) N. E. Br. It is variable and is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimens (topotype of Pandanus inermis Blanco) © from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 668); Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 902). TAETSIA Medicus (Cordyline Commerson) Dracaena terminalis Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 263; ed. 2 (1845) 183; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 328, t. 98=Cordyline terminalis Kunth—TAETSIA FRUTICOSA (Linn.) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 137 (Con- vallaria fruticosa Linn.). The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco, but the specific name fruticosa is older. It occurs in the Philippines only as a cultivated plant. It was probably of prehistoric in- LILIACEAE 97 troduction in the Philippines, but was possibly not introduced until after the Spanish occupation of the Archipelago. It occurs throughout the Archipelago in the settled areas, but is nowhere wild. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 512). SMILAX Linnaeus Smilax pseudochina Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 795; ed. 2 (1845) 548; ed. 3, ~ 3 (1879) 204, non Linn.=SMILAX BRACTEATA Presl (S. blancoi Kunth). Smilax fistulosa Blanco op. cit. 796 (sp. nov.) ; 549; 205—SMILAX BRAC- TEATA Presl. This species is common and widely distributed in Luzon and is the only representative of the genus found near Manila. There is no doubt whatever that both Smilax pseudochina Blanco and S. fistulosa are the same species and that both are identical with S. bracteata Presl; Smilax blancoi Kunth is merely a new name for S. pseudochina Blanco. Naves was entirely unjustified in referring S. pseudochina Blanco to S. china, S. laevis, and Heterosmilax borneensts, none of which occur in the Philippines, except the first. To Smilax bracteata Presl should probably also be referred, in part, Smilax divaricata Blanco op. cit. 795 (sp. nov.) ; 548; 206, so far as this species is a Smilaz. The root characters and properties assigned to the species belong with Smilax, but the description of the leaves applies to Dioscorea: “Hojas * * * asaeteadas, con los lobulos laterales mui di- vergentes.” The flowers and fruits are not described. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 572). Smilax latifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 548 (sp. nov.); ed. 8, 3 (1879) 204, non R. Br.=Smilaw vicaria Kunth Enum. 5 (1850) 262—SMILAX LEUCOPHYLLA Blume. Smilax vicaria Kunth is merely a new name for S. latifolia Blanco, non R. Br., and the species, accordingly, must be typified by Blanco’s description. I can see no reason, however, for dis- tinguishing the Philippine form from the Malayan Smilax leuco- phylla Blume. It is not common in the Philippines, but is apparently widely distributed, growing in forests at medium altitudes. It was erroneously reduced by Naves to Smilax mac- rophylla Roxb., a species that does not occur in the Philippines. - Tllustrative specimens from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 690); San Antonio, Laguna Province, Luzon (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 951). 151862——7 98 SPECIES BLANCOANAE AMARYLLIDACEAE CRINUM Linnaeus Haemanthus pubescens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 253, non Linn. f.= Crinum giganteum Blanco op, cit. ed. 2 (1845) 175; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 315, non Andr.=CRINUM ASIATICUM Linn. CRINUM ASIATICUM Blanco op. cit. 251; 175; 314, t. 168. Crinum asiaticum Linn. is exceedingly variable in size, depend- ing on the age of the plant, its habitat, etc. It is common and widely distributed throughout the Philippines along the seashore. Haemanthus pubescens Blanco—Crinum giganteum Blanco, was correctly reduced by Naves in the Novissima Appendix to the third edition of Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas. Naves, how- ever, reduced Crinum asiaticum Blanco to C. gracile E. Mey., an endemic sylvan Philippine species. The description is short and imperfect, but from the fact that Blanco’s material came from Mandaloyon near Manila, the probabilities are very great that he had merely a dwarfed form of the Linnean species; certainly not C. gracile E. Mey. It is universally known as bacong in the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon, April, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 935). HYMENOCALLIS Salisbury Pancratium illyricum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 251 (illiricwm) ; ; ed. 2 (1845) 176 (illiricum) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 316, t. 411 (as Hymenocallis adnata Herb.), non Linn. =HYMENOCALLIS LITTORALIS (Jacq.) Salisb. Pancratium maritimum Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 252; ed. 2 (1845) 177; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 316, non Linn.=? HYMENOCALLIS LITTORALIS (Jacq.) Salisb. This species is very common in cultivation in the larger towns throughout the Philippines, but is scarcely naturalized, although occasionally found in waste places, about deserted dwellings, etc. The form described by Blanco as Pancratiwm illyricum was reduced by Naves to Hymenocallis adnata Herb., which is cited by Baker as a synonym of ZH. littoralis. The Species was in- troduced into the Philippines, from Mexico, at an early date. As to Pancratium maritimum Blanco, whatever else it may be, it can scarcely be Pancratium maritimum Linn. The descrip- tion is very short and imperfect, taken from specimens observed by him in cultivation in Batangas Province, Luzon. I strongly .: suspect it to have been Hymenocallis littoralis Salisb. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, August, 1914 Nadie . ril: Species Blancoanae No. 128). > oe ‘ AMARYLLIDACEAE 99 EURYCLES Salisbury Pancratium amboinense Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 252; ed. 2 (1845) 177; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 317, t. 406=EURYCLES AMBOINENSIS (Linn. ) Lindl. This species is of local occurrence in the Philippines, grow- ing in thickets and second-growth forests; it is also frequently cultivated for ornamental purposes. It is probably not a native of the Archipelago but of prehistoric introduction, but if in- troduced it is thoroughly naturalized. Illustrative specimen from Maragondon, Cavite Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 61). PANCRATIUM Linnaeus PANCRATIUM ZEYLANICUM Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 253; ed. ~.2 (1845) 177; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 317, t. 321. The species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is of local occurrence in the Philippines, cultivated and as an escape in coconut plantations, etc. It is certainly an introduced species. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 ee rill: Species Blancoanae No. 378). HIPPEASTRUM Herbert Amaryilis atamasco Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 254; ed. 2 (1845) 178; ed. 3, ‘1 (1877) 319, t. 359, non Linn. =HIPPEASTRUM MINIATUM Herb This reduction was made by Naves and is apparently the correct disposition of the form that Blanco described. Hip- peastrum miniatum Herb., at least as currently identified, still occurs in cultivation in the Philippines, but is nowhere abundant. illustrative specimen from cultivated plants, Manila, Luzon, May 1917 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1048). POLIANTHES Linnaeus POLIANTHES TUBEROSA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 259 (Polyc»- thes); ed. 2 (1845) 181; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 323. This Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It was introduced into the Philippines at an early date from Mexico and is still not uncommon in cultivation. | Illustrative specimen from Batangas, Batangas Province, Luzon, October, 1916, there known as azucena (Merrill: Species Blancoanaé No. 1038). AGAVE Linnaeus hanes americana Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 258; ed. 2 (1845) 180; ed. 1 (1877) 322, t. 96, non Linn. =AGAVE CANTALA Roxb. This is the common maguey plant, introduced into the Philip- pines at an early date from Mexico, but described by Roxburgh . 100 SPECIES BLANCOANAE from specimens cultivated in India. Following Naves I pre- viously considered it to be a form of Agave rigida Mill. . Its proper name is apparently Agave cantala Roxb., although, so far as I know at present, this exact form has not been dis- covered in Mexico. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1916, there known as maguey (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No. 1081). CURCULIGO Gaertner Gethyllis acaulis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 260 (Gethillis) (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 181; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 324=CURCULIGO ORCHOIDES Gaertn. (at least as interpreted in Hooker’s Flora of British India). _. This species was reduced by Naves to Hypoxis franquevallei Miq.—H. aurea Lour. In my previous paper on Blanco’s spe- cies, through oversight, I indicated Loureiro’s species as Hypoxis flava, instead of H. aurea, and considered F.-Villar’s reduction as certainly correct. Blanco’s description, however, is unmis- takably that of a species of Cwrculigo, not Hypoxis in “Cor. [olla] superior, mui larga, con el tubo filiforme, macizo (y asi:en realidad no es tubo)” which refers to the long and slender beak or stipe extending far above the ovary and bearing the perianth. This species of Curculigo is widely distributed at low altitudes in the Philippines and has been recently found immediately north of Manila; Blanco’s type was from Malinta, near Manila. It greatly resembles Hypoxis aurea in habit and is frequently confused with that species. Hypoxis aurea never occurs in the Philippines at low altitudes and is entirely unknown from the provinces near Manila. Illustrative specimens from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 260). TACCACEAE TACCA Forster Tacca vesicaria Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 261 (sp. nov.) =Tacca palmata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 182 (mom. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 325= TACCA PALMATA Blume Enum. Pl. Jav. 1 (1827) 23. __ Blanco was correct in reducing his Tacca vesicaria to Tacca palmata if he intended the latter to be Blume’s species. How- ever, there is no evidence that he intended his Tacca palmata to be T. palmata of Blume, as at the end of the description he adds ‘“‘Espec. nueva.” The species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, occurring, especially in bamboo thickets. Tacca rumphii Schauer (1843), typified by Philippine material, is a synonym. DIOSCOREACEAE 101 Hlustrative specimen from near Fort William McKinley, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 154). Tacca gaogao Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 262; 856 (sp. nov.) =TACCA PINNA- TIFIDA Forst.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 182; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 327. Blanco was correct in reducing his Tacca gaogao to Tacca pinnatifida Forst. The species is widely distributed in the Phil- ippines, especially near the seashore, and is locally abundant. DIOSCOREACEAE DIOSCOREA Linnaeus DIOSCOREA DIVARICATA Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 797 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 550; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 207. This species is certainly a valid one, but was erroneously reduced by Naves to Diosecorea batatas Dene., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. Blanco may have included in his description more than one species, as the Tagalog names paquit and cobag are applied today not only to the present form but. also to D. luzonensis Schauer; however, Blanco’s description does not apply to Schauer’s species. The species discussed by Blanco following D. divaricata under the native names cobag, cobag na quiroy, and cairoui is Dioscorea loheri Prain & Burkill, which is commonly known in Rizal Province as quiroi and which differs from D. divaricata in the points mentioned by Blanco. The specimens of D. divaricata, distributed herewith, were from a plant having a spiny main stem, its tubers up to 2 m in length, 30 to 40 cm in diameter, edible, perpendicular or nearly so, and the top of the tuber frequently a meter below the surface of the ground, but often less, in all these characters agreeing with Blanco’s description. ‘Tilustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914; there known as ubag (Merrill: Species Blanco- anae No. 391) (Species Blancoanae No. 117 is Dioscorea luzon- ensis Schauer, which, as noted above, may have been included by Blanco in his description of Dioscorea divaricata). Dioscorea sp. (cobag, cobag na quiroi, cairoui) Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837 )} 798; ed. 2 (1845) 550; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 206=DIOSCOREA LOHERI Prain & Burkill. This form differs from Blanco’s description of Dioscorea divaricata in most of the points noted by him; stem with few spines, leaves smaller, and tubers smaller. In D. loheri the tubers are near the surface of the ground and scarcely more 102 SPECIES BLANCOANAE than 2 to 3 em in diameter, but Blanco states that they are some- times situated up to three yards below the surface, probably by confusion with D. divaricata. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914, there known as quiroi (Merrill: Species Blanco- anae No. 634). DIOSCOREA ALATA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 799; ed. 2 (1845) 550; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 207. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It. is found in cultivation throughout the Archipelago at low and medium altitudes, but never wild. It is certainly not a native of the Philippines, but undoubtedly of prehistoric introduction. While the vegetative and floral characters are quite constant, the tubers vary enormously in shape, size, and in the color of the flesh. In shape the tubers vary from cylindric to oblong, often flattened, and frequently lobed. In color the flesh varies from purple to white. Tubers may be small in size, or some- times attain a weight of 15 kilos or perhaps more. Its uni- versal Tagalog name is ubi. : Illustrative specimens from Pree Bataan Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 810); Anti- polo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 922). — Dioscorea papillaris Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 801 (pappillaris) (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 552; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 210=DIOSCOREA ESCULENTA (Lour.) Burkill [D. aculeata Linn. var. tiliaefolia (Kunth) Prain & Burkill in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. N. S. 10 (1914) 20]. This species was reduced by Naves to Dioscorea sativa Linn., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. My inter- pretation of it is not in full agreement with Blanco’s description, as the tubers are obovoid rather than “‘de figura de maza,’” the petioles are not short, nor are they winged in the upper part. However, this form appears several times in our collections under the Tagalog name tongo, cited by Blanco, and otherwise _ agrees with his description. The largest tuber I have seen was | about 25 cm in length, but it is said by the Filipinos sometimes to be twice as large. The tuber is edible and is protected by a crown of very spiny modified roots up to 25 em in length. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914, there known as tongo (Merrill: Species Blan- a coanae No. 677). — DIOSCOREACEAE 103 Dioscorea tugui Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 800 (sp. nov.) =Dioscorea sativa Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 551; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 209, non Linn.= DIOSCOREA ESCULENTA (Lour.) Burkill [D. acu/eata Linn. var. tiliaefolia (Kunth) Prain & Burkill, D. tiliaefolia Kunth]. This species is very common in the Philippines and is of wide distribution at low altitudes. It was reduced by Naves to Dios- corea fasciculata Roxb., but Roxburgh’s species is considered by Prain & Burkill as merely a variety of D. aculeata; i. e., D. esculenta (Lour.) Burkill. Dioscorea tugui Blanco is the wild form and is characterized by the production of a crown of very spiny modified roots above the tubers; a cultivated form that is found in the Philippines cannot be distinguished from this wild form in any character except that the spiny modified roots are lacking. : Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 191+ (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 202). Dioscorea triphyila Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 799; ed. 2 (1845) 551; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 208, non Linn. =DIOSCOREA HISPIDA Dennst. (D. dae- mona Roxb.). This is Dioscorea triphylla Linn. in Stickman Herb. Amb. (1754) 23 as typified by Ubiwm sylvestre Rumph. Herb. Amb. 5: t. 128. It is not Dioscorea triphylla Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 1082; for the synonymy see Prain & Burkill in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. N. S. 10 (1914) 25. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. The tubers are large, and after the poisonous principle is dissipated by long washing in running water they are much used as food. Tagalog, nime ; Ilocano and Visayan, corot. TMhist#ative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 90). DIOSCOREA PENTAPHYLLA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 802; ed. 2 (1845) 552; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 210. The plant Blanco described is manifestly a form of the Linnean species and is referable to the var. malaica Prain & Burkill in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. N. S. 10 (1914) 23. It is common about Manila and seems to be widely distributed in the Philippines, growing in thickets at low altitudes, but is not cultivated. It rarely produces flowers in the Philippines, but very generally produces bulbils. The Tagalog name is lima-lima, “lima” mean- ing five, from the number of leaflets. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal PHiy Nee? Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 458). s 104 _ SPECIES) BLANCOANAE IRIDACEAE ELEUTHERINE Herbert Antholyza meriana Blanco F]. Filip. (1837) 24 (Antholiza) ; ed. 2 (1845) 18; ed. 8, 1 (1877) 33, t. 100, non Linn. =ELEUTHERINE PALMI- FOLIA (Linn.) Merr. (£. plicata Herb.). This was placed by Naves under Sisyrinchium palmifolium Linn., which, as I interpret it, is the same as Eleutherine plicata Herb. The species is occasionally found in cultivation in the Philippines, having been introduced from tropical America at an early date. In some regions it is naturalized and is locally abundant. Illustrative specimen from Tacloban, Leyte, comm. Felix Franco, locally known as hagusahis, October, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1034). MUSACEAE MUSA Linnaeus Blanco described eighteen varieties of the banana, all but four being placed under Musa paradisiaca Linn., these four being erroneously placed under Musa trogloditarum Linn. He states that fifty-seven varieties of the banana were known from the Philippines, this statement apparently being taken from Delgado (Hist. Filip., 553-560). The forms placed under Musa troglod- itarum Linn. apparently represent three or four distinct. spe- cies: Musa textilis Née, the abaca plant; Musa glauca Roxb., a nonsoboliferous banana, the only one of this type known from the Philippines; and Musa errans (Blanco) Teodoro. Those placed under Musa paradisiaca Linn. are in part cultural forms. and varieties of this species, in part varieties of Musa sapientum Linn. The probabilities are very great that most of the forms of the ordinary banana described by Blanco are also to be found in cultivation in other parts of Malaya and in India, but without comprehensive collections of living plants for purposes of com- parison, it is impossible definitely to refer named Philippine forms to named extra-Philippine ones. In the following con- sideration I have closely followed Teodoro’s rather intensive study of Philippine bananas in Philip. Journ. Sci. 10 (1915) Bot. 379-421, t. 7-18, who has given detailed descriptions and excellent figures of the flowers and fruits of many of the forms Blaneo described. Musa troglodytarum Linn. var. dolioliformis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 855 (var. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 174; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 312=MUSA GLAUCA Roxb. There is little doubt that this remarkably distinct form is MUSACEAB) 105 the same as Musa glauca Roxb., judging from Roxburgh’s figure and description. The Philippine plant is of large size, 3 to 4 m high, the basal part usually much swollen, and produces no suckers, the plant dying after flowering. The infructescence is peridulous, up to 80 cm long and 30 cm in diameter, the large and conspicuous bracts are imbricate, persistent, and quite cover the fruits. The fruits are oblong-obovoid, irregularly and slightly 3-angled, angles rounded, green, glaucous, with faint longitudinal veins, 9 to 11 cm long, 3.5 to 4 cm in diameter, obtuse, sessile, narrowed below, the pericarp about 1.5 mm thick, the pulp very seanty, white, inedible, the seeds large, globose, black, about 12 mm in diameter. See Philip. Agr. Review 6 (1913) No. 9, t. 1 for a photographic reproduction of the habit of this species there characterized as ‘an unidentified wild species.” Illustrative specimens from Cavite Province, Luzon, Septem- ber, 1913, there known as virgen, the same native name that Blanco cites (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 337, 946). Musa troglodytarum Linn. var. textoria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 247 (var. noy.); ed. 2 (1845) 173; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 311=MUSA TEXTILIS Née (M. abaca Perr.). This species presents considerable variation, is widely dis- tributed in the Philippines, and in many provinces and islands is extensively cultivated for its fiber, abacd or Manila hemp of commerce. Commercially this fiber is one of the most important products of the Philippines. See Teodoro in Philip. Jour. Sci. 10 (1915) Bot. 388, t. 18, f. 6-10, for a detailed description, with figures. Illustrative specimen from cultivated specimens, Mount Ma- quiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 653). Musa troglodytarum Linn. var. errans Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 247 (var. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 172; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 310=MUSA ERRANS _. (Blanco) Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sci. 10 (1915) Bot. 390, t. 17, f. 6-8 This was reduced by Naves to Musa amboinensis ‘““Rumph.,” which is certainly incorrect, while I previously expressed the opinion that it was certainly a form or variety of Musa textilis Née. I am now of the opinion that it is probably a distinct species, following Teodoro who has raised Blanco’s variety to specific rank. It is the common wild sylvan banana in the forests of the provinces near Manila, the Tagalog name saguing maching meaning monkey banzna. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914, there known as saguing maching (Merril: Species Blancoanae No. 873). 106 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Musa troglodytarum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 246; ed. 2 (1845) 172; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 310, t. 89, non Linn. =MUSA ERRANS (Blanco) Teodoro var. BOTOAN Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sci. 10 (1915) Bot. 391, ¢. 7, f; Sore. This is one of the commonest bananas found in cultivation in the Philippines. The fruit contains many seeds, is edible, and is green when mature. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914, there known as butuan (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No, 217). Musa paradisiaca Linn. var. cinerea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 250 (var. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 175; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 318=MUSA SAPIENTUM Linn. var. CINEREA (Blanco) Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sci. 10 (1915) Bot. 397, t. 18, f. 1-5. This is one of the most commonly cultivated bananas in the Philippines, and the fruit is to be found in the market at all seasons. It is rather inferior, with a thin yellow skin, and firm subacid flesh. Blanco states that it was introduced into the Philippines by Mr. Letondal. See Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sci. 10 (1915) Bot. 397, t. 13, f. 1-5, for a detailed description of it. Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon, June, 1915, there known as latundan (Merrill: Species Blanco- anae No. 926). Musa paradisiaca Linn. var. violacea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 245 (var. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 171; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 307=MUSA SAPIENTUM Linn. var. VIOLACEA (Blanco) Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sci. 10 (1915) Bot. 398, t. 5, f. 6-10. This is one of the edible bananas, of which Teodoro has given a detailed description, with figures, 1. ce. Musa paradisiaca Linn. var. glaberrima Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 245 (var. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 171; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 308—=MUSA SAPIENTUM Linn. var. GLABERRIMA (Blanco) Teodoro in Philip. Journ. oe 10 (1915) Bot. 399, t. 15, f. 1-5. The identification of the specimen cited below with Blanco’s variety is made chiefly from the native name, but the material agrees with his description as far as it goes. . Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, Feb- | ruary, 1915, there known as galamai sefiora (Merrill: Spee Blancoanae No. 865). Musa paradisiaca Linn. var. suaveolens Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 244 (var. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 171; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 306=MUSA SAPIENTUM Linn. var. SUAVEOLENS (Blanco) Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sci. 10 (1915) Bot. 400, t. 14, f. 6-10. The bungulan is one of the most delicious bananas found in cultivation in the Philippines and is one of the most highly — MUSACEAE 107 prized varieties. The fruit is green or yellowish-green when mature, while the flesh is soft and has a very delicate flavor. It is identical with the most commonly cultivated form in Kwangtung Province, China. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, June, 1915, from cultivated plants, there known as bungulan (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 928). Musa paradisiaca Linn. var. glauca Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 250 (var. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 175; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 312=MUSA SAPIENTUM Linn. var. GLAUCA (Blanco) Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sci. 10 (1915) Bot. 402, t. 9, f. 6-10. ° This banana is very similar to the form described by Blanco as Musa paradisiaca Linn. var. cinerea Blanco, locally known as letondal or letondan, and is apparently only a slight variant of that form. Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon, July 18, 1916, there known as veinte cohol (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 912). Hens paradisiaca Linn. var. ternatensis Blanco F 1). Filip. (1837) 243 (var. - nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 170; ed. 38, 1 (1877) 305=MUSA SAPIENTUM Linn. var. TERNATENSIS (Blanco) Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sci. 10 (1915) Bot. 404, t. 7, f. 1-5. This is one of the cultivated forms of Musa paradisiaca Linn. subsp. sapientum (Linn.) O. Ktze., the fruits yellow when mature, seedless, the pulp well flavored. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1915, there known as gloria (Merrill: Species Blan- coanwe No. 216). . _" ~ ‘ Musa paradisiaca Linn var. lacatan Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 243 (var. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 170; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 305, t. 88=MUSA SAPIEN- TUM Linn. var. LACATAN Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sci. 10 (1915) Bot. 405, #. £7, f/ 1-5: This is one of the most desirable eating bananas in the Phil- ippines and is commonly known as lacatan. 3 Musa paradisiaca Linn. var. ulnaris Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 246 (var. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 172; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 309. A purely imaginary banana, of which Blanco saw no material. He described it from hearsay, the fruits as being as thick as the “pantorilla” (calf of the leg) and attaining a length of a “braza” (about six feet). The probabilities are that Blanco’s informant was trying to describe the form commonly known as — tundoe or tuldoc, which has unusually large fruits. 108 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Musa paradisiaca Linn. var. tombak Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 246 (var. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 171; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 307=MUSA SAPIENTUM Linn. var. TOMBAK Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sci. 10 (1915) Bot. 407. t2:10, Ff. 155: This form, very imperfectly described by Blanco, is one of the cultivated varieties of the common banana. The identifica- tion has been made chiefly from the Tagalog name, tinumbaga. Illustrative specimen from cultivated plants, Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, June, 1915, there known as tinwmbaga or durogo (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 952). Musa paradisiaca Linn. var. longa Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 245 (var. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 171; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 8308=MUSA SAPIENTUM Linn. var. LONGA (Blanco) Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sci. 10 (1915) Bot. 407. One of the edible bananas, known only from Blanco’s de- scription. Musa paradisiaca Linn. var. compressa Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 240 (var. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 168; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 304=MUSA SAPIENTUM Linn. var. COMPRESSA Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sci. 10 (1915) Bot. 408, t. 7, f. 1-5. It is impossible to determine the exact status of this variety from any existing monograph. It is one of the commonest and most widely distributed forms in the Philippines, as it thrives with little or no cultivation; it does not, however, occur wild. The fruits are yellowish when mature, rather thick skinned, and the pulp is rather inferior in flavor. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1915, there known as saba Mergih; Species Blanco- anae No. 868). Musa paradisiaca Linn. var. pumila Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 244 (var. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 171; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 306=MUSA SAPIENTUM Linn. var. [M. cavendishii Lamb. var. pumila (Blanco) Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sci. 10 (1915) Bot. 412]. This banana was characterized by Blanco as being similar in fruit characters to the bufgulan, but differing in having a less palatable fruit and in being dwarfed in size. It is one of the cultivated forms of the common banana. Illustrative specimen from San Mateo, Rizal Province, Luzon, June, 1915, from cultivated plants, there known as tampohin (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 943). MUSA PARADISIACA Linn. var. MAGNA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 244 (var. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 171; ed. 3, 4 (1877) 307. A form of Musa paradisiaca Linn. as that species is currently imterpreted, producing very large fruits up to a foot in Nene tie commonly known as tundoc. ZINGIBERACEAB 109 MUSA PARADISIACA Linn. var. SUBRUBEA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 245 (var. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 171; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 307. A form of Musa paradisiaca Linn. as that species is currently interpreted. See Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sci. 10 (1915) Bot. 414, t. 16, f. 1-5, for a detailed description of it. MUSA PARADISIACA Linn. var. MAXIMA Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 245 (var. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 171; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 308. This is very poorly characterized by Blanco as one of the bana- nas with very large fruits of poor flavor. The. identification has been made largely from the native name. One of the cultivated forms of the common banana. Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon, June, 1915, there known as batavia or matavia (Merrill: Spe- ctes Blancoanae No. 920). | ZINGIBERACEAE Pay CURCUMA Linnaeus CURCUMA LONGA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 5; ed. 2 (1845) 4; ed. 8, 1 (1877) 6, t. 3 (as Costus luteus Blanco). The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. !t is widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines and is locally abundant. Turmeric is commonly and widely known in the Philippines as dilao or dulao, this word merely meaning yellow, from the fact that the rhizomes yield a yellow dye. The plant is certainly not a native of the Philippines, but one of prehistoric introduction from Asia or Malaya. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, September, 1915, there known as dilao (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No. 917). Costus nigricans Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 3 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 3; ed. 3, 1 (1877). 5=CURCUMA ZEDOARIA (Berg.) Rosc. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines in the settled areas, occurring chiefly in the vicinity of towns. It is never cultivated, but nevertheless is certainly a purposely in- troduced plant in the Archipelago. It is locally very abundant. Costus nigricans Blanco is the whole basis of Roscoea nigro- ciliata Hassk. in Flora 47 (1864) 21, Hasskarl’s name thus becoming a synonym of Curcuma zedoaria Rosc. From this species I have not been able to separate Costus luteus Blanco op. cit. 4 (sp. nov.) ; 3; 6, on which Roscoea lutea Hassk. in Flora 47 (1864) 21 was based. Blanco’s description is very short and imperfect, practically merely stating that Costus luteus differs from C. nigricans only in that its rhizomes are yellow, 110 SPECIES BLANCOANAE : that the leaves lack the dark-colored median spot, and that the rhizomes yield a yellow dye. I consider it very probable that it too is but a synonym of Curcuma zedoaria Rosc. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, June, 1915, here known as tamo and as barac, the former cited by Blanco as one of the native names of Costus luteus, the latter as one of the native names of C. nigricans (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 966). KAEMPFERIA Linnaeus Kaempferia rotunda Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 5; ed. 2 (1845) 4 (Kaemphe- ria); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 7, non Linn. =KAEMPFERIA GALANGA Linn. This species is widely distributed; it is of local occurrence in the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, but was certainly introduced into the Archipelago in prehistoric times; it is not a native of the islands. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, August, 1915, here known as duso or dusol (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 942). KOLOWRATIA Presl Renealmia gracilis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 1 (sp. nov.) =Renealmia exal- tata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 1; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 2, t. 1, non Linn. f.=KOLOWRATIA ELEGANS Presl (Alpinia gracilis Rolfe, Alpinia elegans K. Sch.). This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines at low and medium altitudes, and is exceedingly variable in leaf size. Its most common native names are talbac or tagbac. It was erroneously reduced by Naves to Alpinia gigantea Blume, a species that does not occur in the Philippines. Blanco’s de- scription typifies Hellenia gracilis Hassk. in Flora 47 (1864) 19. Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 404). ZINGIBER Adanson — Amomum zingiber Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 2; ed. 2 (1845) 2; ed. | 3, 1 (1877) 3, t. 131=ZINGIBER OFFICINALE Rosc. ; Blanco correctly interpreted the Linnean species, the form © being the ordinary ginger which is cultivated in and about the larger towns of the Philippines to supply the local demand. Blanco’s description typifies Zingiber blancoi Hassk. in Flora 47 (1864) 20. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1024). CANNACEAE 111 Amomum zerumbet Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 2; ed. 2 (1845) 2; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 3, t. 3870 (as Z. cassumunar. Roxb.) =ZINGIBER ZE- RUMBET (Linn.) Rosc. This is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, occurring in settled areas at low and medium altitudes. It is apparently an introduced plant in the Archipelago. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 592). AMOMUM Linnaeus Amomum echinatum Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 3; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 4, non Willd.=AMOMUM PROPINQUUM Ridley. Naves considered that the form Blanco described was refer- able to Amomum aculeatum Roxb. var. majus, in which he was certainly in error, as Roxburgh’s species does not extend to the Philippines. While Blanco’s description is very imperfect, and he considers only the fruits, his species is unquestionably the Philippine form that Ridley has described as Amomum propin- quum. It is of local occurrence but of rather wide distribution in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, April, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 925). GLOBBA Linnaeus GLOBBA MARANTINA Linn.; Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 7; F-Vill. and Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 2, ¢. 351. ~The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Llanos. It is locally abundant at low altitudes in the settled areas of the Philippines, but is certainly not a native of the Archipelago. It flowers freely, but also usually produces numerous bulbils. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, August, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 941). CANNACEAE CANNA Linnaeus CANNA INDICA Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 6; ed. 2 (1845) 5; ed. 3, (1877) 8) t24- The Linnean species was apparently correctly interpreted by Blanco. It was undoubtedly introduced from Mexico by the Spaniards, but is now common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes in the settled areas. Its most common native (Tagalog) name is ticas-ticas. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 47). 112 SPECIES BLANCOANAE MARANTACEAE DONAX Loureiro Maranta arundinacea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 7; ed. 2 (1845) 5; ed: 8, 1 (1877) 9, t. 5, non Linn.=DONAX CANNIFORMIS (Forst. f.) “ Sch. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 15 (1893) 440; Rolfe in Journ. Bot. 45 (1907) 243 (Thalia cannaeformis Forst. f., Actoplanes cannaeformis K. Sch., Donax arundastrum K. Sch. quoad Philippinense, non Lour.). This is very common and widely distributed in the Philippines, in ravines along small streams in thickets and forests. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 279). | ORCHIDACEAE HABENARIA Willdenow Thelymitra malintana Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 642; ed..2 (1845) 447; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 40=HABENARIA MALINTANA (Blanco) comb. -nov. Blanco’s species was reduced by Naves to Habenaria trinervia Wight, a species that does not extend to the Philippines and one to which his description does not apply. Thelymitra malin- tana is, however, a species of Habenaria and is identical with Habenaria pelorioides Par. & Reichb. f. (1874), or at least with the Philippine material referred here by Mr. Ames. Blanco’s name is much the earlier and should be adopted, especially in view of the fact that there is absolutely no doubt as to ‘the identity of his species. The type was from Malinta, a short distance from Manila, and the species still grows in the vicinity of Manila. Illustrative specimen from Obando, Bulacan Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 629). VANILLA Swartz Epidendrum vanilla Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 648 (vainilla), non Linn.= VANILLA OVALIS Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 448 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 3 (1879) 42. Vanilla majaijensis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 593 (sp. nov.); ed 3, 3 (1879) 483=VANILLA OVALIS Blanco. Vanilla philippinensis Rolfe is undoubtedly a synonym of i Blanco’s Vanilla ovalis, and there is no valid reason why Blanco’s) name should not be maintained. The species is common in parts of Laguna Province, Luzon (Mount Maquiling and Mount Banajao), growing along streams in narrow valleys. Vanilla ovalis Blanco was erroneously reduced by Naves to V. aromati Sw., while V. majaijensis Blanco was by the same author reduced - to V. planifolia Ait., both manifestly incorrect reductions. Both of Blanco’s descriptions are imperfect and incomplete, but ORCHIDACEAE 113 there is no reason for considering that more than one species is represented; in fact the description of V. majaijensis was inserted in the second edition of the Flora de Filipinas after Blanco’s death, having been found among his papers, and may not have been intended by him for publication. See Flora de Filipinas ed. 2 (1845) p. 589. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 665). OBERONIA Lindley Cymbidium fiavescens Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 96 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. sade ed. 3, 4* (1880) 74=7 OBERONIA IRIDI- FOLIA Lindl. Naves reduced this to Cleisostoma amabile T. & B., with which Llanos’s description presents nothing in common. It is possibly the same as Oberonia iridifolia Lindl.; at least this species con- forms best with the description among all the low-country epiphytic orchids known to me.. Llanos’s specimens were from San Isidro, Bulacan Province, Luzon, where the plants grew on old bamboos. GEODORUM Jackson Arethusa glutinosa Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 641 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 446; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 38, t. 429 bis=GEODORUM NUTANS (Pres!) Ames (G. semicristatum Lindl.). This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines, growing in thickets and open places at low altitudes. There is no doubt as to the identity of Blanco’s species, but Presl’s specific name is the older. Illustrative specimen from near Manila, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 511). DENDROBIUM Swartz Epidendrum equitans Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 645 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 449; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 44 (non Dendrobium equitans Kranzl.) =DENDRO- BIUM APOROIDES (Lindl.) comb. nov. (Eria aporoides Lindl., Den- drobium brongniartianum Kranzl.). The reduction of Blanco’s species to Fria aporoides Lindl. was made by Naves, which, as Dendrobium aporoides, is the correct disposition of it. Blanco’s description is excellent and among all known Philippine orchids applies only to this one, which, moreover, is common and widely distributed in the Archipelago. Blanco’s specific name, the oldest one for the species, is in- validated in Dendrobium by the entirely different Dendrobium equitans Krinzl. 1518628 114 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, September, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blanecoanae No. 1023). Epidendrum ruibarbarum redolens Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 593 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 45, t. 389 (rhabarbarum Sareea: RRR: BIUM ANOSMUM Lindl. (D. superbum Reichb. f.). DENDROBIUM RETUSUM Llanos in Mem. Acad. Cienc. Madr. 2 (1859) 498 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 4° (1880) 100=? DENDROBIUM ANOSMUM Lindl. : ; This species is of local occurrence in the Philippines at medium altitudes and is brought into Manila in considerable quantities in March and April of each year, its period of anthesis, for sale. I have followed J. J. Smith in accepting Lindley’s specific name, Dendrobium anosmum Lindl. having been reduced by Reichen- bach f. to D. superbum Reichb. f. as a variety. Blanco’s bar- baric name is much older than Dendrobium superbum Reichb. f., the older Dendrobiwm macrophyllum Lindl. and D. macran- thum Hook. being invalid in the genus, and was published in the same year as D. anosmum Lindl. The reduction of Dendro- bium retusum Llanos merely follows Naves’s disposition of it, who piaced it as a synonym of D. macrophyllum. Lianos’s description is entirely inadequate. GRAMMATOPHYLLUM Blume es Ophyrs cernua Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 639 (Ophiris); ed. 2 (1845) 445; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 35, t. 276, non Linn. =GRAMMATOPHYLLUM:MUL- TIFLORUM Lindl. Blanco’s species was reduced by F.-Villar to pas Sy Te scriptum Blume, which while certainly correct as to the genus, is as certainly wrong as to the species, as Blume’s species does not grow in the region from which Blanco secured his specimens. There is no doubt in my mind that the form Blanco described as Ophyrs cernua is Grammatophyllum multiflorum Lindl., this being the only species of the genus whose known distribution agrees with Blanco’s plant as to locality. Illustrative specimen from Sorsogon Province, Luzon, Maost: 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 930). LUISIA Gaudichaud Dendrobium teres Blanco Fi. Filip. (1837) 638 non Roxb.=Dendrobium teretifolium Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2. (1845) 444; ed. 3, 3 (1879). 34, non R, Br.=LUISIA sp. Blanco’s species was reduced by Naves to Luisia teehee Gaudich., but in the uncertain status of the various species of Luisia, this may or may not be correct. As to the genus, how- ever, there is absolutely no doubt, for among all the Philippine - ORCHIDACEAE 115 orchids Blanco’s description applies unmistakably to Luisia. His material was from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon. Illustrative specimen from Calumpit, Bulacan Province, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 945). PHALAENOPSIS Blume PHALAENOPSIS AMABILIS Blume; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 592 (Phalenopsis amabile) ; ed. 8, 3 (1879) 41. ~The form Blanco described was doubtless the one that was described from Philippine material as Phalaenopsis aphrodite Reichb. f. It does not appear to be specifically distinct from Blume’s species. SARCANTHUS Lindley Cypripedium lineari-subulatum Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 99 (sp. ' nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco F. Filip. ed. 3, 4' (1880) 76= - SARCANTHUS DEALBATUS (Lindl.) Reichb. f. Llanos’s description, although fairly long, is exceedingly un- satisfactory, and, in considering the species, Naves, Novis. App. (1880) 251, retains it under Cypripedium with the following statement: ‘valde dubium, ex descriptione potius Cleisostoma longifolium Teysm. et Binnend. nondum rite observavi.” From the description alone it is absolutely impossible to interpret the species. A botanical exploration of the region about Calum- pit has yielded but three species of orchids so far, and among them the species distributed herewith which agrees with Llanos’s description as to habitat (on mango trees), as to size and char- acters of the leaves, and, at least in part, with the description of the stems, inflorescence, flowers, and fruits. I have abso- lutely no doubt that Sarcanthus dealbatus is the species Llanos attempted to describe. The species, although not common, is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, extending . from central Luzon to southern Mindanao. Tllustrative specimen from San Miguel, near Calumpit, Bula: can Province, Luzon, January, 1915, growing on mango trees (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 774). ' CLEISOSTOMA Blume Epidendrum lineare Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 644; ed. 2 (1845) 449; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 44, non Linn. =CLEISOSTOMA BICOLOR Lindl. & Paxt. Naves reduced this to Cleisostoma ionosmum Lindl., but Blan- co’s description conforms much more closely to C. bicolor Lindl. & Paxt. than to the former; the latter is, moreover, common and widely distributed in the regions from which Blanco secured his botanical material and is an orchid that he scarcely would ve overlooked, while the former is apparently rare. 116 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1020). AERIDES eres, Aerides maculatum Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 93 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 72, t. 409, non Buch.- Ham=AERIDES QUINQUEVULNERA Lindl. Naves reduced Aerides maculatum Llanos to Vanda lissochiloi- des Lindl.—Vandopsis lissochiloides Pfitz., manifestly an impos- sible reduction, although Vandopsis lissochiloides Pfitz. grows in the Philippines. Llanos’s description does not apply to Van- dopsis lissochiloides in any particular and is certainly an Aerides, identical with A. quinquevulnera Lindl. This species is of wide distribution at low and medium altitudes in Luzon; it is one of the few orchids to be found in Calumpit, the locality where Llanos secured the specimens he described. Illustrative specimen (a topotype) from Calumpit, iulseest Province, Luzon, January, 1915, growing on mango trees (Mer rill: Species Blancoanae No. 789). TRICHOGLOTTIS Blume Synptera subviolacea Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 98 (gen. et. sp, nov.) ; F,-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4% (1880) 75, t. 348 (as T. rigida Blume) = TRICHOGLOTTIS SUBVIOLACEA (Llanos) comb. nov. (Trichoglottis bataanensis Ames). This genus and species was reduced by Naves to Trichoglottis retusa Bl., which, although it occurs in the Philippines, does not at all agree with Llanos’s description. In Index Kewensis it is reduced to Cleisostoma subviolaceum Reichb. f., a species based on Philippine material but published with no reference whatever to Llanos’s Synptera subviolacea, while the two descrip- tions apply to very different species. Llanos’s specimens were from Calumpit, a town at sea level a short distance north of Manila and a region very poor in orchids. Trichoglottis bata- anensis Ames is the only species known to me that occurs at low altitudes in regions like Calumpit that at all agrees with Llanos’s description. The description is vague and imperfect, but is manifestly that of a Cleisostoma. The leaves are not “aovadas,” but this term is modified by Llanos by the addition “alargadas ;” otherwise the description applies very closely, and - as Trichoglottis bataanensis Ames is widely distributed at low altitudes in central Luzon, there is every reason to believe that . . | this is the species that Llanos intended. ORCHIDACEAE ~~ 117 Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 733). RHYNCHOSTYLIS Blume Orchis.lanigera Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 641 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 446; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 37=RYNCHOSTYLIS RETUSA Blume. This was reduced by Naves to Aerides virens Lindl. where it certainly does not belong. The country of origin of Lindley’s species is unknown, but there is no reason for considering that it was Philippine. Blanco’s description applies very closely to Rynchostylis retusa Blume, a species of wide distribution in the regions from which he received most of his botanical mate- rial. Orchis lanigera Blanco is not included in Index Kewensis; the specific name was not from any pubescent character of the plant but from the “especie de lana algo Aspera’”’ inside the capsules. Illustrative specime: from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon; September, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1030). ORCHIDACEAE OF UNCERTAIN STATUS Cypripedium bulbosum Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 637; ed. 2 (1845) 444; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 33, non Linn.=Orchidaceae indet. Blanco’s description is so exceedingly indefinite that I cannot suggest a definite reduction of the form he erroneously ascribed to Cypripedium bulbosum Linn. He may have seen some species of Cestichis or Malaxis. The form he described is certainly no Eulophia, although Naves referred it to Eulophia sumatrana Blume. Pelexia ? falcata Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 95; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 73=Orchidaceae indet. _Naves reduced this to the Australian Phreatia limenophylax Benth. with which Llanos’s description has nothing in common. The description may apply to Oberonia, but beyond this I can make no suggestion as to the identity of the iblent described. The description is very imperfect. . af Gongora philippica Llanos in Mem. Acad. Cienc. Madr. 2 (1859) 498 (sp- nov.) ; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 100. The entire description is as follows: “species mihi videtur novissima. Habitat epiphyta in montibus Angat. Sepalis in- terné violaceis: labello albo-violaceo; foliis ovatis apice retusis mucronatisque. Planta speciosissima.” Naves reduced it to Renanthera coccinea Lour., which, at least as to the species, is certainly a wrong disposition of it. 118 SPECIES BLANCOANAE DICOTY LEDONS CASUARINACEAE CASUARINA Linnaeus CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 661; ed. 2 (1845) 460; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 67. The species was correctly interpreted by Blanco, but Fer- nandez-Villar erroneously reduced the form described by Blanco to Casuarina sumatrana Mig. Linnaeus must be cited as the author for the species as well as the genus, although Forster is usually given as the author of the former. The combination Casuarina equisetifolia (equisefolia) Linnaeus appears in Amoen. Acad. 4 (1759) 143, the species being typified by Casuarina lito- rea Rumph. Herb. Amb. 3, pl. 57. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines along the seashore and extending far inland in open river valleys, reaching an altitude of at least 500 meters. It is widely known as agoho. Illustrative specimen from Isabela Province, Luzon, June, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 595). PIPERACEAE PIPER Linnaeus Piper parvifolium Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 23 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 17; ed. 3. 1 (1877) 32=PIPER RETROFRACTUM Vahl. The species is common and widely distributed at low altitudes in the Philippines and is especially abundant in those provinces from which Blanco received most of his botanical material. It is still known in the vicinity of Manila as sabia, the native name cited by Blanco. sae Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 523). PIPER NIGRUM Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 21; ed. 2 (1845) 16; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 29, t. 77. . The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco, the Philippine form being referable to the var. triotiewm C. DC. The pepper plant is cultivated only to-a limited extent in the Philip- pines, not on a commercial scale, and is known as pimienta (Spanish), and malisa (Tagalog). . Illustrative specimen from Balayan, Batangas Province, Lu- zon, September, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 585). Piper obliquum Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 22; ed. 2 (1845) 16; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 30, non Ruiz & Pav.=PIPER CORYLISTACHYON (Mig.) C. DC... There is no doubt as to the correctness of Fernandez-Villar’s | reduction of Blanco’s Piper obliquum to P. corylistachyon C, DC. CHLORANTHACEAE-—SALICACEAE 119 The species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes. -dilustrative specimen from Montalban, Rizal Province, Luzon, -December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 849). PIPER BETLE Linn.: Blanco FI. Filip. (1887) 22 (betel); ed. 2 (1845) 16; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 30, t. 12. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. The species is locally cultivated to supply the demand for betle leaf for use with the seed of Areca catechu for chewing, the mixture, with lime, being locally called buyo. A form of the species is common in thickets in some regions, but this wild form is not or but little used by the Filipinos. The Tagalog name of the betle pepper is icmo or itmo. Piper blancoi Merr. Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) 40 is a synonym. Illustrative specimen from cultivated punts Pasay, Rizal Prov- ince, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merril: Species Blancoanae No. 835). Piper anisumolens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 23 (sp. nov.) =Piper aniso- dorum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 16 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 31, t. 362-=PIPER BETLE Linn. Piper anisumolens was reduced by Fernandez-Villar_ to Piper marginatum Jacq., without good reason. I can see no reason for considering it other than a form of the common Piper betle Linn. The form distributed herewith is the plant still locally known as buyo de anis, and it agrees with Blanco’s description so far as the description goes. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 788). CHLORANTHACEAE __2 CHLORANTHUS Swartz Chloranthus inconspicuus Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 54; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 101, non Sw.=CHLORANTHUS OFFICINALIS Blume. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines, occurring in primeval forest. Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Prov- ince, Luzon, May, 1914, comm. F. C. Gates and N. Catalan (Mer- rul: Species Blancoanae No. 25). SALICACEAE SALIX Linnaeus . Salix azaolana Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 539 (Salis) (sp. ida ed. 3, 3 (1879) 188=? SALIX TETRASPERMA Roxb. Planco’s description of the species is very short and Siibeeteck 120 SPECIES BLANCOANAE but the identification of it is certain, as the form distributed herewith is the only representative of the genus known from the Philippines. Fernandez-Villar reduced it to Salix tetra- sperma Roxb., and it is certainly very closely allied to that species - if not identical with it; it seems to differ from Roxburgh’s species in its long-petioled leaves. It is known in the Philippines only from Luzon, where it is of very local occurrence ‘in Rizal and Laguna Provinces; I have sterile specimens of what is apparently the same species from Cagayan Province. Blanco’s specimens were from Bulacan Province, Luzon. Illustrative specimen from near Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 116): JUGLANDACEAE ENGLEHARDTIA Leschenault Gyrocarpus pendulus Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 55 (sp. nov. as Giro- carpus pendulos); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 104, t. 387=ENGLEHARDTIA SPICATA Blume (E. philippinensis C. DC.). The identity of Blanco’s species is very certain, and there seems to be no doubt as to the correctness of the reduction to Englehardtia spicata Blume. The Philippine form has been described by C. de Candolle as a distinct species, Hnglehardtia philippinensis, but Blanco’s specific name is older than this one, should a critical revision of the genus show the Philippine form really to be different from that described by Blume. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 176). FAGACEAE CASTANOPSIS Spach Fagus philippensis Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 503 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 3 (1879) 182=CASTANOPSIS PHILIPPENSIS (Blanco) Vid. This species was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to the very different Castanopsis sumatrana A. DC. It is widely distributed in Luzon, but is apparently nowhere abundant. Illustrative specimen (topotype) from Angat, Bulacan Prov- ince, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 672). QUERCUS Linnaeus Quercus glabra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 727, non Thunb.=QUERCUS OVALIS Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 502 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 3 (1879) 129, t. 440 (as Q. conocarpa, non Oudem.). This is apparently a valid species and is known from only a few localities in central Luzon. Quercus blancoi A: DC. ULMACEAE 121 Prodr: 16? (1864) 97 is merely a new name for Quercus glabra Blanco, non Thunb., and is hence a synonym of Quercus ovalis Blanco; Quercus ovalis Blanco of the second edition of the Flora de Filipinas is merely a new name for Q. giabra of the first. Illustrative specimen (a topotype) from Angat, Bulacan Prov- ince, Luzon, December, there known as macabingao (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 704). Quercus molucca Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 726, non Linn.= Quercus concen- trica Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 502; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 129, t. 441 (as Q. costata, non Blume) non Lour.=QUERCUS SOLERIANA Vid. Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. (1886) 261. This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Quercus lianosii A. DC., but Blanco’s description applies better to the form described by Vidal as Quercus soleriana, the most common and most widely distributed species of the genus in the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from near Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 538). QUERCUS COOPERTA Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 503 (sp. nov.); ed 3, 3 (1879) 130. Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Castanopsis costata A. DC., where it certainly does not belong. I strongly suspect that Quercus fernandezii Vid. is identical with Q. cooperta Blanco, but its exact status is still somewhat doubtful owing to lack of good material representing it. I can see no reason for substitut- ing Vidal’s later name, fernandezii, for Blanco’s much earlier one, cooperta. Castanea cooperta Oerst., based wholly on Blan- co’s species, is a Synonym. Quercus cerris Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 727; ed. 2 (1845) 503; ed. 3, 3 »~ (1879) 130, non Linn. =QUERCUS sp. This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Castanopsis javanica: A. DC., for which there is not the slightest justification. Blanco gave only a very short and imperfect description of a single fruit, from which it is quite impossible to determine what species he may have had before him. The reference of Philippine mate- rial to a Mediterranean species is a good illustration of Blanco’s lack of knowledge of the principles of geographic distribution of plants. ne) ULMACEAE TREMA Loureiro Celtis lima Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 197 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 139; ed. 8, 1 (1877) 250=TREMA ORIENTALIS (Linn.) Blume. : This species is very widely distributed in the Philippines and 122 SPECIES BLANCOANAE is abundant in lands recently cleared and reverting to forests. This is Trema amboinensis of most authors but is not Celtis amboinensis Willd.; see Merrill, E. D., An interpretation of Rumphius’s Herbarium Amboinense (1917) 187. Blanco’s de- scription typifies Sponia blancoi Planch and Trema_ blaneoi Blume. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae 345). CELTIS Linnaeus CELTIS PHILIPPENSIS Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 197; ed. 2 (1845) 139; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 249. A species of wide distribution in the Philippines, commonly known as malaitmo or malaicmo, names also applied to the allied Celtis luzonica Warb. Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, December, 1912 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 52). - MORACEAE MORUS Linnaeus MORUS ALBA Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 705; ed. 2 (1845) 489; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 109, t. 206. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It was first introduced into the Philippines, according to Blanco, by Father Sedefo in the year 1593, and again in 1780 by Father M. Galiana. The species is widely distributed in towns through- out the Archipelago, but apparently has become naturalized only in northern Luzon, Cagayan Province, etc. It is locally known under its Spanish name morera. Our form is Morus rubra Linn. Illustrative specimen from Los Bajios, Laguna Province, Lu- zon, June, 1914, comm. EF. Quisumbing (Merrill: Species Blanco- anae No. 39). ALLAEANTHUS Thwaites Morus luzonica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 703 (sp. nov.) =Broussonetia luzo- niensis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 488 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3° (1879) 107, t. 278 =ALLAEANTHUS LUZONICUS (Blanco) F.-Vill. _ The species is widely distributed in Luzon at low altitudes and is universally known to the Tagalogs as himbabdo. Illustrative specimen from Los Bajos, Laguna Province, Luzon, comm. F. C. Gates, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No. 468). MALAISIA Blanco Malaisia tortuosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 789 (gen. et sp. nov.); ed. 3, 3 (1879) 196=MALAISIA SCANDENS (Lour.) Planch. The species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low MORACEAE 123 altitudes. Blanco, who proposed Malaisia as a new genus, derived his generic name from the Tagalog malaisis, one of the local names of the species. K. Schumann has indicated the Philippine form as the var. rolfei, but Blanco’s name is the earliest available one if the variety is to be maintained. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 3132). STREBLUS Loureiro Calius lactescens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 698 (gen. et sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 485; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 108, t. 171=STREBLUS ASPER Lour. This species is very common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Blanco’s description is the whole basis of Streblus lactescens Blume, which accordingly is an exact synonym of Streblus asper Lour. The generic name Calius is derived from the common Tagalog name of the plant, calios. Illustrative specimen from Maragondong, Cavite Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 151). CUDRANIA Trécul Morus tinctoria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 704, non Linn.=Broussonetia tinctoria Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 488; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 108, t. 418, non Spreng.=CUDRANIA JAVENSIS Tréc. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines in thickets, second-growth forests, etc., extending from sea level to an altitude of about 1,400 meters. Blanco’s species was reduced by F.-Villar to Cudrania obovata Tréc., which, at least so far as the Philippine form so named is concerned, does not appear specifically to differ from Cudrania javensis Tréc. Illustrative specimen from Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 146). ARTOCARPUS Forster Artocarpus rima Blanco FI. Filip. (1887) 671 (Arcthocarpus) (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 467 (Arctocarpus); ed. 3, 3 (1879) 77 t. 267=ARTO- _CARPUS COMMUNIS Forst. . This seedless breadfruit is not common in the Philippines and is apparently not highly prized by the natives; it is found only in cultivation. The fruit is rather small and is apparently in- ferior to that of some of the Polynesian forms. Its Tagalog name is rima or rimas. | Illustrative specimens from Manila, Luzon, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 603); Batangas Province, Luzon, February 4, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 760). 124 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Artocarpus incisa L. f.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 668 (Arctocarpus) ; ed. 2 (1845) 465; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 75=ARTOCARPUS COMMUNIS Forst- var. : This is the wild form with rather small, inedible fruits, the tips of the anthocarps slender and prolonged. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1913, there known as antipolo (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No. 214). ; Artocarpus camansi Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 670 (Arctocarpus) (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 467; ed. 3, 3 (1879) U1, -t. 2557 (camangsi) =ARTO- CARPUS COMMUNIS Forst. (A. incisa L. f.). This form of the breadfruit tree is common in cultivation in the Philippines but is nowhere wild, and hence undoubtedly an introduced plant in the Archipelago. In appearance it is iden- tical with the form described by Blanco as Artocarpus rima, but differs constantly in always producing fruits with numerous seeds, while A. rima Blanco is always seedless. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, February, 1915, there known as camansi (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 830). ARTOCARPUS ODORATISSIMA Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 671 (Arctocar- pus) (sp. noy.); ed. 2 (1845) 467; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 78. This is apparently an entirely valid species, identical with Artocarpus tarap Becce. of Borneo. Blanco’s specimens were _ from Mindoro, there known as oloy; the tree still occurs in parts of Mindoro where it is cultivated for its edible fruits, but is much more common in Mindanao and in Basilan. Illustrative specimens from Calapan, Mindoro, May, 1916, a topotype, there known as oloy, and from Basilan, August, 1916, there known as marang (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 1019, 1018). Artocarpus maxima Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 669 (Arctocarpus) (sp. nov.) =Artocarpus integrifolia Linn. f.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 466; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 76=ARTOCARPUS INTEGRA (Thunb.) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 190. This is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes in cultivation; certainly introduced, but of prehistoric introduction. Widely known as nanca or lanca in the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Camarines Province, Luzon, Decem- ber, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 415). ARTOCARPUS LAMELLOSA Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 667 (Arctocarpus) (sp. nov); ed. 2 (1845) 465; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 74. This species is of wide distribution in northern and central MORACEAE 125 Luzon, but is apparently of local occurrence. Artocarpus nitida Tréc. (1847) is apparently an exact synonym. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914, there known as anobling (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 100). Artocarpus ovata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 666 (Arctocarpus) (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 464; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 74, t. 450, non Noronha=ARTO- CARPUS CUMINGIANA Tréc. The species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- _ pines, and is commonly known as anobling. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 254). FICUS Linnaeus Ficus glomerata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 683; ed. 2 (1845) 475; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 87, non Roxb.=FICUS MINAHASSAE Mig. ’ This very characteristic species is of wide distribution in the Philippines, extending from sea level to an altitude of at least 1,500 meters. It is remarkable for its very striking cauliflory, the individual fruits being crowded in dense heads. Illustrative specimen from Los Bajos, Laguna Province, Luzon, comm. F.. C. Gates, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No, 500). Pg Ficus aspera nota Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 677 (var. nov.) =Ficus scabra Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 471; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 81, non Forst. f.= FICUS NOTA (Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab. (Philip.) Publ. 17 (1904) 10. This was erroneously reduced by F.-Villar to Ficus racemifera Roxb., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. It is common and widely distributed in the Archipelago at low alti- tudes, being widely known as tibig. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 550). Ficus laevigata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 682; ed. 2 (1845) 474; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 86, non Vahl=FICUS VARIEGATA Blume. A species of wide distribution in the Philippines, occurring in forests at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914, there known as tangisang bayauac (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 438). | oo FICUS PAYAPA Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 683 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 475; : ed. 3, 3 (1879) 86, t. 203 (as F. pilosa Reinw.) 126 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Ficus indica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 681; ed. 2 (1845) 473; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 85, non Linn. =FICUS PAYAPA Blanco. In spite of Blanco’s short and imperfect description there is no doubt as to the form he intended, as this same form has been received several times under the Tagalog name payapa, a name not appearing on any of our other species of the genus. Blanco compares his species to “balete” (Ficus indica Blanco, non Linn.) : stating that it differs only in its “calyx” (bracts) consisting of two scales; and his description of Ficus indica calls for a species with oval fruits as large as an acorn. This form, rightly or wrongly, I previously have referred to Ficus forstenti Migq., and it is, at any rate, very closely allied to Miquel’s species; Blan- co’s specific name, however, is the older. Warburg has ap- parently described the same species as Ficus vidaliana Warb. in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1905) 197, distinguishing this from F. forstenii Miq. by the absence of bracts. I have examined War- burg’s type, but can see no reason for retaining the species. The fruits on the type specimen, Warburg 14033, are detached and present neither pedicels nor bracts; it seems probable that the bracts were present, inasmuch as For. Bur. 2374 Borden, from the same province, matches the type except that Borden’s speci- mens have attached fruits with bracts, and that the bracts. on Warburg’s specimen became detached and lost either in preparing or in mounting the specimen. The leaves vary from acute to rounded or slightly cordate at the base. Blanco’s species was erroneously reduced by Fernandeéz-Villar to Ficus microcarpa Linn. f. Fernandez-Villar reduced Blanco’s Ficus indica to F. saxophila Blume, and while Blume’s species occurs in the Philip- pines, it is very rare and local and does not conform at all to Blanco’s description. There is not the slightest doubt that it is identical with the form that Blanco otherwise described as Ficus — payapa; in fact Blanco states that the only character by which he distinguished Ficus payapa from F. indica was that the former __ had two bracts and the latter three at the base of the fruit. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 82). Ficus hispida odorata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 686 (var. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 476; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 89, t. 858=FICUS ODORATA (Blanco) Merr. (F. arenata Elm.). This characteristic species is widely distributed in the Philip- pines at low altitudes; it is sometimes cultivated for the sake of its very rough leaves, which are used in polishing and in cleaning dishes, ete. The species is very fragrant in drying. MORACEAE 127 Illustrative specimen from Los Bafos, Laguna Province, Lu- zon, May, 1914, comm. F. C. Gates and N. Catalan (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 24). FICUS PSEUDOPALMA Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 680 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 478; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 84, t. 356. A very characteristic species of wide distribution in the Phil- ippines at low and medium altitudes. This shrub or small tree is erect, normally unbranched, the leaves crowded at the apex of the trunk, receptacles solitary or in pairs, axillary. It is commonly known as niog-niogan (Tagalog), diminutive of niog (Cocos nucifera), on account of its palm-like habit. Ficus haen- kei Warb. and F. blancot Elm. are synonyms. Illustrative specimen from Montalban, Rizal Province, Luzon, February, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 416). Ficus rostrata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 697 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 472; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 83, non Lam.=FICUS RUBROVENIA Merr. _ Blanco definitely indicates his Ficus rostrata as a new species: ‘“‘Especie nueva distinta de la rostrata de Spr.” It was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Ficus radicans Roxb., which some authors, at least, consider as identical with F. rostrata Lam. Neither F. rostrata Lam. nor F. radicans Roxb. is known from the Philippines. Blanco’s description of Ficus rostrata agrees with F., rubrovenia Merr. better than with any other Philippine form ‘known to me. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 205). FICUS HAUILI Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 684 (sp. nov.) =Ficus laurifolia ’ Blanco op. cit..ed. 2 (1845) 475; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 87, non Lam. Ficus laccifera Blanco op. cit. 673; 468; 80, non Roxb.