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MEDICAL AND CiCONOMICAL

BOTANY.

BY

JOHN LINDLEY, Pu.D., F.RS.,

_—«—~ . :
VICE-SECRETARY OF THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON;

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON,
THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF GREAT BRITAIN, AND TO THE SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES.

WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS.

LONDON :
BRADBURY & EVANS, 11, BOUVERIE STREET.

MDCOCXLIX.

Ia4S

Missour! BOTANICAL
: BEN LIBRARY

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

THE CLASSES OF PLANTS analysed.

I—THALLOGENS; ruerr Auiances .
Tue Ateat ALLIANCE
Fungan ALLIANCE
Lichenat ALLIANCE

II—ACROGENS; ruerr ALLIANcEs .
Tur Muscat Aniiance
LycopopaL ALLIANCE .
Friican ALLIANCE

Ill.—RHIZOGENS

IV.—ENDOGENS;; rmerr ALLIANcEs

Tur Giomat ALLIANCE
ARAL ALLIANCE ‘ . i “
PatmaL ALLIANCE
NarctssaL ALLIANCE
AmoMAL ALLIANCE
OrcuipaL ALLIANCE : ‘ ‘ ‘
JUNCAL ALLIANCE : : a
Litran ALLIANCE
AisMAL ALLIANCE

_ YV—DICTYOGENS ..
_ -VIL—GYMNOGENS

‘Tam AMentaL ALLIANCR.
Urrtican ALLIANCE . : Sere
Evpworsiat ALLIANCE . :

ee -

ie CONTENTS.

VIL—EXOGENS—(continued.)
Tur MenisPERMAL ALLIANCE
QuERNAL ALLIANCE . ‘ : : 3 ; ‘
CucuRBITAL ALLIANCE . d ‘ ‘ ie
Vionan ALLIANCE . i % ; a
SaprmypaL ALLIANCE
BrrperRaL ALLIANCE i : : : ‘ :
Erroat ALLIANCE ; eae
Rurat ALLIANCE
GERANIAL ALLIANCE. ; ; : ‘
SinenaL ALLIANCE .
CuENoPODAL ALLIANCE ; é
PrperaL ALLIANCE .
Matvat ALLIANCE
Cistan ALLIANCE
Ranaut ALLIANCE .
GuTTIFERAL ALLIANCE
Ficorpat ALLIANCE
Dapuyat ALLIANCE . . ; ‘ ‘ ? ey
RaamNan ALLIANCE . ; P : - i
Rosa ALLIANCE. ‘ 5 ; ;
SAXIFRAGAL ALLIANCE .

GenTIANAL ALLIANCE ; i : 4 F

CortusaAL ALLIANCE . : ; i i <
SonanaL ALLIANCE . E ; y : ; Pe
BiegNontaAL ALLIANCE . : : é ; j rsh

Eouran ALLIANCE

CampanaL ALLIANCE . P
CrncnonaL ALLIANCE ; ; : ‘ : nee
Myrran ALLIANCE

CactaL ALLIANCE . ‘ , ;

GrossaL ALLIANCE gw tis ;

Umpenian ALLIANCE : . ‘ ‘ 4
AZARAL ALLIANCE 4 ‘ ee : é

INDEX OF NAMES . . . ; : oa

PART III.

MEDICAL AND GECONOMICAL BOTANY.

Paucis utatur medicus remediis, iisque selectis.

Qui potest mederi simplicibns, dolosé et frustra queerit composita.

Medicus notitia plantae destitutus de viribus ejusdem nunquam juste judicavit.
Systemate, Qualitate, et ‘Experieiitié: eruitur omnis usus plantarum.

Alimenta 4 toxicis, uti medicamenta a venenis, non natura sed dosis distinguit.

Linnavs, Mat. Med. Canones.

MEDICAL AND CECONOMICAL BOTANY.

HE Vegetable Kingdom contains, among a large quantity of plants
of no known importance to man, various useful species employed in
medicine, the arts, or in the many branches of domestie economy.

The principal part of those which can be brought by teachers in Europe
under the notice of students, or which, from their great importance, deserve
to be among the earliest subjects of study, are mentioned in the following
pages, where they are arranged in the manner proposed in the ‘** Vegetable
Kingdom”’ of the author, with the sequence of matter departed from in a
few instances, when it was believed that the convenience of younger students
would be consulted by doing so. The author trusts that this selection will
be found to have been made in such a way that all teachers who possess
reasonably extensive means of illustrating their lectures, and all Botanic
Gardens, may furnish the larger part of the species which are mentioned.
A small selection was indispensable; firstly, because a greater work would
have been beyond the reach of the majority of purchasers; and secondly,
because experience shews us that those who have to study a science of
observation, such as Botany, require to concentrate their attention, in -
first instance, upon a limited number of objects.

In the work above referred to, the Vegetable Kingdom is, in the first
place, divided into Classes; these are subdivided into Sub-classes, which are
themselves broken up into Alliances ; beneath the Alliances are placed the
Natural Orders, under which are disposed those final subdivisions termed
Genera.

Therefore, genera are groups of species; orders are groups of genera;
alliances are groups of orders ; sub-classes, when they are employed, are
groups of alliances, and classes are assemblages of sub-classes (if present),

or of alliances, or, in some instances, of orders only. Thus we have—

1. CLASSES.
2. Sub-classes,
3. ALLIANCES.
4. Orvers,
5, GENERA.
6. Species. —

In the following pages the heading of each of these subdivisions is :

nted i in the type just employed.
\ B2

4

The plan of the work is similar to that so happily employed by Linnzeus
in his Materia Medica, a book invaluable in its day, although now forgotten,
and better adapted to the objects of medical men than any thing which has’
since appeared. Each species, placed in its due position in the classifica-
tion, has its vulgar or officinal name, as well as that which it bears in
science, and, in a few words, the country whence it comes, the quality it has
been said to possess, and the uses to which it has been found applicable.
Very short phrases are also given, for the purpose of showing how the
genera or species are to be distinguished from each other.

The whole plan of the work is, in fact, to point out distinctions: and the
fewest possible words are employed with this view. In many instances the
distinctions may not be absolute, but they are sufficient for ordinary
purposes. Those who wish to become better acquainted with Botany will,
of course, make the ‘ Vegetable Kingdom ”’ of the author the subject of
ulterior study. For the convenience of those who may desire to do 80;
references are made to that work throughout all the following pages.

The authorities generally taken for the quality and uses of officinal
plants, are the invaluable works of Pereira, Royle, and Christison. Where
plants are not officinal, those other sources of information have been
consulted, from which the more extended statements in the ‘“ Vegetable
Kingdom”’ have been derived.

» CLASSES.

The CLASSES of plants are seven, viz :—

I. THALLOGENS; having no sexes, and no distinct separation of ste
and leaves.

II. ACROGENS; having no sexes, and distinct stems and leaves.
III. RHIZOGENS; having sexes, and a mycelium.

IV. ENDOGENS ; having sexes, a root and stem, endogenous wood,
parallel-veined leaves.
V. DICTYOGENS; having sexes, a root and stem, exogenous roots, end
genous stems, and netted leaves, |
VI. GYMNOGENS; haying sexes, a root and stem, exoge
; ; nous wood
naked seeds. : mae :

VII. EXOGENS; having sexes, a root and stem, exogenous wood, and s
in seed-vessels. 1

THALLOGENS. : 5) : ALGALS.

CLASS I. THALLOGENs (V. K., p. 5.)
Of this there are three Alliances; viz.,
ALGALS. Submersed ; having no mycelium.
FUNGALS. Aerial; having a mycelium.
LICHENALS. Aerial; having no mycelium.
The natural orders of these alliances need not occupy the attention of the

student. Few of the numerous species are of importance, either in medicine
or common life.

THE ALGAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 8.)

A few species are employed as food. Any medicinal properties which
they have been found to possess appear to be owing to the presence of
iodine, which the marine species contain in common with other oceanic
productions.

Porpuyra. Agardh.
Frond flat, very thin, more or less purple, leafy, not gelatinous. Spores
roundish, arranged in fours (usually) and filling all the frond.
1. P. laciniata Agardh.—(Laver. Stoke. SuoKauy.) Fig. 4.
Fronds clustered, deeply cleft, with broad segments variously lobed and cut
at the edges, bright purple.
Habitat. On rocks and stones in the sea, Annual.
Quality. Saline, nutritious.
Uses. Employed as food, salted ; eaten with pepper, vinegar, and oil. Said to be useful
m scrofulous affections and glandular tumours.
2. P. vulgaris Agardh.—(Laven.) :
Fronds undivided, broadly lanceolate, wavy, bright lively purple.
Habitat, Quality, and Uses, as the last.

Unva, Linneus.
Frond ne, green, flat, sometimes inflated. Spores minute, lying
in fours, r
1. U. latissima Linn.—(Green Laver. GREEN SLoKE. OysTER GREEN.)
Marine. Frond broad, oblong, roundish, wavy, full green, completely
covered by fructification.
_ Habitat. Rocks and stones in the sea. Annual.

Quality. Bitterish, salt, mucilaginous,
Uses, " Employed as food, stewed and seasoned with lemon-juice. Ordered for serofulous
ee patients,
oS Laminaria, Lamouroux. es
Frond leathery, flat, without a midrib. Spores forming close spots, and —
_, _ imbedded in the thickened surface of some part of the frond. we
1. L, digitata Lamouroux.—(Tanere. Ska Ware. Sea-crrpues. Sea-
_ WAND, ReEpD-waARE.) ees
Stem woody, cylindrical, gradually expanding into a leathery roundish-
oblong frond deeply cleft into many linear divisions. oe
Dually Martin :
Uses. “When young employed as food for both man and cattle.

THALLOGENS. : 6 ALGALS.

Ataris. Greville.

Frond membranous with a stout midrib ; stem pinnated. Spores pear-shaped,
. vertically arranged in the thickened leaflets.
1. A. esculenta Greville. — (Bappertocxs. Henware. Honeyware.
Moruins.) Fig. 2.
Frond from 2 to 12 feet long, olive-green; stem 4 to 8 inches long,
pinnated with several short flat narrow leaflets.
Habitat. Rocks in the sea, in deep water. Annual.
Quality. Nutritious. :
Uses, The midrib is eaten, when the frond is stripped off.

mo

——S==.

Cuonprus. Stackhouse.

_ Frond cartilaginous, dilated upwards, flat, ribless, dichotomous, purplish or
livid red. Tetraspores lying in round masses in the substance of the |
frond. o
1. C. crispus Lyngb.—(Carrageen Moss. Iris Moss. Peart Moss.) Fig. 1
Frond thickish, cartilaginous, dichotomous, flat or curled, segments linear
wedge-shaped ; masses of spores hemispherical, concave on one side.
Habitat. Rocky sea-shores of Europe.
Quality. Nutritive, emollient, demulcent. a
Uses. Pulmonary complaints, chronic diarrhoea, dysentery, scrofula, rickets, enlarged
mesenteric glands, irritation of bladder and kidneys.—Jellies, soups, &c.

: : iS wh 1.—Chondrus crispus in fruit; 2. Alaria esculenta; 3. Laurencia pinnatifida; 4. Porp’
da ; 5. Iridea edulis.

THALLOGENS. 7 ALGALS.

Fucus. Linneus.

Frond leathery, dichotomous, flat, linear ; usually furnished with large air-
cells. Spores arranged in tubercles buried in mucus and collected in

heads, through pores in which they are discharged.

1. F. vesiculosus Linn.—(Sea Ware. Seawrack. Ketp Ware. Brack
Tane. Swine Taye.) Fig. 6.

Frond quite entire, with a midrib; air-cells
round, usually in pairs; heads of spores
terminal, oblong, blunt, yellowish.

Habitat. Sea-shores. Perennial.

Quality. Detergent, discutient, sub-nutritious.

Uses. Glandular affections and scrofulous tumours. A

dentifrice. Makes good manure. Furnishes Kelp.

Ina. Bory.

Frond flat, cellular, expanded, between fleshy

and cartilaginous, purplish-red. Tetra-
' spores collected in gelatinous spheres buried
in the substance of the frond.

1. I. edulis Bory.—(Dutsz in the S.W. of Eng-
land.) Fig. 5.

Frond undivided, obovate or wedge-shaped, very
succulent, dull purple, tapering into a short
stalk.

Habitat. Rocks in the sea. Biennial.

Quality. Nutritious.

Uses, Employed as food by fishermen, either raw, or pinched between hot irons.—

Stackhouse.

Lavrencta. Lamourousx.

Frond cylindrical or compressed, between cartilaginous and gelatinous,
yellowish or purplish red. Tetraspores contained in ovate cystocarps,
and lying imbedded in the branches. |

1. L. pinnatifida Lamouroux.—(Peprer Doutse.) Fig. 3.

Frond dull purple or greyish, compressed, cartilaginous, twice or thrice
pinnatifid, the divisions blunt, entire or lobed. Cystocarps near the
end of the branches, the size of poppy seed.

Habitat. Rocks in the sea. Annual.

Quality. Pungent, nutritious.

Uses. A condiment, when other sea-weeds are eaten.

Ruopomenia. Greville.

Frond flat, membranous, pink or red, veinless, sessile, with a very short
stem. Tetraspores in the substance of the frond or collected in super-

a ficial spheres or coccidia. ee
1. R. palmata Greville—(Durse. Duutsk. Deuusn. Dutuse, or
__ Water-leaf, among the Highlanders.—Grev.) es
Frond purple, leathery, or somewhat membranous, broadly wedge-shaped,

Fig. 6.—Portion of the frond of Fucus vesiculosus in fruetification ; ¥, one of the vesicles by which ie

: = Habitat. On the coast of Corsi

_ 'THALLOGENS. 8 ALGALS.

irregularly cut, with dichotomous Segments entire at the edge or fur-

nished with lateral leaflets ; Spores distributed in cloud-like spots over
the whole frond.

Habitat. On rocks in the sea.
Quality. Nutritious. Smells of violets. : :
Uses. sewined as food by the poor of many northern nations. Sudorifie.— Lightfoot.

Piocarta. Nees.

Frond cartilaginous, cellular as if jointed, cylindrical or compressed,
branched, dull red, Tetraspores immersed in the substance of the
surface, or collected in superficial spheres or coccidia.

1. P. Helminthochortos Nees.— Gracilaria, or Spheerococcus, or Gigartina
Helminthochortos of others (Corsican Moss.*) Fig. 7
Frond cartilaginous, filiform, tufted, entangled ; the
the branches setaceous, somewhat dichotomous,
__ the separations of the tiers of red cells,
ca, and elsewhere in the Mediterranean.
Quality. Anthelmintic, nutritious, saline, strong-scented.
__ Uses. Tn removing the Ascaris lumbricoides,
2. PB. tenax Nees.— Spheerococcus or Gracilaria tenax of authors.
Frond somewhat gelatinous, slippery, filiform, dichotomous; branches spread-
ing, the uppermost reflexed and acute; coccidia hemispherical, sessile,
seattered, :
Habitat. The Chinese seas.
Quality. Gelatinous, glutinous, nutritious,
Uses. Soups and jellies among the Chinese 3 also as size and gum.

primary stem creeping ;
striated transversely at

a

Fig. 7.—Plocaria Helminthochortos ; a natural size ;

* As sold in the shops, this consists of various marine
with a very little Plocaria intermixed.

5 one of the branches much magnified. .
Productions, especially of Laurencia obtusa,

THALLOGENS. 9 FUNGALS,

THE FUNGAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 29.)

With the single exception of Ergot, these are excluded from the modern
practice of medicine. Ergot itself is a mere disease of the ovary of
grasses, caused by the attacks of a parasite of this alliance (see Oidium.)
Fungals are, however, among the more useful friends of man as food, and
among his most dangerous enemies as parasites, destroying the sources of
his food. The following are the most common and important examples.

Acaricus. Linneeus.

Pileus bearing on one side vertical, unequal plates or gills, forming a lamel-
late hymenium. Veil single.

1. A. campestris Lin-
neus. — (COMMON
Musuroom.) Fig. 8.

Pileus fleshy, dry, whit-
ish, silky or scaly, .
fragrant when
broken, and not
changing colour ;
hymenium pink,
free, becoming
brown or blackish ;
stipe solid, white,
having a ring,

Habitat. Pastures, dung-

hills,

Quality. Nutritious, fra-

grant.
Uses. As food, and as sauce
(ketchup.)

2. A. oreades Bolton.—
(Farry-r1ve Musu-
ROOM. Scotca
Bonnets. Cuam-
PIGNON.) Fig. 9.

Pileus fleshy, tough,
somewhat bossed,
first pale-brown,and
becoming whiter
with age; hyme-
nium whitish, with
distinct gills; stipe
solid, with no ring,
round, whitish, with
a skin separating
into longitudinal
fibres. 9

Fig. 8.—Agaricus campestris, with its mycelium, orspawn; 9, Agaricus oreades in different states of ; -

THALLOGENS. eee : FUNGALS.

Habitat. Pastures and lawns, where it grows in irregular circles.
Quality. Nutritious, stimulant, rather fragrant. ee
Uses, Frequently strung on thread, dried in the shade, and pounded, as an addition to

sauces,

Amanita. Greville.

Pileus bearing on the under side vertical, unequal plates, forming an
hymenium. Veil double ; the outer covering the whole plant when

-- young.

1. A. muscaria Greville.—(Fiy Acaric.) Fig. 11.

Pileus bright orange red, warted, striated at the edge ; gills white ; stipe
bulbous.

Habitat, Woods, especially of Fir and Birch,

Quality. Narcotic, poisonous. :

Uses. Produces intoxication and delirium, The infusion employed to Kill flies,

10

-. Fig. 10.—Lycoperdon g ; 11. Amanita musearia ; 12. a piece of Polyporus igniarius i?
on wood; 13, Helvella crispa; 14, Tuber cibarium; 15. Morchella esculenta, 2

.

THALLOGENS. 1 ] FUNGALS.

Potyporus. Micheli.

Pileus fleshy ; completely blended with the hymenium, which is pierced
with thin-sided, rather angular, tubular, vertical passages.

1. P. igniarius Fries—(Harp Amapov. Toucuwoop. Spunk.) Fig. 12.

Hard ; pileus thick, obtuse, nearly even, ferruginous, at length cinereous:
the edges and minute convex pores cinnamon.

Habitat. On old trees.

Quality. Styptic.

Uses. Beaten till soft, it staunches slight wounds. Sliced, it forms good razor-strops.

2. P. fomentarius Fries. —(Sorr AMapov. GERMAN TINDER.)

Pileus somewhat triangular, smooth, brownish grey, soft within: the edge
pale bluish white or yellowish, as well as the very minute pores,
becoming ferruginous.

Habitat. On old trees.

Quality. Styptic, elastic.

Uses. Forms tinder ; staunches slight wounds ; forms small surgical pads.

3. P. officinalis Fries. Boletus Laricis Jacquin. —(Ayapov of Dios-
corides.)

Pileus between corky and fleshy, warted, stalked, banded with yellow and
brown ; pores yellowish.

Habitat. On Larch trees in Southern Europe.

Quality. Smells like new flour. Taste bitter, nauseous.
Uses. A drastic purgative, now rarely employed.

Morcuetta. Dillenius.

Pileus convex, with a ribbed, irregularly excavated /ymentum.

1. M. escu/enta Linneus.—(Morett.) Fig. 15.

Pileus conical, ovate or globose, united to the stipe at the contracted base ;
ribs of the hymenium anastomosing into distinct cells,

Habitat. Woods, orchards, cinder-walks.

Quality. Nutritious,

Uses. A delicate article of food.

HELVELLA. JLinnceus.

Pileus turned downwards, lobed, with an-even hymenium.
1. H. crispa Seopoli—(Mitre Musnroom.) Fig. 13. 3
Pileus crisp and irregularly lobed, pale yellowish brown; stipe white, —

ribbed, fistular, irregularly excavated.

Habitat. Woods.
Quality. Nutritious.

Pe Uses. A delicate article of food.

Tuner. Micheli.

: _ A fleshy, firm, roundish mass, filled with veins and minute cavities, in which © oe :

stand the spore-cases.
1. T. cibarium Sibthorp.—(Trurrie.) Fig. 14.
Surface black, covered with angular warts.
_ Habitat. In the earth, beneath trees, especially Beeches.
— Quality. Nutritious, t, stimulating. :
_ Uses, A common ingredient in sauces and rich dishes.

- PHALLOGENs. iz FUNGALS.

Lycoperpon. Tournefort.

A globular, fleshy mass, eventually bursting and discharging a multitude of
powdery spores.

1, L. gemmatum Batsch.—(Commoy Purrsatt.) Fig. 10.

Round, tapering to the base, covered with little rough warts.

Habitat. Fields and meadows,
Quality. Acts mechanically as a styptic, by means‘of its brown spores.

2. L. giganteum Batsch. Bovista gigantewm Nees.—(Giant PorrBatt.)

Oblong or roundish, white, very large, smooth, with the skin cracking into
angular spaces, pulpy at first, becoming dry.

Habitat. Fields and plantations.

Quality. Styptic. »

Uses, When dry, staunches slight wounds. The smoke stupifies bees.

16 17 18 19

Tusurcinta. Fries.*
hese ‘Hollow granular oblong balls, collected in subeutaneous —
1. T. Scabies Berkeley —(Porato Scas.) Fig. 23.

Spots brown, oblong, becoming confluent ; balls attached transversely to a
short stipe.

Habitat. Beneath the skin of the tuber of the Pota
Quality. Produces superficial cavities and pits, but is of no further injury.

aoe

Magnified figures of: Fig. 16, M . i :
ii; Uredo Contes, sh thig ig Perio Rog ryt at. Aspergillus glaucus ; 18. Penicillium glaucum;
22. Aeidium Berberidis + 23. Tubuect Scabies, =”

get 20. Puccinia Graminis'; 21. Botrytis infestans j
__ * A few species, neither medical nor economical, are h i dent,
’ because they produce marked effects upon the sources of auineacsea geetbedi rss

THALLOGENS. 1 3 FUNGALS.

Puccrnta. Persoon.

Microscopic. Pear-shaped or oblong bodies, containing spores, having internal
partitions, and furnished with a slender stalk, by which they are
attached to an internal mycelium.

1. P. graminis Persoon.—(Corn Mitpew.) Fig. 20.

Pitch brown or black, growing in irregular lines, which become occasionally
confluent.

Habitat. Leaves and straw of Grasses,

Quality. Preys upon the juices of plants, especially of Corn, and prevents the grain
from swelling.

AXciprum. Persoon.

Microscopic. Cellular membranous sacs, bursting at the side or apex, and
discharging numerous spores.
1. Ae. cancellatum Persoon.
Forms spots, which are yellow at first, and then become red and prominent,
in figure somewhat conical, splitting at the side in an irregular manner ;
spores brown.
Habitat. The leaves of Pear trees.
Quality. A destructive parasite, greatly injuring the trees which it attacks.
2. Me. Berberidis Persoon.—(Berperry Buieut.) Fig. 22.
Forms roundish bright red spots, in figure elongated, bursting irregularly
at the end, and becoming cups; spores orange.
Habitat, Leaves of the common Berberry.
Quality. A troublesome parasite, erroneously supposed to blight Wheat.
3. Ac. Urtice De Candolle.—(Nettie BuieHt.) ;
Spore-cases form oblong orange heaps on the under side of the leaves, each _
being nearly round, and finally gaping wide. ;
Habitat. Common on Nettles. ‘
Quality. Like other parasites, deprives the plant on which it grows of the organisable
matter intended for its own nutrition.

ErysipHe. Hedwig. =
Microscopic. A fleshy, somewhat gelatinous mass, opening at the collapsing | oo
apex, and standing in the centre of a free
floccose superficial mycelium.
1. E. communis Schlechtendahl.
‘Mycelium dirty white, resembling cobweb, at length
forming spots ; rays simple, acute.
Habitat. On the living leaves of herbaceous plants. een cl
ity. A surface parasite, infesting various plants, especially “(¢@K/Jk
the Pea, which it overruns and destroys, : r
_ 2. Ei. bicornis Link. Fig. 24. : ce
-Mycelium-milk-white, densely entangled into a white skin; rays very
short, forked, and warted at the point. ees
Habitat. Very common on Maple leaves, rendering them hoary.
Quality. As in the last. ;

THALLOGENS. _ tee FUNGALS.

Botrytis. Micheli.

Mieroseopic. Consisting of erect branched threads, at the ends of which grow
clusters of spores (spore-cases. )

1. B. infestans Montagne.—(Potato Muit-
pew.) Fig. 21.

Tufts of threads, lax, erect, white, branch-
ing at the ends; spores lateral and
terminal, solitary, oblong, with a gra-
nular nucleus.

Habitat. Leaves of the common Potato.

Quality. Attacks the leaves and stems, and aggra-
vates the disease to which this plant has
become subject.

2. B. Bassiana Montagne.—(SiLkworm-

Rot. Muscarpine.) Fig. 25.

Threads erect, branched in a racemose
manner, with clusters of spores at the
end of the short lateral divisions.

Quality, Kills silkworms in great numbers.

Orium. Link.
Microscopic. Threads white or brightly coloured, simple or irregularly
branched, moniliform above, and breaking up into more or less elliptic
spores.— Berkel. MSS.
1. 0. abortifaciens Berkel. LErgotetia abortifaciens Quekett (Hrgot.)
Threads white, irregularly branch-
ed ; spores abundant, elliptic,
containing two nuclei, —
Berkeley.
Habitat, Ovary of Grasses and Eleo-
charis, causing the disease called
Ergot, destroying the ordinary
growth, and compelling it to assume
a horned appearance.
Quality. The ovary thus affected
becomes hardened and deformed.
Uses. Ergot or spurred Rye is 4
dangerous narcotic poison, produc-
ing gangrene. Used in medicine to
increase the action of the uterus in
difficult parturition.
2. 0. Tuckeri Berkeley.—(Vin
Muew.) Fig. 26. :
Fertile threads elongated ; spores
vree, elliptic or oblong, at
i ength septate,— a
_ Habitat. Leaves and green parts of Vines, “Athen pote pa aes
a Quality. A formidable parasite, destroying the functions of the skin of the parts it

attacks,

__ Fig. 25.—Magnified view of Botrytis Bassiana ; 26. Do. of Oidium Tuckeri. ata by
the stomates of a Vine leaf; b, a plant, with mycelium 3 ¢, Spores ; d, idium of teenth wont aed.

THALLOGENS. 1 5 FUNGALS.

GrapHium. Corda.

Microscopic. Stem erect, fibrous, capitate, pencilled, floccose ; floeci con-
tinuous, breaking off into continuous, homogeneous spores, which are
glued together at first, but at last separate.

brown in the middle, above
— Habitat, Dead Fir wood and Poplar wood.
cae A destroyer of timber,

ae . Asrrnemiws. : Micheli. ae ie
Microscopie. Cobweb-like strata, producing threads, at the ends of which :
‘ ged in rows, the rows themselves being collected in

Habitat, Decaying substances everywhere. Cheese. _
- Assists in decomposition. — i

+e

all portion, magnified 12 diameters ; c, a portion
which it grows; d, top of a thread in fruit; ¢,
sSame—Unger, os

Lanosa. Unger.

Microscopic. Branched, transparent, jointed threads, the terminal joints
of the small lateral branches of which at length acquire a reddish
colour, and separate at the articulations, producing oblong spores.

LL. nivalis Unger —(Syow-movtp.) Fig. 28.
White patches, a foot or more in diameter, themselves consisting of numerous
entangled circular patches, finally becoming red, as if dusted with red
powder.
Habitat. Beneath snow, on Grasses and cereal crops.

Quality. Commits great ravages among the plants which it attacks, sometimes destroy-
ing whole crops of corn. Especially injurious to Barley and Rye. es

Mucor. Micheli.

Microscopic. Cobwebby masses, consisting of tubular septate threads beari
at the end a roundish membranous spore-case, which bursts when
ge in water.
1. M. Mucedo Linnzeus.—(Common Moutpiness.) Fig. 16.
Cobweb-like; the fertile threads simple; spores and spore-cases blackish.
Habitat. Fruit, paste and preserves.
Quality. Destroys the quality of the substances it infests.

Urepo. Persoon.

Microscopic. Subcutaneous patches or masses of simple powdery spores. —
1. U. Caries De Candolle—U. fetida of some.—(Bunt. Smur-sat.
PEPPER-BRAND.) Fig. 19.
Spores black, rather large, spherical, footid.
Habitat. Within the ovary of corn ; 4,000,000 may be contained in a grain of Whea
Quality. Destructive to corn, destroying all the interior. Ag me
2. U. segetum Persoon.—(Smur. Dust-5RaND.)
Spores black, minute, spherical, scentless.
Habitat. Rachis and receptacle of Grasses, especially Oats and Barley.
Quality. Destructive to such corn, but less so than the last.

: tit 28.— Magnified views of Lanosa nivalis ; a, a patch of the plant ; b, ohe of its threads ; at c,

-
.
2

a iF FUNGALS,

Penicituium, Link.

Microscopic. Cobweb-like or mothery flocculent masses, producing simple

globose spores disposed in patches about the pencil-shaped ends of
septate fertile threads,

1. P. glaucum Greville.—(Tar Vinrear Punt.)
Mycelium forming a close tough crust-like or leathery web ; branches some-

what entangled and bifid ; spores verdigris-green.

Habitat. On decaying bodies, and in fluids in a state of acetification.

. . é sae . . dl the
lity. Assists in the decomposition of decaying matter, and augments rapidly
a fermentation of saccharine fluids, A bit placed in sugar and water soon
changes it to vinegar.

Mycoperma. It is probable that
the flocculent substance which
forms in various infusions when
they become ‘ mothery,’’ and
which bears this name, is only the
mycelium of Mucor, Penicillium,
and other Fungals of a similar
nature, The accompanying cuts,
from a paper of Mr, Berkeley’s,
illustrate this. Fig. 29 is a view of
the mycelium of Mucor subtilissi-
mus as found in water, with one
ball of the reproductive bodies
formed when the mycelium reached

e air; 30 is Penicillium candi-
dum in the same state, the greater
part of which had been formed in

3 but a couple of branches
reaching the air produced the true
fructification of this genus of
Fungals,

31

‘THALLOGENS. 18

THE LICHENAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 45.)

To a considerable amount of nutritious gelatinous matter is here added
variable quantity of bitterness, which renders the species tonic and stomac
Some are among the most valuable dyeing plants ; others supply food
animals, as the Cenomyce to reindeer.

GyropHora. Acharius.

Thallus leafy, horizontal, peltate. Shields round, sessile, adnate, cover
with a black membrane, the surface marked y
circles or plaits.

1. G. proboscidea Acharius.—(TRrE DE Rocus
Fig. 35. )

Thallus membranous, wrinkled, with elevated netti
smoky brown, lobed and notched at the ed,
shields convex, plaited.

Habitat. Mountainous and very northern regions, on rocks. 4

Quality. Nutritious, bitter, nauseous, purgative.

Uses. Food in arctic regions.

2. G. erosa Acharius.—(TRIPE DE Rocue.)

Thallus membranous, wrinkled, almost black, irregularly lobed, perfora
at the circumference, and notched ; shields convex, variously plaited.

Habitat. Mountainous, and very northern regions, on rocks,
Quality. Like the last.

Cenomyce. Acharius.

Thallus shrubby, perpendicular, branched, usually covered with leafy sea
Shields sessile, round, convex, without a border, the sides reflexed
1. C. rangiferina Acharius.—(Reinpeer Moss.) Fig. 39.
Stalks of the shields erect, long, rough, cylindrical, greenish white, v
es much branched; the axils pierced; the brane
scattered, entangled; shields roundish,. brown, |
small erect stalks.
Habitat. Moors, heaths, especially mountainous or northern.
Quality. Nutritious.
Uses. Constitutes important food for reindeer and other anit
in high northern latitudes.

2. C. pyaidata Acharius.—(Cur Licnen. Cur Mo:
Fig. 33. ;

Thallus leafy, erect, the lobes crenulate, forming lo
granulated, rough greyish green cups, on the ¢
of which stand the brown convex shields.

Habitat. Moors and dry woods. =

Quality. Bitter, gelatinous.

Uses, Hooping-cough ; as Iceland Moss. Febrifugal.

Fig. 32.—Magnified shields of Gyrophora; 33. Cenomyce pyxidata, a little larger than natural si
* By some mistake a figure of Peltidea aphthosa is given for this by Dr. Pereira,

THALLOGENS. ] 9 LICHENALS.

ParmMewia, Acharius.

Thallus leafy, horizontal, lobed, and cut. Shields orbicular, fixed by a
central point, concave, bordered by the inflexed thallus.

1. P. parietina Acharius.—(YeLtow Watt Licaen.) Fig. 36.

Thallus circular, bright orange yellow; lobes radiating, appressed,
rounded, crenate, and crisp, granular in the centre; shields deep
orange, concave, with an entire border.

Habitat. Trees and walls. Common.

Quality. Bitter. Yields a yellow colouring matter.
Uses. In intermittent fevers.

ae Lecanora. Acharius. oe
‘Thallus crustaceous, flat, uniform. Shields orbicular, plano-coneave, -

__ thick, sessile, bordered by a rim formed out of the crust. —

Se ea
Various Lichens, natural size,
arietina ; 37, Lecanora
41. Peltidea caniz.

; 38. Roccella fuciformis; 39.
c2 -

enomyce rangiferi pies eee oe

_ THALLOGENS. 20° LICHENALS.

1. L. Parella Acharius—(PrrELte. Cran’s-Eyp Licnen.) Fig. 34. _

Crust dirty white, determinate, plaited and warty ; shields scattered, thi
coneave, whole coloured.

Habitat. Rocks in mountainous countries.

Quality. Yields a purple dye, equal to that of Arehill.

2. L. tartarea Acharius.—(Cuppear.) Fig. 37.

Crust thick, granulated, and tartareous, greyish white ; shields scattere
convex, at length flat, yellow brown inclining to flesh colour, with
thick inflexed border, becoming wavy.

Habitat. Rocks, &c.,in alpine countries.

Quality. Yields a rich purple colour.

Uses. Employed in dyeing yarn. The source of Litmus, used as a test for acids, wh
it becomes red, and for alkalies, by which the blue colour is restored. ;

Sticta. Acharius.

Thallus \eafy, leathery, lobed, with numerous little cavities. Shields
the under side, fixed by a central point, flat, surrounded by an elevat
border, formed of the thallus.

1. S. pulmonaria Acharius.—(Lunewort. Oax-tunes.) Fig. 42.

- Thallus spreading, olive green, pale brown when dry, pitted and ne
much lacerated, with broad rounded lobes ; shields marginal,
brown, with a thick border. :

_ Habitat, Trunks of trees in mountainous countries.
Quality. Bitter. Furnishes a good brown dye. Nutritious.
Uses. Pulmonary affections, hemorrhage ; a light diet ; as a substitute for hops.

| Pentwea. Acharius. — | id

_ Thallus leafy, horizontal, lobed, woolly beneath, bearing the shields o

Fig. 42.—Stieta pulmonaria; natural size,

THALLOGENS. 21 _ LICHENALS.

lobes. Shields roundish, attached to the upper side of the lobes,
and having a border formed of the thallus.

1. P. canina Acharius—(Doe Licusn. Grovnp Liverwort.) Fig. 41.

Thallus thick, glaucous grey, greenish when moist, somewhat furrowed,
with rounded lobes, beneath white, with branching veins and fibres ;
shields vertical, revolute, reddish brown, with a crenulate border.

Habitat. On the ground, among moss, &c.

Uses. An imaginary remedy for hydrophobia.

2. P. aphthosa Acharius.—(Turusu Licuen.) Fig. 40.

Thallus light green, smooth, sprinkled with brown warts; lobes broad,
rounded, the fertile ones contracted ; shields large, red-brown, with a
jagged border. ;

Habitat. Moist alpine rocks.
Quality. Purgative, anthelmintic. The Swedes boil it in milk as a cure for aphthe.

CEeTRARIA. Acharius.

Thallus leafy, spreading or erect, lobed and lacerated, smooth on each
side. Shields orbicular, attached ob-
liquely to the edge of the thallus,
planoconcave, bordered by the inflexed
thallus.

1. C.islandica Acharius.—(IceLanD Moss.)
Fig. 43.

Thallus erect, tufted, olive-brown, paler on
one side, lacerated, channelled, and
bordered with tooth-like fringes ;
shields brown, with a raised border.

Habitat, On the ground, i ions.

Quality. Diliagteea, decclsent. ante tee

Uses. A light diet for invalids, and a mild tonic. ;

Phthisis, chronic catarrh, dyspepsia, chronie diarrhoea, dysentery.— Pereira,

Roccetna. Acharius.

Thallus between leathery and cartilaginous, branched and cut, erect, terete. _
aoa orbicular, adnate, plano-convex, with a thickened elevated
border,

1. R. tinctoria De Candolle—(Orcun. Arcuit. Dyer’s Moss.) _

Thallus suffruticose, branched, terete, erect, greyish brown, bearing
powdery warts; shields almost black and pruinose, with a scarcely
raised border ; juice deep yellow. ;

Habitat, Rocks near the sea, especially in southern places.
ae : ea: Dyes purple.

manufacture.

2. R. fuciformis De Candolle.—(Fiat Orca.) Fig. 38. es ee
-Thallus flat, branched, nai greyish white, with powdery warts; =
Sap not yellow. oS a
Aabitat, Quatity, éec., like the preceding, but, according to the Rev. Mr. Salway, very
ior as a dye. ee

Fig. 43.—Cetraria islandica; natural size,

_ Uses. Formerly used for preparing Litmus paper. Dyes various articles of .

scnogena, 92 MUSCALS,

CLASS II. acroacens (V. K., p. 51.)
Here also oceur three Alliances ; viz.—

MUSCALS. Spore-cases immersed or calyptrate.
LYCOPODALS. Spore-cases axillary or radical. Spores of two sorts :
FILICALS. Spore-cases marginal or dorsal. Spores of one sort.

Little of obvious importance to man occurs among the members of th
alliance, which are objects of botanical interest rather than of medical
dietetical value. It is needless to detain the student with the natur:
orders, or with more than a very few instances of useful species.

THE MUSCAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 54.)

Keuisetum. Linneus,
(Order, Equisetacez, or Horsetails ; V. K., p. 61.)

Spore-cases growing beneath peltate scales collected in cones, splitting ot
one side, without operculum, and with an elater to every spore.
1, E. hyemale Linneus, (Duron Rush. SHAVE-GRass.)
Stem naked, very rough, mostly branching at the base ; sheaths pallid,
white at top and bottom, with deciduous teeth; cone
terminal.

Habitat. Tn swampy places. : J

Quality. Rough with flinty points, (Said to be astringent, diuretic,
emmenagogue,) The rhizomes nutritious.

Uses. Employed for polishing wood, ivory, and brass. Food in time
famine,

2. E. flwviatile Linnaeus. (Water Horseralt.) Fig. 44

Stems of two kinds: barren, covered with numerous rou g
doubly angular branches: fertile ones unbranched, pallid,
with large, loose, deeply-toothed sheaths.

Habitat. Watery places.

Uses. The starch contained in the tubers of the rhizome nutritious:

said by Haller to be the plant eaten by the Romans under the
of Equisetum.

Fig. 44.—Equisetum fluviatile ; a, its rhizome ; b, upper end of the flowering stem.

ACROGENS. 23 MUSCALS.

SpHacnum. Linneeus.
(Order. Bryacese, or Urn-mosses ; V. K., p. 64.)

Spore-case an urn closed by a deciduous lid, haying
a toothless brim, and capped by an irregularly
torn calyptra.

1. S. obtusifolivm Ehrhart. (Boc-moss.) Fig. 45.

Spongy. _Leaves whitish, ovate, obtuse, closely
imbricated, tumid, with large spiral-coated
perforated cells.

Habitat. Wet commons, bogs and moors.

Quality. Has the property of absorbing moisture readily,
and parting with it slowly. Slightly nutritive.
Uses. Employed by gardeners for covering the roots of
plants and preserving them moist ; also for drainage.

A wretched food in barbarous countries.

N.B. —This is the genus of Mosses spoken of in
Lindley’s “Introduction to Botany,” vol. i. p. 52,
fourth edition, as being remarkable for the spiral
structure of the cells composing its leaves, and for

the presence of large pores in their sides.

THE LYCOPODAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 68.)

Lycoropium. Linneus.
(Order. Lycopodiaceze, or Club-mosses ; V. K,, p. 69.)
Spore-cases 2-valved, solitary in the axils of leaves.
1. L. clavatum Linneus. (Common Crvs-moss. SNaKkE-
moss.) Fig. 46. ;
Stem creeping ; branches ascending, often entangled ;

leaves incurved with thread-like points ; spikes two or
three, cylindrical, stalked, with dilated membranous
bracts.

Habitat, Damp hills, low mountains, and moors.

Quality. Spores i le, called Witch-meal and Vegetable
Sulphur, The minute copious volatile seeds (spores) are use
in Germany for artificial lightning on the stage, and are sold in
the shops. When dispersed in the air, they take fire with a
candle, and suddenly explode.” —Smith. Herbage emetic. ee

Uses. For rolling up pills ; dusting infants ; Plica polonica; a rude
and unsafe emetic ; employed in scorbutic affections. ee

2. L. Selago Linneus. (F1R-Moss.) a

Stems dwarf, erect, forked; leaves in eight rows, lanceo- —

late, pointless, slightly spreading. ee

Habitat. Mountain heaths, and lowland sandy wet tracts. .

Quality. Astringent, emetic, drastic, narcotic. ee

Uses, A powerful irritant; keeps blisters open ; a counter-irritant 5
a rude purgative for very strong persons ; forms a detergen’
lotion against vermin. ee

Fig. 45.—Sphagnum obtusifolium ; a, a leaf magnified ; 46. A branch of Lycopodium clavatum.

ACROGENS. 24 LYCOPODALS,

3. L. rubrum Chamisso—L. catharticum Hooker. (YaTUM CONDENADO
Fig. 47.

Stem ascending, dichotomous ; branches four-cornered
leaves closely imbricated, ovate, acuminate, sti
keeled, ciliated, with the spore-cases in their axils.

Habitat, Equatorial America, on mountains.

Quality. Hypercathartic, z ;

Uses. In elephantiasis, teprosy. A medicine of great activity

THE FILICAL ALLIANCE; or, FERNS.
(VOR b Th)~

ApiaNtuM. Jinneeus.
Spore-cases in sori, hidden beneath rounded, reflexed,
marginal, distinct, indusia with a vertical ring.

1, A. Capillus Veneris Linneus. (MAIDENHAIR.)
Fig. 48. Bs

Leaf doubly compound; leaf-
lets alternate, wed.
shaped on capil
stalks; indusia oblon,;

AY Habitat. Moist rocks and old
, 4 walls,
Yj Quality. Rhizome slightly as-
Ng tringent, fragrant when dry;
9 somewhat emetic.

is Uses, With syrup and

Pa flowers, makes bad capil-

laire. a

2. A. pedatum Linneus. Fig. 49.

Leaves pedate: divisions pinnate ; leaflets halved, oblong,
lunate, cut at the upper edge.

Habitat. North America.

Quality. Sweet, slightly styptic, and fragrant.

Uses. With syrup and orange flowers, makes the best capillaire.

Aspipium. Swartz.

Spore-cases in roundish scattered dorsal sori, covered by Cg
- anorbicular : y

or kidney-
shaped in-
dusium,with
& vertical
ring.
1. A, Filiamas
Swartz —
Nephrodi-

um Filix mas. (Mae Vani) Fig. 50.

ee 47.—Piece of Lycopodium rubrum; 48, Leaflet of Adiantum Capillu neris.
_ 49. Leaflet of Adiantum pedatum, a little magnified ; 50. Pinna of ‘Adi odie, oe ne

ACROGENS. 2 5 FERNS,

Leaf doubly pinnate; leaflets obtuse, serrate, partly confluent ; stalk
ramentaceous ; indusia near the midrib, kidney-shaped.

Habitat. Dry ditches and banks.

Quality. Astringent, emetic.

Uses. Anthelmintic ; against Bothriocephalus latus.—Pereira.

Preris. Linneeus.

Spore-cases in marginal dorsal lines covered by the inflexed edge of the
leaf, with a vertical ring.
1. P aguilina, Linneus.—(Brake, Bracken.) Fig. 51.

Leaf 3 times pinnate, with lanceolate bluntish segments, of which the
lowest are pinnatifid, and the upper gradually smaller ; terminal
lobes large, undivided.
_ Habitat. Heaths, parks, &e.
Quality. Astringent, anthelmintic, bitter.

—. Hes rhizome has been used as a substitute for hops ; it furnishes a wretched
read,

Osmunpa. Linneus.

_ Spore-cases in branched masses, stalked, with a horizontal ring.

1. 0. regalis Linneeus.—(Osmunv Rovat.)

_ Leaflets oblong, nearly entire, dilated at the base ; clusters of spore-cases
: panicled, terminal.

_ Habifat, Bogs and wet meadows.

ity. Tonic. tic,
tin Rachitis.. a

CLASS III. RHIZOGENS (V. K., p. 83.)
= No species are of importance in this country.

Fig. 51.—Pinna ot Pteris aquilina. “irae

ENDOGENS, 26 : GLUMALS.

CLASS IV. ENDOGENS (V. K., p. 105.)

The following are the chief Alliances :

GLUMALS. Flowers glumaceous. 3
ARALS. Flowers unisexual, naked, or seales or hairs; on a sim
spadix.

PALMALS. Flowers unisexual, petaloid ; on a branched spadix.

NARCISSALS. Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary inferior. Perian
symmetrical.

AMOMALS. Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary inferior. Perianth unsy
metrical. Stamens free.

ORCHIDALS. Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary inferior. Perianth
symmetrical, Stamens gynandrous.

JUNCALS. Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary superior. Perianth

maceous.

LILIALS. Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary superior. Perianth coloure
Syncarpous.. :

ALISMALS. Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary superior. Perianth colo
Apocarpous.

THE GLUMAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 105.)
Patural Orvers of Glumals.

Grasses (Graminacee.) Sheath of leaves slit. Embryo lateral, nak

Sevges (Cyperacee.) Sheath of leaves not slit. Embryo ba
inclosed.

Natural Order, Grasses; Graminacece (V. K., p. 106.)

Prevailing Quality. Sweet, nutritious ; very rarely narcotic.

Triticum. Linneus.

_A spike. Spikelets many-flowered, parallel with the zig-zag rachis, (lui
2, nearly equal, ~“Palew 2, the lower awned or not.
1. T. repens Linneus.—(Coucn Grass. Quitcn. Curen-pEnt Fr.)
Spike distichous ; spikelets about 5-flowered ; paleze lanceolate, 5-ne!
_ acuminate, not ventricose ; rachis usually scabrous ; leaves rou;
with lines of points on the upper side. A perennial, with a cre
rhizome.
Habitat. A common weed, in neglected ground.
Quality. Rhizomes diaphoretic, aperient and refreshing. _
Uses. For diet drink, and as a substitute for Sarsaparilla.

-

GLUMALS. 27 GRASSES.

2. T. westivum Linneeus.—(Wneat.) Fig. 52.

Spike 4-cornered ; spikelets about 4-flowered ; palez ventricose,
ovate, truncate, mucronate or awned, compressed under the
point, rounded at the back; grain free. An annual.

Habitat. Unknown.

Quality. Grain nutritious.

Uses. The flour forms wheaten bread. Bran, which is the pericarp, is

emollient and demulcent, and even purgative, owing the latter quality
to its mechanical action.

Secate. Linneus.

A spike. Spikelets 2-flowered, with a long-
stalked rudiment of a third floret. Glumes
subulate; otherwise like Triticum.

1. S. cereale Linneus.—(Rrz.) Fig. 53.

Glumes shorter than the spikelet. Rachis
tough.

Habitat. Commonly cultivated.

Quality. Grain nutritious.

Uses. The flour forms an inferior kind of bread.

Ergot is the ovary, diseased by the attack of a
parasitical fungus. See Orprum, p. 14.

Lotium. Linneeus.

A spike. Spikelets distichous, many-flowered,
placed edgewise on the rachis. Glume
solitary, or that next the rachis rudi-
mentary.

1. L. temulentum Linneus.—{DaRNeEt.) _

Glume as long or longer than the spikelet,
which contains from 5 to 7 florets; florets when —
in fruit elliptical, awned ; awn straight, longer than
the palea. An annual.

Habitat. Corn fields and by pathways.

Quality. Grains narcotie and acrid, producing fatal consequences

when mixed with flour, Darnel meal has been used for
sedative poultices.

N.B.—This is the only authentic instance of unwholesome _
qualities in the order of Grasses. The cases mentioned in the 20)
“ Vegetable Kingdom” are all doubtful. As to Bromus catharti-
cus, figured under the name of Guilno by Feuillée, there can be
no doubt that his statement is a blunder. The grass he has
figured is not distinguishable from B. secalinus ; the rhizome, in s
which he says that purgative qualities reside, evidently, both by
the figure and description, does not belong to any grass what-—
ever; it may possibly be that of some purgative Sisyrinchium.

=

Horpeum. JLinneus.

e.
a2 Oo
aS
a0
Ce
2k
25 ¢
Ee
gay
2 Hg
Vv =
em 4
Ok
wee Oy
mt ee
2 B.S B
BS®E 8
Sass
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we

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oa &
Sie
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<

1. H. distichum Linneus.—

(Common BARLEY,

Fig. 54.
Lateral spikelets male, awnless ; those in th

h

th
k,

; the flour forms a dar!

awned, pressed clos
awns stiff, erect.
ly cultivated.
emollient ; the

tamia ? Commonl

Pearl Barley is the gra
rubbing, and is n

y,

deprived of its skin b
employed for gruel, &e.

grain demulcent,
fevers,
read

acrid.
'y-

slightly
Uses. Barle water
grain forms malt

tasted unpleasant bre

middle hermaphrodite,
to the rachis ;
Habitat. Mesopo

the

Quality. The

|

ice i —
ix ba Mr of — Te tierce of

of Avena sativa.

GLUMALS. 29 GRASSES.

Avena. Linneus.

A panicle. Glumes 2- or more-flowered, as long as the florets. Outer
: Palea with distinct lateral nervures, 2-pointed, with a dorsal, kneed
and twisted awn. Ovary hairy at top.
1. A. sativa Linneus.—(Tue Common Oat.) Fig. 55.
Panicle spreading, equal-sided ; glumes generally 2-flowered, longer than
the florets, the uppermost 9-nerved ; florets smooth, bifid, or 2-toothed
at the point.
| Habitat. Mesopotamia ?
— Quality. The grain nutritious.

_ | Uses, Gruel, prepared from the skinned grains or groats, easily digested ; employed as
| an emollient and demulcent in cases of poisoning by acrid substances ; meal also
as poultices,

'

Saccnarum. Linneeus.

| A large branched panicle. Spikelets in pairs, buried in long silky hairs,

} 2-flowered ; one sessile, the other stalked.

Lower floret neuter with one palea; upper

floret hermaphrodite with 2 paler. Glumes

2, membranous. Pale minute, transpa-

| rent, awnless.

IL. 8. oficinarum Linneus.—(The Suear Cant.)

Panicle very loose ; flowers triandrous ; glumes
indistinctly one-nerved, with very long
hairs at the back.

_ Habitat. Tropical countries,

Quality. Sweet ; demulcent ; emollient.

Uses. Its sugar is universally employed where sweet

substances are needed. An antidote to poisoning
by metallic salts.

; Anpropogon. Linneus.
Either a spike or panicle. Spikelets in pairs, or,
if terminal, in threes ; one perfect awned,
the others withering, sterile, and awnless ;
perfect spikelet 2-flowered, the lower floret
neuter with one palea; the upper floret
hermaphrodite with 2 palee. Glumes 2,
+. hard.
ae Ay — Linneus.—(LemMon GRASS.)
: ig. 56.
_ Perennial, erect ; panicle rather secund, linear,
leafy ; the spikelets having a common foot-
stalk furnished with a spathe; florets all
_ awnless; male with but one valve.
- Habitat, Bengal, Avabia.
Quality. ves very fragrant; their taste acrid,
_ aromatic, and bitter. Rhizome and flowers have
Uses, pel oe Y ae gens
: leaves stomachic and diaphoretic. Yie ere
__ 4n aromatic stimulating essential = (Grass oil), employed externally in — me
affections. sapere! aoe ne

al

2 Fig .56.—Portion of the inflorescence of Andropogon Scheenanthus ; a, a spikelet magnified.

GLUMALS.

30 GRASSES:

ANATHERUM.

bearing hairs.

1. A. muricatum Palisot.—(Vetiver or Vetivert.) Fig. 57.
Erect; leaves in 2 rows, long, narrow, stiff; panicle whorled, x
with simple spreading branches; both hermaphrodite and /

male florets awnless. VY,
Habitat. East Indies. \
Quality. Rhizome has a strong penetrating agreeable odour. , fy
Uses. Like those of Andropogon Schcenanthus, \¢
a Zea. Linneeus. 7

@2 Inflorescence unisexual. vy

us

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tl bee

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2

ti

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i

Palisot.
Like Andropogon, but the glumes are covered. with asperities

Male a terminal panicle;
spikelets 2-flowered, with — |
a pair of nearly equal
glumes, Fe- «ff
male a lateral \
spike, envel-
oped in tough
spathes ;spike-
lets 2-flower-
ed; the upper
floret 2, with 2 or 3 palex ; the lower
floret neuter, with only 2 paler.
Glumes membranous, very broa
Grains roundish, compressed, nake
in perpendicular rows. re
1. Z. Mays Linneus.—(Maze. Int
Corn.) Fig. 58.
A coarse, upright, broad-leayed annual
palex shorter than the ripe grain.
Habitat. North of Mexico, or the south
districts of the Rocky Mountains,
to the botanists of the United States. —
Quality. Grain very nutritious. ee
Uses, Employed largely as food ; but is
to cause diarrhcea,

Oryza. Linneeus.

A panicle. Spikelets 1-flowered.
2, small, unequal, awnless, Palee -
nearly equal, cartilaginous, ribbe
the lower with or without an 3
Stamens 6 ! of

There are numerous varieties of this
common tropical grain, as there
Europe of Wheat, Barley, Oats,

the ear of Zea Mays.

. __ Fig. 57. —Portion of the inflorescence of Anatherum muricatum ; a, a spikelet magnified ; 58.

- @LUMALS. 31 GRASSES.

1. 0. sativa Linneus.—(Rice.) Fig. 59.

_ Leaves linear, long, rough; panicle racemose, rather contracted; pales very

hairy. ;

Habitat. Cultivated in all hot countries, in swampy

laces.

Quality. Grain nutritious.

Uses. Employed largely as food ; but from the small propor-
tion of protein compounds is much less nutritious than
ordinary cereal grains,

eos Seraria. Palisot.
compound cylindrical spike. Spikelets 2-flowered, —
_ Surrounded by an involucre of bristles. Lower floret
| sy, consisting of one palea resembling the
glumes. — oe a
S. italica Palisot. §. germanica Pal—(GERMAN
mitLeT. Mona.) ; 60

__ ee Oryza sativa; a, a spikelet magnified; 6 the awned variety

GLUMALS. : 32 SEDGES.

forwards ; paleg of the hermaphrodite floret smoothish.

Habitat. Cultivated in Southern Europe, and India.

Quality. Grain nutritious, ee:

Uses, Employed as food in the South and Middle of Europe, and in India, where
better grain may not be had. A useful agricultural plant in such countries
because of its power of resisting drought. §, germanica is a larger variety, with —
a longer involucre,

Natural Order, Setges; Cyperacee. (V. K., p. 117.)
Prevailing Quality. Demulcent.

Carex... Linneus.

Flowers unisexual. Males with one glume. Females inclosed in a flas
shaped involucre.

1. C. arenaria Linneeus.—(GERMAN SarsaPaRiLia.) Fig. 62.

Spike decompound, oblong, or somewhat ovate; upper spikes male, low
female ; stigmas 2; fruit ovate plano-convex, 7-ribbed, with a rough —
wing from the middle upwards; stem rough at the angles near the
summit ; rhizome tough, creeping. Ss

{
'

: ADK 1\
Habitat. n loose sand of the sea-coast. :
: Qual hy. womgenaes sweetish, with a disagreeable earthy after-taste, diaphoretie

Uses. A substitute for Sarsaparilla.

2. C. hirta Linneus.

Covered with fine hairs ; female spikes ovate or cylindrical, distant ; ™
2 or 3; sheaths of bracts nearly as long as the peduncles; fruit
tumid, with a deeply-cloven beak.

Habitat. In wet meadows, woods, &e. Common. Quality and Uses as in the

Fig. 62.—Carex arenaria; diminished in size.

GLUMALS. 33 SEDGES.

Crrerus. Linnceus.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Spikes composed of numerous distichous glumes,
containing no bristles or scales.
1. C. longus Linneus.

Inflorescence decompound, the longer branches umbellate ; stalks of the
umbels erect, of unequal length; stigmas 3 ; glumes ovate obtuse ;
rhizome creeping.

Habitat. Ditches and damp meadows on the Conti-
nent.

Quality, Rhizome bitter, astringent, aromatic ; smells
slightly of violets.

ses. Furnishes an aromatic distilled water, reckoned

tonic and stomachic.

2. C. esculentus Linneeus.—(Sovucnet comEstt-
BLE ; AMANDE DE TERRE Fy.) Fig. 63.

Inflorescence decompound ; spikes both stalked
and sessile, clustered at the point of the
longer branches, linear,
compressed ; glumes ob-
tuse; stizmas3; rhizome
long, creeping, bearing

. pendulous tubers.

