‘ Wy Wy y i Hes Le, Zig Ze ee ¥ SU HM FG Bhat 7 Z Z vt He fi g Z YY ey GUD Vii “ pi HY gisyee ¥ ju i” Zz * yf HYG LG y SUR, at ig cA, ih oy} We; Gs » SVUMS C7 Y LIL bee 3 Beef d1 UCL Dh 7 LET ee Ch i eg f A Lf / ae ; J; ; a4 (LEI CLE Lah ft ( ee ee Oi ee. BRITISH HERBAL; “~ 4 H L SS T..O° Rae * PLAN TS and? Tee i NATIVES’ of BR'I1 7 a beg | . CULTIVATED FOR USE, : _ OR te oe ‘ : | RAISED £OR BEAUTE | ¥ be % A 5 7 fe ff = ee 2 re Chee b #9 GC 3 ps Xi: Aa ARLE BPPt 2 Ay % | Oa AO Aa ¥ rome 4 a bis LONDON Printed for 'T. Osborne and J. Surpron, in Gray’s Inn; ae HopsEs, near London-Bridge ; J. Newzery, in St, Paul’s Church- Yard; B, Contins; And S, CRowpDER and He _Woopcats, in Pater-nofter-Row. : MDECLYL., : ss ; Spe, ? 4% yy hy ob * a mot wt Sata | . Mw 5 > « \ ‘ yom ver ¥ Y iv ¥ Wee" PWissour! BoTANICAG @BarRDEN LIARABM ; ; To th Ricgut HONOURABLE The Earl of NORTHUMBERLAND. My LORD, FT omit the other additions with which your name fhould ftand accompanied, ’tis becaufe I addrefs you under a greater; PATRON OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE: nor fhall I {top there, fince I may add that higheft of all human titles, FATHER OF THE Distressep. To have raifed a little hofpi- tal to the full ufe and purpofe of the moft eftablifhed charities, is more than to have amaffed the total ftores of knowledge; or to have received all the diftinGtions in the power of Kings. To DE D 176 42 TO" N- To {peak of your LorDsHIP, as.is the cuftom on thefe oc- cafions, would appear with a new air; for to you, the lan- guage of dedications would be truth: yet though it were no more than ecchoing the univerfal voice, I know ’twould be un- plealing ; for all applaufe founds to a delicate ear like flattery. Though I fhall not crowd the page addrefled immediately Po “your LorpsHir’s eye with praife; or tranferibe their wonder ‘who fee greatnefs fo joined with affability, and knowledge fo united to politenefs; one thing -I fhall fay, and tis with pride and pleafure I thall fpeak it, that in this age, unfavourable as it is to literature, the leaft attempt toward. rendering knowledgg. ufeful is not without its patron, When England fhall be abje to produce a Linnaus, he will not. want a CLIFFORD. Though I can by this addrefs add nothing to that great opi- nion the world juftly entertain of your Lorpsutp’s virtues, I am con{cious that I fhall, in publifhing it, do myfelf the higheft honour it is poflible I fhould obtain. Science can boaft no greater glory, than to receive the patronage of Virtue. I have the honour to be, With the greateft refpect, My LORD, Your LorpsHIP’s moft obedient, and moft humble fervant, JOHN HILL: * Me 2B Rr Myre 68 . EE ae eceaseegcoescaseusescseeneseusonNeeseseceseseceaas \ VELA Ssh Plants whofe flower confifts of stverat reTais*, with NUMEROUS THREADS are few, large, and plain. in the centre, and is followed by a clufter of NAKED SEEDS, ASHIS is a clafs diftinguifhed by natural and obvious charagters ; and is proper for the” We ftudent’s firft confideration, becaufe the flowers and feeds are confpicuous, and the parts » Mr. Ray eftablifhed it'as a clafs; and the regard he has fhewn to the order of nature, ” in keeping thefe plants together, is a proof that his method, tho’ plain and fimple, is in fome inftances, better founded than thofe built upon fmaller parts, and nicer diftinGtions. Nature has joined no plants fo plainly together as thofe which conftitute this clafs: yet Morifon, Tournefort, and. others, have diftributed them in various parts of their works; and Linneus has united the greater part of them with many other plants not properly ally’d to them, under the denomination of polyandria; a clafs altogether artificial, having but a miftaken foundation in ‘nature. This author in the feventh fection includes, among what he calls polyandria polygynia, the crow- Foot, which bears its feeds naked, and the hellebore, which has them included in pods, “Nature feparates thefe plants, tho’ Linnaeus joins them. ‘ 9 RT By ede Natives of BRITAIN. HIS feries includes all thofe genera, of which one or more fpecies are natives of eur country. The fecond comprehends thofe only of which we have none naturally wild. To prevent the feparation of thofe plants which nature has joined in form, tho’ divided in their place of growth, we fhall, under each of the Britith genera, after defcribing thofe fpe- cies which are natives here, add fuch as, for their ufe or beauty, have obtained a place in our gar- dens. But to prevent confufion or error, we fhall there arrange the fpecies diftinétly under two, divifions, as we have here diftributed the generay native, and foreign, under two /eries. . ® The leaves which compofe a flower are called petals, Ned, B GENUS. Th BRITISH HERBAL \ STRAWBERRY. FRAGARITA. MP HE frawberry has three leaves on each footftalk; the flower confifts of five petals, and its is divided into ten unequal fegments. ; : : The flethy fabftance of the fruit is no character of this genus, for fome fpecies have it not. He Linneus feparates this with fome others from the reft of the clafs, arranging it among his icofandria, and placing it next the rofe and bramble. : Y : CO EL Meecates might lead us to fuppofe there was an alliance between the fruit of the Strawberry and bramble; and little genius’s might cavil at the placing it here among plants with naked feeds: but the diftinétions of nature are fufficiently correct if men will properly regard them: the bramble will then be found a berry-bearing fhrub 3 the frrawherry a naked feeded plant. ‘A berry is a fruit which has the feed furrounded by a juicy matter, and enclofed ina fkin. Eaoh grain of the blackberry is therefore fuch ; but in the Strawberry the feeds are difpofed quite otherwife : They are neither furrounded by juice, nor covered with a fkin: they ftick naked on the outfide of the fruit. ay ; : In all the plants of this clafs the feeds adhere to fome fubftance at their bafe ; and in the prefent inftance that fubftance fometimes {wells out, and becomes flefhy : but the feeds are ftill naked, the fruit is no berry, and the plant belongs to this clafs. DeTgVaele sel: OS Nek x. Barren Strawberry. Fragaria frerilis. The root is thick, hard, covered with a brown- ith bark with a tinge of red, and edged with fibres. h The leaves ftand three on each footftalk ; and are of an oval figure, notched round the edges, and of a pale green: they are covered with a fhort, foft hair, and lie fpread on the ground, Their footftalk is two inches long, and has a couple of fmall membranes at its bafe. The ftalks are lender, fhort, and weak: they are hairy, and have each a leaf or two on them divided into three parts. Ufually there ftands but one flower on cach footftalk, and this is large, white, and ‘beautiful, Jj is compofed of five broad leaves, dented at the ends ; and has inits centre a tuft of fhort threads. It ftands in a fmall cup divided into ten parts at the edge. When the flower falls the feeds ripen in a little clufter. They are fmall, and have no pulpy mat- ter about them; but five of the divifions of the cup clofe over and defend them. It is very common in dry paftures and on ditch banks ; and flowers in April. The bark of the root, dried and powdered, rs excellent in diarrhoeas: a fcrupleisa dofe. This I write from experience ; others feem not to have confidered it as a medicine. DIVISION Te aga O 3. Shrubby Strawberry. Fragaria frutefcens. The rootis long, woody, and edged with fibres, The leaves {tand on footftalks, three upon each, as in the common Strawbderry, and are large, oblong, and confiderably hairy. The ftalk rifes from the centre of the root, among the leaves, and is woody, firm, and two foot high. ‘Toward the top it divides into two or BRT T'S WS .P ECL p.S, J: Bauhine calls this {pecies Fragaria non fru- Sifera vel non vefca. CC. Bauhine, Fragaria Srerilis. 2. Common Strawberry. Frogaria vulgaris. : The root is long, thick, of a reddifh brown, and edged with many fibres, The footftalks are three or four inches long ; and each fupports three leaves. Thefe are ob-~ long and broad, and ferrated; of a dark green on the upper fide, and whitith underneath. The ftalks are four or five inches high: they divide at the top, and fupport feveral flowers. Thefe are large and white: each confifts of five leaves, and has in its centre a great tuft of threads with yellow buttons. ; The fruit follows, and is a flefhy receptacle for the feeds : it is large, pulpy, and pleafant. The feeds are numerous, fmall, and tharp-pointed ; and they are fluck in the fides of the fruit, It is common in woods, and thence brought in- to gardens, where culture has made it affume va- rious forms. It alfo naturally differs in the fize of the fruit in different countries. The moft confiderable of thefe varieties are two: 1. The plum-fruited frawberry 2 and, 2. The great-fruited firawberry of Chili, with Selby leaves. C. Bauhine has defcribed the firft, and Dillenius the latter of thefe as diftin&t fpecies ; but they are accidental variations. REIGN SPECIES, three parts, and {preads intoaround head: There are leaves like thofe which rife. from the root, at the infertions of thefe branches; and upon their tops ftand the flowers. \ Thefe are {mall and greenifh, much of the fame colour with the leaves, but of the form of the common firawberry flower. The. fruit is conic in fhape, and is partly red, partly green. The hairs that rife from the feeds are very rough, and alfo greenith, It Th BRITISH HERBAL. 3 Tt is a native of Italy, and flowers and bears its fruit there fomewhat earlier than our /trawberry. Zanoni calls this Fragaria arborea flore herbaceo: Morifon, Frogaria major vefca flore herbaceo. The fruit of the garden ftrawberry is cooling and when eaten in any quantity, wine and fugar are proper additions. Ci iii Be coo The leaves are cooling and diuretick, An in fufion of them is good in ftranguries ; and, when made ftronger, in the jaundice. Powdered, they are ufeful in dyfenteries ; anda decoétion of them fweetened with honey, is an excellent gargle for fore throats. . They have the credit alfo, of being a cofmetick ; but for that there is no great authority. wt Us Sycallege CINQUEFOIL. POE N, Fi AePi BODE UML Inquefoil has five leaves on every footftalk, and five petals in each flower. The feeds ftand in a fmall button; and the cup is divided into ten unequal fegments. Linnzus places this among his icofandria polyginia s the threads being about twenty in each flower, and growing to the infide of the cup or the petals ; and the ftyles, from the rudiments of the feeds, numerous. D PVE § VON CL “CB RY et sete Sub eb Galabes, 1. Common Cinquefoil. Pentaphyllum vulgare. The root is long, thick, and brown. The leaves ftand five on each footftalk, and are oblong, hairy, and of a dufky green, ferrated at the edges, and rounded or blunt at the ends: the footftalks are flender, and three inches long. The main ftalks of the plant are long, very weak, and creeping. From the bottoms of the leaves rife flender pedicles, each fuftaining a fingle flower. This is large, of a bright yellow, compofed of roundifh leaves, heart-fafhioned at the ends, with a great clufter of fhort threads in the centre, and it ftands in a cup formed of one leaf and divided into ten parts at the edge. When the flower is fallen the feeds ripen in a little clufter, which is defended by five fegments of the cup clofing about it; the fame five clofe about the flower while in the bud. The long creeping ftalks take root at the joints, whence leaves alfo arife, and the plant thus pro- pagates itfelf abundantly. Je is frequent by way fides, and flowers in June. The’ root is aftringent: its outer rind is the moft valuable part, and it is beft given in pow- der, twelve grains for a dofe. It thus ftops purg- ings, and is good’ in hemorrhages of all kinds, particularly the overflowings of the menfes, and {pitting of blood. Ina larger dofe it will often cure intermittent Fevers, A ftrong decoétion of it is alfo good for fore mouths. J. Bavhine calls this Pentaphyllum vulgare repens. C. Bauhine, Quinquefolium majus repens. 2. Silver-leaved Cinquefoil. Pentaphylium ereétum foliis fubtus argenteis. The root is large, thick, and woody, brown en the outfide, and white within: it divides into many heads, and has feveral fibres. The ftalks are numerous, firm, upright, hairy, and fix inches high. The leayes ftand alternately: they have longifh footftalks, at the bafe of which there is a little appendage furrounding the ftalk: they are deeply divided at the edges into five large, but irregular’ § parts, and are of a dufky green above, and white underneath, The flowers are fmall, and of a bright yellow: ‘They are compofed each of five petals, with a large tuft of threads in the centre. The feed is ripened in fmall clufters, Five of the ten fegments of the cup in this, as the others, furround firft the bud of the flower, and after- wards the clufter of feeds. , Itis commen in dry barren places, and flowers in June. Its virtues have not been try’d, they are pro- bably the fame with thofe of the other, but in a lefs degree. J. Bauhine calls this Pentaphyllum erefium foliis profunde feétis fubtus argenteis flore luteo. C. Bau- hine, Quinquefolium foho argenteo. 3. Little rough Cinquefoil, Pentaphyllum parvum birfutrum: The root is long, thick, and black. The leaves that rife from it are fmall, five on each footftalk, and hairy: they are of a dufky _ green, and deeply ferrated : the footitalks that bear them are about two inches long. The main ftalks rife among thefe. They are flender, hairy, and of a redifh colour, and lic fcattered on the ground. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches, and are large, and of a beautiful yellow. Tt grows in dry paftures, but is not frequent: I have feen it near Loughborough. It flowers in June. J. Bauhine calls this Pentaphyllum parvum bir- futunm. C.Bauhine, Quinguefolium minus repens aureum. 4. Three-fingered Cinquefoil. Pentaphyllum minus repens foliis tripartitis. The root is fmall and long; it is brown on the outfide, and has many fibres. The leaves ftand on footftalks, which are flen- der, weak, and redifh, They have three principal divifions, and two fmaller ; appearing to be com- pofed of five leaves thus irregular in their fize. The ftalks run upon the ground and root at the joints, as in the common cinquefoil. The Do yw fk ey The BER ALT SEE PEERS RUB: Aah: The flowers are very beautiful, moderately large, and of a gold yellow, with a tuft of threads in the centre. j The feeds ftand in a little clufter. It isa fcarce plant, 1 have feen it in Charlton foreft in Suffex, where it flowers in September. Plukenet defcribes this, Alm. p. 285. 5. Silky Cinquefoil. Pentaphyllum pumilum folis fericets. The root is oblong, fmall, brown, woody, and edged with fibres. > The leaves rifing from it are fmall, and ftand upon very flender footftalks. They are irregu- larly divided into five parts; three principal, which. are forward, and two lefler toward the DI:V-1SA0 Nagi 1. Upright Cinquefoil. Pentaphyllum recium majus. The root is long and thick, of a redifh brown on the outfide, paler within, and edged with fibres. The leaves which rife from it are placed on fhort footftalks, and deeply divided into five parts 5 fometimes into more, often into lefs; and frequently the firft leaves are fcarce divided at all. Thefe divifions or feparate leaves are ob- long, narrow, and deeply indented. The flalk is two or three feet high, firm, hard, round, redifh, and a little hairy, with leaves ir- regularly placed, refembling the other, but with fewer divifions. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches, into which the upper part of the ftalk divides ; and are large, of a fine gold yellow, and fweet {cented. The feeds ftand naked in a little clufter, de- fended by the cup. Jt is a native of Italy and the fouth of France, and flowers in June. The flowers-are fometimes white. C. Bauhine calls it Quinquefolium reéium Iu- teum. 2. White flowered Cinquefoil.. Pentaphyllum majus flore albo.. “ The root is long, flender, brown, and fur- nifhed with fibres: ~ The footftalks of the leaves are two or three inches long, flender, weak, and hairy. Five leaves ftand on each ; and they are oblong, broad, pointed at the ends, and hollowed. They are of a deep green, and fmooth on the upper fide, and hairy and white underneath. GF. -N FO ftalk. Thefe laft are always fmall, and often ‘wanting ; and they, as well as the others, are notched at the tops. Their colour is a whitifh: green, and they feel filky. Tate The ftalks are numerous, fhort, and fpread upon the ground. The leaves on them are like thofe from the root, but ufually they have only the three divifions. : The flowers are fmall and yellow. The feeds ftand in a little naked head. It is not common in England, but frequent in the hilly parts of Scotland. Sibbald calls it Fragarie fylueftri affinis planta flore luteo. Plukenet, Pentaphyllum fruticofum minimum procumbens flore luteo foliis fericeis fraga- ria ternis. REIGN. SPECIES. The ftalks are fix or eight inches high, but weak and flender. They have numerous leaves ftanding irregularly on them, and divide toward the top into branches. The flowers ftand on footftalks fingly towards their tops, and are large and white, with yellow threads in the centre. They much refemble thofe of the ftrawberry. The feeds are fmall, and ftand in a clutter. It is a native of Hungary, and many other parts of Europe, and flowers in June. J. Bauhine calls this Pextaphyllum album. C. Bauhine Quinquefolium album majus. : 3. Yellow alpine Cinquefoil. Pentaphyllum minus aureum. The root is long and flender, of a dufky brown, and furnifhed with fibres. The leaves that rife immediately from it ftand on long flender pedicles, five on each ; and they are oblong, broad, ferrated, and pointed at the ends: They are of a fhining green, but have a few fcattered hairs upon them. The ftalks are weak, and hardly ftand upright. They have feveral leaves on them, placed irre- gularly ; and thofe toward the upper part are divided into three, rather than five fegments. The flowers ftand on long footftalks; and are large, of a bright yellow, with a great tuft of deeper yellow threads in the midft. When thefe are fallen, the feed appears in fmall clufters naked. It is a native of Italy and Germany, and flowers in June. The virtues have not been tried. C. Bauhine calls this Quinguefolium minus repens alpinum aureum. U Sur BASTARD CINQUEFOIL. PENTAPHYLLOIDES. T HE flowers and feeds of this are like thofe of cinguefoil; but the leaves are more numerous and ftand in two rows, with an odd one at the end. Linnaeus places this among his icofandria polygynia; the threads rifing from the cup or petals, and the rudiments of the feeds being numerous. DIvt: The : DIVISION I. 1. Strawberry Cinquefoil. Pentaphylloides fragiferum. The root is large, redifh, and woody. It is divided at the top into feveral heads, and has a few fibres. The footftalks of the leaves are four inches long, tender, and hairy. The leayes on each are five or feven. Three larger ftand at the ex- tremity, and are broad, oblong, hairy, ferrated, and not unlike thofe of ftrawberry, but lefs. Be- low thefe there are two or four fmaller; fo that the whole leaf is of the winged kind, not fingered as in the right cinguefoils. : The ftalk is round, firm, ereét, and two feet and ahalf high. It is hairy, and divided at the top into branches. The leaves on this are few, and placed irregu- larly. They confift ufually of five leaves on the under part, and only three higher up. Some- thing like this is feen alfo in the right cinquefoils, in which, though the radical leaves have always five, thefe have in fome fpecies only three di- vifions. Thefe leaves are of the fhape of the others, but fmaller. The flowers are numerous, large, and white. They ftand at the tops of the branches, and are fucceeded each by a head or clufter of feeds, in fome degree refembling a ftrawberry. It grows wild in Wales, and fcarce’ elfewhere in Britain. It flowers in May and June. J. Bauhine calls it Pentaphyllum erettum, and C. Bauhine Quinquefolium fraguferum. 2. Purple Marfh-Cinquefoil. Pentaphyllum palujtre rubrum: The root is long, blackifh, and woody. It fpreads a great way under the ground, and fends out many large fibres, which are white or redith. The foot{talks of the leaves are three or fout inches long. On each ftand five or feven leaves in two or three pairs, with an odd one at the end. Thefe are oblong, narrow, and fharply Yerrated. ‘Their colour is a bluifh green on the upper fide, and whitifh underneath. The ftalks are a foot and a half long; but weak, and not very upright. They are often redifh, and are in part covered with a kind of fcabbards from the leaves. The leaves ftand alternately on them: they ufually have only two pairs of wings, and an odd one ; and are in fhape and colour like the others. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches, and are large and beautiful, but of a fingu- lar ftruéture, There are five, broad, and pointed fegments of the cup, which are purple within, and themfelves refemble a flower. In thefe there ftand five proper petals of the flower, which are alfo of a deep purple; but they are fmall, and the leaves of the cup are much more confpicuous. In the centre there is a clufter of purple threads. When the flower is fallen, there comes a button or head of feeds, in form refembling a {mall ftrawberry. . It grows in muddy places in the north of Eng- land, but not frequently. Some plants of this NS: : ’ BRITISH -of the ftalks ; sand they are large SPECIES, ioe have Beet fet in one of the bogs on Hampftead ‘heath; but they do not thrive, It flowers in June. ‘ ; C. Bauhine calls it Quinquefolinm paluftre rus brum. J. Bauhine, flore rubro. 3. Thick-leaved marth Cinguefoil. Pentaphyllum palustre rubrum craffis foliis. The root is flender, long, and {preading, blaclé on the outfide, and reddith within. The leaves that rife from it are very like thofe of the laft defcribed {pecies ; but they grow with lefs regularity. Ufually there are three pairs on a ftalk, with an odd one at the end ; fometimes only two pairs, and not unfrequently there rifes a ingle one near the place where the footftalk adheres to the root. Thefe footftalks are weak and hairy, and the leaves thick and flefhy ; fo that they are well fupported. ‘They are of a pale green, and are much more haity than thofe of the former 3 though in thefe it is but moderate. The ftalks are low, weak, and fhort, round, and ufually redifh toward the bottom. The leaves on them are fmall, and in fhape and colour like the divifions of the others, and ftand in an uncertain number and irregular manner. The flowers ftand at the tops of their divifions, which being fmall and weak are fcarce able to fupport them. They are large, and of a deep purple, with a clufter of threads in the middle. The feeds ripen after in’a little clufter. Tt is common in Ireland, and in the notth of England, as about Carlifle, and in fome parts of Vorbihine It flowers in July. : Plukenet calls it Pentaphylloides paluftre rubrum craffis & villofis foliis fuccicm Hibernicum. 4. Shrubby Cinquefoil. Pentaphylloides fruticofum The root is compofed of a fmall head, with a ee Pentaphyllum Ae ha BRITISH HERBAL a large number of thick fibres, and fpreads greatly. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, woody, and of a brown colour; and towards the top it divides into feveral branclies. The leaves ftand on fhort footftalks, rifing al- ternately from different fides of the main ftalk. They are oblong, and of a pale green on the up- per-fide, and fmooth; on the under-fide they: ate whitifh and woolly. Seven of tliefe gene- rally ftand on each footftalk, and they are di- vided as it were into four and three. Sometimes there are only five. The flowers grow on the tops of the divifions and yellow. They confift each of five leaves, with a tuft of threads in the middle. They quickly fall off, and the feeds follow in a fmall button; but nature has lefs regard to the ripening of thefe, becaufe the plant is well pro- pagated by the root. The ftalk of this plant throws off its bark fre- quently, fo that it is commonly ragged. It isa native of the northern parts of Hag- Jand, and flowers in June and July. About Thorpe and Eggleftone abbey in Yorkfhire it is common. Ray calls it Pentapkylloides Sruticofum. Cc DI « 6 ; The? B Rel Sve ELEY ReBeA “D, Davis TON AL 1. Many-leaved Pentaphylloides, Pentaphylloides fupinum potentille facie. The root is long and blackifh. It is divided into many heads, and fpreads under the furface. The leaves are very numerous. They ftand on footftalks two inches long, and are compofed of three or more pairs of fmaller leaves, with an odd one at the end, Thefe are oblong, narrow, fharply ferrated, and of a pale green. The ftalks are a foot and a half long, but weak and yellow. They are divided into many branches toward the top, and have the fame kind of leaves with thofe from the root, but fmaller and fewer ona footftalk. The flowers are moderately large, and yellow. They confift each of five leaves, and have a tuft of threads in the middle. : When thefe are fallen the feed fucceeds in a little naked clufter. Tt is a native of Germany, and flowers in July. J, Bauhine calls it Pentaphylloides Supinum. C. Bauhine, Quinguefolio Sragifero affinis, from the fmall heads of feed fomewhat refembling an unripe ftrawberry ;. but this is lefs than in many others, where it is not obferved. 2. Silver-leaved ftrawbery Cinquefoil. Pentaphylloides argentum fragiferum. The root is long, thick, blackifh, and woody, and is well furnithed with fibres. The leaves are numerous. ‘Their foot- ftalks are an inch and a half long; and they are compofed each of nine parts, or divided into nine fegments, fo deep that they appear feparate. CGE NG cas US HLOVR hy 1G Ne S°P EC Bes; Thefe are placed in four pairs, with an odd one at the end; and are narrow, longifh, and fer- rated very fharply. They are of a pale green, and hairy. In the fhape and difpofition of the di- vifions they much refemble the leaves of the com- mon filverweed. The ftalks are numerous, very fmall, and flen- der: They do not exceed four inches in length. They trail on the ground, and have the fame kind of leaves irregularly placed on them as thofe at the root. Toward the top they divide into little branches, and others rife from the bottoms of the leaves. : The flowers are fmall, but of a beautiful gold yellow. ‘They confift each of five leaves, and have a tuft of threads in the middle. The feeds ripen in a fmall head, and are co- vered in part by five of the fegments of the cup. This is frequent in Switzerland, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Quinguefolio fimilis enneaphyl- Jos, and Parkinfon Exneaphyllon ; from its having nine leaves on a foottftalk. All thefe {pecies of pentaphyllcides, and thole of cinquefoil, agree in virtues as they do in their characters with the common cinquefoil of our fields. This their tafte manifefts. They have not been, feverally tried ; but there is not’one whofe root does not poffefs a ftrong aftringency. Perhaps in this, as in many other cafes, we do wrong in confining our trials to fome one {pecies. Others may have greater virtues in the fame way than that commonly ufed. We fee this in mint; only one {pecies of which was regarded in medicine of a long time, but another has fince been introdu- ced; and many others deferye to be fo. Iv, SILVERWEED. “ARGENTINA EIE leaves of filverweed are pinnated, and the ftalks creep and take root at the joints. The flowers and feeds agree with thofe of cinquefoil. nus; that author ranking this plant, potentilla, Of this genus there is but one known fpecies, Common Silverweed. Argentina vulgaris. The root confifts of a {mall head, and a vaft multitude of fibres. It is of a deep brown, and has an auftere tafte. The leaves rife in great numbers. They ftand on fhort pedicles, and are very beautifully pin- nated, each confifting of feven or eight pairs of fmall leaves on a ftalk, and an odd one at the end. Thefe are oblong, narrow, deeply ferrated at the edges, and obtufe at the ends. The ftalks refemble thofe of cinquefoil. They arélong, weak, red, and lie upon the ground, » taking root at the joints. From thefe places rife alfo new clufters of leaves, The flowers ftand on long naked footftalks ri- fing from the bofoms of the leaves ; and they are 7 Cinquefoil, and pentaphylloides, This is one of the icofandria polyandria of Lin- together under the name of and that is a common wild plant. very large and beautiful. They are compofed each of five petals, of a roundith figure, not dented at the tops: and are of a moft beautiful . fhining yellow : in the middle of each there is a tuft of threads, with yellow buttons; but fmaller than in cinquefoil, and of a paler yellow. The feeds are {mall ; they grow in a roundifh head, and are defended by five of the ten feg- ments of the cup which clo over them. Thefe are hairy, and pointed. Nature in this, as in other plants that run fo quick at the ftalk, takes lefs care in ripening the feed, It is frequent in barren Places, and flowers in June. The root poffeffes the Sreateft virtue, and it de- fetves to be much more known in medicine than it is. It + +. 8 Tie “PORE ao a Le RBA . and alittle hairy : they are of a fine green colour, and fharply ferrated. The ftalks rife in the centre of thefe, four or five from each head of the root. They are Jong, flender, redifh, and run upon the ground in the manner of thofe of cinquefoil, and fend roots at every joint downwards, and tufts of leaves, and often new ftalks upwards. The flowers are moderately large, and of a beautiful yellow, with a little tuft of paler threads in the middle: They confift each of four petals, whence it is plain the plant is a sormentill, not a cinquefoil. : When thefe are fallen, the feeds ripen in a fmall oval ¢lufters Gre Es Neu Ss It is not common. Plot and Morifon found it in Oxfordfhire. I have feen it on the edge of Charlton foreft in Suffex, Its virtues are probably of the fame kind with thofe of the former, but in a lefs degree, Morifon calls it Pentaphyllum minus viride flore auveo tetrapetalo radiculos in terram ad genicula dé- mittens. Plot, Pentaphyllum reptans aureum foliis profundius ferratis. : Bauhine and others defcribe a larger kind of tormentill with a fweet-fcented root; but this is an accidental variety, not a diftin&t {pecies. VI. ACV EUN-S, CARYOPHYIYLLATA,. ELE flower of avens confitts of five petals, with a tuft of threads in the centre. The feeds have long and crooked hairs growing to them; and the leaves are pinnated. i Linnaeus ranks this among the icofandria polginia ; and taking away its antient and proper name, calls it geum, This laft is a name ufually underftood to be long to a very different plant. This is therefore one of thofe inftances in which he has brought in needlefs confufion. The antient name, caryophyllata, 3s very proper; the root of this plant having a fragrant and aromatick fmell, refembling that of the clove fpice, caryophyllus. D WNVIgS ION 1) 1. Common Avens. Caryophyllata vulgaris. The root is thick, and of an irregular figure, and ufually lies obliquely in the ground. It is of a redifh colour, an auftere tafte, and a very light, pleafant, aromatick fmell; and has many thick fibres. : The leaves rife in a little clufter fix or eight together and are of a very pretty fhape. They are pinnated, but ina fingular manner, the feve- ral pairs of {mall leaves on the fides bearing no proportion to the odd one at the end, which is large and rounded. There are three or four of thefe pairs, and they are fmall, broad, and ob- tule. The colour of the whole leaf is a pale green, and it is fomewhat hairy. The ftalk is round, firm, hard, upright, and branched. There ftand irregularly on it feveral leaves. They have a couple of broad, fhort fegments at the flakk; and at the extremity are divided into three parts, and are deeply ferrated, The flowers are fmall and yellow, and ‘have threads of a paler colour in the centre. The feeds ftand in a large button, naked, and furnifhed with hooked points. It is common in paftures and under hedges ; and flowers in June, Authors deferibe j Phyllata vulgaris , and herb bennet. t under the name of caryo- in Englith we call it avens Tt poffefles the virtues of the tormentill, but is more a cordial, and fudorifick with lef aftrin- gency. The root in powder, is good in fevers attended with diarrheas. ‘Ten grains is a dofe. ‘An infufion made by pouring a pint of boiling BRUT PS SB c PR's: water on half an ounce of it cut to flices, is an excellent fudorifick. The powder of the root in a dofe of half a dram, repeated in the manner of the bark, will frequently cure agues, where the bark irfelf, through ill management, has failed, The phyfician often meets with patients who are'fo averfe to the bark that they will not touch it: thefe home-produced remedies thould then be tried, for they will generally fucceed. 2. Purple Avens, Caryophyllata flore purpurea. The root is oblong, irregularly fhaped, and lies obliquely under the farface : it is black on the outfide, paler within, and has many thick black fibres. Its tafte is auftere and bitterith. The leaves rife in little clufters, and ftand on fhort pedicles, They are compofed each of fe- veral pairs of {mall pinnee, and a large rounded leaf at the end. They are notched rudely and irregularly at the edges, and are a little hairy. At firft they are of a pale, afterwards of a brown- ifh green; and in fome places, but not in all, they have a pleafant finell: this variation is per- ceived alfo in the roots of the other kind, which are very fragrant in fome places, and little fo in others. The ftalks are numerous, round, hairy, and robuft: they are a foot or more in height, and divide into many branches, Their leaves are fmall, notched, hairy, and difpofed irregularly, The flowers are fmall, ftriated, and purple. They grow in a pendent manner on the tops of the branches, or on little bending, hairy footftalks tifing from them toward the top. They feldom open perfectly. Their colour isa deep purple on the PLT. || Strautlerry Cnguefbdl S jaa / N Sormentdli ™ Wi We : Oe hee ey y ne | Nurpler L000 Single whele fooreril Weng Ling efor POS 0 ET Ho ee the arviprightcripl AHlorvery /?. MW) ee. need The BRITISH HERBAL eee the outfide, and paler within; and they have a pleafant fell. They confift each of five petals, and have a tuft of threads with yellow buttons in the centre: and they ftand in a fpreading, purple kind of cup, very beautiful. This is formed of five leaves of the entire cup of the flower, ‘which, as in the others before defcribed, confifts of five larger, and five fmaller. The feeds grow in a naked head, and this ftands on a longifh pedicle. They have hairs hanging from them in the fame manner as the others, Tt is anative of Britain; butnotcommon. It has been found about Settle in Yorkthire, and on Snowden hill in Wales, and, as is faid, in Effex. It is by fome called mountain avens, and by others water avens, its place being naturally in bogs on the tops of hills. C. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllata aquatica nutante fore, and J. Bauhine Caryephyllata aquatica flore frriato. Others, Caryophyllata montana purpurea. 35 Avens with a fingle white flower. Caryophyllata flore albo folitario. The root is long, brownifh, with a tinge of red, and of a woody fubftance. It fpreads under the furface, and fends up leaves in many places, in feparate tufts. Thefe ftand on. long and flender footftalks ; and are oblong, of a deep green, and so uae at the ends. The ftalks are hard, woody, and lie upon the gtound. They are four or five inches long, and have the fame fort of leaves on them, but fmaller. They are harfh to the touch, and white under- neath; as are alfo thofe from the root. The flowers are large, white, and very beauti- | ful. They refemble thofe of the common ftraw- DIVISION IL 1. Avens with upright fingle flowers. _ Caryophyllata flore eretto folitario. The root is oblong, thick, and of an irregular fhape. It runs obliquely under the furface, and is edged with fibres. Its colour is black, and its fmell aromatick. The leaves rife four or five together, and ftand _ on fhort footftalks. They confift each of three or four pairs of fhort, blunt pinne, and a large leaf. at the end. . This is divided grofsly into three j parts. Upon the whole, it has a rounded thape, and it is irregularly notched. The whole leaf is of a fhining green; and, the footftalk is hairy. The ftalks are round, upright, green, and a little hairy. Their leaves are hairy, more di- vided and notched than thofe at the bottom ; and they ftand irregularly. The flowers ftand fingly on long, flender foot- ftalks; and are yellow, large, and beautiful. They are bigger than the flowers of cinquefoil and have a tuft of threads in the centre. The feeds ripen in a fmall clufter, and have threads hanging from them ; but thefe are much fofter.and finer than the threads of the other kinds, berry, but that they are larger. They ftand fingly on long, flender, hairy footttalks, and have a tuft of threads in the middle. The feeds ftand in naked heads, futnifhed with long and feathery filaments; fo that they refemble thofe of the pafqueflower. Tt is not uncommon in Ireland, particularly in Galway. It flowers in June. Morifon calls it Caryophyllata alpina chamaedryos folio. C.Bauhine, Chamedrys alpina cifti flore. 4. Cinquefoil avens. Carophyllata pentaphylled. The root is a tuft of numerous, brown, thick. fibres rifing from a fmall head: of a. fragrant fmell, and aromatick tafte. The leaves arifing from it, ftand on long; hairy footftalks. They are divided deeply into five parts, fometimes into feven, in the manner of the tormentill leaves; and. are of a pale green and hairy. The feveral fegments are narrow, pointed at the ends, and notched at the edges. The ftalk is round, hairy, and a foot high. The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and’ are di+ vided into five parts, in the manner of thofe at the bottom. Thefe fegments are narrow, hairy, and ferrated. ; The flowers are fmall and yellow. They con- fift each of five leaves, with a tuft of threads in the centre; and ftand on the tops of the branches. The feeds follow ina naked, fmall head, and have hairs hanging to them like thofeof the coms mon avens, but more tender and foft. It is found in fome parts of Scotland ; and flowers in May. J. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllata pentapbyled, C. Bauhine, -Caryophyllata alpine quinguefolia. POREIGN SPECIES. magno luteo. lutea. It feems to poffefs the virtues of the common ‘avens in a very powerful degree. C. Bauhine, Conpsilaia alpina 2. Creeping Avens with finely divided leaves; Caryophyllata foliis incifis caule repente. The root is long, brown, flender, divided in- to branches, and befet with fibres. The leaves ftand on fhort footftalks: are di- vided into a number of fmall parts, which are © obtufe, fhort, and notched at the edges. The ftalks are weak and low ; they are a little hairy, and ufually lie upon the ground. They have about four leaves on them, and thefe fmaller than thofe from the root; otherwife alike, except that the divifions are finer. On the tops of the ftalks ftand the flowers. They are large, yellow, and very beautiful. One” ufually ftands on the top of each ftalk. “They. are compofed of an uncertain number of leavesy and have a tuft of threads in the centre. = i The feeds ftand in a fmall, naked head; but they have fine and foft hairs growing from them. It is a native of the cold mountainous parts of Switzerland, and other parts of Europe: It J: Bathing calls this Caryophyllata montana flore | fowger in June. Neg The BER’! “Tt StH HB Re BrA LE, Barrilier calls it Caryophyllata alpina tennui folia incana fore luteo longius radicata. C, Bauhine, Caryophyllata alpina apii folio. Io The The virtues are probably the fame with thofe of the others: but it ftands particularly recom- mended as a vulnerary. GBI Niet, US Bcc! VER PASQUEFLOWER, PULSATILLA. "THE flower confifts of fix petals; and the feeds are furnifhed with downy threads. There is a kind of leafy cup which ftands remote, but belongs to the flower. : This is one of the polyandria polygynia of Linneus; but it is properly of the fame clafs with the pre. cedent: nature has joined it to them by plain charaéters, tho” Linnzus feparates it upon {mall varia~ tions. In this clafs it properly conneéts the avens and anemone; its feeds being furnifhed with a hairy or thready matter, tho finer and more delicate than that of thofe robuft plants. : We hall only interpofe between this and the anemone, a genus nearly allyed to it, that of the clematis, which, tho’ very different in the fubftance of the ftalks and manner of growing, yet perfectly refembles it in the feathered feeds. : : : "Linnaeus, in his Genera Plantarum, allows the pulfatilla to be a diftin& genus; but in his Species. Plantarum, fince publifhed, he makes it'only a fpecies of anemone. We fee here a fecond inftance of what was before obferved, that the fondnefs for making new diftinctions gets the better of this au- thor’s earlier knowledge. The particular remote cup, we have mentioned in the charaéters of this genus, diftinguithes ic fufficiently, as fuch, fromthe anemone; and this author himfelf once thought fo: At prefent, he not only includes this, but among the hepatica alfo, the fpecies of anemone: thus, taking away the ufé of thofe antient and univerfally received names, and calling the plants by that of the anemone, from which they are fufficiently diftinguithed. OF the fpecies of pa/queflower there is but one a native of Britain, DIVISION fF, Pafqueflower. Pulfatilia, The root is large, long, and thick; it is fre- quently divided into feveral heads, and they are tufted with the remains of decayed foot{talks of leaves. The colour is blackifh, and the tafte bitter and acrid. The leaves ftand on footftalks of four inches long, and are beautifully divided into a number of {mall parts. Thefe footftalks are redith at the bottom, hairy, and moderately thick. ‘The leaves alfo are hairy, and of a thick fubftance. The ftalk is round, hairy, hollow, and weak. While it fupports the flower it is about fix inches in height ; but when that is fallen, it thoots up toa foot. This feems a provifion of nature for feattering of the feeds, the wind having more power upon them, as they ftand higher.. There are no leaves on this ftalk except one, which we have there called a fort of cup to the flower. This ftands always in one certain place, which is DIVISION 1, Pinnate-leaved Pafqueflower. Pulfatilla foliis pinnatis. The root is long, black, large, and divided into many heads. The leaves ftand on footftalks of four inches long, and are compofed of feveral pairs of obtufe pinnz: divided deeply at the edges. They are -of a firm, hard fubftance, a pale green colour, and hairy. - The ftalk is five inches high, hollow, weak, and hairy. The flower is remarkably large, and - ttauds fingle at the top, each ftalk bearing but sone. It is compofed of fix long and ‘broad pe- FO BRITISH SPECIES, alittle below the flower ; and is divided into ma- ny fimall parts, and is very hairy. This leaf furrounds the ftalk at its bafe, and is there of one entire piece, its divifions beginning at a little dif- tance above. The flower ftands on the top of the ftalk, and each ftalk has only one. - It is large, purple, hairy without, and fmooth within ; and is compofed of fix petals, which are pointed at theends. It has little fmell, but that is very agreeable. In the centre ftands a tuft of threads with yellow heads, furrounding a button, which afterwards becomes the head of feeds, covered with long, filvery hairs. When the plant is in feed the leaf which ferved as a cup, ftand on the middle of the ftalk ; for the ftalk grows in length only in the upper part, It is found wild on Gogmagog hills in Cam- bridgefhire, and in fome parts of Lincolnhhire, and Yorkthire ; and flowers in April. J. Bauhine calls it Pulfatilla purpurea cerulea, C. Bauhine, Pulfatilla folio craffore et majore flore. REIGN SPECT s tals, and has a great tuft of threads in the centre. Under it there ftands fuch a fingular leaf, as in the common pa/queflower, forming a kind of cup. The flower ftands ere@; but is uncertain in colour, It is moft ufually of a pale yellow : fometimes it is of a deeper yellow, and fomes times white. ‘Thefe are lef remarkable variati- ons; for we fee many flowers changing, according to the culture or natural accidents, from a very deep colour, through (all ‘the Stadations of the fame colour into white : ‘but what is fingular in ea 7 that the flower is fometimes alfo purple. the whole plant remaining in i adtly the festa’ : is Z Tr genres, ) The ‘BRITISH HERBAL! At It is a native of Switzerland, and fome parts of Germany, where it lives in the moft barren forefts ; but the flower is not fo confiderable there as in our gardens. It flowers in fpring. (G Bauhine calls it Pulfatilla apii this vernalis flore majore. 2. Small-flowered Pafqueflower, Pulfatilla flore minore violaceo. The root is long, thick, dark coloured, acrid to the tafte, and furnifhed with large fibres. The leaves ftand on fhort footftalks, and are divided into numerous very long and very nar- row fegments. Their colour is a faint green ; and their footftalks, towards the bottom, are purplith, The ftalks are numerous, and each fuftaing 4 fingle flower. They are hairy, and altogether without leaves except one at the upper part, which, as in the other fpecies, furrounds the ftalk at its bottom; and upwards dividing into nume- rous, fine fegments; ftands-as a leat of cup to the flower. The flower itfelf is {mall, aia hangs down- ward. It is compofed ‘of fix oblong. narrow pointed leaves, whofe tops turn.up. . Its colour is a deep violet blue, almoft black. The feeds follow in a clufter, and are covered with fine filvery down. It is a native of the northern parts of Europe, and flowers in April. J Bauhine calls it Pulfatilla fore caruleo claufo, and C, Bauhine Pulfatilla flore minore nigircante. GE ANG Uso VILL CLIMBER. COP AMEN ATT Bea a “ HE flower of clematis confifts of four petals, and has no cup: dages refembling feathers. ce the feeds have long Aapperis Linneus places this among the polyandria palygynia, uniting with it, under the ‘fame name, thé flammula and viticella ; although, according to his own account, they differ plainly; the flammula in the number of thofe parts, he makes effential to the generical character ; thofe he calls clematis hav- ing a great number of piftils, and the fammula but eight. DIVISION I. 1. Travellers joy. Viarna, The root is browns. thick, and full of bres. The firft leaves are fmall and flightly divided. The {talks are thick, hard, woody, of an an- ‘gular fhape, and the younger ones hairy, and often redifh. The others have a white rind; and they are very tough, and formed for twifting round every thing they come near. The leaves ftand two at a joint, and are pin- nated; each confifting of two pairs of f{maller leaves, and an odd one at the end of the ftalk. Thefe are oval, flightly ferrated, and pointed at the end. Their colour is a pale green, and their fubftance firm. : The flowers are white. They ftand in tufts, and are fmall: each is compofed of four leaves, whitifh, and of a fweet fmell. In the DIVISION UW. 1. Spanifh Viorna. Clematis Beatica, The root is long, not thick, woody, brown, and of an acrid tafte. The firft leaves are fimple, and undivided, They much refemble thofe of the pear-tree, only they are indented at the edge. The ftalks. are very flender, and of a vatt length, whitifh, woody, and with an uneven rind. The leaves ftand three, four, five, or more, ata joint. They are of an oval fhape, and dented at the edges; and each has its feparate, longitfh, and flender pedicle. flance, and fhining green. At the fame joints where thefe ftand, there grow conftantly two tendrils; one parts cach FOREIGN They are of a firm fub- BRITISH SPECIES: centre is a tuft of threads; and, when the feed ripens, it ftands in a naked clufter, bearded with fine long filvery hairs. [tis frequent in our hedges, and | aah Go in July. J. Bauhine calls it Clematis latifolia, five atra” gene quibufdam. C. Bauhine, Clematitis dyvefiris latifolia. Authors have defcribed two or three accidental varieties of this plant, under the name of diftin® — fpecies, We fee the laives ciate sethas undivided, aol fometimes broader than is ufual. The Clematitis Slvefris latifolia, and Clematitis latifolia inte- gra, of C. Bauhine, are only two of thefe vatie- ties. Thefe are not unfrequent in our hedges among the common kind: but we have only this one Britith fpecies. §. PB CG. de BS way from the ftalk ; and they are very firm and tough, Thefe lay hold of any thing to fupport the plant, and the leaves feem to rife from their bofom. The flowers are fmall and whitifh, and the feeds have a long beard of filvery down. It isa native of Spaia, and other warm parts of Europe, “where it covers whole trees, It flowers in June, and its feeds ripen in Auguft. J. Bauhine calls it Clematis Betica clsfii and C. Bauhine Clematis peregrina foliis pyri incifis. The foreign and Britith clematis agree in their nature and qualities as well as form. They are acrid, and too fharp for internal ufe; but an oil made of the leaves, infufed in oil of olives, is efteemed good in the {ciatica. GENUS 12 LH EgBR IT} SH HERBAL, G EON Uneeds IX. WINDEFLOWER. ANEMONE. HIE Rower of the anemone is large, and confifts of an uncertain number of petals with a great tuft of fhort threads in the centre, There is not that fingle and particular leaf at fome dif- tance under the flower, which is feen in the pulfatilla; but the leaves naturally ftand in a regular order about the middle of the ftalk, three rifing together. ; ‘ Linnzus places this among the polyandria polygynia. In his Genera Plantarum it ftands feparate fro the pulfatilla; but in his fucceeding works he has joined them, as we have obferved, under that article, The Englifh name of this genus is wind-flower ; but it is difwfed, and we have adopted the Latin . word entirely. DIVISION JI, 1. White Wood-Anemone: Anemone nemorum alba. The root is thick, oblong, and creeps irregu- larly under the furface. While young, it is yel- Jowifh ; when older, of a redith brown ; whitith within, furnifhed with many fibres, and of an auftere and very acrid tate. The leaves that rife immediately from the root ftand on long flender footftalks, and are large and beautifully divided. The footftalk is pur- plith, and fomewhat hairy, and the divifions of the leaf large and indented. The ftalk is flender, weak, round, and eight inches high. . It is purplifh at the bottom, and green upwards, The leaves grow with regularity upon it. ‘They are three : they all rife from the fame place, and ftand on moderately long footftalks, They are beautifully divided, and their footftalks are redifh, and fomewhat hairy. The place of thefe is a little higher than the middle of the ftalk ; and from this it is again naked to the top. The flower ftands fingle on the top of the ftalk. It confifts of fix oblong and large leaves, _and has a tuft of threads with yellow heads in the centre, Its colour is ufually white, often redifh, or with more or lefs of a purplifh tinge, The feeds follow in a button or little clufter, ‘which is rough, each’ feed having a hooked “fhort beard. woods. It flowers in April. J. Bauhine calls it Ranunculus phragmites albus & purpureus vernus. C. Bauhine, Anemone nemo- rofa flore majore, Its virtues are unknown ; but there is fuch an acrid tafte in every ‘part of it, that it would feem unfafe to try it internally. A {mall winged infe& is apt to depofit its egos on the underpart of the leaves of this {pecies ; and they fomewhat refemble the round dots in which the feeds of fern-are lodged. A leaf of it thus decorated is unluckily reprefented in a figure in the laft edition of Ray’s Synopfis, The form, fubftance, and difpofition of thefe dots ought to have informed the botanift they were not feeds, At is a juftice we owe the memory of Mr. Ray to Tt is a native of England, and common in BAR eT 1 SoH ee Seb. b.C.lgp. ss ; obferve, that although this error ftands in a work authorifed-by his name, it is not to be charged to his account. The defcription p, 124. and fi- gure, tab. 3. of that work, are both added by the late Dr. Dellenius, botanical profeflor at Oxford, who faw the plant under the name of a fern in the collection of Bobart. He therefore was the perfon firft impofed upon: The plant was given him, whether ignorantly or in wantonnefs, by a perfon whom he calls the Conjurer of. Chal- grave, 2. Large-leaved Wood-Anemone. Anemone foliis majoribus flore violaceo. The root is long, flender, irregularly fhaped, and {preads under the-furface ; the colour is a deep brown, and the tafte more fiery and acid than the laft, The leaves ftand on footftalks two inches long, and refemble thofe of the common qwood- anemone in form, fize, and divifion. The foot- ftalks are purple at the bottom, and the leaves of a fhining green; The ftalk is five inches high, round, flender, purple toward the bottom, and weak. The leaves on the ftalk are three. They all grow from the fame fpot, aud have fearce any footftalk. They are large, and of a beautiful green. They are divided into three large parts, and then deeply into feveral {maller. The flower ftands fingly at the top of the ftalk, and has no cup. Its colour is a deep vio- let blue; and it has a great tuft of yellow threads in the centre. The petals are oblong, and ob- tufe at the end. Their number is uncertain, frona fix to twelve or fifteen; in which later cafe they are very narrow. : This is a fort of doubling of the flower, but it is natural to it often without culture, and alfo to the common white wood kind. The feeds ftand in a fmall rough clufter. It is a native of moft of the cold parts of Eu- rope. I have found it in Charleton foreft, and in one of the places mentioned in Mr. Ray’s Sy- nopfis, in Surry. ‘ Mentzelius calls it Ranunculus mumerofus Store ceruleo foliis majoribus Apenini montes, DIVI. ~~ The PRT SER Ee eA DIVISION IL 1. Fine-leaved red Anemone.: Anemone tenuifolia flore rubente. The root is large, thick, and of an irregular form. : The leaves are numerous: they rife from feveral heads of the fame root, a clufter from each; and have footftalks of two or three inches in length. ‘They are large, and in the whole of a fomewhat triangular form. Each is divided into. three principal parts, two at the bottom, and one at the end; and thefe are again deeply indented. The ftalk is robuft, purplifh near the bot- tom, and ten inches high. Toward its middle there ftand three leaves, all growing from one place ; and they are fmall, “and have no footftalks. They refemble the tepa- "rate divifions of the lower leaves. . The flower is fingle, large, and of a pale red: not rarely it is white, or very faintly tinged : but red is the natural colour. It is compofed of fix leaves, and has a large tuft of threads in the middle... ‘ The feeds ftand in a fmall naked button. It is a native. of the Eaft, and flowers in the fpring. : C. Bauhine calls it Asemone tenuifolio fimplici "We had it originally from Conftantinople ; and it is raifed to great beauty, and with great va- riety in our gardens, by being made double, and G7 EA aly FOREIGN SPECIES: of a variety of colours; from the deepeft red with a purple tinge, to the paleft fefh colour, 2. \Trifoliate Anemone. Anemone trifolia. The root is long and flender, ‘and {preads un: der the furface of the ground, dividing into fe= vera] parts, and fending up leaves from many heads. Its colour is brown, its tafte acrid, and it has many fibres. The leaves ftand three on each footftalk ; and are of an oval figure, pointed, ferrated, and without feparate footftalks; adhering by their bafe to the top of the ftalk rifing from the root, which is three inches long, flender, and purplifh. The ftalk is fix inches high, round, weak, and purplith. ~ The leaves are three on this ftalk. They all rife from the fame point, and have long foor- ftalks, each confifting of three other diftin@ leaves, and in all refpeéts refembling thofe that rife immediately from the root. The flower is large and beautiful. It is white, with a blufh of purple, and refembles the Aower - of the common wood-anemone. It is compofed of: fix petals, with a tuft of threads in the centre. The feeds follow in a naked head. ‘ It is a native of France, and fome other parts of Europe, and flowers in fpring. C. Bauhine calls it Anemone trifolia flore albos U8 DG: 4 te PLEASANT EYE. ADONIS. HE flower of the adonis confifts of an uncertain number of petals, with a tuft of extremely thort ai threads in the centre: the feeds ftand naked in a longifh head; and the leaves are divided into fine fegments. Linnzus places it among the polyendria polyeynia ; and he very juftly reduces to this genus that plant commonly known by the name of jive-leaved black bellebore. That is indeed a fpecies of adonis and they were guilty of introducing confufion into the fcience who called it by the name of another genus, to which it by no means belongs. Linnzus deferves praife, that he calls this a fpecies of adonis; and it were to be wifhed he had not admitted the real black hellebores into the fame clafs. BD Te Vel Sa ON oa 1. Common Adonis. Adonis radice annua. : The root is long, flender, whitifh, and fur- nifhed with large fibres. : ‘The firft leaves are large, divided into a great number of fmall and. fine fegments, and placed 6n footftalks of two inches long. They are of a pale green colour, and tender fubftance. The ftalks are round, ftriated,. green, anda foot and half high. They divide into many branches, and ftand tolerably upright. The leaves grow on them irregularly, and are like thofe which rife from the foot, but fmaller, The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches : they are moderately large, and of a beautiful fcar- let colour; and are compofed of an uncertain Ne Ti, BURST 1s JF eS) PAB. (Gplest oo. numiber of petals, with a bundle of threads, ha¥- ing deep putple heads, in the centre. 2 The feeds ftand naked in a longifh clutter. It is common in fome parts of England in corn-fields, and flowers in Auguft ; it is no where } fo frequent as in Kent and Siffex. : C. Bauhine calls it Flos adonis vulgo aliis eran. themum ; others Adonis, and Flos adonis. The flower is fometimes of a purplifh colour, and the leaves are fometimes longer than in the eom- mon ftate of the plant. Thefe are varieties only 3 but they have been defcribed as feparate fpecies. It has not been any where much uféd in me- dicine. Some recommend an infufion of the flowers in wine for cholicks ; but there are many better remedies; and this wants the authority of more experience, y DEVAL= The BRKETIS HM HERBAL D EVA Ss cOEN eI 1. Perennial-rooted Adonis. Adonis radice perenni. The root is compofed of a {mall head, divided into feveral parts, and furnifhed with a great number of thick fibres. It is of a deep blackifh brown colour, and a bitterifh and acrimonious tafte, The firft leaves are two inches long, and com- poled of a great number of very flender fine feg- ments. They ftand on fhort footftalks, and are of a dufky green colour. : The ftalks are numerous, ftriated, flender, and eight inches high. ‘The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and they refemble thofe from the root; but they are fmaller, They have a bitterifh tafle, and when rubbed an unpleafant finell. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks ; and are large, beautiful, and yellow. They confit each of fixteen ftriated petals, indented, and of- ten turning back at the points. The feeds ftand in an oblong clufter, large, and naked. It is a native of Bohemia, and other parts of Europe, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Helleborus niger tenuifolins Japhthalmi flore, The root refembles that of black hellebore in afpect; whence the plant, though altogether un- Go Ba Nee Ue S ROR ET GIN “S:PiE-C WB S: like, obtained that name. It is acrid and poifon- ous: it has fometimes been fold in the ftead of black hellebore, or mixed among black hellebore, and, it is faid, with fatal confequences. It has the fharpnefs of the moft violent of the crow-foots, and its juice will eat away warts. 2. Great flowered Adonis. Adonis flore maximo. The root is compofed of a fmall head, and a vaft number of long and thick fibres. It is black, and of an acrid and difagreeable tafte. The firft leaves are fmall: they have very fhort foorftalks, and are divided into a few flender long fegments, Their colour is a pale green, and they are of an acrid tafte, The ftalks are fhort, thick, and flefhy: they have large joints, and at each one leaf divided into very narrow, but not numerous fegments. The flower is yellow, very large for the bignefs of the plant, and ftands at the top of the ftalk. It is compofed of feveral petals, and has a large tuft of paler yellow threads in the centre. The feeds ftand in a naked oval head. It is found in fome parts of Germany, and flowers in July and Auguft, Mentzelius calls it Helleborus niger ferulaceus, feu Pfeudobelleborus caule geniculato flore maga in- Star tulipe. Its virtues are unknown, XL MOUSE Pa I'L, MYOSUWUROS. HE. flower conlifts of five fmall petals, and is placed in a five-leaved cup. The feeds ftand naked in a long head; and the leaves are grafly. : Linnzus places this among the pentandria polygynia, feparating it, by many claffes, from the ranun- eulus, adonis, and other of the plants belonging to this, allied to them *. This may fhew the imperfeétion of his method, even upoa his own confeffion. although he acknowledges it is very nearly The reafon of his feparating this plant from the others, is that there are in them great tufts of threads in the middle of the flower ; and in this only five. though, from its having five filaments, Let us appeal to nature, whether this plant, which agrees with the others of the prefent clafs in the form and ftru@ure of its flower, arrangement of its feeds, fhould be taken from among them, becaufe the filaments or threads in the flower are in a fmaller number, againft this ; nor is there the juft authority of obfervation for placing it in any other, and in the fingular difpofition and and placed in a far diftant clafs, only Reafon declares utterly This author, he has ranked it among the pentandria; yet is obliged to con- fels, that the number of thofe threads is fubject in this genus to great variation +, This acknowledgment not only fhews he has put the prefent plant out of its place, but fhakes the very foundation of his method: for it depends upon the numbering of thefe filaments. In the arrangement we have made of thefe feveral genera, the moufetail appears plainly to belong to them and to have its proper place. We have given the difpofition of the feeds in a naked head, as the great character of the clafs; and in fome that head is fhorter, nera firft named here it is round ; we place next, it is long and thin, Of this genus there is but one known fpecies, in others longer. In moft of the ge- in the adonis it is oblong and thick; and in the moufetail, which There is no more difference, and that is a native of England, * Myofuri fumma eft affinitas cum-fanunculo, + Numerus aminam in hoc genere valde variat. Linn. Gen. Plant. Bir. / Moufera. co m4 a die The BRUT LS Hy HE Ron pe” 15 Moufetail. alfo, which though fmall are fomewhat larger thant Myofuros. the flower. ‘In the centre ftand feveral threads in The root is compofed of a great number of whitifh fibres, The leaves are very numerous. They rife in a thick tuft, and refemble the fhoots of grafs. They are three inches long, extremely narrow, and fmalleft toward the bottom, for they grow fomewhat broader toward the end: they are of a freth green, and foft. The ftalks are numerous alfo: they rife from the centre of the tuft of leaves, and are round, flender, naked, and of a pale green. _ At the top of each ftandsa fingle fower; which is fmall and greenith, compofed of five little pe- tals, and ftanding in a cup compofed of five leaves Gi ak Ny Ue: an uncertain number, and on their tops are placed oblong buttons. When the flower is fallen, the feeds appear placed with great regularity ina long and flen- der head, the whole refembling the tail of a moufe ; whence the plant has been named. It.is not uncommon in dry places: about Pad. dington we have it in abundance, ; It flowers in May. Authors call it Myofurus; and Cauda muris. The tafte of the whole plant is fiery and acrid in this alfo it agrees with the crowfoot kind, Its virtues are not known ; but it appears one of thofe plants which are not to be given internally. XII, CROWFOOT, Revd iN UNC GE ts) He flower confifts of five petals, with a tuft of fhort threads in the centre, and ftands in a cup compofed of five leaves : the feeds ftand naked, and in roundifh cluftets Linneus places this genus among the polyandria polygymia, and fpeaks with great warmth of the confufion and uncertainty to. which it was liable, till he difcovered the neétarium of the flower. It appears to me, on the contrary, that this, though an ingenious and curious obfervation, is not of reat ufe ; that the genus is fafficiently difting without it, and little liable to any other confufion than fuch as may arife from learned trifling, t The parts of fructification in this genus, Linnaeus obferves, are always inconftant and uncertain : He means that the filaments in the middle of the flower are fo. This is not fingular in crowfoot + we have juft fhewn it is fo in moufetail, and fhall thew the fame in many othets. If any thing is to be inferred from this, it is, that thefe, though the foundation of that author’s fyftem, are, upon hig own confeffion, unfit for fuch a purpofe. The charaéters we eltablith from the flower in general, and the feed, are not fubje to this inconftancy or irregularity ; and therefore they are tore proper. ~. The nectarium which that author here calls in to the affiftance of his diftinétions, is a little Hollow, N fometimes open, fometimes clofed up, in the bottom of every petal of the Aower, We fhall fee by this, and numerous other inftances, that a method founded more on the obvious parts of plants is lefs liable to uncertainty, and more agreeable to the diftintions made by nature. Dev 1S O2Nee I: 1. Round-rooted Crowfoot. Ranunculus radice rotunda. The toot is a {mall round head, with fome whitith fibres. Its colour is whitifh or redith, and its tafte infufferably acrid. The leaves that rife from the root ate large, broad, and divided into three parts, each of which is again deeply notched: they ftand on long footftalks, and are of a pale green. The ftalks are round, upright, and branched. The leaves that grow on thefe are {mall and divided into a few deep fegments. ‘ ‘The flowers are large, and of a beautiful yel- tow. They are compofed cach of five rounded petals, and have a tuft of threads in the centre. The feeds ftand naked in a {mall head. It is common in our paftures, and flowers in May. C. Bauhine calls it Ranunculus pratenfis radice verticilli modo rotunda. J. Bauhine, Ranunculus tuberofus major, 2. Common creeping Crowfoot. Renunculus pratenfis repens tulgaris. The root is compofed of a great tuft of whitifh fibres Hanging from a very {mall head. BRITISH SPECIES. The leaves that rife from it are large, deeply divided at the edges, and often fpotted. Each is compofed as it were of three diftin& parts. The colour is a dead green, and they aré fome- what hairy: they ftand on long hollowed foot- ftalks, The ftalks are Mender and weak: fome run upon the ground, ahd take toot at the joints ; others are more ereét, and fupport thé flowers, The leaves on thefe are fmall, and deeply di- vided. ‘ é The flowers are large and yellow. The feeds follow in naked heads. ' Tt is common in meadows, and flowérs in May. C. Bauhine calls it Ranunctlus pratenfis repens birfutus. 3. Pale-leaved Crowfoot. Ranunculus foliis pallidioribus birfutis. The root is compofed of fibres. The leaves ftand on long hollow footftalks, and are divided into three parts, and each deeply indented : they are large, hairy, and of a pale green. The ftalk is two feet high, upright, firrn, and 3 of 16 The BRIT MSH HER BeA TL. a pale green. The leaves on it are fmall, and deeply divided. The flowers are Jarge, and of a fine glofly yel- low, and have tufts of yellow threads in the middle. : The feeds ftand naked in a ‘fmall roundith clufter. This greatly refembles the common creeping crowfoot , but its ftalks are all erect, and it does not root at the joints. The leaves alfo are paler and more hairy, and the flowers larger than in that fpecies. It is frequent in wet places near the fea, and flowers in May. ; J. Bauhine calls it Ranunculus reétus foliis palli- dioribus birfutus, 4. Tall Crowfoot. Ranunculus erefius foliis multifidis. The root confifts of fibres, thick, numerous, and whitifh, The leaves that rife from it are large, and of a pale green: they ftand on very long foot- ftalks, and are each deeply divided, not into, three parts, as thofe of the three preceding fpe- cies, but into five, feven, or more; and thefe are again deeply indented. The whole leaf has a fi- gure nearly rounded. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and three feet high. The leaves on it are divided into fmaller parts, and fewer than thofe from, «1: root. The flowers are numerous, moderately large, and yellow. Z ‘ The feeds ftand in fimall roundifh naked heads, It is common in paftures, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Ranunculus pratenfis ereétus acris ; and moft others have followed him. 5. Little flowered Crowfoot. Ranunculus hirfutus annus flore minimo. The root is a tuft of fmall fibres rifing from a little head. The leaves which rife from it are fmall, hairy, and of a pale green. They ftand on footftalks an inch and a half long, and are cut deeply into three parts, though not down to the ftalk. Thefe di- vifions are alfo notched at the edges. The ftalks are numerous, flender, weak, and hairy : they lie upon the ground,,or rife but weakly from it. The leaves on them ftand irregularly, and are altogether like thofe from the root, but fmaller, The flowers are very fmall, and of a faint yel- low, and the leaves of the cup frequently appear between them: there is a little tuft of threads in the centre. The flowers are feldom feen en- “tire, the petals adhering but weakly at their bafe. The feeds are fmall, and ftand in a little clufter. Tt is common on dry banks, and flowers in June. Plakenet calls it Ranunculus hirfutus annus flore minimo. Nlorifon, Ranunculus arvenfis hirfutus annuus flore omnium minimo. Linneus thinks this the fame with the third foreign fpecies 5 but it is quite difting, vaticus folio rotundo. 6. Wood-Crowfoot, Ranunculus nemorofus foliis fubrotundis. In many of the crowfoots the leaves which grow on the ftalk differ greatly from thofe that rife from the root ; but in none fo much as this, The root is a tuft of long flender whitifh fibres, of a lefs acrid tafte than the others. The leaves that rife from it ftand on very long footftalks . they are of a roundifh figure, often entire, fometimes divided more or lefs deeply into five or more parts, and always notched at the edge, The ftalks are tolerably upright, round, weak, and a foot and a half high: they are divided into many branches, and fupport many flowers. The leaves on them are cut fo deeply, that each appears compofed of five or more long and nar- row ones, Thefe are of a pale green, and not indented, The flowers are moderately large, and of a bright yellow. The feeds follow in a {mall longifh clufter. The flower in this plant is rarely feen entire, for the petals hang very loofe, and often one falls before the reft are difclofed. “It is common in fhady places, and flowers in ~ June. C. Bauhine calls it Ranunculys nemorofus vel fyl- bao J. Bauhine, Ranunculus rotundifolius vernus fylvaticus. 7. Corn-Crowfoor. Ranunculus feminibus afperis. The root is compofed of many whitifh fibres. The leaves that rife from it are fmall, and very deeply divided : they ftand on long footftalks, and are of a pale green. The ftalk is thick, firm, upright, and two feet high. ' The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are very deeply divided into numerous, flender, pointed fegments, The flowers ftand on the tops of the branches : and are of a bright yellow, moderately large. and have a tuft of threads in the centre, 4 The feeds ftand in a fmall head large, and prickly, : It is common in corn fields, and flow: C. Bauhine calls ir Ranunculus ay natus ; and he is followed by moft ot 3 and are flat, ers.in July, venfis echin hers, . I 8. Small flowered Water-Crowfoor. Ranunculus agquaticus Sloribus minimis a oe is a thick tuft of whitith fibres € leaves rifing from it are fy ‘ flefhy footftalks. T hey are Aichi game divided into three or five Parts, and osha the edges. They are perfeétly fmooth and loft and their colour is a pale yellowith green Se The flalk is very thick, flethy, repnd and divided into many branches. toward the co. The leaves on it are divided into narrower feg- ments than thofe at the bottom : they. are al {mooth, and of a pale green. ser The flowers are very fmall: tops of the branches,- and ar The feeds are numer ftand in longifh heads, they ftand on the © of a pale yellow. ous and fmall, and they It ay Sracelirady ’ se? eSerntal Crom, Ob ox bparden Tea tutrunts (Nien Pe (2700 L leavid : walrLlamuw /, % 5 mn 4 Ze yunetrrowleul. — WW 4 : Cy, ii ues & aan ; W/L pes [WUE e1WOAIF ED : parvo bat EE I RL Et Perherls faile- - v4 P The BR I T.1S.H cH RBA oe 21 feribed as different fpecies by authors; but they are only accidental varieties. The roots of pilewort are cooling and foften- ing. They are an excellent remedy in the pain of the piles; bruifed, and applied to the part: hence they obtained the name. A decoétion of them in red wine is alfo excellent in the fame diforder when they bleed too much. A cataplafm made of the roots and leaves bruifed, and laid on fcrophulous tumors, has been known to do great fervice: Inwardly a ftrong decoction is good in the jaundice. Having thus feen the form and virtues of this GB» Nea plant, the reader will be able to pafs a more per- fet judgment on that method, which propofes making it a fpecies of crowfoot. Here is an herb different in form, fhape, and virtues, from crowfoot, and diftinguithed by the moft obvious and effential parts, on a nearer in- fpeétion. Can it be reafonable, therefore, when the flower and its cup fhew a-manifett difference, we fhould look fora hole in the bottom of the pe- tals, to unite this and the crowfoot? Orcan it be proper to join together a plant with a cooling root, and a whole feries of others which are of a burn- ing and cauftick nature? This is confounding what Nature has widely feparated; and we fee fhe has given marks enough of that diftinétion: S XIV. ARROWHEAD. SAGITTARIA PYNHE flower confifts of three ‘petals; and has a three-leaved cup: the feeds ftand ina round | naked clufter: the leaves have long footftalks, and are fhaped like the bearded head of an arrow. There are two forts of flowers on this plant, male and female. The male ftand uppermoft on the ftalks. Their general form is alike; but in the centre of the male Mowers there are only threads topp’d with buttons: in the female, none of !thefe but the rudiments of the future feeds, with dages, a kind of filaments for the reception of the duft from the buttons. h their appen- Linnzus places this among the Monecia Polyandria, feparating it far from the other naked-feeded plants; and joining it with the oak, hazel, and walnut tree. ‘The reafon of this is, that there are the different male and female flowers, His explanation of the clas of Monecia is this: It confifts of plants, in which he males and females live in the fame boufe, but Sleep in different beds * ; that is, there are male and female flowers on the fame plant. This is an inftance how unnatural the method of that-author is, To our plain courfe, in this part marked out by Mr. Ray, the arrowhead is joined to thofe plants to which its dowers and feeds fhew it naturally belongs; and the mentioning the feparate flowers in the account is fufficient: Dev eS 1 O2N 2 1, 1. Common Arrowhead: » Sagittaria vulgaris. The root is large, thick, white, and hung with long fibres. The firft leaves are long, natrow, and graffy ; and thefe, till better known, were miftaken for a feparate plant; and called the great-rooted wa- ter grafs. The following leaves are thofe which charac- terife the plant. They are placed.on very Jong footftalks, reaching from the bottom to the fur- face often where there is a great depth: thefe are thick, foft, fpungy, and of an obtufely angulated form. The leaves are large, and formed. like the bearded head of an arrow, tolerably fharp atthe point, and at the two beards. They are of a gloffy furface, and fine green, sont tan The ftalks rife two or three together from the centre of the clufter of leaves: they are naked two, three, or four feet high, thick, and fpungy, and of a fmooth furface. The flowers ftand on long footftalks, - and are large and white: they grow three or four from the fame place, furrounding the ftalk. . : The feeds follow the female, which are the * Mares habitant cum feeminibus in eadem domo, fed diverfo' thalamo. Ne Ii, BR TT dS Ho 3S Pek 1 Bs! lower flowers, and: ftand in large roundifh naked clufters. SS It is common in waters, and flowers in July. Allauthors call it Sagit¢asand Sagittaria aquatica; but they idly divide.it-into a larger. and finaller kind, from the difference of fize in the leaves : there is alfo another variety, which they defcribe as a diftingt fpecies; under the name of ‘the nar- row-leaved finaller arrowhead. All.thefe grow promifcuoufly together, and are no more than accidental changes but there is onefuiall {pecies, the form of whofe leaves and flowers fhews it to be diftine: ih 2. Little Arrowhead, with pointed leaves, and es large flowers. en Sagitiaria minor foliis acutioribus flore majore. , The root confifts of a great clufter of whitith fibres. k f « The leaves that rife firft are narrow, hort, and deeply, ribbed.» “They havé no footftalks, and are in fome degree grafly. idve The leaves that follow: thefe rife’ in a little clufter : their footftalks are, fmall and‘ firm ; and they are very narrow, and very fharp-pointed, of a pale green, and highly ribbed. ' G The 22 Thi BRA TUS 'H HERBAL. The ftalk is naked and flender. } England, and has been found on the Thames . The flowers are large, ‘white, and beautiful: fhore by Lambeth. It flowers in Augatt: The feeds ftand naked in a little round but- Plokenet calls it Sagitta aquatica ommium mi- ton. hima, i It is common in fhallow waters in the north of DE Vel Ser OONS AT: FORE IG Ng PE CIES. 1. Blunt-leayed Arrowhead. The leaves ftand on long, thick, and fpungy Sagittaria aquatica foliis obtufis frutiu parvo. footftalks, three on each: they are: very long, narrow, and of a pale green, but of the true ar- rowhead form. i The ftalks are long, weak, {pungy, obtufely ' angulated, and naked. They are furnifhed toward the tops with large and beautiful flowers. The root confifts of a large, irregular lump, with a great number of long fibres. The leaves ftand on long footftalks, are of the arrowhead fhape, but very broad at the bafe, and blunt at the end. he flowers areilargeand whife, The feeds follow in fmall naked heads. ‘The feeds ftand naked in a {mall round clufter. It is a native of Afia, and flowers in Auguft. & het eae ol ching Bit as Ealt Indica . Rheede calls it after the Afiatick name, Culita Petiver calls it Sagittaria Chinensfs Solits ternis > mara. Plukenet, Sagittarie folits planta frudiu longiffimis. Slomorato monopyrene. The commen arrowhead is cooling; but we ones icular account of its virtues, 9{.Trifoliate Arrowhead, have no particula account of its virtues Sagittaria foliis ternatis, The root confifts of a great number of fibres about a flefhy head. C3 Rompe Nieto 38 XV. » - WATER PLANTAIN, \PLANTAGO AQUATICA’ THE ower is compofed of three petals, and has a three-leaved - cub, it is fallen. The feeds ftand together in a little naked head, and th loofe. Linnzeus places this among the Hexandria polygynia, and calls it alifma. In this genus he joins with ic the plant called ftarry-headed water Plantain ; which, though commonly called by the fame general name, is properly, feparated, as having the feeds fucceeding each Aower contained in fix abfo- Jute capfules; and the alifna of Dillenius, in which the feeds are contained in humerous {mall and obtufe capfules, me : which remains after eir outer coyering is DIVISION 1. BRITISH SPECIRS, 1. Narrow-leaved ‘Water Plantain, | 26 Broad-leaved Water Plantain. Plantago aquatica anguftifolia, Llantago aquatica latifolia. The root. is a great thick tuft of fibres, The leaves rife in a large.clufter, and are very | long and narrow : they ftand on footftalks of four: || or five inches long; they are pointed at the end, diftinguithed by three large ribs running aan 5 Suecanes of the plantain; and The leaves ftand on thefe ten eilies jms as are of a fine bright green. long, hollowed, WE aoa ie A The ftalks rife from the centre of thele leaves ; large, broad, and oblone, bly BR ey et rt arg . 3 > Nt at ¢) - oe CMS seat weak, and a foot high, and: have divided ‘‘at the edges and ofa ier eae no leaves onthem. 5 ; 3 abo ‘ and frefl our... Wi sats “ The flowers ftand: about ‘the tops; andvare nine fahbelite sean att Tange obits roa} fmall and white, each compofed of three! petals, roe : ree Tannen of Sennen plan. with a few threads in the centre, : Th 5 +! : e ftalk i The feeds follow in round; fmall, rough heads, , ora feet high: there grow a m Ic is common in ftanding waters,’ and flowers | from it in in June. : : : The root confifts of 4 great tuft of fibres, from which there rife’ a clufter of ftalks to fuppore the leaves: ‘the bottoms of ‘thefe being broad and clofé' compatted, forma kind of round head ; | whence the‘fibres grow. rE, 2 ; fmooth, and three ultitude of branches - a regular order; fo that: it has from gate : the middle upwards a kind of conic fhape. ic Bauhine calls it Plantago aquatica angufti- The flowers ftand' on the:tops of the footfall folia. J. Bauhine, Plantago aquatica minor, that rife from feveral Parts of thefe: Ba ie fmall The BRITISH HERBAL. 28 fmall and white; and they are extremely nume- rous. The feeds ftand three together, in a little head . after every Hower. It is common in waters, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Plantago aquatica latifolia, Qthers, Plantago aquatica major. DIVISION If. FO 1. Blunt-leaved water Plantaini Plantago aquatica foliis obtujis. ‘The root is compofed of numerous fibres. The leaves ftand on confiderably long foot- ftalks; and are large, broad, and-of a fine frefh green. They are divided at the ftalk in a heart- like manner, and are blunt at the end. The ftalks are thick, weak, and branched. The flowers are {mall and white, and aré each compofed of three blunt ended peta's. Ge ER erm Secale) The leaves of this are cooling, and, asi it is faid, repellent. ‘They are good in the piles, and are ufed to lay on womens breafts, to dry up the milk. Two varieties of this plant have been de- {cribed as diftiné&t fpecies; the one with long and narrow, the other with very large and broad leaves. RET GN 2 SPE Capes, The feeds ftand naked in a {mall head. Tt isa native of Virginia, and flowers in au- tumn. Vaillant calls it Damafonium ramofum folio cor- diformi. Mborrifon, Sagittaria Virginiana obtufiore latofolio floribus minoribus albis. It does indeed partly refemble the fagitaria, and partly the water plantain; but the fmall knob of feeds refers it to this genus. XVI. MEADOWSWEET. OULMARIA. x HE, flower confifts of five petals, and ftands ina cup conipofed of a fingle leaf divided ‘into five parts. The feeds are feven after each flower, and are twifted. Linnaus places this among the icofendria pohgynia;: and in his eatlier works makes it a fpecies of filipendula or dropwort:. in. his later, he deftroys this genus, ase makes both the dropwort and meadow/weet fpecies of fpiraea. They are diftinét in nature from fpirea, and mutually from one another. Bis new method there- fore, which was intended to render Realy: diftint, we fee; increafes the perplexity that atcended it, and creates confufion. Spiraa does not belong even to'the fame natural clafs with thefe two genera ; for its feeds are con-. tained in capfules, whore thofe.of dropwort:and meadowfweet are naked. Therefore, although they are joined in a method, the clafies of which are eftabliflied upon the number of Mate in the flower, they are far feparated by nature in the fructification. Their difference one from another is not fo ftriking, ‘but it is fufficient : the diftintions of ge- nera are fubordinate to thofe. into claffes, and fhould be founded on leffer particularities. The meadowfweet has feven twifted: feeds after every flower, and has the leaves irregularly pin- nated. ‘The dropwort has twelve feéds'aftéer every flower, and they are not twifted, andiits leaves are regularly pinnated: thefe. are fuffitient diftinctions. therefore he fhould have ufed them. Thefe Linnzus knew, for he has named them; — Thus on many other occafions-this author ‘may be convicted out of his own words, of knowing that his method! was defective and erroneous. There is‘only one fpecies of meadow/weet-a native of: Britain. DST Ve leSel Ou Nae | Meadowfweet. Ulmaria vulgaris. ‘ The root confifts of a vaft quantity of hard, tough, long fibres, of a redifh colour, rifing from a {mall longith head, The leaves ftand on moderately long: footftalks, and they are very beautiful in fhape and colour: they are pinnated: each compofed of three or four pairs of pinnze, with a large, irregular leaf at the end. They are notched at the edges: their colour is a bright green on the xpper fide, a greyifh or whinths Erde edeach : and they are hard to the touch. The ftalk is firm, redifh, upright, 7 and i oe oe SPECIES. branched. It grows to four or more feet in height, and is ftrongly ftriated, The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are like thofe’at the bottom, but have fewer pinna, The flowers are {mall and white, and ftand in long, irregular tufts at the tops of the ftalks. The feeds are greenifh, twifted, and ftriated. It is common by waters, and flowers in June. J. Bauhine calls it U/maria. C. Bauhine, Bar- ba capra floribus compaétis. Some, Regina prati. Tt is celebrated: extreamly as a wound herb; and by:fome is’ recommended internally as a fu- dorifick. The flowers give a pleafant flavour to liquor..> Mixt with mead they give it the tafte of the Greek wines, DIVISION 24 ' The BRITISH HERBAL. DPV 1ISt ON? I. Trifoliata Meadowfweet. Ulmaria trifoliata. The root is a great tuft of fibres rifing from a fmall head. The firft leaves ftand on long, redifh foot- flalks, and are large, of a pale green colour, and firm ftruéture. They in fome degree re- femble thofe leaves of the common meadow/weet that grow on the upper part of the ftalk. They are compofed of three parts or three feparate leaves, Gogg E a Naas FOREIGN: SPECIES... which may be called oné pair of pinne, and an end leaf.: : 5 The ftalk is firm, upright, and five foot high. Tts leaves refemble thofe from the root, but they are fmaller. The flowers are large, and white. The feeds are twifted: It is a native of North America. Morifon calls it Uluaria Virginiana trifoliata floribus candidis amplis longis et acutis. Others, Ulmaria major trifoliata Virginiana, poise a. QA b DaRGO. RaW O [Ratt PILI PE NoD Uskicd, \HE flower is compofed of five petals, and ftands in a cup divided into five parts. The feeds T following each flower are twelve in number, and are erect. Linnaeus, we have juft fhewn, joins this and meadowfeet with the {piraea among his icofandria polygynia. There is but one known fpecies of dropwort, and that is a native of Britain. Dropwort. Filipendula vulgaris. The root confifts of a vaft tuft of fibres, to which there are conneéted in many places large flefhy lumps: thefe are of a dufky colour on the outfide, and white within. From the head of this clufter rife ten or a dozen leaves of a very beautiful and regular form. They have very fhort footftalks, and are regularly pin- nated, each having fix, feven, or more pairs of pinne, with an odd leaf at the end, all uniform, oblong, and regularly dented round the edges. The ftalk rifes in the midft of thefe, and is upright, round, firm, and two or three foot high, The leaves ftand irregularly on it,: and are like thofe at the bottom. !The flowers are white, and have a large tuft of yellowith threads in the middle. The feeds ftand in a little, naked head. It is not uncommon in dry paftures, and fow- ers in autumn. C. Bauhine calls it Filipendula vulgaris. J. Bau- hine, Filipendula. We, Dropwort. All, names fh GitaiiNe Ur 56 MALLOW. taken from the tuberous parts of the root, which refemble fo many great drops, and hang by threads. : The root of dropwort is attenuant.in the vit. cera; but has a flight aftringency in the bowels. It works by urine, and brings away gravel. For this ufe it is beft taken’ in decodtion, : Tt is good in epilepfies and other nervous com- plaints. To this purpofe a tinéture made of it in wine is the beft form of giving it; and it fhould be made with three ounces of the dried root toa quart of the liquor. It has alfo been found ferviceable againft the fluor albus ; and for this is bett given in powder. In this form fifteen grains is a proper dofe. In repeated dofes in this laft form it is faid to have cured dyfenteries. It is one of thofe' reme- dies of which our fore-fathers were very fond ; and which we have very unreafonably neglected C.Bauhine and: éthers ‘have defcribed whag they call a leffér fpeciessof dropwort; but accord= ing to.their own accounts, this differs in little but fize, and is evidently a variety. XVII, MALYD A. HE flower is compofed of five petals, which cup: the outer of thefe compofed of three le five parts, and both remain with the feeds. the outer covering loofe. Thus far the charaéter of the genus comprehends with the feveral To diftinguifh the mallow from thefe marfo mallow and vervain mallow. are entire, of a roundith figure, and green. The reafon of this addition to the character of vervain mallow have the fame flowers and feeds ; and white: and in the vervain mallow they. are d Join together at the bafe; and flands in'a double ‘aves; the inner one, Thele are gathered into a of a fingle leaf divided into round, flat head, and have kinds of mallow, thofe of '» We are to add, the leaves the genus is, that the althea, and alcea, marfo, and but the leaves in the marfo mallow kinds are oblong, 2 eeply divided. They are yer included among the mouadelphia polyandria by Linnzeus, y nearly allied, and are DIVISION The /ByR 111 6H (ye Rees DaAVelIes LONG Ie 1. Common Mallow. Malva vulgaris. The root is long, large, white, and furnifhed with many fibres. 4 The leaves rifing from it ftand on long foot- ftalks, and are of a roundith’ form, but deeply waved, or finuated and notched. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and a yard high: the leaves on it refemble thofe from the root, but are fmaller and more waved. The flowers are large, and of a beautiful red, They ftand in great numbers at the tops of the ftalk and its branches. y The feeds are collected into a round, flat clutter, and preferved by the cup. It is common in all wafte places, and flowers throughout the fummer. C. Bauhine calls it Malva filveftris folio finuato. Others, Malva vulgaris. 2. Little white-Aowered Mallow. Malva pumila flore albo. The root is long, and white, and has many fibres. The leaves rife in a tuft or clufter, and have moderately long footftalks. They are of a roundifh figure, and pale green colour, and are lefs finuated than thofe of the common mallow. The ftalks are numerous, and they lie upon "the ground, though fufficiently thick, and firm. The leaves on them are like thofe at the bot- tom, but fmaller. The flowers ftand on fhert footftalks, and are large, and of a pale whitifh colour, fometimes with a few ftreaks of purplifh, and fometimes a faint tinge of the fame colour throughout. The feeds ftand in little round clufters. It is common by way fides, and flowers all fummer. C. Bauhine calls it Malva flveftris folio rotundo. DivVIstoON i” nO 1. Curled Mallow. Malva foliis crifpis flove albido. The root is long, white, and thick. The leaves rifing from it ftand on Jong foot- ftalks, and are large, rounded, but a little ob- long, and very beautifully curled about the edges. If this were the fole diftin€tion from the common kind, we fhould fay culture or accident gave it, and fheuld make it a variety ; but there are others that fhew it to be a diftiné f{pecies. The ftalk is firm, upright, and fix, feven, or eight foot high, thick enough to fupport itfelf very erect ; but not nearly fo thick as in the ¢ree mallow. ‘The leaves on it are fomewhat more oblong than thofe from the root. ‘e The flowers ftand in clutters about the inferti- ons of the footflalks of of leaves: they have very fhort pedicles, and are of a pale whitifh colour. Noes ] BRITISH SPECIES. 3. Small purple-foweted rough-feeded Mallow. Malva flore minore purpureo feminibus rigofis. The root is long, white, and hung round with many fibres. The leaves ftand on long, flender footftalks, and are little, of a roundifh figare, but deeply finuated, and of a dufky green. The ftalk is thick, tolerably ere, and about a foot high. Its leaves are altogether like thof from the root, but fmaller, and on fhorter footftalks, The flowers are numerous, very fmall, arid of a blueifh purple. The feeds follow in a fmall, rounded, flat clufter, and-are rough to the touch. It is not common with us, but grows in Kent and Suffex, and fome other places’ in barren ground. It flowers in June.: Boerhaave calls it Malva Silveftris foliis finuatis minoribus flofculis minimis Anglica. Ray, Malva minor flore parvo cerulio. 4. Tree Mallow. Malva arborea. The root is very large, woody, white, long, ; and full of fibres, ‘ The leaves that rife from it ftand on long footftalks, and are of a rounded figure, deeply finuated and notched ; and of a pale green colour, and velvety foftnefs to the touch. The ftalk rifes in the midft of the clufter of them, and they prefently after fadeand wither away, This is fix or feven foot high, and very thick, firm, and woody. The leaves ftand irregularly on it on long foot- ftalks, and are fo much finuated that they fre- quently appear in fome degree curled. The flowers are fmall, and whitifh, with a pale blufh of purple. . The feeds ftand in round, flat clufters. - It is not unfrequent about our fea-coafts, and flowers in July. Merret calls it Malva arborea marina noftras. R.Eal Go Noge S$ PuB GUIs S: The feeds ftand in a rounded, flat head. It is a native of the fouth of France, whence we have brought it into our gardens. It Alowerg in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Malva foliiscrifpis. J. Bau- hine, Malva crifpa. 2. The Hollyhock. Malva rofea, The root is tong, white, thick, and hard, and has about it a vaft quantity of fibres. : The firft leaves are roundifh, and curled about the edges. They are of a pale green, fomewhat hairy, and ftand on long footftalks. The ftalk is feven or eight feet high: the leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are large, and placed on long foorftalks. They are of a more oblong figure 26 Tela soehs co enh Sond bit Bets HERBAL. figure than thofe at the root, and of the fame pale colour. : The flowers have fhort footftalks, and grow all up the ftalks from the middle upwards : they are very large, and naturally of a pale red colour, confifting of five fegments, joined at the bafe, as in the common mallow. The feeds follow in large, round clufters alfo as in the mallow. Tt is a native of Spain, and has thence been brought into our gardens, where culture has changed the colour and form of the flowers, rendering them double, and otherwife very va- rious. C. Bauhine calls it Malva rofea folio fubrotundo. J. Bauhine, Malva rofea five bortenjis. 3. Fig-leaved Hollyhock. Malva rofea foliis digitatis. The root is long, thick; white, and bufhy, with 4 multitude of fibres. The leaves rifing from it ftand on long, green, hairy, tender, footftalks: they aré very large, of a pale green, and deeply divided into five, feven, or more parts. Their whole figure is oblong, but approaching to round, arid the fegments are cut in very deep. The ftall rifes in the midft of thefe, and is round, firm, upright, thick, and branched. Its leaves iefeinble thofe from the root, but they are morte deeply divided, commotily down to thé middle rib, or very néar it. The flowers grow on fhort footftalks on the upper part of the ftalks and branches. They are very large, and ufually of a pale yellow: but in the colour thete is the faitie variations as in the other ; the art of the gardener rendering it deeper and paler, and making the flower fingle or doubie. : Git Bee ON = (Us 8 The feeds ftand in round, flatted clufters, and are large and compreffed. It is a native of Spain and other warm parts of Europe, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Malva rofea folio ficus. Various-leaved Mallow. Malva folius rotundus et angulatis. The root is fmall, long, and white, and has a great many fine fibres. The leaves rife from it in a fmall tuft, and are of a roundifh figure, a little dented at the ftalk, and come to a fmall point at the end. They ftand on long, tender, hairy footftalks, and are of a’ pale green above, and white underneath, and ferrated round the edges. The ftalk rifes in the midft of this tuft, and is flender, weak, hairy, of a pale green, and a foot and half high, with numerous branches. The leaves ftanding on it are oblong, broad at the bafe, fharp pointed, and often divided into three parts. The flowers are large, and of a deep purple; and they ftand on the tops of the branches, The feed comes after in round, flat heads. It is a native of Spain, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Malwa folio vario. J. Bau- hibe, Malva trimeftris flore cum unguibus purpureis. The common mallow is cooling and diuretick : it partakes of the virtue of the mar/b mallow, tobe next defcribed, but in an inferior degrees and the feveral other fpecies here defcribed poffefs the fame qualities, but they are of lefs value, It is foftening in cataplafms, and is a good ingredient in clyfters. The frefh root ufed in a {trong decoétion is excellent in ftranguries, and heat of urine, and the gravel. The root of the little white flowered kind makes a pleafanter drink for this purpofe, and has much the fame virtues. XIX, MARSHMALLOW, ALTHEA. qe flower is compofed of five fegments, joined at the bafe, and ftands in a double feeds follow in a round, flatted clufter. The leaves are oblong, white; cup. The and foft to the touch. This is one of the monadelpbia polyandria of Linnaus, as the former and fucceeding genus. DIVISION 1. Marfhmallow. Althea vulgaris. The roots are long, white, and furnifhed with very large fibres, The firft leaves are {mall, and of an oval figure 5 a little notched about the edges : they ftand on long footftalks, and are of a pale green, and very foft. The flalks rife feveral together in the midft of the clufter, and are very ftrong, upright, ‘hard and firm. The leaves ‘that rife from the ingot fade at their appearance, and-are foon gone, BRITISH ‘thers fimply, Althea, SPECIES, The leaves ftand irregularly on the ftalks, and are large, oblong, of a figure approaching to triangular ; white, and foft to the touch, The flowers ‘are large and white, with the fame faint blufh of purplith. The feeds ftand in fmall, round ‘heads. It is common about fa flowers in June. The markets are fupplied with it fr om the'gar-. dens about London, where it grows in ae abundance, and perfectly well. . J. Bauhine calls it thea Jive bifinalva, or Althea vulgaris, It water rivers, and O- & The Th BRITISH HERBAL. The virtues of mar/hmallow are the fame with thofe of the common mallow, but it has them ina greater degree. ‘The root is pleafant, and gives ' water a thick mucilaginous confiftence, with an agreeable foftnefs: wherefore the decoétion or infufion are the beft forms of giving it. , Itis emollient and diuretick, Taken in the way of tea it is excellent againft the gravel: or in a ftronger decottion, in the worft complaints of that kind. : Outwardly ufed it is emollient and difcutient. A fyrup and an ointment are kept in the fhops in which mar/hmallow root is a great ingredient, and which have their name from it; but a com- mon infufion has more virtue by far than the. fy- rup; and generally a pultice of the freth root, white bread and milk, will do better outwardly than the ointment.» DLV I Sel ON alts Great-flowered Marfhmallow. Althea flore magno. - The root is compofed of a large head, and a vaft quantity of white, thick fibres, The firft leaves are large, broad, obtufe, and approaching to round, but finuated at the edges, and terminating in a kind of broad, blunt point. They ftand on fhort footftalks, and are of a’ whitifh green. The ftalks are numerous, thick, firm, and five foot high: they rife from the centre of the tuft of leaves, and are of a whitith green, and divided into many branches. Gea Bigg No U. FOREIGN Befide thefe, which are its virtues moft regard: ed, it is excellent in afthmas and againtt tickling coughs ; and alfo in erofions of the bowels and dyfenteries. In both thefe cafes it aéts upon the fame principle, foftening and blunting the acri- mony of the humours by its foft mucilaginous Juice. A decottion of marfhmallow root alone, is ex- ; cellent againft the heat of urine attending go- norrheas. We have obferved that the firft leaves of the marfomallow are rounder than thofe on the ftalks: fometimes the whole have that appear. ance, and this principally from too wet a fitua- tion. In this condition the plant. has been confi- dered by Plukenet as a diftinét fpecies. He calls it Althea vulgari fimilis folio retufo brevi : but this is nothing more than a variety, SP BGsbE Ss, The leaves on thefe are broad and oblong, fer- rated at the edges, and {harp at the points, They ftand on long footftalks, and have a velvety foftnefs. The flowers ftand at the extremities of the branches, and are very large and beautiful. They very much refemble hollyhock flowers, and are naturally of a pale fleth colour, but vary by cul- ture, and become of a deeper red. ' : The feeds ftand in a round, flat, naked head. It isa native of Africa, and flowers in July. Cornutus calls ic Althea rofea peregrina, and mott others follow him, Ne 2.0. VERVAIN MALLOW. ALC A. TIE flower confifts of five large fegments joined at the bafe. The feeds ftand in a rounded, flat “ clufter. The leaves are deeply divided. The alcea is one of the monadelphia polyandria of Linnzus. Its difference from the marfh and common mallow is principally in the leaves ; but it is a diftinction fo long preferved and fo familiarly known that it may be retained. DIV: ES FON: T, Vervain Mallow. Alcea vulgaris. The root is long, large, woody, perennial, and white. The leaves that rife from it are of a rounded form, deeply finuated at the edges, but not di- vided into {mall fegments as the others. Thefe rife in a clufter: they are fupported on moderately long footftalks, and are of a beautiful green. The ftalks rife among thefe: they are nume- rous, round, firm, upright, and of a:pale green: they are well furnifhed with leaves, and thofe ex. treamly beautiful. They keep the rounded ge- neral form of thofe from the root, ‘but they are BRITISH SPECIES: divided deeply into fmall and elegant fegments/ Thefe are of a paler colour than thofe from the root. The flowers are very large, and of a beautiful pale red. The feeds ftand in rounded and flat heads. It is common in paftures, and flowers in May. C. Bauhine calls it Alcea vulgaris major. J. Bauhine, Alcea vulgaris. The leaves of this plant are frequently curled at the.edges. This happens efpecially when it grows in very dry places; and it has been de- {cribed in this condition as if a diftin& fpecies, under the name of Alcea texuifolia crifpa. DIVI- 28 * * Thee Be Role Tel SH 1H aE yRAB cAy DUEVeAT/S*1 O- Natl 1, Finger’d-leaved Vervain-Mallow. Alcea foliis digitatis. The root is large, thick, white, and fpread- ing. The leaves that’ rife from it are large, of a roundifh form, but deeply cut in five places: they ~ ftand on long foot{talks, and are of a pale green. The ftalks are* numerous, firm, and woody : they rife to fix feet in height, and are of a yel- lowifh green, and rough to the touch, The leaves on thefe are numerous, and very beautifully divided into five parts, in a fingered manner : they ftand on rough footftalks, and are of a pale green. The flowers are numerous and large, and are of a very beautiful bright red: the feeds ftand in rounded fat clufters. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in Augutt. C. Bauhine calls it Alcea cannabina, J. Bau- hine, Alcea pentaphylli folio five cannabina. 2. Hairy Vervain Mallow. Alcea bir futa. The root is long, white, and thick, and has many fibres, Si EieyR 1 FOREIGN SPECIES The leaves that rife from it are rounded, but ‘have three vifible indentings : they ftand on long footftalks, and are of a pale green, and hairy. The ftalks are numerous: they rife from the centre of this clufter of leaves; and are round, yellowifh, weak, and ten inches high. The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and are divided each into three parts, and of a pale green, and hairy. The flowers are moderately large, and of a bright red; and they ftand in a rough hairy cup. The feeds follow in a flat rounded head. — It is a native of France and Italy, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Alcea hirfuta. J. Bauhine, | Alcea villofa. The virtues of the vervain mallow are the fame with thofe of the common mallow, but in an infe- rior degree. There are feveral other plants allied to the ma/- Jow kind in their general appearance, but produ- cing their feeds in capfules: thefe are diftinguifhed by modern writers under the names of fda, €e. and will be treated of in the next clafs. PLOPLOLGHOVIH LS HORA L OSL LLG SLSR VGH HGH Be Ss cooTh Thofe of which there are no fpecies natives of BRITAIN. Serer ge Nl UieeS I, NOBLE LIVER WO Ro. HEP Ate Ouw "THE flower is compofed of three petals, or of feveral ranges of petals, three in each ; and has three-leaved cup. The feeds ftand in a naked clufter; and are numerous, oblong, pointed ee each end, and lightly hairy. When the flower is fingle, there ftands’a tuft of numerous filaments in the centre: in the double flowers thefe are lefs diftinétly feen. Linnzus places this among the polyandria polygynia. In his firft works he makes it a feparate ge- nus; in his latter he confounds it with the anemone; but their difference is very obvious and certain, the anemone having no cup to the fower. There is properly only one fpecies of this plant ; but culture has raifed a multitude of varieties of it; fome of which that appea itti 5 > th . from the reft, have been defcribed by authors as if diftin® fpecies. ge Single Blue Hepatica. Hepatica flore fimplici cer uleo. The root is compofed of a large flefhy head, and a vaft quantity of fibres: thefe laft fo cover the tuberous part on all fides, that it appears, on taking out of the ground, to be only a tuft of fibres. From feveral parts of. this root rife firft naked ftalks fupporting the flowers, and afterwards the leaves. As nature has inverted the general order in the growth of this plant, it is proper, in the defcription, we follow her courfe. The footftalks which fupport the flowers are fhort, and very flender :; one flower ftands on each and this is compofed naturally of three, fix. or nine petals; for in the wild plant there is found all that variety. When the petals are only three they ftand in a regular order; when fix, there is a fecond range of three over the firft; and when nine, a third range over that, In the centre there 1s a great tuft of fibres; and under the flower there is a three-leaved cup, which temains when me is fallen. The common colour of the flower is blue in its natural ftate i Cece ee te, fometimes red, and The mer NY = 5) Cn a Dan \ \ \ \ y | Z : & LIN “ . \ { y i os <~ a ae Rte afy . \ 4 \: Y ' AW ie LY 6S \\ \y " Yy. ») NN) a | YW diblle W\ white BW Uflomeri allow _ iad V DLroprw I Lillypook Worvian We. \) 1Z $ a ge SY \y | finger leit’ | Vetiiuntlidblow 7 (hs Ss KZgh, SS Wide feober \ t fatighe: OMT? € \ The BRET LH JE Bi RE BEALE ey The feeds follow in a {mall roundifh head. The footftalks of the leaves are longer than thofe of the flowers, and are flender and weak : each fupports a fingle leaf: this is divided into three parts; but the divifion does not run down to the ftalk: the colour on the upper-fide is a dufky green, and on the under-fide it is paler. Jt is a native of Germany, and many other parts of Europe, and flowers early in fpring. GG. BN LEOPARD’S C. Bauhine calls it Trifolium hepaticum flore fim- plicit ; others, Hepatica nobilis, or Noble liver- wort. : : It is recommended as an agelutinant, bal- famick, and vulnerary. It has been efteemed alfo greatly in diforders of the liver; but it is not fo much regarded here,. as abroad. me Us Ss Il. BANE. THO OReA THE flower confifts of five petals, with a tuft of threads in the centre : the feeds ftand in a {mall naked clufter : the root is tuberous ; and the leaves are roundifh, and entire. Linnzus places this among the polyandria polyeynia, making it a fpecies of ranunculus, not a dif- tinét genus, with its peculiar and proper name. The flowers and feeds agree with thofe of the ranun- culus: but the whole afpect of the plant is different from any kind of crowfoot; and the generical character, taking in the leaves and root, is quite difting. There may appear the lefs inconvenience in joining this plant with the ranunclus ; the form of the flower and feeds is the fame, becaufe not only but the plant agrees in its qualities in fome degree with the crowfoots. But as there is an antient diftinét name for it, and there are grounds in nature for fupporting the diftinction, I have preferved it. There is properly but one fpecies of thora known. Round-leaved Leopard’s Bane, Thora valdenfis, The root is compofed of a number of oblong thick pieces, hanging from one head. The leaves that rife from it ftand on Jong foot- ftalks, and are nearly round. The’ ftalle is in- ferted at the middle, where there is a little dent ; and they are finely ferrated about the edges, Among thefe rifes a fingle ftalk of eight inches _in height, flender, round, and upright“ not branched, but dividing fometimes into two, fomie= times into three twigs at the top, Near the bottom of this ftand two or three leaves, refembling thofe from the root, or fome- times a little dented at the end oppofite the ftalk ; in fome plants alfo they are doubly dented, fo as to give the idea of a divifion into three parts. Toward the top of the ftalk ftand feveral leaves of a very different figure ; they are narrow, longifh, and have no footftalks, and are fmall, and not divided at the edge. Ge NeesUs 2s On the top of the ftalk ftands a fingle flower, when it is not divided; when it is, one on each di- vifion. Thefe are moderately large, and of a very beautiful yellow, compofed of five broad petals, and placed in a cup of five narrow leaves. : The feeds fland in a naked clutter. It isa native of the mountains in Switzerland, and other parts of Europe; and flowers in May. J. Bauhine calls it Thora folio cyclaminis , others, Thora, and Thora valdenfis. Moft authors de- {cribe a fmaller fpecies; but it is no more than a variety of this. What’ we have given, is the plantin its utmoft perfeCtion: where it is ftarved, the leaves are lefs and more dented; and there are only two or three of the narrow ones, and a fingle fower on the ftalk : but this which is called the /efer thora, being brought into a garden, be~ comes the fame with the greater. It is accounted poifonous. 3 Ill. CLIMBER. wierd IR “AG she Neen. ae flower is compofed of twelve petals, and has a cup compofed of four leaves: the feeds ftand in a naked clufter, and have long downy filaments. Linnzeus places this among the polyandria polygynia, It refembles the clematitis in the feeds, but -differs-greatly in the flower. } Trifoliate Atragene. Atragene foliis pinnatis, trifoliatis: The root is long, woody, and creeping. The firft leaves are broad, and ftand on long aN 253% footftalks, only three on each, and thofe not deeply ferrated. The ftalks are numerous, woody, weak, and flender: they are four or five feet long, and di- vided into numerous branches. I he ne 30 THE BRITISH HERBAL. The leaves ftand on long footftalks, and are of a particular form: they have a pinnated afpect, and confift each of nine leaves, difpofed in three parcels ; one parcel at the end of the footftalk ; the other two at the fides, in the’ manner of wings. Thefe are of an oblong form, and beautifully di- vided ; and are ferrated round the edges. The flowers ftand on long footftalks, and are of a beautiful purple colour, fometimes deeper, fometimes paler. g The feeds ftand in a round head, with long and beautiful downy threads. It is frequent in fome parts of Germany, and flowers in June, _ Th END of the MG ree) ma EDS Da es C. Bauhine calls it Clematis alpina geranifolia. Haller, in the new method, makes this fhrub 2 fpecies of anemone. He calls it Anemone tubis caudatis pinnis latiffimis. He adds the word ¢e- trapetala, confidering the cup as the flower. It is of a hot and pungent tafte. The bark of the root has been ufed in outward applications againft pains, and is faid to have taken great ef- fect againft the fciatica. Some have ufed it alfo in the gout, under the violence of a fit in their feet, but without fuccefs. FOIGReSiTeag Coby ASS, ahd i THE BRITISH HERBAL. RABAT ee ee ee Doee eeesDaa aD e ae De a SeDeaeDcBe Ra eee ae DSH Dee CB aR cPe ‘ GLA’ Ss SAL Plants whofe flower is compofed of severat PETALS, with NUMEROUS THREADS in the centre, and whofe feeds are contained in sivERAL PODS. which it confifts have been feparated from one another, and joined with fuch as are unlike them, bythe fafhionable form of this fcience: Mr. Ray, who followed nature carefully, has kept thefe together, as the preceding. He calls them berbe multifilique, five corniculate. "To like the former, is a clafs perfectly diftinguifhed by nature; although the plants of The plants of this clafs are fewer than in many othetss and we fee how regularly, naturally, and obvionfly they are connected together ; yet Linnzeus has difperfed thern over all his works. We join them, becaufe feveral feparate feed-vefiels follow every flower. This character they all have, and this no other have ; it is therefore a very plain and perfect mark for their diftinction + that author fepa- rates them, becaufe though all have feveral threads in the centre; yet fome havea greater, fome a fmaller number. Becaufe' hellebore has twenty or more of thefe threads, he places that, and, for the fame reafon, columbine and larkfpur, among his polyandria polygynia, joining them with the plants of our laft clafs. Becaufe in the greater houfeleek thefe threads are twelve, and in the leffer fpe- cies ten, thofe plants are feparated from the preceding, and from one another, and placed in two dif- tinét clafles; the former among his dodecandria, and the other among his decandria. The flowering rufh, for bearing but nine threads in every flower, is fent into a clafs different from all the others, among his exweandria : and the periwinkle, having but five threads in each flower, is joined with ivy, currants, and the vine, whofe fruits are berries, under the claf$ of pentandria. Thus we fee the plants of which this clafs is compofed, and: which are fo perfectly allied to one another, diftributed by this author throughout every part of his fyftem'; fcarce any two of them are to be found together. The queftion:here is, whether a number of plants are to be treated of together, becaufe they all have their feeds placed in feveral capfules after every flower, a character no others enjoy in common with them; or whether they are to be feparated into different claffés, becaufe one has ten, and another has but nine:threads in the centre? Such is the fyftem of Linnaeus. Novelty made it pleafe, and its “obfcurity rendered it admired; but it cannot be lafting. Tournefort judged better in this cafe: erroneous as he has been with refpeé&t to the plants of the preceding clafs, he determined rightly of thefe. ‘The fingular character of feveral feparate capfules after every flower, could not efcape him; though eamens: who knew, would not obferve it. Tournefort keeps them together, as Mr. Ray has done, under that character. The inftances we have given of Linnzus’s unnaturally feparating thefe plants from one another, and unnaturally joining them with others, are from the Englifh wild kinds. We fhall thew greater force put upon nature, when we come to foreign genera; if there can be greater than joining the periwinkle and the vine, one having for its fruit a berry, the other feveral feparate dry pods; becaufe in each the flower has five threads i in the centre, 5 § E- 32 The? BaR el hel Soh Hob eReB eA I Secbree Rood Be Sie Fs Natives off BRITAIN. Thofe of which one or more fpecies, are naturally wild in this country. ING AU Sian HEL LE Bor § GE BLACK HELLEBORUS NIGER. Lack hellebore hag finpered leaves; and large flowers, compofed of five roundifh petals: and thefe have no cup. In the centre ftand numerous threads, with upright flatted buttons, and the ru- diments of feveral capfules, which when ripe are large, and comprefled, and contain roundifh feeds, It is one of the polyandria polyeynia of Linnaeus. Dal eval’ Sele Oe Nea F, 1. Small wild Hellebore, ” Helleborafter niger flore viridi. ~The root is a tuft of thick, numerous, black fibres. ; The firft leaves ftand on Jong footftalks; and are large, of adeep green, and divided into feveral parts, in the manner of ‘fingers: thefe are each of them long, narrow, fharp-pointed, and deeply ferrated at the edges. } The ftalks are numerous, and about 2 foot high: they are round, green, firm, and upright. The leaves on thefe are few: they refemble thofe from the root; but are fmaller, and have fhort footftalks ; often none, . The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches, and very large and fingular: they have no cup: they are green, but paler than the leaves; and they have a great number of threads, with white buttons in their centre. The feed-vefiels appear among thefe, and after- wards ripen; the flower not falling, but. remain- ing with them. : Some have hence faid that it is properly a cup, and that this plant has no flower, It is true, that the flower of ‘this plant does not agree with their definitions of a ower, which fay that it muft: be compofed of leaves differently coloured from thofe of the plant, and that they mutt fall off before the feed ripens ; but nature is thore certain than their characters. The flower of the wild hellebore is truly fuch ; and all we learn by their nice diftinGions is, that their definition is imperfe& : that fhould be altered ; not this {truck out of the lift of flowers, The pods, when ripened, are large, flatted, and tough 5 and each contains feveral feeds. Tc is a fearce plant. It has been found in woods in Kent and Suffex, and in Buckingham hire, Tt ‘flowers early in fpring. Tt has the virtues of ‘Black bellebore, but in an inferior dégree.” ees : Our country-people give a little of the pow- dered root to their children againft worms; but it is too rough a medicine. The leaves dried and -powdered are taken for the fame purpofe ; and an infufion of the flowers is faid to be a prefer- iB Rely iyly Sabu SePePaCulabes: vative againft contagious difeafes. It isa very harfh medicine, and fhould be given with caution. C. Bauhine calls this Helleborafter niger borten« Jis flore viridis others, Helleborafrum, 2. Great wild Hellebore. Helleborafter maximus. J The root is long, large, and furnithed with many: fibres. : The leaves are numerous, large, and’ beautié ful: they ftand on long footftalks, and are di- vided deep, in the manner of fingers: there are nine or more of the on each ftalk, or compofing each compleat leaf; They are of a bluifh green colour, ‘and glofly ;°and are very narrow, fharp- pointed, notched at the edges, and often turn in- ward at the ends, The'ftalk is a yard high : very thick, and full of leaves. : Thefe have their long’ footftalks like thofé from the root. Thofé on the lower part refemblé thofe of the root in form 3 but thofe near the top are fimple, not fingered; they are only divided inté two or three. irresular parts at the end. The flowers are very numerous, but not fo large as in the preceding : they are green, with a bluth of purple, principally on the outfide 3 and they have numerous threads, with whitebuttons in the centre, The feed yeflels jare many, ‘andthe feed is roundith, r It.is\ wild in fome parts of. Kent and Suffex, but is not common: {pring, it is green, round, The roots are a violent purge, and too harfh for inward ufe. The country-people .put Pieces. of them into holes cut in the ears, or other parts of their cattle, in many diforders 3,and they produce a difcharge, which often is ferviceable : they call thefe Setters, and the plant has thence been named among them JSetterwort, : : C. Bauhine calls it Helleborus niger fetidus en. neaphyllon Plinii; others, Helleborafter maximus. Both this and the former, as they are fcarce in their wild ftate; are kept by our country-people in gardens, where they call them both Lear’ s-foot. 8 DIVI- lt flowers very eat gi * / Th BRITISH HERBAL. DL V-1:S: TORN: wii True black Hellebore. Helleborus niger flore rofeo. The root confifts of avaft quantity of thick, tough, long, and black fibres; fometimes faftened toa {mall head, fometimes without any. The leaves rife in a clufter, and are large and beautiful: they are of the fingered kind, and of a pale green colour, and fiefhytexture. They ftand . on footftalks three or four inches long, thick, flethy, redith, ‘but feldom quite erect; and each leaf is compofed of about feven ‘parts, fometimes lefs : thefe are broad, fhort, ferrated at the edges, and pointed at the ends. Among ‘thefe rife the ftalks which fupport the flowers. Thefe are fhorter than the footftalks of the leaves, and, like them, thick, flefhy, and often | redifh : each fuftains a fingle flower, and each | has a kind of little leaf on it placed about its | _ middle, and altogether unlike the others. The flower is very large, and very beautiful ; | it is white, with a bluth of redih, and is as big | as a fmall fingle rofe: there are numerous threads | in the centre, with white buttons. The feed-veffels are numerous, flatted, and full of a roundifh feed. It is a native of Germany, and is frequent on (ee oN FOREIGN Ui SPECIES, the Apenine mountains. It flowers in the dead of winter; whence it has obtained among our pardeners the name of (Chbriftmas flower. C. Bauhine calls it Helleborus niger flore rofeo 5 others, Helleborus niger verus. This is the -dlack bellebore {o celebrated among the antients for its virtues. It was efteemed a fo- vereign cure for madnefs. It is an excellent deobftruent, and is good in nervous and hyfterick cafes. The principal vir- tue is in the outer bark of the root, the reit being infipid. It may be given in powder, or in tin¢ture 3 but the beft method is the latter. It is a coarfe, rough medicine; and there fhould always be gi- ven with it ‘cloves, cardamoms, ‘or fome other fpice. Jt operates as a cathartick, but very uncer- tainly. Its beft ufe is in obftinate obftru@tions. | Thave known inveterate complaints in the head cured by a continued ufe of a tinGture of ellebore and cloves, thirty drops for a dofé. : The tinéture for this purpofe fhould be made with an ounce of bellebore-root, a dram anda half of cloves, and a quart of proof fpirit, without heat. Great care muft ‘be taken that the root be frefh, foritis often damaged by keeping. all. GLOBE-FLOWER. TROLLIVUS. HE leaves are fingered: the flower confifts of numerous petals; the outer ones are fhorter 3 and the inner, which are larger, bend toward one another ; fo that the flower is globular: the capfules of feeds are numerous. Linnzeus, in his Genera Plantarum, makes this a fpecies of hellebore ftom which it differs in that effential and obvious character, the number, form, and difpofition of the petals which compofe the flower. He was not ignorant of this plain diftinétion : but the fondnefs for his fyftem would not then let him feparate a plant he faw fo perfectly diftin&t. He acknowledges that the number and figure of the feveral. parts of the flower vary ; but he fays the effential character of the genus confifts in the nec. tarium. This is the fhift to which we have feen this great author before reduced in the crow- foot kind. Nature difclaims that fyftem, which will force, under one imaginary genus plants the form, number, and fituation of the feveral parts of whofe flowers are unlike; becaufe in each there isa little glandule in the lower part of the petal, that is, fomewhat alike in one and in the other, In his Species Plantarum this, author has given them as feparate genera. ‘ DEV ise Oona. a : Common Globe- flower. Trollius vulgaris. The root is a tuft of long thick fibres, con- nected to a very fmall head. The leaves rife in a clufter, and each is fup- ported on a long and moderately thick foorftalk : they are in the whole of a roundifh circumference, but are divided down to. the ftalk into five, fe- ven, or more parts; and each of thefe is alfo to- ward its extremity divided more flightly into fe- veral others, and all the way notched at the edges. i The flalk is round, thick, upright, two feet Nelv, BRITISH SPECTLES: high; of a pale green, and fcarce at all divided into branches. 