=FICUS HAUILI __ Blanco. Ficus hauili Blanco is possibly the earliest valid name for this species, which must be considered as the Philippine representa- tive of Ficus leucantotoma Poir.; possibly some future monogra- pher will consider F. hawili to be a synonym of Poiret’s species. The species is very common and very widely distributed in the Philippines and is almost universally and exclusively known in the Tagalog Provinces as hauili. Ficus laccifera Blanco, non Roxb., is unquestionably the same species, and material received from the Visayan Islands under the native name lagnob, agreeing also with Blanco’s description, matches Ficus hawili exactly. Ficus hauili Blanco (F. laurifolia Blanco) was reduced by Fernandez- Villar to Ficus leucopleura Blume, which is generally considered to be a synonym of F. leucantotoma Poir.; and F’. laccifera Blanco, 128 SPECIES BLANCOANAE non Roxb., was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to F’. radiata Decne., which is also said to be a synonym of Ficus leucantotoma Poir. Philippine material must be critically compared with the types of Ficus leucantotoma Poir., F’. leucopleura Blume, and F’. radiata Decne., properly to determine the status of Ficus hawili in refer- ence to these three species. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 522). Ficus heterophylla Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 685; ed. 2 (1845) 476; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 89 (F. hispida heterophylla), non Linn. =FICUS ULMIFOLIA Lam. (F. sinuosa Miq.). Ficus hispida Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 685; ed. 2 (1845) 476; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 88 non Forst.=FICUS ULMIFOLIA Lam. Ficus hispida linearis Blanco op cit. 685; 476; 88 (var. nov. ) =FICUS ULMI- FOLIA Lam. Ficus hispida hastata Blanco op. cit. 685; 476; 89 (var. nov.) —FICUS ULMIFOLIA Lam. _ The species is very common in the Philippines. It is exceed- ingly variable in its vegetative characters, entire or nearly entire to deeply lobed leaves frequently being found on the same plant and even on the same branch. The three forms of Ficus hispida described by Blanco are manifestly all referable to the protean Ficus ulmifolia Lam., some specimens of which show on the same branches all the leaf forms described by Blanco. F.-Villar reduced the first, which is merely a translation from some edition of one of Linnaeus’s works, to Ficus hirta Vahl, a species allied to F. heterophylla Linn.; and the third to F. quercifolia Roxb. The typical forms of neither Ficus heterophylla Linn. nor F. quercifolia Roxb. occur in the Philippines, where their place is apparently taken by Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Illustrative specimen from -Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Species Blancoanae No. 337). Ficus dicarpa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 682 (sp. nov.) =Ficus nepalensis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 474; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 85, non Spreng.= FICUS sp. Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Ficus haematocarpa Blume, a species to which Blanco’s short and imperfect description does not at all apply. The whole description consists merely of the statement that the leaves are distichous, lanceolate, entire, glab- rous, petioles short, fruit in axillary pairs, very small, their peduncles very long, the calyx (bracts) distant from the fruit, the plant known in Cebu as talicot. I can suggest no reduction for it. MORACEAE 129 Ficus argentea Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 681 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 473; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 84=FICUS sp. Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Ficus polycarpa Wall., which Blanco’s description does not apply. Its most likely pro seems to be Ficus ruficaulis Merr., yet Blanco’s description does apply sufficiently close to this form to warrant its definite reduc- tion. Blanco’s specimens were from the beach at Mariveles, Bataan Province, Luzon. Perhaps after all the form he de- scribed is Ficus ruficaulis Merr. with very young fruits. Ficus aspera volubilis Blanco Fl, Filip. (1837) 676 (var. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 472; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 82=FICUS sp. This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Ficus hederacea Roxb., but there is no warrant for this. Blanco’s name is prac- tically a nomen nudum, there being no description, merely the statement that it was a small vine with very rough leaves. Its status is wholly indeterminable. CONOCEPHALUS Blume Procris violacea Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 706 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 490; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 110—CONOCEPHALUS VIOLACEUS (Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 80 (Conocephalus ovatus Tréc.). This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Conocephalus sua- veolens Blume (1825), which may be the correct disposition of the Philippine form; C. violaceus (Blanco) Merr. if not identical with Blume’s species is at least very closely allied to it. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Tilustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 111 staminate, No. 110 pistillate) . 4 Procris erecta Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 707 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 490; é ed. 3, 3 (1879) 111=CONOCEPHALUS ERECTUS (Blanco) F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 203 (Conocephalus grandifolius Warb.). Blanco’s species is unmistakably the form more recently de- seribed by Warburg as Conocephalus grandifolius. The leaves are described as “vellosas por ambas paginas * * * umn pie de largo,” which applies to no other known Philippine Conoce- phalus; the statement that the margins have “grandes escota- duras” is not good, as they are usually merely undulate. The leaves vary greatly in size. HWlustrative specimens from Bosoboso, Rizal Previnds, Luzon, ‘March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 871); Cavite Prev- inee, Luzon, asin 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 960). 151862. 130 SPECIES BLANCOANAE URTICACEAE LA PO RT EA Gaudichaud Urtica umibeliata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 696, non Bory=Urtica ferox Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 484; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 102, non Forst,= LAPORTEA MEYENIANA (Walp.) Warb. (L. gaudichaudiana Wedd.). This species is widely distributed at low altitudes in central and northern Luzon and is well known from its violent stinging properties. The leaves reach 40 cm in length. The most com- mon native names are lipa and lupa. Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Mliviniee, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 401). FLE U RYA Gaudichaud Urtica sessiliflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 696, non Sw.= uidrdcacanbeas Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 483; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 101, non, Linn.= FLEURYA INTERRUPTA (L.) Gaudich. This is common and widely distributed in and about towns at low and medium altitudes in the Philippines ; sEeety an introduced species in the Archipelago. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, “Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 455). ELATOSTEMA Forster Dorstenia pubescens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 692; ed. 2 (1845) ° 481; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 98, non Forst.=ELATOSTEMA LUZONENSE C: B. Rob. -in Philip. Senrns Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 512. This reduction is not entirely satisfactory as Biation’ s immedi tion does not fit Robinson’s species in all respects. . At the same timeit is the only species that. we have been able to find near Manila that at all agrees with Blanco’s data. It was reduced by — Fernandez-Villar to Elatostema obtusum Wedd., which is cer- tainly an error. Blanco’s specimens were from Pasig, while the: illustrative specimens, cited below, were from just aernss the river from Pasig. ee Illustrative specimen from near Fort William McKinley, Rizal - Province, Luzon, October, 1914 AM ont ae Species Blancoanae No. Z 58); BOEHMERIA {alate Sad Urtica nivea Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 697; ed. 2 (1845) 484; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 102, t. $885=BOEHMERIA NIVEA (Linn.) Gaudich. - i The Linnean species was certainly correctly interpreted by _ Blanco, although it properly belongs in the genus Boehmeria _ where it was placed by Gaudichaud. The species is renapatgne ee LORANTHACEAE 131 in-northern Luzon and in the Batanes Islands to a limited extent, but is rarely found in cultivation in the central and southern parts of the Philippines. It has certainly been introduced into the Archipelago, from China, but its introduction was equally certainly prehistoric. Illustrative specimen from Los Bafios, Laguna Province, Luzon, June, 1914, comm. E. Quisumbing (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 42). POUZOLZIA Gaudichaud Urtica villosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 695; ed. 2 (1845) 483; ed. 3; 3 (1879) 99, non Salam.=POUZOLZIA ZEYLANICA (Linn.) Benn. Urtica japonica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 694; ed. 2 (1845) 482; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 99, non Thunb.=POUZOLZIA ZEYLANICA (Linn.) Benn. etion villosa Blanco was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Pouzolzia indica Gaudich., a synonym of P. zeylanica (Linn.) Benn. There is no reason for considering Urtica villosa Blanco and Urtica japonica Blanco other than forms of the variable Pouzolzia zeylanica Benn., although Fernandez-Villar referred the latter to Pouzolzia viminea Wedd. “ Hlustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, Pediat (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 486). PIPTURUS Weddel » Ustica baccifera Blanco FI, Filip. (1837) 695, non Linn.=Urtica aldeee: cens Link; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 483; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 100, t. 71=PiPTURUS ARBORESCENS (Link) C. B. Rob. (Pipturus asper The species is very common and widely distributed in the Phil- ippines, its universal Tagalog name being dalonot. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 354). LORANTHACEAE LORANTHUS Linnaeus TOR Peer... oe ; Lonicera symphoricarpos Blanco Fi. Filip. (1837) 161, non peed —LORAN- THUS PHILIPPENSIS Cham. & Schlecht. ; Blanco oP. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 4164; ed. 3, 1. (1877) 296. “The description is not good by any means, but Blanco was iprob- ably correct in admitting the species in his second edition as Loranthus philippensis Cham. & Schlecht. The species is very common in those parts of Luzon from which Blanco received most of his material. i Mustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal oe on. October; 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 322). 0 132 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Loranthus paucifiorus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 235, non Sw.=Loranthus tomentosus Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 164; ed. 3, 1.(1877) 296, non Heyne=LORANTHUS sp. Feinandez-Villar considered that the form Blanco described was a valid species and retained it as Loranthus pauciflorus Blanco. While the species, as described, is certainly a Loran- thus, I know of no species that presents all the characters in- dicated by Blanco. I strongly suspect that Blanco had specimens of Loranthus philippensis Cham. & Schlecht., which he other- wise described as Lonicera symphoricarpos and as L. philip- pensis, and erroneously described the flowers as 6-merous; this is the only known Philippine Loranthus that conforms at all to Blanco’s description in other characters, and which, moreover, is widely distributed and abundant in the regions from which © he secured most of his botanical] material. : ELYTRANTHE Blume Hillia longifiora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 235 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 165; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 297=ELYTRANTHE AMPULLACEA (Roxb.) Engl. (Loranthus ampullaceus Roxb.). This reduction was originally made by Fernandez-Villar, the correctness of which was formerly doubted by me. There is no question, however, that Blanco’s description applies wholly to Elytranthe ampullacea Engl., at least as that species is rep- resented by the specimens cited by me, Philip. Journ. Sci: 4 (1909) Bot. 146. Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon, parasitic on Anisoptera thurifera Blume, October, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1033). VISCUM Linnaeus Fusanus ? parasitus Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 53 (sp. nov.); ed. 3. 1 (1877) 100=VISCUM ORIENTALE Willd. Viscum philippense Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 52 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 38 p. p.=VISCUM ORIENTALE Willd. -Blaneo’s Fusanus parasitus was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Viscum orientale Willd., which is apparently the correct dis-_ - position of it. Viscum philippense Llanos, however, was reduced - ie by him to V. articulatum Burm., although Llanos’s description in part, as to the leaves: “media verticiladas, aovado-oblongas, eoriaceas y lampifias” certainly applies to Viscum orientale Willd. It is probable that Llanos based his description on spe- __ veimens of Viscum articulatum growing as a parasite on V. orientale, as this relationship is occasionally presented by the OPILIACEAE 133 two species in the Philippines. Viscwm orientale Willd. is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, growing as a parasite on various trees. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 883). Viscum philippense Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 52 p. p. (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 4’ (1880) 38=VISCUM ARTICULATUM Burm. f. In this reduction I follow Fernandez-Villar as Llanos’s description is apparently, in part, that of a form of Visewm articulatum Burm. f.; see Viscum orientale Willd. above. The species is of local occurrence in the Philippines, ascending to an altitude of at least 800 meters, and is widely distributed in the Archipelago. lllustrative specimen from San Francisco del Monte, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 792). Viscum capense Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 53; F.-Vill. & Naves in ’ Blaneo FI. Filip. ed. 8, 4* (1880) 38, non Linn. f.=VISCUM ANGU- LATUM. Heyne. This is also Fernandez-Villar’s reduction of Lianoa’ S$ species. It may prove to be merely a form of Viscum articulatum Burm. f. with very narrow branchlets. This form is rare in the Phil- ippines and has only been found in two or three localities. Illustrative specimen from Calumpit, Bulacan Province, Luzon, res 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 695). OPILIACEAE CHAMPEREIA Griffith Matulucban Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 188; ed. 2 (1845) 133; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 238—=CHAMPEREIA MANILLANA (Blume) Merr. Govantesia malulucban Llanos in Rev. Ciene. Nat. Madrid 15 (1865) 191 (gen. et sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4° (1880) 44=CHAMPEREIA MANILLANA (Blume) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 233. This species is common and widely distributed at low altitudes in the Philippines, and presents considerable variation. Malu- lucban, as described by Blanco, was not intended as a generic name, but merely the native name of a plant that he could not refer to its proper genus. Govantesia malulucban Llanos, pub- lished as a new genus and species, is manifestly Champereia manillana Merr. This genus and species has been overlooked by all later authors except Fernandez-Villar; it does not appear in Index Kewensis, in Engler & Prantl’s Natiirlichen Pflanzen- — 134 SPECIES BLANCOANAE familien, or in De Dalla Torre & Harms’s Genera Siphonoga- marum. Philippine specimens have been referred by. Vidal. to Champereia griffithiana Planch., but Gamble, Journ. As Soc. Beng. 75? (1912) 278, considers that the Malay Peninsula form is distinct from the Philippine one. Synonyms of Champereia manillana, the specific name dating from 1850, are Cansjera manillana Blume, Opilia cumingiana Baill., O. manillana Baill., and Champereia cumingiana Merr.; perhaps also Chamner eto grifithiana Planch. and C. griffithit Kurz. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 641). OLACACEAE OLAX Linnaeus Fissilia psittacorum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 28; ed. 2 (1845) 20; ed. 3, 4 (1877) 38, t. 811, non Lam.=OLAX IMBRICATA Roxb. This species is common and widely distributed in the ‘Philip- pines at low altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914 (Mervill: Species Blancoanae No. 234). BALANOPHORACEAE BALANOPHORA Forster Cynomorium philippense Blanco FI. Filip. (1887) 665 (sp. nov.) ed. 2 (1845) 464; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 722=BALANOPHORA sp. Blanco’s description almost certainly applies to some species of Balanophora, but beyond this I can suggest no reduc- tion of it. The description is confused, and the statement that it was found in salt water attached to the decaying roots of trees is probably erroneous. Blanco saw only dried specimens trans- mitted from Cebu and cited the native name capulao me | it. Fernandez-Villar suggested no reduction of it. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE ARISTOLOCHIA Linnaeus ARISTOLOCHIA SERICEA Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 283 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 198; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 350. Fernandez-Villar erroneously reduced this to Bragantia corym- bosa Griff., a species that does not extend to the Philippines, and one to which Blanco’s description does not at all apply. Aristolochia sericea Blanco is exactly the form described by Masters as Aristolochia imbricata Mast., for which Blanco’s name should be substituted. Cuming’s specimen, on which ‘ RAFFLESIACEAE—POLYGONACEAE 135 Master’s: description was based, was from Ilocos Norte Province, Luzon, Blanco’s specimens being from Agoo, Union Province, Luzon. The species is known only from the Ilocano provinces, where it has been collected several times. Illustrative specimen from Union Province, Luzon, December, 1916, here known as banguist (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1049). Aristolochia subsagittata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 283 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 4 (1845) 197; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 350, t. 104=ARISTOLOCHIA TAGALA Cham. : Aristolochia indica Blanco op. cit. 282; 197; 349, non Linn.=ARISTO- .., LOCHIA TAGALA Cham. Aristolochia tagala Cham. is the only indigenous species of the genus-found near Manila, and Blanco’s descriptions of both Aristolochia subsagittata and A. indica apply to it. The latter, from Blanco’s description, has nothing to do with the Linnean species, although Fernandez-Villar considered that he correctly intrepreted Aristolochia indica Linn. Aristolochia tagala Cham. presents a great deal of variation in its vegetative characters, in the shape and size of its leaves, the length of its petioles, etc. Illustrative specimen from between Manila and Pasig, Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1911 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 289). toi! RAFFLESIACEAE RAFFLESIA R. Brown Rafflesia philippensis Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 565 (sp. nov.) = Rafflesia lagascae Blanco op. cit. 595 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 231= _ RAFFLESIA MANILLANA Teschem. This species is parasitic on Cissus sp. and is of very local oc- currence in the Philippines; see Brown, W. H., The relation of Rafflesia manillana to its host, Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 209-226, pl. XJJ-XX1. Illustrative specimen from Mount Madquiling, Laguna Prov- ince, Luzon, May, 1914, comm. W. H. Brown (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 535). : e POLYGONACEAE POLYGONUM Linnaeus Polygonum stoloniferum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 314 (Poligonum) (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 219; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 45=POLYGONUM BARBA- _ TUM Linn. | ‘There is no doubt as to the correctness of Fernandez-Villar’s reduction of Blanco’s species. It is common and widely dis- tributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, but 136 SPECIES BLANCOANAE the only region near Manila where it has been found is Pasig, the town from which Blanco secured his specimens. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 141). Polygonum bellardi Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 314 (Poligonum), ed. 2 (1845) 219; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 45, non All.=POLYGONUM TOMENTOSUM Willd. Blanco’s conception of Allioni’s species was reduced by Paw nandez-Villar to Polygonum orientale Linn., while in. Index Kewensis it is reduced to Polygonum persicaria Linn., both of which are wrong; it is manifestly referable to P. tomentosum Willd. The species is fairly common along the banks of the Pasig River, near Manila. Illustrative specimen from the Barrio of Pineda, Pasig, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Swectés cpacerepucoerd No. 191). RUMEX Linnaeus Rheum muricatum Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 327 (sp. nov.) —Rumex muri- eatus Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 195 (comb. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 346=RUMEX MARITIMUS Linn. This reduction was made by Fernandez-Villar and is ap- parently the correct disposition of the form that Blanco de- scribed. I have seen no Philippine specimens of it, Blanco’s description having been based on introduced and cultivated plants. CHENOPODIACEAE CHENOPODIUM Linnaeus CHENOPODIUM AMBROSIOIDES Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 200; ed. 2 (1845) 140; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 253, t. 69. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is known throughout the Philippines as aposotis. It was in- troduced from Mexico by the Spaniards for medicinal purposes and is now widely distributed in the Archipelago in cultivation and as a naturalized plant. Illustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon, April, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 244). AMARANTHACEAE DEERINGIA R. Brown Celosia baccata Retz.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 193=Deeringia celosioides R. Br.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 135; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 244, t. 286= D. AMARANTHOIDES (Lam.) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 211 (D. baccata Mogq.). This species, correctly interpreted by Blanco, is common and AMARANTHACEAE 137 widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes in the settled areas, Illustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 445). -CELOSIA Linnaeus CELOSIA ARGENTEA Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 192; ed. 2 (1845) 185; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 243. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. An introduced species now widely distributed in the settled areas of the’ Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Los Bafios, Laguna Pudvince, Luzon, May, 1914, comm. N. Catalan (Merrill: Species Blanco- anae No. 22). CELOSIA CRISTATA Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 191=Celosia coccinea Linn.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 134; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 241, t. 64. The form described is the ordinary cock’s comb, Celosia cris- tata Linn. It is rather commonly cultivated in the Philippines for ornamental purposes, but is not spontaneous, at least in the fasciated form. It is suspected that Celosia cristata Linn. is nothing but a fasciated form of C. argentea Linn. Illustrative specimen from Batangas, Batangas Province,. Luzon, October 20, 1916, there known as palong manoc (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1036). AMARANTHUS Linnaeus AMARANTHUS SPINOSUS Linn; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 710; ed, 2 (1845) 491; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 113. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is very common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes in the settled areas; abundant also along gravel bars in the beds of streams and along the shores of rivers. It is cer- tainly an introduced plant in the Philippines. Illustrative. specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 282). Amaranthus mangostanus Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 711; ed. 2 (1845) 492; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 114, t. 289 (as A. cruentus), non Linn. =AMARAN- THUS GANGETICUS Linn. This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Amaranthus melan- cholicus Linn., which is supposed to be a synonym of A. gange- ticus Linn. Blanco’s description agrees with the characters of Amaranthus gangeticus Linn. 138: SPECIES BLANCOANAE AERUVA Forskal Miecebrum lanatum Murr.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 190=Celosia lanata ‘io. Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 134; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 241, t. 354, non Linn.= AERUA LANATA (Linn.) Juss. This species is of rather wide distribution in the settled areas at low altitudes, growing in waste places; certainly introduced. Milustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 359). ACHYRANTHES Linnaeus ACHYRANTHES ASPERA Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 188; ed, 2 (1845) 183; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 239. ‘The Linnean species was apparently correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is a common weed in the settled areas of the Phil- ippines and is manifestly an introduced plant in the Archipelago. ‘Tilustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 424). ALTERNANTHERA Forskal Achyranthes villosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 189; ed. 2 (1845) 134; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 240, non Forsk.=ALTERNANTHERA SESSILIS (Linn.) R. Br. lilecebrum triandrum Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 61; F.-Vill. & Nios in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed 3, 4* (1880) 43, non Ham.=ALTERNAN- THERA SESSILIS R. Br. : Both of these were reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Alternan- thera denticulata R. Br. and are apparently but forms of the very common and variable Alternanthera sessilis. It is found ‘throughout the Philippines in the settled areas at low and medium. altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1914 (Mer- rill: anideliaas Blancoanae No. 68). GOM PHRENA Linnaeus GOMPHRENA GLOBOSA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 198; ed. 2 (186) 139; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 251, t. 68. The Linnean species, correctly interpreted by Blanco, is cer- tainly an introduced plant in the Philippines. It is found in cultivation, occasionally as an escape, throughout the Archi- pelago in the settled areas. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1914 octet rill: Species Blancoanae No. ul ~ NYCTAGINACEAE 139 NYCTAGINACEAE MIRABILIS Linnaeus Mirabilis longiflora Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 77; ed. 2 (1845) 57; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 109, non Linn. =MIRABILIS JALAPA Linn. This species is common and widely distributed in cultivation, often also found in waste places, throughout the Philippines. It was introduced from Mexico at an early date and is more gener- ally known under the Spanish names maravilla and a las cuatro. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 84). BOERHAAVIA Linnaeus BOERHAAVIA DIFFUSA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 8; ed. 2 (1845) 6; ed. 3, 1. (1877) 11, t.98, ~The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. There is no doubt that B. repens Linn. is an exact synonym. It is common and widely -distributed in the Philippines in the settled areas at low altitudes; certainly an accidentally in- troduced weed. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 274). PISONIA Plumier PISONIA ACULEATA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 195; ed. 2 (1845) , 187; ed. 3, 1. (1877) 247, t. 394. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. The species is of wide distribution in the Philippines at low altitudes, _ Illustrative specimen from Antpols, Rizal Province, Egor January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 759). Buginvillea racemosa Blanco FI. Filip. (1887) 307 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 214; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 36 (Bugainvilla) =PISONIA EXCELSA Blume. Cedrota guianensis Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 213; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 33, non Raeusch.—PISONIA EXCELSA Blume. : Fernandez-Villar reduced Buginvillea racemosa Blanco to Pisonia excelsa Blume and Cedrota guianensis to P. umbelli- fera Seem.; but, judging from our large series of specimens of Pisonia from all parts of the Philippines, I am now of the opinion that but a single species is represented by Blanco’s two descriptions, and that both species are probably Pisonia excelsa Blume. Specimens recently received from Cebu under the Visa- yan name tac-an, cited by Blanco under his Cedrota guianensis, 140° SPECIES BLANCOANAE appear to me to be specifically identical with the Angat material representing Buginvillea racemosa Blanco. Most of our speci- mens, now so referred, are, however, from shrubs and small trees, and nearly all of them have been determined as Pisonia umbellifera Seem. From the descriptions and botanical material available in Manila it is very difficult to distinguish between Seeman’s and Blume’s species. Whatever the species is, it is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. lllustrative specimen (a topotype of Buginvillea racemosa) from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 754). Cordia olitoria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 123 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 88; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 159, t. 44—=PISONIA ALBA Spanoghe in Linnaea 15 (1841) 342. This form occurs in the Philippines only as an introduced and cultivated plant, strongly characterized, in nature, by its leaves being very pale-green, the younger ones frequently yellowish-,; white or nearly white. In Manila, although common in cultiva- tion, it very rarely produces flowers, and I have observed but.a_ single flowering branch during fifteen years’ residence; in the southern Philippines, however, it apparently flowers more freely. From its Tagalog names maluco and coles maluco it is suggested that it may have been introduced into the Philippines from the Molucea Islands. Blanco’s species was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Pisonia inermis Forst., non Jacq. It seems very probable that Zollinger was correct in reducing Pisonia alba Spanoghe and P. sylvestris T. & B. to a single species, but although the new name proposed by him, Pisonia olitoria Zoll.- in Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 14 (1857) 154, is not valid, it in- validates the transfer of Blanco’s specific name, which is older than Spanoghe’s, to Pisonia. Pisonia olitoria was proposed by Zollinger without any reference to Cordia olitoria Blanco. — Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, Angust, 1914 —— rill: Species Blancoanae No. 134). AIZOACEAE MOLLUGO Linnaeus Glinus lotoides Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 418; ed. 2 (1845) 288; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 169=MOLLUGO LOTOIDES (Linn.) O. Ktze. (M. hirta: Thunb.). The Linnean species was correctly ditnepobhil by Blanco. It is of local distribution in waste places in and about towns at AIZOACEAE 141 low altitudes in the Philippines, growing especially in low places, ditches, etc., that are flooded during the rainy season. Ap- parently an introduced weed in the Archipelago. Illustrative specimen from Guadalupe, Rizal Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 724). Mollugo stricta Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 52; ed, 2 (1845) 35; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 64=MOLLUGO PENTAPHYLLA Linn. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco, but it is a synonym of Mollugo pentaphylla Linn., which has priority. - Tilustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 559). Mollugo subserrata Banco Fl. Filip. (1837) 51 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 34; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 63=MOLLUGO OPPOSITIFOLIA Linn. (M. sper- guia Linn.). - This species is of very wide distribution in the settled areas in the Philippines, growing in waste places in and about towns, fallow fields, old rice paddies ete. Fernandez-Villar reduced it to Mollugo stricta Linn., and I accepted this reduction in my previous consideration of Blanco’s species. Blanco’s descrip- tion, however, manifestly applies to Mollugo oppositifolia, not to M. stricta. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blaneoanae No. 385). SESUVIUM Linnaeus SESUVIUM PORTULACASTRUM Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 426; ed. ° 2 (1845) 297; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 187. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is found along the seashore throughout the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 384). TRIANTHEMA Linnaeus Portulaca toston Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 408 (sp. nov.) =Portulaca axilli- flora Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 285 (axiliflora) (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 163, t. 165, non Pers. =TRIANTHEMA PORTULACASTRUM Linn. A common weed in and about towns, especially in recently dis- turbed soil; certainly an introduced plant in the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 224). 142 SPECIES BLANCOANAE PORTULACACEAE PORTULACA Linnaeus Portulaca meridiana Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 408; ed. 2 (1845) 285; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 163, non Linn. =PORTULACA QUADRIFIDA Linn. This species is occasionally found in and about towns in the -Philippines and is Bpparenehy an introduced species in the Archipelago. -Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, July, 1914 ier’ rill: Species Blancoanae No. 130). PORTULACA OLERACEA Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 407; ed. 2 (1845) 284; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 162, i: 164. - The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, oceurring as a weed throughout the settled areas. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914 shohlnas Species Blancoanae No..172).. +t] BASELLACEAE — . BASELLA Linnaeus yas BASELLA RUBRA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 215; ed. 2 (1845) 151; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 272, t. 74. S Gd Basella lucida Linn.; Blanco op. cit. 216, 151, 273=BASELLA RUBRA Linn. The Linnean Basella rubra was correctly interpreted -by Blanco, and apparently also B. lucida Linn., but the latter is not specifically distinct from the former. The species is widely distributed in the Philippines in the settled areas at. low and medium altitudes, but is certainly not a native of the Archi- pelago; probably of prehistoric introduction. It is very gen- erally known as libato, but this name is also applied to the more recently introduced Anredera scandens Mogq., of American origin. Illustrative specimen from Arayat, Pampanga Province, — Luzon, February, sty (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 763). "ANREDERA Jussieu Gomphrena volubilis Blanco Fl. Filip, (1837) 199 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) _ 140; ed, 3, 1 (1877) 252=ANREDERA SCANDENS (Linn.) Mog. (A. cumingii Hassk.). : This species is very abundant in thickets in and near Manila. It was introduced from tropical America by the Spaniards and was thoroughly established previous to the year 1837, as Blanco notes that it was then common in Parafiaque. Anredera cum- ingii Hassk. was based on Philippine material collected by Cuming. CARYOPH YLLACEAE—N YMPHAEACEAE 4248 Illustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon, No- vember, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 188). CARYOPHYLLACEAE POLYCARPON Loefling Polycarpon polyphyllum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 53. (Policarpon) (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845). 36; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 66=POLYCARPON INDICUM (Retz.) Merr. (P. loeflingiae Benth. & Hook. f.). Blanco’s specimens were from Pasig, near Manila, but the “species has not been detected in this area since his time. In fact, it has so far been collected but once in the Philippines and is apparently a very rare and local species in the Archipelago. However, Blanco’s description applies to Polycarpon loeflingiae Benth. & Hook. f. in all respects, and it was reduced by F.-Villar to this species.. I have adopted what is apparently the oldest valid specific name for it, Polycarpon indicum (Retz.) Merr. in . NYMPHAEACEAE : nal hs | NELUMBIUM Jussieu ged Nelumbium turbinatum Blanco. Fl. Filip. (1837) 458 (sp. nov.) =Nelum- * bium speciosum Willd.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 318; ed. 3, 2 (1878) “3') 228, ¢, 158=NELUMBIUM NELUMBO (Linn.) Druce. vs ‘The form described by Blanco as a new species, N elumbium turbinatum, in the first edition of his Flora de Filipinas was correctly reduced by him in the second edition to N. speciosum Willd. The species occurs in a number of lakes at low altitudes in the Philippines, from Luzon to Mindanao. Its common ’Ta- galog name is baino, and its seeds are quite extensively used as food. 7 E ; ssi Illustrative specimen from Lake Bay, near Siniloan, Laguna Province, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 817). > VOR HOS ayo" pe oat iy NYMPHAEA Linnaeus yard ‘ Nyniphaea lotus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 456 (Nimphaea) ; ed. 2 (1845) "B17; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 222, non Linn. =NYMPHAEA PUBESCENS Willd. ” (Castalia pubescens Blume), . : This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at. low altitudes in shallow lakes and in still streams. The form de- scribed by Blanco was considered by F.-Villar to represent the Linnean species, Nymphaea lotus, but Blanco’s description ap- plies unmistakably to N. pubescens Willd. The common Tagalog name is lawas. | ‘Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, July, 1914, from cultivated plants originating in Lake Bay, Luzon (Merrill: Spe- (etes' Blancoanae No. 132).°28°°° (144 SPECIES BLANCOANAE CERATOPHYLLACEAE CERATOPHYLLUM Linnaeus Ceratophyllum submersum Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 105 (Cerato- phillum); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 81, non ? Linn.=CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM Linn. From the material available I am inclined to refer the Philip- pine form to Ceratophyllum demersum Linn. The species is common in shallow lakes and in slow streams in the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Pateros, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 785). RANUNCULACEAE NARAVELIA de Candolle Atragene zeylanica Blanco Fi. Filip. (1837) 461; ed. 2 (1845) 321; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 231, non Linn. =NARAVELIA LAURIFOLIA Wall. - This was considered by Fernandez-Villar to be in part Nara- velia laurifolia Wall. and N. zeylaniea DC., but the latter species does not extend to the Philippines. I previously considered that the description seemed to include Naravelia laurifolia DC. and Clematis gouriana Roxb., but the description certainly does not apply in any respect to the latter; I am now of the opinion that Blanco’s description covers a single species, and that is Naravelia laurifolia Wall., a species widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, but of local occurence. Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No, 885). Atragene lobata Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 73 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 57—=NARAVELIA LOBATA (Llanos) comb, nov. (Naravelia leheri Merr. & Rolfe}. . This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Naravelia zeylanica DC., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. It is certainly the form more recently described by myself and Mr. Rolfe as Navavelia loheri. The species is of local occurrence at low altitudes in the settled areas in the provinces near Manila. Illustrative specimen (a topotype) from Calumpit, Bulacan © Province, Luzon, January, 1915, growing in thickets and hedges, and known as parapit hanguin, the name cited by Llanos for Atragene lobata (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 656). MENISPERMACEAE CISSAMPELOS Linnaeus CISSAMPELOS PAREIRA Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 815; ed. 2 (1845) - 563; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 227, t. 432, The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. : MENISPERMACEAE 145 It is common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon, May, 1914, there known as calaad (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 9). ANAMIRTA Colebrook Menispermum cocculus Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 809; ed. 2 (1845) 557 (coculus) ; ed. 8, 3 (1879) 216—=ANAMIRTA COCCULUS (Linn.) W.& A. Blanco’s description, for the most part, applies to Anamirta cocculus, but he confused with it the species later described as Arcangelisia lemniscata Becc.=A. flava (Linn.) Merr. (Menis- permum flavum Linn.). Anamirta .cocculus has pale or nearly white wood, while Arcangelisia has distinctly yellow wood; the former yields the seeds used in poisoning fish, the latter the yellow wood mentioned by Blanco as used in the practice of medicine. Some of the native names cited by Blanco apply to one, some to the other. : Illustrative specimen from Mount Batulao, Batangas Prov- ince, Luzon, August, 1911, there known as ligtang (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 476). TINOSPORA Miers foes vie rimosum Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 810; ed. 2 (1845) 558; ed. 8, 3 (1879) 217, non Spreng.=TINOSPORA RUMPHII Boerl. Blanco’s species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Tinos- pora crispa (Linn.) Miers, an allied species that does not appear to oecur in the Philippines. Blanco’s discussion includes the form distributed herewith, the one with broadly ovate, prom- inently cordate leaves, having an exceedingly bitter principle, the true macabuhay; and the more common Philippine species, with but a slight amount of the bitter principle, Tinospora re- ticulata. Miers. This is perhaps the most generally used med- icinal plant in the Philippines. In regions subject to a prolonged dry season it is often entirely leafless at the time of anthesis. It is universally known as macabuhay; see Merrill, E. D., An Interpretation of Rumphius’s Herbarium Amboinense (1917) 220. Illustrative specimen from Masambong, near Manila, Luzon, March, 1915, flowering specimens without leaves (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 903.); leaf specimens from the same plant, October, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1003). 151862——_10 146 SPECIES BLANCOANAE MAGNOLIACEAE MICHELIA Linnaeus MICHELIA CHAMPACA Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 462; ed. 2 ARs) 322; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 232, t. 191. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Bkincd* It occurs in the Philippines only as a cultivated tree and was probably introduced by the Spaniards. Generally known to the Filipinos as sampaca. Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 799, 973). TALAUMA Jussieu Magnolia angatensis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 859 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 328; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 243=TALAUMA ANGATENSIS (Blanco) F.-Vill. Blanco’s material was from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, and the description is unmistakably that of a Talawma, the — leaves are definitely described as a foot long and four inches wide, and the fruit a “geme,” i. e., 16 to 20 em long.’ I am of the opinion that Vidal correctly interpreted the species in his Sinop- sis, Atlas 11, t. 3, f. A (1883), and I am now further of the opinion that both Talawma luzonensis Warb. and Talauma grandifiora Merr. must be reduced to Talauma angatensis (Blanco) F.-Vill. ANNONACEAE ALPHONSEA Hooker f. & Thomson Macanea arborea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 431 (sp. nov.) = Monodora myristica Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 300; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 193, non Dun.=ALPHONSEA ARBOREA (Blanco) Merr. in Philip, Journ. Sci. 10 (1915) Bot. 233 (Alphonsea philippinensis Merr., Monocarpia : blancoi F.-Vill.). This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, and its synonymy, with citation of numerous specimens, has been discussed by me on the occasion of the original transfer of Blanco’s species to Alphonsea. It was retained by Fernandez-Villar as a valid species under the name of Monocarpia blancoi F.-Vill. Macanea arborea Blanco does not appear in Index Kewensis either under Macanea or Macahanea. Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Biov- . ince, Luzon, March, 1915, there known as calai (Merrill: ‘Spe- S cies Blancoanae No. 838). a ANNONACEAE — 147 UVARIA Linnaeus Unona setigera Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 468 (sp. nov.) =Uvaria setigera Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 323 (Uvearia) (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 234, t. 195=UVARIA RUFA Blume. The Philippine form seems to be referable to Blume’s species. It has, however, been described from the Philippines by Presl as Uvaria solanifolia. Blanco’s description is not good, and his statement “petalos * * * lineares’ does not apply. In spite of this discrepancy, I consider that there is no doubt as to the correctness of the identification of Unona setigera Blanco. It was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Uvaria purpurea Blume, which it cannot be. It is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, and is abundant near Manila. Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 199). Unona camphorata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 468 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 326; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 239=UVARIA SORZOGONENSIS Presl. Unona susong calabao Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3 (1877-83) t. 494= UVARIA SORZOGONENSIS Presl. ~Blanco’s description is very indefinite, and from it alone it is impossible definitely to determine the status of the species. The plant was a large vine, according to his description, and the description certainly applies to an annonaceous plant. The only possible generic reduction that can be made is Uvaria, but Blanco’s species cannot be Uvaria dulcis Dunal, to which it was reduced by Fernandez-Villar. The specific name camphor- ata was taken from the camphor-like odor of certain roots that Blanco saw in the hands of a native, but there is no reason for considering that these roots were from the species described as Unona camphorata. As to the native names cited, the Taga- log one, taghivalas, properly belongs with the apocynaceous Parameria philippinensis Radlk.; the Bicol names dalaganum and dalagao are unknown to me. Uvaria sorzogonensis Presl, is, however, known in parts of Negros as baluganos, a name very suggestive of dalaganao. As Uvaria sorsogonensis Presl is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, Blanco could scarcely have overlooked it, and I think that there is very little doubt but that the reduction here made is the correct disposition of his species. Presl’s species, however, may not prove to be specifically distinct from Uvaria ovalifolia Blume. Illustrative specimen from Alabat Island, MORGANS 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No, 1 O67). 148 SPECIES BLANCOANAE CANANGIUM Baillon Unona odoratissima Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 467 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 325; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 239, t. 221 —CANANGIUM ODORATUM (Lam.) Baill. (Cananga odorata Hook. f. & Th.). Unona ossea Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 467 (sp. nov.) =Uvaria ossea Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 322 (comb. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 233 =CANAN- GIUM ODORATUM (Lam.) Baill. (Cananga odorata Hook. f. & Th.). The identity of Unona odoratissima Blanco is unmistakable, as it is the common and widely distributed ilang-ilang tree. Unona ossea Blanco—Uvaria ossea Blanco was reduced by Fer- nandez-Villar to Unona discolor Vahl, which I formerly con- sidered to be the correct disposition of it. However, Vahl’s species scarcely occurs in the regions from which Blanco secured his material, and moreover a comparison of his description with specimens of Vahl’s species shows that Unona ossea Blanco cannot possibly be the same as Unona discolor. Blanco com- pares Unona ossea with Unona odoratissima, as identical in floral characters with the latter, stating that except in its fra- grant fruit it could not be distinguished from ilang-ilang. There is no doubt whatever that Unona ossea Blanco is merely a slight variant of the common and widely distributed Canangium odoratum Baill. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914, there known as ilang-ilang (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 466). Te POLYALTHIA Blume Unona cabog Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 466 (sp. nov.)=Unona odorata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 325 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 237, non Dunal=POLYALTHIA sp. Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Unona desmos Dunal, which | I formerly thought might be the correct disposition of:it At cannot, however, be Dunal’s species. The description applies unmistakably to Polyalthia, but beyond this I can make no suggestion as to what species was intended by Blanco’s very imperfect description. PHAEANTHUS Hooker f. & Thomson Uvaria tripetala Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 465, non Roxb.=Unona. tripe- : tala Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 324 (tripelata) (comb. nov.); ed. 3) 2 (1878) 236—=PHAEANTHUS EBRACTEOLATUS (Presl) Merr. — (P. cumingii Mig.; P. nutans F.-Vill., non Hook. f. & TH}. This species is common and widely distributed in the forests of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. jariei 39 Illustrative specimen from Camarines Province, Luzon, Decem- ber, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 305). ANNONACEAE _ 149 GONIOTHALAMUS Hooker f.. & Thomson Uvaria amuyon Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 463 (sp. nov.) =Unona cauliflora Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 323; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 235 (nom. nov.) = GONIOTHALAMUS AMUYON (Blanco) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 10 (1915) Bot. 264. This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Melodorum fulgens Hook. f. & Th., a manifestly wrong reduction, for Blanco’s de- scription does not at all apply to the latter species. The present ° interpretation of the species is undoubtedly correct. Illustrative specimen from San José, Batangas Province, Lu- zon, February, 1915, there known as amuyong (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 803). MITREPHORA Blume Uvaria lanotan Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 464 (sp. nov.) =Unona ? latifolia Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 324; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 236, non Dunal= MITREPHORA LANOTAN (Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 71. Blanco’s species was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Goniothalamus giganteus Hook. f. & Th., a species that does not extend to the Philippines and one to which Blanco’s descrip- tion does not at all apply. Im making the original transfer to Mitrephora I erroneously included, as a synonym, Mitrephora fer- ruginea Merr.=M. merrillii C. B. Rob.=Griffithianthus merrillit W. H. Br., and my description in part applies to the latter species. The plant interpreted as Mitrephora lanotan agrees perfectly with Blanco’s description, is common in the regions from which Blanco secured most of his material, and is also known to the natives as lanotan, a name also applied to a number of other annonaceous trees. at Illustrative specimen from Bataan Province, Luzon, June, 1915, comm. H. Borromeo, there known as lanotan (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 940). XYLOPIA Linnaeus Unona dehiscens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 466 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 325 (dehincens); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 238=XYLOPIA DEHISCENS _ (Blanco) Merr. (Xylopia blancoi Vid.) . Fernandez-Villar erroneously reduced Blanco’s species to Anaxagorea luzonensis A. Gray, to which Blanco’s description does not at allapply. Vidal redescribed it from actual specimens as Xylopia blancoi, citing Blanco’s species as a synonym. Blan- co’s description is very poor and imperfect, but his species ap- parently belongs here. It is found in various parts of Luzon and in the Visayan Islands. 150 SPECIES BLANCOANAE “ARTABOTRYS R. Brown Unona corniculata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 469 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 326; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 240=ARTABOTRYS CORNICULATA (Blanco) comb. nov. (Artabotrys rolfei Vid.). Blanco’s species was reduced to Artabotrys suaveolens Blume by Fernandez-Villar, and it is certainly very closely allied to that species. Vidal, however, has described the Philippine form as a distinct species, Artabotrys rolfei, which is manifestly the same as the species described by Blanco as Unona corniculata. The oldest specific name is here adopted. ‘Tllustrative specimen from Laguna Province, ee Mareh, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 298). >» Uvaria sinensis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 465 (sp. nov.) =Unona uncinata Dun.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 324; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 237, t. 194= ARTABOTRYS UNCINATUS (Lam.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 234 (A. odoratissimus R. Br.). ; This species occurs in the Philippines only as an introduced and occasionally cultivated plant, and Blanco’s description was based on cultivated specimens from Pasig. hs Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 784, paces ANNONA Linnaeus ANNONA RETICULATA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 470 (Anona) ; ed. 2 (1845) 327; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 242, t. 197. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines in cultiva- tion, is commonly known as anonas, and like Annona squamosa L. and A. reticulata L. is an early introduction from Mexico. _ Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 93). ANNONA MURICATA .Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 326; ed. ds (1878) 241, t. 196. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Binns: ae an early introduction into the Philippines from Mexico. It is : widely distributed in the Philippines in cultivation and is com- — monly known here as guayabanos. 4 Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Seavinee, . Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 198). oo ? ANNONA SQUAMOSA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 469; ed. 2 re he 327. ed. 3, 2 (1878) 241, t. 192. ee The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It was introduced from Mexico by the Spaniards and is now com- monly cultivated throughout the Archipelago at low and wnsicatan altitudes. It is generally known as ates. © MYRISTICACEAE 151 ‘Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, Angust, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 589). ANNONACEAE OF UNCERTAIN STATUS Soala litoralis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 487 (gen. et sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 304; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 199=? Annonaceae indet. A genus and species of very uncertain status, perhaps based on material from two entirely different plants. The description of the flower seems to conform to the Annonaceae, near Uvaria, but the description of the fruit is certainly not that of an an- nonaceous plant. Attempts to locate the species through the native name soal resulted in the information that the name is unknown even in Bauang, the locality in which Blanco observed the species; but Blanco states in the original description that it was scarcely known to the natives. Fernandez-Villar reduced it to Cyathocalyx zeylanicus Champ., which is man lfontlyins an erroneous disposition of it. MYRISTICACEAE MYRISTICA Linnaeus Myristica luzonica Blanco FI. Filip. (1887) 664 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 462, 463; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 69, 70=MYRISTICA PHILIPPENSIS Lam. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines, growing in the primeval forest at low and medium alti- tudes. Its commonest Tagalog name is duguan, but this name is also applied to several other species of the same genus and to those of allied genera. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 178). KNEMA Loureiro Sterculla glomerata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 764 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) - 525; ed. 8, 3 (1879) 1644=KNEMA GLOMERATA (Blanco) Merr. in Journ. Str. Branch Roy. As. Soc. (1917) 81 [Myristica heterophylla F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 178; M. corticosa F.-Vill. op. cit., non Hook. f. & Th.; Knema heterophylla Warb. in Nov. ‘Act. Acad. Nat. 68 (1897) 578, t. 25, dca ie. Sterculia decandra Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 766 a nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 526; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 166=KNEMA GLOMERATA (Blanco) Merr. (K, hete- rophylla Warb.). This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines, and although Blanco’s descriptions of both species are short and imperfect they apply here in all particulars; moreover there is no other species known to me from the regions from which Blanco received the most of his material to which his descrip- tions apply. In Bataan Province, Luzon, it is still known as_ tambalao and as hindurugu. Fernandez-Villar erroneously re- 152 SPECIES BLANCOANAE duced the former to Myristica corticosa Hook. f. & Th. and the latter to Myristica intermedia Blume, neither of which occurs in the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 504). LAURACEAE CINNAMOMUM Blume Laurus cinnamomum Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 319; ed. 2 (1845) 225; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 837=CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM Blume Bijdr. (1825) 568; Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 2 (1831) 74. Blanco apparently correctly interpreted the Linnean species, although Fernandez-Villar reduced Laurus cinnamomum Blanco to Cinnamomum burmanni Blume; the latter species has been reported from the Philippines by Nees. Blanco based his de- scription on cultivated specimens, and the form distributed here- with is certainly the one Blanco described. It is occasionally found in towns in the Philippines in cultivation and was un- doubtedly introduced into the Archipelago by the Spaniards. It is known in the Philippines only by its Spanish name, canela. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 687). Laurus culilaban Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 315; ed. 2 (1845) 222; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 51, non Linn. =CINNAMOMUM MERCADO! Vid. Laurus cassia Blanco op. cit. 317; 223; 53, non Linn=CINNAMOMUM MERCADOI Vid. This sylvan species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Its most commen native name is calivgag, and in Bataan Province it is still known also as samilin, the former name being cited by Blanco under _ Laurus culilaban and the latter under L. cassia. Blanco’s Lau- rus cassia was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Cin- namomum zeylanicum var. cassia Nees, and Laurus culilaban was erroneously reduced to C. pauciflorum Nees and C. tamala Nees & Eberm., neither of which occurs in the Philippines. Blanco’s descriptions are certainly of but a single species. ; Illustrative specimens from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914, there known as califgag (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No. 758); Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, June, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 971). PERSEA Gaertner Laurus persea Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 224; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 56=PERSEA AMERICANA Mill. (P. gratissima Gaertn.). Blanco described the avocado from specimens cultivated in LAURACEAE 153 Santa Ana, now a part of the city of Manila. Vidal (Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. 11) states that it was at that date (1886) unknown in the Philippines. In 1902, however, a very old tree was located in the small park of the Cuartel de Espafia in the Walled City, Manila, which a few years later was destroyed by a typhoon. In 1902 or 1903 it was re-introduced into the Philippines from Honolulu. Aquacate admitted by Kamel, Ray Hist. Pl. 3 (1704) App. 59, undoubtedly refers to this species, indicating that it had been introduced into the Philippines previous to the year 1700. Illustrative specimen from cultivated specimens, Manila, Lu- zon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 874). NOTHAPHOEBE Blume Aiouea (Ajovea) malabonga Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 233 (sp. nov.) = Laurus hexandra Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 222; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 52, non Willd., nec Spreng. =NOTHAPHOEBE MALABONGA (Blanco) Merr. This species was reduccd by Fernandez-Villar to [teadaphne confusa Blume, a species unknown from the Philippines; Blanco’s description does not apply to it. The form that Blanco described in the first edition of his Flora de Filipinas he erroneously reduced in the second edition to Laurus hexandra Willd; it seems to be a valid species closely allied to the Malayan Nothaphoebe umbelliflora Blume. Blanco describes the species as having 6 stamens, but otherwise his description is excellent and agrees with the specimens referred here. The species is widely dis- tributed in the Philippines, but the numerous specimens have been previously confused with Cryptocarya. Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, September, 1914, comm. A. Villamil, there known as malabonga (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 121). ? LITSEA Lamarck Sebifera glutinosa Lour.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 819; ed. 2 (1845) 566; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 234, t. 860=LITSEA GLUTINOSA (Lour.) C. B. Rob. (L. chinensis Lam., L. tersa Merr., non Glabraria tersa Linn.). This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines at low altitudes and presents considerable variation. Lour- eiro’s specific name is apparently the oldest valid one for the species, and Blanco was undoubtedly correct in referring the Philippine plant to Sebifera glutinosa Lour. Its common Taga- log name is puso-puso. Illustrative specimen from Los Bafios, Laguna Province, Lu- zon, comm. F. C. Gates, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No. 647). 154 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Sebifera balongai Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 820 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 567; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 235 (balongay) =LITSEA GLUTINOSA (Lour.) C. B. Rob., var. it This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Litsea litoralis F,- Vill. (Tetranthera litoralis Blume), which is apparently merely a glabrous or nearly glabrous form of Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) — C. B. Rob. I can suggest no other disposition of Blanco’s species and am of the opinion that Fernandez-Villar was correct in this disposition of it. The name balongai cited by Blanco is unknown to me as applied to the Lawraceae, but Blanco’s descrip- tion is certainly that of a Litsea. He compares it with his description of Sebifera glutinosa, i. e., Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Rob. Olax baticulin Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 589 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1_ (1877) - 88=LITSEA sp. There is grave doubt as to whether this species should be considered as published in the second edition, as the generic name Olax is capitalized as usual in Blanco’s work, but is | followed by a period, and the word baticulin appears in ordinary type, not differentiated from the description; it is, however, definitely published in the third edition The description is en- tirely inadequate, and my identification of it has been based chiefly on the fact that the illustrative specimens are from the species known in the vicinity of Pangil, Laguna, as baticulin, and from which timber sold under that name is secured. The name baticulin is rather promiscuously applied to a number of different lauraceous trees, especially in the genus Litsea. Olax — baticulin was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Litsea obtusata — (Meissn.) F.-Vill., a species that does not extend to the Philip- pines. The species, as I interpret it, seems to be very closely allied to Litsea albayana Vid., but I am unwilling to replace Vidal’s specific name until flowering specimens of Olax baticulin Blanco, or the species as I interpret it, are secured. 2 Illustrative specimen from near Pangil, Laguna Province, Luzon, comm. F. W. Foxworthy, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1006). ae CRYPTOCARYA R. Brown Salgada lauriflora Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 221 (gen. et sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 50=CRYPTOCARYA LAURIFLORA (Blanco) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 254 (Eusideroxylon borneense F.-Vill., non Bihania borneensis Meissn; Cryptocarya luzoniensis Vid.). eee This species is rather widely distributed in Luzon at low and medium altitudes. Blanco’s description applies unmistakably to Cryptocarya as here interpreted. £. SOehOs | HERNANDIACEAE 155 Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, ‘Luzon, March, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 56). Laurus martinicensis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 317; ed. 2 (1845) 223; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 53, non Jacq.=? CRYPTOCARYA AMPLA Merr. Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Beilschmiedia madang Blume, a species that does not extend to the Philippines, and one to which Blanco’s description does not at all apply. The form he described is certainly a Cryptocarya, and taking into considera- tion all the data given by Blanco is, I think; C. ampla Merr. The description is not sufficiently definite to be sure of the correct- ness of the reduction. CASSYTHA Linnaeus ; CASSYTHA FILIFORMIS Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 321, ed. 2 (1845) 226, ed. 8, 2 (1878) 58. ~The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco; it is common and wily. distributed in the bP a oe the ‘seashore. ‘Tilustrative specimen from Balayan, Batangas Province, tii: ‘zon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 95). LAURACEAE OF UNCERTAIN STATUS ‘Laurus lanosa Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 318 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 224; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 54=Lauraceae indet. Fernandez-Villar reduced Blanco’s species to Litsea villosa Blume, but the characters assigned to it by Blanco do not at all conform with those of Blume’s species. The description is too indefinite to warrant suggesting a reduction other than that it certainly belongs in the Lawraceae. The description of the inflorescence as terminal indicates that it can scarcely have been a Litsea. It is possibly a species of Cryptocarya. HERNANDIACEAE GYROCARPUS Jacquin Gyrocarpus lobatus Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 54 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 103=GYROCARPUS AMERICANUS Jacq. This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Gyrocarpils jacquinti Gaertn.—G. americanus Jacq. It is widely distributed ‘in the Philippines at low altitudes, but is nowhere abundant. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Rizal Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No, 755). HERNANDIA Linnaeus on Hernandia sonora Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 689; ed. 2 (1845) 478; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 93, non Linn.=HERNANDIA PELTATA Meissn. This species is commonly distributed along the seashore from 156 SPECIES BLANCOANAE central Luzon southward, but not as yet reported from the shores of northern Luzon. Hernandia sonora Linn. was based on both oriental and occidental references, but the species is ‘typified by the American plant, so that Blanco was in part correct in refer- ring the Philippine form to H. sonora Linn. dH. peltata Meissn. is very closely allied to the older H. ovigera Linn., and may have to be reduced to the Linnean species. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merril: Species Blancoanae No. 530). ILLIGERA Blume Gronovia ternata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 186 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 132; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 2836=ILLIGERA LUZONENSIS (Presl) Merr. Halesia ternata Blanco op. cit. 399 (sp. nov.); 279; 2: 153=ILLIGERA LUZONENSIS (Presl) Merr. The species is widely distributed in Luzon and has several synonyms. Its oldest specific name, however, is supplied by Henschelia luzonensis Pres] Rel. Haenk 2 (1831) 81, t. 63, the type of which I have seen in the Prague herbarium. Presl’s description is faulty, and his figures of the floral details are erroneous in some particulars. For this reason Mr. Dunn took up Blanco’s specific name in preference to Presl’s; see Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 38 (1908) 294. The other synonyms are Iiligera ternata Dunn, I. dubia F.-Vill. non Span., IJ. meyeniana Kunth, and J. appendiculata Vid., non Blume. There is no doubt in my mind that Gronovia ternata Blanco and Halesia ternata Blanco represent the same species. Both are described in the same work, the former from flowering specimens, the latter from fruiting specimens. a Illustrative specimens from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, August, December, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 297, 663). PAPAVERACEAE ARGEMONE Linnaeus ARGEMONE MEXICANA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 454; ed. 2 (1845) 316; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 220, t. 187. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It was introduced from Mexico by the Spaniards at an early date in colonial history either as an ornamental plant or for its medic- inal properties. It is now widely distributed in the Philippines, growing especially about buildings and in vacant lots in towns, in waste places, etc. CRUCIFERAE 157 Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 304). CRUCIFERAE CARDAMINE Linnaeus Cardamine glandulosa Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 521 (sp. nov.) =Cardamine impatiens (?) Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 363; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 306, non Linn. =NASTURTIUM INDICUM (Linn.) DC. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines, extending from sea level to an altitude of at least 1,600 meters. It is no- where abundant and is usually found along ditches and small streams. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 553). BRASSICA Linnaeus Sinapis sinensis Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 520 (non Gmel.?) =Sinapis juncea Linn.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 362; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 304=BRASSICA JUNCEA (Linn.) Coss. Brassica orientalis Blanco op. cit. 519; 361; 303, non Linn.=BRASSICA JUNCEA (Linn.) Coss. The form originally described by Blanco as Sinapis sinensis, which may or may not be the same as Sinapis sinensis Gmel., and later as Sinapis juncea Linn., is certainly only a form of Brassica juncea (Linn.) Coss., where it was placed by Fernandez- Villar. Brassica orientalis Blanco seems to be merely a dwarfed form of B. juncea (Linn.) Coss., although Fernandez-Villar reduced it to Brassica nigra Koch, a species not definitely known from the Philippines. _IMustrative specimen from Alabat Island, December, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blaneoanae No. 1056). Sinapis brassicata Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 362; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 305, non ? Linn.=BRASSICA JUNCEA (Linn.) Coss. var. The form I have interpreted as Sinapis brassicata Blanco is the plant that has long been cultivated by Chinese, and, to a less degree, by native gardeners, under the name of pechai or petchai. This form is extensively cultivated about Pasig and is undoubtedly the plant intended by Blanco; it is perhaps Bras- sica pekinensis (Lour.) Skeels. By Fernandez-Villar it was referred to Brassica campestris Linn. -Ilustrative specimen from Pasig, Rizal Province, Luzon, Jan- uary, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 770). 158 SPECIES BLANCOANAE CAPPARIDACEAE GYNANDROPSIS de Candolle : Cleome pentaphylla Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 523, non Linn.=Cleome gi- gantea (?) Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 364; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 307, t. 234, non Linn.=GYNANDROPSIS SPECIOSA (HBK.) DC. Blanco’s specimens were probably from cultivated plants, as the species was certainly introduced into the Philippines for ornamental purposes. At the present time it is of very local occurrence in the Archipelago, and the plants now found in the Philippines may have been derived from very recently im- ported seeds. The name arafia (Sp. “spider’’), cited by Blanco for this species, is now universally used in Manila for Hibiscus schizopetalus Hook. Illustrative specimen from Maragondong, Cavite Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 149). Cleome alliacea Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 522 (sp. nov.) =Cleome alliodora Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 363 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1879) 307, t. 283 =GYNANDROPSIS PENTAPHYLLA (Linn.) DC. (Pedicellaria pentaphylla Schrank). This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes. It grows in open waste places in and about towns and along the seashore in some regions. It has all the appear- ance of an introduced weed and is undoubtedly an acnidantally introduced plant in the Philippines. Nlustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon, No- vember, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 747). POLANISIA Rafinesque 7 Cleome viscosa Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 522— POLANISIA VISCOSA (Linn.) DC.; Bikes op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 364; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 308. A common and widely distributed weed in the Philippines, certainly introduced. The Linnean species was correctly inter- preted by Blanco. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 228). CRATAEVA Linnaeus a, CRATAEVA RELIGIOSA Forst.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 399; ed. 2 (1845) 279; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 154, t. 176. a Forster’s species, as I understand it, was correctly interpreted ay by Blanco. It is of local occurrence in the Philippines. Illustrative specimens from coral limestone cliffs, Pabellones Islands, Taytay Bay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 370) ; Cavite Province, Luzon, April, 1915 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 914). CAPPARIDACEAE 159 CAPPARIS Linnaeus Capparis nemorosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 4388 (sp. nov.) =Capparis micracantha Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 305; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 200, t. 178, non DC.=CAPPARIS HORRIDA Linn. Capparis linearis Blanco op. cit. 488 (sp. nov.), 305, 200=CAPPARIS HORRIDA Linn. -This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines at low altitudes, and Blanco’s descriptions of both C. nemo- rosa and C. linearis apply fairly closely to the Philippine form so interpreted. In a note following the description of Capparis nemorosa he unmistakably describes the true C. micracantha DC., which is commonly known to the Tagalogs as halobagat, and which is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes. Fernandez-Villar reduced Capparis linearis Blanco to C. viminea Hook. f. & Th., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. Although Blanco’s description is very short, incomplete, and entirely unsatisfactory, I have no doubt but that he had merely a form of C. horrida Linn. -Ilustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 236). >Capparis baducca Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 438, non Linn.=Capparis ma- riana Jacq.