Habitat. Cultivated in the South

of Europe.

ity. Nutritive, restorative,
stimulant,

Uses. Eaten like nuts ; regarded
48 an aphrodisiac ; employed
i the preparation of orgeat,

64

THE ARAL ALLIANCE (V.K., p. 123.)
‘Patural Orvers of arate,

Bultushes ( Typhacew.) Calyx — scales or hairs. Anthers on long
laments.

a “rau (Aracec.) Calyx 0. Anthers sessile. Spathaceous.

Natural Order, Bulrushes ; Typhacee (V.K., p. 126.)
* evailing Character. Subastringent, nutritious.

TypHa. Linneus., ee
Spikes cylindrical, the uppermost male. Stamens 3, monadelphous, sur-
__Tounded by bristles. Ovary stalked, bristly at the base. es

Fig. 63.—Cyperus esculentus ; 64. One of the tubers of the same. _
eS D es

ARALS. 34 : ARADS,

1. T. latifolia Linneus.—(BuLRusu.)
Leaves linear, flat, longer than the flowering stem ; male and female spik
contiguous.
Habitat. Streams and stagnant water all over Europe.
Quality. Rhizomes astringent and diuretic ; abound in starch.
Uses. anes used as food under the name of Cossack Asparagus ; employed ii
sentery.

Natural Order, @raus; Aracew (V.K., p. 127.)
Pretuhiy Quality. Acridity.

Arum. Linneeus.

Spathe convolute. Spadix naked at the point ; male flowers above, female
below, with intermediate cirrhi.. Anthers sessile, opening by late
slits. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-6 horizontal ovules.

1. A. maculatum Linneus.—(CucKoo-pmt. Lorps anp Lapis.) Fig. 65.

ort apa Foenirer nese oc fr Pt of aout the ward inwith

ARALS. 385 ARADS,

Leaves hastate-sagittate ; spadix straight, clavate, shorter than the spathe.
Habitat. Hedgerows and plantations all over Europe.

Quality, Acrid ; nutritious.

Uses. Corms eatable, when the acridity is removed. Yields pure starch, known under
the name of Portland Sago.

Conocasia. fay.

Spathe erect, convolute. Spadix naked at the point ; male flowers above,
female below, with rudimentary organs both above and below the
Stamens. Anthers opening by pores, with a very broad connective.
Ovaries 1-celled, with 6 erect ovules rising in pairs from near the base.

1. C. esculenta Schott. Caladium esculentum, Vent.

Stemless ; leaves peltate, cordate ; spadix shorter than the ovate-lanceolate
spathe.

Habitat. Tropical America.

Quality and Uses. As in the next.

2. C. antiquorum Schott. Arum Colocasia Linn.—(Cocco. Eppoks.)

Stemless ; leaves peltate, ovate, repand, half bifid at the base; spathe
much longer than the spadix, cylindrical, erect.

oe ‘onie — tropical countries ; Egypt, Greece, &e.

Uses. When deprived of acridity by boiling and changing the water, the leaves are

eaten as Spinach, and the corms are used for soup.

AMORPHOPHALLUS. Blume.

Spathe with a spreading limb. Spadix protruded, naked, and fungoid at
he end; male flowers above, female below, with no intermediate 3
cirrhi, Anthers opening by 2 pores. Ovary Se
solitary erect ovules.

A. campanulatus Blume. Fig. 66.

Fis. 66.—Reduond gure of Amorphophalins omnpastlei eee

ARALS. 36 ARADS, 2

Head of the spadix warted; style distinct ; spathe sessile ; petioles very rough
Habitat. Tropical parts of Asia.

Quality. Acrid, caustic ; abounds in starch.

Uses. Employed as an external stimulant ; also as an emmenagogue.

DIerrenBacuta. Schott.

Spathe convolute. Spadix covered all over with flowers ; male above
female below. Anthers opening by pores. Ovaries 1-celled, with a
single erect ovule, and surrounded at the base by 3 clavate processes.

1. D. seguina Schott. Arwn seguinum Linneus.—(Domp Cans.)

An arborescent plant ; stem cylindrical, with ringed scars; leaves oblong-
ovate, with a stout rib; spathe green.

Habitat. West Indies.

Quality. Juice extremely acrid and venemous,

Uses. A dangerous poison; produces dumbness when chewed.

THE PALMAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 133.)

Natural Order, Balms; Palmacece (V. K., p. 133.)
Prevailing Quality. Nutritious, saccharine,

Penix. Linneus.

Leaves pinnate. Flowers dicecious.
Petals imbrieated in the fe-
males. Ovaries3. Fruita
fleshy one-seeded false drupe.

1. P. dactylifera Linneus. (The
Date Pata.) Fig. 67.

Leaves glaucous; leaflets lanceolate
acuminate, very much closed
up, the uppermost shorte
fruit oblong, in large bunch

Habitat. North of Africa. :

Quality. Fruit highly nutritious and

Sweet,

Uses. Dried fruit, a common artic
food,

Sacus. Rumphius.

Leaves pinnated, Flowers mon
cious. Spadix branche
without any common spathe,
but with numerous i
ones. Fruit hard, shining
its surface divided into nume-

or Saco Par.

= Ss SS

— Petioles and spathes un
Fig. 67.—Sketch of Phenix dactylifera. a

PALMALS. 37 PALMS,

_ Habitat. Islands of the Indian Archipelago.
Quality. Trunk contains the feecula called Sago.
Uses, Extremely nutritious, and easy of digestion.—Martius says that this furnishes
most of the Sago sent to Europe; and thus confirms the statement of Roxburgh.

2. 8. Rumphii Willdenow. — (Prickty Saco
_ Pata.) Fig. 68.

Petioles and spathes guarded by strong prickles.

Habitat. Islands of the Indian Archipelago. :
uy and Uses. As in Sagus leevis.—According to
Martius this sort of Sago is chiefly used in India,
and is rarely exported.

Areca. Linneus.

s Leaves pinnated. Flowers monecious. Petals
; imbricated in the females, valvate in the males.
Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a fibrous drupe.

(The Canpace Pam.) Fig. 69.

Very tall, even ; leaflets linear, very taper-
_ pointed, bifid ; spadix covered with dry ragged
White deciduous downy scales.

paint West Indies, especially Barbadoes.

Tha, Sweet, nutritious.

The terminal bud or “ cabbage ” eaten.

Fig. 68.—Sketch of Sagus Rumphii ; 69. Sketch of Areca oleracea.

PALMALS. 38 PALMS,

Unarmed ; stem tall ; leaflets broadly linear, plaited, acuminate, the upper
confluent, wedge-shaped, preemorse ; fruit ovate.

Habitat. All over the East Indies,

Quality. Fruit astringent ; narcotic.

Uses. Nuts chewed, with lime and the leaves of Chavica (Piper) Betel ; yield Catechu
by boiling.

Sacuerus. Rumphius.

1. S. saccharifer Blume, Arenga saccharifera Labill.—(The Gomuto Pau.

emarginate, auriculate, white or silvery beneath; branches of
spadix long, clustered, pendulous ; fruit yellowish.

Habitat. The tropical parts of Asia.

Quality. Yields a saccharine fluid abundantly ; also Sago.

Uses. 1s a great source of Palm wine, The central bud or “ cabbage” eatable.

Fig. 70.—Sketch of Areca Catechu.

PALMALS, 8 9
PALMS.

Cocos. Linneeus.

oad —— Flowers at the base of the branches female, the others
he ary simple, 3-celled. Fruit a coarse, fibrous, one-celled
rupe, two cells becoming abortive.

1, C. nucifera Linneeus.—
(The Cocoa Nut Tree.)
Fig. 72.

Stem very tall, unequally ring-
ed; leaves spreading ; AW yet, A HORAN

leaflets linear-lanceolate, eA 4 DS

acuminate ; drupes very )
large, ovate, bluntly 3-cor-
nered.

4 ts apg eh oS Sea ew wy
3 CTE

Habitat. Tropical islands everywhere ;
but only near the coast.

Quality. Root narcotic ; fruit oily ; stem
starchy.

Uses, The nutsa universal article of food;
kernel yields oil ; roots chewed ins
of Areca ; abounds in a saccharine
fluid, from which Palm wine is made. —

| Mata 9T ATA yp

Evzis. Jacquin.

iets a Branches of inflorescence unisexual. In the males the _ i
e = Sealieg. tag dry ; the petals membranous, lanceolate. Ovary
iT gistncene: ruit an angular 1-seeded drupe, with a fibrous oily rind. —
neensis Linneus.—(The Om Pata.) Fig. 7 3. a ere

Fig, :
ig. 71.—Sketch of Saguerus saccharifer ; 72. Sketch of Cocos nucifera.

PALMALS. 40

Petioles spiny; leaflets linear-lanceolate, acuminate, green benea
drupes ovate, collected in huge erect heads, deep orange-yellow.

Habitat. Coast of Guinea ; common now in tropical America.

Quality. Drupes contain an emollient demulcent fixed oil in great abundance.

Uses. Furnishes Palm oil, employed in soap making, for frictions, &e, ; also eaten
butter when quite fresh.

THE NARCISSAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 146.)
Natural Orvers of Parcissals.
Bromeliats (Bromeliacee.) Flowers 3-petaloideous.

Amaryllis (Amaryllidacew.) Flowers hexapetaloideous. Stamens
6, introrse.

Eri¥s (Lridacee,) Flowers hexapetaloideous. Stamens 3, extrorse.

Natural Order, Sramelias ; Bromeliacece (V. K., p. 147.)
' Prevailing Quality. Uncertain.

Awanassa. Lindley.

Fruit succulent, in spikes, consolidated into a single tuberculated co
mass, 3

Fig. 73.—Sketch of Elis guineensis,

NARCISSALS. 4 1 AMARYLLIDS.

- 1. A. sativa Lindley.—(The Prve-app.e.)

_ Leaves glaucous, mealy ; bracts shorter than the fruits.
Habitat, Tropical America only. Introduced elsewhere.
Quality. Fruit subacrid ; sweet, and pleasantly acid.

@ Uses. A well-known esculent fruit.

Natural Order, Amarpllits ; Amaryllidacee (V. K., p. 155.)
Prevailing Quality. Emetic, narcotic, poisonous.

Levcorum. Linneus.

Sepals and Petals distinct to base, all thickened at the point, Coronet 0.
Stamens equal.

1. L. estivewm Linneus.—(Snow-ruake.) Fig. 74.

Spathe many-flowered, style clavate; ovary some-
what globose ; leaves long, linear, equal to the
fistular scape.

Habitat. Various parts of Europe.

Narcissus. Linneeus.

Sepals and Petals united in a tube surmounted by a
coronet.
LN. Pseudo Narcissus Linneus. .
—(Darropm.)
Flowers solitary ; coronet campanu-
late, erect, crisp, as long as the
yellow perianth.
_ Habitat. Thickets and grassy places all
= over Europe,
Quality. Acrid, poisonous.
_ Uses. As an emetic.
2. N. Tazzetta Linneus.—(ITaniay,
E or Potyantuus Narcissvs.)
Flowers umbellate ; coronet campa- :
nulate, plaited, truncate, 3 times as short as the white perianth.

2 Habitat. North of Africa and south of Europe.
= Quality and Uses. As the last.

i Agave. Linneus.

— Caulescent. Flowers funnel-shaped, persistent, with erect or revolute lobes.

: oe coriaceous, loculicidal. Seeds 00, flat.

,, A. americana Linnseus.—({AMERICAN ALOE.)

Leaves very large, stiff, perennial, spiny at the edge ; scape lofty, branched ;
_____ Stamens longer than the perianth.

“te Tropical America ; introduced elsewhere.

e - Diuretic, antisyphilitic, detersive. ; i ee.

U se. Rootsa substitute tor Sarsaparilla, with which they are mixed sometimes. Juice

of leaves a substitute for soap. Sap of flowering branches sweet, subacid, readily =

ts and forms a wine called Maguay, or Pulque. te

Fig. 74.—Leucoium zstivum ; a, the ripe fruit.

NARCISSALS, 42

Natural Order, £rits; Lridacec (V. K., p. 159.)
Prevailing Quality. Acrid, purgative.

Crocus. Linneus.
Sepals and petals nearly

equal, united into
long subterranean —
tube, with a balloon- |
shaped limb ; funnel-
shaped when ex-
panded. Stigma +
parted, plaited,
volute.

1. C. vernus Linnseus.—
(Spring Crocus.)
Fig, 75. as

Spring flowering ; stigmas
erect ; throat of the
flower bearded; skins
of corm _ fibrous,
netted.

Habitat. Meadows of Europe.

Quality and Uses, The corms

are acrid, and were
merly reckoned discu-

tient ; the stigmas are nearly destitute of t

peculiar co-

lour and aro-

ma of true
Saffron.

=

hm q
OA. i 4
MG |

2. C. sativus
Allioni. —
(SAFFRON
Crocus.)

Autumnal flowering ; stigmas as long as the
limb, and hanging down on one side;
skins of the corm fibrous, reticulated,
with narrow meshes.

Habitat. South of Europe.

Quality. The dried stigmas are reckoned to be
cordial, emmenagogue, and stimulant ; they
constitute Saffron.

Uses. A mere colouring or flavouring ingredient
in this country. Saffron gives to water and
alcohol three-fourths of its weight of an
orange-red extract, largely employed in paint-
ing and dyeing. It must not be confounded
with Saflowers, the dried florets of Carthamus
tinctorius, with which it is often adulterated,
The latter consisting of corollas, and the former

of stigmata, a little careful o!
tion will readily detect the difference. Ae

Fig. 75.—Iris germanica; 76. Crocus vernus.

s
NARCISSALS. 43 ses

Iris. Linneeus.

Sepals reflexed. Petals
erect, arched. Style
3-parted, petaloid, co-
vering the stamens.
1. I. germanica Linneus.
—(PorPLe Orris-
root.) Fig. 76.
Bearded ; spathes mem-
branous, herbaceous
at base ; tube 2 or 3
times as long as the
ovary ; flowers deep
purple.
Habitat. Walls and dry places
in Europe.

Quality. Rhizomes fragrant,
bitterish, acrid.

Uses. Yields part of the fra-
grant orris-root.

2. I. florentina Linneus,
— (Warre Ornis -
ROOT.)

Bearded ; spathes her-
baceous, glaucous, with
& harrow scarious bor-
der; tube 2 or 3 times |
as long as ovary; |
_ flowers nearly white.
Habitat. Italy.
copie ses. Asin the

3. 1. Pseudacorus Lin-
_ heus. — (YELLow -
_ FLaG.) Fig. 77.
ardless ; sepals oblong
or ovate, long-stalked;
petals narrower and
_ Shorter than the lobes
Of the style ; flowers
yellow.
Habitat. Ditches and rivers
All over Europe.
uty. Acrid.
ses. Rhizome diuretic, pur-
«Sative, and emetic,

in,
Lia, —

>
a

AW
tink

=
——

—
=
—<

AMOMALS, 44

THE AMOMAL ALLIANCE (V.K., p. 162.)
Patural Orders of Amomals.
Musats (Musacew.) Stamens more than 1.

Gingerwworts (Zingiberacee.) Stamen 1; anther complete.
favants (Marantacew.) Stamen 1; anther halved.

Natural Order, flusats; Musacew (V. K., p- 163.)
Prevailing Quality. Nutritious, diaphoretic.

Musa. Rumphius.

Flowers two-lipped ; the lower lip tubular, 5-cleft, embracing the ‘upper r
lip, which is dwarf and concave. Ovules 00, horizontal. uit
baccate.

1. M. sapientum Linneus.—(Prantatn. Banana.) Fig. 78.

78

Spadix nodding ; spathes deciduous, or withering.
_ Habitat. Tropical Asia.
Quality, Fruit sweet, soft, amylaceous,

Uses. A common fruit and nutritious esculent in all hot countries, Plantains
Bananas are mere varieties of each other. :

ss Fig. 78.—Sketch of Musa sapientum.

3 . il
AMOMALS, 45 GINGERWORTS,

Natural Order, Gingertearts; Zingiberacew (V.K., p. 165.)
Prevailing Quality. Aromatic, stimulating.

ZINGIBER. Geertner.

Stems annual. Lateral inner lobes of corolla 0. Filament extended

beyond the anther into a curved beak.

1. Z. officinale Roscoe.—(Common Ginger.) Fig. 79.

_ Leaves subsessile, narrowly lanceolate, smooth ; He

spikes oblong, on a scape about 9 inches

high; bracts acute; flowers whitish; lip

3-lobed, streaked with purple.

Habitat. Tropical parts of Asia.

Quality. Acrid, aromatic, stimulant, sialagogue.

Uses. A condiment; promotes digestion, relieves flatu-
leney; chewed against tooth-ache.

Appinta. Linneus.

Stems perennial. Inflorescence terminal. Inner
lateral lobes of the corolla small or 0. Fila-
ment not extended beyond the anther. Fruit
baceate.
4. A. racemosa Plumier.
8s 4.5 feet high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
recurved at the point; raceme spiked; bracts
ventricose ; lip trifid; flowers white.
Habitat. Tropical America.
‘Quality and Uses. As in the Galangale.
2. A. Galanga Linnzus,—(GALANGALE.)
Stems 6 or 7 feet high; leaves broad, sessile, with
a whitish edge; panicle oblong, branched ;
flowers greenish-white; lip oblong, unguicu-
“oe te, bifid; roots tuberous, pungent.

Indian Archipelago.

: Rhizome ry, aromatic.
Be As Ggee ETD Sromatc

Amomum. Linneeus.

Stems rennial. Jnflor radical, cone-like. Inner lateral lobes of
CS Sirota 0. Th ‘very lage flat. Filament flat, extended beyond

, , the anther, 2-lobed, with an emarginate middle lobe.

= Cardamomum Linnzus.—(RounD CARDAMOM.) : :

Yes short-stalked, lanceolate, acuminate, smooth ; bracts villous, wart

reous ; lip 3-lobed, crenate, crisp, with two rosy streaks ; fruit sma ,

roundish, 3-cornered ; seeds brown, angular, cuneiform. pe

Habitat. taian Archi

.
Tt.

F
e
:
:
|

Fig. 79.—Diminished figure of Zingiber officinale.

AMOMALS. — 46 GINGERWO

2. A. Grana Paradisi Smith, A. Meleguetta Roscoe.—(GRains OF Pa
DISE Puant. Matacurtra Perper.) Fig. 80, 81. ..
Leaves nearly sessile, linear-lanceolate, smooth; bracts . . . 3 lip
entire, obovate, crenate, plaited ; fruit ovate, coriaceous, (6 inches long
yellow, spotted with orange ; seeds angular, light brown.

Habitat. Coast of Guin &e.
S ea, Ke,

_ Fig.

g

-—Leaves and analysis of Amomum Grana ; i
» anther, ovary, and style; d, barren came “i Pharmaceutical Journal ; a, f

a?
5
a

AMOMALS. 4 7 GINGERWORTS.

\)

ata en ee

2 2. 8 Journal ; @
transverse salah - Amomum Grana Paradisi, from Pharmaceutical ’

full-sized fruit; b, a

AMOMALS, 48

GINGERWORTS.

Curcuma. Linneeus.

Stems annual. Lateral inner lobes of
corolla similar to the exterior.
Filament petaloid, 3-lobed, with a
two-spurred anther on the middle
lobe.

1. C. longa Linneus. — (TurMERic.)
Fig. 82.

Tubers long, lobed, pendulous, deep
orange; leaves broad, lanceolate,
whole coloured ; spikes central,
among the leaves, pale green, with
a rose-coloured coma; flowers yellow,
concealed by the bracts.

Habitat. East Indies.

Quality. A mild aromatic,

Uses. A condiment; an ingredient in curry
powder ; its juice a test for free alkalies.

In the East Indies Turmeric is regarded as an
important bitter, aromatic, stimulant,
tonic ; and is employed in debilitated
states of the stomach, intermittent fever,
dropsy. The native practitioners consider
it, in the form of powder,as an excellent
application for cleansing foul ulcers. It is
also used in dyeing, There seems little
doubt that it was the xumeipos wdiuKos of
Dioscorides, as it certainly was the Carcu-
maa of Avicenna ; the Persians now call it
Kurkoom. The starch of the young white
tubers forms one of the East Indian arrow-
roots.— Royle. Seealso the pendulous tubers
of several other species of Curcuma yield
beautiful pure amylaceous matter, which
the natives of the countries where the
or grow prepare and eat like Arrow-root.

Travancore this flour or starch forms a

large part of the diet of the inhabitants.

It is, however, to be observed, that the
same tubers which yield starch when
young, yield turmeric when old; the
colour and aroma
which give its cha-
racter to the latter,
appearing to be de-
posited in the cells at
@ Iater period of

Fig. 82.— Diminished figure of Curcama longa; the small oblong colourless knobs are those in

starch alone exists ; the larger and darker

AMOMALS. 49 GINGERWORTS.

2. 0. Zedoaria Roxburgh.—(Rounp Zepoary.)

_ Tubers long, palmate, yellow inside ; leaves sessile, silky beneath, broad,
whole coloured ; spikes radical, comose, rose-coloured ; flowers pink,
shorter than the bracts.

Habitat. Tropical Asia.

Quality, Rhizome warm, aromatic, bitter.

Uses. As Curcuma longa ; as a tonic.

3. C. Zerumbet Roxburgh.—(Truz Zeposry.)

Tubers palmate, straw-coloured inside; leaves green, stalked, broad,
stained with purple in the middle; spike radical, comose, purple ;
flowers yellow, concealed by the bracts.

Habitat, East Indies.

Quality and Uses. As in the last.

Etettaria. Rheede.

Stems perennial. Inflorescence radical, loose. Lateral inner lobes of
corolla minute. Filament not
extended beyond the anther.

. E. Cardamomum Maton.—(Car-
DAMOM.)

Root with fleshy fibres ; leaves
lanceolate, villous above, silky
beneath, with villous sheaths ;
Scapes radical, prostrate; flowers
gteenish-white ; lip obovate,
slightly 3-lobed, streaked with

x violet.

Habitat, Malabar.

ity. Seeds an agreeable aromatic WW
Pe. without acridity.
= Uees, An adjunct to stimulant cordial

Natural Order, farants; Maran-
tacee (V. K., p. 168.)

Prevailing Quality. Insipid ; dia-
phoretic,

Canna. Linneeus.

- Ovules 00, horizontal. Style peta-

id, straight. Stems simple.
wers red, orange, or yellow.

- 0. edulis Ker. — (Tous LES

Mois 2) Fig. 83.

3 eae! es purple; leaves broad,

Oe ooth, glaucous; corolla tri- : .

‘partite, eae. with oval oblong retuse segments, of which he mats
__ Sne is much the shortest ; lip linear, revolute, emarginate. ,

Fig, 83.—Flowers of Canna edulis.
E

: ‘ same, much less than natural

AMOMALS. * 50 ne MARANTS.

Habitat, Peru.

Quality. Starch nutritive, emollient, demulcent.

Uses. Supposed to furnish the feecula called Tous les Mois in the shops.

2. C. Achiras Gillies.—(AcuIRA.)

Tuberous; stem green, downy; leaves abruptly acuminate; cor
bipartite with linear divisions ; lip revolute, lanceolate, emarginate.

Habitat. America, Mendoza to Guatemala.

_ Quality. See next species.
Uses, Tubers eaten as food in Chili and Peru.

Maranta. Plumier.

Ovules solitary, basal. Style fleshy, curved downwards. Stems branche
Flowers white. ee

Fig. 84.—Leaf and flowers of Maranta arundinacea; a, the stamen and style;.85. The tu

- ORCHIDALS. - 5] ORCIIIDS.

1. M. arundinacea Linneus.—(ARA-Roor, or ArRow-Roor.) Fig. 84, 85.
Stem branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, hairy on the under side ; peduncles
2-flowered.
_ Habitat, Tropical America.
— Quality. Starch nutritive, emollient, demulcent,
Uses. Starch an article of diet, under the name of Jamaica arrow-root.

THE ORCHIDAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 170.)

: Natural Order, @rehits ; Orchidaceee (¥. B., p, 173.)
Prevailing Quality. Stimulating, fragrant.

Orcuis. Linneus.

Anther terminal, erect. Lip spurred. Pollen
sectile. Pollen-masses two, with their

glands inclosed in a common pouch.

+ 0. mascula Linneus,

cots oblong, undivided ; leaves spotted ;
spike loose, many-flowered ; Sepals re-
flexed ; lip 3-lobed, the intermediate
lobe being emarginate, with a blunt
horizontal spur.

Habitat. Meadows in Europe,

Quality, Roots gummy, b
nutritious, emollient,

8s. Roots form the
agreeable diet called
Salep,

86
7 maculata Linnzeus.—(Sporrep Orcnts.) Fig. 86. : 6
Yes spotted ; roots palmate ; spike conical ; sepals recurved ; ig:
_, Meutely 3-lobed, with a slender pendulous spur.
Talat ana Quality. As in the last.
—__ ‘elds part of the inferior English Salep.

Tame; oro of 0, macnn; 8 of masa common forms of Salep. a

eae 52 ORONTIADS.

Bretta. Ruiz and Pavon.

Pollen-masses waxy, 8, cohering by elastic straps. Lip spurless, 3-lobed, |
sessile, articulated with the column. Anther 8-celled.

1. B. verecunda R. Brown. .

Petals oblong, obtuse, arched over the column ; middle lobe of lip long
than broad, wavy, with numerous crisp veins, which are sometim
branched.

Habitat. West Indies. ; ;

Quality. Tuber somewhat fragrant, bitterish, aromatic.

Uses. In weak digestion.

Vanutita. Plumier.

Fruit along pulpy pod, with round seeds not inclosed in a loose mem-
brane. -
1. V. planifolia Andrews.—(V ANIA.) cae
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, flat ; sepals and petals oblong, flat, obtuse 5 lip.
crisp, convex, covered with numerous transverse wedge-shaped plates;
fruit fragrant. =
Habitat. Mexico, Guatemala, West Indies,
Quality. Aromatic, stimulant. : ; a
Uses. Asthenic fevers, rheumatism, hysteria, male impotence ; in confectionary ;
the preparation of chocolate.

THE JUNCAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 190.)

Natural Order, Orontiats ; Orontiacee (V. K., p. 193.)
(These are Juncals with the form of Arals.)
Prevailing Quality. Acridity.

Symptocarpus. Salisbury.

Spathe cucullate. Spadix subglobose, all covered with flowers. Se
4, becoming baceate. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, vd
one-celled, with one ovule. ae

1. S. fetidus Salisbury.—( Skunk CapsBace. )
- Stemless ; leaves ovate, cordate.
Habitat. Ditches in Canada and the United States.
Quality. Acrid, foetid, antispasmodic, expectorant.
Uses. Seeds and rhizome palliatives in paroxysms of asthma.

Catia. Linneus.

_ Spathe flat. Spadix cylindrical, covered with a mixture of stamens
pistils. Ovary 1-celled, with from 6 to 8 erect ovules.
1, C. palustris Linneus.
A marsh plant, with a creeping rhizome ; leaves cordate, cuspidate, st
spathe white ; spadix yellow. :
Habitat. Swamps of Europe, Siberia, and North Ameri
Quality, Acrid, caustic ; diaphoretic, si
es Uses. Rhizomes yield eatable starch after grinding and washing,

?

LILIALS. 53 MELANTHS.

Acorvus. Linneeus.

_ Spathe replaced by a two-edged leaf-blade. Scales 6, permanent, herba-
_ _eeous. Stamens with filiform filaments.
. A. Calamus Linneus.—( Sweet Frac.)
Spathe a direct continuation of the scape, in no respect different from the
leaves.
_ Habitat, Marshes all over Europe.
ity. Rhizome an aromatic stimulant, and mild tonic ; stomachic.

Uses. An adjunct to other tonics ; asthenic fevers, ague, chronic catarrh, dyspepsia ;
aromatic baths, perfumery, hair powder.

THE LILIAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 195.)

‘Patural Orders of Liliats.
flelanths(Melanthacew). Anthers ~.

__ extrorse. Styles separate. \
— -Lilypworts (Liliacee). Anthers A
introrse. Styles united.

Natural Order, ##elanths ; Melantha-
cee (V. K., p. 198.)
Prevailing Quality. Acrid-nareotic.

Veratrum. Tournefort.

Flowers polygamous, Sepalsand petals ~~.
Spreading flat, with an extremely
short tube, persistent. Stamens ~.
Perigynous; anthers opening trans-
Yersely. Oapsule three-horned, ~~: —
_ turgid. ee.
NY. album Linneus.—(Watre Het =.=
__,LEBORE.) Fig. 88.
anicle much branched, downy, spread-
__ Ing; flowers greenish-white, longer
_ than the lower bracts.
abitat, Subalpine parts of Europe.
oty. A powerful acrid poison. In
— doses, emetic and purgative.
Use. In Soshanhlie, i il
een mani eple
perPes, gout ; chronie affections of the
“> @gainst pediculi,

3 ‘Fig. 88.—Lateral branch of the inflorescence of Veratrum album ; a, a stamen. & =

LILIALS, 54 MELANTHS.

Cotcnicum. Linneeus.

Sepals and petals united into a subterranean tube; the limb balloon-shaped,
funnel-shaped when expanded.

1. ©. autumnale Linneus.—(Meapow Sarrroy.) Fig. 89.

Leaves broad ; tube of flower five or six times as long as the limb ; styles

thickened and curved at the point, as long as the stamens or longer.

_ Habitat. Meadows in England, and other parts of Europe.
Quality. An acrid poison. In small doses, emetic and purgative.
Uses. Gout, lumbago, rheumatism, inflammatory diseases, humoral asthma, ¥

Asacrma. Lindley.

Flowers racemose, naked. Sepals and petals narrow, coloured, with
honey-spot at the base. Stamens perigynous, alternately short
anthers bursting vertically. Follicles 3, acuminate, papery +

winged. : .

Fig. 89.— Colchicum autumnale; a, corm ; b, capsule; c, seed much magnified. —

LILIALS. 55 MELANTHS.

1, A. officinalis Lindley.—(Sapaptta.) Fig. 90. —

Fig. 90,— p : LET. i ee
ary and stanethe spike of Asagreea officinalis ; a, anther; }, — ~ a : frigidum

LILIALS. 56 LILYWORTS.

Leaves grassy, green, rough at the edge; scape 4 or 5 feet long ; raceme
very dense: flowers white.

Habitat, Cool uplands of Mexico.

Quality. Like Veratrum, but more acrid. ,

Uses. Seeds anthelmintic ; against pediculi; dangerous, A source of veratria.

Srenantuium. A. Gray.

Flowers panicled with leafy bracts. Sepals and petals adherent to the —
ovary at their base, campanulate, non-nectariferous. Stamens perigy-
nous; anthers reniform, opening at the back. Follicles 3, acuminate, —
papery ; seeds winged. — 4

1. 8. frigidum Kunth. Helonias frigida Schlecht.—(Szvorsa.) Fig. 91. —

Leaves linear, channelled, keeled ; panicle simple ; flowers large, dark
purple, nodding, hermaphrodite. :

Habitat. Cool uplands of Mexico.

Quality. Acrid, poisonous.
Uses, As Asagreea.

RLS ee

Natural Order, Lilywarts; Liliacew (V. K., p. 200.)
Prevailing Quality. Subacrid, or insipid.

Auuium. Linneeus.

Bulbous. Flowers umbellate, inclosed within a spathe. Sepals and petals
spreading, having the stamens inserted in their base. Fruit a capsul
Seeds angular. :

1. A. sativum Linneus.—(GaARticK.)

Umbel bulbiferous ; leaves obscurely keeled ; spathe 1-valved, deciduous
bulbs compound, covered by a loose white skin.

Habitat. Sicily.

Quality. A local irritant ; tonic, stimulant, diuretic. :

Uses. As a condiment in cookery ; chronic catarrh, dyspepsy ; as a liniment

hooping cough, infantile convulsions, &c.

2. A. Scorodoprasum Linnzeus.—(RocaMBote.) |

Umbel bulbiferous, few-flowered ; leaf-sheaths 2-edged ; spathe 2-valved,

mucronate, permanent ; lobes of the flowers ovate-lanceolate, acute,
long as the stamens ; bulbs simple.

Habitat, South of E

Quality. Stimulant, Meet,

Uses. In cookery, as a stimulating flavouring ingredient.

3. A. Porrum Linneus.—(Lrex.)

Umbel not bulbiferous ; stem leafy ; spathe l-valved, deciduous ; lobes 0
the flower oblong, obtuse, about as long as the stamens ; bulb si
soft, being a mere continuation of the stem.

_ Habitat. South of Europe.
a Quality, &c. As in the last, but much more mild,

-‘LILIALS. 57 LILYWORTS.

4, A. Ascalonicum Linneus.—(SHALLOT.) __

Umbel not bulbiferous, globose ; stem leafy at the base only; leaves

subulate ; spathe 2-valved ; stamens 3-cuspidate, as long as the ovate

lanceolate lobes of the flowers ; bulbs clustered.

_ Habitat. Syria.

- Quality, &e. As in the Rocambole. —

5. A. Cepa Linneus.—(Common Onroy.)

- Umbel not bulbiferous, globose ; stem ventricose, leafy at the base ; leaves

terete ; spathe reflexed ; lobes of the flower obtuse, hooded, not half

so long as the stamens ; bulb solitary, flattened. Biennial.

Habitat, Egypt?

— Quality, &c. As in the last. “ Raw Onions are occasionally taken with advantage, as

an expectorant, by elderly persons affected with winter cough.”—Pereira.

6. A. Scheenoprasum Linneus —(Cuve.)

Umbel not bulbiferous, globose, compact ; scape naked, as long as the

subulate terete leaves ; bulbs long, naked, small, clustered.

Habitat. Europe.

- Quality, &e. As in the last.

‘ 7. A. fistulosum Linneeus.—(Wetcn Onton.)

_ Umbel not bulbiferous, globose ; scape and leaves terete, fistular ; stamens
twice as long as the lobes of the flower ; ovary 3-cornered. Perennial.

Habitat. Siberia.

: ¥,&e, As in the common Onion ; but very strong.

Asparacus. Linneeus.

Caulescent. Flowers scattered. Sepals and petals
herbaceous, partially united into a tube. Style 1;
3 stigmas 3, veflexed. Fruit succulent.

Hoey A. officinalis Linneus.—(Asparacus.) Fig. 92.

unarmed, branched; false leaves setaceous ;
true leaves membranous, acute ; peduncles lax,
I-flowered, dr ooping ; roots long, thick, and un-
branched; young
shoots covered
with seales.

E : pe.
Quality, _Diureti

Aperient,
se. Young succulent
ts a common es-
t when boiled,
em loyed on
one Continent for
Dew A spirit has
"en obtained from
_ thefermented berries,

C3 roots

Fig. 92.—Asparagus officinalis; a, a section of its flower much magni : s

reece 5S LILYWORTS,

Ureinea. Steinheil.

Bulbous. Flowers racemose, stellate. Stamens distinct, perigynous. —
Filaments subulate. Seeds numerous,

it flat, ascending. :

os 1. U. Scilla Steinheil. Scilla maritima

x Linneus.—(Orricivat Squmt.) Fig. 93.

: Leaves appearing after the flowers ; raceme
very long,many-flowered; bracts spurred -

at the base ; flowers rotate. .
Habitat. Sea coast of the Mediterranean. :
Quality. Acrid, diuretic, expectorant, emetic, pur-
gative. :
Uses. Dropsies, chronic catarrh, asthma, hooping —
cough. a

2. U. Pancration Steinheil. — (PANCRATIO-
SQuitt.) =
Leaves shorter and narrower; scape more-
glaucous; flowers smaller and more-
compact ; bulbs much smaller than in

the last. :
Habitat. The Mediterranean coast.
Quality and Uses. As in the last ; but said to be
milder in its effects. An obscure plant, sup :

to be the Mavxparioy of Dioscorides. Be

CONVALLARIA. Linneeus.

Caulescent. Flowers racemose, terminal.
Sepals and petals nearly separated, b
forming a bell by their junction. Stigmé
obtuse, 3-cornered. Fruit succulent.

(Lity oF THe

1. C. majalis Linneus.
VALLEY.)

Scape naked; raceme one-sided ; flowers
campanulate, nodding.

Habitat. Europe, in thickets and woods. | __,

Quality. Rhizomes acrid, purgative, and diureti¢

Uses. The flowers are acrid ; their powder forms
a kind of cephalic snuff. Their distilled water
is highly esteemed under the French name
eau Vor.

| | 2. C. Polygonatum Linnewus.—(SoL0omox
| Sra.)

ij, The strong-smelling rhizomes of this pi!
are reputed to be soporific; at
they entered into the composition
what was called Solomon’s opiate.

chante ae —_ — - aaeipdinteltechigel tibia ees idan nant

Fig. 93.—Diminished figure of Urginea Scilla 3 @, aseed.

LILTALS, 59 LULYWORTS.

Autor. JLinneeus.

Caulescent. Leaves permanent, succulent. Flowers cylindrical. Stamens
hypogynous. Ovules00. Fruit a membranous capsule.

1. A. socotrina Haworth.—(Socotrive Auoz.) Fig. 94.

‘Stem arborescent; leaves ensiform, green, with small white serratures ;
flowers yellow, or red and yellow.

Wediiat, Yaland of Socotra. oe

Quality. Purgative, tonic, emmenagogue. V4
Uses, Habitual costiveness, dyspepsia, hy
i ar menses, worms, imperfect (\
secretion of bile. uN’ {|
wih

2. A. purpurascens Haworth.—
(CarE ALOE ?)

Stem arborescent ; leaves ensiform,

glaucous, recurved at the point,

with white serratures ; flowers

deep red.

Habitat. Cape of Good Hope.

Quality and Uses. As in the last.

3. A. spicata Linneus. — (Care

ALoz.)

Stem arborescent ; leaves ensiform,

flat, dentate, spotted with white;

flowers spiked, campanulate,

horizontal, whitish.

Habitat. Cape of Good Hope.

Quality and Des. As in ahs ait.

4. A. vulgaris Lamarck. A. bar-

badensis Miller.—(BarBADoES

ALoz.)

i SSS 3

_ Stem arborescent, throwingupmany 2. —
: suckers from the base; leaves
ensiform, sinuate-serrated, white-spotted ; flowers yellow.

Habitat. Uncertain. Found in the East and West Indies, Italy, Sicily, aud Malta.
Quality and Uses. Asin the last.

Frititiarta. Linneus.

Bulbous. Sepals and petals campanulate, distinct, with a —
honey-pore at the base. Style trifid at apex. Fruit a capsule.
tt 00, thin, flat. Flowers often almost om
- B. imperialis Limwus.—(Crown Imrertat.) Fig. “9: -—
me short, eomose ; flowers nodding, with six large white honey pores os o
the base inside.
Habitat. Persiat B C tinople.
. rought to Europe from Constantinop: ok ‘
Quality, Bulbs acrid, senelic es A with a peculiar heavy hircine mee a
“ses. It is said that these bulbs are equally powerful as the corms pee
- Orfila killed dogs by making them swallow pieces of the bulb. pe
Fig. 04,—A sketch of the habit of Aloe socotrina.—

95 96*

Ruscus. Linneus.

Caulescent. Flowers axillary, half unisexual. Sepals and petals
tinct. Filaments monadelphous. Style 1. Stigma capitate.
succulent.

1. R. aculeatus Linneus.—(Butcner’s Broom.) Fig. 96. :

A straggling green shrub ; false-leaves ovate, acute, spiny-pointed, rigid.

Habitat. Woods in Europe. ae

Quality. Roots bitter, subacrid, aperient, diuretic. An imperfect substitute #
Sarsaparilla,

Fig. 5.—Fritillaria imperialis; 96. Ruseus aculeatus in flower ; 96*. The same in fruit —

61 none

THE ALISMAL ALLIANCE (V.K., p. 207.)

Patural Orvers of Alismals.

Butomays (Butomacee.) Carpels 00-seeded. Placente parietal.
Alismans (Alismacec.) Carpels 1-2-seeded. Placentee basal or sutural. —

Natural Order, Butamaus ; Butomacee (V.K., p. 208.)
Prevailing Quality. Acridity.

Butomus. Linneeus.

: Sepals and petals 6, coloured, half more hess than the others. Stamens o. :
Carpels 6. |

‘B. umbellatus Linnzeus.— |
ole Rusu.) Fig. |

Habitat. Ditches and ponds.

Quality. Rhizome acrid, bitter, a3
well as the seeds ; eaten — S
savages. eee : ue

Leaves jong, straight, ensiform,
"sheathing at the base ;

flowers rose-coloured, in an

hnyolucrated umbel.

————
a wins

|

Fig. 97.—Butomus umbellatus.

Quality and Uses. Roots “ dreadfully nauseous,” even after being boiled.

ALISMALS, 62 ALISMADS.

Natural Order, Alismats ; Alismacee (V. K., p. 209.)
Prevailing Quality. Acridity.

SagittaRia. Linneus.

Flowers monecious. Sepals 3, herbaceous. Petals 3, coloured. Sta-
mens 00. Carpels 00, compressed, one-seeded, on a globose receptacle.

1. S. chinensis Sims.—(Cuinese ARROWHEAD.) a

Leaves deeply sagittate, acute; the basal lobes as long as the terminal one,
ovate, acute, diverging; scape branched, polygonal; male flower
terminal.

Habitat. Ditches and ponds in China.

Quality. Subacrid ; corms full of starch.

Uses. Sold in the markets of China and Japan as food.

2. §. sagittifolia Linneus.—(Common ARROW-HEAD.)

Uses. This has been recommended, without reason, as a cure for hydrophobia,

CLASS V. DICTYOGENS (V.K., p. 211.)

The useful species of this Class are so few that it is not worth classing
them under their natural orders. The Genera alone are sufficient for the
purpose of the student.

Tamus. Linneus.
(Order. Dioscoreaceze.)

Ovary inferior. Fruit succulent.
1. T. communis Linneus. — (Brack BryoNY
Fig. 98.
Leaves cordate, undivided.
Habitat. Hedges in all parts of Europe.
Quality. Acrid, purgative, emetic. 3
Uses. Fleshy roots used for stimulating plaisters. Never
theless the young suckers, in which the acrid p:
is not much developed, are eaten as Asparagus,
careful boiling, and changing the water.

Dioscorea. Linneus.
(Order. Dioscoreaceze, or Yams ; V. K., p. 214.) _
Ovary inferior. Fruit membranous, winged

. 1. D. triphylla Linneus.—(THREE-LEAVED Yam.
agro prickly ; leaves alternate, downy, ternate, with obovate cusp!
eaflets. :

Habitat. East Indies.

Fig. 98.—Leaf of Tamus communis.

YOGENS. 63 DICTYOGENS.

2. D. sativa Linneeus.—(West Inpran Yam.) Fig. 99.

ot prickly ; leaves alternate, smooth, cordate, with about 9 ribs, the angles
of the base rounded.

Habitat. In Tropical America.

Quality and Uses. The great fleshy roots, filled with starch, are an important article

____ of food in this and some other species.

ie

me

D)

Suinax. Linneus.

— (Order. Smilaceve ; V. K., p. 216.)
weary superior. Fruit baccate. ae re eo :
- S. medica Schlechtendahl.—(Vera Cruz Sarsararmta.) Fig. 100,”

Fig. 99.—Leaf of Dioscorea sativa. ee

DICTYOGENS.

64 | nore

Stem prickly, angular; leaves papery, cordate, auriculate, 5-ribbed, some

=
piseh on

a

4 VAY)

LS
a
s\

Ni
/ ity
is

what panduriform, occasionally
tending to hastate ; umbels about
12-flowered.
Habitat. Uplands of Mexico. nae
Quality. Diuretic, diaphoretic, emetic,
alterative, tonic. Be
Uses. In venereal diseases, rheumatism,
yarious skin diseases, 1
2. S. siphilitica Humboldt.—(Braa-
LIAN SARSAPARILLA.) =
Stem slightly prickly, round; leaves
leathery, oblong-lanceolate, acu-
minate, 3-ribbed.
Habitat. Woods of Tropical America.
Quality and Uses. As in S, medica.
3. S. officinalis Kunth. (Jamal
SARSAPARILLA.)
Stem prickly, angular ; leaves leathery,
oblong, acute, cordate, 5-7-ribbed.
Habitat. Banks of Rio Magdalena.
Quality and Uses. As in S. medica.
4, S. aspera Linneus.—(ITALIAN
SAPARILLA.) Fig, 101. :
Stem prickly, angular; leaves cordate,
sometimes hastate; about
ribbed, leathery, prickly at
edge. :
Habitat. South of Europe.
Quality and Uses. As Sarsaparilla,
inferior quality.
5. 8. China Linneus.—(CHINA
Fig. 102. i:
Stem prickly, round ; leaves thin,
roundish, oblong, about —
ribbed, acute ; rhizome ¢
ous.
| Habitat. China. ie
Quality. Rhizome sub-astringent,
phoretic.
Uses. As Sarsaparilla, and also eaten,
food, on account of the abundance
starch.

Se

*

Fig. 100.—Leaf of Smilax medica.

. Hancock says that the Sarsa of the Rio Negro, which comes by way of Angostura
_ or Para is the best, and this is certainly not Willdenow’s S. siphilitica ; the true
species has no axillary spines. ;
lt appears that of six or eight
species of Smilax growing in
the woods of. Guayana, but
one is found to manifest to
the taste any of the sensible
properties of the genuine me-
dicinal Sarsa ; the root being
insipid and inert; that one
Dr. Hancock describes thus:—

“ The stem is round, armed
with short curved spines. The
leaves are oblong, pointed,
distant, smooth, and glossy.
The root is a tuber with
numerous divergent fibres of
2 or 3 lines in thickness and
several feet in length.”

CLASS VI. aymnocens (V. K., p. 221.)
| Patural Orders of Gymmnagens.

Cyrads (Cycadeacee.) Stem simple.
Conifers (Pinacew.) Stem branched. Females in cones.
Carats (Taxacece.) Stem branched. Females solitary.

* Natural Order, Cycats ; Cycadeacewe (V. K., p. 223.)
Prevailing Quality. Bitter, nutritious.

Zamia. Linneeus.

| Males and Females both in cones, composed of sroudly souls enna
, , cated hexagonal apex. Seeds two to each scale.

'. Z, tenuis Willdenow. yi

veaflets linear, tapering to the base, obtuse, with 1 or 2 teeth on the edge,

E=: below the end ; petiole triquetrous, smooth. ;

Quality and Uses, ‘The dwarf fleshy trank yields with the following an abundance of
___ Pure starch, used as a fine arrow-root in the Bahamas. . :
4, Surfuracea Aiton.

Leaflets lanceolate, acute, pointless, serrated from the middle up to veel: a
__ point ; petiole terete, prickly. A es
Habitat. The West Indies,

ality and Uses, The same as in the last.

Fig 101.—Stem and leaf of Smilax aspera; 102. Leaf of Smilax China.

GYMNOGENS. 66 CONIFERS.

Dion. Lindley.

Female cone composed of flat lanceolate woolly scales, cordate at the base,
and bearing two seeds. :
1. D. edule Lindley. ae
Leaflets sword-shaped, very sharp, attached to the petiole by their whol
base ; seeds as large as Chesnuts.
Habitat. Lowlands of Mexico. : Bae
seine | and Uses. ‘The seeds yield a large quantity of starch, used as arrow-root
€X1CO.

Crcas. Linneeus.

Males in cones, with an acute thickened apex. Females bearing wooll
pinnatifid leaves, on the edge of which the seeds stand singly.

1. C. cireinalis Linneus.

Leaflets linear-lanceolate, flat (not revolute at the edge.)

Habitat. East Indies.

Quality. Gummy, amylaceous. ;

Uses. A sago-like flour extracted from the seeds ; the dry gum produces rapid suppu-

ration in malignant ulcers,

Natural Order, Canffers; Pinacee (V. K., p. 226.)

Prevailing Quality. Resinous, terebinthinous.

Pinus. Linneus.

Flowers monecious. Cones woody, with numerous 2-seeded scales, havill
an angular truncated apex. Leaves acerose,
clusters of from 2 to 5, surrounded by scar
scales at the base.

1. P. Pinea Linneus.—(Stone Pint.) =

Leaves in pairs; cones obtuse, somewhat round, with
unarmed scales ; seeds large, oblong.

Habitat. South of Europe.

Quality. Irritant, stimulant, diuretic.

Uses. Seeds an article of dessert, under the name of P:

2. P. sylvestris Linneus.—(Scorcn Fi.) Fig. 1

Leaves in pairs, rather spreading, short, glaucous
cones ovate, conical, about as long as the |
recurved ; a large tree.

Habitat. North of Europe.

Quality. Asin No. 1.
Uses. Yields common turpentine, tar, and pitch; also red

3. P. Pumilio Waldstein.—(The Mueno Pixr.)

Fig. 103:—Cone of Pinus sylvestris,

Se : 67 CONIFERS,

Leaves in pairs, adpressed, short, dark green ; cones short, ovate, obtuse,
erect; a trailing bush.

Habitat. Alps of Europe.

Quality. Asin No. 1.

Uses, Yields Hungarian Balsam. :

_P. Pinaster Aiton.—(Ciuster Prye.) : :
Leaves in pairs, dark green, long, stiff, and straight ; cones oblong, conical,
whorled, pendulous, with prickly scales.

Habitat, South of Europe.

Quality. Asin No. 1. :

_ Uses, Yields Bourdeaux turpentine. Wood of bad quality.

.

Asres. Tournefort.

Flowers monecious. Cones woody, with numerous 2-seeded scales, having aes
a flat rounded apex. Leaves single, or, if clustered, indefinite sae
number. :
|. A. excelsa Lindley.—(Common SPRUCE.) — ‘th the
Leaves 4-cornered, distichous ; cones cylindrical, long, pendulous, with the
_ end rounded and uneven.

Habitat, North of Europe.

y. Asin Pinus No. 1. ; Leaf
Uses, ‘Yields frankincense and Burgundy pitch ; also white Norway deal. =
: Mm scurvy, rheumatism, gout.

(2. A, Larix Lamarck.—(The Lanon.) Fig. 104. :

eaves deciduous, clustered ; cones short, ovate-oblong, loose, sf0ch with
_ uneven-edged scales. eae

Habitat, Alps of Euro

Quality. As in Pinus No. 1,

Uses. “Yields Venice turpentine, Larch manna,
_ Oxenburgh gum. Bark abounds in tannin,

8. A. nigra Lindley —(Buack Spruce.)
eaves 4-cornered, straight, erect, dark

glaucous green ; cones short, ovate-

oblong, pendulous, with scales uneven

at the edge.

Habitat. North America.

ahty. Diuretic, antiscorbutic.

“es. Yields essence of spruce; the basis of
Spruce-beer,

4, os Balsamea Marshall. — (BaLM OF
_ Giteap Fir.) i itish
Leaves flat, somewhat pectinate in arrangement, ee Ms
_ Peneath; cones cylindrical, erect, with acuminate reflexed scales.
abitat. North America.
_ ¥. Asin Pinus No. 1.
“6. Yields Canada Balsam. ee
» A. Picea Lindley. A. pectinata DC.—(Stver Fm.) *

Fig. 104.—Cluster hy as of Abies Larix. ee ee =

GYMNOGENS. 68 CONIFERS, —

Leaves flat, emarginate, pectinately arranged, very white beneath ; cones
erect, cylindrical, with very blunt close-pressed scales.
Habitat, Alps of Europe.

Quality. As in Pinus No. 1.
Uses. Yields Strasburgh turpentine.

JUNIPERUS. Linneus.

Flowers dicecious or monecious. Cones ripening into fleshy galbules.

1. J. communis Linneus.—(Common Juniver.) Fig. 105.

Leaves spreading, acerose spiny-pointed, glaucous above, green below, i
whorls of 3; galbule glaucous. ;

Habitat. Woods of the North of Europe.
Quality. Fruit irritant, diuretic, dia-

\WG4 ,
GZ phoretie.
7 Uses. Dropsy, gonorrhoea, leucorrhea
wy Ad / \ Galbules employed in flavouring gi
XW \\ 2. J. Sabina Linneus.—(SavD.
AY) / . IW Fig. 106.
SQ ( Yj ce Leaves close-pressed, ovate, short,
WYO jj Q) A 4 .
\\// Wy? scale-like, dull green; gal
PS \ eH/ y, : i : nearly black. a
y/ \ a Habitat, Europe, and temperate parts
es FN} of Asia.
dy ay) Quality, Acrid poison, local irritant,
cen anthelmintic, emetic, purgativey
RE: stimulant, emmenagogue.

TD BB

a

SN M ‘
UAE
Ada
MWY 2
ban
uy ES

ay

106

Uses. Amenorrhcea, chlorosis, chronic rheumatism 3; perpetual blisters.

Fig. 105.—Juniperus communis; a, in male flower; b, fruit; 106. Juniperus Sabina in fruit.

GYMNOGENS. 69 TAXADS,

. J. Oxycedrus Linnzeus.

Leaves spreading, broad, 3-veined, pungent, in whorls of 3 and 4; galbule
rufous, the size of a hazel-nut. :
- Habitat. South of Europe.

- Quality. Diuretic, emmenagogue, powerfully stimulant.

_ Uses, Its foetid oil employed in veterinary practice. Wood durable and fragrant.

Cauuitris, Ventenat.

Flowers monecious. Cones woody, of 4-6 scales, with from 3 to 6 seeds
to each scale.

1. C. quadrivalvis Ventenat.—(Sanparacu TREE. ) : :

A vast tree; branches straggling, jointed, brittle, naked, furrowed, with
whorls of small ovate scales at the joints; cones small, purple, glaucous,

4-lobed.

| Habitat. treme of Morocco.

Y. juice a brittle resin.

_ Uses. “Resin forms pounce when bruised ; varnishes ; timber fragrant, hard, durable,

mahogany-coloured.

na Natural Order, Carats; Taxacee (V. K., p. 230.)
; Prevailing Quality. Narcotic.

Taxus. Linneeus.

Seed solitary, terminal, surrounded by a
succulent cup,

eT, baceata Linneus.—(Yew TREE.)

Mig. 107.

Leaves distichous, flat, linear, with a stout

. midrib.

: Fabitat, All the north of Europe.

: Narcotic ; pulp of fruit harmless ; seeds

: Og leaves a dangerous poison.

ves a substitute for Digitalis. Wood
very durable, tough, and elastic.

Le
NB—There is some i i i tances under which the —
args uncertainty concerning the circumstances geet
Yew is deleterious. The salgy seem of the seeds is certainly harmless; and
it is asserted that the

unquestionable that they are a dangerous poison when crushed, Sheep and

_ Question demands renewed and careful experiment.

107.—Taxus baccata; a, young fruit; b, older fruit. =

seeds themselves are innoxious ; but altho their — os se
_ bony shell may guard the kernel so as to prevent its action on the stomach, itis

_ other animals browse on the leaves in winter with impunity ; but t ee ee
come partially dried they acquire even then their noxious qualities. saponin oe

EXOGENS. 70 EXOGENS.

CLASS VII. EXOGENS (V. K., p. 235.)

Amone the numerous Alliances in this Class, the following only dema
the early attention of the student. They are here distinguished by th
usual characters, which suffice for the identification of common plants :—

* Sub-class 1, Diclinous.

AMENTALS,. Males in catkins. Carpels more than 1, superior, con-
solidated. Albumen 0,

URTICALS. Males scattered. Carpels 1 only, superior.

EUPHORBIALS, Males scattered. Carpels more than 1 (3), superior,
consolidated. Albumen much.

MENISPERMALS. Males scattered. Carpels more than 1, superior,

disunited.

QUERNALS. Males in catkins. Carpels more than 1, inferior, con-
solidated. Placentz axile.

CUCURBITALS. Males scattered. Carpels more than 1, inferior, con-
solidated. Placentz parietal. .

Sub-class 2. Hypogynous.

VIOLALS. Stamens definite, equal. Flowers dichlamydeous. Placer
parietal.

(Brassicacee. Stamens definite, tetradynamous ; see Cistals.)

SAPINDALS, Stamens definite. Flowers dichlamydeous, unsymmé
in the stamens, Placentz axile. g.

BERBERALS. Stamens definite. Flowers dichlamydeous, unsymm r
in the ovary.

ERICALS. Stamens definite. Flowers dichlamydeous, symme
Anthers porous,

RUTALS. Stamens definite, Flowers dichlamydeous, symme
Anthers slit. Petals flat.

GERANIALS. Stamens definite, Flowers dichlamydeous, symm:
_Anthers slit. Petals twisted,

— - SILENALS. Stamens definite. Flowers monodichlamydeous. C
more than 1. Placenta free central.

- CHENOPODALS. Stamens definite. Flowers monochlamydeous.

ee de Placenta free central.

_ PIPERALS. Stamens definite. Flowers achlamydeous. 3
| MALVALS. Stamens 00. Flowers dichlamydeous. Calyx valvate.

* There are 4 Sub-classes of Exogens. 1. Diclinous, in which the flowers are always unisexual:
4 in which they are usually hermaphrodite, 2 having the stamens Hypogynous, 3 P
4 Epigynous.

pea. 71 — EXOGENS.

CISTALS. Stamens 00. Flowers dichlamydeous. Calyx imbricated.
Embryo curved or spiral, exalbuminous. Carpels consolidated.

RANALS. Stamens 00. Flowers monodichlamydeous. Calyx imbri-
eated. Embryo minute, straight. Carpels usually disunited.

GUTTIFERALS. Stamens 00. Flowers dichlamydeous. Calyx imbri-
cated. Placentz axile.

Sub-class 3. Perigynous.

FICOIDALS. Polypetalous or apetalous, with an external annular embryo.
DAPHNALS, Apetalous. Carpel solitary.