5 Its leaves are few, and placed irregularly: there are one or two towards the bottom, and one only near the tops the lower ones have fthort foot- ftalks, the upper none: they refemble thofe which rife from the root in their divifion and colour, which is a.dufky and unpleafant green. The flower is large, yellow, fingular, and beautiful: it: never perfeétly opens. The outer ‘petals-or leaves are fhort, the inner much larger ; and they nearly clofe at their points, leaving only a very {mall opening into the body of the flower: the fhape of which is therefore globular. There K ‘ ftand 34 The ByRVEEE S bse Hoe -ReBMA YE: ftand within it a vaft number of very fhort fila- ments, and among them the rudiments of nume- rous capfules. Toward the bottom of each petal there is a gland which opens in a labiated manner, the lip being undivided. The feeds are contained in numerous capfules. It is a native of Wales, and of fome of the northern counties of England. It flowers in June. DIV ISH-O NIL Small Globe-flower. Trollius humilis flore croceo. The root is a tuft of long, thick fibres. ‘The leaves rifing from the root are deeply di- vided in the manner of thofe of the other; but they ftand on fhorter footftalks, and are of a pale green. ‘ The ftalk is round, tolerably upright, and about ten inches high. Its leaves are few; and they are deeply di- vided, and have the divifions ferrated at the edge as the others: they are of a paler green, and ftand very irregularly. The flowers are very large, and very beautiful : their colour is a deep yellow, with a tinge of orange ; and they at firft have the figure of thofe of the common globe-flower s but when they G EY N We keep it in gardens for the fingularity of the flower. The virtues have not been tried. Moft authors have called this planta Ranun- culus, not obferving the feed-veifel. C. Bauhine calls it Ranunculus montanus aconiti folio flore globofo: others, Ranunculus globofus. F OP RAE ICG Ne Sp Pr BC Ap E3Ss have ftood ‘fome time, they open: they have a great number of threads within, and are fucceeded by many fhort and flat pods. What is very fingular in the ftru€ture of the flower in this fpecies is, that the glandules we have defcribed at the bottoms of the petals in the common globe-flower, are in this very long, and give a very particular afpect to the whole. This fpecies is a native of many parts of the world, but not of England. Tournefort found it in the Greek iflands, and Amman in Siberia: they both defcribe it as a fpecies of hellebore. Tournefort calls it Helleborus niger orientalis ra- aunculi folio flore nequaquam globofo. Amman, Helleborus aconiti folio flore glebofo croceo. Linnaeus defcribes the firft as a fpecies of hellebore, in his Flore laponica. P U 44S Ill. , MARSH MARYGOLD. CRAG Tia Has A: HE leaves are undivided : the flower is compofed of five large petals, and has no cup. In the centre there are numerous filaments, with erect, obtufe, compreffed buttons. are numerous, fhort, and pointed; and the feeds roundith. The capfules », Linnzus places this among the polyandria polygynia, next to the crowfoot 3 fuppofing, in his ufual manner, that they are of the fame clafs, becaufe both have numerous filaments in the centre of the flower; though the feeds of the crowfoot ftand naked, and the feeds of the marfe marygold are enclofed in capfules. Of this genus there is but one known fpecies, and that is a native of Britain, Common Marfh Marygold. Caltha paluftris. The root is compofed of a vaft number of long, thick, whitifh fibres, which run under the fur- face to a great diftance. The leaves rifing from it ftand on long, green, thick, and flefhy footftalks: they are of a roun- dith figure, but indented where they receive the ftaik, and very lightly notched about the edges. The ftalks are thick, round, flefhy, upright, of a pale green, and a foor and a half high: they have few branches, and their leaves ftand irregu- larly; thofe toward the lower part have footftalks, thofe higher up have not; and they are all of the fame fhape, though fomewhat finuated and pointed, and of the fame fine green colour. The flowers are very large, and of a beautiful and very common. yellow: they have a great tuft of fhort threads in the centre. The feeds are contained in a clufter of fhort pods. It is frequent in our meadows, and flowers in April. C. Bauhine calls it Calva palufiris flore fimplici : others, Caltha paluftris, eae Authors have defcribed, and even figured, What they.call the /mall marfo marygold, as if a diftinct fpecies ; but it is only an accidental ya- riety. ; The flowers of this plant are fometimes found naturally double: this alfo has by fome been figured as a diftin& {pecies; but thefe are the moft common and trivial of all varieties, Its virtues have not been tried, GENUS Th BRITISH HERBAL 35 (Gy E 2 N Us IV. FLOWERING RUSH. BUITOMUS. Tes leaves are long and narrow. The flowers are difpofed in a kind ‘of umbel which has a three-leaved cup. Each confifts of fix petals, three larger within, and three {maller without, and fix capfules for the feeds follow the flower. Linnzus places this among his Enneandria, becaufe its flower has nine filaments in the centre; fepa« rating it by feveral claffes from the globe-flower an veffels fhew it manifeftly belongs. d marth marygold, to which its flowers and feed-. There is but one known fpecies of this genus, and that is a native of Britain. We fee this clafs not only comprehends fewer genera than many others, but that feveral of thofe have but a fingle fpecies: 4 The Flowering Ruth. Buiomus, The root confifts of a multitude of long, flen- der and tough fibres joined to a fmall head: ma- ny of thefe heads grow together, fo that one clufter of the roots will be extreamly large. From thefe rife together the leaves and ftalks’ thefe form a kind of bulbous bottom, and the leaves furround one another, as well as the ftalk, to fome height ; after this they feparate; and they are long and narrow: they are not flat, but of a three cornered fhape, and are thick, and full of a light, loofe pith. Their colour is a bluith green, and they are fharp at the points. he ftalk is tall and naked. It rifes from the centre of a clufter of leaves, and is three or four foot high. It is round, {mooth, thick, and full of pith, : The flowers ftand in a large tuft at the top, Ge EN and thefe are moderately large, and very beauti- ful. They confift each of fix fhort, obtufe, and roundifh petals, and are of a delicate pale red colour. They have two fets of threads in the centre, fix which ftand outward, and three with- in them; and on thefe are buttons, formed each of two lamella or plates. In the centre of thefe are fix rudiments, which, after the fower is fallen become the fruit. Thefe capfules are oblong, erect, and open in- wards. They are each compofed of a fingle piece, whereas thofe of the others ufually are of two, The feeds are oblong and obtufe. It is’ not uncommon with us in waters ; flowering in June. ' J. Bauhine calls it Juncus floridus. C, Bau- hine, Funcus floridus major. We have no account of its virtues, U, aeSasitinVe STARRY WATER PLANTAIN,. DAMASONIU™. HE flowers confift of three petals. The feeds are contained in capfules, feveral of which fuc- ceed every flower. Linneus places this among the hexandria polygynia, making it a fpecies of water plantain, under the name ali/ina. This was an early error, and we are to call the name water Plantain a very impro- per one, though the addition of f2arry makes a plain diftin@ion. We have been ufed to wonder that the common Englifh writers named this as a {pecies of that genus ; but our furprife muft be greater when we {ee this writer fall into the fame confufion. Its feed-veftels plainly diftinguith it from the water plantains properly fo called, and refer it se this clafs, to which they do not belong. There is but one known fpecies of this genus, and that is a nativegly Baia. Pee Starry Water Plantain. Damafonium. The root confifts of numerous long and flender fibres. The leaves are numerous. They ftand on footftalks of three or four inches in length, and are oblong, broad, and often fplit at the ends. The ftalks rife in the centre of the tuft, and are eight or ten inches in length, irregular in their growth, much branched, and not very upright. They are round, thick, and flefhy. The flowers ftand in clufters at their tops, and in other parts: they have each along flender pe- dicle, and are {mall and white. 4 The feeds follow enclofed in capfules fix after every flower. .Thefe are difpofed in a radiated manner, fo as to refemble the figure of a ftar; and thence the plant had its name ffarry 3 as it had that of water plantain from fome refemblance of the leaves to thofe of that plant. : It is common in fhallow muddy waters and about ditch fides. The leaves fometimes float upon the water, at other times they ftand dry. It flowers in July, and the feed-veffels foon follow. : J. Bauhine calls it Damafonium feellatum dalef- campii. C. Bauhine and moft others, Plantago aquatica fiellata. We have no account of its virtues, GENUS en The BRITISH HERBAL GVIE 2@NUUS @ VE : ORPINE. TELEPHIUM. HE flowers confift each of five petals, and ftand in akindof umbel. The leaves are flefhy and flat. Linnzus places this among his decandria pentagynia, making it a fpecies of fedum or houfe- leek. The flowers and feed-veffels indeed are very likes but orpine in its general form and figure, is fiticientl? diftin® ; and having been called by a feparate name, and endowed with particular virtues, we preferve the diftinétion. There is the more ufe in this becaufe the fpecies of houfeleek are in themfelyes very numerous ; fo that the leffening the number is rendering the knowledge of them lefs perplexed and more familiar. Del Vel Stl OPN! = I x. Common Orpine, Telephium vulgare. The root is compofed of a great number of tuberous pieces irregularly joined together, and having many fibres between them. The firft leaves are {mall and inconfiderable; they are oblong, blunt at the ends, and have no footftalks. They prefently grow yellow and decay. The ftalks are numerous, round, thick, flefhy, upright, and two foot high. The leaves ftand thick upon the ftalks, two, or three fometimes rifing from the fame fpot: they are broad, oblong, flat, blunt at the ends, and flightly ferrated at the edges. Their colour is a freth and beautiful green. The flowers ftand in clufters at the tops of the ' ftalks: they are fmall, but of a delicate red. Each is compofed of five {mall, radiated, pointed leaves, with ten threads, and the rudiments of the ’ feed veffels in the centre. The flower being fallen thefe rudiments ripen into capfules five after every flower, in which are ‘contained very {mall and numerous feeds, It is common in our paftares, and flowers in uly. The whole plant is fucculent and flefhy, and will preferve its form and colour a long time when cut from the root, efpecially if refrethed with water. C. Bauhine calls it Telephium vulgare. J. Bau- hine, Anacampferos vulgo faba crafja. We fometimes fee it with a white fower, In this condition it has been defcribed by fomeas a dif tinct fpecies. There are alfo fome other varieties in the breadth and difpofition of the leaves, from which there have been made many imaginary fpe- cies, fuch as the broad-leaved orpine, and the like ; bur thefe, when more nicely examined, will be found not to, differ in any thing effential from this common kind, : : Orpine is famous as a vulnerary, It is ftyptick DIVISION I, '1. Oval-leaved Orpine, Telephium foliis ovatis. The root is white, long, irregular in fhape, and creeps under the furface, with numerous fibres, BRITISH SePah)Celibes: and fubaftringent. The root contains the prin- cipal virtue, and it is excellent in dyfenteries, and in diarrhzeas that erode the inteftines. It is alfo ufed externally in burns. The bett Way of giving the root is carefully dried and reduced to powder ; five and twenty grains for a dofe. 2. Roofe-root. Telephiun rofeym. The root is large, thick, and of an irregular form, oblong, and tuberous, and full of fibres ; it is brown on the outfide and white within, and is brittle, and of a very pleafant fmell. There is plainly the {cent of the damafk rofe in it, but it is\very flight; and the fame flavour is perceived in tafting it, The firft leaves are oblong, narrow, and with- out footftalks :’ they quickly fade. The ftalks are numerous, and rife in ‘little clufters from different parts of the roots, They are flender, round, and about a foot high. The leaves are very numerous, and they ftand irregularly on the ftalks : they, have no footftalks. They are oblong, narrow, fharp-pointed, and fharply ferrated at the edges, They are of a yellowith green, and ufually have @ purplith tinge at the point, The flowers ftand j n clufters at the tops of the ftalks, es They are fmall, and of a pale red, olow in feparate capfules, which are longifh and bent like horns, Tt is frequent on the mountains in Yorkthire. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Rhodig radix; and Motifon telephium rofeum, ' in Wales and The root is Tecommended by fome againft the gravel. It is aperient by. urine, but invlome de- gree aftringent in the bowels; and poffefies in common with orpine, the virtue of blunting the acrimony of fharp humours that erode the intef. tines. Againtt diarrhzeas and dyfenteries it thould be given in powder; and as a diuretick, in de- Ccoction, : FOREIGN §PECIES The firtt leaves have thort pedicles, and are oblong, narrow, obtufe and ferrated, and. of a pale green. Thefe fade quickly, {6 that there is No remain of them about the ftalk, me 3 The y { Sta ; WUE i 7 S 4g 3 } \/3 | N o Him wile N 4 J N Lone f? eg SF wef, . \ \ : aks is 7 \ | ; vy, ( \ Ydlow Stone rope white blunt Le ie ae es 3 She Crop lon a ple fllarsle ti Ne a She . Soba fae | oF ; | Al tag 4 ae. Detis, 4 ae Th BRITISH HER BA DL, 37 The ftalk is round, thick, flefhy, of a pale green, two foot high, but not very erect. The weight of the top is too much for it towards the bottom, and it ufually bends or drops. : The leaves are numerous, of an oval figure, and with only the rudiments of a footftalk: they are {malleft at the bottom, broadeft at the top, and ferrated at the edges; the extremity termi- nating alfo in'a fmall point, The ftalk frequently fends out branches to- ward the top, and on the fummit of thefe ftand the flowers. They are fmall but numerous, placed in a clufter in the manner of common orpine, but of a deeper purple. The feeds are contained in feveral {mall pods. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Telepbium purpureum majus. J. Bauhine, Auacampferos purpurea. Its virtues are the fame with thofe of common orpine.. Some who have feen the error of multiplying the varieties of the common kind into fpecies, have fuppofed this, which is a diftin& fpecies, to be only a variety: this is an error on the other fide; it is plainly diftinguithed as a fpecies by the oval form of the leaves and the fmallnefs of the flowers. 2. Short-leaved Orpine. Lelephium repens foliis brevibus. The root is not tuberous or large, as in the common orpine, but compofed only of fibres. The leaves that rife from it are few and fade quickly, but there are always feen a great number of young fhoots, which are full of little leaves. Thefe rife by degrees into ftalks: they are G E N. Uses round, flefhy, weak, and a foot or more long» but they are only a part of that length in height; for they Jie on the ground toward the bottom, and frequently take root there, creeping and fpreading ; fo that the tufts of this plant are commonly large. The leaves are very numerous on thefe ftalks while young, but when they grow to a height, and approach toward flowering, they fall off; fo that while the young fhoots are very thick fet with them, the flowering ftalks are almoft naked. Thefe leaves are fhort, broad, ‘of a bluith green colour and a glofly appearance, and are not all indented at the edges, The flowers ftand on the tops of the ftalks in a fingle, large tuft; for the main ftalk feldom — divides, or fends out any branches. Thefe are larger than the flowers of the common orpine, and of a bright pale red, fometimes white. There ftand in the centre of each fower ten threads with yellow buttons, which make a pretty variety in the colour ; and among them are five rudiments of capfules. Z The flowers being fallen thefe grow larger, and contain a very fmall, pale brown feed in great plenty. It is a native of the Apennines, and flowers in June. The leaves remain on the young ftalks all the winter. s : _.C. Bauhine calls it Telephium repens folio deciduo. Others, Telephium femper virens. ; Thefe two names feem contradictory, but Bau- hine alludes to the droping of the leaves from the flowering ftalks ; the other to thofe on the young fhoots, being green all the winter. ’ The leaves are cooling, and are ufed in oint- ments, where the plant is common, VII. STONECROP. SEDUM. PPHE flower confifts of five petals, and ftands in a cup compofed of a fingle leaf divided into five fegments: in the centre of each flower are feveral threads furrounding five rudiments, which afterwards become fo many capfules, ‘containing {mall numerous feeds. in the flower each has a nectarium or little gland near its bafe. Linnzus places this genus among the decandria pentagynia. While thefe rudiments are It is nearly allied to the orpine, but its {pecies are fuficiently numerous without including thofe of that genus, fo long known by that name, and fo diftinét in figure and in their manner of growing. : DIVISION IL 1. Yellow Stonecrop. Sedum minus hematodes, The root is fmall, fibrous, and creeping. The firft branches that rife from this, for there are no fingle leaves rifing from it, are flen- der, weak, and lie upon the furface. They are three inches long, and fet very thick with leaves, which are commonly of a blood red colour. This gave origin to the Latin name of the plant, which exactly tranflated fignifies bloody. N°? 4. BRED Ss “=S Pepe 1 ES The ftalks which bear the flowers are fix or eight inches high: they are, like the others, round, thick, flefhy, with a firm core, and are ufually of a redith colour. The leaves ftand as thick on thefe as on the others, and are of the fame kind. They are ob- long, thick, flefhy, rounded in circumference, but a little flat on one fide; and are of a pale green at firft, but become red afterwards; and they terminate in a kind of weak prickle. The flowers ftand in a tuft in the manner of thofe 38 lH ESR RI Tf 1S HH ERB AL. thofe of orpine, and are of a beautiful yellow co- Jour. ‘Each is compofed of fix leaves, and in the centre there are many fhort threads fur- rounding feveral rudiments of capfules. TVhele ripen when the flowers- are fallen, and are full of fmall feeds: | It is common on old walls and the tops of houfes, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Sedum minus luteum folio acuto. J. Bauhine, Seduim minus flore luteo.. 2. Scorpion Stonecrop. . Sedum minus feorpioides. The roots are flender, and edged with a few fibres. From thefe rife numerous ftalks, furnifhed with abundance of leaves, which lie in a clufter about the root, but never rife up to flowers.' Thefe are two or three inches long, full of leaves in every part, but particularly about the tops. Among thefe rife ‘the ftalks which fupport the flowers. They are thick, and compofed of a flefhy outfide, with a flicky core. They are ten inches high, of a pale colour, and full of leaves at firft, but thefe turn red, and foon after drop off about the roots. They are oblong, thick, flefhy, and pointed ; they have no footftalks; and till they loofe their firft colour are of a beautiful green. The flowers grow in clufters on the top of the ftalk, and are large, and yellow; they ftand on little branches, which, before they open, turn round inward like a f{corpion’s tail. The feeds are contained in capfules, feveral of which follow every flower. It is common on old walls, and flowers in the middle of fummer. C. Bauhine calls it Sedum minus luteum ramulis refiexis, Others, Sedum {corpioides. It has been accounted by many but a variety of the common yellow kind, but it is a’ diftiné fpecies, the flowers are larger; and the leaves longer. 3. White blunt-leaved Stonecrop. Sedum album felis obtufis, The root is fmall, flender, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The ftalks that firft rife from it are fhort, thick, and branched : thefe lie upon the ground, and have a great number of oblong, flefhy, pale green leaves on them. The ftalks which bear the flowers rife amone thefe : they are flender, upright, and a foot high. The leaves itand irregularly on thefe, and in a confiderable number : they are larger than thofe on the firft fhoots that lie upon tne ground, other- wife like them, | They are of a pale green, round- ed, oblong, and blunt at the ends. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in bunches, but not fo numerous or thick fet toge- ther as in the yellow kind: they confift of five ‘leaves each, and are moderately large, and white. The feeds are contained in fmall capfules, fe- veral of which fucceed every flower, It is not uncommon onthe tops of old houfes, and flowers in autumn. C. Bauhine calls it Sedum minus teretifolium album. Ochers, Sedum minus album, ‘mouth ; fpitting it out when ufed. This is cooling and aftringent. Its juice with plantain water makes a good gargle for a fore The two pre- ceding fpecies have the fame virtues, but ina lefs degree. 4. Clufter-leaved Stonecrop. Sedum foliis fiipatis. The roots are fibrous and fmall. There rife from thefe numerous fhort branched ftalks, that lie upon the ground, and are very thick covered with flefhy, oblong leaves. Among thefe rife flender ftalks, which are up- right, redifh, four iaches high, and not branched : thefe fuftain the flowers. ‘The leaves are oblong, flefhy, andendina point. They ftandina very confufed and thick cluftered manner upon thefe, and often become red. The flowers grow at the tops in fmall tufts, and are little, and of a bright yellow. The feed-veflels are narrow capfules, feveral come after every flower, and they are full of fall feeds. It is common on the mountains in Wales, and has been found on Saint Vincent’s rock near Brif- tol. It flowers in July. Pitiver calls it Sedum minus Vincentii; and Mer- ret, Sedum minus erupe divi Vincentii. 5. Rounded-leaved Stonecrop. Sedum minus circinnato folie. The roots are {mall and fibrous. The leaves ftand very clofe upon the firft fhoots, ‘which lie upon the ground, and are ‘thick, fhort, flefhy, and of a pale green. Among thefe rife the ftalks that bear the fow- ers: they are weak, flender, and four or five inches long. The leaves on thefe are numerous, fhort, blunt, and of an oval form; fometimes divided at the end. The flowers do not ftand in tufts as in the pre- ceding, but feparately on different parts of the ftalk ; and they are large and white. Thefe are followed by feveral capfules full of very {mall feeds. : Its leaves grow very irregularly on the ftalks, fometimes two, fometimes four from the fame fpot ; and thofe on the fhort fhoots that rife from the root and f{pread upon the ground are often difpofed in a rounded manner at their ends, It is found in Yorkfhire and fome other of the northern parts of England. C. Bauhine calls it Sedum minus circinnato folio. Others, aizoon dafyphyllon. 6. Sharp yellow Stonecrop. Seduin minus acre flore luteo. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with many fibres. The firft thoots are fhort, branched, and cluf- tered with leaves. They lie upon the furface, and are of a frefh and beautiful green. The larger ftalks which bear the flowers rife among thefe, and are perfectly like them. They are flender, and their weight, from the number and thicknefs of the leaves, is fuch that they can- not ftand upright, but lie on the ground like the others. They are five or fix inches long, and commonly are divided into branches, They are naked, The BRT T 1S He He oR Bea =a53 9) naked, and whitifh toward the bottom, but on the upper part are altogether covered by thick cluftered leaves; fo that they have a kind of fcaly appearance. Thefe leaves are fhort, thick, flefhy, broad at the bottom, fharp at the point, and of a bright green. At, the tops of the branches ftand numerous large and beautiful yellow flowers, each compofed of five pointed petals. The feeds are contained in fmall capfules, feve- ral of which follow every flower. It is very common on walls; and in barren chalky foils will fometimes grow upon the ground. T have obferved on the chalk hills near Grave fend in great abundance. It flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Sempervivum minus vermicu- Tatum acre. J. Bauhine, Sedum parvum acre flore luteo. : t It is an excellent antifcorbutick, and is beft given in form of an infufion. Se A decoétion of it is good in fore mouths arif- ing from fcorbutick habits. The frefh leaves bruifed and applied to the fkin raife blifters, and are excellent in paralytick contractions or weak- nefs of the limbs. 7. Little white Stonecrop. Sedum parvum mite flore albido. The root is long, flender, and fibrous. The flalks that firft rife have clufters of little’ leaves on them, and they are half upright half drooping. Among thefe rife others more robuift, ere&, and intended to bear the flowers. Thefe are two or three inches high, round, thick, upright, and of a pale green, fometimes of a redith colour. The leaves are very fmall: they ftand irregu- larly, but at diftances, not cluftered, but having fpaces between them. They are fhort, broadith at the bottom, and pointed at the ends. Toward the top the ftalk commonly divides into two or three branches, and on the fummit of thefe ftand the flowers, DI VTS 1.0O°N’ IE FO 1. Branched Stonecrop. Sedum ramofum. The root is long, flender, and has many fibres, The firft leaves are numerous, fhort, flefhy,:and not unlike thofe of purflane: they are of a pale green, and as they fade grow yellowifh. The ftalks are numerous, round, weak, and eight or ten inches long. They lie in part upon the ground, and in part ftand up. They are shick fet with leaves, and divided into numerous branches. The leaves ftand irregularly, flethy, of a pale green, without footttalks, The flowers are very numerous, fmall, and white. They ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and of the numerous branches. Each confifts of five, little, pointed petals, and has in its centre ten threads furrounding the rudiments of five capfules, 2 and are oblong, blunt at the points, and They are large, white, with a mixture of ted- ith, and very beautiful. Each confifts of five narrow, fharp pointed petals; and has\ fome - threads and rudiments of capfules in the centre.’ The flower being fallen thefe capfules ripen, and each contains many {mall feeds. ? It is frequent in the north of England on old walls and houfes, and on the ground in barren places. It flowers in April. Pitiver calls it MWecebra alba mitis. Merret, Sedum minimum flore mixto ex albo &8 rubro. 8. Purple Marfh Stonecrop. Sedum purpureum pratenfe. This is a fingular and extreamly pretty plant. The root is compofed of numerous fibres, fhort and very flender, rifing from a fma'] head. The firft fhoots from this are fhort, flender, and thick fet with narrow leaves, which ftand in a kind of clufters or buttons at their tops. Among thefe rifes ufually a fingle ftalk to fuf- tain the flowers. This is feven or eight inches high, tender, juicy, round, and ufually redifh. The leaves are numerous, fmall, thick, and flefhy : they are a little hairy, and have much the | refemblance of thofe of the common Jtonecrop, but that they are fatter. Toward the top the ftalk divides irregularly into four or five branches, on the fummits of which, and of their fubdivifions, ftand the flowers. Thefe are very beautiful,’ of a pale purple co- lour, moderately large, and compoted of five fharp pointed petals, with a few threads and the rudi-’ ments of fome capfules in the centre, When the flower is fallen thefe ripen. They are five in number, and they become pale, The — feed is very fmall. ' It is frequent in the northern parts of England, where it grows on the wet parts of hills. It flowers in April and May. C.Bauhine calls it Sedum pratenfe Jubbirfutum purpuream. J.Bauhine, Sedum porpureum pra- tenfe. Rema G?N = SeP By ienas: When the flowers are fallen thefe ripen, and contain fmall feeds. It is frequent in the fouth of France, and flowers in May. Morifon calls it Sedum annuum album oblonga portulace minoris folio. C. Bauhine, and others, after Mithiolus, Cepea. 2. Large- flowered Stonecrop. Sedum pumilum floribus majeribus flavis, ~ This is a fmall but very pretty plant. The rootis flender, white, and has feveral fibres, The firft thoots from this fpread about the fur- face, and often take freth root as they lie; fo that the plant is generally feen in very large tufts: thefe are thick fet with leaves, efpecially toward their extremities ; and thefe are fmal], flefhy, ob- long, and tharp pointed, : The ftalks that bear the flowers rife among thefe.. They are round, fimall, fefhy, and ufually redifh, “The A BURC EEA SUE EEE RB A fonecrop, and have ten threads, and the rudi- iments of fix capfules in their centre. When the flowers are fallen thefe ripen, and are full of very {mall feeds. It is frequent about the Apenines and in other mountainous places, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Sedum minus luteum folio acuto. Others, Sedum rupeftre. 4.0 redifh : they are three of four inches high, and have leaves on.them, but thofe not cluftered as in the preceding fhoots. Thefe leaves are fhort, flefhy, and tharp pointed. ~ At the top of the ftalk ftand the flowers in a’ little clufter, five or fix together. They are large in proportion to the plant, and yellow. They confift of fix petals each, as the common Englifh Git. eames 10'S \HOUSELEEK, VHE SEMPERVIVU™. HE leaves naturally difpofe themfelves in round clufters. The flower is compofed of twelve petals 6 it ftands in a cup divided into twelve fegments, and is followed by a clufter of twelve capfules, Linnzus places this among his dodecandria polygynia, the threads in the flower, and the rudiments of the fruit in general, anfwering to the number of divifions in the cup and of the petals in the flower ; but this is uncertain. It is upon this exaét number of twelve ftamina that Linneeus has placed it in his dodecandria clafs ; but nature fhews, and himfelf in fome degree acknowledges, that thisnumber of the threads, or {tamina, is not certain: fometimes we fee them fewer, fometimes more. _Itis not proper, therefore, to remove a plant from among thofe to which it plainly belongs, for the fake of the particular number of threads in the flower, efpecially when that number is not conftant or certain ; and this is the misfortune of that fafhonable method, not in this alone, but in numerous other inftances. The fempervivum and the fedum, houfeleck and fionecrep are plainly allied to one another ; info: much that many have diftinguithed them only by the names of greater and lefer: we have, in our natural method, placed them next after one another ; and this, becaufe the Mower in each confifts of feve- ral petals, and the feeds are contained in feveral capfules: but Linnzeus, becaufe thefe houfeleeks have twelve threads in each flower, and the ftonecrops haye but ten, has feparated them into diftin® claffes, They evidently belong to the fame: their diftin@ion in the number of petals, and of capfules is a proper mark for a feparate genus, but nothing more: it has no right to place them in different claffes ; much lefs has the number of thofe lefler parts, which we fee thofe more obvious and confiderable. It is according to thefe laft nature has claffed plants together, and we thould follo the obfervation in this cafe that the filaments agree in number with the petals in one the other of the fame clafs, was pretty; and an attention to their number and fi accompany in their variations w her fteps ; genus, and in tuation in other plants, is not always frivolous ; but it was a weak imagination that prompted Linnaeus to believe thefe were the proper characterifticks of what we call claffes, and what nature has made'families of plants, They are always diftinguifhed by greater characters DA Ve lor OeN: aly Great Houfeleck. Sempervivum majus, The root. is compofed of a great number of long, thick fibres. The leaves rife in a regular manner, forming a round clufter, and there are continually offsets produced from thefe firft clufters, the leaves of which are difpofed in the fame manner ; fo that we commonly fee a great number of thefe fhoots toge- ther, which make a very beautiful appearance. The leaves are broad at the bottom, fharp at the point, and even at the edges. They are of a pleafant green, very thick, and flefhy ; and the larger being placed outward, and the leffer all the way inward, in feveral feries, they give the idea of an eye. : From the centre of thefe clufters rifes the ftalk, which, when in flower, is of equal beauty with the leaves. It is a foot or more in height, and at the bottom as thick as a man’s thumb; it gradu- ally grows {maller all the way up, and is from top to bottom covered with leaves, which lie like {cales, or like tiles of a houfe, one over another. Thefe refemble the bottom leaves in their flethy ftructure, and in fome degree in their form; but BeRal Sor SPECIES, they are longer in Proportion to their breadth : they are fharp pointed, and of a pale colour, ufu- ally with a tinge of red. The flowers ftand in great numbers on the branches, into which the main ftalk divides at the top, and they are large, and of a fine red. The capfules are fmall, and contain very mi- nute feeds. ? It is common on walls and on th old houfes, and flowers in July. Beng C. Bauhine calls it Sedum’ m ajus vulgare, thers, Sempervivum majus, O- Its virtues are the fame with thofe of orpi but it poffefles them in a fuperior degree. ites he ud aftringenr, Outwardly it is excel- ent for fore eyes, the jui i and mixed wher open aaieaes It is alfo a famous remedy for corns, weting them well with the juice, and then coverings them with a piece of the fkin of the leaf. sj Internally it is cooling in fevers, and is particu larly good in thofe attended with fharp diartheeas. A cooling ointment may be made of the bruifed leaves boiled in lard, which will anfwer all the’ purpoles of the unguentum populneum, - DIVL 4u The BRITISH HERBAL, DIVISION I, Tree Houfeleek. Sempervivum arborefcens. This is not. improperly ‘diftinguifhed by the name of ‘tree houfeleek: it has more-the afpect of a fhrub, ‘though @ very fingular one, than an herb, j The root is large, thick, fpreading, and full of \fibres. > ’ . Thetrunk, ‘for it ‘is more ‘properly fo Called than the ‘ftalk, is five or fix feet high, ‘of the thicknefs of a man’s arm, and of a pale green co- Jour‘on the furface: from this foot branches of the thicknefs of one’s thumb; and thefe fometimes are fhort and fimple, fometimes longer, and di- vided into leffer ramifications. At the extremity of each ftands a clufter of leaves, formed into circle, in the manner of thofe of the common boufeleek, but very different in fhape: they are oblong, and broad, fimalleft at the bafe, largeft at the extremity, and there of- ten dented in the heart-fathioned manner: they are very tender and fucculent; and, when nicely examined, are found to have fome indentings at the edges. bs : A Ee Giber Sia FOREIGN SPECIES. The flowers ftand upon peculiar falls rifing from the upper part of the plant: thefe are ten-- der, and covered with leaves difpofed in the mari- ner of the common boufeleek leaves on its ftalk, but of the fame form with thofe which ftand in clufters. 4 The flowers are extremely humerous, fiall, and of a pale, but pretty yellow: they confift each of twelve pointed petalsy and have twelve threads, and the rudiments of twelve capfules in the centre, When the flowers ate fallen, thefe ripen, and contain a quantity of very {mall feed. : It is a native of the Greek iflands, and, as fome fay, of the warmer parts of Europe. It rarely flowers with us; and, when it does, it is at the end of fummer. : J. Bauhine calls it Sedum majus arbérefcens. Clufius, and others, Sedum majus legitimum, and Sedum arboreutn. Its virtues are the fame with thofe oF the com-. mon boufeleek. : 16 a COLUMBINE AQUILEGIA HE leaves are divided into numerous parts + the flower confifts of Bvé petals, atid five glands | or nectaria ftanding alternately between them } thefé are of along cornicullited Forth : the feeds are contained in feparate capfules, five of which follow every flower. Linnaus places this among his polyandria polyeynia, feparating, it from the plants to which it is moft allied. While we blame that author for his condué in this refpi him the right underftanding of the ftru€ture of this flower. ect, we are to acknowledge chat we owe to The nectaria in moft flowers are fmall, and it is very rarely they are confpicuous: they are glandules placed deep in the centre of them, in moft cafes, and deftined for the reception of a honey-juice. beautiful, confpicuous, and form the moft confiderable part of the flower. In this fingular plant they are large, What thefe horns of the columbine were, was not difcovered till Linnzeus fhewed it: but they aré truly what he calls them. It is thus in many inftances, which we fhall have occafion to name: it were hard to fay; whether moft praife be due to him for his difcerning genius, or his ufwearied application. *Tis with pleafure I pay this juft tribute of applaufe to an author whofe fyftem I am obliged fo frequently to cenfure. "This is but one of a thoufand inftances that they will be long obliged to Linnaeus for his obfervations who fhall decline his method: OF this genus there is but One {pecies a native of Britain. DIVISION If. Wild Columbine, Aquilegia fylveftris, The root is long, large, and often divided into two or three parts 5 furnifhed with fibres, and of a brownifh colour. The leaves are numerous, and of a bluifh green: they ftand on long footftalks, which are of a redifh colour, and a little hairy. Each leaf is compofed of three parts, and each of thefe parts of three divifions: each divifion may be looked DY, Sadi add BRITISH SPECIES, upon as a feparate leaf ; and thé whole will then be compofed of nine fuch: thefe are diyi- - ded at the edges, fomewhat in the manner of an oak leaf. In the centre of the tuft rifes the ftalk, which is. flender, upright, jointed, redifh or bluifh, and a little hairy § and; toward the top, divides into many branches, The leaves ftand irregularly on it: they are - few, and like thofe from the root, but fmaller, and with fewer divifions. The 4:2» The BRITISH HERBAL. The flowers ftand at the tops of thefe, and are large, and of aibeauriful blue. 6 The feed-veflels follow, five to each flower, and contain large black feeds. It is wild in the woods of Yorkthire, and other northern counties, and flowers in May. : C. Bauhine calls it Aquilegia fylveftris. hine, Aquilegia flore fimpliti. J. Bau- The feeds of columbine are famous againft thé jaundice. Matthiolus prefcribes them with faf- fron; and there is no better way of giving them : they open obftruétions of the vifcera, and operate by fweat and urine. It is alfo excellent alone in fevers, and in the fmall-pox and meafles, to throw out the puftules. A decoétion of the roots and feeds makes a very good gargarifm againft fore throats. Dsinveal Sole OeNeeell 1. Great-flowered Columbine. Aquilegia magno flore foliis majus divifis. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres. The leaves ftand on long footftalks, and are divided into many fegments: but thefe are not broad, as in the common kind; but narrow, of a pale green, and fharp-pointed, The ftalks are two feet high, upright, redifh, branched, and firm. i Their leaves are few, and ftand at diftances. The flowers are in all refpects like thofe of the common columbine, but that they are much larger : their. colour. is a beautiful blue. “The feeds are contained in capfules, five fol- lowing each flower. -¢ It is common. in the fouth of France, and flowers in June, C, Bauhine calls it Aguilegia montana magno Sore. Gt vats oN. FOREIGN For all thefe purpofes the wild\ cclumbine is preferable to any of ‘the garden kinds: and this is the cafe throughout all nature, the cultivated fpecies having the moft beauty, but the plain na- tural plant the moft virtue. _ This plant has been taken out of the woods into our gardens, and culture has given it a gréat variety of forms and appearances, which fome have confidered as diftinét fpecies.. The common garden columbine, with large fingle flowers, the double inverted columbine, and the rofe columbine, as alfo the degenerate great columbine, have been called fo many diftiné&t'plants ; but they are no- thing more than varieties raifed from this ftock by various culture. There are other fpecies, though lefs common ; and thefe deferve to be diftinguifhed, SPECTES. 2. Red Virginian Columbine. Aquilegia precox rubra. The root is long, thick, divided: into feveral parts, and edged with fibres. The leaves are numerous, and ftand upon long feotftalks : they are divided into fmall fegments, notched at the edges, and of a very pale green. The ftalks rife in the centre of this tuft; and are flender, weak, and but fix or feven inches high. They have a few {mall leaves on them, divided like thofe from the root, but into narrower feg- ments. The flowers are large, and of a bright red on the outfide, and yellowith at the mouth within: the horns or neétaria are not crooked, as in the common kind, but rigid and ftrait. The feeds are contained in fender capfules. It is a native of North America: We have it in fome curious gardens; where it varies from the natural fize, but preferves the character. Cornutus calls it Aquilegia pumila precox Cana: denfis. Others, Aquilegia Virginiana rubra. Ursus xX, LARKSPUR. DELPHINIU™M. HE flower confifts of five petals, one of which runs out behind into a long fpur: the (ee are contained in capfules ; three of thefe naturally fucceed each flower; but in fome fpecies they unite, and together form but one. Linnzus places this genus among his polyandria trigynia ; the filaments in each flower being nume- rous; and the rudiments of the fruit three naturally, one, when the capfule is to be fingle, and moft frequently; though fometimes only This plant fhews how difficult it muft be to form the charaéters of a genus, or larger divifion, up- on any one part; there being fpecies of Jark/pur in which the feed-veflel-is fingle. DIVISION 1, Common Larkfpur. Delphinium vulgare ceruleum, The root is long, flender, whitith, fimple, and has but few fibres, BRITISH SPECIES, The firft leaves are’ {mall : they ftand upon fhort footftalks, and are divided into a few feg- ments. They are of a pale green colour, and foon fade and wither. The ftalk is round, firm, and of a pale green, : divided The BERSIED TiSsbia (Hh EB Re By Astk? 43 divided into numerous branches; and not more than fix inches high. The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are di- vided into many longifh and narrow. fegments: thofe on the lower parts of the ftalk are largeft, and ftand on footftalks ; thofe toward the upper part have no footttalks, and have but few divi- fions. The flowers ftand on the tops of the branches : they are large, and have a long heel: their co- lour is a dead blue, , There follows each flower only a fingle capfule for the feeds; but it is eafy to fee that it is com- pofed of three, united, one with another. This perfectly fhews how the fingle capfule happens in the other fpecies. Tt is common in the corn-fields in fome parts of England, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Confolida regalis arvenfis flore © DybWe bSpl;OcN 3 “Ik 1. Great fennel-leaved Larkfpur. Delphinium foliis feniculi. This is a large and very beautiful fpecies. The root is long, fimple, white, and. tufted with, fibres. The leaves that rife from it are long, large, and divided into a multitude of flender, long feg- ments; fo that they have fome refemblance of ‘thofe of fennel; and they are of a dark green. The ftalk is robuft, erect, and four feet high : it divides toward the top into many branches, and * on thefe ftand long fpikes of flowers. The leaves on the ftalk refemble thofe from the root in their divifion and colour: they ftand al- ternate, and are of a fine frefh green: ments are numerous, and very flender. The flowers are large, and of the form of thofe of the common larkfpur, but of a deeper and more beautiful blue. ‘This is their natural, but not their conftant colour; for they are fometimes ‘red, and fometimes white. It is a native of Spain, and is brought into our gardens ; where it has all the advantages of cul- ture, and all the varieties attending it. C. Bauhine calls it Confolida regalis bortenfis Slore majore fimplici. 2. Broad-leaved hairy Larkfpur. Delphinium hirfutum latifolium. The root is thick, and has few fibres. The leaves that rife from it ftand on long foot- ftalks ; and are large, hairy, and of a pale green: they are divided into many portions; but that not in the manner of the others, into narrow, grafly fegments ; but into about five broad parts, which are each fubdivided towaid the ends by deep cuts, and are notched round the edges. The ftalk is thick, robuft, erect, purplifh, a little hairy, and three feet high ; and is not much branched ; often none at all. The leaves‘are numerous on it, but ftand ir- regularly : they refemble thofe from the root, but are fmaller. The flowers are large, with a long fpyr, and their feg- | FOREIGN | parvo flore, ceruleo. ruleo. From this inconfiderable plant rife all the common varieties of the garden larkfpurs. There are diftinct fpecies to be named hereafter ; but the common, tall, and double larkfpurs rife only from this ftock by culture Others, Delpbinium fegetum flore ce Tt is agolutinant, and vulnerary. The con- ferve of the flowers is good in thofe purgings to which children are fubject, attended with fharp humours. The juice of the flowers is good againft difor- ders of the eyes; and the whole hérb made into an infufion, againft cholicks. Some have difputed thefe virtues of the lark pur ; but they tried the garden kind: that from the’ field is the right, SiP2Ec@sishese of a very beautiful blue: fpike. The feed-veffels ioe: three aft each flower ; and the feed is large, and dark coloured. It is a native of the northern parts of Europe, whence it is brought into our gardens ; where, from the leaves differing from the other lark/purs, and in fome degree refembling thofe of the aco- nites, it is commonly called tall. wolfs-bane: Authors have alfo led themfelyes into this error, by not fufficiently confidering that the flower is the part from which the reference to a genus is to be taken. C. Bauhine calls it Lp ne mp! UUs feet flore confolide regalis. a ftand in a long ; 3- Smooth broad-leaved Larkfpur. Delphinium latifolium glabrum The root is long, white, fplit into Pranches, and hung round with fibres. ‘The faves that rife from it are large, broad, and deeply divided’; but not at all like thofe of the common kind oF larkf{pur, or even like the laft kind: thofe are divided fomewhat in the fin- gered manner, their feveral broad fegments run- ning from the fame point which is the top of the footftalk ; but thefe have rather the divifion of the pinnated kind; for their feveral broad feg- ments, which are about equal in number, ftand in pairs, though they are not cut in to the centre, with an odd one atthe end. They are of a dufky green, and not atall hairy. The ftalk-is round, upright, and two feet and a half high. The fea ves.{tand irregularly, andare like thofe from the root, divided into three or four pairs of deep fegments, with an odd one at the end... < The flowers ftand in. {pikes at the tops of the branches, and are {mall and red. : The feeds follow in a fingle capfule ; 5 but, like the common lark{pur, a canfute made. up; of three. It is a native of the Greek iflands, an | of. the warmer parts of Europe; and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Confolida regalis latifolia 4 “GE- 44. The BRIT IIS: HiEMR! BoA L. Gee, ON eh te GS Xi. STAVESACRE, SF AVPOH TSA “GOR TOA. HE leaves are thick, palmated, or divided into broad fegments from their footftalk, and in the whole of a rounded figure. The flowers confift of ‘five petals; the upper one of which is obtufe in the-fore part, and runs behind into a fpur: the feeds are contained in capfules, three fucceeding every flower. Linnzus places this among the polyandria trigynia, and makes it a'fpecies of larkfpur. The flower indeed differs little from that of the larkfpur, but the'leaves fufficiently, Stavefacre has been called ‘by that diftin& name among the antients, and has peculiar virtues, — which are not found in larkfpur: wherefore, in works intended for utility, the diftin@ion fhould be preferved and fupported, fo far as nature gives foundation. ; ¢ Stri@tly, that digitated larkfpur defcribed laft but.one, might be called a kind of Stavefacte. The authors who have named it, we fee know not well to what genus to refer it; this, a genus diftinguifhed froin larkfpur by broad digitated leaves ; T have not named that larkfpur a Stavefacre; that is, have not called /ravefacre a lark{pur, has not the qualities of favefacre. and it beft belongs to but for the fame reafon that I becaufe it The confiderate reader will fee in this inftance how far the ftri@nefs of method is to be indulged in works of this kind, and where it is to be _made free with. There is no way befides to write at once {cientifically and ufefully. Of this genus therefore, thus diftinguithed, tain, except in gardens. Stavefacre. Staphifagria.' The root is long, thick, woody, and furnifhed with many fibres. The leaves that rife from it are fupported on Jong, thick, pale, and fomewhat hairy foot- | flalks: they are large, of a deep unpleafant green, and divided down to the ftalk, into five, fix, or more broad indented fegments, The ftalk is round, thick, upright, two feet and a half high, and very much branched. Its leaves ftand irregularly, and in fhape re- femble thofe from the root. The flowers ftand in long fpikes at the tops of the branches; and are large, and of a dufky blue. They much refemble the flowers of the larkfpur; but they are larger. The feeds are contained in capfules, three of which ufually, and fometimes four, follow every flower. Gis k Noi JUS there is but one fpecies, which is not known in Bri- They are large, hard, and rough. It is common in the Levant, and in many of the warmer parts of Europe, and thrives very well in our gardens. Linneus calls it Delpbivinm nefariis diphyll;s Soliis palmatis lobis integris. C. Bauhine, and: others, from the days-of Theophraftus, Staphis- agria. The druggifts keep the feeds of Stavefacre : they haye been given in {mall dofes as a purge in dropfies, and other defperate diforders 3 but they are very rough. Some chew them in the tooth-ach, in which cafe they bring a great deal of water into the mouth, and fometimes are of fervice ; but their greateft ufe is among the vulgar, for deftroying vermin in their childrens heads 3 for this purpofe they have the feeds coarfely powdered, and ftrew them on; and this never fails, : XIL e. WHITE -DITT any. FRAXINELELA HE flower confifts of five petals, three of which turn upwards, it ftands in a fmall five-leaved cup. The feeds are contained in capfules ; every flower, and grow together. Linnzeus places. this among the decandria monogynia, others ; and which we fhall defcribe in its place : ticus ; and they know nothing elfe by that name. fufion ; wherefore it was wholly difufed. ‘This that a fpecies of origanum, but he takes away its ufual and antient name Sraxinella, and calls it di, Wrong, in that it introduces at the fame time confufion the druggifts and apothecaries as the name of another plant, this they call from the place of its g¥oWch, and two or three fideways ; and five of which follow and allows it to be a genus diftin& from al} ! tamnus, This is doubly DiGamnus is underftood among the leaves of which are ufed in medicine, Difamuus Cre. - and error. There were fome at one ti ho called th ~of fraxinella, diffamnus albus but the leaves ofthe other dittany being alfo white Melt toe > this.created con- wh : author, in the too violent {pirit of ref i ; brought itin again; and with refpect to the other plait called dittany, cons CUM / ‘ Ley ~ the diffamnus Creticus, he makes a All om 4 Great WE) Hocseleck i. Y > - N Ces << Rs: antl Great" Feynet- Conon arkd pur havi Larkspur Great Purple Monkshood 2. Broadleavithaiy arkaputr \ Tittle Blue Monkshood Who haa alae kshoow | Benning ter The BRITISH HERBAL er * All the Latin writers from the earlieft time call this plant fraxinella; and if this. modern improver was difpleafed with that name, he might have changed it without taking that of diéfamnus: it would certainly have been more juftifiable to have called it ¢ragium, that being the name by which it is called in the earlieft Greek writers: the other however being univerfally received, is .much fitter for the purpofe; the Italian and Spanith frafinelli, and moft other of the European names, being formed upon that word; dens. é White Dittany- Fraxinella. The root confifts of a great’ number of thick, Jong, and tough fibres. oThe leaves rifing from it are very large, and beautifully pinnated ? they confift each. of about » five pair of fmaller, and a fingle one at the end ; and ftaiid on fhort footftalks.’ They’ are of a pale green colour, broad, oblong, pointed at the efids, and fearce at all ferrated ‘av’ the edges’; ‘and they refemble in fome degree the leaves’ of the afh-tree, in miniature. ef AThe ftalks rifé amidft thefe leaves, which foon. after fade and perifh. They are robuft, firm, branched, and two or three feet high. “Their leaves ftand alternately ; and are altoge- ther like thofe from the root, but fomething {maller. ‘ The flowers are of a beautiful pale red, often white; and have each ten long threads, which 2dd to their beauty, ‘ feeds follow in five flatted pods, The tops of this plant have a redifh hairinefs, and there is a refinous matter about them which this rib ge Soret eae MONKS-HOOD. Of this genus there is but one knowa fpecies; and this is not feen in Britain, except in gar- \ fticks to the fingers on touching them, and has a very fragrant fmell. ig F This refin is fo inflammable, that if a lighted candle be brought near the ftalk of the plant, fo that the flame touch any of the refin, the whole takes fire in an inftant, and goes off with fa re-» markable explofion. The plant will not be de- ftroyed by this, but will recover its refinous ntat- ter again in a few days; and the experiment may be repeated with fuccefs. : oe It is a native of Italy and France, but ftands - very well in our gardens, a Its univerfal name among authors is fraxinella: it obtained this from the refemblance of its leaves } to thofe of the afh. ® The bark of the root contains the principal virtue of the plant; and our-druggifts keep it: but they often fell it old and decayed, and no root lofes its virtue fooner. It is a cordial and fudo- rifick when frefh dried. The antients.efteemed it a fovereign remedy againft poifons. and -vene- mous bites : it is: in ‘efteem-in fome places as a diuretick and deobftruent, arid. againft worms. if we had ic more frequently frefh, and pof- fefléd of «its full: virtues, we fhould value it highlys” XII. 4 ACONITUM. ‘ea HE flower confifts of five petals, and has no cup: the petals of the flower are of a fingular . form and fituation’: one ftands uppermoft, two are placed fideways, and two below; the upper onié.is‘hooded ; the fide petals are broad, roundifh, and ftand inclining to one another ; and the two lower are longer, and droop downwards :. within the flower there alfo ftand two glandules or nec-» taria on little pedicles, and with crooked tails; ‘The feeds are in capfules, three after every flower. ‘oLinneus places this among the polyandria trigynia: the flower is ‘fo extremely fingular, that it is: wonderful it did not keep the genus diftin&,. and the fpecies together in all authors. We muft be furprifed to fee larkfpurs brought into it, the flower in this genus not having that great characteriftick of the larkfpur, the fpur or tail. _ 1. Blue Monks-Hood: " Aconitum cerulenm vulgare. - The ‘root is long, thick, hard, divided into feveral parts, and furnifhed-with numerous fibres. “The leaves rifing from it are very large, of a beautiful green, and divided into ‘numerous, nar- | row, long fegments: The ftalk is robuft, ereét, and five feet hich, ~The leaves ftand irregularly, and in form re- femble thofe from the root ; but they are fmaller. They are placed on long footftalks, and are di- vided-to the ftalk, into fix or more long, narrow. N° s fegments, which are again deeply notched at the edges, and often fubdivided into others. -Thefé are of a deep, but pleafant green, and havea line © running along their centre. ‘ The flowers are numerous, and of -a_ beautiful blue : they ftand in long fpikes on the tops of the branches, and are large, and of a fine full.colour, They are followed by capfules, three after every flower; in whichare large rough feeds. ” It isa native of Germany, and ‘many of the northern parts of Europe; and flowers in July. . J. Bauhine calls it Aconitum. ceruleum, five Na- peLius. Lobel, Napellus verus; and moft others fimply Napellus. ’ BN: >. It 46 | The “B-R.I T 1S Hy BW E+RabeAgis, It isa poifonous plant. Dodonzeus gives an account of five perfons who eat the root of it, through a miftake, in their food at Antwerp, and all died. ‘There have been other inftances of the fame kind; and it is faid to deftroy fuch wild beafts as tafte or eat it. There is*a tradition, how true we know not, that wolves tear up the root of fome plants in winter for their food, and fometimes miftaking this, perifh by its poifon: hence it has obtained the name of wolf/bane. Ic is faid, that, when kept in gardens, it is lefs fatal than wild; which is probable: all plants having their faculties, of whatever kind, more ftrong in their wild ftate than when brought into culture, ( 2. Great purple Monks-Hood. Aconitum purpureum maximum. The root is long, large, and furnifhed with abundance of fibres. The firft leaves are large, broad, and divided into a few great fegments. ' The ftalk rifes to five feet in height, and is ro- buit, firm, and very little branched. The leaves ftand alternately, and are like thofe from the root: they are divided down to the footftalk, into five principal parts, the middle one of which is largeft. ‘They are of a pale green, and deeply ferrated. The flowers ftand in long {pikes at the tops of the branches; and are very large, and of a beau- tiful deep purple : but they vary in this refpect, being fometimes red or flefh coloured. The feed-vefféls follow as in the other fpecies, but the number is not certain ; ufually there are three, fometimes four. Tt is common in the mountains of Germany, and flowers in Augutt, : i J. Bauhine calls it Aconitum lycoétonum flore maximo. C. Bauhine, Aconitum caeruleo purpureo fore maximo, five Napellus quartus. 3. Yellow Monks-Hood. Aconitum flore luteo. . The root.is compofed of a multitude of thick entangled fibres. / ‘TEhe firft leaves are large, broad, and in a manner rounded in their general form, but di- vided deeply into about five. parts, The ftalk is robuft, firm, erect, aad four feet high. The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and have long footftalks : they are like thofe from the root, divided deeply into five parts; and thofe are fharp at the points, and ferrated at the edges. The flowers:are fmaller than thofe of the com- mon monks-hood, and of a beautiful yellow. The feeds follow in capfules, three after every flower. , -Itisa native of many parts of Europe, and flowers in July, The flowers are fometimes. of a deep yellow, fometimes ftraw-coloured, or whitith, C. Bauhine calls it Aconitum Lycoctonum luteum, J. Bauhine, Aconitum Solio platani- flore Iuteo pal. lefcente. 4. Little, blue, flowered Monks-Hood. Aconitum ceruleum mimes. The root is compofed of a vaft number of fibres interwoven with one another. The firft leaves ftand on Jong footftalks ; and “are broad, and indented deeply, rather than di- vided into fegments. The ftalk is flender, purplifh, and about two feet and a half high, but not very firmly ereét. The leaves ftand irregularly on it: they are fupported on footftalks, and are divided fome- what deeper than thofe from the root, but not fo deeply as in moft of the other fpecies: the divi- fion is into three principal parts, fometimes inte five; and thefe are cut deeply at the edges. The flowers are large, and of a deep and beau- tiful blue: they ftand in a particular manner, not in long {pikes, as thofe of the others, but fingly at the tops of flender ftalks rifing from the main ftem, ' Icis a native of Italy, and flowers in May: C. Bauhine calls ‘ic Aconitum ceruleum Mints, Jive Napellus minor. Dodonzeus, Aconitum pare vum ceruleum. All thefe fpecies partake of the poifonous na- ture of the firft kind ; but there is one refembling them in form, and of the fame genus that is. falutary, and is efteemed an antidote in particular againft their poifon. 5. Wholefome Monks-Hood. Anthora, The root is compofed of many irregular, thick, and tuberous pieces. ' The firft leaves are fupported on long foot- ftalks, and are divided to the bottom into five fegments: thefe are broad, and notched at the edges. The leaves on it ftand irregularly, and ‘are di- vided into numerous, narrow, plain fegments : they are of a pale green on the upper-fide, and whitifh underneath. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches, and are like of the other monks-hood in form ; of a beautiful yellow colour 3 and of a plea- fant, though flight fmell. The feeds follaw: in capfules, three, four, or five after each: ower. The number of thefe is uncertain, but five isthe moft common. It isa native of Germany, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Aconitum Jalutiferum, five Anthora, Others,” Anthora, and Antithora, The root is kept in the druggitts fhops, and was once much ufed as a cordial and fudorifick ; there have been miftakes about the kind, and they have been. fatal. When frefh dried, this Foot purges. vehemently ; but that quality goes off in. keeping. This is not particular to this plant: but it is a very fufficient reafon why it never fhould be ufed; becau it will be impoffible for the phyfician who prefcribes it to know its ftrength. GE The Parts, is from the divifion of this ftyle ferves to receive The ftyle in periwinkle is fubfervient to them, are ¢ digynia, or thofe which have * The BIRT 1S H HiERRGBA MS © 63" have the female parts double. One fhould fmile at the perplexity that rifes from this unfubftantial, method, but that it has mifled fo many. Whatisan author to do, who has fet up a fyftem dependent on complex, as well as minute parts, when one portion of the fame objeét, as in this inftance, deter- mines the plant to one affortment, and another to another. It is to this we owe thofe frequent ex- ceptions the author has himfelf made to his generical characters ; and the many others, thofe who fhall obferve nature heedfully, muft make for him. DIVISION I. B Role FS oHe #SoPe EC danse Small Periwinkle. Pervinca minor. The root is long, tough, flender, and full of fibres. The ftalks are long, but weak. They are tough, but want firmnefs; fo that they lie upon the ground, and frequently take root at the joints : hence, when the plant has ftood any time we commonly fee a thick tuft of it. The leaves ftand in pairs: they are oblong, broad, even at the edges, pointed at the ends, and have no footftalks. They are of a firm ftub- ftance, and deep green colour, - The flowers ftand on long footftalks, which rife from'the bofoms of the leaves: they are large, and of a beautiful blue. The feed-veflels are tharp-pointed, two follow every flower, and there are in them many large, oblong feeds. It is a native of our woods, but not common, It flowers in June. ‘ C. Bauhine calls it Clematis daphnoides minor. Others, fimply, Clematis daphnoides, or Vinca pervinca. DivVilS 1.0:Ne 1: TiO R E'L-GN: S\P EYColzEs: Great Periwinkle. Pervinca major. The root is a great tuft of fibres, — The ftalks are numerous, firm, woody, and tolerably erect. The leaves ftand in pairs, and are placed on fhort footftalks; they are broader than thofe of the fmall kind in proportion to their length, and are more of an oval figure ; they are even at the edges, and broad at the bafe, and pointed at the ends. | The flowers ftand on long footftalks, rifing from the bofoms of the leaves, and are large and blue. / The feeds follow in two long cap’ at the-ends. _ It is frequent in the woods of Germany, and flowers in July. : C. Bauhine calls it Clematis daphnoides major. Others, Vinca pervinca major. Some have fuppofed this a variety of the pre- ceding fpecies, imagining that it only differed in fize; but they fhould have obferved the foot- ftalks and form of the leaves, and they would have found that the fize of the plants, though the moft obvious, is not the moft effential mark of their diftin&tion. fules, pointed Gi Bee NS. Ue Sto TT. SENGREEN. AIZOON. HE flower is large, and confifts of a fingle petal flightly divided into ten fegments. The feeds are contained in capfules, a great number of which fucceed every fower. The leaves grow in round clufters in the manner of thefe of houfeleek ; which the plant in its general form greatly re. fembles. No author has feparated this, perfectly fingular as it is, or allowed it a diftiné genus: it has been univerfally ranked as a fpecies of houfeleek, though it belongs to a feparate clafs, Linnazus makes it a fpecies of fempervivum , though he has eftablifhed, in the generical character, that fempervivum has a flower confifting of twelve petals, whereas the fower of this plant has but one. This refers it plainly and neceffarily to the prefent clafs, and renders a new name necef- fary for it; but, to avoid perplexity, I have given it one that has always been. fuppofed to belong, though in an undetermined manner, to the houfeleek kind: it is very well applicable to this plant ; the leaves continuing all the year frefh and green, Of this genus there is but one known fpecies, Sengreen. Aizoon. The root is long, flender, and edged with fibres. The leaves that rife from it are flefhy, oblong, and pointed : they grow in natural clufters, butina N° VI very fingular manner. The clufters are of a roundifh form, asin the common houfeleek, but have not that open divifion: they are rather globular. In winter they are of a greyifh green, and ftand fe- parate, as in other plants of this kind; but to- ward fpring they affume another form: they have a multitude of long, fine, and flender hairs grow- 19 ing yar “ing among thems and thefe, connecting their tops, form a variety of angular figures, fo that the whole tuft of the plant appears as if wrought about with cobwebs. From the centre of the larger of thefe tufts, “rifes a flalk of a foot high, round, thick, flefhy : toward the lower part it is covered with leaves, but in a manner naked higher up; the leaves there ftanding feparate and diftant. : Thefe are of the fhape of the lower leaves, but narrower : they are flethy, and they, as well as the ftalk, ufually are redith. At the top there fpring two or three little “THE BRITISH HERBAL. branches, which fpread out and fupport the flowers. Thefe are very large, and of a beauiful red, They are not like thofe of the houfeleek, com- pofed of twelve petals; but formed of one only, and that divided but into ten fegments. The feeds are contained in capfules, feveral of which fucceed every flower. dt is a common plant on the Alps, and in many parts of Switzerland ; where it roots among the moft naked rocks, and when in flower makes a beautiful appearance. ‘ C. Bauhine calls it Sedtm montanum tementofum. 1 Th END of te THIRD CLAS§, THE Dail & BRITISH HE ® Bex 1, SOLERO STDP DECIRE OOOO OOOO R eRe ResEOReEEOce CLAS SIM Plants with the fower formed of a sincie eval, plain, and of a regular form, and fucceeded by a sINGLE CAPSULE, dern methods in botany do not preferve it. The plants which compofe it are very numerous: they are the moft plainly and evidently connected together by nature, perhaps of any in the whole vegetable kingdom; yet Linnzus fcatters and feparates them throughout his works; and Mr. Ray, who has collected and preferved them to- gether, includes among them thofe of our fifth or next fucceeding clafs, which have the petal though fingle, yet far from plain. : : He diftributes thefe by a fubdivifion, under two heads; but they properly conftitute two clafies, T= is a clafs of nature’s forming, and is perfectly diftinct from all the others: yet the mo- Bindweed and the bell-flower are naturally allied by the fhape of their flower, and belong to the fame clafs; but bindweed and toadflax, though they agree in having a fingle capfule after every flower, and their fower compofed of one petal only ; yet are fo palpably and evidently different by the form of that petal, that they are naturally feparated, Be elee ck ac cP saeco sea ses eset Be eo Bese cee se Boe Be os as a eae ee SEF Riek) E Sei NAP D°V Bos) o Fo BoRVRT ACreN GPE Ns I. HENBANE. HroscraMtUs. HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and is tubular, and divided lightly into four fegments at the rim: thefe are all obtufe, but one is larger than the others. The feed-veffel is a fingle capfule, covered at the top, and divided into two parts within. Linneus places this among the pentandria monogynia; the threads in the flower being five in num- ber, and the rudiments of the fruit fingle. De leViel SLO eNgerl, BRUT SH SP EB Cr Ese pointed at the ends, and very deeply notched at the edges. Their colour is a greyifh green, and they have a very ill fmell. The root is very long, tough, white, woody, The flowers are numerous, fingular, and not -and furnifhed with many fibres. without beauty when examined nearly: they are Common. Henbane. Hyofcyamus vulgaris. The ftalks are round, hard, woody, tough, and varioufly and irregularly branched. The leaves ftand irregularly : they furround the -ftalk at their bafe; and are long, narrowifh, large, and open at the top, of a greyifh dutky colour, a tinét very uncommon in flowers, and full of veins. The feed-veffels follow one after every flower , 8 and hy, 56 The Benet iy Taso HERBAL. and they are large, and contain a great quantity of feeds: thefe are brown, rough, and of an ir- regular figure. ‘ It is common in wafte places, and flowers. in July. DIYPSTION IL. 1. White Henbane. Eyofcyamus albus. The root is long, thick, white, and furnifhed . with numerous fibres. / The leaves that rife from it ftand on long hol- lowed foot!talks; fo that in the firft appearance it differs greatly from the other, whofe radical leaves rife without any ftalk from the ground : thefe are large, broad at the bafe, bluntly pointed, and deeply finuated at the edges. The ftalk is round, firm, hairy, and- three feet high: it is more ereét, and lefs branched, than the other. The leaves ftand irregularly: they have long footftalks, and are like thofe from the root. The flowers grow fingly in the bofoms of the leaves, and they have fhort footftalks, and are large and white. The whole plant is thickly hairy. It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Hyofcyamus albus major. Others, Hyofcyamus albus. Thofe who, following C. Bauhine, call this’ the greater white henbane, defcribe a variety of it under the name of the fivaller white henbane. This differs from the other in nothing, but that it has grown on a barren foil, and is ftarved and ftunted. ; 2. Golden Henbane. Fyofeyamus aureus. The root is. long, thick, woody, white, and furnifhed with fibres. The leaves that rife from it are broad, fhort, deeply dented, and fupported on jong footftalks : they are of a whitifh green, and foft to the touch. The ftalks are numerous, weak, whitifh, and a foot and a half high. The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and have long footftalks : they in all things refemble thofe from the root. The flowers are moderately large, and of a beautiful gold yellow: they are more deeply. di- vided than thofe of the common henbane, and have longith footftalks: they ftand partly at the top of the plant, and partly in the bofoms of the leaves. ! A fingle feed-veffel follows each flower, con- taining numerous feeds. It is a native of the Greek iflands and of Egypt, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Hyofeyamus Creticus luteus 5 but he, without much reafon, divides it into two fpecies, a greater and leffer: varieties. Alpinus calls it Hyofeyamus aureus, thefe are only FOREIGN C. Bauhine calls it Hyo/cyamus vulgaris et niger. Others, Hyofcymus niger. A This is the only fpecies of benbane that is a na- tive of Britain, and it is poifonous in its qua- lities. Se Pe iOots tS: 3. Little Henbane. Hyofcyamus pufillus. The root is white, fmall, and longifh, and. has a few fibres. : The leaves rife in a little clufter of five or fix together, and are fupported on long, flender footftalks : they are oblong, broadeft in the middle, and deeply indented at the edge. The ftalk rifes among thefe; and is round, flender, upright, not at all branched, and eight or ten inches high. 5 The leaves ftand at diftances alternately : they are of the fame form with thofe from the root, but fimaller, and not at all indented at the edge: they are alfo blunter at the point. The flowers are moderately large, and of a beautiful yellow; one ftands ufually in the bo- fom of each leaf from top to bottom ; and fre- quently there are little tufts of young leaves rife With them. The feeds are large, and are contained in a fingle capfule, It is a native of many parts of America, and flowers in July. ; Plukenet calls it Hyo/eyamus pufillus aureus ame- nianus antirrbini foliis glabris. All the Zenbanes are powerfully foporifick, in- fomuch that many of the fpecies are accounted poifonous: none fo much as the common Eng- lith benbane: but the apothecaries have evi- dence that the charge is not altogether well grounded. What they are ordered to ufe in fome compofitions, is the feed of the qwhite henbane ; but thofe of the black being more readily at hand, are too often fold to them by the druggitts in their place. This feed however is more violent in its opera- tions, and fhould be excluded the fhops, the others having all the good qualities without the danger. The feed of the white benbane is the beft of all: it is cooling, emollient, ‘and excellent againtt pain; it alfo moderately and quietly produces fleep, without difturbing the head in the manner of the black. It is excellent in coughs, it abates the pain in cholicks, and is of great virtue againtt {pitting of blood, profluvia of the menfes, and all other he- morrhages The leaves boiled in milk and water, and ap- plied as a'pultice, are excellent in the fciatica The Toot has the fame virtue with the feeds in an inferior degree; and is hung about childrens necks in fome places, as the piony root is in others, in order ‘to their cutting their teeth without pain. In many parts they make neck- laces, with pieces of hendane and pieces of the piony root interchangeably, and relate wonder- ful things concerning their effe@s, Of this we have fpoken before, under the article Piony, I GE- Plate Va. (ile — Vellow Tuli a Wiss > ~ ad Male A) ¥ : oy 2, M pfilane Mel ony ~) .' ‘i Fuel (heard Duirtyileduiids lie. | The BRITISH HERBAL, 57 G EN Ure oS ied BIN DW EE D. GrOnN anor EV UTE OSS. "THE flower is large, and confifts of a fingle petal, fpread open, rarely indented, and often folded :. the feeds are numerous, and are contained in a fingle capfule: the cup is formed of a fingle leaf, divided into five parts ; and remains with the capfule when the flower is fallen. Linnzeus places this among the pentandria monogynia, there being five threads in every flower, a fingle rudiment of a fruit or capfule. DIV LS JOAN got. 1. Great Bindweed. Convolvulus major. The root is long, white, flender, and creep- ing. orhe ftalks are numerous, round, flender, weak, and very long: they are fmooth, of a yel- lowifh colour; and tough, and will climb about bufhes till they reach ten or fifteen feet in height. The leaves ftand ‘irregularly, and have Jong footftalks: they are large, broad, cut off as it ‘were behind at the ftalk, not going to tharp points, as in the leffer kind, and fharp at the end: they are thin, fmooth, undivided at the edges, and of a pale green. ; The flowers rife from the bofom of the leaves, and ftand fingly on long footftalks : they are very large and white. The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are nu- merous. It is common in hedges, and flowers all fum- mer. ane C. Bauhine calls it Convolvulus major albus. Others, Convelvulus major. Our common people call it Bearbind. 2. Common little Bindweed. Convolvulus minor vulgaris. The root is flender, and has many fibres. The ftalks are numerous, round, green, weak, and almoft a foot long: the plant is not able to fup- port itfelf; but it does not climb among bufhes as the great Lindweed, but ftraggles upon the ground. The leaves ftand irregularly, and are nume- rous: they are broad, fhort, of a pale green, un- divided at the edges, pointed at the end, and running into two points alfo at the ftalk, in the manner of an arrow head. The flowers rife from the bofoms of the leaves : they ftand on footftalks ; and are large, and of a pale red, fometimes white. The feed follows in a large capfule. It is common by way-fides, and flowers in May, and during the reft of the fummer. C. Bauhine calls it Convoluulus minor arvenfis. Others, Convolvulus minor. This and the preceding both poffe(s the fame virtues: they are rough purges ; and, to thofe con- , ftitutions that can bear fuch medicines, are good N° 6, BRI TLS HS Pek CYT Bs, in dropfies, and other diforders from obftru€tions of the vifcera. The roots poffefs the principal virtue, and they are beft freth. The country method is to prefs out the juice, and give it with {trong beer. The root of the great bindweed is what they commonly ufe on this occafion. fingular, that hogs eat this root often in confi- derable quantity, without any manifeft effect, It may be ufeful in the country, where peoples conftitutions are rough, and milder medicines are not to be had; but it is not worth bringing into the fhops. 3. Narrow-leaved Bindweed. ' Convolvulus pufillus anguftifolius, and ° It ig The root is long and flender, and has a few - fibres. The ftalks are numerous, round, weak, and fix inches long: they lie upon the ground, and their leaves grow principally on one fide. Thefe ftand fingly at fmall diftances, and are very narrow, and of a confiderable length : they hoop round the footftalks, which are fhort and flender, in the manner of the head of an arrow, but the heads are more rounded ; the edges are not at all indented, and they end in a fharp point. The flowers have long, flender footftalks, and commonly ftand oppofite to the leaves, tho? not fo numerous: they are fall, and of a pale © flefh colour. The capfule of the feed is alfo fmall. It is a native of our corn-fields, but not com- mon. It flowers in June. Plukenet calls it Convolvulus anguftifino folio noftras cum auriculis. 4. Little Bindweed, with a deep divided flower, Convoluulus pufillus flore profunde [eéto. The root is long, flender, and brown: The ftalks are round, weak, numerous, and five or fix inches long. The leaves are numerous, fhort, broad, and of a pale green, The flowers are fmall, of a faint red colour; and are compofed of fingle petals as the others, but they are deeply divided into five parts. The feeds are contained in fhort capfules. It grows with us in barren places, Mr, Rand, Q. who 58 The BRA TF GS -H: “HAESR: BALL. who firft found it in Kent, called it Convolvulus flore minimo ad unguem fere fetto 5 and under this name it is placed in Dillenius’s edition of the Synapjfis of Britifh plants. 5. Sea Bindweed. Soldanella vulgaris. Y The root is long, flender, and creeping. The ftalks are round, ftriated, weak, and ufually of a purplifh colour: they grow to a foot or more in length, and lean upon the ground. The leaves ftand irregularly: they have long footftalks, and are of a rounded figure, rather broader than long, and have a kind of ears at the ftalk. The flowers are Jatge, and of a beautiful deep red: they have long footftalks, and rife fingly from the bofoms of the leaves. The feed-veffel is fhort. The ftalk is tough, the leaves are of a flefhy thick fubfance, and the plant abounds with a milky juice. It is common on our fea-coafts, and flowers in June. DIVISION I. 1, Syrian Scammony. Convolvulus foliis fagittatis pedunculis bifloris. \ The root is very long, large, and thick, an furnifhed with many fibres. | : The ftalks are numerous and weak, like thofe of our common great bindweed: they climb upon bufhes in the fame manner, and run to eight feet in length. The leaves ftand irregularly, and have long footftalks: they are large, oblong, and of the arrowhead fhape ; they are fharp at the point, and.as it were cut off with a nick at the two ends behind the ftalk. The flowers are large, hollow, undivided, and of a beautiful purple: they ftand two upon each footftalk ; but only one of them blows at a time. The feed-veffel is fingle, and roundifh, the feeds large and black. It is a native of Syria, and flowers in June. J. Bauhine calls it Scammonea Syriaca flore ma- jore convoluuli, Others, Scammonea Syriaca. The drug known by the name of Scammony at » the druggifts, is the hardened juice of the root of this plant: it is a ftrong cathartick. We have feen that the roots of moft of the dindweeds are purging, and this poffeffes that quality in the flrongeft degree of all. The juice which we know by the name of /cammony, though an excellent, isa rough medicine, and is never to be given without correctives, 2, Cretick Scammony. Convolvulus radice longiffiima. The root és flender, brown, and of a vatt length. The ftalks are numerous, flender, weak, and three or four feet high. The leaves ftand in Pairs ; and are large, and C. Bauhine calls it Seldanella maritima minor: Others, Soldanella vulgaris. We have no othe fpecies of /oldanella a na- tive of this country. The roots and leaves of this fpecies are a very violent purge : they are much more fharp in their operation than thofe of the common bindweed ; but for conftitutions that can bear them, they may be ufeful. There have been inftances of great good done by this plant in dropfies. Some upon the fea-coafts pickle the young tops in the manner of fampire; and even in this way they purge very brifky. In this form they are a popular remedy againft the {curvy ; whence the plant has obtained the name of /curvygra/s among the common people; that name of right belonging to a quite different plant. The beft way of giving it is, to dry and pow- der the root ; but even in this ftate it will work very violently. Its proper correétives are ginger and annifeeds ; and, with right management, it may thus be made very ferviceable in fome ftub- born complaints, OUR “Bele GeNi eS Paps © 1B is: of a beautiful green: they have long, flender footftalks, and are heart-fafhioned at the bafe, narrow in proportion to their length, aud pointed at the ends, : The flowers are large, and of a beautiful purple: they ftand fingly at the tops of the branches, and are irregularly dented at the edges. The feed-veffel is fhort and thick, and the feeds are black. It is a native of the ifland of Crete, and flowers in July. Alpinus calls it Scammonea macrorbizos, Others, Scammonea Cretica. The root abounds with a fharp juice, of the fame nature with that of the Syrian fcammony. Tt is prepared in the fame manner, by dry- ing, and ufed for the fame purpofes ; but it is milder than the other. 3. Silver Bindweed. Convolvulus althea Soliis argenteus, The root is long, flender, and fpreading. The ftalks are numerous, and weak ; they trail upon the ground, and are of a pale green colour. hairy, and tough. : The leaves ftand irrecularly. ah footftalks, which are fo nea See droop: they are of a beautiful fhape and colour : they are oblong, heart-fafhioned at the bafe. and pointed at the end; but toward the hate they are alfo deeply indented or divided in the palmated manner; and they are notched all the way along the edges, The flowers ufually grow two on a footftalk fometimes fingly. Each has its own feparate seat and they are large, and of a beautiful Ted. The feed-veffel is fhort and thick, The The BRUTUSH HERD 2D 59. The whole plant is of a fine whitith filvery hue, and when broken does not afford a milky juice, as moft dindweeds do. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in June: — C. Bauhine calls it Convolvulus argenteus folio althee. J. Bauhine, Convolvulus peregrinus pul- cher folio Betonica, 4. Little blue Bindweed. Convolvulus ceruleus minor. The root is long, flender, brown, and hung with many fibres. The ftalks are weak, round, hairy, of a pale green colour, and a foot high. The leaves ftand irregularly, and in a confide- rable number: they have no footftalks: they are of a pale green, long, narrow, and pointed at the ends: the edges are not at all dented, and they are but a little hairy. The flowers ftand fingly on long, fender foot- ftalks, rifing from the bofoms of the leaves : they are large, and of a beautiful blue. The feed-veffel is fhort and thick. It is a native of Africa and of fome of the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Conveluulus peregrinus ceru- leus folio oblongo, Others, Convolvulus c.eruleus minor, 5. Small-leaved Bindweed. Convolvulus ramofus folio parvo. . The root is fmall, fibrous, and brown. The ftalks are numerous, round, of a pale green, and tolerably firm: they divide into many branches; and frequently ftand upright. They are fix or eight inches high. : The leaves are fmall, oblong, and rounded at the ends. They fometimes ftand in pairs, but oftener fingly. The branches rife from the bofoms of thefe, and are long, flender, and often divided into others. The leaves on thefe are very {mall and numerous ; and they ftand altogether irregularly. The flowers are large, and of a bright red: they grow towards the tops of the branches, and have very fhort footftalks. The feed-veffel is fhort and thick. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in June. Morifon calls it Convolvulus ramofus minor. Pona, Helxine ciffampelos ramofa Cretica; for it is alfo a native of that IMand. 6. Many-leaved Bindweed. Convoluulus foliis numerofis anguftis. The root is long, woody, brown, and furnifh- ed with many fibres. The leaves that rife from it are very narrow, longifh, pointed at the endss and of a pale green: they ftand on long foot- ftalks, and fade when the ftalks rife. Thefe are numerous, flender, tough, of a pale green, fix or feven inches long, and confiderably branched. The leaves are numerous, and ftand thick: they are narrow, pale, undivided at the edges, pointed at the ends, and have fcarce any foot- ftalks. ; : The flowers are numerous, moderately large, of a beautiful pale red ; and they generally grow two together. They are divided at the rim into five, pointed fegments. The feed-veffel is fmall. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in June. » C.Bauhine calls it Convolvulus linarie folio: Others, Convolvulus Jpice foliis. 7. Oak-leaved Bindweed. Convolvulus quercus folio. The root is flender, fibrous, and brown. The firft leaves rife in a thick tuft: they are of a deep green colour, of a flethy fubftance, and ftand on long footftalks: they have fome ride refemblance of oak leaves in miniature, only they are lefs indented toward the point, and blunter at the ends. The ftalks are numerous, tough, round, red- ifh, and two foot high: they ftand more ereé&t than moft of the other dindweeds, but not per- fectly fo. The leaves ftand alternately : they refemble thofé at the root, but they are fmaller, and not fo flefhy. v4: The flowers grow finely from the bofoms of the leaves, and have long, flender footftalks: they are large, undivided at the edge, and of a dufky purplith colour. The feed-veffel is large, and full of dark co- loured feeds. It is a native of the fea-coafts of Italy, but not common, Imperatus calls it Soldanelle maritime congener. 8. Cretick Bindweed, called Dorycnium. Convolvulus multifiorus fericeus. The root is long, thick, and has but few fibres. The firft leaves ate long, narrow, undivided, and have no footftalks: they are of a filvery whitenefs, and foft to the touch. : The ftalks are numerous, round, firm, and woody : they do not lie upon the ground, as in moft of the others, but ftand erect. The leaves on them are narrow, long, and blunt at the end, and have the fame filky afpect with thofe from the root: they are numerous, and ftand irregularly, with young tufts frequently in their bofoms. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, fix or eight together, and they are large, and of a __ beautiful red, though ‘fometimes white. The feed-veffel is fhort and thick. It is a native of the Greek iflands, and flowers in July. Morifon calls it Convolvulus major reétus Creti- cus argenteus. Others, Dorycnium, and Cn orum. C. Bauhine, Cneorum ‘album folio ole argenteo mollt. Linnzeus fuppofes this, and the laft but one, varieties of the fame fpecies; but they are truly difting. g: Ivy-leaved Bindweed. Convoloulus foliis trilobis. The root is fmall, fibrous, and brown. The firft leaves are large, numerous, and form a thick tuft. They are placed on long footftalks, and 60 The BRI EITS:H «HER B Ack and are formed as it were of three fmaller joined together, The {talks are numerous, flender, and branched. They. are too weak to fupport themfelves with- out help, but will climb to the height of ten feet. The leaves ftand irregularly, and are of the fame form with thofe from the root: they have three points, or are formed of three parts, and are of a pale green. The flowers ftand on long footftalks, and are large, and of a beautiful blue; they are divided into five pointed feements at the edge. The feed-veffel js large, and the feeds are blackith. It is a native of the Eaft, and Aowers in July and Auguft. The flowers open principally in an evening, and fade when the fun has power. C. Bauhine calls it Convoloulus cerulens hede- receo, angulofo folio. 10, Feather-leaved Bindweed. Convelvulus foliis pennatis. The root is finall, divided into two or three parts, and furnifhed with long, f{preading fibres. The firft leaves are numerous, and extreamly beautiful: they fland on long, purplith foot- ftalks, and are large, of a fine deep green, and compofed of ten or twelve pairs of long feg- ments, extreamly narrow, and placed nearly op- pofite to one another, with an odd one, ufually forked, at the end; together with thefe, there Geb N rife a couple of broad, plain, hard leaves from the feed, which remain a long time; and fome- times the ftalk rifes immediately between thefe, without any other radical leaves. The ftalks are flender, tough, and weak : they climb on any thing to the height of feveral feet : the leaves fland irregularly on them, and have long, tender footftalks: they in all things re- femble thofe ‘from the root; and are extreamly beautiful. 2 The flowers are large, and of a very bright red: they grow in little clufters, and are di- vided into five fegments at the edge: they have fomething of the afpeét of the flowers of jeflamy, and have thence given, among fome writers, a name to the plant. The feeds are contained in fhort capfules, one after every flower, . Itis a native of the Eaft Indies, and of fome parts of South America. Columna calls it Convolvulus Pennatus exoticus rarior, _ C. Bauhine, Sofminum millifolii folio. Many call it quameclit, an Indian name. Lin- nus feparates this and fome others fiom the reft of the dindweeds, under the name of Lpomea, but with fo little foundation in Nature, that when he has given the characters, he adds, < thefe plants are really fpecies of Convolvulus.” Why therefore did he permit the other nominal genus toremain? He has alfo feparated thefe, under the name of ipomea, in his Species Plantarum, his Jaft publifhed work. Ups HI. GENTIAN. GENTIAN 4, rudiment of the fruit, though fi the body of the rudiment, rathe nature. This would then have been placed amon and giving the firft notice of the origin. } This author includes {mall centaury in this genus : though the flowers are nearly the fame. Det Vales le OnN. 31. 1. Marth-gentian. Gentiana paluftris anguftifolia. The root confifts of feveral thick, long fibres, with other fmaller ones growing tothem. The large fibres are yellow, tough, and of a bitter taftes fometimes they grow to a fmall head, fometimes they are only joined at the top to one another, . The ftalk is flender, firm, altogether ftrait, joint. The leaves are long, narrow, green: they grow two at a j 3 f upright, but not frequently bowing from joint to and of a dufky oint oppofite to which is of a tubular fhape, formed of a fingle leaf divided in BRST Tel soy _and divided into fegments at to five parts: the feeds are but they differ fufficiently in many refpedts, SPE C.LE-s. one another, and have’ no foot! : undivided at the edge, and harass as The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and are very large and beautiful : they are long, hollow, irregularly divided into five fegments at the edge, and of a very deep blue. The feed- vere] is long and flender, and the feeds aré fmall. It is found in man bogey Stound, and flo C. Bauhine calls it ia. Others call it Py lith, Marfb-gentian, laft is an antiquated a; Y parts of England on Wwers in Auguft, Gentiana Daluftris anguftifo- eumonanthe, We, in Eng- or Calathian violer. This ind improper name. 2. Woolly- The, BiRa © 18 Hoe Ewan he 2, Woolly-flowered Gentian. Gentiana flore lanuginofo. The root is fmall, woody, and divided into feveral parts: it is of a brownifh colour, and bitter tafte: there are long fibres produced from jt about the head, which creep under the fur- face, and fpread every way. The ftalk is flender, round, ftriated, ereét, and five or fix inches high, fometimes more, fometimes much lefs; for the plant varies greatly in fize. The leaves are long and narrow, but not alto- gether fo narrow as thofe of the preceding. They are of a frefh green, and ftand in pairs without footftalks. The flowers are large, and of a deep blue. They are divided into four fegments at the edge, andthereis adownynefs of a purplifh colour within. The feed-veflel is long, flender, and pointed ; and the feeds are very {mall. It is found in barren, chalky foils, but not common. It flowers in September. C. Bauhine calls it Gentiana pratenfis flore la- nuginofo, With us it does not grow in mea- dows, as that name feems to exprefs, When this plant grows larger from a good foil, the leaves acquire more breadth, and in this form it is defcribed by fome authors asa different fpe- cies, under the name of Gentianella fugax autum- nalis elalior centaurii minoris foliis; but this is merely a variety from more nourifhment. 3. Little Spring Gentian. Gentianella pumila precox. The ont Is fmall, long, brown, and divided, and has a bitter tafte. DIVISION IL. ‘1. Great-flowered Gentian. Gentiana latifolia magno flore. The root is fmall, yellowifh, divided into many parts, and furnifhed with fibres: itis of a bitter tafte, and firm texture. _ The leaves are broad and fhort: a tuft of them rife without footftalks from the root early in fpring, and foon after, the ftalks appear. Thefe are round, firm, brownifh, and five or fix inches high. They have numerous leaves ftanding in pairs, ‘of the fame fhape, colour, and fubftance with thofe from the root: they are nervous, and of a brownifh green. The flower ftands at the tops of the ftalk, and is very large, and of a beautiful fky blue; it is tubular, and divided into five fegments at the edge, with white lines down their fides. The feed-veffel is long, and large, and fplits into two at the top. The feeds are fmall. It is frequent in Germany, and flowers in April. C. Bauhine calls it Gentiana alpina verna major: Others call it Hippion. We, Great-flowered £en- tian. Ne 6, The ftalks are numerous, and of a brownifh colour, rigid, firm, upright, but little branched, and from three to eight or ten inches in heights according to the degree of nourifhment they find, The leaves ftand in pairs pretty near to one another: they are oblong, broad, pointed at the ends, of a dufky green colour, and have no footftalks. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, fometimes fingly, fometimes two or three toge- ther: they are large, and blue, and are divided into five fegments at the edge. The feed-veffel is thick, and oblong, and the: feeds fmall and brown. It is common in hilly paftures, and flowers in April. This, like the former, varying in fize, has been divided, from that accident alone, into feve- ral imaginary fpecies. Columna calls it Gentianella purpurea mitima. Ray, Gentianella fugax verna five precox. Thefe three are the only fpecies of gentian we have native in Britain. They and the next to be defcribed are called by many gextianelle, from their fmallnefs in comparifon of the gentian ufed in medicine. $ They are all good ftomachicks, but inferior to that great kind. The country people make a very good bitter tincture from any of thefe, and orange peel fteeped in white wine, FOREIGN SPECIES. 2. Great Gentian. | Getiana major lutea: The root is long and large, divided into feve. ral parts, and covered with a rough fkin. It ig brown on the outfide, yellow within, of a frm fubftance, atid very bitter tafte, The leaves that firft rife from it are large, oblong, broadeft in the middle, pointed at the ends, and without footftalks: they are of a deep green colour, and firm fubftance ; and have five large ribs running lengthwife of them, and no others of any note. ‘This is a particular mark, as it makes them refemble the leaves of plantain or white hellebore; the generality of plants having only one long and large rib in the leaf, and the others running obliquely from it. The ftalk rifes in the midft of this tuft of leaves, and is round, thick, fein upright, and three or four feet high. The leaves are numerous, and ftand in ahd in aline over one another; they are of the fame fhape and fubftance with thofe at the root, and having no footftalks, they furround the ftalk at the bafe. The flowers are very numerous, and yellow. They ftand in great tufts furrounding the ftalk, with a pair of leaves under every tuft: they are placed They 62 Th BRITISH HERBAL, placed in a fall cup, and are divided into five long and narrow fegments. The feed-veflels are long, fwelled at the bot- tom, and fplit a little at the top. It is a native of Germany and other parts of the north of ‘Europe; and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Gentiana major lutea.» Ca- merarius and others, fimply, Gewtiana; and fome, from the fegments ‘of the-lower being fpread like the rays of a ftar, Afterias. } This is the fpecies whofe root is the true and proper gentian kept by the druggifts. It is an excellent ftomachick, and is the prin- cipal ingredient in bitter tinétures. It (trengthens the ftomach, promotes an appetite, and affifts di- geftion. This root, orange-peel, and cardamom feed infufed in wine or water, either way, make an excellent family bitter. This is its common ufe; but befides this, it ftands recommended againft malignant fevers, and diforders rifing from obftruétions in the vifcera: -and it is alfo good againft worms, and in. in: termittent fevers. j | The beft tincture of it is that in white wine. cy Crofs-leaved Gentian. entiana foliis cruciatim difpofitis. IP The root is long, thick, and divided into fe- veral parts. The firft leaves are long and broad; they rife in large tufts, and have no footftalks. The flalks are numerous, round, firm, up- right, and eight inches high. The leaves are placed in pairs without foot- ftalks, and furround the ftalk at their bafe : they are broad, nervous, of a deep green, and “fharp- pointed; and the pairs ufually are placed crofswife of one another. The flowers ftand in a thick clufter at the tops of the ftalks, and are fmall and blue: they are tubular, and divided into four fhort fegments. The feed-vefie! is oblong, flender, and fplit at the top, and the feeds are fmall. It is common in the northern parts of Europe, and flowers in July. : C. Bauhine calls it Gentiana cruciata. Came- rarius, Gentiana minor. The root has the fame tafte, and probably the fame virtues, with the common gentian. It is greatly recommended in peftilential fevers. 4. Great blue Gentian Gentiana major flore ceruleo. N The root is long, large, and divided into fe« veral parts. The leaves that rife from it are long and broad: they have no footftalks : they are of a deep green colour, and firm fubftance, undivided at the edges, and fharp-pointed. The ftalks rife in the centre of this tuft, and are firm, upright, and two feet high. The leaves are long and large; they refemble thofe from the root, but are of a paler green and of a fofter fubftance : they have no footftalks, - and they are ribbed lengthwife, like thofe of. the &reat gentian: they ftand in pairs, and enclofe the ftalk at the bottom. The flowers grow from the bofoms of the leaves, from the middle to the top, and not un- frequently from the root up to the top, generally two upon each footftalk : they are large, and of a beautiful blue, tubular, and divided into five parts at the edge, The feed-veffel is long and flender, and con- tains a great quantity of fmall feeds. It is a native of Germany, and flowers in June. : C. Bauhine calls it Gentiana afclepiadis folio: GEN) Ue oe ae COPING TT AUTRE Yo CENTAURIUM. HE flower is {mall, and confifts of a fingle petal, which is of a tubular form, into feveral :fegments at the edge. The feed-veffel is lender, oblong, and leaves are tender. Linneus places this among his pentandria digynia, tobe adifting genus. But, though it agrees with gentian in the ftru€ture of ciently in its whole form and fubftance ; the {talks of the gentians being tough and nervous; whereas thofé of the centaury are tender, he Many authors call this genus centaurinm minus, DIVIST:ON 4 1. Little Centaury. Centaurium minus vulgare. The root is {mall, long, divided into many parts, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The firfl leaves rife in a tuft: they are oblong, Small centaury, havin taury to a plant altogether unlike it, and of a diftin& clafs, and is divided - and fingle. The ftalks making it a fpecies, of gentian, not allowing it the flower, itdiffers fui. hard and rigid, and their leaves as in the generality of other plants. ig given the name of great cen- BRITISH SPECIES. broad, fmooth, no footftalks, The ftalks rife among thefe, and are numerous, fender, upright, eight inches high, and of a yellowith colour. The leaves ftand in pairs on them, of a pale green colour, and have and have no i} la VYVOW loa vid tandwee Small he Hil Bindweed ¥ Sittle Gentian ; oo Spring \Aelic Scam jG meng 4 4)? ey Seam Oe \ y ; Oak Be a Cetic Bendweed Bindweed calld Y, bitin Sse Genlia MD ‘ Se ; W 2 \\ Grea Gen lian ww & Crofs teariil Shu. eee iy, —Atlicr Bindueed ® Lm ; > | 4 My 1 . Ay 7 NY Sry Aeindwud induced a | Lie MNindweed SLA Ls wil A Hie falher “bead: ‘ Ana a G veal B ler ra DP ~ as Yortian aR RNY ae The BRIT1SiH | H ER Ave 63. no footftalks: they ate like thofe from, the root, but fhorter, of a frefher green, and more pointed : they are undivided at the edges, and tend up- wards. Toward the top the ftalk dividés into feveral branches, commonly, but not conftantly, by two and two: thefe have fmaller and narrower’ leaves on them, and at their tops tufts of flowers; and all joining, there is formed by the whole, a very large clufter. : The flowers are fmall, but of a bright and beautiful red: they are flender, hollow, and fpread toward the rim, where they are divided into five fegments. The feed-véfiel is fimple, {mall and long, and the feeds are numerous and very minute. It is common in dry paftures, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Centaurium minus. J. Bau- hine, Centaurium minus flore purpureo et albo; the flowers being fometimes white; but this is an uncommon variety. : Tt is an excellent ftomachick: its tafte is bit- ter, but not unpleafant, and it promotes an appe- tite, ftrengthens the ftomach, and affifts digeftion. It may be called the Englifh gentian, “Tt is excellent in’ obftruétions of the vifcera, in. the jaundice, and againft worms. The beft way of giving itis in infufion, to which may be added lemon-peel and cardamoms. 2, Little yellow Marfh-centaury. Centaurium paluftre luteum minimum.. The root is long, flender, and divided into many parts. ‘The firft leaves are fhort,.and obtufe at the end: they have no foottftalks, and they quickly grow yellow and fade. The ftalks are numerous, flender, and very much branched: they are four or five inches high, and full of leaves : thefe ftand in. pairs, and are fmall, obtufe, and undivided at the edges, : DIVISTON IL Alternate-leaved Centaury. Centaurium foliis alternis. This differs from aJ] the others in an obvious and ftriking particular: their leaves grow in pairs ; thofe of this fpecies fingly. Its root is long, thick, yellowifh, divided into feveral parts, and furnifhed with many fibres. The leaves that rife from it are oblong; broad, even at the edges, fharp at the points, and have no footftalks : they rife in a little tuft, and are of a pale green; and they foon grow pale, and wither when the ftalks rife. The ftalks are numerous, round, upright, very much branched, and of a pale yellowith co- Jour: they divide generally in a forked manner, or, as botanifts call it, dichotomoufly, but not univerfally. 8 The flowers ftand at the tons of the ftalks and branches, and are little, and of a dufky yellow. The feed-veffels are ‘long, flender, and full of very {mall feeds. It‘is found on boggy grounds in fome parts of England, but is not common. It flowers in June. Ray calls it Centaurium paluftre luteum minimum nofiras. Jt has the fame bitter tafte with the other. 3. Perfoliate yellow Centaury. os i) Centaurium luteum perfoliatum. The root is fmall, oblong, and divided into feveral parts. The ftalk is round, flender, upright, and a foot and half high; it is {carce at all branched, and of a pale yellowith green. The leaves are very fingular ; ‘they feem to be compofed each of a pair of broad and fhort ones, perfectly jointed at their bafes; fo that they form one oblong, hollow leaf, of the fhape of a boat, through the centre of which the main ftalk paffes. No plant is fo perfeSly perfoliate. Thefe fingular leaves are tender, of a deep green, and fmail, obtufe at the points, and not at all indented at the edges: they are finaller toward the lower part. of the ftalk, largeft fomewhat above the middle, and thence fmaller again to- ward the top. . The flowers fland in a loofe clufter at the top of the ftalk, each on a flender pedicle: they are ofa beautiful yellow: they have a tubular bot- tom, and are divided at the rim into eight feg- ments;.fo deeply that at firft fight they feem to confift of fo many petals. The feed-yeffel is oblong and flender, and the feed fmall. It grows in drys. barren, chalky, places, but not very common. It varies extreamly in fize; whence fome have divided it into a larger and {mallerfpecies. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls, ic Centaurium luteum perfoli- atum. FF OARBESESS NES SEP Eee Es! The leaves ftand alternately, and are of a pale green: they are not very numerous, and they vary greatly in fhape. Thofe toward the bot- tom of the ftalk are like fuch as rife from the root; thofe higher up are longer and narrower; and there are tufts alfo of very fmall and narrow onés in their bofoms, and toward the tops of the branches. The flowers are fimall, and white: they do not ftand in clufters at the tops of the ftalks, as in the other fpecies, but all the way up in a kind of ir- regular fpikes. Its feed-veffels are fmall and cylindrical, and the feeds very {mall and numerous. It is a native of France and Italy, and fowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Centaurium minus fpicatum album. Others, Centaurium minus album. GY N:Uss 64 Phe