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 305; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 201, t. _179=CAPPARIS CORDIFOLIA Lam. This species, introduced from Guam, is sparingly cultivated in the towns of Parafiaque and Malabon, near Manila, and per- haps in other places. The types of both Capparis cordifolia Lam. (1785) and C. mariana Jacq. (1797) were from Guam, and the earlier name is here accepted. The species has been reduced by K. Schumann, perhaps ppisinicamd: as a variety of the European Capparis spinosa Linn. Illustrative specimen from Malabon, Rizal Province, ‘tg September, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 516). Crataeva octandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 400 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) ~ 280; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 155, non Jacq. =CAPPARIS LUZONENSIS Turcz. - Blanco’s specimens were from Piddig, Ilocos Norte Province, Luzon, and his description calls for an unarmed species with eight stamens, characters uncommon in Capparis. The type of Capparis luzonensis Turcz. was from the Ilocos Province, Luzon, and Cuming’s specimen is armed with short spines. The species is represented by a number of specimens from northern Luzon, some of which are armed, and some of which are unarmed, and as I cannot detect any other differences between the speci- mens I am constrained to consider them forms of the same species. 160. SPECIES BLANCOANAE Fernandez-Villar was certainly wrong in reducing Blanco’s spe- cies to Capparis floribunda Wall. Capparis odorata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 439 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 305; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 201=CAPPARIS MICRACANTHA DC. Capparis halobagat Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3 (1877-83) t. 180= CAPPARIS MICRACANTHA DC. Blanco’s description is so very imperfect that even Fernandez- Villar made no attempt to reduce it. I have no doubt that the form intended by Blanco is the common and widely distributed Capparis micracantha DC., which Blanco otherwise described as halobagat in the discussion following his Capparis nemorosa. Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1025). MORINGACEAE MORINGA Jussieu MORINGA OLEIFERA Lam.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 341; ed. 2 (1845) 238; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 80, t. 125. Lamarck’s species was correctly interpreted by Blanco, and his specific name is older than the more commonly used Moringa pterygosperma Gaertner. The species is commonly cultivated throughout the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, is not a native of the Archipelago, but was certainly introduced in prehistoric times. Illustrative specimen from Maragondong, Cavite Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 62). NEPENTHACEAE NEPENTHES Linnaeus NEPENTHES ALATA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 805 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 555; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 214. This species is a valid one and is at present known only from the Philippine Islands. It is widely distributed in the Archi- — pelago, occurring from northern Luzon to Mindanao, in the mossy forest on the higher mountains, altitude 800 to 2,000 meters. Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Prov- ince, Luzon, June, 1914, comm. V. Sulit (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No. 507). NEPENTHES VENTRICOSA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 807 (sp. nov.}; 2 (1845) 556; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 215. A valid characteristic species of rather wide distribution in Luzon, but much less common than is Nepenthes alata Blanco. DROSERACEAE—PITTOSPORACEAE 161 DROSERACEAE DROSERA Linnaeus Drosera hexagynia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 226 (hexaginia) (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 159; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 186=DROSERA INDICA Linn. This reduction was made by Fernandez-Villar and is cer- tainly the correct disposition of Blanco’s species. Drosera indica Linn. is of very local occurrence in the Philippines, but has been collected several times at low altitudes in different parts of Luzon. - CRASSULACEAE BRYOPHYLLUM Salisbury Cotyledon paniculata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 381, non Linn. f., nec Thunb.=Bryophyllum germinans Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 220 (sp. nov.); ed. 8, 2 (1878) 47, t 147=BRYOPHYLLUM PINNATUM (Lam.) Kurz (B. calycinum Salisb.). This species is widely distributed in the Philippines in the settled areas, often very abundant, especially in dry places in regions subject to a long dry season, sometimes cultivated about houses of the natives. It is certainly not a native of the Philip- pines, but was probably of prehistoric introduction here. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 829). KALANCHOE Adanson ? GCotyltedon serrata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 382, non Linn.=Bryophyllum serratum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 220 (comb. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 48, t. 146 (as K. laciniata DC.) =KALANCHOE LACINIATA DC. ? Gotyledon lanceolata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 382, non Forsk.=®Bryophyl- lum triangulare Banco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 221 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 48—=KALANCHOE LACINIATA DC. Blanco’s descriptions are both short and imperfect but mani- festly apply to Kalanchoe. Fernandez-Villar reduced the former to Kalanchoe laciniata DC., and the latter to K. spathulata DC. but I consider that both apply to the former. This particular form is found in the Philippines only in cultivation, and then very rarely. Illustrative specimens from cultivated plants: Manila, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 900, 983). PITTOSPORACEAE PITTOSPORUM Banks Aquilaria pentandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 373 (sp. nov.) =Limonia laureola Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 251; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 101, t. 128, non DC.=PITTOSPORUM PENTANDRUM (Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 19 (P. fernandezii Vid.). 151862——11 162 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Bursaria inermis Azaola in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 124 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 222=PITTOSPORUM PENTANDRUM (Blanco) Merr. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines, especially in thickets and in second-growth forests. It : is very widely known by its Tagalog name mamalis, cited by 4 Blanco. Gagnepain, Journ de Bot. (1908) 226, considers Pittos- d porum brachysepalum Turcz., which I reduced to Blanco’s species, to represent a distinct form. I consider this species to be also the most likely reduction of Azaola’s species which Fernandez- Villar reduced to Pittosporum ferrugineum Ait., one that is not known to extend to the Philippines. Azaola’s description is very short and imperfect and, it must be confessed, does not apply in all characters. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, August, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 293). ROSACEAE PARINARIUM Aublet Alamag Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 550; ed. 2 (1845) 369; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 319=PARINARIUM CORYMBOSUM (Blume) Miq. (P. salicifotinm Presl, P. griffithianum Benth.). Pasac Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 848; ed. 2 (1845) 586; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 270= ? PARINARIUM CORYMBOSUM (Blume) Mig. Blanco’s descriptions of both Alamag and Pasac are Geper tod! but the former manifestly applies to Parinarium corymbosum Miq., which is common and widely distributed in the Philippines; its nearly universal Tagalog name to-day is liusin, which Blanco gives as luyusin. The description of Pasae does not apply. so well, but this reduction is reasonably certain. It is perhaps unnecessary to record here that Blanco manifestly did not intend Alamag and Pasac as new genera, but simply described. the species under the native names, being unable to refer the plants to their proper genera or to their proper places in the Linnean system. Illustrative specimen from Laguna Province, Luzon, February, : 1912 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. ate RUBUS Linnaeus RUBUS MOLUCCANUS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 428; ed. 2 (1845) 298; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 190, t. 393. The Linnean species was certainly correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at medium and higher altitudes, ascending to at least an altitude of 1,800 meters. , CONNARACEAE 163 Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1 61). Rubus jamaicensis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 427, non Linn.=Rubus comin- tanus Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 298 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 190 t. 416 (as Rubus -idaeus Blanco) =-RUBUS ROSAEFOLIUS Sm. Blanco identified his Philippine material with the West Indian Rubus jamaicensis Linn. in the first edition of his Flora de Filipinas, but in the second edition he described the same form as a new species, Rubus comintanus. The species is manifestly Rubus rosaefolius Sm., which is widely distributed in the Phil- ippines, extending from near sea level in some localities to an altitude of at least 1,800 meters. Illustrative specimen from Montalban, Rizal Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 721). PRUNUS Linnaeus Prunus armeniaca Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 296; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 185, non Linn. =PRUNUS sp. Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Prunus triflora Roxb., which may or may not be the proper disposition of it, although it is certainly a Prunus. It was described from specimens cultivated in a garden in Manila, with the further statement that it was also cultivated in Cagayan Province, Luzon; Blanco supposed that it had been introduced from China. CONNARACEAE SANTALOIDES O. Kuntze Cnestis erecta Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 387 (sp. nov.) =Omphalobium _ pictum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 271; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 189=Rourea ~ erecta (Blanco) Merr. in Philip. Journ, Sci. 4 (1910) Bot. 125= SANTALOIDES ERECTUM (Blanco) Schellenb. Beitr. Anat. Syst. Connar. (1910) 51; Fedde Repert. 10 (1911) 247. Cnestis glabra Blanco op. cit. 387 (sp. nov.) ; 271; 188, t. 140, non Linn.= ‘Rourea erecta (Blanco) Merr.=SANTALOIDES ERECTUM (Blanco) ' Schellenb. » This species is widely distributed at Aw and medium altitudes in Luzon, extending southward to Leyte. Synonyms are Rourea multiflora Planch., Omphalobium obliquum Presl, Connarus obli- quus Walp., Connarus paniculatus F.-Vill. non Roxb., and C. monocarpus F.-Vill., non Linn. Cnestis erecta Blanco was er- roneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Connarus monocarpus Linn., and C. glabra to Connarus paniculatus Roxb.; neither Connaris monocarpus Linn., nor * paniculatus Roxb." occurs 1 gd the Philippines. 164 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Illustrative specimcr from Riza! Province, Luzon (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 798). Cnestis volubilis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 885 (sp. nov.) =Cnestis trifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 270 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 136, non Lam.=Rourea volubilis Merr. (R. heterophylla Planch.) =SANTA- LOIDES VOLUBILE (Blanco) Schellenb. The species is fairly common and is of wide distribution in the Philippines. It is distinctly variable in its vegetative charac- ters, not only in the number of its leaflets, but in their size and shape. Illustrative specimens from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 368). AGELAEA Solander Castafiola trinervis Llanos in Mem. Acad. Cienc. Madr. 2 (1859) 505; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 47 (1880) 103 =AGELAEA TRINERVIS (Llanos) comb. nov. Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Connarus monocarpus Linn., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. The descrip- tion applies unmistakably to some trifoliolate species of Con- naraceae, and the only species of the family known from the Philippines that conforms with Llanos’s description is Agelaea, and the Philippine form that has been referred to A. wallichii Hook. f. This is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, Llanos’s material being from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon. It appears to be specifically distinct from Agelaea wallichti Hook. f. Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, August, 1917, comm. C. Mabesa (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No. 1059). CNESTIS Jussieu CNESTIS DIFFUSA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 386 (sp. nov.) =Cnestis — polyphylla Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 270 (poliphylla) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) _ 137, non Lam.=Cnestis corniculata Blanco op. cit. 386; 270; 138, non Lam. (C. ramiflora Griff., 1854). The species is widely distributed in Luzon, and there is no doubt in my mind but that the two species Blanco described are identical. Blanco’s specific name, Cnestis diffusa, is appar- ently the oldest valid one for the species. For a discussion of the synonymy see Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 127. lilustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 252). LEGUMINOSAE 165 LEGUMINOSAE MIMOSOIDEAE PITHECOLOBIUM Martius Mimosa unguis-cati Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 731, non Linn.=Inga lanceo- lata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 370 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1879) 322, t. 237, non HBK.=PITHECOLOBIUM DULCE (Roxb.) Benth. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines and in many localities is thoroughly naturalized, occurring in great abundance along gravel bars in the beds of streams in parts of northern Luzon. The common native names in the Philippines, camanchile, camonsil, etc., are corruptions of its ancient Mexican name quamochitl. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 258). Mimosa scutifera Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 735 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 507; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 138, t. 488=PITHECOLOBIUM SCUTIFERUM (Blanco) Benth. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes and is entirely distinct from the Malayan Pithecolobium lobatum Benth. to which it has been reduced. Its common Tagalog name is anagap, as cited by Blanco. Illustrative specimen from Camarines Province, Luzon, Decem- ber, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 328). Mimosa scutifera [var. casai] Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 736; ed. 2 (1845) 508; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 138, t. 447=PITHECOLOBIUM SUBACUTUM Benth. This form is described by Blanco without definitely assigning to it any specific or varietal name. It is of wide distribution in the Philippines. It should be compared critically with Pithe- colobium montanum Benth. | Illustrative specimen from Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 461). ALBIZZIA Durazzini Mimosa acle Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 788 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 509; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 140=ALBIZZIA ACLE (Blanco) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 25 (Pithecolobium acle Vid.). This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines, is universally and exclusively known to the Tagalogs as acle, and is the source of the timber known commercially in the Philippines under this name. It was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Xylia dolabriformis Benth., with which it 166 SPECIES BLANCOANAE has nothing in common; Xylia dolabriformis moreover does not occur in the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914, flowers March, 1915, there known as acle (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 743). Mimosa carisquis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 734 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 507; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 137=ALBIZZIA LEBBEKOIDES (DC.) Benth. This species is known as carisquis by the Ilocanos and as malaghanip by the Tagalogs (Rizal Province). It is widely distributed in the northern part of the Philippines. By Fer- nandez-Villar Blanco’s Mimosa carisquis was reduced to Albizzia julibrissin Durazz., which is certainly incorrect. While Mimosa carisquis Blanco is apparently identical with the current con- ception of Albizzia lebbekoides, there is some reason for con- sidering that the latter species has been misinterpreted, as Bentham states that the pod is said to be half as broad again as in A. lebbeck, which is decidedly not true of Mimosa carisquis Blanco. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 706). Mimosa coriaria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 734 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 506; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 136=ALBIZZIA PROCERA (Roxb.) Benth. The species is common in those parts of the Philippines having _ a long, well-defined dry season. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, August, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 295 4 Mimosa lebbek Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 733; ed. 2 (1845) 506; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 135, non Linn.=ALBIZZIA RETUSA Benth. (A. littoralis T, & B:): A species of wide distribution in the Philippines along the seashore, but nowhere abundant. | Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1912 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 301). tea ACACIA Willdenow Mimosa farnesiana Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 729; ed. 2°(1845) 504; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 1883=ACACIA FARNESIANA (Linn.) Willd. te - The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. © It | is common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the — : Philippines at low altitudes, especially in those provinces having ne a long dry season. It is universally known in the Philippines _ LEGUMINOSAE 167 as aroma, a name of Spanish origin and one introduced with the plant from Mexico. The species was certainly purposely introduced into the Philippines for its fragrant flowers. - Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1914 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 648). Mimosa tenuifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 739; ed. 2 (1845) 510; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 141, t. 374, non Linn. =ACACIA PENNATA (Linn.) Willd. This species is commonly known in Rizal Province as sibog, and the somewhat acid fruits are still sold in the markets of Pasig, Taytay, etc. Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 259, fruit, No. 887, flower). Aes SCHRANKIA Willdenow Mimosa quadrivalvis Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 732; ed. 2 (1845) 506; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 135=SCHRANKIA QUADRIVALVIS (Linn.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 30 (Schrankia aculeata Willd.). Blanco seems to have interpreted the Linnean species correctly. His specimens were from Bauang, Batangas Province, Luzon. The plant was there known as sapinit, a name rather indiscrimi- nately applied to spiny plants such as Rubus, Mezoneurum, Caesalpinia, etc. The species was introduced into the Philip- pines from Mexico, through the medium of the old Acapulco- Manila galleons. It has in recent times been collected but twice in the Philippines, a single specimen from Cagayan, Misamis Province, Mindanao, and the material distributed herewith secured in Bauang, the place of origin of Blanco’s specimens; it is still known in Bauang as sapinit. This is a very excellent illustration of the persistence of an introduced species, as Blan- co’s original observation of the plant in Bauang antedates the year 1837. Illustrative specimen from Bauang, Batangas Province, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 825). MIMOSA Linnaeus Mimosa asperata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 732; ed. 2 (1845) 505; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 134, t. 253, non Linn.=MIMOSA PUDICA Linn. ~ This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes in the open country of the settled areas. It was purposely introduced on account of its sensitive leaves at about the time, or shortly before, Blanco wrote the first edition of 168 SPECIES BLANCOANAE the Flora de Filipinas, as he states: “Planta comun en las huer- tas de Manila, y que ignoro si es indigena, o si ha sido trahida de China, segun dicen.” It is now very abundant and thoroughly naturalized. Its common Tagalog name macahia simply means “ashamed” and was probably transferred to this plant from the less common and less sensitive Biophytum sensitivum DC. Illustrative specimen from Los Bajios, Laguna Province, Lu- zon, June, 1913 comm. E. Quisumbing (Species Blancoanae No. 36). ADENANTHERA Linnaeus Mimosa virgata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 737, non Linn.=Mimosa punctata (?) Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 508; ed. 8, 3 (1879) 139, non Linn,= ADENANTHERA INTERMEDIA Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 228. Blanco’s species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Adenan- thera pavonina Linn., a species that occurs in the Philippines only as a rarely cultivated one. It is very similar and closely allied to the Linnean species, differing in its seeds being half jet black and half bright red. In vegetative and floral charac- ters it is very similar to Adenanthera pavonina Linn., but in seed characters is like Adenanthera bicolor Moon and is an apparent intermediate between these two species. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 169). ENTADA Adanson Adenanthera gogo Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 353 (sp. nov.) =Entada pur- saetha DC.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 247; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 96= ENTADA PHASEOLOIDES (Linn.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 9 (1914) Bot. 86 (Entada scandens DC.). This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes and is universally known in the Archi- pelago as gogo. The crushed stems are extensively utilized by the natives as a substitute for soap, its special use being for washing the hair. The synonymy of the species is rather com- plicated, but Entada phaseoloides is the oldest valid name under the Vienna and Brussels codes. See Merrill 1. c. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 740). PARKIA R. Brown Mimosa peregrina Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 737; ed. 2 (1845) 509; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 189, non Linn.=PARKIA JAVANICA (Lam.) Merr. (Parkia roxburghii Don). LEGUMINOSAE 169 Acacia niopo Llanos in Mem. Acad. Cienc. Madrid 4 (1858) 508, non HBK=PARKIA JAVANICA (Lam.) Merr. This species is common and widely distributed in Luzon at low altitudes and is universally known as cupang. The synonymy is adjusted below: PARKIA JAVANICA (Lam.) comb. nov. Gleditsia javanica Lam. Encycl. 2 (1788) 466. Acacia ? javanica DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 471. Mimosa biglobosa Roxb. FI. Ind. ed. 2, 2 (1832) 551, non Jacq. Inga timoriana DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 442. Parkia roxburghii G. Don Gen.. Syst. 2 (1832) 397. Acacia niopo Llanos Men. Acad. Cienc. Madr. 4 (1858) 508, non HBK. Mimosa peregrina Blanco FI, Filip. (18387) 787, non Linn. Parkia biglobosa Benth. in Hook, Journ. Bot. 4 (1842) 328, p.p. Gleditsia javanica Lam. seems to have been entirely overlooked by modern botanists, but the form Lamarck described is clearly the species commonly known as Parkia roxburghii G. Don, which is widely distributed in the Malayan region and the Philippines. There is no evidence in Lamarck’s original description that he had specimens; he based the species on pre-Linnean references in Commelin, Ray, and Plukenet. The local name cadawang, cited by him, leaves no doubt as to the form intended, as this is one of the names in common use in Java for the species as here interpreted. The species is typified by Commelin’s figure and description, Rar. Pl. Hort. Med. Amstel. 2 (1697) 207, t. 106. The figure is poor, and presents only a leafy branch and seeds; it is ineorrectly drawn as to the number of pinnae. Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914, fruit (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 604); Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914, flower (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 689). CAESALPINOIDEAE CYNOMETRA Linnaeus Schotia speciosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 356; ed. 2 (1845) 251; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 100, non Jacq.=CYNOMETRA INAEQUIFOLIA A, Gray. Blanco’s species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Cynome- tra ramiflora Linn. var. mimosoides Baker, a form which occurs in the Philippines, but so far as known only in the southern part of the Archipelago, Panay and Mindanao. Blanco’s speci- mens were from Batangas Province, Luzon. Cynometra inaequi- folia A. Gray, based on specimens from Laguna Province, Luzon, is closely allied to C. bijuga Spanoghe; see Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 36. Illustrative specimens from Rizal Province, Luzon, March, June, 1915, there known as dila-dila (dila=tongue) (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 853, 974). . 170 SPECIES BLANCOANAE ~>Crudia spicata Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 261 (Crudya) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 121, non Willd.=, pro parte, CYNOMETRA SIMPLICIFOLIA Harms. Blanco’s description for the most part applies to Crudia blancoi Rolfe, to which the name C. spicata Blanco properly belongs as a synonym. The description in part, however, is manifestly Cynometra simplicifolia Harms. The same native name, mala- tumbaga, is applied to both. Iliustrative specimen from Looc, Batangas Province, Luzon, April 24, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 924). CRUDIA Schreber Crudia spicata Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 261 (Crudya) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 121, t. 244, non Willd.=CRUDIA BLANCOI Rolfe in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21 (1884) 309 [Apalatoa blancoi Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 19]. Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco correctly interpreted Willdenow’s species, but this is certainly not the case. In my present interpretation I have followed Rolfe, yet it is very mani- fest that Blanco’s description is in part based on Cynometra simplicifolia Harms, and not on Crudia blancoi Rolfe as cur- rently accepted. I suspect that the description of the leaves and fruits is from the Crudia, but that of the inflorescence and the flowers is certainly from the Cynometra. The length of the spikes is given as two lines; of the flowers a half line, and the cited period of flowering, November, is of Cynometra sim- plicifolia Harms, not of Crudia blancoi Rolfe. Blanco’s speci- mens were, in part, from Mandaloyon and Parafiaque, points -near Manila; Cynometra simplicifolia Harms is still found near the City of Manila, but Crudia blancoi not nearer than Antipolo so far as our explorations show. The Tagalog name malatum- baga cited by Blanco is still in use for both species, but chiefly — for Crudia. Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 882). TAMARINDUS Linnaeus TAMARINDUS INDICA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 29; ed. 2 (1845) _ 20; ed. 8, 1 (1877) 39, t. 14. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is common in the settled areas at low altitudes in the Philippines, usually, perhaps always, planted. Of prehistoric introduction in the Philippines. — gee Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 573). LEGUMINOSAE 171 : INTSIA Thouars Eperua decandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 368 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 259; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 118=INTSIA BIJUGA O. Ktze. (Afzelia bijuga A. Gray). . This is one of the most important timber trees in the Philip- pines, for the most part found along the seashore, extending inland and to considerable altitudes in Palawan. It is universally known in the Philippines as ‘pil. Illustrative specimen from Malampaya Bay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 376). PAHUDIA Miquel Eperua falcata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 369, non Aubl.=Eperua rhom- boidea Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 260 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 119, t. 281—=PAHUDIA RHOMBOIDEA (Blanco) Prain in Sci. Mem. Med. Off. Ind. Army 12 (1901) 14 (Afzelia rhomboidea Vid.). This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes and is one of the valuable timber trees of the Archipelago. Its commercial name is tindalo, and it is also widely known as balayon. It was retained by Fernandez- Villar as a distinct species, but under the genus Afzelia, but seems better placed under Pahudia. ) Illustrative specimen from Los Bafios, Laguna Province, Lu- zon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 862). BAUHINIA Linnaeus Bauhinia scandens Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 3382; ed. 2 (1845) 232; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 68, t. 76, non Linn.=BAUHINIA CUMINGIANA (Benth.) F.-Vill. The species is of wide distribution in the Philippines, and in the Tagalog Provinces is commonly known as banot, the native name given by Blanco. Fernandez-Villar erroneously reduced Blanco’s species to Bauhinia vahli W. & A., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. The very strong bast fiber is used by the Negritos for making bow strings. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 557). ea Bauhinia grandiflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 332; ed 2 (1845) 231; ed. 3, : 2 (1878) 67, non Juss., nec Dietr.=BAUHINIA DOLICHOCALYX Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 231, 5 (1910) Bot. 44. This very characteristic species is known only from Batangas Province, Luzon, and the illustrative material distributed here- with is practically a topotype of both Bauhinia dolichocalyx Merr. and B. grandiflora Blanco. The former species was de- scribed independently without the realization that Blanco’s 172 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Bauhinia grandiflora was identical; but Blanco’s specific name is invalid in the genus. Bauhinia grandiflora Blanco was re- duced by Fernandez-Villar to B. variegata Linn., a species that does not occur in the Philippines, and I have previously, Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 44, considered it as possibly the same as B. acuminata Linn. Blanco’s description, however, applies unmistakably to B. dolichocalyx Merr. MH Oja6 09 0/871 @ Digiags razonadas puntiagudas * * *, Flores * * * blancas, de mas de medio palmo de largo * * *. KEI caliz es de color de canela * * *, Estambres diez * * *. Flor. en Ag.” Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 531). Bauhinia tomentosa Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 330; ed. 2 (1845) 230; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 65, t. 118 (as Pileostigma acidum Benth.), non Linn.= BAUHINIA MALABARICA Roxb. This species is very abundant on dry hills in parts of Rizal and Laguna Provinces, Luzon. The fresh leaves are distinctly acid to the taste. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 622). Bauhinia castrata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 331 (sp. nov.) =BAUHINIA PURPUREA Linn.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 231; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 66. Blanco described Bauhinia castrata from a specimen observed in cultivation in a garden at Pasig, Rizal Province, Luzon. He later reduced it to Bauhinia purpurea Linn., which Fernandez- Villar considered to be the correct disposition of it. As Bauhi- nia purpurea Linn. after long search, was not to be found in the Philippines, cultivated or otherwise, I considered this dis- position of Blanco’s species to be erroneous. I am now of the opinion, however, that the reduction to Bauhinia purpurea Linn. was correct, as Blanco’s description conforms closely to the characters of the Linnean species, which is, moreover, widely cultivated as an ornamental plant; it has been re-introduced into the Philippines in recent times. Illustrative specimen from cultivated trees, Manila, Luzon, October, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1050). BAUHINIA BINATA Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 331 (binnata) (sp. nov.); _ ed. 2 (1845) 231; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 66. Synonyms of this are Bauhinia pinnata Walp. in Linnaea 16 (1842) Litt.-Ber. 53, Phanera blancoi Benth., and Bauhinia blancoi Baker. I have seen no specimens of the Siam plant that Baker referred to Bauhinia blancoi; the Philippine plant, LEGUMINOSAE 173 however, is a very characteristic one, always found along the seashore, its flowers having ten stamens, conforming very closely with Baker’s description. As to the specific name Blanco mani- festly intended binata, not pinnata as interpreted by Walpers, from the phrase immediately following the name: “Bauhinia de hojas hermanadas.” Blanco’s specific name, corrected from binnata to binata, is accordingly retained. Illustrative specimen from Pagbilao, Tayabas Province, Lu- zon, October, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 998). CASSIA Linnaeus CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 338; ed. 2 (1845) 236; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 75, t. 73. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. A common and widely distributed weed in the settled areas at low altitudes in most parts of the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Baliuag, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 939). CASSIA TORA Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 337; ed. 2 (1845) 235; ed. 3, 2-(1878)) 745.4. 122; The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. A very common weed in and about towns throughout the Philip- pines at low altitudes; introduced from tropical America. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 300). Cassia longisiliqua Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 338, non Linn. f.=Cassia sulcata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 236; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 76, non DC.= CASSIA HIRSUTA Linn. An introduced weed in the Philippines, scattered in the settled areas at low altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blanecoanae No. 449). Cassia arayatensis Llanos Fragm. (1851) 71 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 55 =CASSIA TIMORIENSIS DC. Cassia montana Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, t. 452, non Heyne= CASSIA TIMORIENSIS DC. This species is widely distributed in Luzon; our form seems to be identical with that which Miquel described as Cassia xanthocoma Miq. Analecta 1 (1850) 10. Illustrative specimens from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 846) ; Arayat, Pampanga Province, Luzon (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 716). ; | 174 SPECIES BLANCOANAE CASSIA ALATA Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 839; ed. 2 (1845) 287; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 77, t. 124 bis. The Linnean species was corectly interpreted by Blanco. It is widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines but is manifestly an introduced species in the Archipelago. It has a number of native names, but these have apparently been trans- ferred to it from other plants. In some parts of the Archi- pelago it is known as acapulco or capurco, fairly definite evidence that the species, so far as the Philippines are concerned, origin- ated in Mexico, and was introduced from Acapulco through the medium of the old Acapulco-Manila galleons, its common name in use here derived from its place of origin. It was undoubtedly introduced for medicinal purposes and is commonly utilized as a remedy for different forms of itch. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 114). CASSIA MIMOSOIDES Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 340; ed. 2 (1845) 237; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 78. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. Widely distributed in the Philippines, but of local occurrence. Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, sanpuna 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 949). Cassia fistula Blanco (pro parte) Fl. Filip. (1837) 339: ed. 2 (1845) 237; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 76, non Linn.=CASSIA JAVANICA Linn. Blanco included in his description the true Cassia fistula Linn. (leaves, fruits, and medicinal properties), but his description of the flowers as “mui hermosas, blancas y encarnadas” applies to Cassia javanica Linn. C. fistula has yellow flowers, while C. javanica has pink and white flowers; both are known in the Philippines as cafafistula. The Philippine form currently re- ferred to Cassia javanica may prove to represent a distinet : species. i Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Lozon, ‘Ainnaal e 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 49). CASSIA FISTULA Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip, (1837) 339; ed. 2 (1845) Zor; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 76, t. 120. | The Linnean species was, in part, correctly interpreted by Blanco, his description of the leaves, fruits, and uses applying. Blanco’s description of the flowers, however, “flores * * * mui hermosas, blaneas y encarnadas” applies unmistakably to Cassia javanica Linn., as the flowers of Cassia fistula are yellow. ; Widely distributed in the Philippines, usually cultivated, never — abundant, and certainly a purposely introduced plant. Phas LEGUMINOSAE 175 Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No, 619). PTEROLOBIUM R. Brown Mimosa membranulacea Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 739 (sp. nov.) =Reichardia pentapetala Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 233 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 71=PTEROLOBIUM MEMBRANULACEUM (Blanco) Merr. The species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to the Indian Pterolobium indicum A. Rich., but is apparently specifically dis- tinct. It is to be noted that Blanco describes the flowers as having five stamens which is not true of Pterolobiwm; there is, however, no doubt but that Blanco’s statement was due to an error in observation, and equally no doubt but that his species is a Pterolobium and the form as here interpreted. Illustrative specimens from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, December, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 454, flowers, No. 664, fruits). CAESALPINIA Linnaeus Poinciana pulcherrima Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 333; ed. 2 (1845) 232: ed. 3, 2 (1878) 69, t. 112=CAESALPINIA PULCHERRIMA (Linn.) Sw. This species, originating in tropical America, was introduced into the Philippines at an early date by the Spaniards and is now common and widely distributed in the Archipelago, where it is cultivated for ornamental purposes; it is also naturalized. It is universally known in the Philippines as caballero, i. e., gentleman. The name originally was espuela de caballero, es- puela meaning a spur, the name either transferred from the Spanish common name of larkspur, or derived from the spiny character of Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Illustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon, Sep- tember, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 27). fe SAPPAN Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 335; ed. 2 (1845) 234; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 72, i 121. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. eS is widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines at low altitudes and is certainly a purposely introduced species in the Archipelago. Its common names are sappan and sibucao. Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 540). Guilandina bonducella Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 343; ed. 2 (1845) 239 (bunducela); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 81=CAESALPINIA CRISTA Linn. (C. bonducella Flem.). The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco, but 176 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Guilandina bonducella Linn. is manifestly identical with Caesal- pinia crista Linn., the latter name being the older; see Urban Symb. Antill. 2 (1900) 269-271; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 53. The species is found throughout the Philip- pines along the seashore, its most generally used native name (Tagalog) being calambibit. Illustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 398). Guilandina nuga Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 344; ed. 2 (1845) 240; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 81, t. 150=CAESALPINIA NUGA (Linn.) Ait. This species is found along tidal streams, muddy shores, etc., throughout the Philippines, within the influence of salt or brack- ish water. It is to be noted that the specimen in Hermann’s herbarium cited by Linnaeus under C. crista, is C. nuga and not C. erista as the latter is usually interpreted; see Trimen FI. Ceyl. 2: 99. Iliustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 649). MEZONEURUM Desfontaines Caesalpinia torquata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 336 (sp. nov.) =Mezoneurum procumbens Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 235 (nom. nov.); ed 3, 2 (1878) 73=MEZONEURUM LATISILIQUUM (Cay. 1799) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 57 (Mezoneurwm glabrum Desf.). Blenco’s species was correctly reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Desfontaine’s species, but Bauhinia ? latisiliqua Cav. supplies an older specific name. Cavanilles’s species was a mixture, as he figured and described the leaves of Bauhinia and the fruits of the present species; the specific name having been taken from the fruits, I have interpreted the species as Mezoneurum, rather than as a Bauhinia. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 875). Caesaipinia ignota Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 336 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 235; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 722=MEZONEURUM PUBESCENS Desf. . The species is common on the dry grass-covered hills about Manila and is of local occurrence in Luzon in those regions where there is a protracted dry season. Philippine material has been compared with Desfontaine’s type in the Paris Museum by Lecomte; see Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 56. lijustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 294). LEGUMINOSAE 7 PAPILIONATAE ORMOSIA Jackson VORMOSIA CALAVENSIS Azaola ex Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 230 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 64. This species is a valid one, and is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, growing in forested areas. Regarding it, Blanco states: “Arboles * * *, que he visto en Calauan el Sr. D. Ifigo Gonzalez y Azaola, de quien es la descripcién dada.” The species is very generally known in the Philippines as bahay. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 707). SOPHORA Linnaeus SOPHORA TOMENTOSA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 328; ed. 2 (1845) 229; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 63. Sophora heptaphylla Blanco op. cit. 329 (heptaphilla) ; 229; 63, non Linn.= SOPHORA TOMENTOSA Linn. Blanco’s descriptions both apply to the same form, i. e., Sophora tomentosa Linn., a very characteristic species of wide distribu- tion in the Philippines along the seashore. Blanco merely at- tempted to interpret the two Linnean species as other authors had done, on account of the later’s erroneous citation of one of Rumphius’ figures as representing Sophora heptaphylla Linn., by Linnaeus himself; but Sophora heptaphylla Linn. is no Sophora and is Derris heptaphylla (Linrn.) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 273 (D. sinuata Thwaites, D. diadelpha Merr.) ; see Tri- men. Fl. Ceyl. 2 (1894) 94. Itlustrative specimen from Gumaca, Tayabas Province, Luzon, October, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1001). CROTALARIA Linnaeus Phaseolus bulai Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 572 (sp. nov.) =Quirosia anceps Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 398 (gen. et sp. nov.) ; ed. 8, 2 (1879) 367—CROTALARIA VERRUCOSA Linn. Blanco’s species was correctly reduced by Fernandez-Villar. The species is widely distributed in the settled areas of the Phil- ippines at low altitudes, but is more commonly met with near the sea. Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon, December, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 937). CROTALARIA QUINQUEFOLIA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 569; ed. 2 (1845) 397; ed. 8, 2 (1879) 365, t. 159. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It 151862———_12 178 SPECIES BLANCOANAE is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium alti- tudes as a weed in open wet places, old rice paddies, etc.; it is undoubtedly an introduced plant in the Archipelago. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, September, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 29). » CROTALARIA LINIFOLIA Linn. f.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 570=Quirosia secunda Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 398 (gen. et sp. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1879) 366, t. 268. Crotalaria pallida Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 570, non Ait.=Crotalaria pumila (?) Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 397; See 8, 2 (1879) 365, non Schrank= CROTALARIA LINIFOLIA Linn. f. (C. stenophylla Vog.). Bianco was apparently saith: in his interpretation of the species described by the younger Linnaeus, although the Philip- pine plant differs notably from the Indian form in its narrow leaves. Blanco erred in describing the plant as a new genus and species in the second edition of his Flora de Filipinas. If the Philippine form be distinct, the oldest valid name is Crota- laria stenophylla Vog. (1843), and a synonym is Crotalaria for- mosana Mats. (1900), figured in Journ. Coll. Sci. Univ. Tokyo 22 (1906) 103, t. 10. It is widely distributed in Luzon at low and medium altitudes and occurs also in Mindanao, Formosa, and the Caroline Islands. Crotalaria pallida Blanco was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to C. sessiliflora Linn., but after a critical study of Blanco’s short and very imperfect description, the geographic distribution of the various simple-leaved species of Crotalaria in Luzon, and their seasons of flowering, I am con- vinced that the form Blanco described under this name is merely a dwarfed form of Crotalaria linifolia Linn. (C. steno- phylla Vog.). He Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 502). INDIGOFERA Linnaeus Tetragonolobus simplicifolius Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 397 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 364=INDIGOFERA UNIFOLIOLATA Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 65. This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to the Indian | Alysicarpus tetragonolobus Edgw., a species that does not occur in the Philippines and one to which Blanco’s description does — “a not at all apply. The species is unquestionably identical with Indigofera unifoliolata Merr., as Blanco’s description applies perfectly, while the distribution of the plant in Luzon is in con- formity with the habitat of Tetragonolobus simplicifolius Blanco, LEGUMINOSAE 179 which was from near sea level at Paranaque, Rizal Province, Luzon. Blanco’s specific name is invalidated in Indigofera by I. simplictfolia Lam. Illustrative specimen from Pantay, Rizal Province, Luzon, September, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 965). Indigofera angustifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 596; ed. 2 (1845) 415; ed. 8, 2 (1879) 394, non Linn.=INDIGOFERA HIRSUTA Linn. | Indigofera tinctoria Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, (1877-838) t. 168, non Linn. =INDIGOFERA HIRSUTA Linn. This is common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines at low altitudes; it is certainly an introduced species in the Archipelago. Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 403). INDIGOFERA TINCTORIA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 591; ed. 2 (1845) 413; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 393. Blanco’s conception of the Linnean species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Indigofera anil Linn., but the description is unmistakably J. tinctoria Linn., as the pods are described by Blanco as two inches in length: “Legum. * * * de dos pul- gadas de largo”, one of the essential characters by which Indigo- fera tinctoria L. is distinguished from J. anil Linn. The species was formerly extensively cultivated in Luzon, but is now found only as an occasional plant in waste places. It is widely distri- buted in the settled areas at low and medium altitudes but is much less common than Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. (J. andl Linn.). Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blanconaae No. 826). Indigofera argentea Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 415 (in nota); ed. 3, 2 (1879) 394 (in nota), non Linn.=INDIGOFERA SUFFRUTICOSA Mill. (7. anil Linn.). This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines, occurring throughout the Archipelago in the settled areas at low altitudes. It is an introduced plant in the Philippines. Blanco’s description of Indigofera tinctoria Linn. as having fruits “de dos pulgadas de largo” indicates clearly that he was describing the Linnean species in spite of previous reductions of Indigofera tinctoria Blanco to I. anil Linn. (=I. suffruticosa Mill.). Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 124). 180 SPECIES BLANCOANAE PSORALEA Linnaeus Liparia badocana Blanco Fi. Filip. (1837) 597 (sp. nov.) =PSORALEA BADOCANA Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 416 (comb. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1879) 395. This endemic species was described by Turczaninow in 1848 as Meladenia densiflora, based on Philippine specimens collected by Cuming. It is of local occurrence in the drier parts of north- ern and western Luzon at low and medium altitudes. Blanco’s specific name was from the town of Badoc, Ilocos Norte Province, Luzon, where the plant was observed by him. Illustrative specimen from Bauang, Union Province, Luzon, February, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 968). PAROSELA Cavanilles Amorpha glandulosa Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 555 (sp. nov.) =Dalea alope- curoides Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 389; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 351, non Willd.=PAROSELA GLANDULOSA (Blanco) Merr. (Dalea glandulosa Merr.; Dalea nigra Mart. & Gal.). A native of Mexico, introduced into the Philippines through the medium of the Acapulco-Manila galleons and now very abun- dant on dry hills about Manila and in some of the more distant provinces in Luzon. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 251). TEPHROSIA Persoon Indigofera hirsuta Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 591, non Linn.=Indigofera senegalensis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 412; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 392, t. 162, non Lam.=TEPHROSIA DICHOTOMA Desy. in Ann. Sci. Nat. I 9 (1826) 415 (T. luzoniensis Vogel, 1843). The form described by Blanco was reduced by Fernandez- Villar to Tephrosia purpurea Pers., to which T. dichotoma Desv. and T. luzoniensis Vog. may be reduced if Persoon’s species be ~ interpreted in a broad sense. It is widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines, occurring in and about towns in waste places, etc. ay Illustrative specimen from Guadalupe, Rizal Province, August, — 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 499). GLIRICIDIA Humbolt, Bonpland, & Kunth Galedupa pungam Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 558; ed. 2 (1845) 390; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 352, t. 250, non Gmel.=GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM (Jacq.) Steud. (G. maculata HBK.). This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- 2 LEGUMINOSAE 181 pines in the settled areas at low altitudes. It is extensively planted in hedge rows, etc., and is also thoroughly naturalized. Introduced from Mexico at an early date. Millettia luzonensis A. Gray is a synonym. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914, there known as madre cacao and cacauate, the former of Spanish, the latter of Mexican origin (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 613). SESBANIA Scopoli Coronilla emerus Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 582, non Linn.=Sesbania canna- bina (?) Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 418; ed. 8, 2 (1879) 400, non Poir.—SESBANIA ROXBURGHII Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 269, 5 (1910) Bot. 74. This was correctly reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Sesbania aculeata Poir. var. paludosa (Roxb.) Baker=Sesbania paludosa Prain, non Jacq. (Aeschynomene paludosa Roxb.), but Rox- burgh’s specific name is invalid under Sesbania. The species is known in the Philippines only from the region of Lake Bay, Luzon, where it grows in shallow water. Illustrative specimen from Siniloan, Laguna Province, Luzon, January, 1915, there known as balacbac, a name in common use for the suffrutescent species of Sesbania (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 880). SESBANIA GRANDIFLORA Pers.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 599; ed. 2 (1845) 418; ed. 8, 2 (1879) 399, ¢. 291. Persoon’s species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low alti- tudes, usually planted, sometimes spontaneous. It is certainly of prehistoric introduction in the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 599). AESCHYNOMENE Linnaeus Aeschynomene roxburghii Spreng.; Llanos Frag. Pl. Philip. (1851) 83; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 64=AESCHY- NOMENE INDICA Linn. Sprengel’s species was correctly interpreted by Llanos, but the Linnean name is the proper one for it. It is widely dis- tributed in the settled areas of the Philippines, growing at low and medium altitudes in open wet places. Illustrative specimen from Arayat, Pampanga Province, Lu- zon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 762). 182 SPECIES BLANCOANAE ARACHIS Linnaeus ARACHIS HYPOGAEA Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 567; ed. 2 (1845) 396; ed. 8, 2 (1879) 363, t. 157. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is widely cultivated in the Philippines and is generally known as mani, the name introduced by the Spaniards with the plant. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, eres August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 588). ZORNIA Gmelin Lupinus angustifolius Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 566, non Linn.=Smithia bigeminata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 395 (rigeminata) (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 8362=ZORNIA DIPHYLLA (Linn.) Pers. This species is abundant locally, growing in open dry places, especially in thin poor soil. It is undoubtedly an introduced plant in the Archipelago. Widely distributed in the settled regions at low altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 66). DESMODIUM Desvaux Hippocrepis multisiliquosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 584, non Linn.= DESMODIUM GANGETICUM (Linn.) DC.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 408; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 384. This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Diewsdle latifolium DC., but without good cause. The description is very — poor, but applies to Desmodium gangeticum (Linn.) DC. in all respects except in the statement “peciolos cortos”; this is prob- ably due to the fact that Blanco observed also specimens of the allied Desmodium virgatum Zoll., which has short petioles and is rather more common about Manila than is Heamoneie be gangeticum DC. , Illustrative specimens from Masambong, Rizal Begvicn fig zon, October, 1914, and Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, Sep- tember, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 138, 498). Hippocrepis multisiliquosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 584, p. p., non Linn.= Desmodium gangeticum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 408; ed. 3, 2 — (1879) 384, t. 377, p. p., quoad RESERok cortos”=DESMODIUM VIR- © GATUM Zoll. Bp Blanco’s species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Desmo- dium latifolium DC., but I believe that he described, in part at least, true Diesmnodivm gangeticum DC. His description of the © petioles: as ‘short, however, applies to D. virgatum Zoll., which is common in certain regions near Manila. LEGUMINOSAE 183 Hippocrepis rhomboidea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 585 (sp. nov.) =Desmo- dium spirale DC.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 408; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 385—DESMODIUM PROCUMBENS (Mill.) A. S. Hitche. This species is locally abundant, but by no means of general distribution in the Philippines, occurring at low altitudes and only in the settled areas; undoubtedly introduced from tropical America. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 360). Hippocrepis comosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 584, non Linn.= Desmodium diversifolium Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 408; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 384, non DC.=DESMODIUM LAXIFLORUM DC. This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Desmodium gangeticum DC., in which, in part, he was perhaps correct. Blanco describes his plant as having sometimes simple leaves, but more often 3-foliolate ones. There is nothing in the descrip- ‘tion that definitely determines just what form he intended, but as D. laxiflorum DC. is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, and as there is nothing in Blanco’s description that does not agree with the species, except the statement “‘hojas unas veces simples,” the present identification of Blanco’s species is assumed. The form with simple leaves included by Blanco was probably Desmodium gangeticum DC. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 175). Hippocrepis humilis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 585 (sp. nov.) =Desmodium parvifolium Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 408; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 386, non DC.=DESMODIUM TRIFLORUM (Linn.) DC. This species is very common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, in and about towns, in waste places, etc. » THustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 497). . Keschynomene arborea Linn.; Blanco Fi. Filip. ed. 1 (1837) 581 (Aeschi- namene); ed. 2 (1845) 406; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 381=DESMODIUM UMBELLATUM DC. , The Linnean specific name arborea has priority over the specific name wmbellatum, but the former is apparently in- validated in Desmodium by Desmodium arboreum Sweet. The species is common along the seashore throughout the Philippines. ~ Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 527). : 184 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Cytisus quinquepetalus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 598 (sp. nov.) =Cajanus quinquepetalus Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 417 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1879) 397=DESMODIUM QUINQUEPETALUM (Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 20 (D. cephalotes F.-Vill., non Waill.). This endemic species is of rather wide distribution in Luzon, especially in those provinces having a protracted dry season. Glycine cajanoides Walp. is a synonym. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 571). Hedysarum pulchellum Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 581—=Dicerma pulcheilum DC.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 407; ed. 8, 2 (1879) 383= DESMODIUM PULCHELLUM (Linn.) Benth. This species is common and widely distributed in the Phil- ippines in the settled areas; certainly introduced and of pre- historic introduction. Blanco’s discussion, following the descrip- tion of the species, applies to Flemingia strobilifera R. Br., not to Desmodium pulchellum Benth. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 609). LOUREA Necker Hedysarum vespertilionis Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 581; ed. 2 (1845) 407; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 382, t. 201=LOUREA VESPERTILIONIS (Linn.) Desv. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. He gives a very brief description, stating that he had seen only a single, old specimen in cultivation in Manila. The species has no claim for consideration as a Philippine one, although, very rarely, it is still to be found in cultivation in Manila gardens. DALBERGIA Linnaeus f. Amerimnon mimosella Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 563 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 393; ed. 3, 2. (1879) 858=DALBERGIA. MIMOSELLA Prain (D. mina- hassae Koord.). Fernandez-Villar reduced Blanco’s species to Dalbergia lan- ceolaria Linn. f., a species that does not extend to the Phil- ippines, and one to which Blanco’s description does not con- form. Blanco’s specimens were from Tala, Bulacan Province, Luzon, a locality a few miles north of Manila. His discription applies very closely to Dalbergia minahassae Koord., a species of wide distribution in the Philippines, except in one particular. The leaves (leaflets) are described as “ovales o lineares;” in Blanco’s species as I interpret it, the leaflets are somewhat oval, but never linear. The identity of Amerimnon mimosella Blanco re LEGUMINOSAE 185 has partly been determined by exclusion. The region from which Blanco received his material is thoroughly well known bo- tanically; and Dalbergia minahassae Koord., which still grows in the same general region, is the only species in the entire area, and for that matter is the only species of Dalbergia known from the Philippines, that conforms at all with Blanco’s description. ‘ PTEROCARPUS Linnaeus Pterocarpus pallidus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 560 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 391; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 355, t. 205=PTEROCARPUS INDICUS Willd. This species is very widely distributed in the Philippines; it is one of the most valuable timber trees in the Archipelago. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 575). Pterocarpus santalinus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 561; ed. 2 (1845) 392; ed. 8, 2 (1879) 356, non Linn, f.=PTEROCARPUS BLANCO! Merr. Pterocarpus santalinus Blanco, as I have interpreted it, is a form very closely allied to Pterocarpus indicus Willd., dis- tinguishable only by its larger fruits, which are from 6 to 8 cm in diameter; it possibly should be merged in Pterocarpus indicus Willd. and, again, should be critically compared with Pterocarpus papuanus F.-Muell. Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco correctly interpreted Pterocarpus santalinus Linn. f., but Blan- co’s description does not conform to the characters of this spe- cies, which, moreover, does not extend to the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Bauang, Union Province, Luzon, November, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 995). PONGAMIA Ventenant Galedupa maculata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 559 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 390; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 353, t 417=PONGAMIA PINNATA (Linn.) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 271 (P. glabra Vent.). This species is common and widely distributed along the seashore throughout the Philippines and was correctly reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Pongamia glabra Vent., which is a syno- nym of Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Merr. Illustrative specimen from Looc, Batangas Province, Luzon, April, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 958). DERRIS Loureiro Pterocarpus frutescens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 562 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 392; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 356, non Vell.=DERRIS TRIFOLIATA Lour. (Derris uliginosa Benth.). Pterocarpus diadelphus Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3 (1877-83) t. 161, non Blanco=DERRIS TRIFOLIATA Lour. This species is found throughout the Philippines near the 186 SPECIES BLANCOANAE seashore, commonly growing in thickets along muddy shores and tidal streams. Illustrative specimen from Obando, Bulacan Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 541). Pterocarpus diadelphus Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 563 (sp. nov.); ed, 2 (1845) 393; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 357—=DERRIS HEPTAPHYLLA (Linn.) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 273 [Sophora heptaphylla Linn., Derris diadelpha Merr., Pongamia sinuata Wall., Derris sinuata Thwaites, Derris floribunda Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, pl. 336, non Benth., Derris thyrsiflora F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 68, non Benth. ]. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, especially near the sea. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 344). Galedupa frutescens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 562 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 391; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 354, t. 2232—DERRIS SCANDENS (Roxb.) Benth. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines, presenting considerable variation in the shape and size of its leaflets. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 555). Cylista piscatoria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 589 (sp. nov.) =Galactia ? terminaliflora Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 411 (nom. noy.); ed. 3, 2 (1879) 390=DERRIS ELLIPTICA (Roxb.) Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 4 (1860) Suppl. 111 [Millettia piscatoria Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 37); This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes and, with other species of the genus, is used by the natives in stupefying or poisoning fish; the Ta- galog and Visayan name tubli or tugli is applied to several spe- cies of Derris, but Blanco’s description applies unmistakably to the form here indicated. Cylista piscatoria Blanco was erro- neously referred by Fernandez-Villar to Millettia splendens W. % & A., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. ae Illustrative specimen from Mount Batulao, Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No, 469). ABRUS Linnaeus ABRUS PRECATORIUS Linn.: Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 565; ed. 2 (1845) 894; ed. 8, 2 (1879) 361, t. 156.. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the . LEGUMINOSAE 187 Philippines at low and medium altitudes; certainly introduced but of prehistoric introduction. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 506). CLITORIA Linnaeus CLITORIA TERNATEA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 590; ed. 2 (1845) 412; ed. 8, 2 (1879) 391, t. 301. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is very common and widely distributed in the settled areas at low and medium altitudes and is certainly an introduced plant in the Archipelago. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 394). ERYTHRINA Linnaeus Erythrina carnea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 564; ed. 2 (1845) 393; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 359, t. 217, non Dryand.=ERYTHRINA VARIEGATA Linn. var. ORIENTALIS (Linn.) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 276 (£, indica Lam.). This species is very common and widely distributed in the Philippines, especially along the seashore and is universally known as dap-dap. It is well to note that Erythrina indica Lam. (1788) does not differ specifically from Erythrina varie- gata Linn. (1754), the type of Hrythrina variegata Linn. being only a form of EH. indica Lam. with variegated leaves. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1911 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 620). Erythrina picta Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 565, non Linn.=Erythrina caffra - Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 394; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 3860, t. 326, non Thunb.=ERYTHRINA FUSCA Lour. (£. ovalifolia Roxb.). This species is widely distributed at low altitudes in the Phil- _ippines, in low wet lands, in swampy places, etc. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 602). MUCUNA Adanson Negretia urens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 586; ed. 2 (1845) 409; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 387, non Tussac=MUCUNA NIGRICANS (Lour.) Steud. This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Mucuna monosperma DC., which is certainly an error as Blanco’s description does not apply to de Candolle’s species, which, moreover, does not extend to the Philippines. In my previous consideration of Blanco’s species, I reduced it to Mucuna imbricata DC., but 188 SPECIES BLANCOANAE later, Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 116, reduced Mucuna imbricata DC. to the older M. nigricans (Lour.) Steud. The species, whatever its correct name, extends from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from San Mateo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. c7e. Negretia mitis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 588; ed. 2 (1845) 410; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 388, t. 405 bis, non Ruiz & Pav.=MUCUNA NIVEA (Roxb. ) DC. (M. lyonii Merr.). Blanco’s species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Mucuna nivea DC., but in 1906 I redescribed it as Mucuna lyonii, which Piper and Tracy have apparently correctly reduced to Mucuna nivea W. & A.; see U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Plant Industry Bull. 179 (1910) 15, t, 4, f. A; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 117. I prefer, however, to consider de Candolle as the author of the transfer to Mucuna. The species has been found in the Philippines only in cultivation. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1915, from cultivated plants (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 863). Negretia pruriens Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 411 (sp. vel. comb. nov.) ; 3, 2 (1879) 389, t. 331=MUCUNA PRURIENS (Linn.) DC. This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Mucuna atropurpurea DC., certainly by error, as de Candolle’s species does not extend to the Philippines. I interpret Blanco’s state- ment regarding the pods, “Legum. * * * con gsurcos trans- versales,” as applying to the distinct transverse depressions between the seeds which are evident in fully matured pods; his description in all other respects applies exactly, while the species is common in the immediate vicinity of Manila and is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. It is commonly known as nipai or lipai. The flowers are very dark purple in color. The name Negretia pruriens Blanco does” not appear in Index Kewensis. Illustrative specimen from near Fort William McKinley, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 645). : GALACTIA P. Browne Dolichos repens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 577; ed. 2 (1845) 402; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 373, non Linn.=GALACTIA TENUIFLORA W. & A. Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Vigna repens Baker, a species that does not extend to the Philippines, and moreover one to which Blanco’s description does not apply. The description con- | forms exactly with Galactia tenuiflora W. & A., this being now LEGUMINOSAE 189 known from several localities in central Luzon. The plant is probably more common than collections would indicate, for, as Blanco notes, it is decidedly inconspicuous. No other Philippine leguminous plant known to me agrees at all with Blanco’s de- scription. Illustrative specimen from Punta de Azufre, Batangas Prov- ince, Luzon, October, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. - 1039). PUERARIA de Candolle Pachyrhizus teres Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 580 (sp. nov.) =Pachyrhizus montanus Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 406; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 381, non DC.=PUERARIA PHASEOLOIDES (Roxb.) Benth. Dioscorea bolojonica Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 800 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 551; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 208=PUERARIA PHASEOLOIDES (Roxb.) Benth. This species is common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, and Blan- co’s descriptions apply unmistakably to Pueraria phaseolo- ides Benth. Fernandez-Villar reduced here Dioscorea bolojo- nica Blanco which is merely a form of Pueraria phaseoloides Benth. with large leafiets. The species is still known in Boljoon, Cebu, as bajai, and specimens received under this name agree with typical Pueraria phaseoloides Benth. Illustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No, 195). CANAVALIA de Candolle Dolichos acinaciformis Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 578, non Jacq.—Canavalia ensiformis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 404; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 377, non DC.=CANAVALIA LINEATA (Thunb.) DC. Blanco’s description is very imperfect, and the reduction is made chiefly from the habitat cited by him. The description applies as well, perhaps better, to Canavalia microcarpa (DC.) Merr. (C. turgida Grah.). Canavalia lineata (Thunb.) DC. grows on the sandy beaches above high tide mark, while C. micro- carpa Merr. grows in thickets back of the beach. Illustrative specimen from Balayan, Batangas Province, Lu- zon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 97). Dolichos ensiformis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 577, non Linn.=CANAVALIA GLADIATA Jacq.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 403; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 376, t. £49. Blanco’s description applies unmistakably to Jacquin’s spe- cies. He infers that it was cultivated and states that the pods were a foot and a half long and two inches wide, the seeds 190 SPECIES BLANCOANAE brownish. The species is occasionally found in cultivation in the Philippines to-day, but is not common. CAJANUS de Candolle Cytisus cajan Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 597=Cajanus bicolor DC.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 416; ed. 83, 2 (1879) 396, t. 167=CAJANUS CAJAN (Linn.) Millsp. (C. indicus Spreng.). This species is widely distributed in the Philippines in cul- tivation and semi-naturalized. It is probably of prehistoric in- troduction, judging from its native names caguios, callos, gablos, cadios, cardis, tabios, etc. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 256). CANTHAROSPERMUM Wight & Arnott Cytisus volubilis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 599 (sp. nov.) =Cajanus volubilis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 417 (comb. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1879) 398= CANTHAROSPERMUM VOLUBILE (Blanco) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 127. This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Atyloaia mollis Benth., but Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 662 (1897) 46 has called attention to the fact that Atylosia mollis Benth. is a mixture of two different species and that the name mollis, derived from Collaea mollis Grah., is applicable to a Himalayan plant. Atylosia crassa, the name Prain adopts for the present species, is based on Dolichos crassus Grah., a nomen nudum that dates from 1831 or 1832. Under our rules, which state that nomina nuda have no standing, Blanco’s specific name is ap- parently the oldest valid one for the species, whether considered — under Cantharospermum or under Atylosia. The species is of : local occurrence at low and medium altitudes in Luzon, in thickets in the settled areas. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 142). FLEMINGIA Roxburgh FLEMINGIA STROBILIFERA R. Br.; Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 82; F.-Villar & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 47 (1880) 63. This species was correctly interpreted by Llanos. It is com- mon and widely distributed in the Philippines, a characteristic plant of the settled areas at low and medium altitudes. In the discussion following Hedysarum pulchellum Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 581—Dicerma pulchellum DC., Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 407, ed. 3, 2 (1879) 383—=Desmodium pulchellum — LEGUMINOSAE 191 Benth., Blanco confuses Flemingia strobilifera with Desmodium pulchellum Benth. : Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914, there known as payang-payang (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 731). Flemingia blancoana Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 80 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 62=FLEMINGIA LIN- EATA (Linn.) Roxb. I can see no reason for distinguishing the Philippine form described by Llanos as Flemingia blancoana from the much older F’. lineata (Linn.) Roxb. The species is of very local occurrence in the Philippines, being definitely known from but few localities in Luzon. Llanos’s specimens were from Calum- pit, Bulacan Province, Luzon. Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 552) ; Calum- pit, Bulacan Province, Luzon (topotype of #’. blancoana), Jan- uary, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 699). PHASEOLUS Linnaeus Phaseolus inamoenus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 571 (inamatus); ed. 2 (1845) 399; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 368, non ? Linn. =PHASEOLUS LUNATUS Linn. var. Phaseolus ilocanus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 572 (sp. nov.) =Phaseolus ~” tunkinensis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 399; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 369, t. 369 non ? Lour.—PHASEOLUS LUNATUS Linn. var. Phaseolus vexillatus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 574, non Linn,=Phaseolus vulgaris Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 401; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 371, non Linn. =PHASEOLUS LUNATUS Linn. PHASEOLUS LUNATUS Linn.; Blanco op. cit. 573; 400; 370, t. 352. There is apparently no reason for considering any of the above forms characterized by Blanco as specifically distinct from Phaseolus lunatus Linn., which, as it occurs in the Philippines, presents considerable variation. It is widely distributed in cul- tivation and semi-naturalized; certainly introduced. It is usually known as patani. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914, known there as patani (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No. 443). Pg Phaseolus mungo Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 573; ed. 2 (1845) 400; ed. 3, 2 . (1879) 870, non Linn.=PHASEOLUS AUREUS Roxb. In common with very many other authors Blanco misinter- preted the Linnean Phaseolus mungo, and considered under that 192 SPECIES BLANCOANAE name the species that Roxburgh described as P. aureus. The spe- cies is commonly known as balatong and mongos and is widely cultivated in the Philippines; see Merrill Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 283. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 81). VIGNA Savi Phaseolus caracaila Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 575; ed. 2 (1845) 401; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 372, non Linn.=VIGNA SINENSIS (Linn.) Endl. Dolichos sesquipedalis Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 402; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 375, t. 286=VIGNA SINENSIS (Linn.) Endl. Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco correctly interpreted the Linnean species, but the plant Blanco described is manifestly the form described by Linnaeus as Dolichos sinensis. It is uni- versally known in the Philippines as sitao, a name of Chinese origin, and is very commonly cultivated in the vicinity of Manila. It is always planted and is not established in the Archipelago. Illustrative specimen from San Pedro Macati, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 397). Dolichos echinulatus Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 401 (echinatulus) (sp- nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1879) 873=VIGNA CYLINDRICA (Linn.) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 284 (Phaseolus cylindricus Linn.; Dolichos catjang Linn.). Vigna sinensis Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3 (1877-83) t. 285, non Endl.= VIGNA CYLINDRICA (Linn.) Merr. This reduction follows Fernandez-Villar, although the speci- mens I have received under the Tagalog name quibal do not agree entirely with Blanco’s description. It is certain, how- ever, that the plant he described is a form of the cowpea. It is the plant that has been referred to Vigna unguiculata Walp., but Piper has recently shown that the Linnean Dolichos ungui- culatus is a Phaseolus, not a Vigna; Torreya 12 (1912) 189-190. Vigna catjang Walp.—V. cylindrica (Linn.) Merr. is frequently - considered as a synonym of V. sinensis (Linn.) Endl., but by © some authors is treated as a variety of that species. I do not — agree with Fernandez-Villar in referring Dolichos sesquipedalis — Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 402; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 375, to this form, as Blanco definitely describes the Linnean species with the very long pods “mas de un pie hasta pie y medio de largo,” the form commonly cultivated in Manila and known as sitao, described by Blanco under the name of Phaseolus caracalla; see above, Species Blancoanae No. 397. . LEGUMINOSAE 193 ['lustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Speeies Blancoanae No. 907). DOLICHOS Linnaeus Glycine lucida Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 578, non Forst., nec Grah.=Lablab cultratus DC.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 405; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 379, t. 292—=DOLICHOS LABLAB Linn. Blanco correctly interpreted Lablab cultratus DC. in the second edition of his Flora de Filipinas. The species is com- monly cultivated throughout the Philippines and is frequently found growing wild, thoroughly established. It is not a native of the Archipelago, but was certainly purposely introduced in prehistoric times. It is very generally known in the Philippines as batao, a name of Chinese origin. Dolichos lablab Linn. is the type of the genus. Illustrative specimen from Obando, Bulacan Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 827). Dolichos trilobus Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 403; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 375, non Linn. =DOLICHOS FALCATUS Klein. This species is locally abundant at low altitudes in the settled areas of the Philippines. Blanco’s Dolichos trilobus was erro- neously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Phaseolus calcaratus Roxb. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 230). PACHYRRH IZUS Richard Pachyrrhizus jicamas Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 579 (sp. nov.) =Pachy- rrhizus angulatus Rich.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 405; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 380, t. 249=PACHYRRHIZUS EROSUS (L.) Urban. A native of tropical America, introduced into the Philippines at an early date by the Spaniards, now thoroughly naturalized and widely distributed in the settled areas. , Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 570). PSOPHOCARPUS Necker Dolichos tetragonolobus Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 576; ed. 2 (1845) 402; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 374, t. 298=PSOPHOCARPUS TETRAGONOLO- BUS (Linn.) DC. A species commonly cultivated in the Philippines, probably of prehistoric introduction. Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon, November, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 358). 15186213 194 SPECIES BLANCOANAE LEGUMINOSAE OF DOUBTFUL STATUS Trichilia volubilis ? Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 249 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 98 p. p.=DERRIS ELLIPTICA Benth; p. p.=ALBIZZIA SAPONARIA Blume; p. p.= ? Meliaceae indet. This description was manifestly based on material originating from at least two, perhaps three, entirely different plants. The description of the habit of the plant and its leaves is almost certainly Derris elliptica Benth.; of the fruits perhaps some me- liaceous plant; of the properties and as to the native names gogong toco and gogong bisaya, certainly Albizzia saponaria Blume. The latter is a very common species in the Philippines, that Blanco does not otherwise describe, to which the two native names cited are universally applied, and which agrees with Trichilia volubilis Blanco as to the properties ascribed to it. Blanco does not describe the corolla and stamens and gives a very brief and imperfect description of the fruit. Fernandez- Villar erroneously reduced it to Aglaia grandis Miq., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. C. de Candolle was correct in excluding it from the Meliaceae. Mimosa blancoana Llanos in Mem. Acad. Cienc. Madr. 2 (1859) 503 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 103=? ENTADA PHASEOLOIDES (Linn.) Merr. I know of no Philippine tree that conforms with the chee ters indicated by Llanos for this species. It is strongly sus- pected that he had fragmentary material of Entada phaseoloides (Linn.) Merr., and that his 1-seeded indehiscent pod was merely a single joint of the large pod of this species. ‘ _ GERANIACEAE PELARGONIUM L’Heéritier Malva moschata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 551; ed. 2 (1845) 885, ed. 3, 2 (1879) 344, non Linn.=PELARGONIUM RADULA (Cav.) L’Hérit. _ The form that Blanco described was reduced by Fernandez- — Villar to Pelargonium odoratissimum (Linn.) Ait., which, how- _ ever, has nearly entire leaves, as does Pelargonium fragrans _ Willd. The Philippine specimens agree better with Pelargo- nium capitatum Ait. and with P. radula (Cav.) L’Hérit. and are apparently referable to the latter. The name “rose gera- — nium” is applied to all four species. This species is found — only in cultivation in the Philippines and never, or at least but ‘ very rarely, produces flowers in Manila- INustrative specimen from cultivated plants, Manila, ns a October, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 10438). OXALIDACEAE 195 OXALIDACEAE BIOPHYTUM de Candolle Oxalis sensitiva Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 389=BIOPHYTUM SEN- SITIVUM (Linn.) DC.; Blanco op. cit..ed, 2 (1845) .272;: ed, 3, 2 (1878) 142. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines and is certainly an introduced plant in the Archi- pelago. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 331). OXALIS Linnaeus Oxalis acetosella Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 388; ed. 2 (1845) 272; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 141, non Linn.=OXALIS REPENS Thunb. (O. corniculata -Auct. p. p.). This species is common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines, apparently introduced. It is often confused with O. corniculata Linn.; see B. L. Robinson in Journ. Bot. 44 (1906) 391 for the distinguishing characters of the two. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913, here known as taingang daga (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 226). (PORES : AVERRHOA Linnaeus AVERRHOA BILIMBI Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 391; ed. 2 (1845) 278; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 144, t. 188. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It was introduced at an early date by the Spaniards and is now common and widely distributed in cultivation. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 255). AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip, (18387) 391; ed. 2 (1845) 274; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 145, t. 139. Averrhoa pentandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 892 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 274; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 145=AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA Linn. ‘The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes in cultivation. It is commonly known as bi- limbin or various forms of this name. Blanco’s description of Averrhoa pentandra unmistakably applies to Averrhoa caram- bola. Linn.; his specimens were from Malinta, immediately north of Manila. Fernandez-Villar referred it to Connaropsis phil- ippica F.-Vill., which he described from specimens originating 196 SPECIES BLANCOANAE in Panay, and which Hallier f. has transferred to the genus — Sarcotheca, as Sarcotheca philippica Hallier f. Fernandez- Villar’s species is apparently a true Connaropsis (Sarcotheca), although I have as yet seen no Philippine representative of this genus; Blanco’s synonym is wrongly placed by him and must be excluded. Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 406). ZYGOPHYLLACEAE TRIBULUS Linnaeus Tribulus lanuginosus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 350; ed. 2 (1845) 245; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 91, non Linn.=TRIBULUS CISTOIDES Linn. Blanco referred his specimen to Tribulus lanuginosus Linn. with doubt. The species is of very local occurrence in the Phil- ippines, growing in waste places in towns. It is the only representative of the family Zygophyllaceae known from the Philippines. Certainly an introduced weed in the Archipelago. Illustrative specimen from Parafiaque, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 64). RUTACEAE wis FAGARA Linnaeus Fagara piperita Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 64; ed. 2 (1845) 47; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 87, non Linn. =? FAGARA RHETSA Roxb. This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum Edgw., a species that does not extend to the Phil- ippines. Blanco’s description is very imperfect, but the speci- mens distributed herewith undoubtedly illustrate the form he intended, although I am not at all sure that they are Fagara rhetsa Roxb. It is of wide distribution in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. The native names cited by Blanco are of little value in making specific identifications in this case, — , as cayutana is a Tagalog name used in a generic sense for most species of Fagara (Zanthoxylum). 3 - Tllustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, _ March, June, 1915, there known as cayutana (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 872, 961). Fagara pterota Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 66; ed. 2 (1845) 47; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 88, non Linn.=FAGARA AVICENNAE Lam. Blanco’s description is very imperfect, and he gives no data by which his Fagara pterota can be distinguished from his F. | piperita. I suspect, however, that he intended as Fagara pterota RUTACEAE 197 the form with small leaflets generally referred to Fagara avicen- nae Lam. Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, July, 1914, fruit, October, 1916, there known as cayutana (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 1060, 1002). EVODIA Forster EVODIA BINTOCO Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 50 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 93. This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Hvodia lati- folia DC., and most of the recently collected Philippine material representing it has been determined as Evodia latifolia DC. It is not at all certain, however, that the Philippine form is the same as de Candolle’s species, which was based wholly on Ampacus latifolia Rumph. Herb. Aaah 2 106. ¢, (O12 Ine Philippine form has also been described by me as Hvodia minda- naensis Merr. in Philip. Forest. Bur. Bull. 1 (1903) 25; this is an exact synonym of Evodia bintoco Blanco. Blanco’s material was from the Visayan Islands (Samar and Bohol) ; the species is widely distributed in the southern Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Jaro, Leyte, comm. C. A. Wenzel, February, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 981). Orixa ternata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 62 (sp. nov.); ed. 2, (1845) 45; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 84=EVODIA TERNATA (Blanco) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 9 (1914) Bot. 297. This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Evodia ro- busta Hook. f., a species not known from the Philippines. The description is very incomplete and might apply to almost any of the Philippine forms of the genus with glabrous leaves. In originally making the identification of Evodia ternata the chief determining character, other than the description, was the indi- cated distribution and time of flowering as given by Blanco; there is very little doubt as to the correctness of the interpre- tation. Illustrative specimens from Rizal Province, Luzon, March, September, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 906, 913). Melicope tetrandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 293, non Roxb.=Evodia tri- phylla Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 50; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 92, non DC.= ? EVODIA GLABRA Blume. Cissus frutescens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 70 (sp. nov.) =Cissus arborea Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 51; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 95, non Forst., nec Willd.=? EVODIA GLABRA Blume. : The first of the above was considered by Fernandez-Villar to have been correctly referred by Blanco to Evodia triphylla DC.. 198 SPECIES BLANCOANAE but Blanco described this species under Fagara octandra, and it is a Melicope, not an Evodia; see Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 375. The second was reduced by Fernandez- Villar to Evodia roxburghiana Benth., a species’ not definitely known from the Philippines. Blanco’s descriptions are very indefinite, and the species he described might with equal prop- riety be reduced to almost any trifoliolate species of Evodia with glabrous leaves. I have rather arbitrarily reduced both to the Philippine form generally referred to Evodia glabra Blume, the most common and widely distributed representative of the genus in the Philippines. There is no very definite reason, however, for considering the Philippine specimens to represent Blume’s species. Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 904). aby MELICOPE Forster Fagara octandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 67; ed. 2 (1845) 48; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 90, non Linn.=MELICOPE TRIPHYLLA (Lam.) Merr. — (Fagara triphylla Lam., Evodia triphylla DC., Melicope ternata Vid., non Forst., M. luzonensis Engl.). Bergera ternata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 360 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 254; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 108=? MELICOPE TRIPHYLLA (Lam.) Merr. _ This species is widely distributed in the Philippines. For a discussion of the species and its synonymy see Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 373-378. F.-Villar reduced Bergera ternata Blanco to Glycosmis bilocularis Thwaites, a species that does not extend to the Philippines. It cannot possibly belong to this genus on account of the characters assigned to it by Blanco. It must be either an Evodia or a Melicope, and from the distri-. bution of the various species of these two genera in the Philip- pines, is almost certainly Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Blan-— co’s description is very short and imperfect. Le INustrative specimens from Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 16); Rizal Province, Luzon, June, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 673). rae LUNASIA Blanco LUNASIA AMARA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 783 (gen. et sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 191=Pilocarpus amarus Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 540 (nom. nov.). shod ae The genus Lunasia Blanco is a valid one, erroneously reduced — by Blanco in the second edition of his Flora de Filipinas to RUTACEAE 199 Pilocarpus. The generic name is derived from the Tagalog word lunas, one of the native names of the species. Rabelaisia philippinensis Planch. is a synonym. Common and widely distri- buted in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Guinayangan, Tayabas Province, Luzon, April, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 5). ACRONYCHIA Forster Melicope conferta Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 205 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 _ (1878) 19=ACRONYCHIA PEDUNCULATA (Linn.) Mig. (A. lauri- > folia Blume). This species is widely distributed in the Philippines, extend- ing from sea level to an altitude of at least 1,500 meters. The propriety of accepting the Linnean specific name for this species is doubtful. Jambolifera pedunculata Linn. Sp. Pl. (17 53) 349 is based first on a reference to Fl. Zeyl. 139, and second on a refer- ence to Bauhin Pin. 466; there is no description. In the Flora Zeylanica, however, there is a description, with three references not given in the Species Plantarum, All or most of the refer- ences are:to the plant commonly called Eugenia jambolana Lam., and the description in the Flora Zeylanica seems to refer to Lamarck’s species. The specimens in Hermann’s herbarium, on which the Flora Zeylanica was based, are Acronychia lauri- -folia Blume; see Trimen in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 24 (1887) 140, 142, sub numbers 139, 185. - Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, December, 1912 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 55). GLYCOSMIS Correa ‘Murraya cerasiformis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 363 (cerassiformis) (sp. ~ nov.) =Murraya exotica Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 255; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 110, t. 137, non Linn. =GLYCOSMIS COCHINCHINENSIS (Lour.) Pierre. — Murraya lobata Blanco op. cit. 363 (sp. nov.) ; 256; 112=GLYCOSMIS » COCHINCHINENSIS (Lour.) Pierre. sive This species is very common and widely distributed in the ‘Philippines at low and medium altitudes and is variable in its vegetative characters. There is no reasonable doubt as to the identity of Blanco’s Murraya cerasiformis and M. lobata, and at the same time their identity with Glycosmis cochinchinensis. The mature fruits are globose, about 1 cm in diameter, very fleshy, somewhat translucent, and pale red in color. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 136). 200 SPECIES BLANCOANAE MICROMELUM Blume Bergera inodora Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 361 (sp. nov.) =Bergera koenigli Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 254; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 108, non Linn.= MICROMELUM PUBESCENS Blume (M. molle Turcz.). Blanco’s species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Clausena indica Oliv., a species that does not extend to the Philippines and one, moreover, to which his description does not at all apply. The characterization of the leaves as “muy blandas, vellosas,” with the other data given by Blanco points unmis- takably to this very softly pubescent form of Micromelum pubes- cens Blume (M. molle Turez.). The expression: “El fruto se asemeja enteramente al del Piris’” is further evidence as proof of the correctness of this reduction, as piris is one of the common names of the very closely allied Micromelum tephrocarpum Turcz. and is also applied to M. pubescens Blume. Illustrative specimen from Arayat, Pampanga Province, Lu- zon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 719). Bergera compressa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 360 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 254; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 107=MICROMELUM COMPRESSUM (Blanco) comb. nov. Andromeda japonica Blanco op. cit. 371; 261; 120, non Thunb.=MICRO- MELUM COMPRESSUM (Blanco) Merr. This species is identical with Micromelum tephrocarpum Turez. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 31* (1858) 867; the type of which is Cuming 597 from Luzon. Bergera compressa Blanco was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Clausena will- denowti W. & A., a species that does not extend to the Philip- pines, while Andromeda japonica Blanco was erroneously reduced by him to Micromelum glabrescens Benth.; Blanco’s Bergera compressa, however, supplies the oldest specific name for the species. It is to be noted that Blanco describes the leaves of Bergera compressa as “simples,”’ an error of observation on his part; the species is, without the slightest doubt, the form as here interpreted. Both it and the closely allied Micromelum _ pubescens Blume (M. molle Turcz.) are generally known as piris; in Baliuag, type locality for Andromeda japonica Blanco, both are still known as tulibas. The species is widely distri- buted in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Prov- ince, Luzon, March, 1915, there known as piris (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 884). RUTACEAE 201 MURRAYA Linnaeus Connarus foetens Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 525 (sp. nov.) =Connarus santa- loides Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 366 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1879 314, t. 155—=MURRAYA PANICULATA (Linn.) Jack. Murraya odorata Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 256 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 111=MURRAYA PANICULATA (Linn.) Jack. This species is very widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes and is common in most parts of the Archipelago; it is occasionally also cultivated for its fragrant flowers. It is universally known in the Philippines as camuning. Blaneo’s specimens of Murraya odorata were from the forests of Angat, the species being very imperfectly characterized. I am confident, however, that Murraya odorata Blanco is identical with the form that Blanco otherwise described as Connarus foetens and as Connarus santaloides, all being synonyms of Mur- raya paniculata (Linn.) Jack (M. exotica Linn.). Fernandez- Villar’s reduction of it to Feronia elephantum Corr. is wholly wrong, Correa’s species not being a native of the Philippines, while Blanco’s description does not at all conform with its characters. Illustrative specimen from near Mandaloyon, Rizal Province, Luzon, April, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 245). CLAUSENA Burman Cookia wampi Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 358 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 253; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 105—=CLAUSENA LANSIUM (Lour.) Skeels in U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Plant Ind. Bull. 176 (1909) 29 (Quinaria lansium Lour., Cookia punctata Sonn., non Clausena punctata ".-& A: Sh. wampi Oliv.). ; Blanco’s specimens were from a tree cultivated in the grounds of the Pasig church, originating in China. The species since has apparently become extinct in the Philippines, but has re- cently been again introduced from Indo-China. The name cited by Blanco, huampit, is of Chinese origin. Illustrative specimens from cultivated plants, Manila, origi- nating in Indo-China, August, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blanco- anae No. 986). Cookia anisum olens Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 359 (sp. nov.) =Cookia anisodora Blanco op..cit. ed. 2 (1845) 253 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 106—CLAUSENA ANISUM OLENS (Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 21 (Clausena warburgii Perk.). Blanco’s species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Clausena excavata Burm. f., bvt is entirely different from Burman’s = 202 SPECIES BLANCOANAE species. Blanco’s hybrid specific name is the oldest one for the species, and the form that he described is identical in all re- spects with Clausena warburgii Perk., which was based on Phil- ippine material. Illustrative specimen from - Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1916, locally known as cayomanis (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1012). TRIPHASIA Loureiro Limonia trifoliata Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 357; ed. 2 (1845) 252; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 103, t. 129=TRIPHASIA TRIFOLIA (Burm. f.)~P. Wils. in Torreya 9 (1909) 88 (T. trifoliata DC., T. aurantiola Lour.). The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco, but Limonia trifolia Burm. f. has priority. The species is common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines and is certainly an introduced plant in the Archipelago. It-is universally known in the Philippines by its Spanish name limoncitos. <7 Illustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 795). ATALANTIA Correa Limonia disticha Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837). 856 (sp. nov.)=Limonia corym- bosa Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 251 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 102= ATALANTIA DISTICHA (Blanco) Merr. _ This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines at low and medium altitudes, a form ascending to at least 1,500 meters altitude. Atalantia nitida Oliv. based on Sclerostylis nitida Turez. (1858) is a synonym. Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, December, 1912 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 594). — Limonia linearis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 357 (sp. nov.) =Limonia mono- phylla Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 252; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 108, non Linn.= ATALANTIA LINEARIS (Blanco) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 200 (A. jagoriana Engl., 1896). , Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco correctly reduced his _ Limonia linearis to Limonia monophylla Linn.=Atalantia mono-- s phylla DC. However, Blanco’s description does not at all agree — with Atalantia monophyila, and moreover that species is un- — known from the Philippines. Atalantia linearis is of local occur-— rence in the Philippines and usually, if not always, is found © along streams in situations subject to temporary inundation © during heavy rains. i ne Illustrative specimen from Montalban, Rizal Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 746). RUTACEAE 203 CHAETOSPERMUM Swingle Limonia glutinosa Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 358 (sp. nov.) =Feronia ternata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 252; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 104, t. 124—=CHAETO- SPERMUM GLUTINOSUM (Blanco) Swingle (Aegle glutinosa Merr., Aegle decandra Naves, Limonia engleriana Perk.). This species is rather widely distributed in Luzon; it is com- monly known as taboc or tabog (Tagalog). It occurs occa- sionally in cultivation in Manila. _ Illustrative specimens from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No, 607) ; Manila, Luzon, April, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 908). CITRUS Linnaeus Citrus notissima Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 607 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 424; ed. 8, 2 (1879) 406=CITRUS AURANTIFOLIUM (Christm.) Swingle (C. acida Roxb.). The common lime is widely distributed in the Philippines in cultivation and is variable in its fruit characters. The common Tagalog name for this is dayap, but the illustrative material, representing a form with fruits 4 to 6 cm in diameter, has the Ilocano name gorong-gorong. Illustrative specimens from Umingan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 44); Anti- polo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914, there known as dayap (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 45, 436). Citrus reticulata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 610 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 425; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 408=CITRUS NOBILIS Lour. _ This is the most popular and most abundant orange in the Manila market, the supply coming chiefly from Batangas Prov- ince. It is universally known in the Philippines as naranjitas, a name applied to no other form. The fruits, when mature, are usually 5 to 6 cm in diameter, greenish to yellow, with a very loose skin. (Blanco) Merr. in Forest. Bureau (Philip.) Bull. 1 (1903) 33 (Ke a celebicum Eng).). This sylvan species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes and is universally and exclusively known in the Tagalog provinces as amoguis, this being also the commercial name of its timber. It was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Odina speciosa Blume, a genus and species unknown from the Philippines. For a detailed figure of the species see Boerlage in Icon. Bogor. 1 (1901) 55, t. 94-96 (as K. celebicum Engl.). — oo ra CELASTRACEAE 235 Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 744). SEMECARPUS Linnaeus f. SEMECARPUS CUNEIFORMIS Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 220 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 155; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 276, t. 75. Semecarpus anacardium Blanco op. cit. 216; 152; 275, non Linn. f.=SEME- CARPUS CUNEIFORMIS Blanco (S. perrottetii March.). This species is common and widely distributed in the Phil- ippines and is especially abundant about Manila. There is no reason to consider that Blanco’s Semecarpus anacardium is other than a mere form of his S. cuneiformis. Both are manifestly the same as the species later described, from specimens collected in Manila, as Semecarpus perrottetii March. ; see Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 289. The species is commonly known as ligas (Tagalog), and to many persons it is a violent contact poison, the symptoms of poisoning being the same as those caused by Rhus toxicodendron Linn. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, February, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 283). CELASTRACEAE CELASTRUS Linnaeus DIOSMA SERRATA Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 168 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 119; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 2183—CELASTRUS PANICULATA Willd. (C. polybotrys Turez.). This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines, and Blanco’s description agrees entirely with Willdenow’s species to which it was reduced by Fernandez-Villar. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 346). GYMNOSPORIA Wight & Arnott Cupania spinosa Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 184 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 204; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 17=GYMNOSPORIA SPINOSA (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 109 (G. montana F.-Vill., non Roxb.). This species is common and widely distributed in the Phil- ippines and presents considerable variation in its vegetative characters; that is, in size and shape of its leaves. The spines are never very prominent. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 349). 236 SPECIES BLANCOANAE HIPPOCRATEACEAE HIPPOCRATEA Linnaeus Hippocratea volubilis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 27 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 20; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 37, non aliorum=? HIPPOCRATEA INDICA Willd. Blanco’s description is apparently that of a Hippocratea, but does not apply to H. indica Willd., nor to H. obtusifolia Roxb., to which it was reduced by Fernandez-Villar. His statement that the flowers are in axillary and terminal racemes and that the fruits are obliquely obcordate does not apply to Hippocratea indica Willd. nor to any other species known to me at the present time. Blanco’s specific name is invalid, so that the exact status of the species is unimportant. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 71) ; SALACIA Linnaeus Salacia sinensis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 26; ed. 2 (1845) 19; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 36, t. 86, non Gmel.=SALACIA PRINOIDES (Willd.) DC. Comocladia serrata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 30 (sp. nov.) =SALACIA PRINOIDES (Willd.) DC. There is no doubt whatever but that the plant Blanco described as Salacia sinensis is a Salacia, but the medicinal properties he ascribed to it apparently belong with Siphonodon celastrineus Griff.; this may account for Blanco’s description of the plant as an “arbolito,” rather than as a scandent shrub which it really is. Comocladia serrata was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Salacia oblonga Wall., which is correct as to the genus but cer- tainly wrong as to the species, for Salacia oblonga Wall. is not known to extend to the Philippines. The species is not included in the second or in the third edition of the Flora de Filipinas. From the data given by Blanco I have no hesitation in reducing the species to Salacia prinoides DC., as that species is currently interpreted. Illustrative specimen from Malampaya Bay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 371). SPECIES OF DOUBTFUL STATUS Salacia triplinervis Llanos in Mem. Acad. Cienc. Madr. 2 (1859) 500 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 101. There is no description and hence the status of the species is indeterminable. Fernandez-Villar reduced it to Connarus mono- carpus Linn., but there is no justification of this, as the Linnean species does not occur in the Philippines. ICACINAGEAE—SAPINDACEAE 237 ICACINACEAE URANDRA Thwaites Elaeocarpus ? integrifolius Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 306; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 202, non Lam. =URANDRA LUZONIENSIS Merr. Blanco’s description is short and imperfect, but is sufficient] definite to indicate that an icacinaceous plant is intended. Fer- nandez-Villar erroneously reduced it to Chailletia gelonioides Hook. f., a species that does not extend to the Philippines and one to which Blanco’s description does not apply. The only species known to me that at all conforms to his description is Urandra luzoniensis Merr., which is common in the provinces near Manila and has the same flowering period as Blanco in- dicates for Elaeocarpus integrifolius. The name birlag cited by Blanco, does not appear on any of our material. Illustrative specimen from Burgos, Ilocos Norte Province, Luzon, March, 1917 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 671). PHYTOCRENE Wallich Kadsura blancoi Azaola in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 594 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 118 =PHYTOCRENE BLANCO! (Azaola) Merr. (P. luzo- niensis Baill.). This species is of rather wide distribution in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, but is not abundant. It was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Schizandra elongata Hook. f. & Th. Azaola’s description was based on a fruiting specimen; see Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907 ) Bot. 482. Illustrative specimen from Montalban, Rizal Province, Luzon, February, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 41 7). SAPINDACEAE CARDIOSPERMUM Linnaeus CARDIOSPERMUM HALICACABUM Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 312; ed. 2 (1845) 218; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 44. The Philippine material and the form described by Blanco are referable to the variety microcarpum Blume. Throughout the Philippines in and about towns; certainly an introduced plant. ’ Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 264). | ALLOPHYLUS Linnaeus Aporetica penicellata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 291 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 203; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 15 (penicillata)=ALLOPHYLUS TERNATUS (Forst.) Radlk. Blanco’s species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Allophy- lus cobbe (L.) Blume, forma villosus Laws., which was correct 238 SPECIES BLANCOANAE as to the genus, but wrong as to the species; Allophylus cobbe Blume does not extend to the Philippines. Aporetica penicellata Blanco is unquestionably identical with Allophylus ternatus (Forst.) Radlk., a common species found near the seashore throughout the Philippines. Illustrative specimens from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon, December, 1915; and from Tayabas Province, Luzon, October, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 962, 1028). Aporetica ternata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 290, non Forst.=Aporetica gemella Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 203; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 15, non DC.= ALLOPHYLUS TIMORENSIS Blume. Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Allophylus cobbe Blume, which is certainly a wrong disposition of it. I previously thought that it was the same as Allophylus grossedentatus (Turez.) Radlk., and so placed it, but Blanco’s description does not conform to this endemic species, but does agree closely with the characters of the widely distributed Allophylus timorensis Blume, and I am satisfied that this is the correct disposition of it. SAPINDUS Linnaeus Quassia tricarpa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 351 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 206; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 94; t. 388, pro majore parte,—SAPINDUS SAPONARIA Linn. forma MICROCARPA Radlk. (Sapindus turczaninowii Vid.). This is undoubtedly the species intended by Blanco, but his description is manifestly based on two different plants. It was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Cupania pleuropteris Blume= Guioa pleuropteris Radlk., which is manifestly incorrect, although Blanco’s description in part apparently applies to a species of Guioa, and probably Guioa koelreuteria (Blanco) Merr. [G. per- rottetti (Blume) Radlk.]. Radlkofer was certainly correct in reducing the species to Sapindus saponaria Linn., for Blanco’s description and the notes following the description apply to this species. It is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. | Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Pees November, 1914, there ibe as tiquis-tiquis (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 182). ERIOGLOSSUM Blume Sapindus edulis Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 201 (sp. nov.); ed. 8, 2 (1878) 12, non Ait-=ERIOGLOSSUM EDULE (Linn.) Blume (E. rubiginosum Blume). This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines. Blanco described his Sapindus edulis as a new species SAPINDACEAE 239 independent of Blume’s earlier consideration of the same species under the same name. Illustrative specimens from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 and from Batangas Province, Luzon, April, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 320, 1042). OTOPHORA Blume Sapindus baccatus Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 290 (sp. nov.) =Koelreuteria edulis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 202 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 14, t. 110=OTOPHORA FRUTICOSA Blume. Capura pinnata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 264 (sp. nov.) =Capura purpurata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 184 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 328= OTOPHORA FRUTICOSA Blume (Otophora nigrescens F.-Vill., Otole- pis nigrescens Turcz., Sapindus arborescens Llanos, non Spreng., Oto- phora paucijuga F.-Vill., non Hiern, Otophora pinnata Merr.). Sapindus baccatus Blanco (Koelreuteria edulis Blanco, Oto- phora blancoi Blume) is certainly identical with Otophora fruti- cosa Blume, for Blanco’s description unmistakably applies to Blume’s species. The identity of Capura pinnata Blanco (Capura purpurata Blanco) with Otophora fruticosa Blume, while reason- ably sure, is not as certain as the preceding, unless Blanco erred in certain observations. Otophora fruticosa Blume is of very wide distribution in the Philippines and is abundant in many regions. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 374). TRISTIRA Radlkofer Melicocca triptera Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 203 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 16=TRISTIRA TRIPTERA (Blanco) Radlk. (Zollingeria trip- tera Rolfe). Blanco’s specimens were from Parafiaque, Rizal Province, Lu- zon, a town immediately south of Manila, but the species has long since been exterminated in this vicinity. The species was interpreted by Radlkofer from Cuming 1857, from the Island of Bohol, in the southern part of the Philippines, several hundred miles south of Manila, and an island from which Blanco had no material. The specimens distributed herewith absolutely rep- resent Blanco’s species, and even if specifically distinct from ~Cuming’s specimens, should be taken to typify Tristira triptera (Blanco) Radlk.; not having specimens of Cuming’s plant for comparison, the question of identity cannot be determined at this writing. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 539). 240 SPECIES BLANCOANAE EUPHORIA Commerson EUPHORIA DIDYMA Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 288 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 201; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 10 [E. cinerea (Turcz.) Radlk.]. Euphoria litchi Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 285; ed. 2 (1845) 199; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 8, non Juss. = EUPHORIA DIDYMA Blanco [E. cinerea (Turez.) Radlk.]. Euphoria didyma Blanco was erroneously reduced by Fer- nandez-Villar to Nephelium glabrum Noronha, and E. litehi Blanco to Nephelium longana Camb.; the former does not occur in the Philippines, while the latter is very rarely cultivated. Both descriptions manifestly apply to the same species, and both to the form commonly known as Euphoria cinerea (Turez.) Radlk., which is very widely distributed in the Archipelago. In some regions this is very generally known as guisihan, but by far its most common native name is alupag. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914, there known as alpay (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No. 745). Euphoria annularis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 285 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 199; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 7=? EUPHORIA DIDYMA Blanco. I am not at all certain as to the correct status of this species, except that it is probably a Huphoria, and if so, then almost certainly the same as E. didyma Blanco (E. cinerea Radlk.). The description, in some respects, strongly suggests Guioa per- rottetii Radlk., but Euphoria annularis Blanco can scarcely be a Guioa. Blanco’s description is rather indefinite, but the prob- abilities are very great that it is only a redescription of the species indicated above. It is certainly not Arytera montana — Blume to which it was reduced by Fernandez-Villar, as Ratonia montana F.-Vill. CUBILIA Blume Euphoria cubili Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 287 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 200; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 10=CUBILIA BLANCO! Blume. This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Cubilia rum- phii Blume, which is a synonym of C. blancoi, the monotypic — genus Cubilia being known only from the Philippines, Celebes, and the Moluccas. Blanco’s description of Euphoria cubili typi- _ fies the genus Cubilia and, following strict priority, cubili should” be taken up as the specific name of the plant. The large seeds are edible, when boiled or roasted resembling chestnuts in flavor and consistency. The species is widely distributed in the Philippines, a sylvan form growing at low and medium altitudes, but is i ais nowhere abundant. SAPINDACEAER 241 Iliustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914, there known as cubili (Merrill: Species Blan- - coanae No. 705). —— GUIOA Cavanilles Sapindus koelreuteria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 289 (sp. nov.) =Koelreuteria arborea Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 202 (mom. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 18=GUIOA KOELREUTERIA (Blanco) comb. nov. [Guioa perrottetii (Blume) Radlk.]. Quassia simaruba Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 247; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 94, non Linn. =GUIOA KOELREUTERIA (Blanco) Merr. Fernandez-Villar reduced Sapindus koelreuteria Blanco to Hemigyrosa perrottetii Blume=Guioa perrottetui Radlk., and I formerly expressed the opinion that the reduction was wrong; I am now of the opinion, however, that he was correct. I have accordingly accepted this disposition of Blanco’s species and adopted his specific name, it being much older than the one pro- posed by Blume. Blanco described the same form under the name Quassia simaruba (non Linn.), which Fernandez-Villar erroneously reduced to Cupania glabrata Kurz, a species that does not extend to the Philippines. Quassia simaruba Blanco is unquestionably identical with Sapindus koelreuteria Blanco= Guioa perrottetii (Blume) Radlk.—Guioa koelreuteria (Blanco) Merr. The species is very common and widely eee in the Philippines. Iliustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 644). Sapindus saponaria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 288, non Linn.=SAPINDUS GUISIAN Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 201 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 11=GUIOA PLEUROPTERIS (Blume) Radlk. Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Sapindus rarak DC. (Ditte- lasma rarak Hook. f.), a species that does not extend to the Philippines, and one to which Blanco’s description does not apply. I have little hesitation in reducing Blanco’s species to Guioa pleuropteris (Blume) Radlk., a species widely distributed in the Philippines, and one to which Blanco’s description con- forms fairly well. I know of no other Philippine sapindaceous plant that conforms at all with Blanco’s description. ARYTERA Blume Schmidelia conferta Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 217 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 41=ARYTERA LITORALIS Blume. Blanco’s species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Allophy- lus zeylanica Linn., a species that does not occur in the Philip- pines, and one to which Blanco’s description does not at all apply. 151862——16 : 242 SPECIES BLANCOANAE As described with “hojas simples” it is no Arytera, but I am convinced that the description of the leaves as simple was an error on Blanco’s part; another objection to my identification is the length of the aril. The description of the fruits, how- ever, is excellent for Arytera: “Dos bayas ovales, pegadas por la base, y despues algo divergentes, comprimidas, con semillas solitarias, cubiertas con un arilo carnoso hasta el tercio de su largo * * * se abren a lo largo por la parte exterior, y estan pegadas hasta su mitad en donde se hallan los dos estilos muy cortos.” Arytera litoralis Bl. is common and widely dis- tributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 861). LEPIDOPETALUM Blume Molinaea arborea Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 292 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 204; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 18=LEPIDOPETALUM PERROTTETII (Cambess.) Blume (Cupania ? richti A. Gray, Lachnopetalum glabrum Turcz., Ratonia lachnopetala Turcz.). Blanco’s Molinaea arborea was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Hemigyrosa canescens Thw., a species that does not extend to the Philippines, and one to which Blanco’s description does not apply. In my previous consideration of Blanco’s species I er- roneously referred it to Guioa perrottetii Radlk., chiefly for the reason that the native name salab, cited by Blanco, properly belongs to G. perrottetit Radlk. However, Blanco’s description does not apply to Radlkofer’s species, but does apply to Lepidope- talum perrottetii Blume. Again Guioa perrottetii does not occur in Parafiaque, while Lepidopetalum perrottetii is abundant along tidal streams in Parafiaque; its young leaves are notably red, as indicated by Blanco. In the provinces near Manila it flowers in January and February, and the inflorescences are borne on the branches among and below the leaves. Illustrative specimens from Parajiaque (one of the localities a cited by Blanco sub. Molinaea arborea), Rizal Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 650) ; Batangas Province, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae a < No. 876). DODONAEA Linnaeus Dodonaea angustifolia Linn. f.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 312; ed. 2 (1845) _ 217; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 40=DODONAEA VISCOSA (Linn.) Jacq. _ The plant that Blanco described is manifestly one of the forms of this widely distributed species. It is widely distributed in. the Archipelago, especially along the seashore, but extends inland BALSAMINACEAE—-RHAMNACEAE 243 in some regions, growing at considerable altitudes on the moun- tains in northern Luzon. Illustrative specimen from Tayabas Province, Luzon, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No, 601). HARPULLIA Roxburgh Ptelea arborea Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 63 (sp. nov.) —Seringia lanceolata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 45 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 85= HARPULLIA ARBOREA (Blanco) Radlk. (H. cupanioides F.-Vill., non Roxb.). This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines, and as indicated by Blanco, the bark is used to stupefy fish. It is commonly known as puas. Blancoa arborea Blume is a synonym. — Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 339). 7 BALSAMINACEAE IMPATIENS Linnaeus / Impatiens triflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 636; ed. 2 (1845) 443; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 32, t. 424, non Linn.=IMPATIENS BALSAMINA Linn. This species is commonly cultivated for ornamental purposes throughout the Philippines, and is generally known to the Taga- logs as camantigui. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 591). RHAMNACEAE VENTILAGO Gaertner Enrila dichotoma Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 709 (gen. et sp. nov.) =Venti- lago monoica Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 124 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 223—=VENTILAGO DICHOTOMA (Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 32, excl. syn. V. luzoniensis Vid. (V. made- raspatana F.-Vill., non Gaertn., Kurrimia gracilis Vid., Ventilago gra- cilis Merr. & Rolfe). . For a discussion of the synonymy see Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 287. The material issued in the illustrative set is not exactly like the specimens from Rizal Province, Luzon, the type locality of the species, but does not appear to differ spe- cifically. In case two species are represented, Blanco’s species should be interpreted by Vidal 1122, For. Bur. 3073 Ahern’s collector, Bur. Sci. 3303 Ramos, and Loher 4685, 4686, rather than by the Palawan specimens. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 633). ij 244 SPECIES BLANCOANAE ZIZYPHUS Jussieu Rhamnus talanai Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 171 (sp. nov.) =Zizyphus lati- folia Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 121 (zieyphus) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 217 non Roxb.=ZIZYPHUS TALANAI (Blanco) comb. nov. Rhamnus zonulatus Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 172=Zizyphus zonulata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 120 (Zicyphus) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 215—=zZIZYPHUS TALANAI (Blanco) Merr. (Z. arborea Merr.). Both of Blanco’s descriptious manifestly apply to the same species, and Rhamnus talanai Blanco has page priority. The form that I described as Zizyphus arborea is the same and must be reduced. Fernandez-Villar erroneously reduced the former to Zizyphus oenoplia Mill. and the latter to Z. zylopyrus Willd., both manifestly erroneous reductions. The species is widely distributed in the Philippines, the leaves varying from entirely glabrous to rather prominently pubescent. As to Rhamnus tala- nat Blanco, his description, while short, applies unmistakably to the form as here interpreted and to no other known Philip- pine representative of the genus. Blanco’s specimens were from San Mateo, Rizal Province, Luzon, a region thoroughly well known botanically; the Tagalog name talanai, cited by Blanco, seenis to be no longer in use. Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. Joy, Rhamnus jujuba Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 172=zIZYPHUS JUJUBA Lam.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 120, ed. 3, 1 (1877) 215, t. 57. This species is occasional in cultivation at low altitudes in the Philippines; certainly introduced after the Spanish occupation of the Philippines. e Iliustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, — October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 856). .. Rhamnus zizyphus Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 170, non Linn.=Zizyphus lotus ; oo Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 121 (Zicyphus) ; ed. 8, 1 (1877) 216,t. 488, non Lam.=ZIZYPHUS TRINERVIA (Cav.) Poir. (Z. exserta DC.). The species is very common and widely distributed at low alti- — tudes in Luzon; it is universally known in the Tagalog prov- inces as duclap. Zizyphus exserta was a new name proposed by de Candolle for Z. trinervia Poir., but Poiret’s name is valid. © Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, — September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 348). Rhamnus dalanta Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 171 (sp. nov.) =Zizyphus dalanta Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 121 (Zicyphus) (comb. nov.), ed. 3, 1 (1877) 217=? ZIZYPHUs sp. 3 A species of uncertain status, but probably a Zizyphus, and i perhaps identical with Zizyphus talanai (Blanco) Merr: The VITACEAE 245 description is very short and consists only of the statement that the trunk is without spines, the leaves alternate, obliquely ovate, 7-nerved, obtusely serrate, that it was from Bonbonon, Negros, was there known as dalanta, and that the fruits were edible. Inquiries made of local officials in Bonbonon elicited the information that the name dalanta was unknown to them. My only reason for not definitely reducing the species to Zizyphus talanai is that Blanco describes the leaves as 7-nerved, a char- acter that applies to no known Philippine representative of the genus. COLUBRINA Brongniart Rhamnus carolinianus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 169; ed. 2 (1845) 119; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 214, non Walt.=COLUBRINA ASIATICA (Linn.) L. C. Rich. Blanco’s species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar, by error, to Rhamnus wightii W. & A., a species that does not occur in the Philippines. The description, habitat, and the Tagalog name cabatiti, given by Blanco, all agree with Colubrina asiatica L. C. Rich., which is common and widely distributed along the seashore throughout the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon, Sep- tember, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 35). ‘ GOUANIA Linnaeus Gouania domingensis Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 196; ed. 2 (1845) 138 (Go- vania); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 248, non Linn.=GOUANIA MICROCARPA DG. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines at low altitudes. Blanco’s species has been reduced to Gouania leptostachya DC. by Fernandez-Villar, but the common Luzon form appears to me to be G. microcarpa rather than G. leptostachya, a conclusion also reached by Vidal. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, _ January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 250). VITACEAE CISSUS Linnaeus CISSUS QUADRANGULARIS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 72; ed. 2 (1845) 52; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 97. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is of very local occurrence in the Philippines and apparently thrives only in those provinces subject to a prolonged dry season. It occurs only in the settled areas and is manifestly a purposely introduced plant in the Philippines. 246 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, Febru- ary, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 804). Cissus simplex Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 72 (sp. nov.) =Cissus latifolia Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 52; ed. 3, 1-(1877) 96, non Lam.=CISSUS PYRRHODASYS Mig. This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Vitis adnata Wall., which is correct as Vitis (Cissus) adnata Wall. has been interpreted by many authors. However, it is apparent that Vitis adnata Wall., as generally interpreted, is a collective species. It seems probable that this rather widely distributed Philippine form is really Cissus aristata Blume [C. assamica Craib, var. pilosissima Gagnep. in Not. Syst. 1 (1911) 353], and Blume’s name is much the older; it is at least the form described by Miquel as Cissus pyrrhodasys Miq. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 797). Cissus vesicatoria Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 50 (vewicatorus) (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 94, t. 318=CISSUS REPENS Lam. I have followed Fernandez-Villar in the reduction and can give no evidence for or against the correctness of the reference. Blanco gives no description whatever, so that his name is a — nomen nudum. His entire data consists only of the following: “Cissus vexicatorus. Enredadera de cuyas hojas usan los indios para causticos.—P. Pirapit angin.” Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 334).— COLUMELLA Loureiro (Cayratia Jussieu) Cissus rubescens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 71 (sp. nov.) =Cissus alata (7) Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 51; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 95, non Jacq.=COLU- MELLA GENICULATA (Blume) Merr. (Cissus geniculata nee Cayratia geniculata Gagnep.). Blanco’s description in general applies to Blume’s species and to no other known Philippine form. The illustrative specimens — have broad leaflets that cannot be described as “lanceolate” as Blanco indicates for his species, but other Philippine material | representing apparently the same species has leaflets that ap- | proach lanceolate in outline. The fruits are globose, very soft — and fleshy, and pale-pink in color. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species PRR OGROE. No. =f). VITACEAE 9AT7 Cissus acida Blanco Fl, Filip. (1837) 69; ed. 2 (1845) 50; ed: 3, 1 (1877) 94, t. 24, non Linn. =COLUMELLA TRIFOLIA (L.) Merr. (Cissus carnosa Lam., Cissus trifolia K. Sch., Cayratia carnosa Gagnep.). This species presents considerable variation in the size of its leaflets and in the character of its indumentum, varying from practically glabrous to distinctly pubescent. It is common and widely distributed in the settled areas in the Philippines, but is not a sylvan species. Gagnepain is certainly correct in his segregation of Cayratia as a genus distinct from Cissus, but the oldest generic name for the group is Columella Lour. (1790), which will have to be taken up unless it is excluded by some future list of generic nomina conservanda. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, August, 1912 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 296). TETRASTIGMA Planchon Cissus pedata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 71; ed. 2 (1845) 52; ed. 8, 1 (1877) 96, t. 398, non Lam.=TETRASTIGMA HARMANDI|I Planch. This species is common and widely distributed in central Luzon at low altitudes, the fruits edible. It has erroneously been referred to Tetrastigma lanceolarium Roxb. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913, here known as ayo (Tagalog) (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 326). LEEA Linnaeus Aquilicia sambucina Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 178, non Linn.—Leea sambu- cina Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 126; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 226, t. 60, non Willd. =LEEA MANILLENSIS Walp. in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. 19 (1843) Suppl. 1: 314. This species is common and widely distributed in Luzon at low and medium altitudes, growing in thickets on open slopes, etc. The form Blanco described was reduced by Fernandez- Villar to Leea rubra Blume, but Walpers’s species is apparently distinct from that described by Blume. ; Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914, there known as caliantang (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No: 587). Ticorea aculeata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 85 (sp. nov.)=Leea aculeata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 127 (comb. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 227, ¢. 306 (as L. biserrata Miq.) =LEEA ACULEATA Blume. Blanco transferred his Ticorea aculeata to Leea as Leea acu- leata Blanco without reference to the earlier Leea aculeata Blume. The forms described by Blanco and by Blume under the same specific name are apparently identical. The species is widely 248 SPECIES BLANCOANAE distributed in the Philippines and is characterized by having small scattered spines on the trunk and branches, but with very few or no spines on the ultimate branchlets. Illustrative specimens from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 638) ; Arayat, Pampanga Province, Luzon, (a topotype) (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 686). ELAEOCARPACEAE ELAEOCARPUS Linnaeus Vallea calomala Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 489 (sp. nov.) =Aceratium calo- mala Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 306 (comb. noy.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 204=ELAEOCARPUS CALOMALA (Blanco) Merr. in Philip. Journ, Sci. 10 (1915) Bot. 43 (EZ. isotrichus F.-Vill., E. philippinensis Warb., Monocera isotricha Turcz.). A species of wide distribution at low and medium altitudes in _Luzon and Mindoro. By some authors it has been referred to Elaeocarpus oblongus Gaertn.; the status of Gaertner’s species is very uncertain. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, February, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 276). ELAEOCARPUS SYLVESTRIS Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 306; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 208. This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Elaeocarpus oblongus Gaertn., a species not definitely known from the Philippines, and one to which Blanco’s description does not at all apply. His specimens were from Cebu, the tree there known as cabalte or cabilte, and his description unmistakably applies to Elaeo- carpus. ‘The description is too imperfect to warrant an identi- fication of the species from it alone, and no species of the genus in our herbarium bears the native name cited by Blanco. The — petals are divided into about twelve fimbriae, the stamens are about twelve in number, awned, and the fruit is described as being smaller than a pea. The clue to the identity of this species is in the native name, or in more comprehensive collections of Elaeocarpus from Cebu than we possess at the present time. — TILIACEAE BERRIA Roxburgh Triopteris polyandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 380 (poliandra) (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 268; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 188—BERRIA AMMONILLA Roxb. This reduction was made by Fernandez-Villar, but in my previ- ous consideration of Blanco’s species I doubted the correctness __ of it, stating that Fernandez-Villar’s reduction was “certainly — TILIACEAE 249 an error, as Blanco’s description does not apply to that species [Berria ammonilla Roxb.].”” I am now of the opinion that F.- Villar was correct unless one wishes to segregate the Philippine form from the Indo-Malayan one as a distinct species, which is hardly practicable. The Philippine form has been described by Turczaninow as Hexagonotheca cordata. The species is of very local occurrence in Luzon, in Batangas, Union, Zambales, and Bataan Provinces, Blanco’s data extending the range to Bulacan. The Tagalog name pacpac balang means “locust’s wings,” ap- parently selected with reference to the fruit characters; attempts to locate the tree under the above native name resulted in the bringing in of Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq. Illustrative specimen from young trees cultivated in Manila, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 816). CORCHORUS Linnaeus Corchorus catharticus Blanco FI. Filip. (1887) 442 (sp. nov.) =CORCHO- RUS OLITORIUS Linn.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 308; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 207. The species Blanco described as new, Corchorus catharticus, in the first edition of his Flora de Filipinas, he correctly reduced to the Linnean C. olitorius in the second edition. The species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium alti- tudes in the settled areas. It occurs as a weed in waste places, open wet lands, banks or rice paddies, etc., but is not cultivated or if cultivated then on a very small scale. Illustrative specimen from Maragondong, Cavite Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 388). CORCHORUS CAPSULARIS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 442; ed. 2 (1845) 308; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 206. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium alti- tudes in the settled areas, occurring as a weed in waste places, on the banks of rice paddies, etc. It is not cultivated on a com- mercial scale in the Archipelago. Illustrative specimen from Maragondong, Cavite Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 387). Corchorus aestuans Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 441 (sp. nov.) =CORCHORUS ACUTANGULUS Lam.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 308; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 206, t. 141. This species is common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines at low altitudes; a weed, certainly introduced. — 250 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 225). TRICHOSPERMUM Blume Eroteum lanigerum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 440 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 307; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 205=TRICHOSPERMUM LANIGERUM (Blanco) comb. nov. (Trichospermum trivalve Merr.). Fernandez-Villar made no attempt to reduce this species, but Blanco’s description applies unmistakably to Trichospermum trivalve Merr., and I have no hesitation in adopting Blanco’s specific name for this species. Eroteum lanigerum Blanco is not included in Index Kewensis. Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1032). GREWIA Linnaeus Mallococca parva Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 443 (sp. nov.) =Grewia mallo- cocca Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 810; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 209, non Linn. f.=GREWIA MULTIFLORA Juss. This species is very common and widely distributed at low alti- tudes in the Philippines, its most common Tagalog name being danglin as cited by Blanco. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 547). Mallococea crenata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 442 (sp. nov.), non Forst.= Grewia ? multiflora Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 309; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 209, non Juss. =GREWIA ACUMINATA Juss. (G. umbellata Roxb.). This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. The Philippine form seems to be iden- tical with the Malayan Grewia acuminata Juss. Illustrative specimen from Union Province, Luzon, June, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 4). Helianthemum triflorum Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 309 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 208 (non Grewia triflora Walp.) =GREWIA STYLOCARPA Warb. in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 104. Blanco’s species was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Archytaea vahlii Choisy=Archytaea alternifolia (Vahl) — Hochr., of the Theaceae, but Blanco’s description does not at — all agree with this species, and moreover no representative of Archytaea is known from the Philippines. Grewia stylocarpa Warb. is very common and widely distributed in the Philippines - 2 at low and medium altitudes, and Blanco’s description applies to it. It has very many recorded native names, but the nearest approach to iring, as cited by Blanco, is camiring. vee MALVACEAE 251 Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 864). GREWIA SERRATA Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 444 (sp. nov.) =Columbia serratifolia Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 427; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 412, non DC. (Grewia ovata Merr.!). The form that Blanco described as Grewia serrata is unques- tionably identical with the one described by me in the year 1912 as Grewia ovata, and Blanco’s name should be retained for it. He erroneously reduced his species to Columbia serratifolia DC. in the second edition of his Flora de Filipinas, but it has nothing to do with the latter. His material was from Tala, Bulacan Prov- ince, Luzon, and his description conforms exactly with the char- - acters of Grewia ovata Merr. Fernandez-Villar erroneously reduced it to Grewia columnaris Sm., a species not known from the Philippines, while I previously thought that it might be the same as G. multiflora Juss. COLUMBIA Persoon Columbia anilao Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 654 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 426; ed. 8, 2 (1879) 412, t. 272=COLUMBIA SERRATIFOLIA (Cav.) DC. (C. americana Pers., Colona serratifolia Cav.). This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines and is commonly known as anilao, a name which is also applied to other species of the genus and to some species of Grewia. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Sep- tember, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 566). TRIUMFETTA Linnaeus Triumfetta semitriloba Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 406; ed. 2 (1845) 283; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 161, non Linn.=TRIUMFETTA BARTRAMIA Linn. (T. rhomboidea Jacq.). This species is common and widely distributed at low altitudes in the Philippines, as an introduced weed. Blanco’s description manifestly applies to this species, which is much more abundant in the Philippines than is true Triumfetta semitriloba Linn. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 271). MALVACEAE ABUTILON Gaertner Sida indica Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 547; ed. 2 (1845) 383; ed. 3, ' 2 (1879) 339, t. 337=ABUTILON INDICUM (Linn.) Sweet. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip-_ 252 . SPECIES BLANCOANAE pines in and about towns and in the settled areas generally; it is certainly an introduced species in the Archipelago. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No, 361). MALVASTRUM A. Gray Malva coromandelina Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 551—Malva luzonica Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 885 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1879) 348, t. 251=MALVASTRUM COROMANDELINUM (L.) Garcke (M. tricus- pidatum A. Gray). This pantropic weed, undoubtedly of American origin, is very common in and about towns in the Philippines. The original Malva coromandelina Linn. includes the present species and Sida acuta, but the first reference given by Linnaeus is mani- festly the Malvastrum and not the Sida; see Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 240. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 451). ALTHAEA Linnaeus Althaea sinensis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 552, non Cav.=ALTHAEA ROSEA Cav.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 386; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 345. Blanco’s description applies unmistakably to the common hollyhock, which he first placed under Althaea sinensis Cav., but later referred to A. rosea Cay., its proper name. He saw only cultivated specimens in northern Luzon. The species is apparently no longer cultivated in the Philippines or, if so, then very rarely. SIDA Linnaeus Sida truncatula Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 548, non J. F. Gmel.—Sida philip- pica Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 383; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 340, non DC.= SIDA RETUSA Linn. This species is common and widely distributed at low and medium altitudes in the settled areas of the Philippines. It is certainly an introduced plant in the Archipelago. It was re- duced by Fernandez-Villar to Sida rhombifolia Linn. var. retusa Mast., but I consider Sida rhombifolia and S. retusa to be spe- cifically distinct. Sida philippica DC. is an exact synonym for S. rhombifolia Linn., but Blanco’s description is unmistakably Sida retusa Linn. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 123). Sida semicrenata Link; Blanco Fl, Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 884; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 341, t. 248=SIDA RHOMBIFOLIA L. This species, certainly an introduced one in the Philippines, } , MALVACEAE 253 is found in and about towns throughout the settled areas in the Archipelago. The form described by Blanco as S. semicrenata, whether or not quite the same as Link’s species I cannot deter- mine, is exactly the form described by de Candolle as Sida philip- pica. I take it to be very typical Sida rhombifolia Linn. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 450). Sida lanceolata Retz.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 548=Sida frutescens Cav.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 384; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 341, t. 366=SIDA ACUTA Burm. f. Blanco correctly interpreted both Sida lanceolata Retz. in the first edition and Sida frutescens Cav. in the second edition of his Flora de Filipinas, but Burman’s name is much the older, dating from 1768; Sida carpinifolia Linn. f. (1781) is a synonym. It is very common in waste places in and about towns through- out the Philippines at low and medium altitudes and is certainly not a native of the Archipelago but an introduced weed. There is no indication that Blanco intended his Sida lanceolata as Retzius’s species, but this is presumably the case as he likewise does not indicate it as a new species. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No, 457). MALACHRA Linnaeus Napaea latifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 387 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1879) 846, t. 295—=MALACHRA CAPITATA Linn. A common and widely distributed weed in the Philippines, occurring in the settled areas at low altitudes. Introduced from Mexico at an early date. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 351). Napaea scabra Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 553; ed. 2 (1845) 386; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 846, non Linn. =MALACHRA FASCIATA Jacq. (M. lineari- loba Turcz., type from the Philippines, Malachra fasciata Jacq., var. lineariloba Girke). Common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low alti- tudes in the settled areas, introduced from Mexico at an early date. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 270). URENA Linnaeus Urena multifida Cav.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 540; ed. 2 (1845) 378; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 332, t. 248=URENA LOBATA Linn. Blanco’s description applies to the forms that have been 254 SPECIES BLANCOANAE described as Urena lobata Linn. and as Urena sinuata Linn., which are, I believe, not specifically distinct. Gagnepain is apparently correct in reducing the latter to the former as a variety for all intergrading forms are found; see Lecomte FI. Gén. Indochine 1 (1910) 414. Both typical Urena lobata Linn. and typical Urena sinuata Linn. are common in the Philippines, widely distributed at low altitudes in the settled areas, both certainly introduced. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1913 (form approaching Urena sinuata Linn.) (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 431). HIBISCUS Linnaeus Hibiscus bifurcatus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 545, ed. 2 (1845) 380; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 334, #. 347, non Cav.=HIBISCUS SURATTENSIS Linn. This species is widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. It is probably an introduced plant in the Archipelago. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 670). HIBISCUS TILIACEUS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 541; ed. 2, (1845) 879; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 382, t. 274. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is common along the seashore throughout the Philippines. It is commonly known as balibago and malibago. Illustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 399). HIBISCUS MUTABILIS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 546, ed. 2 (1845) 881; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 336, t. 175. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is found in the Philippines only in cultivation and is universally known as mapola. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, April, 1914 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 247). HIBISCUS ROSA-SINENSIS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ee) 543; ed. 2 (1845) 379; ed. 8, 2 (1879) 333, t. 270. The Linnean species was correctly jnteroreted by Blanco. it is found in the Philippines only in cultivation, its common Tagalog name being gomamela. - Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, April, 1914 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 246). ABELMOSCHUS Medicus Hibiscus abelmoschus Linn.; Blanco Fl, Filip. (1837) 545; ed. 2 (1845) _ 380; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 335, t. 245—ABELMOSCHUS MOSCHATUS Medic. | MALVACEAE 255 This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes in waste places, open damp lands in and about towns, etc. It is probably not a native of the Archipelago and was introduced in the prehistoric period. . Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913, here known as castoli (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 327). KOSTELETZKYA Presl Hibiscus batacensis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 544 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 380; ed. 8, 2 (1879) 334=KOSTELETZKYA BATACENSIS (Blanco) F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 24. ; This species is of very local occurrence in Luzon, and has al the appearance of an introduced weed. It was described by Blanco from Batac, Ilocos Norte Province, has been collected once in Ilocos Sur by Mearns, and once in Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon, a town bordering the City of Manila to the south. A duplicate of Mearns’s specimen was sent to Kew, and was re- ported as not matching any named species in the Kew Herbarium. The species, then, is apparently known only from the Philip- ‘pines, yet I am of the opinion that it is not a native of the Archipelago, but that it was accidentally introduced from Mexico, probably from Acapulco, through the medium of the Acapulco-Manila galleons. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 877). THESPESIA Correa Hibiscus populneus Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 544=THESPESIA POPULNEA (Linn.) Corr.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 381; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 387, t. 247. Thespesia banalo Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 382 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1879) 838, t. 269=THESPESIA POPULNEA (Linn.) Corr. After a careful examination of a very full series of Philippine specimens I can recognize but a single species here; Fernandez- Villar, however, reduced Thespesia banalo Blanco to T. macro- phylla Blume, but following Blume’s differential diagnoses of T. populnea and T. macrophylla Blanco’s T. banalo is the same as T. populnea, as Blanco described his species as having seven- nerved leaves and long pedicels. There are two forms in the Philippines, one with pedicels about as long as the petioles, and one with much shorter pedicels, but I am not convinced. that two species are represented. Along the seashore through- out the Philippines. It is commonly known as banago or banalo. ‘Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, September, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 33). | i 2956 SPECIES BLANCOANAE . Pg Thespesia sublobata Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 882 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1879) 338, t. 355=THESPESIA LAMPAS (Cav.) Dalz. & Gib. This species is not uncommon in the Philippines and is widely distributed. It has all the appearance of being an introduced plant in the Archipelago. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 561). GOSSYPIUM Linnaeus Gossypium herbaceum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 534; ed. 2 (1845) 374; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 329, non Linn.=GOSSYPIUM PUNCTATUM Sch. & Thon. The species Blanco described was interpreted by Fernandez- Villar as Gossypium herbaceum Linn., but material of the com- monly cultivated form in Batangas shows that this cotton is not the Linnean species, but that it falls in the third section of the genus as defined by Watt, fuzzy-seeded cottons with free bracteoles [The Wild and Cultivated Cotton Plants of the World (1907) 163] and is G. punctatum Sch. & Thon. or perhaps a form of G. hirsutum Linn. The form distributed herewith is certainly Blanco’s Gossypium herbaceum, as it is the common. type cultivated in Batangas, whence Blanco secured his speci- mens, and agrees with his description. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, Feb- ruary, 1915, there known as bulac (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 761). Gossypium perenne Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 587 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 376; ed. 8, 2 (1879) 8830=GOSSYPIUM ARBOREUM Linn. This species, as described by Blanco, is apparently the same as Gossypium arboreum Linn., although the Linnean species does not appear in our rather extensive Philippine collections, and if it still occurs in the Archipelago, then it must be very rare and local. Blanco definitely states that it was in former times commonly cultivated, but that its cultivation was being — abandoned on account of the small yield of fiber. The reduction to Gossypium arborewm Linn. was made by Fernandez-Villar. — The form described in the paragraph following Gossypiwm perenne Blanco under the name “fernambuco” is Gossypium brasiliense Macf. GOSSYPIUM PANICULATUM Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 539 (sp. nov.) ; ed- 2 (1845) 378; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 881. This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Gossypiudd barbadense Linn., but specimens of the cotton commonly cul- tivated in the Bocas provinces of Luzon, that agree perfectly with Blanco’s original description, show that Gossypium pani- — BOMBACACEAE—STERCULIACEAE 257 culatum Blanco has little in common with G. barbadense Linn. As the various species of Gossypium are interpreted by Watt, Gossypium paniculatum Blanco seems to be a distinct form, and one worthy of specific rank; see C, B. Robinson in Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 3438. Illustrative specimen from Tagudin, Amburayan Subprovince (formerly a part of Ilocos Sur), comm. Father M. Vanoverbergh, February, 1916, locally known to the Ilocanos as cdpas, and to - the Igorots as castil, (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 980). BOMBACACEAE BOMBAX Linnaeus Melaleuca grandiflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 615 (sp. nov.) =BOMBAX CEIBA Linn.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 372; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 324, t. 226. Apparently Blanco correctly interpreted Bombaz ceiba Linn. in the second edition of his Flora de Filipinas, the same plant being described in the first edition as a new species, Melaleuca grandiflora. The species is widely distributed in the Philip- pines at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No, 843). CEI BA Gaertner Bombax pentandrum Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 581; ed. 2 (1845) 371; ed. 8, 2 (1879) 324, t. 288=CEIBA PENTANDRA (Linn.) Gaertn. (Eriodendron anfractuosum A. DC.). This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines, but usually (? always) planted only. It is certainly not a native of the Archipelago. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 253). STERCULIACEAE PENTAPETES Linnaeus Pentapetes coccinea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 529 (sp. nov.) =Pentapetes cebuana Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 369 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 319, t. 285=PENTAPETES PHOENICEA Linn. This species is of local occurrence in open, rather wet grass- lands, and is of wide distribution in the Archipelago; certainly introduced. Illustrative specimen from Bataan Province, Luzon (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 342). 151862——17 258 SPECIES BLANCOANAE MELOCHIA Linnaeus 4 Hypericum pentandrum Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 614 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 430; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 417=MELOCHIA UMBELLATA (Houtt.) Stapf. Melochia arborea Blanco op. cit. 524 (sp. nov.); 365; 311, ¢. 1839 =MELO- CHIA UMBELLATA (Houtt.) Stapf. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines at low and medium altitudes, being one of the charac- teristic shrubs and small trees that quickly appear in recently cleared land that has been allowed to revert from cultivation. There is no doubt whatever but that both Hypericum pentandrum Blanco and Melochia arborea Blanco are the same species. The synonymy of the species is complicated, and I have previously made an attempt to clear it up; see Philip. Journ. Sci. 9 (1914) Bot. 315. | Illustrative specimen from Los Bajios, Laguna Province, Luzon, June, 1914, comm. E. aceite: (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 40). Melochia supina Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 524; ed. 2 (1845) 365; ed. 8, 2 (1879) 810=MELOCHIA CONCATENATA Linn. (M. corchori- folia Linn.). Geruma subtriloba Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 182 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 130; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 2832=MELOCHIA CONCATENATA Linn. (M. corchorifolia Linn.). Melochia supina Linn. was correctly interpreted by Rinne, but it is a synonym of M. concatenata Linn., which has page priority over both M. corchorifolia Linn. and M. supina Linn. The same form was otherwise described by Blanco as a new species, Geruma subtriloba Blanco, which was correctly reduced by Fernandez-Villar. It is very common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 325). WALTHERIA Linnaeus . WALTHERIA AMERICANA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 523; ed. 2 — (1845) 364; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 309. : The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. Waltheria indica Linn, is a synonym and is the name used by most authors for the species; however, Waltheria americana — Linn. has priority and should be retained. The species is com- — mon and widely distributed in the Philippines, occurring as a weed in the open country of the settled areas at low and medium eb, altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Maragondong, Cavite Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 156). j : j é STERCULIACEAE 259 COMMERSONIA Forster Commersonia echinata Forst.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 160; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 287=COMMERSONIA BARTRAMIA (Linn.) Merr. Inter- pret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 362. I am now of the opinion that the Philippine form is the same as the Polynesian one and that Blanco correctly interpreted Forster’s species. Most of our material, however, has been referred to C. platyphylla Andr., which I do not consider to be specifically distinct from C. echinata Forst.=C. bartramia (Linn.) Merr. Common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 576). ABROMA Jacquin Ambroma communis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 606 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 423; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 404, t. 425 bis=ABROMA FASTUOSA Jacq. Ambroma alata Blanco op. cit. 605 (sp. nov.); 422; 404= ASPAMA FAS- TUOSA Jacq. Abroma fastuosa Jacq. (Ambroma augusta Linn. f.) is com- mon and widely distributed in the Philippines, and the very pubescent local form has been described by Presl as Abroma obliqua Presl, this form probably being identical with A. mollis DC. From the abundant Philippine and Indo-Malayan speci- mens available for comparison, I do not now see how more than one species can be distinguished in the Philippine material. Ambroma communis Blanco is manifestly identical with A. augusta Jacq., while A. alata Blanco is apparently merely a form of the same species. The distinguishing character that Blanco gives for the latter is in the leaf description; namely, ‘dos alas apareadas que siguen el curso de las venas.” Ambroma alata Blanco was retained as a distinct species by Fernandez-Villar. Illustrative specimens from Bauang, Batangas Province, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 806) ; Los Bajios, Laguna Province, Luzon, comm. F. W. Foxworthy, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 808). THEOBROMA Linnaeus THEOBROMA CACAO Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 601; ed. 2 (1845) 419; ed. 8, 2 (1879) 408, t. 275. This was introduced into the Philippines in 1663 from Mexico, through the medium of the Acapulco-Manila galleons; it is cul- tivated in all parts of the Archipelago. Illustrative specimen from ENEBs cape mere 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 579).: 260 SPECIES BLANCOANAE PTEROSPERMUM Schreber Pterospermum hastatum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 528 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 367; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 317, t. 182=PTEROSPERMUM DIVER- SIFOLIUM Blume Bijdr. (1825) 88. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines at low and medium altitudes. On young plants and saplings the leaves are usually deeply palmately lobed. Gen- erally known as bayog by the Tagalogs. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No, 532). PTEROSPERMUM OBLIQUUM Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 529 (sp. nov.) = Pterospermum semisagittatum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 368; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 318, t. 456, non Ham. Blanco erred in reducing his Pterospermum obliquum to P. semisagittatum Ham., as the latter species does not extend to the Philippines. Exact synonyms of Pterospermum obliquum Blanco are Sczegleewia involucrata Turcz. (1858), and Pteros- permum sczegleewia Turcz. (1863). From Blanco’s description, “Hojas * * * blancas * * * por debajo,” itis probable that he also included the form later described as Pterospermum niveum by Vidal, a species, however, quite distinct from Pteros- permum obliquum Blanco as here interpreted. Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, December, 1912 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 286). HELICTERES Linnaeus Dombeya decanthera Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 349, non Cav.=Dombeya biserrata Blanco op, cit. ed. 2 (1845) 244 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 90, t. 91=HELICTERES HIRSUTA Lour. (H. spicata Colebr.). Mimusops talosan Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 284 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 198; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 6=HELICTERES HIRSUTA Lour. Fernandez-Villar reduced Mimusops talosan Blanco to Helic- teres spicata Colebr. var. lanigera Mast., but H. spicata Colebr. is the same as H. hirsuta Lour. This is certainly the correct disposition of Mimusops talosan Blanco. It is very curious that Blanco should have interpreted as a Mimusops a species | so entirely unrelated to that genus. Dombeya decanthera Blanco is manifestly the same as Mimusops talosan Blanco. The spe- cies is common and widely distributed in the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, April, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 577). , KLEINHOVIA Linnaeus KLEINHOVIA HOSPITA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 652; ed. 2 (1845) _ 455; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 57, t. $28... | 3 ; STERCULIACEAE 261 Kleinhovia serrata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 653 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 456; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 58=KLEINHOVIA HOSPITA Linn. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is common and widely distributed in the Archipelago at low altitudes, and it is especially characteristic of recently cleared areas that are reverting to a forested condition. Tanag is its most universally used native name. Fernandez-Villar did not attempt to reduce Kleinhovia serrata. Blanco’s description is very short, but he states that it was scarcely to be distinguished from Kleinhovia hospita Linn. His specimens were from Pasig. The pubescent form of Kleinhovia hospita still occurs in Pasig, but is no longer common. The only possible objection to this reduction of Blanco’s species is his description of the leaves as serrate; young leaves are sometimes very obscurely 3-lobed. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, August, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 291). STERCULIA Linnaeus STERCULIA FOETIDA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip, (1837) 763; ed. 2 (1845) 524; ed. 8, 3 (1879) 162, t. 134. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low alti- tudes and is commonly known as calumpang. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 317). Sterculia balanghas Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 765; ed. 2 (1845) 525; ed. 8, 3 (1879) 165, non Linn. =STERCULIA CUNEATA R., Br. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, presenting considerable variation espe- cially in vegetative characters. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914, here known as malabonot (M errill: Species Blan- coanae No. 287). | Sterculia alata Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 525; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 165, t. 401, non Roxb.=STERCULIA BLANCO! Rolfe. This species is widely distributed in the northern and central Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Fernandez-Villar con- . Sidered that Blanco correctly interpreted Roxburgh’s species, but the Philippine form is quite different from that described by Roxburgh. Illustrative specimen (a topotype) from Angat, Bulacan Prov- ince, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 741). 262 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Sterculia cordifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 764 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 525; ed. 8, 3 (1879) 163, non Cav.=STERCULIA PHILIPPINENSIS Merr. ; Sterculia philippinensis Merr. is merely a new name for Ster- culia cordifolia Blanco, non Cay. Blanco’s species was errone- ously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Sterculia wrens Roxb., one that does not extend to the Philippines. Sterculia philippinensis Merr. is a sufficiently characteristic species of wide distribution in the northern and central Philippines. PTEROCYMBIUM R. Brown Heritiera tinctoria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 653 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 456; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 59=PTEROCYMBIUM TINCTORIUM (Blanco) Merr. in Goyt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 24, This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines at low altitudes and is very generally known to the Taga- logs as taloto or teluto. Blanco’s species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to the very closely allied Pterocymbium java- nicum R. Br., but even if the Philippine form is specifically identical with the Javan one, Blanco’s specific name is the older. Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 870). HERITIERA Dryander Helicteres apetala Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 383, non Jacq.=Sterculia cymbiformis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 526 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 167, t. 3,1 =HERITIERA LITTORALIS Dry. The species that Blanco first erroneously referred to Jacquin’s Helicteres apetala he later described as a new species, Sterculia. cymbiformis. The species is common and is found along the seashore throughout the Philippines. It is widely known as dungon late or merely as dungon, although the latter name prop- erly belongs to Tarrietia sylvatica Merr. filustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1914, comm. ae L. J. Reyes (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 621). DILLENIACEAE TETRACERA Linnaeus Delima aspera Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 429 (sp. nov.): ed. 2 (1845) 299; ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 191, t. 199=TETRACERA VOLUBILIS (Linn.) Merr. | Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 867 [Tetracera sarmentosa (Linn.) Vahl, Delima sarmentosa Linn.}. Tetracera monocarpa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 459 (sp. nov.)=Tetracera — sarmentosa Vahl; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 320, ed. 3, 2 (1878) 227=TETRACERA VOLUBILIS (Linn.) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 367. 1% OCHNACEAE 263 There seems to be but the single species represented, although Fernandez-Villar reduced Tetracera monocarpa Blanco to Tetra- cera macrophylla Wall. (T. macrocarpa Wall.), a species that does not extend to the Philippines. As to a name for the Philip- pine form, the oldest is Delima frangulifolia Presl, a species identical with those of Blanco enumerated above. The species is of very wide distribution in the Philippines and is widely known under its Tagalog name malacatmon. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 369). DILLENIA Linnaeus Dillenia indica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 472, non Linn.=Dillenia speciosa Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 329; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 244, t. 199, non Thunb.=DILLENIA PHILIPPINENSIS Rolfe. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines at low and medium altitudes, being universally known as catmon. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 598). SAURAUIA Willdenow : Gordonia polysperma Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 549 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 384 (polisperma) ; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 342=SAURAUIA POLYSPERMA (Blanco) comb. nov. (Saurauia subglabra Merr.). Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Homalium foetidum Benth., of the Flacourtiaceae, bui this species does not occur in the Philippines, while moreover Blanco’s description does not con- form at all with the characters of Homalium. Almost word for word the description conforms with the characters of Saurauia subglabra Merr., a species that is locally abundant in the regions from which Blanco secured most of his botanical material. Among the numerous species of Sawrauia now known from the Philippines, S. swbglabra Merr. best conforms with Blanco’s description, and I have no hesitation in adopting Blan- co’s specific name in place of subglabra Merr. It is closely allied to Saurauia tristyla DC. OCHNACEAE OCHNA Linnaeus OCHNA FASCICULARIS Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 245 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 92. This species was retained by Fernandez-Villar as distinct, but was erroneously transferred to Brackenridgea, as B. fascieu- 264 SPECIES BLANCOANAE laris (Blanco) F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 40. Van Tieghem has transferred it to the genus Notochnella as N. fascicularis (Blanco) Van Tiegh. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VIII 16 (1902) 403. It is rather widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimens from Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 857, 916). THEACEAE THEA Linnaeus Salceda montana Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 874 (gen. et. sp. nov.) ; ed. 8, 2 (1879) 827=THEA MONTANA (Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 21. This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Camellia lan- ceolata (Blume) Seem., and it is very closely related to Calpan- dria lanceolata Blume if not identical with it. Until there is a critical revision of the genus or until opportunity is had to ex- amine Blume’s type, it is perhaps best to consider the Philippine form as distinct under the name Thea montana (Blanco) Merr. The species is common and widely distributed on the mountains of the Philippines at medium and higher altitudes. Illustrative specimens from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 841): Bataan Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Species Blancoanae No. 894). Camellia sasanqua Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 530 ed. 2 (1845) 371; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 322, (sesanqua) non ? Thunb.=THEA sp. The status of the form that Blanco described is indeterminable from his description. His material was from a plant cultivated in Manila, which he believed to be the tea plant. No represent- ative of the genus is to be found in cultivation in or near Manila at the present time. Fernandez-Villar referred it to Camellia drupifera Lour., but all that can definitely be determined is that it is a species of Thea, perhaps Thea sinensis Linn. TERNSTROEMIA Nuttall Lianosia toquian Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 319 (gen. et sp. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 225=TERNSTROEMIA TOQUIAN F-.-Vill. (Taonabo to- quian Merr., Ternstroemia lobbiana Pierre). This species is widely distributed on the mountains of the Philippines. snd Illustrative specimen from Mount Arayat, Pampanga Prov-_ a, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blansqanse No. 720 GUTTIFERAE 265 GUTTIFERAE CRATOXYLON Blume Hypericum aegyptium Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 615 (aegiptium); ed. 2 (1845) 430; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 418, non Linn. =CRATOXYLON FORMO- SUM (Jack) Dyer. _ The species is common and of wide distribution in the Philip- pines. The leaves are commonly acute or minutely acuminate, more rarely slightly retuse at the apex as Blanco described the form he had. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- ruil: Species Blancoanae No. 632). Cratoxylon hornschuchii Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 86; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 65, non Bluyome=CRATOXYLON CELEBICUM Blume [C. floribundum (Turcz.) F.-Vill.]. Cratoxylum sumatranum Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3 (1877-83) t. 308, non Blume=CRATOXYLON CELEBICUM Blume. Llanos’s conception of Cratoxylon'hornschuchii Blume was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to C. sumatranum BI., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. The description applies very closely to Cratoxylon floribundum F.-Vill., a species based on Philippine material, but which I am unable to distinguish from Cratozylon celebicum Blume. C. floribundum F.-Vill. is, however, considered by Gagnepain to be identical with C. clan- destinum Blume, so that apparently a critical examination of Blume’s types will be necessary to settle the status of the three species involved. Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 390). __>Hypericum olympicum Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 613; ed. 2 (1845) 429; ed. @ 8, 2 (1878) 416, non Linn.=CRATOXYLON BLANCO! Blume. ? Cratoxylon hornschuchii Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3 (1877-83) t. 254, non Blume=CRATOXYLON BLANCO! Blume. Cratoxylon blancoi Blume is merely a new name for Hypericum olympicum Blanco, non Linn., and hence the species must be interpreted from Blanco’s description. There are but two pos- sible interpretations of Blanco’s species, one the broad-leaved, short-petioled form with the leaves subacute to rounded or cordate at the base, and one the narrow-leaved form which is Cratoxylon floribundum (Turcz.) F.-Vill. which I consider to be identical with C. celebicum Blume, and which Gagnepain, Not. Syst. 1 (1909) 20, refers to C. clandestinum Blume. Cratoxy- lon blancoi is certainly not the same as C. arborescens (Vahl) 266 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Blume, as Gagnepain has considered it, for C. arborescens does not extend to the Philippines. Blanco’s description is unsatis- factory and applies in part to both C. blancoi, as here interpreted, and to C. floribundum F.-Vill.; as to leaf form the former, as to leaf base both the former, as I interpret it, and to the latter. The original description of the leaves is “escotadas en la base, ovales.” Cratoxylon blancoi Bl. as I interpret it always has oval leaves, but they are often cordate at the base, not always tapering, while C. floribundum F.-Vill. never has oval leaves. The same native names are applied to both forms. Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, June, March, 1915, there known as guyong-guyong (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 851, 929, 972). CALOPHYLLUM Linnaeus _ 7 Tovomita pentapetala Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 432 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) . 301; ed. 38, 2 (1878) 194=CALOPHYLLUM PENTAPETALUM (Blanco) comb. nov. | This is exactly Calophyllum amplexicaule Choisy ex Planch. & Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat. IV 15 (1861) 281, which was described from a Philippine specimen, Cuming 1212, from Ilocos Norte | Province, Luzon. Fernandez-Villar, on account of Blanco’s erro- neous description of the flowers as having five petals, placed it in Ochrocarpus as Ochrocarpus blancoi F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 17, which thus becomes a synonym of Calophyllum pen- tapetalum. The species is decidedly characteristic among our numerous species of Calophyllum and is widely distributed in the Ilocano provinces at low altitudes, extending southward to Pangasinan and Zambales Provinces. Numerous specimens bear the same native names as those cited by Blanco or cognate forms of them. e Illustrative specimens from San Fernando, Union Province, __ Luzon, comm. R. Lete, Feb. 22, 1916, there known as pamit- tanguen (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 969) ; Lepanto Sub- — —_ province, comm. P. de la Peta (Merrill: Species Blancoanae — No. 184). : CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 612 (éno- phillum) ; ed. 2 (1845) 428; ed. 8, 2 (1879) 415, t. 256. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. This tree is found along the seashore throughout the Philip- — pines, being very generally known by its Spanish name palo maria, also as dancalan, bitaog, and other local names. It yields a valuable timber. : GUTTIFERAE 267 Illustrative specimen from Limay, Bataan Province, Luzon, December, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 936). Calophyllum apetalum Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 429; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 415, non Willd.=CALOPHYLLUM KUNSTLERI King. Blanco’s description as to the fruits, “Nuez de cuatro lados, que se abre por ellos,” does not apply to Calophyllum and may be due to a mixture of specimens on the part of Blanco. The species, moreover, may not belong in Calophyllum, although re- duced by Fernandez-Villar to C. spectabile Willd. On the whole Blanco’s description applies better to Calophyllum kunstleri King than to any other species known to me. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 336). KAYEA Wallich Plinia paniculata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 423 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 296; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 184=KAYEA PANICULATA (Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 29. This species was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Kayea racemosa Pl. & Tr., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. It is widely distributed at low and medium alti- tudes in the Archipelago. Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 895). GARCINIA Linnaeus Cambogia binucao Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 434 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 302; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 196=GARCINIA BINUCAO (Blanco) Choisy. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes; it is commonly known to the Tagalogs as binucao and bilucao, from whence Blanco’s specific name. Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 89). Cambogia venulosa Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 435 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 303; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 197=GARCINIA VENULOSA (Blanco) Choisy (G. cornea F.-Vill. non Linn., G. blancoi Pierre). The species is decidedly characteristic and is widely distrib- uted in the Philippines. The peculiar, fine longitudinal reticu- lations of the leaves are well indicated by Blanco in the phrase: “la pagina inferior Ilena de venillas que se dirigen acia el apice.” The native names are not constant, those appearing on various specimens in the herbarium of the Bureau of Science being taclang anac, bilucao, gatasan, and others. It is doubtful whether 268 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Garcinia cumingiana Pierre and G. calleryi Pierre are specifically distinct from G. venulosa Choisy. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 569). - Stalagmitis ? cambogioides Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 301; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 195, non Murr.=? GARCINIA DULCIS (Roxb.) Kurz. I have found no mention of this species in the Novissima Appendix, but it is almost certainly Garcinia, although perhaps not Garcinia dulcis Kurz. The description is not good and does not apply at all well.to Kurz’s species; at the present time, however, I can suggest no other possible reduction of the species. Garcinia duleis is widely distributed in the Philippines, extend- ing from northern Luzon to Palawan and Mindanao. Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 881). Cambogia crassifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1845) 304 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 198=? GARCINIA sp. Fernandez-Villar referred this to Garcinia cowa Roxb., a spe- cies that does not extend to the Philippines. Blanco described only the leaves, and these very briefly, stating further that it was a tree originating in Cebu, there known as sadugan, and yielding a substance similar to gambir having an agreeable odor; he apparently saw neither flowers nor fruits. An attempt to locate the species through the native name sadugan in Cebu brought in specimens of Horsfieldia ardisiifolia Warb., which does not at all conform to the leaf characters indicated by Blanco for his Cambogia crassifolia. There is no special reason for considering that it even belongs in the Guttiferae. DIPTEROCARPACEAE DIPTEROCARPUS Linnaeus Mocanera grandiflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 451 (sp. nov.) =DIPTERO- | CARPUS GRANDIFLORUS Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 314 (nom. nov.) ; ed, 3, 2 (1878) 218, t. 263. This species is common and widely distributed in the Phil- ippines, occurring in the primeval forest at low and medium altitudes. It is almost universally known as apitong, a name rarely applied to any other species, and apitong is the commercial name of the timber produced by this tree. Illustrative specimen from Bataan Province, Luzon, July, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 119). 7 Mocanera verniciflua Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 540 (sp. nov.) =DIPTERO- CARPUS VERNICIFLUUS Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 314 (comb. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 217, t. 183. DIPTEROCARPACEAE 269 This is of wide distribution in the Philippines, extending from northern Luzon to Mindanao and Palawan. It is almost univer- sally known as panao, and this native name is rarely applied to any other species and then usually through error. Dzipterocar- pus fulvus Blume (1856) and D. velutinus Vidal (1886) are exact synonyms. Illustrative specimen from Bataan Province, Luzon, July, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No, 147); Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 910). ANISOPTERA Korthals Mocanera thurifera Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 446 (sp. nov.) =Diptero- carpus thurifer Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 310 (comb. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 212, t. 264—=ANISOPTERA THURIFERA (Blanco) Blume. Mocanera mayapis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 449 (sp. nov.) =Dipterocarpus mayapis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 310 (comb. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 212—ANISOPTERA THURIFERA (Blanco) Blume. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines at low altitudes, ascending in forests to 750 meters. There is no valid reason for considering Mocanera mayapis Blanco= Dipterocarpus mayapis Blanco other than a synonym of Anisop- tera thurifera (Blanco) Blume. The most commonly used native names for the species are mayapis and palosapis. Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 405). HOPEA Roxburgh Mocanera plagata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 447 (sp. nov.) = Dipterocarpus plagatus Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 311 (comb. nov.) ; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 212—=HOPEA PLAGATA (Blanco) Vidal. This valuable timber tree is widely distributed in the Philip- pines, being one of the characteristic species of the primeval forest at low and medium altitudes. It is commercially known as yacal, and its timber enters the Manila market in large quanti- ties. Blanco’s species was erroneously reduced by Fernandez- Villar to Shorea reticulata Thwaites, a species that does not extend to the Philippines. . . Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914, there known as yacal or saplongan (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No. 109). SHOREA Roxburgh Mocanera polysperma Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 448 (sp. nov.) =Diptero- carpus polyspermus Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 812 (comb. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 213=SHOREA POLYSPERMA (Blanco) Merr. (Hopea tangili Blume). ; This valuable timber tree is widely distributed in the Philip- 270 : SPECIES BLANCOANAE pines, the commercial name of its timber being tanguile. Blan- co’s specific name does not apply, and his selection of the name was probably due to the fact that he had fruits of an entirely different plant. His description, otherwise, applies well to the species as interpreted, and there is no doubt as to the identity of the illustrative material with Blanco’s plant. Illustrative specimen from Limay, Bataan Province, Luzon, June, 1914, there known as tanguile (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No. 85). Mocanera guiso Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 449 (sp. nov.) = Dipterocarpus guiso Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 313 (comb. nov.) ; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 215=SHOREA GUISO (Blanco) Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2 (1856) 34. Euphoria malaanonan Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 286 (sp. nov.) Euphoria ? Nephelium ? Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 200, ed. 3, 2661878). I= SHOREA GUISO (Blanco) Blume. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines, occurring in primeval forests at low and medium altitudes. It is a valuable timber tree and the timber is commercially known as gutjo, the local name of the tree being guijo or guiso. Ewupho- ria malaanonan Blanco has long been a puzzle, but it is now perfectly clear that the species described by Blanco is Shorea guiso Blanco supplied with large spiny galls. Many specimens of this exist in the herbarium of the Bureau of Science, as it is very frequently secured by native collectors under the im- pression that the gall is a fruit. Blanco describes the “fruit” of Huphoria malaanonan as an ovoid pouch bristling with in- curved processes which become hard and spine-like at maturity, an excellent description of the common gall on Shorea guiso Blume. He further states that the “fruit” contained nothing, the interior being devoured by insects, modified by the statement that in one he did find a single seed; in this he certainly was mistaken. In the second edition he repeated the description, considering it as possibly a Euphoria, possibly as a Nephelium. It is perfectly clear that he placed it in this group on account of the spiny galls resembling the fruits of certain species of Nephelium. Fernandez-Villar placed it as a synonym of Shorea robusta Gaertn., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. Blanco’s Euphoria malaanonan has page priority over Mocanera guiso, the name-bringing synonym of Shorea guiso Blume, but it cannot be adopted in place of the latter as it is based on as abnormality; it is further invalidated by Shorea malaanonan ume. DIPTEROCARPACEAE 271 Illustrative specimen from Limay, Bataan Province, Luzon, July, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 407). Dipterocarpus palosapis Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 312 (sp. nov.); ed. 8, 2 (1878) 214=SHOREA PALOSAPIS (Blanco) comb. nov. [Hopea squamata Turez. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. 31* (1858) 239; Shorea squamata Dyer ex Vidal Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 62]. Blanco’s entire description consists of but three and one-half lines, and is, of course, very imperfect and inadequate. Some botanists might consider his name a nomen nudum or at least a nomen subnudum, yet there is no doubt as to the identity of the species he intended to describe. The species commonly known as Shorea squamata Dyer is the only representative of the entire family Dipterocarpaceae that has: “hojas * * * con dos estipulas anchas en la base,” while Blanco’s description otherwise applies; it is not, however, similar to Dipterocarpus polyspermus Blanco (=Shorea polysperma Merr.), to which Blanco compares it, except in size. Blanco’s species was erro- neously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Shorea floribunda Kurz, a species that does not extend to the Philippines. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, the Tagalog name palosapis, cited by Blanco, properly belonging to Anisoptera thurifera Blume; the name mayapis, however, appears on thir- teen different collections of Shorea palosapis as here interpreted. Illustrative specimen from Samar, August, 1914, comm. M. Oro (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 737). PARASHOREA Kurz Mocanera malaanonan Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 858 (sp. nov.) =Diptero- carpus malaanonan Blanco op, cit. ed. 2 (1845) 312 (comb, nov); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 214=PARASHOREA MALAANONAN (Blanco) comb. nov. (Parashorea plicata Brandis, Shorea malaanonan Blume). Fernandez-Villar enumerated this under Blume’s name, Shorea malaanonan (Blanco) Blume, but no attempt was made to refer botanical material to the species until Mr. Rolfe and myself interpreted the species as being the same as Shorea polita Vidal; see Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 115. I am now convinced that this interpretation was erroneous; that Shorea polita is a valid species entirely distinct from Mocanera malaanonan Blanco; and that Blanco’s species is identical with the common and widely distributed Philippine Parashorea plicata Brandis. Among all the Philippine Dipterocarpaceae, Parashorea plicata Brandis is the only one that agrees with Blanco’s description in the characters of the leaves, whitish beneath, which are further described as wide, pointed, and a “geme” (i. e., 15 to 272 SPECIES BLANCOANAE 18 cm) long, while the pericarp of the fruit is described as fragile. The description conforms to Parashorea plicata, and I have not the slightest hesitation in adjusting the synonymy. The native name cited by Blanco, malaanonan, is valueless in interpreting the species, as it is a made up one, literally “false anonang,” anonang—Cordia myxa Linn., and, as used to-day, is very loosely applied, although I have specimens of Parashorea plicata Brandis from Laguna Province, Luzon, bearing this name. Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, comm. N. Catalan, June 20, 1914, with the Tagalog name malaanonang (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1 058). VATICA Linnaeus VATICA MANGACHAPOI Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 401 (sp. nov.) =Vatica apteranthera Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 281 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 156. Vatica sinensis Blanco op. cit. 401; 280; 156 (chinensis), non J. F. Gmel.= ? VATICA MANGACHAPOI Blanco, The correctness of this interpretation of Vatica mangachapoi Blanco is very doubtful, but I have followed Vidal, Brandis, and Foxworthy. It is to be noted that the name mangachapot is apparently never applied to the species as here interpreted, but is used for Hopea acuminata Merr., H. pierrei Hance, and per- haps some other species. Vatica sinensis is said by Blanco to differ from V. mangachapoi in having the anthers winged, so that probably the plant he described under this name was not the same as his V. apteranthera (=V. mangachapoi). As to anthesis, Vatica mangachapoi, as here interpreted, produces flowers from December to June in the provinces near Manila, while Blanco indicates May for both species discussed above. Foxworthy has placed here also Mocanera mangachapoi Blanco Fi. Filip. (1837) 450 (sp. nov.) =Dipterocarpus mangachapoi Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 318, ed. 3, 2 (1878) 216, but I believe this to be incorrect. Blanco cites the native names mangachapoi and guisong dilao (i. e., yellow guiso) ; forms of this name appear on specimens of the Philippine plant that have been referred — : to Shorea balangeran (Korth.) Dyer, such as guisong madlao and guisoe amarillo (amarillo Sp.=yellow). However, none of our numerous specimens of Shorea balangeran bear the other native name cited by Blanco, mangachapoi, and Blanco’s descrip- tion of the leaves as “membranaceas” does not apply to S, balan- geran. The identity of the species may later be determined from special collections in Bulacan and Rizal with reference to the native names cited by Blanco, and I suspect that the species is ELATINACEAE 273 really a Hopea, or perhaps a Shorea, from the fact that the fruit is described as being “como en la especie plagata,” i. e., Hopea plagata (Blanco) Vid. Illustrative specimen from Bataan Province, Luzon, June, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 866). ELATINACEAE BERGIA Linnaeus Tillaea rubella Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 75 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 56; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 106=BERGIA AMMANNIOIDES Roxb. In this reduction I follow Fernandez-Villar, for I can see no reason for distinguishing the Philippine form from the Asiatic one. The species is of very local occurrence in the Philippines, growing as a weed in old rice lands at low altitudes in Luzon. It is similar to Bergia serrata Blanco (B. glandulosa Turcz.), from which it is distinguished by its shorter pedicels, somewhat smaller, more crowded flowers, and usually 3 or 5 instead of 10 stamens. Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1915, June, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 886, 979). BERGIA SERRATA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 3887 (sp. nov.) =Spergula serrata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 271 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 140. The first name is the correct one, and the species is identical with Bergia glandulosa Turez. (1854), which was based on Cuming 1058 from Luzon. It differs from Bergia ammannioides Roxb., to which it is very closely allied, in its longer pedicels, somewhat larger flowers, and 10 instead of 3 to 5 stamens. Blanco’s description of the leaves as “sesiles, * * * abra- zando al tallo” is not good, but otherwise the description, habitat, and time of flowering apply perfectly to the species as here in- terpreted, while no other Philippine plant known to me has the characters indicated by Blanco for his species. It was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Bergia verticillata Willd.—B. capensis Linn., a species unknown from the Philippines and one to which Blanco’s description does not apply. The species is widely dis- tributed in Luzon at low and medium altitudes, but is of local occurrence; it grows in dried out rice paddies and in other similar habitats. ‘ Illustrative specimen from Pasig, Rizal Province, Luzon (a topotype), growing in dried out rice paddies, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 723). 151862——18 274 SPECIES BLANCOANAE BIXACEAE BIXA Linnaeus BIXA ORELLANA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 456; ed. 2 (1845) 317; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 221, t. 231. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is common and widely distribtued in the Philippines in cultiva- tion; introduced from Mexico at an early date. It is universally known as achuete. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 350). FLACOURTIACEAE PANGIUM Reinwardt _Z Hydnocarpus polyandra Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 445 (sp. nov.); ed. 8, 3 (1879) 200, t. 391=PANGIUM EDULE Reinw. This species is widely distributed in the central and southern Philippines at low altitudes; it is generally known as pangwi. Illustrative specimen from Samar, April, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 18). SCOLOPIA Schreber _7 Banara racemosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 425 (sp. nov.) =Flacourtia coro- llata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 559 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 220, t. 867=SCOLOPIA LUZONENSIS (Presl) Warb. Banara brevifolia Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 1 (1837) 426 (sp. nov.) =Flacourtia parvifolia Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 560 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 3 (1879) 220=SCOLOPIA LUZONENSIS (Presl) Warb. The first of the above was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Scolopia rhinanthera Clos, a species not known from the Phil- ippines; and the second to Scolopia dasyanthera Benn., which was described from Philippine material and is a synonym of S. luzonensis Warb. There is no doubt whatever as to the cor- rectness of the reduction of Banara racemosa Blanco=Flacourtia corollata Blanco to Scolopia luzonensis Warb., and there is equally little doubt but that Banara brevifolia Blanco—Flacourtia parvi- — folia Blanco (F.. parviflora in Index Kewensis) is merely a small- leaved form of the same species. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 836, 911). FLACOURTIA Jussieu Myroxylon decline Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 813 (Miroxilum) (sp. nov.) = Stigmarota edulis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 560 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 221=FLACOURTIA INDICA (Burm. f.) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 377 (F. sepiaria Roxb.). ae ee. ee ae bh FLACOURTIACEAE 275 This species is common and widely distributed at low and medium altitudes in Luzon, in open places and thickets. It is commonly known as bitangol. Illustrative specimen from Balayan, Batangas Province, Lu- zon, August, 1914 there known as bitangol (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 99). CASEARIA Jacquin _/Anavinga fuliginosa Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 372 (sp. nov.) =CASEARIA FULIGINOSA Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 262 (comb. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 123, t. 90. This is apparently a valid species and is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. It was erro- neously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to the entirely different Casearia grewiaefolia Vent. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 860). Samyda trivalvis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 374 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 263; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 124=CASEARIA TRIVALVIS (Blanco) comb. nov. [Casearia solida Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 46]. This species was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Casearia fragilis Vent., a species of the Mascarene Islands, and one that does not extend to the Philippines. I can see no reason : for considering Samyda trivalvis Blanco to be other than the recently described Casearia solida Merr., and I accordingly here accept Blanco’s specific name for the form. Samyda trivalvis Blanco does not appear in Index Kewensis. Illustrative specimens from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Prov- ince, Luzon, March, 1915, comm. A. Villamil (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 893) ; Mount Mariveles, Bataan Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 901). Samyda serrulata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 874, non Linn. =Samyda pubes- cens Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 263; ed. 3, 2 (1878) aes non Linn.= — CASEARIA CINEREA Turcz. Blanco’s species was reduced by Permandes Villard to Casearia tomentosa Roxb., a species that is not known from the Philip- pines. Casearia cinerea Turcz. has been reduced to C. grewiae- folia Vent. and is certainly very closely allied to that species if not identical with it. It is widely distributed in Luzon at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Mount Batulao, Batangas Province, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 821). 276 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Laurus serrata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 319 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 224; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 55 (non Casearia serrata Macf.) =CASEARIA CRE- NATA Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 99. This species is widely distributed at low and medium altitudes in Luzon. Although Blanco’s description is short and imperfect, there is no doubt as to the correctness of this reference of his species. It was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Casearia glome- rata Roxb., a species not known from the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 584). PASSIFLORACEAE ADENIA Forskal Passifiora zucca Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 648 (sp. nov.) =Modecea trilobata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 452; ed. 38, 3 (1879) 52, non Roxb.= ADENIA ZUCCA (Blanco) comb. nov. Passiflora parviflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 647, non Sw.=Modecca ? parviflora Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 453; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 52, non G. Don=ADENIA ZUCCA (Blanco) Merr. Passifiora coccinea Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 650 (sp. nov.), non Aubl., nec Banks=Modecca ? coccinea Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 453 (comb. nov.) ; ed. 38, 3 (1879) 53=ADENIA ZUCCA (Blanco) Merr. (Adenia coccinea Merr.). This variable species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, commonly occurring in dry thickets. Among the three forms considered by Blanco I can see no reason for recognizing more than one species. Passiflora zucca and Passiflora parviflora are certainly the same species and repre- sent the form with 3-lobed leaves; Passiflora coccinea is the commoner form in the Philippines, the leaves not lobed. Some- times plants are found presenting only entire leaves, sometimes only 3-lobed leaves, but frequently both entire and 3-lobed leaves - are found on the same branch. Of Blanco’s species considered | above, the first was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Modecca ~ palmata Lam., the second to M. cardiophylla Mast., and the third _ to M. heterophylla Blume, none of which is definitely known to occur in the Philippines. S Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Provines, Luzon, = March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 892). : PASSIFLORA Linnaeus Passifiora minima Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 647, non Jacq.=Passiflora serrulata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 452, ed. 3, 3 (1879) 50, t. 414 (as P. laurifolia Linn.), non Jacq.=PASSIFLORA EDULIS Sims. _ Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco was correct in his is : CARICACEAE—BEGONIACEAE 277 reference of this to Passiflora serrulata Jacq., in the second edition of the Flora de Filipinas. A series of specimens from cultivated plants, collected in various parts of the Philippines, agree perfectly with Blanco’s description, and also agree with material from tropical America determined as Passiflora edulis Sims. Pending a thorough revision of the genus, it seems best to refer the form Blanco described to Sims’s species. It is only occasionally found in cultivation and is nowhere abundant in the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Baguio, Benguet Subprovince, Lu- zon, from cultivated specimens, October, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 987). CARICACEAE CARICA Linnaeus CARICA PAPAYA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 803; ed. 2 (1845) 553; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 212. Carica hermaphrodita Blanco op. cit. 805 (sp. nov.); 554; 212=CARICA PAPAYA Linn. The Linnean species was correctly piiwited by Blanco, the normal form with dioecious flowers. The form described by Blanco as Carica hermaphrodita bears small fruits from female or perfect flowers on the elongated staminate inflorescences, such plants otherwise resembling normal staminate ones. This form is rare, individual trees being occasionally found. The papaya was introduced into the Philippines at an early date by the Spaniards, is now common and widely distributed in the Archipelago, and in some localities is thoroughly naturalized. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 675). BEGONIACEAE BEGONIA Linnaeus Begonia capensis | Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 724; ed. 2 (1845) 501; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 127, ¢. 413, non Linn. f.=BEGONIA NIGRITARUM Stend. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines and pre- sents considerable variation. Fernandez-Villar was correct in reducing Blanco’s Begonia capensis to Begonia rhombicarpa A. DC. (1859), but Steudel’s name (1821), based on Acetosa nigri- tarum Kamel, is the older. This species is still commonly known to the Tagalogs as lingat and pifgol bate. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 494). ae SPECIES BLANCOANAE CACTACEAE NOPALEA Salm-Dyck Cactus opuntia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 414; ed. 2 (1845) 288; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 171, non Linn. =NOPALEA COCHINELIFERA (Mill.) Salm- Dyck. It is to be noted that Blanco’s description reads: ‘‘Filam. mucho mas cortos que la corola,” which is a true Opunta char- acter, but not true of Nopalea. Blanco’s statement may have been made from an examination of true Opunta specimens or may have been copied from some previous description of the Linnean Cactus opuntia. At any rate no specimen of true Opun- tia has ever been found in the Philippines, while Nopalea is decidedly common in some regions, both cultivated and wild. I follow Fernandez-Villar in the reduction of Blanco’s species and believe that he was correct in spite of Blanco’s description of the filaments to the contrary. Illustrative specimen from San Juan del Monte, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 139). CEREUS Haworth Cactus pitajaya Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 289; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 172, t. 324, non Jacq. =CEREUS TRIANGULARIS Mill. Blanco’s conception of Cactus pitajaya Jacq., is the well-known Cereus triangularis Mill. The reduction was made by Fernan- dez-Villar. The species is now uncommon in cultivation in Manila and in a few of the larger towns of the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from cultivated plants, Manila, Lu- ‘zon, July, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1011). THYMELAEACEAE PHALERIA Jack Dais laurifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 875; ed. 2 (1845) 268; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 125, non Jacqg.=PHALERIA PERROTTETIANA (Decne.) F.-Vill. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines, growing in forests at low and medium altitudes. It differs from Phaleria cumingii F.-Vill. notably in its larger leaves and pubescent flowers. Blanco’s description, as to size of leaves and number of flowers, agrees with Phaleria perrottetiana and not with P. cumingii F.-Vill. o Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 74). ~~ ELAEAGNACEAE as ae WIKSTROEMIA Endlicher Daphne aquilaria Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 310 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 216; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 39=WIKSTROEMIA INDICA (Linn.) C. A. Mey. (W. viridiflora C. A. Mey., Daphne cannabina Lour.). Fernandez-Villar reduced Blanco’s species to Wikstroemia ovata C. A. Mey., with which it has little in common; Vidal, however, states that Wikstroemia ovata F.-Vill., non Mey., is W. viridiflora Mey. Blanco’s description is an excellent one for this coastal shrub and applies unmistakably to Wikstroemia viridiflora Mey., which in turn is probably the same as W. indica (Linn.) Mey. The type of Daphne indica Linn. was from near Whampoa, southern China, but Meyer seems to have interpreted it largely from Polynesian specimens. Illustrative specimen from Burgos, Ilocos Sur Province, Lu- zon, near the seashore, November 23, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 990). Daphne indica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 309; ed. 2 (1845) 215; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 38, non Linn.=WIKSTROEMIA OVATA C. A. Mey. Daphne foetida Blanco op. cit. 308 (phaetida) ; 214; 37, non Linn.=WIKS- TROEMIA OVATA C. A. Mey. Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco correctly interpreted the Linnean Daphne indica=Wikstroemia indica Mey and re- ‘duced to it Blanco’s Daphne foetida. Both of Blanco’s species, however, are manifestly Wikstroemia ovata Mey., a species based on Philippine material. Illustrative specimen from Bauang, Batangas Province, Luzon, February, 1915, there known as salago (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No. 801). ; ELAEAGNACEAE ELAEAGNUS Linnaeus Elaeagnus angustifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 74; ed. 2 (1845) 53; ed. 8, 1 (1877) 100, non Linn. =ELAEAGNUS PHILIPPENSIS Perr. Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 3 (1824) 114 (E. perrottetii Schlecht., E. cumingii Schlecht.). This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes; reduced by some authors to E. latifolia Linn. It is commonly known as alingaro. - Illustrative specimen from Los Bafios, Laguna Province, Lu- zon, May, 1914, comm. F. C. Gates and N. Catalan (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 26). 280 SPECIES BLANCOANAE LYTHRACEAE ROTALA Linnaeus Ammannia monoflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 64 (sp. nov.) =Ammannia ramosior Linn.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 46; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 86= ROTALA RAMOSIOR (Linn.) Koehne. Ammannia pentandra Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 49; F.-Vill. & Naves Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4% (1880) 36, non Blume, nec Roxb.=ROTALA RAMOSIOR (Linn.) Koehne. Blenco’s species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Ammania peploides Spreng.—Rotala indica Koehne, and this reduction I considered as apparently correct in my previous paper on Blan- co’s species. However, Blanco’s description does not apply to Rotala indica Koehne, but does apply to R. ramosior Koehne; both species are not uncommon in open wet places about Manila and both are widely distributed in the Philippines. Ammannia pentandra Llanos was considered by Fernandez-Villar to be the same as A. pentandra Roxb.=Rotala leptopetala Koehne. 1 con- sider it, however, to be the same as Rotala ramosior Koehne. Rotala ramosior Koehne was undoubtedly introduced into the Philippines from Mexico through the medium of the Acapulco- Manila galleons. Illustrative specimens from Manila, Luzon, October, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 426, 752). AMMANNIA Linnaeus Celosia nana Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 192 (sp. nov.) =Ammannia debilis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 46 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 85, non Ait.=AMMANNIA BACCIFERA Linn. Ammannia aegyptiaca Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 51; F.-Vill. & Naves — in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 37, non Willd.=AMMANNIA BACCIFERA Linn. : Ammannia octandra (7?) Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 50; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 8, 4* (1880) 37, non Linn. =AMMANNIA BACCIFERA Linn. y I can see no reason for considering that any of the descrip- tions listed above apply to other than the common and widely distributed Ammannia baccifera Linnaeus, which is a very com- mon weed in low wet lands in the Philippines. The first two reductions follow Fernandez-Villar, but he considered Amman- nia octandra Llanos to represent the Linnean species. Illustrative specimens from Manila, Luzon, October, Novem- ber, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 425, 775). PEMPHIS Forster 2 Pemphis setosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 410 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) O86: S ed. 8, 2 (1878) 164—=PEMPHIS ACIDULA Forst. oe SONNERATIACEAE 281 A characteristic species found throughout the Philippines along the seashore. Illustrative specimen from Tayabas Province, Luzon, April, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 58). LAGERSTROEMIA Linnaeus LAGERSTROEMIA INDICA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 454; ed. 2 (1845) 316; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 219, t. 207. This species occurs in the Philippines only as an introduced and cultivated plant. It was certainly introduced by the Span- iards, as it is generally known by a name of Spanish origin, melindres. Blanco certainly correctly interpreted the Linnean species. Illustrative specimen from Los Bajos, Laguna Province, Luzon, July, 1914, comm. E. Quisumbing (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 37). Munchausia speciosa Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1887) 611; ed. 2 (1845) 427; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 418, t. 31,=LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA (Linn.) Pers. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, its nearly universal native name being banabd. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 377). LAWSONIA Linnaeus LAWSONIA INERMIS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 294; ed. 2 (1845) 206; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 21, t. 108. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is universally known in the Philippines by its Spanish name cinamomo, indicating its introduction into the Archipelago after the arrival of the Spaniards. It is rarely found outside of cultivation. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, April 20, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blaneoanae No. 241). ~SONNERATIACEAE SONNERATIA Linnaeus f. Sonneratia pagatpat Blanco FL Filip. (1837) 424; ed. 2 (1845) 296; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 186, t. 175 bis=SONNERATIA CASEOLARIS (Linn.) Engl. (S. acida Linn. f.). This species is generally known in the Philippines, in most dialects, as pagatpat, and occurs throughout the Archipelago | along muddy shores and tidal streams. 98? SPECIES BLANCOANAE Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 215). CRYPTERONIA Blume Quilamum tuteum Blanco Fi. Filip. (1837) 851 (gen. et sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 186; ed. 8, 1 (1877) 245=CRYPTERONIA PANICULATA Blume (C. lutea Blume). This species is widely distributed in Luzon at low and medium altitudes. Blanco’s type was manifestly the pistillate form of the species, “filam. del largo del caliz.”” The form distributed under number 330, below, is the staminate one. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, February, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 330). PUNICACEAE PUNICA Linnaeus PUNICA GRANATUM Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 422; ed. 2 (1845) 295; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 184, t¢. 211. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It -is generally cultivated on a small scale and will probably be found - in most towns in the Philippines. It is universally known by its Spanish name, granada, and was certainly introduced by the Spaniards. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Evowines, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 783). LECYTHIDACEAE BARRINGTONIA Linnaeus > Barringtonia speciosa Forst.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 533; ed. 2 (1845) a ed. 3, 2 (1879) 325, t. 305=BARRINGTONIA ASIATICA (Linn.) urz. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines along the seashore, but does not occur inland. The type of Mammea asiatica Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 512 was a Javan specimen, collected by Osbeck, and the original description certainly applies to the plant usually called Barringtonia speciosa Forst. It is commonly known as botong. Illustrative specimen from the seashore, Pasay, Rizal Prov- ince, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 854). Barringtonia stravadium Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 533 (sp. nov.)= BARRINGTONIA RACEMOSA (Linn.) Blume; Blanco op. cit. od. 2 (1845) 373; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 326, t. 240. The form that Blanco described as a new species in the first s RHIZOPHORACEAE 283 edition of his Flora de Filipinas he correctly reduced in the second edition to the widely distributed Barringtonia racemosa Blume. The species occurs throughout the Philippines along small streams and in thickets near the sea, never extending far inland, and is commonly known as putat. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 410). RHIZOPHORACEAE CERIOPS Arnott Rhizophora candel Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 396; ed. 2 (1845) 277; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 150, t. 415, non Linn.=CERIOPS TAGAL (Perr.) C. B. Rob. (C. candolleana Arn.). Blanco’s description applies unmistakably to Ceriops, and to the form now known as C. tagal C. B. Rob., which was originally described from Philippine specimens. It occurs along muddy shores throughout the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Laguimanoc, Tayabas Province, Luzon, March, 1917, here known as tavgal (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1047). RHIZOPHORA Linnaeus Rhizophora longissima Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 398 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 278; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 151=RHIZOPHORA MUCRONATA Lam. This species occurs with Rhizophora candelaria DC. (Rf. conjugata) and is widely distributed in the Philippines. It can be readily distinguished from that species by its long pe- duncles, which are several-flowered. In my previous paper on Blanco’s species I followed Fernandez-Villar in reducing Rhizo- phora longissima Blanco to R. conjugata Linn., but Blanco’s description of the inflorescence applies unmistakably to Rhizo- phora mucronata Lam. Rieeophors longissima Blanco is not listed in Index Kewensis. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 409). Rhizophora mangle Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 397; ed. 2 (1845) 278; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 151, t. 135, non Linn.=RHIZOPHORA CANDELARIA DC. (R. conjugata auct. non Linn.), R. conjugata Linn. being Bruguiera conjugata (Linn.) Merr. (B. gymnorhiza Lam.) ; see Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 9 (1914) Bot. 118. Fernandez-Villar reduced Rhizophora mangle Blanco, non Linn., to R. mucronata Lam., in which I followed him in my previous paper on Blanco’s species. An examination of Blanco’s description, however, shows conclusively that he described R. 284 SPECIES BLANCOANAE candelaria DC., under the name R. mangle, and not R. mucro- nata Lam., as evidenced by the expression “‘Flores en ntiimero de dos, sobre un pediinculo comun.” The species occurs throughout the Philippines along muddy shores and tidal streams especially on the outside of the mangrove, and is locally known as bacao or bacauan. Tilustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 365). CARALLIA Roxburgh Bruguiera nemorosa Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 275 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3 2 (1878) 147=CARALLIA INTEGERRIMA DC. This species is common and widely distributed in the Phil- ippines, but is considered by King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 66? (1877) 319, to be a synonym of the older Carallia lucida Roxb. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blamcoanae No. 262). ’ BRUGUIERA Lamarck Rhizophora tinctoria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 394 (sp. nov.) =Rhizophora gymnorhiza Linn.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 276; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 149=BRUGUIERA CONJUGATA (Linn.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 9 (1914) Bot. 118 (Bruguiera gymnorhiza Lam.). The Linnean Rhizophora conjugata is the species usually called Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam., but R. conjugata has priority ; see Merrill, 1. c., for a discussion of the synonymy. The species is found along tidal streams and muddy shores through- out the Philippines, and the present reduction of Blanco’s Rhizo- phora tinctoria is in agreement with Fernandez-Villar’s treat- ment and of Blanco’s own treatment of it in the second edition of his work. | Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 899). Rhizophora polyandra Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 396 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 277; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 150, t. 415 bis—BRUGUIERA SEXANGULA (Lour.) Poir. (B. eriopetala W. & A.). Rhizophora plicata Blanco op. cit. 398 (sp. nov.) ; 279; AbR= BRUGHIERA SEXANGULA (Lour.) Poir. ( B. eriopetala W. & A.). Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) Poir. is interpreted from the is description as being identical with B. eriopetala W. & A., but is the older name. The species is widely distributed in the Philippines along muddy seashores, tidal streams, etc., and is _ one of the constituent species of the mangrove swamps. It is not always readily distinguished from Bruguiera conjugata Merr. Blanco’s descriptions of both species cited above are short COMBRETACEAE 285 and imperfect, but under R. plicata he definitely states that the petals are pilose on the margins and with a single cilia, and compares it to R. polyandra with the expression “de la cual tal vez es una simple variedad.” Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 379). COMBRETACEAE TERMINALIA Linnaeus Terminalia latifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 3876, non Sw.=Terminalia mauritiana Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 264; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 126, t. 144, non Lam.=TERMINALIA CATAPPA Linn. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines along the seashore and is frequently planted as a shade tree inland. It is universally known as talisay. lilustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 197). Gimbernatia calamansanai Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 266 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 129=TERMINALIA CALAMANSANAI (Blanco) Rolfe. A species widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, commonly known to the Tagalogs as calaman- sanat. _ Illustrative specimens from Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1912, in flower; Butuan Subprovince, Mindanao, October, 1913, in fruit (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 605,"472, sterile). Terminalia angustifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 377, non Jacq.