RHAMNALS. Polypetalous or apetalous. Seeds definite. Carpels
consolidated. :

ROSALS. Polypetalous or apetalous. Seeds definite. Carpels disunited.
_ SAXIFRAGALS. Polypetalous or apetalous. Seeds 00.

_ GENTIANALS. Monopetalous. Placenta parietal.

_ CORTUSALS. Monopetalous. Placente free central,

_ SOLANALS. Monopetalous. Capsular or baccate. Symmetrical.
Placentz axile.

BIGNONIALS. Monopetalous. Capsular or baccate. Unsymmetrical.
Placentz axile.

_ ECHIALS. Monopetalous. Nucamentaceous.

Sub-class 4, Epigynous. |
PAMPANALS. Monopetalous, Styles with collecting hairs. Albumen
ittle.

| CINCHONALS, Monopetalous. Styles without collecting hairs. Albumen
much,

MYRTALS. Poly petalous. Stamens indefinite. Placente an :
CACTALS. Polypetalous. Stamens indefinite. Placente parietal.
GROSSALS. Polypetalous. Stamens definite. Seeds 00.

_ UMBELLALS, Polypetalous. Stamens definite. Seeds solitary ormearly s0.
. ASARALS, Apetalous.

| Habitat, North of Europe.

AMENTALS. 72 BIRCHWORTS.

THE AMENTAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 248.)
Natural Orvers of Amentals. . ~

Birchwarts (Betulacee.) Ovary 2-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous.
Liquivambars (Altingiacee.) Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 00, winged.
WAMom=worts (Salicacee.) Ovary l-celled. Ovules 00, cottony.

Natural Order, Birchwarts ; Betulacece (V. K., p. 251.)
Prevailing Quality. Astringent, subacrid.

Atyus. Tournefort.

Stamens 4. Nuts angular, wingless.
1. A. glutinosa Gertner.—(The AvER TREE.) Fig. 108. =
Leaves roundish, very obtuse, wedge-shaped at the base, with the axils of
the veins of the underside

bearded. 3

. Habitat. Marshy places in Europe.
Quality. Bark astringent, tonic.
Uses. Gargles, ague, &e.

Betuta. Linneus.

Stamens, 10-12. Nuts winged
1, B. nigra Linneus. — (
Brack Brrcs.)
Leaves ovate-rhomboid, doubl
serrated, downy beneath,
entire at the base ; scales
of female catkins downy.
Gualty, ‘Taree, bleamie.
ality. acrid, ba! Ce oe
Uses, Yields birch eamphor; timber
very hard and valuable.

2. B. alba Linneus. — (
Common Brrcu.)
Leaves somewhat rhomb
doubly serrated, sm
scales of female
108 hairless.

Quality. Bark yields the empyreumatic birch oil.
Uses. Employed in dressing anais leather ; timber of inferior quality.

Fig. 108.—Alnus glutinosa.

eeuerink 73 LIQUIDAMBARS,

Natural Order, Liquitambars; Altingiacee (V. K., p. 253.)
Prevailing Quality. Acrid aromatic.

LiquipAMBAR, Linneeus.

Flowers monecious. Stamens 00. Female catkins globose. Capsules
2-celled, many-seeded.
1. L. styracifiua Linneus.—( AMERICAN LiQuI-
DaMBAR TREE.) Fig. 109.
Leaves palmate, lobed, with the axils of the
_ veins of the underside bearded.
Habitat. United States and Mexico.
ity. Balsamic, aromatic, acrid, bitter.
Uses. Yields a balsamic fluid called oil of liquidam-
bar ; and American storax.

Ny

. : T J :
2. L. orientale Linneus.—( ORIENTAL LiquipaMBar TREE
Leaves palmate, lobed, with the axils of the veins of the
underside hairless.

Habitat. —— ae se
ality. Bark hot, bi stomachic. — wel
Goer. 'iclds common liquid storax, «stimulant expectorant ; ree
in gonorrhoea, leucorrhea, amenorrhcea, phthisis, ——_ -

idee 3. L. Altingia, Blume. Fig. 110.
he ovate, lanceolate, acuminate, serrated. ee
Guitat. Woods of Java. ie He
watity and Uses, ° Yields the fragrant stimulating liquid storax, or Rasamala of the” :

Malay Archipelago. me

*

*

AMENTALS. 74° WILLOW-WORTS.

Natural Order, @illow-warts ; Salicacee (V. K., p. 254.)
Prevailing Quality. Tonic, astringent, aromatic.

Porutus. Linnaeus.

Flowers furnished with an oblique, cup-shaped calyx. Stamens 8 or more.

1. P. nigra Linneus.—(Biack Portar Tree.) Fig. 111. ie.

Leaves smooth on each side, serrated, somewhat rhomboid, acumina'

longer than broad.
Habitat. North of Europe.
Quality. Buds aromatic, bitter, resinous ; diuretic, antispasmodic. : oe

Uses. = ointment against tumours, wounds, and burns ; balsam and tincture against —

colic,

2. P. balsamifera Linnzeus.—(BatsamM Porzar.) a

Leaves ovate, acuminate, with close serratures, white and netted beneath ;

buds very resinous.

Habitat. United States.
Quality and Uses. As in the last ; Tacamahac obtained from the buds.

Saurx. Linneus,
Flowers absolutely naked. Stamens 1-5.
1. 8S. pentandra Linneus.—(Sweet WItLow.)
Fig. 112.
Stamens 5-10 ; seales of catkins whole-coloured,
deciduous ; leaves ovate-oblong, closely ser-

112

rated, very smooth,
ovate-oblong = equila!
straight stipules.

Habitat. Woods of Europe-
Quality. Bark bitter, astring'

nic, febrifugal. -
Uses. D psia, inte ai pten
‘erat aromatic of the

Fig. 111.—Populus nigra; 112. Salix pentandra.

AMENTALS. 75 WILLOW-WORTs.

2. 8. Russelliana Smith.—(Beprorp Wit1ow.) Fig. 113.

Stamens 2; scales of catkins whole coloured, deciduous ; the hypogynous

. gland much shorter than its stalk ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate,
smooth, silky only when young, serrated.

Habitat. Woods and meadows of England.
Quality and Uses. Asin-No.1. By some regarded as the best medicinal Willow. .

= 114 :
8. S. vitellina Linnwus,—(Goupen Wittow). Fig. 114.

tamens 2; scales of catkin whole coloured, deciduous 3 hypogynous gland

< .
very short, yet as long as its stalk ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, |

ea. Serrulate, silky on both sides ; branches bright yellow.
~ Meadows of Europe.

4 and Uses. As in No. 1, but weaker.

- 8. purpurea Linneus. 8. Helix Linn. a variety.
: paihion 1; gland longer than the base of the ovary ; leaves
>. finely serrulate, smooth, flat. :

abitat * Meadows of Euro
Quality and Uses. As in Noi : its bark intensely bitter. ip capes iE

Fig. 113.—Salix Russelliana; 114. Diminished Salix vtellina; a, the under side of a lent
tem epee

Fig. 115. : is
lanceolate, |

URTICALS. 76 NETTLEWORTS,

THE URTICAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 258.)
Natural Orders of Urticals.

Hettlewarts (Urticacee.) Ovule erect. Embryo straight. Juice
watery.

Hempwarts (Cannabinacece.) Ovule suspended. Juice watery.
Marass (Moracee.) Ovule suspended. Juice milky.

Artocarpats (Artocarpacee.) Ovule suspended. Embryo straight.
Juice milky.

Natural Order, Pettlemarts; Urticacew (V. K., p. 260.)
Prevailing Quality. Acrid; narcotic. 3

Urtica. Linneeus.

Male: Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, elastic. Female: Calyx 2-parted.
J sessile, capitate, pencilled.
1. U. dioica Linneus.—(Larcer Stivcine Nerrte.

Leaves coarsely serrated ; panicles axillary, longer than the petioles. —
Habitat. Waste places.

Quality. Poisonous, acrid ; astringent, diuretic.

Uses. Young shoots in broth ; flogging with nettles in arthritis and paralysis.

PanretTarta. Linneeus.

Calyx of both sexes 4-parted. Style filiform. Stigma capitate, pencil
» P. officinalis Linneus.—(Watt Peturrory.)

Leaves ovate ; stems prostrate, spreading, branched.

Habitat, Old walls all over Europe.

Quality, Diuretic, lithontriptic.

Uses, In calculous and urinary affections ; in dropsies,

Natural Order, Hempwarts ; Cannabinaceee (V. K., p. 265.)
Prevailing Quality, Narcotic.

Cannasis. Linnceus.

Flowers diccious. Male: Calyx 5-parted. Stamens 5. Female
_ Leaved, rolled up. Styles 2.

1, C. sativa Linneus.—(Heme.) Fig. 116.

Leaves digitate, serrated ; flowers axillary.

Habitat. India and Persia,

Quality. Stimulant, narcotic ; allays pain ; excites appetite ; a certain aphrod
i. produces catalepsy ; causes delirium.
Uses, Rheumatism, tetanus, hydrophobia, cholera.

- URTICALS. 77 ieee:

Humutus. Linneus.

Flowers dicecious. Male: Calyx 5-parted. Stamens 5. Female: Flowers

incones. Calyx scale-like, partially rolled up.

1. BH. Lupulus Linneus.—(The Hor.) Fig. 117.

A twiner ; leaves undivided, coarsely serrated, with harsh hairs.

- Habitat. Hedges of Europe.

- Quality. Narcotic ; lupuline, aromatic, tonic ; sedative.

: a Pillows of hops in mania and restlessness ; dyspepsia ; in the preparation of malt
quor,

Natural Order, @oravs; Moracee (V. K., p. 266.)
Prevailing Quality. Acrid; narcotic ; with elastic gum.

Ficus. Linneus.

: Flowers within a closed turbinate fleshy receptacle.
+ F. elastica Roxburgh.—(Bencat INDIA-RUBBER TREE.) co
“eaves stalked, oblong, acute, glossy, with numerous fine diverging vous 2
and a stout midrib ; fruit not eatable. Se
2 to ita of Sylhet.

+ Milky juice acrid, tenacious. ee
‘ss. Forms a sew part of the caoutchouc exported from Bengal. :
Fig. 116.—a, Male inflorescence of Cannabis sativa; b, female ditto ; iy. ems Sepee ® S a

URTICALS. 78 : ARTOCARPADS. |

2. F. Carica Linneus.—(Common Fie.)
Leaves cordate, palmate, scabrous on the upper side, downy on the lower.
Habitat. Levant.
Quality. Fruit nutritive, emollient, demulcent, laxative ; apt to disorder the stomach
when young, acrid. :
Uses. Food ; heated and split open for gumboil, &c. ; added to barley water in pulme
nary and nephritic affections ; forms part of the confection of senna.

Morus. Linneus.

Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, Styles 2. Fruit, a spike, composed of th
succulent conglomerated axis, calyxes and carpels.

1. M. nigra Linnzeus.—(The Moiperry TREE.)

Leaves cordate, ovate, undivided or lobed, serrated, rough ; fruit sessil
purple. :

Habitat. Persia. :

Quality. Fruits alimentary ; allay thirst ; diminish febrile heat ; laxative.

Uses. A common dessert fruit ; as a colouring substance.

Dorstenta. Linneus.

Flowers monecious, naked, plunged in sockets of a plane receptacle
Stamens 2. Carpels becoming dry loose achenia. ce
1. D. Contrayerva Linneus.—(Conrrayerva.) Fig. 118. ‘
Caulescent ; leaves palmate, with deeply
serrated or almost pinnatifid acu-
minate lobes; receptacle somewhat
quadrangular. :
Habitat. Tropical America.
Quality. Rhizome parce tonic,
retic ; emetic ; keeps .
Uses. Low fevers, ‘and wha mila stimulants
are required.
2. D. brasiliensis Lamarck.
Stemless ; leaves cordate, oblong, obtuse, serrated
receptacle circular, crenated.
Habitat. West Indies and Brazil.
Quality. Asin No.1; also emetic, Said to be the most energeti¢

species. ;

Natural Order, Artacarpats ; Artocarpacee
| (V. K., p. 269.)

Prevailing Quality. Acrid; narcotic.

118

Artocarrus. Linneus.

Male Flowers in catkins, with 1 stamen and 2 sepals. Females n
becoming a roundish fleshy tuberculated fruit :

<a

Fig. 118.—Receptacle of Dorstenia C

BUPHORDIATS. 79 SPURGEWORTS.

A. incisa Linneus.—(The Breap-rruit TREE.) ,

ayes pinnatifid, sinuated, seabrous, downy on the under side; male
eatkins nodding. oe

Habitat. Islands of the Pacific, and Indian : |
Archipelago. |
. The large fruit nutritious when sliced Af:
and dried; filled with a tenacious white
milk before becoming ripe.

.

Antiaris. Leschenault,

Males on a mushroom-like receptacle,

with 3 or 4 sepals, and as many

sessile anthers. emales solitary,

becoming fleshy drupes.

1. A. tovicaria Leschenault.—(The Upas
Tree.) Fig. 119.

Leaves oval-oblong, acute, hairy on both

sides, especially on the main veins,

slightly serrated ; male receptacles

stalked.

Habitat. East Indies,

Quanity. Juice an acrid poison ; emetic ; causes

convulsions.

Uses. Poisons weapons ; its fibre woven into
coarse linen,

N.B—The fables current concerning the |;
action of the plant are a mixture of truth ]-
connected with distinct natural pheno-
mena in Java, and the real properties
of the plant. That its emanations are
Occasionally noxious is an undoubted
fact, though excessively exaggerated.

THE EUPHORBIAL ALLIANCE
(V.K., p. 272.)

Natural Order, Spurgemarts ; Euphor-
biacee (V.K., p. 274.)

Frevailing Quality. Acrid; emetic.

Evrenorsia. Linneus.

Monecious, Flowers naked ; males monandrous, surrounding a 3-coccous eC
_ Stalked female ; the whole placed within a cup-shaped invaluere..

_ Fig. 119.—Leaf of Antiaris toxicaria, ==

EUPHORBIALS. 80 SPURGEWORTS.
*

1. E. oficinarum Linneus.—(Evpnorsiom Busu.) Fig. 120. :
Leafless ; stems succulent, tufted, prickly, with many angles ; prickles
pairs, thick and strong.

Habitat. West of Barbary. : :

Quality. Resin violently acrid, narcotic, emetic, drastic.

Uses. Dropsy ; as an errhine in chronic affections of
ears, eyes, or brain, Dangerous ; mixed with cantha-
rides, it forms “ gout plaister.”’

2. E. antiquorum Linneus.—(Evenorsiom Busi.
Leafless ; branches succulent, spreading, triangular,
or quadrangular, with sinuated angles ; prickles
in pairs.
Habitat. West of Barbary. : ;
Quality. Resin violently acrid, narcotic, emetic, drastic.
Uses. Dropsy ; as an errhine in chronic affections of
ears, eyes, or brain. Dangerous; mixed with cantha-
rides, it forms “ gout plaister.”’
a. Be hiberna Linneus.—(WinTER SPuRGE.)
Bracts and leaves ovate or elliptical, entire, obtuse
glands of involucre reniform ; capsule nur
cated ; seeds smooth, somewhat shining.

Habitat. Ireland, and south-west of England.
Uses. Root in venereal diseases, A fish-poison.

4. E, Peplus Linneus.—(Perty Spuree.) |

Leaves broadly ovate, somewhat emarginate,
stalked ; glands of involucre with long horns
capsule smooth, with a double keel at each
angle ; seeds pitted.

Habitat. A common weed everywhere.

Uses. Dried herb once used as a powerful purgative.

5. E. Cyparissias Linneus.—(Crrress Spurce.)
Leaves linear, entire, smooth ; glands of involucre with 2 horns ; capsule
dotted and rough at the angles ; seeds smooth. |

Habitat. Woods of Europe.

Quality. A virulent poison.

Uses. An unsafe purgative.

6. E. Gerardiana Jacquin. :

Leaves glaucous, linear, mucronate, entire, smooth ; glands of involucre
undivided ; capsule smooth or nearly so ; seeds smooth.

Habitat, Europe, in fields and by roadsides.

Quality. Root cathartic and emetic,

Uses. Said to be the best of the European Euphorbias.

7. E. Ipecacuanha Linneus.—(Amertoan Iprcacvanna.) “

Roots deep, large and fieshy ; leaves opposite, sessile, oblong, smooth
involucres solitary, axillary, on long stalks, with 5 blunt segments |
5 intermediate glands. 3

Habitat, Sandy places in North America. . ,

Quality. Emetic, purgative, diaphoretic ; apt to produce hypercatharsis.

Fig. 120, —A diminishedf —_e of Euphorbia officinarum.

_RUPHORBIAIS. 81 SPURGEWORTS.

8. E. Lathyris Linneeus.—(Carer Spurce.) Fig. 121.
Leaves opposite, decussate, oblong, sessile, the uppermost cordate ; glands
of involucre with 2 horns;
capsules wrinkled, spongy;
seeds articulated, wrinkled.
Habitat. Europe, in woods ; com-
: mon in cottagers’ gardens.
Quality. Violently acrid, narcotic.
Uses, Oil of seeds a substitute for

Croton oil, Bark of root also
employed,

Bouxus. Linneeus.

Flowers monecious. Males :
with about 4 unequal mem-
branous sepals. Stamens
4. Females: central, of
several imbricated scales.
Capsule 3-horned.

- B. sempervirens Linneus.
oo Box Tren.) Fig.

Leaves evergreen, roundish,
smooth, with a separable
inferior epidermis ; pe-
tioles and young branches
slightly downy.

122
Habitat, Chalk-hills of Europe. 7
y. Bitter, nauseous, sudorific, purgative, acri me hroni natism ;
e empyreumatic ‘oil and chips ‘of Wood in syphilis and ¢ Adcom?

ne first against toothache,

Uses,

MerRcurRIALIS. Linnceus.

Sepals 3-4, Stamens 8 or more, with distinct filaments, and gern
_ Youndish anther-lobes. Styles 2. Fruit 2-celled, with so itary
— Seeds, , ule
Oe

ite Euphorbia Lathyris in fruit ; 122. a, Buxus sempervirens ; a branch in flower ; }, th n é

G

EUPHORBIALS. 82 SPURGEWORTS.

1. M. perennis Linneus.—(Doe Mercury.) Fig. 123.
Leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate; female flowers on long stalks.

Habitat. Waste places and plantations.
Quality. Very poisonous. < a
Uses. A dangerous emetic,

2. M. annua Linneus.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate; female flowers nearly sessile.

Habitat. Waste places among rubbish.
Quality and Uses. As in the last, but more mild.

JanrpHa. Kunth.

seat campanulate, 5-parted. Stamens 10, distinct, alternately shorter.
oe tagmas 3, many-lobed. Frwit 3-celled, with solitary seeds.
- J. Manihot Kunth. Jatropha Manihot Linneus. Manihot utilissima
: Pohl.—(Manpioc Prayt.) Fig. 124, oe
Root large, tuberous; leaves stalked, palmate, with lanceolate acuminate
_ entire segments, glaucous beneath, —
Fh Brazil.
lity. Recent juice narcotic, acrid ; feecula nutritious, emollient, demulcent.
Uses, The fieculs forms eassava, tapioea, light digestible substances. pou

Croton. Linneeus.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5 in the males. Stamens 10 or more, distinct.

oe Fig. 123.—Mercurialis nnis ; : .
% Memes pe i 3; ¢, male flower magnified ; d, female flower dittes

EUPHORBIALS, 83 SPURGEWORTS.

Styles 3, forked or many-parted. Capsules 3-coccous, with one seed
in each cell.

1. C. Hleuteria Swartz.— (Cascarmta Busu.)
Fig. 125.

A small tree; leaves ovate, obtuse, entire, beneath
silvery and densely downy; racemes axillary
and terminal, compound; flowers subsessile,
moncecious.

Habitat. Bahamas,

Quality, Bark aromatic, bitter, tonic ; narcotic? —

Uses. Dyspepsia, low fevers, intermittents, diar-
rhoea, dysentery.

2. C. pseudo-China Schlechtendahl.

—(Copatcue Busu.) ;

Leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate,
3-5-nerved, nearly entire,
silvery on the under side;
racemes axillary, simple,
moneecious.

Habitat. Mexico.
Quality and Uses.

As in No. 1.

eae e pyeRieaples oe
ee @ Bo) tie eee

EUPHORBIALS. 84: SPURGEWORTS.

3. C. Tighum Lamarck. Fig. 126.

A small tree; leaves oval-oblong, acute, 3-5-nerved, acuminate, wi
shallow glandular serratures, thin and membranous, with 2 glands
the base.

Habitat. East Indies.

Quality. Oil of seeds a powerful irritant, drastic, cathartic ; poisonous.

Uses. Mania, obstinate constipation, stercoraceous vomiting, paralysis, hydrocephalus,

4. C. Pavana Hamilton.—(Tuy Srxp.)
Leaves ovate, obtuse at the base, smooth, with all the veins alternate.
Habitat. Indian Archipelago, Ava, &c.
Quality and Uses. As in C. Tiglium.
5. ©. Draco Schlechtendahl.—(Mexican Dragon's Buoop.) a2
All covered with starry coarse hairs; leaves cordate, acuminate, minutely
toothed, with 4 glands at the apex of the petiole ; racemes very lo
interrupted.
Habitat. Ll ‘ :
tet uice om iaitinewee My Pe 8 blood, called Sangre del drago.
6. C. balsamiferum Linneus, a
A rusty, downy, resinous, balsamic shrub ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, ob'

with two cup-shaped glands at the base ; spikes terminal compact.
Habitat. West Indies.

Uses. _A spirituous liquor, called Eau de in i ti
titled Bone fe q Mantes, used in irregular menstrua’ on,

Fig. 125.—Croton Eleuteria ; 126. Leaf of Croton Tiglium.

EUPHORBIALS, 85 SPURGEWORTS.

Crozopnora. Necker.

Calyx 5-parted, and Petals 5 in the males. Stamens 5-1 0, unequal, con-
nate. Calyx 10-parted, and Petals 0 in the females.

Styles 3, forked. Capsule tricoccous, with 1 seed

in each cell.

1.0. tinctoria Necker. Croton tinctorium Linneus.—
(TurNsorg.) Fig. 127.

hoary annual; leaves ovate - rhomboidal, repand,
toothed, and crisp at the edge, about the same
length as their stalk.

Habitat. Coast of the Mediterranean.

Quality. : Juice rendered blue by ammonia and air.
Uses, Linen dipped in it a test for acids.
i

Ricinus. Linneeus.

e: Calys: 3-5-parted. Petals 0. Stamens 00, with the
a laments irregularly united into branches. Style 1.
Stigma forked, feathery. Capsule 3-coccous, with
1 seed in each cell.

* communis Linneus.— (Castor Om Prant.) 127

fp, 128,

_ Stem glaucous ; leaves peltate, deeply divided into 7 ovate, serrated,

acuminate seg-
ments ; flowers
in long glaucous
racemes.

Habitat. East Indies.

Quality. Oil of seeds

tive.

Uses. . Inflammation of
the bowels, ob-
structions, worms,
&c., wherever a
brisk purgative is
demanded.

i

Crozophora tinctoria ; 128. a, Male flower of Ricinus communis ; b, female ditto;
Same, cut perpendicularly.

o>
_ EUPHORBIALS. 86 SPURGEWORTS.

Curcas. Adanson.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens 8-10,
equal, united, Styles forked.
Capsule 3-coccous, with 1 seed in each cell.

1, C. purgans Adanson. Jatropha Curcas Linneus.
—(Puysic Nut.) Fig. 129
y CLS Leaves long-stalked, broadly

date, angular, roundish;
nicles terminal or axillary,
in cymes.
Habitat. West Indies,

son. Acrid oi
— chronic rheuma-

tism. Milky ju
dyes linen black.

THE MENISPERMAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 297.)
Patural Orders of Menispermats,

PNutmegs (Myristicac ee. . 1 ae
a valvate cup, ew.) Albumen ruminated. Sepals united

fMenispermays (Meni. istin
eta a ( ‘spermacew.) Albumen solid. Sepals dis

Fig. 129.—Leaf of Curcas Purgans,

MENISPERMALS. 87 . NUIMEGS.

Natural Order, Qutmegs; Myristicacee (V.K., p. 301.)
Prevailing Quality. Aroma, acridity.

as, Myristica. Linnceus. ik

Calyz 3-toothed. Anthers 6-10, connate. Stigma sessile. Seed surrounded ©

by an aril, within a fleshy est ee

1. M. moschata Thunberg.—(Nurmee REE.) i fa bith:

Leaves oblong, acuminate, smooth, with simple veins; fruit solitary, sm

Habitat. Moluccas, 3: ae

ity. Seed aromatic, acrid, narcotic, a hneoeee

yr spice ; the seed is the Nutmeg ; its arillus is Mace.

2. M. Jatua Swartz. : gage

ves oblong-lanceolate, covered with stellate hairs on the under ;
veins simple ; fruit racemose, downy.

_ Habitat, West Indies and Surinam. ey tas
Quality and te : Seeds acrid, purgative, oily ; produce nausea, fulness, an

Natural Order, Menispermats ; Menispermacee (V.K., p. 307.)
: Prevailing Quality. Bitter; narcotic.

: Cissampetos. Linneus.
: Males : Sepals 8, the inner formed

into a cup. Stamens 2, mona-
delphous; anthers dehiscing hori-
zontally. Kemales: Sepals 2.
Ovary 1.

lL. C. Pareira Linneus.—(PAREIRA
BRAVA, VELVET
, Lear.) Fig.130.
_ “eaves orbicular, pel-
tate, aristate,
When full grown
covered with
i y down; fruit
Searlet, round,
Habitat, B i b a

Ta Yagi nie dare, chronic inflammation of the bladder.

Coccutus. De Candolle. a ye : .
Sepals 12, in 4 rows. Stamens 6; anthers dehiscing vertically. a See

: 0 or more, : e :
~ \. palmatus De Candolle—(CaLumBa.) ; a
Xo large, fleshy; leaves circular, palmate, hairy, with 5 to i ae ee
their stalk covered with glandular hairs. soci

icilanidacaat

Fig. 130.—Cissampelos Pareira; a, leaf; b, ripe fruit

MENISPERMALS. 88 MENISPERMADS,

Habitat. Mozambique.
Quality. Tonic, not stimulant, demulcent, stomachic,
Uses. Dyspepsia, diarrhoea, dysentery, to allay vomiting.

Awnamirta. Colebrooke.

Sepals 6. Stamens monadelphous ; anthers 00, forming a globose head
Drupes 1-3.

1. A. Coceulus Colebrooke.—(Coccutus Invicvs.) er

Leaves roundish, acute, hard, leathery, shining, smooth, with 5 radiating
ribs ; fruit globose.

Habitat. East Indies,

Quality. Poisonous, acrid, intoxicating. Rees

Uses. Powdered seeds against pediculi; porrigo ; in the adulteration of malt liquor.

THE QUERNAL ALLIANCE (¥. K., p, 289.)
Natural Orders of Quernals.

Mastworts (Corylacew.) Ovary 2 or more celled.
Ovules pendulous. = *

Suglanys (Juglandacece.) Ovary l-celled. Ovule
erect.

Natural Order, fHastwarts ; Corylacece (V. K., p. 290.)
Prevailing Quality. Astringent, tonic.

Quercus. Linneus.
Ovary 3-celled. Fruit in a scaly truncated cup: acorn
round,
1, Q. Suber Linnzeus.—(Corx Oak.) Fig. 131.
Bark corky; leaves evergreen, hard, oblong, hoary beneath.

Habitat. South-west of Europe.
Uses, The bark forms the Cork of commerce,

2. Q. infectoria Linneus.—(Nore aun Oak.) Fig. 132.

Leaves evergreen, oblong, coarsely and bluntly serrated, mucronate, smooth
on both sides. ;

Fig. 131.—Under side of leaf of Quereus Suber; 132. Leaf of Q. infectoria.

89 niveerite

_ Habitat. Levant.

Quality. Galls excessively astringent.

Uses. Hemorrhages, old diarrhceas, antidote to poisons, gargles, gleet, leucorrhoea ; in
the preparation of ink.

3. Q. Gramuntia Linneus.—(BELOTE
Oak.) Fig. 134.

Leaves evergreen, hard, round, spiny-

toothed, hoary beneath.

Habitat. Spain.

Uses. Acorns sweet, eatable,
used as food in Spain
under the name of Belotes.

4, Q. pedunculata Willde-
now. — (LONG-STALK-
ED Oak.) Fig. 133,

Leaves deciduous, obo-
vate-oblong, sinuated,
short-stalked; acorns
long-stalked.

Habitat. North of Europe.

Quality. Bark very astringent,
tonic ; abounds in tannin.

Uses. Decoction in gargles ;

a wash in ulcers; an
injection in leucor-
rhoea, &¢,; an astrin-
gent in diarrhoeas ;
a poultice in mortifi-
cation. Timber in-
valuable.

-133.—Q. pedunculata in flower and fruit ; 134, Leaf of Q. Gramuntia ; 135. Q. sessliflo

QUERNALS. 90 MASTWORTS.

5. Q. sessiliflora Smith.—(Snort-statKeD Oak.) Fig. 135.
Leaves deciduous, obovate, sinuated, long-stalked ; acorns nearly sessile. —

Habitat. Europe, especially the central and southern parts.
Quality and Uses. Asin the last. Acorns sometimes sweet and eatable, like Chesnuts.
Faeus. Linneus.

Ovary 3-celled. Fruit in a prickly husk ; mast triangular.
1. F. sylvatica Linneus.—(The Brecu Tres.) Fig. 136.
Leayes ovate, smooth, toothed, slightly ciliated.

136

Habitat. Europe.
Quality. Husks narcotic? Nuts eatable.
Uses. Oil in abundance in the Nuts. Timber hard, but not durable.

Carpinus. Linneeus.

Ovary 2-celled. Fruit within flat leafy bracts ; nut small, striated.
1. C. Betulus Linneus.—(The Hornseam.) Fig. 137.

Leaves ovate, doubly serrated ; bracts 3-lobed.

Habitat. Woods of Europe.

Quality. Tonie.

Uses, Bark a bad febrifuge. Timber coarse and of little value ?

Corrius. Linneeus. 7 2
Ovary 2-celled. Fruit rolled in a leafy lobed unarmed husk ; nut round.
1. C, Avellana Linneus.—(Haze Nur.) a

Leaves roundish, cordate, acuminate ; husks campanulate, spreading and
lacerated at the end.

Habitat. Woods of Europe.
Uses, Nuts sweet, eatable,

Fig. 136,—Leaf of Fagus sylvatica; 137. Ditto of Carpinus Betulus.

. ian 91 MASTWORTS.

Castanea. Tournefort.

Ovary 5-8-celled. Fruit within a spiny husk ; mats compressed, rounded.

1. C. vesca Tournefort.—(Sweet Cuesnut.) Fig. 138.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate-serrated, shining above,
downy or smooth beneath,

Habitat. South of Europe. S

Uses, Nuts sweet, eatable, Timber useful.

os Natural Order, Juglanus ; Juglandacee (V. K., p. 292.)
Prevailing Quality, Acridity, aroma.

: Juetans. Linneeus. ee
Flowers monecious. Stamens 18-24. Drupe with a 2-valved deciduous
Sarcocarp, or rind ; and a deeply wrinkled putamen or shell. :
Fig. 138,—
opening, sat

and $, inflorescence of Castanea vesca; b, under side of leaf; ¢, cupule or

QUERNALS. 92 JUGLANDS.

1. J. regia Linneus.—(Wator Tres.) Fig. 139. 3
A large tree; leaves pinnated, smooth, with
about 9 oval nearly entire aromatic leaflets.

Habitat. Persia.

Quality. Sub-acrid, laxative.

Uses. Nuts abound in sweet drying oil; bark of root
purgative, as is young fruit when preserved with
sugar. Timber strong and durable; rising sap em-
ployed in pulmonary affections and in general debility.

THE CUCURBITAL ALLIANCE (Vi, p. SI0.)© -

Natural Order, Cucurbits ; Cucurbitacee (V. K., p. 311.)
Prevailing Quality. N arcotic, purgative.

LAGENARIA, Seringe.

Tendrils lateral. Stamens triadelphous. Avthers distinct. Style undi-

vided. Stigmas 3. Seeds thick-edged, 2-lobed. f

1. L. vulgaris Seringe. Cucurbita lagenaria Linneus.—(TRUMPET GOURD.
Borris Govrp.) :

Covered with soft down ; stem climbing; leaves cordate, nearly entire,

somewhat glaucous, with 2 glands at the base; flowers monccious }

fruit downy, smooth when ripe, long, and swollen at one end.

Gnoae taoet Indies,

4 erous ative ; poisonous, ia

Uses. The ripe Fruit ened she ecared: of the pulp, and deprived of all soluble

matter by washing, is used as bottles,

Tendrils lateral. Stamens triadelphous. Anthers distinct. Style) :

I. C, Melo Linneus.—(The MELon.) o
Leaves rounded, angular ; anthers shorter than the connective ; fruit ov:

or roundish, downy when young, furrowed, with a sweet pulp.
Habitat. Persia.

Quality and Uses. Laxative, refrigerant ; a grateful and delicious fruit.

Se Fig. 139.—a, Male flowers of Juglans regia ; b, female flowers.

CUCURBITALS. 93 CUCURBITS.

2. C. Colocynthis Linneus.—(Cotocynta Gourp.) Fig. 140.

Leaves cordate-ovate, multifid, hoary with hairs on the under side, the
lobes somewhat acute ; fruit globose, whole-coloured, with an intensely
bitter pulp.

Habitat. Syria ana India,

Tea oO Bitter, acrid, emetic, purgative, drastic cathartic, hydragogue.

3 i nstipation, dropsy, alvine obstructions, amenorrheea.

3 C, pseudo-colocynthis Royle.—(Himabayan ConocyytH.) Fig. 141 .

‘ves scabrous, 5-lobed, the lobes and angles both rounded, the middle
lobe usually 3-lobed ; fruit oblong, striped, with an intensely bitter pulp.

abitat. Plains of Northern India.
y and Uses. As the last.

Momorpica. Linneeus.

_ Tendrils lateral. Stamens triadelphous. Axthers connate. Calyx of
the males short. . Fruit finally splitting.

te cies are.

oe Fig. 140.—Cucumis Colocynthis ; 141. Fruit of ©. pseudo-colocynthis.

e

CUCURBITALS. 94 cUCURBITS.

1. M. Balsamina Linneus.—(Batsam Arpiz.) Fig. 142.

Leaves 5-lobed, palmate, toothed, smooth, shining ;
fruit oblong, acuminate, with rows of oblong
tubercles separated by crowds of roundish —
ones,

Habitat. South of Europe. :

Quality. Fruit a dangerous poison ‘when ripe.

Uses, Where hydragogues are required.

Cucursita. Linnceus.

Tendrils lateral. Stamens triadelphous. Anthers
connate. Calyx of the males campanulate.

1. C. Pepo Linneus.—(The Common Gourp.)

Stem prostrate ; leaves cordate, obtuse,
somewhat 5-lobed, toothletted ; calyx

~ With a neck below the limb ; fruit round-

: 2 ish or oblong, smooth.

IN -- Habitat. The Levant. ie
Quality. Slightly laxative ; nutritious.
Uses, An agreeable kitchen fruit; the

young leaves and shoots the best of
Spinach. The’ Vegetable Marrow is_
a variety of this. ie
» 2. C. Melopepo Linneeus. — (The
4 Squas# Gowrp.)
iy > | Stem erect ; leaves cordate, obtuse, —
if somewhat 5-lohed, toothletted ;
calyx short, hemispherical, cam:
panulate, with a very wide mouth;
we fruit erect, depressed, circular,
2“ erenated. ees
bt Habitat. Unknown. ee
. SJ Quality and Uses. Asthe last. 9
; 3. C. maxima De Candolle.—(The
Spanisu Gourp.)
Stem prostrate; leaves cordate,
large, very rugose ; calyx with é
a short neck below the limb; —
fruit very large, rather rough.
Habitat. Unknown. Common in gardens
under the French name of Potiron.
Quality and Uses. As in No. 1. Fruit sometimes
weighs, even in England, 200 Ibs. ‘
4. C. aurantia Willdenow.—(The ORange

Gourp. Fanse Corocyntu.) ‘af
Stem prostrate, extremely scabrous ; leaves)

somewhat cordate, 3-lobed, cuspidate, fin

toothletted ; fruit globose, smooth,
orange, with a bitter pulp. se
Habitat. Unknown.

= * ee Le
“e~ pw / ae ~ 4 — < :

ee

ie _Quality and Uses. Like those of Colocynth, but milder
Fig. 142.—Fruit of Momordica Balsamina just before it splits, =

Bryonta. Linnceus.

Tendrils lateral. Stamens triadelphous. Anthers distinct. Style trifid.

__ Fruit not corticated, few-seeded.

1. B. dioica Jacquin.—(Common Bryony.) Fig. 143. :

Stem climbing ; leaves cordate, palmate, 5-lobed, toothed, with callous

points, the terminal lobe longer ; tendrils simple ; flowers racemose,
dicecious.

ity. t emetic, purgative, acrid, poisonouss
Root applied topically to bruises,

Ecpattum. Richard.

Tendrils lateral. Stamens monadelphous. Avthers connate. Calyx of
males campanulate. Fruit expelling the seeds with elasticity,

indehiscent, :

E. agreste Richard. Momordica Elaterium Linneus.— (Spite

Cucumper.) oe

Hispid, scabrous ; stem dwarf, without tendrils ; leaves cordate, somewha

_ obec, crenate-toothed, very rugose, on long stalks.

Rubbish and old walls in the south of Europe.

i. Juice an acrid irritant, drastic, hydragogue.

/8e3, PSY, apoplexy, obstinate constipation, gout. :

Fig. 143,—Bryonia dioica in flower and fruit, ~

VIOLALS. 96

THE VIOLAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 326.)
Natural Orvers of Violals.
Biyays (Mlacourtiacee.) Stamens 00.
Passionwarts (Passifloracee.) Stamens definite. Flowers coronetted.

Moringans (Moringacew.) Stamens definite. Anthers l-celled. Frui
siliquose.

Vialetwarts (Violacew.) Stamens definite. Anthers crested.

Natural Order, Biyaus; Flacourtiaceee (V. K., p. 327).
Prevailing Quality. Uncertain.

Fiacourtta. Commerson.
Sexes imperfect. Petals 0. Calyx deciduous. Berry globose.
1. F. Ramontchi L’ Heritier.
Leaves roundish-ovate, acute, crenated.
Habitat. Madagascar.
Quality and Uses. Fruits resembling black Plums, eatable and wholesome.

Bixa. Linneeus.

Flowers complete. Stigma simple. Calyx hispid. Sepals 5. Capsule

2-valved. 2
1. B. orellana Linnzeus.—(ArNnorro TREE.)
Leaves smooth on each side, &e,

Habitat. Tropical America.
Quality. Seeds cordial, astringent, febrifugal.

Uses. Seeds covered with a red pulp, called Arnotto, used in dyeing cheeses, and in

a supposed antidote to the poison of Janipha.

chocolate making ;

Natural Order, Passionwarts; Pi assifio-
racee (V. K., p. 328.)

Prevailing Quality. Narcotic.

Passirtora, Linneeus. :

Ovary stipitate. Fruit pulpy. cae

in several rows, of which the interior

are very short.
1. P. quadrangularis Linneus.—(GRAN

DILLA.) ue
Leaves smooth, cordate, ovate, acuminate;
petioles with from 4 to 6 g!
stipules ovate entire as well as t
bracts; branches with 4 wi
angles.

Fig. 144.—Longitudinal section of the fruit of a Passiflora.

Habitat. Tropical America.’

—. Root emetic, narcotic.

Uses. Fruit common in tropical desserts:
_Subacid pulp of the seeds the part

P. rubra Linneus.— (Dutcn-
MAN’s LAUDANUM.)

Leaves velvety, cordate and 2-lobed

atthe base, awned at the sinus,

beneath without glands as well

as the petiole; pedicels solitary;

ovary hairy, roundish,

Habitat. Jamaica.

Quality. Narcotic.

ses. ‘Tincture of the flowers a substitute

for opium.

3. P. fetida Limneus. F ig. 145.
Stem and petioles hispid ;_ leaves
villous on both sides, 5 -nerved,

cordate, 3-lobed ; lobes acute,

the lateral very short ; invo-

luere divided into fine glandular

entangled arms.

Habitat. W ies.

Ouak est Indies

Prevailing Quality. Pungency.
Morine@a.

on the face of the valves.

with 3 membranous wings.
India and Arabia.

3 the bark a gum like Tragacanth,

Pr rail

PASS!ONWORTS— MORINGADS,

P ee SSS
eo
Se IRS

» M. pierygos TREE.)

perma Geertner.—(HorseRaDIsH :
€s twice or thrice pinnate, with an odd leaflet; leaflets phe

oblong ; flowers white, in naked terminal panicles; seed roun is :

crid, pungent, aromatic, stimulant. :
Leaves in curries, as sinapisms ; paralysis

‘Natural Order, Winletwarts ; Violacewe (V. K., p. 338.)
ing Quality. Emetie, depurative.

ae Viota, Linneeus.
Patel equal, extended backwards at the base. Peta

Owermost spurred. Stamens distinct.

Fig. 145,—Leaf of Passitiora
H

mw

ity. Flowers pectoral ; leaves emollient ; narcotic ! emmenagogue ?
ses. Leaves in poultices ; flowers in hysterics ; root in amenorrheea.

Natural Order, Movingaus ; Moringacee (V. K., p. 336.)

Fruit long, siliquose, 3-angular, 3-valved, bearing the amygdaloid seeds

intermittents ; seeds yield oil of

ive

VIOLALS. 98 VIOLETWORTS.

1. V. odorata Linneus.—(Sweet Vioier.) .
Stemless, throwing off runners ; leaves broadly cordate, pubescent ; sepals
blunt ; flowers very sweet-scented.

Habitat. Hedgerows and woods.

Quality. Seeds and roots emetic and purgative ; flowers anodyne, produce faintness.

Uses. As a substitute for ipecacuanha; flowers form an officinal syrup used as a test

acids redden it ; alkalies render it green.

2. V. canina Linneus.—(Doe Viorzr.) .

_ Stems procumbent ; leaves cordate, oblong-ovate; stipules on the middl

of the stem fringed, much shorter than the petiole ; flowers scentless.

Habitat. Hedgerows and woods.
Quality and Uses. Roots and seeds as in No. 1.

3. V. tricolor Linneus.—(The Pansy or HEARTSEASE. ) ;

Stems prostrate and ascending; leaves crenate ; stipules leafy, lyrate,
pinnatifid, with the middle lobe crenated ; flowers 3-coloured, scentless.

Habitat. Corn-fields and gardens,

Quality. Acrid. —

Uses. Leaves bruised, against cutaneous affections (tinea capitis.)

lonmpium. Ventenat.

Sepals not extended at
the base. Petals very
unequal; 1 large and

spreading, 4 small.

PSS W fle Stamens separate. —
AT 1. I. Ltubu i ae
" Zt cacuanha Auguste a
St. Hilaire. —( WH
IrecacuanHa.) Fig.
146.

Extremely hairy ; leaves
oblong, serrated }
sepals fringed.

Habitat, Brazil and Guiana

Quality. Roots emetic.
Uses. Substitute for Ipecac
anha,

2. I. microphyllum Hu
boldt. — (Cure
CHULLI.) <7

a Half shrubby, smooth;

leaves minute, oblong, acute, serrated ; peduncles 3 times as long
the leaves,

Quality. Emetie, purgative ; very active,
Uses. “Said to be a certain cure for the elephantiasis tuberculata.

Fig. 146.—Ionidium Itubu,

'SAPINDALS. 99 MILK WORTS.

. THE SAPINDAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 373.)
‘Patural Orders of Sapinvals.
Milkworts (Polygalacee.) Anthers 1-celled. Calyx 2-winged.

Soapwarts (Sapindacee.) Anthers 2-celled. Petals with an
appendage. Ovules erect.

Erythrapyls (Erythroxylacee.) Anthers 2-celled. Petals with an
appendage. Ovules pendulous.

Natural Order, Milkwarts ; Polygalacee (V. K., p. 375).
Prevailing Quality. Bitter, emetic.

PotyeaLa. Linneus. .

Calyx persistent. Stamens 8. Capsule mucronate. Seeds hairy or
carunculate.

ar. vulgaris Linnzeus.—(Mink wort.)
Fig. 147.

ves linear-lanceolate, more or less
obtuse; stems ascending ; wings
ovate, shorter than the corolla,
longer than the capsule ; ovary
‘Nearly sessile.

Habitat. Heaths and open downs.

ta Bitter.

Pulmonary affections ; spitting of

2. P. rubella Pursh.
ves lanceolate-linear, mucronate ;
stem erect, furrowed, branched
eet es racemes somewhat
l ax, elongate : wings
oval, : f & 8
Habitat United States.
a Bitter, tonic, stimulant, diapho-

ve, Dyspepsia,

Fig. 147. —Polygala vulgaris.
Ha

By %, Pp. ionge Linnwus.—(The Senexa.) Fig. 148.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, | the upper acuminate ; stems tufted, ereet,
racemes spicate ; wings circular ; capsule elliptical, emarginate.

Quality, Root = oerhigcadl diureti t ti
ex oran
Bronchial or eons t Splicnmalion, pr E gpd 29
fever, rheumatism, alates
4. P. Chamebuxus Linneus.
‘Stems dwarf, branched, procumbent, shrubby ; leaves evergreen,
lanceolate, mucronate ; flowers single or in pairs ; keel crested.
Habitat. Mountains of Europe.
Quality and Uses. Like the last.
5. P. Poaya Martius.
Stem shrubby ; leaves coriaceous, 5-nerved ; racemes spicate ; wings
or obovate, obtuse ; corolla crested ; seeds clavate, shaggy. _

Habitat. Brazil.
Quality. An active emetic.
Vee. Root, when fresh, in bilious fevers.

Sovtamea. Lamarck.

Stamens 6. Fruit samaroid. .
1. S. amara Lamarck. Ce
Fig. 149.

101

Kramerta. Loefling.

Calyx without wings. Stamens 4, or fewer. Fruit

a l-celled drupe covered with hooked spines.

K. triandra Ruiz and Pavon.—(Rartrayy¥-R007.)
Fig. 150.

Leaves oblong, softly hairy, rather acute ; flowers

in short racemes.

Natural Order, Saapwarts; Sapindacee (V. K., p. 382.)
Prevailing Quality. Acridity.

Neruetium. Linneus.
alternate. Flowers regular. Calyx 5-6-toothed. Ovules solitary.
__ Fruit indehiscent, brittle ; seed covered withgpulp.

1. N. Longan.—(The Lonean.) Fig. 151.
“eaves pinnated ; leaflets with the midrib very
_ prominent below ; fruit globose, areolate. _

Quality and Uses. A ve agreeable fruit, often imported
_ from China, for Mabe of the sweet subacid vinous
pulp Which covers the seed.

Pavcturnta. Linneeus.

Leaves alternate. Flowers irregular. Stamens 8.
Fruit capsular, wingless, 3-cornered. Seeds
P. Ppinnata Linneus.

bh :
Leaves pinnate, in 2 pairs with an odd one; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, —

sessile, crenated ; petiole winged ; fruit pyriform.
t. Brazil.
- Extremely acrid and poisonous.

Museum rion, Kew

iit

Fig. 150.—Krameria triandra in fruit ; 151. Fruit of Nephe

SAPINDALS. 1 02 SOAPWORTS.

Aiscutus. Linneeus.

Leaves opposite, digitate. Petals 5, spreading, with short claws, unequal.
Stamens 7, declinate. Fruit leathery, 3-valved.

1. Hs. Hippocastanum Linneus.—(Horse-cnesnut.) Fig. 152.

Leaflets 7, obovate, cuneate, acute, toothed ; fruit prickly.

152

Fig, 152.—a, Infloreseence of aise. Hippocastanum; b, aleaf; ¢, ripe fruit.

>INDALS. 103 ERYTHROXYLS.

fabitat, Persia ?
ity. Seeds acrid ; bark febrifugal.
ses. Seeds a good sheep-food ; yield abundance of nutritious starch when washed.

Sarinpus. Linneus.
Leaves alternate. Flowers regular. Disk complete. Stamens 8-10.
Fruit wingless, indehi-
scent, fleshy.

. 8. saponaria Linneus.—
(Soap-Berry.)

Leaves abruptly pinnate ; leaf-
lets oblique, entire, lanceo-
late, in 3 or 4 pairs, with
_ a broad-winged petiole ;
flowers in large panicles.

‘abitat. West Indies.

Quality. Fruit detersive, acrid, nar-
Cotic.

| Tees, Used instead of soap; intoxi-
cates fish,

atural Order, €rythropyls ;
| Erythroxylacece (V.K., p.391.)

Prevailing Quality. Uncertain.

Eryraroxyton. Linneus.

Calya 5-parted, pentan gular at
the base. Styles 3, dis-
i (tinet.

ey Coca meaty .—(The :

OCA, ig. 153. : ao
eaves ath aie. thin, with 3 slight line-like ribs near the midrib.
Habitat, Peru.

Puality. Stimulating, narcotic.

8s. Leaves largely chewed instead of Opium.

| THE BERBERAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p- 432.)
Satural Orders of ABerberats.

Bevberins (Berberidacew.) Anther valves recurved.
Vinewarts (Vitacew.) Anther valves straight.

‘Natural Order, Berbers; Berberidacee (V. K., p- 437.)
: sed Quality. Astringency, slight acridity.

Flow Berseris. Linnceus.
ici 4’. Stamens 6. Petals with 2 gnds at “the base.
__ Stina’ sessile, peltate. uit fleshy. _ ———

eS ORE aee ceaane’ sr |

BERBERALS, 104 BERBER1DS—VINEWOI
1. B. vulgaris Linnecus.—(BERBERRY Busn.) Fig. 154. y
Leaves obovate with ciliated serratures ; racemes pen-

dulous, many-flowered.
Habitat. Europe. :
Quality. Berries acid, astringent ; bark astringent.
Uses. Wood used by dyers, for its yellow colour.
2. B. Lycium Royle.
Spines 3-parted, conical ; leaves coriaceous, oblong-
lanceolate, tapering to the base, mucronate, with
spiny teeth ; flowering racemes erect; flowers
small ; racemes of fruit pendulous.
Habitat. North of India.
Quality. Very astringent.
Uses, Extract valuable in ophthalmia.

Natural Order, Ginewarts ; Vitacew (V. K., p. 439.)
Prevailing Quality. Acridity.

Vitis. Linneeus.

Flowers x/. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals calyptrate. tas
1. V. vinifera Linneus.—(The Vine.) ; eos
Leaves angular, lobed, sinuated, toothed, more or less hairy ; fruit sweet. — 7
Habitat. North of India 2? ees
Quality. Ripe fruit nutritious, refrigerant, diuretic, laxative ; skin astringent, indigest-
ible ; colouring matter deranges the stomach. ee
_ Uses. Preparation of grape wine and brandy ; fevers, inflammatory complaints,
dysentery, phthisis, i

Cissus. Linnaeus.

Flowers /, Calyx 4-toothed. Petals horned.
1. C. cordata Roxburgh. C. repens Lamarck. se
Stem creeping ; leaves cordate-ovate, somewhat toothed, smooth; flowers

in umbels, dark purple.

Habitat. Malabar.
Quality. Acrid.
Uses. Leaves as poultices for indolent tumours.

Genus or Uncertain AFFINITY,

Somewhere in the neighbourhood of the Berberal Alliance must stand the
following genus, whose structure is imperfectly ascertained. =

Canetta. P. Browne. ae
Sepals 3, blunt, imbricated. Petals 5. Stamens 20, on a truncated hy]
gynous cone ; anthers linear. Ovary one-celled, with 2 or 3 pendulous

anatropal ovules. Stigma emarginate.
3 aieare re

Fig. 154,—Leaves of Berberis vulgaris,

: 105 WINTER GREENS.

. alba Swartz.—(Warre Woop. Win Cinnamon.) Fig. 155.
ves alternate, dotted, obo- :

vate, obtuse, glaucous <~~

beneath. a KX /| fs
abitat, West Indies. se
ality, Hot, aromatic, with a \ ~
flavour between that of fennel \
and cinnamon, stimulant. t

68, ; in addition to tonics
or purgatives.

THE ERICAL ALLIANCE
(V. K., p. 446.)

Patural Orders af Ericals.

Winter Greens ( Pyrola-
cee.) Flowers nearly
polypetalous. Embryo
minute. Herbs.

‘Beathwarts — (Ericacee.) J
Flowers (usually) quite
_ Monopetalous. Embryo axile. Shrubs.

155

: Natural Order, Winter Greens; Pyrolacee (V. K., Pi 450.)
Prevailing Quality. Diuretic.

Camarnira. Nuttall.

Stamens 10, with the filaments triangular
_ atthebase. Anthers hornless. Stigma
_ nearly sessile, peltate. Capsule burst-
1 , bg at the upper end.

1.0. umbellataN uttall.—(Umpettep WINTER
,_ GREEN.) Fig. 156.

Leaves cuneate-lanceolate, whole coloured ;
filaments smooth.

Habitat, North America,

Quality. Acrid, tonic, diuretic, narcotic.

_ Dropsies, cystirrhoa, calculus, dysury, 156
strangury, gonorrhoa, &e., scrofula. : oe Fig 157

"©: maculata Pursh.—(VarteGaTeD WINTER GREEN. ig. a
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, otched with white; filaments shaggy ee :
dilated part. exe
Habitat. United States.
Quatity and Uses, Like the last,

Pig. 155.—Canella alba ; 156. Chimaphila umbellata ; 157. — ee

ERICALS. 106 HEATHWORTS. —

=

Natural Order, Heathwarts; Hricacee (V. K., p. 453.)
Prevailing Quality. Narcotic.

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Adanson.

Drupe with 5 distinct 1-seeded stones. Corolla urceolate, with a revolute :
limb. Stamens included. Anthers with 2 spurs at the back.

1. A. Uva Ursi Sprengel.—(Brar-berry.) Fig. 158. —

Procumbent; leaves obovate, obtuse, entire, shining ;
flowers in short terminal racemes.

Habitat. North of Europe, Asia, and America.

Quality. Astringent, diuretic, emetic. :

Uses. Chronic affections of the bladder, calculus, bronchial
affections. ‘

GavuLTHERIA, Kalm.

Capsule 5-valved, loculicidal, covered over by the
fleshy tube of the calyx.

1. G. procumbens Linnzeus.—(PARTRIDGE-BERRY.)

Smooth, procumbent, rooting ; leaves obovate, with
setaceous serratures, acute at either end; pedi-
cels bearing 1-2 nodding flowers ; anthers with —

158 4 bristles.

Habitat. North America,

Quality. Aromatic, astringent. :

Uses. Emmenagogue ; unsafe. Oil is a flavouring substance.

ANDROMEDA. Linneus.
Capsule 5-valved, loculicidal, naked. Anthers 2-awned. Corolla globose,
with a contracted orifice.
1. A. polifolia Linneus,
Leaves alternate, oval or linear-lanceolate, entire, revolute, glaucous
beneath; flowers terminal, almost umbellate. ;

Habitat. Bogs of North of Europe and North America.
Quality. An acrid dangerous narcotic 3 kills sheep,

Lepum. Linneus. ee
Petals 5, nearly, or quite, distinct. Stamens 5 to 10. Style short, straight,
thick. Capsule septicidal. eo
1. L. latifolium Aiton.—(Laprapor TEA.)
Leaves oblong ; stamens 5, the length of the corolla.
Habitat, North of Europe and America.
li Narcotic,

Uses. Agues, dysentery, diarrhoea 3 renders beer heady.

Katmra. Linneus. z

Corolla campanulate, with 10 honey-pores sunk in its sides, each holding
back an anther, which fin

ally rises by the elasticity of its arched
filament. :

Seren nc Naa et
Fig. 158.—Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi,

ERICALS. 107 HEATH WORTS.

Lk. latifolia Linneeus.—(Carico Bust.) -
Leayes on long stalks, scattered, elliptical, acute at either end, shining and
smooth ; corymbs terminal, viscid.

Habitat. United States.
Uses. Narcotic, poisonous, dangerous.

AzateEaA. Linneus.

Stamens 5, loose. Calyx leafy. Corolla funnel-shaped. Capsule septicidal.
1. A. pontica Linnzeus.

Leaves obovate-oblong, lanceolate, ciliated, very much wrinkled ; flowers
bright yellow, glutinous externally.

_ Habitat. Caucasus, Asia Minor. Z
- Quality. Dangerous, narcotic, honey highly poisonous.

RuopopenpRon. Linneus.

Stamens 10. Calyx obsolete. Corolla campanulate, or sarge se

-__ panulate and funnel-shaped. Capsule septicidal. 159

1. RB. ehrysanthum Pallas.—(Gotpen Ruopopexpron-) Fig. 109.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, re-

- Yolute, rugose, tapering

to the base, pallid be-

neath; flowers campanu-

late, corymbose, bright
yellow.

Habitat, Siberia, Dauria.

= is A powerful narcotic.
ses. Chronic rheumatism; ve-

hereal affections. The leaves
_ largely employed by the

_ Mussians, It is said, that a

long use of this narcotic does

_ Not affect the general health.

: 2. R. ferrugineum Linneus.
. Leaves small, oblong, taper-
mg to each end, above
shining and smooth,
beneath co-
vered with
ferruginous
Seales; ¢o- €
rolla funnel-
_ Shaped, with
__ Tesinous dots externally.
Habitat, Switzerland.