Nuimmularia foliis acutis. many fibres. The feed-veffels are {mall and round, The ftalks are numerous, very flender, weak, It is frequent in woods, and flowers in July, and eight or ten inches long. C. Bauhine calls ic Anagallis lutea nemorun, The leaves ftand in pairs, and have no footftalks: | J. Bauhine, Anagallis lutea numimularie Similis, they are broad and fhort, and refemble verymuch | We, Yellow wood pimpernell; but J. Bauhine’s the leaves of the common kind in colour as well | name comes neareft to truth, for it is in reality a as difpofition ; but that inftead of terminating ! kind of moneywort. DIVISION IL FOREIGN SPECIEs, 1. Steliate-leaved Moneywort. Petiver calls it Auagallis marina lutea foliis latis Nummularia foliis ftellatis. Srellatis. The root is fall, flender, long, and full of Thefe feveral fpecies, as they refemble the com- fibres. 7] mon moneywort in form, are of the fame nature The ftalks are numerous, weak, flender, and | and qualities: it is a plant of very confiderable feven or eight inches long. virtues, which loofe ftrife does not poffefs, ar The leaves are broad, and fhort: they ftand | leaft not in an equal degree, and is therefore very four together : they have fhort footftalks, and are neceffarily feparated and preferved under its pro- fharp-pointed. per and peculiar name. From the bofom of every leaf rifes the pedicle The common moneywort is cooling and aftrin- of a flower, therefore there are four of them alfo gents it is excellent againft fpitting of blood, at every joint: they are of a beautiful yellow, and | and in dyfenteries : for thefe purpofes the beft way are deeply divided into five fegments, of giving it is dried and powdered. The feed-veffel is fmall and oval. The juice of it isa known remedy for over- It is a native of Virginia, principally about the | fowings of the menfes, and the roots powdered coaft ; and flowers in July. are good in diarrhceas, @ eh Noes VII. ROUND PIMPERNELL, SAMOLUsS, HE flower confifts of a fingle hollow petal, Widening to the mouth, and divided into five cb. “le tufe fegments : the feed-veffel is of an oval figure, and the cup remains with it. Linneus places this among the pentandria monogynia; the threads being five in the centre of each flower, and the rudiment of the fruit fingle. j OF this genus there is but one known fpecies, Round-leaved Pimpernell. that they are not fo lengthened at the bafe : they F are broad, obtufe, and rounded at the end. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalk and branches, and are {mall and white, The feed-veffel is fmall, and the feeds nume- rous and minute. : It is not uncommon in wet places, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Anagallis aquatica folio ro. tundo non crenato. Ak Bauhine, Samolus vale- randi, ; é Samolus. The root is a thick tuft of long, flender fibres. The leaves that rife from it are numerous, ob- long, and without footftalks : they ftand in a re- gular tuft, and are of a beautiful green. They are narrow, and lengthened in manner of a ftalk toward the bafe, but at the top oval, undivided at the edges, and obtufe. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and a foot igh. Its juice is an excellent antj i _ The leaves fland irregularly on it, and are of | with ee of Seville een ae the fame figure with thofe from the Toot, except quantity of white wine GENUS Th BRITKSH MERBA LD 9 690 Give GaN UL as VIIL PIMPERNELIL, ANAGALLIS, MPHE flowér confitts of a fingle petal; divided fo deeply into five fegments, that there remains no tubular part, and the fegments adhere to one another only at their bafes: the cup is formed of a fingle leaf, divided into five hollowed fegments : the feed-veffel is round, and the feeds are numerous and fmall. Linnzus places this among his pentandria monogynia ; the threads being Give in every gene anc the rudiment of the fruit fingle. DIVISION 4, BRA 1:6:H 1-S.P, 8.018 s. “1: Red Pimpernel]. The leaves are long, narrow; and of a pale green : they grow two, or as often three, at a! | joint, and have no footftalks : they are broadeft The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with | at the bafe, narrower all the way to the point, and many fibres. not at all indented at the edges. ; The ftalks are numerous, weak, and fpread- The flowers aré large; and of a beautiful blue: ing: they are fix or eight inches long, but lie ] they fand fingly on long footftalks rifing from fcattered upon the ground, or rife but very im- | the bofoms of the leaves, and are very numerous Anagallis flore pheniceo. perfectly. on the whole length of the ftalks, The leaves are fhort, broad, and of a fine The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are nu- bright green : they ftand in pairs, and have no | merous and finall. footflalks : they are broadeft at the bafé, and nar- We have it in otit corn-fields, but not com- rower all the way to the point, and are undivided | mon. It flowers in June. at the edges: they ftand at moderate diftances C. Bauhine calls it Asagallis ceruleo fore. from pair to pair, and ‘the’ plant has a regular | Others, Anagallis famina, Female pimpernell. : and pretty afpect. There are two varieties of the common red pim- The flowers are fmall, but very confpicuous | pernell, which are treated by too many writers as ° from their colour, which is a bright fearlet : they | diftin& fpecies ; the one Has white flowers, and’ ftand on long, pale-green footftalks rifing from | the other three leaves at a Joint, as the blue has, the bofoms of the leaves all the way up the | inftead of two: this isthe mere work of chance ; ftalk. the plants all rife from the fame feeds; and are The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are nu- by no means to be confidered as a diftin& fpe- ° merous. cies. Tc is common in corn-fields, and flowers in May. Pimpernell is a celebrated cordial and fudoti- ; C. Bauhine calls it Avagallis flore pheniceo, \ fick ; and the red-flowered, or common kind has | Others calls it Avagallis mas. Our common | mott virtue. people, Pimpernell. An infufion of the freth plant is excellent in j flight feverifh indifpofitions ; never; or very 2. Blue Pimpernel. rarely, failing to promote perfpiration, and throw off thé complaint: The whole plant dried and powdered; is good The root is long, divided, and fibrous: againft the epilepfy. There are well authenti- The ftalks are numerous and firm: they do | cated accounts of this terrible difeate abfolutely hot lie {catered on the ground, as in the preced- | cured by it. ing fpecies, but ftand tolerably upright ; and are A decoétion of it is much uféd in fome places little branched, and fix inches high, in the firft ftages of confumptions. Anagallis ceruleo flore. DAVIS 10 N “i: F OIE EGN "S PSEC opis: re Jagged-leaved Pimpernell. The flowers are large, and of a deep red. Anagallis foliié oblonei “5, It is a native of Afia, and flowers in {pring: nagallis fol oblongis finuatis Petiver calls it duagallis purpurea burfe pafteris The root is long and brown. Solis minoribus. The leaves that firft grow from it are long and natrow 3 and they lie fpread in a round. form 2. Blue Pimpernell, with fhort leaves: upon the ground : they ate of adufky green, and Anagallis cerulea foliis brevibus deeply finuated. ; The ftalks are round, firm, and upright ; and The root is long, flender, divided, and hung their leaves refemble thofe of the root, but they | with fibres. ‘ are fhorter, and more deeply indented. ' The ftalks are numerous, and tolerably firm. 7 The 68 Thee BER 1. Di, S. A HERBAL. . The leaves ftand in pairs, and are of a cordated or heart-fathioned fhape: they are of a deep green; they have no footftalks, and they fur- round the ftalk at their bafe. The feveral pairs do not ftand in the fame line, but oppolite; and- fometimes, asin our common kind, there grow three leaves or more at a joint, inftead of two. Go Ba IN ‘Pye Real ML ! maximo flore. The flowers ftand on flender footftalks, and are of a beautiful blue. "The feed veffel is round, and the feeds are fmall. ft is a native of Spain, and flowers in Auguft. -Tournefort calls ic Avagallis Hifpanica latifolia Others, Cruciata montana cerulea. UP) IX. R O'S # PRIMULA. HE flower confitts of a fingle petal ina long cup; the tube of the petal is of the length of the cup, and its edge is divided into five fegments, which are obtufe, and dented in the middle : the feed-veffel is fingle and long 5 and the flower ftands fingle upon a naked footftalk. : Linnaeus places this among his pentandria monogynia, the threads in the flower being five, and the rudiment of the fruit fingle : but he includes the cowflip and auricula under this name, making them all one genus. This is not neceffary nor convenient. The cowflip. has its particular name and peculiar virtues, and it is faffiiently diftinguifhed by having feveral flowers upon a ftalk, whereas in the primerofe thereis but one; nor does the auricula want its marks of diftinétion from both, Dav 1.SiOgny al. Common Primrofe. Primula vulgaris. The root isa fhort, thick head, furnifhed with a great number of long and large fibres. The leaves rife in a great tuft; and are large, oblong, and without footftalks : they are rough, of a deep, but pleafant green, and not dented at the edges. The flowers rife among thefe on fingle foot- flalks : thefe are flender, naked, hairy, whitith, and each fuftains one flower. This is large, and white, or yellowifh, deeply divided into five fegments, which are broadeft at the end, and indented there in a heart fafhioned manner. DuLV 1IS,;1,0.N; II. Purple Primrofe. Primula purpurea folio brevi. The root confifts of a fmall head, and a vaft quantity of fhort fibres. The leaves are numerous, and form a thick tuft: they are fhort and broad, irregularly and flightly finuated at the edges, and pointed at the ends. The ftalk which fupports the flower is three inches high, whitifh, naked, and flender. The flower ftands at th¢ top, fingle and large: it has a green hufk, ribbed in five places, and Gr She N FOREIGN BeR IT t-S tr “Sebo bac Shs: The feed-veffel is Iongifh, flender, and co-. vered; and the feeds ate numerous and roundifh. It is. common in woods and thickets, and flowers in fpring. C. Bauhine calls it Verba/culum fylvaticum majus Jingulari flore. The roots of the common primrofe are ufed as 1a fternutatory againft difeafes of the head. The beft way is to bruife them, and prefs out the juice, which is to be fnuffed up. It occafions vio- lent fneezing, and brings away a great deal of water, but without danger. : Dried and powdered, the roots are good in nervous diforders ; but the dofe muft be fmall- It is reported to be a cure in the night-mare. SePeh.C Ese is itfelf divided into five fegments; theft broad, and heart-fafhioned at the ends : he o lour is a beautiful purple, except in the centre where there is a yellow ftar. ; The feed-veffel is long, and the feeds are nu- merous and fmall. It is a native of Turky, and flowers in fpring. Cornutus calls it Primula veris Conftantinopo- litana. Others, Primula purpurea, The Turks call it Carchichec: they oi : they give the roots dried and powdered in diforders of ee fto- mach, and, as is faid, with great fuccefs, U_ Ss a COWSLIP, PARALY STs. HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, tubu'ar in the lower ~ fegments, obtufe, and dented in the middle : ftand upon one naked ftalk, part, and at the edge divided {nto five the feed-veffel is fingle and oblong : feveral flowers Tinnzus \ Pu Lies WUON are founled lied aca AS (YUL \ The BRUIT LS HY H ER B AYE, 265 Linnzeus joins this and the preceding under one common genus, with the name Primula; but the difpofition of the flowers is a fufficient diftinétion. 4. Common Cowflip, Paralyfis vulgaris, The root is compofed of many fibres, con- nected to a fmall head. The leaves are numerous and broad : they are of adark green on the upper fide, and whitith, and fomewhat hairy on the under; rough on the furface, fomewhat uneven at the edges, and ob- tufely pointed. The ftalks rife in the centre of thefe tufts : they are round, thick, firm, upright, pale-coloured, and a little hairy. On the top of each ftand ten ora dozen flowers ; thefe-are fmall and yellow: they ftand in long, hollow, ribbed cups, and are fucceeded by long, flender feed-veffels. It is common in our paftures, and flowers in May. C. Bauhine calls it Verbafculum pratenfe odora- tum. Others, Paralyfis vulgaris. It is good againft diforders of the nerves. The root has the principal virtue : the country-people boil this in ale, and give it in giddineffes of the , head with fuccefs. “The juice of it, mixed with vinegar, is alfo ufed to fnuff up the nofe, againft headachs: it is lefs violent than the juice of the primrofe root, but very well anfwers its purpofe. The flowers of the cowy/lip are of a gently nar- cotick quality : they are made into conferve and fyrup for this purpofe, and may be given where other medicines of the fame quality would be dangerous: they mitigate pain, promote perfpi- ration, and difpofe gently to fleep. The juice of cowflip leaves and milk drank every day for a fortnight, and afterwards every other day for a month, is a remedy for inveterate headachs. 2. The Oxlip. Pavalyfis flore majore. The root confifts of a large, oblong head, from which there-run a vaft many long and thick fibres. ; ‘ The leaves are numerous, large, oblong, and rough : they are of a dufky green, and obtufe. In the centre of thefe rifes the ftalk, which is _ thick, round, firm, upright, of a pale colour, and five inches high. The flowers ftand in a clufter at the top of this ftalk, in the manner of cowflip flowers, but in every refpect larger : they are from eight or ten to twenty in number : they have long and flender footftalks; and they are much broader, and of a paler colour, than the cowflip flower : they have very much the afpeét of a parcel of {mall prim- rofes fixed upon a cow/lip ftalk : their colour is a whitith yellow, and they have very little fmell. Tt is common in our paftures, flowering with the others. C. Bauhine calls this fpecies Verbafculum fylva- N°». . fion properly underftand what varieties are : tucumn vel pratenfe inedorum. Jj. Bauhine, Primula veris caulifera pallido Hlore inodoro aut vix cdoro. We call it the Great comflip, or oxlip, Linnzus makes the Primrofe, cow/lip, and ox. lip, all the fame fpecies of plant. He defcribes the cowflip, and introduces the two others under the name of varieties. Let the reader on this occa. they are thofe changes of appearance feen in the fame {pecies of. plant under different ftates of nourifh- ment, and other accidents. The old writers, when they faw a plant whole flower was natu- rally blue or red, with a white one, which is a common accident, called it another {pecies : this was an error, for that is only a variety, _In the fame manner, when a plant was ftarved and finall, they often defcribed it as another {pe- cies: this alfo was erroneous: all changes in plants made by ftarving, and the more nume= Tous ones by culture, are varieties ; but no acci- dent of this kind could make a cowflip root pro- duce a primrofe.. I have had the cowfip, oxlip, and primrofe, brought into a garden, where they continue year after year the fame, and their feeds produce the fame difting kinds, and-no other. Thefe are the tefts whereto we bring plants, in which there is a doubt whether there be diftin& fpecies or varieties called fo, and they are conclufive. The oxlip feeming an intermediate plant be- tween the:cow/iip and primrofe; naturally led Lin- neus into this error; but there are thefe gtada- — tions in nature every where, though not enough tegarded. She travels always by regular and even fteps: there are no gaps between. The world is indebted to Linnzus Sreatly for rejecting many imaginary fpecies, which he has Properly fet down only as varieties; but in this, and fome other inftances, he has carried that POint too far. So penetrating a genius is rarely united with a ftrict and chafte judgment. 3+ Birds Eye, - Paralyfis flore rubeute, The root is compofed of numerous, thick, and long fibres, . : The leaves rife in a little tuft, and are long and narrow : they are {mooth, of a pale green, and fharply ferrated at the edges. : They fpread themfelves every ground, and have no footttalks, c The ftalk is round and firm, upright, and four inches high, i On its top ftand many flowers, as in the cowflip, but more ereét, and in general more numerous: they are fmall, of a beautiful pale red; and each ftands feparately on a long, flen- der footftalk, all rifing from the fame point on the main ftalk, The feed-veffels are {mall and oblong, the feeds numerous and very minute. ~ The flowers in this plant differ in more than colour from the cowflip ; for the fegments are nor heart-fafhioned or dented at the ends, but plain. a Tc Way on the and 70 The BRIT 1S H H'EPR BAL. It is not uncommon in the northern counties The auricula would “pieand mnie ie of England, and flowers in May. as there is no fpecies of t a P Sa a i he Ene: As ‘the oxlip conneéts the cowylip and primrofe, land, we are obliged, byt ee hed a oa this plant connects the cowflip and auricula. blifhed divifions, to refer t at to ee eco ee C. Bauhine calls it Verbafculum umbellatum al- | ries of this clafs, comprehending the genera: pinum minus. J. Bauhine, Primula veris minor \ which there are none natives of Britain, purpurafcens. GP BieeN a) YS XI. BELLEFLOWER. CAMPANULA. rTHE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and is broad, deep, hollow, and divided into five fegments at the edge: it ftands in a cup formed of one leaf, divided into five fegments ; and is followed by a fingle capfule, which is of an oval figure, fmooth, and divided into three cells. z Linnaus places this among his pentandria monogynia, the threads in each flower being five, ani the rudiment of the fruit fingle; but he confounds three genera under this name, including as. {pecies i lium, and {peculum Veneris. : f : rece os Huy alone are fufficiently numerous ; fo that there is the greater impropriety in his encreafing them by the addition of thofe two other genera. Thefe are both abundantly diftinguifhed by nature; the feed-veflel being of a different form in each; and that in a manner fo determinate, that it properly and fully may eftablifh a generical mark. In the campanula, properly and diftin@tly fo called, we have feen it is oval, and divided into three cells, and is Snooth 5 in the grachelium it is, in the fame manner, divided into three cells within 3, but it is rough or hairy on the outfide: and in the /peculum Veneris it is long, of a cornered fhape, and divided into five cells. Mr. Ray, who keeps up this diftinétion, calls that genus to which the name of campanula is here appropriated, rapunculus. Linnzeus feparates fome of thefe, placing them among his /ingenefa poleygamia monogamia; under the name of Jodelia. DLE VedSal OpNiack BRITESH S PE'CYH'S: i. Various-leaved Bellflower. Campanula foliis variis. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with many fibres. The leaves that rife immediately from it are al- together different from thofe on the ftalk: they ftand in a {mall tuft, and are fupported on long, flender footftalks : they are of a roundith figure, but pointed. The ftalks are numerous, round, flender, and ten inches high. The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and are long, narrow, and without footttalks. The flowers are very large and blue: they ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and on flender pedicles rifing from the bofoms of the upper leaves: they are hollow, wide, open, and divi- ded pretty deeply into five fharp-pointed fec- ments. The feed-veffel is oval, fmall, and divided into three cells, in which are numerous little feeds. It is common in dry hilly paftures, and flowers in June. C, Bauhine calls it Campanula minor rotundi- folia vulgaris. J, Bauhine, Campanula parva an- guillara. 2. Little various-leaved Bellflower. Campanula foliis variis minor. The root is very flender, divided, and fu'l of fibres. The leaves that. rife from it are numerous, fmall, and beautiful: they, ftand on fhort pe- dicles, and are nearly round: they have no point at the end, but area little indented for the re- ception of the pedicle. Among thefe rife feveral flender, round, weak ftalks, five inches high, and {carce at all branched. The leaves on thefe are narrow, longith, and without footftalks. The flower is large, and there ufually is only one on the fummit ‘of each ftalk: it is wider and fhallower than that-of the preceding fpecies, and divided more flightly at the edge: its colour is a pale, but pretty blue. : The feed-veffel is oval, and the feed fmall. It is common on the mountains in Wales, and. has been met with in fome parts of England, C. Bauhine calls it Campanula minor rotundi- folia alpina, The flower is fometimes of a {how white, ‘ 3. Wild Rampion. Campanula foliis anguptis obtufis, The root is long, thick, and has few fibres. The leaves that'rife from it are numerous, ob- long, of a bright green, undivided at the edges, ° obtufe at the points, and without footftalks, The ftalk is firm, upright, ftraic, ftriated, and two feet anda half high. The leaves ftand irregularly on it: they are long, narrow, and obtufe, and are very lightly ferrated, : Toward the top of the ftalk there rife many 6 little The \BRETIS Hina RBA 70 little branches from the bofoms of the leaves, and on thefe ftand the flowers. They are large, blue, ftreaked with purple, and deeply divided into five fegments. The feed-veffel is oval and fmooth, and the feeds are numerous and fmall. } It is wild in many places on the edges of corn- fields ; but it is alfo kept in gardens for the fake of the root, which fome people eat. i ~C. Bauhine calls it Rapunculus efculentus. J. Bauhine, Rapunculus vulgaris campanulatus. The whole plant is full of a milky juice. 4. Ivy-leaved Bellflower. Campanula cymbalaria foliis. The root is fmall, thready, and divided. The firft leaves are fmall, tender, angulated, and of a beautiful green: they ftand on long foorftalks, and form a pretty tuft. Among thefe rife numerous ftalks, which fpread upon the ground: they are three or four inches long, extremely tender, and ufually of a redith colour. The leaves ftand irregularly on thefe, and re- femble thofe from the root, but that they are fmaller: they are angulated and broad; the cor- ners and the point are fharp, and they are of a frefh and pleafant green. The flowers are fmall, and of a pale blue; they ftand on long and extremely flender footftalks 3 and are deep, and cut in at the edge into five feg- ments. The feed-veffel is {mall, oval, and fmooth. It is more frequent in Devonfhire and Corn- wal than in the reft of England, and flowers in May. It loves damp and thady places. C. Bauhine calls it Campanula cymbalarie foliis. J. Bauhine, Campanula folio bederaceo fpecies Can- tabrice anguillare. 5. Horned Rampions. Campanula corniculata montana. The root is long, thick, white, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The leaves that firft rife from it are fhort, and almoft round, but pointed at the end, and fome few of them at times oval, or fomewhat oblong ; they are placed on long footftalks, and ferrated at the edges. The ftalk is tender, ftriated, hollow, and a foot high, The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are al- together unlike thofe from the root : they are long, narrow, and fharp pointed, ferrated at the edges, and of a pale green; thofe toward the bottom have long foorftalks, thofe toward the upper patt have none, d The flowers ftand at the top of the flalk ina round, thick head: they are fmall and purple ; but are placed clofe together, and are diftin- guithed by the length of the ftyle that grows from the rudiment of the capfule ; this turns in the manner of a horn; whence the plant has the name of horned rampions. : The feed-veffel is fhort and fmooth. It is a perennial plant, and not uncommon in the hilly paftures of Kent and Sufféx. It flowers in Augut, , C. Bauhine calls it Rapunculus folio oblongo {pica orbiculari.. Others, Rapunculus corniculatus mon- tanus, and Rapunculus corniculatus orbicularis, 6. Scabious-headed Rampion. Rapunculus feabiofe capitulo. The root is long, white, woody, divided into feveral parts, and furnifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves are numerous, narrow, fer- rated, fharp-pointed, of a pale green, and with- out footftalks. In the midft of thefe rife the ftalks : they are numerous, flender, divided, and branched, and not perfeétly erect; they are a foot or more in height. The leaves ftand irregularly on thefe, and are like thofe from the root, fmall, oblong, narrow, ferrated, hairy, and fharp pointed. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches in round buttons: they are of a pale blue, and very numerous, horned inthe manner of the ‘former fpecies, and have a kind of cup under the whole’ head. ; Each flower is divided into five fegments, and fucceeded by a feparate capfule, which’ is fhort and fmall, and full of minute feeds, It is common in dry paftures, and flowers in July. . C. Bauhine calls it Rapunculus feabiofe capitulo ceruleo. Others, Scabiofa minima birfura. DIV IS Osan Ih RORELGN SPE CLES, 1. Cretic Rampion. Rapunculus foliis pinnatis. The root is long, thick, white, and furnithed with fibres. The firft leaves are fimple, roundith, and un- divided, and refemble thofe of the various-leaved beliflower. After thefe rife others, which are pinnated ; each compofed of three pairs of fmaller leaves fet on a rib, with an odd one at the end, which is divided into three parts: thele are of an oval figure, fharp at the points, and ferrated at the edges ; and are of a, pale, but pleafant green, The ftalk is round, eret, firm, and two foot or more in height: it has a few leaves on it of the fame pinnated form, and toward the top a fpike of flowers. Thefe are of a beautiful purple, and ftand very thick; they are deeply divided into five narrow fegments, and they quickly fade. The feed-veflel is oval, and the feeds are {mall, It is a native of Crete, and flowers in May, after which the whole plant dies down to the root, which fends up new leaves in Oétober, and thefe remain green all winter, C.Bauhine calls it Rapunculus Creticus fou py- ramidalis -nect the ¢ 72 The, B’R Ir Pil Stee tHE Ri BY A CL. ramidalis altera. Others, Petromarula, and Lac- tuca petrea. The whole plant is full of a milky juice, 2. Yellow Bellflower. Campanula lutea Linifolia. The root is long, thick, and divided into fe- veral parts. i The firit leaves are fhort, narrow, pointed, and without footttalks : they rife in thick tufts, and ftand nearly upright, only with the points turn- ing a little outwards, he ftalks rife from the centre of thefe tufts» and are round, flender, weak, and about feven inches high: they are not at all branched, and are {carce able to fupport themfelves perfectly erect. The leaves are numerous, and ftand irregu- larly; they are longifh, narrow, fharp-pointed, and without footftalks: they much refemble thofe of flax. The flowers are extreamly large, and very beautiful: they ftand fingly, one on each ftalk moft commonly, though fometimes there are more; and they are an inch long, of a very fine orange yellow, deep, and even at the edge. The cup is divided into five parts, and re- mains with the feed-veffel, which is oval, fmooth, large, and full of {mall feeds. It is not uncommon in France and Italy, and flowers in June. : J. Bauhine calls it Linifolia campanula lutea. Lobel, Campanula linifolia lutea moutis lupi flore volubilis, “The flower is indeed very like fome of the bindweed kinds, particularly the fea bindweed, but the genera are diftin@, and this is rue cam- panula. Linneus feparates this plant from among the bellflowers, and ranks it as a fpecies of flax: he calls ic Linum campanulatum. C, Bauhine, we have feen, calls it alfo by fuch a name; but Lin- neus fhould not follow his authority againft_na- ture: we fhall fee that it is againft his own fyftem alfo. Leet us refer to his generical cha- racter of flax, /iaum, and we fhall fee that its flower, according to his own defcription, has five petals: how then can this plant be a fpecies of that genus, when its flower confifts of one, and that not fo much as divided into fegments at the rim? There are other particulars in which it differs from his genericai chara@ter of linums but this is fufficient: he owns he never faw it grow- ing. It feems a plant intended by nature to con- lvulus and campanula kinds, 3. Pearch-leaved Bellflower. Campanula perficee foliis. The root is long, thick, divided into fevera] parts, and furnifhed with fibres in great abun- dance. The firft leaves rifein a tuft, and are long, narrow, undivided at the edges, and of a bright green. ‘ The ftalk is round, upright, firm, ftriated, and two feet and a half high. The leaves are numerous, and ftand irregularly upon it: they are long, narrow, undivided, of a beautiful green, and without footftalks ; there frequently rife tufts of young leaves in the bo- foms of the old. The flowers are very large and beautiful: they ftand in a kind of irregular fpike from the middle of the ftalk to the top: they have long footftalks, and are of a beautiful blue, fometimes white ; they are broad and fhallow, and divided into five pointed fegments at the edge. The feed-veffel is large, oval, fmooth, and divided into three cells within. It is frequently wild in France and Germany. It flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Rapunculys petfice felis magno flore. J. Bauhine, Campanula anguftifolia caerulea et alba. 4. Pyramidal Bellflower. Campanula pyramidalis folio lato. The root is long, thick, and divided into many parts, The firft leaves are few: they are fhort and broad, a little indented at the edges, pointed at the end, and placed on long footftalks. The ftalks are round, thick, firm, upright, and four foot high, The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and are like thofe from the root, but longer in proporti- on to.their breadth, and more ferrated: the are placed in the fame manner on long footftalks,; and are of a pleafant green. The flowers ftand from the middle to the top in a long fpike of a pyramidal form : they are, large, blue, and wide open at the mouth, where they are divided into five fegments, The feed-veffel is oval, fmooth, and large, It is a native of Spain, and flowers in July. . C. Bauhine calls it Rapunculus bortenfis latiore folio feu pyramidalis. Others, Campanula la&e/- cens pyramidalis, . Lefiér pyramidal Bellfower, Campanula pyramidalis minor. The root is large, long, thick, and divided, The leaves that rife from it are very numerous: they ftand on fhort footftalks, and are oblong broad, tharply ferrated at the edges, and tharp. pointed. The ftalk is round, ereét, firm, and five fee high. The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are of the fhape of thofe from the root, but without footftalks, The flowers are large, numerous, and of a pale blue, fomeimes white, as in the other {pe- cies: they are deeply divided into five fegments ; and they grow feveral together upon very long and flender footftalks, nifing from the bofom of the leaves, as well as at the top of the main ftalk: the pedicles which fupport them are {o weak thag they commonly droop, The feed-veffel is fin vided into three cells, of fmall feed. _ [tis a. native of the warmer parts of Europe in damp places; and flowers in June, Alpinus calls it Campanula pyramidalis minor, all, oval, fmooth, and di- wherein is a Sreat quantity 3 : 6. Rack i Hf SS , “SS " Hornedl Ji anon * / f | : . SarltousPleoaded ‘anfpuon Varipus leava ir | ay) hUN Sit Tlie See ‘ N “ eg sori : , , a: Za er A ccacde | zee fyrameal : Mtoe fodlfloi ee 7 Mf lower 2 WI hroatworl : Y i | Rolle WO anv: sim | Cle 1% ew” y él ; } Lhrodlwort . aL foe ; : § e \ Lal Uervuiiwvord A i ASE &. ae ber aideore } SIS 07h: Catv Wier Schl fs LL00O8 Y- OVE. sy f || a whe Lhroalworl . huster ane ‘ , haere: Sanit Sey Flin vy. acne, as ia ere 1 The BRITISH THER Oe we 6. Rock Rampion. Campanula petrea foliis wariis. The root is long, thick, fingle, and has few fibres. The firft leaves ftand on long, flender foot- ftalks, and are of a cordated form, indented at the bafé, and fharp-pointed: they are undivided: atthe edges, and of a dufky green. The ftalks are numerous, fix or eight inches high, round, fmooth, and firm. The leaves ftand irregularly on thefe, and are altogether unlike thofe from the root: they are Jong, narrow, and fharp-pointed, not at all indent- ed at the bafe, and undivided at the edges. The flowers are fmall, and of a bright blue: they ftand in fmall oval heads : one of thefe heads terminates each ftalk, and confifts of a vaft mul- titude of flowers. The feed-veftel is oval, fmall, and’ fmooth. It grows among rocks in Germany and Italy. ‘Alpinus calls it Repunculus petraens, and others follow him exactly. 7. Serrated Rampion. Campanula foliis anguftis profunde ferratis. The root is long, thick, white, and undivided, "The leaves which firft rife from it are fhort, fomewhat broad, deeply ferrated, and without foorftalks. There follow thefe another fet of leaves, which are alfo without footftalks; but they are longer and narrower, and more deeply ferrated. In the centre of thefe rifes the ftalk, which is round, firm, upright, ‘and two foot and a half high. The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are like the fecond from the root, very narrow, long, and deeply ferrated, and without footftalks. The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalk, and on Jong footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the upper leaves : they are large and blue, deeply divided into five fegments, and open. The feed-veffel is oval and fmall. It is not uncommon in the woods of Germany, and flowers in June. x C. Bauhine calls it Rapunculus nemorofus anguf- tifolius major majore flore. 8, Oval-leaved Bellflower. Campanula foliis ovatis ferratis. The root is long; flender, and white. The firft leaves are roundith and ferrated : they ftand on long footftalks, and are not very nume- rous. The ftalk rifes in the centre of the tuft, and is round; ereét, and but little branched. The leaves ftand alternately on long footftalks, and are of an oval figure, pointed at the ends, and fharply ferrated. Thofe toward the lower part are broader and fhorter, thofe toward the Ne VI. upper, narrower and longer; and juft at the top there are a few of a different form, oblong, with- out footftalks, and not ferrated. ‘ The flowers are large, and of a pale blue: they ftand on long and flender footftalks about the top of the plant, and are not very numerous. The feed-veffel is oval and fmooth. It is frequent in the Harts foreft. C. Bauhine calls it Campanula foliis fubrotundis. When it grows, on barren ground the flowers are often white, g. Broad-leaved cluftered Bellflower. Campanula latifolia floribus confertis. The root is long, flender, white, and hung with many fibres. : The firft leaves are oblong, broad, and placed on long, redifh footftalks: they are not dented at the bafe, but are broadeft there, and gradually narrower to the point; and they are a litle hairy. The ftalk rifes in the centre, and is round, flender, not,at all branched, pale coloured, and. fomewhat hairy.: it is about ten inches high. : The leaves, ftand. irregularly, on it: they are like thofe from the root, but narrower, fharp- pointed, not dented. at the edges, but a little hairy: thofe on the lower part, have fhort foor- ftalks, the others none. The flowers ftand, in a thick clufter at the top of the ftalk; they. are fmall, and of a beautiful blue,, deep, and divided into five fegments at the edge. The feed-veffel is oval, fmooth, and divided into three parts and full of fmall feed. It is a native of France and moft other parts of Europe. : C. Bauhine calls it Repunculys latifolius umbel- latus. In Englifh it is commonly called Umbel- lated rampiou. Moft of the fpecies of Zel/flower are efculent plants, particularly the principal of the zampions. The roots of feveral of thefe are eaten in {pring, in the manner of radifhes, raw or boiled, and they are kept in fome gardens for that purpofe; they ' are tender, full of a milky juice, and well tafted. They are faid to increafe milk in the breafts of | nurfes, but that is an idle conceit, grounded only on the milky look of their own juice. The common various-leaved bellflower is cele- brated in fome places as a cure for the fcurvy : | they take the juice in fpring, with that of cleavers, water crefs, and brooklime. When fo many things of known virtue are ufed together it is not eafy to fay whether fuch an addition has much efficacy. The root of any of the rampion kinds, if eaten in due quantity, operate by urine; and they ‘are fuppofed to create an appetite. We do not ufe them much in England, but they are in great efteem in France and Italy. They cut them into thin flices, and eat them with oil and vinegar. U GENUS 74. The BRITRISHIA ERS AL: Gut “Noast S XIE. Jab RO, As Taw i O°R: L? TALECHIU™. HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, hollow, and divided into five fegments at the edge: the 'E cup is formed of a fingle leaf, divided alfo into five fegments; and the feed-veffel is rough and hairy on the outfide, and is divided into three cells within. Linnzus places this among the péitandria mon feed-veff-l, makes it the fame genus with campanula. DAV Wes ON 1 1. Great Throatwort. Trachelium foliis longioribus ferratis. . The root is compofed of a number of long, flender parts, which fpread under the furface, and have many great fibres. The firft leaves are very large: they rife in a great tuft, and ftand upon long footftalks : they are very large, foblong, broadeft in the middle, - fharply ferrated, and pointed, In the centre of this tuft rife the ftalks, which are round, firm, thick, upright, not much branched, and four feet high. | The leaves on them are numerous, and of the fame form with thofe from the root : they fre- quently grow two, three, ot four from the fame point, but without any great regularity. The flowers are very numerous, large, and of a purplifh colour, of different tinés and degrees ; fométimes they are of a deep blue, fometimes redifh, and fometimes white. ; The feed-veffel is very large, hairy, and di- vided into three cells within; it has the fame fhort footftalk which fupported the flower, and generally hangs downward. It grows not uncommonly on the mountains in Wales, and in Yorkthire and fome other parts of England ; and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Campanula maxima foliis latiffimis. Others; Trachelinm kiganteum; and our Englifh gardeners, Giant throatwort. 2. Nettle-leaved Throatwort. Trachelium foliis urtice. The root is long, thick, and {preading. The firft leaves exaétly refemble thofe of the common ftinging nettle; they are few, and of a dufky green, and hairy, broad at the bafe, tharp at the point, ferrated, and fupported on long footftalks. The ftalks are numerous, firm, upright, hairy, fitiated, purplith, anda yard high, The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and have long footftalks : they are of the fame fhape as thofe from the root, but fmaller. The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalks, and | on fhort pedicles tifing from the bofoms of the upper leaves: they are very large, and of a beau- tiful blue, deep, open, and cut into five fegments at the edges. ‘parts of Eneland, | wort. egynia and, not regarding the difference of the: BURP Te Sates SsBebs@eln cc: The feed-veffel is large, rough, and divided into three cells. It is common in Kent, Suffex, and many other countries, and flowers in Auguft. Its common place of growth is by road fides. C. Bauhine calls it Campanula vulgatior foliis urtice major et afperior, Others, Trachelium ma- jus, or Great throatwort. : 3. Clufter-Aowered Throatwort, Trachelinm floribis glomeratis. The root is Jong, large, fpreading, and fur- nifhed with many fibres. : * The firft leaves are few and large: they are oblong, broad at the bafe, and {maller to the point 5, and they ftand on thort footftalks, The ftalks are numerous, round, firm, redifh, erect, and two foot high. The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and re- femble thofe from the root: thofe on the lower part have thort footftalks, thofe on the upper part have none, The flowers are large and blue; fometimes redifh, and not unfrequently white : they ftand in thick clufters at the tops of the ftalks, and of the branches rifing from the bofoms of the leaves. The feed-vefiels are large and rough. It is not uncommon in dry paftures in many efpecially where the foil is chalk. It flowers in July. C.Bauhine calls it Crachelium Jive campanula pratenfis flore glomerato. Others, Trachelium mi- aus. We, in Englith, ufually, Littl throat The root of the great throatwort is aftringent. A decoétion of it in water, and with a little red wine, is excellent againft the falling down of the uvula, and is a very good gargarifm in many diforders of the throat: ‘it thence obtained its name. Dried and powdered it a@s as an aftringent in the bowels, and is good againft diartheas, efpeci- ally fuch as are attended with bloody ftools. An infufion of the root of the nettle-leaved throatwort, fweetened with honey, is a good garglé for fore mouths. Tn general all the fpecies have the fame virtue: the great throatwort in the principal degree, and this nettle-leaved kind next, DIVI- : F The BRITISH HERBAL. 75 DLV. 1 S10, Nasa 1, Narrow-leaved Throatwort. Lrachelium foliis anguftis. The fost is long, thick, and fpreading. The fir leaves are very large : they are oblong, narrow, ferrated, and often curled at the edges : they are of a dufky green colour, and have no footftalks, The ftalk is round, upright, firm, redifh, and a little hairy. The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and re- femble thofe from the root: they are of a pale green, and have no fooftalks, The flowers are very large and beautiful: their moft natural colour is a fine deep blue, but they are fometimes redifh or white : they are deép, long, and divided into five fegments at the edge. The feed-veffel is large and rough, It is a native of Spain, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Campanula hortenfis folio et Hlore oblongo. Others, Viola mariana; and our gardeners Coventry bells, 2. Rough-leaved Threadwort: Trachelium foliis anguftis ferratis villofis, The root is long, thick, white, and furnithed with a few fibres. The leaves that rife from it are numerous, ob- long, narrow, of a brownifh green, hairy, rough’ to the touch, fharply ferrated, and without foot- talks. : : The ftalk rifes in the centre, and ig round, firm, upright, and a foot high} it is tough. to the touch, and often redifh. ~ The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are not very numerous: they are narrow, and have no footftalks, FOREIGN SPECIES, Gr Bist 78 XIV. The flowers are large, of a beautiful blue, and hairy at the edge, and fland on the top of the ftalk, and on long, flender footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the upper leaves, d The feed-vefel is rough and oval, Tt gtows in Switzerland, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Campanula folii echii floribus villofs: Others; Tracheliun) Soltis echii. ; Bu White Throatwort, Trachelium album, Several kinds of throatwort have the flowers | accidentally white; but thof of this plant are na- turally fo; the others are only varieties of the {e- veral {pecies to Which they belong, but this is altogether difting., ; : : The root is long, thick, dividea into feveral parts, and of a redith brown. The leaves rife in a round tuft: they are little; thort, Pointed, and fomewhat hairy. The ftalks rife in the centre of thefe : they are numerous, upright, flriated, and a foot and a half high, ‘ The leaves ftand irregularly on them, ahd are moderately large, oblong, undivided at the edge, and hairy; ; The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in thick” tufts : they are white, moderately large, and deeply divided into three feameits, a The feed-veffel is oval, rough, ahd divided into three cells) | ; Tt is a native 6F the mountainous parts of Switzerland, Germany, aiid Italy ; and fowers in Auguft. : ‘ C. Bauhine calls it Campanula alpina [pheroce- phalos. J. Bauhine, Trachelium majus petreums VENUS LOOKING-GLasg, SPECULUM VENE RIS. HE flower confifts of a fingle petal divided into five fe gments at the edge. The feed-velfel is long, fingle, of a cornered fhape, and is divided into three cells within. Lianzus places this among his pentandria monogynia, the threads of t rudiment of the fruit fingle ; but he joi we fee it manifeftly differs in the form of the feed- DIV TS TON T x. Great Venus? Looking-glafs; Speculum Veneris major: The toot is fmall, long, woody, white, and furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalks are numerous, weak, véry much ‘branched, and about {even or eight inches high : they do not ftand erect, but lean and bend. he flower being five, and the ns it, as of the fame genus, with the campanula, from which veffel, as well as in its general afpect: - BRITISH SPERCIDS, The leaves are fhort and broad : they are of a deep green colour, placed irregularly, often, as it wete in pairs in many parts, in others alternately and diftant: they are fharply ferrated at the edges; pointed at the ends, and broadeft in the tiddle 3 and they have ho footftalks: The flowers ftand on the tops of the ftalks and branches: they are fmall, ‘of a deep purple, 6 and 76 The BRITISH HERBAL and divided into five fegments; thefe, toward evening, clofe, and the fower has the look of a “ jittle arrow head of a pentagonal form: from this fhape and its colour fome have called this the pentagonal violet. The feed-veffel is long, and has fharp edges: the feeds are numerous and {mall. It is common in the corn-fields of the north of Ireland, but not in England. It flowers in July. C, Bauhine calls it Oxobrychis arvenfis five cam- panula arvenfis ercfia. J. Bauhine, Avicularia Sylvii. 2. Little Venus’ Looking-glafs. Speculum Veneris minus. The root is {mall, long, white, woody, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The ftalk is hollow, tender, ftriated, and com- monly three or four inches only in height, but in places where it is well nourifhed it will rife to a DPV ES TON. I- 1. Great flowered Venus’ Looking-glafs. Speculum Veneris magno flore. The root is fmall, white, long, and woody. The ftalks are numerous, weak, branched, and five or fix inches high. The leaves are numerous, oblong, and with- out footftalks: thofe toward the lower part of the ftalk are longer and more obtufe ; thofe toward the upper part, fmaller and fharper at the point. The flowers are very large, and of a beautiful pale purple, with a white eye in the centre, and fome blue about it: they are divided into five fegments, and are hollow. The feed-veffel is long and angulated; and the _ feeds are large, fhining and brown. It is a native of Thrace, and flowers in June. Ray calls it Speculum Veneris flore ampliffimo Thracicum. 2. Perfoliate Venus’ Looking-elafs, Speculum Veneris perfoliatum. The root is long, lender, fibrous, and white. The ftalks are numerous, and tolerably ere¢t : Greek iF awa N ontpds foot; fo that, although called the leffer fpecies, it is in this cafe taller than the other, but it is {carce at all branched. The leaves are little, and have no footftalks : they are fhort and broad, obtufe at the ends, and waved, or, as it were, curled at the edges. The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalk, and on fhort footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves, one flower on each. They are fmall, of a bright purple colour, and ftand upon the rudiment of the pod or feed- veffel. When they are fallen this fwells and lengthens, and becomes a long capfule, refembling a pod, ridged, and fharp at the edges, and contains a great deal of minute feeds. Ray calls it Campanula arvenfis erefta vel fpecu- lum Veneris minus: It is not uncommon in our corn-fields in Suf- fex and fome other counties; and flowers in June. BLO RE LEGN SPE CLE St they are round, thick, of a whitifh colour, and a little hoary. The leaves are broad and fhort: they ftand irregularly, and furround the ftalk at the bafe ; fo that it feems to grow through them. The flowers are large, and of a pale but beautiful red: they are deeply divided into five fegments, and they ftand on the tops of the ftalks, and on fhort pedicles rifing from the bofoms of the leaves. The feed-veffel is long, and angulated ; and the feed moderately large, and of a glofly furface. It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in June, Morifon calls it Campanula pentagonia perfoliata. The Venus looking-glafs agrees with the bell- flowers and rampions in its qualities. The larger kind, which is very common in the corn-fields of France, is one of their favourite fallad herbs. They gather the firft leaves and eat them in the fpring. The common fallading, known among them by the name of queue de Pevefque, is the firft fhoot of this plant: befide its agreeable tafte, it is fuppofed to be a good antifcorbutick, XIV. BT NON Bey, HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, hollow, open, divided i refembling the Campanula: the fruit. is of an oval form, with its peculiar Cup : it is ina manner of the berry kind, but n The cup is double; there is one for the fruit juft named, a the fruit is compofed of four leaves, fits of a fingle leaf, divided into five fegments, Gronoyius eftablithed this genus, and named it in character be new, the reft is familiarly known. defcribed by Bauhine, Gerard, Parkinfon, two of which are taller than the others, Tuit. : ; two of which are fmaller, two larger: and the feeds being covered: there is nto five feoments at the edge, and divided into two cells, and covered Ot juicy. ; nd another for the flower: the cup of the cup of the flower con- honour of Linnzus; but though the name and There is but one fpecies of it; and that is the plant and the reft, under the n f - Linnzeus. places the genus among his diyyamia angi sine wane Lflower. é flower, one only in each ofpermias; there being four threads in th x Linnga. The root is long, flender, divided, and fut-’ nifhed with fibres. — The ftalks are numerous, flender, round, and commonly redifh : they lie upon the ground, and take root at different places, thus fpreading into large tufts. The leaves are fhort, broad, ferrated, and fharp-pointed: they ftand.in pairs, and have no footftalks. The flowers are moderately large, of a pale GE rife from the bofoms of the leaves. The feed-veffel is oval, fmall, and fmooth., It is a native of Ireland; but is not found wild in England. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Campanulo ferpyllifolia; a name that does not very well exprefs the plant 5 but moft other writers have copied ic, Nise) seers XV. BUCKBEAN. ME N Grd IN: THES: HIE flower confifts of a fingle petal, divided into five fegments, which are hairy: the fruit is a fingle capfule, of an oval figure, and undivided within: this ftands furrounded with the cup, ‘on a ftalk. ’ which is formed of a fingle leaf, divided into five fegments, and hairy within: the leaves ftand three Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia, the threads in each flower being five, and the rudiment of the fruit fingle. This author joins in this genus with the duckbean, properly called menyanthes, the little water-lilly but they are plants altogether differing in fhape and qualities, though their flowers are alike: ‘The difpofition of the leaves, which is by threes in this plant, and fingly in the other, is a fufficient and obvious mark of diftinétion. | Where nature happens to have given flowers of the fame form to plants very different in form and qualities, we are not to confound the genera fhe has eftablifhed, by joining them together under one name, but to feek in the reft of the plant thofe particulars which may keep them feparate. Of this genus there is but one known fpecies, ' which is a common wild plant among us. Common Buckbean. Menyanthes vulgare. The root is long, thick, jointed, redifh on the outfide, white within, and runs obliquely under the furface. The firft leaves ftand three on each footftalk ; and thefe footftalks are thick, and redifh at the bottom. The leaves are large, oblong, of a frefh green colour, and of a thick, flefhy fubftance: they are broadeft in the middle, pointed at the end, and undivided at the edges. The ftalk is thick, round, ten inches high, ahd not at all branched : it is redifh at the bot- tom, and is there generally enveloped by the broad bottoms of footftalks of feveral leaves that rife with it, and furround it to fome height. Thefe are like thofe from the root, but fmaller ; and there are no others on the ftalk. The flowers ftand at the top in a thick, fhort fpike ; and are large, and very beautiful: their colour is whitifh, but with a faint blufh of red, and they are hairy or rough on the infide. : , Geet ‘The feed-veffel is large and oval.” It is common in damp paftures, and on boggy grounds, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Trifolium paluftre. ‘Tourne- fort, Menyanthes paluftre triphyllum. It is a plant defervedly celebrated for its vir- tues: it is diuretick and deobftruent in a great degree, and has a bitternefs extremely ferviceable to the ftomach. It is good in dropfies, the jaundice, the fcurvy, the rheumatifm, and in intermittent fevers. For dropfies the beft method of giving it is to exprefs the juice after bruifing the’plant, with a little white wine. BR In the fcurvy, a ftrong infufion taken twice a- day for a continuance, is of great effect: there are not wanting thofe who give it in the gout in the fame manner. i For intermittent fevers, it fhould be dried care- fully, and powdered ; half a dram is a dofe; and - I have known it fucceed where the bark has failed. N 4 W238 XVI. F RUNGE DoW, AduE AR etter, NYMPHOIDES, rPHE flower confifts of a fingle petal, divided deeply into five fegments, which are cut or fringed at the edges: the feed-veffel is large, and fimple in its ftru@ture: the leaves ftand fingly, one ' on each foorftalk, N°8. x Linneus, 78 The BRI F1 SiH (HE RB APE: -Linnzus, as we have feen, properly places this among his pentandria monogynia, the threads’ in each flower being five, and the rudiments of the fruit fingle; but improperly confounds it under the fame generical name with buckbean, the general form and the virtues being different. 1. Yellow-fringed Water Lilly. Nymphoides flava. The root isa tuft of thick, black fibres. From this, which is buried in the mud, rife many weak, trailing ftalks, which take root again at certain diftances, and fpread the plant far and wide. The leaves ftand on long footftalks: thefe ufually rife to the furface of the water, on which the leaves naturally float: they are of a freth green, thick, and fmooth, The ftalks are thick, foft, round, fpungy, and jointed. The flowers are large and yellow: they ftand on thick footftalks, and are beautifully notched and jagged, in the manner of a fringe, about the edges. The feed-veffel is long and large, and contains a great number of feeds. GC; ieBic gui Ne oh Wo oo¢8 It is not uncommon in fhallow waters; we have it abundantly about Brentford. . It flowers in July. : C. Bauhine calls it Nymphea lutea minor flore Jimbriato ; a name moft others have copied. The leaves are cooling: their juice, mixed with honey, is good for fore mouths. The country- people give it alfo in overflowings of the menfes with wine. We fee by this that it partakes of the qualities of the common water lilly, and is by no means to be confounded with buckbean, whofe virtues it has not, nor any qualities at all like them. The common kinds of water lilly, though they refemble this plant in their manner of growth, differ extremely in their flowers, and are to be treated of among plants that have feveral petals, not with thefe which have only one. XVII. WeA TOE ROOV 1 OL EMT. HOTTONIA. HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, divided into five fegments : the fruit is a finele capfule, with only one cell, of a round fhape, but terminating ina point, and is placed on the cup, which is formed of a fingle leaf, divided into five parts. Linnaus ranges this among his pentandria monogynia, the threads being five in each flower, and the rudiment of the fruit fingle, Of this genus there is but one known fpecies, and that is a common plant in our ditches and fhal- low ponds. Water Violet. Hottonia. The root is a tuft of black, long, and flender fibres : thefe penetrate deep into the mud. The leaves are long, large, and very beauti- fully pinnated : they confift each of ten, twelve, or more pairs of long and narrow fegments, | regularly difpofed, and an odd one at the end. From the bafe of this clufter of leaves there ge- nerally are propagated fome long, flender ftalks, which take root again as they run upon the fur- face of the'mud, and in thefe places fend up freth clufters of leaves. In the centre of thefe leaves rifes the ftalk, Gee Na which is to fupport the flowers : this is tall, up- right, round, flender, and naked. The flowers ftand in little clufters at and near the top: they are moderately large, very pretty> and of a whitifh colour, tinged with red, The feed-veffel is fingle and {mall. Tt is frequent in fhallow waters that have muddy bottoms, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Milifolium aquaticum, fer Viola aquatica caude nudo. Boerhaave, Hottonia 3 a name ufed now generally for ir, The leaves are cooling, externally applied ; but they are more ufed by country people than by phyficians, : § XVII. SALTWORT, Gob AUX ig Bi flower confifts of a fingle pétal, divided into five obtufe fegments : capfule, having only one cell, and containing five feeds. have called the flower a cup, and faid the plant has no flower. the feed-veffel is a fingle There is no cup; wherefore fome This is a cuftom with many writers, when the flower remains with the fruit ; but it is unnatural, and therefore improper. Linnzus places this among his pentandria monogynia ; the threads being five in each fower, and” the rudiment of the fruit fingle. OF this genus there is but one known fpecies, coatts. and that is a common wild plant about our fea- Black Th BRITISH HERBAL, 19 Black Saltwort. Glaux maritima. The root is compofed of a clufter of flender fib¥es. . The ftalks are numerous, and thofe which fhoot firft generally lie upon the ground, -and take root again at little diftances. The fucceeding ftalks rife in the centre of thefe, and are round, flender, five or fix inches high, and tolerably ereét. The leaves ftand in pairs at fmall diftances : they are oblong, fmall, and of an inverted oval figure ; the part where they grow to the ftalk be. ing narroweft, and the leaf growing broader to the end. Grebe oN The flowers are fmall and redifh; they ftand without footftalks, clofe in the bofoms of the leaves, and are very pretty. The feed-veffel follows, and is large in pro- portion to the plant. It is common on our falt-marfhes, and elfe- where about the fea-coaft, and flowers all fum- mer. C. Bauhine calls it Glaux maritima. Others, Glaux exigua maritima. We, Saltwort, and Sea Milkwort, from a notion of its encreafing the milk in the breafts of nurfes. This is all the virtue or ufe attributed to it; and this feems to ftand upon a very precarious foundation. URS Sis) CERT GREEK VALERIAN. POLEMONIU™M. pee flower confifts of a fingle petal, which is tubular in the lower part, and divided into five, broad fegments at the rim: the fruit is a fingle capfule, of an oval form, with three rifing- edges, and it contains three cells: the cup is compofed of a fingle leaf, divided into five fegments, Linnzus places this among the pemtandria monogynia; the threads in each flower being five, and the rudiment of the fruit fingle. It would be well if this genus had a better name. Its Englith one, which is the tranflation of the vulgar Latin name, it received from the refemblance of the leaves in the common kind to thofe of fome of the valerians ; plants from which it is altogether different in charaéter, and therefore ill confounded in name: the Latin one we give here, which is that ufed by the more accurate writers, founds too like that of poleymountain ; a plant from it as different, and with which it would be as erroneous in the ftudent to confound it as with valerian. DIVISION+-I Common Greck Valerian. Polemonium vulgare. The root is compofed of numerous, thick, and long fibres. The leaves rife in a large tuft, and are ex- tremely beautiful: they are of the pinnated kind, and each is compofed of a great many pairs of pinne: or fmaller leaves, difpofed with great re- gularity along a middle rib, with an odd one at the end: they are of a beautiful green. The ftalks rife in the centre of this tuft of leaves ; and are green, hollow, thick, ftriated, upright, and two feet high. The leaves ftand alternately on them, and are like thofe of the root, pinnated in the fame elegant manner, but fmaller. DIVISION I. Large-flowered Greek Valerian. Polemonium flore magno. _ The root is compofed of numerous long fibres. The firft leaves are large, and of the pinnated kind; the pinna are oblong, and very nume- rous, and are terminated by an odd leaf. The ftalk is erect, ftriated, and firm. The leaves are like thofe from the root, but fmaller, and paler coloured: they are placed alter- nately, and at confiderable diftances. BRIT YS H SPE Cres; The. flowers ftand in large clufters at the tops of the ftalks, and of fmall branches, rifing fron the bofoms of the leaves: they are large, and of a beautiful blue, fometimes white. The feed-veffels are large and light, and the feeds numerous. It is not uncommon wild in damp places in Yorkfhire, and the other northern counties; and its beauty has brought it into frequent ufe in our gardens. C. Bauhine calls it Valeriana cerulea. J. Bau- hine, Valeriana Greca quibufdam colore ceruleo &P aloo. Tournefort, Pol.monium vulgare caru- leum. Its virtues are not known. F O RoE GIN, OS:PcE- CAE. S, The flowers are large, and of a bright red: they ftand in a kind of thick clufters at the tops of the ftalks and branches. The feed-veffel is large, and has three ribs very plain and firm. It is a native of Carolina. Dillenius calls it Quamocht pinnatum. erettum Sloribus in Thyrfum difpofitis ; bur it is properly a polemonium. GENUS Tha BR ETI S By Bob RB AL. Gian hs! aN USS 7S WOOD SORREL. Kix, OVX | BertS. PHE flower confifts of a fingle petal, very deeply divided into five fegments 5 fo that they adhere only at the bafe: the fruit is a fingle capfule, of a five-cornered fhape, divided into five cells within, and contains numerous feeds, which leap out with violence when the capfule burfts open : the cup is very fmall; it is formed of a fingle leaf, divided into five fegments, and remains with the -veflel. i : Seine 3 places this among the decandria pentagynia; the threads in each flower being ten, ‘and the ftyles rifing from the rudiment of the capfule five. He calls it oxalis, a word many of the botani- cal writers have alfo ufed; but oxys is the more univerfally received : the alteration. is trifling; and, while it can dono good, may breed confufion, the common forrel being called by many writers by that name. D.LV.1 S*&OQ.N,. I. Wood Sorrel. Oxys vulgaris. The root is flender, irregularly notched, and creeping, and has numerous fibres. The leaves rife in many little clufters, and from their colour and manner of growing have a very beautiful appearance. The footftalks are long, tender, weak, and redifh ; and they rife ten, twelve, or more, from the fame head: at the top of each ftand three leaves ; thefe are of a heart-fafhioned fhape, the point being the end at which they join the ftalk ; from this they grow broader all the way, and are indented at the middle of the large end. The flowers are moderately large, and white, with a blufhof ted : they ftand on fhort and flen- der footftalksrifing immediately from the root, and DEV" SE ON” It 1. Yellow Wood Sorrel. Oxys lutea. The root is long, flender, divided into feveral parts, and furnifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves are fmall, and ftand on naked pedicles or foorftalks, three on each, in the man- ner of the common wood forrel, but fmaller, and paler, and the ftalk is fhorter. Among thefe rife numerous ftalks: they are eight or ten inches long, round, tender, very much branched ; and they lie upon the ground, taking root at the joints. ; The leaves on thefe ftand irregularly, and in all refpects refemble thofe from the roots: they have long, flender footftalks, and three ftand on each: thefe are narrow, and of a heart-fafhioned fhape, the point growing to the ftalk, and the other end’ being deeply dented. The flowers ftand on fhort footftalks, two or more together, and are {mall and yellow. The feed-veffel is long and edged. It is common in damp and_ fhady places in Italy, and flowers in May, ; C. Bauhine calls it Trifolium acetofum cornicu- latum, Others, Oxys lutea, and Oxys Luteo fore. es ; Beko lah 1 SET S_P EE Gal bas: feem compofed each of five petals: the divifion is fo. deep, that thefe parts join only at the bafé. The feed-veffel is longifh and, when the feeds are ripe, it burfts with violence. on the leaft touch, or with the wind, and fcatters the feeds. It is common in woods, and flowers in March. This is the only fpecies we have native of England; but when it grows in drier places, it is fmaller, and flowers later. This has by fome been defcribed as a diftinét {pecies ; but there is no more difference than what the common accidents of foil and fituation give, : It is a pleafant, cooling, and ufeful plant. A conferve is made of it, which allays the burning heat of the mouth in fevers. : It is alfo good againft obftructions of the vif- cera: to this purpofe the juice fhould be taken. POR EIGN 8 PE C.ILE'S, 2. Upright American Wood Sorrel. Oxys Americana ere&a, The root is long, flender, and divided into many parts. The firft leaves are numerous, and ftand on long footftalks: they rife in a thick tuft, and on each footftalk there are three ; they are broad, heart-fafhioned, and of a pale green. . The ftalk rifes in the midft of thefe, and is hol- low, ftriated, pale, and a foot and half high. The leaves ftand irregularly on this, and re- femble thofe from the root: they have long foot: ftalks, and grow three on each, and are heart- fafhioned. The flowers grow alfo on the tops of long, flender footftalks, many in-a clufter: they are {mall, and of a pale yellow, and quickly fall off, The feed-veffel is long, pointed, and edged, and the cup remains with it. x This is frequent in Virginia, and other parts of North America, and flowers in May. Tournefort calls it Oxys Americana ereGior. 3. Purple Venus 7 / bohing mall ter wa aii os Tmall lea va : Mood Sorrel \\ : Gy reat, y) WY 's x p p) i BIN A 2 . Ter) lia Fir Mourevl VW cow Jorrel i 4 \ — x | F \ Looking Glafi Vy "ye | Pev'fotiale lerud Lovking Glapi n \ INS \ H| ia Greatly Lae Mlb Eee ls a \ : Yellow MoodSo | 7 yv Mmncrvtcanr . , Vy2,/ Aoryel Turple bulbous Mood dorrvel Voodde / | rag =m Yow Le } Jez y ba ‘ay -#. NF Ee IY AE yr eehhes, e b sd bs iO AP = a j WA rt ~_ bs \y Cg EC oir * 4 )) @) : “§ J ) ww. FY 7 ‘ . ‘ y Crested lh wort : 8 ) be TN Ls me a em mon Mlk wort : South vil Da AL deeb ss Ose Om mb» af is inert Tete betas ages ee a os ai The BRITISH HERBAL. 8r 3. Purple bulbous Wood Sorrel. Oxys purpurea bulbofa. The root is a little, bulb, compofed of feverdl ‘parts, in the manner of that of a lilly, and has a tuft of tender fibres growing from its bottom. The leaves ftand three on a footftalk, as in the ‘common kind, and are of the heart-fafhioned fhape: the footftalk is flender, weak; and re- difh. ‘The flowers ftand fevetal together on the top of a naked ftalk: this is taller and more ro- buft than the footftalks of the leaves, but not at all branched ; nor-are there any leaves on it. The flowers are large, and of a_ beautiful purple. The feed-veffel is long, edged, and angulated. It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in April. Plukenet calls it Oxys purpurea Virginiana ra- dice lillii more nucleata. 4. Small-leaved Wood Sorrel. Oxys foliis minioribus ramofa. The root is roundith, large, and inade up of feveral heads, like the lilly-root. The firft leaves are fmall, and very numerous: they rife in a little clufter, without any vifible footftalk ; three ftand together, and they are fall, fharp+pointed, and yellowith. In the centre of thefe rifes the ftalk, and they foon after wither ; fo that there does not remain the leaft matk there ever were any. — The ftalk is upright, firm, branched, and four or five’inches high. The:leaves ftand thick upon it from top to bottom: they grow three together without any footftalk, and are fhort and pointed. G E Nii WetS From the bofoms of the uppet leaves rife fmall and flender footftalks of 4 confiderable length ; on each of which there is 4 fingle flower: this is large, and of a beautiful purple. The feed-veffel is long, ridged, and pointed. It is a native of fEthiopia, and flowers in May. Burman Calls it Oxalis bulbofa foliis angiftis ter nis hirtis lore purpureo. - 5. Great-flowered Wood Sotrel;. Oxys flore maximo, The root is long and flender : it runs obliquely under the furface; and has freqiient little bulbous heads growing to it, and numerous clifters of fibres. The leaves aré numerous, and not unlike thofe of our common wood Sorrel: they ftand three to- gether on long, tender footftalks, and are heart- fafhioned, and of a pale green. Among thefe rife feveral tenders naked ftalks.. taller than thofe of many of the leaves; and on each of thefe ftands 4 fingle flower. This is of a:pale purple, very large, and very beautiful ; and confifts, like the others, of a fingle petal; fo deeply cut into five fegments, that they feem abfolutely difting, The {eed-veffel is long and pointed. It.is a native of Aithiopia, and flowers in May, Commelin calls it Oxys dulbofa Atthiopica minor folio:cordato, Others, Great-flowered oxys. The leaves of all thefe foreign kinds have the fame four tafte with thofe of the common OXYS, fome in a.greater, fome in a leffer degree ; but not one of them excels our own, They pro- bably have all the fame virtues, »differing only in Proportion to the.degree of acidity we perceive in their .taftes. XXII. MILKWORT. P.O LY GALA, 6 Bee flower confifts of ‘a fingle ‘pétal; divided to the bottom into four parts; fo that it appears to be formed of fo many diftiné& petals: the feed-veffel is a capfule of a compreffed, heart- fafhioned fhape : the/cup is compofed of three leaves; itwo of which ftand below, -and the other three above the flower. This .is .a perplexing «plant to -moft.of the fyftem-makers. Its flower is very fingular in form; therefore it has béen.called an irregular one, and mioft have fuppofed the fegments fo many diftiné petals. Linnaus places it among his diadelpbia oftandria, the threads)inithe flower ‘being eight; and col- le€ted into two clufters; as if. they rofe from two heads: Ray has ranged it better than any: he found that the fegments ;united:at the bottom, and the flower truly confifted of ‘4 fingle petal, and thatithe feed-veffel was fingle; he therefore juftly made it one of his Herbe fratiu ficco fingulari flore monopetala. DIVISION 1. i. Blue-Aowered Milkwort. Polygala vulgaris. The root is long, flender, divided into many \parts, fpreading, and -furnifhed with numerous fibres. Nr 8. 4 BaR T Pel SH YS) PebeGaic ens: The :firft Jeaves are numerous, broad, and fhort :,they.grow.in little clufters upon the young fhoots, and have no footftalks. The ftalks rife among thefe, and often thofe fhoots themfelves lengthen : into ‘ftalks : ‘they are numerous, weak, procumbent, and of a -pale 2¢ green ; ‘ ‘ THE! BRITIS:H iH ER BeAlL. green: they are extremely branched: and as they grow in length, the fhort firt leaves drop off: they grow to eight or nine inches long ; but far the greateft part of it lie upon the ground, few of them ftanding up farther than the fpike of flowers, , The leaves ftand irregularly on thefe ftalks, and are unlike the firft: thefe are longifh,’ nar- row, and pointed. 5 ; ‘The flowers ftand in long loofe fpikes, and are of a pale blue. The feed-veffel is at and large: the feeds are numerous, and fall. It is common in dry paftures, and flowers in July. ‘ ‘ C. Bauhine calls it Polygala vulgaris. Others, Polygala minor. No plant varies more than this in its afpeét and manner of growth, according to the accidents of place and nourifhment. The flowers, though naturally blue, are often redifh, and often white ftriated more or lef with blue or red, fometimes white altogether.. In this condition, fome authors have defcribed it as a different fpecies, or made one or two more, all fuppofed different. We have obferved that the firtt leaves are {mall and fhort, and that thefe ufually fall off; but fometimes there grow no others, thefe being con- tinued upon the ftalks their whole length! in this cafe the ftalks generally lie altogether upon the ground, and the plant has been deferibed as a diftinét fpecies under the name of Polygala myrti- folia paluftris humilis ramotior. Mr. Ray himfelf is not without thefe flips: *tis commonly on damp, poor ground it affumes this form. : In all thefe conditions the fpecies is the fame, and, under proper advantages of fun and nou- rifhment, would at any time put. on its pro- per face again. Some few years fince, I faw a very remarkable inftance of this, There grows a great deal of milkwort on the edge of a {mall bog on Hampftead heath’: this, while the bog was wet, to the top, was full of fhort, broad leaves, and fpread upon the ground in nume- rous branches: afterwards, fome flight trenches were cut through the bog, which drained it a D. LV. U.S 1,.O-Noc iI, FO 1, Crefted Milkwort, Polygala criftata. The root is long, flender, and fimple. The flalks are numerous, round, hard, and - firs part lie upon the ground, and part’ ftand erect among them. e The leaves grow often in pairs, but not cer- tainly or regularly fo: they are {mall, fhort, ob- tufe, moderately broad, of a dead green, and very rough to the touch, The flowers ftand in long crefted feries on the tops of the ftalks, fometimes in a fingle, fome- times a double feries ; and they are fmall, and purplith or white. The feed-veffel is minute, and very flat, the feeds are very {mall and yellow. ' fame ftrong uniform red. It is a native of Ethiopia, and flowers in June. little; and then the milkwort grew more erect, and had fewer branches, and long, narrow leaves. ret Thefe trenches are now filled up again in a _ great meafure by the {welling of the boggy earth at their fides, as all trenches in fuch ground will, if not frequently cleaned ; and that part of the milkwort which grows loweft is {preading on the ground, and getting into the myrtle-leaved ftate again. ? Experience here fhews ftrongly what we have occafion often to affért with equal truth, though lefs authenticated by evidence, that plants which appear very different, are only varieties of one and the fame fpecies. Few imagine what is in the power of accidents in the place of growth. 2. Upright red Milkwort. Polygala purpurea ereGa. We have feen what changes the difference -of foil make in the common milkwort ; but we here treat of a fpecies altogether diftin@. No change of place, or accidents of any kind, could reduce this plant to the condition of the common milkwort, or raife that to the ftate of this : its own feeds produce it, and no other. The root is long, flender, and divided into many parts. ; The leaves on the firft fhoots are fmall, but not broad: they are nurnerous, fhort, and fharp- pointed. : The flalks are firm, rigid, erect, and ten inches high. The leaves are numerous, and ftand irregu- larly : they are narrow, of a deep green, fharp- pointed, and {mooth. The flowers ftand upon the tops of the ftalks in a fhort fpike : they are large and purple. The feed-veffel is flat, large, and full of mi- nute feeds: It is common in hilly paftures, July. C. Bauhine calls it Polygala major. hine, Polygala vulgaris major. I have never feen any variation in the colour of the flower in this fpecies : it is always of the and flowers in J. Bau- REIGN SPECIES: Plukenet calls ‘it Pohgala Athiopica anguftis hirfutis foliis lore obfolete purpureo 5 but the flowers are oftener white than purple, 2. Feathered Milkwort. Polygala criftis fimbriatis, : The root is woody, long, divided, and fpread- ing. ; The ftem is woody; and divided into many branches, : The leaves ftand irre narrow, of a pale green, and pointed at the ends, The flowers are large, and very beautiful : they fland in long fpikes, and each has its fepa- rate long’ and flender footftalk ; they are de- fended by a broad covering, compofed of three ularly ; and are long, undivided at the edges, ** leaves, The BR IT: 1 § H }H-B R B ALL, 83 leaves, as the cup in the common kind is; and have at.the top a double creft that has a feather- ed afpeét: the colour of the flower is a lively purple. It is a native of Ethiopia, and flowers in May. : Burman calls it Polygala fruétefcens foliis linea- vibus flore majore purpureo. There are feveral {pecies of polygala that are abfolute fhrubs and trees: thefe we thall treat of in their place: this. approaches to them, and may ferve as the laft of the others, and to fhew the gradation. 3. The Sennekka Rattle-fnake Plant. Polygala radice marginata. The root is long, flender, and divided into feveral parts: it fpreads irregularly under, the furface, and is of a brown colour: it is very fingular in that there runs an edge or margin of a membranaceous fubftance on each fide all the way along it. The firft fhoots are numerous and full of leaves: thefe are fhort, narrow, and fharp- pointed. The ftalks are a foot high: they are round, weak, and of a pale green. The leaves ftand irregularly on them,. and are Ge Nos U.S oblong, narrow, of a pale green, and pointed af thejenda 4 ~ : The flowers ftand in a long, loofe fpike, and are white or bluith. The feed-veffel is flat, and the feeds ate nume- tous, yellowifh, and {mall, At is a native of North America, and has been of late introduced into medicine, under the name of radix fenekka, or the rattle fuake root. The knowledge of its virtues was fiéft owing to the Indians, who have recourfe to it againft venomous bites, that of the rattle-fnake not ex- cepted, from which it took its name, ; Tt is excellent in pleurefies and quinzies, and all other diforders of that kind. lt has had the fate of many good things, to be talked too high | - at firft. . Dr. Tennent, who introduced it here, recommended it with the warmth natural to the inventor of a new method of cure ; and from his faying too much in its praife people came to fuppofe it deferved lefs than it really does, Ir is truly a great medicine, though now fallen into difufe. The common milkwort is a purge. A handful of the leaves boiled in ale is a dofe fora ftrong: man: it works brifkly, and without any ill effect, The root dried and powdered is a fudorifick ; ten grains is a dofe, . XXIL DODDER; CUTS C20" BMA, HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, tubular at the bafe, and divided into four fegments at the edge: the feed-veffel is a fingle, roundith capfille, containing two feeds: the cup is divided into four fegments. Linnzus places this among his tetrandria digynia; there being four threads in every flower, and the rudiment of the capfule giving origin to two ftyles. That author, in his Genera Plantarum, improperly joins the dafélla with this genus: the da/el/a hav- ing, as himfelf acknowledges, a fingle feed after every flower, not, contained in any capfule, but fur= rounded in the lower part by a fucculent cup: neither do the other charaéters of cufeuta agree witli this plant. In his Species Plantarum he places them feparate, making the Ja/élla, as it properly is, one of his pentandria trigynia; for in that genus the threads are only five, and the ftylesthree. Of this Linneus was fenfible, when he ranked it with cu/cwta, whofe threads are only four, and whofe ftyles two. We have given fufficient inftances, that this method of claffing plants is frivolous; heré is a proof its author thought it fo: why therefore d felf found infufficient ? id he endeavour,to recommend to others what he had him- We have obferved that the feed of ba/élla ftands in a flefhy cup, otherwife uncovered, - ‘The reader will therefore fee plainly why we do not add it to the genus)of cu/cuta: it is not fo much as of this clafs, for it-has no capfule. iD. [sVad STsOuN 2 L Common Dodder. Cufcuta vulgaris. This ftrange plant confifts only of filaments, or long, tough threads, winding themfelves about other herbs, and here and there ornamented with flowers: it has no leaves, and has been fup-. pofed to have no root; but better obfervation will fhew that to be an error. Its firft appearance, though little regarded, is on the ground, BR UTebSd: $ Pb 61k ¢, Its root confifts of a few fender, long, and branched, redifh fibres. bh 2ir From thefe rife ten or twelve ftalks, in form of fmall red threads. - r oig = Thefe rifing in height, lay hold of fome plant that is near them, and climb-up on it : if there is none ‘near, they pine, and; the root. dies with them; fo the plant fading while fmall, is not at all regarded. - When there is a plant in the way, which is ufually the cafe, the young fhoots rifing from feeds dropped from the old herb as it hangs 4 among 84 The BRiTISH'HE RB alt. among the branches: thefe flender ftalks grow 1 epurtica, and by:a variety of other names of thé quickly where they find themfelves fuppotted; || fame kind. Among thefe none is fo famous as and entangle among one another, and among the | epithyman, that is the dedder which grows on gar- fhoots of the plant, to which they have faftened | den thyme, from which it has been fuppofed to im- themfelves in a ftrange manner. bibe peculiar virtues but the epithymum or dodder When they have got well eftablifhed there the | of thyme is no way different from, nor any bet- root dies, the ftalks that rofe from the ground | ter than the dodder of the nettle when both grow wither, and the plant lives only among the | in England: there is indeed a difference in that branches of thé other, taking its nourifhment fold at the druggifts from our conmimmon kind, from them. but this is not owing to its having grown on In this its full ftate of perfection, the threads || thyme, but to its having grown in Crete, where are purple, and as thick as a {mall twine: and-|! the fun being warmer, raifes it to more virtue. they foon after flower. C. Bauhine calls it Cufcuta major. Others, The flowers are produced in round clufters on |) Cu/cuta. one fide of the ftalks; and are of a pale purplifh é colour, little and flefhy. The feeds ripen in the Dedder is a brifk purge, and is good in obftruc- fame heads, and are large. tions of the vifcera, in the fcurvy, and the {ci- It is common in our fields and gardens, grow- | atica. In a fmaller dofe it works by urine. ing upon flax, nettles, heath, or any thing in its The beft way of giving it is in infufion, ar way, and often plaguing the gardener among his | ounce of the dodder to a’ pint ‘of ‘water. pot herbs: fome have fuppofed the fpecies of Outwardly the frefh ‘herb bruifed is excellent dodder differed according to the plant on which | againft ftrumous fwellings, it grew, and have thence called it épilinum and DIVISION H - FOREIGN SPECIES, Procumbent Dodder. fpreading fibres, brown, ‘tough, and ill-tafted. Cufcuta bunilis. The ftalks are numerous, and ‘grow to a vatt ; length: they are purple, round, and very tough. The common dodder fpreads itfelf only over They have no leaves, but are ornamented with plants, this frequently lies upon the ground; | a vaft quantity of flowers: thefe are of a pale though it will alfo run toa vaft height upwards | purple, and ftand on-footftalks. when there are trees or bufhes in the way to fup- It is a native of the American iflands. port it. Gronovius calls it Cufcuta caule aphyllo volubili. - The root is a clufter of thick, very long and | repente. We, American dodder. 2] os Boats: os ABeoo: KEL, MUDWEED. PLANTAGINELLA. PHE flower confifts of a fingle petal divided deeply into five fegments: the fruit is a capfule of an oval figure, half covered with the cup: it has only one‘cell, in which are nume feeds : the cup is formed of a fingle leaf, and is divided at the rim into five feements: the k Tous grow fingly, one on each footftalk, as do alfo the Howers. = 2 eaves Linnzus places this among the didyiamia angiofpermia, becaufe of the four threads that are in flower two are longer and:two fhorter,; and the feeds are inclofed in a capfule: -he has he ae, known name plantaginella into limofella. We are not fond of thofe.diminutive names deriv: Ei its thofe of other plants of different genera; but they are not needful to be changed witho fo, Pay ther reafon. ut fome far- Of this genus there is but one known {pecies, ,and that is‘a native of Britain; very pretty plant. Bee of Britains a very fingular, and Mudweed. ; water-plantain leaves, whence it had its name: Plantaginella. ‘| they are of a palegréen, broad, fhort, and a : Si 3 cba eh bias proaching to oval. ; x e root'is a tuft of ‘little, fender ‘fibres. ; The flowers {tand on -fe From this rife together ‘a ‘number of trailing || ftalks, not half fo high Prats ne | r the fhoots for propagation. leaves; thefe are very {mall ant 3 mall and white. Thefe are procumbent: they run‘every way, The! feed-veffel eicee and fullof ‘ed ‘and take root at little diftances, fending’ up nu- It is common inithe-dry »parts df hallow fith. merous tufts of leaves. ‘5:0 || ponds: about Hounflow itgrows in almoft-ey. ’ : he tee in clufters of tenioritwelveto- | puddle. Je fowers.in July. aed gether: each is fupported on‘a long, 'flender foot- C. Bavhine callsit‘Plantagi ay 5 : “Plantaginella: is. -Plu~ flalk s'and they are of the fhape of the great | kenet, Aline Palusteaaesen site stich os 8 GEN Ws The BRITISH HERS At. 85 Go hy NG ay S XXIV. WINTERGREEN., edge: OMe As HE ‘flower confifts of a fingle petal divided to the bottom into five or nisore fegments 5 there is no tubular part, but thefé refembling fo many diftinét'petals, join only ‘at the bafes: the fruit is a fingle capfule after every flower ; this ‘is roundifh, deprefiéd, and flightly marked with ‘ridges? the cup is very fmall, it is divided into five fegments, and remains with the capfule. Linnaus places this among his decandria monogynia, the threads in the centre of the flower being ten, and the ftyle rifing from the rudiment of the fruit fingle ; but he feparates fomne of the fpecies, DIV 1S LON) 1. 1. Round-leaved Wintergreen. Pyrola foliis rotundis. The toot is long, flender, and furnifhied with numerous fibres. The leaves rife in a clufter, and are very fingu- Jar and pretty : they have long, flender foorftalks, and are of a roundifh figure, fomewhat approach- ing to oval, of a thick fubftance, and a freth green colour: they are perfectly {mooth, and di- vided at the edges: they in fomé degree refemble the leaves of the pear-tree, but are {maller, and hence the genus had its Latin name; this being the firlt known kind; and that namie is continued to the others, though their leaves have nothing of that form. In the centre of this tuft of leaves rifes a fingle ftalk: this is rouiid, firm, upright, and ten inches high: it has no leaves on it, except a few narrow membranes be called by that namie; and at its top fuftains a fpike of flowers. ‘ : Thefe are large, white, and very béautifal : they have numerous threads in the centre, and a long point, which is the ftyle, rifés among them. The feed-veffél is large, and the feeds ate nu- merous and fmall. It is not unfrequent ih the woods of our not- thern counties, and flowers in Auguft. We iéet with it fometimes in thofe parts of bogey héaths which are deep covered with mofs. C. Bauhine callsit Pyrola major. Others, Pyréla. Our name of wintergreen is given it ftom! the frefh appearance of the leaves at the moft dead feafons of the year, but it is a very indeterminate one, and has led to errors and confufion: ‘The late lord Petre, defirous to have this plant, wrote into Yorkthire for its feeds, and received what were called fuch; they were nurfed with great care, and produced wintercre/s Barbarea. Such judges are gardeners of the Englifh plants! This fpecies is greatly recommended as a vul- “nerary. They ufe it im Germany in all their wound-drinks, and in many of their ointments and plaifters. With us the better knowledge of chirurgery has put thefe vulnerary plants much out of ule, 2. Leffer Wintergregn. Pyrola minor, The root is {mall, long, and furnifhed’ with thaniy: fibres: The leaves rife twenty or more together;' and N° IX. BRITISH SPECIES. are placed on fhort and flender fodtftalks : they are broad, of a roundifh figure, and notched lightly on the edges. The ftalk is upright, round, ‘and eight inches high, and toward the top it divides into feveral branches. : : ‘ The flowers are large and White, and they ftand in clufters upon all the branches : they have a tuft of threads in the centre, as the other; bug in that they lean, in this they ftand upright, and the middle point or ftyle is fhort; not long and prominent as in that fpecies, The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are very filmerotis and very minute. It is common in thé northern parts of Eng- land, and flowers in July. ; Rivinus calls it Pyréle minor. Others, Pyrola Staminibus reétis. i 3. Tender Wintergreén. Pyrola folio. mutronato Jerrato: The root is long, flender and creeping: it ruins obliquely under the furface, and fends out at {mall diftances tufts of fibres. Phe firft leaves; which rife in numerous cluftérs from different parts of the root, are oval : they ftand oh fhort, flender footftalks, and aré of a deép gréeii, and not at all ferrdted. Amotig thefe rife the flalks: they are tound, flendet, weak, and but ill fuppott themfélves in their hight, which is about a foot. On the lower part of thefé there are fome of thofe fhort, narrow, membranaceous leaves thatare on the common wintergreen ftalk but befides thefe, there are numerous other large and proper leaves. The flowers grow at the top, and are large and white: they ftand only on one fide of the ftalk when the plant is but moderately nourifh- ed, but whén thé root fpreads in a rich; free foil, they are more numerous, and ftand on both fides. It is a native of the north of England, but not common there. } C: Bauhine calls it Pyrola folto mucronato ferrato. Cltifius; Pyrola fecunda tenerior ; and his name is generally adopted by other writers. i 4. Chickweed-flowered Wintergreen: Pyrola alfines flore Europea: The root is compofed of numerous threads conneéted to a fmall head. The firft leaves are few and {mall : they. are . Z fhort, 86 The BR Ee Sigh ER Bs Agi fhort, ferrated, fharp-pointed,. and have no foot- ftalks : they are of a yellowith green at firft, and grow yellow and wither foon after the ftalk appears. The flalks are numerous, flender, ftriated, and tolerably upright. On the lower part they have feveral of thofe fmall, fhort leaves mentioned in defcribing the other fpecies ; but their proper leaves ftand only at the top of each ftalk, and rife from one point. | Thefe are broad, fhort, of a dufky green, ferrated, and fharp-pointed: there are fix or eight of them on the top of every ftalk, and they have no pedicles. ; The flowers ftand on very flender footftalks rifing from the centre of the tuft of leaves; fometimes there is only one flower on each foot- flalk, fometimes there are two or more: they are {mall and white. The feed-veffel is large, and has feveral ridges, and the feed is large and brown. It is found in the north of England among mofs and rufhes in damp grounds; and flowers in Auguft. C.Bauhine calls it Pyrola alfines flore Europea. J. Bauhine, Herba trientalis. Schwenkfeldt, Alfine alpina, alpine chickweed. , 5- Brafilian Wintergreen. | Pyrola alfines flore brafiliana. The root confifts of a fmall head and a num- ber of fhort, white fibres, The firft leaves rife in a little tuft, and are fmall, fhort, and without footftalks : they juft form a defence for the tender fhoot -of the ftalk, for which purpofe they feem to be intended by nature ; and when that is rifen to a little height and ftrength, they decay. The ftalk is round, flender, not very upright, and of a pale green. The leaves ftand in a clufter at its top, rifing all from one point : they are large, oblong, broad, fharp-pointed, not at all ferrated at the edges, and of a pale green. The flower is fmall and white; often there is but one on the plant, fometimes more: each is fupported by a long, flender footftalk, and is di- vided into five or more fegments ; for this divi- fion is irregular. The feed-veffel is large and fhort. It is a native of America, but has been met with in fome parts of England. Mr. Lawfon is re- DT VES WOgN, IL 1, Single-flowered Wintergreen. Pyrola uniflora. The root is fmall, and creeps under the fur- face, fending up tufts of leaves in fpring in many ‘places, and ftalks where they have firft rifen ; but the leaves decay fo foon that they are rarely feen together. The ftalks are round, flender, weak, and not at all branched. The leaves grow regularly, but in a very fingular manner: three rife from every joint, and they all grow toward its top. They are fmall, roundith, a little ferrated, and FOREIGN corded to have found it near Gifbury in Cleve- land; and I have feen it in the hands of one who told me he brought it from Snowden-hill. C. Bauhine calls it Pyrola alfines flore brafiliana. No plants have more perplexed the writers on botany than thofe of this genus; particularly thefe two laft : but it has been becaufe neither they nor any of the others have fallen. frefh into the hands of fuch as could beft have difpofed them. Mr. Ray feparates the pyrole under two diftinét claffes, though he preferves the ufual and received name pyrola to all of them : thefe two laft alone he places in the prefent clafs of plants, that have the flower compofed of a fingle petal, and a fingle capfule following it: the common wintergreen and the two kinds we have defcribed after it he at= ranges among his clafs of pentapetalous flowers. Tam fo unwilling to imagine he has been remifs in'that ftrictexamination which is neceffary on thefe occafions, that I rather think nature may vary a little in thefe tender points: the difference be- tween a plant whofe flower confilts of five fe- parate petals.and one where it confifts of a fingle petal divided to the bottom, the fegments uniting only at the tips of the bafe, is fo little, that it may not ftrictly be obferved in the courfe of na- ture, in which we fee greater varieties, Certainly I have feen the flower of the common pyrola, where the petals uniting at their bafe were anly the divifions of one: this I have obferved re- peatedly, and not alone; and this is evidently the cafe in the two latter fpecies: wherefore I have brought them here together. As to Linnzus, he, though he regards not the continuity or divifion of the parts of a flower as any part of claffical character, yet for other reafons feparates the pyrola more widely : the three firft fpecies here treated of he keeps together under the common name Pyrola, but the two latter he divides from thofe, and from one another, by feparate clafies; the European pyrola he defcribes in a diftiné genus among. his heptandria, calling its fruit a berry ; though, as he allows it to have no juice, we fhall be content to retain it here: the other he makes a {pécies of cornus, the dogberry, placing it among the te- trondria monogynia, calling its fruit a drupe and not a capfule, If alittle liberty be to be taken in refpe& to the characters of plants, I think it fhould be, not to feparate, but to keep thofe of the fame general form together. Sp bebe Calan s: of a dark green: they have long footftalks, and there ufually rife fome young leaves in their bo- foms. From the upper clufter of thefe leaves ‘rifes a flender, upright, weak pedicle, on which ftands the flower. This is large, white, and fingle, much refembles that of the larger than the flower of any other pyrola: it confifts of a fingle petal, fo deeply divided into five fegments that they appear five diftiné& petals, Joined only at their bafes, ; The feed-veffel is large and ribbed: are fmall. a . Ie and very parnaffia, being the feeds Th BRITISH HERBAL It is common in the woods of Sweden and fome parts of Germany ; and flowers in July. Morifon calls it Pyrola fingulari flore ampliore. Linnzeus, Pyrola {capo uniflore. 2. Shrubby Wintergreen. Pyrola fruticofa. This is the moft hardy of all the Pyrole. Its root is long, flender, and woody, and runs under the furface, fending up tufts of leaves and ftalks in many places: thefe, when they have rifen to flowering, bend downward with the weight of the leaves, and, burying themfelves in the deep mofs among which they ufually grow, remain, and become as it were fhrubby, fending up young fhoots another year. The ftalks are green, tender, and weak before they take this turn; afterwards they become harder, brown, and woody. - . The leaves which rife firft are oblong, broad, ferrated, of a brownifh green, and without foot- ftalks: they only appear, as the firft fhoot, and foon decay. Thofe on the branches are of the fame form, and they ufually ftand thick together: they are narroweft at the bafe, broader toward the end, and have no footftalks : they are of a pale green, and fharply ferrated. The ftalks terminate in long, naked pedicles, which divide into three or four leffer at the top, and on each of thefe ftands a fingle flower: this is large, white, and compofed of five fesments, uniting at the bafe only; fo that they feem five difting: petals. GEN, SU eS The feed-veffel is large, fhort, and brown. Itisa native of Germany and of many parts of Afia and America; and flowers in Augutft. C. Bauhine calls it Pyrola Sruticans arbuti folio, Clufius, Pyrola tertia Srutefcens, 3- Broad-leaved Wintergreen. Pyrola folio latiore. ” The root is long, fender, woody, brown, and {preading. The firft leaves are few and broad: they have fhort footftalks, and are not at all divided or ferrated at the edges. The ftalks are numerous, firm, and round, but flender, The leaves grow ufually three from the fame part of the ftalk, but this not uniformly or cer- tainly : fometimes there are two, fometimes only one: they are large, broad, and not at all fer- rated: they have fhort footftalks; and their co- lour is a pale green. The flowers are large, beautiful, and white: they grow with the fame uncertainty as the leaves, fometimes one, fometimes two, and fometimes three, on the fame footftalk. Pihaels 1 The feed-veffel is large, ribbed, and depreffed. It is common in the woods of North America, and flowers in June. : Gronovius calls it Pyrola petiolis apice bifloris vel trifloris. Petiver; Pyrola marilandica minor folio mucronata arbuti, The virtues of thefe have not been tried, but the tafte fhews them to be in general fubaftrin« gent, as the common kind, t XXV. MULLEIN, VERBASCUM HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, with a fhort tubular part at the bottom, and divided deeply into five fegments, which are ufually large and broad: the fruit is a fingle capfule following every flower ; this is of a fhort, turbinated, or conic figure, into five fegments. and contains two cells: the cup is divided Linnzus places this among his pentandria monogynia; the threads being five in each fower, and the ftyle rifing from the rudiment of the fruit fingle.. DEV TSO OLN oT: x. White Mullein. Verbafcum album. This plant is named white, not from its flow- ers, for they are yellow, but from the fingular whitenefs of its leaves. The root is long, large, divided, and furnifhed ‘with a vaft many fibres. The firft leaves are very large, numerous, and white: they have no footftalks: they are a foot ‘and half long, and half as much or nearly in breadth. The ftalk is firm, thick, upright, hard, and covered with leaves. ‘Thefe are of the fame’ shape and colour with thofe at the root, only they are fmaller, BR ITS HS PEC CEs The flowers ftand in a very long and thick {pike at the top of the plant: they are not large, but are of a beautiful yellow. The feed veffel is large and brown. It is common by way fides, and flowers in July. C, Bauhine calls it Verba/cum mas latifolium Iu teum, Others, Verbafcum album, and Tapfus bare batus. We call it White mullein, Cows lungwort, and in fome places High taper. 2. Hoary white Mullein, Verbafcum pulverulentum album, The flowers of this are yellow, as well as thofe of the former, and it obtains. its name in the fame 88 The BRIT 11'S H H E’RoB AL, fame manner as that, from the whitenefs of its leaves. : The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres. ‘ The firft leaves are long-and large: they have fhort footftalks, and rife in a large tuft: they are undivided at the edge, :fharp at the point, and very white; but they differ from thofe of the other in this, that their whitenefs is owing to a ‘hoary powder, which jis eafily wiped off. - The ftalk rifes in thecentre, and is often eleven foot high. 1 The leaves ftand irregularly on it, full as thickly as in the common mullein: they are like thofe from the root, but fmaller, and have the fame kind of hoary, or dufty matter.on them. The flowers are {mall and yellow: they ftand in a thick {pike at the top of the ftalk, and they have the fame fort of white dufty matter about them as is on the leaves. The feed-veffels are large, and the feeds are very finall. It is frequent in the weftern counties of Eng- land, growing by road fides, as the common mul- lein. C. Bauhine calls it Verbafcum mas foliis angufti- oribus floridus pallidis. J. Bauhine, Verbafcum pulverulentum flore luteo parvo. 3. White-flowered Mulleia. Verbafcum flore albo. The root is long, large, and edged with many fibres. The firft leaves are very numerous and very. large: they are narrower than in the common mul- Iein, and very long; and they are on the upper fide fmooth, and of a blackifh green; but white and hoary underneath. The ftalk is tall, firm, upright, and five foot high. The leaves ftand thick upon it, and are of the ‘fame fhape with thofe from the root, and in the fame manner, of a dark green, and ‘fmooth on the upper furface, and white and dufty below : a few of the upper leaves are to be excepted, which are white all over. - DEHeV- TSH WOeN: air, 1. Low Cretick Mullein. Verbafcum bumile Creticum foliis laciniatis. The root is long, thick, and: furnifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves are ‘large, and they rife in a thick tuft: they have long, hairy footftalks, and are irregularly pinnated : they confift each of two “pairs of {mall pinnae, and a very large, roundifh “leafrat the end. The ftalks rife among thefe; and are nume- ‘rous, round, not very firm, and two feet high. The leaves ftand alternately on thefe; and are of the fame fhape with thofe from the root, but fmaller: fome of them have the two pair of pin- nx, as thofe of the root, and others only one “pair, and the odd leaf, The ftalk divides into feveral branches toward ferrated, and they have an ill {mell 1 that they are fmaller. ; The flowers ftand on long branches, into which the ftalk divides at the top; fo that there are ufu- ally many {pikes in this, as there is commonly but one in the other mu/ein : they are fmall and white. The feed veffel is large, and the feeds are very fmall. It is common by the road-fides and in dry paf- tures in many parts of Kent; and flowers in Auguft, C. Bauhine calls it Verbafcum lychnitis flore albo parvo. J. Bauhine, Verbafcum flore albo parvo. Others, Verbafcum lychnitis. Linnaeus: confiders this as a variety of the former fpecies, but it is really a diftinct plant : if the colour of the Rowers were the only difference it would be reafonable to join them, but the leaves and the whole herb differ. 4. Black Mullein. Verbafcum nigrum. The root is long, thick, and edged with many fibres. The firft leaves are large and broad: they have fhort, purplith footftalks, and are fomewhat of the thape of the leaves of fage, but vaftly bigger : their colour is a blackith green : they are fharply The ftalks are round, thick, often redifh, up- right, and four or five feet high. The leaves ftand thick upon thefe, and re- femble thofe which firft ‘rife from the root, but Toward the top the ftalk fends out many branches, and thefe are all terminated by fpikes of flowers, which are moderately large, of a beautiful gold gellow, and ornamented by purple buttons in the centre, st The feed-veffel is large, fmooth, and full of {mall, brown feeds. It is frequent in Hertfordthire and many other counties by way fides; and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls ic Verbafeum nigrum flore ex luteo purpurafcente. Lobel, Verbafcum nigrum Salvifolium. FOREIGN Se Pek Co Tp se the top, and on thefe ftand the flowers in long {pikes : they are large and yellow. The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are fall. It is a native of Crete, to September. C. Bauhine calls it Verbafcum humile Creticum laciniatum. Columna, Verbafcum brafice folio. Others make it a blattaria, but improperly. This is the fpecies that fome authors have called ardlus, aréos, and arGurus. and flowers from June 2. Poppy-leaved. Mullein. Verbafcum nigrum foliis papaveris. The root is long, large, woody, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The firft leayes are long, large, and hoary: 3 they é . Ph. 12 a, 7, ; q " eSnuall /lowerd m \ are. | on Winter Wie “Brashan vi efenuler Minter } Ninter youn oe Lass A ag |) d ~ ton Dodder Roun / lia wid NY if) Weiter Green | A > C & is Re « aw White (lower > x XN “ YY iy | j : : a r ‘ CU ; y : Ye Wa . Ww of AE Hoary While Miullien » Single Hlowerd SS QE it 2B read Cea ¢ <=: \G St AZALEA WA OE A: i ich ‘i bular,’ and divided into five fegments at E flower confifts of a fingle petal, whichis long, tu » and sit ie edge: the fruitis a fingle capfule, of a round figure, containing five cells; and the cup is i ip vi ivided i fegments. i, coloured, formed of one piece, and divided into five g i 3 ee are this among the pentandria monogynia; each flower having five threads, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit being fingle. Authors have been perplexed where to put the feveral plants belonging to this genus: fome have called them ciffus’s;. but the difference is very obvious, as- will be feen when we treat of ciftus, that genus being of another clafs. t..Procumbent Azalea. Azalea procumbens. © The root-is.long and fpreading, divided into many parts, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The fhoots’ aré numerous, and fpread every way-upon the ground into a very large and thick tuft. “The ftalks: are’ woody, and covered with a darle coloured: rind; tough, thin, and four or five inches long, fometimes much more. The leaves are very numerous and very {mall : they are of a'dark green, and they ftand in pairs : they are oblong, flender, and fharp-pointed. The flowers grow at the tops of the branches, two, three, or more. together: they are large, andof .a beautiful red. ' The feed-veffel is large, and contains many feeds. f It is a native of the mountains of Germany, ahd flowers in July. — : C. Bauhine calls it Chamaciftus ferpyllifolia flo- ribus coccineis. Others, Cyftus ferpyllifolia: but the leaves-are narrower than to be properly expreffed by that name. oleae G ook Nong Ui, eeieS 2, Clammy Azalea:. Azalea vifcofa. The root is woody and {preading. The fhoots are numerous and tough, woody, and covered with a grey rind. } en07 The leaves are frequent, of a pale green, and pinnated : each confifts of three or mote pairs of large, oval pinnz, with an odd leaf much larger than either at the end: they are hairy and not ferrated. The flowers ftand in little clufters at the tops of the branches, eight or ten together : they are long, flender, and very beautiful; and have a fragrant fmell: they are hairy on the outfide, and clammy to the touch. The feed-veffel is fmall, but contains numerous feeds. It is a native of Virginia, where it is common in the woods: J Plukenet calls it Ci/tus Virginiana flore et odore periclymeni. Thefe plants have no known virtues. Ix, LEADWORT PL UM B.A G..O. HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, which is tubular in the lowe than near the bottom, and divided into five fegments at the edge. The fruit is a fingle capfule, of a rade and imperfeé& form, formed of one piece, and is pentangular, the rim. ‘Linneus places this among the pentandria monogynia; from the'rudiment of the capfule being fingle. 1. Common Leadwort. Plumbago vulgaris. The root is long, large, and furnifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves rife in a thick, fmall tuft, and are of a deep green, broad, fomewhat oval in fhape, and without footttalks. The ftalks rife in the centre of the tuft, and are round, firm, upright, very much branched, and two feet high: they are ufually of a deep purplifh colour, often blackith. rough on the furface, and divided into five fe T part, narrower toward the necle containing only one feed: the cup is gments at the flower having five threads, and the ftyle The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and re- femble thofe at the root: they are oblong, broad and oval toward the end, but with a bastb ond long bafe: they have no footftalks, but enclofe the main ftalk at the bottom, From the bofom of every leaf rifes a branch and on the tops of thefe ftand the flowers : they are numerous, moderately large, and purple: they are paler at firft, and grow of a deeper colour as they open, and decline into ared as they fade, The feed-veffel is a thin fkin, or little more, enclofing La soaps tia The DRITISH HE REA coat enclofing a fingle feed of the bignefS’ of ‘4 corn of wheat. é 2 It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Lepidium dentillaria diftumt: Others, Plumbago Plinii. 2. Heart-leaved Leadwort. Plumbago foliis cordatis. The root confifts of a number of thick fibres, brown, tough, and hot to the tafte; filling the mouth with water when, chewed, in the manner of pyrethrum. The firft leaves are large, and of a deep gréen, they rife eight or ten together: they have long footftalks, and are oblong and broad, not dentated x nage anal at the edge, ‘heart-fafhioned at the bat, “and pointed, es i ie een The ftalk is round; fitm; upright, and two foot high. j i The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and res femble thofe from the root: the lower ones have confiderable footftalks 5 thofe on the upper part of the ftalk and branches have none. The: flowers are very beautiful, large, and fnow white. Their cup is hairy: rough. ) OR AE It is a native of Ceylon, bur: grows freely in our gardens, ' i aif Li Commelin calls it Lychnis Indica Spicata ocys moftri folios fructibus oblongis loppaceis, radiceurente, | the fruit is long and ‘ | Opa nh SRR. © LYCH NIDE A bot OH N 1D Ex SHE flower. confitts of afingle petal ;, the lower part is tubular, long, and bent; and the rimjs_. divided into five broad fegments : the fruit is a fingle capfule, of an oval figure, but with ‘three ridges, and contains threecells; the cup is formed of a fingle piece, divided into five fegments. , We have yet no Englifh name for this genus. marked with ten’ ridges, and ,, Linnzus places it among the pentandria:monogynia ; the’ threads in each fower being five, and’the ftyle from the rudiment of the capfule fingle. This author takes away the received name of the genus, which it is beft known, - : 1. Narrow-leaved hairy Lychnidea. | Lychnidea anguftifolia villofa. The root is long,: flender and creeping, ’ The firft leaves rife in a very thick tuft: they. are long, narrow, and of a dufky green: they have no footftalks, and are alittle hairy. | The: ftalks. rifein the centre, and they. are round, firm, numerous, and a foot high: they are very little branched, and are of a brown co- lour, and a little hairy. “The leaves ftand in pairs, and have no foot- ftalks: they are long, narrow, and fharp-pointed, hairy, not at all divided at the edges, and of a beautiful green. The flowers ftand in a tuft at the top of the ftalks, and are large, and of a pale.red, fome- times of a deeper, and fometimes white: the cups are woolly. The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are nu- merous. ; Ivis frequent ia Virginia, and flowers in July. Ray calls it Lychnoides marilandica calyculis Januginofis foliis avgujtis acutis... Plukenet, Lych- nidea umbellifera blattarie accedens Virginiana major repens pfeudomelanthii folits pilofis flore pentapeta- lide fiftulofo. 2. Small-leaved Lychnidea. Lychnidea foliis parvis. The root is long, flender, and full of fibres, The fhoots that firft fprout from it’ lie upon the ground, :and take root in numerous places, and calls it phlox : .we préferve that by | The ftalk is upright, round, firm, of a pale } green, a little hairy, and about fix inches high, | The leaves ftand in pairs upon it: they are very fmall, and not numerous: they are of a dufky green, and hairy, and generally droop ; they are narrow, oblong, and have no footftalks, From the bofoms of thefe rife young fhoots, which have the fame Kind of. leaves on’ them, but in agreater numbers as have alfo thofe which ) firft come up, and which trail on the ground. The flowers are large and very beautiful : they have each its feparate hairy footftalk ; and they generally rife oppofite to one another. The feed-veffél is large, and the feeds are nu- merous. : It is a native of Virginia. * Plukenet calls it Lychnidee blattarie accedens Virginiana minor repens, hirfutis camphorate feliis, Linnaeus, Phlox foliis fubulatis birfutis, floribus oppofitis. 3: Narrow-leaved fmooth Lychnidea, ‘ ““ Lychnidea anguftifolia glabra, The root is long, of fibres. The ftalk is round, tender, of a pale green, branched, not at all hairy, and five inches high, The leaves are very. numerous, and of a pale | , green: they ftand in pairs, and are extremely narrow; but they are broadeft at the bafe where they adhere to the ftalk;-and finaller all the way to the point. flender, creeping, and full The flowers are large, and ftand fingly at the 2 tops 104 Th BRITISH HERBAL. tops of the branches: they are of a beautiful flefh colour ; fometimes deeper, and fometimes white. The feed-veffel is {mall, and the feed minute. Gee ON It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in June. Plukenet calls it Lychnidea blattaria accedens Virginiana camphorata glabris foliis. US, heli GUINEA PEPPER. CAPSICUM. ’ HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, which is tubular at the bottom, divided into five pointed f fegments, and folded. The fruit is a large capfule, formed of a thick, coloured, rind; and contains numerous feeds in two cells. The cup is formed of a fingle piece, divided into five fegments, and remains with the fruit. Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia ; the threads being five in every flower, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. He calls this fruit a berry without any pulp. x. Common Guinea Pepper. Capficum vulgare. The root is compofed of a great many thick and fpreading. fibres. The ftalk is round, thick, ftriated, very much branched, and a foot and half high. : The leaves are numerous, and of a very beau- tiful green: they ftand irregularly, and have long foorftalks. “They are large: broadeft at the bate, fmaller to the point, and not at all ferrated at the edges. The flowers are large and white : they ftand in the divifions of the branches. The fruit is large, long, and green at firft, but when ripe, of a beautiful red. Its high colour and fmooth furface give it the appearance of po- lifhed coral. , ‘It is a native of Africa and of South America; and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Piper indicum vulgatifinum- Others, Capficum vulgare. ‘ 2. Small-fruited Guinea Pepper. _ Capficum frugiu parvo. ‘The root is compofed of a great number of long and thick fibres, Gi Be N Ua 9 Its fhape and texture fhew the contrary. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and a foot high, and is not much branched. The leaves are numerous, and ftand irregu- larly: they are large, and of a deep green: they ftand on long footftalks, and are broadeft toward the middle, and terminate in a fharp point. The flowers are fmall, and of a greenifh white : they do not rife fingly from the divifions of the branches, but in clufters, three or four toge- ther, from the fides of the mainftalk, fupported by a general pedicle, and each flower alfo by its own. Se The fruit is roundifh : “it is not bigger than a cherry ; and, when ripe, it is of the fame fine red colour and glofly furface with the common kind. ; It is a native of Aftica, and flowers in June. The fruit is hot to the tafte, but not fo violently as that of the other. The fruit of the common kind is ufed in fauces: when dryed and powdered, it makes what we call Cayan: pepper. ‘That of the laft defcribed fpecies 1 is more efteemed in Africa than the other; hav- ing lefs acrimony and a better flavour. XII, ROG Mi RO Een. THE flower confifts of a fingle petal, which is formed into a fhort tube at the bottom, and divided into five broad fegments at the rim: the fruit is a fhort capfule, containing two cells, and crowned with the cup; which is of a fingle piece, divided into five pointed and dehitated feg- ments, Linnzeus places this among the pentandria monogynia ; the threads in each flower being five, and 2 the rudiment of the fruit fingle. Others have called thefe plants fpecies of campanula, but wrongly. Prickly Roella. Roella fpinofa. The root is long, colour. The ftalks are woody, numerous, flender, firm, tolerably erect, and eight or ten inches high ; fometimes they will gtow confiderably - fibrous, and of a brown larger. 8 . The leaves ftand irregularly, and are {mall, flender, : y ‘wy Narron leavit Ly chnidtea Red Guinea Bindveedl Pepper Sif Sma Mbeavil | a) ' Ay yeh maa (\§ Roella | Prickly Lea y — Aound leavi Jowtlread ee Lead wort Common hh , Vlavrvow teavil e malt Lypeten wea Common Cyst Claw , flowerd JSowwlrea. ay o aes The "3 RoE T-Sh Ra ee. flender, and hairy: the whole afpect of them, The feed-veffel is very fhort, and the cup con- at a diftance, is not unlike that of fome of the | tinues:on it enlarged. 105. kinds of heath in their young fhoots ; but, when.| It is.2 native of Africa, and principally about _ handled; they are prickly, the-fex-coatt: : The flowers are large and very beautiful: they Commelin calls it Campanula Africana [Pinofa ftand fingly on the tops of the branches, and are | flore violaceo. of a pale purple, fometimes of a deep violet co- lour, and fometimes almoft white. fees 8 Cr viggues are not known, — Con pL Uys Ce ES e FLOWERING REED. : CANN AC ORS. HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and is divided into fix parts irregu! larly difpofed : the fruit is:a-fingle capfule; which’is large, rough, and ‘contains three cells’: the cup is compofed of three leaves, which are fmall, coloured, and permanent. Linnzus places this genus among his monandria monogynia; there being oly a fingle filament Or thread in each flower, and the widhmene of the capfule being alfo fingle. He reduces the old name caunacorus to a fhorter, calling it canna. Broad-leaved Flowering Reed. © | "The lowers are large, and of a beautiful red ; Cannacorus latifolius. long, and very fingular in their ftructure : ney | are divided to the bafe, the feoments adhering The root is tuberous, and of ’an irregular fi- | to one another only there; and thefe are irregu- gure, full of thick parts, and of long and large | Jar in form, as well as difpofition : three of hens fibres. . ftand outward, and are erect and fhorter; the The firft leaves are very large, long, and | other three ftand inward, and are longer ; and of broad; of a frefh and beautiful green, and placed | thefe, two are erect and one is reflex. on hollow footftalks: they are pointed at ae The feed-veffel is large, and very rough on end, and waved at the edges. the furface ; and the feeds are large and few. The ftalk is:round, firm, upright, and three It is a native of Afia and Africa, and of the or four feet high, and is covered the greateft part | warmer parts of America; and flowers in June. - cof the way up, by the fcabbards of the leaves, C. Bauhine calls it Arundo indica latifolia. O- The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are, | thers, Cannacorus, and Canna, like thofe from the root, broad, large, of a freth green, and fharp-pointed. Its virtues are not t Known with certainty. qt may appear, to thofe who are unacquainted with the praétice of phyfick, that the virtues attributed to plants in this work are too few ; and the detail too short on that head. _ La obviate this objection, it will be proper once to obferve, that the error of moft books written ou this fubject is afcribing too much to moft plants. Whoever fhall turn over the writ= ings of Gerard and Parkinfon, in this view, will fee that almoft every herb ts faid to be a cure for almoft every difeafe; and the fame Sault r runs through moft others, in a Seat or & effer. degree. Hence, the young phyfician, unable to judge what he is to regard, and what neglect, bas in a manner rejected all: becaufe too much has been written of the virtues of plants, too little is be- lieved. From this, chemical medicines, made principally from minerals, have come fo generally into ufe, and the galenical, obtained moftly from plants, bave been and are fo much negleéted. To remedy this evil, the utmoft care has been taken, throughout the courfe of the prefent work, to diftinguifh the real from the imaginary virtues of plants: the former have been rae preferved; and the latter rejected. For this reafon the catalogues of virtues will appear Shorter in this than in other books of a like kind ; but, it 1s apprehended, it will therefore be more ufeful. This is a point that has demanded the author's principal attention ; and deferves that of every writer more than any other part in a work on this fubject: the refi 1s amufement, but in this the healths and lives of mankind are concerned. | Th END of te FOURTH CLASS. NOX Ee : THE BR ICP TSH ER Beane: Poshoehoah aha Mans i a al 8 8% 0 hs oo a ar fe a he Mh DOr 8 te Me Nh le Ne MO AO Me he Mk AO AO wh 8th the A a SOS AS HS ps Oa ON oP TA NAN as a 1 AS ASS AS ANS AS AS AS AS AS ARAN AS ASS ANAS AS OANA ARS TOS TS A ANS NA OS Cu oA (SeSayaVs Plants whofe flower confifls of a stncun PETAL of an irregular form, and whofe feeds are contained in a SINGLE CAPSULE, all others : yet, Linnaeus, who has for fome years led the botanical ftudents according to his fancy, has difpofed the plants of which it confifts in various and very diftant parts of his works: fome of them are feparated from others by eleven intermediate claffes, and by almoft fix hundred genera, They all perfeétly agree in thofe two effential and obvious charagters, that the fower confifts of a fingle petal, and the feeds are enclofed in a fingle capfule. : They differ from thofe of the laft clafs in that the flower is of an irregular form. As in thofe ie is plain and regular; in thefe it is, for the moft part, of the labiated kind, or of a form nearly approaching to that ftruéture. Mr. Ray faw this diftinétion between the plants of the prefent, and thofe of the preceding clafs, ~ but he has arranged them only under two divifions of the fame clafs, making them effentially agree ; this is a practice not liable to the cenfure of error; though the keeping them diftin@ is much more ufeful, Though the flowers in. the plants of this clafs agree, in a great meafure, with thofe of the labiated kind, yet the diftinGtion is very greatin the difpofition of the feeds : thefe in the labiated plants, properly fo called, ftand naked in the cup of the flower; and in thofe of this genus they have a regular capfule. ‘This is a fufficient diftin@tion in nature; yet, Linnaeus, who does not regard either the fhape of the flower or condition of the feeds as a claffical character, but builds that divifion upon the num- ber and difpofition of the filaments'or threads in the flower,’ places the Sreater part of thefe plants in the fame clafs with the labiated kind 5 as.the Zinaria, pedicularis, and the reft;, and makes their having a capfule for the feeds only a: fubordinate diftin@ion, as Mr. Ray does the peculiar thape of the flower: others of them, as- the pinguicula and lentibularia, he places among his diandyia « tha the gladiolus lacuftris, feparately from all the reft, among his /yygenefia monogamia, ; ; T fave the ftudent the labour of turning to different parts of a work to feck for plants of the fame kind ; and fhall keep them together in his memory, by placing them together in the plates, “The intent of this work is to render the ftudy of plants familiar, As none will be fu ofed t underftand the fcience, while the prefent fafhion lafts, who is not able to converfe Gee in ae language of Linneus, I thall occafionally explain his terms: and as none has perplexed Ha ftudy fo much by anew method as this author, I fhall teach the reader at once to underftand it, and neglect it. 3 A eve like the preceding, is a clafs perfectly and obvioufly diftinguifhed by nature from SERIES Thé BRITT A! HERG AP ' Io7 epi BoiRar J) No AsTiok uViciEeS f EB. Swanod, 0 FB Ril. TAL N,- Thofe of which one or more fpecies are naturally wild in this country, GS EsatN Ging 2S I, BUTTERWOR‘. Pel NG UL Cau 7 HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, formed into two lips and a long fpur : divided into four fegments, the lower into two, fembles the divifions of the flower, oval form, but compreffed at the top. and remains with the feed-veffel : . the upper lip is and the fpur runs out behind: the cup re- this is a fingle capfule, , of an Linnzus places this among the dyandria monogynia; the threads in the flower being two, and the _tudimént of the feed-veffel and its filament or ftyle fingle. From this number of the threads he places pinguicula in the fame genus with the jafmine, olive, and lilac, feparating it from the pedicularis, becaufe that has four, two longer and two fhorter 3 which, with the others, he therefore joins to other unlike plants. DoIVeESH. O1Na x. Common Butterwort. Pinguicula vulgaris. The root confifts of numerous thick fibres, rifing from a longifh head, and fpreading irregu- larly under the furface. "The leaves are numerous, and rife in a. thick clufter. They have no footftalks: they are broadeft at the bottom, undivided at the edge, and fharp at the point: their colour is a pale yellowifh green, and they are of a flefhy fubftance. The ftalks rife in the centre, four or five to- gether. They are flender, naked, and undivided : each fupports a fingle flower. This is large, and vety beautiful: it tefembles, in fome degree, a violet: its colour is a pale purple, pale red, or white; for there are all thefe variations frequent, and it has a long fpur. The feed-veffel is large, oval, compreffed at the end, and Without any divifion within. “The feeds are numerous and very fmall. It is frequent in the north of England upon boggy ground, and flowers in June. : C. Bauhine calls it Sanicula montana flore cal- cari donato. Others, Pinguicula vulgaris. 