=TERMI- NALIA EDULIS Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 265 (sp. nov.); ed, 3, 2 | (1878) 127. Terminalia edulis Blanco is a valid species, 7. mollis (Presl) Rolfe being a synonym. It is a very large tree and of wide distribution in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. It is universally known as calwmpit. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914, there known as calumpit (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 812). Gnidia oppositifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 299; ed. 2 (1845) 208; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 25, non Linn.=TERMINALIA POLYANTHA Presl. -Fernandez-Villar referred this to Combretum wallichii DC., a species that does not extend to the Philippines, and one to which Blanco’s description does not conform. After consider- able study of the description, I am convinced that Blanco had before him a form of Terminalia polyantha Presl, and have ac-— Te forbes meld foe 1 [A814 ET oe / eg : / “ fee Ga § eines i eo 286 SPECIES BLANCOANAE cordingly reduced Gnidia oppositifolia Blanco to Presl’s species. The leaves, however, are usually alternate, although in some specimens they are sub-opposite. It is represented in our col- lections from Angat, the region where Gnidia oppositifolia was observed by Blanco. Gnidia philippinensis Meissn. is a synonym. Illustrative specimen from Nueva Ecija Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1010). Bucida comintana Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 856 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 265; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 128—=TERMINALIA COMINTANA (Blanco) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 300. This species was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Terminalia chebula Retz., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. A synonym of it is Terminalia multiflora Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 34, based on material from Luzon. Blanco’s specific name comintana was taken from the old name of Batangas Province. The species is still known in Batangas as dinglas, the native name cited by Blanco, and this name is also used for the species in some other provinces. __ Illustrative specimens from Angat, Bulacan Province, Decem- ber, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 757); Batangas Province (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 780); Rizal Prov- ince, Luzon, (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 918). COMBRETUM Linnaeus Combretum distillatorium Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 295 (sp. nov.) =Combre-.- tum laxum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 206; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 22, non Aubl., nec allorum=COMBRETUM SQUAMOSUM Roxb. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Blanco’s species was erroneously re- duced by Fernandez-Villar to Combretum ovalifolium Roxb., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 847). QUISQUALIS Linnaeus QUISQUALIS INDICA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 361—=Quisqualis Spinosa Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 254 (sp. nov.); 3, 2 (1878) 109, t. 194; The plant that Blanco correctly referred to Quisqualis indica in the first edition of his Flora de Filipinas he described as a new species in the second edition. Fernandez-Villar erred in - reducing it to Quisqualis malabarica Bedd., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. It is common and widely dis- tributed in the Archipelago. It is commonly known as niog- — niogan and as tangilon. MYRTACEAE 287 Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blacoanae No. 582). LUMNITZERA Willdenow y Petaloma coccinea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 345 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) | 240; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 883=LUMNITZERA LITTOREA (Jack) Voigt (L. coccinea W. & A., L. purpurea Presl). This characteristic species is found throughout the Philippines along the seashore. Illustrative specimen from Tayabas Province, Luzon, April, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 521). Petaloma alba Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 344 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 240; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 82, t. 126=LUMNITZERA RACEMOSA Willd. The species as it occurs about Manila Bay is a small shrub rarely over 3 meters high, frequently less than 1 meter high. It is known to the Tagalogs as cwlasi. Illustrative specimen from Maricaban, Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 303). MYRTACEAE PSIDIUM Linnaeus Psidium aromaticum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 417, non Aubl.=Psidium pyriferum Linn.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 292; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 178, t. 48—=PSIDIUM GUAJAVA Linn. The guava was introduced from Mexico at an early date by the Spaniards. It is now very abundant and widely distributed in the settled areas of the Archipelago and is thoroughly na- turalized. It is commonly known as bayabas. The fossil leaves from volcanic tuff formations at Guadalupe, Mandaloyon, etc., referred by Blanco to this species, were certainly wrongly identified by him. Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 11). DECASPERMUM Forster Legnotis lanceolata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 445 (sp. nov.) =Metrosideros pictipetala Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 295 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 183—DECASPERMUM FRUTICOSUM Forst. (D. panicula- tum Kurz). Fernandez-Villar reduced Metrosideros pictipetala Blanco to Metrosideros vera Rumph., which can hardly be correct. As pointed out by C. B. Robinson, Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 337, the identification of Blanco’s species with Decaspermum paniculatum is fairly probable. The name Legnotis lanceolata 288 SPECIES BLANCOANAE does not appear in Index Kewensis, and Fernandez-Villar ap- pears to have overlooked it in compiling the Novissima Ap- pendix to the third edition of Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas. The species presents considerable variation and is very widely dis- tributed in the Philippines; see Merrill, Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 392. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 311). Myrtus communis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 422; ed. 2 (1845) 295; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 182 non Linn. =DECASPERMUM BLANCO! Vid. Phan. Cu- ming. Philip. (1885) 112, 172. This species is of rather wide distribution in the Philippines, Blanco’s material being from Angat. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 568). EUGENIA Linnaeus Eugenia jambos Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 416; ed. 2 (1845) 290 (yambos); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 175 (yambos), non Linn. =EUGENIA JAVANICA Lam. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes in cultivation, but is not found wild. It is certainly of prehistoric introduction into the Archipelago and a purposely introduced species. The pink, turbinate, fleshy fruits are edible; the species is known in the region about Manila as macupa. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1914 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No 616). Calyptranthes jambolana Willd.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 418=Syzygium_ jJambolanum DC.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 293 (Syzigium jambu- lanwm); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 180, t. 174—=EUGENIA CUMINI (Linn.) Merr. Interpret. Herb, Amb. (1917) 394 (Eugenia jambolana Lam.). This species is common and widely distributed in the Phil- ippines, undoubtedly introduced although thoroughly naturalized. 4 is Eugenia djouat Perr., described from Philippine material, is an exact synonym. It is widely known as duhat. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1911 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 288). sty : Calyptranthes makal Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 419, non Raeusch.=Calyp- tranthes zuzygium Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 293; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 179, non Sw.=EUGENIA CLAUSA C. B. Rob. ; RE No new species was intended by Blanco in either case, but he attempted to refer the Philippine plant under observation to a previously described one. Fernandez-Villar reduced Blanco’s species to Eugenia operculata Roxb., a species that does not iy awe MYRTACEAE 289 extend to the Philippines. Blanco’s description does not apply in all particulars to the species as here interpreted, but I am of the opinion that this is the correct disposition of the plant he described. The native name malaruhat (literally ‘false duhat;” duhat—Eugenia cumini Merr.) is very loosely applied to numerous quite different species of Hugenia; in Rizal Prov- ince, that is the region immediately surrounding Manila, many of the natives insist that Hugenia clausa C. B. Rob. is the true malaruhat. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, June 7, 1916, there known as malaruhat (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No. 978). Eugenia montana Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 416 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 291; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 175, t. 145, non DC.=EUGENIA CALUBCOB C. B. Rob. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines and is very generally known as calubcob and cognate forms of this name. It was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Eugenia macrocarpa Roxb., a. species that does not extend to the Philippines, and one distinctly different from the form de- scribed by Blanco. Illustrative specimens from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914, there known as calubcob (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 703): Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 888). Calyptranthes ramiflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 420 (sp. nov.) (non Eugenia ramiflora Mig.) =Syzygium latifolium Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 294; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 181, non DC.=EUGENIA SIMILIS Merr. There is very little doubt as to the correctness of this re- duction. Blanco’s description agrees closely, and the species is rather common and widely distributed in central Luzon. His specimens of this particular species were from Batangas Prov- ince, Luzon. It was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Eugenia bracteata Roxb., var. roxburghii Duthie, but neither the species nor the variety extends to the Philippines. The present reduc- : tion of Blanco’s species is in accord with Robinson’s critical paper on Philippine Myrtaceae, Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 386, 403. : Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914, there known as malaruhat (mala= “false” and duhat—Eugenia cumini Merr.) (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 669). | | | 15186219 290 _ SPECIES BLANCOANAE Eugenia malaccensis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 415; ed. 2 (1845) 290; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 173, t. 170, non Linn. =EUGENIA JAMBOS Linn. (Jam- bosa vulgaris DC.). There is no doubt as to the correctness of this reduction. This species is fairly common in cultivation, is widely dis- tributed in and about towns in the settled areas of the Phil- ippines at low and medium altitudes, and is very generally known as tampot. It is certainly an introduced plant in the Archi- pelago, but equally certainly of prehistoric introduction. Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, December, 1915 more: Species Blancoanae Nos. 809, 923). Eugenia bauanguica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 416 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 292; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 174 (bauangica) =EUGENIA MALACCENSIS line Blanco’s description is entirely inadequate, yet I consider that there is little or no doubt as to the correctness of the present reduction of his species. Fernandez-Villar reduced it to Eugenia laeta Ham., which was certainly an error, as Hamilton’s species does not extend to the Philippines. Hugenia malaccensis Linn. is certainly not a native of the Philippines, but was probably of prehistoric introduction into the Archipelago. It occurs as a scattered tree in cultivation only. Illustrative specimens from San Pedro Macati, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 767); Bulacan Province, Luzon (Merrill: Species ~Blancoanae No. 1054). Myrtus manananquil Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 421 (sp. nov.) =EUGENIA MANANQUIL Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 290; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 174. Eugenia lobas Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 857 (sp. nov.) Eugenia caulifiora Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 291 (canliflora) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 177, non DC. nec. Mig. =? EUGENIA MANANQUIL Blanco. Eugenia mananquil Blanco is a very characteristic valid spe- cies of wide distribution in the forested areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Fernandez-Villar reduced Eu- : genia mananquil Blanco to Eugenia javanica Lam., manifestly an erroneous reduction, and considered Eugenia cauliflora Blanco (E. lobas Blanco) as a distinct species but doubtfully identical with Jambosa cauliflora DC. The correctness of the present : interpretation of Eugenia mananquil is certain, but the identity of Eugenia lobas is not so sure. It is the form interpreted and described by me as Eugenia lobas in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 48; see C. B. Robinson in Philip. Journ. ~ MELASTOMATACEAE 991 Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 355, 402. The correct form of the Tagalog name is mananquil, not manananquil. Illustrative specimen from Mount Arayat, Pampanga Prov- ince, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 747). Myrtus tripinnata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 421 (sp. nov.) =Myrtus subru- bens Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 294 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 182=EUGENIA TRIPINNATA (Blanco) C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 357. Blanco’s. species was erroneously reduced by Fernandez- Villar to Hugenia cymosa Lam., a species that does not extend to the Philippines and one to which Blanco’s description does not apply. The change of name in the second edition was doubt- less due to the fact that Blanco realized his error in originally describing the leaves as “tres veces aladas’”, i. e., tripinnate, and this descriptive phrase is dropped from the description in the second edition. The species is widely distributed in Luzon and is also found in Mindoro and Mindanao. Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No, 889). Eugenia glandulosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 417 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 291; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 176=EUGENIA sp.? Blanco’s material was from Tala, a few miles north of Manila. His description is very imperfect, and the species cannot be | definitely connected with actual specimens. As noted by Robin- son, Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 403, the only Philippine species at all answering the description is Rhodomyrtus tomen- tosa Hassk.; but the known distribution of this species makes this reduction an impossible one, while further, had Blanco seen specimens of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, he almost certainly would have added its striking characters to his description, such as the venation of its leaves, its pubescence, etc. Fernandez- Villar made no reduction of this species. MELASTOMATACEAE MELASTOMA Linnaeus Melastoma asperum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 368, non Linn.=Melastoma obvolutum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 259; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 117, non Jack=MELASTOMA POLYANTHUM Blume. ; ' Melastoma malabathricum Blanco Fl, Filip. (1837) 367 (malabatrica) ; ed. + 2 (1845) 258; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 115, non Linn. =MELASTOMA POLY- _ ANTHUM Blume. Ru : ase This species is common and widely distributed in the. Philip- pines and presents considerable variation; as a result several 292 SPECIES BLANCOANAE of the forms have been described under other specific names. Blanco’s Melastoma asperum—M. obvolutum Blanco, non Jack, represents what I take to be fairly typical Melastoma polyan- thum Blume, as I understand Blume’s species. It is hardly Melastoma malabathricum Linn. to which Fernandez-Villar reduced it. Blanco’s material was from Angat, but his descrip- tion, as to the size of the leaves, applies, in our material, only to the smaller leaves. Fernandez-Villar reduced Melastoma malabathricum Blanco to M. sanguineum Sims. I can now see no reason for considering it other than M. polyanthum Blume. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 567). Melastoma tamonea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 367, non Sm.—Melastoma dodecandrum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 258; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 116, non Roxb., nec aliorum=MELASTOMA HOMOSTEGIUM Naud. Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Melastoma imbricatum Wall., a species that does not extend to the Philippines, while I pre- viously expressed the opinion that it was certainly the same as Melastoma polyanthum Blume. However, Blanco describes his species as having 6-merous flowers, his specimens being from Panay. Specimens of Melastoma having 6-merous flowers con- form with Melastoma homostegium Naud., the type of which is from the Philippines, Cuming 927, and has 6-merous flowers. ’ Cogniaux reduced Melastoma homostegium Naud. to Melastoma obvolutum Jack. The type of Jack’s species is not extant, but Mr. A. W. Hill informs me that all the material so-named in the Kew Herbarium, except my No. 800, which matches Cuming 927, and a specimen from Borneo, has 5-merous flowers. OSBECKIA Linnaeus Osbeckia multiflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 293, non Smith—Osbeckia ee sinensis Blanco ed. 2 (1845) 205; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 20, t. 421=— OSBECKIA CHINENSIS Linn. | This species is of very wide distribution in the Philippines. — Blanco’s description applies to a small, unbranched form. ee Illustrative specimens from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, — September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 556, 1052). MEMECYLON Linnaeus Memecylon parviflorum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 300 (sp. nov.) =Meme- cylon tinctorium Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 208 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 26, t. 377=MEMECYLON OVATUM Smith (M. edule Roxb. — var. ovatum C. B. Clarke). ae ; OENOTHERACEAE 293 This species is of very wide distribution in the Philippines, but I am inclined to retain Memecylon ovatum as a species dis- tinct from M. edule Roxb.; see Philip. Journ. Sci. 8 (1913) Bot. 215. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 581). MEMECYLON LANCEOLATUM Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 301 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 209; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 26. This species is common and widely distributed at low and medium altitudes in Luzon and is abundant in the regions from which Blanco secured most of his botanical material. Meme- cylon pyrifolium Presl, M. cumingianum Presl, and M. clausi- florum Naud., all based on Philippine material, are synonyms as I understand these forms as described; see Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 8 (1913) Bot. 212. Illustrative specimens from Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1915, June, 1916, here known as colis or culis (Merrill: Spectes _Blancoanae Nos. 955, 975). OENOTHERACEAE JUSSIAEA Linnaeus Jussieua inclinata Blanco FI. Filip, (1837) 366, non Linn. f= Jussieua fluviatilis Blume; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 257; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 114=JUSSIAEA REPENS Linn. The form that Blanco erroneously referred to Jussieua in- clinata Linn. f. in the first edition of his Flora de Filipinas, he correctly referred to J. fluviatilis Blume in the second edition. However, Blume’s species is a synonym of J. repens Linn. The species is widely distributed at low altitudes in the Philippines, growing on muddy banks and in shallow fresh water. Illustrative specimens from Lake Bay, Laguna Province, - Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 815) ; Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1915 (Merrill: neecie. Blan- coanae No. 921). Jussieua erecta Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 365; ed. 2 (1845) 257; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 114, t. 322 (poor) non Linn.—JUSSIAEA SUFFRUTICOSA Linn. This species is common cad widely distributed in the Philip- pines at low altitudes in open wet places, possibly introduced. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, | 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 352). 294 SPECIES BLANCOANAE ARALIACEAE 5 ARALIA Linnaeus ARALIA BIPINNATA Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 222 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 157 (bipimata); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 282. This species was later described by Presl from Philippine material as Aralia hypoleuca Presl, but Blanco’s name is the older and should be retained. Aralia bipinnata Reinw. dates from 1856-57 and is a different species. Hemsley, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23 (1888) 338, has reduced Aralia hypoleuca Presl to A. spinosa Linn. sensu latiore. Blanco’s description is very imperfect; but there is no doubt as to the correctness of the identification, as this is the only species of the genus that is known from Luzon. Illustrative specimen from Baguio, Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, November, 1914, comm. H. Sandkuhl (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 164). POLYSCIAS Forster Aralia pendula Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 223 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 157; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 283=POLYSCIAS NODOSA (Blume) Seem. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes. In habit it is very characteristic, being unbranched, the long leaves and the ample inflorescences crowded at the sum- mit of the trunk. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 113). SCHEFFLERA Forster Polyscias digitata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 224 (sp. nov.)—Aralia ? octo- — - phylla Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 158 (octophilla); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 284, non Lour.=SCHEFFLERA DIGITATA (Blanco) comb. nov. (Schefflera macrantha Merr.). Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Heptapleurum rigidum Seem., of a species that does not extend to the Philippines, and one to © which Blanco’s description does not apply. Blanco’s material was from Cebu, and he cites the Visayan name tagima for the species. Attempts to locate it under the native name in Cebu resulted in securing specimens of Schefflera odorata (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe, a species that does not conform with the descrip-_ tion of Polyscias digitata. The description conforms closely with Scheffiera macrantha Merr., a species known from Min- danao and from Negros; the latter island is very near Cebu. ARALIACEAE 995 I have little hesitation in reducing the latter species and in adopting Blanco’s specific name for it, as it is the only species among the very numerous Philippine representatives of the genus that conforms at all with Blanco’s description. Polyscias odorata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 225 (sp. nov.) =Paratropia crassa Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 158 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 285—=SCHEFFLERA ODORATA (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 117. Polyscias obtusa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 226 (sp. nov.) =Paratropia obtusa Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 159 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 285=SCHEFFLERA ODORATA (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe. Both of Blanco’s species were reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Heptapleurum venulosum Seem., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. There is absolutely no doubt that a single species is represented by Blanco’s descriptions. The species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, often growing as a pseudo-epiphyte, i. e., rooting on decayed places on tree trunks. Its most general Tagalog name is galamai amo. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 833). Nauclea digitata Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 102 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 188 (non Scheffiera digitata Forst.) =SCH EFFLERA BLANCOI Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 109. This species is widely distributed in Luzon, growing in forests at medium altitudes as a pseudo-epiphyte. It was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Heptapleuwrum cephalotes C. B. Clarke, a species that does not extend to the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 103). NOTHOPANAX Miquel Aralia tripinnata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 223 (sp. nov.) =Panax fruti- cosum Linn.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 156 (fruticossa), ed. 3, 1 (1877) 281, t. 77=NOTHOPANAX FRUTICOSUM (Linn.) Miq. The species that Blanco described as new in the first edition of his Flora de Filipinas he correctly reduced to Panax fruticosum Linn. in the second edition. The species is cultivated throughout the settled areas of the Philippines and is certainly an introduced plant in the Archipelago. Its common Tagalog name papua simply means “curly.” Illustrative specimen from Obando, Bulacan Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 850). 296 SPECIES BLANCOANAE UMBELLIFERAE CENTELLA Linnaeus Hydrocotyle asiatica Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) ‘212; ed. 2 (1845) 149; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 268=CENTELLA ASIATICA (Linn.) Urban. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is very widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines, but is presumably an introduced plant. It is commonly known as taquip cohol. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- ril: Species Blancoanae No. 574). FOENICULUM Linnaeus Anethum foeniculum Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 214; ed. 2 (1845) 150; ed. 8, 1 (1877) 270=FOENICULUM VULGARE Gaertn. This reduction was made by Fernandez-Villar, and it is cer- tainly the correct disposition of the form that Blanco described, he having interpreted the Linnean species correctly. The plant is very rarely found in cultivation in the Philippines to-day, occasionally a plant here and another there. It is now com- monly known as anis. CARUM Linnaeus Ammi glaucifolium Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 218, non Linn.=Daucus aniso- dorus Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 150 (sp. nov.); ed. 8, 1 (1877) 269=CARUM COPTICUM Benth. Carum copticum Benth. seems to be the correct disposition of the form Blanco described. The species is of very local occurrence in the Philippines and is found only in cultivation. The native names cited by Blanco are damoro and lamudio and are still in use for this species. Illustrative specimen from plants grown in Manila, the seeds of which were secured in Batangas Province, Luzon, June, 1917 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1027). CORNACEAE ALANGIUM Lamarck - Guettarda jasminiflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 722 (jazminiflora) (sp. nov.) =Guettarda speciosa Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 499; ed. 3,3 (1879) 124, non Linn. =ALANGIUM CHINENSE (Lour.) Rehder in Sargent Pl. Wils. 2 (1916) 552. Alangium octopetalum Llanos ex Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 310 i nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 210=ALANGIUM STENTS (Lour.) Rehder in Sargent Pl. Wils. 2 (1916) 552, | Fernandez-Villar reduced Alangium octopetalum to Alangium ays lamarckii Thw.=A. salviifolium (Linn. f.) Wang., where it can- CLETHRACEAE—MYRSINACEAE 997 not possibly belong. I am of the opinion that it is nothing but Alangium chinense (Lour.) Rehder, very poorly and imperfectly described, a species that is common in the vicinity of Calauan where the material on which Llanos’s species was based was collected; Blanco definitely states that the description was by Llanos, not by himself. . Guettarda jasminiflora Blanco is mani- festly the same as Alangium chinense (Lour.) Rehder. It is widely distributed in Luzon at low and medium altitudes. Alangium begoniifolium Baill. is a synonym. Illustrative specimens from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 73); Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, comm. F. W. Foxworthy, September, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1009). CLETHRACEAE CLETHRA Linnaeus 7 Clethra alnifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 259; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 117, A non Linn-=CLETHRA LANCIFOLIA Turcz. This species is widely distributed on the mountains of Luzon. Turczaninow’s species was based on an erroneously localized specimen collected by Lobb, which was from Luzon, not from Singapore. - Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, May, 1914, comm. N. Catalan (Merrill: Species Blanco- anae No. 23). - MYRSINACEAE MAESA Forskal ea Maesa membranacea Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 590; ed. 3, 1 (1877) . 164, non A. DC.=MAESA DENTICULATA Mez. Blanco’s Maesa membranacea was reduced by Fernandez- Villar to Maesa indica A. DC. var. coriacea A. DC., but the Philippine form referred by A. de Candolle to Maesa indica has been considered by Mez as a distinct species, Maesa laxa Mez. Blanco’s description, however, unmistakably applies to Maesa denticulata Mez, and the species is accordingly here so reduced. My previous reduction of Maesa membranacea Blanco to Maesa cumingiana Mez is entirely wrong, as Blanco distinctly describes his plant as having the flowers in axillary racemes. The species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. : Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, - December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 701). Seeeeeeeel 298 . SPECIES BLANCOANAE Bassovia sylvatica Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 95 (silvatica); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 174, non Aubl.=MAESA LAXA Mez. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines at low and medium altitudes. There is no doubt as to the correctness of this reduction of Blanco’s species, as his descrip- tion agrees closely with Maesa laxa Mez; Bassovia sylvatica Blan- co was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Maesa indica A. DC., but the Philippine form placed here by A. de Candolle has been segre- gated by Mez as a distinct species, Maesa laxa Mez. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 98). ARDISIA Swartz Bladhia japonica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 126, ed. 2 (1845) 90; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 164, non Thunb.=ARDISIA PERROTTETIANA A. DC. Blanco’s species was referred by Fernandez-Villar to Ardisia pyramidalis Pers.—Ardisia serrata (Cav.) Pers., probably on account of the statement of Blanco that the leaves are “como dos veces aserradas.”” The reason I do not now accept this reduc- tion is that Ardisia serrata in the provinces near Manila flowers in March and April, while A. perrottetiana A. DC. frequently me flowers in July and August, August being indicated by Blanco — for his Bladhia japonica. Blanco’s description applies to one quite as well as to the other. Illustrative specimen from Mount Batulao, Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 483). >. Willughbeia drupacea Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 132 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 94; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 173, t. 489=ARDISIA DRUPACEA (Blanco) comb. nov. (Ardisia boissieri A. DC.). Blanco’s species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Ardisia obovata Blume=Ardisia humilis Valh var. obovata (Blume) Mez, a species that has been credited to the Philippines and one to which Ardisia boissieri is certainly very closely allied. Ardisia drupacea (A. boissiert) is an inland form and is consistently _ a tree, not a shrub. It should be noted that King & Gamble differ from Mez in interpreting Ardisia humilis Vahl and retain . the name Ardisia littoralis Andr. (1811) for the Malay Penin- sula form (including A. obovata Blume), with the comment ~ that Ardisia littoralis Andr. “seems to be a coast shrub only.” _ The species, whatever specific name be adopted for it, is widely _ distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. _ Illustrative specimen from Angat, Rizal Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 60). ss Willughbeia multilocularis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 181 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 94; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 172, pro parte=ARDISIA sp. a MYRSINACEAE 299 Fernandez-Villar first thought that this was an apocynaceous plant, but did not suggest a reduction for it. Later, in the Addenda to the Novissima Appendix, he definitely referred it to Garcinia ovalifolia var. spicata Hook. f. - Neither reduction is a possible one, as Blanco’s description conforms neither to the Apocynaceae nor to the Guttiferae. I know of no Philippine species that combines the characters of Willughbeia multilocu- laris Blanco and am constrained to believe that the species was based on flowering specimens of one species, apparently an Ardt- sia, and fruiting specimens of an entirely different one. The description of the flowers and inflorescence conforms closely to Ardisia, perhaps Ardisia boissiert A. DC.=A. drupacea (Blanco) Merr. The native name malabatoan cited by Blanco is valueless in determining the identity of the species. AEGICERAS Gaertner AEGICERAS CORNICULATUM Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 79; ed. 2 (1845) 59; ed. 8, 1 (1877) 112, t. 38. Bianco correctly interpreted Rhizophora corniculata Linn., and was correct in transferring the specific name to Aegiceras. The species is common along the seashore throughout the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1914 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 508). EMBELIA Burman Rhamnus lando Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 57 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco. Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 41=EMBELIA PHILIP- PINENSIS A. DC. Rhamnus lando was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Bridelia retusa Muell.-Arg., a species that does not occur in the Philip- pines and one to which Llanos’s description does not at all apply. In Index Kewensis it is entered under Rhamnus with the addi- tion of “quid.” The identification of Rhamnus lando with Embelia philippinensis A. DC. is certainly correct, as Llanos’s description applies fully to Embelia philippinensis; the Tagalog name of de Candolle’s species is lando; the older stems are spiny; the acid leaves are used by the natives as a substitute for vinegar; — and the time of flowering in the provinces near Manila is that indicated by Llanos. Without the data given by Llanos as to the native name and uses of the plant, it is doubtful if the proper reduction of the species could have been effected. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914, there known as lando (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No. 732). . 300 SPECIES BLANCOANAE PLUMBAGINACEAE PLUMBAGO Linnaeus Plumbago viscosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 78 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 58; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 111=PLUMBAGO ZEYLANICA Linn. The species is of wide distribution in the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, but is of rather local occurrence; it is undoubtedly an introduced plant in the Archipelago, although now thoroughly naturalized. Illustrative specimen from Balayan, Batangas Province, Lu- zon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 479). SAPOTACEAE BASSIA Linnaeus Azaola betis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 402 (gen. et sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 281; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 157=BASSIA BETIS (Blanco) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 10 (1915) Bot. 56 (Payena betis F.-Vill., Illipe betis Merr.). This endemic species is of wide distribution in the Philippines, occurring in the primeval forest, yielding a very valuable build- ing timber, and universally known as betis, which is also the commercial name of its timber. Illustrative specimen from Cavite Province, Luzon, April, 1915, there known as betis (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 956). PALAQUIUM Blanco Palaquium latifolium Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 404 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 282; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 159=PALAQUIUM PHILIPPENSE (Perr.) C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 304. Palaquium oleiferum Blanco op. cit. 405 (sp. nov.).; 283; 160=PALAQUIUM PHILIPPENSE (Perr.) C. B. Rob. From Blanco’s descriptions Palaquium latifolium and P. oleife- rum cannot be distinguished, the description of the former being fairly complete, and that of the latter much shorter, incomplete, — and of the leaves and fruits only. The common Tagalog names for the species are palac-palac (from whence the generic name) and alacac, while the Ilocano name, as it appears on our speci- mens, is araca and dapagan; Blanco cites the Ilocano name daracan. for his Palaquium oleiferum. The species is common and widely distributed in Luzon and Mindoro, at low and medium altitudes, generally growing in the primeval forest. Synonyms oe appear to be Chrysophyllum macrophyllum Desf. and C. grandi- folium Steud., but the earliest valid specific name is that sup- plied by Chrysophyllum philippense Perr. in Mém. Soc. Linn, Paris 3 (1824) 109. : ee SAPOTACEAE 301 Iilustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, December, 1914, June, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 662, 934). PALAQUIUM LANCEOLATUM Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 408 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 282; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 159. Blanco’s species is apparently a valid one, but my first attempt to interpret it, Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 6 (1904) 15, was wrong, and the form I then referred to it Dubard has very cor- rectly separated as a distinct species, Palaquium merrillii Dubard. But two collections, conforming to Blanco’s descrip- tion, have been received, and from this material Palaquium lan- ceolatum Blanco has been redescribed by me, Philip. Journ. Sci. 10 (1915) Bot. 62. Palaquium lanceotatum Blanco is the type of the genus. ACHRAS Linnaeus ACHRAS SAPOTA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 236; ed. 2 (1845) 165; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 298, t. 85. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It was introduced into the Philippines at an early date by the Spaniards and now is found in cultivation throughout the Archi- pelago; it is universally known as chico. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 492). LUCUMA Jussieu Achras lucuma Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 237; ed. 2 (1845) 166; ed. 3, 1 _ (1877) 299, t. 297, non Ruiz & Pav. =LUCUMA MAMMOSA (Linn.) Gaertn. This Mexican species was introduced into the Philippines by the Spaniards at an early date, but is now found in cultivation only sparingly and very locally. The fruits rarely enter the Manila market. It is known as chico-mamey. , Illustrative specimen from Maragondong, Cavite Province, bard October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 54). SIDEROXYLON: Linnaeus SIDEROXYLON DUCLITAN Blanco Fi. Filip. (1887) 129 (sp. nov.) 3 ed. 2 (1845) 92; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 168. Sideroxylon balitbitan Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 130 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 92; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 169=SIDEROXYLON DUCLITAN Blanco. There is no reason whatever for attempting to distinguish Sideroxylon balitbitan as a species distinct from Sideroxylon ~ duclitan Blanco. Blanco’s whole description consists merely of — the statement that the leaves are wider than those of duclitan, ~ 302 © SPECIES BLANCOANAE but in its floral and all other characters it cannot be distinguished from the latter. There is but a single species of the section to which Sideroxylon duclitan Blanco belongs known from the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1). MIMUSOPS Linnaeus Mimusops erythroxylum Llanos in Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 2 (1878) 255, t. 10; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 4 (1880) 54, non Boj.=MIMUSOPS PARVIFOLIA R. Br. This reduction follows Fernandez-Villar, and I am now of the opinion that this is the correct disposition of the widely distributed coastal forni found in the Philippines, which has been confused with Mimusops elengi Linn. It is widely known as bansalaguin. EBENACEAE DIOSPYROS Linnaeus Sapota nigra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 409 (sp. nov.) =Diospyros nigra Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 211, t. 372 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 30=DIOSPYROS EBENASTER Retz. This species was introduced from Mexico by the Spaniards and is nowhere abundant in the Archipelago to-day and is not spontaneous; Blanco was in error in considering it to be in- digenous. It is still known by its Spanish name, of Mexican origin, sapote negro. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 618). Diospyros kaki Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 302, non Linn.=Diospyros embryop- teris Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 209 (embriopteris) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 28, t. 109, non Pers. =DIOSPYROS DISCOLOR Willd. (Cavanilla phi- lippensis Desr., Diospyros philippensis Giirke, non A. DC., Diospyros blancoit A. DC.). This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines, the tree usually known as camagon, yielding a valuable cabinet timber. The edible fruit is known as mabolo and is commonly sold in the Manila markets. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, April, 1911 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 287). DIOSPYROS PILOSANTHERA Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 304 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 211; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 31. : A characteristic endemic species of wide distribution in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Its universal Tagalog name is bolongeta. ' EBENACEAE 303 Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, Febru- ary, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No, 820). > DIOSPYROS MULTIFLORA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 303 (sp. nov.) = 3 Diospyros lotus (?) Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 210; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 29, non Linn. Blanco’s specific name multiflora is valid for this species, for Diospyros multiflora Wall. Cat. (1831) No. 4144 is a nomen nudum and is, moreover, a synonym of Diospyros lanceaefolia Roxb. Diospyros canomoi A. DC. is an exact synonym of Blan- co’s species. The species is widely distributed in Luzon, and its fruits are used in stupefying or poisoning fish. Its common Tagalog name is canomot. _- Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 536). Diospyros bifiora Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 803 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 210; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 28=? DIOSPYROS MARITIMA Blume. A species of doubtful status other than that it is certainly a Diospyros. The native name talang and cognate forms of it are applied to various species of Diospyros, including D. curranti Merr., D. mindanaensis Merr., D. ahernii Merr., and even D. pilosanthera Blanco. It is suspected that the form Blanco described as Diospyros biflora is the same as D. maritima Blume, which, however, is almost universally known in the Philippines as canomoi. DIOSPYROS KAKI Linn. f.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 211; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 29. This was described by Blanco from fruits only originating in Majaijai, a town on the lower slopes of Mount Banajao, Laguna Province, Luzon, where it was apparently cultivated. His de- scription conforms entirely with Diospyros kaki Linn. f., but the species is apparently no longer in cultivation in the Philippines. Malacapai Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 302, ed. 2 (1845) 210; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 27—=DIOSPYROS MALACAPAI A. DC. Prodr. 8 (1844) 237 (type!). I am unable to suggest a reduction of this very imperfectly described form, other than that it isa Diospyros. A. de Candolle made Blanco’s description of malacapai the type of Diospyros malacapai A. DC. The Tagalog name malatapi, rather than malacapai, is exclusively applied in some parts of Luzon to Alan- gium longiflorum Merr., of the Cornaceae, but Blanco’s short description applies unmistakably to Diospyros. The name is applied also to some species of Diospyros, but the characters of these do not conform to Blanco’s description of Malacapai. 304 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Cunalon Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 304; ed. 2 (1845) 212; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 31=DIOSPYROS CUNALON A. DC. Prodr. 8 (1844) 237 (type!). A species of doubtful status, known only from Blanco’s de- scription. A. de Candolle made the description the basis of Diospyros ? cunalon A. DC., but while the status of the species is doubtful, it is certainly a Diospyros. Blanco’s specimens were from Cebu, where the tree was known as cunalon. Specimens of Diospyros ahernt Merr. appear in our herbarium bearing the Visayan name canalon, but this species does not conform to Blanco’s description, as the stamens are 16, all basal, not 8, of which 4 are basal and 4 inserted on the tube as Blanco de- scribes them. SYMPLOCACEAE SYMPLOCOS Linnaeus Guettarda polyandra Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 500 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 3 (1879) 126=SYMPLOCOS POLYANDRA (Blanco) Brand in Engl. Pflanzenreich 6 (1901) 36, excl. syn. S. racemosa, S. spicata, S. villarii, S. pseudo-spicata, et descr.). There is absolutely no doubt in my mind that Blanco’s Guet- : tarda polyandra is the species later described by Presl as Carlea oblongifolia—Symplocos oblongifolia Rolfe; Brand, 1. c., 55. Fernandez-Villar reduced Guetiarda polyandra to Symplocos racemosa Roxb., being correct as to the generic reduction, but wrong as to the species. Vidal erred in citing Guettarda polyan- dra Blanco as a synonym of his Symplocos villarti, but made the reduction with expressed doubt, while Brand erred in taking up Blanco’s name as the oldest valid one for Symplocos villarii i Vidal. Blanco’s description, “Hojas enteras +. * *., Hopes en las ramas en espigas disticas,” in Symplocos applies only to — the species previously known as S. oblongifolia among all the Philippine forms. Widely distributed in the Philippines, and also occurring in Borneo. Illustrative specimens from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 312) ; Luzon (Merrill: Species Blan coanae No. 661). . . OLEACEAE JASMINUM Linnaeus ? Mogorium aculeatum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 9 (sp. nov.), ed. 2 (1845) 7; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 13, t. 445=JASMINUM ACULEATUM (Blanco) Walp. ex Hassk in Flora 47 (1864) 50; Merr. in Govt. Lab. (Philip.) Publ. 35 (1905) 76. ee Blanco’s species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Jasmi- SALVADORACEAE-LOGANIACEAE 805 num marianum DC., but is apparently distinct. It is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 87). Nyctanthes sambac Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 9; ed. 2 (1845) 6; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 12, t 6=JASMINUM SAMBAC (Linn.) Ait. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines in culti- vation and is universally known in the Archipelago as sampa- guita. Not naturalized and certainly a purposely introduced species. Blanco’s description typifies Jasminum blancoi Hassk. in Flora 47 (1864) 49. s Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 88). SALVADORACEAE AZIMA Lamarck ) Azima nova Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 68; ed. 2 (1845) 49; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 91, non Gmel.=AZIMA SARMENTOSA Benth. This may prove to be identical with the older Azima tetra- cantha Lam., a point that I am unable to determine at present. The species is locally abundant in dry thickets near tidal streams in the vicinity of Manila, and when fresh the crushed plant has a peculiar, offensive odor suggestive of that of the civet cat. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 505 > LOGANIACEAE -GENIOSTOMA Forster Tayotum nigrescens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 105 (gen. et sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 76; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 141=GENIOSTOMA NIGRESCENS (Blanco) comb. nov. (G. philippinense Merr.). This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Norrisia malaccensis Gardn. of the Malay Peninsula and Borneo, to which Blanco’s description does not at all apply. There is no doubt, however, that Tayotum is identical with Geniostoma, and that Tayotum nigrescens Blanco is the species described by me as Geniostoma philippinense. The illustrative material distributed herewith, while apparently a form of Geniostoma philippinense Merr., differs from the type and from Blanco’s description in having its leaves nearly or quite glabrous. Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 878). | 151862——20 ; 306 SPECIES BLANCOANAE STRYCHNOS Linnaeus Ignatia amara Linn. f.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 82=Strychnos philippensis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 61 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 116= STRYCHNOS IGNATII Berg. Mat. Med. 1 (1778) 146. Blanco correctly interpreted Ignatia amara Linn. f., which was published in 1781, in the first edition of his Flora de Filipi- nas, but for some reason described it as a new species in the second edition. The species is widely distributed in the central and southern Philippines but has not as yet been found in Luzon. It is a sylvan species of somewhat local occurrence, apparently being most abundant in Samar, and Samar seems to be the chief .source of the commercial supply of the seeds. It is definitely known from the islands of Samar, Biliran, Leyte, and Mindanao, and has been reported from Masbate and Cebu. The fruits are globose, 10 to 12 cm in diameter, and each contains from 15 . to 18 seeds embedded in very soft fleshy pulp. The pulp is almost exactly “luteus” of Saccardo’s Chromotaxia, with a squash-like odor, and the fresh seeds are greenish straw-colored, smooth, with a satiny sheen, and shrink considerably in drying. Illustrative specimen from Jaro, Leyte, October, 1914, comm. C. A. Wenzel, locally known as-igasud (Merrill: Species Blan- coanae No. 631). BUDDLEIA Linnaeus Buddleia virgata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 57; ed. 2 (1845) 38; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 70, non Linn. f.=BUDDLEIA ASIATICA Lour. This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Buddleia neemda Ham., which is a synonym of Loureiro’s species. The only repre- sentative of the genus known in the Philippines, widely distri- buted, extending from sea level to an altitude of at least 1,800 meters. Illustratve specimen from Baguio, Benguet Subprovince, Lu- zon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 15). FAGRAEA Thunberg Fagraea scholaris Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 93 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 171=FAGRAEA RACEMOSA Jack (F. morindaefolia Blume). ; Blanco’s species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Fagraea cordifolia Blume, a species that is not known to extend to the Philippines. It is unquestionably the widely distributed and common Fagraea racemosa Jack, a species that is found in for- ested regions at low and medium altitudes throughout the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (M. errill: Species Blancoanae No. 163). GENTIANACEAE ~ 307 GENTIANACEAE EXACUM Linnaeus Exacum albens Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 58; ed. 2 (1845) 39; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 71, t. 202, non Linn. f.=EXACUM CHIRONIOIDES Griseb. Cobamba blancoi Azaola in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 591 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 293 =EXACUM CHIRONIOIDES Griseb. Exacum albens Blanco was reduced by Fernandez-Villar, Novis. App. (1880) 136, to Exacum chironioides Griseb. Gen. Sp. Gent. (1839) 109, which was based on Philippine material; in this re- duction he was undoubtedly correct. Hallier f., Beihefte Bot. Centralbl. 342 (1916) 42, has shown that the Malayan form is distinct from Hxacum tetragonum Roxb., and has accepted Exacum albens Blanco (non Linn.) as the name for the former ; Exacum albens Blanco is invalidated by LE. albens Linn. Cobamba blancoi Azaola was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Canscora decussata R. & S., following Llanos, but this is certainly incorrect for the latter species does not extend to the Philippines. The description is very imperfect, but so far as it goes it applies to Exacum chironioides Griseb., but to no other Philippine plant known to me. It is widely distributed in the Philippines, in rather wet grasslands, along streams, etc., in the provinces near Manila, flowering from April to September. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, August, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 261). CANSCORA Lamarck Cehamye dichotoma Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 510 (gen. et sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 355; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 298—CANSCORA DIFFUSA (Willd.) R. Br. This species is of local occurrence in the Philippines but is rather widely distributed in the Archipelago at low and medium altitudes, growing in damp shaded places about cliffs, along small streams, etc. It is the type of the genus Cobamba of Blanco. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 115). LIMNANTHEMUM Gmelin Menyanthes indica Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 87; ed. 2 (1845; 63; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 118=LIMNANTHEMUM INDICUM (Linn.) Griseb. Fernandez-Villar referred the form that Blanco described to Limnanthemum cristatum Griseb., Blanco’s material being from Lake Bay, Luzon. Both Limnanthemum indicum Griseb. and L. cristatum Griseb. grow in the lake, and from Blanco’s descrip- tion of the leaves as a “pie y medio de didmetro,” it is very 308 SPECIES BLANCOANAE evident that the form currently interpreted as Limnanthemum indicum Griseb. was the one intended. Herbarium specimens rarely present leaves of such species in maximum size, the largest that I have actually seen being 30 cm in diameter. Illustrative specimen from Lake Bay, Luzon, October, 1917 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1064). APOCYNACEAE ALLAMANDA Linnaeus ALLAMANDA CATHARTICA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 64; ed. 3): 1 CISTI). 120.2. 20, The Linnean species was undoubtedly correctly interpreted by Blanco. It was introduced from Mexico at an early date and is still commonly cultivated for ornamental purposes in the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 495). ie PLUMIERA Linnaeus Plumiera alba Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 111; ed. 2 (1845) 80; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 148, ¢. 39, non Linn. =PLUMIERA ACUMINATA Ait. (Plumiera acu- tifolia Poir.). This species was introduced into the Philippines at an early date from Mexico, and with the plant the Spaniards brought its Mexican name, it now being widely known in the Archipelago as calachuchi, calosasi, carachucha, calonoche, ete. It is found only in cultivation here and never produces fruits. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 869). —— ALSTONIA R. Brown Echites scholaris Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 107; ed. 2 (1845) 77; ed. 8, 1 (1877) 144, t. 113=ALSTONIA SCHOLARIS (Linn.) R. Br. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes and is widely known as dita, its Tagalog name. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, February, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 232) | Echites trifida Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 109; ed. 2 (1845) 79; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 146, t. 379, non Jacq. =ALSTONIA MACROPHYLLA Wall. Alstonia batino Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 589 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1. (1877) 163=ALSTONIA MAGROPHYLLA Wall. I can see no reason for considering that more than one species is included in Echites trifida Blanco and Alstonia batino Blanco, although Fernandez-Villar reduced the former to Alstonia specta- APOCYNACEAE 309 bilis Miq., and the latter to A. macrophylla Wall. ; Miquel’s species is not known from the Philippines. Illustrative specimens from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 and December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blanco- anae Nos. 335, 659). LOCHNERA Reichenbach Vinca rosea Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 116; ed. 2 (1845) 84; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 154, t. 42=LOCHNERA ROSEA (Linn.) Reichb. (Ammocallis rosea Small). This species was undoubtedly introduced from tropical Amer- ica; it is now widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes and is frequently thoroughly naturalized. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 231). TABERNAEMONTANA Linnaeus Tabernaemontana laurifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 114; ed. 2 (1845) 82; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 150, t. 41, non Linn. =TABERNAEMONTANA PANDA- CAQUI Poir. : This species is very common at low altitudes in Luzon and is especially abundant in and about Manila. It is universally known as pandacaqui. Sonnerat’s figure, on which Poiret’s spe- cies was based, was drawn from a Philippine specimen, not from a New Guinea plant as indicated in de Candolle’s Prodromus. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 266). 7 TABERNAEMONTANA POLYGAMA Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 82 (poligama) (sp. nov.); ed. 38, 1 (1877) 151. There is no doubt that the species described as Tabernae- montana puberula Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 319 is identical with Tabernaemontana polygama Blanco. The spe- cies is common in thickets in the vicinity of Manila. The corolla falls very soon after the flowers open, and Blanco apparently interpreted the flowers with fallen corollas as female flowers. Illustrative specimens from near Mandaloyon, Rizal Province, Luzon, April 23, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 34, 243). is : oa VOACANGA Thouars Tabernaemontana globosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 116 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 83; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 153=VOACANGA GLOBOSA (Blanco) Merr. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines; it is abundant in the provinces contiguous to Manila and is generally known as bayag usa. 310 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Illustrative specimen from Los Bajios, Laguna Province, Luzon, May, 1914, comm. F. C. Gates and N. Catalan (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 462). ALYXIA R. Brown Brabejum ? concatenatum Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 40 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877) T3=ALYXIA CONCATENATA (Blanco) comb. nov. (Alyxia monilifera Vidal). This species is widely distributed in the Philippines, but it is usually not found below altitudes of 700 meters. Blanco’s spe- cies was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Alywia lawrina Gaudich., a species not known from the Philippines. The description is poor, but applies sufficiently well to the species later described by Vidal as Alyxia monilifera. Vidal referred to his Alyzxia monilifera Blanco’s Brabejum lucidum, but Cebu material agree- ing with Blanco’s description has persuaded me that Brabejum lucidum is entirely different from Alyxia monilifera Vidal, and accordingly Blanco’s Brabejum lucidum (non Alyxia lucida Wall.) has been redescribed as Alyxia blancoi Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 330. Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 159). Brabejum ? lucidum Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 40 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 74=ALYXIA BLANCOI Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 330, Blanco’s specific name is invalidated in Alyzxia by A. lucida Wall., an entirely different species. Fernandez-Villar referred it to Alyxia stellata R. & S., a species not known from the Phil- ippines, and I previously referred it to Alyxia monilifera Vid. Specimens from Cebu, the region from which Blanco secured his _ specimens of Brabejum lucidum, that agree with his descrip- _ tions indicate clearly that the form he described is different from Vidal’s species; it apparently represents a distinct, valid species, which I have called Alyxia blancoi Merr. I havea speci- men of this under the Visayan name layo from Bolohon, Cebu, the type locality of Blanco’s species. : Brabejum ? pinnatum Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 40 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 74=? ALYXIA sp. e Blanco’s material of this was from Cebu, for which he cites the Visayan name layo. He has unquestionably described a branch with distichous leaves as a pinnate leaf, but definitely describes the “leaflets” as opposite. All our Philippine material of Alyxia has verticillate leaves. A translation of Blanco’s de- scription is as follows: Leaves opposite, even-pinnate. Leaflets APOCYNACEAE 311 five or more pairs, narrow, lanceolate, entire, glabrous, subses- sile; with the further information that it was a shrub a yard or more in height, growing in Cebu, the leaves fragrant, 3 to 4 inches long, half an inch wide, and locally known as layo. A comprehensive botanical exploration of Cebu may yield material and data by which the species can be interpreted. It is cer- tainly not Alyxia odorata Wall. where it was placed by Fernandez- Villar. CERBERA Linnaeus CERBERA MANGHAS Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 125; ed. 2 (1845) 89; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 161. Elcana seminuda Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 584 (gen. et sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 267=CERBERA MANGHAS Linn. Blanco’s description of Cerbera manghas is very poor, but apparently applies to the Linnean species. Fernandez-Villar re- duced Elcana seminuda to Cerbera lactaria Ham.—Cerbera odol- lam Gaertn.—Cerbera manghas Linn., and there is scarcely any doubt but that this is the correct disposition of it. The only possible objection to the reduction is Blanco’s statement that his material was from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, a place well in the interior, while Cerbera manghas Linn. normally grows only near the seashore. Cerbera manghas Linn. is the only Philippine species known to me that conforms at all with Blanco’s description. Cerbera manghas Linn. was based on an actual specimen collected by Osbeck in Java, but he included a literature reference to Tabernaemontana in the original description. Vale- ton [Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 12 (1905) 245] separates the eastern Malayan form from that of India and western Malaya, calling the former Cerbera lactaria Ham., and the latter C. odollam Gaertn. The Philippine form is all apparently refer- able to Cerbera lactaria Ham., as interpreted by Valeton, but I cannot distinguish it from C. manghas Linn. Along the sea- shore throughout the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 318). THEVETIA Linnaeus - > Gerbera thevetia Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 125 (thebethia); ed. 2 (1845) 89; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 162, t. 45=THEVETIA PERUVIANA (Pers.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 9 (1914) 130 (Cerbera peruviana Pers. Syn. 1 (1805) 267; Thevetia nereifolia Juss. ex Steud. Nomencl. ed. 2, 2 (1840) 680). The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco, but unless the combination Thevetia thevetia (Linn:) Millsp. be 312 SPECIES BLANCOANAE accepted Persoon’s specific name perwviana is the oldest one for the species. Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Merr. occurs in the Philippines only as a cultivated plant; it was introduced from Mexico by the Spaniards at an early date, either for ornamental purposes or for its use in medicine, or both. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, September, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 518). PARAMERIA Bentham Echites torosa Llanos Fragm. Pl. Filip. (1851) 59; Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 42, non Jacq. =PARAMERIA BARBATA (Blume) K. Schum. (P. philippinensis Radlk.). Llanos’s description is very: short, but. it can apply to no other Philippine species. Parameria barbata is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes and is generally known to the Tagalogs as ductung ahas and paragtong ahas. In Index Kewensis Llanos’s name erroneously appears as Ecdy- santhera torosa. I cannot distinguish this Philippine form from Parameria barbata (Blume) K. Schum. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 140). AGANOSMA G. Don Echites repens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 109, non Jacq.=Echites pro- cumbens Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 78 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 145, t. 428=AGANOSMA ACUMINATA G. Don. [A. marginata G. Don, Holarrhena macrocarpa F.-Vill., H. procumbens Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 59]. This species is of wide distribution in the Philippines. The follicles are distinctly more slender than Blanco describes them; he states that they are as thick as one’s finger. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 372). CHONEMORPHA f Don Tabernaemontana elliptica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 115 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 83; ed. 8, 1 (1877) 152, non Thunb.—=CHONEMORPHA BLANCO! nom. nov. [Chonemorpha elliptica Merr. & Rolfe in Philip. © Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 121, non Tabernaemontana elliptica Thunb.]. This species is widely distributed in Luzon, but it is nowhere © abundant; it occurs in the primeval forest at low and medium © altitudes. Blanco’s species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Chonemorpha macrophylla Don, an allied but distinct form, which does not extend to the Philippines. As Blanco’s original _ specific name was preoccupied, a new name is apparently neces- sary for the species, as proposed above. . APOCYNACEAE 318 - Illustrative specimen from Mount Batulao, Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 482). ICHNOCARPUS R. Brown Echites caudata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 106; ed. 2 (1845) 77; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 148, t. 97, non Linn.=ICHNOCARPUS OVATIFOLIUS A. DC. Prodr. 8 (1844) 485. Blanco’s conception of the Linnean species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Ichnocarpus frutescens R. Br., a species not definitely known from the Philippines. IJchnocarpus navesii Rolfe in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21 (1884) 313 is the same as de Candolle’s species. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes and is very generally known as hinguio. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 456). NERIUM Linnaeus Nerium oleander Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 104; ed. 2 (1845) 75; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 140, t. 37, non Linn. =NERIUM INDICUM Mill. (N. odorum Soland.). This species is widely distributed in the Philippines in culti- vation, is nowhere spontaneous, and never produces fruit in the Archipelago. It is very generally known under its Spanish name adelfa and was undoubtedly introduced into the Philippines by the Spaniards. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 819). WRIGHTIA R. Brown ~»Anasser laniti Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 112 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 81; f ed. 3, 1 (1877) 149, t. 4O=WRIGHTIA LANITI (Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 59 (Wrightia ovata A. DC.). This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines, and it is abundant in those regions from which Blanco received most of his botanical material. It is universally known in the Tagalog provinces, at least, as laniti. It ‘may prove to be identical with W. pubescens R. Br. Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1911 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 562). PARSONSIA R. Brown Echites spiralis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 110 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 79; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 146, t. 310=PARSONSIA CONFUSA Merr. Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Parsonsia rheedii F.-Vill. (Heligme rheedii Wight), a species that does not extend to the No 314 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Philippines. Accordingly the new name Parsonsia confusa Merr. was proposed for the Philippine form described by Blanco, his specific name being invalidated in the genus by Parsonsia spiralis Wall. It is not entirely certain that Parsonsia confusa Merr. is really distinct from Parsonsia cumingii A. DC., a very - similar, and at least a very closely allied species, also based on Philippine material. Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon, May, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1014). ASCLEPIADACEAE FINLAYSONIA Wallich Tabernaemontana cirrhosa Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 115 (sp. nov.); ed, 2 (1845) 83; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 152=FINLAYSONIA OBOVATA Wall. This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Finlaysonia obovata Wall., which is certainly the correct disposition of it. I formerly considered this reduction to be an erroneous one, chiefly for the reason that Wallich’s species was then unknown from the Philippines, but I am now convinced that it is correct. Finlay- sonia obovata Wall. is now known from several localities in the Philippines, always growing in the mangrove swamps, and Blanco’s description of Tabernaemontana cirrhosa conforms closely to it. STREPTOCAULON Wight & Arnott Periploca calumpitensis Llanos Fragm. Pl. Filip. (1851) 62 (sp. nov.) ; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4‘ (1880) 47, t. 188=STREPTOCAULON BAUMII! Dene. This species is common and widely distributed in central and northern Luzon and in Mindoro, at low and medium altitudes. Fernandez-Villar was certainly correct in making this reduction, as Llanos’s description applies unmistakably to Decaisne’s species. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 168). ASCLEPIAS Linnaeus * Asclepias syriaca Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 204 (siriaca); ed. 2 (1845) 144; | ed. 3, 1 (1877) 261, ¢t. 71, non Linn. =ASCLEPIAS CURASSAVICA Linn. This species, originating in tropical America, was introduced _ into the Philippines at an early date and is now common and widely distributed in the settled areas at low altitudes through- out the Archipelago. It is our only representative of the genus. — Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, : 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 83). ASCLEPIADACEAE 315 _ CALOTROPIS R. Brown Asclepias gigantea Willd.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 207; ed. 2 (1845) 146; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 262, t. 258=CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA Dryand. This species is of local occurrence in the Philippines, appar- ently always planted. It is certainly not a native of the Archi- pelago, but a purposely introduced one. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, April, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 221). SARCOSTEMMA R. Brown Cynanchum viminale Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 203; ed. 2 (1845) 143; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 257 (Cinanchum), non Linn. =SARCOSTEMMA BRUNO- NIANUM W. & A. Blanco’s material was from Punta de Azufre, Batangas Prov- ince, Luzon, and the species is now known from Corregidor and the Bataan coast, both points north of Batangas. Fernandez- Villar erroneously considered that Blanco’s interpretation of Cynanchum. viminale Linn.—Sarcostemma viminale R. Br. was correct, but the Linnean species is confined to South Africa. The species is at least the Philippine form figured by Vidal Sinopsis Atlas t. 68, f. H as Sarcostemma brunonianum W. & A., and the one represented by recently collected specimens so distributed. Illustrative specimen from Punta de Azufre, Batangas Prov- ince, Luzon, (a topotype) October, 1916, abundant in thickets near the sea (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1004). GYMNEMA R. Brown Asclepias daemia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 208; ed. 2 (1845) 146; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 263, t. 402 (as Bidaria inodora Dene.) non Forsk.=GYM- NEMA TINGENS (Roxb.) W. & A. Blanco’s description is very imperfect, but I am satisfied to follow Fernandez-Villar in this reduction as the description, so far as it goes, applies to this species. Gymnema tingens occurs near Manila and is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, although nowhere abundant. Illustrative specimen from Maragondong, Cavite Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 150). SARCOLOBUS R. Brown Asclepias peregrina Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 207 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 146; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 262=SARCOLOBUS PEREGRINUS Schltr. Blaneo’s specimens were from Bauang, Batangas Province, Luzon, the plant growing in swampy places near the seashore; about Manila Bay it grows in thickets bordering the mangrove swamps, well within the influence of salt water. It was reduced 316 SPECIES BLANCOANAE by Fernandez-Villar to Sarcolobus carinatus Wall., a species not known from the Philippines. Sarcolobus peregrinus Schltr. was not based on Blanco’s description, but on actual specimens, with the statement: “This plant is evidently identical with Asclepias peregrina Blanco, therefore I have chosen the same specific name.”” There is no doubt whatever that Asclepias peregrina Blanco is identical with Sarcolobus peregrinus Schltr. The fruits are hard, smooth, mottled with dark- and light-green, and in size and shape strongly resemble those of Heritiera litoralis Dry. Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon, May, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1016). TYLOPHORA R. Brown Cynanchum tenellum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 204; ed. 2 (1845) 148; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 258, non Linn. f., nec Riedel=TYLOPHORA PERROT- TETIANA Dene. Oxystelma bifidum Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 64 (sp. nov); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 8, 4‘ (1880) 48=? TYLOPHORA PERROTTETIANA Dene. (Tylophora bifida F.-Vill.). Cynanchum tenellum was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to the Philippine Tylophora perrottetiana Dene., but whether or not T. perrottetiana Dene. is distinct from T. merrillii Schltr., the form that Blanco described is certainly the latter. The species is not uncommon in and about Manila, and is the only one of the genus to be found in the vicinity of the city. Blanco’s de- scription, although very short and imperfect, applies to T. mer- rilii Schlitr., which I consider to be the same as Tylophora perrottetiana Dene., better than to any other known Philippine species of the entire family Asclepiadaceae. Llanos’s descrip- tion of Oxystelma bifidum is very poor. Fernandez-Villar trans- ferred it to Tylophora as a valid species. If a Tylophora, it is probably a form of T. perrottetiana Dene. The petals of this species, however, are never more than very slightly retuse and can hardly be described as bifid as Llanos indicated for the form | a he described. Llanos’s species is not represented among his specimens in the de Candolle herbarium. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, oS _ November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 192). STEPHANOTIS Thouars Apocynum mucronatum Blanco FI, Filip. (1837) (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 143; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 259=STEPHANOTIS MUCRONATA (Blanco) comb. nov. (Stephanotis chinensis Champ.). ee ASCLEPIADACEAE 317 This was described from cultivated specimens, Blanco de- finitely stating that its seeds were sent to him from China. Fernandez-Villar was wholly wrong in referring it to the en- demic Toxocarpus gracilis Dene., to which Blanco’s description does not apply. It definitely is an asclepiadaceous, not an apocy- naceous plant, and is undoubtedly the same as Stephanotis chi- nensis Champ.; Blanco’s specific name is the older. CENTROSTEMMA Decaisne Asclepias carnosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 208; ed. 2 (1845) 147; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 263, t. 402 bis, non Linn. f.=CENTROSTEMMA MULTI- FLORUM (Blume) Dene. (Hoya multiflora Blume). This species is of wide distribution in the forests of the Phil- ippines, growing at low and medium altitudes. It usually occurs as an epiphyte on decaying parts of living trees. Centrostemma lindleyanum Dene., described from Philippine material, is a synonym, Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 852). DISCHIDIOPSIS Schlechter Marsdenia parasitica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 120 (sp. nov.) (parasita) ; ed. 2 (1845) 86; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 156=DISCHIDIOPSIS PARASITICA (Blanco) comb. nov. [Conchophyllum merrillii Schltr. ex Merr. Fl. Manila (1912) 380]. Marsdenia parasitica Blanco was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Hoya parasitica Wall., a species that does not extend to the Philippines, and one to which Blanco’s description does not at all apply. In my previous consideration of Blanco’s species I considered it as certainly a species of Hoya. However, a careful examination of Blanco’s description conclusively shows that he was describing no Hoya: “corola de figura de vinagera * * * eon la garganta cerrada con una corona membranacea * * * Jag flores encarnadas,” etc. Among all the Philip- pine Asclepiadaceae known to me, his description applies only to Conchophyllum merrillii Schitr., a species that occurs on mango trees in the vicinity of Manila, and which flowers from March to July. I have absolutely no hesitation in making this transfer of Blanco’s species to Dischidiopsis, and identifying with it Conchophyllum merrillii Schltr. Illustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon, December, 1914, epiphytic on Mangifera indica Linn. (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 693). | 318 SPECIES BLANCOANAE HOYA R. Brown Stapelia meliflua Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 202 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 142; ed. 38, 1 (1877) 256=HOYA MELIFLUA (Blanco) comb. nov. (Hoya luzonica Schltr.). Hoya carnosa Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 142; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 257, non R, Br.=? HOYA MELIFLUA (Blanco) Merr. Among the numerous Philippine species of Hoya, Blanco’s description applies best to H. luzonica Schltr., which is, more- over, the only species of the genus still to be found in the vicinity of Manila, and is. generally distributed in the regions from which Blanco secured most of his botanical material. I have no hesitation whatever in adopting Blanco’s specific name for this species. Fernandez-Villar reduced it to Hoya diversifolia Blume, a species not definitely known from the Philippines. As to Hoya carnosa Blanco, the reduction is doubtful, yet from the description I cannot distinguish it from Stapelia meliflua Blanco. He states that it was an exotic cultivated plant; the only species of Hoya found in cultivation in Manila to-day is H. luzonica Schltr.=H. meliflua (Blanco) Merr. Fernandez-Villar con- sidered that Blanco correctly interpreted Hoya carnosa R. Br., and while this may be the case, it seems to be improbable in view of the fact that Hoya carnosa R. Br. is not to-day found in the Philippines. MARSDENIA R. Brown Marsdenia akkar Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 118 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 85; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 155=MARSDENIA TINCTORIA (Roxb.) R. Br. Marsdenia tagudinia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 121 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 86; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 157=MARSDENIA TINCTORIA (Roxb.) R. Br. Marsdenia akkar Blanco seems to be identical with Marsde- nia tinctoria R. Br., where it was reduced by Fernandez-Villar. The species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, in thickets and in forests, but is of local occurrence and is not abundant. Marsdenia tagudinia Blanco — was considered by Fernandez-Villar to represent a valid species of Marsdenia, but I can see no reason for considering it other = than Marsdenta tinctoria. Blanco’s material was from Tagudin, Mountain Province, Luzon, where the plant was known as tayom- tayom, and where it was used for dyeing cotton and other fabrics blue. Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Prov- ince, Luzon, August 23, 1916, comm. C. Mabesa (Merrill: Spe- cites Blancoanae No. 977). ASCLEPIADACEAE 319 HETEROSTEMMA Wight & Arnott Stapelia quadrangula Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 202; ed. 2 (1845) 142; ed. 8, 1 (1877) 255, non Forsk.=HETEROSTEMMA CUSPIDATUM Decne. There is very little doubt as to the correctness of this inter- pretation of Blanco’s Stapelia quadrangula. The reduction was originally made by Fernandez-Villar, and I consider it to be correct. The species is of very local occurrence in Luzon. The old stems are remarkable for their thick corky wings or ridges. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, Feb- ruary, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 807). TELOSMA Coville Pergularia procumbens Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 201 (sp. nov.) =Pergularia glabra Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 141; ed. 8, 1 (1877) 254, t. 397, non Linn. =TELOSMA PROCUMBENS (Blanco) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 243 (Pergularia filipes Schltr. in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 135). Cynanchum ? hirtum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 203; ed. 2 (1845) 143; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 258, non Linn.=TELOSMA PROCUMBENS (Blanco) Merr. Pergularia glandulosa Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 201 (sp. nov.) =ed. 2 (1845) 141; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 254=TELOSMA PROCUMBENS (Blanco) Merr. This species is common in thickets in the neighborhood of Manila and is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. It is commonly known as mil leguas, from its similarity to Telosma odoratissima (Lour.) Coville, this Spanish name properly belonging with the latter species. There is absolutely no doubt as to the identity of Blanco’s Pergularia procumbens and no doubt as to the correctness of the reference here of his Cynanchum ? hirtum (non Linn.) ; of the former Blanco describes only flowering specimens, of the latter only fruiting specimens. Fernandez-Villar erroneously reduced Blan- co’s Cynanchum ? hirtum to Dregea viridifiora Benth. Fresh mature fruits of Telosma procumbens (Blanco) Merr. are green, lanceolate-pyramidal, about 15 cm long, 3 to 3.5 cm wide, about 2.5 em thick, nearly square in cross section, or one side some- - what narrower than the other, with a thick, coarsely and irregu- larly toothed wing 3 to 7 mm wide running nearly the entire length of each angle, base rounded or obtuse, apex acuminate, smooth. The fruits dry very slowly, and the younger ones are cooked and eaten by the Filipinos. This description is quite in agreement with Blanco’s description of the fruits of Cynan- chum ? hirtum except that normally, at least, they are smooth, not “verrugoso,” i. e. warted. F.-Villar reduced ‘Pergularia 320 SPECIES BLANCOANAE glandulosa Blanco to P. minor Andr., a manifest error. The form described by Blanco is clearly identical with the ones otherwise described by him as Pergularia procumbens and as Cynanchum hirtum. As to the propriety of adopting the generic name Telosma there can be no doubt. Coville proposed the name in 1905 for Pergularia of authors, not of Linnaeus [Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9 (1905) 384], typifying the genus Jelosma by Pergularia odora- tissima Lour. Two years later N. E. Brown, not knowing of the publication of Coville’s generic name, for the same reason proposed the new generic name Prageluria [Kew Bull. (1907) 325]. Pergularia of Linnaeus is the genus later described by R. Brown as Daemia (Doemia). Illustrative specimens from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 28, 475). ASCLEPIADACEAE OF UNCERTAIN STATUS Cylixylon heterophyllum Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 59 (heterophillum) (gen. et sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 47 (1880) 42—Asclepiadaceae indet. Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Gymnanthera pedunculata (Miq.) F.-Vill., a species that is definitely known in the Philippines only from Mindanao, and one to which Llanos’s description does not well apply. Llanos’s specimens were from Balatong and Pulilan, Bulacan Province, Luzon, and I have not been able to refer the form described to any known genus and species of the family; the species is not represented among the specimens sent by Llanos to the de Candolle herbarium. CONVOLVULACEAE EVOLVULUS Linnaeus Evolvulus linifolius Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 221, ed. 2 (1845) 156, ed. 3, 1 (1877) 279-= EVOLVULUS ALSINOIDES Linn. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines but is of local occurrence. It grows in open grassy places at low and — medium altitudes, usually in poor soil that becomes thoroughly dry in the dry season. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1914 (Mer- rill: Species Blancoanae No. 137). PORANA Burman PORANA VOLUBILIS Burm, f.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1887) 88; ed. 2 (1845) 64; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 119. Burman’s species was apparently correctly interpreted by CONVOLVULACEAE 321 Blanco and was thus considered by Fernandez-Villar. It is of local occurrence in the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from cultivated plants, Los Bajfios, La- guna Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blanco- anae No. 839). LEPISTEMON Blume Polemonium obscurum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 103 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 75; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 139=LEPISTEMON BINECTARIFERUM (Wall.) O. Ktze. (L. flavescens Blume). This species is rather widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes in the settled areas, growing in thickets. Wallich’s specific name antedates Blume’s Lepiste- mon flavescens by about one year. : Illustrative specimen from Pasig, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 794). CALONICTYON Choisy Convolvulus catharticus Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 94 (sp. nov.) =Convol- vulus longiflorus Spreng.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 69; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 1830=CALONYCTION ALBUM (Linn.) House. Blanco correctly reduced his new species, Convolvulus cathar- ticus, to C. longiflorus Spreng. in the second edition of the Flora de Filipinas; Sprengel’s species, however, was based on Ipo- moea longiflora R. Br., which is a synonym of Calonyction album (Linn.) House; see House in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 31 (1904) 591. Fernandez-Villar considered it under R. Brown’s name, while I formerly placed it under Ipomoea glaberrima Boj., ap- parently a synonym of Calonyetion album House. Illustrative specimen from Taal Volcano, Batangas Province, Luzon, January, 1917 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1051). Convolvulus muricatus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 92; ed. 2 (1845) 68; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 127, t. $32, non Linn.=CALONICTYON ACULEATUM (Linn.) House (C. bona-nox Boj.). This species is common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, is cer- tainly an introduced plant in the Archipelago, and probably originated in tropical America. Its nomenclature is rather com- plicated, and it has many synonyms. The specific name adopted by Doctor House seems to be the oldest valid one for the species. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Ne: t7?)...632 Convolvulus colubrinus Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 66 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 125, ¢. 315=CALONICTYON MURICATUM (Linn.) Don. Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Ipomoea muricata Jacq., — 151862——21 322 SPECIES BLANCOANAE which is possibly a synonym of Calonictyon aculeatum (Linn.) House, although Hallier f. [Bull. Herb. Boiss. 5 (1897) 1044] retains the species as Calonictyon muricatum (Linn.) Don for the particular form to which Blanco’s description of Convol- vulus colubrinus applies. Convolvulus colubrinus Blanco is oc- casionally found in cultivation in the Philippines, being locally known as tonquing. The flowers are somewhat purplish and much smaller than in Calonictyon aculeatum House and C. album House, 5 to 6 cm long, the limb about 5 cm in diameter. QUAMOCLIT Tournefort ae Ipomoea quamoclit Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 97; ed. 2 (1845) 72; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 134, t. 83=QUAMOCLIT PENNATA (Descr.) Voigt (Quamoclit vulgaris Choisy). This species was introduced from Mexico at an early date by the Spaniards and is now widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. It is thoroughly naturalized in many regions and is also commonly cultivated for ornamental purposes. Illustrative specimen from Obando, Bulacan Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 513). IPOMOEA Linnaeus Convulvulus nil Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip, (1837) 92; ed. 2 (1845) 68; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 128, t. 66=IPOMOEA NIL Roth. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is of rather wide distribution in the settled areas at low alti- tudes in the Philippines; introduced from tropical America. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913 (Mer-° rill: Species Blancoanae No. 281). Convulvulus dentatus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 89; ed. 2 (1845) 66; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 123, t. 31 (as I. commutata R. & S.), non Vahl=IPOMOEA TRILOBA Linn. (J. blancoi Choisy). : . This species is common and widely distributed in the Phil- ippines at low and medium altitudes in the settled areas, having __ been introduced from Mexico through the intermediary of the — Acapulco-Manila galleons; it also occurs in Guam, Marianne Islands, which was a stopping place for all ships from Acapulco to Manila. Blanco’s description of Convolvulus dentatus is the whole basis for Ipomoea blancoi Choisy in DC. Prodr. 9 (1845) 389, so that Choisy’s species is merely a synonym of Ipomoea triloba Linn. s Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, __ October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae N03; $50) % o0 et ere es met CONVOLVULACEAE 323 IPOMOEA PES-TIGRIDIS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 87; ed. 2 (1845) 71; ed. 8, 1 (1877) 1338, The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is common and widely distributed in the settled areas in the Philippines at low altitudes and has the appearance of being an introduced species; it is certainly not a true native of the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, August, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 292). Convolvulus batatas Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 93; ed. 2 (1845) 68; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 129=!POMOEA BATATAS (Linn.) Poir. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines in cul- tivation and is extensively used as food. It. is universally known in the Philippines as camote, and there is no doubt but that the species was introduced into the Philippines from Mexico by the Spaniards, who brought the Mexican name with the plant. Mercado, writing in the last third of the seventeenth century, states: “De estos anos a esta parte han traido de las Islas de los Jadrones [Marianne Islands] otro género de camote, que es diferente en el gusto,” showing that economic plants were then being brought into the Philippines, the form mentioned by him having undoubtedly been introduced by the Spaniards into the Marianne Islands from Mexico. Rumphius notes that the camote was introduced into Amboina from the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Camarines Province, Luzon, De- cember, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 306). Convolvulus pes-caprae Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 88; ed. 2 (1845) 65; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 123, t. 29=IPOMOEA PES-CAPRAE (Linn.) Roth. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It occurs throughout the Philippines along the seashore, a charac- teristic species of the sandy beaches; also along the shores of some lakes. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 105). . Convolvulus paniculatus Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 96; ed. 2 (1845) 70; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 131, t. 81=IPOMOEA PANICULATA (Linn.) R. Br. (Ipomoea digitata Linn.). This species is widely distributed in the Philippines, occur- ring in thickets near the sea or more or less within the influence of brackish water. The Linnean species was correctly inter- ‘preted by Blanco, Convolvulus paniculatus Linn. being pub- lished before Ipomoea digitata Linn. 324 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Illustrative specimen from Obando, Bulacan Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 392). Convolvulus repens Vahl; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 92; ed. 2 (1845) 68; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 128, #. 149, non Linn.=!IPOMOEA REPTANS (Linn.) Poir. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines at low and medium altitudes, growing in open muddy places, shallow pools, etc.; is universally known to the Filipinos as cancong; and is a commonly used pot herb. The status of Convolvulus reptans Linn., on which Ipomoea reptans is based, is subject to an interpretation of types, regarding which author- ities differ. The specimen in the Linnean herbarium is Mer- remia caespitosa Hallier f.—M. hirta (Linn.) Merr.; the first reference to a description and figure is to Ballel of Rheede’s Hortus Malabaricus which is Ipomoea reptans as here inter- preted. For a discussion of the question see Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 244, 245. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914 te - (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 427). MERREMIA Dennstaedt Convolvulus reniformis Roxb.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 91; ed. 2 (1845) 67; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 126=MERREMIA EMARGINATA (Burm. f.) Hallier f. Blanco correctly interpreted Roxburgh’s species, but Burman’s specific name is the oldest unless Convolvulus gangeticus Linn. should prove to be identical with this species. The species has all the appearance of being an introduced one in the Philippines, as it occurs only in the settled areas. Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon, November, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 357). Ipomoea hepaticifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 72; ed. 8, 1 (1877) 134, non Linn.=MERREMIA HIRTA (Linn.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 244 (M. caespitosa Hallier f.). a There is no doubt as to the correctness of the identification of Blanco’s Ipomoea hepaticifolia, and it appears to be a form ee of Merremia caespitosa Hallier f., for which I have taken up the Linnean name Merremia hirta. The question of the proper specific name for the species is somewhat obscure, and the matter is discussed by me in making the above transfer to Mer- remia. Blanco’s specimens were from Parafiaque, a town at - sea level a few kilometers south of Manila. The species, pres- __ enting considerable variation, is oe siete ihnibedis in the: wees 3 CONVOLVULACEAE 325 areas of the Philippines at low altitudes. By Fernandez-Villar it was reduced to Ipomoea angustifolia Jacq. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 679). Chironia capsularis Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 102 (sp. nov.) =Chironia lanosanthera Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 71 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 132, t. 261, f. 1=MERREMIA NYMPHAEIFOLIA (Blume) Hallier f. This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Ipomoea peltata Choisy, to which Merremia nymphaeifolia Hallier f. is very closely allied. The latter, however, has yellow, not white flowers. It is locally abundant and of very wide distribution in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Los Banos, Laguna Province, Luzon, November, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 952). Convolvulus distillatorius Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 95 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 70; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 130=MERREMIA DISTILLATORIA (Blanco) comb. nov. (Merremia similis Elm.). This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Ipomoea paniculata Linn.=Stictocardia campanulata Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 9 (1914) Bot. 133; S. tiliaefolia (Desr.) Hallier f., a species that occurs in the Philippines but one to which Blanco’s description does not apply. The plant described as Merremia similis Elm. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 335 agrees in all respects with Blanco’s description and occurs in the Visayan Islands from whence Blanco secured his specimens. It extends north- ward to Tayabas and Laguna Provinces, Luzon. Blanco’s name is here accepted for the species. Illustrative specimen from near Malicboi, Tayabas Province, Luzon, December, 1914, comm. D. L. Topping (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 728). OPERCULINA S. Manso Convolvulus maximus Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 91; ed. 2 (1845) 67; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 127, non Linn. f., nec Rach Hea =OPERCULINA TUR- PETHUM (Linn.) S. Manso: Ipomoea reptans Llanos Frag, Pl. Filip. (1851) 55; F -Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4* (1880) 39, non ‘Poir. =OPERCULINA TURPETHUM (Linn.) S. Manso. Ipomoea ventricosa Llanos op. cit. 56, 40, non G. Don =OPERCULINA TUR- PETHUM (Linn.) S. Manso. These reductions were made by Fernandez-Villar (Ipomoea turpethum R. Br.—Operculina turpethum S. Manso), and they — are certainly correct. _Operculina turpethum S. Manso is com- 396 SPECIES BLANCOANAE mon and widely distributed in the Philippines in the settled areas at low altitudes and is readily recognized among all the Philippine Convolvulaceae by its winged stems, a character men- tioned by Blanco and by Llanos in the three descriptions cited above; the descriptions otherwise agree with Operculina tur- pethum S. Manso. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 554). HEWITTIA Wight & Arnott Convolvulus hederaceus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 90; ed. 2 (1845) 66; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 124, non Linn. =HEWITTIA SUBLOBATA (Linn. f.) O, Ktze. (H. bicolor Wight). This species is common and widely distributed in open grass- lands throughout the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Blanco’s description, although short, unmis- takably applies to Hewittia sublobata O. Ktze. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 698). JACQUEMONTIA Choisy Convolvulus valerianoides Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 90 (sp. nov.) =Convol- vulus boerhaavioides Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 67 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 125=JACQUEMONTIA PANICULATA (Burm. f.) Hallier f. (Breweria valerianoides F.-Vill.). In Index Kewensis Convolvulus valerianoides Blanco is reduced to Evolvulus alsinoides Linn., and C. boerhaavioides Blanco, which was merely a change of name for C. valerianoides, to Bre- weria valerianoides F.-Vill., as a distinct species, following Fernandez-Villar. The species is, however, the widely distri- buted Jacquemontia paniculata (Burm.) Hallier f. Illustrative specimen (topotype of Blanco’s species), from Punta Santiago, Batangas Province, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 822). HYDROPHYLLACEAE HYDROLEA Linnaeus Hydrolea arayatensis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 211 (sp. nov.) —HYDROLEA ZEYLANICA (Linn.) Vahl; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 148 (zeila- -. nica); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 266. Nama jamaicensis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 211; ed. 2 (1845) 148; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 266, non Linn. =HYDROLEA ZEYLANICA (Linn.) Vahl. The species that Blanco described as new, Hydrolea arayat- a . ensis, in the first edition of his Flora de Filipinas, he correctly — reduced in the second edition to H. zeylanica (L.) Vahl. The BORAGINACEAE 327 species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, growing in open wet places; it is of rather local occurrence in the Archipelago. Fernandez-Villar made no attempt to reduce Nama jamaicensis, but after a careful study of Blanco’s description I am of the opinion that the specimen he described was the dwarfed form of Hydrolea zeylanica that is more or less characteristic of drying out pools and old rice pad- dies. I can suggest no other reduction of Nama jamaicensis Blanco, and his description, for the most part, conforms to this particular form of Vahl’s species. It was observed by him in February, which conforms to the time that the dwarfed form of Hydrolea zeylanica Vahl is found. Illustrative specimen from Obando, Bulacan Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 393). BORAGINACEAE CORDIA Linnaeus Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 88 (nom. nov.); ed. 8, 1 (1877) 160= CORDIA SUBCORDATA Lam. This species is found only along the seashore; widely dis- tributed in the Archipelago. Banalo is one of its Tagalog names. Illustrative specimen from Apulit Island, Taytay Bay, Pala- wan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 525). gerbe banalo Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 124 (sp. nov.) =Cordia (?) ignota Cordia sebestena Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 121; ed. 2 (1845) 87; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 158, t. 43, non Linn. =CORDIA MYXA Linn., forma (C. blancor Vid.). Cordia dichotoma Forst.; Blanco op. cit. 123; 88; 159=CORDIA MYXA Linn., forma. — This species is common and widely distributed in the Phil- ippines. The Philippine form has been described by Vidal as Cordia blancoi, but this does not now appear to me to be spe- cifically distinct from the widely distributed Cordia myxa Linn. Blanco’s Cordia sebestena and his C. dichotoma are certainly only forms of the same species. It is universally known as anonang. Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 91). EHRETIA Linnaeus Ehretia beurreria Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 127; ed. 2 (1845) 91; ed. 3, 1 _ (1877) 166, non E. bourreria Linn. J) A. De. =EHRETIA PHILIPPINENSIS 328 SPECIES BLANCOANAE A species of wide distribution in Luzon at low and medium altitudes. Illustrative specimen from Camarines Province, Luzon, De- cember, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 238). Menais mollis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 139 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 99; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 182, t. 70 (as E. virgata Blanco) =EHRETIA NA- VESII Vid. (#. mollis Merr., non Wall.). This species is widely distributed in the Philippines and is closely allied to Ehretia philippinensis DC. Illustrative specimen from San Pedro Macati, near Manila, Luzon, April, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 220). Carmona heterophylla Cav.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 209 (Carmonea) ; ed. 2 (1845) 147; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 265, t. 72=EHRETIA MICRO- PHYLLA Lam. (E. buwifolia Roxb.). Carmona heterophylla Cav. is the type of the genus Carmona and was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is, however, an exact synonym of Ehretia microphylla Lam. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium al- titudes in the settled areas. Iilustrative specimen from Guinayangan, Tayabas Province, Luzon, April, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 3). Ehretia virgata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 127; ed. 2 (1845) 90; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 165, non Sw.=EHRETIA ACUMINATA R. Br. (E. polyantha A. DC., E. onava A. DC.). Blanco’s Ehretia virgata is the same as Ehretia acuminata R. Br., sensu latiore, although the Philippine specimens differ distinctly from Australian material. It is absolutely the same as Ehretia polyantha A. DC., the type of which was from Luzon, while Ehretia onava A. DC. is based solely on Blanco’s descrip- tion and is merely a new name for Ehretia virgata Blanco, non Sw. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1 Bn COLDENIA Linnaeus COLDENIA PROCUMBENS Linn.; Blanco Fl, Filip. (1887) ‘14; ed. 2 = (1845) 56 (procumbus) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 105. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. Tt” is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, oc- curring often as a weed in dried out rice paddies and along the dried banks of ptreains and small lakes. It is locally sip dant. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, January, 1915 ae (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 771). ; BORAGINACEAE 329 TOURNEFORTIA Linnaeus Tournefortia hirsutissima Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 128; ed. 2 (1845) 91; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 167, t. 46, non Linn. =TOURNEFORTIA SARMEN- TOSA Lam. The reduction of Blanco’s Tournefortia hirsutissima to T. sarmentosa Lam., seems to be correct. It is difficult to separate it from some forms that have been referred to JT. horsfieldit Mig. It is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes. Illustrative specimens from Umingan, Pangasinan Province, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 200); Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 694). Tournefortia arborea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 129 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 91; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 167=TOURNEFORTIA ARGENTEA Linn. f. This reduction was made by Fernandez-Villar and is certainly the correct disposition of Blanco’s species. It is widely distri- buted in the Philippines along sandy seashores. Illustrative specimen from Dingalan Bay, Tayabas Province, Luzon, August 24, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1007). HELIOTROPIUM Linnaeus Heliotropium parviflorum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 80 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 59; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 113, t. 184 =HELIOTROPIUM INDICUM Linn. A weed in the settled areas throughout the Philippines; it is not a native of the Archipelago but was probably of prehis- toric introduction. Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 364). TRICHODESMA R. Brown co Borago indica Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 60; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 114 (Borrago) =TRICHODESMA INDICUM (Linn.) R. Br. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. Blanco’s specimens were from Paranaque, growing in peanut plantations; the species is still found in the same town and in the same habitat. It is of very local occurrence, and has so far been found in the Philippines only in the immediate vicinity of Manila; certainly an introduced weed. Illustrative specimen from Parafaque, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 63). Borago indica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 81, non Linn.—Borago ? africana Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 60; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 114 (Borrago), non Linn.—TRICHODESMA ZEYLANICUM (Linn.) R. Br. This weed is of local occurrence in the Philippines and is 330. SPECIES BLANCOANAE found only in the settled areas at low and medium altitudes. It is unquestionably an introduced plant in the Philippines. Illustrative specimen from Pasig, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 769). VERBENACEAE LANTANA Linnaeus Lantana viburnoides Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 345; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 275, t. 216, non Vahlk=LANTANA CAMARA Linn. The species is now abundant locally, mostly in and about towns in the Philippines, but is nowhere a pest as it is in the Hawaiian Islands. The inference from Blanco’s statement “Ar- busto oriundo de China, que se cultiva en Manila” is that the species was introduced shortly before the year 1845. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 565). LIPPIA Linnaeus Verbena capitata Forsk.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 19; ed. 2 (1845) 14; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 26=LIPPIA NODIFLORA (Linn.) Rich. A species very common and of wide distribution in the set- tled areas in the Philippines, possibly originating in tropical America. Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 452). CALLICARPA., Linnaeus Callicarpa americana Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 517; ed. 2 (1845) 360; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 300, t. 427 bis, non Linn. =CALLICARPA BLANCO! Rolfe. This species is common and widely distributed in the Phil- ippines at low altitudes, and is abundant in the vicinity of Ma- nila where it is locally known as tubang dalag, one of the native names cited by Blanco. The name is from tuba (Croton tig- lium) and dalag (a mud fish), the plant being used for stu- pefying fish. Callicarpa blancoi Rolfe presents considerable variation, but the illustrative material very definitely represents | = the species. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, — a October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 637). TECTONA Linnaeus f. fe Diospyros tectona Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 609, nomen nudum= f TECTONA PHILIPPINENSIS Benth. & Hook. f. The name Diospyros tectona Blanco appears in the second edi- _ : VERBENACEAE 8381- tion of the Flora de Filipinas only, and then as a nomen nudum in the index to native names under dalandon. I have no author- ity for the reduction to Tectona philippinensis Benth. & Hook. f. other than that of Fernandez-Villar Novis. App. (1880) 158, and as his specimens were from Mindanao there is reason to believe that he had an entirely different plant. Tectona phil- ippinensis Benth. & Hook. f. is known at the present time only from the Province of Batangas, three collections, and the native names appearing on the two recent collections are malamolauin and malapangit. The species is described in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 227. Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 503). —_— TECTONA GRANDIS Linn. f.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 130; ed. 2 (1845) 92 (Tektona) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 170, t. 114. This species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. The cul- tivated tree, or a descendant of it, mentioned by Blanco as oc- curring in Tanay, Rizal, still exists there. It is known also in parts of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago, but whether native there, or introduced. is not certain. Illustrative specimen from cultivated plants, Los Banos, La- guna Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 887). PREMNA Linnaeus PREMNA NAUSEOSA Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 489 (sp. nov.) =Premna integrifolia Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 342; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 268, t. 396 (as P. leucostoma Mig.), non Linn. Blanco’s description is very short and imperfect, but there is no reason to doubt that the species is valid, and that it has been correctly interpreted; Blanco erred in reducing P. nauseosa to P. integrifolia L. Fernandez-Villar erroneously reduced it to Premna mucronata Roxb., a species that is not known to extend to the Philippines. It is commonly known as molauin aso. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 299). PREMNA ODORATA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 488 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 341; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 268. Premna serratifolia Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 342; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 269, non Linn.=PREMNA ODORATA Blanco. Premna odorata Blanco is identical with Premna vestita Schauer, but Blanco’s name is the older. Premna serratifolia Blanco, although very briefly characterized by Blanco, is mani- 332 SPECIES BLANCOANAE festly the same species. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes and is widely known as alagao. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 435). Premna cordata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 489, non R. Br.=Premna tomen- tosa Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 342; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 269, non Wall.= PREMNA CUMINGIANA Schauer. Blanco’s description is entirely inadequate, but Premna cum- ingiana Schauer, which is not uncommon in the provinces con- tiguous to Manila, is undoubtedly the species intended by him. It is the whole basis of Premna cardiophylla Schauer, and Schauer’s species, which was published merely as a new name for Premna cordata Blanco (non R. Br.), thus becomes a synonym of Premna cumingiana Schauer. Illustrative specimens from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 681); Rizal Province, Luzon, June, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 932 io VITEX Linnaeus VITEX TRIFOLIA Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) B18; ed. 2 (1845) 358; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 297, t. 226 (poor). Blanco correctly interpreted the Linnean species which is common along the seashore throughout the Philippines. It is commonly known as lagundt, Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 302). Vitex repens Blanco Fi. Filip. (1837) 513 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 358; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 297=VITEX TRIFOLIA Linn. var. OVATA (Thunb.) (V. ovata Thunb., V. trifolia Linn. var. unifoliolata Schauer). This species is not uncommon on sandy beaches along the seashore, and is widely distributed in the Philippines. Although very distinct in habit, and in its leaves usually reduced to a single leaflet, I doubt very much if it is specifically distinct from the erect Vitex trifolia Linn. Illustrative specimen from Bauang, Batangas Province, Luzon, February, 1915, there known as lagunding dagat from lagundi a (Vitex trifolia) and dagat (ocean) (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 814). Vitex leucoxylon Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 516 (leucoxilon); ed. 2 (1845) 359; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 300, ¢. 228, non Linn. =VITEX NEGUNDO Linn. Vitex negundo Linn. is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, probably introduced. _ Blanco’s Vitex leucoxylon is, in part only, referable here. His — - VERBENACEAE . 333 description applies unmistakably to two different species, the “arbolillos” from Mandaloyan and Pangasinan (V. negundo), and the tree growing in the forests which is probably Vitex par- viflora Juss. (V. littoralis Decne.) ; the native name lagundi goes with the former, and the name molavin with the latter. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 440). Vitex altissima Blanco Fl. Filip (1837) 516; ed. 2 (1845) 859; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 299, t. 227, non Linn. f.=VITEX PARVIFLORA Juss. (V. littoralis Dene.). Vitex geniculata Blanco op. cit. 514 (sp. nov.); 358; 299=VITEX PARVI- FLORA Juss. Vitex latifolia Blanco op. cit. 514 (sp. nov.); 358; 298, non Mill.=VITEX PARVIFLORA Juss. There is no doubt in my mind, after studying our very full series of Philippine Vitex, and Blanco’s descriptions, that the three species described by Blanco are all referable to the common Vitex parviflora Juss. (V. littoralis Decne.). In both Vitex altissima and V. geniculata I interpret Blanco’s description to include 3-foliolate and 5-foliolate leaves, which is probably due to the inclusion of Vitex turczaninowii Merr., for Vitex parvi- flora invariably has 3-foliolate leaves. Fernandez-Villar’s re- duction of Vitex latifolia Blanco to V. pubescens Vahl is cer- tainly incorrect, for Blanco’s description does not apply to Vahl’s species, and moreover Vitex pubescens is not found in Luzon; the type of V. latifolia Blanco was from San Mateo, not far from Manila. Vitex parviflora Juss. is very common and widely dis- tributed in the Philippines and yields the very hard timber com- mercially known as molave or molawin. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 340). GMELINA Linnaeus Gmelina asiatica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 492; ed. 2 (1845) 344; ed. 3, 2 : (1878) 274, non Linn.=GMELINA PHILIPPENSIS Cham, in Linnaea 7 (1832) 107. Gmelina inermis Blanco op. cit. 493 (sp. nov.) ; 345; 274, t. 215=GMELI NA PHILIPPENSIS Cham. 3 Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco correctly interpreted the Linnean species Gmelina asiatica and reduced to it G. phil- ippensis Cham., but the Philippine form is distinct. He also_ reduced G. inermis Blanco to G. villosa Roxb., but there is no justification for this reduction, as Blanco merely states “Ramas sin espinas. Hojas anchas, lanceoladas. En lo demas como la 334 SPECIES BLANCOANAE especie anterior;’ he merely described a spineless or nearly spineless form of G. philippensis. Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 122). CLERODENDRON Linnaeus Bae aris fortunatum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 508; ed. 2 (1845) 354; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 291, t. 223 (as C. blancoi Naves), non Linn. =CLERO- DENDRON MINAHASSAE Teysm. & Binn. (Clerodendron blancoi Naves, C. infortunatum F.-Villar, non Gaertn.). This species is common on the dry hills about Manila and is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, although - otherwise known only from Celebes. I first considered the spe- cies as Clerodendron minahassae T. & B. [For. Bur. (Philip.) Bull. 1 (1903) 52] and later [Govt. Lab. (Philip.) Publ. 35 (1905) 62] considered the Philippine form to be distinct and retained it under Naves’s name Clerodendron blancoit. Iam now of the opinion that my original identification was correct and that the Philippine form is the same as Clerodendron minahassae T, di. Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 8Q); Batangas Province, Luzon (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 432) : Volkameria grandiflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 512 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 357; ed. 8, 2 (1878) 295 (non Clerodendron grandiflorum Schauer) = CLERODENDRON MACROSTEGIUM Schauer. This reduction was made by Fernandez-Villar and is certainly the correct disposition of Blanco’s species. The specific name grandiflorum is invalidated in Clerodendron by C. grandiflorum Schauer and C. grandiflorum Salish. Illustrative specimen from Santa Inez, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1026). oe Clerodendron capsulare Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 509 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 355; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 292, t. 224=CLERODENDRON COMMERSONI! (Poir.) Spreng. (C. neriifolium Wall.). - This species is common along muddy shores and tidal streams __ throughout the Philippines. It is generally retained as a species distinct from C. inerme Gaertn., but if distinct, then Poiret’s specific name is the older. The type of Volkameria commersonii Poir. was from the Philippines; see Merrill in Philip. Journ. > Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 245. Illustrative specimen from Bavang, Batangas Province, Luzon, _ February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 813). re 7 VERBENACEAE ; 335 Volkameria Inermis Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 511, non Linn.=Volkameria a casopanguil Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 356 (Bolkameria) (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 294, t. 173—=CLERODENDRON INTERMEDIUM Cham. in Linnaea 7 (1832) 150. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines at low and medium altitudes and is commonly known to the Tagalogs as casopanguil. There is no doubt whatever as to the identity of Blanco’s Volkameria casopanguil, and further no doubt whatever as to its identity with Clerodendron = Secijort| -Sud-Setabe e BY St YU 8S £A ie e° See 3 th Ra aseiaeretas 07 St. Michael Is. S e tS ; Behe uy ° = Ae S Q ‘ ps okagayan Sulu 2 . Basilan 2 a. g O32 69 oS a = Bo 6° oe ° ee c pct® SEE OES S48 nee i208 i22° 124° 126° PLATE |. THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, sHé INDEX [Synonyms and incidentally mentioned species are in itali¢s.] A " Abel hus Medi 254, moschatus Medic., 254. Abroma Jacquin, 259. fastuosa, Jacq., 259. mollis DC., 259. obliqua Presl, 259. Abrus Linnaeus, 186. precatorius Linn., 186. Abutilon Gaertner, 251. indicum (Linn.) Sweet, 251. Abutua indica Lour., 53. Acacia Willdenow, 166. farnesiana (Linn.) Willd., 166. javanica DC., 169. niopo Lianos, 169. pennata (Linn.) Willd., 167. Acalypha Linnaeus, 226. amentacea Roxb., 226. angatensis Blanco, 227. caroliniana Blanco, 226. glandulosa Blanco, 226, grandis Benth., var. velutina Muell.-Arg., ry ye ‘ indiea Linn., 226. stipulacea Klotz, 226. tomentosa Blanco, 227. Acanthaceae, 351. Acanthus Linnaeus, 354. doloariu Blanco, 354. ilicifolius Linn., 354. Acetosa nigritarum Kamel, 277. Achras Linnaeus, 301. lucuma Blanco, 301. sapota Linn., 301. Achyranthes Linnaeus, 138. aspera Linn., 138. villosa Blanco, 138. Acronychia Forster, 199. laurifolia Blume, 199. pedunculata (Linn.) Mia., 199. Acrostichum Linnaeus, 48. apiifolium Hook., 45. aureum Linn., 48. lagolo Blanco, 48. latifolium Sw., 42. simplex Blanco, 42. tripinnatum Blanco, 45. Actopli aef« is K. Sch., 112. Adelia acidoton Blanco, 221. barbata Blanco, 221, 224. bernardia, Blanco, 221, 224. glandulosa Blanco, 225. wns : faa geass 228. Adenanthera Linnaeus, 168. bicolor Moon, 168. gogo Blanco, 168. intermedia Merr., 168. pavonina Linn., 168. Adenia Forskal, 276. coccinea Merr., 276. zucca (Blanco) Merr., 276. Adencstemma Forster, 376. lavenia (Linn.) O.Kuntze, 376. viscosum Forst., 376. Adiantum Linnaeus, 45. caudatum Linn., 45. faleatum Blanco, 47. lancea Blanco, 46, lunulatum Burm. f., 46. lyratum Blanco, 45. philippense Linn., 46. tenuifolium Blanco, 46. Aegiceras Gaertner, 299. corniculatum Blanco, 299. Aegilops fluviatilis Blanco, 64, Aeginetia Linnaeus, 351. indica Linn., 351. Aegle decandra Naves, 19, 203. glutinosa Merr., 19, 203. Aerides Loureiro, 116. maculatum Llanos, 116. quinquevulnera Lindl., 116. virens Lindl., 117. | Aerua Forskal, 138. lanata (Linn.) Juss., 138. Aeschynomene Linnaeus, 181. . arborea Linn., 183. indica Linn., 181. paludosa Roxb., 181. roxburghit Spreng., 181. Afzelia, 171. bijuga A. Gray, 171, rhomboidea Vid., 171. Aganosma G. Don, 312. acuminata G. Don, 312. | marginata G. Don, 312. — Agathis Salisbury, 52.. ° alba (Lam.) Foxw., 52. loranthifolia Salisb., 52. philippinensis Warb., 52. | Agave Linnaeus, 99. americana Blanco, 99. eantala Roxb., 99, 100. rigida Mill., 100. Agelaea Solander, 164. 53 trinervis (Llanos) Merr., 164, wallichit Hook, f., 164. Ageratium calomala Blanco, 248. 387 388 Ageratum conyzoides Linn., 13. quadriflorum Bianco, 376. Aglaia Loureiro, 212, : angustifolia Mig., 212. argentea Blume, 212. cordata Ciern, 212. cuprea Merr., 213. glomerata Merr., 212. grandis Miq., 194. harmandiana Pierre, 212. hexandra Turez., 212. iloilo (Blanco) Merr., 212. laevigata Merr., 213. odorata Lour., 18. palembanica Miq., 212. pinnata (Blanco) Merr., 212. rimosa (Blanco) Merr., 212. Ailanthus Desfontaines, 205. blancoi Merr., 205. malabarica DC., 205. philippinensis Merr., 205. pongelion Bianco, 205. Aizoaceae, 140. Ajovea malabonga Blanco, 153. Alamag Blanco, 162. Alangium Lamarck, 296. ° begoniifolium Baill., 297. chinense (Lour.) Rehder, 296. lamarckii Thw., 296. longiflorum Merr., 303. ectopetalum Llanos, 296. salviifolium Wang., 296. Albizzia Durazzini, 165. acle (Blanco) Merr., 165. julibrissin Durazz., 166. lebbeck Benth., 13. lebbekoides (DC) Benth., 166. littoralis T. & B., 166. procera (Roxb.) Benth., 166. retusa Benth., 166. saponaria Blume, 194. Alchornea Swartz, 224. blumeana Muel!.-Arg., 221. javensis Muell.-Arg., 225. mollis Muell.-Arg., 224. parviflora Muell.-Arg., 224. philippinensis Pax & Hoffm., 224. rugosa (Lour.) Muell-Arg., 225. sicea (Blanco) Merr., 224, 230. villosa Muell.-Arg., 225. ar Aiavhiad Poestad. en lanceolata Blanco, 228. lobata Blanco, 228, — maepenen ( Linn.) Willd., ed 228. trisperma Blanco, 228. Algae, 39. _Alismaceae, 58. Alisma sagittifolium Llanos, 58. Allaeanthus Thwaites, 122. luzonicus (Blanco) F.-Vill., 122, _ Allamanda Linnaeus, 308. eathartica Linn., 308. INDEX Allantodia pinnata Blanco, 44. Allium Linnaeus, 96. porrum Linn., 96. tricoccum Blanco, 96. tuberosum Roxb., 96. uliginosum Don, 96. Allophylus Linnaeus, 237. blancoi Blume, 19. blancoi Naves, 13. cobbe (L.) Blume, 237. cobbe Blume var. blancoi F.-Vill., 19. dimorphus Radlk., 13, 19. grossedendatus (Turez.) Radlk., 238 ternatus (Forst.) Radlk., 237. timorensis Blume, 238. zeylanica Linn., 241. Alocasia Schott, 91. indica Schott, 91. indica Schott, var, variegata Engl., 91. macrorrhiza (Linn.) Schott, 91. Aloé Linnaeus, 95. barbadensis Mill., 95. humilis Blanco, 95. vera Linn., 95. Alphonsea Hooker f. & Thomson, 146. "arborea (Blanco) Merr., 18, 146. philippinensis Merr., 146. Alpinia cernua Naves, 14. elegans K. Sch., 110. gigantea Blume, 110. gracilis Rolfe, 110, speciosa (Wendl.) K. Sch., 14, Alsophila crinita Hook., 42. Alstonia R. Brown, 308. batino Blanco, 308. macrophylia Wall., 308. scholaris (Linn.) R. Br., 308. spectabilis Miq., 308. Alternanthera Forskal, 138. denticulata R. Br., 138. - sessilis (Linn.) R. Br., 138. Althaea Linnaeus, 252. ~ rosea Cav., 252, sinensis Blanco, 252. Alysicarpus tetragonolobus Edgw., 178. Alyxia R. Brown, 310. blancoi Merr., 310. concatenata (Blanco) Merr., 310. laurina Gaudich., 310. lucida Wall., 310, monilifera Vidal, 310. odorata Wall., 311. stellata R. & S., 310. Amaranthaceae, 136.. Amaranthus Linnaeus, 137. eruentus Naves, 137. gangeticus Linn., 137. mangostanus Blanco, 137. melancholicus Linn., 137, paniculatus Linn., 14. spinosus Linn., 137. viridis Linn., 14, Amaryllidaceae, 98. Amaryllis atamasco Blanco, 99. Ambroma alata Blanco, 259. augusta Linn. f., 259. communis Blanco, 259. Amerimnon mimosella Blanco, 184. Ammannia Linnaeus, 280. aegyptiaca Lianos, 280. baccifera Linn., 280. © debilis Blanco, 280. monoflora Bianco, 280. octandra Llanos, 280. pentandra Llanos, 280. peploides Spreng., 280. ramosior Linn., 280. Ammi glaucifolium Blanco, 296. Ammocallis rosea Small, 309. Amomum Linnaeus, 111. aculeatum Roxb., var. majus, 111. echinatum Blanco, 111. propinquum Ridley, 111. zerumbet Linn., 111. zingiber Linn., 110. Amoora canarana Hiern, 212. elmeri Merr., 211. rohituka W. & A., 211. Amorpha glandulosa Blanco, 180. pedalis Blanco, 214, Amorphophallus Blume, 91. campanulatus (Roxb.) Blume, 91. decurrens Kunth, 91. Ampacus latifolia Rumph., 197. Anacardiaceae, 232. Anacardium Linnaeus, 233. occidentale Linn., 233. Anamirta Colebrook, 145. _ cocculus (Linn.) W. & A., 145. Ananas Tournefort, 94. comosus (Linn.) Merr., 94. sativus Schultes f., 94. Anasser laniti Blanco, 313. Anavinga fuliginosa Blanco, 275. Anaxagorea luzonensis A. Gray, 149. Andromeda japonica Blanco, 200. Andropogon Linnaeus, 61. acicularis Roem. & Schultes, 62. aciculatus Retz., 62. anias Llanos, 61. citratus DC., 62, 63. contortus Linn., 61: dulcis Burm. f., 82. festucoides Pres}, 61. halepensis Brot. var. propinqua Merr., 14. muricatus Retz., 61. muricatus var. aristatus Biise, 61. nardus Blanco, 62. y nigritanus Benth., 61. ramosus Blanco, 61. schoenanthus Blanco, 62. sorghum Brot., 63. sorghum var. vulgaris ( Pers.) Hack., 63. squarrosus L. f., 61, 62. squarrosus var. nigritanus Hack., 61. zizanioides ( Linn.) Urb., 62. INDEX . Aneilema malabaricum (Linn.) Merr., 14. nudiflorum R. Br., 14. Anethum foeniculum Linn., 296. Angiopteris Hoffmann, 50. angustifolia Presl, 50. arborescens (Blanco) Merr., 50. evecta Hofim., 51. Angiospermae, 53. Anisomeles R. Brown, 336. indica (Linn.) O. Ktze., 336. ovata R. Br., 336. Anisoptera Korthals, 269, thurifera (Blanco) Blume, 269. Anneslea fragrans Wall., 366. Annonaceae, 146. Annona Linnaeus, 150. muricata Linn., 150. reticulata Linn., 150. squamosa L., 150. Anredera Jussieu, 142. cumingii Hassk., 142. scandens (Linn.) Mog., 142. Anthemis cotula Blanco, 379. Anthistiria gigantea Blanco, 60. Anthocephalus codamba Mia., 361. Antholyza meriana Blanco, 104. Antidesma Linnaeus, 218. alexiteria Bianco, 219. alexiteria Naves, 218. bunius (Linn.) Spreng, 219. cumingii Muell.-Arg., 219. edule Merr., 219. whaesembilla Gaertn., 218, 219. pentandrum (Blanco) Merr., 219. rostratum Tul., 219. spicatum Blanco, 219. Antigonon cordatum Naves, 14. leptopus Hook. & Arn., 14. Antirrhinum comintanum Bianco, 352. molle Blanco, 352. Apalatoa blancoi Merr., 170. Aphanamixis Blume, 211. tripetala (Blanco) Merr., 211. Apocynaceae, 3038. Apocynum mucronatum Blanco, 316, Aporetica gemella Blanco, 238. penicellata Blanco, 237. ternata Blanco, 238, Aquilaria pentandra Blanco, 161, Aquilicia sambucina B} et es Araceae, 90. Arachis Linnaeus, 182. ; hypogaea Linn., 182. Pe | Aralia Linnaeus, 294. bipinnata Blanco, 294. bipinnata Reinw., 294. hypoleuca Presl., 294, octophylla Blanco, 294. pendula Blanco, 294. spinosa Linn., 294. tripinnata Blanco, 295. Arcangelisia flava (Linn.) Merr., 145. lemniscata Bece., 145. 3389 390 Archytaea alternifolia Hochr., 250. vahlii Choisy, 250. Ardisia Swartz, 298. boissieri A. DC., 298. drupacea (Blanco) Merr., 298. humilis Vahl, 298. humilis Vahl var. obovata (Blume) Mez, * 298. littoralis Andr., 298. obovata Blume, 298. perrottetiana A. DC., 298. pyramidalis Pers., 298. serrata Pers., 13, 298. Areca Linnaeus, 89. eatechu Linn., 89. eatechu Linn. var. humilis Blanco, 89. eatechu Linn., var. pumila Miaq., 89. ipot Bece., 89. Arenga Labillardiére, 87. ambong Bece., 87. mindorensis Becc., 87. pinnata (Wurmb) Merr., 88. saccharifera Labill., 88. tremula (Blanco) Becc., 87, Arethusa glutinosa Blanco, 113. Argemone Linnaeus, 156, mexicana Linn., 156. Argophilum pinnatum Blanco, 212. Argyreia mollis Choisy, 14. nitida Choisy, 14. Arisaema Linnaeus, 92. cumingit Schott, 92. polyphyllum (Blanco) Merr., 92. Aristolochiaceae, 134, Aristolochia Linnaeus, 134. imbricata Mast., 134. indica Blanco, 135. sericea Blanco, 134. subsagittata Blanco, 135. tagala Cham., 135. Artabotrys R. Brown, 150. corniculata (Blanco) Merr., 150. odoratissimus R. Br., 150. rolfei Vid., 150. suaveolens Blume, 150. uncinatus (Lam.) Merr., 150. Artemisia Linnaeus, 381. viridis Blanco, 379. vulgaris Linn., 381. Arthrophyllum diversifolium Blume, 384. pinnatum Maingay, 365. _ Artocarpus Forster, 123. camansi Blanco, 124. re communis Forst., 123, 124. ae cumingiana Tréc., 125. sero incisa L. f., 124. ses ok integra (Thunb.) Merr., 124. integrifolia Linn. f., 124. lamellosa Blanco, 124. maxima Blanco, 124. -nitida Tréc., 125. : edoratissima Blanco, 124. - ovata Blanco, 125. rima Blanco, 123, 124. _ tarap Becce., 124, INDEX Arum decurrens Blanco, 91. divaricatum Blanco, 92. divaricatum Linn., 92, grandifolium Blanco, 91. grandifolium Spreng., 91. Arundo tecta Blanco, 72. Arytera Blume, 241. litoralis Blume, 241. montana Blume, 240. Asclepiadaceae, 314, 316. Asclepias Linnaeus, 314. carnosea Blanco, 317. curassavica Linn., 314. daemia Blanco, 315. gigantea Willd., 315. peregrina Blanco, 315. syriaca Blanco, 314. Asplenium Linnaeus, 44, brackenridgei Baker, 44. macrophyllum Sw., 44. nidus Linn., 14. Atalantia Correa, 202. disticha (Blanco) Merr., 202. jagoriana Encgl., 202. linearis (Blanco) Merr., 202. monophylla DC., 202. nitida Oliv., 202. Athyrium Roth, 43. esculentum ( Retz.) Copel., 43. pinnatum Copel., 44. Atragene lobata Llanos, 144. zeylanica Blanco, 144. Atylosia crassa Prain, 190. mollis Benth., 190, Aurantium maximum Burm. f., 205. Averrhoa Linnaeus, 195. acida Linn., 216. bilimbi Linn., 195. carambola Linn., 195, tandra Bl, » 19, 195. Ailedaie Linnaeus, 335. nitida Blanco, 335. officinalis Linn., 335. | tomentosa Jacq., 335. Azaola betis Blanco, 300. Azima Lamarck, 305. - nova Blanco, 305. - sarmentosa Benth., 305. tetracantha Lam., 305. B + Baccharia indica Linn., 378. Baccharis ivaefolia Blanco, 377. Bacopa Aublet, 344. monniera (Linn.) Wettst., 344. Balanophoraceae, 134. Balanophora Forster, 134. Balibai Blanco, 335. Balingayum decumbens Blanco, 374. Balsaminaceae, 243. INDEX 391 Bambusa Schreber, 75. Benincasa Savi, 872. arundo Blanco, 75. cerifera Savi, 372. blancoi Steud., 75. hispida (Thunb.) Cogn., 372. blumeana Schultes f., 75. Bergera compressa Blanco, 200. diffusa Blanco, 78. inodora Blanco, 200. koenigii Blanco, 200. ternata Blanco, 198. Bergia Linnaeus, 273. ammannioides Roxb., 273. capensis Linn., 273. glandulosa Turcz., 273. serrata Blanco, 273. verticillata Willd., 273. Berria Roxburgh, 248. ammonilla Roxb., 248. . Bidaria inodora Dene., 315. Bidens Linnaeus. 380. levis Blanco, 76. lima Blanco, 77. lumampao Blanco, 77. mitis Blanco, 75. monogyna Blanco, 75. pungens Blanco, 75. spinosa Roxb., 75. textoria Blanco, 76. vulgaris Schrad., 75. Banara brevifolia Blanco, 274. racemosa Blanco, 274. abe “om hasan acon oe: bipinnata Blanco, 380. 3 pe Z chinensis, Willd., 380. cristata Linn., 354. Z : PS Sag! pilosa Linn., 380. prionitis Linn., 354 Bignoniaceae, 349. Barreliera cristata Blanco, 354. Bignonia quadripinnata Blanco, 350. prionitis Blanco, 354. spathacea Linn., 349. Barringtonia Linnaeus, 282. Bihania borneensis Meissn., 154. asiatiea (Linn.) Kurz, 282. Biophytum de Candolle, 195. macrostachya Kurz, 382. sensitivum (Linn.) DC., 168, 195, racemosa (Linn.) Blume, 282, Bixaceae, 274. speciosa Forst., 282. Bixa Linnaeus, 274. stravadium Blanco, 282. orellana Linn., 274. Basellaceae, 142. Bladhia japonica Blanco, 298. Blancoa arborea Blume, 243. Basella Linnaeus, 142. lucida Linn., 142. rubra Linn., 142. Blechnum colubrinum Blanco, 43. Blechum P. Browne, 353. brownei Juss., 353. Bassia Linnaeus, 300. betis (Blanco) Merr., 300, Blumea de Candolle, 377, Bassovia sylvatica Blanco, 298. balsamifera (Linn.) DC., 377. Batis hermaphrodita Blanco, 90. 008 gees aren Bauhinia Linnaeus, 171. es igi - _ : Boehmeria Jacquin, 130, acuminata Linn., 18, 172. . . oe oi Baker, 172 - nivea (Linn.) Gaudich., 130. . sfremiat Boerhaavia Linnaeus, 139. binata Blanco, 172. ff Li 9 binata Naves, 13. ; % pansy io castrata Blanco, 172. Acie si eto ge segr e Bolkameria, 335. eumingiana (Benth.) F.-Vill., 171. mp ahee Bombacaceae, 257. dolichocalyx Merr., 171. ‘ Z Bombax Linnaeus, 257. grandiflora Blanco, 171. ; iba Linn., 257. latisitiqua Cav., 176. 7 ae ce Tie ake bps oe xb., ae Bombycidendron vidalianum Merr. & Rolfe, 12. oe Se a Bonnaya Link & Otto, 348. paanesteas 7 eg brachiata Link & Otto, 348. i ee. personata Hassk., 23, 348. scandens Blanco,171. reptans Spreng, 348. subrotundifolia Naves, 13. veronicaefolia Spreng, 349. — — oe: Borago africana Blanco, 329. tomenteas are, te. , indica Blanco, 329. vahlit W. & A., 171. — indica Linn., 329. variegata Linn., 172. Borreria G. F. W. Meyer, 369. hispida (Linn.) K. Sch., 369, 370. Boswellia integra Blanco, 210. obliqua Blanco, 210. Brabejum caliculatum Blanco, 383. concatenatum Blanco, 310. lucidum Blanco, 310. _ semaine Tia 8. 392 Brackenridgea fascicularis F.-Vill., 263. Bradleia philippica Cav., 218. Bragantia corymbosa Griff., 134. Brassica Linnaeus, 157. campestris Linn., 157. juncea (Linn.) Coss., 157. nigra Koch, 157, orientalis Blanco, 157. pekinensis (Lour.) Skeels, 157. Breweria valerianoides F.-Vill., 326. Bridelia Willdenow, 220. retusa Muell.-Arg., 299. stipularis (Linn.) Blume, 220. Bromeliaceae, 94. Bromelia ananas Linn., 94. comosa Linn., 94. pigna Perr., 94. Broussonetia luzoniensis Blanco, 122. tinctoria Blanco, 123. Bruguiera Lamarck, 284. conjugata (Linn.) Merr., 288, 284. cylindrica Blume, 13, 383. eriopetala W. & A., 284. gymnorhiza Lam., 283, 284. nemorosa Blanco, 284. sexangula (Lour.) Poir., 284. Bryophyllum Salisbury, 161. ealycinum Salisb., 161. germinans Blanco, 161. pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz, 161. serratum Blanco, 161. triangulare Blanco, 161. Buchanania Sprengl, 232. arborescens Blume, 232. florida Schauer var. arborea Engl., 232. Bucida comintana Blanco, 286. Buddleia Linnaeus, 306. asiatica Lour., 306. neemda Ham., 306. virgata Blanco, 306. Buginvillea racemosa Blanco, 139. Burseraceae, 207. Bursaria inermis Azaola, 162. Cc Cacalia sarracenica Blanco, 381. sonchifolia Linn., 382. Cactaceae, 278. Cactus opuntia Blanco, 278. pitajaya Blanco, 278. Caenopteris quadripinnata Blanco, 45. Caesalpinoideae, 169. Caesalpinia Linnaeus, 175. bonducella Flem., 175. crista Linn., 175, 176. ignota Blanco, 176. nuga (Linn.) Ait., 176. puleherrima (Linn.) Sw., 175, sappan Linn., 175, _ torquata Blanco, 176. INDEX Cajanus de Candolle, 190. bicolor DC., 190. cajan (Linn.) Millsp., 190. - indicus Spreng., 190. quinquepetalus Blanco, 184. volubilis Blanco, 190. Caladium digitatum Blanco, 92. esculentum Vent., 92. Calamus Linnaeus, 85. blancoi Kunth, 86. buroensis Mart., 86. gracilis Blanco, 86. haenkeanus Mart., 87. maximus Blanco, 85, 86. merrillit Becce., 85. mollis Auct., 85, 86, mollis Blanco, 86. ornatus Blume var. philippinensis Becc., 85, 86. pisicarpus Blume, 85. usitatus Blanco, 85, 86. Calius lactescens Blanco, 123. Calla badian Blanco, 91. gaby Blanco, 92. maxima Blanco, 91. polyphylla Blanco, 92. Callicarpa Linnaeus, 330. americana Blanco, 330. blancoi Rolfe, 330. Callipteris esculenta J. Sm., 43. Calogyne R.Brown, 374. pilosa R. Br., 374. Calonictyon Choisy, 321. aculeatum (Linn.) House, 321. album (Linn.) House, 321. bona-nox Boj., 321. muricatum (Linn.) Don, 321. Calophyllum Linnaeus, 266, amplexicaule Choisy, 266. apetalum Blanco, 267. inophyllum Linn., 266. kunstleri King, 267. pentapetalum (Blanco) Merr., 266. soulattri Burm. f., 12. spectabile Willd., 12, 267. Calotropis R. Brown, 315. gigantea Dryand, 315. Calpandria lanceolata Blume, 264. Calyptranthes jambolana Willd., 288. makal Blanco, 288. ramiflora Blanco, 289, zuzygium Blanco, 288. Calytriplex obovata Blanco, 344. obovata Ruiz & Pav., 345. Cambogia binucao Blanco, 267. crassifolia Blanco, 268. venulosa Blanco, 267. Camellia drupifera Lour., 264. lanceolata Seem., 264. sasanqua Blanco, 264, Campanulaceae, 374, Cananga odorata Hook. f. & Th., 148. Canangium Baillon, 148. ees _ odoratum (Lam.) Baill, 148. Canariopsis luzonica Miq., 207. villosa Miq., 207. Canarium Linnaeus, 207. album Blanco, 207. carapifolium Perk., 207. commune Blanco, 207. commune Linn., 207. connarifolium Perk., 207. cumingit Engl., 207. luxurians Engl. var. monstrosum 207. luzonicum (Blume) A, Gray, 207. multipinnatum Llanos, 207. pimela Blanco, 207. radlkoferi Perk., 207. stachyanthum Perk., 207. thyrsoideum Perk., 207. villosum (Miq.) F.-Vill., 207. Canavalia de Candolle, 189. ensiformis Blanco, 189. gladiata Jacq., 189. lineata (Thunb.) DC., 189. microcarpa (DC.) Merr., 13, 189. turgida Grah., 189. virosa Naves, 138. Cannaceae, 111. Canna Linnaeus, 111. indica Linn., 111, Canscora Lamarck, 307. decussata R. & S., 307. diffusa (Willd.) R. Br., 307. Cansjera grossularioides Blanco, 218. manillana Blume, 184. pentandra Blanco, 219. rheedii Blanco, 219. Cantharospermum Wight & Arnott, 190. volubile (Blanco) Merr., 190. Canthium arboreum Vid., 365. bipinnatum Merr., 365. confertum Korth., 365. hebecladum DC., 365. horridum Blume, 365. lycioides A. Rich., 364. mite Bartl., 365. monoflorum Blanco, 364, paucifiorum Blanco, 365. pedunculare Cav., 364. Capparidaceae, 158. Capparis Linnaeus, 159. baducea Blanco, 159. cordifolia Lam., 159. floribunda Wall., 160. halobagat Naves, 160. horrida Linn., 159. linearis Blanco, 159. luzonensis Turez., 159. mariana Jacq., 159. micracantha Blanco, 159. INDEX ay 3938 Engl., Capsi Lin , 240. annuum Linn., 14. frutescens Linn., 340. minimum Roxb., 340. tetragonum Mill, 14. Capura pinnata Blanco, 239. purpurata Blanco, 239. Carallia Roxburgh, 284. integerrima DC., 284. lucida Roxb., 284. Cardamine Linnaeus, 157. glandulosa Blanco, 157. impatiens Blanco, 157. Cardiospermum Linnaeus, 237. halicacabum Linn., 287. Carex glomerata Blanco, 81. tuberosa Blanco, 82. Caricaceae, 277. Carica Linnaeus, 277. hermaphrodita Blanco, 277. papaya Linn., 277. Carlea oblongifolia Presl, 304. Carmona heterophylla Cav., 328. Carthamnus Linnaeus, 382. dentatus Blanco, 382. tinctorius Linn., 382. Carum Linnaeus, 296. copticum Benth, 296. Carumbium populneum var. minus Muell.- Arg., 230. Caryophyllaceae, 143. Caryota Linnaeus, 87. ecumingii Lodd, 87.— onusta Blanco, 88. palindan Blanco, 88. tremula Blanco, 87. urens Blanco, 87." Casearia Jacquin, 275. cinerea Turcz., 275. erenata Merr., 276. fragilis Vent., 275. fuliginosa Blanco, 275. glomerata Roxb., 276. grewiaefolia Vent., 275. serrata Mactf., 276. solida Merr., 275. tomentosa Roxb., 275. trivalvis (Blanco) Merr., 275. Cassia Linnaeus, 173. alata Linn., 174. arayatensis Llanos, 173. arayatensis Naves, 18. fistula Linn., 174. hirsuta Linn., 173. javanica Linn., 174. longisiliqua Blanco, 173. mimosoides Linn., 174. montana Naves, 173. occidentalis Linn., 173. siamea Lam., 13. sulcata Blanco, 173. surattensis Burm. f., 13. timoriensis DC., 173. tora Linn., 173. zanthocoma Mia., 173. 394 Cassuvium reniforme Blanco, 288. Cassytha Linnaeus, 155. filiformis Linn., 155. Castalia pubescens Blume, 148. Castanea cooperta Oerst., 121. Castanopsis Spach, 120. costata A. DC., 121. javanica A. DC., 121. philippensis (Blanco) Vid., 120. sumatrana A, DC., 120. Castanola trinervis Llanos, 164. Casuarinaceae, 118. Casuarina Linnaeus, 118. equisetifolia Linn., 118. litorea Rumph., 118. sumatrana Migq., 118. Cavanilla philippensis Desr., 302. Cayratia Jussieu, 246. carnosa Gagnep., 247. geniculata Gagnep., 246. Cedrela odorata Blanco, 208. taratara Blanco, 213. Cedrota guianensis Blanco, 139. Ceiba Gaertner, 257. pentandra (Linn.) Gaertn., 257. Celastraceae, 235. Celastrus Linnaeus, 235. paniculata Willd., 235. polybotrys Turez., 235. Celosia Linnaeus, 137. argentea Linn., 137. baccata Retz., 136. bicolor Blanco, 383. coccinea Linn., 137. cristata Linn., 137. glauca Blanco, 383. lanata Blanco, 138. nana Blanco, 280. philippica Steud., 383. Celtis Linnaeus, 122. amboinensis Willd., 122. lima Blanco, 121. luzonica Warb., 122. _ philippensis Blanco, 122. Cenchrus Linnaeus, 68. echinatus Linn., 68. hexaflorus Blanco, 68. Centella Linnaeus, 296. asiatica (Linn.) Urban, 296. Centipeda minima Willd., 378. orbicularis Lour., $78. Centotheca Desvaux, 74. lappacea Desv., 74. latifolia (Osbeck) Trin., 74, malabarica Merr., 74. ; Centrosema plumieri Benth., 13. Centrostema Decaisne, 317. lindleyanum Dene., 317, multiflorum (Blume) Dene., 317, Cephaelis expaleacea Blanco, 360. __ Ceratophyllaceae, 144. _ Ceratophyllum Linnaeus, 144. - _ demersum Linn., 144, submersum Llanos, 144. INDEX Ceratopteris Brongniart, 49. thalictroides Brongn., 49. Cerbera Linnaeus, 311. lactaria Ham., 311. manghas Linn., 311. odollam Gaertn., 311. peruviana Pers., 311. thevetia Linn., 311. Cereus Haworth, 278. triangularis Mill., 278. Ceriops Arnott, 283. candolleana Arn., 283, tagal (Perr.) C. B. Rob., 283. Ceropegia cumingiana Dene., 14. Ceropteris Link., 45. ealomelanos Und., 45. Cestichis, 117. Cestrum nocturnum Linn., 14. Chaetospermum Swingle, 203. glutinosum (Blanco) Swingle, 19, 203. Chailletia benthamiana Turez., 215. gelonioides Hook. f., 237. griffithit Hook. f., 215. helferiana Kurz., 215. Champereia Griffith, 133. cumingiand Merr., 134. ° griffithiana Planch., 134, griffithit Kurz., 134. manillana (Blume) Merr., 183. Characeae, 39. Chara Linnaeus, 39. congesta Llanos, 40. corallina Willd., 40. zeylanica Willd., 39. Chenopodiaceae, 136. Chenopodium Linnaeus, 136. ambrosioides Linn., 136. Chironia capsularis Blanco, 825. h thera Bl: , 825. Chisocheton Blume, 210, ceramicus F.-Vill., 210. pentandrus (Blanco) Merr., 210. philippinus Harms, 210. Chloranthaceae, 119. | Chloranthus Swartz, 119. inconspicuus Blanco, 119. officinalis Blume, 119. Chloris Swartz, 72. barbata Sw., 72. inflata Llanos, 72. rufescens Llanos, 71. truncata R. Br., 72. Chlorophyceae, 39. Chonemorpha G. Don, 312. blancoi Merr., 312. — elliptica Merr. & Rolfe, 312. macrophylla Don, 312. ) Chrysanthemum Linnaeus, 381. indicum Linn., 381. sinense Sabine, 381, INDEX Chrysophyllum grandifolium Steud., 300. macrophyllum Desf., 300. philippense Perr., 300. Cicea Linnaeus, 216, acida (Linn.) Merr., 216. acidissima Blanco, 216. decandra Blanco, 216. disticha Linn., 216. pentandra Blanco, 215. Cinna filiformis Llanos, 60. Cinnamomum Blume, 152. burmanni Blume, 14, 152. mereadoi Vid., 152. pauciflorum Nees, 152. tamala Nees & Eberm., 152. zeylanicum Blume, 152. zeylanicum var. cassia Nees, 152. Cissampelos Linnaeus, 144. pareira Linn., 144. Cissus Linnaeus, 245. acida Blanco, 247. alata Blanco, 246. arborea Blanco, 197. assamica Craib, var. pilosissima Gagnep., 246. carnosa Lam., 247. frutescens Blanco, 197. geniculata Blume, 246, latifolia Blanco, 246. pedata Blanco, 247. pyrrhodasys Mia., 246. quadrangularis Linn., 245. repens Lam., 246, rubescens Blanco, 246. simplex Blanco, 246. trifolia K. Sch., 247. vesicatoria Blanco, 246. Citrus Linnaeus, 203. acida Roxb., 203. _ aurantifolium (Christm.) Swingle, 203, aurantium Linn., 204. aurantium Linn. var. bigrardia Hook. f., 204, decumana Linn., 204. _ hystrix DC., 204. maxima (Burm. f.) Merr., 204. medica Linn. var. limetta Hook. f., 204. mitis Blanco, 204, nobilis Lour., 203. notissima Blanco, 203. papillaris Blanco, 203. reticulata Blanco, 203. torosa Blanco, 204. - Claoxylon Jussieu, 220, — albicans (Blanco) Merr., 220. arboreum Elm., 221. ; elongatum Merr., 220. indicum Hassk., 225. muricatum Wight, 222. ; _ pedicellare Pax & K. Hoffm., 221. 395 Clausena Burman, 201. anisum olens (Blanco) Merr., 201. excavata Burm. f., 201. indica Oliv., 200. lansium (Lour.) Skeels, 201. punctata W. & A., 201. wampi Oliv., 201. warburgii Perk., 201. willdenowii W. & A., 200. Cleidion Blume, 225. javanicum Blume, 225. spiciflorum (Burm. f.) Merr., 225. Cleisostoma Blume, 115. amabile T. & B., 113. bicolor Lindl. & Paxt., 115. jionosmum Lindl., 115. longifolium Teysm. et Binnend, 115. subviolaceum Reichb. f., 116. Cleistanthus Hooker, 220. blancoi Rolfe, 14. ferrugineus Muell.-Arg., 220. orgyalis (Blanco) Merr., 220. Clematis gouriana Roxb., 144. Cleome alliacea Blanco, 158. alliodora Blanco, 158. gigantea Blanco, 158. pentaphylla Blanco, 158. viscosa Linn., 158. Clerodendron Linnaeus, 334. blancoanum F.-Vill., 20, 335. blancoi Naves, 334. capsulare Blanco, 334. commersonii (Poir.) Spreng., 334. fortunatum Blanco, 334. fragrans Vent., 14. grandiflorum Salisb., 334. grandiflorum Schauer, 334, inerme Gaertn., 334, infortunatum F.-Villar, 334, intermedium Cham., 335. longiflorum Dene., 335. macrostegium Schauer, 334. minahassae Teysm. & Binn., 334. navesianum Vid., 335. neriifolium Wall., 334. quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr., 20, 335. Clethraceae, 297. : Clethra Linnaeus, 297. alnifolia Blanco, 297. lancifolia Turez., 297. Clitoria Linnaeus, 187. plumieri Turp., 13. ternatea Linn., 187. Clutia stipularis Linn., 220. — Cnestis Jussieu, 164. corniculata Blanco, 164. diffusa Blanco, 164. erecta Blanco, 163. glabra Blanco, 163. _ polypphylla Blanco, 164. ramiflora Griff., 164, trifolia Blanco, 164, volubilis Blanco, 164. 396 Cobamba blancoi Azaola, 307. dichotoma Blanco, 307. Coccinia cordifolia Cogn., 13. grandis M. Roem., 13. Cocos mamillaris Blanco, 90. nucifera Linn., 89. nucifera Linn. var. lansiformis Miq. 90. Codiaceae, 39. Codiaeum Blume, 229. variegatum (Linn.) Blume, 229. Coffea Linnaeus, 366. arabica Linn., 366. luconiensis Cham. & Schlecht, 368. volubilis Blanco, 369. Coix Linnaeus, 59, lachryma Linn., 59. lachryma-jobi Linn., 59. Coldenia Linnaeus, 328. procumbens Linn., 328. Coleus Loureiro, 338. acuminatus Benth., 339. amboinicus Lour., 338. aromaticus Benth., 338. blumei Benth., 339. gaudichaudii Briq., 339. grandifolius Blanco, 339. pumilus Blanco, 339. suganda Blanco, 3388. Collaea mollis Grah., 190. Colocasia Schott, 92. antiquorum Schott, 92. esculenta (L.) Schott, 91, 92. Colona serratifolia Cav., 251. Colubrina Brongniart, 245. asiatica (Linn.) L. C. Rich, 245. Columbia Persoon, 251. americana Pers., 251. anilao Bianco, 251. blancoi Rolfe, 13. floribunda Naves, 13. serratifolia Blanco, 251. serratifolia (Cav.) DC., 251. Columella Loureiro, 246. geniculata (Blume) Merr., 246. trifolia (L.) Merr., 247, Combretaceae, 285. Combretum Linnaeus, 286. distillatorium Blanco, 286, laxum Blanco, 286. ovalifolium Roxb., 286. squamosum Roxb., 286. wallichti DC., 285. Commelinaceae, 94. Commelina Linnaeus, 94. benghalensis Linn., 94. nudiflora Linn., 14, 95. _ polygama Blanco, 94. Commersonia Forster, 259. bartramia (Linn.) Merr., 259. echinata Forst., 259. platyphylla Andr., 259. Comocladia serrata Blanco, 236. _ Compositae, 375. Conchophyllum imbricatum Naves, 14. ; merrillii Schitr., 317. INDEX Confervalia Llanos, 93. litoralis Blanco, 39. setosa Blanco, 41. Connaraceae, 163. Connaropsis philippica F.-Vill., 19, 195. Connarus foetens Blanco, 201. monocarpus F.-Vill., 163. monocarpus Linn., 164, 236. obliquus Walp., 163. paniculatus F.-Vill., 168. paniculatus Roxb., 163. santaloides Blanco, 201. Conocephalus Blume, 129. erectus (Blanco) F.-Vill., 129. grandifolius Warb., 129. ovatus Tréc., 129. suaveolens Blume, 129. violaceus (Blanco) Merr., 129. Convallaria fruticosa Linn., 96. Convolvulaceae, 320. Convolvulus batatas Linn., 323. boerhaavioides Blanco, 326. catharticus Blanco, 321. colubrinus Blanco, 321. dentatus Blanco, 322. distillatorius Blanco, 325 gangeticus Linn., 324. hederaceus Blanco, 326. longiflorus Spreng., 321. maximus Blanco, 325. muricatus Blanco, 321. nil Linn., 322. paniculatus Linn., 328. paniculatus Naves, 14, pes-caprae Linn., 323. reniformis Roxb., 324. repens Vahl, 324, reptans Linn., 324. valerianoides Blaneo, 326. Conyza balsamifera Linn., 377. cappa Blanco, 377. cappa Ham., 378. dentata Blanco, 377. erosa Blanco, 378. gouani Blanco, 378. viscidula Wall., 377. Cookia anisodora Blanco, 201, anisum olens Blanco, 201, punctata Sonn., 201. wampi Blanco, 201. Corchorus Linnaeus, 249, acutangulus Lam., 249. aestuans Blanco, 249. capsularis Linn., 249. catharticus Blanco, 249. olitorius Linn., 249, _ Cordia Linnaeus, 327. banalo Blanco, 327. blancoi Vid., 327. dichotoma Forst., 327. ignota Blanco, 327. subcordata Lam., 327, Cordyline terminalis Kunth, 96. Coreopsis Linnaeus, 380. gracilis Blanco, 380. tinctoria Nutt., 380. Cornaceae, 296. Coronilla emerus Blanco, 181. Corypha Linnaeus, 84. elata Roxb., 84. minor Blanco, 84. umbraculifera Blanco, 84. Cosmos caudatus HBK. 18, 380. luteus Blanco, 109. nigricans Blanco, 109. speciosus Sm., 14. Cotula quinqueloba Blanco, 378. Cotyledon lanceolata Blanco, 161. paniculata Blanco, 161. serrata Blanco, 161. Crassulaceae, 161. Crataeva Linnaeus, 158. octandra Bianco, 159, religiosa Forst., 158. Cratoxylon Blume, 265, arborescens Blume 265. # blancoi Blume, 265. celebicum Blume, 265. clandestinum Blume, 265. floribundum F.-Vill., 265, 266. formosum (Jack) Dyer, 265. hornschuchii Lianos, 265. hornschuchii Naves, 265. sumatranum Naves, 265. Crescentia Linnaeus, 350. alata HBK., 350. trifolia Blanco, 350. Crinum Linnaeus, 98. asiaticum Linn., 98. giganteum Blanco, 98. gracile E. Mey., 98. Crotalaria Linnaeus, 177. formosana Mats., 178. ineana Linn., 13, linifolia Linn. f., 178. pallida Blanco, 178. pumila Blanco, 178. quinquefolia Linn., 177. sessilifiora Linn., 178. stenophylla Vog., 178. verrucosa Linn., 177. Croton Linnaeus, 220. drupaceum Blanco, 224. glandulosum Blanco, 220. grandifolius Blanco, 226. — lacciferum Blanco, 226. _ _ luzonensis Muell.-Arg., 224. moluccanus Linn., 223. muricatum Blanco, 220. muricatum Heyne, 222. tiglium Linn., 220. variegatus Linn., 229. — Cruciferae, 157. Crudia Schreber, 170. blancoi Rolfe, 170. spicata Blanco,170. INDEX Crypteronia Blume, 282. lutea Blume, 282, paniculata Blume, 282, Cryptocarya R. Brown, 154, ampla Merr., 155. laurifiora (Blanco) Merr., 154. luzoniensis Vid., 154. Cubilia Blume, 240. blancoi Blume, 240. rumphii Blume, 240. Cucumis Linnaeus, 372. acutangulus Linn., 372. luzonicus Blanco, 370. melo Linn., 372. melo var. agrestis Naud., 372. sativus Linn., 13, 370. trigonus Roxb., 372. Cucurbitaceae, 370. Cucurbita Linnaeus, 373, langenaria-oblonga Blanco, 373. lagenaria-villosa Blanco, 3738. maxima Duchesne, 373. pepo-aspera Blanco, 372. sulcata Blanco, 373. Cudrania Trécul, 128. javensis Tréc., 123. obovata Tréc., 123. Cujavillus pumilum Vahl, 18. Cunalon Blanco, 304. Cupania glabrata Kurz, 241. pleuropteris Blume, 238. richti A. Gray, 242. spinosa Blanco, 235. Curculigo Gaertner, 100. orchoides Gaertn., 100. Curcuma Linnaeus, 109. longa Linn., 109. zedoaria (Berg.) Rose., 23, 109. -Cyanotis D. Don, 95. cristata Naves, 14, cristata (Linn.) Roem. & Schultes, 95. Cyatheaceae, 41, Cyathea Smith, 41. integra J. Sm., 41, 50. Cyathocalyx zeylanicus Ch ag _Cycadaceae, 52. Cycas Linnaeus, 52. circinalis Blanco, 52. circinalis Linn., 52. rumphii Mig., 52. Cyclophorus Desvaux, 48, adnascens (Sw.) Desv., 48. varius Gaudich., 48. Cylista piscatoria Blanco, 186. Cylizylon hetecrophyllum Llanos, 320. Cymbidium flavescens Llanos, 113. Cy h tenellum Blanco, 316. viminale Blanco, 315. viminale Linn., 315. hirtum Blanco, 319. Cynodon Persoon, 71. __ _ dactylon (Linn.) Pers., 71. 