Quatity, Narcotic.

*s. Oil of the buds, called Olio di Marmotta, in
_ Pats of the joints,

Ait

Fig. 159.—Rhododendron chrysanthum. = ee

ERICAIS. 108 HEATHWORTS.

Arsutus. Linneus.

Fruit fleshy, 5-celled, many-seeded, usually papillose. Corolla ureeolat

— 5-toothed. Hypogynous Scales 0.

1. A. Unedo Linneus.—(StrawBerry TREE.) Fig.
160, 161.

A tree; bark rugged; leaves oblong-lanceolate,

bluntly serrated, smooth, shining; fruit globose,
muricated.

Habitat. South and west of Europe.
Quality. Fruit narcotic ; bark and leaves astringent.

THE RUTAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 456.)
Patural Order of Rutals.

Citronwarts (Aurantiacee.) Leaves dotted. Fruit succulent, many-
celled, =

Amyprits (Amyridacee.) Leaves dotted. Fruit dry. Petals valvate
Ovules sessile, —
Rurtworts (Heutacee.) Leaves dotted. Fruit dry. Petals imbricated.
Cevrelats (Cedrelacee.) Leaves dotless. Fruit dry. Petals imbri-
cated. Ovules sessile. :

Anacarts (Anacardiacee.) Leaves dotless. Fruit somewhat dry.
Ovule supported by a long umbilical cord. .

Quassiaus (Simarubacee.) Leaves dotless, alternate, without stipules.
Stamens springing from scales. a

Beancapers (Zygophyllacee.) Leaves dotless, opposite, with stipules.
Stamens springing from scales. Branches jointed. =

Meliaus (Meliacee.) Leaves dotless. Stamens forming a tube.

| Natural Order, €itrantworts ; Avrantiacee (V. K., p. 457.) ;
Prevailing Quality. Aromatic, tonic. oo

Cirrus. Linneus.

Stamens 20 or more, irregularly polyadelphous. Fait pulpy with a spongy
rind. Seeds smooth. : S

=n aren gical : Fine
ARSENE sonca 2 ae netilaes a SNE Pee eee s tao

- Fig. 160.—Fruit of Arbutus Unedo ; 161. Leaf of ditto.

eons : 109 CITRONWORTS.

Aurantium Risso.—(Common Sweet Oranges.) Fig. 162.

eaves ovate-oblong, acute, sometimes serrulate ; petiole more or less
_ winged ; flowers white ; fruit roundish, occasionally mammose, with the
cortical vesicles convex.

abitat. Forests of the
HimalayasandChina,
- whence all the genus
__ hasalsobeen derived.
Quality. Pulp of fruit
Sweet, refrigerant ;
tind aromatic, tonic ; |“

leaves bitter and ——~—

__ aromatic. : ee

Uses. A grateful fruit ;

rind and flowers inferior to
_ those of C. Bigaradia, though

‘Similar

a

2.0. Bigaradia Risso.—(The
SEVILLE ORANGE.)
Spiny; leaves elliptical acute ;
petiole winged ; flowers
snow-white ; fruit middle-
sized, roundish, smooth or.
wrinkled, deep yellow ;
__ With concave oil-cysts.
Habitat. Cultivated in the south
of Euro;
Quality. Pulp of fruit acid and
bitter. Rind very bitter ;
aromatic, tonic,

Uses. Flowers yield oil of Neroli ; / va
crushed fruit, boiled in sugar, Wa
forms Marmalade, Essential
oil stimulant, and antispasmo- : hi
_ die ; Orange-flower water chiefly obtained from this.
- C. Bergamia Risso.—(The Beneamot ORANGE. ermerreapee son
Branches brittle ; leaves oblong, with a winged petio : a cone’ sale
pale beneath ; flowers small, white ; fruit pyriform, ,
yellow, with a green subacid firm fragrant pulp.
Soy os in the south of Europe.
aity. Rind extremely fragrant.
Uses. The essential oi. (oil of Bergamot) of both the hai
employed by perfumers ; rind formed, by violent pressure
small boxes,
4. C. Limonum Ri Lemon.) :
an" onum Risso.—(The ComMoN LEM : ; stags
Leaves ovate or oblong, usually serrulate, pale green, sets Mh arent ee
_ flowers middle-sized, red outside ; fruit ore shy xl Ps ae »
- pale yellow, with the oil-eysts concave ; Tin tolerably : P
_ Very acid.
oso Forests of north of India,
4 uty. . d ha: . a liar ragrance, ce,
__ agreeably silts, ocbvedsetact, entiecorbatie. 8

Fig. 162.—Citrus Aurantium.

162

and fruit largely
Sete proper seen ia, into

bitter, stomachie, and aromatic ;

RUTALS, 110 CITRON WORTS.

Uses. In febrile complaints, preparation of effervescing draughts, lemonade ; against
scurvy in the navy.
5. C. Lumia Risso—(The Sweer Lemon.) : ae
Branches and leaves those of the lemon ; flowers red outside ; fruit like
the lemon, but with a sweet pulp.
Habitat. Cultivated in the south of Europe. se :
Quality and Uses. As those of the lemon, of which, however, its juice wants the
peculiar sharpness,
6. C. acida Roxburgh.—(The Livz.) : ; s
Spiny; leaves oval, oblong, or ovate-oblong, crenate, obtuse, petioles winged ;
petals generally 4 ; fruit small, blunt, oval, or oblong, with a thin rind,
and an extremely acid juice.
Habitat, North of India and China.
Quality. Rind aromatic; pulp antiscorbutic,
Uses. As the lemon, but the acidity sharper, and rather more agreeable.
7. C. Limetta Risso.—(The Sweet Lime.)
Leaves ovate, obovate, and oblong ; petiole almost wingless ; flowers small,
white ; fruit oyate or roundish, pale yellow, with a raised point, and
concave cysts of oil ; pulp subacid.
_ Habitat. Cultivated in the south of Europe. Quality. An inferior description of leno: 4
8. C. deeumanus Risso.—(The SHADDOCK.) ; Se
Leaves large, with a broad-winged petiole; flowers very large, white ; fruit —
very large, roundish, pale yellow ; rind with flat or convex oil-cysts,
white and spongy ; pulp greenish, subacid, watery. =
Habitat. Cultivated in the south of Europe. i ‘
Quality. Sub-aromatic, subacid. Uses, In preserves ; as a pleasant cooling fruit.
9. C. Medica Risso.—(The Crrron and CEDRATE.) ce
Leaves oblong, toothed; flowers violet outside ; fruit large, warted and
furrowed ; rind very thick, tender ; pulp subacid.
Habitat. Forests of north of India.
Quality. Pulp refrigerant ; rind and leaves aromatic, tonic, a de
Uses, Rind only used in preserving. Furnishes the fragrant perfumer’s huile de
Cedrat ; juice employed in flavouring punch, &e.

Natural Order, Ampriug ; Amyridacee (V. K., p. 459.)
Prevailing Quality. Stimulating.

BoswEttia, Roxburgh. =
Cal. 5-toothed. Pet.5. Stam. 10. Disk fleshy, longer than the calyx: —
Fruit triangular, 3-celled, 3-valved, septicidal, Seed winged.
1. B. thurifera Colebrooke, B. serrata.—(OLIBANUM TREE.) s,
Leaves pinnated ; leaflets ovate, acuminate, serrated, downy ; racemes
axillary, simple. =
Habitat. Mountains of India. Quality. Yields a stimulating oleo-resin. hs me
Uses. Chronic diarrhoea, old carrie leucorrhea, gleet, Pabtopiepals stimulating
plasters ; fumigation,

BatsaMopenproy. Kunth. ‘
Sexes sometimes imperfect. Calya 4-toothed cup-shaped. Petals 4,

induplicate-valvate. Stamens 8, arising from without a fleshy disk.
Ovary 2-celled. Drupe bony, 1-2 celled. ae

111 AMYRIDS.

1. B. Myrrha Nees.—(Myrru Tree.)*

“Stem shrubby, arborescent; branches squarrose, spinescent; leaves
ternate ; leaflets obovate, obtuse, bluntly toothletted at the apex, the
lategal smooth ; fruit acuminate.’’—Nees.

Habitat. Abyssinia.

Quality, Stimulant, irritant, astringent, tonic (tonico-balsamic.)

Uses. Dyspepsia, flatulence, amenorrhoea, chlorosis, secretions from the mucous
membranes ; dentifrice, gargles, foul ulcers.

Natural Order, %ueworts; Rutacee (V. K., p. 469.)
Prevailing Quality. Acrid, stimulating.

Rota. Linneus.

Petals 4-5, spoon-shaped. Stamens 8-10, all perfect. Anthers glandless,
_ _ Spreading equally. Ovary 4-lobed, with several ovules in each cell.
1. R. graveolens Linnzeus.—(Common Rus.) Fig. 163.

ves supra-decompound ; lobes oblong, that at the end obovate ; petals
| entire, or somewhat toothed.
Habitat, South of Europe.

Quanity. Acrid, antispasmodic, emmena-
- Segue, anthelmintic, stimulant, nar-
otic, heavy-smelling.

Uses, _ Flatulent colic, infantile convul-
sions, hysteria, amenorrhea.

2. R, montana Clusius.

ves supra-decompound; lobes all
linear ; petals entire.

Habitat. Spain.

Sealiy. Exconsively acrid, dangerous to

SS Barosma. Willdenow.
ersregular. Petals 5. Stamens 10, of which half
_ re sterile and squamiform ; anthers with a minute |
terminal gland. Ovary 5-lobed. Fig. 164. a
on rene ee : ee oe

——

Fig. 163.—Ruta graveolens ; a, its capsule; 164, Flower of Barosma magnified.
Bdellium, and similar drugs are obtained from plants related to this; but there is so little
Upon the botanical part of the subject, that the reader is referred to, pn yy

P. 342, for such information as at texists about them. ‘The history of Myrrh Mselt is
- Balm of Gilead is said to be another Balsamodendron. oe

RUTALS. 112 RUEWORTS.

1. B. crenata Willdenow. Diosma crenata Linnwus.—(Bucxv.) Fig. 165 b,
Leaves ovate, acute, dotted, with glandular serratures ; pedicels solitary
rather leafy.

165

Habitat. Cape of Good Hope.
Quality. Aromatic, stimulant, tonic ; diuretic, diaphoretic.

Uses. Chronic inflammation of the bladder, stricture, gleet, prostatic affections,
rheumatism, dyspepsia.

GALIPEA. Aublet.

Flowers regular. Petals 5, partially adhering to each other and the
stamens. Stamens 4-8, of which a part are sterile, in no regular order ;
the filaments bearded. :

1. G. Cusparia A. de St. Hilaire.—(Ancostura Bark TREE.) <

Leaflets 3 ; racemes stalked, terminal or nearly so, calyx 5-toothed ; sterile
stamens 3.

Habitat. South America,

Quality. Powerfully aromatic and stimulant ; stomachic, diaphoretic.

Uses, Intermittents, remittents, dyspepsia, diarrhea, &e,

2. G. officinalis Hancock.—(Angostura Bark TREE.)

Leaflets 3 ; racemes stalked, axillary or terminal ; sterile stamens 5.

Habitat. Banks of the Oronoco.
Quality and Uses. As in the last. .

Dictamnvus. Linneus.

Flowers irregular. Stamens 10 declinate, with the filaments covered with
glands. Follicles 5, united at the base,
each with 2-3 seeds. ee
1. D. albus Linneeus.—(FRAXINELLA-
Bastarp Dirtany.) Fig. 166.

Leaves alternate, unequally pinnated; stems
glandular at the point; racemes tel
minal ; flowers white or purple.

Habitat. South of Europe. Pe

Quality. Aromatic, tonis, aritixpuamoiiie; diuretic,

emm ie, ex

Uses. Root in intermittents, epilepsy, hysteria

amenorrheea, chlorosis, worms. _
eens a

Fig. 165.—Leaves of various species of Bucku: a, Barosma graveolens ; b, Diosma crenata; 0°
magnified view of a portion of it; c, D. serratifolia; d, B. venusta, 166. Fruit of Dictamnus. _

eas, 113 CEDRELADS.

Natural Order, Cevrelaus ; Cedrelacee (V.K , p. 461.)
: Prevailing Quality. Tonic, astringent.

Cepreta. Linneus.

Stamens distinct. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved ; seeds suspended, winged
at the back.

1. €. Toona Roxburgh.

_ Leaves abruptly pinnated ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat
serrated, pallid beneath, glaucous ; racemes axillary, panicled.

Habitat, Bengal, Indian Islands.
Quality. Tonic, astringent.
“Uses, Bark in epidemic fevers, diarrhoea, dysentery.

Sormipa. Adrien de Jussieu.
Stamens united in a short, cup-shaped tube. Seeds winged all round.
LS. Sebrifuga Adrien de Jussieu.
ves alternate, abruptly pinnated ; leaflets in about 4 pairs, oval, —
or eB einete, rather oblique at the base ; racemes forming a termina
panicle.

: Habitat, Mountains of India.
Quality. Tonic, febrifugal,
Uses. “Bark in jungle fevers, typhus, gangrene.

Natural Order, Anacarus; Anacardiacee (V. K., p. 463.)
revailing Quality. Dangerous acridity.

Bs Anacarpium, Linneeus.
Fruita kidney-shaped nut, seated on the end of a pyriform fleshy peduncle.
1. A. occidentale Linneus.—(Casnew Nor.) Fig. 167.
ge tree; leaves oval, very blunt or emarginate,

little narrowed to the base, rather longer than
road,

Habitat,

Uses,

Tropics of both hemispheres.
crid, venomous ; gum astringent, 7
oily, when roasted eatable and wholesome; but
Tous to roast on account of the acrid vapour.

Manerrera. Linneeus.

Pruit a naked fleshy drupe. Petals 4-5. Stamens
ey sterile. Ovary 1, seated in a fleshy
“M. indica Linneus.—(Manao TREE ) a
; leaves rah aor stalked ; panicles erect; petals spreading

at the point ; stamen 1 perfect ; fruit smooth.

Quality fat. East Indies,
es, Terebinthinous 3; gum-resin bitter, sub-acrid.
__‘Tuit of much value for the dessert, sweet, luscious.

.

Fig. 167.—Fruit of Anacardium occidentale.
I

RUTALS. 114 ANACARDS,

Pisvacia. Linneeus. :

Flowers apetalous, imperfectly diccious. Fruit a dry drupe, with a bony
stone.

1. P. atlantica Desfontaines.—(BarBary Masticn.) Fig. 168. a

Leaves unequally pinnated, decidu-

SAAS ous; leaflets about 9, lanceolate,
. SW ) rather tapering to the base; the
LES = OH, petiole winged between the ter-

minal pairs.

Sah) DAA

2. P. Lentiscus Linnseus.—(The
Mar Mastic TREE.) 4

<h'¥Z Leaves abruptly pinnated, ever-

SS wit green ; leaflets 8, lanceolate;

petiole winged.

Habitat. South of Europe, North of
"Africa, ete conta
uality. Resin fragran gent,
Bree " Oecaascnialty in gleet, leucorrhea,
&e,; chiefly by dentists, and as
varnish.
3. P. Terebinthus Linneus.—(Turrentine Prstacta.) :
Leaves unequally pinnate, deciduous ; leaflets about 7, ovate-lanceolate,
rounded at the base, acute, mucronate. :
Habitat. South of Europe, North of Africa, Levant.
Quality. Like that of other turpentines,
Uses. Yields Scio or Cyprus turpentine.
4. P. vera Linnzeus.—(Pistacta, Nut.) od
Leaves unequally pinnate, deciduous; leaflets ovate, somewhat narrowed to
the base, rather mucronate, in fives, threes, or single.
Habitat. Syria.
Quality. Fruit oily.
Uses. At dessert : and for astringent emulsions.

Ruvs. Linneeus. i
Flowers 4/. Petals from beneath a large orbicular disk. Ovary sessile;
styles 3. _Drupe nearly dry, with a bony stone.
1. R. Toxicodendron Linnzus.—(Potson Oak.) ve
Leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate, oblong, thin, cut and angular, pubescent;
sometimes entire. :
Habitat. United States,
Quality. Excessively acrid, and narcotic : even its gaseous emanations; a dangerous -
Uses. Paralysis, chronic rheumatism, amaurosis.
2. R. Metopium Linneus.—(Hoa Gum.
Leaves unequally pinnate, is 2 pairs, fs smooth ; leaflets with a short
stalk, ovate, entire,
Habitat. West Indies,
uy. Gum astringent, vulnerary, diuretic. see
Uses. Fresh vou tae colic, gonorrhcea ; as a plaster in gout and rheumatism. _
Fig. 168.—Pistacia atlantica in fruit. SS

- 115 QUASSIADS,

3. R. Cotinus Linneeus—(Venetian Sumac. Wie Tres.) Fig. 169.
Leaves simple, obovate; branches of the panicle sterile, becoming covered
__ with long hairs.

Habitat. South of Europe.

Quality. Wood astringent, dyes yellow.

Uses, As a dye under the name of Young Fustie.

—————

170

Natural Order, Quasstaus ; Simarubacee
(V. K., p. 477.)
Prevailing Quality. Bitter, narcotic.

Quassta. Linneeus.
Flower. $ hermaphrodite. Stamens 10, longer
__ than the petals, Drupes 5.

Q amara Linneus.—(SuRINAM QUASSIA.)
_ ‘Fig. 170,
Leaves unequally pinnate, with a broad-winged
hted petiole; racemes terminal; flowers

> .

ee Leaf of Quassia at

RUTALS. 116

Habitat. Surinam,
Quality. Intensely bitter.
Uses. Like those of Simaruba ; its infusion a fly-poison.

SmmaruBa. Aublet.

Flowers polygamous. Stamens 10, as long as the
petals. Carpels 5, surrounded by 10 short hairy
scales.

1. 8. amara Aublet.—(Movuntain Damson.) Fig. 171.

Leaves abruptly pinnate; leaflets alternate, on short
stalks, downy on the under side.

Habitat. West Indies.

Quality. Bitter, tonic ; emetic, purgative.

Dses. Dysentery, diarrhoea, anorexia, intermittents.

Picrana. Lindley.

Flowers polygamous. Stamens 5, as long
as the petals. Carpels 3, on a tumid
receptacle. =

1. P. excelsa Lindley.—(Jamatca QuasstA.)

Leaves unequally pinnated; leaflets opposite,
on short stalks.

Habitat. Jamaica. ae

Quality. Narcotic poison ; bitter, stomachic,
tonic ; antiseptic.

Uses. Dyspepsia, anorexia, intermittents.

Natural Order, ficliaus; Meliacew ;
(V. K., p. 463.)

Prevailing Quality. Bitterness.

172 | Meuia. Linneus. oe
Tube of stamens very long, ten-cleft, bear-
ing 10 anthers below the en
Fruit a drupe, with a 1
bony nut. er
1. M. Azedarach Linneus. Fig
172. : :
Leaves unequally bipinnate with
opposite ovate acute se

i leaflets ; fruit the size of
ee Olive. —

aK Habitat, Syvia ; commonly cultivated |
\\.\ Quality. Root bitter, nauseous. Pulp’

\ | trait suspicious. ae
, | Uses. Root as an anthelmintic ™
‘/ United States. ee

Fig. 171.— Portion of inflorescence : 3 < ae
Aiealae section of o oren ee eecence of Simarabs amars ; 172. a, do. of Melia Azedarach ; >» 2

oi. 117 BEANCAPERS,

Natural Order, Beancapers; Zygophyllacee (V. K., p. 478.)
Prevailing Quality. Acridity.

ZYGOPHYLLUM, Lenneus.

Siyle tapering. Flowers complete, £/. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell.
1. Z. Fabago Linneeus.—(BEAN CAPER.) <
flets in pairs, obovate ; pedicels erect ; calyxes smooth ; petals undi-
vided.
Habitat. Syria.
Quality, Anthelmintic.

Uses. Asa vermifuge ; flower-buds a sub- : ay,
stitute for capers. \

Guaracum. Plumier.

Siyle tapering. Flowers complete, /.

Seeds (by abortion) solitary. Cap-

sules fleshy, stipitate.

1. G. officinale Linnzeus.—(Lienum
Vira.) Fig. 173.

flets in 2 pairs, obovate or oval,
obtuse.

Habitat. West Indies,

Quality. Acrid, stimulant, emmenagogue.

Uses, nic rheumatism, gout, scrophula,

Syphilis, painful menstruation ; leaves

4s a substitute for soap ; hard and
heavy timber called lignum vitee.

2. G, Sanctum Linneeus.
ets in 5 or 7 pairs, oval, obtuse,

Mucronulate ; petioles and twigs
Somewhat downy.

Habitat, Porto Rico.
Quality and Uses. As in the last,

THE GERANIAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 484.)

Patural Orvers af Geranials, 2
— Flayworts (Linacea.) Fruit beakless, Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves
jointless,

} eon Lele
liMS (Oxalidacee.) Fruit beakless. Seeds albuminous:
jointed. ,

Cranes -bitts (Geraniacee.) Fruit beaked.

Fig. 173.—Leaf of Guaiacum officinale.

GERANIALS, 11 8 FLAXWORTS.

Natural Order, Jflaywworts ; Linacee (V. K., p. 485.)
Prevailing Quality. Purgative, emollient.

Linum. Linneeus.

Sepals 3-5, persistent. Petals 3-5, slightly united at the base. Stamens
slightly monadelphous. Capsule 3-5-celled,
174 each cell subdivided by a spurious partition. —

oe a 1. L. wsitatissimum Linneus.—(Common F1ax.)
i] Fig. 174.

wy)

Stem simple, erect ; leaves alternate, lanceolate ;
flowers blue; sepals ovate, acuminate, without
glands.

y ) Habitat. Hedges and woods of Europe.

z Quality. Seeds, called Linseed, emollient, demulcent. _

Uses. To allay inflammation; in tea, poultices. Oil largely

employed by painters. The crushed seeds are the oil-
cake of farmers. 7

2. L. catharticum Linnzeus. — (PURGING Fax.)

Fig. 175.

: é Ae
Stem branched ; leaves Opposite, rough-edged, the lowest obovate, ™
others lanceolate ; flowers white ; sepals fringed with glands.
Habitat. Damp meadows and fields, a
Quality. Bitter, purgative, diuretic. Uses, In rheumatism.

ig 174.—a, Linum usitatissimum ; 6, its pisti ; 475. Linum eathartieum
_ a, a flower seen in front ; b, do. from belie gst & Gingram of its flower ; 175. Linum eathails

GERANIALS. 1 l 9 OXALIDS—CRANES-BILLS.

Natural Order, @yalits ; Oxalidacee (V. K., p. 488.)
Prevailing Quality. Acidity.

Oxaris. Linneus.

Stamens 10. Fruit capsular.

1. 0. Acetosella Linnzeus——(Woop Sorret. SnHamrocx.) Fig. 176.
ess ; leaflets obcordate, downy ; peduncle longer than the petiole,
l-flowered, with a pair of bracts above the middle.

=
ae »
\
176
Habitat. Dry woods, very common. :
Quality. Acid ; Feftipernnt, Uses. Leaves used in salad ; infusion in fevers.

2. 0. crenata J i
: acquin.—(Oca.)
Tuberous ; stem erect, leafy; leaflets obovate ; peduncle 5-6-flowered,
longer than the leaves ; petals crenate.
og Mountains of South America,
oe tremely acid, nutritious. :
Use. “ Tabers, after exposure to light, sweeten and become a useful food.

Natural Order, Cranes-bills ; Geraniacee (V. K., p. 496.)
Prevailing Quality. Aromatic, resinous.

| Geranium. Linneeus.
Sea regular. Stamens 10, all fertile.
* GS. Robertianum Linneeus.—(Hers Rosert. : :
Leaves in 3-5 divisions ; lobes trifid, pinnatifid ; petals entire, twice as
_ long as the aristate calyx. :
1 ae ee ee
: Fig. 176.—Oxalis Acetosella.

SILENALS. | 120

Habitat. A common weed.

Quality. Astringent, aromatic.

Uses. In nephritic disorders.

2. G. maculatum Linneeus.—(ALUM-R00T.) Ei

Stem somewhat angular, erect, dichotomous, hairy backwards ; leaves in
3-5 divisions, cut, toothed, those next the root on long stalks, the
uppermost opposite and sessile ; petals entire. :

Habitat. United States.

Quality. Root extremely astringent.

Uses. Gargles ; diarrhoea, chronic dysentery, cholera infantum, hemorrhages, gleet,
gonorrhea, &e.

Eropium. JL’ Heritier.

Flowers regular. Stamens 10, half being sterile.
1. E. moschatum Willdenow.

Stem procumbent ; leaves pinnatifid, the segments on short stalks, ovate,

unequally cut, serrated; peduncles many-flowered, covered with |

glandular pubescence.

Habitat. South of Europe.
Quality. Astringent, aromatic, musky.

THE SILENAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 495.)

Patural Orvers of Silenals.
Silenavs, or Cloveworts (Caryophyllacew.) Polypetalous, symmetrical
Leaves opposite, without stipules. :

Purslanes (Portulacacee.) Polypetalous, unsymmetrical. (Sepals 2).

Buckwheats (Polygonacee.) Apetalous. Leaves alternate, with
ochreate stipules.

Natural Order, Silenavs, or Cloveworts ; * Caryophyllacee (V. K., p. 496.
Prevailing Quality. Saponaceous ; poisonous.

Acrostemma, Linnwus.
Calyx with 5 long leafy teeth, naked. Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsule
completely 1-celled. 7
l. A. Githago Linnzeus.—(Corn-cocKEt.) ad the
Petals blunt ; segments of the calyx longer than both the tube and th
petals. ee

Habitat. Corn-fields ; annual. ec
Quality and Uses. Seeds contain saponine, a poisonous principle ; they render set
unwholesome when ground among corn.

Vacoaria. De Candolle. bo
Calyx 5-toothed, naked, angular, winged. Stamens 10. Styles

Capsule 4-toothed. oo
1. V. vulgaris Host. Saponaria Vaccaria Linn.—(SoaPwort.)

Stem erect, smooth; leaves lanceolate, connate at the base; 10
loosely corymbose. ; ,

__* It seems desirable to chan the name of Cloveworts, because of the i in name of the 6
ps Clove, a type of this order, and the Clove of the shopes which belewes ty danni bisoons. se

ALS, Fe} PURSLANES.

a abitat. Europe, in fields and on hills ; an annual,
Quality and Uses. Roots contain saponine ; herbage said to increase the milk of cows.

Natural Order, Purslanes ; Portulacacee (V. K., p. 500.)
Prevailing Quality. Insipidity.

arti Portutaca. Linneeus.
Calya bifid, deciduous, leaving behind a circular base. Stamens 8-15,
__ distinct. Stigmas 6. Capsule circumscissile.

l. P. oleracea Linnewus.—(Purstane.) Fig. 177.

Stem and branches fleshy, prostrate ; leaves wedge-shaped, succulent ;
flowers solitary, sessile, yellow ; sepals bluntly keeled.

V7

Habitat. Cultivated in gardens.
Antiscorbutic, refrigerant.

Uses, ves a common potherb, and salad.

Natural Order, Bucktoheats ; Polygonacee (V- K., p. 502.)
Prevailing Quality. Purgative, astringent.

- Potyeonum. Linneeus.
Calyee 4.5-cleft, more or less coloured. Stamens variable in number, in 2 |
rows, generally with glands at the base. Styles more or less united at

- P. Hydropiper Linneus.—(Water Perrer.) Fig. 179.

ous ; flowers hexandrous, with glandular dots.

si tn

Fig. 177.—a, a twig of Portulaca oleracea, natural size; b, section of the flower of Portulaca olerace - ‘

the bas ie Mut invested by the permanent calyx. Embryo lateral. | wae :
es lanceolate; ochree with short fringes ; spikes filiform, lax, pendu- oo

SILENALS. 122 noo

Habitat. Ditches. ~
Quality. Very acrid, diuretic.
Uses. Leaves are vesicant, but
they require to be fresh. ia
2. P. Bistorta Linneus.—
(Bistort.) Fig. 178.
Leaves oblong-ovate,rather
cordate and wavy; peti-
oles winged; flowers in
a dense terminal spike. —
Habitat. Meadows. :
Quality. Powerfullyastringent; —
tonic. e
Uses. Decoctionin leucorrhea —
and gleet, spongy gums, —
relaxed sorethroat,hemor-
rhages, fluxes; intermit-
tents.

“\ 3. P. amphibium Linneus. —
| Stems creeping, root-like;

bi leaves stalked, gene- a
Ny; rally floating, ovate-
| lanceolate, more oF

less acute, single
ribbed, minutely ser-
rated, smooth, bright
green, slightly heart-
shapedatthe base; st-
pules abrupt, smooth;
flowers in dense, ova
bracteated heads; sta-
mens 5; styles 4
united at base; stig
mas globular, red.
Habitat. Ponds, ditches, and

places. 3
Uses. The root-like stems bear some
resemblance to ga
and are substituted for the
foreign drug by the herbalists of :
Nancy ; it is said that ae
bles true Sarsaparilla in its Pro"
perties,and thatthe apothecaries -
and druggists of use
it in preference. :
4. P. aviculare Linneus.—
(Knot Grass). Fig. 180.
Stems prostrate, or nearly
leafy up to the ends; /ea”
lanceolate or oblong; ochre®
bifid, 6-nerved ;— fove
axillary ; nuts rugose.

178

Fig. 178.—Polygonum Bistorta.

123 BUCK WHEATS.

Waste places, every where.
aed and Uses. The small nuts reputed to be emetic and purgative.

Facorrrum. Tournefort. . a
P slygonum ; but embryo central, and flowers in panicled racemes.

ane: 180. P. avieulare; oe ance

SILENALS.

124 : BUCKWHEATS,

1. F. esculentum Meisner.—(Buckwueat.) Fig. 181.

Rumex. Linneus.

Sepals6, the3 inner larger,
growing, converging,
and finally concealing
the nut. Stamens 6.
Stigmas pencilled. Em-
bryo lateral.

1. R. alpinus Linnaeus. —
(Monx’s Ruvsars.)
Radical leaves roundish,
cordate, obtuse ; inner
sepals cordate, mem-
branous, entire, or
slightly toothed, with-

out a callus.

Habitat. Alps of Europe.

Quality. Root yellow, fleshy,
astrin; urgative,

Uses. rg = sin formerly,
but not so powerful.

2. R. Hydrolapathum Hud-
son.—(WaterR Dock.)
Fig. 182.

Leaves lanceolate, narrow-
ed at the base, with the
petiole flat on the upper
side; inner sepals ovate-
triangular, entire, or
slightly toothed, all cal-
liferous ; racemes pani-
cled, leafless.

_, Fig. 181.—a, flower of Fagopyrum esculentum, magnified; b, fruit of do.; 182. Rumex Hyd
Sepals concealing the fruit; b, one of the sepals.” :

thum ; a, ripe

Leaves sagittate, cordate, acuminate ;
racemes corymbose ; flowers white.

Habitat. Commonly cultivated.
Quality. Nuts filled with starchy
matter ; grateful to pheasants, —
Uses. The flour largely consumed as ~
food. Herbage ploughed in as~
a green-crop.

125 BUCK WHEATS.

Habitat, Ditches and ponds.
Quality. Root acrid, bitter, astrin-
gent, antiscorbutic.

Uses. Scurvy, skin diseases, rheu-

matism ; root a dentifrice,

and an astringent gargle.

3. R. Acetosa Linneeus. —
(Common Sorret.) Fig.
183.

_ Leaves sagittate or hastate,
veiny; flowers dicecious;
inner sepals roundish,
cordate, not calliferous,
with a deflexed scale at
the base.

_ Habitat. Woods and pastures.

Quality. Acid, astringent, slightly
nutritive, refrigerant. :

Uses. A pot-herb and salad; cool-

ing drinks.

Rueum. Linneus.

Sepals 6, withering. Sta-
mens. Stigmas discoid.
Nut naked, 3-winged,

vr tkee central. Fig.

oT

Na a Sz
4 Van
ACIS.
FOS
\ MA A af) Be
SEO ane
ERIN any BRASS :
Ses SU EEIS
OX SCOT AANA f
KOS A (- A a
CATR Qs
5 KGa ss S vas
“AS ES A
vs On Speoae

MAS ASSS\
DA Sass > PY is ~
f Seis Ne) GEIS
ee Oe

wa

CHENOPODALS. 126 NYCT.

Habitat. Chinese Tartary.
Quality. This and the following astringent, tonic, purgative. ‘
Uses. Asa purgative in diarrhoea, dyspepsia; as an external application in healing
indolent ulcers. Supposed to be Russian Rhubarb.
2. R. undulatum Linneus. :
Leaves oval, obtuse, extremely wavy, when young covered with short white —
hairs ; petioles crimson, semi-cylindrical, with elevated edges. a
Habitat. Siberia. s
Quality and Uses, As in the last. Supposed to be Russian Rhubarb, Saree.
3. R. Hmodi Wallich. : .
Leaves roundish, cordate, entire, rather wavy, very rough ; with angular ss
rough petioles. a
Habitat, Himalayah. .

Quality and Uses. As in the last, but more astringent, and less aromatic. Its root is 4
Himalayan Rhubarb. . a

Coccotopa. Linneus.

Calyx becoming pulpy and investing the bony nut. Hmbryo central.
l. C. woifera Linneeus.—(SEAsIDE GRAPE.)
Leaves orbicnlar, cordate, coriaceous, shining, entire ; a small tree.

Habitat. Sea-coast in West Indies.
Quality. Astringent, sub-acid.
Uses. Fruit succulent, eatable ; extract found extremely astringent. Jamaica Kino.

THE CHENOPODAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 505.)
Patural Orvers of Chenoporals,

Pyctagus (Nyctaginacee.) Calyx tubular, becoming bony at the beste
Pbytolaccays (Phytolaccacee.) Sepals distinct. Carpels several.
Chenapays (Chenopodiacee.) Sepals distinct. Carpel single.

Natural Order, Pyctagus; Nyctayinacee (V. K., p. 506.)
Prevailing Quality. Purgative.

Mrrasiuis. Linneus.

Involucel resembling a calyx, l-flowered. Calyx petaloid, funnel-shaped.
Stamens 5. Stigma capitate. Fruit a corrugated false nut, formed
out of the hardened base of the ealyx.

1. M. Jalapa Linneus.—(Marvet or Perv.) Fig. 185. ne

Leaves ovate, cordate, smooth ; flowers clustered ; tube of calyx twice .
long as the limb, the segments of which are nearly entire.

Habitat. Tropics of both hemis ‘

Quality. Roots drastic, perenne vie: old ; inert when young.

6

Natural Order, PHhytolaccays; Phytolaccacewe
(V. K., p. 508.)
Prevailing Quality. Emetic, narcotic.

Puytonacca. Linneus.

Calyx 5-parted. Stamens 8-10. Stigmas 8-10.

1 Berry 8-10-celled, each cell one-seeded._

i ¢ decandra Linneeus.—(Pocan Busu.) Fig. 186.
lowers with 10 stamens and 10 styles.

- Habitat, United States.

= Quality. _ Purgative, emetic, narcotic ; leaves acrid. :
ss. Like those of Guaiacum ; against chronic rheumatism
and syphilitic pains. Young tender blanched shoots
eatable when boiled ; pulp of berries employed in the

teration of wine. Root an emetic,

“igh nearly to Ipecacuanha. Bige-
vd Says, that “from abundant experience,
it 18 Satisfied that, when properly prepared,

_ NY operates in the same doses and with the
Same certainty” as that drug. Its exhibi-
tion sometimes attended by slight narcotic
Gane Reareire applied it excites a

eat and smarting ; cures psora

and tenia capitis, i

a
ee a ot ne eg

, Fig. 185.—Mirabilis J ; fruit ; 186, Flowers of Phy-
tolacea alapa; a, a flower cut perpendicularly ; 5, the ripe fruit ; 15.
: dra ; a, the ripe fruit. _~

CHENOPODALS. 1 2 8

Natural Order, Chenapoys; Chenopodiacee (V. K., p- 512.)
Prevailing Quality. Insipid ; rarely aromatic and stimulating.

Beta. Linneeus.

Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens 5, inserted ona fleshy ring, surrounding the ovary.

Fruit adhering to the calyx, and collected in clusters of 2 or 3.

1. B. vulgaris Linneus.—(Garven Bert.) Fig. 187.

Root large, fleshy, succulent; radical leaves ovate, obtuse, somewhat
cordate. :

187
Habitat, South of Europe. :
Quality. Roots sugary, nutritious. ;
Uses. As food for man and cattle ; leaves like cabbage, but earthy and unpleasant.

Sprvacta. Linneeus.

Flowers polygamo-dicecious. g Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4. 2 Calyx

2-3-cleft ; styles 4. Fruit connate with the hardened calyx.
1. S. oleracea Linnxus.—(Srrv acu.)
Leaves hastate, oblong-ovate.
Habitat. Levant.
Quality. Insipid, nutritious.
Uses. Leaves a common pot-herb.

AtriPLex. Linneus. a

Flowers polygamo-moneecious. 3 or § Calyx 3-5-parted. Stamens

0, 9 Calyx compressed, 2-lobed, or 2-parted. =
1. A. hortensis Linnzus.—(Garpen Oracu.) 2
_ An annual; leaves cordate, triangular, the upper rather hastate; calyx

fruit roundish ovate, netted, entire.
Habitat. Commonly cultivated.
Quality. Leaves insipid, nutritious. Seeds emetic ?
Uses. Leaves an old-fashioned pot-herb.

Satsota. Linneeus.

Sepals 5; with a transverse appendage at the back when ripe. Stamens &
l. 8. Kali Linneus. ;
Leaves subulate, spiny at the point; ripe sepals cartilaginous,

acuminate segments as long as the round spreading appendages.
Habitat. Salt marshes of Europe.
Quality. Saline.

Uses. A common source of soda.

Fig. 187.—a, flower of Beta vulgaris much magnified ; b, its fruit, natural size ; c, the same

CHENOPODALS. 129 CHENOPODS.

SALICORNIA. Linneeus.

Calyx fleshy, entire, sunk in an excavation of the rachis. Stamens 1 or 2.
1. S. annua Smith.—(Sautrwort.) Fig. 188.

Stem herbaceous; calyxes placed in a triangle.

Habitat. Salt marshes.

wality. Saline. ;

ses. Shoots, when young, pickled, and sold under the
false name of Samphire. A source of soda.

CuENopopium. Linneus.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Calys 5-cleft, without
appendages. Sta-
mens 5. Urtricle de-

pressed, bF

. C. olidum Curtis.—
(Stinking Goosr- << Ff
FOOT.) aot.
. iF
Leaves rhomboid-ovate, |
entire, hoary with
meal; racemes leaf- s
less; seeds shining, WW
finely dotted. :
Habitat. Waste ground,es- > | \
pecially at the foot of | A43 d)> i

walls, TR
Prality. Nauseously fetid. ““\od/ §
oo gahes antispasmodic \

emmenagogue; a Om |
Popular remedy in much gy |
_-‘Tepute.

C. Botrys Linneus. ey 7

Ambrina Spach.— 4
(JERUSALEM Oak.) si
Fig. 189, 189
Leaves pinnatifid, sinu- ; : a
ous, obtuse, covered with viscid glands, racemes axillary and terminal,
naked. :
— South of Europe.

aunty. Fragrant, expectorant ; anthelmintic.
8. Catarrh, and humoral asthma.

©. anthelminticum Linneus.—{WORMSEED.)

_ and serrate ; racemes spicate, naked, axillary, and terminal. —

abitat, United States. :

sch hae ng scented, somewhat aromatic. « s

#8. Seeds yield Wormseed oil ; both employed in the expulsion of sede
3 ee ee ee

| Fig. 188.—Salicornia annua ; 189. Chenopodium Botrys-

ee :

ves smoothish, oblong, narrowed to the base, acute, unequally sinuate

ee a ~ “$80

THE PIPERAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p.. 515.)

Natural Orders of Piperals.
Prppervarts (Piperacee.) Ovule erect. Leaves usually alte
Chlaranths (Chloranthacee.) Ovule suspended. Leaves opp

with intermediate stipules.

Natural Order, Pepperwarts ; Pipe
(V. K., p. 618.)

Prevailing Quality. Pungent,

lant, aromatic. ree

190

Fig. 190.—Leaf of Piper nigrum; 191. P. trioicum in flower.

1S} PEPPERWORTS.

Piper. Miquel.

Woody. Spikes solitary, opposite the leaves. Flowers sessile, polygamo-
_diccious. Bracts oblong, sessile, decurrent.

1. P. nigrum Linneus.x—(Buack Perper, Wurre Perper.) Fig. 190.

Lower leaves roundish ovate, nearly equilateral, pale beneath, dotted when
young; amenta 6 or 9, filiform, pendulous.

mittent fevers, relaxed es
uvula, gonorrhoea, para-
pig lysis of the tongue,
_/~ 9, P.trioicum Roxburgh.

Fig. 191. cna

_Srewer; amenta polygamous, ¢ filiform, @ stiffer and shorter.
Fig. 192.—Leaf and flowers of

K ‘ eles = :

Uses. In cookery ; inter- — ne

leaves cordate, obliquely elliptical, acuminate, the uppermost yin

PIPERALS. 132 PEPPERWORTS.

Habitat. East Indies.
Quality and Uses. Like the last, but more pungent.

* Cuavica. Miquel.

Woody. Spikes solitary, opposite the leaves. Flowers sessile, diccious.
Fruit sessile. Bracts stalked, quadrangular, peltate. Style 0.

1. C, Roxburghii Miquel.—(Common Lone Peppsr.) Fig. 192.

Rather hairy ; lower leaves roundish ovate, 7-nerved; female spikes cyli
drical, about as long as their stalk.

Habitat. Bengal.

Quality and Uses. Yields the common

Long Pepper of the shops ; see
C. officinarum,

2. C. offcinarum Miquel. Piper
longum Linneeus. — (Java
Lone Perrer.) Fig. 193.

Smooth ; lower leaves ovate-cor-
date, 3-5 nerved; female
spikes cylindrical, short,
rather narrowed at the point.

Habitat. Indian Archipelago.
Quality and Uses, Same as Piper
nigrum ; said to be more acti
3. C. Betle Miquel. £7
Betle Linneous. — (BE
PEPPER.) ;
Leaves smooth, the lower
broadly cordate, acuminate,
7-9-nerved; female sp!
4 short, reflexed, on
194 stalks.

_ Habitat. All over the East Indies. ea
_ Quality and Uses. The leaf wrapped round the Areca, witha little quicklime, is
by Oriental nations as a stimulating narcotic and astringent: but it is w
what its precise quality is,
mee nt Cusrpa, Miquel. .
Woody. Spikes solitary, opposite the leaves. Flowers dicious.
stalked. Bracts sessile.

1. C, officinalis Miquel. Piper Cubeba Linnzeus.—(CuBEBs.)

rabies o. smooth, rather large ; fruit globose, shorter than t i
stalks, :

z a aera aneenremr a e IE TES Sasee

Fig. 194,—Cubeba canina.

PIPERALS. 133 PEPPERWORTS.

Quality. Acrid, aromatic, stomachic, stimulant of the urinogenital apparatus, aphro-
_ disiac, diuretic.
Uses. Gonorrhcea, cleet, leucorrhcea ; dyspepsia. 4}

. O. canina Miquel.—(Cusess.) Fig.
| 194.

Leaves membranous, hairy ; fruit round-
ish-ovate, almost longer than their

stalks.

Habitat. Java.
Quality and Uses. According to Blume, this fur-
nishes part of the Cubebs of the shops.

ARTANTHE. Miquel.

Woody. Spikes solitary, opposite the
leaves. Flowers 6. Style0. Bracts
peltate or cucullate.

l. A. elongata Miquel. Piper angustifo-
lium Ruiz and Pavon. — (Matico
_ Puant.) Fig. 195.
Leaves short-stalked, harsh, oblong-lanceo-
late, acuminate, tessellated on the
upper side, because of the sunken
veins.
Habitat. Peru.

pity: _ Powerful styptic.

%63. Diseases of genital organs and rectum ;
: haemorrhages ; also as Cubebs, ;

Macrorirrer. Miquel.

Woody. Spikes clustered, _ axillary.
Flowers dicecious.

embranous, equal-sided, broadly
ovate, roundish, deeply cordate, with
-10 nerves,

itat. Society Islands,
_ Stimulating narcotic, sudorific, aro-

- Matic,
Use. Chronic rheumatism ; venereal diseases.

CR gc ante Un eS

sess isan

Fig. 195.—Leaf of Artanthe elongata. —

PIPERALS. 134

Natural Order, Chlaranths ; Chloranthacee (V.K., p. 519.)

Prevailing Quality. Aromé

stimulant.

Cutorantuus. Swartz.

Bracts seale-like. Antherslo
2-or-4-celled. Stigma se
sile. A drupe. —

1. C. officinalis Blume.

Leaves oblong, acuminate,
shining, with glandul
ratures ; bracts dotted
glands.

Habitat, Java, oe

Quality. Aromatic, fragrant,
fully stimulant. d

Uses. Spasms, typhoid fevers, 0
nant small-pox.

2. C. inconspicuus Swartd.
>| ae | (The Cuv-Lay.)

{ Leaves thin, obovate, crenate
dentate, with blunt gla
serratures ; bracts W
glands. ;

Habitat. China.

Quality, Like the last.

Uses. Spikes of flowers scent

ina, oe

THE MALVAL ALLIA}
(V. K., p. 359.)

Patural Orvers af

Byttnerians (Bytine
Stamens monadel
partly sterile.

fAallow-worts (J
Stamens columnar,

fect.
Linvenbloams ( 24

Stamens separate.

Fig. 196.—Leaf of Theobroma Cacao.

MALVALS. 135 BYTTNERIADS.

Natural Order, Byttneriaus; Byttneriacee (V. K., p. 363.)
Prevailing Quality. Uncertain.

THEOBROMA. Jussieu.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, arched at the base, and extended into a strap. Fruit
fleshy, 5-celled. Seeds lying in buttery pulp.

1. T. Cacao Linneus.—(Cocoa or Cuocorate Tree.) Fig. 196.

Leaves quite entire, ovate-oblong, acuminate, smooth and the same colour

on both sides.

Habitat. West Indies.

Quality. Somewhat astringent, oily, nutritious.
Uses, Forms chocolate with Vanilla, &c.

Guazuma. Plumier.

Sepals 5, more or less combined. Petals 5, 2-horned. Capsule woody,
warted, valveless, 5-celled, pierced by many perforations.

1. G. ulmifolia Lamarck.

Leaves when full-grown oblong, unequally toothed, smooth on each side.

Habitat. West Indies.

Quality. Mucilaginous, sudorific. j :
Uses. Sweet succulent fruit, eaten in Brazil ; bark in cutaneous diseases.

Natural Order, Mallow-warts; Malvacewe (V. K., p. 369.)
Prevailing Quality. Mucilaginous.

Auroma. Linneus.

Calyx 5-cleft, surrounded by a 6-9-cleft involucel. Styles numerous.
Fruit as in Malva. . :

1. A. officinalis Linnseus.—(Marsu Mattow. —GuIMAUvE Fr.) ;

Leaves soft and hoary on each side, the lower 5-lobed, the upper 3-lobed.

Habitat. Meadows in Europe.

Quality. Demulcent, pectoral. 4)

Uses. As Malva sylvestris ; injections in difficult parturition.

2. A. rosea Cavanilles.—(HotLYHock.) g

Stem tall, straight, hairy ; leaves cordate, 5-7-angled, crenate, rugose +

| flowers axillary, sessile, or forming terminal spikes; petals hairy at base.

Habitat. South of Europe.

Quality. Flowers mucilaginous, demulcent. Leaves dye blue.
Uses. “ As the last.

: Anetmoscuus. Medicus.
_ Anvolucel of from 8-15 bracts. Carpels many-seeded, Seeds smooth, or
. hairy along a dorsal line. Corolla spreading flat. : 0
. ae esculentus Wight and Arnott. Hibiscus esculentus Linn.—(OcHRO.
-Goxso.) : j

tem unarmed ; leaves cordate, 5-lobed, toothed ; bracts 10, deciduous ;
___ ealyxes bursting laterally.

: hey Both Indies.

: “ty. Fruit extremely mucilaginous.

: Use. “In thickening soups ; leaves as poultices.

136

MALLOW-WORTS.

2. A. moschatus W. and A. Hibiscus Abelmoschus Linn.-

(Musk-szEp.) Fig. 197, :
Leaves rather peltate, cordate, 7-angled, acuminate, serrated ;

stem hispid; bracts 8-9; capsule bristly.
Habitat, Tropical America and Asia.
Quality. Seeds musky, stimulating, cordial, stomachie. 4
Uses. Tincture against serpent bites ; seeds said to be roasted along

with coffee by the Arabs,

197

Matva. Linneus.

Calyx 5-cleft, in a 3-leaved involucel.
Styles numerous, connate down-
wards. Fruit orbicular, many.
celled, with a convex centre.

1. M. sylvestris Linnseus.—(Commoy
Mattow.) Fig. 198,

Leaves angular, 5-7-lobed; peduneles
in clusters, erect after flowering
valves of the fruit netted.

Habitat. Hedges and roadsides.

Quality. Emollient, demulcent.
Uses. Decoction in irritation of pulmonary

and urinary organs, tenesmus; poultices
in external inflammation,

Gossypium. Linnceus.

Bracts 3, leafy, connate at the base,
and toothed, Car-
pels many -seeded
Seeds buried |

wool.

1. G. herbaceum
nzeus.—(COTTON.
Leaves 5-lobed, pale
mate, with a —
gland on the und
side, lobes rounded,
mucronate ;_ bracts
serrated ; stem
smooth.

Habitat, East Indies, :

Quality and Uses, Cotton-wool, applied to ye
allays pain and irritation; it is the dé
manufacturing substance from which p ; ta
a vast majority of modern linen fabrics; >
it is weak and perishable.

2. G. barbadense Linneeus. Yields An

cotton.

198

Fig. 197.—Seed of Abelmoschus moschatus, magnified; 198. Malva sylvestris.

1387: LINDENBLOOMS.

Natural Order, Linvenblaams ; Tiliacew (V.K., p. 371.) _

Prevailing Quality. Mucilaginous, subastringent.

Corcuorus. Linneus.

Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5. Stamens 00. Capsule with 2-5 septi-
ferous valves. Seeds in 2 rows.

1. C. olitorius Linneeus. ;

ves ovate-oblong, serrated ; the lower serratures usually extended into a
bristle ; capsule oblong, taper, smooth.

Habitat, Tropical countries,

, Quality. Mucilaginous, insipid, nutritious.

/ } Uses, pot-herb,

Tina. Linneus.
Flowers growing from a thin membranous bract. Sepals 5, deciduous.

1. T. europea Linnzeus.—(Lime or Linpen Tree.) Fig. 199. —
4eaves roundish-cordate, oblique, hairy beneath, especially at the axils o
_the leaves,

: Woods of Northern Europe.

Inner bark makes Russian mats ; infusion of flowers in vertigo and am, oe
Against cough,

Fig. 199.—Tilia europea in flower.

Fibrous tunic very tough ; flowers sudorific, emollient ; bones 08 ai eae

CISTALS. 188 ROCK-ROSES,

THE CISTAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 348.)
Natural Orvers of Cistals.
Rock-roses (Cistacece). Flowers%/ or{/. Stamens 00.
Crucifers (Brassicacew). Flowers</. Stamens tetradynamous.
Capparins (Capparidacee). Flowers</. Stamens 00.

Natural Order, Rack-rases; Cistacew (V.K., p. 349.)

Prevailing Quality. Resinous, fragrant, stimulant.

Cistus. Linneus.

Sepals 5, the 2 outer unequal or deficient. Capsule 5-10 valved.
l. C. creticus Linneus.-_(Lapanum Busu. oo
Leaves ovate, obtuse, hairy, blunt, much wrinkled ; flowers purple ; style me
as long as the stamens.
Habitat. Candia, &e,
ity. Resinous juice stimulant.
Uses. In plaisters ; in perfumery, and pastiles ; as an expectorant.

Natural Order, Crucifers ; Brassicacece (V.K., p. 351.)
Prevailing Quality. Pungent, antiscorbutic.

Brassica. Linneeus. 3
Silique terete ; each valve with one straight dorsal rib, and_no lateral
veins, Seeds globose in one row. Embryo conduplicate O>>-
1. B. oleracea Linnzeus.—(Cappace.)
Leaves glaucous, never hispid ; siliques and calyx both erect.
Habitat. Sea-coast of Europe, on cliffs,
Quality. Antiscorbutic, nutritious.
Uses. A common pot-herb.
2. B. Rapa Linnzeus.—(T ryt.)
Leaves bright green, hispid ; root fleshy, succulent.
Habitat. France and the south of Europe.
Quality and Uses. Like the last,
3. B. Napus Linnzeus.—(R arn.)
Leaves glaucous, never hispid ; siliques spreading.
Habitat, North of Europe ?
Quality. Like the last, ,en-
Uses. | Seeds yield rape-oil ; the crushed residuum rape-cake ; much grown as @ gre
erop. as

Sivapis. Linneeus. ee
Silique terete ; the valves with 3 or 5 straight strong ribs. Seeds globose
in a single row. Embryo O>>. -

139 CRUCIFERS.

1. 8. alba Linneus.—(Wauite MustarD.) :

_ Nearly smooth ; leaves pinnated ; valves of the silique 5-nerved, terminated
by a sword-shaped horn.

Habitat. Fields.

Quality, As in S. nigra, but milder.

Uses. Seeds in torpor of digestive organs ; young leaves as salad,

2. S. nigra Linneus.—(Biack Mustarp.)

- Rough with hispid hairs ; leaves lyrate ; silique short, bluntly quadrangular,
_ pressed close to the axis, without a sword-shaped point.

Habitat. Fields,

Quality. Acrid, stimulant, volatile, pungent, diuretic ; oil purgative. _

Uses. Seeds produce vomiting ; employed in dyspepsia, dropsy, intermittents, and for
forming sinapisms ; distilled water has been used against itch.

Rapnanvs. Linneus.

Silique indehiscent, spongy, somewhat jointed. Embryo O>>.

l. R. sativus Linneus.—(RaDIsH.) :

Siliques terete, acuminate, hardly longer than their stalks ; roots fleshy,
annual.

Habitat. Commonly cultivated.

Quality, Roots sub-acrid, succulent and tender when young.
Uses. A well-known esculent vegetable.

Crampe, Linneeus.

Silicle indehiscent, of 2 unequal joints, of which the upper is globose, the
lower obsolete. Hmbryo O>>. :

l. C. maritima Linneus.—(Sea Kats.) Fig. 200.

Leaves roundish, sinuated, wavy, toothed, czsious ;

the longer filaments forked.

Habitat. Sea-coast, in clay.

ity. Antiscorbutic, nutritive, acrid when old.

Uses. “The blanched sprouts a favourite esculent vegetable.

CaRDAMINE. Linneeus.

Silique compressed, with flat nerveless valves. Stigma

capitate. Seeds in one row. Embryo accum- 200

bent 'o —

- ©. pratensis Linneeus.—(CUCK00-FLOWER.)

aves pinnate ; leaflets roundish-ovate, of the upper

petals obovate, 3 times as long as the calyx.

Habitat, Meadows. :

Quality. Flowers stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic, nervine.
stay Epilepsy, cholera, spasmodic asthma,

leaves linear, entire ;

Nasturtium. Brown. :

Silique short, cylindrical ; valves convex, with scarcely any nerves. Stigma
capitate. “Seeds in 2 irregular rows. Embryo O=-

ee pe

: | Fig. 200,—The stamens of Crambe maritima magnified.

CISTALS. 140

1. N. officinale Brown.—(Watercress.) Fig. 201.

Leaves pinnated ; leaflets repand, the lateral elliptical, the terminal ovate,
rather cordate.

Habitat. Running streams.

Quality. Pungent, antiscorbutic.

Uses, A favourite salad.

Cocutgaria, Linnceus.
Silicle globose, with very convex valves. Seeds numerous. Embryo

1. C. officinalis Linneeus.—(Scurvy-erass.) Fig. 202. :

Radical leaves broadly ovate, rather cordate ; the upper amplexicaul ; valves
of the silicle one-ribbed. An annual.

Habitat. Sea-coast of Europe.

Quality. Stimulant, aperient, diuretic, antiscorbutic.

Uses. Visceral obstructions ; salads.

€

2. C. Armoracia Linneus.—(Horse-rapisu.) Fig. 203. ae
Radical leaves cordate, or obovate-oblong, crenate ; valves of the silicle
less. A tap-rooted perennial.

5 eotinelnan linet

embryo

. Fig. 201.—Nasturtium officinale ; a, the silique in the act of dehiscing; b, a seed; ¢, a0
Cochlearia officinalis; 6, its siliele in the act of dehiseing. Shoecae ag

‘ALS. 14a CRUCIFERS

abitat, Meadows of Europe. 203
es, A Pungent, acrid, stimulant, vesicant. seer S
~~ 4 condiment ; masticatory ; hoarseness ; in infusion in eases of poisoning. =

Sider : Leripium. Linneeus. ae
He roundish, with compressed valves keeled at the back. Seeds lineach
Embryo incumbent © ||, with multifid cotyledons. — ee

Fig. 203.—Colchlearia Armoracia in flower.

ee ;

CISTALS. 142 CAPPART

1. L. sativum Linneeus.—(GARDEN-CRESS.) :
Lower leaves stalked, irregularly cut, lobed, pinnate ; silicles roundish
winged, emarginate, pressed close to the rachis. Bee

Habitat. Waste places.