2. Lefler Butterwort. Pinguicula minor. The root is compofed of a great clufter of fibres, which have no other head than the bafe of the leaves: they are very flender, black, long, and run perpendicularly. The leaves are numerous, oblong, and lie {pread upon the ground. They are narrow toward the bafe, broadeft near the middle, and fmall again at the point : BR: PS Sse ore ECE Ss. their colour is a pale green, and they have red veins: they are thin, and, asit were, naked. The ftalks are flender, about three inchés high, and quite fingle or undivided. One flower ftands on the top of each, and this is fmall, and of a pale red, or white: the fpur in this is thicker and fhorter than in the common kind. : : The feed-veffel is fmall, and the feeds are very minute, and of a dufky colour. It is frequent in Cornwal and our other weftern counties on bogs’; elfewhere it is rare, Tt flowers in May. ; ; Merret callsit Pinguicula minima flore albos that is, butterwort with a white flower; but the more ufual colour is red. Ray calls it Pinguicula flore minore carneo. . The common butterwort has confiderable virtues both inwardly and outwardly; but they are not much known out of the places where it grows, becaufe it can ‘neither be well kept in our gardens nor brought frefh to our: markets. The whole plant, bruifed with white wine, and the juice, expreffed, and taken thick as it comes from fqueezing, is a rough but ufeful medicine in dropfies. ‘ A fyrup made of the juice has the fame virtue, but in a milder degree, It is a good purge, and operates alfo by urine. The people of Yorkhire make an ointment of the leaves and hogs-lard, with which they drefs chaps and injuries in their cows udders: this has led them to ufe it for hurts and fores upon them- felves; and it ftands, upon experienced report, as an excellent vulnerary. Thofe to whom we owe the knowledge of it thence called the plant Yorkfbire fanicle. _DIVI- 108 Th BRITISH HERB Aik. Dla S-12OgN ec. Butterwort with a fhort fpur. Pinguicula calcari breviffimo. The root confifts- of numerous fibres, rifing from a {mall head: they are redifh, thick, and irregular, and fpread under the furface. The leaves rife in a thick clufter, ten or twelve together. They are long, and have no footftalks : they FOREIGN SPECTES. The ftalks ate flender, naked, and three inches high. ‘ The flowers ftand fingly, one on each, and they are-fmall and white, and have a very fhort fpur. The feed-veffel is.oval and large. It is frequent on the mountains in Germany, and flowers in June. Ray calls it Pinguicula flore albo minore calcart breviffimo. are broadeft near the bafe, narrower at the point, and of a pale green colour and flefhy fubftance. BOON” sarees sok T O'AD F'L AX. LINARIA. G rpHe flower confifts of a fingle petal, and has a labiated afpect : with a {pur and a pair‘of lips, the fpace (hut between them. The upper lip is divided into two parts, and turned back at the fides : the lower lipis divided into three parts, and is obtufe ; and the piece which fhuts up the {pace between the lips, and may be called the palate, is convex: this rifes from the lower lip. Zhe cup is formed of a fingle leaf divided into five fegments, and re- mains when: the flower is fallen. ‘The feed-veffel is roundifh, plain, and, when ripe, divided in a regular manner. Linneus places this among his didynamia angiofpermia , feparating it eleven claffes from the pin- to which it is fo evidently allied. That plant, becaufe there are only two threads in each flower, he places among the diandria. This has its rank with the didynamia ; becaufe it has in each flower four threads, two of which are longer, and two fhorter: it comes under the diftin&tion’ of . anigio/permia, becaufe its feeds are contained in.a capfule; thofe of the other divifion of that clafs ftanding naked in the cup. Linnzus. does not allow Jinaria to conftitute a diftinét genus in this clafs; but, taking away the anticnt and received’ name, he makes it a fpecies of amtirrhinum, calling all the kinds of toadflax fpecies of fnapdragon. : Antirrbinum and linaria agree, indeed, as plants of the fame clafs; each having a flower confifting of a fingle petal; each a capfule for the feeds, and each, to follow this moft ingenious author’s more minute refearches, four threads; two longer, and two fhorter. This brings them all into the fame clafs; but there is diftinétion enough between them to keep them in feparate genera; and this is the more needful to be obferved, becaufe the fpecies of each are numerous, and the joining them all under one generical name would create difficulty, if it did not introduce. contufion. : : The difference between toadflax and fnapdragon is this: the flower of toadflax has a long and fharp fpur, and the capfule of the feeds is plain, regular in fhape, and divides regularly when ripe; on ‘the contrary, the Rower of-fnapdragon has no fpur, and the capfule is irregularly and fingularly conftruéted at the bottom, and opens unequally. This is a very fufficient diftinétion of the genera: Linnaus knew this, for he has mentioned its and if he had ‘not, there would be no doubt of his having obferved it; becaufe no author has ex- amined the ftruéture of flowers fo accurately, or underftood their feveral parts fo well. His faults ave not thofe of omiffion : his misfortune, and that of the world, has been that, having formed a fyftem, which did him credit by its novelty, he would not depart from it in favour of even his own obfervations. : . This author has not only thus joined the dizaria and antirrbinum in one genus, but he comprehends under the fame charaéter and name alfo, the cymbalaria and elatine; plants which we fhall fhew in the facceeding genera to be fufficiently diftinét, and well entitled to their feparate names. it is formed into an oblong tube, guicula, DIVE SiOgN. BIR PT WS HeaSePabsCok E.S. 1. Common Toadflax. The firft leaves are fmall, flender, pointed, and of a yellowifh green: the ftalk foon grows up amongft thefe, and they immediately fade. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and two foot high. Linaria vulgaris. The root is long, flender, whitifh, hard, and_ > furnifhed with a few fibres. It \ , 5 Th BRITISH HERBAL, “109 It is of a pale bluifh green, fometimes fimple, and frequently divided into fevetal branches. The leaves are nurherous, and ftand irregu- larly: they are long, narrow, undivided at the edges, and without footftalks. Their colour is a pale bluifii green, The flowers are large, numerous, and beauti- ful: they ftand ina kind of fpikes at the tops of the ftalks, and are in general of a very pale and very beautiful yellow, with a deeper, or orange yellow in fome parts. The feed-veffel is large and round: the feeds are {mall and brown. It is common on dry banks, and flowers in June. \ C. Bauhine calls it Linaria vulgaris lutea flore majore. Others, Linaria vulgaris. Our common people, from the mixture of a very pale and deep yellow, call it Butter and eggs. 2. Blue, fweet Toadflax. Linaria caeritlea odorata. The root is long, flender, hard, whitifh, and furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalks are numerous, and a foot and half high: they are round, flender, upright, and rarely divided into branches. The leaves are very numerous, and they ftand thick and clofe upon the ftalk: they are of a pale green, very narrow, and have no foot- ftalks. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and are of a beautiful pale blue, and ftriated. The feed-veffels are large and rounded. It is found in Cornwal and Devonhhire; and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Linaria capillaceo folio ereéta, Slore odoro. J. Bauhine, Linaria odorata mons peffulana. 3. Short-leaved Toadflax. Linaria foliis brevibus. The root is long, flender, woody, and divided, and is hung with a few fibres. The firft leaves rife in a fmall tuft, and are - oblong, fomewhat broad, and of a. pale green: they have no footftalks, and when the ftalk rifes they quickly fade away. The ftalk is round, upright, a foot and half high, feldom branched, though ufually there rife afew fhoots from the bofoms of the leaves near the top. The leaves are numerous, and of the. fhape of thofe of the common toadflax, but fhorter: they have no footftalks : their colour is a pale green: they are undivided at the edges, fharp-pointed, and of a flefhy fubftance. The flowers ftand in a kind of fpikes at the top of the ftalks and branches, and they are of a beautiful pale blue. The feed-veffels are large, and the feeds are fmall and brown. 4 It is found in Surry and fome of the adjacent sounties, in cornfields, and barren paftures, and on walls: it flowers in July. Robinus calls it Linaria ofjris flore cinericeo ; but the flower is properly of a pale blue, not ath-coloured. N° a, 4. Small; red Toadflax, Linaria parva rubefcens, The toot is fmall; woody; divided, and fpreading. ; ‘ The ftalks aré numerous, weak; routid; up- right, and very much branched: they are eight inches high, and of a pale green, ; The leaves are numerous, and ftand irregu: larly: they are narrow, long, and of a -dutky | green. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalka, and feparately on other parts of the plant, rifing from the bofoms of the leaves: they are {mall, and of a pale red. The feed-veffel is round, and the feeds até fmall. ; It is common in our cornfields, and flowers in June. Ray calls it Linaria antirrbinum difa diftin= guifhing it from the axtirrbinums, with whieh others had joined it, from the fhape and ftru€turé of the flower and feed-veffél. C. Bauhine calls it Antirrhinum arvenfe minus. Others, Antirrbinum arvenfe minimum : this is the more improper, as we have wild alfo in our cornfields a fpecies of fnapdragon, properly fo called. The common toadflax is a plant pofiefled of virtues too much neglected. It has its ufes both inwardly and outwardly, and in both kinds very worthy of notice. i The whole frefh herb boiled in ale is 4 coun- — try purge; it operates brifkly, and alfo promotes urine. The frefh herb bruifed, with fome white wine» is a ftronger purge, and fometimes works alfo by vomit: ‘ An infufion of the whole herb, root and all, juft before it gets into lower, works very power- fully by urine. In either of thefe forms it is excellent againft dropfies: in the beginning of that difeafe the in- fufion is the beft method of giving it; when it is more advanced the country decoétion in ale is. proper; and when the difeafe is violent, and the conftitution can bear it, the expreffed juice, in the manner we have named, with white wine, is beft of all. ; The juice of the leaves is excellent againft in- flammations of the eyes. We owe this to Tra- gus, who reports it as confirmed from his own long experience; and trials fince made fhew it was true. . The juice is alfo excellent for cleanfing old ulcers. A decoétion, or ftrong infufion of the tops, taken morning and evening, cures the jaundice. An ointment or pultice, made with the leaves of common toadflax, is excellent in the piles. The feveral other {pecies of toadflax, Englifh and foreign, poffefs the fame virtues, though moft of them in a leffer degree. The antirrbina of fome fpecies have very different qualities, a {ufficient reafon why they fhould be kept as na- ture has difpofed them, diftin&, and under fe~ parate names. Ff DIVE The BURY T 16 Hi HIBSR(BoALL. DIV.IS TON I 1. Yellow, trifoliate Toadflax: Linaria trifoliata flava. The reot is long, flender, whitifh, and fur- nifhed with numerous fibres: The ftalks are flender, upright, , numerous, and a foot and half high: they are of a pale yel- lowith green, and ufually run up fingle, without any divifions into branches. The leaves are numerous, broad, fhort, of a dufky. green, and they have no footftalks. They grow irregularly, but moft frequently three from ane place: from this it obtained the name of ¢rifoliate toadflax 5 but tho’ moft of the leaves grow in this manner: there are frequently fome that fland in pairs, and commonly a good number that grow fingly toward the top of the Ftalk. The fowers are large and beautiful: they are of a mixt yellow, and have long, ‘fharp fpurs. The feed-veffel is round, and the feed is blackifh. It is a native of Spain, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Lineria triphyllos minor Iu- tea. Others, from Clufius, Linarea valentina. 2. Four-leaved Toadflax. Linaria quadrifolia. The root is frnall, long, whitith, and divided : it has many fibres, and partly by them, partly by its own divifions, fpreads a great way under the'furface. - : The {talks are numerous, flender, weak, and a foot long. ‘They lie in partupon the ground, andin part raife themfelves, but feebly and in an irregular manner. The leaves are numerous, and placed with great regularity : four rife from the fame fpot al] the way up the ftalk, and thefe’ feveral fours are kept at pretty large diftances. 4 The leaves are feparately longith, narrow, un- divided at the edges, fharp at the Points, without footftalks, and of a pale green, The flowers’ are large and ofa pale yellow, and they ftand in clufters at the tops of the ftalks. The feed-veflel is large and rounded; and the feeds are fmall and black. It, is a native of Spain, Italy, and Germany, and fpreads at random over a great deal of their dty, barren grounds. It flowers iri Jane. C. Baubine calls it Linaria quadrifolie- luton, Columna, Lizaria tetraphylla luted miner, We, Four-leaved toadflax. 3. Low, purple Toadfax, Linaria purpurea procumbens, The root is compofed of a multitude of thick, irregular, white, and woody fibres : ‘they rife from a fmall-head, and {pread themfelves far un- der the furface. The ftalks are very numerous, rifing from the fame head of the round, flender, 2 twenty or more Toot: they are weak, and of a pale colour: Tid on the ftalk: they are long FO R E:L.Geune 7S PBC B Ess they lié fpread upon the ground about a third part of their length, and rife irregularly up the reft, The leaves are very finall, and very numerous: they ftand thick, and perfectly irregularly upon the ftalks, and are of a bluifh green: they have no footftalks, and they are undivided at the edges, narrow, aud pointed at the ends: The flowers ftand in long and thick fpikes at the tops of the ftalks and branches, and are of a deep purple: they are fmall, but very pretty ; fometimes they are paler and reder, fornetimes perfectly blue ; but their molt conftant and natu- ral colour is purple. The feed-veflels are fmall, and the feeds are very {mall and black. It isa native of Spain and of fome parts of Germany ; and flowers in Auguft. Ir is moftly found on hills near {prings. C. Bauhine calls it Lineria ceeruleg repens. O- thers, Litaria purpurea, and Ofris purpuro ce- rulea repens. 4« Stellated Toadflax. Stellatis foliis feellatis. The root is very fender, nifhed with {mall fibres, The ftalks are flender, weak, and of a pale green, fometimes redith : they ftand but weakly upright, and feldom are ftrait; and there general- ly lie feveral others about the root, which fpread on the ground, and are fuller of leavés,. though they bear no flowers, ; ? The leaves are longifh, narrow, undivided at the edges, pointed at the ends, and of a pale afh’ coloured green : they grow round the ftalks, in the manner of thofe of the ftellate plants, like the rowels of a fpur, or the rays of a ftar, as they are commonly reprefented. There are ufually five Principal. leaves at a joint, and often fome fmall ones from their bo- foms. \ Toward the tops of the Principal ftalks which bear the flowers they grow wi often fingly, and fometimes th irregularly divided, The flowers fland at the tops of the ftalks in long, thick fpikes: they are yellow, and like thofe of the common toadflax, only fmaller, The feed-vefel is large and round, the feeds are fmall and brown. ~ . . It is a native of Sicily, and flowers in July. Boccone calls it Linaria frula multicaulis mole Sinis folio. Others, Linari aia foliis. quinisy or Zoad- Jax with leaves five'at q Joint, divided, and far- th lefg regularity, ey are in this pare Hp Purple-mouthed Toadflax.. ; Linaria Shore abefednte rigiy pirpureo, The Toot is long, flender, white, hard, ‘and hung with numerous fibres, i - The ftalks are round, thick, firm,: upright. but little branched, and two feet highs. A He x leaves are numerous, and ftand irregularly and narrow, Tefembling that -or paler blue, and often white. that» of the common toadflax, but fharper at the point, and longer in proportion to their breadth: their colour is a frefi green, and they have no footftalks, The flowers ftand in fpikes at the tops of the ftalks, and they are large and beautiful: they are whitifh, except the opening, which is of a beau+ tiful purple. Tt is a native of Italy, and flowers ih July. C. Bauhine calls it Linaria pallida viflu purpn- reo. Dillenius, and others, Linaria flore albi- cante, 6. Indented-leaved Toadflax, Linaria foliis dentatis. The root is long, and furnifhed with many fibres. - The firft leaves are large; they rife in a thick tuft, and they remain when the ftalk is rifen, which is the cafe of few others of the toadflax kind. They are long, broad, of a beautiful green, and have no footftalks: they are narroweft at the bafe, broadeft toward the end, and indented at the edges. The ftalk rifes in the centre of thefe, and is ‘round, firm, upright, and a foot and half high: it is of a pale green, and fometimes branched. The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are not fo numerous as on moft of the others: they are. Jong and narrow, and they have no footftalks ; -thofe toward the bottom of the ftalk ate like the radical leaves, but narrower and more deeply , dented ; thofe higher up are much deeper divided, and toward the top of the ftalk they confift only of two fide-divifions and a long point, The flowers ftand in flender {pikes at the tops of the branches: they are fmall, and of a deeper The feed-veffels are large and round. “It isa native of Italy, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Linaria bellidis folio. O- ‘thers, Linaria odorata, and Ofjris odorata purpu. rea, or Linaria odorata purpurea. seo 7. Little, blue Toadflax. Linaria pufilla caerulea. , The root is fmall and flender, and has but few fibres. ; Gos ee The SBR 6 Hl Fp ipip Gy eae Neue Ss Tit The firft leaves are pinnated, fmall, and beau- tiful: they are not Very numerous: they ftand on long footftalks, and each confifts of about three pairs of pine, which are fmall, oval, and not at all indented. ; 5 The ftalks. are flender, ereét; and fix or eight inches high: they aré not at all branched, and are of a pale yellowith green. The leaves on them are few, and ftand alters nately: they are long, narrow, fharp-pointed, not at all indented at the edges, and of a pale green: they have no footftalks, and they grow More pointing upwards than thof of the gene- tality of the other fpecies, The flowers ftand in fpikes at the tops of the ftalks, and are large and blue. The feed-veffel is {mall and, round; and the feeds are large and blackith. It is a native of the fouth of France, and flowers in May. ‘ a Lobel calls it Linaria annua Durpuro ceruleas Others, Linaria minor cerulea: 8. Blue trifoliate Toadflax; Linaria trifolia cerulea, This is a very elegant little plant, and differ. ent from the larger trifoliate kind, not only in the colour of the flowers, but in the whole face - and afpedt, z The root is long, flender, hung with a few fibres, The ftalks are numerous, weak, eight or ten inches high, ; The Jeaves are broad and fhort on the lower . part of the ftalk, and fomewhat longer and nar- rower upwards : they ftand by threes, and have no footftalks: their colour is a pale green, and. they are not at all indented at the edges, The flowers ftand in thick, fhore {pikes at the tops of the ftalks, and are fmall, and of a beau- tiful blue. The'feed-veffels are large and roundifh, The feeds are fmall and black. It is a native of Italy, and flowers early in fpring. C. Bauhine calls it. Linarig tryphylla cerulea. Columna, Lizaria ceruleg apula. Ney Blue tri- Soliate toadflax. 4 crooked, hard; and and about IY, ; SNAPDRAGON, ANTIRRHINU™M. FYSHE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and has the labiated fhapeé: it is formed into a tube, The upper lip is divided into two parts, and turned at the edges: the lower lip is divided into three parts; and the palate is large, between the two lips. The cup is formed of a fingle leaf; divided into five pa the flower is fallen: the feed-vefel is a fingle capfule, of an ifregular form, the head of a calf, whence the plant has an Englith lips and a palate, and it has no fpur. the feeds are ripe. © Linnzus places. this among his didynamia angiofpermia ; there being t threads in the flower ; and the feeds being’contained in'a capfule. He makes this and the /izaria the fame genus, as before of the fpur of the flower, ‘ two back and fhuts up the fpace tts, and remains when refembling in fome degree name, calfs fnout, and it opens obliquely when wo longer and ‘two fhorter obferved ; but the diftin@ion, inthe want and the peculiar fhape of the feed-veflel, is evident, It Ir2 THE «BRA E 1.6 ot HERBAL. Icis fingular, that a ftruéture and form in the capfule of this plant, which could ftrike the com- mon obferver fo ftrongly as to obtain a peculiar name, expreffing an imaginary refemblance of the head of an animal, fhould not have appeared to this curious and nice obferver of the moft minute differences, a mark fufficient for a generical diftinétion. DIVISION. TI. Common, fmall Snapdragon. Antirrhinum vulgare minus. The root is long, Mender, white, crooked, hard, and furnifhed with a.few fibres. The firft leaves are long and narrow: they rife in a {mall tuft, and have no footftalks: they are undivided at the edges, of a pale yellowifh green, and quickly fade when the ftalk rifes. The ftalk is round, branched, eight or ten inches high, and of a pale green colour. The leaves ftand irregularly, and are not very numerous: they have no footftalks, and they are oblong, narrow, and of a pale green. The flowers rife from the bofoms of the leaves DIV ESTON= If 1. Great purple Snapdragon. Antirrhinum purpureum majus. The root confifts of a great tuft of fibres, sifing from a {mall head. The ftalks are numerous, round, fmooth, firm, tpright, and two foot and a half high; fome- times they are branched, fometimes fingle. The leaves are numerous and large: they are of a pale green, and are long and broad, not at all divided or indented at the edges, and of a flefhy, thick fubftance. The flowers grow in long, loofe fpikes at the tops of the ftalks and branches: they are very Jarge, and of a beautiful red, fometimes white, - and have the {pace between the two lips perfectly filled up by a prominent palate. The feed-vefiel is large, and the feeds are nu- merous and fmall. It is a native of the fouth of France. The flowers, in the wild ftate, vary in colour from the deepeft purple to the paleft feth colour, and even to white. J. Bauhine calls it Autirrbinum vulgare. C. Bauhine, Autirrbinum majus alterum folio longiore, Others, Antirrhinum purpureum. 2. Great-flowered yellow Snapdragon. Antirrbinum flore magno flavo. The root is long and large, divided into many parts, and furnifhed with a great quantity of fibres. 4 The ftalks are numerous, round, thick, firm, upright, and a -yard high ; fometimes branched, but more ufually fingle. . The leaves are large, of a pale green, and hairy : they are broader in proportion to their length than in the former fpecies, and have foot- flalks. ‘The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalk a ae 4 BRITISH SPECIES. all the way up the ftalks: they are fmall, and of a mixed colour, part red, and part whicifh. The feed-veffel is large; and, to a fanciful imagination, may eafily be fuppofed to reprefent the head of a calf. It is common in cornfields, efpecially where the foil is poor and fandy : It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Antirrbinum arvenfe minus. It is the only fpecies of /napdragon we have _properly wild in England. We frequently fee the great purple faapdragon upon walls; but that is owing to feeds flying up with the wind out of gardens: for it grows naturally in warmer climates. This fmall frapdragon poffefies the virtues of toadflax, but in a very inferior degree, FOREIGN SPECIES. thick, fhort fpike, and are very large, and of a beautiful yellow. . The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are {mall and round. It is a native of the fouth of France, and flowers in June. “C, Bauhine calls it Antirrbinum Iuteo flore. Camerarius, Antirrbinum flore luteo majori. Lin- nzus fets this down only as a variety of the preceding fpecies; but he errs in this. If the colour of the flower were the’ only diffe- rence, we fhould agree with him in making it no more than a variety, but the leaves differ as much as the reft of the plant, and the ex- traordinary bignefs of the flower is an ad- ditional circumftance: this difference of fize would not be regarded in a flower, fingly as a mark of a different fpecies, any more than a va- riation in colour; but when other circumftances eftablith the diftindtion thefe fupport it. 3. Variegated-flowered Snapdragon. Antirrhinum floribus variegatis. The root is fmall, crooked, and woody. The ftalks are numerous, round, flender, and a foot and half high : they are feldom branched, and are of a pale whitifh green. ; The leaves ftand irregularly, and have no foot- flalks: they are long, narrow, fmooth, and of a pale green, not at all indented at the edges, fharp-~ pointed, and more like the leaves of common toadflax than any of the fuapdragons. The flowers grow all the way up the ftalks, rifing from the bofoms of the leaves; and they are placed on longifh, lender footftalks: they are very beautifully coloured ; the body of the flower being of a fnow white, and the edges of a gold yellow. Tcis a native of Italy, and flowers in July. 7 Dillenius Plate 16 JImall Pei Oe ave wlleru orl Common oad Short tea vid se “Se fs. Ee Tafa i i iW q = j oe, & a | Ly | HY yl ~ i Sour Hi Dead flase fou Rpt 7 She Ou df lax eHellat cd h lapile esl ¢ ‘Toad, dla ; :S ma i>, , * _ b a ij a x a %. = . , 7 —~ A 4 “4 1 4 4 q = \ ep J f : : ‘i ‘ eC f . y } ¥ a S > ¢ : a; Pere Aittle B lue SeavdJoadf lax oe Fouad flac ‘ ; ‘y ! ‘A! : a i i” “ yi . he Purhle . blag lea Gommon Small De ie | GY eal Mf lo writ Ve Spc Spud flax Snap ae Ae : Yellow Snap dng on “ uap dragon : he BRITIS H HERBAL me Dillenius calls it Antirrbinum flite’ albo oris common wild kind, operating by ftool and urine s luteis. : es oe: but, the toadflax pofleffing their virtues in- a fuperior degree, they have net come into ufe any All thefe /zapdragens agree in virtues with our | where in medicine. rey G EL Neve ite dy FL, U. Boge hy Like os ELATIN E. : | Pe VHE flower is fmall: it confifts of a fingle petal, and is of the talatedt kind: it is formed of a tube, with its fpur, two lips, and a palate between them. The cup is divided into five parts: the feed-veffel is roundifh; and, “when ripe, fplits regularly the ftalks are weak and procumbent, and the leaves broad and hairy. This is one of the didynamia angiofpermia of Linnzus ; the flower having two p. dome and two _ fhorter threads, and the feeds being contained in a capfule. — This author does not allow elatine to be a diftin& genus, but confounds this is the Vhthie under - one common name and character, with the antirrbinum.. The difference between this plant and daria, in flower and feed- veflel, is much lefs than between — the Linaria and antirrbinums and, Mr. Ray, who feparates thofe genera, and gives the characters by which they are diftinguithed, joins this to the /inaria. However, as the elatine is fufficiently difttine in its form and manner of growing, and has its proper and antient name, I have kept it feparate. It has diftinct virtues, as well as a particular appearance, and I fhall always, on fuch occafions, when. the flower or feed-veffel do not fufficiently diftinguifh the plant, have recourfe to the ftalks, leaves, or other obvious and effential parts, for the fupporting the antient and ufeful diftin@ions. There are but two known {pecies of this genus, and both are natives of Britain. tr. Round-leaved Fluellin. Elatine folio fubrotundo. _ The root is fmall, white,-divided, and fur- nifhed with numerous fibres, ‘The firft leaves are moderately large, and _ nearly round, only terminating in a kind of point : ftalks, and are foft to the touch, and of a pale greyifh green. The ftalks are numerous, flender, weak, and fix or eight inches long. They do not ftand erect, but trail and hang upon the ground. The leaves are fmall, and fupported on flender footftalks : they are of a pale green, and hairy. Thofe toward the bottom of the ftalk are roundifh, and refemble thofe from the root: _ thofe toward the top are narrower, and oblong, The flowers are fmall, and of a mixt yellowith and dark purple colour: they refemble thofe of toadflax, and have a long fpur. The feed-vefiel is Gail and roundifh, and sk feeds are very minute and brown. We have it in cornfields, but itis not common, It flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Elatine folio fubrotundo. Ray, Linaria elatine difta folio fubrotundo. We call it Female fluellin, round, Greco: Biss they ftand on long, flender, hairy foot-. difia folio acuminato. 2. Cornered-leaved fluellin, Elatine folio acuminato. The root is fmall and inconfiderable. : The firft leaves are numerous, finall, and placed on long footftalks : they are dato and fomewhat of an arrow-headed fhape, but that the corners do not bend backwards, but ftand flat or forward. The ftalks are- numerous, very flender and weak, and confiderably branched : they are hairy, of a pale whitifh green, eight or ten inches long, and lie upon the ground. The Jeaves ftand irregularly, and at confides | rable diftances: they are large, hairy, of a very pale green, and cornered toward the bafe. The flowers are fmall, and are of a mixt co- Jour between yellowifh and a deep purple : they are very pretty though {mall. It is common:in our cornfields, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Elatine folio acuminato in bofi auriculato flore luteo, Ray, Linaria elatine Fluellin is famous as a vulnerary. | ~ The juice of it cleanfes and heals old ulcers , and it has:at all times been in efteem as a good inward medicine for internal bruifes. The tops, beaten into a canferve, are the beft way of taking it for this purpofe; but at prefent they are nor much ufed. Ue $8 V. CY MBALARI A, HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and is of the labiated kind: it is for med into a tube, with — a fpur behind; two lips; and a palate clofing the {pace between them. . The feed-veffel is {mall and round, N° XII. & Gg The rI4 The B Rel Pays Hs BRB A L, The ftalks are procumbent or hanging, and the leaves are cornered and fmooth. istry Linnzus places this among his didynamia angiofpermia ; the flower having four threads in it, two longer, and two fhorter, and the feeds being contained in a capfule. Lok : He does not allow it to be a diftinét genus, but makes it, as well as all the daria and ¢latine, {pecies of antirrbinum or fnapdragon. The flower and feed-veffel of this genus agree with thofe of the Auaria; but the manner of growth and form of the leaves are perfectly diftinét: it has alfo an antient and received name, which J have therefore preferved, as there is fufficient diftinction. an If generical characters are to be taken folely from the flowers and feed-veffels of plants, this is a fpecies of lizaria, however different it be in the general form and afpect; but there are no laws, eftablifhed on that head, on an inviolable authority : if the leaves and other parts of plants may, when there is occafion, be taken into the generical character, this is a perfectly diftinét genus. ; - Nothing tends more to perplex the ftudent than multiplication of fpecies under the fame generical name: on the other hand, nothing more facilitates the ftudy than a fufficient number of genera, I write to make the fcience familiar. There is but one known fpecies of this genus, and that is a native of Britain, though not very common. Ivy-leaved Cymbalaria. Cymbalaria fotiis hedere. The root is compofed of a multitude of fibres, rifing from a fmall head, The firft leaves are large, fhort, broad, and cornered in two or three parts near the bafe; each of thefe corners, and the main body of the leaf, alfo terminate in fharp points: the whole leaf is of a deep green colour and glofly furface, and ftands on a lender purplith footftalk. The ftalks are numerous and weak: they lie upon the ground, or upon the furface of a wall : they are a foot or more in length, not much branched, and are of a deep purplifh colour. The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and have long, flender footftalks. They are broad, cornered, and fharp-poiited, and are of a fmooth furface, and deep, glofly green. The flowers are very numerous and {mall : \ GE NY Us ues they rife from the bofoms of the leaves all the way up the ftalk, and are fupported on long, flender pedicles: they refemble thofe of fuellin in fhape, but are of an uniform pale red colour. The feed-veffel is fmall and’ roundifh: the feeds are numerous and black. It isa native of our northern counties, and flowers in June. We fee it wild on the walls of the Thames about Batterfea, and on the walls of the apothecaries phyfick garden in Chelfea; but in both thefe places it has doubtlefs rifen from feeds or parts of the plant thrown out from that or from fome other garden. C. Bauhine calls it Cymbalaria. naria bederaceo folio glabro. Others, Li- It is cooling and aftringent. A conferve made of the leaves is good in the overflowing of the menfes, in {pitting of blood, in diarrhaeas with fharp and bloody ftools, and in the fluor albus, ; VI. FIGWORT. SCROPHULARIA. HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and is of an irregular figure, fomewhat approaching to the labiated kind, and open: it is formed into a large, rounded tube, and a very {mall edge : the edge is divided into five fegments; two ftand uppermoft, and are large ; two ftand fide-ways, and f{pread open 5 and the fifth is undermoft, and turns back. : ; The cup is divided into five parts; and the feed-veffel is roundifh, Linnzus places this among his didynamia angiofpermia ; the threads in each flower being four, two longer, and two fhorter; and the feeds contained in a capfule, = ; DIVISION J, 1. Common Figwort. Scrophularia vulgaris. The root is long and thick, and has a great quantity of {mall, tuberous pieces growing to it. The ftalk is fquare, firm, upright, and three foot high: it is not much branched, and is ufually of a brown colour, ; _ The leaves ftand in pairs, and are large and beautiful: they have long footftalks, and are ' broad, oblong, and of a deep green colour, and very frequently brown, as is alfo the ftalk : they BRITISH S3PEE CG ohnas! are broadeft toward the bafe i and indented at the edges, : rae coe ae The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalk and branches, and are fmall, and of a deep dufky colour, with a mixture of greenifh: they open wide at the mouth, and fhew the buttons on the tops of the threads, which are of a deep yellow. The feed-veffel ig large, rounded, and fharp at the top. The feeds are numerous and fmall, It ee The BRI TESH Meee aT 115 It is common in woods, and in damp, fhady places. It Howers in July. The whole plant has a ftrong and difagreeable fmell, efpecially when in flower. C.Bauhine calls it Scrophularia nodofa fetida, from the tuberous knots about its roor, and its. ftrong {mell. Others, Scropbularia vulgaris. It is famous as a remedy for the evil: the method is to take a {trong decoétion of the roots daily for a great length of time. Thefe long and tedious cures are lefs certainly to be judged of than thofe performed. more fpeedily ; but there feems great authority to believe that this is a powerful and excellent medicine. In fome places there is a cuftom of brewing drink. with fome of this herb among it; and this ‘root is celebrated for its virtues againft the fcurvy. When frefh, it gives the beer a moft difagreeable tafte; but this is not much perceived when ufed dry. It is famous alfo, both inwardly and outward- ly, againft the piles. The fingular form of the tuberous parts about the root led people to think of it as a remedy in this diforder, becaufe they were fuppofed to re- femble thofe fwellings; and, experience has fhewn, the plant has the virtues they imagined. A ftrong decoction of the root is good againft all foulnefles of the fkin, the itch not excepted : it fhould be taken inwardly, and the parts wafhed with fome of it alfo warm. An ointment is made in fome places of the leaves, boiled in lard, and ufed for the fame purpofes ; but the decoétion, or a putlice, made from the freth root, boiled foft with bread and milk, will anfwer the purpofe better. 2. Water figwort, called Water betony. Scrophularia aquatica, The root is compofed of a great number of fibres. i ; _ The firft leaves are large, broad, oblong, and bluntly indented: they rife in a little tuft, and each has its feparate long footftalk: they have fome refemblance of the leaves of wood betony ; they are vaftly larger, but from this the plant has been commonly called water betony. The ftalk is thick, firm, upright, {quare, hol- low, and three foot high: it is alfo edged with a kind of wings, running from the footftalks of the leaves, and is ufually of a brown colour. The leaves ftand in pairs, and they have long footftalks. They refemble thofe from the root, and are of a pale green colour : they are oblong, bluntly indented, and terminate in a rounded end; and DIVISION JW, 1. Yellow-flowered Figwort. Scrophularia flore luteo. The root is long and thick: it runs obliquely under the furface, and has numerous large fibres ; but none of thofe flethy tubercles that grow to the common kind. fometimes there grow a coupl ; ple of fmaller leay: on the footftalk below their bafes. pel The flowers are fmall, and of a deep putp Fi 1 > _ 2 deep purple,- is ied yellow buttons to their four. threads The feed-veffel is large and rou ded feeds are fmall and brown. isteat ime j a 1s common by ditch fides and. flowers id uly. G: Bauhine calls it Scropbulorig aquatica inajor. J. Bauhine, Scrophularia maxima radice fibrofa, The common writers call it Betonica aquatica, Tt is faid to poffefs the fame Virtues with the former, but in a lefs degree. “3. Small-leaved Figwort. Scrophularia foliis minoribus, The root is long, thick, ‘and full of little tubes rous lumps: jit runs obliquely under the furface . Fe the cammin Fo. 4 . like that of the comtnon figwort, and is of a whitifh colour, witli a tinge of rédith, The ftalk is firm, {quare, 6f 2 yellowith green and two foot high. Rhea. The leaves ftand in pairs: they are broad and fhort, lightly hairy, ‘and indented fharply at the ., edges : they are thick, firm, and of a pale green, The Higa: ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and are large, and of a deep dufky colour, Thee py : : The feed-veffel is large and round ; and the feeds are {mall, very numerous, and brown, It is found on our weftern coafts ; and flowerg in Auguft. Ray calls it Scrophularia Scoredonie folio, from its leaves having fome refemblance of thofe of wood fage, 4. Green-flowered Figwort, Scrophularia floribus virefcentibus. The root is large, thick, long, and full of tu- berous knobs: it runs obliquely urider the fur- face, and is of a whitifh colour, The, ftalk is fingle, firm, upright, fquare, of a pale green colour, and two foot and a half high. The leaves are large, and ftand in pairs: they have long footftalks, and are broadeft at the bafe fharp at the point, and indented at the edges. : The flowers are fmall, and of 4 greenifh co- lour, with four yellow buttons on the threads in the centre. The feed-veffels are large and roundith, It is found in Oxfordthire and the adjaceng counties ; and flowers in June. Ray calls it Scrophularia major foliis caulibus, et floribus viridibus. FOR ET G Ni S PPC, foped: The firft leaves are large and hairy; eight or ten of them rife from the root, and they are fupported on long, hairy footftalks: they are broad and fhort, of a heart fafhioned fhape, deep- ly ferrated,:and of a dufky green. The ftalk is fquare, firm, erect, and two feet high; and is of a brownith green, and hairy. The 516 The BRITIS H HER BAE The leaves ftand ufually in pairs, but fome- ~ times three rife from the fame point. They are of a heart-fathioned fhape, fhort and broad, and dented round the edges. The flowers ftand feveral together on fhort footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves ; they are {mall and yellow. naa aie feed -veffel is large and roundifh; and the feeds are numerous and fimall. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Scropbularia flore lutea. Clufius makes it akind of dead nettle: he calls it Lamium pannonicum fecundum. 2. Jagged yellow Figwort. Scrophularia lutea laciniata. The root is long, thick, oblique, and fur- nifhed with numerous fibres. . The leaves that rife firft from it are very large, and deeply divided: they ftand on long foot- flalks, and are of a beautiful green. The ftalk is firm, ereét, brown, and two feet and a half high. The leaves ftand in pairs, and are Jarge, and deeply ferrated: they have frequently two ap- pendages or fmall leaves growing on their foot- ftalk near the bafe, in the manner of thofe of the common water figwort. Thofe toward the bottom of the ftalk approach more to the divifions of thofe from the root; and thofe near the top are longer and narrower, and very deeply and fharply jagged. The flowers are large and yellow, and ftand feveral together on footftalks rifing from the bo- foms of the leaves. The feed-veffels are large and roundifh; and the feeds are numerous and fmall. It is a native of Spain and Portugal, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Scrophularia foliis laciniatis. Others, Scropbhularia fambuci folio flore magno. 4. Nettle-leaved Figwort. Scrophularia urtice folio, The root is long and thick, and has many large fibres. * The ftalk is fquare, firm, and lightly hairy, very much branched, and two feet high, G. Be Ne, The leaves ftand in pairs, and have long foot- ftalks: they are large, and of a fhining green, broad at the bafe, narrower to the point, and indented fharply all the way on the edges. The flowers are placed all the way up the ftalk and branches, and have long footftalks ; each of which fplits toward the top, and holds two flowers: they are large, and of a bright red. The feed-veflel is large, roundifh, and point-: ed; and the feeds are numerous and fmall. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in May. C. Bauhine calls it Scropbularia urtice folio; and moft others have followed him. 5. Pinnated Figwort. Scrophularia folits pinnatis. The root is long, thick, and hung with many large fibres. The leaves that rife firft from it are long, nar- row, and deeply divided at the edges, the cuts going almoft to the middle rib: they have no footftalks, and-are of a fhining, deep green. The ftalks are numerous, firm, upright, and of adeep brown: they are {carce at all branched, and are a foot and half high. The leaves ftand on them in pairs, and are deeply divided; fo that they appear pinnated each feems compofed of about three pair of pin- ng, with an odd one at the end, and thefe are deeply jagged. The flowers ftand on the tops of the ftalks, and are very numerous, fmall, and of a dark purple colour. , The feed-veffels are large, roundifh, and pointed ; and the feeds are {mall and brown. It a native of Italy and Germany ; and flowers in July. iets: C. Bauhine calls it Scrophularia ruta canina dita. The common writers call it Ruta caning, — and Dogs rue. All thefe fpecies of figwort have the fame kind of tafte, and moft of them the fame fmell with our common wild ‘kind; and they are cele- brated for the fame virtues, They are accounted great medicines againft fcorbutick and other foul- nefles; and pultices of their leaves are nade for the piles. The common wild kind of our woods feems to have more virtue than any of them, though natives of warmer climates. Ua 3S VIE. FOX EOV.E. DT Gerad 0 Te 4 ae flower confifts of a fingle petal, which is long is divided into four fegments at the edge, remotely approaching t th i upper lip is broad and divided, and the under one la he Fae ee ogD ss the and the feed-veffe] is large, of an oval form, and pointed at the and hollow like the finger of a glove, and rger: the cup is divided into five fegments ; : s an el pees yok . Linnzus places this among his didynamia angiofpermia ; the thre of which are longer and two fhorter, and the fee This diftinétion of that celebrated author com clafs, that it fhews how nature is fimilar, this is all that fhould have been inferred threads in each flower being four, vation into a larger ufe, ads in each flower being four, two ds contained in a capfule. prifes fo many o even in the finalleft parts from the curious and jut and two of them longer and two and made it the foundation of a clafs, it failed hi 4 f the plants properly of our prefent » inplants allied to one another: but obfervation of that writer, of the thorter: when he carried this obfer- m, and mifled his readers. We a a Bee. 4 yey y a = WMilip ™ ; ’ Sinadll leavil F ; (COW id [| | j = Srl “ae Ns Pe ppuppii Roundleapil aie | 4 : Be x OI A KAAS KUMI, . ry, Zr" , c ¢ Hlaclle Cyubalarra. MUNN Sigal - i Wa : , 4S ee : ; ‘ J / 4 oY, Jt 4 ih ey ‘e ‘ i \N q y Vellow WE ; y NB Ne Lewd yy oem | Ae ee GDL rior Fora GaggilUellow hig jorte Vijiiadlea Sr ee WL yyy rurT org lave he | : e ee : 3 Std Wo y, Ye? Co ia : se é e € Pe, ET UPULG OM. } ‘¢ ; 3 S0aglove . fF F™ Je i tN lo s 2D Ne A to is : A ae Ota HOWE! aL SP fo or Wie ay Yelle TAYE gapglove Kidye Hiyfoo . Wales CCRL (Sludge - G & 6 fet, ha. age 7 a a Min So lve 3 Yi ML ¢ ee 3 my Vy Vai The Be Ie Ie orl eae We fee, that in bringing it to ferve that purpofe, the clafs formed upon it comprehends the vertici- late plants, and thefe together s and as it in that joins genera the moft diftinét, fo it in éther cafes feparates the pinguicula and others, which are naturally allied to the reft, and here brought together. _ The world is indebted in the higheft degree to that moft eniinent writer for his obfervations; and they fhould be always remembered, though ufed in a more limited degree. DEVISTON TIT Common Foxglove: Digitalis purpurea. The root is compofed of a multitude of thick ‘and tough fibres; of a pale green colour, and bitter tafte. The firft leaves are very large, oblong, nar- row, of a whitifh colour, and flightly indented at the edges. The ftalk rifes in the centre of thefe, and is round, thick, firm, upright, whitifh, or greyith, and four feet high. , The leaves on it are numerous, and ftand irre- gularly : they are long, narrow, large, of a whit- ith green, and indented flightly on the edges. The flowers grow in a kind of fpike on the top of the ftalk, and they ufually hang all on one fide: they are large, and of a beautiful red, with fome fpots of white and fome little touches of black, and with yellow buttons on the four threads within. ‘ The feed-veffel is large and oval ; and the feeds are numerous and fmall. It is common in barren paftures and on dry banks, and flowers in Augutt. C. Bauhine calls it Digitalis purpurea folio afpero. Others, Digitalis vulgaris, and Digitalis purpurea vulgaris, It is a plant poffeffed of very confiderable vir- . tues; but they are more known among the coun- try people than in the fhops. ease It is-a powerful emetick, and, in a fmaller DJ IsV. 1-S-1.OsNes lle 1. Ferrugineous Foxglove. Digitalis lore ferrugineo. The root is compofed of numerous thick fibres. The firft leaves are long and large; they have thick ribs, and are of a pale-green. The ftalk is round, rebuft, upright, and four feet high. The leaves on it are numerous, and placed ir- regularly : they are long, narrow, without foot- ftalks, of a pale green, and very lightly hairy. The flowers are extreamly numerous: they ftand in long fpikes at the tops of the ftalks and branches; and are of the fhape of the common foxglove flowers, but that they have a very long under lip: their colour is a ferrugineous, or brownifh red,:and they have ftreaks of yellow, and are in part hairy. ‘The feed-veffel is fall, and the feeds are {mall and brown. It is a native of the eaft. We received the feeds from Conftantinople, but it is common in our gardens, @ 12. BRITISH FOREIGN S..P.E. Ci PBs: dofe, a very brifk purge: often it works both ways, and fometimes with a very hurtful vi- olence; but this is owing to ill management: many excellent medicines, as they are found tobe, inthe hands of fkilful perfons, would fall under this cenfure if given in the fame ran- dom manner. The people in the weft of England ufe it moft. They boil a handful of the leaves, or three or four of the clufters of roots, in ale, and give it according to the patient’s ftrength. They cure quartan agues, and many other obftinate com- plaints with it. We have alfo accounts of epileptick fits of long continuance being cured by it; but the operation in this way is too rough for any but thole who are very hardy. It would be right to try the root, dryed and powdered, in a moderate dofe, for it is very im- proper that a medicine of fo much power fhould be difregarded at home, while we fend to the re- moteft parts of the earth for others of the fame qualities. ; An ointment made ofthe leaves is recom- mended for cutaneous foulneffés, and in many places they make an ointment alfo of the flowers in May butter, which is greatly recommended in ftrumous cafes. The Italians are fo fond of it on thefe occafions that they have a proverb, which fay, foxglove cures all wounds. Many plants of lefs virtue are more celebrated ; and there is none deferves bet- ter a fair trial. : SP BC Te Bas, Tt flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Digitalis anguftifolia flore fer- rugineo. Others, Digitalis ferruginea. 2. Yellow Foxglove, Digitalis flore minore. The root is very long and thick, aiid has a vaft quantity of fibres. The firft leaves rife in a great clufter, and are long and broad; of a bright green on the upper fide, but paler and a little inclined to hairynefs , below: they have no footftalks, and they are narrow toward the bafe, and~broadeft near the end. The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and three feet high. The leaves on it are numerous, and grow ir- regularly: they are’ long, and not very broad, and they have no footftalks. The flowers ftand in a long fpike on the top of the ftalk, and are of a pale greenifh yellow. The feed-veffel is large, roundifh, and pointed at the top. ° Hh Ic 118 The BRAT LS A OA PRR Aa It is a native of Spain and Italy, and flowers in July. , C, Bauhine calls it Digitalis major lutea five pallida parvo flore. 3. Great-flowered yellow Foxglove. Digitalis lutea magno flore. The root is very large, and runs obliquely under the futface, fending up from various parts clufters of leaves, and numerous ftalks. The leaves that rife from the root are broad, oblong, and of a pale green, and a little dented at the edge. The ftalks are round, ftriated, of a pale colour, firm, upright, and three feet high. The leaves are numerous upon them, and ftand irregularly, but not fo confufedly as on fome of the other fpecies: they are broad, oblong and without foorftalks. The flowers ftand ina kind of fpike at the top of the ftalk; and, they ufually hang all one way, as in the common foxglove : they are large and yel- Jow, and are of the thape of thofe of the com- mon kind: their colour is pale on the outfide and deep within, and is fometimes variegated, It is a native of Germany, and flowers in Auguft. f C. Bauhine calls it Digitalis lutea magno flore. J. Bauhine Digitalis lutea Flore majore folio latiore. 4. Perfoliate Foxglove, Digitalis perfoliata. The root is large and irregularly fhaped, and fends out many long and thick fibres. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and two feet and a half high, of a pale green, and {carce at all branched. The leaves ftand in pairs, and the ftalk in a manner runs through them: they are large and long; broadeft at the bafe, and fimaller all the Cree R eR TS ds way to the point: they are fmooth, perfeétly un- divided at the edges, and of a bright green. The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalk, and on long footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the upper leaves: they are large, and extreamnly beau- tiful: their colour is a deep violet purple: they are hollow and long, in the manner of the com- mon foxglove ; but they are divided into five hort and round fegments at the edge. The feed-veffel is oval, and terminates in a point: the feeds are {mall and brown. It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in July, Morifon calls it Digitalis perfoliata lore violaceo, Linnzeus calls this Mimulus, making it another genus ; but that is a needlefs diftintion, 5. Shrubby Foxglove. Digitalis frute[cens. The root fpreads under the furface, and fends up fhoots in various places, The ftalks are woody, and covered with a redifh brown bark, The leaves ftand irregularly and in confide- rable numbers upon thems and are very beau- tiful: they have no footftalks, but grow to the main ftalk by a broad, hollow bafe ; they are long, narrow, of a bright green, and beautifully indented on the edges : they are broadeft toward the middle, and terminate ih a fharp point. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in very long fpikes: they are of a beautiful gold yellow, and have two lips; and the four threads, with the buttons, very apparent in them, The feed-veffel is large and Oval; And the feeds are numerous, fmall, and brown, It is a native of the Canaries, and flowers in May. Cliffort calls it Gefiteria felis lanceolatis Ser- ratis pedunculo terminaci lake [picato:. Com melinej Digitalis. acanthoides canarienfis flore aureo fru- tefcens. J S VIL HEDGE EINYa'SuS.@ sp) GRATIOLA A Phe flower confifts of a fingle petal, the edge divided into four parts : back ; the others are equal: terminates in a point, ‘Linnzus places this among his diandria monogynia; th and the filament from the rudiment of the feed-veffel be There is, however, clafs of the diandria is buttons on the top: thefe, therefore, treated of, to which it evidently belo contained in a fingle capfule, name, but etroneoufly ; for, though allied ment of the plants to which it is of kin, is * Stamina duo in flore hermaphrodito. approaching to the labiated thape : arts : the upper fegment is broader than the others, and turns the cup is divided into five feoments fome conftraint upon his fyftem in this inftance:: th »_ that there are only two ftamina jh the flower, fruit; * but in this plant there are really five fta longs; having a flower confifting of a fingle pe It is fo nearly allied to the foxglove that fome hav » itis a ditting genus. Hext to the foxglove, which it moft refembles, the tube is angulaced’: 3 and the feed-vefel is oval, and ere’ being two fertile threads in the flower, ing fingle. ¢ general charater of his nina with the rudiment of the mina in each flower: three of them have no he calls fteril, and accounts as nothing, Many have been puzzled to know where to place tk i We fee how Linnzeus difpofes it; he feparates it Ms plant. many claffes from the reft of the genera here tal, and the feeds € called it by that Tts proper place, in’ an arrange- Sy. Nat. DIVISION os vi The BRITISH “HER Te 1719 DIVISION I. Narrow-leaved Hedge Hyflop. Gratiola anguftifolia. The root is long, flender, and white: it fpreads under the furface, and fends up numerous fhoots. The ftalk is round, thick, upright, and eight or ten inches high: it is not at all branched, and is ufually of a redifh colour near the ground, and of a pale green elfewhere. The leaves ftand in pairs: they have no foot- ftalks: they are oblong, ferrated at the edges, and fharp pointed. The flowers ftand fingly on long, flender foot- {talks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves ; and are of a mixed white and yellow colour. The feed-veffel is large, oval, and pointed ; and the feeds are numerous, fmall, and dufky. It is a native of the north of Scotland, but not common, It grows in places where waters have ftagnated in winter. It flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Gratiola centauroides. O- thers, Gratiola vulgaris. Ic is but lately we have the notice of its being a native of Britain; nor have we any other fpecies of it: that which is called the fimaller hedge byffop, falicaria byf[opifolia by C. Bauhine, and by lefs accurate writers gratiola anguftifolia, is properly a fpecies of falicaria, not of this plant. There are alfo two other plants called by the name gratiola, which are fpecies of caffida, and Will be found under that head. This is fuch a fource of error to the young ftudent, that there cannot be tod much care in avoiding it: he is to know, that till this proper DIVISION ft, Blunt-leaved Hedge Hyfop, Gratiolis foliis obtufis. The root is flender and creeping: it is white, tough, furnifhed with many fibres, and of a bitter tafte. The ftalk is round, upright, and of a pale gteen; often redith toward the ground, as alfo at the infertions of the leaves. The leaves ftand in pairs, and are oblong, nar- row, and of a dead green: they are very flightly and irregularly notched at the edges, and obtufe at the ends. BRITISH SPECIES, gratiola, which is here deferibed, was found in Scotland, it was not known that any fpecies of that genus. was native of Britain; and, he mutt obferve, that the plants named by Mr. Kay with thefe fynonyma of £ratiola are neither of them of that kind; nor fo underftood by Mr, Ray, who » has placed them feverally in their proper genera, though he has added the different names by which they have been called by other writers, and thefe among them, Hedge hyffop, though not known before wild in Britain, is very common in France, and is greatly efteemed for its medicinal virtues, It approaches to the nature of the foxglove in qualities as well as form. Taken in a mode- rate dofe, it operates very brifkly by ftool; and, in a fomewhat larger, by vomit alfo ; and in this manner, for conftitutions that can beur it, carries off watery humours and diflodges obftrudting matter in a furprifing manner. { The juice is given in dropfies : a ftrong decoc- tion in the jaundices and in flighter cafes an infufion. Either way itis bitter, and difagree- able in the higheft degree, to the tafte ; but its virtues are fo well) known among the French péafants that it is called there poor mens phyfick. The root; dried and powdered, is given in the fciatica, dnd with fuaccefs, In fmall dofes it ig alfo excellent againft worms : its extream bitter tafte deftroys them, and by its purging quality it takes off all that matter from the Coats of the inteftines which ufed to harbour and ferve for lodging of them. : FOREIGN SP EC. Tees: The flowers are large. The feed-veffels are alfo large, and the feeds are {mall and brown. It is a native of many parts of North America, and flowers from May to O&ober, Gronovius calls it Gratiolo Soltis lanceolatis ob- tufis fubdentatis. It is very much of the fame tafte with the common kind, and probably poffefles the fame virtues. The Indians extol it againft poifons, Ge Beha Ne | Wise 186 2 Bey COXCOMB. REP IGWU LAR TS. HE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and approaches to the labiated kind: it is formed into a tube, and two lips: the tube is crooked, and the lips differ from one another greatly: the up- per lip is narrow, compreffed, dented, and galeated ; the lower lip is divided into three fegments, of which the middle one is the natrowelt : the cup is roundifh and fwelled, and is divided into five feg-' ments at the rim: the feed-veffel is roundifh, and pointed at the top. \ 8 Linnzus 120 The BRITISH HERBAL : is am ‘dynami j ia ; i r being four. “Linneus places this among the didynamia one TP 5 Pe eae in each flowe ea i r v al acapfule. two longer, and two fhorter, and the feeds contained in a : We confufedly call two genera in Englith by the name of rattle, diftinguifhng them only by epithets taken from the colour of the flower into red and yellow rattle : they are alfo called coxco lowing genus the other : oo ¢ this is one of them, the fol- mb, and loufewort ; but both thefe names are given in common to the two genera, and have been ufed to the fame diftin€tion by an epithet expreffing the colour ‘of the Hower: we call them red coxcomb, and yellow coxcomby as well as rattle; and fome, though that be not fo univerfal, red and yellow low, ewort this difagreeable name is more confined to ved, but not fufficiently to make it a generical term diftinét from the other. ; é : . Ic will be feen.there is a yellow-flowered pedicularis 5 therefore another name is needful,. and we ca this coxcomb. It will be proper for the ftudent either to ufe this conftantly, or always to call them by their Latin names; thofe being fingle and diftinét words. ; DLV TS'T-OeN: hk i. Common red Coxcomb. Pedicularis rubra vulgaris. The root is long, thick, and divided into fe- veral parts: it is white and bitter. The firfl. leaves are large, broad, indented at the edges, and pointed at the ends: they are fo unlike thofe that follow that few would know the plant in this ftate. The ftalks are thick, green, weak, and not very upright: they are eight or ten inches long, and but little branched. The leaves ftand on them in great numbers, and are of a kind of pinnated form, each com- pofed of feveral pairs of {maller, fet on a middle rib, with an odd one at the end; and fome of the loweft are often doubly pinnated. The flowers ftand in a confiderable number on the tops of the ftalks: they are large, of a bright red, and have a great hollow cup: fometimes they are white: their cups are long, angulated, and fmooth. The feed-veflel is large and roundifh ; and the feeds are numerous and fimall. It is common in damp places on heaths, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Pedicularis pratenfis purpurea. Dadoneus, Fiftularia. Others, Pedicularis rubra vulgaris. DIVISION I. F Yellow Coxcomb. Pedicularis foliis pinnatis lutea. The root is compofed of a multitude of very large and thick’ fibres, and is whitifh, tough, and bitter. The firft leaves are large, long, and divided deeply to the rib in a pinnated manner: they feem compofed of many pairs of leffér ones, with an odd one at the end; but, nearer ex- amined, thefe are only fegments; and they are a deeply at the edges, and pointed at the ends. The ftalk is round, thick, hollow, redifh, and - two foot high, : The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are like thofe from the root, divided deeply in the pinnated manner, and fometiines they are com- BRITISH SUPs ba Cals Heo. 2. Tall red Coxcomb, Pedicularis rubra elatior. The root is thick, large, and fpreading, whitifh, bitter, and full of fibres. The firft leaves are large, few in number, and not much divided. The flalks are round, green, thick, robutt, upright, and a foot and half high. The leaves are large, deeply divided in the pin- nated manner, and of a pale green, often redifh. The flowers are large, and ufually red, but fometimes, as in the other fpecies, they are white. The cups are not fo bloated as in the other fpe- cies; and they are rough on the furface: ufually they are divided only into two parts, inftead of five, at the extremity ; but this is uncertain, The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are fmall and brown, It is not uncommon in wet places, and flowers in July. . Tragus calls it Pedicudaris campeftris prior {pe- cies. Ray, Pedicularis rubra elatior. The virtues of thefe plants are not certainly known; but our farmers have an opinion that fheep feeding on them become fubjeét to vermin, whence the Englifh name J/oufewort: whatever foundation there may be for this, it is an opinion as old as Tragus ; and is not confined to Britain for the Flemith have it as well as we. : OREIGN SPECIES, poundly pinnated, or the fegments themfelves divided in the fame pinnated manner. The flowers ftand in a tuft at the top of the ftalk; and are large, and of a pale yellow, and fometimes white: they make a thick, fhort fpike, in the manner of the orchis flowers, and the upper fegment or galea is very crooked. The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds very {mall and brown. It is a native of Italy, and of many other parts of Europe; and flowers in June. Authors have been greatly divided as to the genus to which it belonged, and have thence called it by various names. _ Barrelier calls ic Aeéforolophus montana Slore Tusteo. C. Bauhine, Filipendula montana Slore pedi- cularie; Others, Filipendu’a montana, GENUS Th BRITISH HERBAL 12i GQ. He -N Ue baie. YELLOW RATTLE, RHINANTHUS. HIE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and approaches to the labiated kind: it is formed into 4 tube and two lips: the tub is ftrait: the lips are comprefied at the bafe ; and the upper one is flat- ted, and of the galeated fhape: the under lip is fat, and divided into three fegments, of which the _middle one is the longeft: the cup is roundifh, fwelled, as if blown up, and divided into four parts © at the edge: the feed-veffel is rounded, and compreffed or flatteds and the feeds alfo are flatted, Linnaeus places this among the didynamia. angiofp-rmia; the filaments or threads in each flowet being four, two of which are longer, and two fhorter, and the feeds contained in a capfule. We have obferved that this genus and the pedicularis have been always called by the fame Englifi names. We have fhewn the impropriety of this, from the colour of the flower are not fufficient for the feparation of the two genera; by obferving that the epithets of diftin@ion taken there being one _ that is properly of the former, the flower of which is yellow: by the charaéter of the prefent genus here given, it will appear that they are quite diftina: I have therefore retained the namé Réinanthus, as it is ufeful for the diftinétion, and appropriated the two Englifh narnes diftinatively, giving that of coxcomb only to the preceding genus, and that of rattle only to this. PIVETHON RE GE RIT ISH 5 pariogne, 3. Common yellow Rattle. Rhinanthus vulgaris. The root is fhort, flender, crooked, hatd, and furnifhed with many fibres, = The ftalk is round, firm, upright, of a yel- lowifh green, ‘a foot high, and branched toward the top. The leaves ftand in pairs: they are oblong, broad, and have no footftalks : they are broadett at the bafe, narrower to the end, fharply in- dented at the edges, and terminate in a point: their colour is a dufky green, and their fubftance firm. : The flowers are numerous, and have a fingular appearance : they ftand in long feries up the tops of the ftalks, and principally on one fide: they have a great ftriated cup, like a bladder: the flower itfelf is fmall, and of a bright yellow. ‘The feed-veffel is large, rounded, and flatted $ and the feeds are flat and brown. It is common in paftures, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls ic Pedicularis pratenfis lutea few crifta galli. Others, Crifta galli lutea, and Crifta galli femina, Wein Englith, Yellow rattle, or Coxcomb. Thofe who call this the female, diftinguith what they call another fpecies undef the name of the male, but it is only a variety: the pring DT Velset Q ene SH, Hairy yellow Rattle. Rhinanthus foliis vilofis. This is a fmall but fingular and pretty plant. The root is longifh, crooked, flender, and full “of fibres. The {talk is round, flender, upright, of a redifh colour, and eight inches high. The leaves ftand in pairs, at diftance, pair from pair: they have no footftalks, and they are nar- N12; cipal difference is the ftature; the male, as jt ig called, growing in a more favourable ground, and being taller, ores 2. Narrow-leaved yellow Rattle, Rhinanthus foliis anguftioribus, The root is long, flender, crooked, and furs nifhed with a multitude of fibres, The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and very tmhuch branched, and is ufually of a redith colour. The leaves are numerous: they ftand in pairs, but at fmaller diftances by much than in the com- mon kind: they are very narrow, and fharply _ dented at the édges ; of a pale green, and not fo broad at the bafe as in the other.’ ij The flowers ftand in a long feries on the upper branches, and are beautifully variegated, though very fmall: the top of the flower is yellow, and the upper lip is purple. The whole plant is two foot high, and very robuft, The feed-veffels are long and flat; and the feeds are alfo flat, but fmall. It is frequent in paftures in the north of Eng- land; and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Criffa galli anguftifolia monx tana. Ray, Pediculis major anguftifolia ramofifina lore minore luteo, labello purpurea. ° : FOREIGN SPE CTLBE-s, row, oblong, not at all ‘indented ‘at the edges, . and a little hairy. ‘The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and have ftriated and {wollen cups. The feed-veffel is flatted, but of a rounded figure; and the feeds ate large. It is a native of Ceylon, and flowers in May. Burman calls it Hyfopus zeylanins renellus pre tenfis: but it is evidently a plant of this genus. li GENWS 122 Tho BRITISH HERBAL. Ge NY U's Xi. ee) EYEBRIGHT. EUPHR ASI 4. HIE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and approaches very much to the labiated thape: it is formed into a tube and two lips 5 dented; the lower lip is divid is compofed of a fingle piece, and compreffed. Linnus places this among the tube is fhort and plain: the upper lip is hollow and in- ed into three fegments, and thefe are equal in fize, and obtufe : the cup divided into four unequal fegments; and the feed-vefiel is oblong, oval, his didynamia angiofpermia s the flowers having four threads, two longer, and two fhorter 5 and the feeds being contained in a capfule. DIVISION I. rt. Common Eyebright. Euphrafia vulgaris. ‘The root is long, white, flender, and fur- nifhed with numerous fibres. The ftalk is round, firm, erect, of a deep green, very much ‘branched, and eight inches high. The leaves ate placed in pairs, and they have no footftalks: they ftand very thick, and they are fhort, broad, deeply ferrated, and of a very dark green, but of a bright and flefhy furface. The flowers are large, and white, variegated with a few dots: they ftand in the bofoms of the leaves, principally toward the tops of the ftalks, and are very.pretty ; their bright whitenefs, and the deep green of the reft of the plant, making a pretty contraft to one another. The feed-veflel is oblong, and the feeds are very final. It is common in our hilly meadows, and flowers in Auguft, C. Bauhine calls it Euphrafia officinarum. O- thers, Eupbrafia vulgaris, or, fimply, Eupbrofia. Eyebright is famous’ againft diforders of the eyes. _ In common inflammations of the eyes the cuf- ftom is to ufe the freth exprefled juice by way of acollyrium, wathing them twice a day with it, and wearing a piece of filk over them, In worfe diforders the whole herb, dried and powdered, and taken for many months, half a dram twice a day, is recorded to have done great fervice. There are accounts that feem well at- tefted of people reftored to fight by it. The diftilled water is recommended by fome for the\ fame purpofes, but that has little virtue, 2. Purple Eyebright. f Eupbrafia flore rubro. The root is fhort, crooked, woody, whitith, and furnifhed with a few fibres, The ftalk is round, firm, upright, of a purplith colour, confiderably branched, and eight or ten inches high. The leaves ftand in pairs, and are very fre- quent upon the ftalk, except toward the bottom, where for three inches it is generally naked: they are longifh, narrow, flarply ferrated at the BOR TiteS) Ha oS uP sb -C 1oBss. Jf edges, and pointed’ at the ends: they havé no foot(talks, and are at firft of a brownifh green colour, and afterwards brownifh or redifh, with very little green: the whole plant, when it hag .- ftood fome time, frequently becomes purple... ~~ The flowers are fmall, and of a dufky red: they are very numerous, and ftand in the bo- foms of the leaves all the way up the ftalk. The feed-veffel is oblong, and larger at one end than the other: the feeds are very {mall and brown. It is frequent in dry paftures, and on barren and heathy ground, It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Euphrafia pratenfis rubra, J. Bauhine, Eupbhrafia parvo purpurea; and the common writers, Crateogonon eupbrofine; fup- pofing fome refemblance in it to the cow-wheat, to be hereafter defcribed : It is alfo called in Eng- lifh, Eycbright cow-wheat. 3. Short-leaved Eyebright. Euphrafia foliis brevibus. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The ftalk is round; upright, and hard, but brittle: it is very much branched, and eight or ten inches high, of a purplifh colour ufually, fometimes of a pale green, and a little hairy. The leaves are placed in pairs, and have no footftalks: they are broad, fhort, and indented fharply at the edges: their colour is an ath ot ereyifh green, but they have a glofly fubftance like thofe of the common eyebright. ; The flowers are f{mall, and of a deep purple : they grow from the bofoms of the leaves all the way up the ftalks from the middle to the top, The feed-veflels are oblong, and largeft at the bafe; and the feeds are large and whitifh. It is a native of our northern counties, but is not common, C. Bauhine calls it Teucrinm alp puro cerulea, vibus obtufs. inn coma pur- Ray, Eupbrafia rubra, Solis bres 4- Great-leaved Eyebright. Euphrafia major latifolia, _The root is long, fender, white, and’ fur- nifhed with a few fibres, The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and a foot high : Th BRITISH HERBAL, 123. high: its colour is ufvally a pale green, fome- times redifh; and it is lightly hairy, and very much branched. The leaves grow irregularly : fome toward the lower part of the ftalk generally ftand in pairs, but the greater part alternately: they have no footftalks : they are broad, oblong, large, of a dufky green, and rough furface; dented at the edges, and pointed at the ends. if The flowers rife fingly, from the bofoms of Dolovel s.l-OeNe. It, 1. Narrow-leaved yellow Eyebright. Eupbhrofia anguftifolia flava. ‘The root is fmall, long, and furnifhed with a few fibres: it is whitifh, woody, and crooked. The ftalk is angulated or ridged, and appears fquare: it is flender, but firm, upright, branched, | and a foot and half high, ‘The leaves are long, and very narrow: they {tand in pairs without footftalks, and are of a dufky green, dented at the edges and fharp- pointed. 3 The flowers are very numerous: they ftand in jong, clofe feries all up the tops of the branches, and are {mall, and of a gold yellow. The feed-vefiel is oval, but oblong; and the feeds are {mall and whitifh. 4 It is frequent in Italy and Spain, and flowers in Auguft. €.Bauhine: calls it Euphrafia pratenfis lutea. “Columa,: Eupbrafia lutea montana anguftifolia altera. 2. Eyebright, with three-pointed leaves. Eupbrafia foliis tricufpidatis. The root is very flender, white, longifh, erooked, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The ftalk is round, firm, redifh, fomewhat |. branched, and of a purplifh colour. The leaves ftand alternately, and have no footftalks: they are very narrow; and undivided ‘at the edges till they come toward the end, where they are broader than in any other part, and have two notches oppofite to one another, which give the tip of the leaf a three-pointed appearance. The flowers ftand in the bofoms of the leaves all the way up the tops of the ftalks: they are fmall, and of a whitith red. Ga Ee N FO the leaves all the way up to the top-part of the ftalk ; and they are large and yellow. The feed-veffel is oblong, and the feeds are very fmall and redith. , It is a native of Cormwal, and of the ifland of Jerfey ; and flowers in July, J. Bauhine calls it Crife galli afinis planta Romana, feu Crifte galli major Ttalica. Ray, Eu- pbrafia major lutea latifolia paluftris, REIGN §PECTeE Ss The feed-veffels are oblong, and the feeds are fall. ; It is a native of Italy, and flowers in Augutft. Linnzus calls it Euphrofia foliis inearibus tricufs pidatis. 3. Low purple Eyebright: Euphrafia pumila flore rubra. This is a very fmall, but fingular and pretty fpecies. The root is fmall, oblong, divided, and hung about with many fibres. ‘ The ftalk is angulated, “fhort, redifh, and fomewhat hairy: it is feldom at all branched, and is about four inches high. The leaves ftand in pairs, and have no foot- ftalks: they are fhort, broad, and very deeply indented, in fuch a manner that they refemble the fingered leaves of thofe plants which have them divided down to the bafe into narrow and long fegments, : The flowers are large for the bignefs of the plant, and purple. The feed-veffels are large, and the feeds whitifh. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in May. C. Bauhine calls it Eupbrafia pratenfis latifolia Italica, Columna, Eupbrajfia latifolia pratenfis. Thefe feveral. fpecies agree in virtues with the common Englifh kind, and are in the fame de- gree of eftimation there that ours is here, This plant bruifed and laid upon the eyes in cafes of inflammations is a fpeedy remedy. They throw a large quantity of it into their wine as it is making, and keep it for old mens drinking, to preferve their fight. They alfo eat the young fhoots and tops of the feveral fpecies among their - fallading for the fame purpofe. U = 6S XII. COW-WHEAT, MELAMPYRUM™ THE flower confifts of a fingle petal, and approaches to the labiated fhape: it is formed into a tube and two lips: the tube is long and crooked: the upper lip is galeated, flatted, and niped at the top, and turns back at the edges: the lower lip is divided into three equal blunt fegments, and has two eminences in the middle. The cup is tubular, and lightly divided into four fegments: the feed-veffel is oblong; flatted, and pointed at the cop. Linneus places this among the didynamia angiofpermia, the threads in each flower being four ; two longer, and two fhorter: and the feeds contained in a capfule. 2 iS DIT 124, THE BPRIGISH| HER © AD Pe Ves ON ah 1. Comniion Cow-wheat. Melampyrum vulgare. ' _. The root is fmall, oblong, crooked, and white, and has a few fibres, The ftalk is flender, weak, angulated, but moderately upright, very much branched, and about a foot high. The leaves ftand in pairs, and have no foot- ftalks. t Thofe toward the bottom of the ftalk are ob- long, fomewhat broad, and deeply indented to- ward the bafe ; thofe on the upper part of the plant are longer and narrower, and altogether plain. ' and fomewhat approache: i ind: areata aay PProaches to the labiated kind: the the body is large and broad, deep and hollow ; four of which are broad and equal, ‘ the cup is divided into five fmall fegments at the edge: and fquare, and contains numerous feeds. ! among the didynamia angio [perinia being four, two of which are longer and two thorter, f and a divided edge: the tube is fhort, the edge is divided and altogether different the feed-veffel is large, and the fifth narrow, 3 the threads in each flower and the feeds contained in a capfule. 1. Long- and flowers The BRUTY SH) Hop ih Hee 1. Long-leaved Sefamum. Sefainum faliis oblongis. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves are long and large: they rife in a thick clufter, and have fhort footftalks; and their colour is a pale green: they are broadeft toward the bafe, fharp at the point, and flightly indented at the edges, The ftalk is thick, firm, upright, and not at all branched : it is two foot and a half high, and is of a pale green, and ftriated on the furface. The leaves are numerous, and of a pale green: ‘they are perfectly like thofe from the root, only fmaller and lefS indented, and fometimes not at all fo. ‘ The flowers are large, and white, with a tinge of purplith ; fometitnes altogethet red: they rife from the bofoms of the leaves, and ftand on fhort, flender footftalks. The feed-veffel is long and large, and contains a large quantity of feeds. It is a native of Zeylon and Malabar, and is fown in fields about Adrianople. Burman calls it Digitalis orientalis fefamum digta. Others, only Sefamum. The flower fome- what refembles foxglove, whence it has obtained the name of oriental foxglove , but the feed-veffel is perfectly different, andmakes it another genus. An oil is made from it in Turkey, and is famous in many external applications. We ufed G BON Usa 135 to have it here, but it is of late neglected én- tirely. It is efteemed good againft headachs; and a few drops put into ears for deafness. : 2. Various-leaved Sefamum. Selamum foliis variis. The root is long, large, and White: it pené~ trates deep into the ground, and has a few fibres, The firft leaves are oblong, broad, fmall, and of a deep green: they have fhort footftalks, and are undivided at the edges; ’ The ftalk is round, firm, all branched. . The leaves grow in -pairs, but they are con- fiderably different in form on the various parts of the plant: thofe which grow lowermoft are di- vided into three parts, two fhort toward the bafe, and one long, which terthinates theth; and all thefe are indented at the edges. The upper leaves are oblong, narrow, and indented ; they are broad. eft at the bafe, and fmaller all the way to the point; arid they have long and flender foot- ftalks. ; The flowers grow in the bofoms of the leaves: they are’ very large, and have feparate flender footftalks. : The feed-veffél is long and fquared; and the feeds are numerous, f It is a native of the Eaft Indies, in July. Plukenet calls it Sefamum alterum Solis trifidis. upright, and not at and flowers \ IX, n ROU Es ly at: FIAHE flower confitts of a fingle petal, and approaches to thé labiated form : ‘it confitts of a fhort ; tube, hid within the cup; an open and drooping neck; and, above that, five fegments : two of thefe which ftand upward are fomewhat reflex; the oth ward, and are more ftrait: the cup is formed of a fingle leaf, divided at the e fegments ; and the feed-vefiel is long; flender; contained in a capfule, an edge divided into er three point down- dge into five narrow rounded, and pointed at each end, Linnzus places this among the didynamia angiofpermia ; the threads in each flower, the preceding fpecies, being four, two of which are longer and two fhorter ; a8 in moft of and the feeds being thus The firft of thefe characters they enjoy in common with the flowers properly of the labiated kind ; thofe having four threads, which are thus of unequal lengths : the other is peculiar, for the feeds of all the plants properly of the labiated kind ftand in the bottom of the cup. This fhews, that the particular arrangement of the threads, two long and two fhort, which is one of the moft fingular charaéters in the method of Linnzus, is not, nor can be, the proper mark of a clafs: though he has made it fo ; becaufe of the numerous plants which have the threads in this number and order, fome have the feeds naked, others regularly contained in a capfule. Linnzeus faw this difference, and arranged the plants under two feparate heads, though in the fame clafs: but this is the fame errot Ray made, flowers only a fub-diftin@ion ; whereas it is truly, Procumbent Ruellia. Ruellia procumbens. The root is white, fmall, and thready. The ftalks are numerous, round, yellowith, flender, and five or fix inches long: they lie every way fpread upon the ground, and fre- quently take root at the joints. ‘The leaves ftand in pairs, and are fhort and broad: they are fharply ferrated at the edges, in making the regular and irregular monopetalous and in nature, a claffical charaéter, obtufe at the end, and of a freth green; The flowers grow at the tops of the ftalks, three or four in a little clufter, and are of a pale red. The feed-veffel is long, and the feeds are nu- merous and fmall. It is a native of the Eaft Indies and the Ame- rican Iflands, and flowers in May. Plukenet calls it Gentianella impatiens felis agerati. In Barbadoes they call it Snapgrafs. The END of the FIFTH CLASS, THER ADs Eas BRITISH HERBAL HoQRASRESDEOsERIegoogoeseseronsoeeooneeonneanaanens CL A S..S... VE. Plants whofe flower is compofed of rwo vetats, and is followed by a sincLE CAPSULE, > HIS is a clafs extreamly diftin& ; and characterifed by the moft plain and obvious marks, - . i It contains but a very fmall number of plants; but one would imagine no fyftem could err fo far from the path of nature as to add. any more to it, or to feparate thefe 5 the characters by which they are diftinguifhed from all other plants, and allied to one another, being fo ex- tremely fingular and ftriking: yet, in the modern methods and fyftems of botany, there is no place appropriated to thefe ; but they ftand at random among others. : és Linnzeus has placed the water ffarwort in his clafs of monandria, and the enchanter’s night/bade in his clafs of diandria , becaufe there is but a fingle thread in the flower of the former, whereas theré are two in that of the latter: on thefe minute parts is the attention of that author fo fixed, that thefe plants, are feparated by the means of the threads; although they agree with one another in the flower and feed-veffel ; and have in both a character which is in common with few others. Thefe are the moft ufeful diftinctive marks: the more confpicuous fuch charaéters are, and the fewer plants they unite, the clearer and more familiar will be the method, and the eafier and plainer. the ftudents road to the fcience. Mr. Ray includes thefe plants and thofe which have three petals to the flower, and a fingle capfule for the feed, together in one clafs. He feems in this to have been influenced only by the {mall number there are of plants belonging to each ; but this, as we have obferved, isa happinefs, or thing to be fought, not avoided : we fhould obferve nature ftri€tly where it is found; and not confound her diftinGtions, by joining plants where fhe has feparated them fo plainly. Mr. Ray makes the ~ number of petals a mark of diftinétion for a clafs in other cafes where the feéd-veffel is fingle; and there is the fame caufe here. If the pentapetake vafculifere, or thofe which have five petals and a fingle feed-veffel, be claffically diftinét from the dipetale and tripetale, thofe which have two, and three petals and a fingle feed-veffel ; fo are thefe two kinds, the dipetale, and tripetale, from one another : the reafon is exaétly the fame, and he who ufed the charaéter taken from the number of petals as a claffical mark in one place, fhould not have refufed it in another, ‘ bobo aea Stam EOL LaRosa Loko bo oro Loto Lonoto ronatetotetebotato atu topatoter to yet oy od mea \oihida Wie Naa Natives of BRiTArn. Thofe of which there are one or more {pecies native or wild in this kingdom. elgg Dinan S Eaten Uae, |, WA TOE RS fA Rw, 0 Rr STELLA RZ. HE flower is compofed of two petals, and has no cup: the feed-veffel is round and comprefied: Linnzus places this among his monandria digynia ; there being only one thread in each flower, and the ftyles, or filaments, from the rudiment of the capfule being two. . This author takes away its ufual name ftellaria, and calls the genus corifpermum ; uniting with it, . ball "nA: . . under that name, the rhagrofis, a diftin& genus, as we fhall thew in its place. DIvi- Thea BRET Sf ee BAL U37 DIVISION TI. 1. Common Water-Starwort. Stellaria vulgaris. The root is a great clufter of long and flender fibres. The ftalks are numerous, green, _ flender, very weak, and a foot or two in length: they rife to the furface of the water ufually, as the moft common place of its growth is in fhallow ditches. The leaves grow in pairs all the way up the ftalks, but at the tops in clufters: thofe on the ftalks are longifh, narrow, and of a pale green: they have no footftalks: they are pointed at the ends, and undivided at the edges. The leaves on the top form themfelves into a kind of head: they are fmalleft in the centre, larger all the way outwards, and fpread in the manner of a ftar, whence the plant has its name. The flowers are fmall: they ftand at the joints of the ftalks, where the leaves alfo rife; and there ufually are two of them together: they are whitifh, and the two petals which compofe them are hollow, and converge together: there is a fingle yellow button to each, fupported on a long thread. The feed-veffel is rounded, flat, and marked with four lines on the furface. The feeds are numerous and fmall. It is common in our ditches, and flowers in May. C. Bauhine calls it Stellaria aquatica, . Others, Stellaria aquatica vulgaris. 2. Blunt-leaved Water-Starwort. Stellaria repens foliis obtufis. _ The root is compofed of numerous very flen- der fibres. The ftalks are many and weak: they are round and jointed: they rife but a litole height in the water, where they are covered ; t when the plant grows in mud, as is common, with very little water, then they lie fpread every way upon the furface; and, in both cafes, wherever they touch they take root at the joints, D.1.V40 5.1.0, N: YP 1. Alternate-flowered Water-Starwort. Stellaria floribus alternis. _ The root is compofed of many flender threads, of a whitifh colour, and very tender fubftance. ‘ The ftalks are numerous, round, and of a pale green. 7 The keaves are long, narrow, and of a dead green, undivided at the edges,@#and fharp at the » points, i Nearer BR rel sit FOREIGN 7 mre SORE: Cee s: The leaves are few, and of a faint green; they grow in ‘pairs, and have no footftalks; they are fhort, and rounded at the end: at the top of the ftalk there fland four, or more, in a little clufter, byt not difpofed with thar regularity we fee in thofe of the former {pecies. The flowers are fmall and white: they are placed in the bofoms of the leaves, and the petals of which they are compofed ftand wider than in the other. The feed-veffel is fquare, but flatted: the feeds are very numerous and minute, It is common in puddles and about the edges of fifh-ponds, and flowers in April. C. Bauhine calls it Lenticula paluftris bifolia frufiu tetragono, Dillenius, Stellaria minor et repens. 3. Long leaved Water-Starwort. Stellaria longifolia. The root confifts of fibres, but they are not, as in the others, long and flender; they make a very thick head of fhort ones almoft ’ innumerable. ‘ The ftalks are numerous, weak, and a foot or more in length, The leaves ftand in pairs on the ftalks, and in a ftarry tuft at the top: thofe on the ftalks are Jong, narrow, and often curled at the edges, and fplit at the points: the others are fharp-pointed, and {pread upon the furface, in form of a ftar. The flowers are very fmall, and yellowith: each is compofed of two narrow petals, and in the centre there rifes a fhort filament with a yel- low button. The feed-veffel is rounded and flat: the feeds are very numerous and fmall. It is common in falt-water ditches, and fome- times in frefh. I have obferved it abundantly in the ditches on the ifle of Shipey. y It flowers in June. Ray calls it Stellaria aquatica foliis longis te- nuiffimis, Sy PER Colebrs: The flowers ftand alternately, and are com- pofed each of two flatted and fomewhat hooked petals, in the midft of which, rifes a fingle fila- ment with a large button. The feed-veffel is roundifh and flatted. It is common about the fhores of the Volea; and flowers in July. . : Juffieu calls it Corifpermum floribus lateralibus. Nothing is known of the virtues of thefe " plants. No GENUS 138 Th BRITISH HER B AE. Ce aN U.S 11. ENCHANTERS NIGHTSHADE. GOL Ry C He HE flower is compofed of two petals, divided at the ends, and fpread open: the cup confifts of two fmall, oval leaves, and falls with the flower: the feed-veffel is oval and rough, and contains only two feeds. Linnzus places this among the diandria menogynia ; there being two threads in each flower, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the capfule fingle. DIVISION I Common Enchanters Nighthhade. Circea lutetiana. The root is large and fpreading, and is fur- nifhed with many fibres. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and ten inches high. The leaves ftand in pairs, and have long foot- ftalks: they are of an oval figure, and terminate in a fharp point; they are broadeft at the bafe, and f{maller all the way to the extremity ; their colour is a deep beautiful green; and they are a little indented at the edges, but it is flightly and irregularly. The flowers ftand in a long {pike at the top of DTV'TS TO'N: A 4. Dwarf Enchanters Nightthade. Circea minima, The root is white, and fpreads under the furface. The ftalk is round, weak, and in part pro- eumbent: it is four inches long, and lies half that length upon the ground. The leaves are broad and fhort, largeft at the bafe, and {maller to the point, not at all indented at the edges, and of a blackith green, The flowers ftand in a fpike at the top of the ftalk, and are white, with a bluth of red: the cup is whitifh, and coloured at the edges. The feed-veffels are fhort, and roundifh rather than oval. : C. Bauhine calls it Solanifolia Circea alpina. Linnzeus, Circea caule adfcendente racemo unico. 2. Broad-leaved Circea. Circea latifolia. The root is long, thick, and fpreading. ’ The firft leaves are very large, and of an oval B Rated 1 .5-H, Soba ee lebao the ftalk : they are {mall and white; each has its feparate footftalk ; and they ftand ina very re- gular manner: when the plant has been any time in the flower thefe occupy the top of the fpike, and feed-veffels hang from their footftalks on the lower part: befides the larger {pike which terminates the ftalk, there are ufually fmaller from the bofoms of the upper leaves. The two petals of which each flower is compofed are fo fplit that it feems to have four. The feed-veffels are fmall and rough. It is a native of our woods and thickets, and flowers in April. C. Bauhine calls it Solanifolia circea dia major. Others, Circa lutetiana; or Simply Circe. FOREIGN SPECIES. figure; broad at the bafe, and obtufe at the ends: there are only two or three of themina . tuft; and they have fhort footftalks. The ftalk is round, upright, firm, hairy, and two feet high. The leaves ftand ia pairs, and have long foot- ftalks: they are broad and oblong, widely fer- rated, and fharp-pointed and their colour isa beautiful deep green. “The flowers are white, with a tinge of purple fometimes, but not always; they ftand in long fpikes on the top of the ftalk, and on branches rifing from the bofoms of the upper leaves: the feed-veffel is large and rough. It is a’native of North America, and flowers in May. Tournefort calls it Circea canadenfis latifolia lore albo. Nothing is certainly known of the virtues of thefe plants. Th END of te SIXTH CLASS, i THE > BRITISH HERBAL ‘ C. LovA. Ss. 8 vit Plants whofe flower is compofed of tTurne rEvansy and is followed by a SINGLE CAPSULE. Ts clafs has all the advantages of the laft, in being clearly, familiarly, and’ obvioufly diftinguifhed: like that alfo it comprehends only a few plants; and there is the fame reafon for keeping them feparate from all others, the rendering the path to the fcience eafy and plain. ’ t I Linneus, however, feparates them into very diftant parts of his works, placing the frogdit among his dioecia enneandria, and the ftratiotes among the polyandria hexagynia. Mr. Ray joins the plants of this, as we before obferved, with thofe of the laft clafs; but he is much more excufable than Linnzus in feparating them fo widely one from another. ~ SacKeuko Td) sbia$ I. Natives of BRigTain. ‘Thofe of which one or more {pecies a8 native of this country. : ( Ganbieehe ete. | E-R°O3G-B 11: HYDROCHARIS: PPHE flower is cotnpofed of three roundifh petals, which fpread evenly open: the cup is cori- pofed of three fmall, oval leaves: the feed-veffel is fkinny, ' toundifh, and divided into fix cells. Linnzus places this among his divecia enneandria ; fome plants of it having only male; and the other only female flowers; and the ftamina in the male flowers being nine. The difference in the male and female plants of this genus is this, that in the male three flowers grow together, and there is a general hufk for them, befide the particular cup for each; and in the female the flowers ftand fingle, having only their proper three-leaved cup, and are fucceeded by acapfule, which thofe of the male plants are not. This is all the obvious difference; but, when clofer examined, the female flowers are found to have no threads. Of this plant there is only one known fpecies, and that is a native of Britain. 7 Common « 140 he BR TT rs Ef ERB AE. : Common Frosbit. Hydrocharis vulgaris. The root confifts of feveral very long and thick fibres. ‘From thefe rife alfo clufters of leaves and fide-fhoots : thefe laft are long and fender ; and, as they fpread every way from the central root, they fend up alfo tufts of leave, and, down- wards, roots like the firft. The leaves rife ten or twelve together, ahd are fupported on long, thick footftalks of a {pungy fubftance. They are round, but indented in a_heart- fafhioned manner at the infertion of the. ftalk, and are thick, fmooth, and of a dead green. The flowers are large and white: they ftand on long, flender footftalks. Gok Nee Us The feed-veffels are“large and ‘rounded; and the feeds are numerous and fmall. It is common in ditches {wiming on the water. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Nymphea alba minima. O- thers, The leaft waterlilly, Frogbit, andMorfus rane. It has fometimes double flowers, and is in that condition defcribed by fome as a diftinct fpecies : but this is only a variety from rich and abundant nourifhment. I obferved a whole ditch near Thorny in the ifle of Ely covered with this double flowered kind; the water was thick and redith, The country people make a pultice of the frefh leaves boiled in milk, which they lay to fwel- lings: but nothing is known farther of its virtues. It is not ufed in the fhops. 1g WA Te EeRS- Onl DOL EGR. STRATIOTES. ae flower is compofed of three petals, which are broad: there are two cups, the one is a hufk compofed of two membranes, which remains with the feed-veffel,; the other is formed of a fingle‘leaf, divided into three fegments, and falls off with the fower: the feed-veffel is oval, but marked with fix edges, and is divided within into fix ceils, and contains numerous feeds. , »Linneus places this among the polyandria bexagynia; the threads being numerous, and the ftyles from the rudiment of the capfule fix, anfwering to the fix feparate cells or divifions in the: fruit - the feeds are crooked. Common Water Soldier. Stratiotes vulgaris. The root is compofed of feveral long, thick, white fibres with tufted ends: they are naked from the top to the bottom but juft at the ex- tremity they have feveral fmall, fhort filaments, which f{pread every way. From this root rife numerous leaves of a fin- gular figure: they are long and narrow, thickeft and broadeft at the bafe, and fharp at the point : they are flefhy, firm, of a deep green colour, and _ armed with flight prickles along the edges. The ftalks rife among thefe, and are naked, round, thick, and of a pale green. The flowers are large and white, with a tuft of yellow threads in the centre. The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are long, crooked, and, as it were, winged. It is common in the fen countries, the ifle of Ely, and elfewhere ; and flowers in July. It fwims upon the water, or is fometimes half way buried in it; and, though the roots are confiderably long, they rarely reach the bottom, C. Bauhine calls it Aloe paluftris. Others, Aizoon paluftre, and Militaris aizoides, and Aloides, Nothing is known of a certainty of its virtues ; but the old women ufe it externally as cooling and repellent. : ‘Th END o te SEVENTH CLASS, 4 THE BRITISH HERBAL. SOCERESSISGHOSSSIOG OSHS IGSSSIISSORIONSHSISOSHROOGS Geet Ej Aa oingSous WV Uhbees Plants whofe flower is compofed of rour vrais, and is fucceeded by @ SINGLE REGULAR CAPSULE. reft as thofe of the preceding clafs, fince nothing can be a plainer claffical character than four petals in a flower, and a fingle capfule fucceeding; yet they are difperfed over feveral parts of the works of Linnzus, and all the modern writers, The ftudent, in this method of ours, needs only examine the number of petals and the feed- veffel, to know to what clafs to ‘refer, or where to look for a plant of this defignation: in thofe he will receive no information on either head from fuch an obfervation ; but muft count the threads in the plaintain, and thofe in willow-herb, to find where to feek them in his author, and to difcover, that one having four belongs to the clafs of tetrandia, and the other having five to that of pentandria ; while the poppy, becaufe it has them more numerous, and fixed to the receptacle, is to be fought for among the polyandria, in a very diftant part of the book. Ts are plants as evidently allied to one another, and as evidently diftinguifhed. from the The ftudent will here find all the plants which have four petals, and a fingle regular capfule, together: but let him obferve here the diftinétion between the cap/u/e and the pod. As thefe names are diftin& in Englifh, fo they are in other languages. The Latin writers conftantly exprefs one by capfula, the other by /iliqua; and though both are feed-veflels, they are perfectly diftinguithed, This is the more needful to be obferved here, becaufe there is anather great family to be diftin. guifhed by having four petals in the flower, and a pod or Jiliqua following. The diftinétion will be fhewn when we come to treat of that clafs. What is contained in the pre- fent affortment is that family of plants in which the petals are four, and the feed-veflel is a capfule, fuch as thofe of the feveral preceding claffes, and not a pod. SPREE GRRRIIG IS PESOS H LS HSROLALS PSS SALSSSHSLSH Si Emel “Batcerendls Natives of BRITAIN. Thofe of which one or more fpecies are wild in this country, Go. ee (Us L Pi OU cP) Pe P’ OA «PA iis RVOR PYSHE flower is compofed of four large, broad, petals: the cup is a hufk,- compofed of two ova} leaves: the feed-veffel is crowned with a top, under which there are feveral {mall Openings 4, and the feeds are numerous. Linnzus places this among the polyandria monogynia, the filaments in the flower being. numerous, and fixed to the receptacle, and the rudiment of the fruit fingle, and with a fingle top, without any ftyle. Se 14. s Oo DIVE 14.2 The BRITISH HERBAL. DIVISION I. x. Red Poppy. Papaver rbaas. The root is long, white, and flender, and has very few fibres. é The firt leaves, which rife immediately from: it are large, long, of a pale green, deeply jagged, and without footftalks. In the centre of thefe rifes the ftalk, which is round, weak, of a pale green, and hairy; it is two feet high, tolerably erect, and divided into feveral branches. The leaves on it are placed irregularly, and re- femble thofe from the root, but that they are more deeply jagged, and divided at the edges: thefe alfo are of a pale green, and hairy, and they and the whole of the plant abound with a yellow bit- ter juice. The flowers are very large, and of a bright fearlet, with numerous threads in the centre; on ‘which ftand black buttons. The feed-veffel is {mall, oblong, and crowned with a flat head: the feeds are very numerous. It is common in our corn-fields, and flowers in July. > C. Bauhine calls it Papaver erraticum majus. Others, Papaver erraticum, Papaver rubrum, and Papaver rheas. The flower is fometimes white, and fometimes variegated. We fee this a little in nature, and much more fo in gardens, where culture renders it very beautiful. ‘ The reader is not to underftand by this, that all the beautiful garden poppies are produced from this fpecies ; for many of them, indeed the greater part, are from the other, next to be defcribed: the fmaller, in general, are from this, and they are very beautiful, and very numerous. 2. Wild white Poppy. Papaver album fylveftre. The root is long, fimple, and white, and has few fibres. The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and a yard high: the leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are very large, and of a bluifh green. They have no footftalks, but enclofe the ftalk at the bafe, and from thence grow fmaller to the point : they are notched at the edges, and fmooth. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches, into which the ftalk divides at the upper part; they are very large, but of no great beauty : their colour is white, with a faint bluth of a deadifh purple; and they have large black fpots, one at the bottom of each petal. The feed-veffel is round and large, of a bluifh green, and full of irregular, rough, white feeds. ' The whole plant is perfectly fmooth, and throughout of the fame bluith green colour. It is common wild in Ireland. We fee itin un- cultivated places fometimes in England; but it feems to have arifen from feeds fcattered from fome garden. In Ireland it is faid to be found far from any houfe. ' BRITISH SEP. EB CSI Bys. g. Black Poppy. Papaver nigrum. The root is long, flender, and divided : it has few fibres, and is of a whitifh colour. The firft leaves are fmall, and inconfiderable $ they are long, narrow, divided- deeply’ at the’ edges, and have no footftalks. Among thefe rifes the ftalk, which is round, thick, upright, and a foot and a half high. The leaves ftand alternately,: and differ greatly from thofe which rife firft from the root: they are large, and have no footftalks: their co- lour is a blackifh green, and they are deeply jagged. The flower is large and there ufually, in the wild ftate of the plant, ftands only one on the top of the ftalk : it is of a deep colour, between blue and black, and has a tuft of threads in the centre, The feed-veflel is round, and moderately large, and the feeds are numerous, fmall, and black. It is found wild in the northern parts of ire- land, far from any place where the feeds could | be fuppofed to be fcattered. It fowers in Aus gut, C. Bauhine calls it Papaver bortenf/e Semine ni» gro. Linneeus confiders this only as a variety of the other preceding: but, however they may re- femble one another when brought into gardens, from the effect of culture, or the mixture per- haps of their farina, they are, when in their wild and natural ftate, perfectly diftin@. Both thefe are brought into gardens for ufe and beauty, and the varieties raifed from them by culture are innumerable. i The black is not much regarded as a medi- cine; but the white poppy, we have defcribed here in its wild ftate, is the famous plant, which being properly affifted by culture, affords in this country the poppy-beads, of which rup of diacodium is made; andin Tur other parts of the Eaft, yields opium. The plant continues the fame in all refpects but fize when it is thus cultivated ; and the greateft variation in this refpeé&t is in the head which in the wild ftate are not larger than a chef- nut, but by culture is equal to a large apple. The virtues of all thefe, and thofe of the fe- veral fucceeding kinds of Poppies, are the fame; but they enjoy them in a different degree. é _ They are all fopofifick, and of wonderful vir- tue againft pain. The black poppy is fappofed to have fomething poifonous, but altogether without reafon, We have fhewn that it differs little from the white in form, and it is lefs different in its virtue: how- ever, the white is in repute, and is moft indeed almoft only ufed. : The flowers of the red Poppy are gently fopori- fick, and are peculiarly good in pleurifies: they ee ald by many as a fpecifick in that order: they are alfo good in qui i all diforders of the brea alas My our fy- key, and Our The .BRE Dd SiH if ER BIA Our people are not fufficiently acquainted with their virtues, for they are only kept in the form of a fyrup in the fhops ; and that way cannot be given in a proper dofe, becaufe of the quantity of fugar. A ftrong tinéture may be drawn from them in wine, which will better anfwer the pur- pole, } The family-medicine called red furfeit-water is a tinéture of thefe flowers in fpirit, with {pices, and other ingredients, and is much preferable to the fhop form of a fyrup. The heads of the garden poppy, or white poppy cultivated, are gently foporifick, and excellent againft pain. What is called fyrup of diacodium is a very (rong decoétion of thefe heads boiled up with fugar; and it contains fo much virtue, that half an.ounce is an effective dofe. Opium is obtained by wounding and preffing the heads of the fame fpecies, cultivated in the | fame manner in Turkey, and has the greateft vir-, tues: itis the moft powerful of almoft any known N vegetable fimple. : It is fovereign again{t pain ; it promotes fweat, and caufes fleep. A very fimall dofe is fufficient, and a larger is dangerous, : Laudanum is a tinéture of opium, and is more ufed than thé fubftance; but either fhould be given with great care, and rarely without the ad- vice of a phyfician, There are fome who accuftom themfelves to take opium conitantly ; and, beginning with {mal] dofes, they habituate their conftitutions to the medicine, till they can take fuch as are aftonifh- ing. To thefe it (erves as a cordial, enlivening their fpirits like wine, or any other ftrong li- quor. ‘This is a general cuftom in the Eaft. As the three {pecies already defcribed are the principal of the poppy kind in virtue, we have given their ufes here; and fhall now proceed to the account of the feveral other {pecies called by different names, though certainly and plainly of this kind, 4. Round rough-headed Poppy. Papaver capitulo rotundo bifpido, ‘The root is long, flender, and white, and has a few fibres. The firft leaves are numerous, and beautifully divided into fegments: they have long footftalks, and are of a pale green, and confiderably hairy : they are doubly pianated, as it were, each con- fifting of feveral pairs of pinna: on a middle rib, and each of thofe pinna: being jagged fo deeply on each fide, that it appears pinnated again, The ftalk rifes in the midft of this tuft, and is round, hairy, upright, branched, and a foot and a half high, The leaves are numerous, and ftand irregu- larly ; they are of the fame form with thofe from the root, .but fmaller. The flowers are {mall in comparifon of the pre- ceding kinds, otherwife not little in proportion to the plant: they are of a bright red, and confift each of four oval petals, with numerous threads. The feed-veffel is roundifh, and very rough, being fet all over with a kind of briftly hairs: the feeds are ‘numerous, finall, roundifh, and black. 143 Tt is common in corn fields in many parts of England, and flowers in July: C.Bauhine calls it A-gemone capitulo breviore, Others, Argemone vulgaris, { 5. Long rough-headed Poppy. Papaver capitulo bifpido longiore. The root is long, flender, white, ufually undi- vided, and furnifhed with a few fibres. The firft leaves rife in a clufter: they are of a pale green, and hairy, and have fhort footftalks ¢ they are deeply divided in the pinnated manner 3 fo that they feem compofed of feveral pairs of pinne, or fmaller leaves, placed on a rib, with an odd one at the end; but they are in reality only fo many fegments, The ftalks are numerous, round, firm, very much branched, and a foot high. ? The leaves on them are few: they ftand irre- maller. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches, and are fmall, but of a beautiful {carlet colour, with black buttons. : The heads are long, and covered with a kind of foft prickles. corn fields, and on ditch-banks, and flowers in June. The flowers very quickly fade and fall off in this and the preceding fpecies, C. Bauhine calls it Argemone capitilo longiore ; and others follow him, : 6. Long fmooth-headed yellow Poppy. Papaver capitulo longiore glabro flore Luteo, The root is long, flender, white, divided, and full of fibres, ues i The firft leaves rife in a clufter; and ate large, and have long footftalks: they are pro- perly of the pinnated kind, and very beautiful, ch is comipofed of three or four pairs of pinnz, or fmaller leaves, fet on a middle rib, with an odd one at the end. ‘ The ftalks rife in Yhe centre of this tuft 3 and they are round, upright, weak, anda little hairy. Their leaves are few: and they ftand irregularly, and are like thofe from the root, but fmaller, The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and are large and yellow. The feed-veflel is long, ribbed, and fmooth : the feeds are firiall and numerous. rocks, and about the borders of rivulets, ; % : ; C. Bauhine calls it Papaver erraticum Jaciniq~ tum flore flavo. Others, Argemone lutea Cambroa Britannica, g ». Long, fmall-headed red Poppy. Papaver capitulo longiore glabro flore rubro, The root is long, flender, white, and hung with many fibres. The firft leaves are numerous, long, narrow, and deeply jagged; fo that they in fome degree reprefent the pinnated kind. The ftalk rifes in the centre of thefe, and is 2 round» igual, and are like thofe from the root, bue’ It is common in many parts of England in ° It is frequent in Wales wild, upon the moift © 144. The ABER TH Ste HR ROBTA E: round, firm, upright, branched, and a foot anda half high. The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are like thofe from the root, long, narrow, and deeply jagged : fometimes they ftand fingly, fometimes two, and fometimes three, rife from the fame joint, and this principally at the branching of the flalks. The flowers are fmall, and of a pale red, fome- times white. Davi 1s .L,0,Ny ik 1, Naked-ftalked Poppy. Papaver caulibus nudis. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves are numerous, finall, and of a dufky green: they have long, flender footftalks, and are deeply divided at the edges, often quite down to the rib; fo that they appear pinnated. The ftalks rife among thefe; and they are naked, weak, and round; but though they have no leaves, they have a fhort ftiff hair covering them, very thick. The flowers ftand fingly, one on the top of every ftalk; and they are large and yellow. The feed-veffel is oblong and rough, and the feeds are numerous and fmall. It isa native of Switzerland, and other nor- . thern parts of Europe, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Argemone Alpina coriandri folio. 2. Prickly Poppy. Papaver fpinofum. The root is long and fpreading, of a white co- Jour, and full of fibres, (Gara es aN The feed-veffel is long, and fmooth. This is frequent in the corn-fields of Effex, and flowers in June. Morifon calls it Papaver laciniato folio capitulo longiore’ glabro, five Argemone capitulo longiore glabro. The flowers of thefe feveral fpecies poffefs the fame virtues’ with thofe of the common red poppy. but in an inferior degree. F.O-R E.E.G.N.» SoReE.Cale RS. The firft leaves are very large, and of a dead green, marked with white veins, and prickly at the edges: they rife in a large clufter, and have no footftalks : they are oblong, broad, and deeply divided at the fides, and terminate in a point. The ftalk is thick, firm, irregularly upright, of a pale green, and alfo prickly : toward the top it divides into two or three large branches. The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and have no footftalks: they are long, and jagged at the edges, and prickly. The flowers are large and yellow. The feed-veffels are oblong and prickly, and the feeds numerous and fmall. > It isa native of South America, and flowers in July. ; C, Bauhine calls it Papaver Spinofum. Mori- fon, Papaver /pinofum luteum foliis venis albis noz tatis. , Both thefe are of the nature of the other pop- pies; but their virtues have not been particularly regarded. Urs Il. HORNED POPpPpy, GLAUCIUM.. iq Pe flower is large; it ftands fingly, and confifts of four petals, w the cup confifls of two oval leaves; and the feed- only a fingle cell. Linnaus places this among the polyandria monogynia ; the threads in each flower bein and fixed to the receptacle, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. i not allowing it to be a diftin& genus; but in this he errs. form of the capfule is fo extremely different from that of the common poppy, it a diftin& kind; and this, like all other well eftablithed diftinGtions, Mr. Ray joins this to the poppy, more familiar. Some have diftinguithed the feveral {mall-flowered gemone, but as there'is not in nature a fufficient found clearing. Linnezus, who deferves praife for dividin which it is abfolutely diftin®, as we thall cafes to preferve the right medium, * fee in the fucceeding genus, i hich are fpread regularly open : veflel is long, flender, fquare, and contains numerous, } The that it juftifies the making tends to render the feience Poppies from the others, under the name of ar ation for this diftinétion, it perplexes inftead of g% the glaucium from the i 1 omitted to do, lays himfelf open to cenfure, by joining the g pane aah We ad laucium with the chelidonium majusy from So, difficult is it in thefe DIVI. A § ¢ 2 2a OWS Oomimon hye eX | vregt Ct 5 ia } $ > a) ae Common-Waler r | Starwort F Bre Cina Wale a oot bo ha ES ‘ 4 ~ | Meares Rr le pp ed wie Bass, | | oo ; 3 AGE ie GEG “py ‘ The BRITISH HERBAL 145 DIVISION. L 1, Yellow Horned Poppy. Glaucium luteo flore. The root is long, thick, fcarce at all divided, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. ; | The leaves that rife from it are large, and of | a bluith green: they have no footftalks: they are long, and confiderably broad; and are very | deeply and irregularly indented at the edges. | The ftalk is round, thick, fmooth, of a whitifh | or greyifh green, and two feet high: it divides | into many branches, and fupports itfelf very | erect. The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are | large, and like thofe from the root: they have | no footftalk, but furround the ftalk at the bafe ; | and they are of a pale bluifh green colour, The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and | are large and yellow. The feed-veffel is very long and flender, and is crowned at the top: the feeds are numerous and {mall. | It is not uncommon on our fea coafts; and ‘flowers in June. C, Bauhine calls it Papaver corniculatum luteum. Linnzus, Chelidonium pedunculis unifloris. We, Yellow horned poppy. DIVAISTOWN FT. Hairy, red flowered Horned Poppy: Glaucium hirfutum rubrum, The root is long, thick, and undivided, and has very few fibres. ‘ The firft leaves rife in a great, upright tuft ; and are long, narrow, hairy, and deeply divided at the edges into flat, broad, obtufe fegments : they have no footftalks, and their: colour.is-a dead green, The ftalk is round, naked, very much branched, and of a pale green : this is alfo very hairy. ‘Ge k Ne, BRITISH SPECIRFS, 2. Purple Horned Poppy. Glaucium flore violaceo. The root is long; flender, white, and furnifhed with a few fibres. The firft leaves rife in a little tuft, and are beautifully divided, wichout footftalks, and of a pale green. : The ftalk is round, flender, upright, and a foot or more in height, and alfo of a pale green. The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are, like thofe from the root, divided into numerous fine | fegments, in a double pinnated manner. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and are large, and of a deep blue purple, not unlike that of the common violet: The fced vefféls are long and flender, and the feeds numerous and fmall. It is found in cornfields in fome parts of Eng- fand, but isnot common. It flowers in Auguft,: C. Bauhine calls it Papaver corniculatum viola coum. We know nothing of certainty concerning the virtues of thefe plants; but they feem to ap- proach to the poppy in that refpect, as well as form; their juice being of the fame acrid and peculiar bitter tafte with theirs. } FOREDGN SPECIES, The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are di- vided more deeply than thofe from the root, The flowers are {mall, but of a beautiful {carlet colour: they open wide, and have fome black ‘buttons, fupported by ‘hort threads in the centre. The feed-vetfel is long, flender, hairy, and crowned with a top: the feeds are numerous and fmall. ‘It is common in the fouth of France, and flowers in July. Clufius calls it Papaver corniculatum phaniceo lore ; and moft others have copied the fame name. S IIL. CELANDINE. CHELIDONIUM MAFUS. HE flowers are‘fnall, ,and)ftand in. clufters: each is compofed of: four petals, and has a tuft of threads inthe centre :.the.cupiisformed of two oval leaves, and fplits open: the feed-veffel is long, flender, and fquare, and is crowned at the top. Linnzus places this among his, polyandria monogynia, the threads in the flower being numerous, and growing to the receptacles and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit being fingle. This author .does. not, allow, it .a difting: genus or name; but joins it, as I have obferved be- fore, .with the {harned poppy, under:the name of &laucium: from this it differs evidently in the fize and difpofition of the flowers; and thefe:are: fufficient characters, in the eye of reafon, for a generical diftinction, , where there are snot:greater. Mr. Ray errs morein thistcafe than: Linnzus; he joins this, as well as the'laft, in one genus with the poppy. Of this genus there are but two known fpecies, and both are natives of Britain. ~Y N&XV, Pp 1. Common 14.6 The BRAT 1S Hi A EOR*B ASE, 1. Common great Celandine. Chelidonium majus vulgare. The root is long, thick, and full of a yellow juice; it is frequently divided, and ufually has many large fibres. ‘The firft leaves arife in a numerous tuft: they are large, and beautifully pinnated: each is com- pofed of three or four pairs of fmaller leaves, placed on a rib, with an odd one at the end. The ftalk is round, weak, branched, and two feet high. ‘ The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root, and are of a pale green. The flowers are fimall, and of a gold yellow: they grow feveral together on the tops of the ftalks ; each having its own feparate tender foot- ftalk. ) The feed-veffels are long flender pods, con- taining numerous feeds. The whole plant is full of a deep yellow juice. ‘It is common in wafte places, and flowers in ‘Juae. C. Bauhine calls it Chelidonium majus vulgare ; and the fame name is given it by moft others. What is called Jmall celandine is a very diffe- rent plant, defcribed in the firft clafs of this work under its more proper name pilewort. 2. Jagged Celandine. Chelidonium foliis laciniatis. The root is long and thick, brown on the fur- face and yellow within, and full of a yellow juice. The firft leaves are very large: they have long footftalks, and fpread into a broad, as well as high tuft: each is compofed of about two pairs of fmaller, placed on their feparate footftalks, on _a rib which has an odd one at the end. The ftalk is round, weak, hairy, and of a pale green: it is but moderately erect, and little branched. : The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and re- femble thofe from the root; but there are ufually G oagty aN WILLO I ADAL TE THE flower is compofed of four broad petals, with a tuft of threads in the centre : formed of four oblong, coloured leaves, and falls with the flower : and flender, rounded and divided within into tour cells; and the feeds a: matter. Linnzus placed this among the ofandria mon the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. The name by which this genus is commonly diftinguifhed in Latin is as the loofeftrife and falicaria, » confufion. ‘That name was originally given to the yellow willowh and defcribed in a preceding clafs: I have ther i given by Linneus, modern writers, for the fame diftiné: affortment of plants, been given to feveral other genera, diftine from this, and for this adopted the name epilobium, a pair of {mall leaves, at the bafe of each larger, which feerns compleat without them: the pinnz, or {mall leaves, compofing the larger in this fpe- cies, are very deeply and fharply divided, and hairy. The flowers are fmall and yellow: the feed- veffels are long and thick ; and the feeds are nu- merous. It is common in feveral parts of England on banks, and flowers in Augutt. / C. Bauhine calls it Chelidonium majus foliis ‘quernis. J. Bauhine, more properly, Chelidonium majus folio laciniato, for the leaves of the com- mon kind more refemble thofe of the oak than thefe. : It has been confidered by many, and by Mr. Ray among the reft, as no more than a variety of the laft fpecies ; but it is effentially different : not only the leaves vary, but the flowers are fmaller, and the pods are larger. This and the other both poffefs the fame vir- tues, but the other, or common great celandine, in the greater degree. It is an excellent medicine againft obftruc- tions of the vifcera. It operates both by ftool and urine; and is good in the jaundice, and obftructions of the fpleen: the root beat up with fugar into a conferve is the beft way of giving it for this purpofe. Tt is alfo a cordial and fudorifick: for this ufe an infufion is beft. The root. fhould be cut into flices, and boiling water poured on it; and this fhould be drank warm in bed: it pro. motes perfpiration, and throws out any thing to the fkin: The juice is famous in obftru@tions of the liver. The juice, ufed both outwardly and inwardly, is alfo ftrongly recommended in diforders of the eyes. The root, dried and powdered, is a balfamicl and fubaftringent : it is given againft bloody fluxes, and in other hemorrhages: half a dram for a dofe. Uses IV. ) WHERB. OBIUM. the cup is the feed-veffel is very long re hung with a fine downy ogynia ; the threads in each flower being eight, and hfimackia, but that having cannot be retained for this without erb or loofeftrife, a genus altogether efore appropriated it to that genus ; and in ufe among moft of the DIVI- Th BRITISH HERBAL, ~ 147, Del Vals. 1 Osea J: 1. Rofebay Willowherb. Epilobium floribus fpeciofis. This is the moft confpicuous and beautiful of all the willowherbs, and is one of the fineft of our wild plants. The root is large, and {preading. The firft leaves rife in a thick tuft, and are long, narrow, and of a beautiful deep green on the upper fide, and of a filvery grey underneath: they have no footftalks: they are perfeétly even at the edges, and terminate in a fharp point. In‘the centre of thefe rifes the ftalk, which is round, thick, firm, upright, and five feet high. The leaves ftand irregularly, but very beauti- fully upon it: they are long, narrow, and even at the edges: they have no footftalks; and they are alfo of a deep green on the upper fide, and a filvery white below. The flowers are large and beautiful: they ftand ina long fpike, and are of a fine deep red. The feed-veffels are long, and the feeds winged with down, It is common in many parts of England; and flowers in June. Near Canewood at Hampftead there is a hedge decorated with it for fixty yards together. : C. Bauhine calls it Ly/imachia chamenerion dia latifolia, Others, Ly/fimachia fpeciofa, and Onagra Speciofa. 2. Broad-leaved, hairy Willowherb. - Epilobium latifolium hirfutum. —- The foot is compofed of numerous fibres, connected to a large head. The firft leaves are long, and moderately broad, indented at the edges, lightly hairy, and of a pale green: they have no footftalks, and rife in a large tuft. The ftalks are numerous, round, redifh, and four feet high. They are thick fet with leaves, which are, like thofe from the root, of a pale greyith green, foft to the touch, oblong, broad, and indented : they ftand irregularly, and adhere to the ftalk.at their bafe. The flowers are large, and of a pale red: they grow a few together at the tops of the ftalks, The pods are long, and full of fmall feeds, with a filvery down among them. It iscommon by waters, and flowers in June. The tops of this plant have a light fragrancy. The fcent has been fuppofed to refemble that of apples in milk, and the plant is thence.called by our-common people codlings and cream. C. Bauhine calls it Ly/imachia filiquofa bir futa magno flore. Others, Lyfimachia filiquofa. 3. Small-flowered, hairy Willowherb, Epilobium birfutum parvo flore. The root is compofed of a fmall head, from .which run numerous large fibres. The firft leaves are oblong, of a dead green, and blunt at the ‘ends. BRITISH S'PE*C FEB’S. The ftalk is round, ereét, robutt, confiderably branched, and two feet or more in height, The leaves are long, and moderately broad ; of a dead green, hairy, not ai all indented; and they are fixed to the ftalk by their bate. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in great numbers, and ate f{mall, and of 4 pale; but lively red. ; The feed-veffels ate long, and the feeds {mall and yellow. It is common in damp places; and flowers i June. C. Bauhine calls it Zyfimachia filigiiofa birfuta parvo fore. 4. Great, {tooth Willowherb. Epilobium glabrum majus. The root confifts of a vaft quantity of large and thick fibres fpreading every way. “The firft leaves are-broad, fhort, indented, and fhatp-pointed, and of a dead green. The ftalk is firm, uprights very miuch branched, and four feet high. — € The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are very numerous: they have fhort footftalks; and are broad, Oblchg, and fharply ferrated; {mooth, and of a deep green, : The flowers ftand in confiderable numbers at the tops of the branches; and, though ‘the plant is fo large, they are very fmall: their colour is a bright red, and they have long, flender foot ftalks. : The feed-veffelg are Jong, and the’ feeds {mall; It is common in damp paftures; and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Ly/imachia filiquofa glabra major. Others, Lyfimachia campeftris. 5. Narrow-leaved; finooth Willowherb: Epilobium anguftifolium glabrum. Fhe toot is long, flender, and creeping : it tuns to a préat diftante under the furfacé, and is furnifhed with many fibres. ; The ftalks are numerous, round, firm; up- right, two foot and a half high; and confiderably brariched. : The leaves are very numerous: they ftand fo thick that they frequently cover the ftalk’for the greateft part of its length: they are long, nar- row, fmooth, of a deep gteen, and not ar all indented ; but they terniinate in a fharp point. The flowers are placed at the tops of the brariches, and ate large, and of a beautiful bright red. “ The feed-veffel is long, and the feeds are fur- rounded with a great quantity of down. It is frequent in damp meadows, under hedges, and by the fides of brooks. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine, calls it Lyfimachia glabro minor. J. Bauhine; Lyfimachia levis. 7 6. Little 148 The BRiTISACHE RS Ae 6. Little, fmooth Willowherb. Epilobium glabrum minus. The root is compofed of numerous fibres. The firft leaves are long, narrow, and of a pale green ; and they rife in a thick tuft without footftalks. The ftalk is fingle, upright, flender, rarely at all branched, and a foot and half high. The leaves are confiderably long, and very narrow: they are of a pale glofly green, perfectly fmooth, and undivided at the edges, and fharp- pointed. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalk, and are numerous, large, and of a deep red. The feed-veffels are long and thick. It is common by rivulets, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Ly/imachia glabra anguftifo- lia. Others, Ly/fimachia glabra anguftifolia minor, / DIVISION IL. FO Creeping Willowherb, Epilobium repens. The root is fmall and fibrous. The ftalks are round, weak, and flender: they trail upon the ground, and take root as they lie, only part of them approaching toward an ereét pofture: ‘ The leaves ftand regularly in pairs: they are fhort, broad, and of an oval figure, pointed at the ends, not at all indented at the edges, of a deep green colour, and fmooth: thofe toward the tops of the ftalks are fmaller and narrower. Gin ae 7. Round-leaved Willowherb. _Epilobium foliis fubrotundis. — The root is {mall and creeping. The ftalk is round, weak, eight or ten inches high, of a purplifh colour, and fearce upright : it is rarely at all branched. — The leaves ftand irregularly, and are not very numerous: they are fhort and roundifh, not un- like thofe of the common origanum, ‘perfectly fmooth, and of a deep fhining green. The flowers grow at the top of the ftalks, and are fall, of a beautiful'red, and quickly fall off. The pods are long and thick, and too heavy for the plant to fupport perfeétly. The feeds are {mall and cheftnut coloured, and the down about them is foft and filvery. It is a native of our northern‘hills, where it grows by waters; and flowers in Auguft. Ray calls it Lyfimachia filiquofa glabra minor latifolia. REIGN SPECIES. The flowers are little, and of a pale red. The feed-veffels are long, flender, and have no footftalk. It is common on ‘the mountains of Switzer- land, and flowers in May. Haller'calls it Epilobium ‘foliis ellipticis obtufe lanceolatis totum leve. All the fpecies of epilobium have the fame vir- tues: they are cooling and aftringent. The root carefully dried and powdered is good againft bloody fluxes and other hemorrhages; and the frefh juice is of the fame virtue. ; U S$ V. SP UTR *G cE RETH YM ALU S. HE flowet is compofed of four petals, which are thick, cut irregularly, and unequal : ‘the cup is formed of a fingle piece divided into four fegments; thefe ttand alternately mixed with the petals, and all remain together: the feed-veflel is roundith, and contains three cells, in each of which there is a fingle, roundifh feed. ; Linnzzus places this among the polyandria monog ynia; the threads in each flower being numerous and fixed to the receptacle, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the capfule fingle. This author joins the /purge with the euphorbium plant, taking away its antient and received name tithymalas, and calling all the fpecies eaphorbie , for he writes the generical name euphorbia. This is extreamly wrong in two refpects; in the firft'place it is a violation of the order of nature, no plants being more unlike than the ephorbia and many of the fpurges in their manner of growing and, in the next place, it muft create difficulty and confufion : the fpecies of each genus, when*kept diftinét, are very numerous, and the number is immoderate when they are thus uiiited. ; We fhall fhew, when treating of the exphorbium, that its angulated, flefhy ftalk is a ‘fufficient dif tinétion; nor, indeed, are the flowers of that and /purge perfectly alike, though they do in many things refemble one another. The perfon who writes for inftruétion fhould ‘endeavour to find, not how different genera may be united by fome {mall charaéter they have in common, but by Sus, and principally by what moft obvious marks, they are feparated from one another. ; ; St i DIVI- , Pilate 21. : F 5 j | | ¥ q \ ” or Common’ \ great em J \ ) Colandine Broad leavil : : | hatry lMow herd | ae @ é fe sages : : i ‘ if i z\ ? = = {yy i s | | aImall flomera Shen hoe: harry LIillow herb ’ Qeat ’ sanvoth Willow hert % Darron Veavd : 7 vinooth litllom herl . f Ne ce: I Z VY SS i ~~ . \ E os ai : y) y ee . ri ) m d Small long leavil Shit? Aough wailed Spurge a ( a of oe phe « © oe, $ Vel Wao : f ~ WP ; i Sea Spurge Sve “Ay i, 4 G4: sa ' | CF \ ) 3 2 oe b isd ag sd 7 roundish oP Cee ¥: 4 Shurge ‘ 700 e MW > - ; Se, wn s > 4 ca 2 : at Site Y Ee Cy), a rf Spurge ‘ hier e Ye Ura : fee C ; ; eo : ae a : See The BR Ti S He HUEAR BBA TA Dil Vals 1. O.Ne i 1. Wood Spurge. Tithymalus characias amygdaloides: The root is compofed of a multitude of large fibres, which fpread every way. The ftalks are numerous and firm: they are thick, upright, and round, and have a redifh bark, and under that a green one: they are a yard ‘high, and not branched, except where they fpread at the top for flowering. The leaves are large and numerous: they are long, narrow, and foft to the touch: they are _ of a deep green, and a little hairy at the upper fide ; and of a greyifh green, and more hairy un- derneath ; and their middle rib is red toward the bafe. The flowers are greenifh, fmall, and very nu- merous: they ftand at the top of the ftalks on fmall, divided branches, which fpread in a kind of umbel, and which have, at their infertions and divifions, fhorter leaves than thofe on the ftalk : the figure, and difpofition of the petals of the flower, form numerous crefcents; fo that the whole top in flower has a beautiful appear- ance. The whole plant is full of a cauftick, milky juice. It is frequent in woods and on heaths, and flowers in June. : C. Bauhine calls it Tithymalus characias amyg- daloides ; and almoft all who have written fince have copied him, 2. Red French Spurge. Tithymalus characias rubefcens. The toot is long, thick, and divided into feveral parts, and furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalk is round, firm, red, upright, and three feet high, The leaves are long, narrow, and fharp-pointed: they have fhort footftalks, and are fmooth, of a dead green at firft, but afterwards red: they are of a hard, firm fubftance, and differ as much in that as colour from thofe of the preceding fpecies. Toward the top the ftalk divides into a vaft number of branches, on which ftand the flowers in a great umbel: they are fmall, very nume- rous, and of fo deep a purple that they appear black, The feed-veffel is very large: the whole plant, when it has {tood fome time, becomes red. It is common in France and Germany, and is of late. found to be a native of our countty. Dr. Plot mentions its being found wild in Staf- fordfhire; and Mr. Ray takes notice of the place, though he fufpected it to arife from feeds {cattered from a garden: it has fince been found on the mountains in the north of Ireland, It flowers in May, C. Bauhine calls it Tithymalus characias rubens peregrinus. ‘The generality of later authors call jt Tithymalus characias Monfpelienfium, from its |} frequency about that place. N° 15, BRITISH SPECIES, 149 3» Rough-fruited Spurge, . Tithymalus verrucofus. The root is compofed of a {mall head, and a numerous tuft of fibres, wa ‘ The ftalk is round, flende: i all branched, and a font pee Fane The leaves ftand irregularly, and are broad, fhort, fharp-pointed, fmooth, of a pale green, and not at all indented at the edges, The flowers ftand in a {mall tuft; or umbel, att the top of the plant; and they are little, and of a yellowifh green, j ; The feed veffel is roundith, large, and tough: it is more confpicuous than in moft of the other kinds, and has been fuppofed to refemble a wart: the feeds are large. It is found in the northern counties, but is not common. C.Bauhine calls: it Tithymalus myrfinites frufiu verrucae fimili, 4. Sea Spurge. Tithymalus tharitinus, The root. is very long, and furnifhed with a few fibres. ‘ ; _ The ftalks are numerous, thick, round, and a foot and half high: they are perfeétly covered with the leaves; fo that the plant makes a very fingular appearance. ; The leaves are oblong, narrow, undivided at the edges, and pointed at the ends: they ftand upwards, and are placed, in the manner of {cales, one over another. The flowers ftand in a {mall umbel at the top of the plant, and are little and greenifh, =~ The feed-veffel is large; and the feeds are alfo large. The whole plant is perfectly fmooth, and of a bluifh green colour. : It is common on our fea-coafts, and flowers in June. : C.Bauhine calls it Lithymalus maritimus. J. Bauhine, Zithymalus paralius; and moft of the fucceeding authors have taken one or other of thefe names, é g. Knobby-rooted Spurge, Tithymalus radice craffa, The root is large, thick, and tuberous; of a brownith colour; with a tinét of red on the out- fide, and full of a milky juice. The ftalks are numerous, weak, round, of a pale green, and a foot high, The leaves are fhort, very numerous, and of a pale green: they are not at all indented, and “they terminate in a rounded end. The flowers are fmall and yellowith, and form a kind of umbel at the tops of the branches. The feed-veffel is large, as are alfo the feeds. It is frequent in the cornfields of Ireland; and flowers in Augutt. Merret calls it Tithymalus Hibernicus. Qgq 6. Broad The ~BURAL AH SiH 3 HB iRSBIA Le 6. Broad-leaved Spurge. Lithymalus latifolius arvenjis. The root is long, flender, and has.a few fibres. The ftalk is fingle, round, upright, firm, and a foot and half high. The leaves are. oblong and broad, perfectly fmooth, not at all indented at the edges, and of aypale green. The flowers ftand in a large clufter at the top of the ftalk, and are {mall and green. The feed-veffel is Jarge, as are alfo the feeds. It is found among corn in our fouthern coun- ties ; and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Tithymalus arvenjis latifolius Germanicus. J. Bauhine, Tithymalus platyphyllos fuchfii. Clufius, Tithymalus peregrinus platy- phyllos. 7, Small long-leaved Spurge. Tithymalus parvus longifolius. This is an upright, pretty plant. The root is fmall and flender, and has but few fibres. The ftalks are numerous, firm, upright, and of aredifh hue. near the ground, but of a pale green higher up. The leaves are long, narrow, and of a yellow green: they have no footftalks, and they are perfectly undivided at the edges. The flowers ftand in a loofe kind of umbel at ‘the tops of the ftalks, and on fmall branches rifing from the bofoms of the upper leaves: they are {mall and yellow. The feed-veffel is fmall, and the feeds are brown. ' It is common in the corn-fields of Kent and fome other parts of the kingdom; and flowers in July. ° Ray calls it Tithymalus fegetum Tongifolins. 8. Little Sea Spurge. Tithymalus maritimus parvus, I The root is long, and furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalk is round, fingle, upright, and about eight inches high. The leaves are numerous, fmaller at the -bot- tom, and larger all the way up the ftalk: they have no footftalks, and hang downwards: they are fhort, and of an inverted oval figure; broadeft at the end, and fmaller all the way to the bafe: they are of a whitifh green colour, undivided at the edges, and round at the end, with a weak prickle. ; The flowers are numerous, and ftand in a loofe fcattered umbel: they are {mall and yellow. The feed-veflels are large, and fomewhat rough, It is found on our fea-coafts; and flowers in June. Ray calls it Tithymalus maritimus minor Portlan- dicus. It was firft found by Mr. Stoneftreet near Portland toward Devonshire. g. Dwarf Spurge. Lithymalus pumilus anguftifolius. The root is {mall, oblong, and undivided, and has a few fibres. The ftalks are numerous, weak, round, and of a yellowifh colour: they lie fpread every way upon the ground, and are branched, full of leaves, and ufually four or five inches high, fometimes more, often much lefs, The leaves are {mall, oblong, pointed at the ends, and of a pale green. The flowers ftand in a kind of feattered umbels at the tops of the ftalks and at the bafe of thefe there are longer and narrower leaves than the others: the flowers themfelves are very fmall, and yellow. The feed-veflels are alfo fmall. It is common in our cornfields, Auguft. : C. Bauhine calls it Tithymalus five efula exioy Others, Zithymalus minimus. aie ye and flowers in 10. Sun Spurge. Tithymalus heliofcopius, The root is long, flender, a few fhort fibres. The ftalk is round, upright, fi branched, and ten idehephian a eceeeae The leaves are numerous, oblong, of an in. verted oval figure, and ferrated at the edges : they have no footftalk; and are fmalleft at the bafe, whence they are broader all the way to the end. . aS eee ftand at the top of the ftalk, ina road, {preading umbel: ; ae P g they are of a yellowith The feed-veflels are large, alfo large. i It is common on garden bor i i cultivated saisuitg. Gon rf say Lente C. Bauhine calls it jh ‘ ymalus heli ed J. Bauhine, Tithymalus Solifequins. eliofcopius, and furnifhed with and the feeds are 11. Little, roundith-leaved Spurge. Tithymalus parvus foliis fubrotundis, The root is long, flender, many fibres. The ftalks are round, u and eight inches high, The leaves are’ fhort, roundith fo} » on the | part of the ftalks, and fomewhat longer athe upper part, where they refemble thofe of the Sun purge, but that they are fmaller, and not dented at the edges : they are of a pale gr and have no footftalks. Sie The flowers ftand at kind of loofe umbels : yellowihh green, It is commonin gard . garden borders, and oth - pine: ground ; and flowers in May eat is and the preceding are the tw; 2 € two moft com- a kinds we have: they generally grow toge- ther, and are diftinguithed at fight by the leaves being dented in one, and not i ; not : thi laft alfo is the fmaller. eee and furnifhed with pright, of a pale green, the tops of the ftalks in a ‘they are fmall, and of a C. Bau. The "RIRAIT 16H TAL RB Ast rei C. Bauhine calls it Peplus, five Efula rotunda, Ray, Tithymalus parvus annuus foliis fubrotundis non crenatis. 12. Branched Sea-Spurge- Tithymalus maritimus ramofis. This is a fingular fpecies. The root is long, flender, and undivided. The ftalk is round, weak, fix or eight inches high, and very much branched: a great part of the branches ufually lie upon the ground, but the main part of the ftalk rifes tolerably upright. The leaves are finall, broad, fhort, numerous, and of a yellowith green at firft; but, when the plant has ftood fome time, they are ufually redifh : DIVISION. I. FO 1. Tree-Spurge. Tithymalus arboreus. The root is large, and fpreading. The ftem is thick, firm, and ere€t; ahd the whole plant has very much the appearance of a tree. It grows to five feet in height: the trunk is naked and from its top, which is nearly at half the height of the entire plant, rife numerous branches: thefe are flender, upright, and of a redifh colour, ’ The leaves are oblong, narrow, and of ‘a pale green, not at all divided at the edges, fharp at the point, and without footftalks. The flowers ftand at the tops of thefe in fmall | umbels, and are little and yellow. The feed-veffels are large, and the feeds brown. It is a native of Italy, and of the Greek iflands, and flowers in July. C, Bauhine calls it Tithymalus myrtifolius, arbo- veus. Others, Tithymalus arboreus. 2. Myrtle-Spurge. ° Tithymalus myrfinites. The root is long, divided, and furnifhed with ‘many fibres. The ftalks are round, thick, and green, or fometimes redifh, and lie in great part upon the ground : the flowering branches rife to eight inches high, and make a very pretty appearance ; they are flender, upright, and not at all divided or branched. : The leaves are very numerous, thick, and of a bluith green: they have no footftalks, and they refemble the Jeaves-of myrtle: they hang down- wards, and they are rough at the edges, and pointed at the end, The flowers are fmall and green; but they ftand in a large, regular, and beautiful umbel at the tops of the ftalks. The feed-veffel is ldrge, and deeply marked in three places. - It is a native of Italy, and the fouth of France, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Tithymalus myrfinites latifo- dius. Others fimply Téthymalus myrfinites. they are broad at the bafe, where they adheré without any footftalk, and are obtufe at the end: The flowers are fmall and yellowifh at firft, but afterward they are redith : they do not grow; as in the others, only at the top of the ftalks, but all along thé plant, rifing with fhort foot- ftalks from the bofoms of the leaves) The feed-veffels are large, and’ marked with three divifions; and the feeds are large and brown. It is frequent on our fea-coafts, and flowers int May: i C. Bauhine calls it Tithymalus maritimus folio obtufo. Others, Peplis. When in flower, it is ufually throughout of a fcarlet-colour. REIGN SPECIES, 2. Round-rootéed Spurge. Tithymalus radice rotunda. The root is large, and of a regular figure ; aps proaching to round, but refembling the fhape of a pear. The ftalks are numerous, round, thick, and ufually redifh: they are five or fix inches high; and feldom perfeétly erect, but leaning or bend- ing one way or other. The leaves are broad; fhort, and not very nu- merous: they have no footftalks, and they are fmalleft at the bafe, and larger all the way tothe - other end. The flowers are fmall, and green; with a tingé of yellow: they ftand in large umbels on the tops of the ftalks. The feed=veffel is lafge, and marked with three divifions, and the feeds are large. It is a native of Crete, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Tithymalus tuberofa pyriformi radice, Others, Apios. 4. Pine-Spurge. Lithymalus foliis anguftis acutis: The root is long, flenders and covered with a redifh. bark. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and a foot and a half high. The leaves ftand irregularly, and are large; narrow, and pointed at the end: they are of-a bright green colour; and foft to the touch. The flowers are {mall and greenifh: they ftand in a large umbel at the top of the ftalk. — The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are large and brown: te It is common among the wet rocks in France, Spain, and Italy; and flowers in Auguit. GC. Bauhine calls it Lithymalus foliis pini forté Diofcoridis pithyufa. Others, Pithyufa, 5. Great-fruited Spurge. Tithymalus fruéiu magno. The root is large and {preading. The ftalk is round, thick, hollow, whitith, and tinged, as it were, with brown: it.is up- right, 152 Th BRITISH HERBAL. right, and, like all the other {purges, full of a milky juice. The leaves are numerous, Jong, narrow, and of a pale green: they have no footftalks ; they adhere by a narrow bafe, and fland out horizon- tally. The top divides into feveral branches, forming a very large umbel; and the plant, when in flower, isa yard high. Thefe upper branches have numerous leaves but they are unlike the others: they are broad at the bafe, and fmaller to the point; fo that they are in fome degree of a triangular form. The flowers are large and yellowifh, and the feed-vefiels very large, and deeply ribbed. When they are fully ripe, they burft in the hot fun, and the feeds fly out forcibly. It is a native of France andItaly. We keep it frequently in gardens, It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Lathyris major. call it Cataputia major. and Cataputia, without the addition of major. The reafon of calling this the greater catapu- tia is, that fome have defcribed what they call a fmaller fpecies ; but that differing, according to their own accounts, in nothing but fize, isa va- riety, and not a diftinct {pecies. Others 6. Great Myrtle-Spurge. Tithymalus myrtifolius perennis. The root is thick, divided, and perennial. The ftalks are numerous, round, hollow, thick, G38E “EN jo Us § Others only Lathyris . and two feet high: not at all branched. The leaves are large, oblong, and fharp- pointed, of a blackith green, and drooping. The flowers are large, and of a greenifh yel- low: they ftand in fmall umbels. The feed-vefiel is large, and the feeds are blackith. It is a native of Germany, and flowers in Au- guft. : C. Bauhine calls it Tithymalus myrfinites angufti~ folius, Others, Tithymalus myrtifolius niger. All the fpecies of tithymal, Englith and fo- reign, agree in their qualities. They abound with a hot and acrid juice, which applied out- wardly eats away warts, and other excrefcences, The bark of the root of the e/z/a, and fome other kinds, have been at different times received in the fhops as medicines; but they are now alto- gether difufed. Their operation was by vomit and ftool; and they did both fo violently, that it is with great reafon they are banifhed the fhops, Some country-people have ventured to take {mall dofes of the juice of fpurge: it operates vio. lently, and is apt to erode and inflame the in- teftines. If any will venture to give the ¢fula bark, it fhould be corrected, by fteeping in vine. gar, and afterwards dried and powdered; and mace, and a few grains of gum tragacanth, mixed with it. they are perfectly ereét, and VI. PrbeAiN 1T.yAgtoNs PLANT AGO. MPHE flower confifts of four petals, joined at the bafe: the cup is formed of a fingle leaf, divided into four parts, and remains with the fruit: the feed-veffel is of an oval form, and the feeds aré numerous and fmall. Linnzus places this among the tetrandria monogynia ; the threads in each flower being four, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the capfule fingle. This author joins under the fame name fome other genera, as they are called by too many, Al with one exception, very juftly. They erred who made a peculiar genus of the coronopus or bucks- horn plantain; but Linnzus is as much in the wrong, when, on the other fide, he brings in the pfl- ium, or fleawort, into the fame genus. We fhall fhew the diftinétion when treating of p/yllium in the fucceeding part of this clafs ; there being no fpecies of it Britifh. We fee in this, as in many other inftances, how natural it is in avoiding an error on one fide, to commit one on the other of prudence is to keep the moderate courfe, and to know where to ftop. DULAVsLStleOrN sil: 1. Smooth, broad-leaved Plantain. Plantago latifolia glabra. The root confifts of numerous, thick fibres, joined to a fmall head. The leaves rife in a great clufter; and are large, broad, and of a dead green: they are of an oval figure, broadeft at the bafe, fmaller to the end, where they terminate obtufely ; and they have long, hollow footttalks. The ribs are very large and confpicuous, and they run lengthwife of the leaves: there are ufually feven of them. The mark BURGI Ag ES He S-PE.Cs1- B.S. The ftalks rife among thefe, and are nume- rous, round, tough, and a foot high. They have no leaves on them; but bear a long, flender fpike of flowers. The flowers are fmall and inconfiderable : are of a greenifh white, and foon fade. The feed-veffel is {mall and oval, and the feeds are numerous and brown. : C. Bauhine calls it Planta ifoli £0 latifolia finuata, Others, Plantago latifolia vulgaris, Wein Eng. © lith, Great plantain, or Waybred. 2 The leaves are ufually fmooth, and fometimes 2 lightly at the tops they Ste Th BRETISH HBR Bai lightly finuated, often waved, and otherwife ir- regular. There are alfo other varieties of this plant, which have been deferibed' and figured as parti- cular fpecies. What is called rofe-plantain, is this fpecies with clufters of fmall leaves growing on the ftalk in form of a rofe, and is owing to the punéture of an infect, which perverts the courfe of the juice. The feveral other varieties of it, and of the other fpecies, as the defom plantain, and the reft, are only varieties, rifing from the fame accident. : 2. Rough, broad-leaved Plantain. Plantago latifolia birfuta. The root is compofed of numerous, large fibres, The leaves rife in athick tuft; and are broad, ‘farge, and of a whitith colour: they are of an » oval fhape, broadeft near the bafe, growing gradually fmaller to the end; and their ribs run Jengthwife, and are very confpicuous. 3 The ftalks rife among the leaves in confider- able number : they are afoot high, of a whitith colour, hairy, and not very firm. The flowers are fmall and whitifh, and they ftand at the tops of the ftalks in fhort and thick {pikes, not in long, flender ones, as im the for- mer kind. ; It is common in paftures, and flowers in May. C. Bauhine calls it Plantago latifolia incana. Others, Plantago major incana, We, Hoary plantain, or Lambs tongue. 3. Narrow-leaved. Plantain, Plantago anguftifolia vulgaris. The root is thick, fhort, divided into feveral parts, and furnifhed with many fibres. The leaves are numerous, and.have no foot- ftalks: they are long, narrow, and of a deep green, broadeft toward the middle, and fharp at the point. Their ribs run lengthwife, as in the others, and are very large and confpicuous. The ftalks are numerous, tough, upright, na- ked, ftriated, and ten inches high. 3 The flowers are fmall, and ftand at the top of each ftalk in a. fhort, thick fpike. The feed-veffels are. {mall and oval,: and the feeds very minute and brown. It is common every where by way-fides, and » flowers all fummer. 2 C. Bauhine calls it Plantago major anguftifolia, Others, Plantago quinquenervia, We, Ribwort plantain. It varies extremely in fize, according, to the degree of nourifhment it receives; and hence the common writers have defcribed a larger and fmaller kind ; but this is only variation from ac- cident, no diftinétion of fpecies, : This is alfo liable to the fame accidental varia- tions as the broad-leaved kind, from the difturbed current of the juice; and by this its top will be covered with leaves, or its fpike varioufly al- tered. Thefe are no more than varieties perfectly ac- cidental 5 but as they are fingular in their kind, they are reprefented in the annexed plate. N° XVI. aie d 4 Little, annual, broad-leaved Plantain. Plantago latifolia annua parva. The root confifts of a few fibres. The leaves are numerous, and f{pread upon thé Stound : they are broad and fhort ; they approach to an oval figure, and have very high veins: they are finuated at the edge, but lightly and irs regularly, and terminate ina fharp point. The ftalks are numerous, round, fitm, and about three inches hight they have no leaves on them, and are of a pale green. The flowers ftand in long and flender fpikes at the top of each ftalk. The feed-veffels are large, ahd the feeds very {mal}. It is not uncommon in damp places on heaths where it is generally overlooked, being confi: - dered only as a’ ftarved plant of the common kind, or as an accidental variety but it is truly difting. C. Bauhine calls it Plantago latifolia glabra mi: wor; and moft others defcribe it under the namé of Plantago minor but they confound with this, which is entirely diftinét, thé accidental variety of the common plantain, when only fmaller from want of nourifhment. Difference in fize alone is no mark of a difting fpecies ; but, joined with others, ir affifts, Authors deferibe alfo a kind of Loary plantain, under the name of the Jinaller. Plukenet calls it Plantago noftras latifolia minor incana trinervis 5 but this is nothing more than an accidental variety of the common hoary plantain, all the parts being the fame, though finaller, and the plant rifing to its full ftation in better ground, $+ Sea-Plantain, Plantago marina. The foot is long, flender, undivided, and furs nifhed with a few fibres, The leaves are numerous, long, and narrow 3 they rife in a thick tuft, and ftand tolerably up: right, only a few of the outermoft lying upon thé ground. They have no footftalks: they are broadeft at the bafe, narrower all the way to the point, and fometimes a little notched at the edges, but this very irregularly, The ftalks rife among thefe leaves in great number: they are four or five inches high, and’ have at their top a {pike of flowers very flender, and three or four inches in length ; fo that the whole height is eight or ten.inches : the ftalks are naked, and the flowers in the {pikes are very {mall, The feed-veffels alfo are fmall, and oval $ and the feeds very minute. It is common in our falt-marfhes, and elfe- where about the fea-coafts, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Plantago maritima major. Others, Plantago marina vulgaris, and Coronopus marinus. We, Sea-plantain, or Sea bucks-horn plantain. 6. Bucks-hora Plantain, Plantago foliis incifis. The root is long, lender, undivided, and fur- nifhed with many fibres. Rr velhe o54 The leaves are numerous, and very beautiful F they lie upon the ground, and fpread themfelves ~ out every way from the head of the root, in form of aftar: they are long, narrow, and deeply jag- ged at the edges; the jaggs are fo long that they have been fuppofed to give the leaf fome refem- blance of the horn of a buck; whence its Eng- lith name: they are of a pale green, and hairy. The ftalks are numerous, round, flender, and naked. ; The flowers are fmall, but have confpicuous white buttons from their centre. The feed-vefiel is {mall and oval, and the feed is very minute. The flowers and feed-veffels ftand in fhort, flender fpikes. It is common in barren places, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Coronopus fylveftris birfutior. Others, Coronopus, and Cornu cervinum, or Plan- tago coronopus ditia. We, in Englith, Bucks- horn plantain, and in fome places Star of the earth: but this laft is an improper name, becaufe it has been alfo given to a very different plant, to be defcribed hereafter, and therefore will create confufion. y. Little hairy Plantain. Plantago anguftifolia pumila incana. The root is large, irregular, oblong, and of a brown colour. The leaves are few, and fmall: they rife in a little tuft, and are tolerably upright: they have no footftalks: they are hairy, and of a pale green, and are broadeft in the middle, and narrower to the point, where they terminate fharply. The ftalk is round, weak, naked, upright, and four inches high. The flowers are fmall and white: they ftand in athick, fhort tuft at the top of the ftalk, and quickly fade. The feed-veffels are oval, fmall, and fmooth, and the feeds are very {mall and blackith. It is frequent about the fea-coaft of Suffex, and flowers in April. Ray calls it Plantago angujtifolia minor. This little plant is fubject, like the others, to the variations of having a divided fpike, or a leafy top; and they arife altogether from the fame caufe, the bitings of infects. This is an ac- cident that we fee produce ftrange appearances in many plants, from the oak to this meaneft of the plantain kind. The various excrefcences of the oak, the galls, oak-apples, and the like, are caufed only by the pundture of a fly. The rofe upon the willow, which is juft analogous to this upon the plantain, is alfo owing to the fame caufe 5 and fo are innu- merable others. 8. Narrow-leaved mountain Plantain. Plantago Alpina anguftifolia. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with a few fibres. 2 Th BRITISH HERBAL. The leaves rife from numerous heads, into which the root fplits at the crown 5 and are long, narrow, and of a pale green: they /have no footftalks ; they are broadeft in the middle, and {mall boch at the bafe and point, where they ter- minate fharply. The flalks are few, and- very fmall: they are not more than three inches high, round, flender; and green. The flowers are {mall, and of a greenifh white: they fland at the tops of the ftalks in a fmall, flender fpike. The feed-veflels are oval, and the feeds very fmall. F It is common on the Welch mountains, and flowers in April. C. Bauhine calls it Plantago Alpina anguflifolia. g. Hairy graffy-leaved Plantain. Plantago foliis gramineis hirfutis. The root is long, flender, white, and furnifhed with a few threads. The leaves rife in a confiderable tuft ; and are fmall, of a greyith green, and grafly: they are broadeft at the bafe, narrower all the way to the point, and hairy. The ftalks are weak, round, and naked, and fupport little fpikes of flowers. The flowers themfelves are very {mall and whi- tifh, and the fpikes thick, fhort, and roundith. The feed-veffel is roundifh, and the feeds are: fmall. It is common on the ifland of Sheepey, and in other parts about the fea-coafts. It flowers in June. Ray calls it Plantago gramineo folio birfuto mi- nor capitulo rotundiore brevi. 10. Single-flowered Plantain. -Plantago monantbes. The root is compofed of a great number of fibres, which penetrate deep into the ground. The leaves rife in a large tuft; and they are narrow, long, and grafly; many lie on the ground, and a good number ftand up. Among thefe rife the ftalks : they are very mi- nute, flender, brown, and naked: they are not half an inch high; each fuftains a fingle flower, which is very fmall and inconfiderable ; and from this rife four very long ftamina, with large, white buttons. ‘ The feed-veffel is fmall and oval, and the feeds are very minute. It is not uncommon in boggy places, though, from its fmallnefs, little regarded. It flowers in | June. This little plant has a variety of long names. Tournefort calls it Plantago paluftris gramineo folio monanthos Parifienfis. Ray, Gramen junceum, Jive holofteum minimum paluftre capitulis quatuor lon gifimis faminibus donatis. DIVI- See ee ee ee 7 oa Yi patel a odie He tea dae iD. Vel Ss 1-O.N Ii: 1. Thick {piked Sea-Plantain. Plantago maritima. fpicis crafis. The root is long and flender, and is furnifhed with a few fibres. The leaves are narrow, hairy, and fhort, in comparifon of many of the formier kinds: they are {mall near the bafe, broadeft toward the end, and fharp-pointed. The ftalks are numerous, round, flender, and hairy : they are four or five inches high, and have leaves on them. "The flowers are placed at the tops of the ftalks in a thick fpike. The feed-velfel is large and oval, and the feeds are very {mall. It is common on the fea-coafts of Spain, and flowers in May. C. Bauhine calls it Holofteum birfutum albicans majus. Others, Plantago Hifpanica {pica oblonga. It is fometimes found very fmall for want of nourifhment, and in that ftate has been defcribed as a diftinét fpecies; but it is merely an acci- dental variety. 2. Short-ftalked Plantain. Plantago feapo brevi. The root is long, flender, and undivided. The leaves are numerous, of a greyifh green, narrow, and of a grafly fhape: they are broadeft at the bafe, and {maller all the way to the point. The ftalks are numerous; and very fhort : they are not of the length of the leaves, and are of the fame greyith colour, and covered with a thick downy hairinefs. The flowers are fmall and whitifh: they are placed in thick, fhort fpikes at the tops of thefe ftalks, and feldom ftand upright, ufually droop- ing one way or other. The feed-vefiel is large and oval, and the feeds are very fmall, It is common in the Greek iflands, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Holofteum, five Leontop Creticum. Clufius, Leontopodium Creticum ys 3. Narroweft-leaved Plantain, Plantago foliis anguftiffimis. The root is very thick, and divided. The leaves are extremely numerous, and nar- FOREIGN SPECIES rower thah any Other of the plantain kind : they are long, and lie every way {pread about, and frequently are curled, fo that they refemble worms, or little ferpents ; whence the plant has been named fnake-gra/s. The ftalks are round, weak, and flender : they have no leaves on them. The flowers ftand at thé tops in long, flender fpikés, and they are {mall and inconfiderable. The feed-veffel is oval and fmall, the feeds are minute and numerous. It is a native of Italy; and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Holofteum ftrittiffimo folio majus. Others, Plantago ftrittiffimo folio, and Serpentaria major. All the fpecies of plantain poftefs the fame vir- tues, and they aré very confiderable. None of them is better than the common broad-leaved kind; therefore with us it would be idle to bring - any other into ufe, This is aftringent, cooling, and healing. - A water is diftilled from it; but this is of fmal] valué, for thefe are not virtues that rife in diftil- lation. A decoétion of the entire plant is excellent in diforders of the ureters. The root, dryed and powdered, is to be given half a dram for a dofe, and is very ferviceable againft loofeneffes with fharp and bloody ftools, The juice is good againft fpitting of blood, and againft the overflowings of the menfes. The leaves, bruifed, and ufed outwardly, cleanfe and heal old ulcers. Thefe are all the plants with four petals to the flower, and a fingle regular capfule, of which there are any fpecies native of Britain. “It muft not appear an omiffion, that three plants, afcribed in Mr. Ray’s Synopfis to this clafs, are omitted. The firft, pentapterophyllon, has no feed-veffel, but the flower is followed by four naked feeds ; the fecond, balfamine, has five petals to the flower; and the third, Aypopitys, has ten. By what over- fight in Mr. Ray thefe came to be added to the prefent clafs, I fhall not enquire : it is plain they feverally belong to three others; and they will be treated of accordingly in their places in the fucceeding part of this work, SERIES x 156 The *B¢R I-T 1-s-H aati Siete « 8, sabe RT Es I. Thofe of which there is no fpecies native of this country. Go Ea aN U Ss I, RG-UROE! Reo, ee dh A flower is compofed of four petals, which are holfow, narrow, and ftand open, and it has a tuft of threads in the centre: fegments at the edge, and permanent : the cup is fmall, formed of a fingle piece, but divided into four the feed veffel is large and fingle, but compofed of four lobes, and lightly divided into four partitions: the feeds are numerous and rough. Linnaus places this among the offandria monogynia ; the rudiment of the eapfule with its ftyle fingle. i i iation i moft flower of rue, it having 24 ometimes a variation in the upperr a tele wherever fo numerous, there are alfo found ten inftead of eight threads in the This fhews the uncertainty of any one part, much more of any fmall part When it happens that even there is feed-veffel fhews a difference from all other plants, tals; but in that cafe all the reft of the flowers, in the cafe of five petals, generical character. eflential part in a generical character. 1. Common’ Rue. Ruta fylveftris. The root is long and large, divided into many parts, and furnifhed with numerous fibres, The ftalk is round, and; when the plant has ftood fome time; it grows hard and woody, and is covered with a greyifh bark. At firft it is tender and green, and the branches and young Shoots continue of that texture’ and colour: it rifes' to two or three feet’ high, fometimes more, and is very much: brariched) The leaves are’ very numerous, of a bluith co- Jour, thick, cand: of a flethy fubftance : they are, properly fpeaking, doubly pinnated, feveral pairs: of pinnated: leaves growing on a middle rib, and each of thefe being compofed of four or five’ pair of finall ones' on its rib, with an odd leaf at the end; : but they are'fo numerous, that this difpofition is not’ much regarded:: thefe {e- parate leaves are’ fhort, broad, and’ obtue. The flowers ftand at’ the tops of the branches in large tufts, and are fmall, and of a bright yellow. : The feed-veffel is large, and feems as if com- pofed of four parts, and the feeds are rough. Tt is a native of the fouthern parts of Europe, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Ruta hortenfis latifolia, Others, Ruta major latifolia, And we, Common rue, and Garden rue, Rue is:a plant of a very ftrong tafte and fmell, and of very powerful qualities. Rubbed upon the fkin, it raifes an inflammation, and is ufed by fome in this manner againft headachs. They diftil a water from it in the fhops, which has little virtue, for the qualities of rue are not of that kind which rife in diftillation, There is no better wa y of giving it than ina conferve made of the fr efh tops, beaten up with and is confiftent and unifor the threads in each flower being eight, and five inftead of four pe- confift only of four each: flower. of a plant, to fix a a petal too much in the flower, ftill the m: this therefore is an fugar. In this form itis excellent againft hyfterick complaints arifing from fuppreffions of the men- fes; and taken for a continuance againft the epi- lepfy. The juice of rue, exprefied with white wine, and taken’ in very {mail dofes, is a remedy for that troublefome difeafe the nightmare. An infufion of it taken for a Continuance of time, is greatly recommended alfo againit difor- ders of the eyes, The antients had an opinion of rue as a pre- ferver of chattity, or a preventer of lewd thoughts; but we give no medicines for diforders of the mind, C. Bauhine defcribes another kind of rue, un- det the name of Ruta bortenfis altera; but it is only a variety, not a diftingt f{pecies ; efcribed- by authors to Be alfo Varieties: we fhall thew by défcriptions that they are fuf- The true botanit fhould be as careful to Ppreferve the really. feparate fpecies of plants under their prefent names, as to explode from that number thofe which have’ been called fo» but: are only varieties. Mott have been too la- vifh on this head; Linnzus is too confined. The fpecies of plants, according to the generality of authors, taking all they have ‘fuppofed to be diftin@, amount to about fixteen thoufand three Linneus would reduce them to lef than ten thoufand; but a Moderate computation will eftablith them ‘at about twelve thoufand four hundred, This is the neareft account of the number of known plants. 2. Sharp-leaved Rue, Ruta foliis acuminatis, The root is long, th hick, divided, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. . The 3 > Y) t H 7 ; me Rowid © Whe Spit Za Great Wh Bey Say cK voli purge » \waaal Toe proud tun ee ue ‘s otk howe Vlanulacn —y Sete Tlantiitn : befone Partai \ igure NAY Zeclmorl SAW) Plantain D we ; hough Troulluwd Y gs : ; Ne ° a Paces} [ f sin gle. Nowe “Thala y Linroustnibhid } Vlarvow: be Cojprin aN a Sa 3a QD = % . 4 : arin Lavi ss dO. leavid Shick pth long Yarrauer law Ee Vlowuilidy Vlantian Seu PMantitin ; Planta Vanesa 2 » ha A aa a a a ti i I a “THEA WB Be @ TISH HERBAL Ly The ftem is thick, round, and firm, and, when old, is covered with a-pale brown barks but the young fhoots and twigs are tender and green. ‘The leaves are numerous, and are of the doubly- pinnated kind, each compofed of two or three pairs on a rib, and each of thefe of feveral pairs of feparate leaves joined to their rib, with an odd one at the end. ; The whole plant thus far refembles common rue, and is like it fhrubby, and three feet high, and very much branched. : The feparate leaves fhew a manifeft difference : they are in the common rue fhort, and roundith or blunt; in this fpecies they are oblong, narrow, and fharp-pointed : their colour is a greyifh green, and they are not fo flefhy asin the com- mon Te. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches, and are large and yellow. ; The feed-veffel is large, and four-cornered, and the feeds are large and rough. It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Ruta fylveftris major. Do- donzus, Ruta graveolens. Go 3 higesN 3. Little five-leaved Rue, Ruia pumila tenuifolia, The root is long, thick, divided, and furnifhed with numerous fibres, The firft leaves rife feparate from the ftalk, and lie upon the ground : they are pinnated in a fingular manner ; each is compofed of three or four paits of pinnae’, with an odd one at the end, fet on a flender, naked rib; but thefe pinne are . not compofed of fmaller leaves, as in the fpecies before defcribed, but are deeply and irregularly divided in a pinnated form, into long, narrow feg- ments ; fo that the whole large leaf has a very beautiful appearance. : The ftalks are numerous, weak, and tough: they are a foot and a half high, and have leaves placed irregularly on them, refembling thofe from the root, and of a pale green. The flowers ftand in tufts at the tops of the ftalks, and are fmall and yellow. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Ruta fylveftris minor. The plant called in Latin barmala, and by many wild rue, is of another genus, to be defcribed hereafter. ; Ws igS II. EUPHORBIU™M. HE flower confifts of four petals: the cup is divided into four fegments, and thefe are’ placed alternately between each other: the feed-veffel is roundifh, but marked with three divi- fions, and contains three cells, in each of which there is a fingle feed: the body of the plant is thick, flefhy, and angulated. Linnzus places this among the polyandria monogynia, the filaments being numerous, and growing to the receptacle, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. He joins under this name, as we have fhewn before, the common tithymals or JSpurges: it is true, that the flowers and feed-veffels agree ; but there is enough in the ftruéture of the plants to war- rant a diftindtion. ° 1. Common Euphorbium. Euphorbium vulgatius. The root is large, black, divided into many parts, and hung with large fibres. : The plant rifes ftom this in a fingular man- ner, not with a ftalk and leaves, as all thofe hitherto defcribed, but with feveral robuft, thick, flefhy ftéms: thefe are formed into a number of fmall faces, with fo many angles, and are of a deep blackith green: they are as thick as a child’s arm at the bottom, fomewhat fmaller at the top, a foot or more in height, and artned at the edges of all the planes or angles with extremely fharp prickles placed two together. This is the general face and appearance of the plant, and is all that is with us ufually feen of it: there never are any leaves, nor any other {tem than thefe ftrange pieces. When it has flowers, they burft out in various parts at the angles or edges, and are of a yel- lowifh green colour ; each is fucceeded by a fingle capfule, of a roundifh form, but marked in three places with lines, and containing three feeds. It is a native of Africa, and flowers there in Auguft. N° 16, Ifnard calls it Euphorbium polygonum Spinofum cerei effigii, Others fimply Euphorbium, If any part of the plant be cut or broken, there flows out a cauftick liquor, which prefently har- dens into a refinous fubftance, of a burning, fiery tafte, and horrible qualities. The hardened juice of this plant is the drug called euphorbium. It was once given as a purge in dropfies, and other defperate diftempers, but a better practice has rejected it. The operation was by vomit and ftoo!, and both in extremes ; and it often inflamed the inteftines. We find at prefent medicines that anfwer the fame purpofe, without the danger of thefe terrible confe- quences. é Surgeons once ufed it in the cure of carious bones ; but they found it fo ungovernable even in that application, that it is now utterly neglected. The plant here defcribed affords the euphor- dium of late time brought into the thops; but it ‘ was from another of the fame genus that the euphorbium was obtained in the times of the an- tients: the difference of the plant is, however, no more than that of fpecies of the fame kind 3 and that of the drug no more than might be expected in fuch a cafe. The euphorbium of the antients Sf was. 158 The BRITISH HERBAL was rather milder than that of later time; but they are both much better banifhed than em- ployed. 2, The Euphorbium of the Antients. Enpborbium antiquorum. The root is thick, white, woody, and very long: it penetrates ftrait down into the earths and is hung with many fibres. From the head of this root rifes a fingle ftem, which is triangular ufually ; but this admits va- riation, for it is fometimes fquare: it is thick, firm, upright, jointed, branched, and twelve or fourteen feet high. The angles rife high upon it, and are armed with double thorns, which are fhort,, but very ftrong and fharp. Thefe angles or edges do not run ftrait, but are waved or finuated, and the whole ftalk is fomewhat flatted: the {pines are of a fhining brown, and the plant itfelf of a deep green. Toward the top it divides into feveral branches» and from its fide there rife many others. Thefe are large, thick, and triangular, fome- what flatted, and of the fame fhape with the trunk, and armed in the fame manner with prickles. : Toward the upper part of the plant there rife, at the fame places with the fpines, certain fine, fmall rudiments of leaves, if they may be fo called; but they never expand, nor are of long duration. The former kind is abfolutely naked ; but thefe are a kind of approach to leaves in this. The flower is compofed of four petals, and the feed-veffel contains three large feeds. It is a native of the Eaft Indies, and flowers in Auguft. i Linnzus calls it Euphorbia aculeata fubrotunda triangularis articulata ramis patentibus. 3. Five cornered Euphorbium. Euphorbium quinguangulare. The root is a vaft white body, fending out ‘from its bottom numerous thick fibres. From this rife numerous naked ftems, fome- times two or three joined in a body juft above the root, and divided afterwards ; and not unfre- quently a fingle ftem rifes, from which, after it has grown up a foot or more, there burft out feveral new, fhoots all round. There is all this variation in the plant; nor is it exact any more than the preceding fpecies in its number of angles or cor- ners, but five is the moft general and natural: the main trunk at the bottom fometimes has only four, and the youngeft fhoots have fometimes more than five, but the body of the plant is quinquangular, : The main trunk is full of flefhy tubercles, and, when it has ftood fome time, grows whitifh, and hard. The fhoots rife to four or five feet high; and * are of a bright green, thick, flefhy, and armed at all the edges, with black fhining prickles rifing in pairs, and pointing downwards ; and they are ufually crooked. Tt has no leaves, nor often flowers with us, It is a native of the Canaries, and there has four-leaved flowers, and large feed-vefiels, Linnzus calls it Euphorbia aculeata nuda fubquin- quangularis aculeis geminatis, 4. Single, fpined, many-cornered Euphorbium. Euphorbium fpinis folitariis multangulare. The root is large, thick, white, and divided, and towards the bottom fends out many fibres: A fingle ftem frequently rifes from the head of the root, and nothing more ; fometimes there are two or three, but in this cafe they are perfectly diftin& ; fo that each is an entire plant. This is thick, flefhy, and divided into. a multi- tude of faces, by rifing corners or angles, and is of a.deep green, ufually fmaller at the bottom, and larger to the top; but this not conftantly or univerfally. The edges are armed with prickles; and thefe ftand fingly, not in pairs, as in all the former fpe- cies; and they are brown, hard, and gloffy. The flowers are numerous, and grow prin- cipally toward the upper part of the plant: they are compofed each of four petals, and fucceeded by a large, round feed-veffels, divided within into three cells, in each of which is a fingle feed. It is a native of Athiopia, and flowers in June. ; Burnan calls it Euphorbium aphyllum angulofum florum coma denfiffima. 5. Scaly Euphorbium. Euphorbium Jquammatum, The root is long, flender, creeping, and di- vided into many parts. 4 From this rifes a large body, of the bignefs of achild’s head, and of a woody fubftance : its furface is covered with irregular lumps and tu- bercles, and its colour is brown. ‘ From the head of this fingular lump rife nu- merous ftalks: they are thick at the bottom, fmaller all the way upward, anda foot high. Toward the lower part they are covered with fquare tubercles in the manner ofthe lump at the bottom, only more diftin&: higher up thefe tubercles grow thinner, and lie. over one another like fcales: they are longer and narrower as they advance more in length, and have at their bafes certain fmall and narrow leaves: the tops of all the ftalks are terminated alfo by thefe fore of leaves, ~ It rarely advances farther than this ftate with’ us; but where it is perfect the Aowers are com- pofed of four petals, ‘and the feed-veffel is roun- difh, and divided into four cells. : Tt is a native of Ethiopia, and flowers in July. Commelin calls it Planta lafaria Africana. GENUS 4 ThA BRETFISRI HERG ay rae UNE nate g Ii. Fie ltatienan Won@, esa, LENE ED IST SUB, TH flower is compofed of four fmall oval petals, joined at their bate: ormed of a fingle piece, and divided into five fegments at the edoe: the f i oe: d- anid the feeds are numerous : the ftalks are branched, and have leaves upon thet a, Linneus places this among the tetrandria monogynia ; the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. the cup is very fmal], 3 the threads in each flower being four, and He joins it, as before obferved, with the plaritain not allowing it to be a diftj 2 . . 4 4 e Mr. Ray probably led him into this error, for he firft fell into it; but the sce ie perfectly diftinct. The flowers and feed veffels agree indeed in both; but the ftalks, and manner of growing, differ altogether : the plantains have leaves from the root only, and fimple ftalks ; the phyilliums have branched ftalks, and leaves on them, 1. Common Fleawort. Pyllium vulgare. The root is long, thick, white, and furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalk is round, upright, very much branched, and a foot and half high. The leaves are numerous: they ftand alter- nately, and are long and narrow, of a deep green : they are not at all divided at the edges, but pointed at the ends; and they commonly have tufts of young ones, and rudiments of branches, in their bofoms: fo that the whole plant has a confufed afpect. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches in fmall, round fpikes: they are little, and in- confiderable. The feed-vefiels are {mall and oval, and the feeds are very numerous and glofly: their colour is black, and from their fhape, fize, and fhi- ning furface, they have been fuppofed to refemble fleas. It is common in the hedges of all the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Pfyllium majus erectum. Others, P/yllium vulgare. The feeds are ufed for making a mucilage, which is good in fore mouths, wafhing the mouth well, and fpitting it out. It has been given internally as a purge; but there are accounts of very bad effeéts from it, faintings,/and imminent danger of death: it is therefore difufed. 2. Jagged Fleawort. Phllium foliis ferratis. The root is long, white, and flender. The ftalk is round, upright, branched, and a foot and half high. The leaves ftand alternately, and are long, narrow, and jagged, and of a pale green, The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches, in oblong fpikes, and “are fmall and inconfi. derable. The feed-veffel is oval, and the feeds are large and black. It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in Jurie. : C. Bauhine calls it P/iium Diofcoridis, vel In- dicum foliis crenatis. This, and not our common kind, feems to have been the flecwort of the antients; but they appear fo much the fame in Virtues, that the dif- ference is not effential. 3. Creeping Fleawort. Pfyllium repens. The root is long, and divided, and furnithed with many fibres. The ftalks are numerous, round, and of a pale green, They lie upon the ground for the greateft part of their length, and only raife up thoots of ten inches high to bear the flowers, ; The main branches, as they lie, take root at the joints, and the plant fpreads into very large | tufts. The leaves are long, narrow, of a greyifh green, and a little hairy: they ftand alternately, and have thick tufts of {mall leaves, and fhoots of young branches in their bofoms. The flowers fland in fhort tufts or fpikes, on long footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves, and they are fmall and whitith. The feed-veffels. are oval, and the feeds are fmall. Tt flowers in autumn, but the young fhoots are frefh and green the greateft part of winter. It is frequent in the fouth of France. C.Bauhine calls it P/yliium majus fupinum. Lo- bel, Pfyllium Jempervirens, Evergreen fleawort 3 and the common writers follow him. Thefe are the plants, native and foreign, com- monly cultivated, which have four petals in the flower, and a fingle capfule for the feeds. We have obferved there is a numerous family of plants, with four petals in the flower, and a pod, not a capfule, for the feeds: thefe, if the number of the petals only were regarded in this method, would follow here; but our charaéters are eftablifhed upon the flower and feed-vefiels together; we fhall therefore here purfue the tract of 160 Th BRITISHIiIMNERBAL. of nature in the plants with fingle plain capfules for the feed ; and follow her fteps, as fhe allows more and more numerous petals to the flower in plants fo diflinguifhed by the fruit. The laft clafs having contained thofe which have with a fingle cap- fule four petals, the following will comprehend thofe which have with a fingle capfule five petals ; and from thefe we fhall advance to the confideration of fuch as have fix, or more than fix petals, with the fame kind of feed- vefiel.. Thefe being defcribed, we fhall treat of thofe which have pods with four-leaved flowers, and 8 Th END of the thofe which have pods with papilionaceous flowers. ; This is the method we have laid down, as moft conformable to nature: and thus much we have judged proper, indeed neceffary, to fay of it here; left, as the work appears in feparate parts, the reader, who cannot till the whole is delivered to him, determine properly of it, fhould be mifled by an opinion founded on parts of it only,'‘and~ led to fuppofe that through miftake omitted in: this place, which we hope is rightly referved te another. , ; Eel G@GEeT H2On AsS°9, Cc LAS § sean HE BRITISH- HERBAL. sti be irs Mi he 8h Ng Na Ss Sh Ss MO, Ne Se Nh, he De St, Ma a A, Sg Se Ns Ee Se She Ne Shee Me Nhe Me Nhe SMe Me, 8 NY MM SM hs SM 7A ASE TA ANS AS AS OS AROUND "AS TANS ANAS FAN ANS ANS AS SAS SS RS AAS PAS ANAS "AS AIS AS AE Se She "ANTS TARAS ONAN AN A AN RAT TE \ CL A SLSe: EX. Plants whofe flower confifts of rive vevars regular in form and difpofition, whofe feeds are contained ina SINGLE CAPSULE, and whofe laves grow in pairs. HIS is a very large and numerous clafs; nature has perfectly connected together the plants / it comprehends, and obvioufly diftinguifhed them from all others: yet, as in other cafes, fo in this, the modern method, eftablifhed folely upon the’ number of threads, and their difpofition in the flower, has feparated many of them from the reft, and placed them among others with which they have no natural alliance. tS sane : Nature is fo uniform, in even her fmalleft traces, that, in general, thefe minute parts are difpofed alike in plants of the fame clafles; but not univerfally. This general conformity of the fmaller with the larger parts led Linnzus to imagine that a method might be eftablifhed on their number and difpofition, which would take in the larger, more obvious, and more effential parts, only as fubor- dinate; and, as this would be fure to carry an air of novelty, it was natural to fuppofe it would pleafe the ftudent, and do honour to the inventor. : Had it proved true that nature was as ftriét in thefe fmaller-as in the larger parts, a method might, as ufefully, have been founded on them as on the others : at leaft, it would have been liable to no other objection but that of being lefs plain and familiar: but when Linnzus found that, though many of the plants in each natural clafs thus anfwered to the characters of his artificial ones, there were feveral that did not, he fhould then have given up the defign. ‘ That he did find this is certain; becaufe he has fet down innumerable inftances of it under the name of exceptions to his generical charaéters ; and he will daily, in his careful attention to the fubjeét, find more: but, probably, he had gone too far to recede, before he difcovered that thefe exceptions were fo numerous. It appears to me that he formed his characters of the common plants principally from Tournefort’s figures, and thofe of the more rare, in general from thofe of Plumier. Thefe figures are excellent, and particularly accurate; but, although generally right in the minuteft parts, yet they fometimes vary from nature in them; their authors not having been fo careful in thefe leffer parts as they would have been, if, like Linnzus, they had intended to ‘eftablith a method upon them. j This feems to have been the foundation of Linneus’s fyftem: and when, ‘in examining the plants themfelves, he found they did not exaétly anfwer thefe figures, and his charaéters eftablifhed upon them, he has, with candour equal to his difcernment and affiduity, fet ic down in his fucceed- ing works. StS, . Upon this view of the Linnzan method, the reader will be able to form a proper judgment of it; and not too difadvantageous a one of its author, whofe very faults have been’ accompanied with excellencies. ; / * With refpe& to the plants of the prefent clafs, all that anfwer the charaéter eftablithed in few words, as its diftinétion, are here brought together. } : Mr. Ray, who. forms. a clafs of the fame kind, his pentapetale vafculifere, makes it more comprehentfive, for he includes in it all that anfwer to that name; placing their other diftinétions as fabordinate: but, as we have fet out upon the plan of diftinguifhing the plants by as fuccin& affort- ments as nature admits, we have of thefe made three claffes. : N¢ 16. Tee The 162 The. B..R.1.TlS-He--HoB RR eB SACL: The plants which have five petals in the flower, and a fingle capfule fucceeding, differ fo far, that fome have thefe petals regular in their form and difpofition, as Saint Fobn’s wort and hebnis 5 others have them difpofed irregularly, as the violet. The form and fafhion of thefe flowers differs fo much that they may be fafely arranged under two claffes ; and it is fo obvious that they will be eafily known, and never miftaken: fome have alfo the leaves in all the fpecies in pairs, and fome alternately and irregularly ; this, {though lefs abfolute, yet is an obvious diftin@tion; and, in a ufeful fyftem, will very well ferve as a claffical character. * BT plete: tities terete tre totter mitre tote petor tore tet tet te tote Ret to tetee Sil eBags Hs I, Natives of BRITAIN. Thofe of which one or more fpecies are naturally wild in this country. Nie Qj v1.8, ge. Po TIN CARKFOPHTILUS. Gay E HE flower confifts of five petals, which are regularly difplayed, jagged at their broad ends, and very narrow at the bafe, where they adhere to the receptacle: the cup is long, hollow, divided into five fegments at the edge, and furrounded at the bafe with four little {cales, forming, as it were, a fmaller cup for it: the feed-veffel is oblong, cylindrick, and covered; and fplits in four parts at the top. Linnzus places this among the decandria digynia; the threads in each flower being ten, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the capfule divided into two parts. I have obferved before, that if the author had named his diftin@tions in this refpect, from the rudiment, rather than the ftyles rifing from it, his method would have been more natural: would then have ftood among the monogynia, to which, beyond a doubt, ; the pink it naturally belongs; the capfule, which is the true effential female part, being fingle. Linneus calls this genus dianthus, Det VTS sk ON ak 1. Maiden Pink: Caryophyllus virgineus. The root is fmall, white, and creeping. The ftalks are numerous, flender, weak, ani fpread upon the ground, : They are full of young fhoots, and thick co- vered with leaves: thofe ftalks which bear the flowers rife from thefe, and grow to five or fix inches high, or, in a favourable foil,. higher. The leaves are very narrow, confiderably long, and of a pale greyifh green: they are {mall at the bafe, and pointed at the end. The flowers are long, and of a bright red: they ftand fometimes fingly, one only at the top of the ftalk: but this is no certain mark; for fometimes there grow two or thrée together. The feed-veffel is oblong, and the feeds are fmall, rough, and black. i It is found wild in our northern counties, and in fome other places; and flowers in June. It varies extreamly in fize according to the accidents attending its growth; fo that fome have made out of it feveral {pecies. Authors call it Caryophyllus Virginens, BRITISH SPECIEs, 2. Broad-leaved Maiden Pink, Caryophyllus foliis latioribus, The root is long, flender, white, and undi- vided. The ftalks are numerous, and lie in part upon the ground, but thofe which fupport the flowers ‘tife to four or five inches in height. The leaves are numerous, broad, fhort, and of a pale green: thofe which ftand toward the upper part of the ftalks near the flowers are nar- rower than the others, and longer; but even thefe are broader than thofe of the preceding fpecies. The flowers are large, and of a beautiful red : one ftands at the top of each ftalk. The feed-veffel is long and roundih : the feeds are numerous and rough. é It is found on hills in our northern counties of England, and flowers in June. Ray calls it Amerie Species flore in fummo caule Jingulari. 3: Com- a ee The BRUT § Hl HR RE ase 3. Common wild Pink. Caryophyllus fylueftris vulgaris. The root is of an irregular fhape and firm fub- ftance; long, divided, brown, and wrinkled on the furface. The fhoots rife in great numbers, and have a multitude of leaves on them: thefe are very long and narrow, of a gteyith green, and of a firm fubftance. The ftalks are numerous, greyifh green, and round: they are jointed at fmall diftances, and branched toward the tops. The leaves’on thofe are fhort, narrow, and fharp-pointed: they ftand in pairs, as in all the other fpecies, and’ are broad at the bafe, and {maller all the way to the end. The flowers are of a pale red, and Jagged at the edges. The feed-veffel is oblong, and the feeds are large. It is wild on the barren rocks in our northern counties; and frequently on walls; but there it feems to have owed its origin to fcattered feeds from fome garden plants: in the other places it is evidently a native. C. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus fimplex flore minore pallide rubente. Many of our garden pinks are varieties from this ftock. 4. Deptford Pink. Caryophyllus barbatus. The root is long, flender, divided, and hung about with fibres. The firft thoots are numerous, upright, and furnifhed with feveral Pairs of leaves. DIVISION I, 1. Clove Julyflower. Caryophyilus flore magna. The root is long, divided into feveral parts, and hung with many fibres. The fhoots are numerous, and have many long, narrow leaves on them, of a pale green colour, and fmooth furface. The ftalk is round, upright, firm, fmooth, and frequently jointed: it rifes to two feet in height, and is branched toward the top. The leaves on it ftand in pairs, asin the others: they are like thofe from the root, but broader and fhorter. The flowers are large, and of a deep purple: the petals are broad,. and Jagged at the edges , and they have a fragrant fcent, not unlike that -of the clove {pice. ; It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July. The varieties that have been raifed from this are endlefs and innumerable. This fingle flower is the fource from which the ingenuity of gardeners has raifed that vaft and beautiful variety of car- nations, which they are ftill encreafing by the fame means. In its wild ftate it varies the colour, from the full and rich purple of which we fee it in gar- dens, through all the changes of red down to 5 FOREIGN 163 The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and of a deep green : it is a foot and half high, and jointed at confiderable diftances, The leaves are long, narrow, and of a deep green. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and of numerous young fhoots rifing from the bofoms of the leaves; and they are cluftered to- gether in a kind of bearded hufks: they -are fmall, and of a beautiful red, The feed-veffel is long, and the feeds are large, rough, and brown, . It is common by way-fides in many parts of England ; and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus barbatus fyl- vefiris, Others, Armeria Sylveftris. ; 5. Proliferous Pink, Caryophyllus prolifer. The root is long, white, woody, divided, and furnithed with many fibres, The ftalk is round, upright, flender, ten inches high, and very much branched. The leaves are very narrow, long, and fharp- pointed 5 and they are of a pale green. i The flowers are fmall, and of a bright red. They grow at the tops of the ftalks in a cluftered manner; and the feales at the bottom of the cup exceed the body of it in length, The feed-veffel jis longifh, and flender ; and the feeds are rough and black. Itis wild in fome of our weftern counties, but not common. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus filveftris pro- “fer; and moft others follow him, § PBC Es; abfolute white ; and from this Variation in nature the hint has probably been taken for all thofe elegant kinds raifed by care and culture. 2. Jageed Pink, Caryophyllus flore diffeto. The root is long, white, divided, and fur- nifhed with many fibres. The firft fhoots are very numerous, and cluf- tered thick with leaves : thefe are long, narrow, of a greyith white, and fharp-pointed. The ftalks are many, round, upright, jointed, divided into feveral branches, and a foot and half high, The leaves ftand in pairs, and are oblong, nar- row, and pointed. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches, and are large, and beautifully Jagged all the way on the edges. d The feed-veffel is long and rounded : the feeds are large and brown. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July. The flowers are commonly white, fometimes red. C. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus lore tenuiffime diffeéio. 3. Broad. 164 The BRITISH HERBAL. 3s Broad-leaved Sweetwilliam. Caryophyllus barbatus latifolius. The root is long, thick, white, and divided. The ftalks are numerous, round, jointed, ufuaily crooked from joint to joint ; and of a pale green colour. ise The leaves {tand two at each joint; and they are oblong, broad, and of a frefh green: they fometimes {tand obliquely upwards, but for the moft part bend down. The flowers are moderately large, and natu- rally are white ‘or redifh but culture gives them many variations in this: refpect: they ftand in large tufts at the tops of the ftalks: the {cales at the bottom of the cup are as long as its hollow body; and the feed-veffels are oblong, and con- tain numerous dufky feeds. It is a native of Spain, and flowers in Augutt- C. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus barbatus fyl- veftris latifolius. 4. Narrow-leaved Sweetwilliam. Caryophyllus barbatus anguftifolius. The root is long, white, flender, and divided. G EON The ftalks are numerous, round, flender, up- right, and a foot high. The leaves ftand in pairs, and they are long and narrow, and of a pale green. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and are numerous, and moderately large. The feed-veffel is longifh, and the feeds are numerous, rough, and black. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in Auguft. C, Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus bortenfis latifo- lius barbatus, But its leaves are much narrower than thofe of the others. All thefe fpecies of caryophyllus have the fame medicinal qualities, and their virtue is principally in the flowers. Thofe of the purple kind, or what is called the clove Fulyflower, poffefs them in the greateft degree. They are cordial and cepha- lick. They are good in faintings, head-achs, and other nervous diforders. We keep a fyrup of them in the fhops, which is not without vir- tue, but is loaded with fugar, as is neceffary for keeping in that form. The beft method of giv- ing them is in a ftrong tincture in brandy. U Ss I. CAMPION. Lei G SH Ne 1S. HE flower is compofed of five petals, with long bafes, and ufually divided into two or four | fegments at the rim: the cup is roundifh, fwelled, and divided at the edge into five fegments; and the feed-veflel is fingle, of an oval figure covered, formed of five valves, and has only one cell. Linnaeus places this among the decandria pentagynia; the filaments in the flower being ten, and the ftyles rifing from the rudiment of the fruit five, DIVISION F x. Common Sea Campion. Lychnis maritima vulgaris. This root is long, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres. The firft fhoots are numerous, and cluftered with leaves: they are fhort, and of a greyifh green, and hoary. The ftalks are round, fmooth, of a greyifh green, numerous, a foot and half long, but weak, and not well able to keep themfelyes upright ; often they all lie fpread upon the ground; fome- times they all ftand erect. The leaves are. oblong, broad at the bafe, fharp at the point, and of a pale green. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches; and are large and white: their cup is fwelled, and dented at the edge pretty deeply. The feed-veffel is large and oval; and the feeds are numerous and roundith. It is common about our fea-coafts; and flowers in July. : C. Bauhine calls it Lychnis maritima repens. € BeRol T 1 Su S Poe Cay Es; 2. Common white Corn Campion. Lychnis vulgaris alba qua Beheu album vulgo, The root is long, white; and thick; and is furnifhed with many thick fibres. The ftalks are numerous, round, upright, confiderably branched, and two feet hich, The leaves ftand in pairs, and are iF and _of a pale green: they are broad at the bafe, not at all indented at the edges, and tharp-pointed. _ The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches, into which the ftalk divides, and of thofe fhoots which rife from the bofoms of the upper leaves : they are large and white. The feed-veffel is oval, and the feeds are large. ; : It is common in our corn fields, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Lychnis ylveftris qua ben album vulgo. Others, Beben album, and papaver JSpumeum. In Englifh it is alfo called, from. that Latin name, Spatling poppy, as alfo White bottle, and White ben. A fmall infeé is frequently found upon the 6 leaves . site ern 4 y fi ges = ye ' [ aa Shel pherbinsh Cypbebiom A | vf Lhe Unients Allee? \. } 2 of iad 4 : » { N Fee Hine leavid Common Bue Sharpe | Rue Genter ° Pie . = “4 Small Mlou TL min \ Broad. bavld Pink ee. Maiden Rak Sing - | ‘ zm | iA, ay awed i | = ii a Vy) ze a Od aa ae | . oe , ' , Ou A se ae sw pS. y | Sive A ernerd eee: 1 ; 6 J s , Za. mone/ lea : | Wy oitium Yio, : Aiea vp. faly cr Lag Slower Mth de} Fink’ 2 WW ! op -COununen Wildy?” We l nk Buia. as rrr hig BRT 1 Soi ER ae 165 leaves of this plant, covered with a froth of its own raifing. This has been imagined to proceed ' from the plant, and thence it had thefe fanciful - additions to its name; but it is in reality the creature’s method of fecreting or preferving itfelf from many infects, to which it would « otherwife become an eafy prey. ay . x Heath-leaved Seat bin, r # Lychnis maritina erica fo Vg The root is long, hard, wegen “and fro with long and tough fibres. The ftalks are numerous, round, ae Ba: pale green, but frequently redifh. gia they are very fingular in their ftruéture, and have ~fome remote refemblance of thofe of the com- mon heath. The flowers grow at the chag of the ftalks and branches; and are large, and of a bright red. “The feed-veflels are large and oval ; and bs feeds are numerous and turgid. ‘It is found on fandy banks 2 fea, and fometimes at confiderable diftances om it. ok flowers in June. Se as C. Bauhine calls it Poly umn maritimum 1 minus folio ferpylli, and Parkin{fon, ‘Erica Jupina mari- tina Anglica. Pa J Mr, Ray very properly gulttves that its leaves have not the leaft refemblance of thofe of ferpy/- lum, nor its flowers of thofe of heath : “is pro- ~ perly a campion, though fo very different in its afpect from the generality of others, that it is ~ not awonder thofe who were accuftomed to judge, more by the general appearance of a plant than _ by an examination of its flowers and feed- veffels, : called i it by very different and various names. 4, Jagged. lowered Guabies Lychuis flore laciniato, be The root is long, thick, divided, and furnifhed with numerous fibres, The firft fhoots are weak | oe round, ufually of a redifh colour: they lie upon the ground, and fend out roots of their own, — # The leaves that rife from thefe are f ingle, ob- long, -broadeft in the middle, undivided at the edges, and fharp-pointed ; and they: are com- monly of a brown colour, The ftalks are numerous, upright, round, a jointed, and two feet high: they are ufually of a - va brownifh or purplith colo ab nee are much i : branched. 4 The leaves ftand in pairs: high: are oblong, ie narrow, undivided at the edges, and fharp- pointed: and they are of a deep green. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, fix or eight together ; and they are of a pale red, and are cyt into numerous long and flender feg- ments. The feed-veffel is large and oval : the feeds are large and roundith. It is common in meadows, and flowers jn June, Ps C. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus pratenfis -lacini- o, ato flore fi one feu fios cucyli, Others, Lychnis 4 ¥ NX 4 _ cumbent, and jointed: they are naturally of a> The leaves are numerous, and placed in pairs: plumaria pratenfis. In Englith. swe call it Cackewo- flower, Wild-Williains, and Ragged Robins. It is fometimes found’ wild with a double flower. Culture eafily gives it this advantages and renders ‘it very beautiful: we have it in this condition frequent in our pia and varying with red and white Bowers. 5. Wild Campion, called Soapwort, Lychuis faponaria dia, bei thick, and fpreading bres. The ftalks are nomerous, round, upright, and two feet and a half hich. They are of a pale green colour, and jointed ; and the knobs, or Joints, are round, thick, and white. ~The leaves are large, and of a beautiful freth green: they ftand in pairs, and have large veins, The flowers are large, and foinetimes: redifh: they ftand in confiderable numbers on the tops of the ftalks. The feed-veffel is large and oval ; and the feeds are numerous. . Jt is not uncommon in many of our counties, and thrives beft under a damp hedge. It flowers ins Junes = We fometimes meet with it naturally with a double flower, in which cafe it is very beautiful, Linnzus, who frequently perplexes the fludent* The root is compofed of a great number of by joining together feveral genera, which others, . with reafon, have treated as diftint, here runs tothe oppofite extream. He feplitéves Saponaria, or foapwort, from the hebnis; but the diftinc- tion is not properly that of one genus from ano- ther, but of the feparate fpecies of the fame genus. Ray has followed nature with more care, whos joins this with the. cbnis sand the generality of authors are of the fame opinion, ranking it under this genus. We are the more careful to follow Ray rather than Linnzeus in this article, becaufe the latter not only feparates the feponaria from Jychnis, but joins with it feveral other fpecies, the vaccaria, ocymeides, and others, to be named hereafter, It is true that the /zpsneria has but two ftyles upon the capfule, and the other fpecies hitherto defcribed have five; but ic muft be fufficient to name fuch a variation in the defcription of it as a fpecies. We have, in the fame manner, kept together the /ychiis's, though feparated by this author, asin other inftances of a like kind, After defcribing the /oapwert, we are here alfo to mention a particular variety of that plant, defcribed by our Englith botanifts, and preferved. in our gardens. This, though no more than we. have called it, a variety, yet is fo ‘fingular that we have added its figure. The two Jeaves at the knots frequently join into one, which furrounds the ftalk in a particular manner; and the flowers vaty in the fame manner as the leaves; for their five petals unite, and the whole forms a tubular flower, Ic was originally found wild in a grove near Lichbarrow in Northamptonfhire; but it is now loft there, only the common foapwort being found ° in the place. Probably the roots were all taken up and carried into gardens: they have been Una there. \ 166 The BRI T 1S -H" HER BYA,E. r ; lant is common there propagated; and the plant is peat thofe who love thefe things. It keeps pretty conftant to its hollow-leaved con- dition, but not with perfect regularity. 6. Wild Campion, called Cockle. Lychnis fegetum nigellaftrum diftum. The root is long, flender, fimple, and furnifhed with few fibres. : The ftalk is upright, round, hairy, fearce at all branched, and a foot and half high. The leaves grow two at a joint; and they are long, narrow, hairy, not at all indented, and of a pale green. "The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalk, and of fome few fhoots rifing from the bofoms of the upper leaves: they are large, and of a fine deep red. The feed-veffel is large, as are alfo the feeds. It is common in our corn-fields, and flowers in July. re : C. Bauhine calls it Lychnis fegetum major. thers, Nigellaftrum, and Pfeudomelanthium. O- 7. Common, wild, white Campion. Lychnis fylveftris alba vulgaris. The root is long and thick, and has few fibres. The firft leaves are numerous: they rife in a large, thick, upright tuft, and are oblong, broad, of a frefh green, not indented, and fharp- "pointed. P The ftalk is round, firm, upright, very much branched toward the top, and two foot high. The leaves ftand in pairs: they are oblong, broad, undivided, and fharp-pointed. The flowers are large and white; and the cups ftriated, but not fo much {welled as thofe of the white ben. ' The feed-veffel is large, as arealfo the feeds, It is common in paftures and about hedges. Jt flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Lychnis fylveftris alba fimplex. It is fometimes found with the fower naturally double: it frequently owes that advantage to culture, and is thence called the double white cam- pion ; or, in the gardeners language, white Latche- ° lors buttons. 8. Common red wild Campion. Lychnis flore rubello. The root is long, flender,’ and has few fibres. The firft thoots are full of leaves ; and thofé are long, broad, and of a deep green, The ftalks are numerous, round, hairy, branch- ed, and weak, The leaves are placed two at a joint; and they are broad and hairy, and of a freth green, The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches; and are large, and of a pale red. The feed-veffels are large and oval feeds alfo are large. ; It is common in damp hedges, and flowers in une. C. Bauhine calls it Lychnis flveftris five aqua- 3 and the tica purpurea fimplex. Others, Lychuis fylucftris rubello flore. This fpecies is taken into gardens, and ‘ren- ° dered double by culture ; in which ftate it makes ~ a very beautiful appearance, and is called red batchelors buttons ; or, by others, double red cam- pion. ' g. Small flowered Corn Campion. Lychnis arvenfis flore minimo. The root is fmall, oblong, white, and fur- nifhed with a few fibres. The ftalks aré round, hairy, weak, jointed, and of a pale green. The leaves grow in pairs, and are oblong and narrow: they are hairy alfo, and of a pale co- lour. : The flowers are very fmall, ufually white, but fometimes redifh, The feed-vefiél is large, as are alfo the feeds, Ic is not uncommon in the corn-fields of Kent and Suffex ; and flowers in July. Ray calls it Lychnis fylueftris flore albo minimo. Others, Lychnis arvenfis flore minimo rubente. 10. White-flowered clammy Campion. Lychnis vifcofa flore albo. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed’ with: a few fibres, The leaves that firft grow from it are oblong, broad, and of a pale green : they rife in a con- fiderable number, and have long footftalks, The ftalks are’ numerous, flender, upright, round, and jointed. The leaves grow in pairs, and have long foot- ftalks: they are oblong, broad, not at all in- dented at the’ edges, and pointed at the ends. The flowers grow at the top of the ftalk, and on fhoots rifing from’ the bofoms of the upper leaves: they are white, and the petals are very deeply divided from the top: they quickly fall off, The feed-veflél is large, and the feeds are brown. It is found on ditch-banké, and on Walls in fome parts of thé kingdom, but is not com- mon. It flowers in July, C. Bauhine calls it Lychnis montana vifcofa alba latifolia. . The tops of the ftalks in this plant are clam- my, principally juft under the flowers, and hence has rifen the name of vi/cofa and clammy. 11. Great night-flowering Campion. Lychnis noétiflora major. The root is long and thick, and ig furnifhed with many fibres, The firft fhoots are numerous, round, firm, and Jointed ; One or more in the middle ufually ftands upright; and {everal ‘others trail upon the ground all round it. The leaves grow in pairs, and are thick, of a deep green, hairy, not at all dented, and blunt at the ends. The flowers grow on the tops of the ftalks, and of numerous branches that rife from the bo- foms of the'leaves al] the way up the plant: they are =f The BR WU Sib gee RP Ad: 167 are large and white, and have the petals divided down the middle; fo that they feem compofed of ten inftead of five. ; The feed-veffel is large: the feeds, are fmall and blackifh. ; It is not uncommon in our northern counties on rocks. 4 It flowers in July. The flowers. open. after fun-fet : at fun-rife next morning they draw to- gether, but after fun-fet they open again; fo that the plant is in its full bloom only jin the night, The ftalks of this plant, juft under the flowers, are fometimes.a little clammy. Ray, calls it, Lychuis major noctiflora dubrenfis perennis. Aas 12, Red night flowering Campion. Lychnis noétiflora flore rubello. The root is long, flender, and has but few, fibres. The firft leaves are oblong, broad, of a pale green, not at all -indented, and obtufe, at the ends. The ftalks are numerous, flender, jointed, and a foot and half high, The leaves ftand in pairs, and are oblong and obtufe. d : The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalk and branches, and:are fmall; and of a faint, unpleaf- ing red: they are generally fhut and look faded in the day-time,;, but,they open at night. The feed-veffel is, ayal, and the feeds are fmall, and of a dark brown. It is found in the corn-fields of Surry, but not common. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Lychuis noétiflora, hine, Ocymcides non {peciofum.. J. Bau- 13. Red narrow-leaved clammy Camrion. Lychnis. vifcofa. rubra. anguftifolia. The root is long, thick, divided, and. often hung with numerous fibres. The firft leaves rife in tufts from feveral divi- fions at the head; and they are long, narrow, fharp-pointed, without footftalks, and of a deep but unpleafant green. The ftalk is fingle, upright, and a foot and half high. The leaves ftand in pairs, and are oblong, and of a frefh and fine green: they are broadeft in the middle, undivided at the edges, and fharp- pointed. The flowers ftand in a beautiful and regular © clufter at the top of the ftalk: they are fall, and of a bright red. The feed-veffel is oval and large; and the feeds are numerous and {mall. It is found in Scotland, and in fome of our northern counties, on rocks and mountains. It flowers in May. The tops of the ftalks in this fpecies are very clammy ; infomuch that it is common to fee flies entangled on them: hence this and other of the campions which have this quality are called catch- Jiies. C. Bauhine calls this Lychnis fylveftris vifcofa | In England it is generally called ° anguftifolia. German catchfly. 14, Moffy. flowered clammy Campion, Lychuis vifcofa floribus mufcofis. The_ root many fibres. The firft leaves are very numerous; and they lie fpread upon the ground in a regular manner : they have a kind of long footftalks, and they are broad, fhort, undivided, and obtufe: the foot- ftalks, though commonly called fuch, are more properly only a continuation of the leaves, in a narrower form, down to the root. The ftalk is round, upright, and of a pale green, The Jeaves ftand in pairs, and are long, and expand into breadth at the ends: they have young fhoots in all their bofoms; fo that the plant appears well covered with them. The flowers fland at the tops of the ftalks, and are numerous, but very fmall; and of a yellowifh green: the threads in them are very confpicuous ; and the whole have, as C. Bauhing exprefles it, a moffy appearance. The, feed-veflel is oval and fmall; ‘and the feeds are fmall. : It is common about Newmarket, and in many other parts of. England in gravelly foils, Ip. flowers in June. : : The tops of the ftalks are clammy in this, as in the other Jaft-named fpecies. C. Bauhine calls it Lycbnis vifcofa flore mufcofo, _ Others, Sefamoides falamanticum magnum. J. Bau- | hine calls ic Ocymoides belliforme five mufeipula muf> | cofo flore. Some, Spanifb.catchfy. is long, thick and furnifhed with 15. Dwarf mountain Campion. Lychnis montana minima, This is a very fingular plant; it is fcarce more | than an inch in height, ‘but it grows in fuch | clufters. that it is very confpicuous ; and, when ‘in flower, very beautiful: at other times it may | be taken for a tuft of mofs,.and eafily paffed over unregarded. i : | .. When viewed in the clufter it appears a thick tuft of fhort, green leaves, with numerous large, red flowers, ftuck irregularly among them, and | fearce feeming to belong to them: to fee the ftructure of the plant, an entire one muft be {e- parated from the clufter. ‘ The root is very long, thick, and irregular in fhape: it is brown on the furface, and has few fibres. : The leaves rife from the head of this root, and — are very numerous, fhort, narrow, fharp pointed, and of a frefh green. Tn the centre of thefe rifes the ftalk, on which ftands a fingle Aower. This ftalk is round, weak, of a pale green, and often lefs than an inch in height. ! The flower is: large, and of a pale but pretty red. , ; i The feed-veffel is are fmall. It is common in Wales, and flowers in May and June. t Its {mallnefs.has led authors to call jt by many names. ; J. Bauhine calls it Mufcus Alpinus flore infigni dilute rubente, Parkinfon, Ocymoides mufcofus oval and large: the feeds Alpinus. Ray and others, Lychnis Alpina minima, 4 16. Broad- 168 The BRITASH ‘HERBAL. 16. Broad leaved, fmooth, clammy Campion. Lychnis vifcofa latifolia levis. The root is long and flender, and has few fibres. The firft leaves rife in a large tuft, and are broad, and of a pale green. The ftalk is round, upright, thick, of a pale green, very little branched, and a foot and half high. The leaves grow in pairs without footftalks: they adhere to the main ftalk by a broad bafe, “and are large, oblong, broadeft at the bafe, {maller to the point, and of a pale green colour, and fmooth furface. * The flowers ftand in tufts, many together, at the tops of the flalks and branches: they are fmall, and of a beautiful red: by their number, colour, and cluftered manner of growth, though fmall, they make a very beautiful appearance. The feed-veffel is little and oval; and the feeds alfo are fmall. It is found in the weftern counties by the fides of rivers; and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Lychuis vifccfa purpurea lati- folia levis. J. Bauhine, Centaurium minus adul- terinum, quibufdam lychnidis genus. DTV:I S.1-0.N oI 1. Great fearlet Lychnis, Lychnis coccinea major. The root is compofed of feveral thick fibres, divided, and edged with numerous finaller. The ftalks are numerous, thick, round, jointed, and two feet and a half high, The leaves ftand in pairs, and they are large, oblong, and broad: they have no footttalks : they are fomewhat hairy, and their colour is a yellowifh green. The flowers ftand in thick clufters at the tops of the ftalks, and are large, and of a beautiful fcarlet. The feed veffel is oval, and the feeds are fmall. It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in July. We have it in gardens, where culture adds greatly to its natural beauty. C. Bauhine calls it Lychnis hirfuta flore coccineo mejor. Our gardeners, Scarlet lychnis, 2. Rofe Campion, Lychnis coronaria rubens. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves are numerous, large, oblong, and white. 4 The ftalks are numerous, round, and white alfo; and they grow to a yard in height: they are jointed, and very much branched. The leaves ftand in pairs, and they are large, white, and woolly. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches, and are numerous, and of a beautiful red, very large and handfome. The feed-veffel is oval, and the feeds are brown, 17. Narrow-leaved Campion, with {woln cups. Lychnis fylveftris anguftifolia caliculis turgidis. The root is fmall, oblong, and white; and has a few fibres. 4 The leaves that rife firft from it are long, nar- row, and of a deep green; fharp-pointed, and not ferrated at the edges. The ftalk is round, upright, of a whitifh green, jointed, branched toward the top, and a foot and half high. The leaves are placed in pairs, and they are long, narrow, and of a pale green: they adhere to the ftalk by a broad bafe, and are fharp-pointed, but not divided at the edges. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and are large and white; and the cups are large, fmooth, and deeply ftriated. : The feed-veffel is oval, and the feeds are fmall. : It is found in Kent and Effex, but not com- mon. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Lychnis /plveftris anguftifolia caliculis turgidis ftriatis. FOR EVG NS.P E.C3I.E:S, It is a native of Italy, and flowers in June, _C. Bauhine calls it Lychnis diofcoridis fativa. 3. Cow Bafil. Lychnis foliis perfoliatis calycibus pyramidatis. The root is oblong, white, divided, and fur- nifhed with a few fibres, x The firft leaves are numerous and oblong: they rife without footftalks, and are of a pale green. The ftalk rifes in the centre of thefe, and they foon after fade. Tt is two foot high, round, light, hollow, very much branched, of a bluith colour, and dufty. The leaves are large, oblong, broad at the bafe, undivided at the edges, and pointed at the end: they are of a pale bluith green colour. They ftand two at a joint; and encompafs the ftalk in fuch a manner at the bafe tha to pafs through them. The flowers are very numerous : they ftand at the top of the main ftalk and branches, and are fmall, and of a pale red. Their cup is large and pyramidal : it has five ribs, which are green, and the fubftance between them whitith. The feed-veffel is oblong: the feeds are round and black, It is cammon in the corn-fields of France and Germany ; and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Lychnis JSegetum rubra foliis perfoliatis. Others call it Vaccaria 3 andin Eng- | lith, Cow ba/fil, Linnzus, who diftinguifhes the Japonaria trom the lychnis, makes this a fpecies of the former. . t it appears 4. Lobels ge i) ? tome g§ Z ommon began } Wild Cam/puon ye Liver anyuov : L | : , see bs White Camnpion : fe : Jaye wer) Calli Sogrnert as 3 | Dat: Campion " fae ip German i | Command Oiimin led MW, hate file wer) Mf, five Wild Gam Alone Mhute Campin Mild Canpuon Olaminy Campuon atch fe kg Clan ball Gochle | | : : (oe e Mountain — opr Ue pinta) ampuon yy reat Sear ; Biss oe : Logi lea 7) ef, RULERS Nit, aa if ee va yd Ly dnd tos é Camfuen . (iP > . ; Camp LOM iG li miiy is WaMu? : a 3 son ae The. BRITISH iwOR ROB AL 4. Lobels Catchfly. Lychnis floribus fafciculatis foliis cordatis. The root is:long, white, woody, not much divided, but furnifhed with many fibres. , The firft leaves are broad and fhort: they rife without footftalks, and they are few, and quickly fade. The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and jointed: it is a foot and half high, and is of a bluith green colour, except toward the ground, where it is often redifh. : : The leaves are oblong, and very broad, and thofe toward the top of the ftalk heart-fafhioned : ° they ftand in pairs without footftalks, and furround the ftalk: they are fmooth, undivided at the edges, and of a bluifh green. : The ftalks toward the tops are clammy : it is a vifcous juice, which exudates near the joints, that occafions this; and flies often are caught in it. The flowers are fmall, and of a pale red; but they ftand in fuch large tufts at the tops of the ftalks that they make a very confpicuous figure. Their cups are flender, long, ftriated, and purple. The feed-veffel is long, and the feeds are blackifh. : ‘ It is a native of France and other warmer parts of Europe; and flowers in July. C.Bauhine calls it Lychnis vifcofa purpurea latifolia levis. Others, mufcipila Lobelit. It is kept in gardens, and called Lobel's catchfly. Linnzus, who feparates many of the Jychnis’s under the name of /ilene, places this among that number, Others have called it Centaurium adul- terinum. 5. Narrow-leaved branched clammy Campion. Lychnis anguftifolia vifeofa vamofa. ; The root is oblong, thick, divided into a few parts, and furnifhed with fome large fibres : it is of a bluifh colour, and rough furface. The firft leaves are long, narrow, and of a dufky green, often in part red: they have no footftalks, and they ftand in a thick tuft. The ftalk rifes in the centre of this tuft, and is round, flender, upright, hollow, very much "branched, jointed, and a foot and half high : the joints are diftant, and the ftalk is clammy toward the top. The leaves ftand in pairs, and refemble thofe | ' from the root: they are oblong, narrow, un- divided, and fharp pointed: they are broadett in the middle, of a deep green colour, and of a flefhy fubftance. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and of the numerous branches: they are fmall, and of a pale red, and have ftriated cups: they fland on flender footftalks, and the petals are deeply divided at the ends. It is a native of Spain, and other warmer parts of Europe; and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls ic Lychnis vifcofa rubya altera flvefris. Others, Mu/cipila vulgaris; and fome of the Englith writers, Limewort. INDE 17. 6. Shrubby Campion, Lychnis frutefcens. The Toot is long, thick, not at all divided, but furnithed with many long fibres. The firft leaves are oblong, broad, undivided at the edges, pointed at the ends, and of a greyifh green, The ftalks are numer us, hard, and woody, but brittle, and thort: they are irregularly jointed, and are not more than ten inches in length. The leaves ftand in pairs, and are broad, fhort, and without footftalks : they are undivided at the edges, and fharp-pointed; and ‘of a pale green, ; The flowers are fmall, and of a pale fleth co- lour, often white: the cups are ftriated and whitifh. The fced-veffel is oblong, and the feeds are numerous and {mall. Tt is a native of Italy, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Lychnis Srutefcens myrtifolia Been aio fimilis.” Clafius, Ocymoidis arboreum Jempervirens. Others, Lycknis fruticofa, 7. Campion with greenith yellow Sowers. Lychnis fleribus favo virefcentibus. The root is large, divided into many part’; and furnithed with numerous fibres. The firft leaves are numerous, oblong, broads and rounded. toward the end, and of a pale greens The ftalk rifes in the centre of thefe, and is round, jointed, upright, firm, and three or four feet high: it is very much branched, and is of a greyifh green: toward the top it is covered with a clammy fubftance, to which infects, and other fmall things, ftick, ) The leaves are placed in pairs, and are oblong, broad, not at all divided at the edges, and ob- tufely pointed, ie 2 The flowers ftand in clufters at the tops of the branches, and are not large or confpicuous: their ‘colour is a greenith yellow: the cup is oblong and flender, The feed-veffel is fmall, and the feeds are little and blackith. It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in June. C, Bauhine calls it Lychnis auriculi urfe facie , the leaves, before the ftalk rifes, having very much the appearance of thofe of fome of the auriculas. Clulius calls it Lychuis fyluofris latifolia. 8. Small-flowered Campion with bloated cups. - Lychnis floribus minoribus calyculus inflatis. The root is long, thick, fingle, of a blackifh colour, and furnifhed with numerous fibres: The firft leaves are oblong, large, broad, and of a bluifh green: they rife in a vaft tuft, and ftand all the winter. The ftalks are numerous, ftout, upright, not much jointed, and rarely at all branched; and they are three feet high. They are covered all the way down with a clammy moifture; fo that flies flick to them. ‘The leaves upon the ftaiks are few and {mall : they ftand in pairs, and are broad, oblong, pointed, ant of a pale green. Xx Th: \ 170 The B Re eT 1'ScH . SH BR Be Aa. | The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in a regular and beautiful manner, and they are fmall and yellow: they have fwoln or bloated cups. The feed-veffel is fmall and oblong, and the feeds are little and brown. It is a native of Crete, and fowers in Augutt. Alpinus calls it Vifcaria maxima Cretica ; and others borrow the name from him. Mr. Ray, and others fince have fufpected this to be the fame plant with the preceding, from the refemblance in fome points; but this is owing only to the imperfect defcriptions. 5 The whole habit of this fpecies is different from that, and the form of the cups diftinguifhes them entirely. It is natural to make thefe mif- takes from imperfeét defcriptions: but thofe who “have feen the plant from the fpot cannot be under any difficulty in determining it altogether fepa- rate. Little is known with certainty of the virtues of this numerous genus. The common white campion is ufed by the Gere ON country people in fome places to make an oint™ ment, which they commend for its virtues againft hard fwellings,; and, elfwhere, the leaves of the. fame fpecies, dried in an oven and powdered, are given children again{t convulfions. In Germany they celebrate feveral of the common kinds as wound-herbs; and with us the red catchfly is faid to poffefs, in common with foapwort, a virtue of difperfing grumous blood, and of relieving in bruifes external and internal. : ‘The cockle is celebrated alfo as a wound-herb, but on a different principle. It is faid to have great virtue in ftopping blood and healing frefh cuts. It is alfo ufed againft cutaneous foulneffes in fome places, in form of a decoétion to wath the parts, or in an ointment. The root of this fpecies, dried and powdered, ftands recommended alfo greatly againft hemor- rhages, and feems worth a trial: the dofe’fhould be about fifteen grains. U Ss Til. € Fir S52" US: HEATH SUNFLOWER. THE flower is large and fpecious ; and confifts of five broad regularly expanded petals : the cup is compofed of five leaves; of thefe two are fmaller than the other three ;. and it remains with the feed-veffel : this is of a roundifh fhape, and contains numerous fimall and roundifh feeds. Linnzus places this among his polyandria monogynia; the filaments in the Aower being nume- rous, and growing to the receptacle; and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit being fingle, Many authors have diftinguifhed two genera among the planrs properly belonging to this, calling the one helianthemum and chameciftus, and the other ciffus; but there is not in nature any certain and fufficient foundation for this diftin@tion ; and it is more proper to keep the plants all together, as they evidently agree in the feveral chara€ters which are proper to eftablith a genus, Our Englith names of heath funflower and dwarf ciftus are preferved in fome writers for the com- mon wild kinds with us; but in general the Latin name of the genus, ciftus, ufe, and has fuperfeded all the Englith ones. DIVISION I. 1. Common fmall Ciftus. Ciftus procumbens lignofus. The root is long, flender, divided into many parts, and furnifhed with numerous long, tough, brown, and crooked fibres. The ftalks are very numerous: they rife all from one head of the root, and fpread themfelves every way, fo as to form a great roundifh tuft. They are brown, hard, woody, and are a foot or more in length; but they, for the moft part, trail upon the ground: they are frequently branched, and of a brown colour. The leaves are oblong and broad: they are of a dufky green: they ftand in pairs, and are placed very thick upon all parts of the ftalks : they fre- quently are turned back, and they -have a light hairynefs. The flowers are large, beautiful, and of a gold yellow: they ftand on naked, ftrageling, and crooked fhoots that run up from the tops of Ban Dera S has got into common Seb se Calob aS: the ftalks, and each has its feparate, flender pedicle: they quickly fall off. The feed-veffel is of a roundifh form, and the feeds are numerous, fmall, and brown. It is common on heaths, and by road-fides, in many parts of England; and fowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Chomeciftus vulgaris flore luteo. Others, Helianthemuin vulgare. The Englifh writers, Dwarf ciftus, or Sunflower. 2. Ciftus with narrow petals. Ciftus procumbens petalis anguftis. The root is long, flender, brown, divided into many long, The ftalks are numero trailing. The leaves ftand in pairs, and they are oblong; alittle hairy, of a pale green on the underfide, and of a deep green above; and they are ob- tufe at the ends, : 3 The woody, and crooked parts. us, flender, woody, and TP HOE SB RTT 1'S?H Hi Bi Ri BY APT, 171 The flowers ftand fingly upon flender twigs rifing from the tops of the ftalks: they are large, and of a gold yellow, and are compofed of very narrow petals. “ : The feed-veffel is roundith, and the feeds are fmall. ‘ It is a native of our heaths, particularly of Surry; and flowers in Auguft. + Ray calls it Helianthemum vulgare petalis florum peranguftis: it retains this difference when raifed from feed. 3. Hoary Dwarf Ciftus. Ciftus pumilus pubefcens. The root is long, brown, flender, and di- vided. The ftalks are numerous, firm, woody, and fhort: fome of them trail upon the ground, and others rife up; but they are rarely more than three or four inches high: they are of a whitifh colour, and fomewhat hairy. The leaves ftand in pairs, and they are ob- long, broad, and of a greyifh colour, whiter on the under part than the upper, and covered with a rough hoarynefs. The flowers are large and yellow: they ftand at the tops of the upright ftalks, and their bright colour, with the contraft of the white of the ftalks and leaves, has a very pretty effect. The feed-veffel is oblong, and fomewhat broad; and the feeds are numerous and fmall. It is found in many parts of the northern counties, and flowers in July. ' J. Bauhine calls it Helanthemum alpinum folio pilofelle minoris Fuchfii. 4. Dwarf Ciftus with poleymountain Jeaves. Ciftus humilis polit foliis, The root is long, flender, divided into feveral parts, and hung with tough fibres. The ftalks are many, firm, erect, woody, and very much branched. The leaves ftand in pairs, and they are very numerous; the young fhoots are fo covered with them that no part of the ftalk isto be feen; on the other and larger ftalks they are placed at fomewhat greater diftances. They are long, narrow, and have no foot ftalks: they are undivided at the edges, pointed at the ends, and of a pale greyifh colour. The flowers ftand on flender twigs rifing from the upper parts of branches ;' and they are large, _and of a gold yellow. DoLVelsseOrn: .. II: 1. White Ciftus with narrow leaves. Ciftus albus foliis angupiis fubtus bifulcatis incanis. ' The root is long, flender, brown, and fur- nifhed with many long, and tough fibres. The ftalks are numerous, woody, flender, and branched. They partly lie upon the ground, and partly taife themfelves up: they are from eight inches The feed-vetiel is roundifh and fmall; and the feeds are very fmall. It is found on fome of our heaths, but is not common. Ray calls it Chamecifus montanus polti folio. 5+ Ciftus with fpotted fowers, Ciftus flore guttato. The root is fmall, flender, hard, oblong. un- Civided, and furnithed with a few fibres. ; The firft leaves are fhore, broad, of a faint green, fomewhat hairy, and not at all divided at the edges. The ftalk is round, upright, of a pale green lightly hairy, and not at all branched, till neat the top, where there rife feveral fhoots from the bofoms of the leaves for the fupport of the flowers, The leaves are hort, oblong, confiderably broad, and of a dufky green: they ftand in pairs: they are undivided at the edges, and pointed at the end, anda little hairy. The flowers are very large and beautiful + they ftand on long footftalks, and are of a pale yel- low; but there is on each petal a fine fpot,. of a blood red. The feed-veffel is fhort and fwelled : the feeds are numerous and {mall. It is a native of Scotland, but not com- mon. It flowers in July, C. Bauhine calls it Cifus fore pallido punicante macula infignito. It is an annual plant, and feldom rifes to more than a foot in height, often it is not above eight inches. 