398 Cynometra Linnaeus, 169. bijuga Spanoghe, 169. caulifiora Linn., 13. inaequifolia A. Gray, 169. ramiflora Linn. var. mimosoides Baker, 169. simplicifolia Harms, 170. Cynomorium philippense Blanco, 134. Cyperaceae, 78. Cyperus Linnaeus, 78. caespitosus Llanos, 79. compressus Linn., 79, cuadriflorus Llanos, 81. curvatus Llanos, 79. dehiscens Kunth, 80. difformis Blanco, 82. difformis Linn., 78. distans Linn., 80. flavicomus Michx., 79. haspan Linn., 79. holciflorus Presl, 78. humilis Llanos, 79. imbricatus Llanos, 78, 80. iria Linn., 79. luzoniensis Llanos, 80. macrosciadion Steud., 80. malaccensis Lam., 82. nuttallii Llanos, 79. ornatus R. Br., 82. ovatus Llanos, 80. paniculatus Bl 73. pennatus Lam., 80. procerus Rottb., 82. quadriflorus Llanos, 81. radiatus Vahl, 78, 80. rotundus Linn., 79. strigosus Llanos, 80. subrotundus Llanos, 78. Cypripedium bulbosum Blanco, 117. lineari-subulatum Llanos, 115. Cyrtandra aristata Blanco, 346. glaberrima Blanco, 349. personata Blanco, 348. Cyrtocarpa quinquestyla Blanco, 234. Cytisus cajan Linn., 190. quinquepetalus Blanco, 184. volubilis Blanco, 190. ’ D Dactyloctenium Willdenow, 72. aegyptium (Linn.) Richt., 64, 72. Daemia, 320. Daemonorops Blume, 86. gaudichaudii Mart., 85,86. mollis (Blaneo) Merr., 86, 87. rumphii Mart., 85. Dais laurifolia Blanco, 278. Dalbergia Linnaeus f., 184. lanceolaria Linn., 184. mimosella Prain, 184. : minahassae Koord., 184. Dalea alopecuroides Blanco, 180. glandulosa Merr., 180. _ nigra Mart. & Gal., 180. Dammara alba Rumph., 52. INDEX Daphne aquilaria Blanco, 279. cannabina Lour., 279.. foetida Blanco, 279. indica Blanco, 279. D y 7. ph 'y Ff pp a Datura tinue: 343. fastuosa (Linn., 343. fastuosa Linn. var. alba (Nees) Clarke, 343. metel Blanco, 343. Daucus anisodorus Blanco, 296. Decaspermum Forster, 287. blancoi Vid., 288. fruticosum Forst., 287. paniculatum Kurz., 287. Deeringia R. Brown, 136. amaranthoides (Lam.) Merr., 136. baccata Moa., 136. celosioides R. Br., 136. Delima aspera Blanco, 262. frangulifolia Presl, 2638. sarmentosa Linn., 262. Delonix regia Raf., 13. Dendrobium Swartz, 113. anosmum Lindl., 114. aporoides (Lindl.) Merr., 113. brongniartianum Kranzl., 113. equitans Krianzl., 113. macranthum Hook., 114. macrophyllum Lindl., 114. retusum Llanos,114. superbum Reichh. f., 114. taurinum Lindl., 14. teres Blanco, 114. teretifolium Blanco, 114. Dendrocalamus sericeus Munro, 75. strictus Nees, 75. Dendroglossa latifolia Fée, 42. taccaefolia Fée, 42. Dentella Forster, 357. repens Forst., 357. Derris Loureiro, 185. diadelpha Merr., 177, 186. elliptica (Roxb.) Benth., 186, 194. floribunda Naves, 186. heptaphylla (Linn.) Merr., 177, 186. scandens (Roxb.) Benth., 186, sinuata Thwaites, 177, 186. thyrsiflora F.-Vill., 186. trifoliata Lour., 185. uliginosa Benth., 185. Desmodium Desvaux, 182. arboreum Sweet, 183. _ cephalotes F.-Vill., 184. diversifolium Blanco, 183. ; _ gangeticum (Linn.) DC., 182, 188. latifolium DC., 182. laxiflorum DC., 183. parvifolium Blanco, 183. Turez., 210. procumbens ( Mill.) | A. & Hitche., 183. pulchellum (Linn.) Benth., 184, 190. __ quinquepetalum (Blanco) Merr., 184. spirale DC., 183. : triflorum (Linn.) oh 183. umbellatum DC., 183. virgatum Zoll., 182, — INDEX Deyeuzia quadriseta Benth., 60. Dianthera americana Blanco, 357. ciliata Blanco, 357. dichotoma Clarke, 355. subserrata Blanco, 356. Dianthus chinensis Linn., 12. Dicerma pulchellum DC., 184, 190. Diceros stoloniferus Blanco, 345. Dichapetalaceae, 215. Dichapetalum Thouars, 215. benthamianum Engl., 215. sericeum (Blanco) Merr., 215. tricapsulare (Blanco) Merr., 215. Dichopsis latifolia F.-Vill., 20. luzoniensis F.-Vill., 20. oleifera F.-Vill., 20. Dicliptera Jussieu, 355. contorta (Blanco) Merr., 355. glabra Dene., 356. viridis Hassk., 23, 356. Dictyotaceae, 40. Didymocarpus aristata F.-Vill., 346. blancot Hassk., 23, 349. Digitaria Persoon, 64. consanguinea Gaudich., 64. lanosa Llanos, 64. longifiora (Gmel.) Pers., 64. Diliman Blanco, 44. Dilleniaceae, 262. Dillenia Linnaeus, 263. indica Blanco, 263. philippinensis Rolfe, 263. reifferscheidia F.-Vill., 12, 18. speciosa Blanco, 263. speciosa Gilg, 18. Dinochloa diffusa Merr., 78. Dioscoreaceae, 101. Dioseorea Linnaeus, 97, 101. aculeata Linn. var. tiliaefolia (Kunth) Prain & Burkill, 102. alata Linn., 102. batatas Dene., 101. bolojonica Blanco, 189. daemona Roxb., 103. divaricata Blanco, 101, 102. esculenta (Lour.) Burkill, 102, 103. fasciculata Roxb., 103. hispida Dennst., 103. loheri Prain & Burkill, 101. luzonensis Schauer, 101. papillaris Blanco, 102. pentaphylla Linn., 103. . sativa Blanco, 103. sativa Linn., 102. tiliaefolia Kunth, 103. triphylla Blanco, 103. triphylla Linn., 103. tugui Blanco, 103. Diosma serrata Blanco, 235. Diospyros Linnaeus, 302. — _ahernii Merr., 303, 304. biflora Blanco, 303. blancoi A. DC., 302. canomoi A. DC., 303. eunalon A. ae 304. Diospyros Linnaeus, 302—Continued. curranii Merr., 303. discolor Willd., 302. ebenaster Retz, 302. embryopteris Blanco, 302. kaki Blanco, 302. kaki Linn. f., 303. lanceaefolia Roxb., 303. lotus Blanco, 303. malacapai A. DC., 303. maritima Blume, 303.° mindanaensis Merr., 303. multifiora Blanco, 303. multiflora Wall., 303. philippensis Giirke, 302. pilosanthera Blanco, 302. tectona Blanco, 330. Diplazium bulbiferum Brack., 44, esculentum Sw., 43. Dipterocarpaceae, 268. Dipterocarpus Linnaeus, 268. fulvus Blume, 269. grandifiorus Blanco, 268. guiso Blanco, 270. malaanonan Blanco, 271. mangachapoi Blanco, 272. palosapis Blanco, 271. plagatus Blanco, 269, polyspermus Blanco, 269. thurifer Blanco, 269. velutinus Vidal, 269. vernicifluus Blanco, 268. Dischidiopsis Schlechter, 317. parasitica (Blanco) Merr., 317. Dittelasma rarak Hook. f., 241. Dodonaea Linnaeus, 242. angustifolia Linn. f., 242. viscosa (Linn.) Jacq., 242. Doemia, 320. Dolichandrone Fenzl, 349. rheedii Seem., 349. spathacea (Linn.) K. Sch., 349. Dolichos acinaciformis Blanco, 189, catjang Linn., 192. erassus Grah., 190. echinulatus Blanco, 192. ensiformis Blanco, 189. falcatus Klein, 193. lablab Linn., 193. repens Blanco, 188. sesquipedalis Blanco, 192. sesquipedalis Linn., 192. sinensis Linn., 192. tetragonolobus Linn., 193. trilobus Blanco, 193. _ unguiculatus Linn., 192. Dombeya biserrata Blanco, 260. decanthera Blanco, 260. Donax Loureiro, 112. arundastrum K. Sch., 112. canniformis (Forst. f.) K. Sch., 112, Dopatrium Hamilton, 346. aristatum Hassk, 23, 346. - junceum (Roxb.) Ham., 28, 346. Dorstenia pubescens Blanco, 130, — 399 400 Doryxylon Zollinger, 221. spinosum Zoll., 221. Dracaena angustifolia Roxb., 96. terminalis Linn., 96. Dracontomelum Blume, 234. cumingianum Baill., 234. dao (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe, 234, edule Merr., 234. lamiyo (Blanco) Merr., 234. mangiferum Blume, 234. Dregea viridiflora Benth., 319. Droseraceae, 161. Drosera Linnaeus, 161. hexagynia Blanco, 161. indica Linn., 161. Drymoglossum Presl, 47. heterophyllum (Linn.) C. Chr., 47. Drynaria (Bory) J. Smith, 48. quercifolia (Linn.) J. Sm., 48. Dryopteris Adanson 46. dissecta (Forst.) O. Ktze., 42. parasitica O. Ktze., 46. Dysoxylum Blume, 209. amooroides Mia., 209. blancoi Vid., 19, 209. cumingianum C. DC., 213. decandrum (Blanco) Merr., 19, 209. octandrum (Blanco) Merr., 209. salutare F.-Vill., 19, 209. schizochitode C. DC., 209. E Ebenaceae, 302. Ecdysanthera torosa Llanos, 312. Echites caudata Blanco, 318. procumbens Blanco, 312. repens Blanco, 312. scholaris Linn., 308. spiralis Blanco, 313. torosa Llanos, 312. trifida Blanco, 308. Eclipta Linnaeus, 379. alba (Linn.) Hassk., 379. Ehretia Linnaeus, 327. acuminata R. Br., 328. beurreria Blanco, 827. ‘ bourreria Linn., 327, buxifolia Roxb., 328. microphylla Lam., 328. mollis Merr., $28. navesii Vid., 328, onava A. DC., 328. _ philippinensis A. DC., 327. polyantha A. DC., 828. virgata Blanco, 328. Elaeagnaceae, 279. Elaeagnus Linnaeus, 279. angustifolia Blanco, 279. cumingii Schlecht., 279. latifolia Linn., 279. -perrottetii Schlecht., 279. 5 philippensis Perr., 279. _ Elaeocarpaceae, 248, Elaeocarpus Linnaeus, 248, calomala (Blanco) Merr., 248. integer ifotaia inden, Si, INDEX Elaeocarpaceae, 248—Continued. isotrichus F.-Vill., 248. cblongus Gaertn., 248. philippinensis Warb., 248. sylvestris Blanco, 248. Elaphoglossum latifolium J. Sm., 42. Elatinaceae, 273, Elatostema Forster, 130. luzonense C. B. Rob., 130. obtusum Wedd., 130. Elcana seminuda Blanco, 311. Eleocharis R. Brown, 82. capitata R. Br., 83. caribaea (Rottb.) Blake, 83. dulcis (Burm. f.) Trin., 82. plantaginea R. Br., 82. plantaginoidea W. F. Wright, 82. tuberosa Schultes, 82. Elephantopus Linnaeus, 375. dubius Blanco, 376. mollis HBK., 376. seaber Linn., 375. serratus Blanco, 376. spicatus Aubl., 376. Eleusine Gaertn., 72. aegyptiaca Pers., 64. indica (Linn.) Gaertn., 63, 72. mucronata Llanos, 72. Eleutherine Herbert, 104. palmifolia (Linn.) Merr., 104. plicata Herb., 104. Elytranthe Blume, 132. ampullacea (Roxb.) Engl., 132. Elytraria Vahl, 351. amara Blanco, 351. caulescens Nees, 352. squamosa Lindau, 352. tridentata Vahl, 351. Embelia Burman, 299. philippinensis A. DC., 299. Emilia Cassini, 382. sonchifolia (Linn.) DC., 382. Encoeliaceae, 40. Englehardtia Leschenault, 120. philippinensis C. DC., 120. spicata Blume, 120. Enhalus L. C. Richard, 58. acoroides (Linn, f.) Rich., 59. koenigit Rich., 59. Enrila dichotoma Blanco, 243. Entada Adanson, 168. ; phaseoloides (Linn.) Merr., 168, 19. pursaetha DC., 168. scandens DC., 168. | Enteromorpha Harvey, 39. intestinalis (L.) Link, 39. prolifera J. Ag., 39. Epaltes Cassini, 378. australis Less., 378. Eperua decandra Blanco, 171. falcata Blanco, 171. rhomboidea Blanco, 171. Epidendrum equitans Blanco, 113. lineare Blanco, 115. ruibarbarum redolens Blanco, 114, vanilla Blanco,112. INDEX Epipremnopsis huegelianum Engl., 91. Epipremnum medium Engl., 90. Epithema triandrum F.-Vill., 358. Eragrostis Host, 73. brownet Nees, 73. cumingii Steud., 74. distans Hack., 74. elongata Jacq., 73. interrupta Beauv., 73. interrupta Doell., 73. japonica (Thunb.) Trin., 73... pilosa Beauv., 74. spartinoides Steud., 74. unioloides Nees, 74. viscosa (Retz.) Trin., 73. Eranthemum bicolor Schrank, 355. Eremochloa muricata Hack., 64. Eria aporoides Lindl., 113. Erigeron Linnaeus, 377. linifolius Willd., 377. Eriochloa Kunth, 64. punctata Ham., 71. ramosa O. Ktze., 64, 71. Eriodendron anfractuosum A. DC., 257. Erioglossum Blume, 238. edule (Linn.) Blume, 238. rubiginosum Blume, 238. Eroteum lanigerum Blanco, 250. Erythrina Linnaeus, 187. caffra Blanco, 187. carnea Blanco, 187. fusca Lour., 187. indica Lam., 187. lithosperma Naves, 13. ovalifolia Roxb., 187. picta Blanco, 187. subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr., 13. variegata Linn. var. orientalis (Linn.) Merr., 187. Erythrophloeum densiflorum Merr., 220, Eugenia Linnaeus, 288. bauanguica Blanco, 290. : bracteata Roxb., var. roxburghii 289. calubeob C. B. Rob., 289. cauliflora Blanco, 290. elausa C. B. Rob., 288. cumini (Linn.) Merr., 288. cymosa Lam., 291. djouat Perr., 288. glandulosa Blanco, 291. jambolana Lam., 199, 288. jambos Blanco, 288. jambos Linn., 290. _ javanica Lam., 288, 290. _ laeta Ham., 290. — lobas Blanco, 290. — macrocarpa Roxb., 289, malaccensis Blanco, 290. Duthie, 401 Eulophia, 117. sumatrana Blume, 117. Eupatorium Linnaeus, 376. ayapana Vent., 375, 376. luzoniense Llanos, 375. triplinerve Vahl, 375, 376. Euphorbiaceae, 215. Euphorbia Linnaeus, 230. atoto Forst, 230. capitata Lam., 231 dulcis Blanco, 230. hirta Linn., 231. laevigata Vahl, 231. neriifolia Linn., 231. parannaquensis Blanco, 2381. pentagona Blanco, 231. pilulifera Linn., 231. pulcherrima Willd., 14. serrulata Reinw., 231, splendens Boj., 14. tirucalli Linn., 231. Euphoria Commerson, 240. annularis Blanco, 240. cinerea (Turez.) Radlk., 240. cubili Blanco, 240. _ didyma Blanco, 240. litchi Blanco, 240, malaanonan Blanco, 270. nephelium Blanco, 270. Eurycles Salisbury, 99. | J. h E on y F.-Vill, 154. Euzxolus caudatus Naves, 14. Evodia Forster, 197. bintoco Blanco, 197. glabra Blume, 197. latifolia DC., 197. mindanaensis Merr., 197. robusta Hook. f., 197. roxburghiana Benth., 198. ternata (Blanco) Merr., 197. triphylla Blanco, 197. triphylla DC., 197, 198. Evolvulus Linnaeus, 320. . alsinoides Linn., 320, 326. linifolius Linn., 320. Exacum Linnaeus, 307. albens Blanco, 307. albens Linn., 307. chironioides Griseb., 307. tetragonium Roxb., 307. — Excoecaria Linnaeus, 230. agallocha Linn., 230. laevis Blanco, 230. _sicea Blanco, 224, 230. Exocarpus ceramica Naves, 14, — Ezxostemma philippicum Blanco, 359. F Fagaceae, 120. Fagara Linnaeus, 196, avicennae Lam., 196. decandra Blanco, 232, octandra Blanco, 198. piperita Blanco, 196. _ piperita Naves, 206. pterota Blanco, 196. 402 Fagara Linnaeus, 196—Continued. rhetsa Roxb., 196. tryphylla Lam., 198. Fagraea Thunberg, 306. cordifolia Blume, 306. morindaefolia Blume, 306. racemosa Jack, 306, scholaris Blanco, 306. Fagus philippensis Blanco, 120. Feronia elephantum Corr., 201, ternata Blanco, 19, 203. Ficus Linnaeus, 125. . arayatensis Warb., 14. arenata Elm., 126. argentea Blanco, 129. aspera nota Blanco, 125. _ aspera volubilis Blanco, 129. blancoi Elm., 127, caudatifolia Warb., 14. dicarpa Blanco, 128. forstenii Miq., 126. glomerata Blanco, 125. haematocarpa Blume, 128. haenkei Warb., 127. hauili Blanco, 127. hederacea Roxb., 129. heterophylla Blanco, 128. heterophylla Linn., 128. hirta Vahl, 128. hispida Blanco, 128. hispida hastata Blanco, 128. hispida heterophylla Blanco, 128. hispida linearis Blanco, 128. hispida odorata Blanco, 126. indica Blanco, 126. laccifera Blanco, 127. laevigata Blanco, 125. laurifolia Blanco, 127. : leucantotoma Poir., 127, 128. leucopleura Blume, 127, 128. microcarpa Linn. f., 126. microcarpa Naves, 14. minahassae Migq., 125. nepalensis Blanco, 128. nota (Blanco) Merr., 125. odorata (Blanco) Merr., 126. payapa Blanco, 125, 126. _ pilosa Reinw., 125. polycarpa Wall,, 129. pseudopalma Blanco, 127. quercifolia Roxb., 128. racemifera Roxb., 125, radiata Decne., 128. radicans Roxb., 127... rostrata Blanco, 127. rubrovenia Merr., 127. ruficaulis Merr., 129. saxophila Blume, 126. seabra Blanco, 125, sinuosa Migq., 128. ulmifolia Lam., 128. urophylla Naves, 14. variegata Blume, 125. vidaliana Warb., 126. INDEX Fimbristylis Vahl, 83. diphylla Vahl, 83. falcata Kunth, 83. ferruginea Vahl, 81. miliacea Vahl, 83. Finlaysonia Wallich, 314. obovata Wall., 314. Fissilia psittacorum Blanco, 184. Flacourtiaceae, 274, Flacourtia Jussieu, 274. coroUata Blanco, 274. indica (Burm. f.) Merr., 274. parvifolia Blanco, 274. — sepiaria Roxb., 274. Flagellariaceae, 93. Flagellaria Linnaeus, 93. indica Linn., 93. Flemingia Roxburgh, 190. blancoana Llanos; 191. lineata (Linn.) Roxb., 191. strobilifera R. Br., 184, 190. Fleurya Gaudichaud, 130. interrupta (L.) Gaudich., 130. Floseopa Loureiro, 95. seandens Lour., 95. Fluggea Willdenow, 215. microcarpa BL., 215. obovata Wall., 215. virosa (Roxb.) Baill, 215. Foeniculum Linnaeus, 296. vulgare Gaertn., 296. Freycinetia Gaudichaud, 54. insignis Blume, 54. 14, Fucaceae, 40. Fucus denticulatus Blanco, 40. edulis Blanco, 41. gulaman Blanco, 41. natans Blanco, 40. prolifer Blanco, 39. | Fuirena Rottboell, 81. ciliaris (Linn.) Roxb., 81. glomerata Lam., 81. striata Llanos, 81. Fungi, 41. ze s Fusanus parasitus Blanco, 132. G Galactia P. Browne, 188. _ tenuiflora W. & A., 188. terminalifiora Blanco, 186. Galedupa frutescens Blanco, 186. maculata Blanco, 185. : pungam Blanco, 180. " ‘ Ganophyllum faleatum Blume, 210. obliquum Merr., 210. Garcinia Linnaeus, 267. binucao (Blanco) Choisy, 267. blancoi Pierre, 267. calleryi Pierre, 268. cornea F.-Vill., 267. cowa Roxb., 268. cumingiana Pierre, 268. eats ‘ ' luzonensis Naves var. heterophylla Naves, INDEX Garcinia Linnaeus, 267—Continued. dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz, 268. ovalifolia var. spicata Hook. f., 299. venulosa (Blanco) Choisy, 267. Gardenia Linnaeus, 363. augusta (Linn.) Merr., 13. . barnesii Merr., 363. curranit Merr., 363. florida Linn., 13. obscura Vid., 364. pinnata Merr., 364. pseudopsidium (Blanco) F.-Vill., 363. Garuga Roxburgh, 208. abilo (Blanco) Merr., 208. mollis Turez., 208. Genicstoma Forster, 305. nigrescens (Blanco) Merr., 305. philippiviense Merr., 805. Gentianaceae, 307. Geodorum Jackson, 113. nutans (Presl) Ames, 113. semicristatum Lindl., 113. Geraniaceae, 194. Geruma subtriloba Blanco, 258. Gethyllis acaulis Blanco, 100. Gigantochloa Kurz, 76. atter Kurz., 76. levis (Blanco) Merr., 76. robusta Kurz, 76. scribneriana Merr., 76. Gimbernatia calamansanai Blanco, 285. Givotia rottleriformis Griff., 224. Glabraria tersa Linn, 153. Gleditsia javanica Lam., 169. Glinus lotoides Linn., 140. Gliricidia HBK., 180. maculata HBK., 19, 180. sepium (Jacq., Steud., 19, 180. Globba Linnaeus, 111. marantina Linn., 111. Glochidion Forster, 217. album (Blanco) Boerl., 217. eleutherostylum Muell.-Arg., 217. lancifolium C. B. Rob., 218. lanosii Muell.-Arg., 217. _molle Blume, 218. philippense Benth., 218. philippicum (Cav.) C. B, Rob., 217, 218. triandrum (Blanco) C. B. Rob., 217. : villosum Miq., 217. .« Gluta orgyalis Blanco, 220. _ Glutia orgyalis Naves, 14. Glycine cajanoides Walp., 184. lucida Blanco, 193. Glycosmis Correa, 199. bilocularis Thwaites, 198. : cochinchinensis (Lour.) Pierre, 199. Gmelina Linnaeus, 333. _ asiatica Blanco, 333. inermis Blanco, 338. philippensis Cham., eae villosa egryy aeons 403 Gnaphalium Linnaeus, 879. dichotomum Blanco, 379. luteo-album Linn., 379. Gnetaceae, 53. Gnetum Linnaeus, 53. gnemon Linn., 53. indicum (Lour.) Merr., 53. latifolium Blume, 53. philippinense Warb., 53. Gnidia oppositifolia Blanco, 285. Gomphrena Linnaeus, 138. gicbosa Linn., 138. volubilis Blanco, 142. Gongora philippica Llanos, 117. Goniothalamus Hooker f. & Thomson, 149. amuyon (Blanco) Merr., 149. giganteus Hook. f. & Th., 149. Goodeniaceae, 374. Gordonia polysperma Blanco, 263. Gossypium Linneaeus, 256, arboreum Linn., 256. barbadense Linn., 256. brasiliense Macf., 256. herbaceum Blanco, 256. hirsutum Linn., 256. paniculatum Blanco, 256. perenne Blanco, 256. punctatum Sch. & Thon., 256. Gouania Linnaeus, 245. domingensis Blanco, 245: leptostachya DC., 245. microcarpa DC., 245. Govantesia malulucban Llanos, 133. Gracilaria Greville, 41. confervoides Grev., 41. Gramineae, 59. Grammatophyllum Blume, 114. multiflorum Lindl., 114. scriptum Blume, 114. | Grangea Adanson, 377. maderaspatana (Linn.) Poir., 871, Graptophyllum Nees, 354. hortense Neés, 354. pictum (Linn.) Griff., 354. Gratiola hyssopioides Blanco, 348. pusilla Willd., 347. Grewia Linnaeus, 250. acuminata Juss., 250. columnaris Sm., 251, mallococca Blanco, 250. multiflora Blanco, 250. multiflora Juss., 250, 251. ovata Merr., 251. serrata Blanco, 251. stylocarpa Warb., 250. triflora Walp., 250. , umbellata Roxb., 250. | Griffithianthus merrillii W. H. Br., 149. Gronovia ternata Blanco, 156. | Grumilea Gaertner, 368. _luconiensis (C. & S.) Merr., 368. 404 Guettarda Linnaeus, 366. jasminiflora Blanco, 296. polyandra Blanco, 304. speciosa Blanco, 296, speciosa Linn., 366. vermicularis Blanco, 366. Guiacum abilo Blanco, 208. Guilandina bonducella Linn., 175. nuga Linn., 176. Guioa Cavanilles, 241. koelreuteria (Blanco) Merr., 238, 241. perrottetii Radlk., 288, 240, 241, 242. pleuropteris (Blume) Radlk., 238, 241. Guttiferae, 265. Gymnanthera pedunculata F.-Vill., 320. Gymnema R. Brown, 315. tingens (Roxb.) W. & A., 315. Gymnopteris latifolia Presl, 42. subquinquifida Presl, 42. taccaefolia J. Sm., 42. trilobata J. Sm., 42. Gymnospermae, 52. Gymnosporia Wight & Arnott, 235. montana F.-Vill., 235, spinosa (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe, 235. Gynandropsis de Candolle, 158. pentaphylla (Linn.) DC., 158. speciosa (HBK.) DC., 158. Gynura Cassini, 381. angulosa DC., 381. sarmentosa DC., 381. Gyrocarpus Jacquin, 155. americanus Jacq., 155. : jacquinii Gaertn., 155. lobatus Blanco, 155. pendulus Blanco, 120. Gyrostemon blancoi Llanos, 218. H Habenaria Willdenow, 112. cordata Naves, 21. diphylla Dalz., 21. malintana (Blanco) Merr., 112. pelcrioides Par. & Reichb. f., 112. trinervia Wight, 112. Habranthus versicolor Naves, 14. versicolor Naves var. semiplenus Naves, 14, Haemanthus pubescens Blanco, 98. Halesia ternata Blanco, 156. Halimeda Lamouroux, 39. opuntia (L.) Lamx., 39. Harpullia Roxburg, 243. arborea (Blanco) Radlk., 243. cupanioides F.-Vill., 243. Harrisonia Jussieu, 206. bennetii Hook. f., 206. perforata (Blanco) Merr., 206. Hartighsea schizochitodes Turez., 210, Hedysarum pulchellum Linn., 184, 190. vespertilionis Linn., 184, Helianthemum triflorvm Blanco, 250. Helicteres Linnaeus, 260. _ apetala Blanco, 262. hirsuta Lour., 260. . Hippeastrum Herbert, 99. INDEX Helicteres Linnaeus, 260—Continued. pinnata Blanco, 234, spicata Colebr., 260. spicata Colebr. var. lanigera Mast., 260. Heligme rheedi Wight, 313. Heliotropium Linnaeus, 329. coromandelium Lehm. DC., 14. indicum Linn., 329. ovalifolium Forsk, var: depressum Merr., 14. parviflorum Blanco, 329. Hellinia gracilis Hassk., 23, 110. Helminthostachys Kaulfuss, 51. dulcis Kaulf., 51. zeylanica (Linn.) Hook., 51. Hemigramma Christ, 42. latifolia (Meyen) Copel., 42, zollingeri Christ, 42. Hemigraphis Nees, 353. lanceolata Clarke, 353. repens F.-Vill., 353. strigosa (Nees) F.-Vill., 853. Hemigyrosa canescens Thw., 242, perrottetii Blume, 241. Hemionitis gymnopteroidea Copel., 42. incisa Blanco, 43. zollingeri Kurz, 42. depressum var. | Henschelia luzonensis Presl, 156. | Heptapleurum cephalotes C. B. Clarke, 296. rigidum Seem., 294, venulosum Seem., 295. | Heritiera Dryander, 262. littoralis Dry., 262. tinctoria Blanco, 262. Hernandiaceae, 155. Hernandia Linnaeus, 155. ovigera Linn., 156. peltata Meissn., 155. sonora Blanco, 155. — Herpestis monniera HBK., 344. Heterosmilax borneensis C. DC., 97. Heterostemma Wight & Arnott, 319. cuspidatum Dene., 319. Hewittia Wight & Arnott, 326. bicolor Wight, 326. : sublobata (Linn. f.) O. Ktze., 326. Hexagonotheca cordata Turez., 249. Hibiscus Linnaeus; 254. abelmoschus Linn., 254. batacensis Blanco, 19, 255. bifurcatus Blanco, 254, _ mutabilis Linn., 254. populneus Linn., 255. rosa-sinensis Linn., 254. surattensis Linn., 254. syriacus Linn., 12. tiliaceus Linn., 254, vidalianus Naves,12. _ ‘Hillia longiflora Blanco, 132. miniatum Herb., 99. Hippocrateaceae, 236, INDEX Hippocratea Linnaeus, 236. indica Willd., 236. ‘ obtusifolia Roxb., 236. volubilis Blanco, 236. Hippocrepis comosa Blanco, 183. humilis Blanco, 183, multisiliquosa Blanco, 182. rhomboidea Blanco, 183. Hiptage Gaertner, 213. javanica Blume, 213. loheri Merr., 213. madablota Gaertn., 213. Hiraea reclinata Blanco, 213. Holarrhena macrocarpa F.-Vill., 812. procumbens Merr., 312. Holeus saccharatus Blanco, 63. saccharatus Naves, 14. sorghum Linn., 63. Homalanthus Jussieu, 230. populneus Pax, 224. populneus (Geisel) (Blanco) Merr., 230. populneus var. siccus Pax, 230. Homalium aranga Vidal, 20. barandae Vidal, 20. foetidum Benth., 263, grandiflorum Naves, 13, 20. luzoniense F.-Viill., 20. panayanum F.-Vill., 13, 20. Homonoia Loureiro, 228. riparia Lour., 228. Hopea Roxburgh, 269. acuminata Merr., 272. j pierrei Hance, 272. plagata (Blanco) Vidal, 269. squamata Turez., 271. tangili Blume, 269. Horsfieldia ardisiifolia Warb., 268. Hoya R. Brown, 318. carnosa Blanco, 318. carnosa R. Br., 318. diversifolia Blume, 318. imbricata Dene., 14. luzonica Schltr., 318, melifiua (Blanco) Merr., 318. multifiora Blume, 317. parasitica Wall., 317. _ Hydnocarpus polyandra Blanco, 274. Hydrangea oblongifolia Blume, 383. Hydrilla L. C. Richard, 58. verticillata (Roxb.) Royle, 58. Hydrocharitaceae, 58. Hydroelathrus Bory, 40. Pax, var. laevis - eancellatus Bory, 40. Hydrocotyle asiatica Linn., 296. monopetala Blanco, 858. ~ Hydrolea Linnaeus, 326.- zeylanica (Linn.) Vahl, 326. — Hydrophyllaceae, 326.- ‘ Hygrophila R. Brown, 352. angustifolia R. Br., 352. phiomoides Nees, var. ae fe Be Hymenocallis Salisbury, 98. adnata Herb., 98. littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb., 98. Hymenodictyon Wallich, 359. excelsum (Roxb.) Wall., 359. Hymenomycetaceae, 41. Hypericum aegyptium Blanco, 265. olympicum Blanco, 265. pentandrum Blanco, 258. Hypobathrum Blume, 364. glomeratum (Bartl.) K. Sch., 364. Hypoestes R. Brown, 356. cinerea C. B. Clarke, 28, 356. contorta Nees, 355. laxiflora Nees, 356. malaccensis Wight, 356. Hypoxis aurea Lour., 100. flava Merr., 100. franquevillet Migq., 100. Hyptage cebuensis Elm., 213. Hyptis Jacquin, 338. brevipes Poir., 338. capitata Jacq., 338. mariannarum Briq., 338. spicigera Lam., 338. suaveolens (Linn.) Poir., 338, I Icacinaceae, 237, Ichnocarpus R. Brown, 313. frutescens R, Br., 313. navesii Rolfe, 313. ovatifolius A. DC., 313. Icica abilo Blanco, 208. Ignatia amara Linn. f., 306. Tilecebrum lanatum Murr., 138. triandrum Llanos, 138. Illigera Blume, 156. appendiculata Vid., 156. dubia F.-Vill, 156, luzonensis (Pres!) Merr., 156. meyeniana Kunth, 156. ternata Dunn, 156. Illipe betis Merr., 300. Tlysanthes Rafinesque, 348. ; antipoda (Linn.) Merr., 349. australis Merr., 23. serrata (Roxb.) Urb., 23, 348, Impatiens Linnaeus, 243. — balsamina Linn., 243, triflora Blanco, 243. Imperata Cyrilli, 60. oy ey eylindrica Beauv., 60. exaltata Brongn. 60. _ Indigofera Linnaeus, 178. ~ angustifolia Blanco, 179. anil Linn., 179. argentea Blanco, 179. hirsuta Blanco, 180. hirsuta Linn., 179. simplicifolia Lam., 179. suffruticosa Mill., 179. tinctoria Blanco, 170, tinctoria Linn., 179. _ tinetoria Naves,179. . > unifoliolata Merr., 178." 405 406 Inga lanceolata Blanco, 165. timoriana DC., 169. Intsia Thouars, 171. bijuga O. Ktze., 171. Inula cappa DC., 378. Ipomoea Linnaeus, 322. - angustifolia Jacq., 325. batatas (Linn.) Poir., 323. blancoi Choisy, 322. cairica Sweet, 14. commutata R. & S., 322. digitata Linn., 323. glaberrima Boj., 321. hepaticifolia Blanco, 324. longiflora R. Br., 321. muricata Jacq., 321. nil Roth, 322. paniculata (Linn.) R. Br., 323, $25. paniculata Naves, 14. peltata Choisy, 325. pes-caprae (Linn.) Roth, 323. pes-tigridis Linn., 323. quamoclit Linn., 322. reptans (Linn.) Poir., 324. reptans Llanes, 325. triJoba Linn., 322. turpethum R. Br., 325. ventricosa Llanos, 325. Iridaceae, 104. E Ischaemum Linnaeus, 61. ciliare Retz., 61. rugosum Salisb., 61. Iteadaphne confusa Blume, 153. Ixora Linnaeus, 367. arborea Blanco, 367. chinensis Lam., 13. coccinea Linn., 367. cumingiana Vid., 367. finlaysoniana Wall., 367. glandulosa Blanco, 365. incarnata Naves, 13, macrophylla Bartl., 367. manila Blanco, 364, pendula Jack, 368, philippinensis Merr., 13, 368. rosea Naves, 13. stricta Roxb., 367. umbellata Valeton, 367. J Jacquemontia Choisy, 326. - paniculata (Burm, f.) Hallier f., 326. Jambolifera pedunculata Linn., 199. Jambosa cauliflora DC.; 290. _ wulgaris DC., 290: Jasminum Linnaeus, 304. aculeatum (Blanco) Walp., 28, 304. blancoi Hassk., 23, 305. marianum DC., 304. ; sambac (Linn.) Ait., 23, 305. _ Jatropha Linnaeus, 229. curcas Linn., 229, janipha Blanco, 229. manihot Linn., 229.- — multifida Linn., 229, Seti eet ct ecole’ ent “ ‘aN INDEX Juglandaceae, 120. Jussiaea Linnaeus, 293. erecta Blanco, 293. fluviatilis Blume, 293. inclinata Blanco, 293. repens Linn., 293. suffruticosa Linn., 293. Justicia Linnaeus, 356. dalaora Blanco, 355. ecbolium Blanco, 354. gendarussa Blanco, 355. gendarussa Burm. f., 356. mollissima Nees, 357. nasuta Linn., 356. _picta Linn., 354. procumbens Linn., 357. viridis Blanco, 356. K Kadsura blancot Azaola, 237. Kaempferia Linnaeus, 110. galanga Linn., 110. rotunda Blanco, 110. Kalanchoe Adanson, 161. laciniata DC., 161. spathulata DC., 161. Kayea Wallich, 267. garciae Vesque, 19. navesii Vesque, 19. : paniculata (Blanco) Merr., 18, 19, 267. racemosa Pl. & Tr., 267. Kickxia arborea Naves, 13. blancoi Rolfe, 13. Kirganelia alba Blanco, 217. nigrescens Blanco, 218. pumila Blanco, 216. triandra Blanco, 217. villosa Blanco, 217. Kleinhovia Linnaeus, 260. hospita Linn., 260. serrata Blanco, 261. Knautia sagittata Blanco, 377. Knema glomerata (Blanco) Merr., 20, 151. heterophylla Warb., 20, 151. | Koelreuteria arborea Blanco, 241. edulis Blanco, 239. Ko'owratia Pres], 110. elegans Pres}, 23, 110. Koordersiodendron Engler, 234. celebicum Engl., 234. pinnatum (Blanco) Merr., 284. Kosteletzkya Presl., 255. batacensis (Blanco) F.-Vill, 19, 255. — Kurrimia gracilis Vid., 243. Kyllinga Rottboell, 81. monocephala Rottb., 81. triceps Linn. f., 81. Kyrtandra aristata Blanco, 346. eapsularis Blanco, 349. personata Blanco, 348. serrata Blanco, 349, L Lagenaria Seringe, 373. leucantha (Lam.) Rusby, 373. vulgaris Seringe, 373. Lagerstroemia Linnaeus, 281. indica Linn., 281. speciosa: (Linn.) Pers., 281. Lansium Correa, 211. domesticum Correa, 211. Lantana Linnaeus, 330. camara Linn., 330. viburnoides Blanco, 330. Laportea Gaudichaud, 130. gaudichaudiana Wedd., 1380. meyeniana (Walp) Warb., 130. Lauraceae, 152. Laurus cassia Blanco, 152. cinnamomum Blanco, 152. cinnamomum Linn., 152. culilaban Blanco, 152. hexandra Blanco, 153. hexandra Willd., 153. lanosa Blanco, 155. martinicensis Blanco, 155. persea Linn., 152. serrata Blanco, 276. Lawsonia Linnaeus, 281. inermis Linn., 281. Lechea minor Blanco, 94. Lecythidaceae, 282. Leea Linnaeus, 247. aculeata Blanco, 247. aculeata Blume, 247. biserrata Migq., 247. manillensis Walp., 247. vubra Blume, 247. sambucina Blanco, 247 Leersia Swartz, 71. hexandra Sw., 71. Legazpia triptera Blanco, 347. Legnotis lL lata Bl 287. Leguminosae, 165. . Lemnaceae, 93. _. Lemna Linnaeus, 93. gibba Blanco, 93. paucicostata Hegelm., 93. Lentibulariaceae, 351. Leonurus Linnaeus, 336. sibiricus Linn., 336, Lepidagathis Willdenow, 353. luzona Nees, 353.. - secunda (Blanco) Nees, 353. Lepidopetalum Blume, 242, _ perrottetii (Cambess.) Blume, 242. Lepistemon Blume, 821. binectariferum (Wall.) O. Ktze., 821. _ flavescens Blume, 321. ~ Leptochilus subquinquifidus Fée, 42. _ 4 ii i: coms coh =~ r, . Liliaceae, 95. > 208 weasatenmias’oM ey INDEX Limnanthemum Gmelin, 307. cristatum Griseb., 307. indicum (Linn.) Griseb., 307. Limnophila R. Brown, 845. conferta Benth., 345. gratioloides R. Br., 345. - menthastrum Benth., 345. myriophylloides Lianos, 345. repens Benth., 345. roxburghii G. Don, 345. rugosa (Roth) Merr., 345. stclonifera (Blanco) Merr., 345. Limnophyton obtusifolium Mia:, 58. Limonia corymbosa Blanco, 202. disticha Blanco, 202. engleriana Perk., 203. glutinosa Blanco, 19, 203. iaureola Blanco, 161. linearis Blanco, 202. monophylla Blanco, 202. monophylla Linn., 202. trifolia Burm. f., 202. trifoliata Linn., 202. Lindenbergia Lehmann, 344, philippensis (Cham.) Benth., 344. Lindernia Allioni, 347. crustacea (Linn.) F. Muell., 347. pusilla (Thunb.) Merr., 347. pyxidaria All., 348. scabra Wettst., 347. viscosa (Willd.) Merr., 14. Lindsaya ensifolia Sw., 46. retusa Mitt., 47. Liparia badocana Blanco, 180. Lippia Linnaeus, 330. nodiflora (Linn.) Rich, 330. Litsea Lamarck, 153. albayana Vid., 154. chinensis Lam., 153. glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Rob., 153, 154. litoralis F.-Vill., 154. luzonica Blanco, 335. obtusata F.-Vill., 154. tersa Merr., 153. _ villosa Blume, 155. - Livistona R. Brown, 84. blancoi Merr., 84. merrillii Becc., 84. papuana Becc., 84. rotundifolia Mart., 84. _whitfordii Becc., 84. Llanosia toquian Blanco, 19, 264. Lochnera Reichenbach, 309. rosea (Linn.) Reichb., 309. Loganiaceae, 305. Lonicera symphoricarpos Blanco, 131. Loranthaceae, 131. Loranthus Linnaeus, 131, ampullaceus Roxb., 14, 18 blancoanus F.-Vill., 383. ' paénkeaftus Presl, 14. malifolius Presl, 14. ZS 408 Lourea Necker, 184. vespertilionis (Linn.) Desv., 184. Lucuma Jussieu, 301. mamosa (Linn.) Gaertn., 301. Luffa Linnaeus, 372. acutangula (Linn.) Roxb., 372. acutangula Roel: 5 var. amara C. B. Clarke, 373. cylindrica (Linn.) Roem., 372. petola Sering., 372. ‘ Luisia Gaudichaud, 114, teretifolia Gaudich., 114. Lumanaja fluviatilis Blanco, 228. Lumnitzera Willdenow, 287. coccinea W. & A., 287. littorea (Jack.) Voigt, 287. purpurea Presl, 287. racemosa Willd., 287. Lunasia Blanco, 198. amara Blanco, 198. Lupinus angustifolius Blanco, 182. Lycopersicum Miller, 341, esculentum Mill, 341. Lycopodiaceae, 51. Lycopodium Linnaeus, 51. cernuum Linn., 51, dichotomum Blanco, 51. gnidioides Blanco, 51. selago Linn., 51. squarrosum Forst, 51. Lygodium Swartz, 49. circinnatum (Burm. f.) Sw., 49, 50. flexuosum Sw., 49. japonicum Sw., 49. scandens Sw., 49. semihastatum (Cav.) Desv., 49. Lythraceae, 280. M Macanea arborea Blanco, 18, 146. Macaranga Thouars, 226. grandifolia (Blanco) Merr., 226. mappa Muell.-Arg., 226. porteana E. André, 226, tanarius (Linn.) Muell.-Arg. mentosa Muell.-Arg., 226. Maesa Forskal, 297. cumingiana Mez, 297. denticulata Mez, 297. indica A. DC., 298. indica A. DC. var. coriacea A. DC., 297. laxa Mez, 297, 298. eo membranacea Blanco, 297. Magnoliaceae, 146. Magnolia angatensis Blanco, 146. Malacapai Blanco, 303. Malachra Linnaeus, 253. eapitata Linn., 253. var. to- INDEX Mallococca crenata Blanco, 250. parva Blanco, 250. Mallotus Loureiro, 221. floribundus Muell.-Arg., 223. moluccanus MuellL-Arg., 222, 223. muricatus Muell.-Arg., 222. papillaris (Blanco) Merr., 223. repandus Muell.-Arg., 223. resinosus (Blanco) Merr., 222. ricinoides (Pers.) Muell.-Arg., 221, 224. tiliifolius Muell.-Arg., 223. zollingeri Muell.-Arg., 223. Malpighiaceae, 213. Malsherbia globosa Blanco, 383. Malulucban Blanco, 133. Malvaceae, 251. coromandelina Linn., 252. luzonica Blanco, 252. moschata Blanco, 194. Malvastrum A. Gray, 252. coromandelinum (L.) Garcke, 252. tricuspidatum A. Gray, 252. Mamboga capitata Blanco, 360. Mammea asiatica Linn., 282. Mangifera Linnaeus, 232. altissima Blanco, 282. anisodora Blanco, 232, indica Linn., 232. longipes Griff., 232. pinnata Blanco, 3838. pinnata Linn. f., 383. * rostrata Blanco, 232. Manihot Adanson, 229, utilissima Pohl, 229. Manisuris exaltata O. Ktze., 65. Manungala pendula Blanco, 206. Marantaceae, 112. Maranta arundinacea Blanco, 112. Marasmius Fries, 41. Marattiaceae, 50. Mariscus Vahl, 80. ; albescens Gaudich., 78, 80. dilutus (Vahl) Nees, 80, 81. microcephalus Pres}, 81. stuppeus (Forst.) Merr., 78, 80. | Marrubium indicum Blanco, 338. Marsdenia R. Brown, 318. akkar Blanco, 318. parasitica Blanco, 317. tagudinia Blanco, 318. tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br., 318. Marsileaceae, 50. Marsilea Linnaeus, 50. crenata Presl, 50. mearnsii Christ, 50. - minuta Blanco, 50. trifolia Blanco, 50. Matricaria chamomilla Blanco, 381. Medinilla lagunae Vidal, 20. magnifica LindL, 383. Meladenia densiflora Turez., 180, Melaleuca grandiflora Blanco, 257. Melanolepis Reichenbach f. & Zollinger, 223. pres omen a eS Metastomatacens, 291. INDEX Melastoma Linnaeus, 291. asperum Blanco, 291. dodecandrum Blanco, 292. homostegium Naud., 292. imbricatum Wall., 292. malabathricum Blanco, 291. malabathricum Linn., 292. malabathricum Naves, 13. obvolutum Blanco, 291. obvolutum Jack, 292.. penicillatum Naud., 18. polyanthum Blume, 291. sanguineum Sims, 292. tamonea Blanco, 292. Meliaceae, 208. Melia Linnaeus, 209. azedarach Blanco, 209. candollei Juss., 209. composita Blanco, 209. dubia Cav., 209. iloilo Blanco, 212, Melica philippensis Llanos, 74. Melicocca triptera Blanco, 239. Melicope Forster, 198. conferta Blanco, 199. luzonensis Engl., 198. ternata Vid., 198. tetrandra Blanco, 197. triphylla (Lam.) Merr., 198. Melochia Linnaeus, 258. arborea Blanco, 258. concatenata Linn., 258. corchorifolia Linn., 258. supina Linn., 258, 3 umbellata (Houtt.) Stapf., 258. Melodorum fulg Hook. f. & Th., 149. Melothria Linnaeus, 370. indica Lour., 370. Memecylon Linnaeus, 292. clausiflorum Naud., 293. cumingianum Presl, 293. edule Roxb. var. ovatum C. B. Clarke, 292. lanceolatum Blanco, 293. ovatum Smith, 292. parviflorum Blanco, 292. pyrifolium Presl, 293. tinctorium Blanco, 292. Menais mollis Blanco, 328. Menispermaceae, 144. - coeculus Linn., 145. _crispa Blanco, 837. Menyanthes indica Linn., 307. _Mercadoa mandalojonensis Naves, 221. Merremia Dennstaedt, 324. ; caespitosa Hallier f., 824, distillatoria (Blanco) Merr., 325. : emarginata (Burm. f.) Hallier f., 324. _ hirta (Linn.) Merr., 824. — nymphaeifolia (Blume) Haller £., 985. A ee 409 Mesua lepidota T. Andr., 18. Metrosideros pictipetala Blanco, 287. vera Rumph., 287. Mezoneurum Desfontaines, 176, glabrum Desf., 176. latisiliquum (Cav. ) Merr., 176. procumbens Blanco, 176. pubescens Desf., 176. Michelia Linnaeus, 146. champaca Linn., 146. Micromelum Blume, 200, compressum (Blanco) Merr., 200. glabrescens Benth., 200. mole Turez., 200. | pubescens Blume, 200. tephrocarpum Turcz., 200. Mikania Willdenow, 377. scandens Willd., 377. Milium zonatum Llanos, 64. Millettia luzonensis A. Gray, 181. merrillii Perk., 13. piscatoria Merr., 186. splendens W. & A., 186. aylocarpa Naves, 13, Millingt p ta Bl , 850. quadripinnata Blanco, 350. Mimosoideae, 165. ~ Mimosa Linnaeus, 167. acle Blanco, 165. asperata Blanco, 167. biglobosa Roxb., 169. blancoana Llanos, 194. carisquis Blanco, 166. coriaria Blanco, 166. farnesiana Linn., 166. lebbek Blanco, 166. membranulacea Blanco, 175. peregrina Blanco, 168, 169. pudica Linn., 167. punctata Blanco, 168. quadrivalvis Linn., 167. . scutifera Blanco, 165. seutifera, var. casai Blanco, 165. tenuifolia Blanco, 167. unguis-cati Blanco, 165. virgata Blanco, 168. Mimulus violaceus Azaola, 347. Mimusops Linnaeus, 302. elengi Linn., 13, 302. erythroxylum Llanos, 302, parvifolia R. Br., 302. talosan Blanco, 260. Mirabilis Linnaeus, 139. jalapa Linn., 189, longiflora Blanco, 139. Mitragyna Korthals, 360. diversifolia Havil., 360. rotundifolia (Roxb.) O. Ktze., 360. Mitrephora Blume, 149. ferruginea Merr., 149, lanotan (Blanco) Merr., 149. merrillii C. B. Rob. Mocanera grandiflora Blaneo, 268. _ guiso Blanco, 270. malaanonan Blanco, 271. - 410 Mocanera grandiflora Blanco, 268—Cont. mayapis Blanco, 269. plagata Blanco, 269. polysperma Blanco, 269. thurifera Blanco, 269. vernicifiua Blanco, 268. Modecca cardiophylia Mast., 276. coccinea Blanco, 276, heterophylla Blume, 276. palmata Lam., 276. parviflora Blanco, 276. saponaria Blanco, 371. trilobata Blanco, 276, trilobata Roxb., 371. Mogorium aculeatum Blanco, 304, Molinaca arborea Blanco, 242. Mollugo Linnaeus, 140. hirta Thunb., 140. lotoides (Linn.) O. Ktze., 140, oppositifolia Linn., 141. pentaphylla Linn., 141. spergula Linn., 141. stricta Linn., 141. subserrata Blanco, 141. Momordica Linnaeus, 370. balsamina Blanco, 370. charantia Linn., 370. eochinchinensis Spreng., 371. cylindrica Blanco, 370. operculata Blanco, 372. ovata Cogn., 371. sphaeroidea Blanco, 371. M pia bl i F.-Vill., 18, 146. Monocera isotricha Turez., 248. Monochoria hastata (Linn.) Solms, 95. Monocotyledons, 53, Monodora myristica Blanco, 146. Moraceae, 122. Morinda Linnaeus, 368. bracteata Roxb., 369. citrifolia Blanco; 369. citrifolia Linn., 368. ligulata Blanco, 369. litoralis Blanco, 368. microcephala Bartl., 369. royoc Blanco, 369. tinctoria Roxb., 369. umbellata Blanco, 369. umbellata Linn., 369. volubilis (Blanco) Merr., 369. Moringaceae, 160. Moringa Jussieu, 160. oleifera Lam., 160. pterygosperma Gaertner, 160. Morus Linnaeus, 122. : alba Linn., 122. luzonica Blanco, 122. tinctoria Blanco; 123. Moschosma Reichenbach, 339. polystachyum (Linn.) Benth., 839. Mucuna Adanson, 187, atropurpurea DC., 188. _ imbricata DC., 187. _ lyonii Merr., 188. monosperma DC., 187, - *. = * ~ * nats j oat oy INDEX textilis Née, 104, 105, Mussaenda Linnaeus, 362. wriothees arborescens Blanco, 50. Mucuna Adanson, 187—Continued. nigricans (Lour.) Steud., 187. nivea (Roxb.) DC., 188. pruriens (Linn.) DC., 188. Muehlenbeckia platyclados Meissn., 14. Munchausia speciosa Linn., 281. Muntingia calabura Linn., 13. Murraya Linnaeus, 201. cerasiformis Blanco, 199. exotica Blanco, 199, exotica Linn., 201. lobata Blanco, 199. odorata Blanco, 201. paniculata (Linn.) Jack, 201. Musaceae, 104. Musa Linnaeus, 104. abaca Perr., 105. amboinensis Rumph., 105. cavendishit Lamb. var. pumila Teodoro, 108. errans (Blanco) Teodoro, 104, 105. errans (Blanco) Teodoro var. botoam Teodoro, 106. glauca Roxb., 104. paradisiaca Linn., 104. var. cinerea Blanco, 106, 107. var. compressa Blanco, 108. var. glaberrima Blanco, 106. var. glauca Blanco, 107. ar. lacatan Blanco, 107. var. longa Blanco, 108, var. magna Blanco, 108. var. maxima Blanco, 109. var. pumila Blanco, 108. var. suaveolens Blanco, 106. var. subrubea Blanco, 109. var. ter is Bl » 107. var. tombak Blanco, 108. var. ulnaris Blanco, 107. var. violacea Blanco, 106. subsp. sapientum (Linn.) O. —— 107. sapientum Linn., 104. var. cinerea (Blanco) Sree 106. var. compressa Teodoro, 108. var. glaberrima (Blanco) Teodoro, 106. var. glauca (Blanco) Teodoro, 107. var. lacatan (Blanco) Teodoro, 107. — var. longa (Blanco) Teodoro, 108. ar. suaveolens (Blanco) Teodoro, 106. var. ternatensis (Blanco) Teodoro, 107. var, tombak (Blanco) Teodoro, 108. var, violacea (Blanco Teodoro, 106. troglodytarum Blanco, 105. troglodytarum Linn.. 104. ar. dolioliformis Blanco, 104. var. errans Blanco, 105. var: textoria Blanco, 105. frondosa Blanco, 362. ~ glabra.Vahl, 362. grandiflora Rolfe, 362. philippica Rich, 362: oh oe Baers oF Myristicaceae, 151. Myristica Linnaeus, 151+ <-: corticosa F.-Vill., 151. corticosa Hook. f. &-Th.,:152. heterophylla F.-Vill., 20, 151. intermedia Blume, 152. luzonica Blanco, 151. philippensis Lam., 151. Myrozxylon decline Blanco, 274. Myrsinaceae, 297. Myrtaceae, 287. Myrtus communis Blanco, 288. mananquil Bianco, 290. subrubens Blanco, 291. tripinnata Blanco, 291. N Najadaceae, 57. Najas Linnaeus, 57. foveolata A. Br., 57. lobata Blanco, 57. obvoluta Blanco, 49. palustris Blanco, 57. tenuifolia R. Br., 57. Nama jamaicensis Blanco, 326. Napaea latifolia Blanco, 253. scabra Blanco, 253, Naravelia de Candolle, 144. laurifolia Wall, 144. lobata (Llanos) Merr., 144. loheri Merr. & Rolfe, 144. zeylanica DC., 144. Nasturtium indicum Linn., 157. Nauclea Auct., 361. Nauclea Linnaeus 362. adina Blanco, 360. blancoi Vid., 361. calycina Bartl., 361. digitata Blanco, 295. glaberrima Bartl., 362. glabra Blanco, 361, glandulosa Blanco, 361. lanceolata Blanco, 361. latifolia Blanco, 361. lutea Blanco, 362. luzoniensis Blanco, 360. amedia Havil., 361. obtusa Blanco, 361. obtusa Blume, 361. crientalis Linn., 362. purpurea Roxb., 361. Negretia mitis Blanco, 188. pruriens Blanco, 188. urens Blanco, 187. _ Nelumbium Jussieu, 143. nelumbo (Linn.) Druce, 143, speciosum Willd., 143. turbinatum Blanco, 143, Neonauclea Merrill, 361. ealycina (Bartl.) Merr., 361. media (Havil.) Merr., 361. Nepenthaceae, 160. . INDEX 411 Nephelium glabrum Noronha, 240. longana Camb., 240. Nephrolepis Schott, 43. acuta Pres], 48. biserrata (Sw.) Schott, 43. davallioides Kunze, 42. ramosa Moore, 46. Nerium Linnaeus, 313. indicum Mill., 313. odorum Soland., 313. oleander Blanco, 313. Nicotiana Linnaeus, 344. frutescens Blanco, 344. fruticosa Blanco, 344. pusilla Blanco, 344. rustica Linn., 344. tabacum Linn., 344. Niota globosa Blanco, 225. tetrapetala Poir., 206. Nipa Wurmb. 90. fruticans Wurmb. 90. Utoralis Blanco, 90. Nopalea Salm-Dyck, 278. eochinelifera ( Mill.) Salm-Dyck, 278. Norrisia malaccensis Gardn., 305. Nothaphoebe Blume, 153. malabonga (Blanco) Merr., 153. umbelliflora Blume, 153. Nothochlaena piloseloides Llanos, 47. Notholaena piloselloides Kaulf., 47. Nothopanax Miquel, 295. fruticosum (Linn.) Migq., 295. Notochnella fascicularis Van Tiegh., 264, Nyctaginaceae, 139. Nyctanthes sambac Linn., 305. Nymphaeaceaze, 143. Nymphaea Linnaeus, 143. lotus Blanco, 148. pubescens Willd., 143. oO Oberonia Lindley, 113, 117. iridifolia Lindl, 113. Ochnaceae, 263. Ochna Linnaeus, 263. fascicularis Bianco, 263. Ochrocarpus blancoi F.-Vill., 266. Ocimum Linnaeus, 340, album Blanco, 340. americanum Blanco, 340. basilicum Linn., 340. citriodorum Blanco, 340. flecuosum Blanco, 340. sanctum Linn., 340. tenuiflorum Blanco, 339. virgatum Blanco, 340. Odina speciosa Blume, 234, Odontosoria retusa J. Sm., 47. Oenotheraceae, 293, _| Olacaceae, 134. Olax Linnaeus, 134. baticulin Blanco, 154. imbricata Roxb., 134. | Oldenlandia Plumier, 357. affinis Blanco, 358. _ biflora Linn., 357. 412 INDEX Oldenlandia Plumier, 357—Continued. Oryza Linnaeus, 69—Continued. capensis Blanco, 358. rubra Blanco, 70. corymbosa Linn., 358, é violacea Bianco, 70. diffusa (Willd.) Roxb., 358. ae a a: i i , 358. chinensis Linn., 4 pau neg Parse multiflora Blanco, 292. paniculata Linn., 357. sinensis Blanco, 292. Oleaceae, 304. Osbornia octodonta, F.-Muell., 20. Oleandra Cavanilles, 43. Otolepis nigrescens Turez., 239. colubrina Copel., 43. Otophora Blume, 289. neriiformis Cav., 43. blancot Blume, 289. Omphalea Linnaeus, 230. fruticosa Blume, 289. bracteata (Blanco) Merr., 223, 230. nigrescens F.-Vill., 239. philippinensis Merr., 230. paradoxa BL, 350. Omphalobium obliquum Presl, 163. paucijuga F.-Vill., 239. pictum Blanco, 163. pinnata Merr., 239. Onychium Kaulfuss, 45. Ottelia Persoon, 59, auratum Kaulf., 45. alismoides Pers., 59. 2 siliculosum (Desv.) C. Chr., 45. ensiformis Blanco, 59. Operculina S. Manso, 325. Oxalidaceae, 195. turpethum (Linn.) S. Manso, 325, Oxalis Linnaeus, 195. Ophioglossaceae, 51. ; acetosella Blanco, 195. Ophiorrhiza Linnaeus, 358. corniculata Auct., 195. oblongifolia DC., 358. "~ pablo as Ata triandra Blanco, 358. repens Thunb., t Ophyrs cernua Blanco, 114. sensitiva Linn., 195, ' Opiliaceae, 183. Oxystelma bifidum Llanos, 316. Opilia cumingiana Baill., 134. Pp manillana Baill., 134. Oplismenus Beauvois, 67. Pachyrrhizus Richard, 193, burmannii Beauv., 67. angulatus Rich., 193. compositus (L.) Beauv., 67. erosus (L.) Urban, 193. Opunta, 278. jicamas Blanco, 193. Orania Zippel, 88. montanus Blanco, 189. palindan (Blanco) Merr., 88. teres Blanco, 189. philippinensis Scheff., 88. Padina Adanson, 40. regalis Blume, 88. australis Hauck., 40. Orchidaceae, 112. P aederia Linnaeus, 368. Orchis lanigera Blanco, 117, fe a Bleue, 368. Oriza ternata Blanco, 197. = = cRN oe Ormosia Jackson, 177. : ; et ne : as ealavensis Azaola, 177. Pahodie Mined act fe Ornithrophe triandra Blanco, 384. ei ay (Blaneo) Brake 141! Orobanchaceae, 351. Pelaguinn Slaton $44” Oroxylum Ventenat, 350. landckindcen ie af nee ae latifolium Blanco, 20, 300. Orthopogon dichotomus Llanos, 65. latifolium Naves, 13,20. — agilderomeh a Beare 4 luzoniense Vidal, 13, 20. hispidus Spreng., 65. yrs ac scons Eas or - oleiferum Blanco, 20, 300. sieagrtanadtoen tog ‘ philippense (Perr.) C. B. Rob., 20, 300. oO mg ciara eescorartygess Paliurus dao Blanco, 234. as % : us Blanco, 206. aristata Blanco, 70. pra Blanco, 234. glutinosa Lour., 70. lamiyo Blanco, 234, fl latifolia Desv., 69, 70. perforatus Blanco, 206. praecox Lour., 69, 70. Palmae, 84. sativa Linn., 69. Panax fr utic Linn., 295. binamban Blanco, 70. Pancratium Linnaeus, 99. glutinosa Blanco, 70. amboinense (Linn.) Lindl., 99. pilosa Blanco, 69. maritimum Blanco, 98. praecox Blanco, 69. zeylanicum Linn., 99. quinanda Blanco; 70. Pandanaceae, 54. Pandanus Linnaeus f., 54. arayatensis Merr., 55. bagea Mia., 54. banahaensis Elm., 55. blancoi Kunth, 55. coronatus Martelli, 55, 56. dubius Spreng., 56. exaltatus Blanco, 54. fascicularis Lam., 54. gracilis Blanco, 56. humilis Rumph., 57. inermis Blanco, 96. malatensis Blanco, 55. moschatus Rumph., 96. odoratissimus Linn. f., 55. olango Blanco, 54. radicans Blanco, 54. sabotan Blanco, 56. sanderi Hort., 55. spiralis R. Br., 55. tectorius Sol., 55, 56. utilissimus Elm., 56. veitchi Hort., 55. vidalit Mart., 55, 56. whitfordii Merr., 57. Pangium Reinwardt, 274. edule Reinw., 274. Panicum Linnaeus, 64. amplexicaule Rudge, 66. arnottianum Nees., 74, colonum Linn., 65. crispum Llanos, 66. crus galli Linn., 65. distachyum Linn., 66. elythroblepharum Steud., 64, helopus Trin., 68, hispidulum Lam., 65. ischaemoides Retz., 67. lanceolatum Retz., 67. malabaricum Merr., 74. miliaceum Blanco, 68. miliiforme Presl., 67. multinode Presl, 66. muticum Forst., 63. nodosum Kunth, 66. polygonatum Llanos, 66. prostratum Lam., 66. psilopodium Trin., 66. _ radicans Llanos, 66. repens Linn., 67. reptans Linn., 66. setigerum Retz., 68. stagninum Retz., 64. tuberosum Llanos, 67. violaceum Llanos, 66. ‘Papaveraceae. 156, Papilionatae, 177. _ Parameria Bentham, 312. barbata (Blume) K. Schum., 312. _ philippinensis Radlk., 312. _ Parashorea Kurz, 271. malaanonan (Blanco) =e hooks INDEX Pardanthus chinensis Ker, 14. Parinarium Aublet, 162. corymbosum (Blume) Migq., 162. griffithianum Benth., 162. salicifolium Presl, 162. Parkeriaceae, 49. Parkia R. Brown, 168. biglobosa Benth., 169, javanica (Lam.) Merr., 168, 169, roxburghii G. Don., 169. Parosela Cavanilles, 180. glandulosa (Blanco) Merr., 180. Parsonsia R. Brown, 313. confusa Merr., 313, cumingii A. DC., 314, rheedii F.-Vill., 313. spiralis Wall., 314. Pasac Blanco, 162, Paspalum Linnaeus, 63. fasciculatum Llanos, 64. mollicomum Kunth, 63. serobiculatum Linn., 63. sumatrense Roth, 63. villosum Blanco, 63. Passifloraceae, 276. Passiflora Linnaeus, 276. coccinea Blanco, 276. edulis Sims, 276. laurifolia Linn., 276. minima Blanco, 276, parviflora Blanco, 276. saponaria Blanco, 371. serrulata Blanco, 276. zucca Blanco, 276. Pavetta Linnaeus, 366. angustifolia R. & S., 366. filiformis Llanos, 368. manillensis Walp., 367. membranacea Blanco, 366. sambucina Blanco, 366. sambucina DC., 366. Payena betis F.-Vill., 300. Pedaliaceae, 351. Pedicellaria pentaphylla Schrank, 168 Pelargonium L’Héritier, 194. capitatum Ait., 194. fragrans Willd., 194. odoratissimum Ait., 194. radula (Cav.) L’Hérit., 194. Pelexia-? falcata Lianos, 117. Peltophorum inerme Naves, 13. Pemphis Forster, 280. acidula Forst., 280. _setosa Blanco, 280. Pennisetum compressum R. Br., 68. - macrostachyum Trin., 68. nigricans Miq., 68. Pentapetes Linnaeus, 257. cebuana Blanco, 257. coccinea Blanco, 257. phoenicea Linn., 257. Perdicium tomentosum Blanco, 377. Pergularia filipes Schitr., 319. - glabra Blanco, 319..' glandulosa Blanco, 319. 413 414 Pergularia filipes Schitr., 319—Continued. minor Andr., 320. procumbens Blanco, 319. Periploca calumpitensis Llanos, 314. Peristrophe Nees, 355. bivalvis (Linn.) Merr., 355. contorta F.-Vill., 355. tinctoria Nees, 355. Persea Gaertner, 152. americana Mill., 152. gratissima Gaertn., 152. Petaloma alba Blanco, 287. coccinea Blanco, 287, Phaeanthus Hooker f. & Thomson, 148. cumingii Miq., 148. ebracteolatus (Presl) Merr., 148. mdlabaricus Naves, 12. nutans F.-Vill., 148. suberosus Hook f. & Th., 12. Phaeophyceae, 40. Phalaenopsis Blume, 115. amabilis Blume, 115, aphrodite Reichb. f., 115. Phaleria Jack, 278. cumingit F.-Vill., 278. perrottetiana (Decne.) F.-Vill., 278 Phanera blancoi Benth., 172. Phaseolus Linnaeus, 191. aureus Roxb., 191. * bulai Blanco, 177. calcaratus Roxb., 193, caracalla Blanco, 192. cylindricus Linn., 192. ilocanus Blanco, 191. inamoenus Blanco, 191. lunatus Linn., 191. mungo Blanco, 191. tunkinensis Blanco, 191. vexillatus Blanco, 191. vulgaris Blanco, 191. Phlomis alba Blanco, 336. zeylanica Blanco, 336. Phragmites Trinius, 72. communis Trin., 72. vulgaris (Lam.) Trin., 72. Phreatia limenophylaz Benth., 117. Phyllanthus Linnaeus, 216. - acidissimus Muell.-Arg., 216. albus Muell.-Arg., 217. blancoanus Muell.-Arg., 217. carolinianus Blanco, 216. distichus Muell.-Arg., 216. — kirganelia Blanco, 216. niruri Blanco, 217, niruri Linn., 216. ae philippinensis Muell.-Arg., 217. pumilus Muell.-Arg., 216, reticulatus Poir., 216, tetrander Blanco, 217. triandrus Muell.-Arg., 217. INDEX Physalis Linnaeus, 341—Continued. peruviana Linn., 341. pubescens Blanco, 341, Phytocrene Wallich, 237. blancoi (Azaola) Merr., 237. luzoniensis Baill., 237. Pileostigma acidum Benth., 172. Pilocarpus amarus Blanco, 198. Pilularia globulifera Linn., 50. Pimela luzonica Blume, 207. Pimeleodendron amboinicum Hassk., 230. Pinaceae, 52. Pinus Linnaeus, 53. insularis Endl., 53. khasya Royle, 58. taeda Blanco, 53. Piperaceae, 118. Piper Linnaeus, 118. anisodorum Blanco, 119. anisumolens Blanco, 119. betle Linn., 119. blancoit Merr., 119. corylistachyon (Mia.) C. De., 118. marginatum Jacq., 119. nigrum Linn. 118. obliquum Blanco, 118. parvifolium Blanco, 118. retrofractum Vahl, 118. Pipturus Weddel, 131. arborescens (Link) C. B. Rob., 131. asper Wedd., 131. Pisonia Plumier, 139. aculeata Linn., 139, alba Spanoghe, 140. excelsa Blume, 139. inermis Forst., 140. olitoria Zoll., 140. sylvestris T. & B., 140. umbellifera Seem., 139. Pistia Linnaeus, 93. stratiotes Linn., 98. Pithecolobium Martius, 165. acle Vid., 165. : dulce (Roxb.) Benth., 165. lobatum Benth., 165. montanum Benth., 165. saman Benth.,13.. scutiferum (Blanco) Benth., 165. subacutum Benth., 165. Pittosporaceae, 161. Pittosporum Banks, 161. brachysepalum Turez., 162. . fernandezii Vid., 18,161. ferrugineum Ait., 162. pentandrum (Blanco) Merr., 18, 161, 162. Plagianthus humilis Blanco, 208. Planchonia littorali. Blume, 384, Plantaginaceae, 357. Plantago Linnaeus, 357. crenata Blanco, 357. erosa Wall., 357. major Linn., 357. ° } Paabemariom glomeratum Bartl., 364, media Blanco, 357. eek | Plectronia Linnaeus, 364. glandulosa (Blanco) Merr., 365. horrida (Blume) Benth. & Hook. f. 365, lycioides Elm., 364. mitis Elm., 365. monstrosa A. Rich, 365. peduncularis (Cav.) Elm., 364. viridis Merr., 365. Pleomele Salisbury, 96. angustifolia (Roxb.) N. E. Br., 96. Plinia paniculata Blanco, 267. Pluchea Cassini, 378. indica (Linn.) Less., 378. Plumbaginaceae, 300. Plumbago Linnaeus, 300. auriculata Lam., 13. capensis Thunb., 13. viscosa Blanco, 300. zeylanica Linn., 300. Plumiera Linnaeus, 308, acuminata Ait., 308. acutifolia Poir., 308. alba Blanco, 308. Poa annua Linn., 73. annua Llanos, 73. interrupta R. Br., 73. interrupta Lam., 73. japonica Thunb., 73. malabarica Linn., 74. Pogonatherum Beauvois, 60. paniceum (Lam.) Hack., 60. Pogostemon Desfontaines, 337. eablin (Blanco) Benth., 337. patchouli Hook., 337. patchouly Pellet, 337. suavis Ten., 337. Poinciana pulcherrima Linn., 175. regia Boj., 13. Polanisia Rafinesque, 158. viscosa (Linn.) DC., 158. Pol. nit b um. Blanco, $21. Polianthes Linnaeus, 99. tuberosa Linn., 99. Pollia Thunberg, 94. sorzogonensis (E. Mey.) Endl., 94. INDEX Polygonum Linnaeus, 135—Continued. stoloniferum Blanco, 135. tomentosum Willd., 136. Polyozus bipannatus Blanco, 365. Polypodiaceae, 42. Polypodium Linnaeus, 48. adiantiforme Blanco, 42. albido-squamatum Blume, 43. phymatodes Linn., 48. quercifolium Linn., 48. serratum Blanco, 43. signatum Blanco, 43. Polyscias Forster, 294, digitata Blanco, 294. disperma Blanco, 384. nodosa (Blume) Seem., 294. obtusa Blanco, 295. odorata Blanco, 295. Pongamia Ventenant, 185. glabra Vent., 185. pinnata (Linn.) Merr., 185. sinuata Wall., 186. Pongatium spongiosum Blanco, 374. Pontederiaceae, 95. Pontederia vaginalis.Blanco, 95. Porana Burman, 320. volubilis Burm. f., 320. Portesia rimosa Blanco, 212. Portulacaceae, 142, Portulaca Linnaeus, 142. ; azilliflora Blanco, 141. meridiana Blanco, 142. oleracea Linn., 142. quadrifida Linn., 142. toston Blanco, 141. Pothos Linnaeus, 90. chapelieri Schott, 90. hermaphroditus (Blanco) Merr., 90. longifolius Presl, 90. pinnata Blanco, 90. Poupartia pinnata Blanco, 233. Pouzolzia Gaudichaud, 131. indica Gaudich., 131. viminea Wedd., 131. zeylanica (Linn.) Benn., 131. Polyalthia Blume, 148. Prageluria, 320. Polybotrya apiifolia J. Sm., 45. Premna Linnaeus, 331. : latifolia Meyen, 42. cardiophylla Schauer, 332. Polyearpon Loefling, 143. cordata Blanco, 332. indicum (Retz.) Merr., 143. cumingiana Schauer, 332. loeflingiae Benth. & Hook. f., 143. integrifolia Blanco, 331. polyphyllum Blanco, 143. leucostoma Miq., 331. ‘Polygalaceae, 214. © mucronata Roxb., 331. Polygala Linnaeus, 214, _ nauseosa Blanco, 331. chinensis Linn. var. linearifolia Chod., odorata Blanco, 331. 214. Wane serratifolia Blanco, 331. ciliata Linn., 214. tomentosa Blanco, 332. monspeliaca Blanco, 214. vestita Schauer, 331. telephioides Willd., 214. Prockia albicans Blanco, 220. Pol : Procris erecta Blanco, 129. Dp degra caioss - piolacea Blanco, 129. bad gre: masrmaes rig : Prosopis vidaliana Naves, 13. barbatum Linn., 135. Protium javanicum Burm. f., 210. bellardi Blanco, 136. Prunus Linnaeus, 163. orientale Linn.,136. 2 armeniaca Blanco, 163. : triflora Roxb., 163. = 415 416 Pseuderanthemum Radlkofer, 355. bicolor Radlk., 355. pulchellum (Hort.) Merr., 355. Psidium Linnaeus, 287. aromaticum Blanco, 287, eujavillus Burm. f., 13. guajava Linn., 287. pyriferum Linn., 287. Psomiocarpa apiifolia Presl, 45. Psophocarpus Necker, 193. tetragonolobus (Linn.) DC., 193. Psoralea Linnaeus, 180. badocana Blanco, 180. Psychotria luzoniensis F.-Vill., 368. malayana F.-Vill., 368. . taepo Rolfe, 368. Ptelea arborea Blanco, 243. Pteridophyta, 41. Pteris Linnaeus, 46. flava Goldem., 47. glaucovirens Goldem., 47. grandifolia Blanco, 46. longifolia Auct., 46. opaca J. Sm., 46. piloselloides Blanco, 48. quadriaurita Retz., 47. signata Blanco, 43. sinuata Blanco, 42. trichomanoides Blanco, 46. vittata Linn., 46. Pterocarpus Linnaeus, 185. blancoi Merr., 185. diadelphus Blanco, 186. diadelphus Naves, 185. echinatus Pers., 19. erinaceus F.-Vill., 19. frut Bl , 185. indieus Willd., 185, 213. pallidus Blanco, 185. papuanus F.-Muell., 185. santalinus Blanco, 185. vidalianus Rolfe, 19. Pterocaulon Elliott, 379. cylindrostachyum Clarke, 379. redolens (Forst.) F.-Vill., 379. Pterocymbium R. Brown, 262. javanicum R. Br., 262. : tinctorium (Blanco) Merr., 262. Pterolobium R. Brown, 175. indicum A. Rich., 175. al b 1 (Blanco) Merr., 175. Pterospermum Schreber, 260. diversifolium Blume, 260, hastatum Blanco, 260. niveum Vid., 260. obliquum Blanco, 260. sezegleewia Turez., 260. semisagittatum Blanco, 260. _ Pueraria de Candolle, 189, phaseoloides (Roxb.) Pini | 1.. Punicaceae, 282. Punica Linnaeus, 282. — INDEX Pycreus Beauvois, 80. odoratus (Linn.) Urb., 80. polystachyus Beauy., 80. Pyrenomycetaceae, 41. Pyrethrum sinense DC., 381. Q Quamoclit Tournefort, 322. coccinea Auct., 14. pennata (Descr.) Voigt, 322. phoenicea Choisy, 14. vulgaris Choisy, 322. Quassia simaruba Blanco, 241. tricarpa Blanco, 238. Quercus Linnaeus, 120. blancoi A. DC., 120. caraballoana F.-Vill., 21. cerris Blanco, 121. concentrica Blanco, 121. conocarpa Naves, 120. cooperta Blanco, 121. costata Naves, 121. fernandezii Vid., 121. glabra Blanco, 120. jordanae Laguna, 21, Uanosiit A. DC., 121. molucca Blanco, 121. ovalis Blanco, 20, 120. soleriana Vid., 121. vidalii F.-Vill., 21. woodii Hance, 21. Quilamum luteum Blanco, 282. Quilesia sericea Blanco, 215. Quinaria lansium Lour., 201. Quirosia anceps Blanco, 177. secunda Blanco, 178. Quisqualis Linnaeus, 286. indica Linn., 286. malabarica Bedd., 286. spinosa Blanco, 286. R Rabelaisia philippir is Planch., 199. Radermachera Hasskarl, 350. pinnata (Blanco) Seem., 350. quadripinnata Seem., 350. Rafflesiaceae, 135. Raffiesia R. Brown, 135. lagascae Blanco, 135. manillana Teschem., 135. philippensis Blanco, 135, Randia Houstoun, 362. — aculeata Blanco, 363. angatensis F.-Vill., 364. densiflora Benth., 363. dumetorum Lam., 363, - obscura F.-Vill., 364. Ranunculaceae, 144. Ratonia lachnopetala Turez., 242. montana F.-Vill., 240. Reichardia pentapetala Blanco, 175. Reichelia palustris Blaneo, $74. Reifferscheidia speciosa Presl, 18, _| Remijia angatensis Blanco, 364, obscura Blanco, 364. Renanthera coccinea Lour., 117. Renealmia exaltata Blanco, 110. gracilis Blanco, 110. Rhamnaceae, 2438. Rhamnus carolint Blanco, 245. dalanta Blanco, 244. jujuba Linn., 244. lando Llanos, 299. talanai Blanco, 244. wightii W. & A., 245. - zizyphus Blanco, 244. zonulatus Blanco, 244. Rhaphidophora Hasskarl, 90. huegeliana Schott, 91. merrillii Engl., 90. Rhaphis trivialis Lour., 62. Rheum muricatum Blanco, 136. Rhinacanthus Nees, 356. communis Nees, 356. nasuta (Linn.) Kurz, 356. Rhizophoraceae, 283. Rhizophora Linnaeus, 283. candel Blanco, 283. candelaria DC., 283. conjugata Auct., 283. conjugata Linn., 283. corniculata Linn., 299. gymnorhiza Linn., 284. longissima Blanco, 283. mangle Blanco, 283. mucronata Lam., 283. plicata Blanco, 284. polyandra Blanco, 284. tinctoria Blanco, 284. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Hassk., 291. Rhodophyceae, 41. Rhoeo Hance, 94. : discolor (L’Hérit.) Hance, 94. — Rhus toxicodendron Linn., 235. Rhynchostylis Blume, 117. retusa Blume, 117. Riana tricapsularis Blanco, 215. Ricinus Linnaeus, 227. communis Linn., 227. Ronabea arborea Blanco, 365, bipinnata Blanco, 365. Rondeletia asiatica Blanco, 359. — Rosaceae, 162. Roscoea lutea Hassk., 23, 109. nigro-ciliata Hassk., 23, 109. Rosmarinus Linnaeus, 336. officinalis Linn., 336. Rostellularia blancoi Hassk., 23, 357. procumbens Nees, 23, 357. Rotala Linnaeus, 280. indica Koehne, 280. _ leptopetala Koehne, 280. __ ramosior (Linn.) Koehne, 280. ; Rottbocllia exaltate Linn. f., 65. j muricata Retz., 64. Rourea erecta Merr., 163. heterophylla Planch., 164, _ multiflora Planch., 10B ue volubilis Merr., 164. eet Rubiaceae, 857. = e5e 4- ais -—-161862——27 INDEX Rubus Linnaeus, 162: comintanus Blanco, 163, idaeus Blanco, 1638. jamaicensis Blanco, 163. moluccanus Linn., 162. rosaefolius Sm., 163. Ruellia contorta Blanco, 355. repens Blanco, 353. secunda Blanco, 353. uliginosa Blanco, 353. Rumex Linnaeus, 136. maritimus Linn., 136. muricatus Blanco, 136. Russella juncea Zucc., 14. Rutaceae, 196. Ss Saccharum Linnaeus, 60. koenigii Retz., 60. officinarum Linn., 60. spontaneum Linn., 60. Sagittaria Linnaeus, 58. sagittifolia Linn., 58. Saguerus pinnatus Wurmb, 88. Sa'acia Linnaeus, 236. oblonga Waill., 236. prinoides ( Willd.) DC., 236. sinensis Blanco, 236. triplinervis Llanos, 236. Salceda montana Blanco, 264. Salgada lauriflora Blanco, 154. Salicaceae, 119. Salix Linnaeus, 119. azaolana Blanco, 119. tetrasperma Roxb., 119. Salomonia Loureiro, 214. ciliata (L.) DC., 214. oblongifolia DC., 214. ramosissima Turez., 214. Salvadoraceae, 305. _| Salvia Linnaeus, 337. plebeia R. Br., 337. violacea Blanco, 337. Samadera Gaertn., 206. indica Gaertn., 206. Samanea saman Merr., 13. Sambucus Linnaeus, 370. javanica Blume, 370. Samyda span ove Blanco, a7 koetjape’ (Burm. f.) Mer. 200. ternatum Blanco, 209. Sanseviera zeylanica Willd., 4. Santaloides O. Kuntze, 163. - erectum (Blanco) Schellenb., 163. volubile (Blanco) Schellenb., 164. Sapindaceae, 237. : Sapindus Linnaeus, 238, arborescens Llanos, 239. baccatus Blanco, 239, edulis Blanco, 238. guisian Blanco, 241. __ koelreuteria Blanco, 241. 417 418 Sapindus Linnaeus, 238—Continued. rarak DC., 241. saponaria Blanco, 241. saponaria Linn., 238. turczaninowit Vid., 238. Sapotaceae, 300. ‘p nigra Bl » 302, Sarcanthus Lindley, 115. dealbatus (Lindl.) Reichb. f., 115. Sarcocephalus Afzelius, 362. cordatus Migq., 362. glaberrimus Migq., 362. orientalis Merr., 362. Sarcolobus R. Brown, 315. carinatus Wall., 316. peregrinus Schltr., 315. Sarcostemma R. Brown, 315. brunonianum W. & A., 315, viminale R. Br., 315. ‘Sarcotheca philippica Hallier f., 19, 196. Sargassum Agardt, 40. Saribus Rumph., 84. Saurauia Willdenow, 263. polysperma (Blanco) Merr., 263. subglabra Merr., 263. Secaevola Linnaeus, 374. frutescens ( Mill.) Krause, 374. koenigii Vahl, 374. lobelia Blanco, 374. Schefflera Forster, 294. blancoi Merr., 295. digitata (Blanco) Merr., 294. digitata Forst., 295. macrantha Merr., 294, odorata (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe, 295. Schizaeaceae, 49. Schizandra elongata Hook. f. & Th., 237. Schizoloma ensifolium J. Sm., 46. Schizostachyum Nees, 76. acutiflorum Munro, 78. diffusum (Blanco) Merr., 78. hallieri Gamble, 77. lima (Blanco) Merr., 77. lumampao (Blanco) Merr., 77, merrillit Gamble, 76, 77. mucronatum Hack., 17. textorium (Blanco) Merr., 76, 77. Schleichera trijuga Willd., 384. Schmidelia conferta Blanco, 241, triandra Blanco, 384. Schotia speciosa Blanco, 169. Schrankia Willdenow, 167. aculeata Willd., 167. quadrivalvis (Linn.) Merr., 167. Scirpus Linnaeus, 81. articulatus Linn., 81. falcatus Llanos, 83. grossus Linn. f., 82. kisoor Llanos, 82. kysoor Roxb., 82. maritimus Linn., 82. niloticus Blanco, 83. retroflexus Llanos, 83. Scleria Bergius, 83. foveolata Llanos, 83. INDEX Scleria Bergius, 83—Continued. purpureovaginata Boeckl., 84, scrobiculata Nees, 83. Sclerostylis nitida Turcz., 202. Sclerotium subterraneum Blanco, 41. Scolopia Schreber, 274. dasyanthera Benn., 274, | luzonensis (Presl) Warb., 274. rhinanthera Clos, 274. Scoparia Linnaeus, 349. dulcis Linn., 349. Scrophulariaceae, 344, Scyphiphora Gaertner, 364. hydrophyllacea Gaertn., 364: Sczegleewia involucrata Turez., 260. luconiensis Turcez., 335. Sebifera balongai Blanco, 154, glutinosa Lour., 153. Securidaca Linnaeus, 214. complicata Blanco, 214, corymbosa Turez., 214. cumingit Hassk., 215. tavoyana Wall., 214. volubilis Blanco, 214. Selago pusilla Thunb., 347. Semecarpus Linnaeus f., 235. anacardium Blanco, 235. cuneiformis Blanco, 235. gigantifolia F.-Vill., 21. gigantifolia Vidal, 21. perrottetit March., 235. Senecio cacaliaster Blanco, 381. Serianthes grandiflora Benth., 13. Seringia lanceolata Blanco, 243. Serissa myrtifolia Blanco, 364. pinnata Blanco, 364. Serratula multiflora Blanco, 375. Sesamum Linnaeus, 351. indicum Linn., 351. orientale Linn., 351. Sesbania Scopoli, 181. aculeata Poir. Baker, 181. aegyptiaca Naves, 13. cannabina Blanco, 181. cannabina Pers., 13. grandifiora Pers., 181. _paludosa Prain, 181. roxburghii Merr., 181. Sesuvium Linnaeus, 141, portulacastrum Linn., 141. Setaria Beauvois, 68. flava (Nees) Kunth., 68. italica (Linn.) Beauv., 68. pilifera Llanos, 68, Shorea Roxburgh, 269. balangeran Dyer, 272. floribunda Kurz, 271. guiso (Blanco) Blume, 270. malaanonan Blume, 271. palosapis (Blanco) Merr., 271. | _ polita Vidal, 271, polysperma (Blanco) Merr., 269. reticulata Thwaites, 269. var. paludosa (Roxb. ) Sida Linnaeus, 252. acuta Burm. f., 253. carpinifolia Linn. f., 253. frutescens Cav., 253. indica Linn., 251. lanceolata Retz., 253. philippica Blanco, 252. philippica DC., 252. retusa Linn., 252. rhombifolia Linn., 252. rhombifolia Linn. var. retusa Mast., 252. semicrenata Link, 252. : truncatula Blanco, 252. Sideroxylon Linnaeus, 301. balitbitan Blanco, 301. duclitan Blance, 301. Simarubaceae, 205. Sinapis br ta Blanco, 157. juncea Linn., 157. sinensis Blanco, 157. sinensis Gmel., 157. Siphonodon celastrineus Griff., 236. Sisyrinchium palmifolium Linn., 104. Smilax Linnaeus, 97. blancot Kunth, 97. bracteata Presl, 97. china Linn., 97. divaricata Blanco, 97. fistulosa Blanco, 97. laevis, 97. latifolia Blanco, 97, leucophylla Blume, 97. macrophylla Roxb., 97. pseudochina Blanco, 97. vicaria Kunth, 97. . Smithia bigeminata Blanco, 182. Soala litoralis Blanco, 151. Solanaceae, 340. Solanum Linnaeus, 342, coagulans Blanco, 342. — cumingii Dunal, 342. lycopersicum Linn., 341. mauritianum Blanco, 342. melongena Linn., 342. nigrum Linn., 342, sanctum Linn., 342. serratum Blanco, 341. sinense Blanco, 343. tuberosum Linn., 343. verbascifolium Linn., 342. zeylanicum Blanco, 342. Sonneratiaceae, 281. Sonneratia Linnaeus f., 281. acida Linn. f., 281. caseolaris (Linn.) Engl., 281. pagatpat Blanco, 281. _ Sophora Linnaeus, 177. heptaphylla Blanco, 177. heptaphylla Linn., 177, 186. tomentosa Linn., 177. Spathodea luzonica Blanco, 349. Spergula serrata Blanco, 273. Spermachiton involutum Llanos, 71. Spermacoce hispida Linn., 369. __ : muriculata Blanco, 370. INDEX mutilata Blanco, 369. scaberrima Blume, 370. Spermatophyta, 52. Sphaeranthus Linnaeus, 379. africanus Linn., 379. alatus Blanco, 379. clongatus Blanco, 379. indicus Blanco, 379. Sphaer 5 43 Sphenoclea Linnaeus, 374. veylanica Gaertn., 374. Spilanthes Linnaeus, 380. aemella Blanco, 380. acmella Murr., 380. lobata Blanco, 380. i peregrina Blanco, 380. | Spinifex Linnaeus, 69. littoreus (Burm. f.) Merr., 69. squarrosus Linn., 69. Spirodela polyrrhiza Schleid., 93. Spondias Linnaeus, 233. dulcis Blanco, 233. lutea Linn., 233. mangifera Blume, 233. pinnata (Linn. f.) Kurz, 233. purpurea Linn., 233. Sponia blancoi Planch., 122. Sporobolus R. Brown, 71. indicus (L.) R. Br., 71. Stachys artemisia Lour., 336. Stalagmitis cambogioides Blanco, 268. Stapelia meliflua Blanco, 318. quadrangula Blanco, 319. Stemodia ruderalis Blanco, 344. Stenochlaena J. Smith, 44. palustris (Burm. f.) Bedd., 44. Stephanotis Thouars, 316. chinensis Champ., 316. mucronata (Blanco) Merr., 316. Stephegyne diversifolia Korth., 360. speciosa Korth., 360. Sterculiaceae, 257. Sterculia Linnaeus, 261. alata Blanco, 261. balanghas Blanco, 261. blancoi Rolfe, 261. philippinensis Merr., 262. stipularis R. Br., 13. urens Roxb., 262. Stereospermum pinnatum Seem., 350. quadripinnatum Seem., 350. Stigmarota edulis Blanco, 274. 419 Spermacoce hispida Linn., 369—Continued. 420 Stilago bunius Linn., 219. Stipa littorea Burm. f., 69. spinifex Linn., 69. Streblus Loureiro, 123. asper Lour., 123. lactescens Blume, 123. Streptocaulon Wight & Arnott, 314. baumii Dene., 314. Strychnos Linnaeus, 306.. ignatii Berg., 306. philippensis Blanco, 306. Sulipa globosa Blanco, 384. pseudopsidium Blanco, 363. Sumbavia rottleroides Baill, 221. Sym phorema Roxburgh, 335, cumingianum Briq., 335, glabrum Hassk., 335. luzonicum (Blanco) F.-Vill., 835, luzoniense. Vid., 335. Symplocaceae, 304, Symplocos Linnaeus, 304. oblongifolia Rolfe, 304. polyandra (Blanco) Brand, 304, pseudo-spicata, 304, racemosa Roxb., 304. spicata Roxb., 304. villarii Vidal, 304. Synedrella nodiflora Gaertn., 13. Synptera subviolacea Llanos, 116. Syzygium jambolanum DC., 288. latifolium Blanco, 289. x Tabernaemontana Linnaeus, 809. cirrhosa Blanco, 314, elliptica Blanco, 312, elliptica Thunb., 312. globosa Blanco, 309, globosa Naves, 13. laurifolia Blanco, 309. pandacaqui Poir., 309. polygama Blanco, 309. puberula Merr., 309. subglobosa Merr., 13. Taccaceae, 100. Tacea Forster, 100. gaogao Blanco, 101. palmata Blanco, 100. palmata Blume, 100. pinnatifida Forst., 101, rumphii Schauer, 100. vesicaria Blanco, 100. Taetsia Medicus, 96. fruticosa ( Linn.) set 96; Tagetes Linnaeus, 381, erecta Linn., 381. patula Linn., 381. Tala odorata Blanco, 345. Talauma Jussieu, 146. angatensis (Blanco) F.-Vill, 18." i coco (Lour.) Merr., 12. gigantifolia F.-Vill., 18. grandiflora Merr., 146. luzonensis Warb., 146. mutabilis hema ae. INDEX Talauma Jussieu, 146—Continued. pumila Blume, 12. . villarii Rolfe, 12. Taligalea umbellata Blanco, 367. Tamarindus Linnaeus, 170. indica Linn., 170. Taonabo toquian Merr., 264. Tapogomea rubra Blanco, 360. Tarrietia sylvatica Merr., 262. Tayotum nigrescens Blanco, 305. Tectona Linnaeus f., 330. grandis Linn. f., 331. philippinensis Benth. & Hook. f, 830. | Telosma Coville, 319. odoratissima (Lour.) Coville, 319, procumbens (Blanco) Merr., 319. Tephrosia Persoon, 180. dichotoma Desv., 180. luzoniensis Vogel, 180. purpurea Pers., 180. Terminalia Linnaeus, 285: angustifolia Blanco, 285. calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe, 285. catappa Linn., 285. chebula Retz., 286. comintana (Blanco) Merr., 286. edulis Blanco, 285. latifolia Blanco, 285. mauritiana Blanco, 285. mollis Rolfe, 285. multiflora Merr., 286. nitens Presl, 13. pellucida Presl, 13. polyantha Presl, 285. sumatrana Naves, 13. Ternstroemia Nuttall, 264. lobbiana Pierre, 264. toquian (Blanco) F.-Vill., 19, 264. Tetracera Linnaeus, 262. wacrocarpa Wall,, 263. macrophylla Wall., 268. mecnocarpa Blaneo, 262. sarmentosa Vahl, 262. volubilis (Linn. ) Merr., 262. Tetragonolobus simplicifolius Blanco, 178. Tetranthera litoralis Blume, 154. : Tetrastigma Planchon, 247, oneal harmandii Planch., 247. _lanceolarium Roxb., 247.0 Thalia cannaeformis Forst. : 28 12. Thallophyta, 39. et 3 Theaceae, 264. ; ait ae Thea Linnaeus, 264. - ; ‘ montana (Blanco) vee 264, sinensis Linn., 264. Thelymitra malintana Blanco, ne, Theobroma Linnaeus, 259, cacao Linn., 259, Thespesia Correa, 255. banalo Blanco, 255. ; lampas (Cav.) Dalz. & Gib., 256. macrophylla Blume, 255, populnea (Linn. ) Corr, 265, nage KephieeRta som on mes Thevetia Linnaeus, 311. nereifolia Juss., 311. peruviana (Pers.) Merr., 311. thevetia Millsp., 311. Thoa edulis Willd., 53. pendula Blanco, 53. Thunbergia Linnaeus f., 352. fragrans Roxb., 352. grandiflora Roxb., 14. stolonifera Blanco, 344, subsagittata Blanco, 352. Thymelaeaceae, 278, Thymus biserratus Blanco, 338. virginicus Blanco, 338. Ticora aculeata Blanco, 247. Tiliaceae, 248. Tillaea rubella Blanco, 273. Tillandsia pseudo-ananas Blanco, 54. Tinospora Miers, 145. crispa Miers, 145. reticulata Miers, 145. rumphii Boerl., 145. Toona Roemer, 208, cealantas Merr. & Rolfe, 208, 213. febrifuga Roem., 208. Torenia Linnaeus, 346. asiatica Linn., 346, benthamiana Hance, 346, blancoi Merr., 346. paniculata Blanco, 347. peduncularis Benth., 347. polygonoides Benth., 347. quinquinervis Llanos, 348. soriana Blanco, 347. Tournefortia Linnaeus, 329. arborea Blanco, 329. argentea Linn. f., 329. hirsutissima Blanco, 329. horsfieldii Miq., 329. sarmentosa Lam., 329. Tovomita pentapetala Blanco, 266. Toxocarpus gracilis Dene., 317. Tradescantia cristata Jaca., 95. discolor L’Hérit., 94. geniculata Blanco, 95. Tragia bracteata Blanco, 230. innocua Blanco, 225. Trema amboinensis, 122. blancoi Blume, 122. orientalis (Linn.) Blume, 121. Trianthema Linnaeus, 141. portulacastrum Linn., 141. Tribulus Linnaeus, 196. cistoides Linn., 196. lanuginosus Blanco, 196. Trichilia pentandra Blanco, 210, rimosa Blanco, 212. tripetala Blanco, 211. _ volubilis Blanco, 194. Trichodesma R. Brown, 329. indicum (Linn.) R. Br., 329, | zeylanicum (Linn.) R. Br., 329. Trichoglottis Blume, 116. bataanensis Ames, he: retusa siege 116. INDEX 421 Trichoglottis Blume, 116—Continued. rigida Blume, 116. subviolacea (Llanos) Merr., 116. Trichopteris faleata Llanos, 41. Trichosanthes Linnaeus, 373. amara Blanco, 373. eucumerina Linn., 13, 373. lucioniana Naves, 18. palmata Roxb., 373. quinquangulata A. Gray, 3738. Trichospermum Blume, 250. lanigerum (Blanco) Merr., 250. trivalve Merr., 250. Triopteris jamaicensis Blanco, 213. polyandra Blanco, 248. Triphasia Loureiro, -202. aurantiola Lour., 202. trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wils., 202. trifoliata DC., 202. Tristellateia Thouars, 218. australasiae Rich., 213. malintana Blanco, 213, Tristira Radlkofer, 239. triptera (Blanco) Radlk., 239. Triumfetta Linnaeus, 251. bartramia Linn., 251. rhomboidea Jaeq., 251. semitriloba Linn., 251. Turraea Linnaeus, 208. decandra Blanco, 19, 209. humilis (Blanco) Merr., 208. octandra Blanco, 209. pumila Benn., 209. virens Blanco, 19, 209. Tylophora R. Brown, 316. bifida F.-Vill., 316. merrillii Schitr., 316. perrottetiana Dene., 316, Typhaceae, 53. " Typha Linnaeus, 53. angustifolia Linn, subsp. javanica Schnizl., 53. orientalis Presl, 53. shuttleworthii Koch & Sond., 54. Typhonium Schott, 92. cuspidatum (Blume) Deene., 92. divaricatum Decne., 92. _ divaricatum Naves, 14. motleyanum Schott, 14. U Ubium sylvestre Rumph., 103, Udora verticillata Spreng,, 58. Ugena alba Blanco, 49. semihastata Blanco, 49. semihastata Cav., 49. Ulmaceae, 121. Ulvaceae, 39, Ulva compressa Blanco, 39. — intestinalis L., 39. reticulata Blanco, 40. umbilicalis Blanco, 40. | Umbelliferae, 296. Uncaria Schreber, 360. _ acida Roxb., 360, 422 Unceria Schreber, $60—Continued. perrottetii Merr., 360. philippinensis Elm., 360. setiloba Benth., 360. Uniola paniculata Llanos, 74. spicata Llanos, 74. Unona cabog Blanco, 148. camphorata Blanco, 147. cauliflora Blanco, 149. corniculata Blanco, 150. dehiscens Blanco, 149. desmos Dunal, 148. discolor Vahl, 148. latifolia Blanco, 149. odorata Blanco, 148, — odoratissima Blanco, 148. ossea Blanco, 148. setigera Blanco, 147. susong calabao Naves, 147. uncinata Dun., 150. Urandra Thwaites, 237. luzoniensis Merr., 237. Urena Linnaeus, 253. lobata Linn., 253. multifida Cav., 253. sinuata Linn., 254. Urticaceae, 130, Urtica arborescens Link, 131. baccifera Blanco, 131. capitata Blanco, 130. ferox Blanco, 130. japonica Blanco, 181. nivea Linn., 180. sessilifiora Blanco, 130. umbellata Blanco, 130. villosa Blanco, 131. Utricularia Linnaeus, 351, calumpitensis Llanos, 351. flexuosa Vahl, 351. Uvaria Linnaeus, 147. amuyon Blanco, 149. dulcis Dunal, 147. lanotan Blanco, 149, ossea Blanco, 148. ovalifolia Blume, 147. purpurea Blume, 147, rufa Blume, 147. setigera Blanco, 147. sinensis Blanco, 150. solanifolia Presl, 147. sorzogonensis Presl, 147. tripetala Blanco, 148. Vv Vallea calomala Blanco, 248. Vallisneria Micheli, 58. gigantea Graebn., 58. sphaerocarpa Blanco, 59. spiralis Blanco, 58. ; spiralis Linn., 58. Vanda lamellata Lindl, 14. lissochiloides Lindl., 116. _Vandellia Linnaeus, 347. crustacea Benth., 347. diffusa Blanco, 347. INDEX Vandellia Linnaeus, 347—-Comtinesd, hirsuta Ham., 14. multiflora Blanco, 346. nervosa Benth., 348. peduncularis Benth., 348. scabra Benth., 347. soriana Blanco, 347. Vandopsis lissochiloides Pfitz., 116. Vangueria spinosa Roxb., 382. stellata Blanco, 382. Vanilla Swartz, 112. aromatica Sw., 112. majaijensis Blanco, 112. philippinensis Rolfe, 112. planifolia Ait., 112. ovalis Blanco, 112. Vatica Linnaeus, 272. ~ apteranthera Blanco, 272. mangachapoi Blanco, 272, sinensis Blanco, 272. Ventilago Gaertner, 243. dichotoma (Blanco) Merr., 243. gracilis Merr. & Rolfe, 243. luzoniensis Vid., 243. maderaspatana F.-Vill., 243. monoica Blanco, 243. Verbenaceae, 330. Verbena capitata Forsk., 330. squamosa Jacq., 352. Vernonia Schreber, 375. chinensis Less., 375. cinerea (Linn.) Less., 375. parviflora Reinw., 375. patula (Ait.) Merr., 375, villosa W. F. Wight, 375. Vidalia garciae F.-Vill., 19. lepidota F.-Vill., 18. navesti F.-Vill., 19. Vigna Savi, 192. catjang Walp., 192. cylindrica (Linn.) Merr., 192. repens Baker, 188. sinensis (Linn.) Endl., 192. sinensis Naves, 192. unguiculata Walp., 192, Villaria Rolfe, 363. littoralis Vid., 363. odorata (Blaneo) Merr., 363. philippinensis Rolfe, 368. Vinca rosea Linn., 309, Viseum Linnaeus, 132. - angulatum Heyne, 133. articulatum Burm., 132, 133. capense Llanos, 133. orientale Willd., 132. philippense Llanos, 132, 183, Vitaceae, 245. Vitex Linnaeus, 332. altissima Blanco, 333. geniculata Blanco, 333, latifolia Blanco, 333. leucoxylon Blanco, 332, littoralis Deene., 333, negundo Linn., 332, 333. ovata Thunb., 332. Vitex Linnaeus, 332—Continued. parviflora Juss., 333. pubescens Vahl., 14, 333. repens Blanco, 332. trifolia Linn., 332. trifolia Linn. var. ovata (Thunb.) Merr., 332. x Xeranthemum staehelina Blanco, 379. Xylaria Hill, 41. nigripes (Kl.) Sacc., 41. 423 | | Xanthostemon verdugonianus Naves, 13, 20. x | ‘x Xylia dolabriformis Benth., 165. | trifolia Linn. var. unifoliolata Schauer, Xylocarpus Koenig, 208. 332. turczaninowti Merr., 333. Vitis adnata Wall., 246. aristata Blume, 246. Voacanga Thouars, 309. globosa (Blanco) Merr., 309. Volkameria casopanguil Blanco, 335. commersonii Poir., 334. grandiflora Blanco, 334. inermis Blanco, 335. WwW Wallichia tremula Mart., 87. Waltheria Linnaeus, 258. americana Linn., 258. indica Linn., 258. Webera odorata Roxb., 363. Wedelia Jacquin, 380. biflora (Linn.) DC., 380. Wendlandia Bartling, 359. exserta Blanco, 359. luzoniensis DC., 359. paniculata Roxb., 359. Wikstroemia Endlicher, 279. indica (Linn.) C. A. Mey., 279. _ ovata C. A. Mey., 279. viridiflora C. A, Mey., 279. Willughbeia drupacea Blanco, 298. multilocularis Blanco, 298. ~ Wolffia arrhiza Wimm., 93. Wrightia R. Brown, 313. laniti (Blanco) Merr., 313. ovata A. DC., 3138. pubescens R. Br., 313. | granatum Koenig, 208. obovatus Juss., 208. Xylopia Linnaeus, 149. blancoi Vid., 149. | dehiscens (Blanco) Merr., 149. Z Zarcoa philippica Llanos, 217. Zea Linnaeus, 59. mays Linn., 59. Zephyranthes rosea Lindl., 14. Zingiberaceae, 109. ' Zingiber Adanson, 110. blancoi Hassk., 23, 110. officinale Rosc., 23, 110. Zizyphus Jussieu, 244, arborea Merr., 244. dalanta Blanco, 244. exserta DC., 244. jujuba Lam., 244. latifolia Blanco, 244. lotus Blanco, 244, oenoplia Mill., 244. talanai (Blanco) Merr., 244. trinervia (Cav.) Poir., 244. aylopyrus Willd., 244. zonulata Blanco, 244. Zollingeria triptera Rolfe, 239. Zornia Gmelin, 182. diphylla (Linn.) Pers., 182. Zygophyllaceae, 196. O Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum Edgw., 196. Zerumbet cassumunar Roxb., 111. zerumbet (Linn.) Rosc., 111.