Quality. Pungent, antiscorbutic. 2

Uses. A common vegetable, esculent when only the first leaves after germination have
been formed, rae

Natural Order, Capparits ; Capparidacee (V. K., p. 357.)
Prevailing Quality. Acridity.

Capparis. Linneus.

Calyx 4-parted. Petals 4. Carpophore slender. Stamens 00. Berry

with a rind, oe

1. C. spinosa Linneus.—(Carer Busu.) Fig. 204. : ;

Leaves roundish, blunt, or emarginate ; stipules

spiny, curved,
Habitat. South of Europe. :

Quality. Antiscorbutic, stimulant, aperient. a

Uses. Young buds as “Capers,” a well-known

pickle ; bark of root diuretic ?

Potantsta. Rafinesque.

Sepals 4, spreading. Petals 4. Stamens
8-32. Silique sessile, or with a short
stalk. ae

1. P. viscosa De Candolle. Cleome dode-
candra and icosandra Linneus.

, Hairy, glandular ; leaflets 3-5, obovate, eune
ate, or oblong ; stamens 8-16 ; pod ses-
sile, striated, glandular. =

Habitat. East Indies.

Quality. Leaves pungent, like Mustard.

Uses. Leaves to form sinapisms ; root as &
fuge. ‘

Crat&va. Linneus.

Sepals 4. Petals 4, larger. Stamens 8-28. Berry stipitate, with a thin

_ tind, pulpy internally. eo

Te. gynandra Linneus.—(Gartic Pear.) iF ee

eaves ovate, acute ; stamens 20-24, inserted on a cylindrical stipe, 10

, than the petals. .
_ Habitat. Jamaica.

— Quality. Bark of root blisters like Cantharides.

Fig. 204.-Capparis spinosa.

143 MAGNOLIADS.

THE RANAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 416.)

‘Patural Orders of Ranals.

Magnolias (Magnoliacee.) Carpels distinct. Stipules convolute.
Flowers </.

Anonavs (Anonacew.) Carpels distinct. Stipules 0. Corolla valvate.
Flowers ¢/.

Crofoots (Ranunculacee.) Carpels distinct. Stipules 0. Corolla
imbricated.

Poppywarts (Papaveracee.) Carpels consolidated. Placente parietal.

Natural Order, Magnolias; Magnoliacee (V. K., p. 417.)
Prevailing Quality. Bitter, tonic. 205

Drrmis. Forster.

Carpels crowded, berried, many-
seeded. Connective broad,
and disjoining the anther-

cells,
1. D. Winteri Forster.—(Wrn-
TER’S Bark Tree.) Fig. 205.

Leaves dotted, oblong, obtuse,
very glaucous beneath ;
flowers corymbose ; sepals
23.

Habitat. Mountainous parts of South
: Quality. Bark stimulant, aromatic,
tonic,

Uses, As Cinnamon ; in scurvy.

Inticium. Linneus.

Carpels whorled, one-sided,

pening near the upper end.

oe Sepals 3-6 petaloid.

7‘ @nasatum Linneeus.— (Star

_ ANISE Pranr.)

“aves evergreen, smooth, dot-

st petals about 30, yel-

lowish, the outer oblong,

the inner subulate.

abitat. China and Japan.

_ ae Fruit aromatic, smelling like Anise, carminative.
* In preparation of liqueurs.

Cha ee

nem

Fig. 205.—Small branch in flower of Drymis Winteri.

a 144 ANO.

Maenotia. Linneeus.

Carpels spiked, arranged in cones, opening at the dorsal suture. Seeds
pendulous by a long umbilical cord. -

1. M. glauca Linneeus.—(Swamp Sassarras.)

Leaves thin, elliptical, obtuse, glaucous beneath ; petals ovate concave. —

Habitat. United States, :

Quality. Bark and fruit bitter, aromatic, febrifugal.

Uses. As Cinchona; in chronic rheumatism.

Liriopenpron. Linneeus.

Carpels spiked, arranged in cones, indehiscent, winged at the end.
1. L. tulipifera Linneus.—(Tuur Tres.)
Leaves truncate, 4-lobed. :

Habitat. United States.
Quality and Uses, As in the last.

Natural Order, Ananavs ; Anonacece (V. K., p. 420.)
Prevailing Quality. Aromatic.

Xytopia. Linneus.

Fruits on a convex receptacle, dry, indehiscent, cylindrical or moniliform.
Seeds several, adhering to the pericarp. i
1. X. aromatica Blume. Habzelia aromatica A. De Candolle.— (AFRICAN
Pepper.) '
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, smooth, glaucous beneath ; fruits taper,
- moniliform,
_ -Habitat, Sierra Leone.
Quality. Aromatic, pungent, stimulant. ‘
_ Uses. As pepper ; the fruit is the Piper Aithiopicum of authors,
2. X. glabra Linnzeus.—(Brrrer-woop.)
Leaves oblong-ovate, smooth, dotted ; fruit oblong, stipitate.
Habitat. West Indies. os
Quality. All the parts aromatic and intensely bitter.
3. X. grandiflora St. Hilaire. Uvaria febrifuga Martius. silk
Leaves elliptical, lanceolate, acute, pubescent above, downy beneath :
petals 3-cornered, each with 2 auricles.
Habitat. Brazil,
ig Fruit aromatic, tonic.
_ Uses. A valuable remedy for fevers in Brazil.

Natural Order, €rowfants ; Ranunculacew (V. K., p. 425.)
Prevailing Quality. Acridity, causticity.

> Cuematis. Linnceus.
_ Sepals 4, valvate or induplicate. Petals 0. Carpels one-seeded ac

145 CROWFOOTS,

1. C. erecta Linneus.
‘Erect ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets ovate acuminate ; sepals smooth, downy at
the edge. :
Habitat. Europe.

._ Leaves extremely acrid and epispastic.

Uses. Unsafe vesicants ; in cachectic diseases.
2. C. Vitalba Linneous.—(TRAVELLER’s Joy.) Fig. 206.

climbing, woody ; leaflets 5, cordate, unequally cut, finely hairy ;
carpels with long feathery tails.

Habitat. ergata —F ‘ Wy

Quality. Fruit and leaves acrid and 7
vesicant ; dangerous if taken WY
internally. : =

Uses. Leaves as a rubefacient in
rheumatism.

3. C. re ammula Linnous.—(SweET VIRGIN’S-BOWER.)
Cin Fig. 207.

ae leaves bipinnate ; sepals oblong, obtuse.

Gui hi oe of Euro:
Uses, hen es powerfully epispastic ; flowers deliciously fragrant.

Avnemone. Linneeus.

eh - » imbricated, not distinguishable from the vita
nia soft, woolly, tailed, or tailless.

3 207. shoot of
Vitalba ; a, a portion of the inflorescence ; 6, an acheenium ; 207, Young
L

RANALS, 146

1. A. nemorosa Linneus—(Woop ANEmonE.) Fig. 208.

Rhizome creeping ; leaves ternate ; leaflets three-lobed cut ; bracts -_
like the leaves ; flowers solitary, erect, white.

Habitat. Woods of the n

Quality. Rhizome acrid,

Uses. Has been recommended,
nate cases of teenia.

orth of Europe.
vesicant.

along with other species, in rheumatism, and in obsti

Ranuncutus. Linneus.
Sepals 3-5. se Me a gland at their base. Ackeeia
mucronate. g 209.
1. R. Ficaria Siena eee Fig. 210. |
Leaves roundish cordate, shining, the upper ®
sepals 3.

Habitat. Plantations, lawns and meadows.
Quality. Subacrid, antiscorbutic.

Fig. 208.—A - a of the &
exhibited by g, the gland = 209. A petal of Ranunculus ; the distinctive mark ue

eiits 147 CROWFOOTS.

2. R. Flammula Linneus. Fig. 211.
_ Leaves lanceolate or linear ; stem many-flowered ; achenia smooth, with a
short point.

210 211

on itches and wet meadows.
- _upispastic, poisonous,
: Uses, Distilled water an active and useful emetic.
8. RB. acris Linneus,—(Upricnt CrowFooT-) as
“eaves palmated, with rather rhomboid cut divisions, the upper 3-parted ;
peduncles terete ; carpels lenticular, with a beak much shorter than
& € achzenium ; receptacle smooth.
“a rent
ee ike : a nee
Uses, “A ‘sia cpr a and epispastic.

Fig. 210.—Ranunculus — ; 211. R. Flam
i,

RANALS. 148 CROWFOOTS.

4. R. sceleratus Linneus. Fig. 212. i
Succulent, smooth, annual; lower leaves palmate, crenated, upper 3-parted}
head of achenia like a spike ; achzenia not keeled, finely wrinkled.

|

lige /

212
Habitat. Ditches everywhere. tidote.
Quality. Acrid, corrosive, very dangerous if taken internally ; water an am

HEuiEBorvs. Linnaeus.

Sepals 5, petaloid, permanent. Petals small, tubular, 2-lipped.

sessile, many-seeded. Fig. 218
1. H. niger Linneus—(Biack Hettenors. Curistmas Rose.) Fig. 4*?" =
Scape 1-2-flowered, with 2-3 oval bracts ; flowers whitish. I
Habitat. Shady woods of Central Europe. :
Quality. Drastic purgative, emmenagogue ; a narcotico-acrid poison.
Uses. Mania, epilepsy, dropsy, chronic skin diseases. ie )
2. H. orientalis De Candolle ; officinalis Sibthorp.—(ORIENTAL HELLE sie .
Scape 3-5-flowered, with lanceolate finely serrated bracts ; 8¢ .

flowers whitish.
Habitat, Asia Minor. .
Quality and Uses. As H. niger. The true Black Hellebore of the ancients.

Pollicles

Fig. 212.—Ranunculus sceleratus.

RANAIS. 149 cROWFOOTS.

3. H. foetidus Linnzeus.—(Stinkine HELLEBore.)
Scape many-flowered, leafy ; bracts oval ; stem leafy ; flowers green.
Habitat. Woods and waste places.

Quality. Leaves emetic, purgative, poisonous. Be
‘Uses. As an emmenagogue ; against the Ascaris lumbricoides.

Nieetita. Linnceus.

Sepals 5, petaloid. Petals minute, unguiculate, with a scale at the base.
Follicles 5 united into a
spuriously 10-celled cap-
sule.

_1.N. sativa Linneus.—(Buack

Cumin.) Fig. 214.

Involucre 0; capsules rough ;
seeds wrinkled trans-

; versely.

: Habitat. Corn-fields and gardens

in Europe.
ity. Seeds pungent, aromatic,
strong-smelling. :

Uses. As a condiment instead of
pepper ; pounded, as a sternu-
tatory.

— Detrniniom. Linneus.
Sepals 5, the upper spurred, Petals 4; the 2 upper having spurs plunged
___M the sepaline spur. Follicles 1-5, many-seeded.

ae much magnified.

_ Fig. 213.—Hetleborus niger ; 214. Nigella sativa ; a,a branchlet ; b, aseed

RANALS.

150

CROWFOOTS,

Fig. 215,—
magnified,

1. D. Consolida Linneus.
—(BRANCHING LaRk-
spur.) Fig. 215.

Stem straggling, much
branched; leaves fine-
ly cut; petals united
into 1; carpel soli-
tary. ’

Habitat. Corn-fields in Europe.

Quality. Seeds acrid, emetic.

Uses, ‘Tincture in asthma ; in

preparation of cosmetics.

2. D. Staphisagria Lin-
neeus,—(STAVESACRE:)
Fig. 216.

Leaves palmate, broad, 5-
cleft, with pallid
stains ; petals all dis-
tinct, beardless.

Habitat. South of Europe.

Quality, Seeds emetic, purga-
tive ; acrid, narcotic.

Uses. To destroy pediculi,
against worms, and itch.

Aconitum. Linneus.

Sepals 5, the upper galeate-
Petals 2, hammer-
headed. Follicles 3-5.

I, As Napellus Linneus-

— (Monk’s - 00D.) p

Fig. 217.

Roots clustered, fusiform ;
flowers purple, inerect
racemes ; young cal
pels divaricating.

216

Lenten

a, b ait : o oe
ranch of Delphinium Consolida ; 0, one of its seeds magn‘fied; 216. Seed of D.Staphis-

151

CROWFOOTS,

N.B.—Dr. Fleming’s
experiments prove
that the roots are

Es More active imme-

: diately after the

period of flowering

‘jan at any other

time, and that the
ves lose their

_ power when the
_ Seeds begin to form.

: seeds them-

Selves are compa-
; Yatively weak,

Habitat. Europe.

Quality. Root produces numbness and
tingling; an acrid narcotic poison.

Uses. Neuralgia, rheumatism, dropsy,
hypertrophy of the heart. Yields
Aconitina, “the most virulent
poison known.”— Pereira,

2. A. Cammarum Linneus. A.
paniculatum Storke.

Flowers white and blue, in strag-
gling panicles; young car-
pels incurved.

Habitat. Switzerland and Germany.

Quality and Uses. Like those of A.
Napellus, but extremely feeble.

3. A. ferow Wallich.:

Flowers purple, in rather loose
panicles ; helmet semicir-
cular; young carpels very
downy ; lobes of the leaves
much acuminated and diva-
ricating.

Habitat. Nepal.

Quality and Uses. Like those of A.
Napellus; but still more virulent.

Sn imett

Fig. 217.—Flowers of Aconitum Napellus ; 4, one of its roots.

RANALS, 152

4, A. Lycoctonum Linneus.—(Wotrspanz.) Fig. 218.
Flowers yellow ; petals with a filiform circinate spur.
Habitat. Switzerland.

Quality. _ Scentless, bitter, subacrid.
Uses. Similar’to those of A. Napellus, but much more feeble,

Acta#a. Linneeus.

Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4.
Carpel single, baccate.

1. A. spicata Linneus. — (BANz-
BERRY.) Fig. 219.

Leaves ternate, twice pinnate ; leaflets ovate-oblong,
incised ; racemes ovate.

Habitat. North of Europe.

Quality. Poisonous, antispasmodic, astringent.

Uses. Roots in catarrh.

Natural Order, Bappywarts ; Papaveracew (V.K., p. 430.)
Prevailing Quality. Narcotic, poisonous.

Papaver. Linneus.

Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 4, Stigma with from 4 to
20 rays,

1. P. somniferwm Linneus. — ( OPIUM
Poppy.)
Leaves oblong, amplexicaul, glaucous,
smooth ; capsule smooth,
Habitat, Syria. s
Quality. A stimulating narcotic ; aphrodisiac ? se
Uses. In fevers, inflammatory diseases, cholera,
insanity, delirium tremens, convulsive diseases;
venereal disorders, &c., &c. Seeds (of @
variety) called maw seeds, demulcent.

219

N.B.—From the wounded half-ri Site weld into opium.
a -ripe capsules flows the juice which concretes into opium.
-teinge the dried capsules the decoction, syrup, at pest of Poppies are prepared.
vo: + ereira justly observes, that these capsules or “heads” would be more active
if gathered before ripeness: when full grown and just when the first change &
colour is perceptible should be the best time to collect them. The seeds are not

narcotic, but yield a bland oil similar to that obtained from Olives.
, Fig. 218.—Flower of Aconitum Lycoctonum ; 219. Actza spicata; a, a perpendicular s bo

] 5 3 POPPYWORTS.

2, P. Rhocas Linnzeus.—(Corn
_ Poppy.) Fig. 220.
Leaves hispid, pinnate and bi-
pinnate ; capsule smooth,
obovate, roundish.
Habitat, Corn-fields.
Quality. Sub-narcotic.

Uses. Petals as a colouring ingre-
dient.

CxeLmontum. Linneus.

Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 4,
Capsules siliquose, 2-
_ Yalved ; opening from the
base to the apex.
1.0. majus Linneus.—( CELAN-
DINE.) Fig. 221.

Flowers in umbels; calyx nearly
smooth ; filaments broadest

upwards.

Habitat. Plantations and waste
i ing, acrid,
ity. Strong- smelling, cri

peg emetic, purgative,

isonous.

Tea! Feiee against warts, and opa-
cities of the cornea.

Arcemons. Tournefort.
Petals 4-6, Stigmas 4-7, a
ating, concave. Capsu
obovate, opening by valves
at the point.
ay ae
Fig. 220.—Papaver Rheeas; a, one of its seeds; 221. Chelidonium majus.

154 : POPPY WORTS.

1. A. meaicana Linneus. Fig. 222. ;
Leaves sessile, repand, sinuated, spiny, variegated with white ; flowers j
yellow.

Habitat. Common in tropical countries, derived from Mexico.
Quality. Narcotic, purgative, diuretic. £ 3 wo
Uses. Seeds instead of opium, and of ipecacuanha ; juice in ophthalmia, and as a7

application to chancres. ae

Saneuinaria. Linnecus.

Petals 8-12. Stigma 2. Capsule oblong, yentricose, with 2 deciduons —
valves and a persistent many-seeded frame. a

1. S. canadensis Linnwus.—(Puccoon. Broop Roor.) Fig: 223. deeply
Rhizome fleshy, with red juice; leaves solitary, radical, roundish, fe

cordate, with about 7 toothed angles ; flower solitary, radical.
Habitat. United States

crid, narcotic, emetic, ism, jaundicey
Uses. Rhizome in t sa Yasteasinte, catarrh, pertussis, croup, rheumatism, J

&e. Over-dose dangerous.

SoA See eee oo
Fig. 222,—Argemone mexicana, ie

156 THEADS.

HE GUTTIFERAL ALLIANCE
(V. K., p. 392.)

—Patural Orders of Guttiferals.

Theavs ( Ternstrémiacee. )
Leaves alternate.

Guttifers (Clusiacee.) Leaves
opposite. Seeds few. Petals

. equilateral.

Cutsans (Hypericacee.) Leaves

opposite. Seeds 00. Petals
oblique.

Natural Order, Cheays ; Ternstrimi-
acee (V.K., p. 396.)

_ Prevailing Quality. Stimulating,
subnarcotic.

Tura. Linneus.
Sepals 5.6. Petals 6-9, in two rows. Stamens nearly distinet. Capsule
-valved, septicidal. | |
“1. Bohea Linneus—(The Tra Prant.) Fig. 224.
224, Leaf of Thea Bohea.

See

Fig, 223,—Plant in flower of Sanguinaria canadensis ;

GUTTIFERALS. 15 6 GUTTIFERS.

Leaves coriaceous, flat, oblong-lanceolate or somewhat obovate, slightly
toothed. . a,

Habitat. Southerly districts of China. Quality and Uses. As in the last,

2. T. viridis Linneus.—(The Tea Prant.) Fig. 225.
Leaves thin, lanceolate, rather wavy,
¢ coarsely toothed.

Habitat. Northerly districts of China.

Quality. Astringent, antisoporific, sedative,
diluent, diaphoretic, diuretic.

Uses. A well-known beverage is prepared
from the leaves. Black tea is the leaf
more fermented than green tea.

Natural Order, Guttifers; Clusiacee
(V. K., p. 400.)

Prevailing Quality. Acrid, purgative.

Garomta. Linneus.

Flowers polygamous. Stamens more
or less united ; Anthers openmg
longitudinally. Fruit succulent, —
4-10-celled.

1. G. Mangostana Linneus.—(Max-
GOSTEEN.)

Leaves rather rhomboidal, obtuse;
male flowers fascicled ; females .
solitary, terminal ; fruit 6-10-
celled, about the size of an orange. —

Habitat. Indian Archipelago. Sees

Quality. Refrigerant, ane, ee laxative.

Uses. The most delicious of known fruits.

Heprapenpron. Graham.

Flowers polygamous. Stamens more
or less united; anthers circum: —
scissile. Fruit succulent, 410 :
celled. .

1. H. pictorium Christison.— (Mysore —

ampoce Tree.) Fig. 220.

Leaves oval, acute at each end ; pet
axillary, solitary; fruit re sf
furrowed when ripe ; oe

} itat. and Malabar.

_—. Gum resin hydragogue, and eigae cum -

se, Constipation, apoplexy, dropsy, tapeworm cases.

Fig. 225.—Leaf of Thea viridis,

295

| GUTTIFERALS. 157 GUTTIFERS.

2, epmborioides Graham. Cambogia Gutta Linn. —(CEYLON GAMBOGE

Leaves oval or slightly obovate, obtusely acuminate ; flowers axillary, aggre- |
: Bate ; fruit globose ; seeds 4. eee
eet Coron, nn

Fig. 226.—Hebradendron pictorium ; from the Pharmaceutical Journal, Vol. vi.» p- 69-

GUTTIFERALS. 1 5 8

Natural Order, Tutgans ; Hypericacee (V. K., p. 405.)
Prevailing Quality. Astringent, subacrid.

AnprosamuM. Allioni.
Capsule baccate, indehiscent.
1. A. officinale Allioni.—(TUTSAN.)
Branches quadrangular ; leaves ovate
or cordate, sessile.

Habitat. Woods.

Qualityand Uses. Anan-
cient and powerful
vulnerary ; bruised
leaves employed.

Hypericum. Lin-
neeus.

Capsule membran-
ous, 3-5 valved.

1. H. perforatum
Linnzus.—(Sr. ;
Jouy’s Wort.) Fig. 227.

Leaves opposite, ovate, obtuse, strongly
marked with clear transparent dots ;
flowers in terminal panicles.

Habitat. Groves, hedge waysi

Quality. eciatenk. Beceem

Uses. Gargles and lotions.

Vismta. Vandelli,

Berry membranous. Styles 5 ; stigmas’
peltate.

V. guianensis Persoon.— (AMERICAN
GameEoce.)

Stem 4-cornered ; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, dilated at the base, short-
stalked, rufous beneath, smooth above.

Habitat, Guiana.

Quality. Resin acrid, purgative.

Uses. As those of Gamboge.

\~ ‘ 4
Sa
\. en

ae

THE FICOIDAL ALLIANCE (VB
p- 523.)

Prevailing Quality. Mucilaginous, insipid.

TETRAGONIA. Linneus.
(Natural Order. Aizoons.)

Calyx 4-cleft, adherent ; by degrees gaining several horn-like processes:

Nut bony, adherent, winged or horned. ————

Fig. 227.—Hypericum perforatum.

- FICOIDALS. 159 s FICOIDALS.

1. T. expansa Aiton.—(New Zeatanp Srrvacu.) Fig. 228.

A trailing succulent annual; leaves stalked, ovate, rhom-
_ boid; fruit 4-horned, 6-8-seeded.

_ Habitat. New Zealand.

Quality and Uses. Cultivated in gardens for its mucilaginous, insipid,

succulent foliage; used instead of Spinach.

Metioca. Lindley.

(Natural Order. Basellads.)

Calyx membranous, 5-parted, free, stellate. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded.
1. M. tuberosa Lindley. Ullucus tuberosus.—(The MELLOCO.) Fig. 229.
_ Leaves reniform, cordate; flowers in short axillary spikes.

229

“Habitat, Peru,
; ity. Mucilaginous, amylaceous, nutritious. A
Uses, Tubers employed Hike potatoes 5 leaves insipid, as Spinach.

THE DAPHNAL ALLIANCE (V.- K., p- 529.)
Orders of Baphnals.
_ -Baphnavs (Thymelacew.) Anther-valves straight. |
__ Raurels (Lawracee.) Anther-valves recurved. a

panded flower.
Fig, 228.—Fruit of Tetragonia expansa ; 220. Melloca tuberosa 5 4 90 &

DAPHNALS. 160

Natural Order, Baphnays; Thymelacee (V. K., p. 530.)
Prevailing Quality. Acridity.

Darune. Linneeus.

Calyx long, tubular, naked at the mouth. Stamens 8. Hypogynous
scales 0. Fruit a drupe.

1. D. Mezereum Linneus.—(Mezerron.) Fig. 230.

Leaves deciduous ; flowers lateral, sessile.

cater Woods ; indigenous. ;
ality. Bark acrid, laxative, poisonous. ‘
Uses, Venereal, rheumatic, scrofulous and chronic cutaneous
diseases ; a masticatory.
2. D. Laureola Linneus.—(Spurce LAvREL.) Fig.231
Leaves evergreen; flowers in axillary clusters.
Habitat. Woods ; indigenous. uae
Quality and Uses,’ As in the last ; fruits the food of birds 5
poisonous to other ani i

Natural Order, Laurels; Lauraceee (V. K., p. 535.)
Prevailing Quality. Aromatic, stimulant.

CinnamMomum. Nees.

Leaves ribbed ; buds not scaly. Fertile stamens, 9 in 3 rows, with ae
anthers, of which the inner only are extrorse; the inner ones W™
2 glands at their base. Calyx coriaceous.

1. C. zeylanicum Nees. Laurus Cinnamomum Linneus.—(CINNAMON»

Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, with a blunt point, 3-nerved or triple-

Habitat. Ceylon.

Quality, A spicy stimulating aromatic, astringent, tonic.

Uses. The same as that of other spices ; diarrhoea, low fevers, flatulence, colic
Fig. 230.—Daphne Mezereum ; 231. D. Laureola ; a, perpendicular section of a flower.

PHNALS. 161 LAURELS.

. C, Cassia Blume.—(Cinnamon Cassia. CHINESE CINNAMON.)

Leaves long-oblong, acute at each end, triple-nerved ; the ribs vanishing
___ below the point.

Habitat, China.

Quality and Uses. As in Cinnamon, less sweet, and more astringent.

Campnora. Nees.

Leaves ribbed ; buds scaly.’ Calyx thin. Otherwise as Cinnamomum.

1. . oficinarum Nees. ‘Laurus Camphora Linneus.—(Campnor TREE.)
Leaves triple-nerved, shining on the upper side, with a porous gland in the
__ axil of the veins on the under side.

Habitat. Island of Formosa, China, Japan. me

Quality, Acrid, anodyne, vascular excitant, sudorific, poisonous, anaphrodisiac.

Uses, Typhoid fevers, internal inflammations, measles, scarlatina, spasms, strangury,
satyriasis, nymphomania, onanism, cholera.

Nectanpra. Rottboell.

Leaves yeiny. Fertile stamens 9, with 4-celled subsessile anthers, of which
the inner only are extrorse. Calyx rotate.

1. N. Rodi Schomburgk.—(Brsiri or GREENHEART TREE.) ;

ves nearly opposite, oblong-elliptical, shortly acuminate, coriaceous,

smooth, shining and obscurely netted on the upper side ; panicles few-

flowered, axillary, much shorter than the leaves, finely downy ; anthers

all thick, oblong, without glands. Bentham.

Habitat. Guiana.

Quality. Powerfully tonic and febrifugal. cae :

Uses. “Yields the alkaloid Beebeerine, of great value in intermittents.

Sassarras. Nees.

Leaves veiny. Anthers all introrse, 4-celled. Fertile stamens 9.
1. 8. officinale Nees. Laurus Sassafras Linnzus.—(SAssaFRas TREE.)
Leaves thin, oblong, entire or 2-3-lobed.

Habitat. United States.

ity. Wood and bark stimulant, sudorifie, subacrid.

Tees, Rheumatism, venereal diseases.

Laurus. Linneus.

Leaves veiny. Anthers all introrse, 9.celled, Fertile stamens 12.
1. L nobilis Linneeus.—(Sweet Bay.)
ves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
ae toothed, purple-ribbed, with a hairy pore a
_ Veins, :
abitat, South of Euro : ee
Quati . Aro : “ ;
Eiaste-wnes'by antcnlonees rs flavour creams ; dyspepsia, flatulence. |
= : M

cute, smooth, wavy, and rather
ee core at the axil of the under —

RHAMNALS. 162.

THE RHAMNAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 576.)

Patural Arvers of Rhamnals.
€lmwarts (Ulmacee.) Flowers apetalous.
Hhamnays (Rhamnacee.) Flowers polypetalous. Calyx valvate. —
Spindle Crees (Celastracew.) Flowers polypetalous. Calyx imbricated.
Sapatays (Sapotacee.) Flowers monopetalous. Ovules ascending.
Storapwarts (Styracacee.) Flowers monopetalous. Ovules suspended.

Natural Order, GImwarts; Ulmacee (V.K., p. 580.)
Prevailing Quality. Mucilaginous, astringent.

Puanera. Michauz.

Fruit globose, membranous, wingless, indehiscent.
1. P. Abelicea Rémer and Schultes. 3 =
Leaves elliptical, equally serrate, unequal-sided, tomentose and discoloured —
on the under side. :
Habitat. Candia.

Quality and Uses. Wood aromatic ; formerly officinal, under the name of

Pseudo-
santalum ereticum, coe

Ceitis. Linneus.

Fruit a fleshy, globose, 1-celled
drupe.
1. C. australis Linnzeus.— (Nettle
Tree.) Fig. 232. :
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuml-
nate, finely serrated,
above, soft with down beneath,
unequal-sided.
Habitat. South of pee sii
Fron Yigramehes boiled and the infusion
used in dysentery, and blennorrheea-

Fig. 232.—Celtis australis; a, a flower magnified.

RHAMNALS. 163

Uimes. Linneus.

Fruit thin, 2-winged, veiny, indehiscent.
1. U. montana Smith.—(Wircs-Eum.) Fig. 233.

Leaves obovate, cuspidate, doubly and coarsely serrate ;
: branches cinereous, smooth.

Habita:, Great Britain, &c.

Quality. Inner bark mucilaginous, bitter, astrin-
gent, diaphoretic, diuretic.

Cutaneous eruptions, ichthyosis ; a substitute
for Sarsaparilla ; wood the basis of some soft
snuffs,

.

Natural Order, Rhamnads ; Rhamnacewe (V. K., p- 581.) —
Prevailing Quality. Purgative.
| Ruamnus. Linneus.

Calya campanulate, 4.5-cleft, circumscissile after flowering. Fruit globose,
_Yather dry, or spongy, or succulent, with 2 to 4 stones.

aiieaotilinlasanina
oe ga

sameeren

233.—Leaf of Ulmus montana; a, its flowers, natural size; b, a flower cut open and magnified.

m 2

RHAMNALS. : 164 RHAMNADS,

1. R. catharticus Linneus.—(Bucxtuorn.) Fig. 234.
Leaves deciduous, ovate, crenate ; flowers fascicled ; branches spiny.

Habitat. Hedges and plantations, ae

Quality and Uses, Berries hydragogue, cathartic ; inconvenient to use, because #

sickness and thirst that accompany their exhibition. :

2. R. Frangula Linneus.x—(Buack Aver.) Fig. 235. call an
Leaves oval, entire, with 10-12 lateral pinnated veins, smooth a8

the calyx.

Habitat, Quality, and Uses, Like the last.

3. R. infectorius Linneus.—(Dyers’ BucKTHoRN.) : umber
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, nearly smooth ; branches pro s
spiny. eee
saa South of Europe. es
uality. Berries purgative. - it stains yellow
Uses. Unripe fruit, ealled yellow berries, yields a brilliant yellow dye; it a
morocco,

Fig. 234,—Rhamnus catharticus in flower and fruit; a, a flower magnified.

165 RHAMNADS.

Zizyenus. Tournefort.

Calyx rotate, 5-cleft, circumscissile after flowering. wit oblong,
drupaceous, with
a single 2-celled

; stone. /I
. Z. vulgaris La- -
marck,—(JUJUBE.) XY

Leaves ovate, retuse,
rather toothed,
smooth ; branches
with no hooks, or
very few, in pairs,
of which one is
recurved ; drupes
oblong.

Habitat. Levant.
— Quality, Fruit subacid,

t.
Uses. Employed in the
siriemee of Pate
de Jujube, and in
ess and sore-

throat.

Natural Ozder, Spindle Crees; Celastracew (V. K., p. 586.)
om Quality. Uncertain.

CGarna. Forskahl.

oe 5, inserted below the edge of a disk.
3-cornered. Calyx rotate.
2

igs a operon ion 00

Ovary 3-celled. saeces :

-RHAMNALS. 166 SPINDLE

1. C. edulis Forskahl.—(Arapran TEA.)
_ Erect, smooth ; leaves elliptical, obtusely serrated ; Sos axillary, di
tomous.

—. Leaves stimulant) dntingboaitie: nacentis. .
: fear loaned oie is laa

ie 308-—Roonyms eropent 4, a flower magnified ; bya a cluster of frat

“RHAMNALS. 167 SAPOTADS.

Evonymus. Linneeus.

Stamens 5, standing on as many glands. Ovary 4-5-celled. Capsule lobed,
Calyx rotate.

1. E. europeus Linneus.—(Srinvie Tree.) Fig. 236.

Branches smooth; leaves lanceolate-ovate, finely serrated ; peduncles
bearing about 3 flowers ; petals oblong, acute.
- Habitat. Hedges and woods; indigenous.

Quality. Seeds acrid, nauseous, purgative, emetic.
Uses. Ointment prepared from them kills pediculi.

Natural Order, Sapataus; Sapotacew (V. K., p. 590.)

Prevailing Quality. Astringent, febrifugal, lactescent.

Acnras. Linneeus.

Some of the stamens sterile, lanceolate, alternate with the lobes of the
corolla. Fruit a berry, containing erect, nut-like, shining seeds with a

_ broad sear occupying all the inner angle.

l. A. Sapota Linneus.—(Saroprita PLvM.) :

Leaves elliptical, acute at each end ; petioles and calyx covered with ferru-

ginous down ; flowers £/. .

Habitat. West Indies. :
Quality and Uses. Fruit subacid, sweet, esteemed in the West Indies ; hark astringent,
febrifugal, equivalent to cinchona.

Bumevia. Geertner.

Two sterile stamens between each lobe of the corolla ; fertile 5, wt Be
the lobes, with a pair of scales at the back of each. Fruit 1-seed
somewhat drupaceous.

1. B. lycioides Geertner.

Leaves obovate, obtuse, with very distinct areolate nervures ;
fascicled ; corolla about twice as long as the calyx.

Habitat. United States.
Quality and Uses, Fruit austere, sweetish ; recommended in diarrhea.

flowers _

" Isonanpra. Wight.

Stamens all fertile, twice as numerous as the lobes of the corolla. —
LA Gutta Hooker.—(Gurra Percua Tree.) Fig. 237. rf Ce
Leaves on long stalks, obovate-oblong, with a short pomt, golden beneath bs
: i owers axillary, fascicled ; stamens 12. : s

‘abitat. ee .

Quality sn Tak “viele the gum resin called Gutta Percha, now in extensive use for

_ Various economical purposes. :

169

STORAXWORTS.

manent calyx.

238

Leaves downy beneath, oval, obo-

vate, smooth on the upper side ;

_ Tacemes few-flowered.

Habitat. _ Coasts of the Mediterranean. __
“ty. Resin balsamic, stimulating, ex-

Pectorant ; detergent.

Uses, Chronic bronchial affections ; foul
rs,

8. Benzoin Dryander.— (BENJAMIN
ay Tre), Fig. 239.

Leaves downy and white beneath,
oblong, acuminate; racemes com-
pound, many-flowered, rather
| Shorter than the leayes.

Habitat. Indian Archipelago.

Qeatity, Marthe luis ; teats sey fragrant.

“oti pulmonary affections, fumi-

Sryrax. Linneeus.

campanulate, slightly toothed, or entire. f
Stamens monadelphous. Drupe globular, downy, seated in the per-

S. officinale Linneus.—(Storax Tree.) Fig. 238.

s 3} 3, the
an unripe fruit; ;

its cross

Gutta, from the Pharmaceutical Journal; 1, a flower
a ae cross section of the ovary; 5, the same cut
section.

Fig. 238.—Styrax officinale ; 239. Styrax Benzoin. o

Natural Order, Storayworts; Styracacee (V. K., p. 592.)
evailing Quality. Stimulant, fragrant.

Corolla hoary, 5-parted.

*

ROSALS. 170 LEGUMINOUS PLANTS

THE ROSAL ALLIANCE (V.K., p- 539.)
| Patural Orders of Rasgals,

Legumninous Plants (Fabaceee.) Carpel solitary. A Legume.
Almonviwarts (Drupacece.) Carpel solitary. A Drupe. Petals 5.
Applewarts (Pomacew.) Carpels several, adherent.
Raseworts (Rosacew.) Carpels several, free.

Sanguisarhs (Sanguisorbacew.) Carpel 1 or 2. Petals 0. Calyx-
tube hardened.

Natural Order, Hequminaus Plants; Fabacew (V. K., p. 544.)
Prevailing Quality. Deleterious.

* PAPILIONACEOUS GENERA.

Latuyrus. Linneeus.

Calyx 5-toothed, Stamens diadelphous. Style dilated upwards, Pod —
continuous, 2-valved. Leaves with tendrils.

1. L. Cicera Linneus. leaf ;

Leaflets in 1 or 2 pairs; peduncles 1-flowered, shorter than the leat;
ripe pod with 2 narrow wings on the upper edge; seeds angular +
flowers red. ee

Habitat. Fields throughout Europe. ae

Quality. Ripe seeds nasokies Siantiocs, spoiling flour in which they are ground. ao

2. L. Aphaca Limneus. Fig. 240. . me

Leaflets 0 ; petioles filiform ; stipules large, on -
auriculate.

Habitat. Indigenous. =

Quality. Ripe seeds narcotic.

Uses. aii and pods eaten as & potherb.

3. L. tuberosus Linneus.

Leaves pinnated, of one pair; — Pte er
wingless; peduncles many-flowered; er
calycine teeth short, triangular. :

* 240

Habitat, Europe, in chalky or heavy land.
_ Quality. Tubers amylaceous, eatable. : <
Uses. Employed as food in Holland ; sometimes called Dutch Mice. ee ae:

Se eatin

Fig. 240.—Stipules and filiform petiole of Lathyrus Aphaca.

Pye! LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.

Ervoum. Linneus.

Calyx 5-toothed, with sharp linear divisions. Style hairy all round. Pod
oblong, continuous, 2-4-seeded, Leaves with tendrils.

. E, Lens Linneeus.—(LEnTIL.) sa

Leaflets about 8, oblong, smoothish ; stipules lanceolate, ciliated ; pedun-
cles 2-3-flowered, as long as the leaf; pod broad, short, somewhat
truncate, finely netted, smooth, 2-seeded.

Habitat. i

Quality. Seeds 2 snap a nutritious ; subnarcotic in large doses ; difficult of

digestion.

Uws, A food in southern countries ; the base of Revalenta, a flour so called.

Fass. Tournefort.

Calyx 5-toothed. Stamens diadelphous. Style filiform. Pod coriaceous,
tumid, spongy inside. Seeds with a large sear.

1. F.culgaris Mench. Vicia Faba Linneeus.—(Common Bray.)

- Leaflets thick, 2-5, oval, mu- ;

cronate ; teeth of calyx
linear,

a cope Borders of the Caspian

Quality, _ Roots diuretic ; seeds
nutritious when young, but
Somewhat poisonous when

Gtyoyrruiza. Tournefort.

Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, 2-
lipped. Stamens dia-
delphous. Pod ovate
or oblong, 1-4-seeded.
ees pinnated, with

an odd one. al
1 @, glabra Linneus.— <>»
__(liqvorice.) Fig. 241. \_
Leaflets ovate, rather blunt ; ‘
stipules 0; spikes
stalked, longer than the
leaf ; pods smooth, 3-4-
seeded,

Habitat, Sou |

th of Europe.

Quatity, _Emollient, demulcent, \

Ur Nutritious, \j

1868, Bott 7 its extract, in -
Coughs, and i

tion of pills, in the prepara- |

241

Fig. 241.—Glycyrrhiza glabra.

ROSALS, 17 2 LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. :

CotuTea. Linneeus.

Calyx 5-toothed. Stamens diadelphous. Pod stipitate, membranous,
inflated, indehiscent or nearly so.

1. C. arborescens Linneus.—(BLADDER SENNA.)

Leaflets elliptical, retuse ; peduncles with about 6 flowers.

Habitat, South of Europe.

Quality. Leaves purgative.
Uses. Employed in adulterating blunt-leaved Senna.

Coronttta. Linnceus.

Calyx campanulate, with the 2 upper of its 5 teeth close together. Claws —
of the petals longer than the calyx. Stamens diadelphous. Pod —
jointed.

1. C. Hmerus Linneus.—(Scorrion Senna.)

Shrubby, smooth ; stipules minute; leaflets 5-7, obovate; peduncles
3-flowered.

Habitat. South of Europe. 2 net

Quality. Leaves purgative, drastic ; inconvenient on account of their griping effects.

Spartiom. Linneus. :
Calyx membranous, spathaceous, 2-lipped. Stamens monadelphous. Pod —
compressed, many-seeded.
L. S. junceum Linneus.—(SPanisn Broom.) ;
Branches smooth, spongy ; leaves few, simple, lanceolate ; flowers large, —
yellow, in terminal racemes.
Habitat. South of Europe.

Quality. Seeds emetic, purgative, diuretic, tonic.
Uses. Dropsy.

Puaszotus. Linneus. ee

Calyx campanulate, 2-lipped. Stamens diadelphous ; these, the keel and |
the style, rolled spirally.

1. P. multiforus Willdenow.—(Scarter Runyer.) talked,

Roots tuberous ; stem twining ; leaflets ovate-acuminate ; racemes § ee
longer than the leaves. eos

Habitat. East Indies.

Quality. Green fruit nutritious, digestible ; roots narcotic, dangerous.

Uses, Young pods eaten boiled as Kidney Beans ; ripe seeds eaten stewed under ag a
name of Haricot Beans. ae

Astragalus. Linneus. oe
Calyx 5-toothed. Stamens diadelphous. Keel obtuse. Pod continuous, —

2-celled by the expansion of the dorsal suture. Leaves pinnate, with |
an odd one. es

1. A. gummifer Labillardigre.—(Warre Tracacantn.) Fig. 242. 3.5
A spiny bush ; leaflets smooth, in 4-6 pairs, oblong-linear ; flowers
axillary, sessile ; calyxes woolly, 5-cleft. >

1 7 3 LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.

Koordistan.

Gum emollient, demulcent ; nutritive. :

Irritation of mucous membranes, gonorrhea, as a vehicle for calomel.

A. strobiliferus Lindley.—(Rep Tracacantu.) Fig. 243. |
spiny bush ; leaflets woolly, in 3 pairs, aristate; flowers in sessile axillary
- ovate cones ; calyx feathery.

V7 \\W

WZ aN)

Habitat, Koordistan.
Quality and Uses, As the last, but of inferior quality.

A. verus Olivier. ; :
isually said to be the source of gum Tragacanth, is very little different
from No. 1.

°

= Muouna. Adanson. ,

Calye campanulate ; the upper of its two lips broad and entire. tandard

ihre than the ong ad keel. Stamens eps ater —

oh rfect. Pod oblong, torose, 2-celled, covered with brittle stinging :
airs,

. M. pruriens De Candolle.—(Cowace Pian.) P :
Flowers racemose ; leaflets 3, staat the middle rhomboid, hairy on

the under side. oe

wi East Indies. : Tees

uality. Root diuretic ; hairs of the pod brittle and productive of unbearable itching,
in worm cases.

TEPHROSIA. seca ; ata
‘aly nearly equal, 5-toothed. Standard broad, downy on FT”, mie
" Btamens dnreagitatly monadelphous or diadelphous. Pod sessile, com-
Pressed, many-seeded, with flat valves. ea
T. Apollinea De Candolle.—(Eeyptian INDIGO.) Fig. oi esta,

ling, with close-pressed hairs ; leaflets in 4 or 5 pain ,
ilky beneath.

Fig. 242.—Astragalus gummifer ; 243. A. —

sila
ee

Habitat. Egypt. :
Quality. Nareotic ; yields a fine blue dye.

-

Uses. Leaves often mixed, sometimes
largely, with Alexandrian Senna. It
is commonly cultivated for its indigo
in Nubia.

Cyrisus. De Candolle.
Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip ge
rally atte. Sudan’ broad.
Stamens monadelphous. P.
compressed, many-seeded.
1. C. scoparius Link. — ( Broom.)
Fig. 245.
Branches angular, smooth ; leaves
small, the upper simple, the
lower trifoliate ; flowers axillary,
solitary, stalked ; pods hairy at
the edges. he
Habitat. WHeaths of all Europe. |
Quality. Emetic, purgative, diuretic.
Uses. Broomtops in dropsy.

2. C. Laburnum Linngeus.—(LA-

er BURNUM.) :
/ A tree; leaflets 3, ovate-lanceolate,
Bee} downy beneath ; racemes pene

dulous, many-flowered.
S 4 Habitat, Alps of Europe.
*\.) Quality. Seeds narcotic, dangerous. a
\ 4 Uses. Seeds are a frequent cause of
dents among children. This is oW
to the presence of an active pr
called Cytisine.
3. C. alpinus Miller.—(The Se
Lapurnum of Gardens.) a
Perhaps a variety of the last;
no doubt, similar properties.

Fig, 244.—T Apollinea ; 245.
pede 5 Tephrosia Apo’ .

175 : LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.

TRIGONELLA. Linneeus.

yx campanulate, 5-cleft. Carina very small ; the wings and standard
presenting the appearance of a tripetalous corolla. Pod many-seeded,

eylindrical, acuminate.

TT. Fonum Greecum Linneus.—(FENUGREEK.)

Leaflets 3, obovate, obscurely toothed ; stipules faleate, entire ; flowers

sessile; pods netted lengthwise, with a faleate beak.

Habitat. South of France.

. Seeds emollient, ce
Uses. Poultices of the flour employed in veterinary practice.

InpiaorERA. Linncus.

Calyx 5-cleft. Keel bent back with elasticity. Stamens diadelphous.
_ Style filiform, smooth. Pod taper, many-seeded. Seeds truncate,
_ _ usually separated by cellular diaphragms.

1. I. tinctoria Linneeus.—(East Inpian [yp1¢0.)

Leaflets in 4-5-pairs, oval, nearly smooth beneath ; racemes axillary, shorter
_ than the leaf; pods torulose, curved, deflexed.

Habitat. East Indies.

Quality. Emetic, cathartic, narcotic. : ;

Us, “Epilepsy, infantine convulsions, chorea, hysterics ; said to be an effectual cure for

“ yaws ” in the West Indies.

oS Prerocarpus. Linneus.
Calya 5-toothed. Stamens 10, variously united. Pod irregular, nearly
, _orbicular, surrounded by a wing, often varicose, I-seeded.
1. P. santalinus Linneus.—(Rep Sanpat-woon.)
Stamens 1 and 9; leaflets 3-5, alternate, rather round, retuse, smooth ;
_ Yacemes axillary ; petals crenate. A tree.
Habitat, East Indies.
Quatity, Astringent.
*s. A mere colouring agent.
2 P. erinaceus Lamarck.—(Arrican K1vo TREE-) :
“eallets alternate, elliptical, obtuse, smooth above, covered beneath with
brown down ; pod with a short lateral point. A tree.

Habitat, Gambia,
fhality. Astringent, bo!
as nic diarrhoea, pyrosis, leucorrheea ; gargles, injections.
3. P. Marsupiuwm Roxburgh.—(Ivp1an Kino TREE-)
Stamens Secalbiphont: - oe 5-7, alternate, elliptical, rather emar-
_ Sinate, leathery, smooth ; branches and ealyxes smooth ; panicle ter-
_ minal ; pod half circular, oblique, smooth. A tree.
“ia Malabar,
oes Astringent.

In restraining mucous discharges.
MyrosrermuM, Jacquin.
alye campanulate, 5-toothed. Standard much larger than the other
Petals. Stamens free. Pod stipitate, samaroid. : 2
coriaceous, oval, obtuse, smooth ; pod-wing very thick on one side,
_ Not veiny on the other.

iain =, 176 _- LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.

1. M. peruiferum De Candolle.—(QuiInquIno.)

ij 2 Habitat. Peru and Mexico. ee
Quality. Yields Balsam of Peru, a stimulant
expectorant analogous to Storax.
Uses. Asthma, chronic catarrh, winter coughs
cleanses ulcers ; perfumery, fumigations.
2. M. toluiferum Achille Richard. —
(Batsam or Totu TREE.) oe
Leaflets thin, oblong, acuminate, equila~
teral, rounded at the base.
Habitat. Equinoctial America.
Quality. Similar to No. l.
Uses, Preparation of Tolu lozenges, perfumery;
confectionary, fumigations. i

Piscipia. Linneus.

Calya campanulate, 5-cleft. Stamens
monadelphous, the tenth free at the
base. Pod stalked, linear, wit
longitudinal membranous wings
Seeds separated by partitions.
1. P. Erythrina Linneus. — (Ja

: Fisn Porson.) Fig. 246.
A tree ; leaves pinnated ; leaflets o
pod with a stalk thrice as long as!
Hebiaat. Week Indi calyx, and broken wings. —
ndies, * .
Uses, Substitute for opium ; as a poi apa ceva Soe a powerful — :

Fig. 246.—Leaf of Piscidia Erythrina.

177 LEGUMINOUS PLANTS,

* * C ZSALPINEOUS GENERA.

Cassia. Linneus.

Sepals 5, somewhat unequal. Petals 5, unequal. Stamens 10, unequal :
3 long, 4 short, 3 abortive.

1. C. elongata Lemaire.—(TinnIvetty Senna.)

Leaflets lanceolate, rather downy beneath, with fine close-pressed hairs ;

_ petiole without gland ; pods oblong, membranous.

abitat. Arabia.

Quality, Leaves purgative, scarcely tonic.

Uses. “Constipation, worms, &c.

2. C. acutifolia Delile.—(ALBxANDRIAN SENNA.) Fig. 247.

Habitat, Egypt and Nubia.

eaty and Uses. As in the last.
- ©. obovata Colladon. C. Senna Linneus.—(BLuNT-LEAVED SENNA.)

Leaflets obovate, obtuse ; petiole without gland ; pods flat, curved, tumid,

_ and crested about the middle.

ten t, Indi

Quality and Hoe ye last, but less esteemed ; probably owing to the extensive

eration to which this sort is subject.

» Fistula Linneeus.—(Puppine Pre TREE.)

oe long, cylindrical, with a pulpy chamber for every seed.

Dae pe

_ Mixed with other posal ; called Cassia by pharmaceutical writers.

Tamarinpus. Linnceus.

‘i 5, tubular, reflexed : the two lower entirely connate. Petals 3.
9-10, monadelphous : 7 sterile. Pod many-seeded, filled

with pulp Cee

Fig, 247.—Cassia acutifolia; a, an expanded flower.
N :

ROSALS. 1 7 8 LEGUMINOUS PLANTS,

1. T. indica Linneus.—(TaMmarinD TREE.)

A tree; leaves abruptly pinnated, in many pairs; flowers racemose; pods
at least six times longer than broad.

Habitat. East Indies.

Quality. Pulp of fruit nutritive, refrigerant, laxative.

Uses, Infusion forms a cooling drink ; a constituent of mild laxative medicines.

Copairera. Linneeus.

Sepals 4, united at base. Petals 0. Stamens 10, distinct. Legume
stipitate, 1-seeded.

1. C. officinalis Linneus.—(Copatva Trex.) Fig. 248.

Leaves pinnated ; leaflets in 2 or 3 pairs,

oblique, ovate, bluntly acuminate,

\\\ containing oblong, kidney-shaped,

NM and circular oil-cysts of very unequal

§1Ze.

upon the mucous membranes, and urino-
genital apparatus.

Uses. Gonorrhoea, catarrhus vesice, leucor-
é rhoea, &c. :
\ [N.B.—Various species of Copaifera yield

Copaivi balsam of various quality.]

(\ i Ceratonia. Linneus. |
Calyx 5-parted. Petals 0. Stamens 9.
2a Stigma orbicular. Pod coriaceous,

many-seeded, filled with a spongy
pulp

1. C. Siliqua Linneeus.—(CARoB TREE.
Ow Atearosa. Locust TREE. St
= Jonn’s BreaD.)
A large tree ; leaves evergreen, abruptly
pinnate ; leaflets oval, obtuse, flat.
Guile: Pulp of fruit sweet and nutritious,

‘= ANS but laxative. os me

2 Habitat. Tropical America. me
\ ! Quality. The oil stimulant, acting principally

Uses, A common article of food in
terranean both for man and cattle.

oy) Casatprnta. Linneus.
Sepals 5, unequal, united into a nearly
permanent cup, the lowest, all

and arched. Petals 5, unguiculate. Stamens 10, ascending, #
perfect. Pod unarmed, compressed.

248 ;

248,—Leaf of Co : purer
gcc anes pallers oficiantis; «, « magnified view of s portion of » ent se :

‘ROSALS, 179 LEGUMINOUS PLANTS,

C. coriaria Willdenow.—(Divinivi TREE.) ited ;
narmed, smooth ; leaves bipinnate, with 5-7 pairs of pinne ; leaflets in
15-20 pairs, linear, blunt ; racemes panicled.
fabitat. Tropical America.
gd Pods gathered before ripeness excessively astringent.
Uses, By tanners and dyers.

Hamatoxyton. Linneus.

Calyx tubular, with 5 deciduous segments. Petals 5, scarcely longer than
the calyx. Stamens 10, hairy ; anthers glandular. Pod compressed,
flat, acuminate at each end, indehiscent, 2-seeded, breaking across in
the middle.

LE. campeachianum Linnszeus.—(Loewoop TREE.) aos

Leaves pinnate, or imperfectly bipinnate ; leaflets obcordate ; flower-buds
red; flowers yellow.

Habitat. Campeachy.

*,

Quality, Bark a mild astringent.
Uses, “Old diarrhoeas, dysenteries, hemorrhages, leucorrheea. A dye.

* * * Mimosgous GENERA.

Acacia, Linneeus.

Calyx 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-5. Stamens 00. Pod continuous, juiceless, 3

-2-valved. . .

l. A. Verek Guillemin.—(Gum Arasic Tree.) Fig. op d+: pinne in

Branches smooth ; spines recurved, in threes ; petiole unarmed ; Pp fevers
pairs ; leaflets in 10-15 pairs, linear, obtuse, eer:

spiked ; pod oblong, thin.

ST — RS
SSS

yp {}
YAY
4

So)

Ae bi ‘ Senegal. 249
» Bark astringent, tonic.
Yields true white Gum Arabic. Perrottet.

eaten
——

Fig, 249.—Acacia Verek.
n2

ROSALS. 180 LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.

2. A. arabica Willdenow. A. nilotica Delile.
Spines in pairs ; branches and petioles downy; pinnz in 4-6 pairs ; leaflets —
in 10 pairs, oblong-linear, smooth ; a gland on the petiole ; flowers in
globose heads; pod moniliform.
Habitat. Senegal, &c.
Quality. As the last.
Uses. Yields a bad red gum, unknown in commerce. Pervottet.
3. A. vera Willdenow. Mimosa nilotica Linneus.
Spines in pairs ; branches and leaves smooth ; pinne in 2 pairs ; leaflets
in 8-10 pairs, oblong-linear ; a gland between the pinne; heads of
flowers globose ; pods moniliform.
Habitat. Senegal.
Quality. Pods very astringent.
Uses. Said to yield Gum Arabic, and a part of Gum Senegal.
4, A. Adansonii Guillemin.—(Rep Gum AraBic TREE.)
Spines in pairs ; branches and leafstalks downy; pinne 4-6 pair; leaflets
12-16 pair, oblong-linear ; a gland between the upper and lower pinn@;_
heads stalked, axillary, in threes or fours ; pod torulose, 10-12-seeded.
Habitat. Senegal.
Quality. Pods and bark powerfully astringent.
Uses. Yields red Gum Arabic. Perrottet.
5. A. Catechu Willdenow.—(Catecuu TREE.) :
Stipulary, prickly, straight when young, hooked afterwards ; pinne in 10
pairs ; leaflets in 40-50 pairs, with a single depressed gland at the
base of the petiole, and 2 or 3 between the upper pinne ; spikes
cylindrical. :
Habitat, East Indies,

Quality. Astringent ; “ more powerful than Kino.” Pereira.
Uses, Relaxed uvula, dyspepsia, diarrhcea, gleets, fluor albus, &c.

Inca. Plumier. es
Calye 5-toothed. Petals 5, united. Stamens 00. Pod linear, filled”
with pulp or farinaceous matter. us
1. I. Sassa Willdenow. ,
Pinne in 3-4 pairs ; leaflets in 12 pairs, oblong-ovate ; flowers in um
late panicles ; stamens monadelphous beyond the corolla.
Habitat. Abyssinia.
Quality. _Pulp of fruit sweet ; a source of gum.
Uses. Said to produce the Gum Sassa of commerce.

Natural Order, @lmanvwarts; Drupaceee (V. K., p. 557.)
Prevailing Quality. Production of Hydrocyanic acid.

Amyepatus. Tournefort. e

Drupe with coarsely-furrowed and wrinkled putamen. Young leaves
conduplicate.

1. A. communis Linneus,—(AtmonD Tree.) Fig. 250.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrulate ; flowers solitary; drupe downy, 1

tough fibrous sarcocarp.

131

ALMONDWORTS.

. Seeds of the Sweet Almond nutritive and

emollient, but indigestible ; of the Bitter Almond

poisonous, abounding in hydrocyanic acid.

Uses, Sweet Almonds in dessert, confectionary, emul-

sion; Bitter Almonds when hydrocyanic acid is

required, and as a flavouring agent.

2. A. Persica Linneeus.—(The Pzacu. The

_ Necrarinz.)

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrulate ; flowers

solitary ; drupe downy or smooth, with a

tender succulent sapid sarcocarp,

Habitat. North of India ; Persia.

Quality. Nutritious, refrigerant ; bark, blossoms, and
skin of the seeds poisonous.

Uses. Common at dessert ; blossoms a vermifuge ;

stewed fruit in slight constipation; kernels when

bitter are like Bitter Almonds.

Cerasus. TJ'ournefort.