2 The feveral fpecies of Englith ciftus have all the fame virtues; but the moft common. kind, here firft defcribed, poflefes them in the greateft degree. As the plant refembles the Jychnis in its characters, it does alfo in its qualities, but it poffeffes them in a more eminent manner, The roots of the common ciflus, dried and powdered, are an excellent aftringent: they may be given in diarrhzeas attended with bloody ftools, a fcruple for a dofe, with great fafety and fuccefs. The expreffed juice of the leaves bruifed with. red Port-wine is good againft {pitting of blood. The Germans efteem it one of the moft ermi- nent of their wound-herbs, and call it golden confound. ; A‘decoétion made with equal parts of the ciffus ° roots and comfrey, and taken for a continuance of time, has been found excellent in the fuor albus. PrOitRcKel Gin -SsPabiGsrumis: to more than a foot in length, and are very thick fet with leaves, Thefe ftand in pairs, and are oblong, very nar- row, furrowed doubly on the lower fide, and a little hoary. : The flowers ftand, in the manner of thofe of our common Ci/lus, on weak, flender twigs, and they are large and white. 2 The feed-vefiel is roundith, and the feeds are numerous, fmall, and brown. It 472 , The BRITISH HER BAL It is a native of France, and flowers in June C. Bauhine calls it Chameciftus folits thymi in- canis but this is not a good name, for the leaves are longer and narrower than thofe of thyme. 2. Short-leaved white Ciftus. Ciftus flore albo foliis lanceolatis. The root is long, tough, fpreading, and full of thick fibres. The ftalks. are numerous, firm, woody, and molt of them ftand erect. The leaves are not fo numerous as on the com- mon kinds: they {tand in pairs at diftances, and are fmall, fhort, of a figure approaching to oval, and fharp-pointed: their colour is a yellowith green, and they are a little hairy. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and are large and white. ; The feed-veffel is roundifh, and the feeds are numerous, and of a dufky colour. This is common in many parts of Germany, and flowers in July, Tabernamontanus calls it He%anthemum album Germanicum; and moft of the later writers have copied from him in this refpeét. 3 Broad-leaved fhrub Ciftus. Ciftus frutefcens foliis latis. The root is large and fpreading. The ftem is woody, and covered with a brown bark: it grows to the height of three or four feet, and is very much branched. . The leaves are numerous, large, and beautiful: they ftand in pairs, and they have long foot- ftalks: they are of a dead green in fummer, and toward autumn they commonly grow redifh; they are of a firm fubftance, and of a glofly fur- face: their fhape is like that of a heart, but that they run out into a longer point. The flowers ftand in little clufters on ftalks rifing from the bofoms of the upper leaves: they are large, beautiful, and white. The feed-veffel is fmal] and pointed; and the feeds are numerous and minute. ‘ It is a native of Spain and Portugal; and - flowers in Augutft. The tops of the young fhoots have a fine fra- grant aromatick fmell: but this goes off when the leaves harden. ‘C. Bauhine calls it Citas ledon foliis populi nigre major. — Clufius, Ciftus ledum latifolium Jecundum * majus. 4. Narrow-leaved tree Ciftus, Giftus arborefcens anguftifolius. This is a very elegant {pecies. / The root is large and fpreading : the ftem is thick, woody, and branched: it grows to five or fix feet in height, and ufually with a beautiful regularity. The leaves are very numerous : they ftand in pairs, and are long, narrow, and fharp- pointed : they are at firlt of a pale green, afterwards of a deeper green, and ufually toward the end of fummer purplifh, The flowers grow on the tops of the branches, and are very large and beautiful: they arevas big as our wild rofe, and white; but the buttons on the numerous threads in. the centre are yellow ; and every petal has a dark, large fpot toward the bafe. The feed-veffel is large, but the feeds are {mall : they are roundifh, and of a dufky brown. The young fhoots of this plant are for the moft part of fummer covered with a purple, refinous, and fragrant juice, and may be fmelt at a great diftance. It is a native of Spain, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Ciflus ladanifera hifpanica incana, Clufius, Ciffus ledan primus anguftifolius. The. leaves are fometimes hoary, fometimes fmooth ; and they are not unfrequently curled at the edges: hence, fome have idly made diftinc- tions of three different f{pecies of it. 5, Narrow-leaved, {mall-Aowered,. fhrub Ciftus: Ciftus anguftifolius floribus minoribus. The root is long, thick, {preading, woody, and covered with a brown bark. The ftem is thick, firm, woody, and four feet high: its bark is purplith, and itis divided into numerous branches. f The leaves ftand in pairs, and they are long and very narrow, a little hairy, of a pale green colour, and marked with three large ribs. The flowers ftand on long, flender footftalks, at the tops of the branches. ‘They are called fmall, in comparifon of thofe of the former fpecies; but they are large enough, and very beautiful: they are of a pure white, and they have gold yellow buttons on their nume- rous threads in the centre. The feed-veflels are fimall, in a hairy cup. The young fhoots of this kind are very fra- grant. It is a native of the fouth of France; and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Cifus ladanifera Monspeliz enfium. Clufius calls it Cifus ledon Quintus; and others diftinguifh it by his name, and are preferved 6. Common finall Ciftus. Ciftus arboreus foliis ovatis hirfutus, The root is laree, woody, fpreading, and di- vided: the ftem is thick, woody, upright, branched, and three feet high: the bark is 3 a deep purple, and the twigs are flender: fome- times the whole plant is erect; fometimes the greateft part of the ftalks lie upon the ground. The leaves are thore, broad, and of an oval figure: they ftand in pairs: they have long foot- ftalks ; and they are of a pale greyith green, and uae on the upper and underfide. € towers are very laroe and iful : ftand on long footitalks rifing ro ee of the leaves; and they are white, fometimes with veins of yellowith, and fometimes with a tinge of yellow throughout. aoe The feed-vefel is roundith and a little flatted; and. th It is a native of Italy, of Europe, » large, pointed, ¢ feeds are large. and other warmer parts C, Bau- } ) i 2 ee ; Me *07v0a07 (anpin YS f_-, | Silly Campion NE with bloated Cups a Cite fy Yarrow leavd i esi v 6 Brandi Caring “umpuor | er, (yun u hag Yillow SMO CNS 4@ q Wide Ltt ths | Frond lewd Loss ap a Vliet / a ee ma te Short load Mihi ea tg Sree (is tes LAIR a, ont White Cates with bs EE (situs with Marrow. Leaves ay, MOUwcrs A Na via Ra 5 Wy eS " While hay lomnvon IMlale 5 i \ “6 § Groul Slowerd long leavi (ted CUsttt Varvon lav? | af Common Hmale [pitec! | Cnn (orbits : Vlurrow tea) mall ) fied, (‘sive Aor crit Dhrub ts “+lits 2 Darty £2 Clwutte del. fate ae : ; ? * Rad ae " oes SS AN RE 5 z : aki Jaa Nya N ; es ¥ Te BRITISH Wu Rha 173. C. Bauhine calls it Cifus famina folio falviz. Others, Cifus femina. Our gardeners, Female ciflus. 4. Great-flowered animal Ciftus. Ciftus annuus flore magno. The root is flender, long, and inconfide- rable. : The firft leaves are oblong, broad, and obtufe, of a pale green, and hairy. The ftalk is fingle, round, erect, firm, and a foot and half high: it is hairy, and of a pale green, The leaves ftand in pairs at confiderable dif- tances: they are oblong, broad, and blunt, of a pale green, and hairy. 5 The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and in the bofoms of the leaves: they are large and white. The feed-veffel is large, as are alfo the feeds. It is a native of Spain and Portugal. This is the only herbaceous ci/fvs that approaches to the form of the fhrubby kinds; but it agrees fo well with them.as to fhew that all efforts to feparate the Sorubby and dwarf cifius into two genera muft be fruitlefs. C. Bauhine calls it Cifus folio falicis. 8. White hairy long-leaved Ciftus. Ciftus frutefcens albicans foliis oblongis birfutis. The root is large and fpreading. The ftems are numerous, woody, but weak ; three or four feet long, but generally procum- bent, and covered with a pale bark: the young twigs are very long and flender, and they are of a whitifh colour. The leaves ftand in pairs: they are oblong and narrow; of a greyifh green, and hairy. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches; and they are large and white.” The feed-veffels are large, as are alfo the feeds. It isa native of Spain, and flowers in July. ~ The young fhoots of this fpecies are covered with a fine balfamick fragrant refin. C. Bauhine calls it Ciftus ledon birfutum. Clu- fius, Ciftus ledon quartus. ‘Others, Ciftus mas hirfutus. Gye Bw iN 9g. Common male Ciftus. Ciftus fore magno rubente. The root is large, fpreading, and woodys The flem is woody, firm, upright, branched, ” and four feet high: the branches are thick fet with leaves, and their bark is of a pale brown. The leaves are -oblong, but of a confiderable breadth: they ftand in pairs without any foot-- ftalks, and they are broadeft toward the bafe, whence they diminifh to a point; and are of a greyith green colour, and covered with a woolly matter: they are very foft and tender on the young, fhoots, but hard and rigid on fuch as are. older. The flowers ftand on flender footftalks at the Upper part of the branches, and are very large, and red. The feed-veffel. is roundith, and angulated ; and the feeds are large. Tt. is common in Italy, and flowers in July. C, Bauhine calls it Cifus mas folio oblongo in- cano. Our gardeners, Male ciflus. The plant called hypociftis, to be defcribed hereafter in its proper place, grows to the roots of this fpecies, in the fame manner as the broom. Tape grows to the roots of broom in our hilly, barren paftures. 10. Narrow-leaved red Ciftus. Ciftus flore rubro magno anguftifolins, The root is woody and fpreading, The ftem is thick, woody, branched, and four feet high: the bark is of a pale colour, and the wood is brittle. The leaves ftand in pairs, and are very nu- merous: they are Jong, narrow, and of a pale green; fomewhat hairy, but not woolly, as thofe of the other fpecies, _ The flowers ftand on long footftalks .rifing from the bofoms of the leaves, and are very large, and of a beautiful red. ih irae The feed-veffels are-large and ribbed; and the feeds are large. ' i C. Bauhine calls this Ciftus mas folio oblonga incano. It is frequent in the warmer parts of Europe, and common in our gardens. Ray fufpected this to be only a variety of the preceding {pecies, but erroneoufly. : Uses IV. SAINT JOHN’s WORT. HYPERICUM HE flower confifts of five petals, which are equal in fize, regularly placed, and expanded: the feed -veffél is roundifh, and the feeds are numerous: the cup is divided into five, oval, pointed fegments, and remains when the flower is fallen. Linnzeus places this among the polyadelpbia polyandria, the threads in the flower being divided into feveral diftinét fets, growing together at their bafes, and growing to the receptacle. The ftyles, which in the reft of:this author’s method make a confiderable part: of the claffical charaéter, are here not mentioned ; for. this plain) reafon, that their number is too uncertain to be determined. In fome fpecies of this plant there are two, in others three, in others five, and in fome but one. N° XVIII. Yy Thi ok 174 ThesBR 1. Lil SH HEARSB AME. This fingle inftance may ferve as a proof that the ftyles are not at all fit to be received into the number of parts from which a claffical divifion, or even a generical character, can be eftablihed : if we thould allow them but this laft and leaft ufe, we muft here of neceffity feparate, under different names, and in diftinét genera, plants moft evidently related to one another, as {pecies of the fame enus. e Priest ei obferved thefe, or other, as light and uncertain diftinctions, fo far as to feparate Some have id ; : ; the Saint Fobn’s worts fin this manner : hence have arifen the diftinét generical names in Latin of ‘emum, and fome others ; and in Englifh, thofe of tu:/an, Saint Peter’s wort, hypericum, afcyrum, androfe a eae pores all frivolous and idle diftinétions, and all tending to create confufion in the {eience ; becaufe the plants are all truly and properly allied. Linnxus, who is in general fond enough of eftablifhing new genera, has judged very rightly in this refpect: he has named all thefe fubordinate and accidental variations in the ftyles of the various kinds of Saint Fobn’s wort as variations only and has boldly and juftly kept all of them under one name, and in one genus. At the fame time, he has feparated, under the name of a/eyrum, and referred to a diftinét genus, fome plants, which, though they have the general afpect of Saint Fobn’s worl, have only four petals in the flower. While we give this author the deferved praife, for his arrangement of the Saint Fohn’s worts, we cannot but cenfure the place he has affigned them in his work: he has feparated them from the ciftus, and other plants before defcribed, by five intermediate claffes; and, becaufe of this accident of the ftamina, or threads, joining in feveral little clufters, has placed them in the artificial clafs we have named. This may well be called an artificial clafs, becaufe nothing in nature countenances it; and it is moft evident, by the divifion of thefe plants from the others, that it violates her moft obvious laws. They agree with the others in the having a flower compofed of five petals, and their feeds contained in a fingle capfule : thefe are obvious reafons for joining them ; and this particular diftribu- tion of the ftamina is but a very poor one for feparating them, and fending the ftudent to look for plants which nature directs him to underftand as allied to one another, in the different parts of a work, DebvV 1S ON oak: 1. Common Saint John’s wort. Hypericum vulgare. The ‘root is long, flender, woody, divided, and f{preading. The ftalk is firm, upright, of a pale green colour, edged, and a foot and half high: it is fimple toward the bottom, but divides into many branches near the top. The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a deep green: they ftand in pairs at fmall diftances, and are undivided on the edges: when held up againft the light they appear full of little holes. The flowers are large, full of threads, and of a beautiful gold yellow. The feed-veffel is roundifh, and contains nu- merous {mall feeds. The ftyles from the rudiment of the capfule are three in this plant; and the capfule is divided into three cells. The yellow threads in this flower, when moiftened and bruifed upon the hand, ftain it red. It is common by way-fides, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Hypericum vulgare; and mot others have followed him. The common Saint Fobn’s wort is celebrated for many virtues, and is not neglected in regular practice. A decoétion of it is good to wath ulcers; and an oil, made by infufing the flowers in olive oil, is much recommended againft pain, and as a balfam: the flowers give their latent red colour very beautifully to the oil in this prepa. | ration. An infufion of the frefh tops of Saint Fobn’s { wort is good in the jaundice : it operates by urine, Bi RSD DelSsHe Sepak: Clb. S: The exprefled juice of the frefh tops is good againft {pitting of blood. The powder of the tops carefully dried is re- commended alfo againft worms, and in the gout, and againft tertian and quartan agues. A tinéture of the flowers, made ftrong in white-wine, is recommended greatly by fome againft melancholy: but of thefe qualities we {peak with lefs certainty, though they deferve a fair trial. 2. Small heart-leaved Saint John’s wort. Hypericum folium cordatis. — The root is flender, brown, and furnifhed with a few fibres. The ftalk is round, fmooth, . upright, and frequently redith: it has fcarce any branches, and is a foot or more in height. The leaves ftand in pairs, but with great {paces between one pair and another : they are {mall, broad, fhort, and have no footftalks, but fur- round the ftalk at the bafe: they are of a heart- fafhioned fhape, but not much dented at the broad part, and are of a deep green, and firm fubftance. The flowers are large, and of a bright yellow. The feed-veffels are large, and the feeds are brownith. The ftyles in the flowers of this fpecies are only three; and the feed-veftel is, in the fame anne, divided into three cells. _4tis common in dry paftures and b -fides ; and flowers in July. Rie Ityis a very pretty plant. Tragus has called ‘it thence Hypericum pulchrum; and moft have copied him. J. Bauhine calls it Eypericum minus erecium. y 3. Small The BRITISH) HERE AL: 3. Small procumbent Saint John’s wort. E]ypericum procumbens minus. The root is flender, long, and woody. The ftalks are numerous, and fome of them he upon the ground ; others rife tolerably upright : they are four or five inches high, and edged like thofe of the common Saint Fobn’s wort, and of a yellowith colour. The leaves ftand in pairs, at moderate diftances one pair from another ; and they are fmall, ob- long, pointed, and of a faint green. The flowers are large, and of a bright yellow : they grow on the tops of the ftalks, and of their branches and divifions. The feed-veffel is fmall, and the feeds are nu- merous and minute. The ftyles in the flower of this fpecies are three, and the feed-veffel is divided into three eells. It is common in barren paftures, and flowers in July. ; 3 : ; ne C. Bauhine calls it Hypericum minus Jupinun, Jive fupinum glabrum, Ne, Trailing Saint Fobu’s wort, 4. Broad-leaved hairy Saint John’s wort. Eypericum erecium latifolium hirfutum, The root is long, large, woody, and {preading, The ftalk is thick, firm, upright, very little branched, and of a brownifh colour. The leaves ftand'in pairs ; and they are large, oblong, and of a brownifh green, and hairy : they are broadeft toward the bafe, and diminifh to a point, and they have fhort footftalks. The flowers are numerous, large, and of a pale yellow: they ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and have flender pedicles. The feed«veflel is large, and the feeds are brown. The ftyles are three in the flower of this fpe- cies, and the feed-veffel is accordingly divided into three cells. It is common by road fides, and flowers in Augutt. C. Bauhine calls it Androfemum birfutum, and J. Bauhine, Hypericum androfemum diftum. Thefe are very improper names, for there is another fpecies altogether different from this, properly called tutfan and androfemum, to be defcribed hereafter. 5- Broad-leaved, fmooth Saint John’s wort. Hypericum latifolium glabrum. The root is long, divided, crooked, hard, and redith. The ftalk is upright, fingle, not at all branched or divided, and a foot and a half high, and of a pale, bluifh-green colour. The leaves ftand in pairs at confiderable dif tances: they are very large and broad ; they have no footftalks, their bafes join at the ftalk, and they are of a pale bluith green, The flowers ftand at the tops of the ‘ftalks on fender pedicles: they are large, and of a very beautiful yellow. The feed-veffel alfo is large, and the feeds are fmall and brown, IWS The ftyles in the flower of this fpecies are three, and the feed-veffel is accordingly dividec into three cells, It is not common in England, except in the northern counties; but there are fome plants of it in Charlton wood, near Woolwich, It flowers in Auguft. C. Bavhine calls it Afiyron, five hypericum bi- folium glabrum non perforatum. Columna, An- drofemum campoclarente. beautiful plant. Linnzus makes this and the former fpecies only varieties of the fame plant. He muft have beers mifled by the bad figures of authors; for it is im- poffible he fhould have faid this, if he had ever feen this fpecies : the other is common. The leaves in this fpecies are not full of holes, as in the common Saint Yobn’s wort; but fre- quently the underfide of them is beautifully dotted with red fpots, difpofed regularly of the edge. It is an extremely 6. Tutfan. Hypericum maximum androfomum diétum. : The root is hard, woody, long, redifh, and divided into many parts. The ftalks are numerous, firm, hard, of a pale green, and edged: they are two feet and z half high, and frequently are branched, though fometimes they rife almoft fingle. The leaves ftand in pairs, and are very large : they are broadeft at the bafe, and terminate ob- tufely: their colour is a dead green in the firft part of fummer, but frequently the whole plant turns of a blood-red toward autumn, ‘The flowers ftand in clufters at the tops of the ftalks: they are large and yellow. : The feed-veffel is of an oval form ; and, being foft and juicy, has the appearance of a berry. It is frequent in many parts of England under fhady hedges, and flowers in Augutt. C, Bauhine calls it Androfemum maximum fru tefcens. Ray, Hypericum maximum androfemum vulgare diftum. This fpecies poffeffes the virtue of a vulne- rary in a degree even fuperior to the common Saint Fonn’s wort. One of the young leaves wrapped round a cut-finger, or fpread evenly over a deep frefh wound, will cure it without any other application. This I am affured by the Lady of Gen. Ogle. thorpe, from her repeated experience, 7. Saint Peter’s wort, Hypericum caule eretto quadrangulo afcyron difyw, The root is long and fpreading : it creeps un- der the furface, and has a multitude of fibres. The ftalks are numerous, {quare, upright, fel- dom at all branched, and about a foot high. The leaves are placed in pairs at confiderable diftances, and have no footftalks: they are of an oval figure, and obtufe, The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, on | feparate, flender pedicles, and are of a bright yellow. The feed-veffels are large, and the feeds mi: nute. The . 176 The “B R*I-T 1S H*’ H E’R'BIA L. The ftyles in the flower of this plant are three, and the feed-veffel is accordingly divided into three cells. : It is common in damp ‘places, and flowers in June. J. Bauhine calls it Hypericum afcyrum diftum cattle quadrangulo. Others, Afeyrum, and Afeyron vulgare. Its virtues are the fame with thofe of Swint Fobn’s wort. 8. Woolly Marth Saint John’s wort. Hypericum fupinum villofum paluftre. This is commonly called a fpecies of Saist Peter’s wort; but 1 have obferved before, thar the diftin@tion of that as a genus is idle, and not fupported in nature. DL VeTsS leOeNne Il. 1. Spanifh Saint John’s wort. Hypericum tomentofum calycibus ferratis. The root is long, flender, brown, and hung with a few fibres. The ftalks are numerous, weak, redifh, and feven or eight inches long: they trail upon the ground, and are not branched. The leaves are placed in pairs: they are of an oval fhape, approaching to heart-fafhioned, of a greyifh white colour, and very hoary. . The flowers are numerous and fmall: they ftand on long and very flender pedicles rifing from the tops of the ftalks, ten or a dozen together, and they are of a bright yellow : their cup is ferrated, and glandulous. The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are very fmall and brown, This fpecies has three ftyles in the flower, and the capfule is divided into three cells. It is a native of Spain, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls ic Hypericum fupinum tomento- Jum, but he erroneoufly makes two fpecies of it, a greater and a lefier. He had feen it larger in Spain, and fmaller in France; but there was no ether difference. 2. Perfoliate Saint John’s wort. Hypericum perfoliatum, The root is compofed of a number of thick, black fibres. The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and a foot and a half high: ic is ufually red toward the bottom, and elfewhere of a‘ pale green. The leaves are broad, and of a fhape approach- ing to triangular: they meet at the bafe, and the fialk feems to pafs through them: the feveral " pairs are placed at diftances with great regularity : they are of a deep green, and.ofa firm fubftance ; and, when held up to the light, they are found full of holes, in the manner of the common Saint Fobn’s wort, toward the bottom the leaves are fmall; they are largeft-about- the middle of the fialk, and grow fmaller again to the top. The flowers ftand on long footftalks at the top FOREIGN The root is fmall, and fpreading. , The ftalks are numerous, weak, and procum- bent: they are of a whitifh colour, and are ten inches or a foot long. The leaves are placed in pairs, and they are of a’ roundifh figure: they are foft to the touch, white, and covered with a woolly down, The flowers ftand on flender footftalks at the tops of the ftalks, and rife from the bofoms of the upper leaves ; and they are large, and of a beautiful yellow. The feed-veffels are roundifh, and the feeds minute and brown. It is not uncommon on rotten, wet, and boggy ground, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it A/cyron fupinum villofum pa- luftre. SPECIES of the plant ; and they are large, and of a beauti- ful yellow. The feed-veffel is oval, and the feeds are mi- nute and brown. This fpecies has three ftyles in the flower, and the cells of the feed-veffel are three. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Androfemum perforatum & perfoliatum. Columna, Androfemum alterum apulum. 3. Cluftered-leaved Saint John’s wort. Hypericum foliis numerofis. The root is long, thick, and: furnifhed with numerous fibres. The ftalks are hard, woody, upright, and very thick fet with leaves: they are of a redifh colour toward the bottom, and of a pale green toward the top. The leaves are oblong, and very narrow: they do not grow in regular pairs, as in the other fpe- cies of Saint Fobn’s wort, but feem to farround the ftalk as thofe of the ftellate plants, like the rays of a flar: however, they ufually grow three together, and the reft are young fhoots from the bofoms of thefe. The flowers are large, and of a beautiful yel- low: they ftand at the tops of the ftalks, on fmall, flender pedicles. The feed-veffel is laree and oval, and the feeds are fmall and brown. This fpecies has three ftyles in the flower, and the feed-veffel has three cells. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Eypericoides coris quibufdam. Others, Coris lutea, and Coris Mathich. Our people call it Heath Pine, and Low Pine, fometimes Coris. As Moneywort leaved Saint John’s wort. Hypericum nummularie foliis. The root is fmall; oblong; crooked, ‘ rédifh, and furnithed with many fibres. The ftalks are. numerous, weak, and redifh: 4 ; they Th BRITISH HERBAL. 179° they are five or fix inches long, and for the moft part trail or lie upon the ground. _ The leaves ftand in pairs, and are of a roun- difh figure, not unlike thofe of moneywort, but fmaller. The flowers are very large and beautiful : they are numerous ; they ftand on flender footftalks at the top of the feveral ftalks, and are of a bright yellow ; and their feveral petals, as well as the fegments of the cup, are ferrated. : The feed-veflel is large, and the feeds are fmall and brown. ; The ftyles in the flower of this fpecies are three, and the cells are three in the capfule: It is an extremely elegant fpecies. It is a native of the Pyrenzan mountains, where it hangs among the wet rocks, It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Hypericum nummularia folio and others have for the moft part followed him, the leaves {peaking the refemblance. 5. Little heath-leaved Saint John’s wort. Hypericum parvum ericoides. This is an extremely fingular and pretty little plant. The root is long, flender, redifh, and has many fibres: they are numerous, weak, and very fmall: they are crowned with leaves, and they fend out many fhort and flender branches. The leaves are narrow, longifh, and harfh to the touch: their colour is a dufky green, and they entirely cover the lower parts of the ftalks. The top of each ftalk is naked, or, in other words, there rife from the extremities of thefe leafy ftalks flender twigs which fupport’ the flowers. Thefe are numerous, fmall, and of a pale yellow. The feed-veffel is longith and fmall; and the feeds are very minute, and brown. There are three ftyles in the flower, and three cells in the capfule. It is a native of Spain and Portugal; and flowers in autumn. Plukenet calls it Hypericum ericoides minimum Solis cinereis. : 6. Large-floweerd Saint John’s wort. Hypericum flove magno. The root is long, flender, divided into feveral parts, and furnifhed with many long fibres. The ftalks are numerous, upright, brown, hard, and bitter : they area foot high, and rarely are at all branched. The leaves are placed in pairs, and they ftand at fmall diftances one pair from another. They are of a firm fubftance and deep green colour, and of an oval fhape; broadeft at the bottom, where they adhere without footftalks ; and fmaller to the end, where they terminate obtufely. The flowers are very large and beautiful: they are of a fine yellow, and they ftand in confide- rable numbers on the tops of the ftalks. The feed-veffel is round, and the feeds are fmall and brown. N° 18. The ftyles are three in this fower; and the — cells three in the capfule. It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Afcyrum magno flore. Wheeler, Hypericum montis Olmpi; a name adopted by moft others. ° 7. Oriental Tutfan. Hypericum flore et theca maximis. The root is flender, and {preads under the furface. The ftalks are numerous, weak, and a foot or more in length: they never rife properly ere&, nor do they lie upon the ground, but always ftand ftooping. The leaves are placed regularly in pairs, and they are very large, of a figure refembling thofe of the laurel, of a pale green colour, and per- fectly even at the edges. z The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalk, and are very confpicuous by their fize; for they are as large as a rofe, and of a very beautiful yellow, and full of threads of the fame yellow in the centre. The feed-veffel is very large, and of a pointed form. — The ftyles in this plant are five; and the cap- fule is accordingly divided into five cells. It is a native of the Faft, and of fome parts of America. Ray calls it ndrofemum Conftantinopolitanum lore maximo. . Morifon, Androfemum flore et theca quingne cap- Julari_omnium maximis, Our gardeners call it Tutfan, Great Saint Fobn’s wort; and fome of them, the Ground rofe, or the Yellow rofe. 8. Stinking Saint John’s wort. Hypericum fatidum ftaminibus longiffimis. The root is long, thick, divided, and fpread- ing. The ftalk is fhrubby, hard, upright, very much branched, covered with a brown bark, and brittle. ; ; { The leaves ftand in pairs: they are of a pale green, and have no footftalks: they are broad, oblong, and pointed at the ends. The flowers are large and numerous: they ftand at the extremities of the branches : they are of a beautiful yellow; and they are diftinguithed by a peculiar mark, which is, that the threads are longer than the petals, and ftand in a great bufh, in manner of a beard. : The feed-veffél is roundith, and pointed: the feeds are brown. : The ftyles in this flower are five; and the capfule is accordingly divided into five cells. It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, and of the Eaft. C. Bauhine calls it Androfemum fetidum capi- tulis longiffimis filamentis donatis, Dillenius, Hy- pericum fatidum frutefcens minus; and Clufius, Tragium. Our gardeners call it Shrub Saing John’s wort, and Stinking tutfan; and fome, from the threads, Bearded tutfan. Zs 9. Bay- 178 The BRIT1'S HH’ H ERB AL, g. Bay-leaved Saint John’s wort. Hypericum foliis laurinis feminibus alatis. The root is long, Jarge, woody, and fpread- ing. The ftem is firm, woody, brittle, and very much branched; and is covered with a pale brown bark. The leaves are numerous, oblong, and of a pale green: they are delicately ferrated at the edges, and obtufe at the ends. The flowers ftand on flender pedicles rifing from the extremities of the ftalks, and from the bofoms of the upper leaves: they are large and beautiful; and the fegments of the cup are round- ed and ferrated. The feed-veffels are large, and pointed at the top: the feeds are numerons, large, winged, and brown. There are five ftyles in the flower of this fpecies; and the cells in the capfule are alfo five. It is a native of Carolina, and flowers in Augutt. This fpecies has been fo much miftaken by authors, that it has been called an Alcea. Pluke- net has named it Alcea floridana quinque capfularis laurinis foliis leviter crenatis; and others have followed him in this long denomination. Later writers have given it a peculiar name, Lafianthus : thefe have thought the little wing that grows to every feed a mark fufficient for eftablifhing a new genus ; but nature abhors thefe innovations. It is evidently an Aypericum, and agrees in flower and feed-veffel with all thofe {pecies of this genus which have five ftyles in the fower, as the oriental, tutfan, and the reft. 10. Penny’s myrtle Ciftus. Hypericum frutefcens foliis rugofis. The root is large, woody, and fpreading. The ftem is woody, and covered with a brown bark: it is very much branched, brittle, and full of a kind of warts, or rough excrefcencies, re- fembling fcars, and the remains of injuries ; but Ge eee Ni they are natural, and the fame fingularity is pre’ ferved in the leaves. Thefe ftand in pairs: they are very numerous, of a rude green, fimall, oblong, pointed, and in fhape refembling thofe of myrtle; and they are full of the fame kind of irregular rifings with thofe upon the ftalks, only fmalier. The flowers grow at the tops of the branches, and they are very large and beautiful: they are of a fine bright yellow colour, and they have the threads very long. The feed-veffel is roundifh, but pointed; and the feeds are large and brown. The ftyles in the Aower of this fpecies are five ; and the cells in the fecd-veffel are alfo five. This is a fpecies which, like the preceding, has troubled fome authors to find its proper place, or generical name. The charaéters are the fame with thofe of all the Saint Fobn’ s worts which have five ftyles in the flower; and, accordingly, the beft writers have placed it among them, Magnol calls it Hypericum five a cyrum frutef- cens magno flore. Van Royen, Hypericum floribus pentagynis foliis et ramis verrucofs. The older writers have followed Clufus, who places it among the ciftus’s, and calls it Myrtociftus Pennai, from the name of Doctor Penny, its firft obferver; and our gardeners follow thefe writers, and call it Penny’s ciftus. We fee, by the effect the refemblance of the ciftus and bypericum has had upon the earlier bota- nifts, how extremely improper it muft be to fepa- rate them, as Linnaeus had done, into various parts of his writings. Thofe plants which could be confounded with one another by the lefs ac- curate obfervers, and which the moft juft exami- nation fhews to be fo much allied to one another, fhould certainly follow one another in the write ings of thofe botanifts who form their method upon the laws eftablifhed by nature. Thefe foreign fpecies of Saint Yohn’s wort, in general, poffefs the fame virtues with our own kind. They are all efteemed vulnerary and bal- famick. The coris is celebrated alfo as a diuretick and deobftruent. U. 2S Vv. CHICK WEED. UTS TONE: HE flower confifts of five petals, which are {pread out plain: the feed-veftel is of an oval fhape, formed of fix valves, but containing only a fingle cell : the cup is compofed of five little, pointed leaves, and remains when the flower is fallen, furrounding the feed-veffel : the feeds are numerous, rounded, and comprefied. Linnzus places this among the dycandria trigynia, the filamen flower, and the ftyles from the rudiment of the capfule three. racters of the genus on this foundation, is obliged to ant, certain, or regular; for that fome plants are fo 3 and that in others the threads are fo uncertain, frail, This author, after he has eftablifhed the cha acknowledge that they are not always contt luxuriant as to have five ftyles inftead of three ts or threads being ten in each and of fhort duration, that they cannot well be numbered. This acknowledgement of a variation in th method ; for it mingles alfines, ceraftiums, which he arranges amo This author’s genera fhould be their bills, errors excepted. ¢ number. of the ftyles trikes at the root of the author’s which he places among the decandria trigynia, with fpergulas and ng the decandria pentagynia. printed, if the reader will admit the allufion, as tradefmen write The s “the BRiGISH) HERE a 179 The name affine, and its Englith, chickweed, have been given by writers to fo many plants not at all belonging to this, nor poffible to be aranged under any one genus, that the reader is defired to keep in memory the characters on which the genus given under this name is here eftablifhed : will prevent a great deal of perplexity, becaufe it will feparate thofe plants, it which are diftin@lly called ° alfines, from the various others which will be here placed in different fucceffive genera. DIV IS tO NA i. Common Chickweed. Alfine vulgaris. The root is fmall, white, flender, and fur- nifhed with many fibres. The ftalks are numerous, round, green, juicy, and eight inches in length: fome of them trail upon the ground, and others rife up. The leaves are numerous: they are placed in pairs, and have long footftalks: they are broad, and of a figure fomewhat approaching to oval : their colour is a frefh green, and their fubftance foft and tender. The flowers are numerous, fmall, and white: they are placed on footrftalks rifing from the bo. foms of the leaves, principally toward the upper part of the ftalks; and they have the petals divided pretty deeply at their ends. } The feed-veffel is fmall and oval: the feeds are brown. It is common every where about gardens, and where ground has been dug, and flowers the whole fummer. C. Bauhine calls it /ine media. J. Bauhine, Alfine vulgaris five morfus galline. Others, Aline media, or Alfine minor. Our Englith names are Common chickweed, Middle chickweed, and Lefer chickweed : of thefe the firft is the moft proper. The plant varies extremely in fize and form according to the degree of nourifhment, 2. Great water Chickweed Alfine perennis major. The root is long, flender, and creeping: it runs under the furface, and fends out many tufts of fibres in different places, and numerous ftalks. Thefe are round, upright, flender, of a pale green, and a foot or more in height: they are rarely at all branched. The leaves ftand in pairs at diftances from one another ; and they are large, oblong, and of a beautiful pale green. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks on flender pedicles, and are fmall and white: the petals are divided fo deeply that they appear to confift each of ten rather than five. The feed-veffel is fmall and roundifh; and the feeds are numerous. June. C, Bauhine calls it Aine altifima nemorum. J. Bauhine, Aline major repens perennis. We Great marfb chickweed. 3. Narrow-leaved water Chickweed. Alfine aquatica foliis anguftoribus. The root is compofed of many threads, ; The ftalks are numerous, fquare, eight inches It is common in watery places, and flowers in BRITISH SPECIES, high, and of a pale green: they ftand tolerably erect, and fend out a few branches, ; The leaves are oblong and narrow : they ftand in pairs, and have no footftalks : they are thin tender, and of a pale green; broadeft in the middle, undivided at the edges, and obtufe at the ends. The flowers are fmall and white : they do not. grow on the tops of the ftalks, but from the bo- foms of the leaves, fometimes ftanding on fingle and feparate footftalks, and fometimes on the fummits of little fhoots rifing from thence : they are compofed of five petals, divided fo deeply that there appear to be ten of them, 9 The feed-veffel is fmall, and the feeds are nu- merous and minute. \ It is common in damp parts of woods ; and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Aline aquatica media; and J.Bauhine,; Aine longifolia uliginofis proveniens locis. Our people call it Tender marfh chickweed, and Fountain chickweed. 4. Broad-leaved mountain Chickweed. AYfine latifolia flore profunde feéto. The root is fmall, white, and jointed. The ftalk is ufually fingle, and tolerably up- right: it is fquare, of a pale green; and not at all hairy ; and it fends out no branches, but at the top divides into feveral parts. The leaves are placed in pairs with great regu- larity: they have long footftalks, and they are large and oblong: they are broadeft at the bafe, waved along the edges, and terminate in a fharp point. The flowers are large and white: they ftand at the tops of thofe branches into which the ftall divides at the top; and they are moderately large, and of a {now white: each is compofed only of five petals, but they are divided to the bafe fo that there appear ten; and thefe are long, very narrow, and fomewhat curled. ( The feed-veffel is oval, and the feeds are {mall and brown. ; It is found in our northern counties in damp woods ; and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Alfine montana latifolia flore Jaciniato. Columna, Alfine hederacea montana maxima. 5. Small branched Chickweed. Alfine minor ramofa. The root is fmall and long, furnified with many fibres, and penetrates deep. — The ftalks are extremely numerous, and flen- der: they are four inches high, and of a pale green; and they are fo much branched that a fingle plant-of it forms a thick buthy tuft. 3 The 180 . ‘hhe 2BsR TP E Se oH EB RvB AME The leaves ftand in pairs, and are placed at fmall diftances from one another: they are of a dufky green, fhort, and pointed at the ends. The flowers are fmall and white, and they are compofed each of five petals, undivided at the tips. The feed-veffel is oval; and the feeds are very numerous, fmall, and brown. It is common on old walls, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Aine minor multicaulis. Others, Alfine minima. 6, Plantain-leaved Chickweed. Alfine foliis plantaginis. The root is compofed of numerous flender fibres. The ftalks are numerous, weak, tender, and fix - inches high. The leaves ftand in pairs without footftalks : they are oblong and broad, largeft in the middle, pointed at the end, and of a pale green; and they have the ribs running, in the manner of thofe of plantain leaves, all lengthwife. This is a very obvious particular, and chiefly characterifes the plant. The flowers rife from the bofoms of the leaves on flender footftalks, or they ftand at the tops of the young fhoots, which rife from the leaves in great numbers : they are fmall and white. The feed-veffel is roundifh, and the feeds are {mall, numerous, kidney-fhaped, and brown. It is a native of our woods, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it M/ine plantaginis foliis, Others have followed him. The petals of the flower in this fpecies, as in the preceding, are undivided. Linnaeus makes the divifion of the petals a | generical character of Al/ine or chickweed: Mr. Ray did the fame before him; but we fee in thefe two plants the error of that determination: they plainly and palpably belong to the fame genus with thé common chickweed, and we have thus joined them with that, and others of its kind, under the fame common name alfne: Mr. Ray, feparating them on this flight account, has been obliged to place them among the fpurreys, /per- gule, plants with which they have no alliance. 7. Common Stitchwort. Alfine flore majore anguftifolia. The root is flender and creeping : it runs un- der the furface, and fends out clufters of fibres from many parts. The ftalks are numerous, upright, and flen- der: they are of a brownith green, harfh, and edged; and toward the upper part have many branches. ._ They fupport themfelves among bufhes, and rife to a foot and half high: The leaves ftand in pairs, and are long, nar- row, and fharp-pointed. ‘The flowers are numerous, fnow white, large, and very beautiful: they confift’ each of five petals divided at the ends; and they ftand on flen- der footftalks growing from the tops of the branches, and of the upper divifions of the ftalks. The feed-veffels are large and roundifh; and the feeds are numerous and fmall. It is common under hedges, and flowers in May. _ C. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus holofteus arvenfis glaber flore majore. Others, Gramen leucanthemum. We Stitchwort. 8. Small-flowered Stitchwort. Alfine anguftifolia flore minore. The root is flender and creeping. The ftalks are numerous, ftraggling, weak, and a foot high. The leaves are narrow and long, harfh to the touch, and of a bluifh green. The flowers are white and fmall: they grow at the tops of the ftalks, on flender pedicles, and they are very numerous. They confift each of five petals, divided at the edge; and they have red buttons on the threads : this is a fingular circumftance, and diftinguithes the plant at fight. The feed-veffel is roundifh, and the feeds are numerous. It is common under hedges, together with the former; and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus holofteus arven- Sis glaber flore minore. Others, Gramen leucanthe~ mum minus. g.-Low Stitchwort with great flowers. Aljine anguftifolia humilior floribus maximus, The root is compofed of ‘a tuft of fibres, and does not creep under the furface, as in the other. The ftalks are numerous, fharply edged, rigid, harfh to the touch, and firm: they are not much branched, and they are ten inches high: they fupport themfelves very well at this height, and do not need the affiftance of bufhes, as the com- mon kind. The leaves are narrow, long, and fharp-point- ed: they ftand in pairs, and are of a greyifh green colour. : The flowers are large and white: they ftand at the tops of the branches, ana are compofed of five petals notched at the top. The feed-veffel is round, and the feeds are nu- merous. : It is a native of our fen counties, and flowers in June. Ray calls it Caryopbyllus boloftens arvenfis medius. Mentzelius, Caryophyllus holofteus folis gramineis. 10, Fine-leaved Chickweed. Alfine tenuifolia. The root is a tuft of long and flender fibres : the leaves that firft rife from it are extremely narrow, and of a pale green: many ftalks rife among thefe, and they then grow yellow, and foon fade. a ae ftalks are lender, upright, and ten inches igh. They are of a yellowifh green, not much branched, and divided at the top into a wide head. re The \ © Shall ine) ne 3 : a Soy fbliate ; Wry Bie — ! Sort: By it tart tt lear N ai | % iy Ohne le “Si Wott Aes ee Brow Vib Ane | Spanteh si Yoh | ee Cae Se Dp Common S*’I ohne : pe Wort=2 Lite eds “Solin lop f- ( Wey WOVE AU Cluster liv A & Gof, UM wOre- SION NIWOT: wage flower AM Solis (ort oe ae wk A e- Bay leavidl “ Be io "Sohuis are y MW itop" Ufihe ee Gia VCH" Chithweedl ey by Onyprtle es Chith- 7 CY ye Hed Yroat tid oe O Kisii 4 Wlonuliin thirkweeel é ti MMO Ct % x Diary & CaMwarits Mel & Ang "oT HRLER ICM? Sit, HORtR BLA a) 181 The leaves are fmall, oblong, and natrow. The flowers are fmall and white: they ftand on flender foorftalks, and many open tog:zther. The {eed-veffel is fmall, and the feéds are nu- merous and roundifh. Ivis. not uncommon in Kent and Suffex in dry barren places, It flowers in July. J. Bauhine calls it d/fine tenuifolia; and others have continued in general the name unaltered. 1x. Little grafly-leaved Chickweed. Alfine pufilla folits graminis flore magno. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with numerous fimall fibres. The ftalks aré flender, upright, not at all branched, and about four inches high. The leaves ftandin pairs, at moderate diftances, and pointing upwards: they are oblong, narrow, fharp-pointed, and of a fine green; fo that they very much refemblé ends of fimall grafs leaves. The flowers are very large, and {now white: two or three ftand on the top of the ftalk, and they confift each of five large petals, which are not divided at the ends, but terminate in a point. The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are nu- | merous, and very minute. It is common in our northern counties on rocks, and the fides of high hills. It flowers in April. Ray calls it A/fine pufilla pulchro flore folio tenu- iffimo noftras, five Saxifraga pufilla caryophylloides flore albo pulchellos a name longer than the plant. 12. Cluftered-leaved Chickweed. ‘Alfine foliis anguftis crebris flore majore. ‘The root is fmall and flender, white, and fur- nifhed with many fibres. The ftalks are very numerous, flender, ridged, upright, and about five inches high: they are of a pale green, and they fend out frequent branches. The leaves ftand very thick : the principal ones are placed in pairs at fmall diftances from one another, and their bofoms are crowded with clufters of others; fo that they appear covered with them. They are narrow, oblong, and fharp-pointed : on the upper farts of the ftalks the principal leaves are lefs diftinguifhable ; and they cover the branches at the joints, as the leaves of heath. The flowers ftand fingly at the tops of the branches, and of the principal ftalk; and they are very large, and white. The feed-veffel is fmall and round; and the feeds are minute and numerous. It. is common in damp places, and flowers in June. C, Bauhine calls it A/ine nodofa Germanica. J. Bauhine, Arenaria. The common writers call it Saxifraga poluftris Anglica; and we, Englifo marfo faxifrage, and Fine-leaved faxifrage. 13. Little roundifh-leaved Chickweed. Alfine parva foliis fubrotundis. The root is fmall and fibrous. The ftalks are numerous, weak, and branched : they are of a pale green, and five inches high in favourable foils, in other places not above three. N° 18. The leaves ftand in paits, and aré fmall and roundith} of a thin; tender fubftance; arid obfcure green. The flowers ate fmall and white. The feed-vefléls are large, and of ah ovat figure; and the feeds numérous and yellowiths of a rounded figuré, but flatted. Tt is not uncommon in the diy paftures of Buckingharnfhire; and flowers in July. Ray calls it AVine montana minima acini effigié rotundifolia, and others follow him: i4. Latge-fruited fed Chickweed. Aline maritima pufilla frutin magio. The toot is long; thick, and furnithed with a great many fibres. The ftalks are numerous atid fliott: they are fpread upon the ground, and fo covered with leaves that it is hard to diftinguith their form. The leaves are fhort and broad, pointed at the end, and of a bluifh green. They ftand in pairs; but generally: grow the oppofite ways; fo that they looks upon the whole, to be difpofed croffwife. The flowers are {mall and white; and the feed= | veflels are oval : they are remarkably large for fo “f{mall a plant, and contain numerous feeds. It is common on out fea-coafts, and flowers in June. ‘ C. Bauhine calls it Aline litoralis portulace foliis. Others, Anthyllis maritima lentifolia. 15. Procumbent natrow-leaved Chickweed. Aifine maritima procumbens abguftifolia. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalks are very numerobs, fmall,; weak, and of a pale green: they fpread every way up- on the ground, and are four inches long, and very much branched. The leaves are numerous: they ftand in pairs, and are full of young ones, and of {mall fhoots of branches, in their bofoms ; fo that the whole plant is very bufhy. The leaves are fhort, and narrower than thofe of the laft mentioned fpecies. The flowers rife from the bofoms of the leaves all the way up the ftalks: they are numerous, fmall, and white. : The feed-veffels alfo are fmall; and the feeds minute and numerous. Jct is common on our fea coafts, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Anthyllis maritima chame- — fyebe fimilis. Ray, Alfine maritima fupina foliis chamafices. Our people, Sea knotgrafs, and Sea chickweed. 16, Small-flowered water Chickweed, Alfine paluftris flofculis parvis. The root is fmall, divided, and full of fibres, The ftalks are numerous, fmall, irregularly branched, and about an inch and half high, The leaves are placed in pairs: they are ob- long, thick, and of a frefh green; obtufe at the ends, and not at all divided at the edges. Aaa The 182 They BRiITs1 § H HiE RB A,L. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and are very fall, and white: they fcarce ever ~ open. The feed veffel is fmall, and opens in three parts, and contains three feeds, It is common in places where water is juft dried up; and flowers in June. f _ Ray calls it Mine parva paluftris tricoccos foliis portulace. Merret, Alfine flofculis conniventibus. We, in Englith, Blinks. 2 17. Round -leaved creeping Chickweed. Abfine pufilla repens foliis rotundis. This is a fingular and very elegant fpecies. The root is long, flender, and white: it creeps up under the furface, and fends out tufts of fibres in different. places, The leaves rife in clufters three or four toge- ther at {mall diftances, and they ftand fingly on long and very flender footftalks: from the fame fpot, where they rife, there grow alfo fmall, creep- {DEE Viele Sek OUN! 21h FO 1. Large-fruited rock Chickweed. Afine petrea fruétu majori. The root is flender, divided into many parts, and furnifhed with numerous, fibres. The ftalks are flender, upright, and toward the tops divided into feveral branches. The leaves are {mall, oblong, narrow, and of a pale green: they are broadeft toward the middle, and terminate in a point. The flowers are numerous and {mall : they are ‘white, and ftand on fhort, flender footftalks. ‘The feed-veffel is round -and large; and the feeds are {mall, numerous and brown. It is frequent on the mountains in Germany ; and flowers in Auguft. ‘ C. Bauhine calls it Aine minor link capitulis. Gefner, Alfine petrea, Gon N ing ftalks, which run upon the ground, and fend up other clufters of leaves in different places. The leaves are fmall, round, and dented at the edges ; and they are of a pale green. The flowers are very fmall; they ftand fingly on tender footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves ; and they are of a pale flefhy colour. The feed-veffel is very fmall, and the feeds are minute and few. It is not uncommon on the fides of hills in our weftern counties, but is fo fmall that it is eafily overlooked. It flowers in July. Ray calls it Aline fpuria pufilla repens folii; Jaxifrage aurea. Thefe fpecies of Chickweed are all fuppofed to poflefs the fame qualities with the common kind; but they have not been much regarded. The common chickweed has the credit of being cooling and diuretick ; but little notice is taken of it. Outwardly it is cooling, but neither way demands much notice. \ REIGN SPECIE’: 2. Great Chickweed with ferrated leaves, Aine maxima foliis ferratis. The root is compofed of numerous fibres, The ftalks are round, firm, ereét, a foot and half high, and of a pale green; and they are not at all branched. The leaves ftand in pairs without footftalks : they are very large, and broadeft at the bafe, where they meet in fo clofe a manner that the ftalk appears to grow through them: they are fharply ferrated atthe edges, and pointed attheends, The flowers grow at the tops of the ftalks, and are large, and fnow white ; they confift each Of five petals divided pretty deeply at the tips. The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are nu- merous, rounded, and flatted, It is common among rocks in Italy; and flowers in Auguft. Menzelius calls it Aine maxima Solanifelia. Usans VI. MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. CHEER: AST, PUNE ee i ha flower is compofed of five petals, nip’d at the ends, is long, crooked, obtufe, and dented into five parts art Jeaves, and remains when the flower is fallen. Linnzus places this among the decandria pentagynia ftyles from the rudiment of the capfule five, We are unlucky in that we have no Englifh fin from the fhape of the feed-veffels in moft of the fpecies; but thefe ceraftium. Linnzeus is reduced to the neceffity of makin acknowledges there is a fpecies whi ~In this Linneus is right, fpecies of ceraftium, which the prefent clafs is formed is the having t 8 \ ch have only five ftamina, that this plant, which has onl though the reft of the plants of that uncertainty of the charaéters on which he eftablithes claftes 3 en threads. and regularly difpofed: the feed-veftel he end: the cup is compofed of five 3 the threads in the flower being ten, and the gle name for'this genus: we call it horned chickweed, 3 and moufe-ear chickweed, from the form being all compound terms, and hairynefs of the leaves it is better to ufe the Latin name : an exception at the bottom of his charaéter of this genus, as of the former, which overthrows the charaéter of the greater arrangement of the clafg: he ly five threads, is a proper and certain name have ten: but this fhews the for the great and fingle circumftance on DIVI- ? Thes'B RIIQTHL SHE TEE RABE | 86, DIVISION I BRITISH SPECIES, 1. Dwarf early Ceraftium. Ceraftium pumilum pracox: The root is a tuft of flender fibres: The leaves that rife immediately from it are broad, fhort and obtufely pointed: they grow in a little tuft, and are of a pale green. In the centre of this tuft rifes a fingle ftalk: this is round, hairy, upright, rarely at. all branched, and three inches high. The leaves ftand in pairs at confiderable dif- tances: they are fmall, hairy, and fhort: they have no footftalks, but furround the ftalk at the bafe. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and are {mall, white, and compofed each of five petals nipp’d at the ends: they rarely open. The feed-veffel is fmall, long, and clofe at the end. : The feeds are numerous and minute. It is common on walls and dry banks; and flowers in April. When it has ftood fome weeks, it fometimes is a little branched ; but it is alto- gether diftin&t from the larger kinds. The flowers ftand on fhorter footftalks, and the plant never is at all clammy, as the others ufually are, The leaves alfo are pointed a little more than in them. < ‘ . C. Bauhine calls it Aline hirfuta minor. Dille- nius, Ceraftium birfutum minus parvo flore. 2. Common broad-leaved Ceraftium. Ceraftium latifolium vulgare. The root is compofed of flendgy fibres. The ftalks are numerous, round, hairy, and of a pale green: they are not much branched, and they are generally fomiewhat clammy to the touch. The leaves ftand in pairs at {mall diftances; and they are broad, fhort, hairy, and of a dufky green. The flowers are fmall and white: they ftand on fhort pedicles rifing from the bofoms of the leaves, and they rarely open well. The feed-veffel is long, crooked, and dentated at the end: the feeds are numerous and fmall. It is frequent in paftures, and flowers in fpring. YVhe whole plant is frequently covered with a clammy moifture. : C. Bauhine calls it Aine hirfuta altera vifcofa. Ray, Alfine birfuta myofotis latifolia precocior. Merret, Alfine myofotis humilior et rotundiore folio. 3. Narrow-leaved Ceraftium. Ceraftium foliis anguftioribus. The root is compofed of fmall, white fibres. The ftalks are numerous, flender, hairy, of a pale green, and five or fix inches high. The leaves ftand in pairs; and they are oblong, narrow, of a pale green, hairy, and often clam- my, as is alfo the ftalk. The flowers ftand on pedicles rifing in the bo- foms of the upper leaves; and they are larger than in the others and white. : _ The feed-veffel is long; flender, and light! dentated at the end, 5 é oa The feeds are humerous, minute, and brown. It is common in our paftures, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Mize hirfuta magno flore. Merret, Alfine myfotis procerior et longiore folio. Sometimes this fpecies is altogether fmooth, ftalks and leaves, 4. Creeping Ceraflium with great flowers, Ceraftium repens floribus amplis. The root is flender, and runs under the fur face. The ftalks are numerous, round, hairy, of a pale green, and five or fix inches in length : part of them ftand ereét, and part are procum- bent. The leaves grow in pairs, without footftalks, and are placed at confiderable diftances: they are fhort, obtufe, and of a pale green, mode- rately hairy, and of a firm fubftance. The flowers grow on long, flender footftalks, and are very large, and of a fnow white: they are compofed each of five petals, dented at the ends. The feed-vefiél is long, thick, and crooked, and dented at the top; and the feeds are fmall, numerous, and angular. It is a native of our northern counties, and flowers in Augutt. C. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus holofteus alpinus’ latifolius. It is a very fingular and beautiful plant. . § Woolly Ceraftium. Ceraftium tomentofum. The root is fibrous and brown. The ftalks are numerous and weak: they are of a whitith colour, and fome of them rife up- right to the height of eight inches, but moft lie upon the ground. The leaves are broad, fhort, and obtufe: they are placed in pairs, and they are of a woolly foft- nefs to the touch, and of a white colour. The flowers are large and white: they ftand on fhort. pedicles rifing from the tops of the ftalks, and from the bofoms of the upper leaves.. The feed-veffel is long, and confiderably bent: the edge deeply divided, and the colour a pale brown. The feeds are fmall and brownith. It is found on the Welch mountains, and fearce any where elfe in Britain. It fowers in Auguft. C, Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus bolofteus tomen- tofus latifolius. The flowers is larger than in the former {pecies. We know nothing of the virtues of any of thefe plants, nor of the foreign fpecies following. DIVI- 184 Th BRITISH HERBAL DEV ELSION Ik Long-leaved Ceraftium. Ceraftium anguftifolium vafculo longo: The root is {mall and white, furnifhed with a few fibres, and infipid to the tafte. The ftalk is fingle, upright, and five inches high: it is hairy, and of a pale green: it fends out no branches, but at the top it divides, and fpreads into a large head. The leaves are narrow and Jong; they ftand in pairs, and the joints whence they rife are marked by a knot, and a little fwelled : the ftalk alfo frequently bows from joint to joint. The flowers are fmall and white: they fcarce open perfectly ; one generally ftands at the top of Goh aN FOREIGN SPECIES, the main ftalk, whence the principal branches that form the head rife; the others are placed on thofe branches which rife much higher. The feed-vefiel is long, flender, and’ a little crooked; fo that it refembles a cock’s fpur. The feeds are blackith. Ic is a native of Spain, and flowers in July, in the cornfields. Clufius calls it Ajfne corniculata; a name copied by moft, and tranflated by our Englifh writers with that of the author: they call ic Clufius’s horned chickweed. Some have been for making it a {pecies of cockle; but they never faw the plant. VU - 2Sice7 VIL > PU KR REY. S PREORIGOU Ld. HE flower is compofed of five petals, which open regularly, and fpread outs and are oval and hollowed: the feed-veffel is oval, and compofed of five valves; but contains only one cell: the cup is compofed of five oval, hollow leaves regularly difpofed, and ftands with the feed- veffel after the flower is fallen: the feeds are edged with a film. Linneus places this among his decandria pentagynia; the threads in the flower being ten, ftyles from the rudiment of the fruit five. The difference s evident between this plant and the a/fne, not only in its charaéters, and manner of growing; wherefore Mr. Ray judged unhappily in joining them, efpeciall are of each numerous {pecies. 1. Common Spurrey. Spergula major. _ The root is fmall, flender, long, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The ftalks are numerous, round, upright, and of a pale green: they have few branches toward the bottom, but many toward the top. The leaves are very narrow, oblong, of a deep green, and often curled: they ftand in a confide- rable number at each joint, furrounding the ftalk, in the manner of thofe of what are called the ftellate plants. The flowers are fmall and white; and they confift each of five undivided petals. The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are {mall arid blackith. The fize of the plant varies extremely accor- ding to the nature of the ground: fix or eight inches is a common height for ic; fometimes we fee it more than a foot; and in Flanders, where they have fields of it, it is often two feet high. Tt is common wild on our plowed grounds 5 but has fometimes been cultivated in England, as |) it is abroad, for the ufe of cattle. C. Bauhine calls it Aine fpergula difta major. Others, Spergula. 2. Purple Spurrey. Spergula floribus purpureis. The root is long, fender, full of fibres, and penetrates deep. and the but form, y as there The ftalks are numerous, weak, and very much branched: they are five or fix inches lon and they lie {pread upon the ground, 2 The leaves are humerous, {mall green. The flowers ftand at the top in great numbers ; and the beautiful pale purple. The feed-veffels are large, very numerous, and fmall. : It is common on dry hilly ground in May. We have it in Sioa ae PSR London; in great abundance ‘4 - Bauhine calls it Aine Sesini Seu Spergula minor flore Tne eae ; The leaves in this fpecies feem view, to furround the ftalk in gr every joint, as thofe of the commo when the plant is more nicely exa found only two principal leaves a the others are young fhoots in th ftand very thick, fo that the mi » and of a pale s of the branches y are fmall, but of a and the feeds are > on a flight eat numbers at a [purrey ; but, Mined, there are teach joint, and eir bofoms : they ftake i8 eafy. 3. Large-flowered Spurrey. Spergula flore majore. The root is long, flender, many fibres, The ftalks are ny eight inches high. The leaves are of a deep green: than in the comm 2 and furnifhed with. merous, round, Jointed, and oblong, fomewhat broad, and they are of a firmer fubftance ‘on [purrey, and do not curl, or turn, The BR TTS OH ER BAY ae, urn, as they do: they furround the flalk, grow- ing feveral at each joint; but, as they are broader, they are alfo fewer than in the common fpurrey. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks; and they are larger than thofe of the common kind, and of a milk white, The feed-veffel is large, and roundifh, or oval ; and the feeds are numerous and fmall: they’ are black, and have the edge white. It is common on fandy grounds in Ireland, and in the weft of England; and flowers in April. Ray calls it Aine fpergula difa femine mem- branaceo fufco, Dillenius, Spergula annua femine feliaceo nigro circulo membranaceo albo cinéto. 4. Sea Spurrey. Spergula maritima. The root is long, flender, and furnithed with myany fibres, The ftalks are numerous, upright, and fix or eight inches high: they are of a pale green, very much branched toward the top, and jointed at {mall diftances. The leaves are numerous, and ftand round the “ftalk at the joints, in form of the rays of a ftar : they are oblong, narrow, and of a pale green. The flowers grow at the tops of the branches in great numbers; and they are fmall and purple. The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are light and brown. . It is common on our fea-coafts, and flowers in July. r , : C. Bauhine calls it Alfne fpergule facie media, Others, Sagina. fpergula minor, and Spergula ma- rina. Our people call it Sea fpurrey, and Salt- marfb [purrey. 5. Dwarf fea Spurrey. Spergula maritima minima. The root is long and flender. The ftalks are numerous, and four inches / long: they frequently all trail upon the ground, but fometimes a few of them are erect. The leaves are narrow, oblong, fmall, and of a pale green. — The flowers are minute, and of a bluith purple, The feed-veffels are {mall, and the feeds dufky, but edged with a white very narrow circle of a membranaceous matter, as the others. The leaves in this plant are very nutnerous $ but the joints of the ftalk are much more diftant than in the others; fo that more of it is | feen. . Tc is common in our falt marthes, and flowers in May. Dillenius calls it Spergula maritima flore parvo ceruleo femine vario. We firft obferved it on Sheepy ifland. The virtues of thefe feveral plants are trifling ; but their ufes may be very great. Our farmers, who ufed to go in a very limited tract of hufbandry, have of late years introduced from other countries many new products, by the affiftance of which they change their crops upon the fame ground very happily, avoid the former neceffity of fallow-feafons; and add vaftly to their profits, : Among the other ufeful plants cultivated in the neighbouring countries is the common Spurrey this makes a very wholefome and rich food for the horned cattle: it is therefore worth more notice in England. But there is another {pecies, the common fea fpurrey, which has not been yet culti- vated any where, but might be in many places to.a great advantage, The fea-coaft is the natural foil for this plant ; and it would therefore be very proper, and very beneficial to the farmer to fow it on fuch lands as, lying very near the fea, will not bear any other crop to advantage. F ’ There is a vaft quantity of this land in the kingdom, which at prefent lets for very little, and yields very little; but if this plant were ins troduced upon it, would be of great value. Its qualities are the fame in all refpects with thofe of common fpurrey. ‘ Th ENDof tle NINTH CLASS. N° XIX. Bbb ts Hee BRITISH HERBAL RELESRP GORING LEAPED Raa C..LA SS... X. , Plants with the flower compofed of vive vetars regularly difpofed, and the feeds contained in @ SINGLE CaPsuLE; and with the leaves alternate, or not in pairs, upon the fralks. c Bes: plants, if the flowers and feed-veffels alone were to be confidered in the eftablifhment of claffés, would have been arranged in the fame with thofe of the preceding; -yet they ‘are extremely different from them, The alternate difpofition of the Jeaves’is’an obvious character, and is univerfal among them ; as the having them in pairs is of the preceding. This may, to a lefs confiderate obferver, appear too trivial an incident for the forming a claffical diftinétion ; but nature, whofe fteps alone I follow, fhews “it to be otherwife. “Let him reflect, and obferve, that of all the genera treated of in the preceding clafs there is not one which has’ belonging to it a fingle fpecies the leaves of which ftand alternately; and that among thofe which conftitute this clafs, the character of which is to have the leaves alternate, there is not one that has a fingle fpecies with the leaves in pairs; and he will then find this, which before ‘feemed to him but a cafual incident in the growth of the plants, a regular and univerfal law eftablifhed by nature among thefe plants, and in all the genera not once violated. : He will from this, not only learn the error of his firft opinion, ‘but will’ fee that nature made the difpofition of the leaves of plants a certain and regular part of their eftablifhed diftin@ions, and that Linneus’s method muft have been imperfect, were “it only for that it has not regarded them as any part of claffical diftinétions, The more ftrict and more general marks of ‘divifion are placed in larger and more obvious parts of the flower and feed-veflel ; but as there are in the threads, and other fmaller parts of it alfo, very remarkable particularities, fo there are in the difpofition of the leaves, and the general growth of the plant. Thefe laft, as they are the more obvious of the two fubordinate characters, fo they are the moft certain, and free from variation. ‘ : We find, in many of the particular genera of the preceding clafs, certain fpecies in which the number of the threads vary; and this Linnaeus finds himfelf obliged to own, even where he is eftablifhing the characters of the genus upon them; but we do not fee any inftance of the leaves being placed varioufly in the feveral fpecies of any genus therein. This is a point we fhall have occafion to treat more at large when we come to fpeak of the ftellate plants; but thus much may be proper to be obferved here, to eftablith the diftin@tion of the prefents and prepare for that of the fucceeding clafs. Ser eR Bas THE RBRETH $i Hb Re ALS as) SE Rey | Rg ap Natives of BRITAIN. Thofe of which one or more fpecies are naturally wild in this kingdom, Goo AN | gid coals SUNDEW. Ri Gok leh ed, PTHE flower confifts of five petals, regularly difpofed into a hollowed’ form: the feed-veffel is oval, and has five valves at the top, but contains only a fingle cell: the cup is formed of a fingle piece, divided into five fegments, and remains when the flower is fallen. Linnzus places this among the pentandria pentagynia s ‘the threads i in “the flower being five, and the ftyles from the rudiment of the fruit of the fame number. This author has taken away the antient hame of this genus, which is ros Salis, and dlls’ it drofera. As a generical name confifting of more than one word is always i improper, ’ “and as, befide the name ros falke, there is a familiar one always underftood, and ufed as fynonymous with it, that is ‘rorella, I thave chofen this ‘for the name of. the genus; every one converfant in the léaft with thefe ftidies ‘knowing it. DIVISION IL a.2.Common Sundew. Rorella vulgaris. The root is compofed of a few, flender. crooked :fibres: The leaves rife from: it in-a little clufter. ten-or a dozen together, and form.a very fingular ap- »pearance: each has its long-and flender footftalk; and -both that and the leaf are very hairy : the body. of the leaf is roundifh, or a little inclining to oval: the colour is a dingy purple, and the fubftance is flefhy. The hairs that grow on this, and on the. foot-. ftalks, are long, robuft, and yellowifh; and’ they differ greatly from thofe of any other known _ plant, -except the f{pecies of the fame genus: ‘they) are often -waved-or crooked, and there ftand on) . the leaves large:drops of a tranfparent fluid in the »midft of the hotteft days: from this the plant received its name of fundew. The ftalk rifes in ‘the centre of this tuft of leaves, and is upright, fingle, undivided, and fix inches high: its colour is purple, and it has no leaves or “branches only that at the top it fome- times divides into two parts. The flowers: ftand.on the divifions, ten or a dozen on each: they are fmall, and rarely keep long open. The feed-veffel is fmall and oval ; and the feeds are alfo oval, numerous, and fmall. It is common on the boggy parts of heaths ; and flowers in June. ; C. Bauhine calls it Ros folis folio rotundo. O- thers, fimply Ros folis. Several of the following fpecies of this genus agree with this in having no leaves on the ftalk: it is on this account the claffical character fays, thefe plants have leaves ; !alternate,-or not in pairs: thofe from the root grow. all from a.fingle head, and they are all the leaves belonging to thefe kinds, * BRITISH SPECIES. 2. Roundifh-leaved perennial Sundew. Rorella ratuadsfolia perennis. The root confifts, not of a few flight fibres, .as in the preceding, but. of athick tuft of them, Apreading every way ‘to a ‘confi iderable length, from the feveral parts of one Principal, flender, and, long, body. The, leaves rife i in a little elufter, but rarely more than fix or feven together = they have long footftalks, and ftand more upright than in the common fundew : the leaves themfelves are round- ifh, but approaching to oval, and are of a thick, flefhy fubftance : they are covered with fhort and ftiff, yellow hairs, and generally have drops of .a tranfparent liquor. on them in the heat of the day, The ftalk is naked, fender, upright, and four inches high. The flowers grow at the top in a feries of eight or'ten together; and they open more fr eely, and ftand longer, than thofe of cominon fundew : they are fmall and white: | “The feed-veflels are ‘oblong, and the feeds nu- merous and roundifh. Di . It is comnion ‘on bogs, with the former, but is overlooked. Tt flowers i in July. _ Ray calls it Rorélla’ rotundifolia perennis. 3. Small longifh-leaved perennial Sundew. Rorella pufilla longifolia perennis. The common fundew is fometimes obferved to have the leaves approaching to an oblong form, and has thence been divided, by Cafpar Bau hine and others, into two fpecies, the latter called ros folis folo oblongo ; but that is only a variety of the common kind: the plant here treated of _ differs much more obvioufly and eflentially, and is a truly diftinct fpecies. The root is a great tuft of thick, black, and crooked fibres, The I B8 The" B RerPl ‘S*H FH ER ASL: The leaves rife in a large tuft twenty or more together: they are of an oblong figure, fmalleft at the bafe, and thence gradually widening to the extremity, where they are rounded and: obtufe ; and they are placed on long, flender footftalks. They are covered with ftiff, long, yellow hairs, and rife up more erect than the leaves of any ather fpecies. The ftalk is fingle, naked, purplifh, and not above three inches high: it rarely divides, but ufually has a long feries of flowers ftanding all on one fide: thefe are white and fmall. The feed-veflel is large and oval; and the feeds are fmall, numerous, redifh, and nearly round. It is found on wet parts of heaths, and flowers in May. Ray calls it Rorella longifolia perennis. ‘ This author, in compliance with the cuftom of | others, has fet down the variety of the common findew with longifh leaves; but declares his doubts as to its being a diftinét fpecies: this, on the contrary, he marks as a certainly diftiné fpecies, and different abfolutely from that. 4. Great long-leaved Sundew. Rorella major longifolia. This, like the two former, is a perennial fpecies. The root is compofed of innumerable, flender, crooked fibres, and fpreads a great way under the furface. ; The leaves rife in a clufter, and are long and narrow: they are placed on very long, flender footftalks, and naturally ftand very upright but the weight of the leaf, when charged with its ' moifture, and the extream weaknefs of the ftalk, occafions its frequent drooping. The ftalk rifes in the centre of this tuft; and Dievel S*l'O N “I. 13 Graffy-leaved Sundew. Rorella foliis gramineis. The root is fmall, long, and furnifhed with a few fibres. ; The leaves are very numerous, and rife in thick tufts: they grow upright; they have no foot- ftalks ; and, when young, they frequently curl fpirally at the ends : they are very long, and ex- tremely narrow, round on the back, hollow in front, and covered with long hairs. The ftalk rifes in the midft of this tuft, and is flender, and tolerably upright. G.2¢B) oN > SeACX Lr is naked, flender, and eight or ten inches high : it is of a purplifh colour, as are alfo the leaves, and it rarely divides even at the top. The flowers ftand in a fhort fpike at the fum- mit: they are larger than in the preceding fpecies, and are white; but they rarely open widely. The feed-veffel'is oval and large; and the feeds are numerous, and very fmall. It is found on wet heaths in our northern counties; and flowers in June. Ray calls it Rorella longifolia maxima. All thefe fpecies have the fame medicinal qua- lities. ; What we know with certainty of them is, that in external ufe they are very dangerous; and, as it is faid, that taken internally they are very hurt- ful to cattle, we are told that, in the form of a diftilled water, they are highly cordial and refto- practice; nor is it likely that ever they deferved © “the charaéter that has been given of them in that refpeét. The leaves, bruifed and applied to the kin, act as an efcharotick: they are more violent than the leaves of the fharpeft crowfoots, and bring on fuch inflammations as are not eafily removed ; and our people in the country are fo convinced of their deftructive qualities, when eaten by fheep, that it is vulgarly known among them by the name of red rot. : The Italians ufe it to this day, among many other ingredients, in their Agueurs, or fine cor- dials; and the ladies in the country, with us, yet admit it among other ingredients, in the fame manner, into their family waters. It is probable that the virtues afcribed to it in thefe are owing to the other ingredients; and that its own pernicious qualities do not rife in diftillation. ee but at prefent they are difufed in regular OREIGN SPECIES. It is not fo tall as the leaves ; and is not naked as in the feveral kinds that are Natives of our country, but has two or three leaves upon it, placed at diftances alternately, and of the fame fhape with thofe from the root. The flowers are {mall and white ; and the feed- veifel is large and oval. The feeds are fmall and brown. It is found on damp grounds in Portugal, and flowers in July, Plukenet calls it Ros /olis lufitani liis afpho- deli minoris. ae fein Its qualities are not certainly known. U. 2c) RAGE, 18k, SAX IL Rute n rPHE flower is compofed of five petals, the feed-veffel is of an oval figure, fingle piece, divided into five fegments, which are narrow at the bafe, but has a double beak : and it remains with the , and broader to the end: the cup is fmall, it is formed of a - feed-veffe], I Linnzus Procumnbentnarrav leavd Sea Chickiweed? ee E ks = % ae x —— mee STA *\ aN Dw \ * Cal i oa | rwuh grit Florvers =. Re AN Le iD Rou nibh leavdl Lowy, ORE pereniiial Sunder : - 3 wn | Gy Small lori ih Lath perenial St Laeaew Connon Surrdlero MEd ore Mase Ni SBE eo ‘ ! Groat | Cackroced Leaves. nuns Serrated The BRITISH HERBAL, 189 Linnzus places this among the decandria digynia ftyles from the rudiment of the fruit two. This author joins the faxifrage and geum under the fame name; We have obferved that the cup in the /axifrage is formed of a fing ments; but that of the geum is formed of five feparate leaves: refults an obvious diftinétion in the placing and appearance of the feed veftel ; grows to the entire part of the cup; whereas in the gewm, there being no fuch it is feparate. 3 the threads being ten in each flower, and the but they are diftin® genera. gle piece, divided into five feg- and from this difference of ftru@ure, for in the faxifrage it entire part of the cup, This is an effential and obvious charaéter, and it is the more needful to be preferved, becaufe both the faxifrage and the geum have very numerous fpecies, has done, by confounding the two genera, muft therefore encreafe the difficulty of the fei The blending thefe together, as Linnzus ence, It is fingular that Mr. Ray, lefs accurate than Linnaus in his examinations of the More minute parts of plants, though more fo in his choice of claflical diftin@tions, fthould have ob while the other either overlooked it, or did not pay it that regard which was due to its utili Dolev 1S 1.0 Neel: 1. Common white Saxifrage. Saxifraga alba vulgaris. The root is compofed of a great many fmall, oval, or roundifh tubercles, of a flefhy fubftance and redifh colour; and of a multitude of long and flender fibres, iffuing from their furface, and from a fmall head, to which they alfo grow. The leaves rife in little clufters, and are of a very fingular and pretty form: they are rounded, but a little pare of the circular figure is wanting where the ftalk is inferted; and they are of a fiefhy fubftance, a pale green colour, and indent- ed at the edges: their footftalks are long and flender, and they ftand tolerably erect. The ftalk rifes in the midft of this clufter, and is round, flefhy, upright, and about a foot high. The leaves are placed alternately on it; and they have long footftalks, and refemble thofe from the root. : ! The flowers are large, beautiful, and of a fhow white; and they are fometimes found naturally double: they ftand on fhort footftalks at the tops of the ftalks, and on little thoots rifing from the bofoms of the upper leaves. The feed-veffel is oval, and has a double beak at the top: the feeds are numerous and fmall. It is common in our paftures, and flowers in May. About Wandfor and toward Peckham there is a great deal of it; and, when in flower, it gives thofe fields a very beautiful afpedt. C, Bauhine calls it Saxifraga rotundifolia alba. J. Bauhine, Saxifraga alba radice granulofa; and others, plainly Saxifraga alba, This plant is an excéllent diuretick. An in- fufion of the whole herb, roots, leaves, and ftalks, works powerfully, yet fafely, by urine, and brings away gravel. It has been fuppofed, by fome, capable to dif- folve the ftone in the bladder; but this is an idle thought. ; : The dried root poffeffes the fame qualities, but in a lefs degree. This is what the druggifts ufed to fell under the name of faxifrage feed; the granules, {cparated and dried, which was the ufual way, having fomething of the appearance of a feed. The plant lofes a great deal of its virtue in drying ; and it is great pity that it is N° 19. BRITISH erved this, ty. SPECIES, not to be had during a longer part of the year frefh ; for it is worthy to be much more ufed than it is. 2. Rue Whitlow grafs, _ Saxifraga foliis digitatis, The root is compofed of a few {mall threads, The firft leaves rife in a little tuft, thick, flefhy, their colour and aré and divided in a fingered manner : is whitith, or not unfrequently redifh ; and they have a few feattered hairs upon them. The ftalk rifes in the midft of thefe, and ig round, thick, flefhy, of a redith colour, -and about three inches high. The leaves ftand alternately on it, and refemble thofe from the root, but they are fmaller, The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches, and are moderately large, and of a beautiful fhow white. The feed-veffel is oval, and forked at the top: the feeds are numerous, and very minute, ; It is common on old walls and the tops of houfes; and flowers early in fpring, ; C. Bauhine calls it Sedum tridacilytes tesortuin; Others, Saxifraga annua verna bumilior, Our common Englith name of rye whitlow Srajs is a very indeterminate one: we thould do much better to call it dow Spring Saxifrage with Jingered leaves. 3+ Trifid-leaved Saxifrage, Saxifraga pumila trifido folio. The root is fmall, oblong, and furnithed with a few fibres. The leaves rife in a thick tuft are very fine, and thick fet, they havea mofly appearance; whence fome have named the plant moffy fengréen, The leaves, when examined feparately, are ob- long, of a pleafant green, and divided into three parts at the top. , The ftalks are numerous, fmall, upright, and three or four inches high. The leaves on them are are few and fmall. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, are of a beautiful fnow white. Cag 3 and, as they placed irregularly, and and The Ccereeeeeiees 190 The BRIT IS H HERBAL. The feed-veffl is oblong, and fplit at the ends and the feeds are very minute. It is a native of the Welch mountains, and flowers in May. Ray calls it Saxifraga mufcofa trifido folio. C, Bauhine, Sedum alpinum trifido folio. Others, Se- dum ajuge foliis. 4: Short-leaved blue-flowered Saxifrage. Saxifraga caerulea foliis brevibus. The root “is long, flender, divided, and fur- nifhed with afew fibres. The leaves rife in a thick tuft, and are fup- ported on fhort ftalks, a great clufter upon each. They are oblong, and fomewhat broad; and of a pale green, pointed at the ends, and undi- vided at the edges. The ftalks which bear the flowers are fmal! and weak. : The flowers are large, beautiful, and blue. The feed-veffel is roundifh, but terminates in a forked end; and is full of very fmall, brown feeds. It is found on the hills in our northern counties, and on the Welch mountains; and it flowers in April. : Ray calls it Saxifraga alpina ericoides flore ceru- leo; but, though he adopts that name, he de- clares it to be ill fuited; the leaves being like thofe of mother of thyme, rather than of heath. C. Bauhine calls ic Sedum alpinum ericoides ceru- leum. 5. Saxifrage with yellow {potted flowers. Saxifraga floribus luteis guttatis. The root is fmall, and compofed of flender fibres. a The ftalks that firft rife from this trail upon the ground, and fend out roots alfo in many places. From thefe rife the ftalks which bear the flowers. They are fimall, upright, round, flefhy, and four or five inches high. The leaves are oblong, narrow, and of a flefhy Dil vielSel-O.N. oT: FeO Great Saxifrage with a bulbiferous ftalk. Saxifraga major caule bulbifero. The root is compofed of a number of tu- bercles, and'many fibres rifing among them, The firft leaves are of a roundifh form, but deeply cut in feveral parts, and more flightly in- dented. They ftand upon hort, redith footftalks, which are flefhy and firm. ; The ftalk is round, fingle, undivided, and two feet-high. The leaves are placed ‘alternately, and they are oblong, ‘broad, thick, flefhy, and very deeply divided. _ : 7 In:the*bofom'Of each leaf, where it is inferted to the ftalk, there ftands a little, flefhy bulb, or tubercle. bia fubftance and pale green colour: they are difpefed irregularly on the ftalk, and are very numerous, The flowers are fingular, and very beau- tiful: they are large, of a bright gold yellow, fpotted with a deeper yellow: in fome plants thefe {pots are very numerous; in others there are fewer; and in fome there are none : they alfo vary in degree of colour, being very pale and very deep in others. : The feed-veffel is oval, and has two horns: the feeds are moderately large, and redith. It is found in damp places, and about fprings, in the northern mountains of England; and flowers in June. , Ray calls it Saxifraga alpina anguftifolia Slore luteo guttato. C.Bauhine, Sedum alpinum flore pallido. in fome, 6. Saxifrage with ferrated leaves, Saxifraga foliis ovatis ferratis. The root is compofed of a multitude of thick, black fibres. The leaves rife in a tuft from this; and they are large, of an oval figure, and fharply ferrated at the edges: they are of a pale green, and fre- quently their edges turn in; fo that they appear hollow: they are an inch in length, and two thirds of an inch in breadth; they lie {pread up- on the ground, rifing from the head of the root without any footftalks. The ftalk rifes in the midft of thefe, and is round, thick, flefhy, and of a pale green. It has no leaves, nor is at all branched; and its height is four, five, or fix inches, The flowers ftand at its top in a thick, fhort, tuft: they are large and beautiful. The feed-veffel is oval, and {plits at th into.two horns ; and.is full-of minute feeds. It is frequent on the mountains. of Wales, and flowers in May. r Ray calls it Saxifraga foilis oblongo-rotundis dene tatis floribus compaétis... Merret, Sedum Jervatum rotundifolium. € ‘top Thefe plants are fuppofed to poflefs the fame virtues with the common JSaxifrage; but few of them have been tried. } REIGN SPECIES Thefe in all refpets refemble thofe tubercles which grow to the root, and anfwer the fame purpofes ; for they fall to. the ground when the leaves drop, and taking root furnifh new plants. The flowers ftand three or four together at the tops of the ftalks, and are large and white. _ The feed-veffel is oval, and flit. at the top into two horns; and is full of {mall brown feeds. This is frequent in Germany, and flowers in June. It greatly refembles our common Saxi- Jrage, but is larger, and has the leaves more di- vided. The experiment has been tried, and the feeds of one will not produce the other, which is the beft teft to Prove them diftin& fpecies, The virtues of this are the fame with thofe of the common Englifh kind 3 and thefe bulbs from the The BeRel hl *SPHe HR ARB Aes, IQt the bofoms of the leaves are collected for ufe in Germany. Hence came the miftake of calling the bulbs of the root feeds, thefe having been firft called by that name, and from their fituation much more naturally than thofe at the root. Tt is not peculiar to this plant to produce thefe particular parts: the toothwort, to be de. fcribed hereafter, and feveral others, do the fame. GE ON | Unce 9 IL KIDNEY WORT, GEU™M. . / "THE flower confifts of five petals, narrow at the bafe, and broadeft at the extremity: the feeds veffel is oval, and terminates in a divided ‘top : the cup is compofed of five little leaves, and remains with the feed veffel, though feparate and detached from it. . Linnzeus places this genus among the decandria digynia, joining it under one common name with faxifrage. differ in the ftructure of the cup. DIV 1IS;)L,0.N..1, _ 1, Hairy Kidneywort. Geum birfutum. The root is long, flender, and has a few fibres. The leaves rife in a fmall tuft, and ftand pretty upright: they have no footftalks; and they are oblong, moderately broad, fharp-pointed, dented at the edges, of a pale green colour, and hairy. The ftalk rifes in the midft of thefe, and it is fmall, naked, flender, and four inches high. ' ‘The flowers ftand at the top, on long, flender footftalks, and fpread themfelves into a kind of umbel: they are fmall and white. The feed-veffel is fmall, and the feeds are nu- merous and brown. Tt is found on the Welch mountains, and in fome of the northern parts of England, and flowers in April. : Ray calls it Geum paluftre minus foliis oblongis crenatis. 2. Narrow-leaved yellow Kidneywort. Geum angufifolium luteo flore. The root is a clufter of flender, but tough fibres: The leaves rife from it in a tuft; and they are oblong, narrow, and finooth : they are of a flefhy fubftance, and pale green cojour. The ftalk rifes in the center of thefe, and is round, flender, upright, and of a pale green, of- ten redifh. The flowers are very beautiful: they are com- pofed of five yellow petals, pointed, and beauti-. fully dotted with orange-colour, Dili Vendo SvlcO) Nig bale 1. Long-leaved Kidneywort. Geum longifolium. This is a moft elegant plant. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with a few fibres. The leaves are numerous, and very beautiful: they are long, narrow, and rounded at the ends: they are of a pale green, and they have a thin I have fhewn, in the charaéter of the preceding genus, how abfolutely and effentially they BR LTS HS PE) Crlak: s: The feed-veffel-is divided into two parts at the top, and the feeds are {mall and brown. | It is found on the hills in our northern coun- ties, and flowers in Auguft. Ray calls it Geum anguftifolium-autumnale: flore luteo guttato. 3. London Pride: Geum foliis fubrotundis crenatis. - The root is long, flender, and furnithed with a few, fibres. The leaves rife in a tuft, and are of a roundith figure, dented about the edges, and of a pale green. So : The ftalk rifes in the midft of a regular and beautiful tuft of thefé, and'is round, flender, ré2 dith, naked, and‘a foot high. The flowers ftand in great numbers on branches fent out from the upper part of the ftalk, and they are fmall, but, when examined nearly, very beautiful: they are fpotced in a moft elegant manner with crimfon, The feed-veffel is fmall, and terminates in a double point, and the feeds are minute and nu- merous. _ It is wild on the mountains of Ireland ; whence it has been brought into our gardens. It flowers in July. Ray calls it Geum folio fubrotundo majori piftilla Hforis rubro. We, London Pride, or None fo pretty. ; FOR EIGN. S PE CTI Ess, filvery edge of a cartilaginous fubftance all round them, which is beautifully ferrated : they lie fptead in a circular manner on the ground, and the ftalk ] rifes in the centre. This is round; firm, upright, and of a pale green. There are generally two or three Jeaves upon it of the fame fhape with thofe’ from the root, and they ftand irregularly, and at great diftances. 3 They 192 The BR Ih 1:8 Hi HERB Aye. The flowers are large, beautiful, and fnow white; they grow in a tuft at the top of the ftalk. The edevencl is fmall, and ends in two. points. It is full of fmall brown feeds. It isa native of the mountains in Germany, and flowers in July. Morifon calls it Sedum ferratum album briorne marginibus argenteis. 2. Kidneywort, with white dotted flowers. Geum floribus albis punétatis foliis ferratis. The root is compofed of a few flender, but very long and tough fibres, rifing from a {mall head. The leaves {pread themfelves upon the ground in little tufts: they are oblong, broad, and very deeply ferrated: they are narrow at the bafe, broad toward the other end, and terminate in a fharp point. The {tall rifes in the centre, and is round, firm, uptight, and a little hairy, as are alfo the leaves. There are no leaves on the ftalk. The flowers are fmall,. but very beautiful ; they ftand in a little tuft at the top of the ftalk, and are of a fnow white, beautifully fpotted. Gag By oe The feed-veffel is oval, and has a double point. The feeds are very {fmall. It is a native of Switzerland, and flowers in April. Plukenet calls it Sanicula myofotis floribus albi- cantibus fere umbellatis. 3. Kidneywort, with tufted flowers. Geum floribus fafciculatis. The root is compofed of a number of black fibres. The leaves rife ina tuft, and are oblong, broad, of a pale green, and ferrated at the edges, The ftalk is round, upright, and of a redifh colour, and is in a manner naked: there are no leaves on its lower part, and only a few rudiments of leaves where the branches rife that bear the flowers. Thefe are fmall, white, and cluftered in little tufts at the ends of the feveral branches that grow from the upper part of the ftalk. The feed-veffel is oval, and fplit at the end into two parts, and the feeds are fiall. It is a native of North America, and flowers in Auguft. © Plukenet calls it Sanicuja Virginiana alba folio” oblongo nugeronato. US IV. GRASS or PARNASSUS. : PARNASSITA. HE flower confifts of five petals, which are broad, and regularly fpread open: the feed-veftel is of an oval fhape, but marked with four flight ridges, and is compofed of four valves: the cup is formed of a fingle piece, divided into five long fegments, and remains when the flower is fallen, Linneus places this among the pentandria tetragynia ; the threads fuftaining the buttons in the flower being five, and the ftigmata rifing from the rudiment of the fruit four. : The ufual name of the genus was gramen Parnafi, and this Linnzus has very Judicioufly fet afide, reducing it, after C. Bauhine, to one word, Paruaffia,; the word gramen having no alliance with the nature of the plant. Of this genus there is but one known fpecies, and that is a native of Britain, as well as moft parts of Europe. Grafs of Parnaffus. Parnaffia. The root confifts of a fmall head, and an in- numerable quantity of long and flender fibres. The leaves are numerous, and extremely beau- tiful; each has its long, flender footftalk, and the fhape is heart-fathioned : they rife pretty upright » in a large tuft, and are of a deep green. The ftalks are numerous, flender, round, up- right, and a foot high. Each has only a fingle leaf upon it, and fuftains a fingle fower. The leaf grows about the middle of the ftalk, and furrounds it at the bafe : its fhape is the fame with that of thofe from the root, but it has no footttalk. ‘ The flower is very large and beautiful: it is white, and elegantly ftriated; and there are a multitude of filaments, no lefs than fixty-three in all, befide the proper threads, which are only five: thefe are a great addition to the beauty of the flower. : _are, indeed, extremely fingular, as well as beau- They rife from certain glandules in the lower part of the flower: there is one on each petal, and it is hollow, and heart-fafhioned 3 and from this there rife thirteen of thefe threads, taller as they proceed up the margin, and each havine its top terminated by a little globe. < Thefe glands Linnzus calls the neffaria, and makes the effential charaéter of the genus: they tiful. The feed-veffel is oval, and edged in four Places ; and the feeds are {mall and oval. : Tt is found on boggy ground in many parts of the kingdom, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Parnaffia fore albo Simplici. Others, Gramen Parnaffi vulgare, and Gramen Parnoffi minus. The flower is fometimes natu- rally double. ; The virtues of this plant have not been tried: but the farmers think it hurts their fheep. GENUS F ' q ; i : . SS | ) NY ou: : . yy ‘i pea a ae S. ane ; | Common White Saayfrage So Rue Whitton GF 7s, Sasriprage rei - MN, We . ase : ple spotted now, cs tnxiprage with Mel oS oe —— gerrated Leaves Z \ 4 AN ) "| ay, " \\ \ Mi ol pe. s ‘ : Long teav dudney- pees Chidney worl with while dotted \} i a Mowers, eat Saaifrage Vp, 22 2 hulbefivons Salk, 4 WV, r| | ms RO A : i ! J ) Y Ys \ ( \ ; Ns ie ne 0, ; os : A: ae. s aN Gifs of Carnefius, ‘ Fudney-wort with tufled Mowers, 4 = —“—, j Narrow teavd FA = vy iurple Max , PlaunlaincHaxr , be ae 3 a en TheA BRITISH ie BR AM 2S) Ge EN Us V. PoE A X, LT NSU HE flower is compofed of five petals, narroweft at the bafe, and broadeft upwards; and it opens regularly, and is hollow: the feed-veffel is of a rounded figure, but has five ridges, and a point at the top: it is formed of five valves, and has ten cells: the cup is fmall; it is compofed of five oblong leaves, and remains when the flower is fallen. Linnaeus places this among the pentandria pentagynia; the threads in the centre of the fower being five, and the ftyles from the rudiment of the fruit alfo five. a That author includes in this genus the /ittle rupturewort, or all feed called radiola. This is confound- ing plants alogether diftinét ; for this little herb is quite different in genus, and has its received and well known name. ‘ ti Linneus contradicts his own fyftem in joining this plant with the /ixum, for he eftablithes the claffical charaéter under which that genus is arranged to be the having five threads in the flowers and five ftyles; whereas the threads in this, and the ftyles alfo, are only four. Of this Linnzus was not ignorant: he: has mentioned that one fpecies wants a fifth part of the number in thefe parts of the flower: indeed, it wants, not only one of each of thefe parts, but one of the petals alfo; for it has only four of thefe, as of the others, It is, from this, evident that the plant neither is of the fame genus, which is determined by the petals, nor of the fame clafs, which is. fixed by Linnzeus ftom the threads, with flax wherewith he confounds it. He fays, fome have been defirous, becaufe of it difference in the number of the petals, threads, and ftyles, to conftitute a new genus of it, and feparate it from thé flax; but he adds, this nature abbors. 1 mutt utterly differ with him in this matter: it is what nature diGtates and direéts, in the plaineft manner, and under the moft obvious characters. This determination of that author is therefore rafh and contradictory to reafon in itfelf, and it is very unhappy in its con- fequences for his fyftem; for if nature abhors the feparating plants that are in obvious characters allied to one another, on account of fome difference in the number of the threads, and other minute parts of the flower, then nature abhors his whole fyftem of botany. We have fhewn in every clafs how he removes and feparates plants perfectly allied to one another, becaufe they happen to differ in the number of threads in the flower. This is that making a fepatation from the variation of number in like plants of which we have complained fo often; which his method impofes; and which, he fays here, is abhorrent to nature. : L This is not the only inftance wherein the prefent genus of plants fhews us the uncertainty and error of Linnzus’s method : others, which he has in his laft work, his Species Plantarum, attributed to the prefent clafs, as perfectly differ from its laws. He has there introduced the yellow bellflower among the fpecies of flax, though he has eftablifhed in the generical character, that the flax has five petals in the flower, ahd in that plant it confifts only of one: he calls this doubtful; but three could be no doubt, from this plain circumftance. ' The little yellow flax is alfo placed here among the reft, and properly enough in nature, but un- happily by this author, who has attributed five ftyles to the fax, whereas this has but ‘three. J fhall enter no farther into this difquifition : I am to write a hiftory of plants, and not a criticifm upon the works of Linnaus ; though fo much as this, though written with pain, cannot be avoided. DliVuh St OLN. BRITISH SPECTES. 1. Common Flax. The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are alfo large, numerous, and of a glofly brown. We fee it naturally in our paftures, and about road-fides in fome parts of the kingdom, and cultivated in fields in many others +. whether the Linum vulgare. The root is long, flender, and hung with a few fibres. ‘ The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and of a pale green: it has fcarce any branches, and is three feet high, and very upright. The leaves ftand irregularly, and are nume- rous: they are long, narrow, and of a frefh green: they have no footftalks ; they are not at all divided at the edges ; and they are pointed at the ends. The flowers are large, and of a beautiful fky- blue. They grow in confiderable numbers on the tops of the ftalks, and on fhort branches rifing for their fupport juft below the top of it. pen SN OREN wild plants are properly native of this ifland or rife from fcattered feeds it is not eafy to fay. Some have divided the common flax into two fpecies on this account, calling the one the ma- nured flax, and the other the wild flaw; but the plant is the fame, whether it grow naturally, or be raifed by art; that which is cultivated will be larger : there is no other difference. C. Bauhine and others call it Linum fativum. The ufe of the flalks of this plant in making linen is fufficiently known. The thready part is feparated from the reft, beat and combed till it Ddd hangs 194 The BRa fsa To ER B ASL, hangs in long fine threads, and then bleached to a whitenefs. The virtues in medicine are very confiderable : for this purpofe the feeds alone are ufed. They are emollient and diuretick. A tea, made by pouring boiling water upon them un- bruifed, is pleafant, and is of excellent. fervice in diforders of the breaft and lungs. Ic alfo allays heat of urine, and brings away gravel. Outwardly it makes an excellent emollient fo- mentation ; and is an ingredient in many of the ointments, and other external remedies, in our difpenfatories. The oil, drawn from the bruifed feeds without heat, is excellent in diforders of the lungs, and in pleurifies and peripneumonies. ‘ Externally it is alfo an anodyne and refolvent in a great degree 5 indeed, fuperior to almoft any other oily medicine. : 2. Great-flowered perennial Flax. Linum perenne flore majore. This is a wild Flax, very different from the common manured kind; being a hardy, peren- nial, and deep rooted plant. The root is long, thick, woody, and hung with many fibres. The ftalks are numerous, round, upright, hard, and a foot and half high: they are brown and brittle; and are feldom at all branched. The leaves are oblong, narrow, fharp-pointed, and of a pale green: they are very numerous» and are placed irregularly on the ftalks. The flowers grow in a thick tuft at the tops of the branches: they are large, and of a beau- tiful blue. The feed-veffel is very large, and the feeds alfo large. It is frequent on the borders of fie'ds in many parts of England, and flowers in July, Ray calls it Linum fylveftre ceruleum perenne eretlius fiore et capitulo majore. The flower is fometimes white. 3. Procumbent Flax with fmall flowers. Linum procumbens flore minore. The root is long, thick, and brown: it is furnifhed with many fibres, and endures from year to year, The ftalks are numerous, round, flender, and weak: they lie in part upon the ground, and in part rife up. The leaves are long, narrow, and of a bluith green; and they ftand irregularly, and in great numbers, on the ftalks, The flowers ftand on the tops, and on flender footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the upper leaves: they are fmaller than thofe of the common Slax, but of the fame celeftial blue. The feed-veffels are fmall, hard, brown, and fharp-pointed ; and the feeds are brown. It is found in barren places in our fouthern counties ; and flowers in July. Ray calls ic Linum filveftre perenne procumbens flare et capitulo minore. 4. Narrow-leaved purple Flax. Linum angupifolium Slore purpurafcente. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with many fibres. : The flalks are numerous, round, flender, and of a pale green: they are very upright, and full of leaves, placed with perfect irregularity from the bottom to the top. Thefe are long, narrow, and fharp-pointed : they have no footftalks, and are of a pale green: The flowers are large, and very beautiful; they ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and their colour is a pale purple. The feed veffel is fmall, and the feeds are oval, and of a pale brown. It is found in many parts of England near the fea-coaft ; and flowers in June. The flowers vary extremely, in their tinge of purple: fometimes they are deeper ; fometimes paler; and fometimes nearly white: the colour is fometimes diffufed all over them; and in others it is only laid on in lines, or ftreaks, toward the bottom of the petals, which grow fainter, and die off as they come nearer the tips. C. Bauhine calls it Linum Lylveftre anguftifolium Hloribus dilute purpurafcentibus five carneis. 5. Mountain Flax, Linum foliis brevibus. This is a fingular plant ; very unlike the other fpecies of flax, but properly and truly one of the kind. The root is long, with many fibres. The ftalks are numerous, round, firm, up- right, and ten inches high: they have no branches till toward the top, where they divide, by twos, into a large, {preading head. The leaves are fhort and {mall : they are of a dufky green, and of a firm fubftance. The flowers are {mall and white; and the {eed-veflels are large, and full of oval feeds, Tt is common on dry paftures, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Linum pratenfe ONIZUIS. mon people call it Purging flax, and Mill mountain. flender, white, and hung It is a great medicine with the country people for many diforders, the theumatifm, dropfies, and other complaints arifing from obftruétions, They give it boiled in ale. A fmall handful, boiled in a pint of that liquor, is a dofe for a ftrong man. It always operates violently by ftool, and not unfrequently alfo by vomit. Diy ye: fofetis Others, Linum catharticum. Our com- — Mountain flax, A195 They (BoR'T DIS APH ERR Al. DIVISION I. FOREIGN SPECIES, 1. Great hairy Flax. Linum ceruleum hirfutum. The root is fall, oblong, divided, and fur- nifhed with a few fibres. The ftalks are numerous and firm: they are three feet high, round, hard, brown, not much branched; yet, not altogether fo fingle as in the common flax. The leaves are oblong, confiderably broad, of a pale green colour, and hairy. They are placed irregularly on the ftalks, and cloath them pretty thick all the way up. The flowers grow all the way up the upper branches, and the tops of the ftalks: they are very large, and of a beautiful blue. The feed-veffel is large and pointed; and the feeds are oval and of a pale brown. It is common in Germany, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Linum filveftre latifolium birfutum cerulenm. 2. Small yellow Flax. Linum parvum flore luteo. The root is long, flender, and edged with fibres, The ftalks are numerous, flender, and fix or eight inches high: they frequently divide into two from the bafe ; but they are rarely branched upwards. The leaves are fmall, oblong, narrow, and fharp pointed: they are placed irregularly on the ftalks, and are perfectly fmooth, and of a pale green. The flowers are fmall, and of a gold yellow: _ they grow at the tops of the ftalks, and on flen- der footftalks rifing from the boforhs of the upper leaves. Thefe generally fplit into two at the extremity. The feed-veffel is fmall and pointed. The feeds are oval and brown. j __ This is the fpecies which has only three ftyles in the flower; whereas Linnzeus’s chiracter gives all the flaxes five. It is a native of the fouth of France, and flowers in June, : C. Bauhine calls it Linum fylveftre. minus Slore Luteo. ‘i 3. Broad leaved yellow Flax. Linum latifolium luteum ad genicula floridum. . The root is fmall, oblong, divided into feve- ral parts, and furnifhed with many long fibres. _ The ftalk is round, firm, and upright, but Jointed, and ufually bowed from joint to joint. The leaves are fhort and broad: they have no footftalks, but are fmall at the bafe, broadeft in the middle, and pointed at the ends; and they are placed irregularly on the ftalks. The flowers are moderately large, and of a pale yellow: they grow clofe to the ftalks at its feveral joints, or at the infertions of the upper leaves. The feed-veffel is large, roundith, and point- ed; and the feeds are brown. It is common in Italy, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Linum luteum ad fingula genicula floridum. The virtues of thefe plants are not certainly known; but the tafte of their feeds feems-to fhew they have all the fame qualities with the common flax. Go be Bet Us. § VI. CRANESBILL. GERANIUM. HE flower confifts of five petals. The feed-veffel is long and flender: it is very fingular ; it is -properly a cruft which envelops the feveral feeds, and which has a top extended along the ftyle. As its form is fingular, fo is its manner of opening; for it fplits in feveral parts from the bafe to the extremity of the ftyle. The feeds are kidney-fhaped. The cup is compofed of five leaves, and remains when the flower is fallen. ' Linnaeus places this among the monadelpbia decandria; the threads in the fower growing together in one body, and being diftin€ly ten in number. This is one of thofe claffes of that author which we call, with reafon, perfectly artificial, for this coalition of the threads in a fower is not certain enough to become the mark of a claffical diftinétion, Nor appears to have been regarded bynature fo ftridtly as thofe parts and circumftances in all plants are, on which a natural method is to be founded. Linnzeus is obliged to acknowledge this, even in the moft plain terms, in relation to the pre- fent genus. : After having feparated it from all thofe other genera to which it is naturally allied, by placing ig among thefe monadelphia, becaufe its {tamina grow into one body, he owns that in fome of the fpecies _ the flower is plainly of the diadelphia clafs; that is, the ftamina unite. into two bodies, This divides the genus again: the plants whofe threads unite into one body make the fixteenth clafs_ in Linnzeus’s method ; and thofe whofe threads unite into two bodies make the feventeenth: there- fore, after the crane/bills being taken out of their natural place, the genus itfelf is to be divided, 4 and ee 196: Th BRITISH HERBAL and fome of the fpecies are to be put into one clafs, and others into anot indeed. her. This, nature abhors, Unhappily for this author’s fyftem, the cranefbills are characterifed more thoroughly by their fingular fruit than any other genus of plants whatever : they are therefore incapable of being thus feparated ; nor, though their difference in this flight refpect} feemed to render it neceflary, has the author ventured to do it: he. leaves it a blemifh in his fyftem. Indeed, the determination of reafon is plainly this, That Suftem which Separates. like genera, and places in diftinét claffes the plants evidently of the fame genus, is falfe. This cenfure falls directly upon the method of this celebrated author ; and thefe two claffes, the A, lpb ia and Aina? [ph iy are proved by this inftance, as others by thofe before-named, to have no real foundation in nature. DIV" 1.8 f-O Niwa. 1. Herb Robert. Geranium pedunculis bifloris calycibus birfutis. The root is fmall, long, divided, and hung with many fibres. _ The leaves that rife immediately from it have long, weak, hairy footftalks of a red colour. The leaves themfelves are large, and beauti- ‘fully formed: they are firft divided into three or five parts, and thefe are afterwards deeply in_ dented. They are of a tender fubftance, of a pale green, and lightly fprinkled over with white hairs. : The ftalks are numerous, round, redifh, and jointed: they grow in the centre of this tuft of leaves, and are a foot or more in length, but not perfectly upright: the leaves from thefe are di- vided in the fame manner with thofe from the root, and are of the fame pale green. The flowers are moderately large, and of a bright red: they grow on flender pedicles, each {pliting toward the end, and fupporting two of them. | : The fruit, or beak, is long, flender, and co- vered at the bafe where the feeds lie by the cup, which is hairy. The whole plant has a very fingular, but not difagreeable fmell. Toward the end of fummer it frequently be- comes throughout of a bright red colour, leaves, and ftalks, and even the beaks. It is common under hedges, and flowers in * June. é C. Bauhine calls it Geranium Robertianum; and almoft all the fucceeding writers copy the fame name. ' This plant is an aftringent of a very powerful kind; but is not enough known to thofe who might make its virtues a benefit to mankind. The farmers give it their cattle when they make bloody urine, or have bloody ftools; and -this with certain fuccefs: it fhould be brought into ufe in the fhops on the fame occafions, 2. Shining knotty Cranefbill. Geranium lucidum nodofum foliis diffectis. The root is long, flender, divided, and of a red colour. | The firft leaves are numerous, and they are fupported on flender footftalks : they are divided deeply into five parts, and thofe again cut in at the edges: they very much refemble the leaves of the common herb Robert ; but they are not hairy, BRITISH SPR 2EECHIERES: as in that {pecies, but fmooth and fhining, as are alfo their ftalks. The main ftalks rife among them, and are more than a foot in length, but. not upright: they are red, of a fhining furface, and have fre- quent knots, which are large, and more glofly than the reft. The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root. The flowers are fmall, and of a faint red; and the feed-veffel, or beak, is long and flender. It is frequent about our fea-coafts, and in many inland places. I have obferved it among bufhes on the right-hand of the road to Chichefter. It flowers in June. Ray calls it Geranium lucidum faxatile foliis geranii Robertiani. It has the fimell of the former, and probably its virtues. 3. Dove’s-foot Cranefbill. Geranium columbinum vulgare. The root is long, thick, divided into feveral parts, and furnifhed with fibres. The leaves rife in a large tuft: they have long, weak footftalks, of a pale whitith green: the. leaves are roundifh and fmall; they are divided into eight or ten deeper fegments at the edge, and thefe are again notched; but they are lefs cut in than thofe of many other of the dovefeors: they are of a pale green, and have fomething of the appearance of the mallow leat in miniature. The ftalks are round, weak, and a foot or more in height: they are numerous, branched, and of a pale green. The leaves are placed irregularly on thefe; and they refemble in all refpeéts thofe from the root, but that they are deeper cut at the edges. The flowers grow in confiderable numbers at the tops of the ftalks and branches; and they are of a beautiful purple, and moderately large. The feed-veflél is {mall and flender; it ftands enclofed in the cup at the bafe, and that is little and fmooth. ; " Itis common by way-fides, and flowersin June. ~ C.Bauhine calls it Geranium folio malue rotundo, Others, Geranium columbinum, and Columbinum vulgare. Though common enough, it is not fo frequent as many of the others; and many a young ftudent has called the next fpecies by its name. The place where it is to be found neateft Lon- don-is by the fide of the road from’ Gray’s-Inn lane half a mile from the ftreet. Beha 4. Great — ee oe The BRT One Ree te eae eee tl 4. Great dove’s-foot Cranefbill with little flowers. Geranium columbinum majus flore minore ceruleo.. This is the plant many have confounded with the preceding in its name; and, having been taken for the fame fpecies, it has been omitted by moft writers. ; i The root is long, flender, redifh, and furnifhed with many fibres, 3 The leaves are numerous, and have very long footftalks: they are large, of a rounded form in the whole, but very deeply divided into feve- ral parts; and they are of a pale green colour, and covered with a foft filvery down. The ftalk is round, thick, upright, and two feet high: itis alfo of a greenifh colour, though frequently red at the joints, and is covered with the fame filvery down as the leaves. The leaves upon this have long, flender, and weak footftalks, and are much more deeply di- vided than thofe from the root. The flowers ftand in confiderable numbers to- wards the tops of the ftalks: they are very fmall, though the plant is fo large, and their colour is a faint blue. The feed-veffel, or beak, is long and flender. It is common by way-fides, and flowers in July. Ray calls it Geranium columbinum majus flore minore caruleo, The flower in this fpecies is fometimes white, Ray found it in this condition near the lead mills on Hackney river, and it is frequent in the fame place at this time in the fame variation. 