Drupe smooth, with a po-
lished even putamen.
Young leaves condupli-
ate. ,
1. C. Laurocerasus Loi-
seleur.—(Common Lav-
__ REL) Fig. 251.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate,
evergreen, convex, re-
_ Motely serrated, with
from 2 to 4 glands on
_ theunder side; racemes
_ Shorter than the leaves.
Habitat. Trebizond.
Quality, Poisonous, acts like
- ehYttocyanic acid.
_ %88. Forms laurel-water, a
Substitute for hydrocyanic
_ Acid in palpitation of the
&c. Vapour of bruised
_ Saves destroys small in-
Sects, &

- ©. virginiana Michaux.

_—(Vireinran Birp ¢

Curry.)

“eaves oblong-acuminate,
doubly-toothed, smooth,

Ciduous, with about

4 glands on each pe-

tiole ; flowers in erect
_ Tacemes,

aty. Bark astringent, fe-

Yes, Against intermittents ;
dysentery.

ROSALS. 182 ALMONDWORTS.

3. C. vulgaris Miller—(Common CHERRY.) ae
Leaves oblong, serrate, acuminate, deciduous, with long glandular petioles;
flowers in clusters ; petals white ; fruit succulent, sapid. :
Habitat. Asia Minor. : re
Quality. Fruit succulent, sweet, subacid; a favourite article of dessert. Bark yields
Cherry-tree gum, a substitute for Tragacanth,

Prunus. Tournefort.

Drupe smooth, glaucous, succulent, with a smooth putamen. Young leaves
convolute.

1. P. spinosa Linneus.—(The Stor.)

Branches spiny ; leaves obovate-elliptical or ovate, downy beneath, finely
and doubly toothed ; peduncles solitary ; fruit very austere.

Habitat. Hedges. Indigenous.

Quality. Fruit austere, astringent. es :

Uses. Leaves dried and mixed with tea ; bark in intermittents.

2. P. Coccomilia Tenore. wales

Leaves obovate, smooth on each side, with glandular crenatures ; pedu
short, in pairs ; fruit ovate-oblong, mucronate.

Habitat. Calabria.

Quality. Bark febrifugal. ;

Uses. Largely employed against the intermittents of Calabria.

3. P. domestica Limneus.—(The Common Pum.) jad

Possesses qualities like the last, but much weaker. Fruit laxative when stewed,
exudes a gum analogous to Tragacanth.

4. P. Armeniaca Linneus.—(The Apricot TREE.) : . -4. with @

Leaves cordate, long-stalked, smooth ; flowers sessile ; fruit sapid,
downy skin,

Habitat. Rar Levant, and the Himalayahs.

Quality. Fruit refrigerant, laxative. Fi cess,

Uses. The fruit, whether fresh or dried, is largely employed, and with great su

in the East, against the dangerous fevers of the country.

Natural Order, Applewarts ; Pomacew (V.K., p. 559.)
Prevailing Quality. Austerity.

Pyrrus. Linneus.

Fruit 5-celled, with a cartilaginous endocarp, and 2 seeds in each ole ;
1. P. Malus Linneus—(The Apres TREE.) sabes
_ Leaves ovate, acute, crenate, woolly beneath, as are the ealy a ee
their own under-side ; styles smooth ; fruit narrowest next the

= al coro of Europe. ple

wality. Fruit agreeable ; when cooked, nutritious and digestible.
Uses. “A common article of dessert ; the more austere varieties form cyder.
2. P. communis Linnzeus.—(The Pear Tree.) Fig. 252. er
_ Leaves ovate, serrated, smooth on both sides, as well as the wood and bu¢
fruit narrowest at the base.

183 APPLEWORTS.

Habitat. Middle of Europe.
Quality and Uses, Asin P. Malus. The fermented juice is perry.

3. P. Aucuparia Gertner.—(The Mountain Asu.) j
Leaves pinnated, nearly smooth; leaflets serrated ; buds downy; fruit
globose.

Habitat. Woods, a .
Quality and Uses. Flowers, bark, and root yield hydrocyanic acid in large quantity.
Berries contain malic acid in abundance.

- Cyponta. Tournefort.

Pruit 5-celled, with a cartilaginous endocarp ; and many mucilaginous
seeds in each cell.

1. C. vulgaris Persoon.—(The Quince Tree.) Fig. 253.

Leaves ovate, entire, deciduous, downy on the under side, as 18

calyx ; sepals leafy.

also the

~~

Habitat, South of Europe.
ity. Fruit, when stewed, an agreeable food; mu
U, emulcent, emollient. (Enanthic ether occurs
8. Fruit forms a marmalade much esteemed ;
wine ; mucilage of seeds applied externally to cracked
painful hemorrhoids, erysipelatous affections of the skin.

Ls
. Natural Order, Rosewarts; Rosacew (V. K., p. 563.)
Prevailing Quality. Astringency.
— Porentina. Linneus.
re 4-5-lobed, with as many bracts. sae a
«++ reptans Linneeus.—(Cinquerort. Five - pee
osm creeping ; “er OE rh obovate, toothed ; calyx 5-lobed ; flow
Th axillary, solitary, longer than the leaves.

bitat. Common in hedges and woods. ‘

Quality and Uses. Like those of P. Tormentilla, Also a febrifuges

wise.
Fig. 252.—Flowers of Pyrus communis; 253. Fruit of Cydonia vulgaris cut length:

252

ROSALS. : 184 ROSEWORTS.

2, P. Tormentilla Nestler.—(TorMeni...) Fig. 254. .
Calyx and corolla tetramerous,

Habitat. Hedges and heathy downs everywhere.
Quality. Astringent and tonic. -

; red
Uses. Chronic di hoea, dysentery (especially of cattle) ; tans in the Orkneys, dyes

3. P. anserina Linneeus.—(Suverweep.) ee

Stem creeping ;_ leaves silvery, with soft hairs, interruptedly pi
peduncles solitary.

Habitat. Roadsides,

Quality and Uses. Roots extremely astringent, sometimes used for tanning. eases
_ water said to be cosmetic,

7 Fracarita. Linneus. ee
Calyx 5-lobed, with as many bracts. Carpels 00, dry, on o ngs

deciduous succulent torus. ce
l. F. vesca Linnzus.—(Woop STRAWBERRY.) 8¢-

Leaves hairy, plaited, thin, pale green ; hairs of the flower-stalks close
pressed.

me ee
Fig. 254.—Potentilla Tormentilla.

ROSALS, 185 ROSEWORTS.

abitat. Woods of Europe.

Quality. Fruit a delicious article of dessert.

. F, virginiana Miller.—(Garpen StrRawBERRY.)

Leaves broad, smooth, shining, nearly even, glaucous beneath.

Habitat. United States and Canada.
Quality. Like the last, but not so aromatic, and more sweet.

Geum. Linneeus.

Calyx 5-lobed, with as many bracts. Carpels 00, dry, with hardened
hooked styles, forming a bur.

Ll. G. urbanum Linneus. ty

—(Avens. Hers
Bennett.) Fig. 255.
cal leaves interrupt-
edly pinnate and
lyrate, those of the a eee
stem ternate ; lower
joint of the style _
Mauch longer than \ MD
the upper, which is ? Cie
smooth,

Habitat, Hedges and thickets.
y. Aromatic, tonic, as-_
| tringent, :
Uses, Diarrhoea, leucorrhoa,
dysentery, intermittents ;

an ingredient in some
ales,

2G. rivale Linneus.—
,__ (Water Avens.)

Leaves interruptedly pin-
nate and lyrate, those
of the stem ternate ;
flowers nodding, dull
purple ; the two joints

of the style of equal
length

)

Habitat, Wet meadows and

y,_,Woods.

Quality and Uses. Same as
the last. Root in bladder
diseases, "

3. G. canadense Jacquin.
—(CHocotate Root.

United States, has some
Teputation as a mild tonic.

ROSALS. 186 nosnwoule

Acrimonia. Linneeus.

Calyx 5-cleft, without bracts ; tube fleshy, at length tough, covered with

hooked bristles, and investing a couple of carpels. :

Rx. nt e 1. A. Eupatoria Linneus.
—(Aermony.) Fig.
256. ;

Leaves interruptedly pin-
nate, serrate, downy
beneath ;_ calyx of
the fruit obconic;
outer bristles spread-
ing.

Habitat. Fields and roadsides.

Quality. Slightly aromatic,

styptic, bitter.

Uses. Decoction used in gar-

gles ; dried leaves forma
kind of herb-tea; root
has been employed as &
vermifuge.

Comarum. Linneus. ©

Calyx 5-cleft, with as
many bracts. Carpels
00, dry, on a convex
persistent succulent
torus. -
1. C. palustre Linneus.
Leaves pinnate ; leaflets
oblong, sharply ser-
rate : flowers dark -
= AL purple ; petals small.
Habitat. Marshes and bogs. —
Quality. Said to be » valu-
able remedy for intermit-
tent fevers,

NG

X
RS
<j! LY}

256

ee eee ee s 6

Fig. 256.—Agrimonia Eupatoria; a, perpendicular section of flower; », ripe fruit. —

ROSALS. 187 ROSEWORTS.

Rusvus. Linneus.

Calyz 5-lobed, without bracts. Drupes 00, placed upon a long torus, and
__ adhering to each other.

1. R. Ideus Linneus.—(The RaspBerry.) ;
Stem erect ; leaves pinnate, white beneath ; flowers axillary and terminal,
__ corymbose ; calyx woolly.

abitat, Woods in the west of England.

Quality. Fruit fragrant, subacid, wholesome. :

Uses. Forms preserves ; a kind of vinegar ; a useful fever drink.

Sprraa. Linneus. as

Calya 5-cleft, without bracts. Carpels 1 or more, follicular, many-
_ seeded.

1S. Filipendula Linneus.—
_ (Dropwort.)

Leaves interruptedly pinnate ;
leaflets all oblong, deeply
cut and serrate ; cymes pa-
nicled ; follicles hairy.
Habitat, Upland pastures.

Quality. Tonic, ince the tubers
rather nutritious.

2. 8. Ulmaria Linneus. —
(Meapow Sweer.) Fig.
257.

Leaves interruptedly pinnate ; leaflets ovate,
the terminal large, 3-5-lobed ; cymes
compound, proliferous; follicles smooth,
contorted.

Habitat. Moist meadows,

Quatity. Flowers yield a fragrant distilled water.
Roots astringent.

Brayera. Kunth.

Calycr turbinate, with a double 5-parted
limb. Petals resembling scales. Car-
pels 2, 1-2-seeded. Stigmas peltate.
Seeds solitary, pendulous. 257
- B. anthelmintica Kunth. :

A tree ; peduncles branched, covered with

soft hairs; flowers in fours; bracts

roundish. eaves unknown. :
Habitat, aa mae Purgative, anthelmintic ; very active.
Uses. Reported to be a very effectual vermifuge.

Guenta. Moench. :
Calye tubular, contracted at the mouth, 5-toothed. Pe se long, a
_ Stamens 10-15, short, enclosed. Canpels 5, with a filiform sty
_ Capitate stigma, partially connate.

Fig. 257.—Spirea Ulmaria.

ROSALS. 1 8 8 SANGUISORBS.

1. G. trifoliata Mench.
Leaves 3-foliolate ; stipules linear, acuminate, entire.
Habitat. United States. a
Quality. Root emetic ; employed as Ipecacuanha, but said to be uncertain in its
operation.
Rosa. ~ Linneeus.
Calya with a fleshy permanent tube, enclosing 00 bony carpels.
1. R. gallica Linneus.—(Frencu Rose.) .
Prickles and sete nearly equal, weak; leaflets stiff, elliptical; flowers erect ;
sepals ovate ; fruit bracteate, nearly globose ; sepals compound.
Habitat. Centre of Europe.
Quality. Petals mild astringents and tonics ; also laxative.
Uses. Chiefly used for colouring and flavouring other medicines.
2. R. centifolia Linneus.—(Provins Rosz. CABBAGE Rose.) eee
Prickles and setz unequal, the larger falcate ; leaflets oblong, wrinkled,
fringed with glands ; flowers nodding ; calyxes
viscid; fruit bracteate, oblong. :
Habitat. The eastern slope of Caucasus.
Quality. Petals laxative, deliciously fragrant ; the odour dan-
gerous to some constitutions. :
Uses. Petals form Syrup of Roses, and yield rosewater by
distillation.
3. BR. canina Linneus.—(Doe Rose.) ae
No sete ; prickles equal, hooked ; leaflets ovate, with-
out glands, with converging serratures, rigid 5
sepals deciduous, compound ; root-shoots arch
Habitat. Hedgerows, ‘ st and
Quality. Pulp of fruit nutritive, slightly refrigerant :
astringent. :
Uses. Forms Conserve of Heps.

Natural Order, Sanguisorbs; Sanguisorbacewe
(V. K., p. 561.)

Prevailing Quality. Astringency.

Potertum. Linneeus. ae

Flowers polygamous. Three scales at the base of the -
calyx. Stamens 00. Stigma pencilled. 53

1. P. Sanguisorba Linneus.—(Burvet.) Fig. 298.
Leaves pinnate ; leaflets roundish-ovate; heads

Fig. 258.~Poterium Sanguisorba; a, perpendicular section of flower ; 0, fruit-

SAXIFRAGALS. 189 SAXIFRAGES—LOOSESTRIFES.

THE SAXIFRAGAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 566.)
Patural Orvers of Sayifragals. Vv

Saytfrages (Saxifragacee.) Styles distinct.
Leaves alternate.

Loosestrifes (Lythracew.) Styles consolidated.
Leaves opposite.

Natural Order, Sayifrages; Saxifragacee (V. K.,
p. 567.)

Prevailing Quality. Astringency.

Hevcnera. Linneeus.

Calym 5-cleft. Petals undivided. Stamens 5. Styles
very long.

» H. americana Linnseus.—(ALUM-ROOT.)

Covered with clammy down; leaves roundish, lobed,

_ With mucronate dilated teeth ; peduncles dicho-

tomous, straggling.

Habitat United States. Quality. Root strongly styptic.
se. Where powerful astringents are needed ; forms a wash

wounds and obstinate ulcers.

Natural Order, Lausestrifes ; Lythracee (V. K.,
: p. 574.)

Prevailing Quality. Astringency, acridity.

. Lyturum. Linneus.

Calyse cylindrical, striated, with a double row of short
road teeth. Petals 4-6. Stamens twice as

Many. Style filiform. Stigma capitate.

Peicaria Linnzeus.—(Common LoosEstRIFE.)
ig. 259.

Leaves lanceolate, cordate ; flowers spiked, nearly
Sessile,

Quiitat. Ditches and river banks.

a Demuleent, astringent, Tae Diarrhoea, dysentery.
2 Ammannia, Linneeus. ;

cc eampanulate, with a double row of teeth. Petals 0. Stamens 4.

vesicatoria Roxburgh. ’ :

Stem erect, branched ; li sessile, lanceolate, tapering to the dane:

Owers sessile, in close whorls.

“at. East Indies, ;

~ ity. The ads plant has a strong muriatic smell ; acrid.

at Used in India to raise blisters in rheumatism, Lea

Fig. 259.—Flowers of Lythrum Salicaria.

GENTIANALS. 190 HOLLY WORTS.

Hema. Link.

Calyx campanulate, with 2 bracts at base, with a double row of 12 teeth.
Petals 6. Stamens 12. ;

1. H. salicifolia Link. —(Hancatno1. )

Leaves in threes or opposite, the upper often alternate ; petals obovate.

Habitat, New Spain,

Quality. A powerful sudorific and diuretic.

Uses. Has a great Mexican reputation in venereal diseases.

THE GENTIANAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 594.)
Patural Orders of Gentianals.

oo (Aquifoliacece.) Stipules 0. Stigma simple. Placente :
axile.

Bogbanes (Apocynacee.) Stipules 0.
Stigma trochlear. :

HLoganiays (Loganiacee.) Stipules im
terpetiolar. ;

Gentianwarts (Gentianacee.) Stipules0.
Stigma simple. Placente parietal.

Natural Order, Hallywarts ; Aquifoliacee
(V..K., p. 597.)

Prevailing Quality. Tonic, emetic, diuretic.
Ee: : Prinos. Linneeus.
) \ Flowers polygamous {/. Fruit with 6 stones.
[ ree 1. P. verticillatus Linneus. :
% ee: Leaves deciduous, oval, acuminate, serra
=e downy beneath ; male flowers axillary,
Ss eee Se in small umbels.
Habitat. United States. ao
ges & Quality. Bark and fruit tonic ; the latter also emetic.
ZL Uses. In cases of great debility, attended by fever:

\ Lf Inex. Linneeus.
NZ 4s Flowers polygamous 48/. Fruit with 45
stones.
1. I. Aguifoliwum Linneus. —(The Ho
y) Taez.) Fig. 261.
poe Leaves ovate, acute, wavy, shining, §

toothed ; flowers somewhat umbell

Fig. 260.—Tlex paraguayensis.

191 HOLLYWORTS. _

Quality. astri i i ctorant, diuretic.
( . Leaves astringent, tonic ; root and bark emollient, expe .
Uses, Intermittent fevers ; icterus. Bark yields birdlime.

2, I. paraguayensis St. ~ wie’
Hilaire, PP aldeie: NO jr Me
_ ea.) Fig. 260. = Fy ae kj
Perfectly smooth; leaves ;
_ lanceolate-oblong, -api-
culate, serrated ; pe-
duneles axillary, many-
parted; stones wrinkled.
Habitat, Paraguay and Brazil.
Quality. Stimulating, narcotic ; pte
diuretic, diaphoretic.
Uses. Forms the Paraguay Tea

or Maté, largely used in
South America,

3. I. vomitoria Aiton. ¥]
Leaves oblong, blunt at each Eo ay
: end, crenato-serrate,

smooth; umbels lateral,
Nearly sessile.

Habitat, United States.

ity. A strong decoction
acts as a mild emetic,

Natural Order, Dagbanes;
- Apoeynacece (V.K.,p.599.)

Prevailing Quality. Aerid,
_ emetic, drastic, poisonous.

Cerpera. Linneus.

Calyx without glands. Oo-

rolla hypocrateriform.

Ovules 2-4 in each

-, ovary. Fruit a Drupe.
a0. Tanghin Hooker.

“ anghinia venenifera
Oiret, : site

ves lanceolate, much tapering to the base, coriaceous, smooth, revo

at the edge ; cymes dichotomous, terminal.

Qi Se gw than an

Quality. Kernel a deadly poison. It is asserted that, ee ae
_ Almond, one kernel is —— to Hise | , 6 a ed. The kernel was

as rd but e ce we d * distril

ded on: sais ite water, Ind the emulsion thus obtained was

among the criminals.
pS epomd

ae

: i section of the fruit.
Fig. 261.—Tex Aquifolium ; a, a flower magnified ; b, a perpendicular

*

~ GENTIANALS. 192 ie.

Fane cts, ‘Giperng to the base, coriaceous, smooth ; cymes diche-
tomous, terminal.

Habitat. East Indies, ; :

See ties cat mie yates wid nit ‘substitute for Senna, especially in Jah
according to Waiz.

Nerium.. Linneus.

Calyx 5-parted, with numerous glands inside. Corolla hypocrateriform,
with large lacerated faucial appendages. Fruit bifollicular.

1. N. Oleander Linneus.—(The OLEANDER.)
Leaves opposite and ternate, lanceolate, acute.

Habitat. Shores of the Mediterranean. ,

Quality. All the parts acrid, poisonous, very dangerous.

Uses. "Dassen of leaves kills vermin and cures itch ; powdered bark on ae ee
rat-poison. Cases are recorded of persons having been poisoned by mea
upon skewers of Oleander wood.

Autamanpa. Linneus.

Calyx 5-parted, without glands.
Flowers funnel-shaped, with a
campanulate limb. Fruit a
prickly capsule.’

1. A. cathartica Linneus.

Leaves whorled or opposite, oblong,
acuminate, membranous ; lobes
of the calyx acuminate, smooth.

| Habitat. West Indies.

Quality. Cathartic, poisonous, emetic.

Uses. An infusion of the leaves in small

doses in painters’ colic. In over-doses
it is violently emetic and purgative.

Icunocarpus. R. Brown.

Corolla hypocrateriform, with a cal-
lous contracted orifice, Hypo-
gynous glands 5, long, capitate.
Stigma with a long subulate
point.

1. I. frutescens R. Brown. Fig. 262.

Leaves elliptical, acute at each end,
smooth above.

Habitat. East Indies, especially the island
of Ceylon.

Fig. 262.—Ichnocarpus frutescens in flower, after Burmann’s figure.

_ GENTIANALS. 193 LOGANIADS,

Natural Order, Loganiays ; Loganiacee (V. K., p. 602.)
Prevailing Quality. Tonic, poisonous.

Spieetia. Linneeus.

Calyx glandular inside. Corolla long, slender, valvate. Stamens with
| long filaments. Capsule composed of 2 cocci, circumscissile at the base.
1S. marilandica Linneus.—(Worm Grass.)
frennial ; stem simple, quadrangular ; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate,

hairy at the edge ; corolla scarlet outside, yellow inside.
_ Habitat. United States.
Toes urgative ; a poisonous narcotic.

very powerful vermifuge.

(#8, Anthelmia Linnzus.
3 leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, the upper in whorls of 4; racemes
Spicate from the axils of the upper leaves; flowers very small, purplish.
| Habitat, Tropical America.

uy and Uses, Like the last; but its properties disappear with keeping.

Srrycunos. Linneeus.

Corolla ocrateriform, with valvate lobes. Stamens with very short
Slates. Berry cotited with a rind, l-celled, with discoidal seeds
i lodged in pulp.

LS. Nua-vomica Linnzeus.—(Nvx-
“ Vomica Tree.) Fig. 263.

4 >; leaves roundish-oblong,
stalked, 3-5-nerved, perfectly
smooth ; corymbs terminal.

, (Cabatome Pra} St. Hilaire.—

? corky ; cirrhi 0 ; leaves ovate, quintuple-nerved, velyety and rufous on

Baia? ene racemes axillary, panicled, velvety. |

Rae i eel pape ooops valuable of all remedies for the
nts of Brazil. i

Fig. 263.—Strychnos Nux-vomica.
0

_ GENTIANALS. : 194

3. S. towifera Bentham.—(Wooraty Sarvs.) Fig. 264.

- Branches climbing and covered with long rufous hairs, as well as the cirrhi;
leaves nearly sessile, oval-oblong, membranous, 3-nerved, acute,
covered with long coarse hairs. -

Habitat. Demerara.
ate ma aie?

gerous poison,
like Nux vomica; is
the base of a for-
midable substance,
called Wooraly, used
among the savages

_ of Demerara.

Uses, Bark has been
used as an applica-
tion to foul ulcers.

Natural Order, Gentiantworts ; Gentianaceer (V. K., p. 619.)
Prevailing Quality. Pure bitterness.

GentTiaNa. Linneeus.

4stivation of the corolla left-handed. Style 0. Flowers not gl und
of _ Stigmas 2, revolute. , 3
os ‘ G. lutea Linneus.—(Yewtow Gentian.) 3
| pede er yellow ; leaves broad, many-nerved, on a stout, erect '
— A pure bitter ; narcotic, deleterious in large doses. ie
"bees 3 intermittents ; against worms. In full doses it is apt to Te!
ore? wud it does not always agree with the stomach ; in fact :
volatile principle capable of producing nausea and a kind of intoxication.
root. contains a good deal of sugar and mucilage, which enables the Swiss to’
from ita liqueur held in high esteem among that people. —

Fig 264.—Leaves of Strychnos toxifera.

.

_ GENTIANALS. 195 GENTIANWORTS,

2. G. punctata Linneeus. é
Corolla plaited, campanulate ; stigmas naked ; capsule sessile ; plaits of
the corolla triangular ; calyx entire ; leaves acute.

_ Habitat. Alps of Europe.
Quality and Uses. Quite like the last.
3 G. purpurea Linneus. ; : ;
Corolla plaited, campanulate ; stigmas naked ; capsule sessile ; plaits of
the corolla truncate ; leaves smooth at the edge.
_ Habitat, Alps of Europe.

Quality and Uses. As the last. All yield “Gentian-root.”

4. G. Amarella Linneus, }

are other European substitutes for Gentiana

- G. campestris Linnaeus, iiss

6. G. pannonica Murray,

AgatHotes. Don.

Astivation of corolla left-handed. Style 0. Corolla naked at base, with
glandular pits, covered in by a fringed scale. Stamens monadelphous.

l. A. Chirayita Don.—(Cumeeta Pian.)

Flowers ¢/ ; corolla longer than the calyx; leaves ovate and cordate,

smooth.

Habitat. ag of India,

Quality. f Gentiana lute

Uses, Hligidpais ti pouty odbject * Strengthens the stomach, obviates flatulency

and diminishes the tendency

to acidity.”"_Pereira, The

Whole plant is pulled up at the

time the flowers begin to de-

_ Cay, and is dried for use. Its

febrifugal properties are in
estimation with Euro

_ Practitioners in India, who use

It instead of Cinchona when
the latter is not to be procured.

—Erymrza. Renealm.
Alstivation of corolla _left-
handed. Style distinct,
deciduous. Anthers having
a spiral and projecting con-
nective. Inflorescence cen-
trifugal. Corolla regular,
hypocrateriform.

1. E. Centawrium Persoon.—
(Centavry.) Fig. 265.
’ymes dichotomous ; flowers
_ Rumerous, pink ; stigma
double; tube of corolla twice

a8 long as the calyx ; stem
erect,

Fig. nega = Centaurium.
oO

GENTIANALS. 1 96 GENTIANWORTS.

Habitat. Dry gravelly and heavy pastures.
ity and Uses. As Gentian. It possesses all the essential properties of the Gentian

of the shops, and although not used professionally is a valuable native medicine.
In many places it is carefully collected for use in rustic pharmacy.

Menyantues. Linneus.

Aistivation of corolla in-
duplicative. Seeds in the
middle of each valve.

1. M. trifoliata Linneus.—
(Buck Bray.) Fig.266.

Rhizome creeping ; leaflets
ternate, entire at thebase;
corolla bearded.

Habitat. Swamps.

Quality. Tonic, astringent;
cathartic, even emetic, aS

Uses. Where bitter tonics are
required, the rhizome, ga :
thered in August, and also
the seeds have been
An occasional substitute for
hops. All the plant intensely
bitter.

Reckoned one of the most valu-
able of tonics. Large doses
produce vomiting, purging;

petic complaints, rheuma-
tism, dropsy, scurvy, and

worms.

VittarsiA. Ventenat.

1. V. nympheoides Vente
nat.

This common wild aqua
tic possesses pro
analogous to those of Me-

nyanthes.

Fig. 266.—Menyanthes trifoliata ; a, ripe fruit; 4, a cross section of it; ¢, a seed.

CORTUSALS. 197 LEADWoRTS.

THE CORTUSAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 637.)

Patural Order of Cartusals.

Leavwwarts (Plumbaginacee.) Stamens opposite petals. Styles 5.
Seed 1.

Primworts (Primulacece.) Stamens opposite petals. “Style 1.
Seed 00.

Natural Order, Leadwwarts; Plumbaginacee (V. K., p. 640.)
Prevailing Quality. Acridity, causticity.
PiumBpaco. Linnceus.

Calyx 5-lobed, herbaceous, glandular. Corolla hypocrateriform. Styles
connate.

iP. zeylanica Linneeus.

Stem scrambling, shrubby ; leaves oblong,

slightly auriculate; flowers in long

dense spikes ; corolla regular, white.

Habitat. East Indies.

Quality. Extremely acrid.

Uses, Sliced roots and leaves produce blisters as

readily as cantharides ; applied in India to

incipient buboes ; an infusion in olive oil forms

8 useful wash for ulcers,

— 2. P. scandens Linneeus.

3 Stem scrambling, shrubby; leaves oblong-

lanceolate, slightly auriculate ; spikes

long, terminal, lax ; corolla regular,

white.

Habitat. West Indies.

Quality and Uses. Like the last.

3 P. europea Linneeus. — (LEADWORT.)
Fig. 267.

tanches long, slender, striated ; leaves
auriculate, with caleareous powder on

the under side; limb of the corolla
slightly irregular ; flowers violet.
Habitat. South of Europe.

panty. Excessively acrid ; emetic.

A stimulating wash for old ulcers, but ex-

tremely painful ; the leaves chewed
he ; forms issues ; raises b'

ArmeRiA. Willdenow.

Calyae membranous, naked. Styles distinct,

feathery. 267
: A. vulgaris Willdenow.—(THRIrT.)

Perea

Fig. 267.—Plumbago europea.

CORTUSALS. 198 PRIMWORTS. _

Ceespitose ; leaves linear, smooth, or nearly so; scapes dwarf, villous ;
involucral leaves herbaceous at the back.

Habitat. Cliffs. Common in gardens as an edging.
Quality. Flowers active and useful as diuretics.

Natural Order, Primwarts ; Primulacee (V. K., p. 644.)
Prevailing Quality. Acridity.

Primuta. Linneus.

Corolla hypocrateriform, dilated in the orifice. Filaments very short.
Capsule ovate, 5-valved.

1. P. veris Linnzeus.—(Cowstie.) Ce

Leaves oblong, rugose ; scape longer, bearing an umbel at the end ; limb
of corolla short, concave.

Habitat. Meadows.

Quality. Flowers sedative. t a

Uses, oo fermented with sugar they form a soporific domestic wine ; used for

wheys.

CycuaMen. Linneus.

Corolla rotate, with a long reflexed
limb. Anthers prominent, cuspi-
date. Peduncles twisted spirally
downwards after flowering. Fruit
leathery, scarcely dehiscent.

1. C. europewn Linneus.—(Sow-

Bread.) Fig. 268.

NALS. E 99 ' OLIVEWORTS.

Leaves reniform-orbicular, crenated, slightly angular ; orifice of the corolla
5-sided,.

Habitat. South of Europe.

Quality and Uses, Extremely acrid ; a drastic purgative ; emmenagogue.

ANAGALLIS,

Corolla rotate. Capsule circumscissile (a pyxis).

1. A. arvensis Linneus.—(Pivpernex.) Fig. 269.

An annual; stems procumbent, angular ; leaves opposite, or ternate, ovate,
: sessile, shorter than the axillary peduncles. -

Habitat. Cornfields.

Quality. Acrid. :

Uses. “Has been prescribed in epilepsy, dropsy, and mania.

THE SOLANAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 6109.)

‘Patural Orvers of Solanals.

Olivetwarts (Oleacew.) Stamens 2, free.

Pightshaves (Solanacew.) Stamens 9, free. Placentz axile.
Seeds 00. .

Aseepiays (Asclepiadacew.) Stamens and stigma consolidated.

Sebestens (Cordiacew.) Stamens 5, free. Placentz axile. Seeds
solitary.

Binvweeds (Convoloulacee.) Stamens 5, free. Placente basal.

Natural Order, @livewarts; Oleacew (V. K., p. 616.)
Prevailing Quality. Bitter, tonic.

Orea. Linneus.

Calya 4-toothed. Corolla 4-cleft. A
_ Grupe.

z.-0. europea Linneus.—(The OLIVE
_ Tree.)—Fig. 270.
Leaves lanceolate, opposite,
entire, pale beneath ;
_ Tacemes axillary, com-
pound, short.

Oil in plasters, enemata, salads, &e. Bark a good substitute for cinchona.

SOLANALS. 200 ; OLIVEWORTS,

Syrinea. Linneus.

Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla 4-cleft. A 2-celled Capsule, with navicular
valves.

1. 8. vulgaris Linnzeus.—(The Lizac.)

Leaves cordate, acuminate.

Habitat. East of Europe. Quality. Bitter, tonic.
Uses. Unripe fruit and seeds valuable as a cure for intermittent fevers.

Fraxinvs. Linneeus.
Flowers very imperfect. Calya obsolete. Corolla 0, or
3-4-parted. A Samara.
I. F. Ornus Linneus. Ornus ewropea Persoon.—( FLOwER-
ING AsH.)
Leaflets in about 3 pairs, lanceolate or elliptical, serrate ;
flowers complete.

Habitat. South of Europe.
wi

Quality. Branches exude the bitter-sweet laxative substance called
272 Manna.

2. F. excelsior Linneus. —
—(Asu Tree.) Fig.
l

271. :
yy Leaflets in 3-6 pairs, —

271

CH sessile, ‘lanceolate-
SRL oblong, acuminate,

‘ serrated; flowers
y apetalous.

IX, Zetitat. Woods.
:

\') Uses. Timber largely used —
\ where strength and elas-
. W ticity are d, Also
Ke yields Manna in
d) countries.

—\Q3 Natural Order, Aight
‘ & \—-Sbattes; — Solanacow
» (V. K., p. 618.)
~ Prevailing Quality. Nar-
cotic.

Soranum. Linneeus.

é Corolla rotate. Anthers
e connivent, | :
oe by apore. A

7 1. §. tuberosum Linneus.
eek —(Porato.)

Pig. 271.—Flower of Fraxinus excelsior, magnified; 272. Solanum Dulcamara.

SOLANALS 201 , NIGHTSHADES.

Leaves interruptedly pinnated, downy ; flowers white ; tuberous.

Habitat, Chili.
ity. Leaves and fruit narcotic, ics

fe Pickers wbound in starch, which is sometimes used as arrow-root, so rte Seb:
inferior quality, causing flatulence, and disordering the stomach of de: Teel eookede
They are among the most valuable of known food, if perfectly ripe and w :

2. 8. Duleamara Linneus.—(BrtreRsWEET.) Fig. 272.
Stem scrambling ; leaves ovate-cordate, the upper hastate; corymbs

| opposite the leaves ; flowers violet ; berries red.

Habitat, Hedges.

— Quality. Diaphoretic, diuretic, 273

-Aacro-narcotic,

&. Chronic catarrhs, rheu-
Matism, gout, eczema and
Psoriasis. The root and
young branches, in the form
of a decoction, much di-
luted with milk, have been
recommended in scrophu-
ous or glandular obstruc-
tions. Smith._—'The plant
18 a dangerous narcotic, and
its gay tempting berries
have ‘occasionally caused
Serious accidents among

mn and others who
have eaten them. In medi-

“ine the plant has been con-
Sidered serviceable both in-
ternally, and used as a

in lepra, and other

_ Cutaneous disorders. It is
_ Said to have been advanta-

Seously exhibited in asthma.

BLACK
Fig. 273
_ “M2 annual; stem erect,
angular; leaves sinuate-
toothed, downy ; flowers
flea — black,
. wit le pul ;
Mm which is ceed ee
embedded

NicutsHane. )

ae ee

Pig. 273.—solanum nigrum ; a, a transverse section of fruit ; b, seed,

SOLANALS. 202 NIGHTSHADES.

Habitat. Waste places all over the world.
Quality. Slightly narcotic.
Uses. Asa resolvent ; berries eatable without danger ; in hot countries, leaves used
as spinach.
4. §. Lycopersicum Linnzeus.—(TomaTo.)
An annual ; leaves interruptedly pinnate, hairy ; flowers yellow ; berries
large, ribbed, many-celled.

Habitat.. Peru.
Uses. The juice of the fruit subacid, much used as a sauce.

5. S$. Melongena Linneus.—(Eee Puayt.)
An annual, gray, with stellate hairs; leaves ovate, angular; flowers purple;
fruit oblong, smooth, shining, with a hard skin.
Habitat. East Indies.
_ Uses. Fruit much used as food, when skilfully cooked. Called, in the countries where
it grows, Aubergine, Brinjal, &c. °

Hyoscyamus. Linneeus.

Corolla funnel-shaped, irregular. Fruit a pyxis enclosed in a permanent
hardened calyx.

1. H. niger Linneeus.—(HEN-

Bi ean fale BANE.) Fig. 274.

= Leaves sessile, viscid, amplexi-
eaul, pinnatifid ; flowers
nearly sessile; corolla yel
low, veined with purple.

Habitat, Waste places. |
Quality. Sedative, narcotic, poison:

ous, ee
Uses. As an anodyne, and antispas —

modic; cough, gonorrhoea, toc

ing, glandular swellings; to dilate

the pupil of the eye. ee

Datura. Linneeus.
Corolla funnel-shaped, plaited. Calyx deciduous, with a perman
; Po base. A 4-celled, 4-valved Capsule.
1D. Stramoniwm Linneus.—(Tuorx Apriz.) Fig. 275.

canara af os

Fig. 274.—Hyoscyamus niger ; a, calyx ; b, pyxis.

203 NIGHTSHADES.
SOLANALS,

An annual ; leaves ovate, smooth, unequally sinuate-toothed ; capsules

erect, spiny ; flowers white.
abitat. Waste places.

Quality. Like ‘hias of Henbane and Belladonna.

__ Seeds produce maniacal delirium. ee

Uses, To allay pain ; in,tie-douloureux, spasmodic

4, Mania, epilepsy.

2. D. sanguinea Ruiz and Pavon.—(Fiort-
PONDIO.)

A tree; leaves oblong-acuminate, toothed,

_ angular, hairy ; flowers pendulous, red,

with narrow acuminate lobes to the

corolla.

Habitat. Pern,

ity. Seeds produce furious excitement.
Uses, “No Riis on fits of delirium; to form a stupefying
beverage.

Manpracora. Tournefort.

Corolla campanulate, plaited. Stigma sg 0s
mens inclosed in the tube of the calyx, sprea :
ing. Berry 2-celled, surrounded by the enlarge
ade dragora
LM. oficinarum Miller. Atropa Mandrago
Linnzeus.—(Manprake.) =
stemless plant, with a large forked fleshy ——
Toot ; leaves lanceolate, spreading, grey ; flowers
idden among the leaves, pale violet.
Habitat, South of Europe.
Quality, Acro-narcotic,
purgative, anzesthetic
aphrodisia jac, :
Uses, An old ingredient
_ philtres ; dangerous
and disused, « Le pro-
*sseur Fodevé avait
cueilli un pied de Man-
oon » e@t Vavait
laissé par inadvertence
~ = UN petit cabinet
(OU il se livrait au tra-

Songeait plus a
, Plante, et son
er mouvement

2

ouvrir la fenétre,
tant appuyé sur la
~™éme, il en

SOLANALS. 2 04 NIGHTSHADES.

sortit une odeur fortement nauséabonde qui lui fit‘ apercevoir aussitdt la cause de
ces accidens.” (Rogues, Médecine Léyale, tom. iv. p. 22.) Dr. T. H. Silvester has
shown that the root was formerly employed in the same way as chloroform and
other anzesthetic agents now are,

Atropa. Linneus.
Corolla campanulate. Berry not filled with pulp.

1. A. Belladonna Linneus.
—(Deapity Nicut-
SHADE.) Fig. 276.

Leaves ovate, entire ; seeds

pitted, not lying in

pulp; flowers dirty
violet-brown.

Habitat. Woods,

Quality. Like those of Henbane. °

Uses. Nervous irritation, tic-douloureux, rigidity of the os uteri, spasmodic ance
hooping cough, maladies of the eyes, epilepsy, hysteria, mania, chorea,

Pig. 276.—Atropa Belladonna in fruit ; a, a corolla laid open; b, a cross section of fruit ; ¢ seed.

SOLANALS, 205 NIGHTSHADES,

Nicottana. Linneeus.

Corolla funnel-shaped, with a plaited limb. Stigma capitate. Capsule
2-celled, 4-valved at the point.

AN. Tabacum Linneus.—(American Tosacco.) Fig. 277.

Leaves ovate or oblong, lanceolate, acuminate,
the lower decurrent ; corolla much longer
__ than thecalyx, pink, with acute segments.
Habitat, Tropical America.

‘uanty. Narcotic, purgative, emetic, anodyne ;

relaxes muscular fibre.

Uses, Colic, hernia, constipation, ischuria and dys-
uria, tetanus, dropsy. A favourite luxury.

_ Constitutes all the American cigars and Indian
cheroots.

2. N. rustica Linneeus—(Syrtan Toxacco.)
ves stalked, ovate, obtuse, entire ; corol-
las not much longer than the calyx,
green, with rounded segments.

Habitat. Levant, :
Quality and Uses. Like the last, but milder ; forms
kish, Syrian, Latakia Tobaccos.

3. N. persica Lindley.—(Tonacco or Samay.)
m-leaves amplexicaul, oblong, acuminate ;
corolla much longer than the calyx, white,
with ovate emarginate unequal segments.
Habitat. Persia,

Quality and Uses. Like the first, but much more
t and agreeable ; not used in medicine.

Forms the finest Persian Tobacco ; but not
ope to cigars, from the difficulty of making
urn,

- Capsicum. Linneeus.

Corolla rotate. Stamens projecting, converging, opening by slits. Fruit
sag 9 dry berry.

s C. annuum Linneus.—(CHILLI.) : :

Leaves ovate, acuminate, entire, smooth ; fruit long, conical.

Habitat, ‘~smee where it was called 7chitli according nt Hernandez.
at se i i ; in excess dangerous.
Vees, _ Thi Soo prey fereiali ; the well-known condiment called Cayenne
Pepper. The fruit and seeds are a powerful stimulant, without any pada oka
penty. Cayenne pepper consists principally of the ground seeds. It is en?
M medicine, in combination with Cinchona, in intermittents and lethargic a: ons,
4nd also in atonic gout, dyspepsia accompanied by flatulence, epimers paralysis,
©. Its most valuable application appears, however, to be in cynanche maligna
and searlatina maligna, used either as a gargle or administered internally.

| C. frutescens Linnzeus.—(Goat PepPEn ;)
©. baccatum Linnseus—(Brrp Perren;)
Have similar properties, but are more acrimonious.

sakes oeeners cee ae

Fig. 277.—Flowers of Nicotiana Tabacum.

206 seumeenee

SOLANALS,.

Natural Order, Asclepiats ; Asclepiadacece (V.K., p. 623.)
Prevailing Quality. Acrid, purgative, emetic.

Ascuerias. Linneeus.

Coronet consisting of 5 cucullate processes, each bearing
a horninitsinside. Fig. 278.

1. A. tuberosa Linneus. A. decumbens Linn.—(BUTTER-
FLY WEED.) :
Stem ascending, hispid ; leaves linear-oblong, hirsute; _

umbels rather corymbose ; pedicels downy ; flowers
orange red.
Habitat. United States.
Quality. Root expectorant, diaphoretic; a mild tonic and
stimulant,
Uses, Catarrh, pneumony, pleurisy.

2. A. curassavica Linneus.
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, smooth ; peduncles shorter
than the leaves ; umbels many-flowered ; lobes of corolla acuminate;
flowers scarlet. ,
wl Habitat. West Indies. ‘
CI Quality. metic and purgative.
\ Uses. In gleets and fluor albus.
a FF we ge

Gompnocarrus. Rt. Brown.

la®,
cv

Coronet consisting of 5 cucullate pies:
cesses, not containing a horn.

1. G. fruticosus R. Brown.
; Branches min

279

Canorroris. R. Brown. .

Coronet consisting of 5 blunt saecate processes adhering to the base of
filaments. eS

i C. gigantea R. Br.—(Mupar Pant.) Fig. 279. .
rocesses of the coronet short, incurved, blunt ; leaves cordate, ov ate, ?

Fig. 278.—Flower of an Asclepias ; 279. Calotropis gigantea.

207 | ian

Habitat, East Indies.
Quality, Alterative and sudorific.
Elephantiasis, venereal diseases, chronic cutaneous affections, worms.

Vincetoxicum. Moench.
Coronet without accessory processes, scutelliform, fleshy, with 5-10 lobes ;
_ tube very short
V. officinale Meench. Cynanchum vincetoxicum.
anches with two hairy lines ; leaves cordate, ovate-lanceolate, ciliated ;

eymes shorter than the leaves ; stem erect ; flowers white.
abitat. South of Europe.

. Emetic, purgative.

Uses. An old antidote to poisons.
“ae SotenostemMa, Hayne.
oronet raised on a long shaft, with 5 obtuse concave processes at its base,
__ opposite the lobes of the corolla.

Ss. Argel Hayne. Cynanchum Argel Delile—(Areuet.) Fig. 280.
a 2 feet high, erect, branched ; leaves lanceolate, leathery, nearly
- Yeinless, wrinkled and downy on the under side.

281

Fotine 2” Guallersbie proportion of many samples of Alexandrian senna, but
eadily known by the thick leathery texture of the leaves, which are veinless,
Wrinkled, and downy.
| Hemiwpesmus. &. Brown. Pees
ét0. Corolla rotate. Filaments not united upwards; anthers free
from the stigma, with 20 pollen masses. ee
indicus R. Brown.—(Inpian Sansapanita.) Fig. 28].
_twining ; leaves narrow oblong, obtuse at each end ; flowers
axillary, nearly sessile. eke ae .

Fig. 280.—Solenostemma Argel in flower ; 281. Hemidesmus indicus.

SOLANALS. 208 SEBESTENS.

Habitat. East Indies. Quality. Alterative, sudorific, diuretic. Uses, Asub- —
stitute for Sarsaparilla, aie

Natural Order, Scbestens; Cordiaceee (V. K., p. 628.) a

Prevailing Quality. Mucila-
ginous, emollient. oe
Corpia. Plumier.

Calyx tubular, not striated,
toothed. Corolla hypo-
crateriform or funnel- —
shaped. Drupe pulpy,
surrounded by the per-
manent calyx.

1. C. Myea Linnaeus. Fig. 282.

Branches smooth, round; leaves
stalked, ovate, occasionally —
repand, smooth above, —
rather rough beneath;
tube of corolla as long as
calyx ; drupe egg-shaped,
mucronate.

Habitat. East Indies.

2. C. latifolia Roxburgh.
Branches angular; _ leaves
stalked, roundish-ovate,

sometimes rather cordate

above ; tube |
rather shorter than calyx
drupe roundish obovate.
Habitat. East Indies. ae
Quality and Uses. Like the ast,
but of better quality.
N.B.—Under the name Sebesten
Plums, Sebestans, or Sep!
two sorts of Indian fruit have been emp’

282

++
.

Fig. 282.—Leaf of Cordia Myxa.

209 BINDWEEDS.

Natural Order, Bindwerts; Convolvulacee (V. K., p. 630.)

Prevailing Quality. Purgative.

ConvoLvuuus. Linneus.

Calye naked. Stigmas 2, linear. Ovary 2-celled, with 4 ovules.

- C. Scammonia Linneus.—(Scammony.) Fig. 283. :

erennial ; stem smooth; leaves sagittate with truncate or lobed auricles;
peduncles very long, many-flowered ; sepals truncate, much shorter

_ than the calyx.

Habitat. Levant.

Quality. A powerful drastic purgative.

48. Constipation, worm cases, dropsy. se
» C. arvensis Linneus. — (SMALLER
_ Binpweep.) Fig. 284.
frennial, creeping rooted ; leaves
Sagittate, auricled ; sepals roundish-
ovate,
Habitat, Hedges,
Quality and Uses. Like Seammony, but less \
active, 4

3. CO. dissectus Cavanilles.

Perennial ; stem downy ;
leaves deeply 5-parted
or sagittate, linear ;
peduncles 1-2-flowered; _
calyx downy, nearly as
long as the corolla.

ac America and South Africa. oe ee
._Abounds in prussic acid. ee
+ Gives its flavour to the liquor called noyeau imported from Martinique, &¢., os
Where the plant is called“ the Noyeau Vine” |

Fig. 283,—Leaf of Conyolvulus Scammonia ; 284. Convolvulus arvensis.
Pp

.

SOLANALS. 210 BINDWEEDS. —

: Catystecia. &. Brown.

Calya concealed within 2 large leafy bracts. Stiymas 2; linear. Ovary
2-celled at base, 1-celled at apex.

1. C. sepium R. Brown.—(Larczr Biypwsep.) Fig. 285.

Stem twining, smooth, angular; leaves large, smooth, sagittate,

truncate
at base ; peduncles angular, 1-flowered ; flowers large. :

Habitat. Hedges.
Quality and Uses. Like Seammony, but less active.

Ai — Ipoma@a. Linneus.

_ Calyx naked. Stigmas 2, capitate. , 4-seeded.
ceo de pitate. Ovary 2-celled, 4-seed |

_ Stem slender, rather downy ; leaves cordate, entire or pandurate, ore”
3-lobed ; peduncles 1-3-flowered, longer than the petioles 5

small, ovate ; corolla large, white and purple. Z

_ Habitat. West Indies and Southern States of the North American Union. —

Quality. Powdered root acts like rhubarb
(Uses. Calculous cases, gravel, ‘

Fig. 285.—Calystegia sepium; a, the two bracts forced aside to show the calyx.

- SOLANALS. 211 BINDWEEDS,

- I. operculata Martius. -
Stem quadrangular, winged, smooth ; leaves palmate, smooth ; peduncles
1-flowered, longer fan the petiole ; sepals orbicular, the outer large ;

__ corolla long, tubular, white ; capsule operculate.

Habitat. Brazil.

Quality and Uses. Like those of jalap, but weaker.

L. macrorhiza Michaux. Convolvulus Jalapa Linneeus,

his plant, inhabiting the sandy soil of Georgia and Carolina, with white insipid
farinaceous roots weighing from 40 to 50 Ibs., is said to possess no pur-

gative properties whatever. Dr. Baldwin administered six drachms of

the powdered root without effect ; in fact it contains little or no resin,

but like Batatas consists chiefly of saccharine and farinaceous matter.

Exoconium. Choisy.

Calyx naked. Corolla tubular. Stamens prominent. Stigma capitate.
Ovary 2-celled, 4-seeded.

. E. Purga Bentham.—(Trvz Jantar.) Fig. 286.

aves cordate, acumi- —
nate, smooth ; pe-
duncles 2-flowered;
Sepals smooth, the
outer shortest; co- ‘
—Yolla large, crim-
son, hypocrateri-
form;root tuberous. ‘

abitat. Mexico, near

pe
Quality. “A powerful dras-
tie tive,
nstipation, worm cases,
Water in the brain, dropsies,
_ Yetention of the catamenia.

$68,

~ Bavaras. Rumphius.

aly naked. Stigmas 2, capi-
fate. Ovary 4-celled.

* ». edulis Choisy. Convoloulus
Batatas Linneus. — (Sweer
Porato.)

Stem creeping widely ; leaves cor-
_ Mate, acute, angular, stalked ;
peduncles longer than the pe-
Wole, 3-4-flowered ; sepals
_‘Mueronate; corolla large, pur-
‘Me; root very large, tuberous.
Mat. East Indies ; cultivated in all
tropical sorintrieg: ——

Sweet, nutritive, laxative.
e tubers are

* food in all hot scale where they occupy the place of potatoes Coli

- Fig. 286.—Flower and leaf rs Exogonium Purga. —
: r

seed; 4, a cross section of it.

BIGNONIALS, ~ 212

Puarsitis. Choisy.

Calyx naked. Stigma capitate. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 seeds in each cell.

1. P. Nil Choisy. Convolvulus Nil Linneus.—(ConvotvuLvs Magor.)

Stem hairy backwards ; leaves cordate, entire or 3-lobed, hairy ; peduncles —
9-3-flowered, generally longer than the petiole ; sepals hispid at the —
base ; corolla large, pallid, showy.

Habitat. Tropical countries.

Quality. Seeds purgative, when roasted.

Uses. A common purgative in India, under the name of Kala Dana. Said to be an ©
effectual quick cathartic. Seeds are roasted like coffee, powdered, and adminis-
tered in doses of from 30 to 40 grains, in any convenient vehicle.

THE BIGNONIAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 668.)
Patural Orders of Bignonials.

Pevalians (Pedaliacece.) Placente parietal.
Bignontays (Bignoniacew.) Placentz axile. Albumen 0.
Hinariays * (Scrophulariacew.) Placents axile. Albumen abundant.

Natural Order, Pevaliays ; Pedaliacew (V.
K., p. 669.) .

Prevailing Quality. Emollient, oily.

Sesamum. Linneus.

Upper lobe of calyx smaller. Corolla long-

campanulate, with an unequal 5-lobed

border. Capsule oblong, 4-cornered,

2-valved. Seeds thick ; apterous.

1. S. indicum Linneeus.—(SESAME- TL 0
TrEL.) Fig. 287. ee

Stem erect, downy ; leaves lanceolate, downy:

entire, or lobed.
Habitat. East Indies.

Fig. 287.—Sesamum indicum, less than the natural size; 1, a ripe fruit; 2,a valve of the fruit

___* The ambiguity of the term ‘ ” occasions, induces
a it for the énpveeien than? employed by me on former ~

r a _ BIGNONIALS, 213 ’ BIGNONIADS.
pe :

’

| Natural Order, Bignaniays; Bignoniacew (V. K., p. 675.)
} Prevailing Quality. Uncertain.
Catatpa. Scopoli.
| Corolla campanulate. Stamens 5, 3 being sterile. Capsule long,
q siliquiform.
| 1. ©. syringifolia Sims.—(Catatra TREE.) :
_ 4eaves membranous, ovate, cordate, acuminate, nearly entire, downy
beneath ; flowers panicled.
; Habitat. United States.
Quality. Emollient. :
_ Uses. In Italy a decoction of the fruit for coughs and hoarseness ; bark said to
be bitter, [According to Keempfer a nearly allied species, or perhaps the same,

found in Japan, has extremely bitter leaves and bark, and a decoction of the pods is
employed in asthmatic complaints ; the leaves are also used for fomentations.]

Tecoma. Jussieu.

Corolla short-tubed, with a dilated orifice and an irregular 5-lobed limb.
| Rudiment of a 5th stamen. Capsule 2-valved, with the partition
q opposite the valves.
| 1. T. stans Jussieu.

_ Erect. Leaves unequally pinnated, with 3 pairs of lanceolate, deeply

_ _ Serrated, acuminate leaflets ; flowers panicled, yellow.

Habitat. West Indies.
Quality. Roots bitter, diuretic. '

4 Natural Order, Linaviays ; Scrophulariacee
(V. K., p. 681.)

Prevailing Quality. Purgative, emetic,
bitter ; narcotic.

Dietrauis. Linneus.

{ Calya 5-parted. Corolla campanulate,

: With an oblique 4-cleft limb. Stamens
3 anthers with divaricating lobes.
Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, opening

Septicidally.

© D. purpurea Linneeus. — (Fox-GLove.)

Fig. 288,

Leaves downy, crenated; corolla large,

___ Purple or white, quite smooth.

Quatity, Diuretic, emetic, purgative, narcotic ;

ein the .
“8: In fevers, inflammation, dropsy, hsemor-
&e,

diseases of the heart, phthisis, insanity,

Fig 288.—Flowers of Digitalis purpurea.

BIGNONIALS. 2 14 LINARIADS.

Scropnunaria. Linneeus.

Corolla nearly globose, with a small 5-lobed limb ; the
lowest lobe reflexed. Stamens 4, with an additional
barren spathulate one.

1. S. nodosa Linneus.—(Fiewort.) Fig. 289.
Leaves smooth, doubly serrated, the lower serratures longer
and sharper than the others.

Habitat. Ditches.
Quality. Emetic, purgative, diuretic, narcotic.
Uses. Leaves in fomentations ; ointment in skin diseases.

Livarta. Tournefort.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ringent, spurred, the upper —
lip bifid. :

1, L. vulgaris Miller. —(Toap-Ftax.) —
Fig. 290. eo

Leaves numerous, _ lanceolate-linear, —
thickly covering the upright stem ; _
rachis and pedicels covered with
glandular hairs.

Habitat. Hedgerows and planta- —
ne tions. ; :
a Quality. Purgative, diuretic, bitter. —

Uses, Chronic diseases of skin ; de- —
coction a fly poison.

Grationa. Linneus.

Calyx 5-parted. Upper lip of
cnc bifid, ow trifid. :
Only 2 stamens fertile 5”
anthers pendulous. ;

1. G. offcinalis Linneus.— ©
(Hepce Hyssop.) Fig.
291.

Leaves sessile, _ lanceolate,
3-nerved, serrulated, en-—
tire at the base ; flowers
solitary, axillary.

\ eadows in Europe.

Quality. re violent cathartic, diu-—
retic, emetic ; an 1 bi

A very active plant, formerly called Gratia Dei. It is extremely bitter, acts

ig, 280.— Flower ; ; a, aseed
5 201. Peni Beem ae ae - front ; 290. Linaria yulgaris flowers; 4,

GNONIALS. 215 LINARIADS.

Violently both as a purgative and emetic, and has been said to be the basis of the
gout medicine, called Eau Médicinale. In over-doses it is a violent poison, and
according to Haller, renders, by its abundance, some of the Swiss meadows

as pastures.
Evrnrasia. Linneus.

ya tubular, 4-toothed. Corolla bilabiate, with a flat limb. Capsule
obtuse, many-seeded. Seeds striated, apterous. ;
E. officinalis Linneus.—(EYEBRIGHT.)

yes ovate, with about 5 teeth on each side ; lobes of the corolla veiny,
lobed.

fabitat, Downs, meadows, woods.

quality. Slightly bitter and aromatic.—* Nearly inert.”—Pereira. ,

es. Catarrhal inflammations of the eye, cough, hoarseness.

Franorscea. Pohl.

Jalye 5-toothed. Corolla hypocrateriform, with a very slightly unequal
limb. Stamens 4. Capsule dry. Seeds large, immersed in pulp.
F. uniflora Pohl. F. Hopeana Hooker.—(Manaca.) Fig. 292.
smooth shrub; leaves oblong or obovate, obtuse 5 flowers solitary,

_ purple changing to white, with a narrow tubular calyx. :

292

: : ipharmic ; na bitter.
ly. Purgative, emetic, emmenagogue, mete ere harmic ; 0 a
Root and bark employed largely in Bra: against syphilis, under the name of -
dercurio vegetal. ae
Verpascum. Linneus. ei
la rotate. Stamens 5, very unequal, the upper nearly abortive. —

- Thapsus Linnzeus.—(MULLEIN. sae
woolly, crenated, Feet from one to the other ; filaments weeioate
with white wool, the two longest smooth or nearly s0. a ae

Fig. 292.—Franciscea uniflora.

Hien Taper.) Fig. 293. coe

ECHIALS. ; 216 BORAGEWORIS.

Habitat. Roadsides. te
Quality. Seeds and flowers poisonous ; foliage acrid and bitterish.

THE ECHIAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 649.)

Natural Orders of Echials,

Boragewarts (Boraginacew). Flowers
symmetrical.

iLabiates (Lamiacee). Flowers unsym-
metrical. Nuts 4.

Werbenes (Verbenacew). Ditto. Nuts
confluent.

Natural Order, Baragetwarts ; Boraginacew (V. K., p. 655.)

Prevailing Quality. Mucilaginous, inert. —

. Boraco. Linneus.
Corolla rotate. Filaments bifid, with their inner leg antheriferous.
1. B. officinalis Linneus,—(Borace.)
Lower leaves elliptical obtuse, tapering to the base ; lobes of the corolla
ovate, acuminate, flat.
Habitat. Waste places,
ried ot Uses. Commonly employed to cool beverages in which its leaves 47° —
e) .
Ancnusa. Linneus.
Corolla hypoerateriform, with 5 inflexed scales in the orifice. Nuts sur —
rounded at the base by a tumid edge.
1. A. tinctoria Linnzeus.—( ALK aver.) btuse,
Stem herbaceous, procumbent, rough with hairs ; leaves lanceolate, 0 ase:
hoary ; calyx hairy, rather shorter than the tube of the corolla; nuts
warted. .
Habitat. South of Europe and
Quality. Roots yield a reddish ps matter.
Used to colour fatty substances; alkalies render it blue,

oe of the flower-spike of Verbascum Thapsus ; a, one of the stellate hairs; >, a capsule

217 LABIATES.

; Natural Order, Labiates ; Lamiacee (V. K., p. 659.)
evailing Quality. Aromatic, tonic.

Satvia. Linneus.

Stamens ascending, 2, with half an anther borne on one end of a divari-
cating connective.

1. §. officinalis Linnzeus.—(GARDEN SaGE.) :
A low shrub ; leaves hoary, crenulate, rugose ; bracts deciduous ; calyx-
teeth spiny.
Habitat. South of Europe.
Quality. Stomachic, aromatic, bitter. :
. As an ingredient in culinary seasoning.
2. 8. Sclarea Linnwus.—(CLaryY.) ‘
Stem herbaceous, villous; leaves green, hairy, cordate, rugose; bracts
_ large, coloured, deciduous ; calyxes spiny.
Habitat. Middle of Europe.

Stimulant, aromatic, bitter. :
Uses, In the preparation of a domestic wine.

Rosmarinus. Linneeus.

Stamens ascending, 2, with 2-celled anthers, and toothed filaments. Calyx
_bilabiate 4.

- R. officinalis Linneeus.—(Ros8-
Mary.) Fig. 294.

A bush ; leaves narrow, sessile, un-
divided.

Habitat. Hills in the South of Europe.
Quatity. Carminative, stimulant.

Vue, Hypochondriasis ; oil in the pre-
‘paration of unguents for the hair.

—Lavanpvta. Linneeus.

$ declinate, 4, included. Co-
rolla bilabiate %.

L. vera De Candolle-—(Common LavENDER.)
leaves rhomboid-ovate.

Basin of the Mediterranean. é ?
. Extremely fragrant ; stimulant, tonic, stomachic, cordial.
Hysteria, headache ; and as a perfume ; the tineture for faintness, flatulence, &c
a Fig. 294.—Rosmarinus officinalis; @, flowers magnified.

ECHIALS. 218 LABIATES.

2. L. Spica De Candolle.—(Frencw LavenpDER.)
Floral leaves lanceolate-linear, or subulate.
Habitat. Basin of the Mediterranean.

Quality. Yields oil of Spike.

Uses. By painters on porcelain, and by artists in the preparation of varnish.

Mentua. Linneeus. ;

Stamens straight, 4. Corolla nearly equal, little longer than the calyx.
Anthers each with 2 parallel cells. Calya 5-toothed.

1. M. viridis Linneus.—(Mint. Spearmint.) Fig. 295. ee

Leaves glabrous, sessile, lanceolate, acute, serrate ; spikes lax, cylindrical;
bracts subulate ; throat of calyx naked.

Habitat. Marshy places.

Quality. Aromatic, carminative, stimulant, tonic.

Uses, Leaves as sauce and salad ; against colic.

The herb has a strong, peculiar and

pleasant odour, with an aromatic au?
bitter taste, followed by a sense of IZ
coldness when air is drawn into the Syn yy)
mouth. It is an aromatic and car- ASE)
minative, employed in flatulence tA
and to relieve the pain of colic. OO en
Various preparations are ordered by Neng
Pharmacopeeias, of which oil of spear- eka
mint, and spearmint water are the Sad ie
most common. WBE T. C20 Sie

2. M. piperita Linneus,— (PEPPERMINT.) ° =
Leaves stalked, oblong, acute, serrated; spikes oblong-cylindrical,
rupted below; calyx-teeth straight in fruit ; throat naked.

Fig. 295.—Mentha viridis.

ECHIALS. 219 LABIATES.

labitat. Meadows, rare. ee

wality, Aromatic, carminative, stomachic, s ant. See

s. Against flatulence, nausea, colic, &e.—Peppermint is an aromatic se pe i
the most pleasant of all the mints. It is employed principally to expel pies
cover the unpleasant taste of other medicines, and to relieve nausea an eriping
pains of the alimentary canal. The volatile oil is sometimes See as an .
_ Spasmodic ; it is what gives their flavour to peppermint lozenges.—Pereira.

_M. Pulegium Linneus—(PexnyroyaL.) Fig. 296. ‘ ree
ems prostrate ;- leaves elliptical, obtuse, nearly entire ; verticillasters
_ remote, axillary; calyx, when in fruit, closed by a ring of hairs.

labitat, Moist heaths and

downs.

Quality. Aromatic, carminative,

eee, antispasmo-
(a

88. Obstructed menstruation,

hysteria, hooping cough.

; Hyssorus. Linneus.

Stamens straight, diverging,
4 Calyx with 15 ribs.
H. officinalis Linneus.—
(Hyssor.)

ves lanceolate, entire ;
flowers in one-sided
__Yerticillate racemes.
Habitat, South of Europe.

- Stimulating, stomachic,
carminative,

. Against flatulence and in
hysterical complaints.

~Meussa. Linneus.

Stamens ascending, 4. Ca-
lya ribbed, bilabiate.
Tube of corolla longer
_ than calyx, without an
ring.

_ (Bata.) icillasters secund ;
aves ovate, crenate-serrate, the lower cordate ; —
bracts ovate.

abitat, South of Europe.

wty. Stimulant, tonic, + jn amenorrhoea and
*¢8. Balm-tea as & diaphoretic jin fevers ; an emmenagogue ; } =

chlorosis ; as an exhilarating drink ; in hypochondriasis.

SoA go

ECHIALS, 220 LABIATES.

Ocrmum. Linneus.

Stamens declinate, 4. Calya of the fruit deflexed, with a large ovate
upper lobe.

1. 0. Basilicum Linneus.—(Bast.)

Leaves narrowed at the base, ovate or oblong, remotely serrated ; verticil-
lasters 6-flowered ; calyxes in fruit completely bent down, more than
2 lines long, the upper lip round; stamens about twice as long as
corolla.

Habitat. East Indies.

Quality. Stimulant, aromatic.

Uses. An ingredient in culinary seasoning ; a palliative in the pains of childbirth.

OricaNuM. Linnceus.
Stamens straight, diverg-

ST) 0 |
afte a Wilke. ing, 4. Calyx 10-
aM We ren cleo weeks ribbed, equally 45-
SUV : ‘Il
CN oN A toothed, with a villous

Be Hoag d NOt MN orifice. Spikes loose,
with broad bracts.
Nate 1. 0. vulgare Linneus.—
Nea ee Ww RAM.)
YN A Ta (Wid ..MARJORAM.)

aw .
ED hi Fig. 29%.

: rN ay

Ree Leaves ovate, acute ; bracts.

Pa WIP arp 2e without glands on the

Ss upper side. :
Habitat. Chalky

pastures.
Quality. Tonie, stimulant,
t.

Vses, Asa seasoning in cookery
powder an errhine ; tea for
nervousness. This plant
yields what is called «
thyme in the shops, @ ¢
mon remedy for the
of carious teeth. © It is fre-
quently used, mixed with
olive oil, as a stimulating
liniment against baldness,
in rheumatic complaints,
and against sprains and

207 bruises,
TuymMvs. : :

Stamens straight, diverging, 4. Calyx 10-ribbed, 2-lipped, 3, with » es

orifice,

1. T. Serpyllum Linneus.—(Garpen Tyme.)

Leaves flat ; upper lip of corolla ovate, nearly quadrangular.

Habitat. Hills, heaths, and exposed places.
s : P
Quality. _Fragrant, stimulating, carminative.
Uses. Chiefly as an ingredient in culinary seasoning.

_ sic eenensenatpa net OA

Fig. 297.—Origanum vulgare.

TEUCRIUM.

Stamens 4, ascending, prominent. Corolla with upper lip 2-parted, and
_ _ declinate, as long or longer than the lower, which is large and concave.
1. T. Marum Linneus.—(Cat TuyMe.)
Verticillasters 2-6-flowered, racemose ; leaves hoary, entire, with a few
__ teeth near the point ; a small shrub.

Habitat. Basin of the Mediterranean.

Quality. Stimulating, aromatic.

Uses, “A very remarkable feline aphrodisiac,

Nepeta. Linneus.

Stamens 4, ascending, the uppermost longest. Calya equal, 15-nerved, with
the upper lobe rather broader than the others. Cells of the anthers
diverging.

l. N. Cataria Linneus.—(Cat Mint.)

ves ovate, acute, serrato-crenate, cordate, hoary beneath ; verticillasters
panicled ; flowers white; nuts smooth.

Habitat, Hedges,

Quality, Sthanbating,

Uses, In amenorrhea ; a remarkable feline aphrodisiac.

J N. Qtech Os Bentham. Glechoma hederacea Linn.—(Grovnp Ivy.)
Stem creeping ; leaves crenate, reniform.
i Dry ditches, plantations, &c.
Stimulant, pectoral, aromatic.
Uses. “A tea prepared from the leaves in great repute among the poor.

oe Saturera. Linneeus.
Stamens straight, diverging, 4. Calye 10-ribbed, 5-toothed, nearly equal,
With a nearly hairless orifice. Upper lip of corolla ovate.
- hortensis Linnweus.—(Summer Savory.)
‘n annual ; leaves linear-lanceolate, pointless.
Habitat, _ South of Europe.
oe matic, carminative,
An ingredient in culinary seasoning.
8. montana Linneus.—(Winter Savory.)
Small shrub, Leaves lanceolate, mucronate, marked with glandular dots
on each side,
Habitat, South of Europe.
Quadity and Uses. As ae Hr

me Marrvsium. Linneus. 3 -
‘ye tubular, 10-ribbed, with 5-10 spiny equal teeth. Stamens 4,
Included. Corolla +o, ee
>ulgare Linnzeus.—(Horenounn.) Fig. 298.
a crenate, aan downy ; verticillasters’ almost globose ;
ealyx-teeth hooked, smooth above the middle.

eetiats 299 meee’

Habitat. Waste places, hedgerows, &c.
Quality. Tonic, stimulant, laxative. :
Uses. Coughs ; uterine and hepatic affections.

Scurernaria. Linneus.

Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip truncate, external to the lower lip, which is
truncate and entire. Gynophore long and curved.
1. 8. galericulata Linneus.—(Common Scuticar.) Fig. 299. :
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, cordate, remotely crenate; flowers axillary, |
opposite, racemose.

_ Habitat. bales ditches.
_ Quality and Uses. An old exploded remedy for hydrophobia ; also formerly used
ang : : y for ophobia 0 fo f eecee?

ane scr ond ee ttents ; has little or no useful effect sepoi the constitution, unless as

_ Natural Order, Werbenes ; Verbenaceee (V. K., p. 663.)
Prevailing Quality. Aromatic, subacrid.

: Stacnyrarpneta. Vahl. pe
a aims solitary. Fruit a dicoccous capsule. Flowers spike

1. S. jamaicensis Vahl. : ‘a
Nearly smooth ; leaves oval or roundish ovate, coarsely serrated ; SP
very long ; bracts aristate. ie
Habitat, West Indies, ae
Quality. Reported to be ive and anthelminti
: ‘ tie.
dog Juice as a purgative for children ; fresh aves applied to ulcers ; when ¢F
orm @ bad kind of tea, sometimes sold in Austria as Brazilian Tea.

Fig. 298.—Marrubium vulgare; 299.—Scutellaria galericulata ; a, its calyx.

223 VERBENES.

Lieera. Linneeus.

les erect, solitary. Fruit a dicoccous capsule. Flowers capitate.
Stamens 4. Calyx membranous.
L. Pseudo-thea Schauer. Lantana Pseudo-thea Aug. de St. Hilaire.
erect viscid shrub. Leaves erect, stiff, lanceolate, serrate, entire at the
base ; heads of flowers hemispherical ; bracts acute, as long as the
tube of the corolla.
‘abitat, Brazil.
Quality. Aromatic, fragrant.

#s. In coughs, rheumatism, medicated baths ; when cD

_ dried, forms an agreeable tea. "24
QP cy
ves

Vitex. Linneus. es
Ovules pendulous. Fruit a drupe, with a 4- i
celled stone. Corolla 2. Nip

V. Agnus castus Linneus.—(Caaste TREE.)
Fig. 300.

owny ; leaves white at the back, digitate ;
eaflets lanceolate, acuminate, entire or
hearly so; calyx campanulate ; corolla three
times as long as the calyx ; inflated in the
throat.

Basin of the Mediterranean.

y. Fruit acrid, eo
Seeds used in Smyrna as an external application
against colic; taken internally, act as powerful
| aplirodisiacs,

Negundo Linneus. :
India a decoction of the aromatic leaves of this plant
helps to form the warm bath for women after deli-
very ; bruised they are applied to the temples for
eadache ; pillows stuffed with them are put under

the head to remove catarrh and the headache ) | V4

SS
Fig. 300.—Vitex Agnus eastus} a, flower divided perpendicularly and ; : ioe

CAMPANALS, 2 24 LOBELIADS,

THE CAMPANAL ALLIANCE.

Natural Orders of Campanals.

Uvnbeliays (Lobeliacew.) Anthers syngenesious. Ovules 00.
Walerianwarts ( Valerianacee.) Anthers free. Ovule 1, pendulous.
Composites (Asteracew.) Anthers syngenesious. Ovule 1, ereet.

Natural Order, Hobelians; Lobeliaceee (V. K., p. 692.)
Prevailing Quality. Narcotico-acrid.

Lospetia. Linneeus.

Corollas 2, the upper lip split to the base. Stigma surrounded by 4
fringe. Capsule 2-3-celled.

1. L. inflata Linneus.—(Ixp1an Tosacco.) Fig. 301.
Smooth, erect ; leaves irregularly toothed ; flowers small, blue, racemose;
capsule ovate, inflated. e

Habitat. United States. gi

Quality. Diaphoretic, expectorant ; emetic; an
acro-narcotic poison.

Uses, Asthma, ernias croup, hooping-cough. In
small doses it is expectorant and aiepha
exciting expectoration without the pain 0°
coughing, In such doses as a common ?
spoonful of the seeds and leaves, mm which
qnantity irregular practitioners have ven
to give it, it frequently proves fatal in five
six hours. Ithas been used instead of to

in the form of enema, in strangulated hernia

2. L. cardinalis Linneus. —(CARDINA
FLoweERr.

Downy, rma leaves oblong-lanceolate,
irregularly toothed ; bracts glandular
flowers scarlet, racemose ; calyx
a smooth hemispherical tube.

Habitat. United States.

Quality and Uses. Like the next.

3. L. siphilitica Linneus. :

Hairy, erect; leaves ovate, iregw’
toothed ; flowers racemose, blue } ¢@!
hairy, with a hemispherical tube an
lanceolate auriculate lobes.

Habitat. bee States. pe

ity. metic, cathartic, diuretic.

Uses. Rheot supposed 46 fis a cali aaekte, bok no Maan: Ke

Sas SYNE

Fig. 301,—Lobelia inflata.

_CAMPANALS. 225 VALERIANWORTS.

Natural Order, Walerianwwarts; Valerianacee (V. K., p. 697.)

Prevailing Quality. Stimulating, aromatic.

VaLeriana. Linneus.

Calyx pappose. Corolla spurless. Stamens 3.

. V. officinalis Linneus.—(Trve Vaterian.) Fig. 302.

Leaves all pinnatifid, with 7-8 pairs of lanceolate segments; corymb

becoming panicled ; fruit smooth.

Habitat, Damp meadows in Europe.

Quality. Nervine, tonic, antispasmodic; a

3 os rei feline stimulant.

Uses. Epilepsy, chorea, spasms, hypo-
idindrinele, hysteria. :

4. V. Phu Linneus.

‘Radical leaves oblong : cauline pin-

natifid with oblong lobes; corymb

panicled ; stigmas slender; fruit

smooth.

303

a -3* ~
and hd ook ne This, or V. Dioscoridis, supposed to be the oi of

Greeks, and to be strongest of the European Valerians ee
‘Pig. 302—Valeriana officinalis ; a, flower magnified; 903. Valeriana celtica,
Q

CAMPANALS. 226 VALERIANWORIS.

3. V. celtica Linneus. Fig. 303. :
Smooth ; leaves entire, obtuse, those next the root obovate ; stem simple ;

flowers in interrupted spikes ; fruit hairy.

Habitat. European Alps.
Quality and Uses. Like those of Nardostachys, as a substitute for which this is.
largely employed by Eastern nations.
4. V. dioica Linneus. Fig. 304.
Radical leaves ovate : cauline pinnatifid with linear lobes; flowers dicecious;

stigmas connate ; fruit smooth.

i)

a0

g
%

2S,
32;
ey

ZG
gocaeel

DD
(Za;
Se
LS
Ni sotss=
ay
ar
i)

Gee

QW)

Habitat. Boggy :
tat. y places all over Europe.
Quality and Uses. As in V. officinalis, but more feeble.

% ie eo | Narpostacuys. De Candolle. |
alya with leafy toothed lobes. Corolla spurless. Stamens 4.
4k Smee nde 3
; lanceo ; fasci dd

sd aed alee ate, downy ; fascicles of flowers la ro

| “cote grrr mee
Quality send _ - oe siauiah used as a perfume by eastern nations, and

Pig. 304.—Valeriana dioica ; a, a male flower ; b, a female ; ¢, a ripe fruit.

il a

.

VALERIANELLA. Moench.

Calya with an imperfect toothed limb. Corolla spurless. Stamens 3.

L. V. olitoria Meench.—(Lamp’s Lertuce.)

it globose, smooth, compressed, oblique, with scarcely any limb ; leaves
linear-oblong, nearly entire ; stem with rough angles.

Habitat, Cornfields and gardens,

. Insipid.

Uses. Occasionally grown as a small salad.

Natural Order, Campasites ; Composite (V. K., p. 702.)
Prevailing Quality. Bitter, and tonic.

* CORYMBIFEROUS COMPOSITES.

s Arnica. Linneus.
Pappus hairy. Florets of the ray 2, of the disk ¢. Stigmas clavate,
terminated by a hairy cone. Bracts forming a cylindrical involucre.
_ Receptacle naked. Achenia wingless, striated.
L. A. montana Linneus.—(Movuntain ToBacco.)
Radical leaves obovate, 5-nerved ; stem few-flowered ; bracts glandular.
Habitat, Alpine meadows.
ity. Acrid, nauseous, emetic, causes constipation. :
pace. oo ote fevers ; amaurosis, paralysis, dropsy, chlorosis, amenorrhea, dysen-
9 &C.

Evupatorium. Linneus.

Pappus hairy. Florets all tubular, ¢. Stigmas clavate. Bracts
_imbrieate, oblong. Receptacle naked.

. E. cannabinum Linneeus. iddl
Leaves stalked, 3-5-parted, with lanceolate-serrated segments, the middle

i of which is longest.

Common by the side of ponds and ditches.

Root bitter, aromatic, pungent.
Root purgative ; not now employed.

E. glutinosum Lamarck.

Branches smooth, glutinous ; leaves stalked, cordate, emeige

acuminate, serrated, extremely wrinkled, smooth on the upper side,

downy on the lower.

Hal bitat - Peru, a F

" ality and Uses. Said to be the true Matico : but this is questioned. See Pirer.

Inuta. Linneeus.
8 pilose, uniform, in one row. Florets of the ray 2; of the disk 3

oe naked. )
Heleniwm Linneus.—(ELECAMPANE. oucli aciaags 2

ves unequally dentato-serrate, downy beneath, those of the stem cord

_ Ovate, acuminate, amplexicaul. er a ee

fabitat, Europe, in damp meadows. Sa ee

ality. An aromatic tonic. Diaphoretie, diuretic, expectorant, emetic.

se Mt Somehe, Gyepepaiy, connie ee

Q

- Anthers with 2 bristles. Bracts imbricated, in many rows. Reo : ee

CAMPANALS. 228 COMPOSITES.

Tussizaco. Linneeus,

Pappus hairy. Florets of the ray 2, in many rows, ligulate ; of the

disk 3. Receptacle naked. Bracts with a membranous edge.

1. T. Farfara Linneus.—(Cottsroot.) Fig. 305,

Leaves angular, cordate, appearing after the scapes, which are covered with _

scales, and carry each a cylindrical yellow flower-head. |
305 Habitat. Waste places.

Quality. Emollient, demul-
cent, tonic.

Uses. A common remedy for
troublesome coughs ; for-
merly smoked, now used
in decoction.

Heutantuus. Linneeus.
Pappus paleaceous, de-
ciduous. Florets of
the ray 0; of the disk
6. Anthers without —
tails. Bracts imbri-
cated. Achcenia flat,

Leaves triple-nerved, -
serrated, scabrous,
the lowercordate, #
upper ovate-lanceo-
late; heads small.
Habitat. Brazil. |
slightly aromatic.
Uses. A common ee
Pappus an elevated mem-
branous )

Florets fe of te

a ret ossegor Smith.—(Feverrew.) pee
y oe leaflets ellipti ‘nnatifid, the se
rather toothed. ets elliptical, obtuse, pmmna 8
_ Habitat. Woods and gardens ‘ : ;
Teh an tre pa eel st

Fig, 305.—Tussilago Farfara.

CAMPANALS, = Se COMPOSITES,

Tanacetum. Linneeus.

Pappus a slight membranous border. Florets all tubular, of the ray ?, of
the disk 8. Bracts forming a hemispherical flower-head. Receptacle
naked. Achenia oblong, angular, with a large epigynous disk.

l. T. vulgare Linnzeus.—(Taysy.) :

Leaves bipinnatifid, with serrated segments.

Habitat. Road-sides.

Quality. Aromatic, bitter, tonic, anthelmintic.

Uses. Dyspepsia, intermittents, gout ; as an ingredient in puddings and cakes ; in
worm cases.

AcHILLEA. Linneeus.

Pappus 0. Florets of the ray short, 2; of the disk 3, with a flattened
winged tube. Bracts forming an ovate or oblong imbricated flower-

head. Receptacle scaly, subconvex. Achwnia com-
pressed.

l. A. Millefolium Linneus.—(Muron.) Fig. 306.

ves woolly, those of the stem lanceolate or nearly :
linear, bipinnatifid, with deeply divided pinne ; the a ele
rachis scarcely at all toothed. ws:

Habitat. Road-sides.

Quality. Strong-scented, bitter, stimulating, tonic.

Uses. Its astringent leaves have been used to staunch wounds.

ves woolly, oval, bipinnatifid, with deeply ies
divided pinnze; the rachis toothed from the

point to the middle.
Habitat. Fields in Europe.
Quality and Uses. As in the last,
» A. Ptarmica Linneus. — (SNEEZEWORT.)
Fig. 307.
Leaves lanceolate, acute, sharply and finely
serrated.
tat saat £0 in damp places,

uy. Acrid, burning. :
Uses, "Root a substitute for Anacyclus Pyrethrum ; powdered leaves produce sneezing.

Artemisia. Linneus.
Pappus 0, Florets few, all tubular ; of the disk 3; of the ray none row.
_ Bracts forming a roundish imbricated head. Receptacle naked or
oy Achenia obovate, with a small a disk.

+ A. Abrotanum Linnzeus.—(SouTHERNWOOD. Es
“aves downy beneath, nO ite, bipinnate, with ees? narrow
_ Segments ; flower-heads hoary, nearly round ; receptacle naked.

s. Leaves dried to drive away moths from linen ; an

Fig. 306.—Portion of the inflorescence of Achillea Millefolium ; 307. Leaf of Achillea Ptarmica.

ity. Fragrant, bitter, acrid. Dene Cond:

CAMP4NALS,. 2 3 0 COMPOSITES.

2. A. Absinthium Linneus—(Wormwoon.) Fig. 308.
Leaves hoary, 2-3-pinnatifid, with lanceolate obtuse segments ; receptacle
hairy.
! Habitat. Thickets and mountainous places in
Europe.
Quality. Aromatic, bitter, tonic ; produces
headache and giddiness. eee
Uses. Dyspepsia, intermittents, worm cases.
3. A. Sieberi Besser. Art. Contra
Linneeus. —(Semen Contra. SE-
MENCINE.) Fig. 309.
Leaves very small, stiff, hairless, glandu-
lar, 3-5-parted ; the

. middle lobe pinnatifid,
om the latter trifid and
y SE linear; flower-heads

very small, panicled,
few-flowered, glandu-

lar.
Habitat. Palestine.
Quality. Odour nauseous, bal-
samic, bitter ; si 3
Uses, The leaves and flower- —
heads a celebrated remedy
_for worms, Several
species furnish the Semen —
Cinze or Semencine of
Continental druggists.

4. A. Moaa De Candolle.—(M .
- .—(Moxa WEED.) a
* neta inti rage with a loose separable down, bipinnatid, wit
ae se segments; heads middle-sized, globose *

caihune janine ca jens

~ spon China. ons
ity. The loose wool, or the beaten tops, form an inflammable substance, called
“poet gr _ _ eschars, iassenl of the actual cautery. i
swelling, stiff joints, viscera Ap anna na Reunite, PET? ener .

magsigege-Artemsia Absinthium; 909. Artemisia Sieberi; a, a leaf; b, a flower-head

CAMPANALS. 2 3 1 COMPOSITES.

5. A. Dracunculus Linneus.—(Tarracon. Estragon sr.)

Leaves green, smooth, linear-lanceolate, undivided ; flower-heads nearly
round.

Habitat. Siberia, Common in gardens.

Quality. Warm, aromatic, slightly sialagogue.

Uses. Chiefly employed as a pickle, and to flavour vinegar. The names, Dracunculus,

Estragon, Tragon, Tarragon, are said to allude to the convolutions of the root,

which have been compared to a dragon’s tail.

Antuemis. Linneeus.

Pappus 0. Florets of the ray @ or 0, in one row ; of the disk §. Bracts
imbricated. Receptacle
conical, scaly. Achewnia a10
obscurely 4-cornered. ;
1 A. nobilis Linneus.—
(CHaMomILE.) Fig. 310.
Perennial, prostrate ; leaves
pinnate, downy, the
lobes pinnatifid ; recep-
__ tacle long, conical.
Habitat. Pastures on gravel.
Quality. Aromatic, bitter, tonic,
| S ceemitic ts, dyspepsi
n Ss 3)
flatulence, colic, pit at

Awnacycius. Linneus.

i e Anthemis, except that the Achcenia are winged and obcordate.

A. Pyrethrum De Candolle. Anthemis Pyrethrum Linneus.—(PELLI-
,, TORY or Spain.) *

Stems procumbent, downy ; radical leaves near]

.

innatifid segments and linear subulate lobes ;
Habitat, Barbary Spain, Levant.
Quality. Rubefacient; a very powerful local irritant; sialagogue. ia of the
Uses, “As tincture for toothache ; chewed for palsy of the tongue,

head and face ; as a gargle in relaxed uvula.

y smooth, pinnate, with
branches monocephalous.

ne

~ Fig. 310.—Anthemis nobilis ; a, the receptacle with a few florets

ae Rarer

adhering to it.

CAMPANALS. : 232 COMPOSITES.

GuizoTia. Cassini.

Pappus 0. Florets of the ray 9, in one row; of the disk §, covered
with thick jointed hairs below the middle. Bracts in two rows, leafy.
Receptacle paleaceous. Achenia angular.

1. G. oleifera De Candolle, Verbesina sativa Roxburgh.—(Ran-TIL.)

Stem downy at the upper end; leaves half amplexicaul, ovate-lanceolate
or cordate, remotely serrated, rather rough ; outer bracts more leafy
and spreading than the others.

Habitat. East Indies, Abyssinia.

Uses. Seeds yield a large quantity of bland
oil ; employed like Olive oil.

CaLENDULA. Linneus.

Florets of the ray $; of the disk 0.
Achenia deformed, curved, vari-
ously toothed, and muricated at
the back. :

1. C. officinalis Linneus. — (Por
Marigotp.) Fig, 311.

An annual. Stem erect; lower
leaves obovate, on long stalks;
florets large, deep yellow ; ache-
nia boat-shaped.

Habitat. Common in gardens. |

Uses. It was formerly much employed as a carminative ; it is chiefly used NOW
rate saffron,

* vs CYNARACEOUS COMPOSITES.

‘ Gewravrza. Linneeus.

Pappus pilose, in many rows; second row longest. Bracts imbricate
spiny or lacerated. Filaments papillose. Receptacle chafly. A
attached obliquely. er:

1 ©. Calcitrapa Linneus.—(Srar Tutsi.)

Cee ee

Fig. 311.--Calendula officinalis; a, a capitulum in fruit; >, an achenium.

+e

‘CAMPANALS. 233 COMPOSITES.

Bracts smooth, palmate, spiny, with a strong channelled central spine; heads
_ lateral ; leaves deeply pinnatifid.

Habitat. Gravelly and sandy places.
Quality. Roots bitter. ;
Uses. Employed as a substitute for the Cnicus Benedictus.

Cnicus, Linneeus.

Bracts of the involucre coriaceous, extended into a long
hard pinnated spine. Achenia regularly furrowed,
smooth, with a broad lateral sear. Pappus triple;
the outer horny, short ; the next composed of 10
long bristles ; the third of 10 short bristles.

- C. Benedictus Linnewus. Fig. 312.

A branched rather shaggy annual ; leaves amplexicaul,
rather decurrent, half pinnatifid ; heads terminal,
enveloped in leaves ; florets yellow. —

abitat. Levant, Persia; now in South America.

Quality. Tonie, diaphoretic, emetic,

8s. Weak digestion ; warm infusion in chronic diseases.

Cynara. Linneeus.
Bracts of the involucre fleshy at the base, emarginate,
with a hard point. Receptacle fringed.
C. Scolymus Linneus.—(The ARTICHOKE.) cs re
“eaves rather spiny, pinnatifid and undivided ; scales of the involucre ovate.
Habitat. South of Europe.
8s. The receptacle or “ bottom”
of the flower-head is largely em-

ployedas a delicate esculent. The
pappus forms the “ choke.”

Arctium. Linneus.

4ppus short, pilose, distinct.

acts forming a globular
head, armed with hardhooks,
, and constituting a bur.
La. majus Schkuhr. Lappa

major.—(Burpock.) Fig.
a 2
‘olucrenearly smooth; bracts
all subulate and hooked,
longer than the florets ;
eads rather corymbose.
itat. Road-sides, waste places,
oh geo diaphoreti

a ven apnore
diuretic; achesia diuretic sed

e,

an ane2t®; leaves, and fruit, as | |
'n tative and resolvent in : .
Souty, rheumatic, calculous, and venereal complaints, N.B.—The smaller Burdoe :
ium minus, known byits cobwebby heads, placed in racemes, has the same property

Fig. 312.—Leaf of Cnicus Benedictus ; 313, Arctium majus.

CAMPANALS. 234 COMPOSITES.

* * * CicHORACEOUS COMPOSITES.

TARAXACUM.

Pappus filiform, very soft, deciduous. Bracts in 2 rows ; the outer short
and lax. Achenia compressed, beaked, muricated. Receptacle
naked.

1. T. Dens Leonis Desfontaines.—(Danpetion.. Dent pe Lion.) | e

Leaves runcinate, toothed ; achzenia linear, obovate, blunt, scaly, muricated,
with a long beak.

Habitat. aoe and waste places, agrarrpbere,
ity. ic, tonic, aperient, diuretic. . gn

Fea Week diseetioni hepatie affections, dropsy, dyspepsia, cutaneous diseases, uterine

obstructions.

Lactuca. Linneus.

Pappus filiform, soft, deciduous. Heads few-flowered. Bracts in 2-4 :
rows, outer shorter, with a membranous edge. Receptacle naked.
Acheenia compressed, contracted into a filiform beak, which is not
muricated.

1. L, virosa Linneus.—(Acrw LETTUCE.) : ee

Leaves with a prickly keel, auricled, toothed or sinuate, mucronate ; achenia—
black, as long as the white beak.

Habitat. Dry banks.

Quality. Narcotic, subacrid.

Uses. Yields Lettuce-opium or Lactucarium.

2. L. Scariola Linneus.—(Prickty LETTUCE.) :

Leaves with a prickly keel, sagittate, sinuate, amplexicaul ; achenia pale
as long as the white beak.

Habitat, Waste'places,

“Quality and Uses. As in the last.

3. L. sativa Linneus.—(Ganven Lettuce.) th

Leaves oblong, erect, narrower at the base, smooth on the keel; wi
long leafy flowering stem.

Habitat. East — Common in gardens. nee
A e, m i isiac ?). wi

Uses. Leaves litenty as po ager seks moa eehinialas ughs, inflammation,

nervous disorders, as a substitute for opium, but more uncertain.

Scorzonera. Linneus.

appus feathery, in several rows. Bracts imbricated. Receptacle nake
Acheenia neither stalked nor beaked, with a lateral sear.
1. 8. hispanica Linnseus,—(Virer’s Grass.) ;
t cylindrical, succulent ; branches monocephalous ; leaves ample:
____ lanceolate, wavy ; involucres smooth ; flowers yellow.
_ Habitat. Spain and the south of Europe. Common in gardens.
Quality. Root said to be sudorific ; nutritious, subaromatic. =
see, A delicate entable root; fancied by the Spaniards to be a specifie against
Cronortum. Linneus. :

Pappus two rows of minute pales. Bracts in 2 unequal rows, th
___ Teflexed from the first, the inner afterwards. Receptacle nearly
___ Acheenia obovate, striated. Se

MPANALS, 935
COMPOSITES.

. C. Intybus Linnzeus.—
Fig 314. us.—(Succory. Cutcory.)

Leaves runcinate, his-
pidonthe keel, upper
oblong, amplexicaul,
entire; heads axilla-
ry, in pairs, sessile.

Habitat, Banks, on gravel

~ or chalk,all over Europe.

Quality. Bitter, sedative.

Uses. Leaves form a bad
salad. Roots roasted
are largely mixed with
coffee,the excitingeffect
of which the, are said oe

CINCHONALS. — 236 CRANBERRIES.

2. C. Endivia Linneeus.—(ENDIVE.) ;

Stem smooth, or rather hairy; lower leaves oblong, sinuated, nearly smooth,
those next the flower-heads broadly auricled ; florets blue or white.

Habitat. East Indies. Common in gardens.

Quality. Bitter.

Uses. Employed largely as a winter salad.

Tracopogon. Linneus.

Pappus feathery, in many rows. Bracts in one row, 8-10, united at the
base. Receptacle punctured. Achenia striated, with a long beak.
1. T. porrifoliwm Linneus.—(Satsary. Cerrciris or Satsiris Fr.) a
Smooth; leaves erect, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire; peduncles 2
obconical, fistular ; flowers purple ; roots cylindrical, succulent. ee:
Habitat, Meadows all over Europe. Common in gardens.

Quality. Said to be sudorific, Root nutritious and subaromatic.
Uses, Roots sweet, tender ; much esteemed as an esculent.

THE CINCHONAL ALLIANCE (V.K., p. 757.)
Natural Orders of Cinchanals.
Cranberries (Vacciniacee.) Stamens epigynous, porandrous.
Cinchanats (Cinchonacew.) Stamens epipetalous. Leaves opposite,
with interpetiolar stipules. i
Caprifails (Caprifoliacee.) Stamens epipetalous. Leaves opposite,
with no stipules.

Htellates (Galiacew.) Stamens epipetalous. Leaves verticillate, with
no stipules, Fruit didymous.

Natural Order, Cranberries; Vacciniacew (V. K., p. 757.)
Prevailing Quality. Uncertain.

Oxycoccus. Persoon.
Corolla rotate, 4-parted, revolute. Stamens 8. Berry 4-celled.
1. 0. palustris Persoon.—(CRANBERRY.)
Branches creeping, filiform ; leaves oval, entire, rolled back at the edge.
Habitat, Bogs over all the north of Europe.
Quality. Fruit largely used in tarts and puddings.
Vaccinium. Linneus.
Corolla 4-5-cleft, campanulate or urceolate. Stamens 8-10. Berry 4-5-
celled, many-seeded. oe
1. V. Vitis Idea Linnews.—(Rep WaortTLEBERRY.) oe
A dwarf shrub ; leaves evergreen, obovate, emarginate, rolled back at the
_ edge, marked beneath with black dots. e
Habitat. North of Europe and America. .
Uses. The berries form one of the most agreeable of marmalades, Leaves sometimes
used to adulterate samples of Arctostaphylos uva ursi. :
2. V. uliginosum Linnseus.—(WHORTLEBERRY.) : -
Stem much branched, ferruginous ; leaves small, obovate, entire, down,
and glaucous on the under side. 3

_ Habitat. All Europe, from the polar region to the Mediterranean.
Quality. Fruit sueculent ; when atshaeed, grodncing a heady liquor.

_ CINCHONALS. 237 CINCHONADS.

3 Natural Order, Cinchanats; Cinchonacee (V. K., p. 761.)
Prevailing Quality. Tonic, emetic.

Crncnona. Linneeus.

Corolla tubular, valvate. Anthers 5,
Included. Capsule ovate, 2-
celled, 2-valved, septicidal, with
_ winged seeds.

1. ©, micrantha Ruiz and Pavon.
2 C. scrobiculata Humboldt.—(S1-
_ VER or Huanuco Bark TREE.)

Branches quadrangu- ~
lar, smooth; leaves
oblong, very large,
membranous, pitted
at the axils of the
veins ; flowers in a
loose leaflessdowny

panicle.

Habitat. Peru.

Quality. Stimulant, tonic,
corroborant, irritant,
astringent.

Uses. Intermittents, in-
flammatory diseases,
rheumatism, atony, de-
bility, &e.

2. C. Condaminea Humboldt.—(Crown
or Loxa Bark Tree.) Fig. 315.
Leaves smooth, lanceolate or ovate-

lanceolate, rather thin, with a deep pit
at the axils of the veins on the under side ;
panicles short, corymbose, in the axils of the
upper leaves, downy ; flowers small,

Habitat. Loxa, in Peru.

Fig. 315.—Cinchona Condaminea ; 316. Cephatlis Ipecacuanha in flower.

CINCHONALS. 238 CINCHONADS. |

Cepuakiis. Swartz.

Flowers in heads, surrounded by a leafy involucre. Calya with a short-
lobed limb. Lobes of corolla small, cbtuse. Anthers included.
Fruit succulent, 2-celled, with the stones striated on the external side.

1. ©. Ipecacuanha A. Richard.—(Trvs Ipecacuanna.) Fig. 316. a

A creeping herbaceous plant ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, rough above, downy
beneath ; stipules multifid ; heads long-stalked, pendulous.

Habitat. Woods of Brazil.

Quality. Emetic, narcotic. a

Uses. Hooping-cough, croup, asthma, cases of poisoning, mucous catarrh, bronchial

heemorrhage, indigestion, dysentery, &c. gree

RicHarpsonia. Kunth.

Calyx with a globose tube and a 4-7-parted limb. Corolla obconical,
valvate. Stamens 3-5, projecting. Style 3-4-cleft, with capitate
stigmas. Capsules composed of 3-4 indehiscent 1-seeded shells.

1. R. scabra Aug. de St. Hilaire—(Warre Irzcacuanna.) Fig. 317.

_ Leaves ovate-lanceolate, rough at the edge; teeth of the stipules shorter

than their tube; heads many-flowered; calyx-lobes triangular, ciliated.

Habitat. Tropical America in many place
Quality and Uses, As in Cephaélis Bese

Uncarta. Schreber.

| Habitat, East Indies, Malay Archi
t y Archipelago.
Quality. One of the most powerful of pn astringents.
Uses. Yields Gambir, a substitute for Catechu.

Fig. 317.—Richardsonia scabra.

CINCHONALS. 239 CINCHONADS.

Mayettia. Mutis.

Calyx permanent. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-cleft. Anthers 4, sessile in
the hairy mouth. Capsules 2-valved, septicidal, with numerous
winged seeds.

_ M. cordifolia Martius.

tem twining, terete, rough ; leaves ovate, cordate, acute, downy on each
side ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered.

abitat. Woods of Brazil. Quality. Bark of root emetic.

ses, Regarded in Brazil as a valuable remedy in dropsy and dysentery.
Cutococea. P. Browne.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla short, funnel-shaped, smooth inside. Stamens 5,
in the bottom of the corolla. Fruit succulent, crowned by the calyx,
_ _ with 2 papery stones.

a. C. densifolia Martius. Fig. 318.
Leaves ovate, rather cordate ;
stipules broad at the base ;
racemes many-flowered ; co-
rolla much longer than the
calyx.

Habitat. Tropical America.

Quality. Bark of root violently emetic
and drastic ; diuretic.

Uses, y, visceral obstructions,
snake-bites ? hydrophobia ?

318

Correa. Linneus. é ,

ily 4.5-cleft. Corollas funnel-shaped, with 4-5 oblong spreading

_ twisted lobes. Fruit a compressed drupe, furrowed along Pee ne

crowned by the calyx. Seeds solitary, plano-convex, with a deep

“nici along the flat side. Tia) = = gaa

©. arabica Linneeus.—(COFFEE TREE. ig viv. eee
Ves oblong, ovate, acuminate, smooth ; peduncles. axillary, short, clus-
tered ; corolla 5-cleft ; stamens projecting. gas

ntat. Arabia Felix and Nubia. ‘ Sl Se a ee
ity. Antisoporific, stimulating ; apt to produce constipation. == =,

Chintebantd ‘ogieta, iieeens intoxieation, removes headache ; in a —"

CINCH ONALS. 24. 0 CAPRIFOILS. _

Natural Order, Caprifails; Caprifoliacee (V. K., p. 767.)
Prevailing Quality. Subacrid, emetic.

Sambucus. Linneus.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla rotate, 5-cleft. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3, sessile.
Berry with 3-5 seeds.
1. S. nigra Linneus.—(Etper Busu.) Fig. 320.
Stem almost arborescent; leaves pinnated ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate,
serrated ; corymb 5-rayed at the first division.
Habitat. Woods and hedgerows all over Europe.
Quality. Flowers stimulant and sudorific; fruit aperient and diuretic ; inner bark
hydragogue, cathartic, emetic. i
Uses. Flowers form an ointment and a distilled water ; berries make a grateful wine ;
bark in dropsies,

| Visvrnum. Linneeus. iin
Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla rotate, campanulate, or tubular, 5-lobed.
Stamens 5. ~ Stigmas 3, sessile. Berry 1-seeded. oa
1. V. Opulus Linneus. Fig. 321. |
Leaves 3-5-lobed, with acute toothed lobes ; flowers neuter and radical
the circumference of the corymb.

; Fig. 320.—Sambucus nigra in fruit; 321, Viburnum Opulus; a, a leaf; b, a flower, magnified.

CINCHONALS. 241 STELLATES,

Habitat. Marshes; common in gardens, with all the flowers neuter and radiant,
__. forming the “ Gueldres Rose.”

Quality. Leaves emetic, drastic ; fruit austere.

Uses. Leaves as those of Sambucus; fruit a miserable food for savage northern nations.

= Natural Order, Stellates; Galiacee (V. K., p. 768.)
Prevailing Quality. Astringent.
Rusia. Linneeus.
Fruit succulent, didymous. Corolla rotate.
L. R. tinctorum Linneus.—(Manper.) Fig. 322.
Heayes in fours, netted, lanceolate, with reversed hooks at the edge ; lobes
of the corolla taper-pointed.

Habitat. Levant. Commonly cultivated in
fields in the south of Europe. :
Quality. A mild astringent and tonic. Colours
_,, ted the bones of animals that feed on it.
Uses. A valuable red dye.

AsperuLta. Linneus.

Fruit dry, didymous. Corolla funnel-

shaped, or campanulate. Style bifid,

, With capitate stigmas.

lL. A, odorata Linnzeus.—(Wooprtrr.)

‘eaves in whorls of 6 and 8, lanceolate,
smooth, rough at the edge and keel ;

___ fruit covered with hooked bristles.

Habitat, oe woods in most parts = pawbte = a.

° nee 7
; ies. Said oka aiareuey Sean & an ‘ami herb-tea ; dried leaves said to drive away
Moths from clothes.

teense De nantes

THE MYRTAL ALLIANCE (V.K., p. 717.)

eulural Orters af Myrtals.

Myrabalans (Combretacew.) ge dotless. Stamens definite. Ovules
1 or 2, pendulous. Ovary 1-celled.

Murtieblooms (Myrtacee.) Leaves dotted. Stamens 00. Ovules
axile. Ovary 2- or more- celled.

Natural Order, #yrabalans ; Combretacew (V. K., p. 717.)
ailing Quality. Astringent.

TrerminaLia. Linnceus. fe ar
@campanulate, deciduous. Petals 0. Fruit a wingless juiceless drupe.

T. Bellerica Roxburgh.—(BELERIc MYROBALAN.) |
eaves alternate, elliptical, sg acute at each end, smooth, on long

Stalks, with 2 small glands at the end of the seer ere ee
tat. Mountains of India, Quality. Fruit astringen’ wluble in water, is
Kernels eaten in India; said to intoxicate ; gum, though sceiaaeeed
. inflammable, and burns like a candle. soe
x ‘Big, 322,—A. whorl of leaves of Rubia tinetorum.

R

: MYRTALS. ; 242 “MYROBALANS.

2. T. Chebula Retzius. ae

Leaves rather opposite, ovate, acute, stalked, when old smooth on the upper
side, but when young coarsely silky; with 2 glands at the end of the
petiole, and a few along its sides.

Habitat. The mountains of India.
ity. Fruit and galls extremely astringent.

Uses. Employed by dyers ; dyes yellow with alum, black with salts of iron.

Natural Order, Myrtleblaoms; Myrtacee (V. K., p. 734.)
Prevailing Quality. Aromatic, astringent.

Caryopuyrtius. Linneus.

Calyx cylindrical, 4-cleft, much longer than broad. Petals 4. Stamens —
distinct, in 4 clusters. Berry oblong, with 1-2 cells and as many seeds.
1. C. aromaticus Linneus.—(The Crove Tree.) Fig. 323.
Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate at each end; cymes many-flowered.

me 243

East Indian Islands.

flatulence.
Eveenta, Linneeus.

1-2-celled, with as many seeds.

Auspice.) Fig. 324.

ves oblong or oval, obtuse, smooth ; pedun-
_ eles axillary and terminal, in trichotomous
panicles; berry globose, 1-seeded.

_ Habitat. West India Islands,

y. “ Intermediate between pepper and cloves.”
_ —Pereira. é

88. As a spice in cookery ; in weak digestion ; to
relieve flatulency, &c. )

Myrtvus. Linneeus.

* roundish, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens

distinct. Berry 2-3-celled, many-seeded.

M. communis Linneus.—-(The Myrttz.)

Fig. 325.

€s ovate and lanceolate, acute; pedicels

‘Solitary, 1-flowered, about as long as the

leaf, with a pair of linear deciduous bracts

_ beneath each flower.

tat. Persia. Common in gardens.

. soy rag aromatic.

_ Dried fruit and flower-buds formerly used as a

Spice ; and are said to be so still in Tuscany;
a kind of wine; flowers yield a distilled water

called Eau d’ Ange.

Pontoa. Linneeus.

* coriaceous, tubular, 5-7-cleft, valvate.
Petals 5-7, crumpled. Fruit a leathery
indehiscent case, with numerous irregular
cells, and 00 seeds, covered with pulp.
©. Granatum Linneus.—(The PomEera-
_ NATE.) Fig. 326.
‘Wee ; leaves lanceolate.

itat. Barbary and the south of Europe.

. Astringent ; bark of root emetic and purgative.
atk of root fix woem ches $ rind of fruit for garg)

fevers, especially bilious.

Phalanges. Capsule inclosed in the calyx,

uty. Fragrant, sweetish, very agreeable ; stomachic, carminative. :
Dried flower-buds much used as flavouring ingredients ; in dyspepsia, nausea,

roundish, 4-parted. Petals4. Stamens distinct. Berry roundish,

E. Pimenta De Candolle. Myrtus Pimenta Linneeus.—(Preyto.

es ; pulp of seeds refrigerant, a ne
Metateuca. Linneeus. _

5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens poly > aninta tribe V

in 5 polyandrous

with 00 angular seeds.

oe

Fig. 395,—-Myrtus conimunis ; 326. Punien Granatum-

CACTALS. 244. INDIAN FIGS.

1. M. Cajeputi Roxburgh. M. minor Smith.—(Caserut TREE.)
Leaves alternate, elliptical-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved ; flowers spiked, rather
wide apart, with a woolly rachis.
Habitat. Amboyna and other Indian islands.
Quality. Oil a powerful antispasmodic, stimulant and sudorific.
Uses. i. a paralysis, cholera, spasms, colic, chronic rheumatism, stimulating __
en a

THE CACTAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 741.)

Patural Order of Cactals.

Envian sigs (Cactacew.) Sepals and petals 00, undistinguishable.
Fruit succulent.

“Natural Order, Entian gigs; Cactacee (V. K., p. 746.)
Prevailing Quality. Uncertain.
Opuntia. Tournefort.
Stems flat, jointed, obovate or oblong, or ovate, at length confluent in a
terete trunk.
1. 0. vulgaris Miller —(InDIAN
Fie.) Fig. 327.
Spreading ; joints of stem
ovate ; prickles all of the
same form, very short and
numerous.

ere, aoe states of North America. Commonly cultivated in the south of
Quality and Uses. Ripe fruit and : . oa
2 is Sia uine ae agreeable, 7 sold for the eS

Fig. 327.—Opuntia vulgaris ; 4, its branches; b, a flower.

_ 245 CURRANTWORTS.

THE GROSSAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 749.)

ral Order af Grossals.
Currantworts (Grossulariacee.) Fruit pulpy. Seeds parietal.

Natural Order, Currantwarts; Grossulariacew (V. K., p. 750.)
Prevailing Quality. Subaromatic.
Rises. Linneus.

Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5, scale-shaped. Fruit a succulent berry.

R. rubrum Linneus.-_(ComMMON CURRANT.) :
weaves angular, bluntly 3-5-lobed, downy beneath, smooth above ; racemes”
pendulous. Unarmed.

Habitat. Hedge rows and woods. :
Quality. Juice of the fruit refrigerant and grateful to persons suffering from fever.

Largely cultivated for dessert and for cooking.

2. R. nigrum Linneus.—(BLack CURRANT.)
aves angular, 3-5-lobed, with glandular dots on th

Habitat. Woods of Europe and Siberia.
lity. Tonic, stimulant, aromatic, subacid. :

Fruit much cultivated for dessert and for cooking ; forms ® very useful domestic
conserve employed for sore throat. N.B—The Gooseberry is Ribes G

e underside. Unarmed.

i ee

THE UMBELLAL ALLIANCE.

tural Orvers of Unrbellals.
Umbellifers (Apiacew.) Fruit didymous.

‘Eoywarts (Araliacew.) Fruit not didymous.

Leaves alternate.

Cornels (Cornacew.) Fruit not didymous.

_ Leaves opposite.

Flowers pentamerous.

Flowers tetramerous.

Natural Order, @mbellifers ; Apiacew (V. K., p- S733
iling Qualities. Aromatic ; stimulating ; poisonous.

bels compound. Involucre 0. Calya obsolete.
| Fruit sciaitals contracted at the side. Ridges
: teral on the edge. Vittew

_ 5, narrow, equal, the la
1 to each furrow. Albumen terete.
A. graveolens Linneus.—(Cetery.) Fig. 328.
h ; leaves pinnated ; leaflets cuneate, cut and

328.—a, Fruit of Apium graveolens, natural size ; b, half of

UMBELLALS. 246 UMBELLIFERS.

- Habitat. Ditches, especially in salt marshes.
ity. Acrid, poisonous when growing in wet places and unblanched.
Uses. When cultivated forms a favourite salad and ingredient in soups.

Cicuta. Linneeus.

~ Umbels compound. Involucre: general, obsolete ; partial of many subulate
bracts. Calya leafy. Fruit roundish, con-
tracted at the side. Ridges 5, flattish, equal,
the lateral at the edge. Vittw: 1 large to
each furrow. Albumen terete.

1. C. virosa Linneus. Fig. 329.

Leaves tripinnate ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute,
serrated.

329

Habitat. Ditches and river sides,
Quality. A dangerous poison, acting like Conium.

Perroseninum. Hoffmann.

—Umbels compound. Involucres: partial of many, general of few bracts.
; Calya obsolete. Fruit ovate, contracted at the side. Ridges 5,
narrow, equal, the lateral on the edge.
Vittee 1 to each furrow. Albumen plano-
convex. :
l. P. satiowm Hoffmann.—(PARSLEY.) Fig.
329. :
Stem angular; leaves shining, 3-pinnate ;
leaflets toothed.
Habitat, Common in gardens. ee a
Quality, Pleasant, stimulating, aromatic, diuretic.
Uses. Leaves a common garnish to meat, &c. A
330 favourite pot-herb.

Puvpinetta. Linneus. :
Umbels compound. Involucres usually 0. Calyx obsolete. Fruit con

mS tracted at the side, ovate. Ridges 5, filiform,
equal ; the lateral on the edge. Vittw 00. Albu-
i) men concayo-convex.

1. P. Anisum Linneus.—(Antsz.) Fig. 330.
Lower leaves roundish-cordate, cut, those of the
pinnate, with wedge-shaped leaflets ; fruit down

: tions, espe —
ployed to relieve flatulence, and colick: pains, especially of children.
times take it to promote the secretion of milk. Ithas also been

MBELLALS. 24,7 UMBELLIFERS.

Contum. Linneeus.

Umbels compound. Jnvolucre both general and partial, small. Calyx
obsolete. Fruit ovate, compressed. Ridges 5, prominent, wavy.
Vittee 0. Albumen with a deep furrow on the side next the commis-
sure,

. ©. maculatum Linneus.—(Hemuocg.) Fig. 332. ‘
tem and all the parts perfectly hairless ; bracts lanceolate, shorter than
the partial umbel. ’

: places. sous ; anaphrodisiac ;
. Diuretic, discutient, narcotic ; poisonous ; WAP» 1 Licers, bronchocele,

| Eravsa. Linneus. = ee .
Umbels compound. Involucre : general Os parti ong, pendulous,
: halved. © Cade obsolete. Fruit ovate. Ridges é thee / vaste 2
acute, the lateral on the edge and broader. Vittee : fen oT ee
Albumenterete. | a eee :
lL. &. Oynapium Linneus.—(Foot’s Parstey.) Fig. 333. -
Fig. 392.—Conium maculatum ; a, its fruit magnified ; . sere ransverse section of it.

UMBELLALS. : 248 UMBELLIFERS.

Bracts longer than the umbel ; stalks of the circumference twice as long as
the fruit.

Habitat, Hedgerows and waste places.

Quality. Poisonous ; narcotic, acrid, emetic.

Uses, “eee a frequent cause of dangerous accidents, on account of their resemblance
ey.

Carum. Linnceus.

Umbels compound. Involucre
small or obsolete. Calyx

obsolete. Fruit oblong,
compressed. Ridges 5,
narrow, equal, the lateral
on the edge. Vitte 1 to
each furrow. Albumen
terete.

l. C. Carui Linneus. —
(Caraway.) Fig. 334.
Leaves bipinnate; leaflets
multifid, the lower pair
decussating ; stem angu-_
lar ; root fusiform. oe

Habitat. Europe. Cultivated in
gardens,

Quality. An aromatic stimulant
and condiment.

Uses. In flatulent colic ; chiefly
as a flavouring material, for
liqueurs and cakes.

Criramum. Linncus.
Umbels compound. nvolucre of many lanceolate bracts. Calya obsolete.
Fruit oblong, rather flattened from the back. Ridges 5, winged,
b a sharp, the lateral rather the widest. Vitte 00,
ae ( spread over all the seed. Albumen terete. _
1. C. maritimum Linneus.—(Samenire.) Fig.

.

Leaves fleshy, 2-3 pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate,

Hg Habitat. Rocky cliffs of the sea coast.
; ey Quality. Axomatic, saline.
Uses. A favourite ingredient in pickles.

€ 335

few

| Fig. 333,—atthusa Cynapium; tee
dy half of it magnified) e ite trent et magnified ; 334. a, Frait of Carum Carui, natural
sizes B, one of the halves, t berg end =o. aces Crinum marta, sar

249 UMBELLIFERS,

Stum. Linneus.

bels compound. Jnvolucres both partial and compound. Caly« minute.
Fruit compressed from the side. Ridges 5, equal,
narrow, the lateral on the edge. Vitte 3 or there-
abouts to each furrow. Albumen subterete.

1. 8. Sisarwm Linneus.—(Sximret.) Fig. 336.

Root tuberous, fascicled; lower leaves pinnate, with
oblong serrated leaflets, the terminal being cordate ;
the upper ternate with lanceolate leaflets.

Habitat. Japan, China, Common in gardens.

Quality. Roots sweet, succulent, nutritious, subaromatic, em-
__ ployed in cookery in the same way as Scorzonera.

Smyrnium. Linneus,

Umbels compound. IJnvolucres variable. Calyx obsolete. Fruit roundish-

ovate, compressed, didymous. Zidges sharp,

thick, the 3 dorsal prominent, the lateral

distant, on the edge. Vitte 00. Albumen

involute.

1. 8. Olusatrum Linneus. — (ALEXANDERS.)

e— Fig. 337.

Stem terete ; leaves ternate, stalked, serrate ;
fruit black. a

Habitat. W: near ruins,

Quali eseaailog sur pineal when blanched ;

337

,, fruit carminative. :
Uses. Formerly instead of Celery ; rarely cultivated
‘now.

Corranprum. Linneeus.

Umbels compound. Jnvolucres : general 0, partial 3-leaved, halved. Calyx
5-toothed. Fruit spherical. Ridges : primary narrow, round, zigzag,
_ obsolete ; secondary prominent, filiform. Vittoe
0, except on the commissure. Albumen hemi-
spherical, concave. :

1. C. sativum Linneus.—(Cortanper.) Fig. 338.

Upper leaves multifid ; flowers white.

Habitat, Levant ; cultivated in gardens. |

Uses, Wei peisesermanen ‘and as an adjuvant to other
medicine. 338

Daucus. Linneus.

Fruit with both primary and secondary ridges, compressed from the Deeks
Ridges prickly, or broken into irregular . gwen aan
beneath each secondary ridge. Albumen plano-convex.
= ‘ae of the halves, magnified ; ¢, its transverse
Fig. 336,—a, Fruit of Sium Sisarum, ed BB eet b, one of the ox pred oie an nt Bod its

section ; 337. a, Fruit of Smyrnium Olusatrum, “
transverse section ; 398. Fruit of Coriandrum, magnified ; D, tra

UMBELLALS. 250 UMBELLIFERS.

1. D. Carota Linnzeus.—(Carrot.) Fig. 339.

Stem hispid ; leaflets pin-
natifid, opaque, with
cuspidate segments ;
bracts of the involuere
trifid and pinnatifid.

Habitat. Roadsides and banks.
Commonly cultivated,

Quality. The fruit aromatic, |
stimulant, diuretic: root .
sweet, nutritious. 4

Uses. Fruit in suppression of
urine ; poultice of the root
ere gona a

nipples ; bu
Root a well knowl iliek

2. D. gummifer Lamarck.

Stem hispid; leaflets pin-
natifid, with nearly
smooth, thick, ovate in-
cised segments ; bracts
of the involucre pinna-
tifid or trifid, shorter
than the umbels.

Habitat. South of Europe on
the sea-coast. :

Quality. The roots yield a bit-
ter balsamic substance, for-
merly called Sicilian Bdel-

lium.

(inantHe. Linneus. i

Umbels er We Involucres variable. Calyx stiff, leafy. Fruit oblong

crowned by the stiffened styles. Ridges 5, very convex. Vitter 1

1 See tr Albumen subterete. a 8
- Ui. crocata Limneus.—(Hemiock Drorwort.) Fig. 34. :

Root large, branched, pe stem-leayes sicsaia wth lozenge-shaped

leaflets cut long the upper sides ; fruit cylindrical, in close eads.

= aire mnguiled Ones a, a flower of the ray ; b, an umbel of fruit ; c, a transverse section 2

UMBELLALS. 251 cits :

hg Pig places and swampy meadows.
Qual 2 . Poisonous ; narcotico-acrid ; loses its virulence in northern latitudes.
resembling small parsnips, a frequent cause of fatal accidents. : seg

SS ae

¢

341 340
2. (E. Phellandrium Sprengel. _Phellandrium aquaticum Linneus— =
_ (Water Dropw ort.) Fig. 34. SS
Rhizome jointed, with numerous whorled fibres ; leaves repeatedly pinnate,
cut into innumerable fine dark-green segments. oe
itat. Ditches, ponds, and wet places.
ty. As in the last, but less dangerous.
Antariscus. Hoffmann.
ls compound. Involucres : general 0); partial of many bracts. Calyx
obsolete, Frwit contracted at the side, beaked. Ridges 0, except on
the beak, which has 5. Vittw 0. Albumen half-terete, furrowed
next the commissure. foes ee
A. vulgaris Persoonn ee ag ee =
smooth ; umbels lateral, stalked ; fruit ovate, hispid, about twice a8 —
long as the beak, which is smooth. egret a ae Be ae nee
s transverse section roca; it fruit ofthe nae iim, ak gnited ctf t maguied

n the back;’¢, a transverse section of ft.

UMBELLALS. 252 UMBELLIFERS. _

Habitat. Waste places, a common weed. :
Quality. Deleterious ; has been the cause of accidents in con-—
sequence of being mistaken for the following. Some Dutch
soldiers, who gathered it by mistake for common Chervil,
“were poisoned by the soup into which it was put.—Burnett. —
Anthriscus sylvestris is reputed to be similar in its effects to
Hemlock, only rather less narcotic, (Herba Cicutarize Officin.)

2. A. Cerefolium Hoffmann.—(Cuervit.) Fig. 342.

Stems hairy above the joints ; umbels lateral, sessile ;
fruit smooth, about twice as long as the beak. :

Habitat. Waste ground of Europe. Occasionally cultivated in
gardens.

Quality. Leaves agreeably aromatic.
Uses. Grown merely for soups, and salads.

Cuminum. JLinneus.

Umbels compound. Involucre : general of 2-4 bracts, partial halved,
finally reflexed. Calya of 5 lanceolate setaceous teeth.
Fruit slightly contracted at the side. Ridges blunt,
filiform, the lateral on the edge. Vittw 1 beneath each
prominent hairy furrow. Albumen nearly flat.

E 1. C. Cyminum Linneus.—(Commin.) Fig. 343.

| « Leaves multifid, setaceous; umbels 3-5-cleft ; involuc!

longer than the hairy fruit. :

Habitat. Egypt and the Mediterranean. ;

Quality. Mildly stimulant and carminative ; discutient. a

Uses. In the preparation of plaisters in veterinary practice ; and in

343 liqueurs. 2

RAC sae

Fenroutum. Hoffmann.

Umbels compound. Involucre 0. Calyx a tum
margin. Fruit taper. Ridges 5, prominent,
blintly keeled. Vittw 1, large, to each furrow,
Albumen plano-convex. a

1. F. officinale Allioni.—(Fexneu.) Fig. 344.

Leaves multifid, with setaceous segments.

Habitat. Coast of the Mediterranean, Common in gardens.

Quality, An aromatic stimulant, carminative.
Uses. Chiefly as a potherb for flavouring sauces.

Orowra. Lindley.

Umbels compound. Involucres: general obsolete, partial of many bri
Calyx obscurely 5-toothed. o Fret terete, nad. Ridges =3 dorsal
a) angles. Vitte one large one beneath

furrow, and one small one beneath each

Albumen furrowed next the commissure-
1. 0. galbanifera Lindley. Fig. 345. —
Leaflets oblong, obtuse, serrulate, decurrent.

een ee

etl

teakis. 542-—a, Fruit of Anthriscus Cerefolium, natural size; b, one of its halves, magnified

: 3 343. a, balf the fruit of : b, its transverse
344. a, Fruit of Peeniculum officinale Cuminum Cyminum, magnified; b, its
345, Transverse section of half « fruit of Opoidia gai b, one half magnified ; oa nee

- UMBELLALS. 253 UMBELLIFERS.

Habitat. Persia.
Quality. Supposed to yield the fetid gum-resin called Galbanum ; but Dr. Pereira now ,
thinks that the substance obtained from it is different from either Galbanum or

Sagapenum.

Arcnancerica. Hoffmann.

Umbels large, compound.
Involucres : general 0,
partial of many bracts.
Oalya 5-toothed. Fruit
compressed from the back.
Ridges 5, winged, the la-
teral short of the edgeand
broader than the dorsal.
Vittee 00, covering the
plano-convex albumen,
which is loose.

. A. officinalis Hoffmann.—

(AncErica.) Fig. 346.

smooth, furrowed ;
leaves bipinnate, with
ovate, or somewhat cor-
date broad serrated leaf-

_ lets ; upper petioles ven-

cose.

Habitat. Watery places. : : :
> . Root and fruit pungent, aromatic, stimulant, tonic. ae
Uses. “The candied stalks are stomachic. Chiefly employed in the preparation of gin.

Awnetnum. Linneus.

Umbels compound. Jnvolucres none. Calyx obsolete. Fruit com-

pressed from the back, with a broad dilated edge. = b

Ridges: 3 dorsal, filiform, equidistant ; lateral

lost in the margin. Vittw 1 to each furrow.

Albumen thin, lenticular. Bs

- A. graveolens Linnewus.—(Din.) Fig. 347.

gments of leaves long, setaceous ; fruit elliptical ;

2 - border flat.

Habitat. South of Europe, near the coast.

Quality. Aromatic, stimulant, carminative. a

ond a condiment ; to relieve the flatulence and griping of
infants. :

15. 346.— Arching ; Se section of half a fruit magnified. Inthis the vitte =
aie ee ee ae oe of Anetbum graveolens, magnified ; b, transverse
Section of one half of it. ae : : oe

UMBELLALS. 254 UMBELLIFERS.

Pastinaca. Linneus. .

Umbels compound. Involucres: general obsolete, partial 0. Calya obsolete.
Fruit thin, compressed from the back, surrounded by a broad border.
Ridges 5, very fine, the 3 dorsal near each other, the 2 lateral distant
and close to the edge. Vittw 1 to each furrow. Albumen flat.
1. P. sativa Linneus.—
(ParsyeP.) Fig. 348.
Stem angular, furrowed ;
leaves pinnated, shining,
hairy on the under side;
leaflets oblong, blunt,
crenate-serrate, the ter-
minal 3-lobed.
Habitat. Chalky districts, espe-
cially on the coast. :
Quality and Uses. Roots sweet,
nutritious ; a favourite ar-
ticle of food.

ay
a,
ci
PR

ee fruit magnified ; b, its transverse section ; 34: pan
ad ; 5 a; ; b, its ; 349. a, Fruit of .
» natural size; b, the same magnified ; ¢, transverse section of ym Fy ae

255 UMBELLIFERS.

Opvopanax. Koch.

nbels compound. Involucres general and partial, of few bracts. Petals
roundish, entire, with an involute point. Calyx obsolete. Fruit thin,
compressed from the back. Ridges 3, filiform. Vitte 3 to each
furrow, and 6-10 on the commissure. Albumen flat.

0. Chironium Koch.—(Oporanax.) Fig. 349.

es bipinnate, with unequally cordate, crenate, obtuse segments.

labitat. South of Europe.

Quality. One of the plants yielding a fetid antispasmodic gum-resin analogous in its
effects to Ammoniacum.

Nartuex. Falconer.

Umbels compound. Involucres 0. Calya obsolete.
Fruit thin, compressed at the back, with a dilated
border. Ridges 3 only, dorsal. Vitter 1 to each
dorsal furrow, and 2 to the laterals. Albumen
thin, flat.
.N. Asafetida Falconer. Ferula Asafoetida Lin-
neus.—(Asar@tipa.) Fig. 350. slink

Radical leaves 3-parted ; segments bipinnatifid, with
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, decurrent lobes.
ma Lacistan, AMehanita, the Panjeub.

. Gum-resin fetid, stimulating, antispasmodic,
a, in spasms and mn viata ities catarrh, flatulent
coli i ctions, ; .
SieeThis te doe: pentins Asafeetida plant, but probably the substance is also —
by even species of Ferula. It has been conjectured to, have produced the
Silphium or Laser of the ancients, but on unsatisfactory evidence. See Thapsia,
p. 256.

Fervuta. Linneus.

Umbels compound. Involucres variable. Petals ovate, acuminate. Calyx
slightly 5-toothed. Fruit thin, compressed from the back, surrounded
by abroad border. Ridges 5, the dorsal filiform, the lateral disappear-
ing in the border. Vittee 3 or more in the dorsal furrows, 4 or more
:. the commissure. Anes

- persica Willdenow. Fig. 301.

dwarf, glaucous ; leaves supradecompound,
with distant segments, and linear-lanceolate
cut lobes, dilated at the point; the first umbel
sessile.
y. ine on to be little doubt that this yields
Some part of the Asafctida of commerce. Its fruit
has been received from Persia as that of the Asafcetida
plant; and an old plant at Chelsea yielded a gum-resin
8o like the drug that, until the re-discovery of Narthex,
it was generally believed to be its real source.

350.—a, Fruit of Narthex Asafetida magnified b, its transverse section ; 351. Fruit of Ferula
3 @, natural size; b, magnified. ee ee ‘

ae

the same; 353.

UMBELLALS, 25 6 UMBELLIFERS,

2. F. orientalis Linneus.
Stem branched ; leaves supradecompound ; leaflets setaceous, minutely
downy ; upper petioles much inflated.

a oo e Habitat. Asia Minor, Greece.

Uses. Said to furnish African Ammoniacum ; but if
that drug is yielded by the Fashook of the
Moors, then it is certain that its source is the next
species.

3. F. tingitana Linneus.—(Arrican AmMo-
niacuM.) Fig. 352.

Stem branched; leaves supradecompound,
shining ; segments oblong -lanceolate,
_much cut; upper petioles large and
dilated ; terminal umbel on a short stalk.

Habitat. Various places in the North of Africa.

i Quality. The fetid gum-resin is analogous in its effects

352 to common Ammoniacum.

= Heracteum. Linneus.

= Umbels compound. Involucres obsolete. Calyx 5-
toothed. Fruit compressed from the back, thin,
with a broad border. Ridges 5, filiform, the 3
dorsal near each other, the lateral distant. Vitte
\\ eg each furrow, short, clavate. Albwmen thin,
' t.

| 1. H. Sphondylium Linneus.—(Cow Parsner. Hoe-
as WEED.) Fig. 353.

_// Leaflets lobed or pinnatifid, cut and serrated ; fruit
ee smooth, emarginate ; 2 vittz on the commissure.

Habitat. Hedges and dry ditches ; very common.
Quality. Acrid, vesicant, Rind of the root ulcerates the skin, if applied in a fresh state.

Tuapsia. Linnceus.

- Umbels compound. Involucres variable. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit com-

pressed from the back. Ridges: 5 primary
dorsal, filiform, 2 secondary lateral winged.
Vitte 1 beneath each of the 2 intermediate
ridges, and 2 on the commissure. Albumen

nearly flat. de
1. T. garganica Linneus.—(Asa Dutcis.) Fig.
354. ee
Stem smooth; leaflets linear, acute, decurrent;
fruit widely cordate. :

Habitat. South of Europe and Barbary.

Uses. This, or a nearly allied species, called T. Silphium,
yielded the Laser cyrenaicum or Asa dulcis, a drug —
enjoying the highest —— among the ancients
as an antispasmodic, deol t, and diuretic.

_ Fig. 352.—Fruit of Ferula natural size; b, the magnified ; transverse suction of
Bare iy Pare magnified ; 354. a, Fruit of Thapsia garganica,

Fruit of Hi
6, its transverse section.

257 UMBELLIFERS,

Dorema. D. Don.

bels proliferous, racemose. Involucres 0. Calyax obsolete. Epigynous
disk cup-shaped, toothed. Fruit compressed from the back, surrounded
by a broad border. Ridges 3, dorsal filiform,

lateral very minute within the border. Vitte a b

of the furrows 0, of the commissure 4. Albu-
— men flat.*

19 ¥ ammoniacum D. Don.—(AmMontacum.) Fig.
«3855.

eaves large, bipinnate, with pinnatifid segments,
and oblong, obtuse lobes ; petioles and fruit
woolly.

ity. The fetid gum-resin stimulating, discutient.
Deficient expectoration ; as a plaister for glandular
enlargements.

Eryneium. Linneeus.™

bels simple, capitate. Involucre leafy. Calyx leafy. Fruit taper,
obovate, scaly. Ridges 0. Vitte 0.

cE. maritimum Linneeus. ie :
saves spiny-toothed, those next the root undivided, cordate, on the stem

amplexicaul, palmate ; bracts ovate, generally 3-lobed, spiny.

é “ea coasts of the sea. pa
ey. t sweet, aromatic, tonic, diuretic. or :
The candied re used as an. aperient, and in visceral obstructions. Reputed
to be an aphrodisiac.
E. campestre Linnzeus.

s ternate, bipinnatifid, netted, those of the stem with lacerated auricles.

Barren places, Europe.
yand Uses, As the last.

em

Natural Order, Xopwarts ; Araliacew (V. K., p. 780.)

iling Quality. Tonic? Acrid?

Arata. Linneus.

diverging, 5.

nudicaulis Linneus. :
solitary, radical ; petiole trifid: segments
‘scape shorter than the leaf.

ovate, acute, serrated b.

UMBELLALS, 258 IVYWoRTs.

Hepera. Linneus.

Styles converging, or connate, 5-10.

1. H. Helia Linneeus.—(Common Ivy.) Fig. 356.

Stem creeping by fibrous rootlets; leaves coriaceous, smooth, angular ;
umbels simple, downy.

356

Habitat. Bark of trees, and walls, everywhere,

Quality. Leaves bitter ; fruit bitter, aperient, emetic,

Uses. Has had some reputation as a sudorific ; leaves applied to cauterised surfaces. =
The gum-resin called Hederine, used by varnish makers, and said to be depilatory
and emmenagogue.

Natural Order, Carnels; Cornacew (V. K., p. 782)
Prevailing Quality. Astringent, tonic.

Cornus. Linneus.

Calyx nearly obsolete, 4-toothed. Petals 4, sessile. Stamens 4. Style 1.
Fruit a 2-3-celled drupe. :

Fig, 856.—Hedera Helix ; a, magnified view of a perpendicular section of its seed.

_ UMBELLALS. 259 COKNELS.

. C. florida Linneus.
Flowers appearing with the leaves in close heads, surrounded by large white
roundish bracts ; a tree.

Habitat. The United States.

Quality. Tonic, astringent, bitter.

ses. Bark employed advantageously in intermittent fevers in the United States. It
approaches Cinchona in its general effects, and is not inferior to it in the cure of
intermittents. The young branches stripped of their bark, and rubbed with their
ends against the teeth, render them white.

C. sanguinea Linneeus.
_ — (Common Doe-
— woop.) Fig. 357.
Leaves ovate, whole-
coloured, downy be-
neath ; corymbs flat-
aded.
tat. Hedges and woods,
common.
ality. Fruit contains a
‘Sreat quantity of oil, which
4s said to equal that of
: the olive.
C. mas Linneus.—
(The Corns, TREE.
CorNELIAN CHERRY.) =a
towers appearing before : ‘ : a a.
‘the leaves in small yellow heads with 4 inconspicuous bracts ; a tree.
. ions from England to Japan. ; :
ait Ua, w Wind very bard sd tong Fruit ai , becoming subacid —
perfectly ripe ; formerly fermented for a beverage. Bark said to have power in —
_ intermittents, sues
C. suecica Linneeus. ‘
ers appearing with the leaves in close heads, surroun
eaves sessile, ovate ; herbaceous.
t. Northern parts of Europe. ee Bee
% Berries tonic ; said to increase the appetite in a very) ;
= Fig sr ities sanguinea ; a, ae section of its flower, magnified.

as

ed by white bracts

ASARALS. 260 LORANTHS.

THE ASARAL ALLIANCE (V. K., p. 786.)

Patural Ocers of Asarals.
HLoranths (Loranthacece.) Ovary 1-celled.
Birthwarts (Aristolochiacew.) Ovary 3-6-celled. ~

Natural Order, Laranths ; De enihacece (V. K., p. 789.)
Prevailing Quality. Unknown,

Viscum. Linncus.
Calyx obsolete. Petals 4. Anthers adnate to the petals, honeycombed.
1. V. album Linneeus.—(MIssELTOo.) :
Stem dichotomous, much branched ; leaves lanceolate, blunt, veinless.
Habitat. Europe, parasitical on trees,

Quality. Bark astringent. Berries yield a viscid matter of the same nature as
birdlime. :

Natural Order, Birthwarts; Aristolochiacee (V. K., p. 792.)
Prevailing Quality. . Stimulant, aromatic.

ArtstoLocuia. Linneeus.

Calyx tubular, oblique, inflated at the base. Stamens adnate to the style. —
1. A. Clematitis Linneus.—(Common Birtuwort.) Fig. 358. : oe
Leaves roundish-cordate, stalked ; stem erect, striated ; flowers axillary .

crowded, erect, with an ovate obtuse lip.
Habitat. Many parts of Europe, among rubbish, and in waste places.
Quality. Roots strong scented, powerfully stimulating.
Uses. Once in great repute as an aid in difficult parturition.
2. A. rotunda Linneus, Fig. 359. foie
Leaves cordate, amplexicaul, obtuse ; stem nearly erect ; flowers solitary,
sessile, erect, with an oblong lip. . =
Habitat. South of Europe.

Quality, Bitter, acrid roots stimulant and tonic.
Uses. In amenorrhea as an emmenagogue ; in gout. Said to stupify snakes.

3. A. longa Linneus. th
Leaves cordate, ovate, retuse ; stem prostrate ; flowers erect, W! és
lanceolate acute lip ; root oblong. oe

Habitat. South of Europe.
Quality and Uses. Asin A. rotunda,

4. A. Serpentaria Linneus.—(Serrentary.) Fig. 360. _
_ Leaves cordate, oblong, acuminate ; stem zigzag, ascending ; pedun
growing from the root, scaly; flowers with a triangular mouth.

BIRTH WORTS,

Poa
2

ele

Habitat, United States. oon
Quality. Stimulant, poe purga- é :

tive; imereases pulse ; dia-

phoretic. on Go ee
Uses. In continued an intermittent
fevers ; low ; in the throat
root has a pene-

_ Fig. 308.—Arts matitis ; = ia Yaad Avhhclochia 8
Adee — aio. sneteein eteatns SP P

ASARALS.

262

BIRTHWORTS.

trating resinous smell, and a pungent bitter taste.
tain cases as an antispasmodic and ano

Tt acts asa tonic, and in cer-
dyne. It is peculiarly useful in supporting —
the strength and in allaying the i 2
action which attends great febrile debility,
Dr. Chapman considers it “ admirably
suited to check vomiting and to tranquillise
the stomach
cases.”

5. A. anguicida Linneeus. .
Leaves cordate, acuminate ; stipules cor-
date, solitary, amplexicaul; calyx

» more particularly in bilious

Fig. 361,

erect, with a lanceolate lip.

Habitat.

Carthagena and Mexico.

Quality. The juice of the root chewed and
introduced into the mouth of a serpent so
stupifies it, that it may for a long time be
handled with impunity ; if the reptile is
compelled to swallow a few drops, it perishes

in convulsions,

The root is also reputed to

be an antidote to serpent-bites. Jacquin,l.c.
6. A. Guaco.—(The Guaco.) Fig, 362.

Leaves thin, oblong, almost parallel- —
edged, somewhat cordate, shortly
acuminate, obtuse, smooth, 3-nerved
at the base. :

ASARALS. 2 63 BIRTHWORTS.

Habitat. Equinoctial America.

Quality and Uses. This appears, from the testimony of Dr. Hancock, to be the real
Guaco, to which, as an alexipharmic, so much interest has attached by the
relation of Humboldt. What is sold as Guaco in Colombia is certainly an
Aristolochia of some kind. The accompanying figure is taken from one of
Dr. Hancock’s specimens.

AsarumM. Linneus.
Stamens 12, horned, distinct from each other, and from the style. Calya
campanulate, 3-lobed.
1, A. canadense Linneus.
Leaves reniform, mucronate, pubescent, in pairs.

Habitat, Canada.

Quality. A warm aromatic, stimulant and diaphoretic, and as a substitute for
Serpentary.

2. A. europeum Linneus.—(AsaRapacea.) Fig. 363.

Leaves reniform, obtuse, hairy, in pairs.

Habitat. Woods of Europe.

Quality. Acrid, emetic, purgative, diuretic ? diaphoretic ; excites sneezing.

Uses. As a substitute for Ipecacuanha; as a counter irritant in affections of the eyes,
brain, &c., headache, toothache, ophthalmia. Drunkards in the south of France use
it to sober themselves by emptying the stomach. Powder said to form the base

of Cephalic snuff.

ABELMoscHus esculentus, 135
, moschatus, 136
Abies Balsamea, 67
~ — excelsa, 67
Larix, 67
— nigra, 67
pectinata, 67
Picea, 67
_ Acacia Adansonii, 180
— arabica, 180
— Catechu, 180
— nilotica, 180
vera, 180
—— Verek, 179
Achillea Millefolium, 229
-—— nobilis, 229
—— Ptarmica, 229
chira, 50
Achras Sapota, 167
Aconitum Cammarum, 151
Lycoctonum, 152
apellus, 150
—— > paniculatum, 151
_ Acorus Calamus, 53
22

Actzea spicata, 152
Adiantum CapillusVeneris, 24
— tum, 24
£cidium Berberidis, 13

—— cancellatum, 13
— hte 13
4'sculus Hippocastanum, 102
-Ethusa Cynapium, 247
icus campestris, 9

9

Agathotes Chirayita, 195
Agave americana, 41

—

—_——,

—

INDEX.

——~»-——

Algaroba, 178

Alismal Alliance, 61
Alkanet, 216

Allamanda cathartica, 192
Allium ascalonicum, 57

Scorodoprasum, 56
Allspice, 243

| Almond Tree, 180

Alnus glutinosa, 72
Aloe, Barbadoes, 59
— barbadensis, 59

Althzea officinalis, 135
rosea, 135

Alum Root, 120, 189
Amande de Terre, 33
Amental Alliance, 72
American Aloe, 41
Amanita muscaria, 10
Ammannia vesicatoria, 189
Ammoniacum,

——es

ed

25

African, 256

Amomum Cardamomum, 45

Grana Paradisi, 46

Meleguetta, 46

Amorphophallus campanula-
35

tus,
Amygdalus communis, 180
Persica, 181
Anacardium occidentale, 113

—

(THE NUMBERS REFER TO THE PAGES.)

| Anchusa tinctoria, 216

Andromeda polifolia, 106

Andropogon Schcenanthus, 29

Androseemum officinale, 158

Anemone nemorosa, 146

Anethum graveolens, 253

Angelica, 253

Anise, 246

Anthemis nobilis, 231

—— Pyrethrum, 231
Anthriscus Cerefolium, 252
vulgaris, 251

Antiaris toxicaria, 79

Apium graveolens, 245

Apple Tree, 182

Apricot Tree, 182

Aral Alliance, 33

Aralia nudicaulis, 257

Ara-root, 51

Arbutus Unedo, 108

Archangelica officinalis, 25

Archill, 21

Arctium majus, 233

Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi, 106

Areca Catechu, 38

— nut, 38

oleracea, 37

Argemone mexicana, 154

Arghel, 207

Aristolochia anguicida, 262

Clematitis, 260

Guaco, 262

longa, 260

rotunda, 260

serpentaria, 260

Armeria vulgaris, 197 a

Arnica montana, 227 :

Arnotto tree, 96 CoG

Arrow-head, Chi: | aoe
common, 62

od

oe
—
en

266

Artemisia Moxa, 230
Sieberi, 230
Artichoke, 233
Jerusalem, 228
Artocarpus incisa, 79
Arum maculatum, 34
Colocasia, 35

— _ seguinum, 36
Asa dulcis, 256
Asafoetida, 255
Asagreea officinalis, 54, 55
Asarabacea, 263

—— europzum, 263
Asclepias curassavica, 206
—— decumbens, 206
—— ___ tuberosa, 206
Ash, Flowering, 200
—— Mountain, 183
Ash Tree, 200

——— verus,
Atriplex hortensis, 128
Atropa ae, 204

oan dragora, 203
Ava Plant, 133 -
Avena sativa, 29
Avens, 185

~— Water, 185
Azalea pontica, 107

Bapvertocks, 6

Balm, 219

Balsam Abts; $8
Balsamodendron Myrrha, 111
Balsam of Tolu Tree, 176
Banana, 44

Winter's, 143

Barley, 28
crenata, 112

Basil, 220 a,

_ Batatas edulis, 211

Bay, Sweet, 161

leis

INDEX.

Beet, Garden, 128
Benjamin Tree, 169
Berberal Alliance, 103
Berberis Lycium, 104
vulgaris, 104
Berberry Blight, 13
Bush, 104
Beta vulgaris, 128
Betel Nut, 38
Betula alba, 72

cichad. Thy . to
Bibiri, 161
Bignonial Alliance, 212
Bindweed, Larger, 210

—— _ Smaller, 209

Birch, Black, 72

— Common, 72
Bird Cherry, Virginian, 181
Birthwort, Common, 260
Bistort, 122
Bitter King, 100
Bittersweet, 20]
Bitter-Wood, 144
Bixa orellana, 96
Black Tang, 7
Bletia verecunda, 52
Blood Root, 154, 185
Blue Mouldiness, 15
Bog-Moss, 23
Borage, 216
Borago officinalis, 216
Boswellia serrata, 110
thurifera, 110
Botrytis infestans, 14
Tisha Bassiana, 14

ovista giganteum, 12
Box Tree, 81 :
Braken, 25
Brake, 25
Brassica Napus, 138
oleracea, 138
Rapa, 138
Brava, 87
Brayera anthelmintica, 187
Broom, 174

—— Butcher’s, 60

—— Spanish, 172
Bryonia dioica, 95
Bryony, Black, 62

ee

_
— lycioides, 167

Bunt,
Burdock, 233

’| Capsicum annuum, 205

Burnet, 188

Butomus umbellatus, 61 —
Butterfly weed, 206
Buxus sempervirens, 81

CaBpBaGE, 138

Cabbage Palm, 37

Cactal Alliance, 244
Cajeput Tree, 244 :
Caladium esculentum, 35
Calendula officinalis, 232
Calico Bush, 107

Calla palustris, 52
Callitris quadrivalvis, 69
Calotropis gigantea, 206
Calumba, 87

Calystegia sepium, 210
Cambogia Gutta, 157
Campanal Alliance, 224
Camphor Tree, 161
Camphora officinarum, 161
Canella alba, 105
Canna edulis, 49
Achiras, 50
Cannabis sativa, 76
Caper Bush, 142
Capparis spinosa, 142

baccatum, 205
—— frutescens, 205
Caraway, 248 eee

Cardamom, Round, 45 —
Cardamom,49
Cardamine pratensis, 139

Carum Carui, 248

Caryophyllus

Catechu Tree, 180 :
Catha edulis, 166
Catmint, 221
Cedrate, 119 ©
Cedrela Toona, 113
Celery, 245

Celtis australis, ] 62
Cenomyce rangiferina, 18
pyxidata, 18
Centaurea Calcitrapa, 232
Centaury, 195

Cephaélis Ipecacuanha, 238
erasus Laurocerasus, 181
—— virginiana, 181
vulgaris, 182
Ceratonia Siliqua, 178
Cerbera Manghas, 192
—— Tanghin, 191
Cetraria islandica, 21
Chamomile, 231
Champignon, 9

Chaste Tree, 223

Chavica Betle, 132

: officinarum, 132
Roxburghii, 132

Botrys, 129
i olidum, 129
Cherry, Common, 182
Cornelian, 259
Chervil, 252

Chesnut, Horse, 102
—— Sweet, 91
Chicory, 235

Chien-Dent, 26

Chilli, 205

Chimaphila maculata, 105

_ — + umbellata, 105
China Root, 64

Chiococca densifolia, 239
Chireeta Plant, 195

Chive, 59

Chloranthus officinalis, 134

_—< {+ micrantha, 237

INDEX.

Cissampelos Pareira, 87

'| Cissus cordata, 104

Cistal Alliance, 138
Cistus creticus, 138
Citron, 110

Citrus acida, 110
Aurantium, 109
Bergamia, 109
Bigaradia, 109
decumanus, 110
Limetta, 110
Limonum, 109
Lumia, 110
medica, 110
Clary, 217

Clematis erecta, 145
Vitalba, 145
Flammula, 145
Clove tree, 242
Club-Moss, 23

Cnicus benedictus, 233
Coca, 103

Cocco, 35

Coccoloba uvifera, 126
Cocculus indicus, 88
palmatus, 87
Cochlearia Armoracia, 140
officinalis, 140

er PUES

Cocoa, 135
Nut Tree, 39
Cocos nucifera, 39
Ceesalpina coriaria, 179
Coffea arabica, 239
Coffee Tree, 239
Colchicum autumnale, 54
Colocasia esculenta, 35
—— antiquorum, 35
Colocynth, Himalayan, 93
False, 9.
Coltsfoot, 228
Colutea arborescens, 172
Comarum palusire, 186
Conium maculatum, 247
Contrayerva, 78
Convallaria majalis, 58
Polygonatum, 58
Convolvulus arvensis, 209
_ Batatas, 21]
dissectus, 209

Copaiva Tree, 178
Copaifera officinalis, 178
Corchorus olitorius, 137
Cordia Myxa, 208

— latifolia, 208

| Curcas

267

Coriander, 249
Coriandrum sativum, 249
Corn Cockle, 120
Cornel Tree, 259
Cornus florida, 259
mas, 259 ‘
~——- sanguinea, 259 _
suecica, 259
Coronilla Emerus, 172
Corsican Moss, 8
Cortusal Alliance, 197
Corylus Avellana, 90
Cotton, 136

Couch Grass, 26
Cowage Plant, 173
Cowslip, 198

Crab’s-eye Lichen, 20
Crambe maritima, 139
Cranberry, 236

Crateeva gynandra, 142
Cress, Garden, 142
Crithmum maritimum, 248

Croton balsamiferum, $4
Draco, 84
Eleuteria, 83
Pavana, 84
pseudo-China, 83
Tiglium, 84
tinetorium, 85
Crowfoot, Upright, 147
Crown Imperial, 59
Crozophora tinctoria, 85
Cubeba canina, 133
—— officinalis, 132
Cubebs, 132, 133
Cuckoo-Flower, 139
Pint, 34
Cucumber, Spirting, 95
Cucumis Colocynthis, 93

—

Cucurbita eee ake

a

—_ Pepo, 94
Cucurbital Alliance, 92
Cudbear, 20
Cuichunchulli, 98
Cummin, 252 ae
Cuminum Cyminum, 252
Cup Lichen 18 i ss
— Moss, 18 —

—_—-

86
qe
ia, 49

268 INDEX.

Curcuma Zerumbet, 49 | Ecpaxium agreste, 95 Fir Moss, 23

Currant, Black, 245 Echial Alliance, 216 ’ — Balm of Gilead, 67
Common, 245 | Eddoes, 35 — Scotch, 66
Cycas circinalis, 66 Egg Plant, 202 — Silver, 67 .
Cyclamen europeum, 198 Eleeis guineensis, 39 Fish Poison, Jamaica, 176
Cydonia vulgaris, 183 Elder Bush, 240 Five Fingers, 183
Cynara Scolymus, 233 Elecampane, 227 Flacourtia Ramontchi, 96
Cynanchum Argel, 207 Elettaria Cardamomum, 49 | Flag, Sweet, 53
——— __ vincetoxicum, Elm, Witch, 163 — Yellow, 43
207 | Endive, 236 Flat Orchill, 21
Cyperus esculentus, 33 Endogens, 26 Flax, Common, 1]3
—— longus, 33 Equisetum fluviatile, 22 — Purging, 118
Cytisus alpinus, 174 hyemale, 22 Floripondio, 203
—— Laburnum, 174 Ergoteetia abortifaciens, 14 | Fly Agaric, 10
—— scoparius, 174 Erical Alliance, 105 Foeniculum officinale, 252
: Erodium moschatum, 120 Fox-Glove, 213.
Darropit, 41 Eryngium campestre, 257 Fragaria vesca, 184
n, Mountain, 116 —— _ maritimum, 257 ——— virginiana, 185
Dandelion, 234 Erysiphe communis, 13 Franciscea uniflora, 215 0
Daphnal Alliance, 159 — bicornis, 13 Hopeana, 2150
Daphne Laureola, 160 Ervum Lens, 171 Fraxinella, 112 ee
“cater Sree 160 Erythreea Centaurium, 195 | Fraxinus peace 200 i.
2 Erythroxylon Coca, 103 rnus, eee
gid t Palm, 36 Eugenia Pimenta, 943 Fritillaria imperialis, 59
guinea, 203 Euonymus europzeus, 167 Fucus vesiculosus,7
> —— Stramonium, 202 | Eupatorium cannabinum, 227 | Fungal Alliance, 9
Daucus Carota, 250 —— _ glutinosum, 227
ellen: — 250 Euphorbia antiquorum, 80 a 45 i
>. : —- _ Cyparissias, 80 Galipea Cusparia, 4
Delphinium Consolida, 150 — cantina, 80 ele officinalis ae
Detit de Lie net 150 | byberna, 86 Gambir Plant,238
nt de Lion, 234 ‘—-. Ipecacuanha, 80 | Gamboge Tree, American, 15
hoa ris — _ Lathyris, 81 —- Mysore, 156
Ma : Euphorbia officinarum, 80 Ceylon, 157,
lef amp Seguina, 36 Peplus, 80 Garcinia Mangostana, 156
258 purpurea, 213 Euphorbial Alliance, 79 Garlick, 56
Dillisk, 7 Euphorbium Bush, 80 Garlic Pear, 142
Dice eau Euphrasia officinalis, 215 i
ee Eyebright, 215
Dioscorea soi ge 62 | Exogens, 70
OES 9 q: i 2
Dittany, zB of ie Exogonium Purga, 21]
vidivi tree, 179 Fasa vulgaris, 171
vg Petaey 24 Eagopyram esculentum, 124
sylvatica, 90
Deed Common, 259. | Fairy-Ring Muzhroom, 9
78 Fennel, 252
Dorema amomayerva, 78 | Fenugreek, 175
Dragon’s B nm, 257 | Ferula Asafostida, 255
. i Mexican, 84 | —_ orientalis, 256
iy lao —— persica, 255
porate oe tee 250 —— tingitana, 256
Drymis Wi ater, 25] Feverfew, 228
ike Ficoidal Alliance, 158
Diiles Ficus Carica, 78
»7 Ficus elastica, 77
Dumb Cane, 36 Fig, Indian, 344
ae Rush, Figwort, 214 Ginger, Common, 45 |
% Dyer’s Moss, 21 Filieal Alliance; or, Ferns, 24 | Glechoma hederacea,

Glumal Alliance, 26

‘Glyeyrrhiza glabra, 171

Gobbo, 135

-Gomphocarpus fruticosus, 206

Gomuto Palm, 38

Goosefoot, Stinking, 129

Gossypium barbadense, 136

herbaceum, 136

Bottle, 92

Common, 94

Colocynth, 93

Orange, 94

Squash, 94

Spanish, 94

Trumpet, 92

racilaria Helminthochor-
tos, 8

- Gourd,
" _

ne

—— tenax, 8
- Grains of Paradise Plant, 46
Granadilla, 96

_ Graphium penicilloides, 15
Grape, Seaside, 126

_ Gratiola officinalis, 214

_ Greenheart Tree, 161

- Green Sloke, 5

reen Laver, 5

Grossal Alliance, 245

_ Ground Liverwort, 21

_ Ground Ivy, 221

_ Guaco, 262

- Guaiacum officinale, 117
—— sanctum, 117

- Guazuma ulmifolia, 135

_ Guizotia oleifera, 232
Gum Arabic Tree, 179

; Gymnogens, 65
_ Gyrophora proboscidea, 18
— — erosa, 18

hum, 179
é Hanchinol, 190

Hellebore, black, 148
— oriental, 148
— - stinking, 149

— __ white, 53
elleborus foetidus, 149

——

niger, 148

INDEX.

Helleborus orientalis, 148
Hemidesmus indicus, 207 © '
Hemlock, 247
Hemp, 76
Henbane, 202
Henware, 6
Heracleum Sphondylium, 256
Herb Bennett, 185
Robert, 119

Heuchera americana, 189
Hibiscus esculentus, 135

—— Abelmoschus, 136
High Taper, 215
Hog Gum, 114
Hogweed, 256
Hollyhock, 135
Holly Tree, 190
Honeyware, 6
Hop, 77
Hordeum distichum, 28
Horehound, 221
Hornbeam, 90
Horse-Radish, 140
tree, 97
Humulus Lupulus, 77
Hyoseyamus niger, 202
Hypericum perforatum, 158
Hyssop, 219

— Hedge, 214
Hyssopus officinalis, 219

IceLanp Moss, 21
Ichnocarpus frutesceng, 192
Tlex Aquifolium, 190
— paraguayensis, 19]
— vomitoria, 191
Illicium anisatum, 143
Ionidium Itubu, 98
—— _ Ipecacuanha, 98
— _microphyllum, 98
India-Rubber Tree, Bengal,
77
Indian Corn, 30
Indigo, Egyptian, 173
—— East Indian, 175
Indigofera tinctoria, 175
Inga Sassa, 180
Inula Helenium, 227

Ipomoea macrorhiza, 211
—— operculata, 211
—— pandurata, 210
Iridzea edulis, 7

Trish Moss, 6

269

Italian Narcissus, 41
Ivy, Common, 258

Jaap, True, 211
Janipha Manihot, 82
Jatropha Curcas, 86
Juglans regia, 92
Jujube, 165

Juncal Alliance, 52
Juniper, Common, 68
Juniperus communis, 68
Oxycedrus, 69
Sabina, 68

Katara latifolia, 107
Kawa, 133

Kelp Ware, 7

Kino Tree, African, 175
Indian, 175
Knot Grass, 122
Krameria triandra, 101

Lapravor Tea, 106
Laburnum, 174
Scotch, 174
Lactuea Scariola, 234
—— virosa, 234
— sativa, 234
Ladanum Bush, 138
Lagenaria vulgaris, 92
Laminaria digitata, 5
Lanosa nivalis, 16
Lantana Pseudo-thea, 223
Lappa major, 233
Lathyrus Aphaca, 170
Cicera, 170 |
—— tuberosus, 170
Larch, 67

Larkspur, Branching, 150
Laudanum, Dutchman’s, 97
Laurel, Common, 181

_

Spica,
Lavender, Common, 217
— French, 218
Laver, 5
Leadwort, 197 eo
Lecanora Parella, a ne

270

Lentil, 171

Lepidium sativum, 142

Lettuce, Acrid, 234
—— Garden, 234
— Lamb’s, 227

Lily of the Valley, 58
Lime, 110
— Sweet, 110

—

usitatissimum, 118
Lippia Pseudo-thea, 223
Liquidambar Altingia, 73
orientale, 73
styraciflua, 73

Tree, American,

—_—
—_—_—-

—__—_—.

Malva sylvestris, 136
val Alliance, 134

INDEX,

Mandragora officinarum, 203
Mandrake, 203
Manettia cordifolia, 239
Mangifera indica, 113
Mango Tree, 113
Mangosteen, 156
Maranta arundinacea, 50, 51
Marigold, Pot, 232
Marjoram, Wild, 220
Marrubium vulgare, 221
Marsh Mallow, 135
Marvel of Peru, 126
Mastich, Barbary, 114
Tree, 1)4
Matico Plant, 133
Meadow Sweet, 187
Melaleuca Cajeputi, 244
— minor, 244
Melia Azedarach, 116
Melissa officinalis, 214
Mellarosa, 109
Melloca, 159
tuberosa, 159
Melon, 92
Menispermal Alliance, 86
Mentha piperita, 218
— Pulegium, 219
viridis, 218
Menyanthes trifoliata, 196
Mercurialis annua, 82
perennis, 82
Mercury, Dog, 82
Metroxylon Sagus, 36
Mezereon, 160
Mildew, 13
Milfoil, 229
Milkwort, 99
Mimosa nilotica, 180
Mint, 218
Cat, 221
Mirabilis Jalapa, 126
i 60

—_—

—

2
Mitre Mushroom, 11
sce 3h
omordica Balsamina, 94
—— __ Elaterium, 95
Monk’s Hood, 150
Morchella esculenta, }1
Moringa pterygosperma, 97
Morus nigra, 78
Morell, 11
Mouldiness, 16
Moxa Weed, 230
Mucor Mucedo, 16
Mucuna pruriens, 173
Mudar Plant, 206
M Tree, 78
Mullein, 215
Murlins, 6
Musa sapientum 44

Muscal Alliance, 22
Muscardine, 14
Mushroom, 9
Musk-Seed, 136
Mustard, White, 139
Black, 139
Mycoderma, 17
Myristica moschata, 87
fatua, 87
Myrobalan, Beleric, 241
Myrospermum ieee

toluiferum,
176

—

Myrrh Tree, 111

Myrtal Alliance, 241

Myrtle, 243

Myrtus communis, 243
—— . Pimenta, 243

NarcrssaL ALLIANCE, 4000
Narcissus Poondos Na :

Tazzetta, 41 :
Nardostachys Jatamansi, 226
Narthex Asafoetida, 255
Nasturtium officinale, 140 —
Nectandra Rodizi, 161
Nectarine, 181
Nepeta Cataria, 221 :
Glechoma, 22] _
Nephelium Longan, 101 _
Nephrodium Filix-mas, 24
Nerium Oleander, 192 _
Nettle Blight, 13

Nigella sativa, 149
Nightshade, Black, 201
. Deadly, 204 —

Nut, Hazel, 90.
Nutmeg Tree, 87
Nux-vomica Tree, 193 :

Oax, Belote, 89 —
— Cork, 88

Oidium abortifaciens, 14
—— Tuckeri, 14

Oil Palm, 39

lea europea, 199
Oleander, 192

Olibanum Tree, 110

Olive Tree, 199

Onion, Common, 57
Welch, 57

Opoidia galbanifera, 252
Opopanax, 255
Chironium, 255
Opuntia vulgaris, 244

- Orach, Garden, 128
Orange, Bergamot, 109

: Common Sweet, 109

—

—— Spotted, 51
Dreodoxa oleracea, 37

ALMAL ALLIANCE, 36

INDEX,

Pennyroyal, 219
Pepper, African, 144
Black, 131
Betle, 132
Bird, 205
Brand, 16
Common Long, 132
Dulse, 7
Goat, 205
Java Long, 132
Water, 121
White, 131
Peppermint, 218
Perelle, 20
Petroselinum sativum, 246
Pharbitis Nil, 212
Phaseolus multiflorus, 172
Phoenix dactylifera, 36
Physic Nut, 89
Phytolacca decandra, 127
Pierzena excelsa, 116
Pilewort, 146
Pimento, 243
Pimpernel, 199
Pimpinella Anisum, 246
Pinang, 38
Pine Apple, 41

— Cluster, 67

— Mugho, 66

— Stone, 66

TT

—_—

Te, Pudding, 177
angustifolium, 133
Betle, 132
Cubeba, 132
longum, 132
methysticum, 133
nigrum, 131

— trioicum, 131
Piperal Alliance, 130
Piscidia ina, 176
Pistacia atlantica, 114
Lentiseus, 114
Nut, 114
Terebinthus, 114
Turpentine, 114
—— vera, 114
Planera Abelicea, 162
Plantain, 44
Plocaria Helminthochortos, 8
ao tenax,8

P Corn, 153

i tier a

Pipe
Piper

Prey

——ae

—_

od

—_—_—

271

Plumbago zeylanica, 197
Pocan Bush, 127
Poison Oak, 114
Polanisia viscosa, 142
Polyanthus Narcissus, 41
Polygala Chameebuxus, 100
—— Poaya, 100
rubella, 99
Senega, 100
—- vulgaris, 99
Polygonum amphibium, 122
aviculare, 122
Bistorta, 122

—— Hydropiper, 121
Polyporus fomentarius, 11
—— igniarius, 11]

officinalis, 11
Pom te, 243
Poplar Tree, Black, 74
Balsam, 74
Populus balsamifera, 74
—— onigra,74
Porphyra laciniata, 5
—— vuigaris, 5
Portulaca oleracea, 121
Potatoe, 200
—— Mildew, 14
—— scab, 12
-— Sweet, 211

Potentilla anserina, 184
reptans, 183
Tormentilla, 184
Poterium Sanguisorba, 188
Primula veris, 198
Prinos verticillatus, 190
Prunus Armeniaca, 182
—— Coccomillia, 182
— domestica, 182 —
spinosa, 182
Pteris aquilina, 25
Pterocarpus erinaceus, 175
Marsupium, 175
santalinus, 175

——

Quassra amara, 115
amaica, 11

—_—_—

272

Quercus Suber, 98
Quernal Alliance, 88
Quince Tree, 183
Quingquino, 176
Quitch, 26

RapisH, 139
Rape, 138

Ram-Til, 232

Ranal Alliance, 143
Ranunculus acris, 147
Ficaria, 146
Flammula, 147
sceleratus, 148
Raphanus sativus, 139

Raspberry, 187
Red-Ware, 5

—

a

——

INDEX.

Rumex alpinus, 124
Hydrolapathum, 124
Ruscus aculeatus, 60
Rush, Flowering, 61
Ruta graveolens, 111
— montana, 111
Rutal Alliance, 108.
Rye, 27

SaBaDILLA, 55
Saccharum officinarum, 29
Saffron Crocus, 42
Meadow, 54
Sage, Garden, 217
Sagittaria chinensis, 62
—— sagittifolia, 62

Sago Palm, true, 36
prickly, 37
Saguerus saccharifer, 38
Sagus levis, 36

— Rumphii, 37
Salicornia annua, 129
Salix Helix, 75
pentandra, 74
— purpurea, 75
— Russelliana, 75

omens,

Rhizogens, 25 — vitellina, 75
Rhododendron chrysanthum, | Salsafy, 236”
_ 107 | Salsola Kali, 128
—- , | Saltwort, 129
ae =a Salvia EEN: 217
nieege olden, — Sclarea, 217
Rhodomenia palmata, 7 Sambucus nigra, 240
Rhubarb, Monk s, 124 Samphire, 248
Rhus Cotinus, 115 Sandal-Wood, Red, 175
~ -Metopium, 114 Sandarach Tree, 69
_ Toxicodendron 114 Sanguinaria canadensis, 154
Ribes bes nigrum, 245 Sapindal Alliance, 99
os rubrum, 245 Sapindus saponaria, 103
ice, 31 Sarsaparilla, Brazilian, 64
a seabra, 238 — Indian, 207
ieee ee 85 —. Italian, 64
dae > 56 r — Jamaica, 64
fuciformis, ot — Vera Cruz, 63
—— _ tinetoria, 21 Sassafras officinale, 161
Rosa canina, 188 ._— Swamp, 144
— centifolia, 188 — Tree, 161
— gallica, 188 Satureia hortensis, 221
Alliance, 170 —— montana, 221
Rose, Cabbage, % oF Savin, 68
mae Savory, Winter, 221
— , Dog, 188 —— Summer, 221
a, French, 188 Saxifragal Alliance, 189
~ rons | Seammony, 209
Onemiarys B14 Searlet Runner, 172
& Se rmapeag i officinalis, 217 | Scilla maritima, 58
fie: tinetoria, 24] Seorzonera hispanica, 234
“e Rubus Ideeus, 187 Scotch Bonnets, 9
_ Rue, Common, 111 Scrophularia nodosa, 214
Rumex Acetosa, 125 Seulleap, in, 222

Scurvy Grass, 140 e :
Scutellaria galericulata, 222.
Sea-Girdles, 5 ae
Sea Kale, 139
Sea-Wand, 5 i
Sea Ware, 5,7 ay
Seawrack 7 iste
Secale cereale, 27
Semencine, 230
Semen Contra, 230
Seneka, 100
Senna, Alexandrian, 177 _
Bladder, 172 f
—— Blunt-leaved, 177
—— Scorpion, 172
Tinnivelly, 177
Serpentary, 260
Sesame, 212
Sesamum indicum, 212
Setaria germanica, 31
—— italica, 31
Sevoeja, 56
Shaddock, 110
Shallot, 57
Shamrock, 119 eo
Shave-Grass, 22 __
Silenal Alliance, 120
Silverweed, 184
Silkworm-Rot, 14
Simaruba amara, 116
Sinapis alba, 139
nigra, 139
Sium Sisarum, 249
Skirret, 249
Skunk Cabbage, 52
Sloe, 182 ae
Slokaun, 5 ae
Sloke, 5 “oe
Smilax aspera, 64
—__.:_ China, 64
—— medica,63
officinalis, 64
—— siphilitica, 64

Smyrnium Olusatru
Socks § Moss, 23
Sneezewort, 229

Snow-Flake, 4) on
Snow Mould, 16 _~

Solomon’s Seal, 58
Sorrel, Common, 125
Wood, 119
Souchet comestible, 33
Soulamea amara, 100
Southernwood, 229
Sow-Bread, 198
Soymida febrifuga, 113

‘Spheerococcus Helmintho-
chortus, 8
si tenax, 8
Sphagnum obtusifolium, 23
_ Spigelia Anthelmia, 193

_Spinacia oleracea, 128

‘Spindle Tree, 167

| Spireea Filipendula, 187

Ulmaria, 187

Spring Crocus, 42

Spruce, Black, 67

Common, 67

‘Spunk, 11

Spurge, Caper, 81
Cypress, 80

— Petty, 80

—— Winter, 80

Squill, Officinal, 58

Paneratic, 58

: “sper dem ame jamaicensis,

222

g Star Anise Plant, 143
Stavesacre, 150
Bt. John’s ‘Bread, 178

—

Wood, 184
Strychnos Nux-vomica, 193
— _ pseudoquina, 193
toxifera, 194
long Benzoin, 169
officinale, 169

INDEX.

Tanacetum 229
Tanghinia venenifera, 191
Tangle, 5
Tansy, 229
Taraxacum Dens Leonis, 234
Tarragon, 231
Taxus baccata, 69
Tea, Arabian, 166
— Paraguay, 191
— Plant, 155, 156
Tecoma stans, 213
Teel, 212
Tephrosia Apollinea, 173
Terminalia Bellerica, 241
Chebula, 242
Tetragonia expansa, 159
Teucrium Marum, 221
Thallogens, 5
Thapsia garganica, 256
Thea Bohea, 155
— viridis, 156
Theobroma Cacao, 135
Thistle, Star, 232
Thorn Apple, 202
Thrift, 197
Thrush Lichen, 21
Thyme, Cat, 221
Garden, 220
Thymus Serpyllum, 220
Til, 212
Tilia europsea, 137
Tilly Seed, 84
Toad-Flax, 214
Tobacco, American, 205
—— Indian, 224
—— Mountain, 227
—— of Shiraz, 205
Syrian, 205
Tomato, 202
Tormentil, 184
Touchwood, 11
Tous les Mois, 49 :
Tragacanth, White, 172
Red, 173
Tragopogon porrifolium, 236
Traveller’s Joy, 145
Trigonella Fenum Greecum,

Peon 48

273
Typha latifolia, 33, 34

Uxtucus tuberosus, 159
Ulmus montana, 163
Ulva latissima, 5
Umbellal Alliance, 245
Uncaria Gambir, 238
Upas Tree, 79
Uredo Caries, 16

—— segetum, 16
Urginea Pancration, 58
Scilla, 58
Urtica dioica, 76
Urtical Alliance, 76

VaccaRia vulgaris, 120
Vaccinium uliginosum, 236
Vitis Idea, 236
Valerian, 225
Valeriana celtica, 226
—— dioica, 226
officinalis, 225
Phu, 225
Valerianella olitoria, 227
Vanilla, 52
planifolia, 52
Velvet Leaf, 87
Veratrum album, 53
Verbascum Thapsus, 215
Verbesina sativa, 232
Vetiver, 30
Vetivert, 30
Viburnum Opulus, 240
Vicia Faba, 171
Villarsia nympheeoides, 196 —
Vincetoxicum officinale, 207
Vine, 104
Vine Mildew, 14
Vinegar Plant, 17
Viola canina, 98
— tricolor, 98
— odorata, 98
Violal Alliance, 96
Violet, oes 98

vipers :
ML eh Sweet, | 145
Viscum album, 260
Vismia guianensis, 158
Vitex Agnus castus, 223
Negundo, 223
— trifolia, 223
Vitis vinifera, 104

——

—

274

Whortleberry, 236
red, 236

Wig Tree, 115
Willow, Bedford, 75
Golden, 75

— Sweet, 74’
Winter Green, Umbelled, 105
Variegated,105
Wolfsbane, 152
Woodruff, 241
Worm Grass, 193

———-

Pag 71, line 16, for “ GENTIANALS. Monopetalous. Placent# parietal,”
*TIANALS. Monopetalous. Placente parietal or axile.

INDEX.

Wormseed, 129
Wormwood, 230
Wouraly Shrub, 194

XyLoria aromatica, 144
glabra, 144
—— grandiflora, 144

Yam, Three-leaved, 62
— West Indian, 63 "
Yatum Condenado, 24

ERRATA.

Page 71, line 18, add “ Embryo large.”

LONDON:

BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARA+

Yellow Wall Lichen, 19
Yew Tree, 69

Zamia furfuracea, 65

— tenuis, 65
Zea Mays, 30
Zedoary, Round, 49
True, 49
Zingiber officinale, 45
Zizyphus vulgaris, 165
Zyg siege Fabago, 117.

read “GEN-
Embryo minute.”

PRS ae eee Tee rns Lee

2

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