5. Dwarf Dove’s-foot, Geranium columbinum humile flore minimo ceruleo. The root is oblong, flender, and divided, and has feveral fibres. The firft leaves are fupported on long foot- ftalks, five or fix together, from the root ; and they are broad and fhort, deeply divided into about feven parts, and thofe notched again at the edges. ; The ftalk is round, flender, upright, and not more than three inches high, feveral ufually rife together; and they are of a pale colour, and feldom much branched. The leaves on them refemble thofe from the root, but they are more deeply divided, and have fhorter footftalks. The flowers are numerous, and very fmall; the petals are divided at the tips, and they are of a faint bluiff¥ hue. The beak is fhort, fharp, and fmall; and is enclofed at the bottom in a cup, which is large confidering the fmallnefs of the plant. It is common on ditch-fides, and flowers in fpring. The fhape of the flower and beak thew it plainly to be a diftinét fpecies; not, as might appear otherwife, a ftarved plant of fome of the other kinds. Ray calls it Geranium columbinum humile flore ceruleo minimo. 6. Dove’s-foot Cranefbill with deep cut leaves, Geraniuia columbinum foliis profunde feétis. The root is long, thick, divided into feveral parts, and hung with numerous fibres. N® 20, The leaves that rifé from it are fupported ont tall footftalks 5 and they are large, of a figure approaching in the whole to round, but divided by deep and frequent fegments into very finall and narrow parts, The ftalk is round, thick, upright, and a foot and half high: it is of a pale whitith colour, and very much branched. - The leaves on the talk refemble thofe from the root, but are of a paler green, and more deeply divided. : The flowers are fall; and of a bright red: they ftand in great numbers toward the tops of the branches. _ : The beaks ate large and long. ; It is common about the hedges of dry paftures, : and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Geranium columbinum tenning laciniatum., J. Bauhine, -Gruinale folio tenuiter divifo. The flowers in this are alfo fometimes white. 7+ Dove’s-foot Cranefbill with flowers on long footftalks. Geranium columbinum diffettis Soltis pediculis florum longiffimis. The root is long, fender, and hung with a few fibres: The firft leaves ate humerous, and are placed, on long footftalks : they are of a form approach- ing to round, deeply divided into fegthents, and of a dark dufky green, The ftalk is round, upright, firm, branched, and fmooth : it is of a pale colour, and jointed . — at diftances, The leaves on it are like thofe from the root, but {mallet ; and they are alfo perfectly fmooth, and deeply divided. a The flowers are fupported on very long and flender footftalks ; and they are of a bright red : they are moderately large, and the petals are flightly divided. The beaks are large, ; It is common in dry paftures, and flowers in © fuly. ‘ Ray calls it Geranium columbinum difjetiis: foliis pediculis florum longifimis. : 8, The greateft dove’s-foot Cranefbill, Geranium columbinum maximum. The root is long and large, of s red colour, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The firft leaves rife in confiderable number, and are fupported on very long footftalks: they are of a rounded figure, large, and deeply divided into numerous, narrow, and pointed fegments. . The ftalk is round, thick, upright, and three feet high. The leaves on it ate like thofe from the root, but more deeply divided; and the whole plant is covered with a filvery down. The flowers are large and red, and they ftand on footftalks, longer than thofe of the other kinds, but not at all comparable to thofe of the laft f{pecies. The beaks are large, long, and fharp. It is frequent in our jmidland counties, and flowers in July, Bice Some 198 The--B RY 01 Sah Ey: Brac. Some have fuppofed it only a variety of the other dove’s-foot with deep cut leaves; but, on comparing them, they are abfolutely diftinc. Ray calls it Geranium columbinum maximum diffectis foliis. 9. Bloody Cranefbill. Geranium hemotides. The root is long, thick, and divided into fe- veral parts. The leaves that rife from it are numerous, ’ fmall, and deeply divided : they have moderately long footftalks, and they are of a dufky green. Their fegments are fingle and fharp-pointed. The ftalks are numerous, round, weak, and redifh : they are a foot long, but not very erect ; and are greatly branched. The leaves on thefe are like thofe from the root; and they have, in the fame manner, mo- derately long footftalks. The flowers do not grow from the tops of the — flalks, but rife from the bofoms of the leaves : they have very long, flender footftalks, and only one flower is fupported on each: this is very large, and of a deep blood red. The beak is fmall, and is furrounded at its bafe by a large cup. It is found among bufhes in the fouthern counties of England, but is not common. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Geranium fanguinarium. O- thers, Geranium fanguineum, and Hematodes. 10. Pale hairy-leaved bloody Cranefbill. Geranium hematedes foliis pallideoribus hirfutis. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. ' The leaves that rife firft from this are very numerous, and fupported on long, flender foot- ftalks: their figure approaches to round, but they are deeply divided into narrow fegments ; and they are hairy, and of a pale green. The ftalk is flender, hairy, whitifh, and but indifferently able to fupport itfelf. The Jeaves on it are, like thofe from the root, pale coloured, ‘hairy, and very deeply divided; and they have fhort footftalks. The flowers are large, and of a pale red; and: they ftand on feparate long and flender footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves. ' The beaks are long and large. It is found in Cambridgefhire, and fome other places, but is not common, It flowers in July. — Ray calls it Germanium hematodes foliis majori- bus pallidioribus 8 altius incifis. 11. Small bloody Cranefbill. Geranium hematodes pumilum. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The leaves that firft rife from it are nume- rous, fmall, of a roundifh figure, but deeply di- vided into narrow fegments, and placed on long footftalks: they are of a dufky green colour, and not in the leaft hairy. The ftalks are numerous, weak, round, and branched : they are fix or eight inches long, but not perfectly erect. : Their leaves are fmall, and very deeply di- vided ; and they are of the fame deep green colour with thofe from the root, and alfo fmooth. The flowers are very large, and very beautiful: they ftand fingly on long foorftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves; and they are of a pale whitifh colour, variegated with veins of red. The beaks are fmall. It is found in Lancafhire and the adjoining counties; and flowers in Auguft. Ray calls it Geranum beratodes Lancaftren/e flore eleganter variegato. It has been fufpected as only a variety of one of the firft kind; and the feeds have been fown in gardens to try. In this cafe it becomes larger, but the leaves continue fmaller, than thofe of the common kind; and the flower always con- tinues variegated. 12. Crowfoot Cranefbill. Geranium Batrachoides. This is a very large and {pecious plant. The root is long, thick, and furnithed with abundance of fibres. ° The firft leaves rife in a large tuft: they are fupported on long, flender footftalks, and are large and fpreading: they are divided very deeply into numerous fegments, which are again notched at their edges; and they are of a pale green, and hairy. The ftalk is thick, firm, upright, two feet high, and very much branched. The leaves on it are numerous and large, and are divided more deeply than thofe immediately from the root. ae ee oe numerous, very large, and of a fine blue: they ftand at the to on fhort footftalks, eam The beaks are long, and not very thick. It is frequent in paftures in many parts of — England. About Twickenham there is a great deal of it. It flowers in July. J. Bauhine calls it Geranium batrachoides. Oz thers, Gratia Dei. 13. Red-flowered crowfoot Cranetbill, Geranium batrachoides flore minore rubente. The root is long, thick, and futnifhed with a multitude of long and crooked fibres. From this rife firft four or five leaves, rarely more: they are large, broad, and of a deep green colour, and fhining furface : they are fup- ported on long footftalks, and are cut into feve- ral divifions at the edges, but not fo deeply as thofe of the former fpecies. , The ftalk is round, upright, but flender, fomewhat branched, and a foot and half high, The leaves that ftand on it refemble thofe from the root, but they are {maller, and more deeply divided. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches on fhort footftalks, and are confi- c 5 derably a ee ee The BRITISH HERBAL, 199 derably large, but not nearly fo big as thofe of the former: their colour is a fine bright red. The beaks are long and large. It is found among bufhes in our northern counties ; and flowers in Auguft. ~ Ray calls it Geranium batrachoides montanum. C. Bauhine, Geranium batrachoides folio aconiti. Others, Geranium batrachoides minus. 14. Shining dove’s-foot Cranefbill. Geranium lucidum faxatile columbinum. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves in fhape fomewhat refemble thofe of the common dove’s-foot crane/bill, but they are of a deep green colour, and fhining furface : they are more grofsly indented, and they ftand on long, thick, red footftalks. The ftalks rife among thefe leaves, and they are very irregularly branched, and rudely jointed : they alfo are red and fhining; their joints are large and knotty 5 and their branches fpread with ‘great irregularity : they are a foot and half long, but they do not ftand very erect, The leaves on the ftalks are lefs indented than thofe at the root, and are of the fame gloffy fur- face and dark colour. The flowers are fmall, and of a faint red: The beaks alfo are fmall. Tt is frequent in our northern counties and elfewhere. There is a great deal of it among the bufhes on the right hand of the road to Rich- mond. _ It flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Geranium lucidum faxatile. Others, Geranium famatile. 15. Knotty Cranefbill with trifid leaves. Geranium nodofum foliis trifidis. The root is long, irregular, and creeping. The firft leaves are few; and are fupported on long, flender, redifh footftalks: they are fmall, and of a deep green colour and fhining furface: they are each divided into three principal parts, and two fmaller at the bafe; fo thar thefe ‘are properly quinquifid, though thofe on the ftalks are, as the name expreffes, only trifid: thofe feg- . ments of the leaves are long, narrow, and fharp- pointed; and they are fharply ferrated at the edges. The ftalk is round, upright, and of a blood red colour ufually ; it is divided into many branches in the upper part, and has large, thick, and fwelling knots at the joints, The flowers ftand on fhort footftalks at the tops of the branches, commonly two} on each footftalk : they are moderately large, and of a bright red. The beaks are long and flender. It is found in fome of our northern counties; and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Geranium nodofum. Others, Geranivm nodofum plateau. The whole plant frequently becomes in autumn blood red. - 16. Black-flowered Cranesbill, Geranium flore pullo. The root is Tong, flender, and furnifhed with many fibres. i The leaves that rife from it are large, broad and angulated: they are placed on long foot- ftalks, and they are divided by deep fegments into five or fix principal parts, which are pointed at the ends, and notched at their edges : they are of a dufky green colour; and often are fpotted. The ftalk is round, frm, very upright, and two fect high: it is of a pale brown colour, and very little branched. The leaves ftand irregularly’ on it, and at dif- tances: thofe toward the bottom refemble the firft leaves from the root ; but fuch as grow near the top are divided only into three parts, which are long, narrow, and notched, The flowers are large and black: they ftand on flender footftalks on the tops of the branches ; and thefe ufually fplit, and fuftain each two flowers. The beaks are moderately long; It has been found wild in fome few parts of England, and of late in Ireland. July. C. Bauhine calls it Geranium montanuy Sufcum Others, Geranium pullo flore. It flowers in 17. Sea Cranefbill with undivided leaves, Geranium maritimum foliis integris, The root is long, flender, divided, and fur- nifhed with many fibres. The ftalks are numerous; thick, jointed, and of a pale green: they are five or fix inches long, and fpread every way upon the ground, none of them rifing upright, unlefs by accident: they are thick fet with leaves, and divided into numerous branches. : The leaves are undivided: they are oblong and broad, obtufe at the ends, and flightly crenated — round the edges: they are of a pale green, and they have a great deal of refemblance to the leaves of betony, only they are fmaller, The flowers ftand on fhort footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves, ptincipally to- ward the ends of the branches: they are {mall and whitifh, with a blufh of red. The beaks are fhort ‘and fmall. It is frequent on barren, fandy grounds about the fea-coaft ; and flowers in June. Ray calls it Geranium pufillum fupinum mari- timum althee, vel potius Betonica folio. Merret, Geranium betonice folio. 18. Pinnated-leaved Cranefbi!l without fcent, Geranium foliis pinnatis inodorum. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres. The leaves that firft rife from it are large and pinnated ; and they are beautifully difpofed, mak- ing a round tuft upon the ground : they are long, narrow, and of a pale, pleafant green: each is compofed of fix or more pairs of pinne, or fmaller leaves, fet on a middle rib, with an odd one at the end. The weet eae, 200 The B Rater oa ek ROB wT The ftalks rife among thefe: they are nume- fous, thick, and of a pale green: they fpread themfelves every way, and are very much branched. : The leaves on. thefe refemble thofe from the root, but they are fmaller, and their pinnee, as thofe of the others, are very deeply cut in at the edges, and fharp-pointed. ’ The flowers ftand on the tops of the ftalks and branches on_ flender, long foorftalks, each fup- porting three or more: they are moderately large, and of a beautiful red, : The beaks are large, and fharp. Tt. is common on ditch-banks, and flowers all fummer, C. Bauhine calls it Geranium cicute folio minus et fipinum. Others, very idly, Geranium mofcha- tum inodorum; becaufe it refembles the mitfe cranefvill, next to be defcribed, in figure, but has not its fmell. Our people call it Unfavoury crane/vill, 19. Mufk Cranefbill. Geranium foliis pinnatis mofcbatum. The root is long, white, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres. The leaves that firft rife from it are long, and beautifully pinnated: they lie fpread upon the ground in a circular manner, and are of a pleafant green: each is compofed of many pairs of pinnee placed on a middle rib, and an odd one at the - end; and thefe are not fo deeply cut in at the * edges as in the preceding fpecies; often only notched flightly. The ftalks are numerous, thick, round, and hairy; they rife in the centre of the tuft of leaves, and fpread every way; and they are very much branched. The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the root, and are cut, in the fame manner, flightly at the edges, and of a pale green: the whole plant has a very fweet {cent, refembling that of mufk. ; The flowers are fmall and red: they ftand feveral together in a kind of little umbells, The ftalks are long and flender, It is wild in our fouthern counties, and has been thence for its {cent brought into gardens, Zt flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Geranium cicute folio mof- chatum. © Others, Geranium mofchatum, 20. Great pinnated-leaved Crane(bill, Geranium foliis pinnatis maximum. The root is long and thick, and is furnifhed with numerous fibres, The firft leaves are very long, and large: they DIVISION Wop 1, Cranefbill with divided and fubdivided leaves, Geranium tnberofum floribus umbellatis, The root is large, thick, tuberous, and irre-’ gularly form ed. The firft Icaves are humerous and very beay- ———__ lie fpread upon the ground, and are of dufky green. Each is compofed of a great many pairs of pinnze, and thefe are broad, fhort, and indented more lightly at the edges than in either of the former, The ftalks are numerous, round, thick, and flefhy: they are two feet long, not much branched, and they have leaves on them like thofe from the root. The flowers are finall and white, never having the leaft tinge of red: they ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches on long footftalks, two or three on each, rarely more. The beak is large and fharp. It is common in our fouthern counties ; and has been found by Mr. Ray in the neigbourhood of London. Tabernamontanus calls it Geranium arvenfe album. Others, Geranium inodorum album. 21. Pinnated Cranefbill with fpotted: lowers. Geranium foliis pinnatis floribus maculatis. The-root is long, thick, and divided into ma- ny parts, The leaves rife in a round tuft, and are very beautiful: they are long and narrow, and each is compofed of feveral pairs of pinnz, with an odd one at the end: thefe are fhort, broad, and flightly ferrated; and the whole leaf has much the afpect of burnet leaf, whence fome have named the plant. The ftalks are round, whitifh, and branched ; and the leaves which grow on them are like thofe from the root in all refpects, only they are fmaller, : The flowers are moderately large, and of 3 — fingular ftruéture: they are compofed each of five petals, in the manner of the others; but thefe are broad and unequal : the two upper ones are fhorter than the others, and each has a green fpot. The beak is fmall and flender. : Jt is found in Yorkthire 3 and has been ob- ferved nearer London, particularly about Hackney. Dillenius calls it Geraninm Dimpinelle folio. Some have called this fpecies Geranium Roberti- anum; but that breeds confufion, another fpecies having been long univerfally known by that name. All the fpecies of cranefbill are reftringent and vulnerary. They are good againft inward bruifes, and in hemorrhages of all kinds, A ftrong decoétion of the herb Robert ftands recommended as excellent in nephritick com- plaints; and the dove’s-foot cranefeill is, in the they have not been fo much ufed in the pradtice of phyfick as they appear to deferve. OREIGN S*PSE-C LE, §. tiful: they are large, broad, and deeply divided and fubdivided:: each is formed of two or three Pairs of large fegments, refembling wings, and an odd one at the end; and thefe fegments are again deeply divided in the fame manner, but none of thefe divifions §° down to ‘the middle 2 ‘ribs. Oe (ieee Rieiedet; \ e Shining D WEY mY COL he Bll ee ee oe all Took woberl Cra wees bill a Ze hed ae rit fe Weee li Za hfe / UMS a en Lage ee oe EEN cag Se Sa ae SO a ee Carrs td ee db vriled Milt lyl MCW CA Muth Genes ull 8, Rho KE LEER | L- fi Ps ate, lave (fares ee eS ds Goll tell without I CniE oe 9 Giderred Cw Ed hnotty (francs Et Clack flowerdl Way ‘Te th AS LB “WwWwes C dah fly eae ljuuly ie PUCS ill Cuigle t ies Ted rivps a Siulcrous Ugoted rau abet ; Viale , OSs es wt bee « C AON E14. Yirvcan g CP AMAUUML Cr : wroadt lear if agg Cutie ry . é : : | S teak raped OU Darley b Cidwrarts pial ) ee Fares Cele Suk Lt. (Ged Thes*B; ReleTel She eis BR Be Awaus 205 rib; fo that they are only the incifions of an en- ‘tire leaf. The ftalks are round, upright, firm, and jointed. ; Their joints are diftinguifhed by a little hollow membrane; and from thefe rife the leaves. They refemble in all refpeéts thofe from the root, except that they are fmaller. The flowers are large and beautiful ; and they are difpofed in a kind of umbell: they ftand eight or ten together at the top of the ftalk; and at the extremities of the branches : each has its long, flender footftalk, and thefe all grow from one point at the top of the main ftalk, where ~ there is a fmall general cup. The beaks are very long, large, and fharp. It is a native of the Eaft Indies, and flowers in Auguft. : The flowers toward evening have an extremely fragrant fmell, but in the day-time it is not per- ceived. ‘S“Breynius calls it Geranium noéiu olens Fi thi- opicum radice tuberofa foliis myrrbidis latioribus. Others, Geranium trife. 2. Silvery alpine Cranefbill. Geranium argenteum alpinum. The root is long, thick, brown and irregular. The leaves are numerous, fmall, and fup- ported on long footftalks: they are divided deep- ly into five or more fegments, and each of thefe is notched on the two fides near the top; fo that the extremity has a trifid appearance. The ftalks are flender and weak: they rife in confiderable number among the leaves, and are ‘of a pale whitith colour: they divide toward the top into two parts, and fupports on each of the divifions a fingle flower. . The whole ftalk is rarely above four inches in height 5 fo that the flowers do not rife above the leaves. * : : They are large, and of a beautiful ftrong red, ftriated with purple. © ; The beaks are fhort and thick. Tris not uncommon on the Alps, and flowers in July. : C. Bauhine calls it Geranium. argenteum Alpi- num. Others, Geranium Alpinum longius radica- tum; and Geranium argenteum montis baldi. 3. Candy Cranefbill. Geranium creticum acu longiffiima. The root is long, flender, and white. The firft leaves are large, and are fupported on long footitalks: they are each compofed of two or three pairs. of pinnz, or {maller leaves, with an odd one at the end: this is much larger than the others, and they are all notched at the edges: their colour is a faint green. Sete The ftalk is round, thick, jointed, branched, of a pale green colour, and a foot and half high, The leaves that ftand on it perfectly refemble thofe at the root, bur they are fmaller. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches in tufts three, four, or five together ; and they are large, and of a bright red. N° 20,557 : The beaks are extremely large, and long, tharp-pointed, and of a greenifh yellow. _ _ tis frequent in the Greek iflands, and flowers in June. ‘ - C. Bauhine calls it Geranium acu longiffima. 4. Broad-leaved hairy Cranefbill. Geranium latifolidm bir futum. The root is long, flender, divided, and white. The firft leaves rife in a thick tuft, and are unlike thofe of moft of this genus: they are large and broad, approaching to an oval figure, flightly ferrated, and notched irregularly about the edges: they are of a pale green covered with a flight filvery down, and ftand on long, flender, hairy footftalks. : : The ftalk rifes in the centre, and is round, thick, upright, of a pale green, hairy, and a foot and half high. The leaves on it perfectly refemble thofe from the root: they are fmall, and foft to the touch. The flowers grow in tufts fix or eight together at the top of the ftalk, and at the extremities of the branches: they are fmall, and of a pale red. The beaks are fmall, and very flender. ; It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Geranium folio althez. O- thers, Geranium malacoides, and Geranium malya- coum. : Linnzus fuppofes our “ttle fea cranefvill, before defcribed, to be the fame fpecies with this; but it differs in the form and difpofition of the flowers, and in the ftructure of the beaks. This author has alfo a much more extraor- dinary conjecture on the prefent head; he imae gines that this plant, the candy crane/bill, and the mufe cranefbill, and common pinnated crane/bill with- out fcent-are all the fame fpecies originally. _ This is bringing in confufion, and without any foundation in nature or Yeafon. If thefe five plants be not diftin&t fpecies the fludeat will never know what to call by that name: he needs only be referred to the feveral figures here, or - to the plants as they grow, to fee that they differ as palpably, and as effentially, as the fpecies of any other genus. If thefe were all originally one, nature has given us no means of knowing which are truly diftinét: but thefe are innova- tions that will foon be flighted. : 5. Stinking Cranefbill. Geranium fetidum. ~ The root is tuberous and oblong; of a redith colour; and very ftinking {mell. i The leaves are fmall, but beautifully divided, or, more properly fpeaking, compofed of many others: each general leaf is fupported on a fhort flender footftalk, and is formed of four or five pairs of pinnz fet on a middle rib, with an odd one at the end; and each of théfe pinnz is again compofed of five or fix pairs of minute, oval leaves fet on a middle rib, with an odd one at its end: : eS The ftalks are numerous, flender, and weak: fometimes they are altogether naked, but. fome- times they have a couple’ of. little leaves toward their lower part. pre fits The ) goa Th BRITISH HERBA L. The flowers are tnoderately large, and of a _, near its bottom $ it is of a pale colour, and fo bright red: they ftand on flender footftalks, one, two, or more together. The beaks are large. The whole plant in its wild ftate has a difa- greeable fmell, though not fo flrong as the root. It is a native of the mountainous parts of Eu- rope, and flowers in June, The generality of authors call it Geranium fatidum, 6. Tuberous-rooted Cranefbill. Geranium foliis multifidis radice tuberofa. The root is large and knobby; of a dufky colour, and infipid to the tafte. The leaves are numerous, and beautiful’y di- vided: they ftand on long, flender, hairy foot- flalks; and they are themfelves a little hairy, and of a pale green: their figure approaches to round, but they are cut into nine or more feg- ments down to the middle rib; and thefe are again deeply notched, and divided. The ftalk is round, upright, but weak, and a foot high: it is not much branched. The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root, but that they are fmaller. The flowers are large, and of a bright red: they ftand on flender pedicles rifing from the bo- foms of the leaves, two on each. The beaks are long, and moderately thick. Tt is a native of Spain, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Geranium tuberofuin majus. Others, Geranium tuberofum vel bultofum; and the gardeners, Bulbous cranefvill. 7. Purple African Geranium. Geranium Africonim flore purpurea: The root is long, thick, and tuberous. The firft leaves are large, numerous, and fup- ported on long, hairy footftalks: they are very broad, finuated at the edges, and of a pale green, flightly hairy, and {oft to the touch. The ftalk is round, firm, erect, and irregu- larly branched. The leaves on it are of the fame form with thofe from the root; and they grow principally are the leaves. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches in large tufts; and they are very beautiful: they are large, and of an elegant red tending to purple, , and have yellowifh edges. The beaks are large. Before fun-rife, and after it is fet, the whole plant has a very fragrant fmell; but it is not much perceived in the middle of the day. It is a native of Africa, and flowers in July. Commelin calls it Geranium Africanum noédy oleus tuberofum vitis foliis hirfutus. There are many varieties of this preferved in our gardens. : 8. Naked-ftalked African Geranium. Geranium Africanum caule nudo. The root is compofed of numerous fibres rifing from a fmall head. The leaves rife in great numbers, and have long footftalks ; but thefe are fo weak that the leaves are feldom fupported tolerably ere&: they are not unlike laurel leaves in fhape, long, broad, and not at all dented at the edges: they ufually have a couple of fmall leaves placed on the foot- ftalk, in the manner of ears, a little below theirbafe. The ftalks are numerous, round, flender, and a foot high: they are ufually naked, but fome- times have, toward the ground, a leaf or two, like thofe which grow on the footftalks of the others. At the top of each ftalk ftands a large tuft of flowers, twenty or more: each flower has its fe- parate footftalk ; and they all rife from one point at the top of the ftalk, where there is fpread under them a kind of general cup, formed of five little, oblong leaves. The flowers themfelves are large, and of a beautiful red, tending to purple ; and the beaks are {mall. It is a native of Africa, and Aowers in July. Commelin calls it Geranium Africanum foliis plerumque auritis flore rubro purpurafcente, We know little of the virtues of thefe plants ; but they feem in general of the fame’ nature with thofe of our own growth, Th END of the JEAN AD SE (64, NES, i a. BRT ELS HH Hek RB AE, ee 1C eA 8 38 er Plants whofe flower is compofed of Five pETats irregularly difpofed; which’ have a@ sINGLE capsuLe fucceeding each flower, and have the leaves placed irregularly on the fralks. therefore, the obferving fuch fubordinate charaéters as nature has placed between them is the more neceflary : had there been fewer of them, the whole might have been difpofed in one clafs; and thefe general diftinctions, from the ftructure of the flower, and difpofition of the leaves on the flalks, would only have fubdivided them: but nothing perplexes the ftudent fo much as too great a multiplicity of objects under the fame head. It is for this reafon I have again fepa- rated many of thofe genera which Linnzus had joined together; and, for the fame caufe, this affortment of plants is difpofed under three claffés: nature has furnifhed fufficient grounds for the diftinétion, and they are fufficiently obvious; the fcience therefore will be rendered more familiar, by following this method in her fteps. ; "Te plants with five petals in the flower, and a fingle capfule, are very numerous; and, Linnzus, in this, as in other cafes often before mentioned, feparates the plants belonging to one. into feveral of his moft remote claffes : I fhall be content to name this where needful in the accounts of the feveral genera, not to fill too many pages with a criticifm, which, however needful to the fervice of the fcience, I never make without concern. SSS Se Seca cis atch ee ach eet ee eee a aces eee SUE SR ATP BoSeuear Natives of BRITAIN. Thofe of which one or more fpecies are naturally wild in this kingdom. & Gee Bee N, tUee Te Viel Owls SE ai VeTOL A ‘HIE flower is compofed of five petals of unequal fize; one is placed fingly, and the other four in two pairs: the fingle petal is broad, fhort, obtufe, and nipp’d at the top; and it runs out into a fpur behind. The two fide-petals are oblong and obtufe, and the two others larger and broader: this is.the ftrudture of the flower. The feed-veffel is of an oval form, with three flight ridges: it is compofed of three valves, and contains only one cell: the cup is fmall, compofed of five leaves irregularly difpofed, and remains when the flower is fallen. Linneus places this among the /yngenefia, polygamia monogamia; an idle, intricate, and unnatural clafs; feparating it from the other genera to which it is properly allied. sata San ae 204. The BoR TTT 6° eh Berk B ACL. Dil VIS1ON 1. 1. Common Violet. Vicla purpurea vulgaris. The root is long, flender, crooked, and fur- nifhed with numerous fibres. The leaves are large, and they rife many to- gether from the head of the root, and with them rife feveral flender ftalks, that, lying upon the ground, take root, and {pread the plant abun- dantly. ; The leaves are broad, fhort, and roundifh, but heart-fafhioned at the bafe: they are of a deep green, flightly crenated at the edges, and fupported on long, flender footftalks. Among thefe rife numerous, flender, weak, and naked ftalks; on each of which ftands a fingle flower. : This is large, of a deep, beautiful blue, and of an extremely fweet fmell. The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are nu- merous and oval. It is common under hedges, and -flowers early in fpring. C, Bauhine calls it Viola martia purpurea flore Jimplici odoro. Others, Viola nigra vel purpurea, and Viola martia fimplex. This is the fpecies whofe flowers fhould be ufed, and no other: they are cooling, emollient, and gently cathartick ; as they lofe a great part of their virtue in drying, and are not to be had’ frefh, except in fpring, the beft method of ufing them is in the form of a fyrup. This, when carefully made, is very pleafant, and has all the virtues of the flowers. It is ex- cellent, mixed with oil, to keep children open; and, in the fame form, it may be given with great fuccefs againft habitual coftivenefs in grown perfons; taking a fmall dofe every night. It is alfo good in coughs and hoarfenefies. The feeds, dried and powdered, work gently by ftool and urine. Lhey are excellent in the gravel, and in nephritick complaints in general. The leaves are emollient, and ufed in decoc- tions for glyfters. Too large a dofe of the feeds will occafion vomiting. Many authors have defcribed what they call the white flowered violet as a diftinct fpecies from the common; but this is an error. We fee many plants whofe flowers, though naturally co- loured, will become white when they are ftarved ; and this is the cafe in the white violet: its feeds will raife blue violets, in a garden. 2. Dogs Violet. Viola foliis oblongis caulefcens. The root is very long, flender, divided, and furnifhed with long, crooked fibres. The firft leaves are numerous, and of a dufky green: they are fupported on long, flender foot- ftalks, and are fmaller than thofe of the commoy violet, and narrower in proportion to the length : they are heart-fafhioned at the bafe, and notched round the edges. BRITISH SPECIES Amongft thefe rife feveral {mall ftalks, which take root where they touch the ground, but grow up from it to two or three inches in height, and have many leaves on them, like thofe from the root, but fmaller. ; : The flowers ftand fingly on long, flender foot- ftalks that rife from the root, or from thofe parts of the ftalk juft named, which have taken root : they have ufually fome little films upon them, but no Jeaves, properly fo called. The flower refembles that of the common violet, but it is fmaller, of a paler blue, and has no fmell. It is common under hedges, and flowers in ~ April. C. Baukine calls it Viola inodora fylveftris, Others, Viola fylveftris, and Viola canina. This is fometimes found with a white flower, as the other; and fome have defcribed it in that ftate as a diftinct {pecies. 3- Dwarf Violet with a yellow fpur. Viola pumila calcari luteo. The root is fmall, oblong, and divided; and - has numerous, flender fibres. The leaves that rife firft from it have fhort footftalks: they are fmall, rounded, and of a dufky green; very flightly fnip’d at the edges, and fcarce at all cordated at the bafe: this form they conftantly keep, and the fpecies is therefore plainly diftiné. The ftalk is flender, upright, and of a pale green; and at the top fuftains a fingle flower: this is large in proportion to the plant, and is of a beautiful deep blue, with a yellow fpur behind. The feed-veflel is oval, and the feeds are nu- merous and alfo oval. It is not uncommon in Surry and Suffex. It flowers in April. : Ray calls it Viola canina minor floris calcari luteo. d 4. Round fmooth-leaved Violet. Viola foliis rotundioribus glabris. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. ‘ The leaves rife in a confiderable tuft, and they are fhorter than in the preceding fpecies, and ob- tufe at the ends; fo that they appear roundifh ; they are of a deep green colour, and per:2ctly fmooth. ; The flowers ftand on fingle foorftalks, which are weak, flender, and five or fix inches high: they are of a pale blue, of the fhape of. the com- mon violet, but very {mall, and wholly fcentlefs. The feed-veffel is {mall and oval; and the | feeds are fmall. It was obferved firft in Oxfordthire, but ig grows all over the north of England on bogey grounds. It flowers in June. ie ; Dr. Plot, who firft defcribed the fpecies, calls it Viola paluftris rotundifolia glabra, 4 5» Short- \ bot dine soesaeng Th (BRITISH, HERBAL ~ a0¢ 5. Short-leaved Violet with ftriated flowers. Viola foliis brevibus floribus firiatis. The root is a clufter of innumerable, flender fibres. The leaves grow ina great tuft: they have fhort and weak footftalks, and many of them lie upon the ground: they are roundifh, but heart-fathion- ed at the bafe, and fomewhat pointed at the end; of a pale green, hairy, and foft to the touch. The flowers ftand on very fhort footftalks, and are fmaller by much than in the common violet: they are of a faint red, beautifully ftreaked with a deep purple. : : The feed-veffel is oblong, and the feeds are very numerous. It is frequent in the northern parts of England under damp hedges. It flowers in May. Ray calls it Viola rubra ftriata eborafcenfis: a name given by Parkinfon, who firft received it from Yorkthire. 6. Great hairy Violet with ftriated flowers. Viola major birfuta floribus firiatis. The root is long, thick, hard, and woody. The leaves rife from its head, four or five to- gether, and are very hairy, of a pale green, ob- long, heart-fafhioned, and notched at the edges 5 and they have very long, whitifh, hairy foot- ftalks. Thefe and the flower-ftalks are all that rife from the root; for it does not fend out any hanging fhoots that take root, as the common violet; nor any of thofe leafy ftalks that are in | the common dog violet. The footftalks which fupport the flowers are fhort and thick. The flowers are large, but of a faint pale blue, ftreaked with white. The feed-veffel is large and fhort; and the feeds are very numerous. It is frequent under hedges, and flowers in June. Ray calls it Viola trachelii folio. Morifon, Viola martia major hirfuta inodora. Merret, Viola foliis trachelii ferotina. ‘ 7. Panfy, or Hearts-eafe, Viola tricolor major. The root is long, flender, divided, and full of fibres. , The ftalks are numerous, weak, and of a faint green: they fpread every way upon the ground, and in part raife themfelves up for flowering: they are fix or eight inches long, and branched. Thofe leaves are fhort, roundifh, and lightly indented, which grows on the lower part of the ftalks; but many of the others are longer, and more deeply cut; and fome toward the top di- vided to the rib by numerous fegments. They are of a deep green, and fmooth furface. The flowers are very beautiful, they are vari- egated with purple and yellow; and there is ufually more or lefs white, or blue, among them. Thefe two colours are the more ftriking in this flower, but from one of thofe, which comes in, though in a lefs obvious manner, as a third, the N° XX], plant obtained its Latin narhe of Viola tricolot's and its Englith one of ¢hree faces under a hood. The feed-veffél is fhore and fmall; and thg feeds are numerous. It is found wild among corn in the north of England, and has thence been brought into our gardens. In its wild ftate it is lowet in the ftalk; and the flowers are {mall dnd lefs fpécious. Frequently there are only two.colours in them, but thofe are bright and ftriking. _We,have ano- ther wild fpecies, to be deferibed hereafter, with two faint colours, is diftind, and muft not be confounded with this. Ray calls this Viola tricolor. Others, Viola tricolor major et vulgaris. J. Bauhine,; Flos tri nitatise 8. Small-fowered Panfy. Viola bicolor foliis minoribus. a The root isa tuft of flender fibres, The firft leaves are roundifh, and fharply fer rated at the edges. The ftalks are lender, upright, and weak 3 and they are very little branched: they are of a pale yellow colour, and fix or eight inches highs The leaves that grow on thefe are oblong, narrow, and very deeply divided: they are of a pale green, thin, and tender. The flowers are numerous and fmall, and they have very little beauty, and are generally varie- gated only with white and a dead yellow. The feed-veffels are fmall and roundifh ; and the feeds are very minute. It is common in corn-fields throughout th¢ kingdom ; and flowers in June. C,Bauhine calls it Viola bicolor arvenfis.. .O« thers, Viola tricolor fylveftris. J. Bauhine, Facea bicolor frugumn et hortorum vitium. 9. Great-flowered yellow Panfy. Viola lutea grandifloras The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with a great number of fibres. The firft leaves are oblong, broad, and not at all divided at the edges; but they fometimes, though not univerfally, have a couple of little appendages, like ears, at the bafe. The ftalks are flender, weak, and four or five inches high. ° The leaves on them are partly divided deeply, and partly whole, in the manner of thofe from the root; and they are of a deep green, and glofly. The flowers are very large, of the fhape of the garden panfy flower, more than equal to it in, fize; and of a fine gold yellow colour, with- out the leaft mixture of any other. They ftand upon very long, flender footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves; and, when fully open, make a very fplendid and elegant ap- pearance. : The feed-veffel ig fmall, and the feeds are numerous. It is found in many parts of the north of Eng- land, and flowers in July. ° : Ray calls it Vicle montana lutea grandiflora noftras. Others, Viola flammea, ‘ ‘Gio g Thefe a 206 The BRITISH HERBAL, Thefe are all the fpecies of wild violet! Others have been named by lefs accurate writers, but on a better examination they have been found only _ varieties of one or other of the former fpecies, Thefe all are fuppofed to poffefs the fame vir- DIV 1S 1-0.N Puflain eFR | ~Long fruited U Phor WY Lawl wy S) P Pern nat, (c OnePOVUs Bot pruted> yore a : SartheenaZ Ginmone Sur daun [) Lohions Puple Saracena Cotnrards og Devry fook a BRITS H ‘Hee ReBen 4 CARO S AS: aids Planis whofe flower is compofed of six vetars, and their feeds contained in @ SINGLE CAPSULE, the number of petals, that they are feparated by Nature from all others ; and the ftudent will find great familiarity and eafe in the diftin@tion. They are obvioufly known by this number of their petals ; and he is not fent to look for them among a multiplicity of others, with which fome have confounded them; but will find them here alone, and in their place, allotted plainly by Nature, after thofe which have the fame kind of feed-veffel, and one petal lefs in the fower. Plainly as thefe genera are charatterifed by Nature, and evidently as fhe ditates where they fhould ftand, Linnzus has difperfed them in his works, and placed them among thofe to which they are not in the leaft allied. We have but two genera of this clafs natives of Britain, and thefe he has feparated from one ano- ther by five intermediate claffes, placing the /alicaria among his dodecandria, and the portula among his bexandria. Sie plants which compofe this clafs are very few; yet they are fo perfectly charatterifed by- SDeBeeDe Deco Bese ao testo to eB BoB Beit el oc oe oo Ss Sa ee So SS he a Sa os i Pe ca oe eee She Rede ES oT. Natives of BRITAIN. Thofe of which one or more fpecies are found naturally wild in this country. G SEBCAN. 2s US 1b SPIKED WILLOWHERB. Si 40 lo COARR I. TBE flower confifts of fix petals regularly difpofed : the feed-veffel is fingle, oblong, and pointed, and the feeds are numerous and fmall: the cup is formed of a fingle piece: it is hollow and ftriated, and is divided into ten fegments at the edge, which are alternately longer and fhorter. Linnzus places this among the dodecandria monogynia ; the threads in the centre of the flower being twelve, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. He takes away its received name falica- ria, and calls it tbrum. N° 22. Kkk : DIVI:- 218 The BoRGr alyl Syie seks le BALES DIV US LO Ne -L 1. Common-fpiked Willowherb. Salicaria foliis oppofitis. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalks are numerous, firm, large, upright, and five feet high : they are not much branched ; they are of an angulated figure, and of a brown colour toward the bottom, and green near the top. i The leaves ftand in pairs: they are large, and have no footftalk: they are broadeft at the bafe, and narrower all the way to the end; not at all notched at the edges, and of a frefh green. The flowers are large, and of a beautiful purple: they grow in long, thick fpikes at the tops of the ftalks, and of many fhoots that rife from the bo- foms of the upper leaves. - The feed-vefft] is large, and the feeds are very numerous and fall. It is common by waters, and makes a very elegant figure in autumn when in flower. Many of the American plants we nurfe up for their beauty, are not equal to this weed, nor fo worthy a place in gardens. | C. Bauhine calls it Lafimachia fpicata purpurea forte Plinit. Clufius, Ly/imachia purpurea com- munis major. Others fimply, Lyfimachia pur- pured. The root of this plant is a good aftringent : it Dot ViLS. TON. 1. Narrow-leaved fpiked Willowherb. Salicaria foliis anguftioribus flore rubente. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with large fibres. The ftaik is fquare, firm, upright, and a foot high. The leaves are narrow, oblong, and pointed : they have no footftalks, and they are not at all ferrated on the edges. They are very irregularly and uncertainly placed on the ftalk : thofe toward the bottom are in pairs, or fometimes three grow at a joint; thofe on the upper part ftand alternately. BRT tT LS HS Pee lobes: does not aét with violence; but, being continued in fmall dofes, feldom fails to anfwer its effect in ftopping purgings or hemorrhages. The juice is faid to be good againft inflamma- tions of the eyes; and fome have recommended the diftilled water for the fame purpofe. 2. Small fpiked Willowherb. Salicaria foliis alternis. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with large fibres. The ftalk is round, upright, firm, branched, and a foot high. The leaves are placed irregularly, and have no footftalks: they are oblong, narrow, fharp-pointed, and of a deep green. The flowers are fmall, and of a bluith purple: they do not fland in long, thick fpikes at the tops of the ftalks, but are placed in the bofoms of the upper leaves. The feed-veffel is fmall, and the feeds are nu- meyous and minute. It is found in many parts of England, where there have ftood waters in winter. It flowers in June. Ray calls it Sakicaria hyffopifolia, C. Bauhine, Ebffopifolia. Our people, Small bhedge-hyffop : but this is a very improper name, as it con- founds it with a genus to which it it not at all allied. FOREIGN SPECIES. The flowers are large, and of a bright beauti- ful red : they do not form a long, com- pact fpike, as thofe of the common kind, but ftand in the bofoms of the upper leaves in the manner of thofe of the laft defcribed fpecies. The feed-vefféls are large and pointed, the feeds minute and brown. It is frequent on the fhores of the Danube, and elfewhere in Europe in the like damp places. It flowers in July. Clufius calls it Lyfimachia purpurea minor, C.Bathine, Ly/imachia rubra non Siliquofa. Others, the leffer-Jpiked willowkerb, Lyfimachia Jpicata mi- nor. : C Phe Nees II. WATER PURSLAIN. POR Is OU sal sez, HE flower is compofed of fix very fmall petals, regularly difpofed i pofed, and inferted of the cup: the feed-veffel is heart-fafhioned, divided into two partition, and full of Bh i feeds: the cup is large, bell-fafhioned, and divided at the extremit alternately larger and {maller. y into twelve fegments, which are Linnzeus places this among the bexandria monoynia ; the threads in 3 th i fix, and the flyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. * apol a ae oe He takes away its name portula, and calls it peplis. é OF this genus there is but one known fpecies, and that is a native of Britain: \ ‘Water “The BRITISH HERBAL, 219 Water Purflain. Portula, The root is compofed of a few fmall fibres. The ftalks are numerous, round, and weak : they are flethy, and of a pale green, and fome- times purplifh: many of them lie upon the ground, and take root at the joints: but others ftand erect; and they are in general about three inches in length, and rarely at all branched. The leaves are placed in pairs: they are oblong, broad, of an inverted oval figure, and have no footftalks : their fubftance is flefhy, and their co- lour a pale green, though, like the ftalks, they are alfo fometimes redith. The flowers are fmall and purple, and ftand in the bofoms of the leaves. The -feed-veflels are alfo fmall, and the feeds very minute; but the Cups are large and very confpicuous. 4 It is common in damp places, and flowers in ay. Authors have been much perplexed where to place this little plant, or by what name to call it. Ray calls it Portula, from its having fomething of the afpe& of purflain. Micheli calls it Glau- coides paluftre portulace folio floribus purpureis, Lefelius, Glaux aquatica folio fubrotunda. C, Bauhine, Ai/fine minor Jerpyllifolia. I The People in fome parts of England give the Juice of it againft the gravel: it operates brifkly by urine, Sit peer Ss Ae Es Me Se 8% Mig Be Ye ee Ne Oe gtr RS ORES AS AIS AR SS AN ANS AS ER RTE Be Ge vot Ff, ForREIGN GENERA. Thofe of which there is no fpecies native of this country. Gia Bigg N U.S I. EITONEIE AF LEONTOPETALON. HE flower is compofed of fix oval petals, alternately larger and fmaller + the feed-veftel 3s very a large, and roundifh: it is inflated, and fomewhat fucculent, and contains a few large feeds: the cup is very fmall; it is compofed of fix leaves; and it falls with the flower. Linnzus places this among the bexandria monogynia the threads in the flower being fix, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. This author takes away its name /eontopetalon, and calls it, by an arbitrary variation, /contice. 1, Broad-leaved Leontopetalon. Leontopetalon foliis latis. The root is thick, tuberous, roundifh, and of a dufky colour. The firft leaves are large, broad, and of the compofite kind: each is formed of five princi- pal parts; two pairs of thefe are difpofed in the ) manner of pinnz, and the odd one is at the end. on each of the lower pinnz: there are three dif. tinét, roundifh leaves; and the upper pair, and alfo the odd leaf at the top, have a threefold divifion: they are of a tawny green, whence the plant has been named, as refembling the colour of the lions hair. The ftalk rifes in the midft’of a clufter of thefe firft leaves, and is firm, upright, and ftri- ated: its colour is the fame tawney yellowith, but is ftriated with purple. The flowers are {mall and yellow: they ftand in great numbers on the tops of the ftalk, and of the branches. ; The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are roundifh, and alfo large. It isa native of the Eaft, and of the warmer parts of Europe; and flowers in Augult. * C. Bauhine calls it Leontopetalon; and molt follow him, adding no diftin@ion to the name. Tournefort calls it Leontapetalon Soliis cote alate adnafcentibus. Our people call it Lionsleaf, Lion- leaved turnip, and fome of them the Black turnip, and Lion turnip. 2. Narrow-leaved Leontopetalon. Leontopetalon foliis anguftioribus. The root is very large, thick, tuberous, ir. regularly rounded, and of a dufky colour on the furface, and redith within. The firft leaves are numerous, and of a very fingular form: they are pinnated, but each pair of pinna are double; and they are fo difpofed that they feem to ftand croffwife, and do not give the ufual afpect of a pinnated leaf: they are of a deep dufky green, and are finuated at the edges ; fo that they are fuppofed to have fome refemblance to the oak leaf; but that is not very ftriking. The ftalks are numerous, round, ftriated, flen- der, and toward the top divided into numerous branches: they are of a yellowifh colour, and ftreaked with red. The flowers are large and yellow: they ftand at 220 Th BRITISH HERBAL. at the tops of the ftalks, and at the extremities of the divifions of the branches. The feed-veffel is large,» oblong, and thick; and the feeds are large and roundifh. - It isa native of the Eaft, and is there frequent in the corn-fields and other cultivated grounds. It flowers in September. C.Bauhine calls it Leontopetalo affinis foliis quernis. Gree war N Tournefort, Leontopetalon foliis cafte fimplici in- nafeentibus. Others, Chry/ogonum diofcoridis, and fimply Chryfogonum. The root of the firft kind is ufed to take {pots out of woollen ‘cloths; and it is faid to have fome efficacy in medicine as a diuretick, The other is not ufed. : U ais I. MEDEOLA. THE flower is compofed of fix petals, which turn back: the feed-veffel is large, roundifh, and divided into three cells, each of which is a fingle large feed: there is no cup. ‘Linnaeus places this among the bexandria trigynia ; the threads in the flower being fix, and the ftyles from the rudiment of the fruit three. Greenifh-flowered Medeola. Medeola floribus virefcentibus. The root is large, thick, and has many fibres. The firft leaves are large, long, and undivided : they have no footftalks: they are broadeft in the middle, and pointed at the end, and undivided at the edges. The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and not at all branched. The leaves on it are, like thofe from the root, . broadeft in the middle, oblong, fmall at the bafe, pointed at the end, and of a frefh green. They are difpofed in a ftellated manner on the ftalks, fix or more at a joint, except at the top, where there grow two or three irregularly. The flowers are {mall and greenifh: they grow fingly on flender footftalks at the top of the main ftalk, and their petals all turn back: as thefe are green and fmall, fome have called them a cup, and fay the plant has no flower; but this is erroneous, The feed-veffel is fmall, and the feeds are roundifh, but dented at one end. It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in J uly. Gronovius calls it Medeola foliis ftellatis lanceo- latis. Th ENDof tle TWELFTH CLASS. TAHE BR. Lae Sa: BR Ba Act, PROPOR DOTS tre ren se TODO g OR OREO: Bo BOLOL OL OLE BO Le Dopo sO LO ZOE OTOP Lote LOT Toto trot ett CY CPL! eo 86S Mh Plants with the flower compofed of numnrous Pitas, and the feeds contained ‘i @ SINGLE CAPSULE. HIS is a clafs, which, like the former, comprehends but a few plants; but they ate fo / perfe€tly and obvioufly feparated by Nature from all others, that whofoever follows het _fteps muft thus arrange them diftinétly. As we have hitherto alfo. purfued her traces through the feveral difpofitions of plants, which, agreeing in the mark of a fingle feed-veffel, have from one to fix petals in each flower, here is the place where the ftudent will expeét to find thofe genera which, with the firft grand charateriftick of a fingle capfule, have more than fix petals. So plain, fo eafy, and fo familiar, is the fcience of botany, when not encumbered with intricate words, and ufelefs diftinctions. We have, in this, as in the former clafs, but two genera, any fpecies of which “are natives of Britain. Yet thefe two Linnzus has feparated by feveral claffes, puting the Aypopitys among his decandria, and the nymphea among the polyandria, though both agree in thefe obvious particulars, His method is unhappy that thus reduces him to feparate plants the moft palpably allied, and join them to the moft unlike. guaggugaosencagscesensoocansabeocagossecessecscesse Suibaeks Te Be Ss. ot BrRiITisuH GENERA, ‘ Thofe of which one or more fpecies are natives of this country: as G Bren io gas I. HYPOPITYS. THE flower is corpofed of numerous petals, which are ferrated at their ends: the feed-veffel. is oval, and marked with five ridges; and the feeds are numerous and light: there is no cup. Some have called the outer petals of the flower by that name; but they err; thefe properly con- ftitute a part of the flower, and contain in their bafes, which are hollowed for that purpofe, itg honeyed juice. : ’ Linnzus places this among the decandria monogynia , the threads in the} flower being ten, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. This author takes away its received name Aypopitys, and calls ic monotropa. The reader will perceive, in the defeription of the farft plant of this getius, 4 reafon for not afcer- taining the number of petals in the plants of this, as in thofe of the preceding clafs: nattire does not obferve that particular here fo ftri€tly : when the petals in flowers.are in a large number they are ge. nerally uncertain. In this fpecies of Lypopitys the Aower which terminates the ftalls ufually has ten pe- tals, and the others, when there are more, have only eight. Neoseek L1l pIvVi- 222 Th BRITISH HERBAL. aD AT Ve 10S L.OeNe sels BRIA SH “SePehie VES: Yellow Hypopitys. Hypopitys floribus numerofis flavis. The root is fmall, and of an irregular figure. Tt lies deep inthe ground, and a part of the falk is buried alfo with it. The part of the ftalk which appears above the furface is about eight inches in height: it is thick, flefhy, tender, and of a pale yellow colour: it rifes upright, and is not at all branched. The leaves are thin and filmy, and fcarce de- ferve that name: they ftand alternately, and ad- here to the ftalk by a broad bafe, whencé they diminith gradually to a point: they are alfo of a pale, dufty yellow colour. The flowers,gtow in a thick, fhort fpike at the top of the ftalk, with many of thefe filmy leaves among them: they are for the moft part covered by thefe films, and rarely come to perfection, excepting one which terminates the clufter, and is more open to the air: the top ufually. bends _ down, but, when the plant is well nourifhed, it will fometimes ftand quite upright. The flower is,of the fame yellow colour with the reft of the plant; and, when nicely examined, asfound to have the ten petals difpofed in two , feries; the five inner petals are narrower; the five outer ones broader, and protuberant ‘on the outfide at the bafe; within there is a hol- DIVisron FO Bh Hdllow-leaved Hypopitys. Elypopitys foliis cavis. The root is fmall, fhort, thick, notched, and “white. No more than the root is-buried in the ground in this fpecies; the whole plant being above the furface, in the ufual manner, The ftalks are round, flender, of a pale brown colour, and about four inches high, _ The leaves are placed irregularly upon them ; * and they are oblong, narrow at the bafe, broader © to the end, and hollowed in the manner of a fpoon. They are of the fame brown colour with the ftalk. The flowers fland in a fhort fpike at the top, and are not buried among the leaves that rife there, but have fhort footftalks that thruft them forward, and keep them clear. They are fmall, and of a fainter colour than the, reft of the plant. The feed-veffel is large and ribbed; and the feeds ‘are very minute. It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in Auguft. Plukenet calls it Orobanche Verbafeuli odore ; _.and fuppofes it to be the fame with the preced- ing ; buterroneoufly. 2. Hypopitys with rounded leaves. Hypopitys foliis fubrotundis. eek root confifts of a few ftraggling, irregular Tes. Doody in Hertfordfhire. low, containing the honey juice: thefe are the petals fome have called leaves of a cup; but their ufe in carrying this fweet liquor fhews them to be a part of the flower. When the other flowers ripen, they confift of fewer petals, and are fmaller: the number ufually is eight, fometimes lefs than that. The feed veffe] is large, and the feeds are very fmall. ; We have it in fome large woods in England, but it is not common. Dr. Plot found it jp Oxfordfhire; Dr. Maningham in Suffex ; and Mr, I fhewed it in great plenty, in the year 1745, to the Duke of Rich- mond in Charlton foreft, Suffex, whence we en- deavoured to make it live in Goodwood gardens, but in vains we tried it in many parts of the fheltered grounds, but it all failed : though, not improbably, fome may have fince rifen there from the fcattered feeds. We found the truth of Mr, Ray’s obfervation, that it begins to fmell fweet when it is fading; and not while in its vigour : the fcent is agreeable, but very fingular. Mr. Ray erred in the placing of this plant: he has put it among thoft with four-leaved fowers and a fingle capfule. Ray calls it Hypopitys lutea. Plot, Fypopitys lutea verbafculi odore. REIGN SPECIES. The ftalk is round, flender, upright, and in a manner naked till near the top: its colour is a pale yellow, and it is never at all branched: the height is about fix inches. Toward the bottom of the ftalk there fland a - few very {mall films inftead of leaves: thefe are placed irregularly, and at confiderable diftances, A little higher up thefe films grow larger, and are fet in pairs; and near the top they {pread into fmall, rounded leaves, placed alfo in Pairs. The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalk in a fmall tuft, or fhort, thick fpike: two of thefe rounded Jeaves are fituated juft under the fpike, and ufually there are ‘many others among the flowers. The flowers themfelves are {mall and yellow: the feed-veffels alfo are fmall, oval, and ftriated ; and the feeds are very minute. It is common in the woods of North Americ and flowers in July. Plukenet calls it Orodanche Virginiana radice fibrofa fummo caule foliis fubrotundis. The exter- nal appearance of thefe plants has occafioned moft authors to confound them in name with the orobanche, or broomrape, though the flowers are fo perfectly different. ay 3. Hypopitys with a fingle drooping Hower. H1ypopitys flore folitario nutante. The root is fmall and inconfiderable. The ftalk is thick, tender, upright, four inches high, of a pale yellowith colour, and covered with little films by way of leaves, 2 Thefe ‘ Te PRITISH WER BAT oft Thefe are of a paler colour than the body of the ftalk; and they are fhorter toward the lower part of the plant, and are there placed much thicker, and clofer together; and are longer, and more remote toward the top. This fpecies naturally produces only a fingle flower: it is placed, not at the extremity of the ftalk, but near it; and as the whole top bends, this flower hangs downward : it is very Jarge, and of a beautiful ftraw colour: it is compofed of ten petals in two feries, as in the others of this genus; but the inner five are fmall, and are fometimes wanting: this has occafioned GE ON fome who have feen it to call the Hower pentax petalous 3 but its proper number of petals is ten; as in the reft of this genus. : The feed. Vveflel is large and ftriated ; the feeds are numerous and f{mall. : It is a native of North America, and flowers in April. Gronovius calls it Monotropa flore nutante. We have no knowledge of the virtues of thefé plants, nor do they feem to poffefs any worthy enquiry. ; Us I, WATER-LILLY, NYMPHAA mHE flower is compofed, of numerous petals, regularly difpofed, and fixed to the fide of the germen: the feedaveffel is large and oval, with a narrow neck ; itis juicy, and contains a pulpy matter, with numerous large feeds: the cup is large and coloured; it is compofed of five, or in fome fpecies, only of four leaves ; and it remains with the fruit after the flower is fallen. Linnaeus places this among the polyandria monogynia ; the threads in the flower being numerous; and fixed to the receptacle, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. DIVISION IL 1. White Water-lilly: Nymphaea alba. The root is very long, large; and thick: it is brown on the outfide, and white within; and has numerous large and long fibres. The leaves are fupported on fingle footftalks : thefe are round, thick, fpungy, and of a great length; rifing from the furface of the mud ufually, to the top of the water, whereon the leaves float. Thefe are vety large, and roundifh, and of a beautiful greenicolour, and fhining furface. The flowers are fupported, like the leaves, each on a long footftalk. They are very large, and of a beautiful bright white; and of a light, but agreeable {mell : the cup has four leaves. The feed-veffel is large, ‘and roundifh, but drawn in at the neck, and there crowned with a dentated rim. : The feeds are large, roundifh, and contained jn a great quanitty of pulp. It is common in our brooks and rivers; and flowers in Auguft. C; Bauhine calls it Nymphea alba major, Others, only Nymphaea alba. The root of this fpecies is greatly recommend- ed as cooling and aftringent. The country people give the juice of it for the fluor albus, with fuccefs. The powder of it dried is good againft weakneffes in the feminal veffels. : The frefh roots, fliced and infufed in red wine, are ufeful againft overflowings of the menfes.’ Outwardly the leaves are cooling; and an oil is made, by fome, of the flowers, which is ex- cellent againft pain. There is an opinion of the roots and feeds BRITISH SPECIES, having a power to prevent venereal defires ; but this is idle. ‘ ; 2. Yellow Water-lilly: Nymphaea lutéa. The root is very long and thick, of a {mooth furface, except that the outer fkin in fome places cracks and chops; and of a white colour: it fends out numerous large fibres, and itfelf runs obliquely into the mud: } The leaves are fupported each on its feparaté footftalk : thefe are very long, light, fmooth, and full of a fpungy pith: the leaves themfelves are very large, and of an oblong figure, but ap- proaching to round; and of a bright green colour; The flowers are alfo fupported fingly on very long footftalks: they are large ; but what ap- pears at firft fight to be the flower is, in this, as in the preceding fpecies, the cup: this is com- pofed of five leaves, which are very broad and yellow, and furround the petals: thefe are fmall; and they are alfo yellow; and they are placed in two feries. The feed-veffel is large, and of a pear-fathioned fhape ; and the feeds are round, large; and fur- rounded with a pithy matter. . It is common in large waters, where, if they be not deep, the leaves and flowers rife above the furface; though the plant will flower and ripen its feeds when many feet under water. C. Bauhine calls it Nymphea lutea majors thers, fimply Nymphza lutea. There is another plant called Yellow water-Hilly by the common writers, and diftinguifhed by the more accurate, under the name of Nymphs cides, the Yellow water-lilly with fringed flowers; but this, being of a different clafs, has been de- oO. ’ feribed before, in its places D1 VY ft 224 The, BR Eby Sey FE Re BAL, D.1-V.1:S. 1 0.N, AL 1. The Egyptian Lotus. Nympbea foli's cordatis dentatis. The root is very large, thick, and of an ob- long form, and covered with fibres. The leaves are fupported fingly on long, flen- der footftalks. They are very large, and of a heart-fafhioned fhape ; being deeply cut at the bafe, where they are broadeft, and thence fmaller to the end: they are fharply dentated on the edges, and of a flethy fubftance and bright green colour. Their footftalks are long, as thofe of our common water-lillies ; and they are fmooth on the furface, and of a deep green. The flowers are large and white: they are fup- ported fingly on flender footftalks, much longer than thofe of the leaves, and are compofed of many petals, placed in numerous feries, and fur- rounded by a cup compofed of four leaves, as in the common white water lilly. The feed-veflél is very large, round, but drawn up to a neck at the top, and full of a fpungy matter, with many large feeds: the large cup remains with this, and is fpread out under it, in the manner of the rays of a ftar. Alpinus calls it Lotus Agyptia ; a name moft authors have copied from him. Sir Hans Sloane, Nymphea Indica flore candido, folio in ambitu fer- rato. Others, mbel. 4 It is a native of Egypt, the Eaft Indies, and the hotter parts of America, and flowers in au- tumn. The root, which is of the fhape and fize of a large eg, is a delicacy with the people of the Eaft, and accounted a very wholefome and delicate food: they boil it, and eat it with the liquor. Itis fo ex- tremely abundant in the Nile, that it ferves as a kind of univerfal food to the poor, who have no- thing to do but go into the places where the wa- ter is fhalloweft, and take up in an hour or two food for many days for their families. FOREIGN GHP 1d) CALS &. 2. Great red Water-lilly, called the A°gyptian bean, Nymph.ea pediculis [pinofis flore rubente. The root is large, thick, and hung with nu- merous long fibres. The leaves are fupported on long footftalks, in the manner of thofe of the common water-lllies, and are, like them, of a round form, and great bignefs ; but though they agree thus with the others in the general fhape and manner of appear- ing, they differ in very effential particulars. The footftalks of the leaves are full of fmall prickles, all pointing upwards, and the leaf it- felf is umbilicated ; the ftalk not being inferted at the edge, as in the others, but in the centre of the leaf. The flowers are very large, and of a bright and elegant red: they are compofed of feveral feries of petals, and are fupported each on a long prickly footftalk, as the leaves. The feed-veffel is very large, and of a fingular form : it feems as if it had been cut off at the top, and there are in it feveral cells, each of which contains one feed. Thefe are as large as the biggeft filbert, and of a brownifh red colour on the outfide, but white within, The whole fruit is of a fpungy fubftance, and the feeds are foft. It is a native of the Eaft Indies, and other warm quarters of the world. It flowers in July. Herman calls it Nymphea Indica faba Aigyptia diéta flore incarnato. Others call it fimply, Feba Aigyptiaca ; and fome after its Eaftern name ze- lumbo. We fee the figure of this plant frequently in the Chinefe works on porcelain, and in their ja- pan, and many held it to be imaginary ; but later obfervations have fhewn it to be the repre- fentation of a-real plant, very common in their waters, and familiarly known to the ancients. It is what all the old writers have meant by the faba Algyptia,. Th END of we THIRTEENTH CLASS. See Rae SOE Te eS. a as Se A manera Se) ear # aye. ea eee go aint a3 3) pan Sa ae Y common spibed Mllow orl Small spiked Willers Tért, Ly i ey Y ; ; : Narrow teavid yuked Willourhiort- Water ursain, Gitte, aia Moe eeu) 7 She Mower of the: ni natural Size, She Fruit of the — yftan Lotes wile us lupe _:~ 7 ae | ~ vi; i ea Ay 7 S copes roe vast 4, EN ty : } ; : . : Se great rod 1 ater Lilly call d the @pyptian Bean , £ N)) ae Re ; : BRITISH HERBAL, SERB ehee Baste cea ee eee Siete ee Dea che dee SOWPOOSSSSSSOETRESSESESESOED GBA SeoS oXXEVa Plants that have the flower compofed of Four P&Tars, difpofed in form of @ crols, and the feed-veffel sincie, and of am IRREGULAR form. of a plain and fimple ftructuré, according to the number of petals in the flower preceding that feed-vefiel; from thofe which have only one, by regular ftéps proceeding to fach as have it compofed of an irregular and uncertain large number. In thefe claffes we have treated of thofe genera whofé feed-veffels have nothing particular in their form, nor have been ufed to be diftinguifhed peculiarly by authors undér any diftinétive name: but there yet remain fome to whith we are, according to Nature, and the cuftom of botanifts of all time, founded on natural diftinctions, to. give a peculiar place. What are commonly called the /i liquofe and filiculofe plants, are perfectly diftinguifhed’ from all others, and held feparate by writers; and in the fame manner the papilionaceous: yet each of thefé claffes confift of plants which have a fingle feed-veffel. Thefe therefore, as alfo the berry-bearing W- havé in thepreceding claffes arranged thofe genera which have a fingle capfule for the feeds; plants, diftinguifed from all others in the fame manner by the ftructure of their fruit, we are totreat of diftinély, a in its feparate clafs ; and between the firft of thefe the filiquofe, and the laft of the former regular feries, we are to introduce a fmall clafs, which naturally leads to them. The filiquofe are thofe which have the Hower compofed of four petals; difpofed crofs-ways, and the feed-veflél a regular pod: thofe of the prefent clafs have the flower in the fame manner, com. pofed of four petals fo difpofed, and have for their fruit a feed-veffel which is not a regular pod. Linneus has difperfed thefe over his works; and Mr. Ray has committed an overfight, in oe of the feveral firft genera, placing them among the plants with five-leaved flowers. beet 8 Se sEh Se GR Ge oe a ee ie ah ae ce ee cee eee eh a eee ae ete cc ce ec Cot UR Td ee S I. Natives of BRITAIN. Thofe of which one or more fpecies are naturally wild in this country, GE N Ysess I. PEA R Lo W.O:R\T: ALL SE NIE seb: HE flower is compofed of four petals regularly dlifpofed : the feed-veffel is routid, memibras naceous, and full of minute feeds: the cup is comipofed of four little ledves; and remains when the flower is fallen. N° XXIIL Mmm DIVE ® oe ®. 226 Th BRITISH HERBAL. DialeVede St ONT 1. Perennial Pearlwort. Alfinella perennis foliis anguftiffimis. The root is compofed of feveral long, flender fibres, rifing from a little head. \ The leaves rife in a thick tuft: they are very fmall, but their number makes them fufficiently confpicuous : they are long, and extremely nar- tow, and they terminate in a fharp point: their colour is a very ftrong green} deep, but not at all dufky. ~The ftalks are numerous, fmall, flender, and ° an inch and a half high: they are partly procum- bent, partly raifed from the ground, and very much branched : theit colour is a paler green than that of the leaves, and they are jointed at {mall diftances. Af every joint there grow two little leaves: they are fhorter than thofe from the root, and ‘bronder. The flowers ftand in great numbers on the tops of the ftalks and branches : they are very fmall, _and of a faint greenifh white ; and the petals fall fo very quickly after opening, that they are rarely found entire, “The feed-veffel is roundifh, green, and full of ‘very minute feeds. It is common in garden-walks, and other places where it is not choaked by large weeds 5 it fpreads naturally into large tufts, and flowers in May. Dillenius calis it Afinella mufcofo flore repens. Ray has unhappily placed it among the plants with five leaved flowers 5 but he calls it Saxifraga graminea pufilla fore parvo tetrapetalo. Others» Saxifraga Anglica alfinefolia. 2. Annual Pearlwort. Affinella annua foliis brevioribys. The root is long, flender, and white. ~The leaves rife from it in a {mall clufter, and fpread themfelves upon the ground in the man- ner of the rays of a ftar: they are oblong, fome- what broad, and of a dufky green. The ftalks are numerous, upright, and very much branched: they are of a pale green, and about an inch high. The leaves on thefe are placed two at-each joint and they are very {mali, narrow, fharp-pointed, and of a faint green. The flowers are very numerous: they ftand at the tops of che ftalks and branches, and on fingle pedicles rifing from the bofoms of the leaves : they are fmall and white. The feed-veffel is little and round, and is ful] of very minute feeds, oblong, It is common in garden -walks, the ftones of fteps in old houfes, May. _ itis known at fight from the other, by being in feparate {mall plants, not running into great complex tufts. Plot calls it Saxifraga Anglica alinefclia annua. Plukenet, Aine Soxifraga Sraminifolia flofculis tetrapetalis herbidis € mufcofiss but the flowers and between It flowers in BRITISH § PoE C I Beast are much more diftin@ than thofe of the other, and whiter. 3- Thick-leaved Pearlwort, AYfinella foliis craffis. The root is compofed of numerous, crooked, and very long fibres. The leaves rife in a large tuft; and they are oblong, but fomewhat broad, thick, fiefhy, fharp-pointed, and of a bright green, The ftalks are numerous, and very much branched : they are an inch and half high, and of a pale green. The leaves on thefe are alfo fomewhat thick and flefhy ; but they are fhort and broad, thouch very fmall. ‘ a The flowers grow at the tops of the ftalks, ang their petals are broad, and tounded at the end, The feed-veffel is roundifh, and full of minute yellow feeds. This was firft found in the north of England; but it is common in many other places, paffing unobferved among the others, though really 74 certainly a diftinét fpecies, Tt flowers in April: Ray galls it Sexifraga kaminea pufilla Solis bre. vioribus craffioribus & fucculentioribys. Tt was frft obferved in Northumberland by Mr, Lawfon; flendet,, 4. Slender, upright Pearlwort, AYjinella ereéa flore majore, The root is compofed of numerous fmall fibres, The firft leaves are numerous, oblong, and } fharp-pointed : they have no footftalks, and they are of a beautiful green, The ftalk rifes in the centre of thefe,-and js round, upright, flender, and of a pale colour. The leaves on the ftalk are like thofe from the root, broadeft at the bafe, and Narrower to the point: they ftand in pairs, and are placed at confiderable diftances, fo that fpaces of the naked glofly ftalks are feen: the whole plant is not more than two or three inches high. The flowers are large, and {now-white, and one of them ftands on the top of every ftalk : fometimes alfo there rife fhoots from the bofoms of the leaves, each of which has on its top in the fame manner a fingle flower. The feed-veffel is roundi ct aa dith, and full of very It is frequent in dry paftures, and flowers early in fpring: there is abundance of it ip Hyde- park, where it makes a very pretty appear- ance. Ray calls it Ajfne tetrapetalos caryopbylloides quibufdam bolofeum minimum, Dillenius, Ajfnella Soliis caryophylleis. Magnol, Aine verna glabra. The virtues of thefe little plants are! not fup- ported upon the authority of experience, but very confiderable ones are attributed to them, They are faid to be powerful diuretics, and good againft the gravel and ftone, taken in the form of an exprefied juice, or ina ftrong infu- fion. The opinion of diffolyents of the ftone is at this time over; but, while it remained in credit, and THE BRITISH AER og and the feveral kinds of /axifrages were fuppofed to pofftfs it, thefe had their fhare in the cha- racter, 5. Upright, ‘branched Pearlwort. Alfinella ramofior ereéta. The root is compofed of fmall and flendet fibres, pe The ftalks are numerous and flender 3 fome of them lie upon the ground, but the greater part are erect: they are round, flender, and of a pale green. : The leaves are very narrow and oblong: they are placed two at each joint, and thofe joints are at diftances on the ftalk, From the bofom of almoft every leaf rifes a hoot, which is afterwards branched out into other divifions; fo that the whole plant is buthy, and about four inches high, The flowers are fmall and white: they ftand at the tops of all the branches, and alfo on fingle footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves, The feed-veflel is large, rounded, and com- prefied ; and the feeds are large, and not nume- yous. It is common on heaths in many parts of the kingdom, and flowers in June, DIVISION ' I. i. Tall, long-leaved Pearlwort. Alfinella elatior foliis longioribus anguftis. The root is long, flender, white, and furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalks are numerous, very flender, not much branched, and fix inches high. The leaves are placed in pairs, and at confi- derable diftances, on the ftalk : they are long, and very narrow, of a beautiful grafs-oreen, and fharp-pointed. The flowers are {mall and white: they ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and of young fhoots that rife from the bofoms of the leaves, and fome few on long, flender footftalks, that rife immediately from the bofoms of thofe leaves, whence there are no other fhoots, "The feed-veffél is round, and the feeds are Very minute. It is frequent on the mountains on the northern parts of Europe, and flowers in July. Ge shee N: 227 _Magnol calls it Polygonuin angippiffimo framinea Selo ereéum, Ray, Alfino polygonoides tenutfolig Slofculis ad longitud nem catlis velut in Seicam dif- poitis. 6, Short, many-leaved Pearlwort, Alfinella foliis brevikus numerofis, The root is fender, The ftalks are numerous, four inches high: they are not much branched, The leaves ftand in pairs ; ways many fhoots of young one bofoms : they are thort, a dufky green. . ( The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches, and from the bofoms of the leaves alfo there rife pedicles fuppotting feveral: {mall, white, and quickly fade. The feed-veffel {mall, and the fee rous and minute, flender, upright, and of a pale green, ‘and fomewhat broad, and of they are ds are nume- We have it on wet ground in the Ile of Ely, It flowers in July, Ray calls it Afinaftrum gratiole folio, Frequently the whole plant is red, FOREIGN SPECIES, C. Bauhine calls it Ane montana capillacto folio’, and others borrow the fame name, 2. Large-flowered Pearlwort, AYinella foliis majoribus flore aliquantulum majore; The root is compofed of 4 few filaments: The ftalks are numerous, erect, flender, and very much branched : ‘they are of a pale green, and their joints are at fall diftances, The leaves ftand two at each joint, are {mall, fhort, and narrow, The flowers are larger than in moft of thefe plants, but they are not very confiderable : they are white, and are placed at the tops of the branches, and on footttalks from the bofoms of the leaves; The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are few, It is frequent in Germany, and flowers in April. Columna calls it Aifne ramofa glabra, and they US HI, Ades fF p. RADIOLA. rpuE flower is compofed of four petals regularly difpofed : the feed-veffel is oval, and made ox of eight valves ; it contains eight cells, and in each a fingle feed: the cup is formed of a fingle piece, divided into numerous, flender fegments. Linnzus makes this a fpecies of Jinum or flax, though it contradi& the who. There is but. one known fpecies of it, and that is a native of Britain, HE ee . : n! le generical character, Allfeed. and hung with fibres; but there are’al- $ rifing from theiy - é ; are « ‘i ‘ * a * : = 8 a oe 3 x Me, , . ma Me i be ad a Ce ( a ; § we é 4 Se & r 228 Th BRITISH HERBAL. Allfeed. Radiola. The root is fmall, and furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalk is round, and divided into a vaft multitude of branches. The whole pla:t is not more than an inch high. The leaves ftand in pairs, and they are of a dufky green, fhort, and broad. The flowers are very fmall, and white; and they ftand in clufters at the tops of the branches, The feed-veffels are large and brown ; and the feeds minute. ‘ Jt is not uncommon on heaths, and flowers in uly. ; Ray calls it Radiola vulgaris Jerpyliifolia. Qu. thers, Hernaria minima. ReaD aoe Beale abe aD ea oa ale eee es eh hy eae eee ee Deal Dea ee sD eae os Do es ele ies Ose ree ForEIGN GENERA. Thofe of which there is no fpecies native of this country. Ge Re 2 aN ees If. La ae) I, BARRENWORT. EPEMEDIU™M. HE flower is formed of four petals, regularly difpofed: the feed-veffel is long, flender, pointed at the end, and made of two valves, containing numerous feeds in a fingle cell: the cup is compofed of four leaves, and falls with the flower. Linnzeus places this among the tetrandria monog ynia ; the threads in the centre of the flower being four, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle, Of this genus there is but one known fpecies. Barrenwort. Epimedium. The root is flender and creeping, and is hung about with numerous fibres. The firft leaves ftand on long, flender, and divided footftalks, and there are ufually three on each divifion. They are heart-fafhioned, deeply cut in at the bafe, and thence fmaller to the extremity ; and are very fharply ferrated round the edges. The ftalk rifes among thefe, and is round, firm, upright, not at all branched, and a foot — high. There ufually ftands one’ of thefe compound leaves upon it, confifting of five fingle ones, each on its own feparate footftalk ; and thefe are, G E N ~~ PODDED like thofe from the root, heart-fathioned, ferrated, and pointed. : : The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalk in a kind of fpike, and each has its feparate, flender footftalk: they are of a deep purple, with an edge of yellow. The feed-veffel is long and flender, and the feeds are oblong and fmall. It is a native of many of the northern parts of Europe, and lives in the damp parts of foretts, It flowers in Auguft. : All authors call it Epimedium; the plant being fo fingular that it needs no diftin@ive epithets. It has been faid to be a native of this king- dom, but not truly. Its virtues are not certainly known. U § II. CUMMIN. HYPECOUM. A a flower is compofed of. four petals of unequal fize: each into three parts’; and thefe ftand more outwards: fmall, and divided flightly into three parts at the top; the prefied and erect: the feed-veffel is long, leaves, and falls with the fower. Linnzus places this among the tetrandria digynia four, and the ftyles from the rudiment of the fruit two. two of thefe are larger, and divided the other two ftand inwards, and aré middle fegment being hollowed, com- crooked, and jointed: the cup is compofed of two little 3 the threads in the centre of the flowet being x. Common Thes-Be Ral +?-L SH 4. A BAR BoA, bas 4, Common Podded Cummin. © Hypecoum vulgare. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres. The leaves that rife from it are large, and beautifully divided into fegments : they are of the. pinnated form, but each of the pinnae of which they are compofed, is again divided into fmaller parts; and they are deeply notched at the edges: the whole leaf is of a pale bluifh or yel- lowifh green; and its pedicle is often redifh.-to- ward the ground. : The ftalk is round, ridged, upright and of a often it is flatted. Toward the lower d@ ufually naked: higher up ward the top it pale colour : part it is fimple, an it has feveral leaves; and to divides into branches. The leaves on the ftalk are like thofe from the root, only fmaller. The flowers are mo' bright yellow: they ftan the extremities of the branches. The feed-veffel is long, crooked, and jointed ; and in each joint there is contained a fingle ob- long feed. : s I is common in the fouthern parts of Europe, and flowers in July. ‘ C. Bauhine calls it fimply Hypecoum ; and moft authors follow him. Others call it Hypecoum — filiquis articulatis. derately large, and of a d on flender footftalks at 2. Podded Cummin with fmooth pods. Eypecoum filiquis teretibus levibus, The root is long, flend i i enna oh gy fender, and furnifhed with The firft leaves are lone : g, narrow, and pinnated: each is compofed of four, five, te a oes pinnz: on a long middle rib, with an odd one at the end; and they are all very deeply indented aes ete lower ones down to the rib: the colour of the whole leaf i een ce is a frefh and beauti- The ftalks are flender, ro ri ten inches high, pe ATP oeuTER Toe The leaves on them refemble thofe from the root, but that they are fmaller and of a paler colour, and are more deeply indented. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks. and they are {mall and yellow. ‘ The feed-vefiel is a long pod, not jointed as in ne common hypecoum, but {mooth: it # requently a little Kk ; pea y crooked, and always hangs Thefeeds are numerous, oblong, and yellowifh. It is frequent in many parts of Europe and flowers in July. ‘ Dalefchamp calls it Cuminum fylvefre fliquatum; - and others have foilowed him. Gots MNP Ue Merekoagitg ‘ LUDWIGIA. Gh lees flower is formed of four petals regularly difpofed: the feed-veffel is compofed of four valves: the cup is divided into four long and narrow fegments, which appear between th¢ petals of the flow Linnzus places t! er, and remain when it is fallen. his among the tetrandria monogynia ; the threads in the centre of the flower being, four, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. Alternate-leaved Ludwigia. Ludwigia foliis anguftis alternis. The root is compofed of numerous long fibres rifing from a finall head. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, ftriated, and of a yellowith colour. ~ ‘The leaves are placed alternately upon it; and they are long, narrow, and fharp-pointed ; and have no footftalks. ae The flowers grow toward the tops of the ftalks, and of the branches rifing from the bofoms’ of the upper leaves: they are placed fingly in the bofoms of the leaves on thefe part and are large and yellow. Lane The feed-veffel is fquare and large: it is open at the top, and it contains numerous {mall feeds. It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in July, Plukenet, calls it Ly/imachia non papofa eng Luteo majori filiqua caryophylloide Virginiana. Gr 9 novius calls it fimply, Ludwigia. Van Reyen, Ludwigia capfulis fubrotundis. ‘ Its virtues are unknown. mot pe! tye tg IV. OLDENLANDITIA. ee | SEIE, flower confifts of four pe and coriaceous, and contains numerous narrow fegments, ftyle from the rpdiment of the fruit fingle. N° 23. tals regularly difpofed, and {pread open: the feed-veffél is round fmall feeds in two cells: the cup is divided into four and remains when the flower is fallen. Linnaeus places this among the tetrandria monogynia 5 the threads in the flower being four, and the ‘Noa 1. Broade eS ay Ae 230 The BR 3-146 4h SEAR Beal 1. Broad-leaved Oldenlandia, Oldenlandia foliis latioribus. The root is compofed of a few fmall fibres. The ftalks are numerous, weak, flender, and in great part procumbent: they take root at the joints as they lic, and by this means fpread the plant abundantly, The leaves are placed in pairs, and have fhort footftalks : they are oblong, broad, and of a faint green: they are largeft in the middle, pointed at the ends, and not at all notched at the edges. The flowers grow in the bofoms of the leaves: they are placed on fhort footftalks, one flower on each; and they are fmall and white. The feed-veffel is large, and contains a number of fmall, brown feeds. It is frequent in North America in damp places. Tt flowers in June. : Plukenet calls it Aine aquatica major repens Virginiana foliis acuminatis. Others, Oldenlandia uniflora, from the flowers ftanding fingly on the footftalks in this {pecies ; they fupporting more in the others. Ge q@B it 2. Narrow-leaved Oldenlandia. - Oldenlandia anguftifolia. The root is fmall, oblong, and furnifhed With many fibres. The ftalks are numerous, flender, round, firm, upright, and branched : they are of a brownifh colour, and brittle. The leaves are placed in pairs, and have tufts of young ones, or the rudiments of branches, in their bofoms all the way up the ftalk: they: aré long, narrow, and fharp-pointed; and are of a dufky green. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and of fhoots rifing from the bofoms of the upper leaves, in clufters like little umbells; and they are fmall. The feed-veffel is large, and the feeds are nu- merous and little, Plukenet calls it Ly/imachie offinis faturie fulio madera [patenfis capfilis in fumitate Sere umbellatis, Others, Oldenlandia umbellata. Its virtues are not known: Us V. AMMANIA. HE flower confifts of four petals regularly difpofed, and inferted into the is round, and contains four cells: the cup is hollow, cup: the feed-veffel ftriated, and quadrangular : it is divided into eight fegments at the edge, and four of thefe are fhorter than the others, and are turned back Linnzeus places this among the setrandria monogynia; the threads in the centre of the flower being four, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. ig Narrow-leaved Ammania, Aminania foliis anguptis. The root is long, flender, divided, and fur- nifhed with numerous fibres. The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and ex- tremely branched: it is of a redifh colour, and tough and its branches are extremely long and flender. ~The leaves are placed in ‘pairs, and they are oblong, very narrow, fharp-pointed, and with- out footftalks. The flowers are placed in clufters in the bofoms Gab, N: =: Daan of the leaves; and they are fmall, and of a bright yellow : the plant when in flower makes a beautiful appearance ; for it is covered at the Joints from the root to the very top. The feed-veffels are round and fmall; and .the feeds are minute and numerous. It is a native of the Eaft Indies, and flowers in June. : Plukenet calls it Anonymos linarie folio orien. talis Gallii. lute: flore:herba capfularis verticillata, Its virtues are unknown, VI. WiA IER CALTROP, TRAP YZ, HE flower confifts of four petals regularly difpofed: the feed-veffel-is of an ob] very hard, and contains only a fingle cell ; and it is armed with four fharp th " made of a fingle piece divided into four narrow fegments:: peice become the thorns of the feed-veffel. Linnzus places this.among the tetrandria MmOnOg nia 5 four, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle This author has taken away its common name ¢ribulys aquatica, and calls it 7 : proper, becaufe another-plant.of a very different genus is called eae terreftri oe i the name ¢rapa; keeping with it the Englith received name water caltrop, 4 the fegments hardening, Of this genus there is but one known fpecies. 2. ig oval form, i S$: the cup is it remains after the flower is fallen; and the threads in the centre of the flower being this is very We have retained The CLLR TTS Hirano SSS The Water Caltrop. Trapa, The root is very long, a multitude of fibres. The leaves are numerous, and each is fup- ported on a long, flender footftalk : they are broad, fhort; and in figure half round ; being _ flat where they join the ftalk, and rounded each way from thence: they are of a flefhy fubftance and of a dead green. The footftalks are round, fmooth, light, and hollow. The flowers rife among the leaves, and are flender, and hung with fupported each on a fingle, naked footftalk,’ nearly as long as thofe of the leaves: they are ! large and white. 231 ; The feed-veffel is large, and extremely hard: ic is armed with four very ftrong and fharp Prickles, and contains only one feed. The ker- nel is very fweet: it has the tafte of a cheft- nut. ; Tt is frequent in the warmer ; parts of Euro and in the Eaft, and will live in the falt, as balk as frefh, water, All the writers call it Tribulus aquaticus, or - Trapa. ; ' ; ~ The fruit is pleafant and nourifhing. It is eaten in feme places as a delicacy, and in others as a neceflary feed; being ground to a kind of flour and made into bread. The' EN D of the FOURTEENTH CLASS, THE BRETPITS H. HER BA & he Sh Ne Ora te Nhe Ns Ns Ns Sg SM Ss oA oe Te A Ne AN AR Ae ONAN ASS ARAN AS OS GL AS SX; Plants whofe flower is compofed of FOUR PETALS regularly difpofed, in form of acrofs, and whofe feeds are contained in @ REGULAR POD, of a long and fender shape. happily united among themfelves, that moft of the botanical writers have kept them to- gether, and in a diftinét clafs. Ray calls them erbe tetrapetale filiquofe ; and Tournefort, herbe flore polypetalo cruciformi. Linnzus diftinguifhes them by the name of tetradynamia, the threads in the flower being ufually fix, and of thefe, four being always longer than the reft: thefe four he efteems more efficacious in the foecundation of the feeds; and thence has named the clafs. ; This author places in the fame clafs thofe genera which have fhort, and thofe which have long pods, only diftinguifhing them as belonging to two feGtions. Mr. Ray has done this etale him, and fo have many others : but the diftin@tion between the feveral genera is fo plain, and fo well obferved by nature, that they demand in a juft method to be arranged under two difting: claffes. ; : The very authors who place them together, always feparate them by a fubdivifion ; and they are diftinguifhed by eftablithed titles univerfally received, and univerfally underftood ; thofe which have long pods being called herbe filiquofe, and thofe which have fhort ones, berbe filiculofe. We are unhappy in the Englith language in a dearth of fcientifick terms: we have no names or words that diftinétly convey the fenfe of fliqua and filicula, on which this feparation is founded ; we only call them long pods and little pods; but the term /ilicwla is not in this cafe fimply a Bin tive; for the fhort pod differs in form as well as fize from the other. There is an antiquated word, fbale, ufed by fome authors of credit, and adopted by our dictio- naries, for a hufk, or covering of feeds: we fhall, in this want of terms for diftinction, appropriate it to the fhort feed-veffel, called in Latin Silicula, and call the other only a pod. ae ae pene Se words to afcertain our meaning in each article, we fhall follow the fteps of nature in the divifion of thefe plants, making thofe wi i i Hes fise ee ° g with pods, /ilique, conftitute one clafs; and ; T's plants of this clafs are fo effentially and obvioufly diftinguifhed from all others, and fo SERIES Common Peaartwore & | Upright Breuched Verve Leite Spartwort: Fvurtwort (ht : 4 \ \ E€ y ae) S Ph dded oe Wie ae | Sook pots COMMON Progieit sry . i CLIPUIRCPL A54 \ VirronwLeavil - ( : “ ¢ , LroadiLeavd Cldenlarnidiz ee ; a % : : & > ee Hidenlanua : Narrow Lew a Amini of " ‘ oe Seago Go! r ‘ | TV he Caltro tMiernile Lei . ‘ ; Nhe Wailer Ta | a ft a pee Sep Sa eee Paes ator ae The (BRU iT; ESsH; $iBeReB AL. 233 hoary Oyamgs Seite [Real Da. Natives of BRITAIN. I, Thofe of which one or more fpecies are naturally found wild in this gountry, dl GecEPaN OCU S$ WALLELOWER, Ee Be C-O:1-0 M, I, iy pate flower is compofed of four large petals: the pod is long, flender, flatted, formed of two valves, containing two cells, and terminated by a ftyle, which is fplit at the top: the cup is eompofed of four long, narrow leaves, and falls with the flower : the feeds are oval and flatted. Linnaus places this, with the reft of the /liguo/e plants, among the ¢etradynamia filiquofa: but he abolifhes its received name /eucoium, calling it cheiranthus. There is one fingular plant of this genus, the pod of which, inftead of terminating in two, has three points. Many have of late made of this a particular genus, under the name of gakenia; but Linnzus much more juftly refers it to the reft, not allowing this alone a fufficient diftin€tion for a new genus. The botanifts of late time have accounted it an honour to conftitute new genera ; and have there- fore fought the moft trivial marks for a diftinétion, which ought to be founded only on the greateft and moft obvious. The Arabians call the common yellow waljfower, cheiri ; but it is wrong from that to derive the name cheiranthus for the whole genus, DEVS LON: 31 1. Common Wallflower. Leucoium luteum vulgare. The root is divided into a number of long, {traggling parts, each: furnifhed with numerous fibres. * ; The ftalk is round, firm, upright, hard, and very much branched. The leaves are long, narrow, and of a frefh, green; they have no footftalks ; they adhere by the bafe, and they are undivided at the edges. The flowers grow ina kind of fpikes at the top of the ftalks and branches; and they are large, yellow, and {weet fcented. The pods are long, flender, and whitifh: the ‘feeds are flatted and fmall. It is common on old walls, and in fome places on rocks; and has thence, for its beauty and fra- grance, been introduced into gardens, where the flower, and indeed the whole plant, grow much larger than in the wild ftate. C. Bauhine calls it Leucoinm luteum vulgare ;' and mott others follow him. When carefully cultivated the flower ‘gets ftreaks of aredifh or deep orange colour; and at other times it is rendered large and full of leaves : thefe are the Dloody wall and the double wall of our gardeners. It were well if we could accufe none above the rank of gardeners with raifing thefe varieties into the imaginary place of fpecies; or if thefe were all fo treated. We fee more of them, and in confiderable writers. C. Bauhine defcribes, 1. one with ferrated Jeaves; 2. one with great flowers; 3. a great, | N° XXIV, BRITISH SPECIES, double; and, 4. a leffer, double wal/fower: thefe are all varieties owing to culture; and thus of one plant are made five. : 2. Sea Wallflower. Leucoium maritimum filiquis tricufpidatis. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with | a few fibres, The ftalks are numerous, weak, and branched; they ftand but irregularly upright, and they are of a pale colour, and a little hairy. ; The leaves ftand irregularly, and are long, narrow, and deeply indented at the edges: they — grow without footftalks, and are fomewhat hairy, and their colour is a pale whitifh green. The flowers ftand at tLe tops of the ftalks and branches; and they are large and white. The feed-veffels are long, fomewhat’ thicker than in the common kind, and hairy; but what is very fingular in them is, that each terminates in three points, inftead of the two of the com, mon kind, The feeds are fmall, oval, and flatted. It is found on the coafts of Wales and Corn- wal; and flowers in July, ~ C. Bauhine calls it Leucoinm maritimum finuate folio. , ; We have this in fome gardens in its natural condition; and we fee it in others raifed to 4 greater fize, and into varieties, called diftingt fpe- cies by fome, from culture, What we call ftock Julyfowers are of the fame genus with wallfowers, differing only as fpecies, thengh the diftin@tion be very evident, O99 Thefe 234 The BRIT 18 H H'E RB ATL, Thefe two plants are the only natives of our country ; the firft is the mother plant of all that variety of walls in our gardens; and the latter of fome of the /focks: thus our people abbre- viate the proper expreffions of the kinds. The latter is plainly of the ftock Julyflower, or, as it is vulgarly exprefled, the tock kind, Great virtues have been attributed to the /ez- DIVISION. IL 1. Square-podded Wallflower. Leucoium filiquis quadratis. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The firft leaves rife in a large tuft, and are long, narrow, of a faint green, and without foorftalks. The ftalk is firm, upright, fingle, and fearce at all branched, and is of a-pale colour, and a foot and half high. : The leaves are numerous; they are long, nar- row, hojlowed, and have ufually a dented edge: they are fharp-pointed, undivided at the edges, and of a pale green. The flowers are yellow and fragrant, like thofe of the common wallflower, but {maller. The feed veffels are fquare, and the feeds are rounded and flat. It is frequent on barren grounds in France and Italy ; and flowers early in fummer. C. Bauhine calls it Leucoium luteum fylveftre angufiifolium. Others, Leuccium fylveftre. Our gardeners, the Upright wallflower. 2. Common Stock Julyflower. Leucoium incanum vulgare. The root is large and fpreading. The ftalk, or, as it may be better termed, the main ftem, is round, thick, white, naked for a confiderable height, and from thence upwards divided into numerous branches, and crowded with leaves. The plant grows to two feet or more in height, and has the afpeét of a little fhrub, The leaves ftand irregularly on it: they are numerous, long, narrow, and hoary ; of a pale greyith green, foft to the touch, not at all’ divided at the edges, and blunt at the points, The flowers ftand in a kind of {pike at the tops of the ftalks, and are large and handfome: their natural colour is a-deep purple, and they are fometimes white. The feed-veffel is flatted, and as it were cut off at the top: the feeds are {mall and flatted. It is a native of Spain, and thence brought into our gardens, where, in this natural ftate, it is called the flock Fulyfower, or fingle frock. Cul- ture doubles ftripes, and enlarges the flowers ; iand in thefe feveral appearances it is defcribed by fome, too attentive to frivolous diftinGtions, un- _der the names of fo many diftin& fpecies.. As the common Englifh wallflower is the origin - of all the wal/s of our gardens, this Spanith kind is the fource from whence induftrious art has produced all the double, and otherwife varied hacks. é 4 FO coium; but they are at prefent not much re. garded. ‘The flowers are celebrated againft dif- orders of the head and nerves, and not without fome foundation in truth. The. BR ITH StH HER R B AT, DIVISION L tt Common Wild Rocket. Eruca fylvefris vulgatior. The root is long and. thick, and is furnifhed with many fibres, The firft leaves rife in a large tuft, and are long and beautifully divided: they have fhort footftalks: their colour is a pale green, and their divifion is fo deep, and into fuch regular feg- ments, that they refemble pinnated leaves. The ftalks are numerous,.and of a pale green: they are divided into branches, and ufually lean ; efpecially toward the root. ~The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and are like thofe which grow immediately from the root, large, long, and. deeply divided into fegments, fo that they appear pinnated. The flowers are yellow, and they ftand in a kind of {pikes at the tops of the ftalks. The pods are long and flender, and the feeds fmall and brown. The whole plant has'a difagreeable fmell. It is frequent on old walls, and among rubbifh in many parts of England. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Eruca major lutea caule afpero. Others, Eruca fylvefris. 2. Little, wild Rocket. Eruca fylveftris minima. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with many fibres. ~The firft leaves rife in atuft, and fpread them- felves every way upon the ground: they are long, narrow, and deeply divided at the edges into nu- merous fegments, fo. that they refemble the pin- nated kind. The ftalks are numerous, round, upright, flen- der, very little branched, and eight inches high. The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and are long, narrow, and deeply divided, as the others, into the pinnated form, but with fmaller feg- ments. ; The flowers are {mall and yellow: they ftand in little tufts at the tops of the ftalks, and are fucceeded by long, flender pods. The feeds are fmall and brown. 2 It is found in our northern counties, as alfo in the Ifle of Man. It flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Eruca fylvefris minor lutea burfe paftoris folio, Ray, Eruca monenfis laciniata lutea. 3. Water-Rocket.] Eruca aquatica, The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The firft leaves are long and beautiful; each is compofed of five or fix pair of pinne or fmall leaves joined toa middle rib, with an odd one at the end: they are of a yellowifh green, and of a tender fubftance. The ftalks are numerous, weak, and branched: they are a foot and ahalf high, but not very erect. N° 24. 237 BRITIDSH SPECIES, The leaves are placed irregularly on them, and are of the fame form with thofe from the root, the feveral pina or fmaller leaves being jagged alfo in two or three places, The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches, and are {mall and yellow: the pods are flender, and but moderately long. The feeds are fmall and brown. It is common by rivers, and about the edges of fhallow ponds. ‘It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Eruca Lylveftris minor luteo Store. The generality of writers, from its place of growth, not common to the other, Eyuca aquatica. 4. Common Winter-Crefs, Eruca glabra flore minore barbarea diffa. The root is long and thick, and has a few fibres. The firft leaves rife in a tuft, and have a very pretty appearance: they are long, large, and of a very deep, but glofly green: they are divided, fomewhat in the pinnated manner, into two pairs of fegments, and a large, broad part at the end. The ftalk is upright, firm, ftriated, and two feet high. : The leaves ftand thick upon it, and are like thofe from the root in fhape and colour. The flowers are {mall and yellow : they ftand in a thick tuft at the tops of the ftalks and branches, and are followed by longifh, flender pods. The feeds are numerous. {mall, and brown. It is common every where by hedges, efpe- cially where the ground is fomewhat damp. It flowers in April, C. Bauhine calls it Eruca lutea, feu barbarea, Others, Nafturtium hybernum, : 5. Early Winter-Crefs. Barbara precox foliis freqaentius finuatis: The root is long, flender, white, and full of fibres. ‘ The firft leaves are fmall, and ftand ina thick little tuft: they are compofed each, as it were, of three pair of pinnz, and a great rounded leaf at the end; but the divifions do not reach to the rib, and they are only parts of an entire leaf thus divided into fegments. The ftalk is round, flender, yellow, and a foot high. The leaves are placed irregularly on it, and are few: they are deeply divided into feveral pairs of fegments, with an odd Jeaf at the end of each, and are of a yellowifh colour: their principal dif- ference from thofe of the common kind, is in the frequency of this divifion. se ad The flowers are fmall and yellow, and the pods are {mall and flender. It is common on ditch-banks, and flowers in April, a week or fortnight before the common kind. It might feem only a variety of that; but ex- Ppp perience ~ 238 The BRITISH HERBAL. perience fhews they rife diftinétly from the fepa- rate feeds. Ray.calls this Bardarea foliis minoribus et fre- quentius finuatis. . Others, Barbarea precox. Ray feparates thefe three laft plants from the two firft, under the title of eruca fouria ; but as the principal diftinétion he gives is in the tafte, there was no occafion to treat of them diftinétly. He alfo very properly adds to them the plant called hedge-muftard, though commonly joined to the ery/imums, to which it is lefs like in the pod. 6. Hedge-Muftard. Eruca fyluefris eryimum vulgare diffa. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves are large, numerous, and of a faint, but pale green: they are very deeply divided, in refemblance of the pinnated form, and are cut and jagged alfo on the edges of the fegments. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, very much branched, of a pale green, very tough, and a foot and half high. DIVISION 1. Garden-Rocket. Eruca fativa. We have often had occafion to complain of the improper names given by our Englifh gardeners to the plants brought into their care for their ufe or beauty. Inthe prefent plant we have a fingu- Jar inftance: they know it little, and, when they have any acquaintance with it, *tis under the name of racket. This is only a depraved way of fpeaking the proper word; but that they ufe as the name of a plant altogether different, as we have fhewn already, The common befperis, or dames violet, is what they call rocket. The true garden rocket, here to be defcribed, is a tall plant, of irregular growth, and no great beauty : it got-its place in gardens not as a flower, but ufeful plant. Gin K.iog Nea Us The leaves are placed irregularly on it, and refemble thofe. from the root, being deeply’ di- vided, in refemblance of the pinnated form, and the fegments again notched at their. edges, The flowers are fmall and yellow: they ftand in little tufts at the tops of the branches, and are but of fhort duration, The pods are very flender, and ftick clofe to the ftalks, The feeds are {mall and brown. It is common on dry ‘banks, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it. Zxyfimum vulgare. Ray, Eruca hirfuta filiqua caule appreffa eryfimum aifia. ; This {pecies of racket is celebrated againft dit. eafes of the lungs. The juice is excellent in afthmas, and a fyrup made of it in all oppref- fions and ftuffings up of the breaft, as alfo againit inyeterate coughs, ‘The other fpecies are of the nature of the garden-rocket, celebrated as a pro- vocative to venery 5 but their virtues are inferior to thofe of this cultivated kind, FOREIGN SPECIES, The root is long, flender, hard, and furnifhed with many fibres: the firft leaves are numerous, long, and irregularly divided in the pinnated manner, with a great, odd fegment at the end. The ftalks are numerous, round, upright, and a yard high. ‘ape The leaves on them ftand irregularly, and re- femble thofe from the root, but that they are more deeply divided. The flowers ftand in a loofe fpike, at the top of the ftalks, and are of a faint, yellowith hue, ftreaked with black. The feed-veffels are long and thick. It is a native of Italy, and flowers. in Augut, C, Bauhine calls ic Eruca, latifolia Sativa alba Diofcoridis, Others, Eruca Sativa, Eruca hor- tenfis, and Eruca Romana. VIL. CiA BOB A G E, BRASSICAZ. gs flower is compofed, of. four. petals, of an oval form, undivided, regularly opening in 4 » crofs-like form, asin the.reft of this,clafs, and with flender bottoms: the cup is compofed oF four greenifh leaves, and falls with the flower: the feed-veffel is long, rounded, but deprefiéd each way, and is parted into. two, cells by a membrane, which, is longer than its two fides: the feeds are round: _ and the leaves are large and flefhy, and, ofa bluith green. ‘ Linnzus places this among the tetradynamia filiquofa; the flower having fix threads, four of which are longer, and.two fhorter, and the feed-veffel being a regular pod. He confounds, together, this and the tursip under one common. name, making, the. ¢urnip rape, and aavew, fpecies of cabbage: but in. this, as other the like inftances, his. attachment to the fmaller parts of the Aower leads him to do. violence to nature. The turnip and cabbage, though they agree in many things, differ in others: the cup of the turnip is opener than that of the cab- bakes and, yellow ; whereas that of the cabbage is green. The leaves alfo differ, and the root in many inftances in all the whole external face of the plant. This, however he has difregarded, it, ought to be taken notice of in all diftin@ions. The rape, navew, and turnip, are indeed all evidently of, the fame ings as we fhall thew ; but they conftitute a genus quite diftinct from the cabbage. 2 D.Aevit- DV 1S 400-Ne. & y. Sea2Cabbage. * Braffica inavitima. The root is long, thick, divided into many | parts, and furnifhed with long fibres, ‘The firft leaves ate large, long, and: rounded at the ends; “and they quickly fade. The ftalkris thick, fpungy, and of a pale | greyith colour, rough on the furface, and often ‘decorated from the bottom with young fprouts. At the heightof a foot or two above the ground, burft out the principal leaves: they are very large, long, thick, broad, divided irregularly into a number of rounded fegments at the edges, and terminated by a great, round part at the end: they are of a greyifh or bluifh green colour, and of a very thick fubftance ; and, in the wild ftate, the veins are ufually purple. The main ftalk, from the fame part wheré the leaves rife, fends out many branches: thefe are flender, round, greyifh, and ufually coveftd with a dufty fubftance. : The leaves on thefe are oblong, but lefs divi- ded than the others. The flowers ave corifiderably latee, and yellow : the pods are long and thick, and the feéds aré large, round, and of a deép purplith brown. Ic is frequent about our fea-coafts, and flowers The BRITISH HERR BAL BRAT Is 4 in July. In gardens it grows to a vaft height and bignefs. DIVISION UH. Garden-Cabbage. Brafica fativa vulgaris: - We are not to confider in the defcription of this plant the cabbage in its form for the kitchén, that being no more than a convolution of its: leaves over one another; but, confidering the herb in the fame Jight with others, as confifting, when perfect, of root, ftalk, leaves, and flowers, and feeds, it is fo to be defcribed, as a cabbage-plant gone to feed. ‘ The root is compofed of a multitude of crooked fibres, conneéted to.an oblong body. The main ftem is round, thick, rough, and of a whitifh. colour: this is of a middle nature be- tween a ftalk and a root: it is not hard:as a ftalk, but tender as a root, and may be properly enough called a part of the root rifing above the ground. The leaves ftand in aclufter at the top of this, and are very large, and of a bluifh green: they are rounded at the extremity : they have fome di- vifions toward the bafe when they grow freely, and they are of a very thick and flefhy fub- ftance. The. ftalk rifes in the center of thefe,. and is round,. upright,, branched, and four feet high. The. leaves-on this. are oblong, and-blunt at the end,.of the fame flefhy fubftance; and’of the-fame pale green with-the others, ne eg SPEC £'s, _ Motifon talls it Brifica’wiapininya arborea, fest procerier ramofa. Others only, Braffica mavitina. ’ Linnus ‘makes it the fame fpecies with the common cabbage’, but this is one of thofe inftances in which he has reduced the number at the ex- pence of Nature’s diftin&tions, 2. Perfoliate Cabbage. Brafica fjlveftris perfoliata flere albe, The root is long, fender, white, with a few fibres. The firft leaves are lar. e, broad lone a divided, and of a bluith ae, ie PEEL ge The ftalk is rouiid, firm, upright, very much branched, and two feet and a half high. . Tite leaves ftand alternately on it, and at con- fiderable diftances : they are broad and oblong. of a fhape fomewhat inclining to heart=fafhioned and they furround the ftalk at the bat : they and obtufe at the end, riot at all divided at the edges and of a bluifh green. : The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches and are moderately large and white, ; The feéd-veffels are very long, and the feeds are brown, latge, and round. It is wild in our corn-fields, Tt flowers ih Augutt. C. Bauhine calls it Braffica camper. i fore albo; and moft others fuinesnder: i ee and furnithed but not common, DO) RBG Naw eee Os rps The flowers are {mall and yellow, and they ftand ia a kind of fpikes at the tops of the ftalks. ; The feed-veffels are long, and the feeds are large, round, and of a purplifh brown, It is anative of Italy, and flowers in Jaly. In the wild ftate it is fmaller; and has thore leaves on the flowering ftalk’; but there is no other difference. Thofe who have feen fpecimens of this can never fuppofe; either that it is the fame with the Englith Sea-cabboge, or that the latter is the original plant of the cabbage kind, for it is plainly this. Such is the appearance of the plant which af- fords us the cabbage for our tables, when growing freely in gardens, and tunning up to feed its own way; or when wild in the fields of Italy: but from this fingle plant the induftry and {kill of the gar- deners in’ preceding’ ages havé furnithed’ us with a vaft variety of kinds, ! The round and oblong: cabbages}: diftinguifhed by modern gardeners under various names, are the plaineft and eafieft produéts, The curled cabbage, and what we call the jag: ged or ragged cabbage, proceed from the fame ftock. The red, the white, the purple, and the green cabbages, aré only’ varieties of the fame. The ragged, red, and the parfley-leaved cabbage, all enumerated by C. Bauhine and others, are lu- xtiriances of naturé’in the fame kind; as is alfo the 240 The BRITISH HERBAL. the fringed cabbage: but the greateft luxuriance of all is the cauliflower : this is only a botryoide excrefcence of the fame plant. Thevariations in the leaves, their form, divifion, and difpofition, are not all we have to name in this plant, for the root and ftalk afford an ample fund for the fame fportings of Nature, thruit out of her common road by art. The cabbage with a round root, called the turnip-rooted cabbage, differs in nothing but this {welling of that particular part from the others: and the colerape, which has the - fwelling, not in the root below ground, but in the middle of the ftalk, as it is called, above, is “in the fame manner only a variety. Thus the cabbage and favay, the brocok, the Ga RUN cauliflower, and the reft, are to be confidered by _ the botanift only as one fpecies ; in the culture of which he will view with pleafure this furprifing variety of appearances: and, when he enters the ground of a London gardener, and fees the {mall mufcovite, the flat or the fugar-loaf cabbage, he will refer them all to the fame common ftock. The pleafant tafte and wholefome qualities of the cabbage have introduced it into our gar- dens, and recommended it to all that care un- der which it has made thefe various appearances. Eaten moderately, it is perfectly innocent and wholefome ;. but it will fometimes breed flatu- lencies. : U Ss IX. APU RNs te be RAPUM. HE flower is compofed of four petals, regularly difpofed crofs-ways: the cup is formed of four leaves, which fpread open, and are of the fame colour with the flower : the feed-veffel is long, and depreffed both ways: the feeds are large and round: the membrane, which divides the pod, ftands out in a point at the end. : Linneeus places this among the setradynamia filiquofa ; the threads in the flower being fix, four of which are longer than the other two, and the feed-veffel a regular pod. : He joins, as before obferved, the cabbage and turnip under one common genus; -but the cup fhews a fufficient difference, as well as the whole plant. DIVISION fF. 1. Wild Navew. Rapum napus fylveftris diium. The root is long, thick, white, and furnifhed with a few fibres. The firft leaves are ong, and moderately broad: they are of a pale green, and are very deeply di- vided in an irregular manner on the edges. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, of a pale bluith green, and three feet high. The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and have no footftalks : they are unlike thofe at the root, broad at the bafe, where they furround or en- clofe the ftalk, and {maller to the point ; fome- times a little divided, but more frequently only waved at the edges. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches in a kind of tufts: they are fmall, and yellow. f The feed-veffel is long, and the feeds are large and round. bg It is common on the ditch-banks, and flowers in June; at which time it very much refembles the /wrnip when in flower, DTV 1S 1 ONeill: 1. The common Turnip. Rapum vulgare. This plant, though fo common in our fields, as well as gardens, ia not a native of our country. BRITISH SeP°E C TES, C. Bauhine calls it Napus fylveftris, and moft others follow him. It is cultivated alfo in gardens, and then is called Napus fativa, Navew gentle, and garden-navew ; but though larger in this condition, it is no other way different. : : The plant which is cultivated in fome parts of England under the name of rape, and colefeed plant, is this raifed by culture to fomething like the figure of the garden-navew, the field-culture giving it a middle afpeét between the two. From the feed of this plant is made rape-oil. The feeds are alfo ufed in fome of the com- pound medicines of the fhops ;_ and much learned nonfenfe has been written to fhew, whether the original authors of thofe medicines intended the wild navew feed, or that of the garden-navew. The druggifts mean time ufe turnip-feed for both, and do no harm by the exchange: whether they take the rape feed, cole-feed, turnip-feed, or that of wild navew, the difference is little in the {mall proportion they bear to the whole in thofe feve- ral medicines. F O REWG'N: S:P bic TBS The root is Jarge, thick, and ufually roundifh: but in this refpect it varies greatly, fometimes being oblong, fometimes very flat, and at others a perfeét globe: from this, and from its colour, which is fometimes white, fometimes in part pur- plith, and fometimes yellow, the gardeners the and I farmers Phe: »:BaRal We S3H HERBAL. farmers have diftinguifhed three or four kinds; but the botanift is to know thefe are no more than accidental varieties, or the effects of culture, and that the plant is the fame in all, there being but | one known fpecies of what is properly called ¢ur- nip. The leaves are numerous and large: they are Jong, and confiderably broad, deeply and irre- gularly divided at the edges, and of a yellowifh green colour, and’rough to the touch. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and three or four feet high. The leaves on it are fmaller, and lefs divided than thofe at the root, the upper ones being -fimple, and of a heart-fafhioned fhape, without any divifion. The flowers are {mall and yellow: they ftand at the tops of the ftalks many together. The feed-veffel is long, and the feeds are large and round. GaneBet SNe 2 Usm0tS 241 It is a native of Spain, and flowers in July. ‘C. Bauhine calls it Rapum fativum rotundum, and moft others follow him. This author, as well as many others, diftin- guith the long-rooted turnip under the name of ‘a peculiar fpecies, calling it the long turnip, and the female turnip, but it is, as_we have already obferved, nothing more than a variety. The turnip is a wholefome root, ufed more in food than medicine, but not altogether without virtues in that refpect. The juice of unripe turnips, thatis, fmall green ones, with white wine, has fometimes cured quartan agues. The roots, as eaten at table, are celebrated as antifcorbuticks, if eat frequently, and for a length of time ; and externally they are commended, by way of poultice, boiled foft with bread and milk, againft fwellings of the breatts, X. MUSTARD. . Siglag Na AGP il. HE. flower is compofed of four fhort, roundifh petals, expanded crofs-ways, with very thore, narrow bottoms: the cup is formed of four leaves, and fpreads wide open; its leaves are nar- row, and hollowed, and its opening is in a crofs form, and the whole falls with the flower : the feed- veffel is long and rough, and the membrane that divides it within into two cells ftands out toa very confiderable length beyond the end of the pod, and is large and flatted : the feeds are numerous and round. / ; Linneus places this among the setradynamia filiquofa ; four of the fix threads that are in the flower being longer than the other two, and the feed-veflel being a regular pod. He diflikes the termination of the old name, and writes it /izapis. DIVISION I. 1. Common Muttard. Sinapi vulgare. The root is long, flender, white, and hung with many fibres. The leaves that rife from it are long and large: they are deeply divided at the edges, fo as fome- what to refemble the pinnated form, and they are terminated each by a broad, large, round piece at the end. | The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and not much branched ; it is two feet and a half high, and is rough toward the bottom, as are alfo the leaves ; and {moeth at the top. The leaves are placed irregularly on it, and are, like thofe from the root, long, finuated at the edges, of a pale or yellowifh green, and rough to the touch. The flowers are fimall and yellow: they ftand in a kind of fpikes at the tops of the ftalk and branches. ‘ The feed-veflels are oblong, but not fo long as in moft of the other plants of this clafs; and they ftand upright, and near the ftalk. The feeds are numerous and round. We cultivate this in fields and gardens for the feed; but it is alfo wild in our corn-fields, and in wafte places. N° 24. BUR Th oleS 3H SP eB Cons, This is the plant whofe feeds are the common muftard-feed, much ufed in our kitchens, and fo valuable in medicine. : J. Bauhine calls it Sinapi fativum filiqua longa glabra fimine ruffo five vulgare. Others, Sinapi vulgare. . _ 2, White Muftard. Sinapi album filiqua birfuta. The root is long, flender, white, and furnifhed with many fibres. : The firft leaves rife in a large tuft, and are long, broad, of a yellowifh green, rough to the touch, and very deeply and irregularly jagged, often down to the rib. The ftalk is round, upright, and divided into many branches. The leaves on this are numerous and large : they are rough, and very deeply jagoed, and have long footftalks. "The flowers are fmall and yellow: they, ftand in confiderable numbers at the tops of the branches, and are followed by long, hairy pods. The roughnefs of thefe feed-veffels is not their only diftinction from thofe of the common mu/. tard: they ftand out from the ftalk, whereas the others run almoft parallel with it ; and they are as Q4qq it 242 The (BYR TH SH CH BR BVA EF it were knotty, the feeds fhewing themfelves through them. The feeds are naturally white, whence the plant has its name white muftard;, but they fometimes lofe that colour, and become brown or redifh: they are very large and round. J. Bauhine, who is happier in his diftinGtions of the muftard kind than Cafpar, calls this Sinapi al- bum filiqua birfuta femine albo vel ruffo. C, Bau- hine calls it Sinapi apii folio, but this is not a good character of the leaf, the divifion not be- ing fo frequent or deep as to require fuch a de- {cription. It is common in watte places, and is often cul- tivated in gardens. The two kinds of muftard agree in their vir- tues, which are very confiderable. The young fhoots are eaten as fallet with thofe of radith, and fome others: thefe make together what the gardeners call young falleting, or pring falleting ; and this way they are very wholefome. "The feeds are of frequent ufe at our tables, and are very wholefome: but, befide their ufe with our food in the way of muftard, they are fre- quently taken whole as a medicine. This way given, they are excellent -againft rheumatic complaints, and againft the falling. ficknefs, They operate by urine, and moderately promote the menfes ; and at the fame time that they have thefe feveral good effects, they ftrengthen the ftomach, prevent flatulences, and create an appetite. A table-fpoonful of the feeds unbruifed may be taken for this purpofe every morning. In thofe pains of the back to which gouty people are fubject, and which are ufually attended with fomewhat of the gravel, this is an excellent . remedy. The feeds bruifed, and applied to the fkin, bring on a rednefs and heat: they are a gentler kind of blifter, and in this ufe are called /ina- DePVeeSel OF NS. TF. 1. Rocket-leaved Muftard. Sinapi eruce folio. The root is long, flender, and hung with a few fibres. The firft leaves are numerous, and very large : they are long, broad, and regularly divided into four or five pairs of fegments at the edge, fo that they refemble pinnated leaves: all thefe feg- ments, as well as the terminating one, are long, narrow, and undivided, and the whole leaf is of a faint green. — The ftalk is round, upright, and divided int many branches : it grows to a foot and half high, and thick fet with leaves: thefe are large, and in pifms. Thefe are good in paralytic cafes, and often in fevers attended with light-headednefs, 3. Charlock. Sinapt arvenfe rapiftrum diftum. 1 The root is long, flender, white, and furnifhed with a few fibres. : The firft leaves are long, large, and of a dead yellowith green: they are deeply divided at the lower part, in fuch a manner as to bear a rude re- femblance of the pinnated form, and terminated by a large, oblong piece; that and all the other fegments being fomewhat pointed at the ends, and ferrated at the edges. The ftalks are numerous, round, branched, and a foot and a half high ; but they do not ftand regularly upright. The leaves on the lower part of thefe ftand ir- regularly, and refemble thofe from the root; but thofe near the tops of the branches are fimple, {mall, oblong, and undivided. The flowers are moderately large and yellow. The pods are large, long, and full of large feeds : they ftand out from the ftalks, The feeds are of a deep blackith colour. It is very frequent in cultivated land, to the great injury of the farmer. It flowers in July. C. Bavhine calls it Rapifrum arvorum Slore lu. too, and others follow him. The firft appearance of this plant is not unlike that of the turnip, and very unhappy miftakes have arifen from this refemblance. A farmer who has fent in unfkilful weeders to clear a ture nip-field, has had all his turnips pulled up, and all the cherlock left. The roots at this early pe- riod of growth have little difference ; but the charlock leaves are more pointed at the ends. There is a white-flowered plant, commonly numbered with the charlock among the muftard kind; but it is properly a raphanifirum, and will be defcribed in its place in a fucceeding genus. EF ORE TC N 6 Pe Cpr all refpeéts refemble thofe from the root, each being divided deeply into narrow fegments. The flowers are {mall and yellow : they ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches, and are but of fhort duration; but they are quickly fucceeded by others. ; The feed-veffels ftand in a long fpike, and at a good diftance from the ftalk. The feeds are large and brown. It is common in France and Italy, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Sinapi eruce folio, a name very well expreffing the plant, its leaves much refembling thofe of the wild rocket. Others, Si- napi fylveftre minus. GENUS \ Th BRITISH HERBAL. ie NEE, es Ri ATDAL Gary Gye B Xi. Rtas (AN OS, HE flower is compofed of four petals, difpofed crofs-ways; thefe are of a heart-fathj d fhape, and have very flender bottoms, which are a little longer than the cup: the cupis a of four leaves, which are narrow, oblong, erect, and thick at the bafe ; they do not open aN era the whole cup falls with the flower: the feed-veffel is thick, rounded, fpungy, {welled out by mire in feparate parts, fo that it appears jointed, and is terminated by a long point: the feeds are aha rous, large, and round. Linnzus places this among the ¢etradynamia Jiliquofa, four of the fix threads in the flower bein longer than the other two, and the feed-veffel being a regular pod. 8 He very rafhly joins under this head the raphaniftrum and cakile of authors; they properly belong- ing to feparate genera: we fhall fhew the diftinctions. 8 PEUNe Tass 1} Welle Wild white Radifh. Raphanus fylveftris radice albente. The root is long, thick, flefhy, and perfectly like the connmmnon radifb of our gardens, but that it is white: the tafte is like it, but milder, and the fubftance only a little harder from its grow- ing in worfe ground ; fometimes it is crooked, or fplit from ftones in its paffage: but when it has free growth, any one would call it a white ra- difp. The leaves are large, long, and very deeply divided into a number of pairs of fegments, re- . fembling fo many pinn, and a roundifh piece at the end: they are of a dufky green, and fome- what rough to the touch. The ftalk is round, upright, fmooth, divided into many branches, and two feet high. DIVISION I. 1, Garden-Radith. Raphanus vulgaris. This, though fo commonly cultivated among us, is not a native of our country. The root is long, flender, and flefhy, of a de- licate purple or redifh colour, mixed with white, and of a harp, pleafing tafte. The leaves are large, long, and in their divi- fion plainly pinnated: each confifts of four or five pairs of roundifh pinna’, with a larger alfo rounded at the end. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and three feet high : it is divided into feveral branches, and has a few leaves placed irregularly on it. Thefe are compofed of narrower pinne than thofe from the root, and are of a paler colour. The flowers are very numerous, and mode, rately large: they ftand at the tops of the branches ; and are white, with a tinge of purple or red, more in fome, and lefs in others. , The feed-vefiel is thick, flefhy, or fpungy, and fwelled out into a kind of joints. The feeds are large, and of a redifh or pur- plifh colour: one lies in every fwelling of the pod, FOREIGN BORAT? ESg5S (FG eT Ree: The leaves on the lower part of it refemble thofe from the root; but thofe higher up are fimple, oblong, and only jagged at the edges. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches : they are fmall and yellow. The feed-veffel is thick jointed, and, while young and tender, is fpungy, bur it afterwards gets almoft a woody hardnefs, and becomes ftriated. , The feeds are round and brown, It is found in fome parts of Suffex, principally near the fea-coaft, and flowers in June. Ray calls it Raphanus maritimus flore luteo fili- quis articulatis Jecundum longitudinem eminenter Jtriatis. One would think the garden-radifh railed from this, but for the colour of the flower. SPECIES. It is a native of Spain, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Raphanus minor oblongus, Orhers, Raphanus fativus, and Raphanus vul. aris. 2. Round black Radith. Raphanus radice rotundo nigro. The root is of the fhape and bignefs of a {mall turnip, black on the outfide, white within, and of a flefhy fubftance: it is of a firmer texture than the common radifb, and of a tafte not unlike it, but to many palates more agreeable. The leaves that rife from this are long, pin- nated, and of a black green: the feveral pinnz are narrower than in the common radifb, and are jagged at the edges, and terminate in a point. The ftalk is round, upright, thick, firm, and two feet high. The eaves on its lower part refemble thofe from the root; but thofe on the upper part are fmall, fimple, and only notched at the edges. The flowers are {mall and purplifh, but with fome white, and they grow at the tops of the ftalks and branches. The pods. are thick, flefhy, fpungy, jointed. and I The 24.4, Th BRITISH HERBAL. f The feeds are large, roundifh, and dark co- loured. It Is a native of Italy, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Raphanus major orbiculatus five rotundus. Others, Raphanus rotundus niger. Linneus fuppofes it only a variety of the com- mon vadifo ; but this contradiéts reafon, 3. Long, Jagged leaved black Radifh, Raphanus foliis laciniatis radice longo nigro. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with a few fibres : it is black on the outfide, white with- in, and of a pleafing tafte: in fhape it fomewhat refembles the common garden-radifb ; but it dif: fers altogether in colour, flavour, and fubftance : in all thefe refpects it approaches more to the na- ture of the round, black radifh; but in the leaves it differs both from that and the other in the moft obvious and diftin& manner; fo that al- though confounded by Linnzeus with the other as a variety of the common radifh, it is plainly a dif- tinct fpecies. The leaves are long, large, and deeply jagged : the fegments are placed irregularly two or three Gam E Neer Uvor§ on each fide, but not in pairs, and the ribs of the leaf between them is jagged : they are alfo nicked at the edges, as is the terminating fegment, and all of them are tharp-pointed, The ftalk is round, upright, firm, of a pale green, and a yard high. : The leaves on it are few, and placed irregu- larly ; but they refemble thofe from the root in form, and are rough to the touch, and of a pale green. The flowers grow at the tops of the ftalks and branches, on branched footttalks : they are large, whitifh, with a tinge of red, and quickly fall, The feed-veffel is thick, rounded, fpungy, and jointed : the feeds are large, roundifh, and brown. It is a native of Spain, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Raphanus niger. Others, Raphanus niger radice pyriformi., The qualities of all thefe radifhes are the fame, and they are more ufed at table than in medicine, They work by urine, and are faid to be fweet- eners of the blood, and good againft the feurvy , but they will agree with few ftomachs. XII. BASTARD RADISH. RAPHANISTRUM. 'HE flower is compofed of four petals, difpofed regularly crofs-ways one to another; thefe are broad, and have very fhort and very flender bottoms, compofed of four little, oblong leaves, thick at the bafe, a little longer than the cup: the cup is - and ftanding clofe. The feed-veffel is a jointed pod, and, when ripe, it naturally breaks at the Joints, and lets out the feeds; and it is not fpungy, as in the radifh. Linneus places this among the tetradynamia Siliquofa, longer than the other two, and the feed. veffel bein and diftin&tive name, making it a fpecies of radi. being jointed, and feparating naturally at the joints: the radifo, other genera of this clafs, in the pods being fpungy. That character it poffeffes alone, diftinguifhed from this genus; as this is from all others, by the jointed ftructure, ration of the pod. As we have no proper Englith name for this genus, four of the fix threads in the fower being g§ 4 regular pod ; but he takes away its eftablifhed From this it differs in the fingularity of the pods, in the fame manner, differs from all and is by it and naturally fepa- baftard radifo being a compound and improper one, and fome of the fpecies being called by authors otherwife improperly, it will be beft to retain the Latin name raphiftrum. DIVISION L 1. White-flowered Raphaniftrum. Raphaniftrum flore albo filiqua articulata. The root is long, flender, white, and fur- nifhed with many fibres. The leaves that rife from it are large, oblong, and broad, and have long, thick footftalks : they are compofed, as it were, of one pair of pinnae, and a large piece at the end; and their colour is a deep green: they are rough to the touch, and fomewhat hairy. The ftalks are numerous, round, weak, hairy, upright, and very much branched. * . The leaves are placed irregularly on them; and refemble thofe from the root: they are rough, and of a fomewhat paler green. BRETISH She GLUES The flowers are large, white, and ulually {treaked with red, or a pale purple: they are not unlike fome of the fmall fingle ftock-julyflowers. The feed-veffel is long, flender, and jointed : it is not hairy, as the reft of the plant, but per- feétly fmooth ; and, when the feeds are ripe, it drops to pieces at the joints: the feeds are round and brown. It is common in corn-fields, and flowers in July. ay C.Bauhine calls it Raphanifirum fiore albo fili- qua articulata ; aname ufed by motft others. We call it commonly W4ite-flowered charlock, with a Jointed pod :* but this is very improper, for char- lock is a fpecies of muftard. * “2, Yellow- Oe a ee 2 8 ae oe - sg is vy Pe ee ee ee ee ee Ee black. The BERAT 'T SHA2 HE IRARSB sAi (L. 245 2. Yellow-flowered Raphaniftrum. Raphanifirum flore luteo. The root is long, flender, white, and furnithed with many fibres. The firft leaves are large and oblong : they are broadeft at the bafe, finuated at the edges, and fharp-pointed ; and they are fupported on fhort footftalks : they are rough to the touch, and of a deep green. f The ftalk is round, upright, firm, two feet and a half high, and divided into many branches. The leaves on it are numerous : they: are placed irregularly, and they refemble:thofe from the root: DIVISION IL. Dwarf Raphaniftrum, Raphaniftrum humile foliis divifis. The root is. a fmall, white fibre; little more. The firft leaves are oblong, narrow, and fharp- pointed : they are deeply divided at the edges; in the manner’of pinnated leaves, but not quite to the rib. * The ftalks are numerous, flender, Weak, and not more than five or fix inches high: they ge- nerally trail upon the ground two thirds of their length, The leaves on them: are. few, fo that they ap- pear for the greater part naked : thefe ftand ir- regularly, and are like thofe from the root. | the farmers as weeds. irregularly finuated, The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches, and they are finall and yellow.” The pods are long, and moderately thick : they are jointed, and of a pale green, and, when ripe, they break afunder at the joints, The feeds are round, large, and brown. It is common in corn-fields, and flowers in July. Ray calls it Rapiftrum flore lute filiqua glabra articulata. Our people, Yellow charlock, with a jointed pod. they have very fhort foorftalks, and are deeply and FOREIGN SPECIES. The flowers are fmall and ‘yellow, and they ftand in tufts at the tops of the ftalks. The feed-veffel is long and jointed, and the feeds are {mall and brown, It is a native of Siberia, and flowers in June. Gmelin calls it Raphanus foliis pinnatis pinnis confluentibus Jfiliquis teretibus articulatis. The whole plant has greatly the afpect of the wild roc- ket in miniature. The feeds of the white rapanhifirum are {aid to operate powerfully by urine; but there is not cer- tain authority for it.- The virtues of the others are not known, They are very troublefome to GG BeaN 2 Us WATERCRESS, XIII. SISYMBRIUM. mPHE flower is compofed: of four oblong petals, which are difpofed croffwife, and have very fmall ~ bottoms': the cup’ is ‘formed: of four little, narrow leaves: thefe fpread tolerably open, and are coloured and) the whole’ falls with the flower: the feed-veffel is crooked and fhort; and the membrane that divides it within is fomewhat longer than the two fides: the feeds are numerous and fmall. Linneus places this among the tetradynamia filiquofa; four of the fix threads in the flower being longer than the other two; and the feed-veffel a regular pod: but he very improperly joins with the watercreffes many plants not allied to them: thefe we fhall give under other regular genera, and in their proper places. #. Common Watercrefs; Sifymbrium vulgare. Theroot is long and creeping: it runs under the mud, and has tufts of fibres at {mall diftances. The firft leaves are long and pinnated: each is compofed of two or three pairs of pinne, with a large leaf at the end; and thefe {eparate pinnz are fhort, broad, and have no foottftalks. The ftalks are round or flatted, and of a pale green: they are ftriated, weak, and very much branched : they are’ pinnated, ‘as thofe frem the root, but the pinnz are fomewhat fimaller. The flowers are little and white: they ftand in fmall tufts, and at the tops of the ftalks and branches. The feed-veffels are flender, and not very long; and the feeds are {mall, and brown. Ne Xxy, It is common in fhallow waters, and flowers in May. C. Bauhine calls it Nafturtium aquaticum fupi- num. J. Bauhine, Sifymbrium cardamine five Naf- turtium aquaticum, It is an excellent antifcorbutick. The juice of it is given in {pring with that of brooklime, and fome other plants of the fame cha- racter; but it has more virtue than them all. This is at beft an unpleafant method of taking it: it is very agreeable, eaten asa fallad; and there is no way in which it better exerts its virtues. It opens obftructions, operates by urine, and promotes the menfes. Many medicines of great name, and naufeous tafte, are inferior to this little plant in feorbutick diforders. Rre 2. Small- 24.6 Th BRITISH HER BOA L. 2. Small-leaved Watercrefs. Sifymbrium foliis-minoribus preecocius. The root is a {mall tuft of white fibres, The firft leaves are fhort and fmall : each con- fifts of a fingle pair of little pinnae, and a large, round piece for the termination: they are of a fiefhy fubftance and a deep green colour, often brownifh. The ftalks are numerous, weak, and low: they are not more than five inches in length; and they lie for the moft part on the ground. The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and re- femble thofe from the root; but that fometimes they have two pairs of pinnz, befide the odd leaf at the end. The flowers are fmall and white; and they ftand in litele tufts at the tops of the ftalks. “The pods are flender, and longer than in the common kind; and the feeds are numerous, very {mall, and brown. It is common about the fides of brooks, and flowers in April. Ray calls it Nafturtium aquaticum foliis minori- bus pracocius. The fame author mentions, as another fpecies, | the Nafturtinm aquaticum pinculis paucioribus of Mr. Doody; but it is the fame with this. The tafte is fharper in this fmall kind than in the other, and it is altogether diftinct, GE a AN wa, 2S 3. Jagged-leaved Watercrefs. Sifymbrium Jervatis foliis. The root is long; flender, and’ furnifhed with many fibres. : The firft leaves rife in a tuft, and they are large and beautiful: they are long, narrow, and pin- nated: eath is compofed of four or five pairs of pinne, with an odd one at the end; and thefe. are fharply-ferrated at their edges. The ftalk is upright, firm, and a foot high: its colour is a pale green, and it is ftriated, and branched toward the top. The leaves are numerous, and placed irregu- larly : they are pinnated, and fometimes branched: their pinnz are oblong, ferrated at the edges, and of a pale green: and both they and the odd leaf at the end are fharp-pointed. f The flowers are {mall and white‘ they ftand in fmall tufts at the tops of the ftalks;. and ufually there are long rows of the pods under them when the plant has been any time in flower. The pods are fhort and fmall; and thé feeds are very fmall, and brown: It is not uncommon in Hamphhire, and has been found in many other parts of England. Mr. Ray, among others, took this at one time for the impatient lady{mock, to be defcribed here- after: but he found the miftake afterwards. C. Bauhine calls it Nafurtium aquaticum ereftum Solio longiore. Others, Italian watercrefy, XIV. LADYSMOCK: COALR De ALN, TaeNe oi: ' HE flower is compofed of four broad, obtufe petals, with very narrow bottoms regularly dif- pofed, and expanding croflwife: the cup is formed of four little, erect, oblong leaves with obtufe ends; and ic falls with the flower : the feed-veffel is a long, flender pod, of a rounded figure, but a little depreffed, and it is compofed of two valves, or fides, which, when ripe, roll back, and difcharge the feeds with violence: the feeds are numerous, fmall, and round. i Linnzeus places this among the tetradynamia filiquofa, four of the fix threads in the flower being longer than the two others, and the feed-veflel a regular pod. 7 Dit WV Ls LOW aT. x. Common Ladyfmock. . Cardamine vulgaris. The root is a tuft of flender, white fibres, pe- netrating deep into the ground. The firft leaves are long, and regularly pin- nated, in a very beautiful manner: each is com- pofed of five or fix pair of pinnz, which are fhort and roundifh, and an odd one of the fame fhape at the end. : They are of a deep green colour, often-brown, of a firm fubftance. , The ftalk is round, upright, firm, not much branched, and a foot high. The leaves on it are pinnated, but very unlike thofe from the root ; for in thefe the pinnz are all long and narrow: they ftand irregularly on the ftalk, and are not numerous, The flowers grow at the top ina little tuft: BRITISH S@P-E"C AB. S. they are large and white, and perfeét white ; bluth of purplith. The feed-veffels are long and flender 3 and the feeds are little and roundith, It is common in our meadows, and flowers in April. ; C. Bauhine calls it Nafurtium flore. Others, Cardamine 8 Ca lemtsc Heese ‘ The common people in fome places, Cuckowflower. fometimes of a pure but at others, they have a 2. Great-flowered Ladyfmock. Cardamine flore majore elatior. . The spo is longs flender, and creeping ; and as a number of large fibres irrecularl i from different parts. a Conbeteg The firft leaves are large, and beautif in- ears nd beautifully pin they confit each of about four pairs of 2 broad, The | BeR iT 18 Hy Fi Rep Act. a4 broad, roundith pinne, with a larger oneat theend ; and they are of a firm fubftance and deep green : the pinne, feparately, as well as the whole leaf, are much Jarger.than in the common kind. The ftalk rifes in the midft of thefe, and is round, upright, very little branched, and two feet or more in height. The leaves on it are numerous, and, like thofe from the root, each is compofed of four or five pairs of pinne, with an odd one much larger than the reft at the end. j The flowers grow at the tops of the ftalks, and of many young fhoots from the bofoms of the upper leaves: arid they are large and white: The feed-veflél is a long,flender pod; and the feeds are numerous and fmall. It is frequent on boggy grounds in many parts of the kingdom ; and flowers in May. Ray calls it Cardamine flore majore elatior. C: Bauhine, Nafurtium aquaticum majus et amarum. Others, Nafturtium aquaticum amarum. - \ts com- mon Englith name is Bitter watercre/s; the tafte being bitter and pungent. 3. Impatient. Ladyfmock. Cardamine flore minimo impatiens. The root is compofed of many thick fibres, with other fmallér ones hanging from them in great numbers. k The firft leaves grow in a tuft, and fpread themfelves very tegularly on the ground: they are long, narrow, and very beautifully pinnated : * the pinnz are fmall, of an oval figure, ferrated “at the edges, and very beautifully pointed at the end; and there are about five pairs of them on each rib, with an odd one of the fame fhape and fize at the end. The ftalk is round, flender, upright, of a whitifh colour, and a foot high. The leaves ftand irregularly, and are like thofe from the root; but longer and narrower: The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and of branches rifing from the bofoms of the upper Jeaves ; and they are very {mall and white. The feed-vefiel is long, and very fender. When it is ripe it burfts with violence, ‘not only on the leaft touch, but on the fmalleft mo- tion in the air; and the feeds fly out with vi- olence: from this it. obtained the name of impatient ladyfmock: the feeds are round and fmall. It is found in Ireland, and on the mountains in the north of England. Thofe who have miftaken the ferrated watercrefs for this plant, have men- tioned many other places, but in thefe it really is frequent. It flowers in May. C. Bauhine calls it Sy/imbrii cardamine fpecies quedam infipida. The generality of authors, Cardamine impatiens. ; 4. Hairy impatient Ladyfmock. Cordamine impatiens altera hirfutior. The root is a clufter of fmall, white fibres, The firft leaves grow in a tuft, and are regu- larly pinnated: and they have about three pairs of pinnae, with an odd one at the end; and thefe are fmali and irregularly indented +» they are,of-a dufky green, and fomewhat hairy: | > The: ftalks are numerous, weak, and. {tarcée upright: they are of a pale green;! ftriated; did very much branched, tia The leaves on them, refemble thofe from thé Toot, and are, in the fame mannerj, compoled of pining irregularly notched at the edges; The’ flowers are fmall. and whitey 4nd they grow in little tufts at the tops of the ftalks and branches. The feed-veffels are long and flender ; and they burft with violence on the leaft touch when ripe : the, feeds are {mall; round,| and of a pale brown. , It is common in watery places; and Aowers in April. i 4007 Ray calls it Cardamine impatiens altera bir futior, C. Bauhine; Nofurtium aquaticum minus, - 5» Daify-leaved Ladyfmock: Cardamine pumilabellidis folio: The rove is long; flender, and fitnithed with: thany fibres. ’ : ae The ‘firft leaves rife in a {mall tuft, and are’ of a form altogether different from thofe of ‘the. other /adyfmocks: they are fimple, undivided, and not fo thuch as notched at the edges: their fhape is an oblong, tending to oval: they are cluftered together,: and have no‘ footftalkss’ and they are of a dufky green, and fornewhat hairy, The ftallkt is-round, upright; iim; of a pale green, not at all branched, and ‘about three o¢ four inches high. ; The leaves ftand irregularly on this, ahd havé no footftalks : they are fhort, and broad at the bafe, from which they gradually decreafe to 4 point. rn The flowers ftand in numbers atthe top of the ftalks, and ate large and white, perfectly refembl- ing thofe of the common lady/mock: The feed-veffels are long and large; and thé feeds are numérous, round, ‘fmall, and brown: It is common on the mountains in Wales, whence the winds féem to have blown fome of its feeds to Briftol; the plant fome very frequent on St: Vincent’s rock. C, Bauhine calls it Nafturtium alpinum bellidis folio minus: ‘ : years being 6. Setrated dwarf Ladyfmock, Cardamine pumila foliis feratis: The root is long and flender ; and is furnithe with a few fibres. ; The leaves: grow very irregularly, but in a thick tuft, from the head of the root: fome of them are fingly fixed to pedicles froiri the root > others grow to a rib: they are oblong and fer: rated, narroweft at the bafé, and broader to the end, where they terminate in’a pointed tip: theit colour is a dufky green; and their tafte bitterith and watery, but fomewhat tharp. The ftalk is round, fender,’ ufually naked, and about three inches high. The flowers ftand at its top; and they are large and white. The 248 The ¥EPR'T'T 1s HY AIRE AT The feed-veffels are long and flender ; and the feeds are {mall and brown. Gass Itis a native of Wales, and flowers in April. Ray calls it Nafturtium petreumi. Johnfton Fobnfton’s rockcrefs; and moft others have copied the fame name, in honour of the perfon who firft obferved the plant. There has not been much written of the virtues DIVISLON. I. FO 1. Round-leaved trifoliate Ladyfmock. Cardamine trifolia. The root is compofed of numerous fmall fibres, with fome few thicker and longer among Bae firft leaves rife in a clufter, and they are very beautifully difpofed: three grow on each footftalk, in the manner of the leaves of trefoils, and thefe are fhort, broad, and of a figure irregularly approaching, to oval, or round- ed: they are of a deep green at firft, and when they have ftood fome time they become purplih : their tafte is difagreeable, and’ acrid after they have been fome time in the mouth, ; The ftalks are round, weak, of a purplifh co- lour, and fix or eight inches highs They have no leaves, except near the bottom, where there ftand three upon-a footftalk, as in thofe from the root, which they in all other re- {pects alfo perfectly refemble. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in a tuft, and are‘large and white. The feed-veffel is long and flender; and the feeds are {mall and brown. ; It is frequent in many of the northern parts’ of Europe among rocks and flowers in May. C, Bauhine calls it Nafturtivm alpinum trifolian, Clufius and others, Gardamine alpina trifolia. 2. Trifoliate Ladyfmock with pointed leaves. Cardamine trifoliata foliis acuminatis. The root is compofed of a multitude of fibres. The firft leaves rife'in a thick tuft, and ftand on long; flender, weak, purplith footftalks, three on each: they are broad at the bafe, ferrated at the edges, and they terminate in a fharp point, which, from the middle leaf of the three, is ufually longer than. on the others, The ftalks rife among thefe, and are round, purplifh toward . the bottom, and very much branched. The leaves ftand:alternately on them, and per. fectly refemble thofe from the root, three broad, ferrated, and pointed ones ftanding on every foot- ftalk. ‘Lhe flowers are {mall and white : they ftand in a kind. of fpikes at the tops of the ftalks and branches, The pods are long and flender, and the feeds are round and purplith. It is a native of Africa, Herman calls it Nofturt albis [picatis foliis ternatis and flowers in June. ium Africanim floribus Chriftophoriance facie. of the cardamine kind, nor are they regarded in the prefent practice. The country people in the north bruife the whole plant of the common kind in fpring, and take the’juice, a wine glafs at a time, againft the fcurvy, in the Jaundice, and in all obftru€ions. It operates powerfully’ by urine; and they record many confiderable cures performed by it. REG N.S PEC LE_S. 3. Irregular-leaved Ladyfmock. : Cardamine foliis ternatis et pinnatis. The root is long, flender, and white. The firft leaves rife in a fmall tuft, and: have long footftalks : they ufually ftand three on each - ftalk ; but the divifion is not fo perfec and ab- folute as in the fpreceding fpecies: thefe rather feem three parts of an entire leaf, whereas in thofe the three are abfolutely diftin& leaves, The ftalk rifes in the midft of this tuft, and is weak, flender, branched, and eight or ten inches high. The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are of an irregular form ; fome toward the lower part are trifoliate, or have a ternate divifion as thofe at the root ; and others have two pairs of pinnated fegments, and an odd one at the end 3 but thefe, as the divifions of the others, are not cut to the rib; there runs an edge from one to the other, The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalk and branches, and are fmall and white. : . The feed-veffels are long and flender, and. the feeds are {mall and round, It is a native of the Pyrenean mountains, and flowers in June. "C. Bauhine calls. it Nafurtiun Alpinum minus refede folio; and others in general copy that name. 4. Flat-podded Ladyfmock. Cardamine foliis pinnatis Siliquis compreffis. The root is a long, flender fibre, with a few little threads. The firft leaves are Of an extremely beautiful form and. difpofition : they lie flat upon the ground, and are very numerous; fo that they form a .clofe circle :\ they are long, and very narrow : and they are divided with great regu- larity in the pinnated manner: the pinnz are twelve or more on each, with an odd one at the end: they are narrow, and each has a fingle den- ticulation, and no more, on each fide, and this is near the bafe. The ftalk is round, flender, weak, and {carce atall branched : it is eight inches high, and of a pale green. There are only two or three leaves on it; and thefe refemble thofe from the root, but that they are fhorter and broader in the whole, the divi- fions or pinne being fewer in number, and longer, : The flowers ftand in a little tuft at the top of the ftalk, and are fmall and white, The feed-veffels are large, and very flender ; and the feeds are {mall and brown. I It “Thé BRITS HER Boa kh 249 It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in May. The whole ‘plant has fome fome general re- femblance of Jhepberds purfe, but that it is fmaller, and in all parts more delicate, Gee Ne Uae Ss Gronovius calls it Alum foliis radicalibus pin~ natis in orbem poficis caulinis lanceolatis Jiliquis com. prefs. We, Virginian Ladyfinock, XV, TOWER MUSTARD, TURRITIS, iin HE flower is compofed of four petals regularly difpofed crofs-ways; thefe are of an oval, but fomewhat oblong figure, obtufe, and undivided; and they ftand ereét, as do alfo their {mall bot- toms: the cup is formed of four little, erect, oblong leaves, and falls with the flower: the feed- veffel is very long, flender, and of a {quared fhape, but two of the ridges are very faint: the feeds are numerous and fmall, Linnzus places this among the tetradynomia Siliquofa, the flower having fix threads, of which four are longer than the other two, and the feed-veffel being a regular pod. As we have no fingle word in Englifh for the name of this genus, it will be proper to ufe the Latin name zurritis. De Ve PSERO.N 1. Common Turritis, Turritis vulgaris. The root is a clufter of fmall fibres: the firtt Jeaves are numerous, and they form a thick and large tuft: they are oblong, confiderably broad, pointed at the ends, not at all divided at the edges, and they have no footftalks: their colour is a pale green, and they are rough on the fur- face. In the centre of this tuft rife the ftalks, which are ufually numerous: they are round, upright, not at all branched, and a foot and half high. The leaves on thefe differ altogether from thofe which rife from the root : they are of a heart-fa- fhioned fhape; but they run out into a long point ; and they are of a bluifh green colour, and perfectly fmooth, The flowers and feed-veflels, when the plant shas been fome little time in flower, ftand at the top of the ftalk ina long fpike, refembling a wower, or other tall, upright building, whence the plant has its name: the flowers are {mall and white. The pods are very long and flender, and they ftand parallel to the ftalk, and at no great dif. tance from it. The feeds are fmall, very numerous, and round. It is common in our northern countries, and flowers in June. C, Bauhine calls it Braffica fylueftris foliis inte- gris & bifpedis. Others, Turritis vulgatior, 2. Jagged-leaved Turritis, Turritis foliis ferratis. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves rife in a thick tuft, and have no footftalks: they are oblong, broadeft in the middle, ferrated at the edges, and fharp-pointed : their colour is a pale greenifh, and they are hairy. The ftalks are numerous, upright, not much branched, and about ten inches high. : N° 25, BRITISH SP an C. LES. The leaves on thefe are few, and ftand irregu- larly : they are of an oblong, and fomewhat oval figure, and are ferrated at the edges, and pointed at the end, i ; t The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and are fmall and white. ; The feed-veffels: are flender and long, and the feeds are very fmall and brown. It is found on walis, and on dry ditch banks in many places, and flowers in May. C. Bauhine calls it Ery/imo fimilis hirfuta non la- cinata alba; but this, though copied by fome, is an ill chofen, as well as aukward name 3 the plant is much more like the common turritis, 3, Oval-leaved Turritis, Lurritis foliis ovatis, The root is fmall and thready. The firft leaves are difpofed irregularly in g little tuft: they are fupported on fhort, flender footftalks, and are of an oval form, obtufe at the end, very flightly ferrated at the edges, and fome- what hairy : their colour is a faint green, and they are of a tender fubftance, The ftalks rife in the centre of this tuft four or five together: they are very flender, uprighe, and of a whitifh green. ~ The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and ar numerous : they are alfo of an oval figure, but’ they have no footftalks; and they are of a pale glofly green colour, and not at all hairy. The flowers ftand at the top of the ftock in a little tuft, and.they are fmall and white. The feed-veffels are long and flender, and they ftand out from the ftalk : when the plant has been a little while in flower, there is a kind of fpike of thefe, a third part of its length. The feeds are finall and yellowith, We have it on ant-hills, in dry paftures, and on ditch banks in fome places. It flowers in April, : Petiver calls ic Turritis mnor foliofa, Ray, $f Brafica 250 Th BRITISH HERBAL Braffica {puria caule magis foliofo birfutior. Others, Pelofella filiquofe altera f[pecies. 4. Branched Turritis. Turritis ramofa folits imis bifpidis. The root is fmall, flender, white, and fur- nifhed with a few fibres, "The firft leaves are oblong, and confiderably broad: they are of a greyifh green, and fome- what hairy, and rough to the touch: thefe lie fpread upon the ground in a circular manner. The ftalks are numerous, flender, weak, and branched. DIVISION Great, various-leaved Turritis. Turritis major foliis variis. The root is long, thick, and white, and is furnifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves are very long: they lie in a circular tuft upon the ground, and fome of them are irregularly cut, and undulated at the edges, others altogether undivided: they are all rough to the touch, and of a dufky green. The ftalks are numerous, round, thick, up- right, very little branched, and two feet high. The leaves on thefe are numerous, irregularly placed, and altogether different from thofe about the root: they are of a form approaching to tri- angular, broad at the bafe, where they furround the ftalk, and fmaller all the way to the point; Gre Ete Ne U2 49 The leaves on thefe ftand irregularly, and are but few: they have no footftalks; they are of the fame greyifh green with thofe from the root, but they are not hairy. The flowers are fmall and white. The feed-veftels are long and flender: they ufually are feen in a loofe fpike, under a little tuft of flowers, and are full of fmall, brown feeds. : It is common on walls and dry banks, and flowers in April. Ray calls it Braffica [puria minima foliis birfutis et glabris. Others, Pilofella Siliquofa thalit. The common people, Codded moufear. I. BR T.1S:H |S. PE Ca EAs: and they are of a bluifh green colour, and of a fmooth and gloffy furface. The flowers ftand in tufts at the tops of the ftalks, and are white, with a tinge of yellowifh, fometimes more, fometimes lefs. The feed-veffels are long and flender, and the feeds are fmall and brown. It is a native of Germany, and many other parts of Europe, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Brafica fylueftris foliis circa radicen chicoraceis, Others, Turritis major. The feeds of the ¢urritis are accounted excel- lent in the rheumatifm,; and in fome places are a common family-medicine for that purpofe: but they are not known in the fhops. XVI. HEDGE MUSTARD. Bomkichie’ | Lo Ma Oe MM, if Bide flower is compofed of four petals, regularly difpofed crofs-ways; thefe are oblong, blunt at the end, and have narrow,’ fmall bottoms, which ftand erect, and are of the length of the cup: the cup is formed of four little, oblong leaves, which are coloured, and converge at their points, and the whole falls with the flower: the feed-veffel is very long, and very flender, and the feeds are {mall and round. Linnzus places this among the zefradynamia filiquofa, four of the fix threads in the flower being longer than the other two, and the feed-vefiel being a regular pod. This author introduces into this genus fome plants properly belonging to the others of the fame clafs: but a trip of this kind is the more pardonable, becaufe there is no clafs in which the genera are fo very lightly diftinguifhed one from another. As there is no fingle word to denote this genus in the Englifh language, it will be advifable to ufe the Latin name Ery/inum the more, as the plant commonly known under the name of hedge muftard in the fhops, properly belongs, as Mr. Ray firft obferved, to another genus, This has been already defcribed and figured in its place. DAV LS: 10 Negi: 1. Treacle Wormfeed. Epyfinum anguftifolium camelina digium, The root is long, white, woody, and furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalks are round, firm, upright, and of a pale green, or purplifh: they are about two feet and a half high, and not much branched, BRITISH SPECIES. The leaves are long and narrow: they ftand in great number upon the ftalks, and in an irre- gular manner. They have no footftalks : they ar¢ narrow at the bafe, and broadeft about the middle: their colour is a pale green, and they have a bit- ter tafte, as has alfo the pith within the ftalk. The flowers grow in fmall tufts at the tops of the ftalks, and they are fmall and yellow. The The BR. GSH we RBA — : = The feed-veffels are long, flender, and {quared ; they ftand in a kind of fpikes along the upper part of the ftalk, when the plant has been fome- time in flower. The feeds are numerous, fmall, oblong, and yellow, and are very bitter. It is frequent in the fen countries, as the Ifle of Ely, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Myagrum Jiliqua longa, Others, Cameling, The feeds of this plant are accounted excellent againft worms, and are much ufed by the country- people; but they are not known in the fhops. They are alfo given againft obftructions of the vifcera, and in the rheumatifm and jaundice, with faccefs : they operate moderately by urine. This “medicine deferves to be more known. 2, Broad-leaved fmooth Eryfimum. Eryfimum latifolium glabrum, The root is long, white, flender, and fur- nifhed with many fibres, The firft leaves are numerous, Jarge, and very deeply divided: they are placed on flender foot- ftalks, and are deeply cut, almoft to the rib, into a number of fegments, in fomewhat like a pin- nated form. : The ftalk is round, thick, upright, not much branched, and a foot and half high. The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root, being divided very deep at. the fides into four or five pairs of fegments : they are perfectly fmooth, and of a yellowifh green. The flowers are fmall and yellow: they ftand in tufts at the tops of the ftalks, and are but of fhort continuance. The feed-vefiels are long and flender, and they ftand at a good diftance from the ftalk; the feeds are {mall brown, DIVISION IL FO 1. Arabian Muftard, Enyfimum draba lutea diftum. The root is long, thick, white, and furnifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves rife in a fmall tuft, and are fupported on long footftalks: they are oblong, and confiderably broad, indented at the edges, and fharp-pointed. The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and not. much branehed: its ufual height is two feet, but it fometimes rifes to twice that, or more. The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are like thofe from the root: they have fhort footftalks, and are oblong, ferrated, fharp-pointed, and of a dufky green. ; The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in a kind of fpikes, and they are of more duration than moft of the others: they are fucceeded by long and very flender pods, in which are longifh yellow feeds. 3 It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Draba lutea filiquis ftrictif- Suis. ‘ It is common in wafte places, and flowers in June. 1 C.Bauhine calls it Exy/imum latifoliam majus gla~ brum. Others, Eryfimum latifolium Neapolitanym, This name comes from Parkinfon, and is il} adapted to fo common an Englifh plant. 3. _Flixweed. Eryfinum foliis tenuiffime divifis Sophia diftum. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves are large, and very beautifully formed : they are pinnated, and the pinne or di- vifions are divided, and fometimes fubdivided again ; fo that the leaf is compofed of innume- rable very fine and delicate parts. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, of a pale. green, and a yard high. Tt is very much branched, and thick fet in alf parts with leaves, Thefe ftand irregularly, and refemble thofe from the root: they are very finely divided, and of a. deep, but not unpleafing green, : The flowers are fmall and yellow, and they ftand in little tufts at the tops of all the branches The feed-veffels are very fender, long, and green: the feedsare numerous, and extremely fmall, It is common in wafte places, and flowers in July, ; C. Bayhine calls it Nafurtium fylveftre tenuif- Sime divifum. Others, Sophia chirurgorum. The common people, Flixweed, a corrupt way of fpeaking Fluxweed. This name has been given it for its virtues which ought to make it more regarded. z The feeds are aftringent, and the juice more fq: either of thefe, or a decoétion of the plane, ftop fluxes and hemorrhages in a very fafe and happy manner. : R°ESE G N@-SoPeb CF Bs: The whole plant has a fiery tafte, byt the root moft of all. Tt is an excellent medicine in rheumatic com- plaints, and in obftructions of the vifcera, 2. Great-flowered Eryfimum. Eryfimum flore‘aureo magno. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres, The firft leayes are numerous, long, large, and very beautifully divided: they fpread them- felves upon the ground in a circular manner, and they are finugted very deeply in the pinnated form; each leaf is formed of five or fix pairs of thefe fegments, united by a rim of a leaf joining the rib; and they are of an irregularly-triangu- lar figure. The ftalk is upright, firm, round, not much branched, and two feet high. ‘ The leaves on it are long, narrow, and like thofe of the root, but with fewer divifions. The flowers are large, and of a fine yellow, The pods are long and flender, and the feeds f{mall, numerous, and round. Ts. 252 The “BRIT FS HoH E RBA Tt is a native of Italy, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Eruca latifolia. All thefe plants agree in their general quali- ties as well as external form. They are good in obftructions of the) vifcera, and in fcorbutie, diforders ; but they have not been fufficiently regarded in the practice of phyfic. aie SLPLGLILPLGSSILSLHLLESSLHSLOD BD OTD DP OP BLS BS EL BM Sk Roly! EyasSeemete Foreicn Genera. Thole of which there is no fpecies naturally wild in this country. G E N U S I, TOOTHWORT. DENTARIA "THE flower is compofed of four petals, regularly difpofed crofs-ways: they-ate broad at the ends; and have fmall bottoms of the length of the cup. The cup is formed of four little leaves 3 they are oval, blunt, and converge at the points, and the whole falls with the flower’: the feed -vetel ig long, and of a rounded form, and contains two cells ; the dividing membrane is a litdlé’ longer than the fides of the pod: the feeds are numerous and oval. i : Linnzus places this among the ¢efradynamia /filiquofa ; four of the fix threads in the flower being longer than the other two, and the feed-veffel being a regular pod. Some of the plants of this genus produce a kind of foboles, or fruitful lumps, in the’ bofome of the leaves ; but this is not univerfal. 1. Trifoliate Toothwort. Dentaria triphyllos. The root is thick, of an irregular figure, and lies obliquely under the furface. When young it is white, but when older it is black on the out- fide ; fo that the common appearance is its being white in fome parts, and black in others: it is compofed in an irregular manner of feveral dif- tinct parts oddly conneéted together. From the different parts of this root rife feve- ral footftalks, on each of which are placed three leaves: thefe are broad, fhort, and of a deep green, ferrated at the edges, pointed at the ends, ’ and each has its feparate pedicle, by which it is fixed to the common footftalk. Jn other parts of the root lie the rudiments of the ftalk, which therefore rife in feparate places. Thefe are round, flender,. of a pale green, and about a foot high. Toward the middle of the flalk, or fomewhat nearer the top, there ftand three footftalks, each fuftaining three leaves: thefe are long, narrow, dharp-pointed, and ferrated at the edges. The flowers are moderately large: they have Jong and flender pedicles, fo that they com- monly hang drooping; and their colour is a greenifh white. The fecd-veffels are long and flender, and the feeds are numerous and {mall, It is a native of Italy, and other warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Dentaria triphyllos. Co- lumna, Ceratia Plinii, Others in general, Den- daria trifoliata, Three-leaved toothwort, 2. Seven-leaved Toothwort. Dentaria beptaphylla. ; The root is placed obliquely in the ground, and is compofed of a number of odd-fhaped irreoular parts, fixed in a rude manner to one another. The firft leaves are large, and very beautiful : they ftand on long, flender footftalks, of a greenifh white, or of a redifh colour; and are of a pin- nated form, each confifting of three pairs of pinnss with an odd leaf at the end. : Thefe are oblong, narrow, tharp-pointed and ferrated at the edges, : The ftalk is round, flender, ic c and a foot high. a gies The leaves grow irregularly on thefe, and in an uncertain form: the lower part of the ftalk js naked, and that ufually half way up: at this height begin the leaves, three or four of which ftand at fome fmall diftances over one another; and are of the pinnated form, like thofe from the root, but having fewer Pinne: above thefe {tand feveral fimple, oblong, and narrow leaves, and at the top the flowers in a {mall fpike. aud Thefe are large, and of a beautiful pale redith hue. ‘The feed-vefiel is long and flender, and the feeds are numerous and round, : In this fpecies there“are frequently little cu- bercles at the bofoms of the leaves, like thofe of the bulbiferous faxifrage, which fa'ling take root, and become new plants. : It is common in all the fouthern parts of Eu- Tope in fhady fituations at the foot of hills. It has been found ip fome places~ in England i 4 thriving Sirvttel Dae Great flower Gi ual Leno Trrted Theacle Worn Seed: Broad teayit — Soot E. rydutrile 7 Ehe, aR DT -11S- Ei ER BAA 253 thriving very well among bufhes, but it is not a native. The dead ftalks have been thrown out of fome adjacent garden, and the tubercles from the leaves have furnifhed thefe plants. C. Bauhine calls it Dextaria beptaphyllos bacci- fera, Berry-bearing feven leaved toothwort. He gives the name of Jderries to thofe tubercles juft named ; but they are nor properly fuch. A berry is a regular fruit fucceeding a fower : thefe are a kind of fuckers; no flower has ftocd in the place. 3. Five-leaved Toothwort. . Dentaria pentaphyllea. The root is long, thick, of an irregular form, and lies obliquely at a fmall depth under the fur- face: the firft leaves are fupported on long, flen- der footftalks : they are placed five on each; and they are not difpofed in the pinnated manner, but fpread out like fingers. They are oblong, narrow, fharp-pointed, ferrated at the edges, and of a {trong and pleafant green. : The ftalk is flender, upright, green or redifh, and a foot high. f The leaves ftand irregularly, and are perfeétly like thofe from the root, five placed on each footftalk, narrow, long, and ferrated. The flowers are large, and of a beautiful pale purple; in fhape and colour they very much re- femble thofe of the common hefperis, which our gardeners call fingle rocket, The feed-veffel is long and flender, and the feeds are numerous, fmall, and ‘round. ’ It is a native of Italy, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Dentaria pentaphyllos, and moft others copy that name. When this grows in loofe ground very much fhaded, the root be- comes more fcaly, and the leaves are of 1a paler green, and are foft to the touch. In this ftate it has béen defcribed by Clufius. under the name of Dentaria pentaphyllos altera, as if a diftin& fpecies; but thefe errors the ftudent muft carefully avoid. 4. Single-leaved Toothwort, Dentaria foliis fimplicibus. The root is thick, and of an irregular figure, and runs obliquely under the furface. Got NY yg The firft leaves are oblong, natrow, undivided; and of a pale green: they have fhort footftalks, and rife in little tufts. The ftallk is round, flender, upright, and of a pale green : it is not at.all branched, and is a foot and a half high. «alt { The leaves are placed alternately on it from the bottom to the top, and they refemble thofe from the rooc: they have fhort footftalks’;. and they are long, narrow, fharp-pointed, a little undu= lated at the edges, and of a pale teen. The flowers ftand in‘a fhort {pike at the top of the flalk; and as the top ufually droops, they commonly hang all on one fide: they are large and white, with a fainter or deper blufh of purple. The feed-Vveffel is long and fender, and the feeds are large and round. . It is common in the Harts foreft in‘ Germany, ahd flowers in Auguft. C.Bauhine calls it Dentaria baccifera foliis ptarmica. There are frequently tubercles like thofe of the feven-leaved kind in the bofoms of ‘the leaves of this fpecies ; and when they are numerous, and fwell kindly, the flower often falls without any fucceeding feed-veffel, Nature contenting herfelf with this method of encreafing and continuing the fpecies; The feven-leaved toothwort is accounted a good vulnerary ; but this feems an opinion not wel] founded.\ The tafte is acrid, and almoft cauftic, Probably a confufion of names between this plant, and the coral toothwort has occafioned thé opinion. Linnzus accounts the fingle-leaved toothwor} to be only a variety of the feven-leaved kind, fome of the leaves toward the top of which aré often fingle: but the lateft obfervations thew the leaves of this are fingle from the root ; fo that it is altogether a diftiné&t fpecies. And indeed the whole afpect of the plant fpeaks it. There has been alfo much confufion about the bulbiferous kind, fome defcribing one fpecies, and others another for it; but this is owing to the uncer- tainty of the bulbs or tubercles appearing, for they are not conftant in all the plants. Il z ASR AUB Tas, THE flower is compofed of four petals, regularly difpofed crofs-ways: they are of an oval, ob- tufe form, and have fmall bottoms of the length of the cup. The cup is compofed of four little leaves ; two of thefe are very narrow, and ftand ereét; the other two are broader, and thick — at the bafe, and of an oval fhape, but fharp-pointed and hollow. ‘The feed-veffel is very long, flatted, and {welling where the feeds lie: thefe are numerous, and of a rounded fotm, but fomewhat flatted. Linnzzus places this among the tetradynamia filiquofo ; the threads in the flower being fix, of which four are longer than the other two, and the feed-veffel being a regular pod. But he introduces, among the plants rightly belonging to it fome that more properly claim their place in other ge- nera. We have endeavoured here to place them as Nature direéts. N° XXVI. dealt 1. Broad- / He ERS. ALL, 1. Broad leaved Arabis. Arabis latiore folio. The root is long, flender, and creeping. The ftalks are numerous, round, upright, hairy, and a foot high : they are of a pale colour, and not much branched. The leaves are numerous, and are placed ir- regularly ; they are of a fhape approaching to oval, broadeft at the bafe, where they furround the ftalk, and narrower to the extremity, where they terminate in a fharp point: they are foft to the touch, of a pale green, and ferrated at the edges. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches in little tufts, and they are fmall and white. The feed-veffels are long and flender : the feeds are large and brown. It is a native of Germany, and other parts of Europe, and thrives beft on fhaded hills. It affumes various fhapes, according to the favour- able qualities of the foil and fhelter, fometimes lying for the moft parton the ground, and fome- times rifing perfectly ere€t. This, and its other variations from the fame caufe, have led fome to figure and defcribe it two or three times over un- Ge EN Wee @ 18 a (tHE flower is compofed of four petals opening regularly crofs-ways ; the the cup is compofed of four little fpread open ; it is coloured, and falls entire with the obtufe, and have very narrow bottoms : end, compreffed, and two-edged, and is compofed oval figure, and lies in the centre of the pod. From the fhortnefs of the pod filiquofe kind. Linnzus places it among the tetradynamia filiquofa, and the feed-veffel, as we have than the other two, lar pod. ' Common Woad. Lfatis vulgaris. The root is long, thick, whitifh, and fur- nifhed with many fibres, The firft leaves are large, oblong, and broad ; they lie fpread upon the ground, and they are of a bluifh green colour, and firm fubftance, The ftalk rifes in the midft of the tuft, and.is round, woody, firm, of a greyifh colour, and four feet high, The leaves ftand thick and irregularly on it, and are large and oblong : they are broad at the bafe, and narrower all the way to the point; and they are of the fame flefhy fubftance, and bluith green colour, The flowers ‘ftand upon numerous, flender branches, into which the ftalk divides at its top ; and they are fmall and yellow, der various names adapted to the condition of its growth. 6. Long-leaved Arabis. Arabis longiore folio. The root is long, flender, white, and furnithed with numerous fibres. The firft leaves rife in a thick tuft, and are - fupported on fhort.footftalks : they are long, mo-. derately broad, fharp-pointed, narroweft at the bafe, and very irregularly indented about the edges. The ftalk is round, upright, frm, and not much branched. ee The leaves on it in all refpects refemble thofe from the root, but that they are fmaller; they ftand irregularly : they are of a pale green, and they have fhort footftalks, The flowers ftand at the top in a and are large, and of a bright yellow. The feed-veffels are long, flatted, and full of roundih feeds. It is a native of many parts of North America, and flowers in July. Plukenet calls it Eruca dellidis majoris folio. {mall tuft, U's Ss Ill, A D. tT. S: y are oblong, oval, oval leaves, which flower: the feed-veffel is oblong, blunt at the of two hollow fides: the feed is fingle, and of an in this genus fome might be for referring it to the filiculofe plants ; but that is not their effential charaéter, as we fhall thew hereafter. This is properly and. truly of the four of the fix threads in the flower being longer obferved, notwithftanding its fhortnefs, a regu- The feed-veffels are fingle and large. It is a native of the fhores of the Baltic ; but is cultivated in fields with us, and thrives very happily. It flowers in Augutt, C. Bauhine calls it Yatis latifolia fativa. This author, and others, defcribe alfo a narrower-leaved woad, which they call the wild kind, as if a dif- tinét {pecies; but there is no other difference between thefe two plants than what culture gives. The wild wad, brought into a cultivated land, will have as large and broad leaves as the other, and has arifen from {cattered feeds of the manured kind upon lefs favourable foils. The ufe of qwoad is for dying of woollen’ cloth. Its natural colour is blue; but it is alfo the bafis of feveral others : for this fervice a vatt quantity is annually raifed in many parts of England, ‘ I oblong, and the feed is GEN Uys The BRITISH HERBAL. OCS Geer No POURS IV. SINAPISTRUM. HE flower is compofed of four petals, very fingularly arranged crofs-ways, as the others of this clafs; but all incline upwards other : two of thefe petals are fmaller than the others. open, the lower leaf feparated asic were from the others; and ‘the the bafes of the three other leaves of the cup. The feed-veffel is long and rounde of two fides, but contains only a fingle cell : the feeds are numerous and round, 3 they do not expand themfélves » and fpread out from one an- The cup is formed of four little leaves fpread te are three little glandules at d, and is compofed Linnzus places this among the tetradynamia filiquofa, but with fome tepugnance to the characters of that clafs. - . He fays, in the tetradynamia four threads are longer than the reft, and he gives them here as placed in the common manner: but he is obliged to acknowledge, that, in one fpecies of this genus, there are twelve threads of equal length, fo that the character of tetradynamia is wanting ; and in another the threads grow upon the ftyle: fo that the plant, according to his diftinétions, belongs to the gynandria, a particular and altogether diftiné clafs, This fhews that no proper foundation of claffes is to be found in thele {mall parts of flowers ; for himfelf is obliged to arrange the two plants we here fpeak of as fpecies of the fame genus, though, according to his fyftem, they ‘belong to two utterly diftin@ clafies, This author alfo takes away the eftablifhed name of the clafs, and calls it cleome. We are no friends to thefe innovations, and have kept things here in their old channel. Red, five-leaved Sinapiftrum. Sinapiftrum pent apbylleum flore rubente: The root is.compofed of many flender fibres. The firft leaves are numerous, and have long and weak footftalks: they ftand five together on each of thefe, and are.difpofed in a fingered man- ner: they are narrow, fharp-pointed, and. of a pale green. The ftalk is round, weak, redith, and two feet high. The leaves on it have long footftalks, in the fame manner as thofe from the root; and they alfo ftand five together; and are oblong, narrow, and of a faint green, ; -The flowers grow in a long fpike, with the pods at the top of the ftalks: they are large, and | of a beautiful pale red. The feed-veffel is long and flender, and eafily burfts with a touch, its valves or fides being very weakly joined ; the feeds are numerous, large, and roundifh, K It is a native of Aftica, and flowers in June: C. Bauhine calls it Quinguefolium lupini Solio. Others, Sinapiftrum pentaphyllum, The feeds are accounted a fovereign remedy in obftructions of the urinary paffages ; but they are in this refpeét confined to the natural place of the plant’s growth, We have it in gardens; but its virtues are not regarded. zs Th END of te FIFTEENTH CLASS, THE BRITISH HERBAL See eee eee BEORLAMIDHAOHOSSOSOIAOLDGTSIGOIOIS CLA S5Sym AVE Plants whofe flower is compofed of tour rnvars, placed cro/s-waysy and whofe feed-veffel is a SHORT POD 07 SHALE. preceding clafs ; except in this, of the fhape and ftructure of the fruit, which is always truly diftin&, and is an effential claffical charaéter. The /ilicula, or fbale, is of a rounded or flightly angulated form, and is terminated by a long point which was in the flower, the ftyle. It is always compofed of two fides or valves, and fplits open lengthwife along their edges. Linnzus places this clafs among the tetradynamia, diftinguifhing it after the manner of moft others » from the filiquofe plants, or thofe whofe feed-veffel is a regular pod, only by a fubordinate arrange- ment. The difference, however, is fufficient very well to fupport the difpofing them in feparate claffes; and hence will atife lefs confufion. The young botanift will always find his progrefs in the feience the eafier, the greater is the number of diftinétions, provided: they have juft foundation in nature. His perplexity always arifes from the great number under one general head. "Tee are the plants authors call filiculofe. They agree in all refpects with thofe of the is 4b Raber: S$: ak Natives of BRITAIN, Thofe of which one or more fpecies are found naturally wild in this country, Ge ie, INS aS I. SEA COLEWORT. \ GaR tid UMMER wns HE flower is compofed of four petals, which are placed regularly in a crofs direction ; thefe are of an oval figure, and have very flender bottoms: the cup is formed of four little leaves, of an oblong, oval figure, and falls with the flower: the feed-veffel is of an irregular figure, roundifh, but fomewhat oblong, and raifed into four ridges, which terminate in one or more points. This fingular genus feems intended by nature to connect the filiquofe and the filiculofe kinds, or thofe with long and fhort pods, whofe flowers are alike: accordingly authors have been divided in opinion under which of thefe two heads to arrange it. Ray places it among the filiculofe, and Lin- ngus among the filiquofe: but the ftructure of the pod, when carefully examined, determines for the firft named diftribution, Linnaus ranges it among the tetradynamia ; four of the fix threads in its flower being longer than the other two, as in the reft of this, and the preceding clafs, : As we have no proper Englith name for the genus, it will be more proper to ufe the name cramle. Linnzus Se * The “BARI TE Sie HE IRABSA de 2597. Linnzus explodes this, and gives to the genus that of Sunias : young ftudent a double confufion, as it fets afide a received name, Linnzus has been long ufed by authors in another fenfe, the turnep or navew kind. He alfo feparates fome of the fpecies under the name of crambe, the top; but thefe are too flight accidents to charaéterife a genus. DIVISION 1. 1. Smooth Crambe. Crambe maritima braffica foliis. The root is long, thick, and divided into many parts. The firft leaves are very large, and numerous: they are oblong, very broad, deeply and irregu- larly finuated at the edges; of a thick, flefhy fubftance, perfeétly fmooth, and ofa bluith green : the ribs and veins are often purplith. The ftalk rifes in the centre of thefe, and is round, thick, whitifh, upright, and branched : it grows to two feet and a half in height. The leaves on this are few: thofe toward the lower part refemble fuch as rife from the root; but near the top they are {mall, of an oval fhape, pointed, and not at all waved at the edges. i The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches, and are {mall and white. The feed-veffels are fhort and roundifh, and in each is contained a fingle large feed. It is not uncommon on our fea-coafts, and flowers in June. ae C.Bauhine calls it Braffica maritima monofpermos. In Englith it is called the Sea cale, or Sea-cabbage. The people about the fea-coafts boil it in the way of favoys and cabbages, and the like; and it is very well-tafted, and perfectly wholefome. This has led fome to take it into their gardens, and it is preferred to moft other kinds at table. The root creeps under the furface, and the leaves are green all winter. DIVISION IU. Rough-podded Crambe. Crambe filiculis bicriftatis. The root is thick, flender, and furnifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves are numerous, oblong, and deeply indented on the edges in a pinnated form: each leaf has four or five pairs of fegments thus di- vided, and is terminated by an oblong piece; and thefe are all ferrated and pointed. . The ftalk is round, upright, weak, and not much branched: the colour is ufually a pale green, fometimes redifh, and it is hairy. The leaves on it are not divided in the man- ner of thofe at the root, but are oblong, and ferrated at the edges. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches, and are fmall and yellow: The feed-veffel is fhort, and of arough, pointed, N° 26. but this will create in the mind of the and as this now appropriated by exprefling a plant of the former clafs, of becaufe the threads are {plit at BR TT 1S 9H eS Paphos poy 2. Sea-Rocket. Crambe foliis afperis eruca marina difta. The root is long, flender, and furnithed with numerous fibres. The firft leaves are few and fmall: they are narrow, oblong, and a little indented ; ufually there are about two notches on each fide: thefe are of ‘a yellowifh green colour, and quickly fade. The ftalk is round, weak, of a pate green, and fmooth, and is very much branched. The leaves on this are numerous, broad, ob- long, and very deeply cut at the edges, in a manner fomewhat refembling the pinnated divi- fion: they are of a pale green colour, and of a flefhy fubftance. The flowers ftand at the tops of ftalks and branches 5 and are large, and of a purplith blue. The feed-vefiels are fhort, thick, and two- edged: the feeds are large and brown. It is a native of our fea-coafts, and flowers in June. mee C. Bavhine calls it Eruca maritima Italica Sili- qua hafte cfupidi fimili. Others call it Eruca ma- rina, and Cakile. ' : The people about the coafts take the feeds in rheumatic cafes, and, as is reported, with fuc- cefs, — FOREIGN SPECIES. and crefted form: the feeds are oval and brown: It is common in the fouth of France, and flowers in July. ~ C, Bauhine calls it Erucago monfpeliaca Siliqua quadrangula echinata. Van Royen, Bunias; and from this has arifen Linnzeus’s ufe of that word as a name for the whole genus: As we do not allow the crambe to be feparated from this otherwife than as {pecies of the fame genus, the divifion of the threads in the flower not being a mark of greater diftin€tion, we retain that name to the whole genus. : Linuzus authorifes in other places the redu’ cing to the fame genus plants that have thefe little differences in their minute parts. We have given an inftance of it in the /ixapiftrum, even though it fhakes his whole fyftem: here there would have been lefs objection to the fame con- duct. - un GENUS “258 The BRITISH HERBAL: GasnoBis GDh ebbla at S I. : ; L.U.N-A.R-.V.L OnL, E:T. LUNARIAZA, p-FAHE flower is compofed of four petals difplayed crofs-ways ; they arelarge, obtufe, undivided, ae and have flender bottoms of the Jength of the cup. The cup is formed of four leaves, of an oval or oblong figure, and convergent at their tops; there are two of them thick at the bafe: the feed-veffel is of an elliptic or long-round figure, flatted, erect, and very large : it is terminated by a long point, and is formed of two. valves, and divided into two cells or partitions by a membrane, which runs parallel with the fides. Linnezus places this among the tetradynamia filiculofa, the threads of the flower being fix, four of which are longer than the other two, and the feed-veffel a proper filicula or thale. s oe Others have arranged it among the filiquofe plants, or thofe whofe feed-veffel isa regular pod; « but erroneoufly. The diftinétions in thefe cafes are fmall, but they are fufficient : the filiquofe and filiculofe plants of feveral genera approach very nearly to one another, but a ftrict examination of the feed-veffel will always fhew without error to which clafs any plant truly belongs. DIVISION I BRITISH *S'PECT E's: Lunar Violet, with a wreathen pod: Lunaria filiqua intorta, The root is compofed of a few threads. The firft leaves are oblong, fomewhat broad, and of a greyifh green: they are fmall, and'they grow in a thick tuft, partly rifing up, and partly fpread uponithe ground. The ftalk rifes inthe midft of this tuft’; and is round, upright, flender, of a greyifh colour, and eight inches high. i t . The leaves on it are placed irregularly ; and they are oblong, broad, and of a bluifh green. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and are fmall and. white. DEV LST O-Ng U4 b-O 1. Honefty. Lunaria filiculis fubrotundis. The root is a tuft of thick fibres. The firft leaves are few, and quickly fade ; they are of a heart-fafhioned fhape, and of an obfcure, dufky, green colour. : The ftalk is round, upright, firm, branched, and thrée feet high. ; age The leaves-on this are placed at diftances; and they are large and heart-fafhioned, broad, and in- dented at the bafe, ferrated at the edges, and tharp-pointed: their colour isa dufky green, and they are lightly hairy. The flowers are very numerous, and ftand to- ward the extremities, and at’ the tops of the branches: they aré long, and of a beautiful purple. fife The feed-veflel is very: broad, and extremely thin: it is rounded, and terminated by a fender point, and when ripe has a filky or fattiny ap- pearance 5 whence the plant has been called the Sfattin-plant, and Jettin-flower : the feeds are large, but not numerous. It is a native of Germany, and flowers in May. C. Bauhine calls it Lunaria major fliqua rotun- diore. | Others, Viola lunaris vulgaris, and Bulbo- nach. \ts proper Englith name is the Round. podded lunar violet. The feed-veffel is oblong and twifted; and the feeds are kidney-fhaped, and large. It'is found on ‘our northern mountains, and flowers in April. ; Petiver'calls it Lunaria contorta major. Plu- kenet, Lecoium jive lanaria vafculo fublongo intorto. ‘Merret, Paronychia Gnaphalii facie. This is mentioned a fecond time, though with uncertainty, in the fynopfis of Britifh plants, under the name of Paronychia fimilis, fed major perennis alpina repens. “The author’ fuppofed it might be the fame with the formers and it has been found to. be fo by thofe who have feen. it in the places there mentioned with the, feed-vefiels ripe. RELGN SPECLES. 2. Lunar violet, with oblong pods, ~ Lunaria JSiliquis oblongis. The root is compofed of numerous, thick fibres, and remains the winter ;. whereas the other is an annual, “dying as foon as the {eed is ripened, The firft leaves of this are very large: they are fhort.and broad, indented at the bafe, ferrated at the edges, and pointed at the ends. The ftalks are numerous, round, green, a little hairy, and three fect high. The leaves on them refemble thofe from the root: they are fhort, and heart-fafhioned, fharply indented, and pointed; and they ftand on flen- der, hairy footftalks. The flowers are placed at the tops of the ftalks and branches; and are of a pale purple, large, and very handfome. The feed-veffels are thin and flat, like thofe of the common kind ; but they are oblong, The feeds are few, large, and brown. It is a native of Spain, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Viola lunaria major Jiliqua ob- longa, : The virtues of thefe plants are unknown nor does it appear, from any manifeft qualities, that they are worth regarding. GENUS i . ‘ 4 ’ Th BRITISH HERBAL 62.59 Go Did | Die aha it, WHITLOW-GRAS&5, PARONYCHTA HE flower is compofed of four petals, which open crofs-ways: "E and have very flender bottoms. The cup is (ores of four ie ae aes figure, fall with the flower. ‘The feed-veffel is qblong, flatted, and has fo fmall a point ie the ae it appears almoft deftitute of any : it is: compofed of two valves, and divided into tw te pas membrane that runs parallel with them. The feeds are numerous and finall. SNe Te Linnzus places this among the tetradynamia Jiliculofa,; the threads i . longer and i fhorter, and the feed-yeffel a regular eee or fhale, n the flower. being four This author abolithes the received name of the plants of this genus, and joins them ie others under the’ term draba. DIV-LS-t0 N= fab Rot IT oes SPB Cal tes, rt. Common Whitlow-grafs. Paronychia vulgaris. The root is long, flender, and hung with a multitude of little fibres. The leaves rife in a thick tuft, and are {mall, and of a dufky green) they are oblong and ob- tufe, and not at all indented at the edges. The ftalks rife in the center of this tuft of leaves, many together: they are upright, flender, yellowifh, and three or four inches high. ‘There are no leaves on thefe, but ufually to- ward the tops a great number of flowers and feed- vefiels. The flowers are {mall and white. The feed-veflels are oval, flat, and yellowith ; and the feeds are numerous, and very fmall. It is common on walls and the top of houfes, and flowers very early in fpring. C.Bauhine calls it Burfa paftoris minor loculo,ob- longo. Others, Paronychia vulgaris. the leaves bruifed to whitlows on but a common pultice would an- fe better; or thefe leaves, if ufed, People lay their fingers 5 {wer their purpo: fhould be mixed with it. The leaves of this plant are fometimes flightly jndented, and fome have defcribed it in this cafe under the name of a diftinct fpecies ; but it is DIVISION IL 1, Yellow Alpine Whitlow-grafs. Paronychia lutea Alpina. The root is thick, long, divided, and fur- nifhed with numerous fibres. The leaves rife from it in a very thick tuft, and ftand extremely clofe in vaft numbers: they are very fmall, fhort, and fharp-pointed : they are broad at the bafe, and not at all indented. ‘The ftalks are numerous, weak, round, flen- der, and naked 5 and they are about three inches high. . ’ “Che flowers ftand at the tops, fix or eight on each, and they have long and very flender foot- . ftalks : they are fmall, and of a bright yellow. The feed-veffels are oval and fmall, and the feeds are very minute and brown, one of thofe accidental varieties which will rife from the fame feeds with the other. gett 2. Branched Whitlow-grafs, Paronychia:ramofa birfistas pie Fait long, lender, and furnithed with The firft leaves rife ina thick tufts and are oblong, broad, of ‘a dufky green, and hairy: they have no footftalks, and they are fharply ce rated at the edges, and pointed at the ends. The ftalk rifes in the center, and is round up* right, very much branched, hairy, and ten stig high. : ~The leaves are placed irregularly, and are broad and fhort: they are largeft at the bafe, nar- rower all the way to the point, and ferrated on the edges, ; The flowers are fimall and white: they fland in little tufts at the tops of all the branches. The feed-vefiels are of an oval form, fmall, flat, and yellowifh ; and, when the plant has flowered fome little time, they ftand in long fpikes beneath the flowers: the feeds are {mall and brown. C. Bauhine calls this Barfa paftoris major locuto oblongo. Others, Thla/pi foliis veronica. It is found on the hilly parts of our northern counties, and flowers in April, FOREIGN SPECHES, It is 'a native of the Alps, and flowers in April, C. Bauhine calls it Sedum Alpinum luteum 5 but the form of the {eed-veflel fhews the error of that Morifon calls it Burfa pafigyis Alpina lus name. tea rofea. Columna, Leucoinm luteum aizcides montanum. Some years the feafon not favouring, it is very minute; but ufually it is of the fize and form defcribed here, ; 2, Branched yellow Whitlow-grafs. Paronychia ramofa flore aureo. The root is long, flender, and furnithed with many fibres. f The leaves rife in a tuft without footftalks ; and they are broad, oblong, and of a pale green, very-hairy, and lightly ferrated at the edges, 4 The 26 ro) The BRET SH HER BAL. The ftalk is round, upright, hairy, whitifh, and eight inches high. The leaves on this are fhort and broad, of a whitifh ‘green, very hairy, and foft to the touch. The flowers ftand in little tufts at the tops of the ftalk and branches; and they are moderately large, and of a fine gold ycllow. G._E Noes The feed-vefléls are oval and fmall, and they have a little white point: the feeds are fmall and brown. ‘ It is frequent in Germany, and flowers in May. ® ig G. Bauhine calls it Burfa paftoris Alpina bir fi. ta. Columna, Draba minima muralis. IV. SHEPHERDS PURSE. BUR S 95% Se The BRAM tS Al ERG ADE There is no part of Linneus’s condué that will in: manys cafe have taken occafion thus far to explain here my reafons for differin coming under confideration is in itfelf, and in its proper.name, of this fault. Of this plant, diftinguithed by its proper charaéters, of which th is the principal, there is but one fpecies. Thisis defcribed by the antients under has virtues attributed to it with juftice which belong to no other plant in fo emin is a farther reafon for preferving its name, continuing it appropriated to the pla no other, Sciatica Crefs. \Dberis. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with many fibres. : ; The firft leaves are numerous, fmall, ob- long, and of a pale green. They rife in a thick tuft: they have no footftalks, but are narroweft at the bafé, and broadeft toward the end; and they are indented at the edges. : ; The ftalk is round, upright, and divided into many branches: it is of a pale green colour, and about ten inches high. pratt The leaves on the main ftalk, toward its lower part, are oblong, broad, and ‘tharply {errated, like thofe .from the root; but thofe’ on the branches, and on the upper part of the ftalk, are narrow, and undivided at the, edges, and of a paler green. : The flowers ftand in great numbers on the tops of the branches, and they are fmall and white, The feed-veflel is {mall and broad, ‘and the feeds are numerous and. minute. arp . It is frequent in the fouthern parts of Eng- Jand, though lefs common in other places. It flowers in July. Fe C. Bauhine calls it Iberis latiore folio. - Others, Jberis, 4 33 HGH Briones Ut 2g 263 bear. lef, palliation than this, J ¢ from him, as the plant which ‘is one ofthe moft, ftriking inftances € extreme fmallnefs of the petals the name iberis, ‘and ent a.degree,.. This nt, and giving it to Diofcorides fpeaks with great earneftnefs of the virtues of this plant againft the {ciatica; and we read in other of the oid Greeks; ‘and in the Ro- mans who copied them, the moft furprifing ‘acs counts of its efficacy in the fame diforder,. The manner in which they. ufed it was this, They bruifed a great quantity of the root in a mortar, and mixed in with it hogs lard... This ointment they rubbed well in, not only on the . hip, but alfo up the fide, and all down the thigh ; and after this they covered the parts with a vaft plaifter of it, fpread toa confiderable thicknefs. This application was fuffered to remain on four hours, or in tenderer bodies only three; and in this time it acted as a finapifm, heating and in- flaming the fkin, < agent Tt was then taken off, and the parts foftly an- ointed with oil and Wine, and the perfon after- wards was put into a warm bath, Upon coming gut, the part was wrapt round with a good thick- nefs of foft wool; and this generally performed a cure at once. If any pain remained, or the dif- order threatened to return, the fame method was repeated, at the end of three weeks, Our country-people in fome places ufe the bruifed herb for the fame purpoies, and with great fuccefs; but it is not fo much regarded as it deferves in the common courfe of practice, VIIL GOLD OF PLEASURE. MYAGRUM. HE flower is compofed of four petals, which open in a regular crofs direction : they are {mall 5 roundifh, and obtufe at the ends, and they have very narrow bottoms. The cup is compofed of four little leaves; they are oval, hollow, and ftand apart ; the whole cup is coloured, and falls with the flower : the feed-veffel is fhort and fwelled, of a fomewhat heart-fafhioned form, and terminated by a firm point. Linnzus places this among the tetradynamia filiculofa y-the flower having four longer and two fhorter threads, and the-feed- veffel being a regular Gilicule. He alfo joins very properly, under the fame name {everal plants,-improperly, called by others fpecies of abffims 2% genus of very different charaéter. BUY ea ON hn 8 Rid TSH SP Bek Bee 2o¥2-Common.Myagrum, > “Myagrum. vulgare. The root is, long, lender; white, and fur- nifhed with many fibres. : ; ~The ftalk is round, firm, upright, a foot.and half high, and divided into a great number of branches, i ; a est The leaves are numerous,..and they are placed with an agreeable regularity from. its bottom. to its top: they are oblong, narrow, and of a pale greens: they adhereto the flalk by abroad bafe, and are from thence fmaller to‘ the extremity, where they terminate in a point; and they are tharply ferrated atthe edges. The flowers ftand in little tuftsoat the tops of the branches, ‘and.are ofa gold yéllow. The feed-veffels are fhort and hard :° the feeds arecyellow. ° g RST eines) It is fotind in corn-fields in forne parts of Eng- Jand, ‘and “flowers in July. : C. Bauhing — 264. C. Bauhine calls it’ Myagrum fativum. Others, Myagrum vulgare, and Myagrum fylueftre. In fome of thofe parts of England where they raife flax, the plant is very common: the feeds of'it pafs unnoticed among’ thofe of that herb, and confequently it rifes with the crop from one year to another. DekVel SdvOsNoall. 1. Broad-leaved Myagrum. Myagrum latifolium majus. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with tnany fibres. The firft leaves rife in a numerous clufters and they are oblong, confiderably broad, and of a deep green: they have no footftalks: they are very little and very irregularly’ finuated ‘at’ the edges, and obtufe at the end. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and two feet high: itis divided into many branches. The leaves on this are placed irregularly, and ate broad, and fomewhat heart-fafhioned: ‘they furround the ftalk at the bafe, and thence termi- * nate in an obtufe end. The flowers ftand at the tops of the’ branches, and are fmall and yellow. The feed -veffels are fhort, hard, and terminated by a point ; and in each there is only a fingle feed. The veftel has three cells, but two of them are empty. ia It is a native of France and Italy, where it is common in their corn-fields, as ours is here. It | Others, Myagrum birfutum. C. Bauhine calls it Myagrum monofpernum lats- Others have followed the fame name, | flowers in June. ~ ; : folium. and fome have called it fimply Myagrum majus. 2. Myagrum with flat, dotted pods. Myagrum filiculis compreffis punttatis: The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with a few fibres. fetes G ie Eee The BRITISH H E-’R‘B AL. The feeds of this plant afford a fweét and’ ufe- ful oiPin’very confiderable quantity’: it is greatly inferior to the common olive-oil,’ but'there are many purpofes it will anfwer very well in its place. PORE IGN ?S PE CPES: The firtt leaves rife in a great clufters and they are large, oblong, and confiderably broad : they are placed irregularly, fome ftanding up, others lying on the eround ; and they are not at all indented at the edges. The ftalk rifes in the midft, and is round, up- right, of a whitith colour, firm, and a foot and a half high: it is‘ divided into many branches, and fet thick with leaves toward the top, though there be fewer near the bottom. Thefe are oblong, broad, and of a pale green, they furround the ftalk at the bafe, and are there broad, and fomewhat heart-fathioned ; and they grow gradually fmall from_ thence till they ‘ter- minate in a point. : ~The flowers grow in little tufts at the tops of ‘the ftalks, and they are {mall and white. The feed-veffel is of a roundifh form, and ofa firm fubftance, dotted, and rough on the fur face, and terminated by a ftiff point. The feed is large, yellow, and oily. It is common about the borders of vineyards in France and Italy, and flowers in July. © ' C.Bauhine calls it Myagro fimilis filiqua rotunda. The feeds of ‘this’ kind are excellent ‘againft the gravel : they have an oily foftnefs, and a power- ful diuretic quality. The peafants in Italy efteem it; but there, like many good medicines here, it istrieglected in regular practice. Wok ER 1 Roy DL Siddetaga a RADTICULY. fai THE flower is compofed of ‘four petals, ‘regularly opening in a crofs: direétion ; they are oblong, obtufe; and have very {mall bottoms: ‘the cup is formed of four narrow, fharp~pointed leaves, that gapeafunder ; and itis coloured, and ‘falls with the flower «the feed-veffel is fhort, and ‘of a figure approaching to oval, with a fmall, weak point: the feeds are numerous and fmall. Linneus places this among the sefradynamia Jiliquofa ; but he has not arranged it well. Itis a fili- culofe, not a filiquofe plant, ‘as appears by the form and ftruéture of the feed-veffel ; therefore it be- longs to the other divifion, the zetradynamia filiculofa. But this is not all that will miflead the ftudent in his|arrangement of it.’ He has taken away its generical and received name, and’ makes it a fpecies of fifymbrium, joining it in with: the ladyfmock and watercre/s. He callsitthe fifymbrium with pods of an oval, oblong. figure. i This author’s generical character? of the /ifymibrium fays,’ that the pod is’ Jong; therefore the very terms are difcordant. Tt sis ‘a range force! upon method, to introduce thefe plants, which he‘is obliged to diftinguifh by the fhortnefs of: their ‘pods, into a genus, ‘the character of which is to have Jong ones. ; atats : i390 » Hak > bas id ied The fpecies of /ifpmbrium are very numerous, and confequently the road to knowledge very much perplexed according to that difpofition,. We fhall clear’ it’ farther,’ by: reducing’ more of the plants to their diftinét and “proper genera, and.reftoring them to their uftial and received names. 44 9. 2 ; pIVL Th BRITISH HERBAL. 265 DIVISION IL 1. Pinnate-leaved Water Radith. Radicula foliis pennatifidis. The root is long and flender: it is furnifhed with many fibfes, and pierces to a great depth. The firft leaves are very deeply divided in the pinnated form; but their fegments are not cut quite to the rib, but are united at the bafe by a thin flip, running the whole length of the rib: they are oblong, and confiderably broad, and of a frefh green. 3 The ftalk is round, green, branched, and weak: it rifes to a foot and a half in height, and is of a pale colour. The leaves on it are numerous, and they have the fame divifion in the pinnated form with thofe of the root, but it is lefs regular. ' The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and’ are {mall and yellow. The feed-veffels are fhort, and of an oval figure, fwelled, foftened, and full of little brown feeds. It is common by waters, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Raphanus aquaticus foliis in profundas lacinias divifis. Others, Raphanus aqua- ticus vulgaris. 2. Serrated-leaved Water Radifh. Radicula folits ferratis. The root is oblong and thick: it creeps under the furface, and fends out from different parts clufters of flender fibres. The firft leaves rife in fall tufts; and ufually there are many of thefe form different parts of the fame root. They are oblong, broad, and of a dufky green; and they are once den- tated, and that very deeply near the bafe, the reft of their edge being undivided. The ftalks rife among thefe, and are round, firm, upright, and two feet high, The leaves on them are numerous, and they are placed irregularly : they are, long, narrow, and of a pale green; fharp-pointed, and ferrated at the edges, but not deeply. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in little tufts, and are large and yellow. The feed-veffels are fhort and roundifh: the feeds are numerous, fmall, and brown. It is common about the fides of ditches, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Raphanus aquaticus alter, as diftinguifhing it from the preceding ; and moft Gee Niet Begs BRITISH SPECIES, authors copy the fame name, though fo very idle and unexpreffive. Linnzus fuppofes the two plants to be the fame {pecies, differing only from accidents of growth; the one having more water than the other; and fhewing it in the form of the leaves. But this i& an error: they differ in the thape of the leaves, in the form and difpofition of the roots, and in the bignefs of the flowers. More cannot be re- quired for the diftin@tion of the fpecies ia any one from another. v Indeed there will happen forne farther accis dental variations under particular circumftances $ and from thefe fome have eftablithed imaginary fpecies, which it is fit to reduce to the common kinds; though not thofe two to one. Thus, when a part of the firft fpecies is ¢onti_ nually under water, thefe leaves which grow from fuch part of the ftalk, will be divided into fine capillary fegments, in the fame manner as thofe of the various-leaved watet-crowfoot, which aré always immerfed under the furface. In this ftate the plant has been defcribed by Linnzus in fome of his earlier works, and by Van Royen, Dalibard, and others, under the name of /ifymbrinm, with the lower leaves capilla- ceous, and the others pinnatifid, In a very dry fituation fome of the upper leaves of the fecond {pecies here defcribed will be deeply ferrated fo as to appear pinnatifid, In this ftate Vallifnieri has defesibed it as a new fpecies, under the name of A/jmbrium, with va- rious leaves ; and Haller under that of Afymbriunt, with the lower leaves oval and ferrated, and the upper ones pinnated, The reducing thefe to their proper fpecies as varieties, for they are evidently nothing more, takes off the imaginary foreign kinds of radicula . and they are, by the accuftomed and judicious eye, eafily referred each to the plant to which it belongs: but it is purfuing a juft redu@ion to extravagance and error, to defire to make two ab- folutely different fpecies pais for one, becaufe each. thas its varieties, which may be referred to it, This is one of the inftances of that common mif- take, the not knowing where to ftop. The frefh leaves of the water radio wok by urine; and the feeds have the fame quality, but in no great or eminent degree. The juice is in fome places drank for the feurvy with fuccefs, xe .$ CUR V¥. GRASS, COCHLEARIA. HE flower is compofed of four petals, difplayed crofs-ways 5 they aré finall, fhort, and of an inverted oval figure; they fpread open, and have fhort bottoms. The cup is formed of four oval, hollow, little leaves; they gape open, and fall with the flower: the feed-veffel is heart-fa- fhioned, and flightly flatted, obtufe at the end, fomewhat rough, and pointed with the remain of the ftyle. N° XXVIL Yyy Linnezus 266 The BeRals@ et StH? Hob SRYe BA Pies Linneus places this among the fetradynamia Ag the flower having four longer and tivg thor e feed- veffel bei r filicule. fhorter threads, and the feed- veffel being a proper f ; oh He Gtvbacices into the fame genus the horfe-radifh, and fome others, which do not agree with the characters himfelf has eftablifhed for afcertaining the diftinction, we have therefore removed thefe to their proper places. Dl VAL Sil OeN. «1 1. Common Scurvygrafs. Cochlearia foliis fubrotundis. ‘The root is long, flender, white, and furnifhed with feveral little fibres. “ The firft leaves rife in a large tuft, and have long and thick footftalks : they are fhort, broad, and of a figure approaching to round, but fome- what indented at the bafe, and finuated varioufly and irregularly at the edges. The colour of thefe leaves is a freth, bright green; and they are of a very tender, juicy fub- ftance. . The ftalks are numerous, round, of a pale green, ten inches high, and not very firm: they are but little branched, and have only a few leaves. Thefe are oblong, narrow, and altogether un- like thofe from the root : they ftand in pairs, one, two, or three pair on each ftalk, and-are of a faint green. & The flowers grow at the tops of the branches in little tufts, and they are {mall and white. The feed-veffels are fmall, and the feeds are numerous and minute. j It is common on our fea-coafts, and flowers in May. , C. Bauhine calls it Cochlearia folio Subrotundo. Others, Cochlearia rotundifolia. It gets a place in gardens from its ufe and vir- tues, and has thence alfo obtained the name of Sarden frurvygrafs, and cochlearia hortenfis. Some alfo call it Dutch feurvygra/s. It is not only found upon the fea-coafts, but in many parts of England on hills near fprings. In thefe places the leaves are fmaller, and more perfectly round; and under this form it has been defcribed as a diftin& fpecies ; but the feeds being fown ina garden, produce the common kind. The cochlearia rotundifolia of Merret, named in the laft edition of Ray’s fynopfis, and the cochlearia rotundifolia parva Batava of Lobel, are this variety of the common Scurvygrafs, and not any diftinct {pecies. 2. Jagged-leaved Scurvygrafs, Cochlearia folio finuato. The root is fmall, longith, and furnifhed with innumerable fibres. The firft leaves rife in a little clufter, and have very fhort footftalks: they are of an oblong fi- gure, broadeft toward the bafe, fharp at the point, and deeply and irregularly the edges. Their fubftance is flefhy : they are full of juice, and their colour is an obfcure green, The ftalks are humerous, thick pale green, and ten inches high, cut in along ; Juicy, of a BRI T.1S.H-.S.P ECL E-S; The leaves on thefe refemble thofe at the root in their general form; but they have no foot- ftalks, and they are more flightly notched at the edges. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches in little cluffers, and they are fmall and white, The feed -veffel is fhort and tender : the feeds are numerous and fmall. Tt is common in our falt-marfhes, and on the fea-fhores, where the bottom is mud, in May. C. Bauhine calls it Cochlearia folio Sinuato; and moft other writers take the fame name : but fome call it Cochlearia vulgaris, and fome Cochlearia Britannica. It has commonly in our markets the name of fea feurvygrafs, by way of diftin@ion from the other called, as we have faid, garden Senrvyzrafs ; and it has alfo the name of Englifh feuraygrafi, by way of diftinction, from that other kind called Dutch: but thefe are very ill chofen and unex- prefiive terms. Names taken from the fhape of the leaves, which is the true mark of their diffe- rence, would be much more proper, Tt flowers 3. Little fhort-leaved Scury grafs, Cochlearia minor foliis brevibus. The root is a tuft of long, flender fibres, cons nected to alittle head. j The firft leaves are fupported on long flethy footftalks ; and they are fmall, and of a roundifh figure, but irregularly finuated at the edges, and terminated by a fhort point, The ftalks are very numerous, weak, of a pale green, fcarce at all branched, and five inches high, The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the root: they are broad; fhort, roundifh, and fi- nuated on the edges, The flowers are larger than in the others, and of a milky white. The feed-veffels are fhort, and the feeds are nu. merous and fmall. _ It is found on the fea-coaft of Wales, and flowers in April. Ray calls it Cochlearia minor Te. may be called Welch JScurvygra/s. rotundifolia. 4. Ivy-leaved Scurvyerafs, Cochlearia foliis angulofis parvis, The root is flender, long, white, and furnithed with many fibres, San The firft leaves rife in a very fmall but thick tuft: they are fupported on fhort and flender footftalks, and are divided into ‘three parts, in the manner of many of the leaves of ivy : they are of a thick, flefhy fubflance, and of a brownifh colour ufually, though fometimes of a frefh and lively green, 3 The The BRITISH HERBAL The ftalks are very numerous : they are round, thick, brown, and tolerably upright, except in the lower part, where they ufually lean a little upon the ground, and they ate fix inches high. The leaves on thefe are more numerous than on almoft any of the other kinds, and they perfectly refemble thofe from the root: they are fupported on long, flender footftalks, and are three pointed as the others. ; The flowers are fmall and white : they ftand in little tufts at the tops of the ftalks. The feed-veflls are very fhort, and the feeds are numerous and frall. It is found on the coaft of Lancathire. Ray calls it Cochlearia marina folio angulofo parvo. The earlier botanifts feem to have defcribed it, though they have referred it to a wrong genus. Lobel calls it Thla/pi hederaceum, and our Gerard and Parkinfon from him Téla/pi hederaceo folio. ‘ All thefe fpecies have the fame virtues, and they are very confiderable. The firft and fecond kind here deferibed are moft ufed; and of thefe, the preference given by cuftom to the lirft, is due in reality to the fecond. ft is fo eminent in the cure of the feurvy, that 207 itis thence named if our language. The juice ig taken in {pring ; and no way is better. Some give the infufion, which has alfo a great deal of virtue ; but the method of brewing it in ale is alfo ufeful. A conferve of the freth top is, another very good method of taking it, P The feurvy, under various forms and appears ances, is fo commonin thiskingdoh, and the vir- tues of this plant are fo fovereign againtt ic, that itg ufe, cannot be too much recommended. In fpring; when the herb is in feafon, the juice fhould be ufed 5 after this the conferve, fo long as it rea tains its virtue; and, when it is not to be had in other forms, a weak beer brewed with it will be very ferviceable.. It isa method by no means to be ufed inftead of the others, but may have its effect when they cannot be had. To have any con- fiderable efficacy, the malt liquor mutt be in icfelf finall : it muft be very ftrong of the herb, and i€ muft be ufed for the common drink, The freth leaves of feurvygra/:, bruifed, and laid to the face for a few hours, are recommended to take off fpots and funburn ; and, when the fkin can bear them, they will take this effet : but thofé who have delicate complexions take moft care of them 5 and-fuch cannot bear it, DIVISION If EF VOER. BE. TG.N:* SP ReGen: Purple-flowered Scurvygrafs, Cochlearia floribus purpurafcentibus. The root is long, flender, and furnithed with many fibres. The firft leaves are very numerous, and are fupported on fhort, redifh, tender footftalks : they are of a roundith figure, but fomewhat oblong, and finuated at the edges, The ftalk is round, upright, frm, and ten inches high. The leaves ftand irregularly on it, and are of an oval figure, broad at the bafe, where they ad- here to the ftalk, and fmaller to the end, where they terminate obtufely ; and they are varioufly and irregularly indented at the edges, Gest Some of the leaft leaves toward the top of the flalk have only two notches. This gives them fome refemblance to the ivy-leaved kind jut des feribed ; but they are longer, and the whole plant is altogether different. The flowers ftand in little clufters at the tops ~ of the ftalks and branches : they are fmall, but they are of a very beautiful pale purple. The feed-veffels are large and oval: the feeds are very numerous and brown. It is a native of Denmark, and flowers in April. Morifon calls it Cocblearia minima Armorica pore dilute violaceo. Its virtues are the fame as thofe of the others, NY ee oS XI. €“R SB 45° 8) NASTURTIUM. ‘ aa HE flower is compofed of four petals, which expand crofs-ways: they ate fmall and oblong, largeft at the top, where they terminate obtufely, and terminated by very narrow bottoms in the cup. The cup is formied of four, little leaves, which are of an oval figure, and hollowed, and it falls with the fowet : the feed-veffel is rounded, but flightly finuated at the top, fomewhat compref fed, and fharp at the edges : it is divided into two cells, and in each is a fingle feed. Linnztus places this among the tetradynitmia filicilofa , the flower having four longer and two fhorter threads, and the feed-veflel being a regular filicule : but he has introduced great confufion into thé {cience by his conduct and difpofition of it. He takes away the name cré/s, za/turtium, and calls all the plants belonging to it {pecies of lepidium. This has been rafhly done; and he feems fince to have perceived it; for, at the end of the generical character, he adds, that the feed-veflel of /epidinm, commonly fo called, is not fharp at the edges, or finuated at the top; therefore lepidiumt is not properly a fpecies of this genus, though he has ufed its name for the generical term: We od The BRITISH HERBAL 268 We have feparated that genus into its proper manner by the fame author into their proper gen properly underftood by the name cre/s or nafturtium, blifhed from all the other filiculofe plants. DEV rs PON T. - 4: Narrow-leaved Crefs. Nofturtium anguftifolium. The root is long, thick, white, and furnifhed with many fibres. The leaves that rife from it are oblong, and ‘narrow, and form a little thick tuft: they are of a pale green, cut in deeply at the edges, and fharp-pointed. The ftalk is round, thick, firm, upright, very much branched, and a foot or more in height. The leaves ftand thick upon it, and in a per- feétly irregular manner: they are oblong, nar- row, and of a pale green: they have no foot- ftalks ; they are not at all indented at the edges, and they terminate in a fharp point. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches in little clufters, and they are very {mall and white. The feed veffels are fhort and hard: the feeds: -are large and brown. The whole plant has a ftrong acrid tafte. It is common by the road-fides in Effex, and fome other parts of the kingdom, though utterly unknown in many counties. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Naffurtium fylveftre ofyridis folio. Others, Thla/pi anguftifolium, and Thlafpi minus. : The plant in its general afpect has much of the appearance of the common garden-crefs, efpecially while the radical leaves remain ; but they are ge- nerally of fhort continuance, fading as the plant flowers. 2. Rock Crefs. Nofturtium pumilium petreum. The root is flender, oblong, and furnifhed with a great number of fmall fibres. The firft leaves rife in a {mall round tuft: they are oblong, narrow, and very deeply finuated at the edges; fo that they have much the appear- ance of the pinnated divifion: they are of a pale green at their firft growth, but they foon become brown. The ftalks rife among thefe feveral together , they are round, flender, upright, and about four inches high. ; The leaves on them are very fmall and few ; fometimes they are altogether naked, and there are rarely more than two or three on the ftalk when the. plant is moft vigorous and healthful : thefe are fhort, and deeply divided into three or four fegments. The flowers ftand at the top in a little tuft, and they are very {mall and white. The feed-veffel is fhort, and the feeds are very fmall. The flowers Jaft but a little while on this plant, ‘place, and fome others introduced in this confufed era; and fhall here treat diftinétly of thofe ‘{pecies and feparated by thofe characters here efta- B Ro Bees HS PFE Cases: but there are ufually found on the tops of the ftalks. clufters of the feed-veffels, which get a brown colour. , It is not uncommon in barren hilly places. It flowers in April. Tabernamontanus calls it Nafturtium petreum , a name moft have copied : but fome call it Burfa paftoris minor. : 3. Rocket-Crefs. Nafturtium foliis eruce. The root is long, flender, white, and furnifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves grow in a little tuft, and are oblong, and deeply divided in the pinnated man- ner: they are of a faint green, and of a tender fubftance. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, branched and a foot high. : The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root; » but they are fmaller, narrower, and more divided: the fegments are very flender, a little waved, and pointed at the ends. The flowers are fmall, and ftand in tufts at the tops of the branches. The feed-veffels are alfo fmall, and the feeds are brown. Tt is found on fome hilly paftures, and flowers in Augutt. C. Bauhine calls it Nafurtium fylveftre eruce affine. Others, Eruca nafturtio cognata tenuifolia, & ¥ has much the afpect in general of the rocket ind. 4. Fine-leaved Crefs, Nofturtium foliis tenuiffiime divifis. The root is a fmall, oblong fibre, with a few very flender thread- hanging from it in various parts. ae The’ firft leaves rife irregularly, a few in a clufter, and are of a pale green: they are oblong narrow, and very beautifully divided in the pit nated manner: each confifts of fix or eight pairs of extremely fine fegments, and an odd one at the end; but they are all connected by a rim of leaf that runs all along the middle rib. The ftalks rife in the midft of this tuft, and pe ha ie weak, flender, and very much The flowers are {mall and white: they ftand at the tops of the branches in little clufters. The pods are fhort and very fmall, and the feeds are minute and yellowith, It is found on the hilly paftures in the welt of England, and among rocks. It flowers in May. Ray calls it Nafturtiolum montanum annuum te- nuifine divifum. Plakenet, Naffurtium petreum aunuum noftras. i - 5. Swines vt wm ae oo See - Common Myag Rock “res ec A, im Broad ait Myagrum \ YY # § | , Sa: ar Fine Lavd ye MGS Common" Nairore leavd Dittander ¢ , Sru7es Cre Ay a Bamei i = = gm ; Ww n a ee 3 Y, N ss _ C =< > -~ NI ee Sh a 4 — » ‘ & j ut Garden C, refs on Tberis Boyce Sealy ; ae 8 . : = fee ‘Oem 3 aad ates - ical o * x - “¢ 2 oe onpxt » i eee : ; 2 Bene . iy a : a - x es 5 nt ok ie , See pet)! ; ae 4 : . j * 2 4 ." r ere toa ‘ie eee ees ode ena aa ahs. Se ag +e, "a Saeed hie v ee nb heise gaat The BRITISH HERBAL. 269 5. Swines Crefs. Nafturtium fupinum capfulis verrucofis. The root is long, flender, white, and furnifhed with many fibres. _ The firft leaves fpread themfelves beautifully upon the ground, forming a regular circle : they are long, moderately broad, and very deeply di- vided in the pinnated manner, and their colour is a frefh and pleafant green: the fegments are narrow, and divided into three points, or notched on each fide at the end. The ftalks are numerous, round, green, and divided into many branches: they are thick and firm; but they do not rife up from the ground, fpreading themfelves every way like the leaves. DAV 1:S;1.0-N .._II. 1. Garden Crefs. Nafturtium foliis variis. The root is long and flender, and has nume- rous fibres. The firft leaves are long, narrow, and vari- oufly and irregularly divided: they are of a frefh ' green colour, a tender fubftance, and a pleafing acrid tafte. The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and of a whitifh green, not much branched, and two feet high. ; The leaves on this are numerous, and placed irregularly : they are divided in the pinnated manner into narrow fegments, very varioufly and irregularly, as thofe at the root; but’the di- vifions of thefe are narrower. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches, and are fmall and white. GenkEl Nee Uses The flowers grow in clufters in the bofoms of the leaves, and they are finall and white. The feed-veffels are fhort and rough : the feeds are fmall and brown. It is common every where by way-fides, and flowers in May. C. Bauhine calls it Ambrofia campeftris repens. Others, Coronopus Ruellii. All thefe creffés are good againft {corbutic complaints ; and operate by urine. The laft {pe- cies is of late years become famous as an ingre- dient in thofe medicines, the receipt for which the government purchafed of Mrs. Stevens for the cure of the ftone. FOREIGN SPECIES. The feed-veflels are alfo fmall: the feeds are brown. : It is a native of Germany, but is fown in our gardens for the ufe of the table, the feed-leaves being excellent among what is called young fal- lading. C. Bauhine calls it Nafturtium fylveftre vulga- tum. Others, Nafturtium hortenfe. Culture occafions a great deal of variety in the leaves of this plant. We fee them fometimes curled in a very beau- tiful manner at the fides, and fometimes undi- vided and broad, without fo much as indentings at the edges. Under thefe appearances it has been defcribed by fome as two diftinét fpecies, but they are only varieties. The plant is of the nature of the feveral wild creffes, and is no way to be taken more properly than as a fallad. XII. TREACLE MUSTARD: TO EAS ee Paw: HE flower is compofed of four petals placed crofs-ways: they are fmall, and of an inverted oval form, with very narrow bottoms. The cup is formed of four little leaves, which ftand fome- what open : they are oval and hollow, and fall with the flower. The feed-veffel is broad, fhort, and compreffed; it is narrow at the bafe, and broadeft at the extremity: the feeds are numerous. Linnzeus places this among the tetradynamia filiculofa ; the flower having four longer and two fhorter threads, and the feed-veflel being a regular filicule. He joins the fhepherds purfe to this genus, but without reafon. The feed-veffel in that plant is of a very particular form; therefore we have feparated it, and defcribed it in its place: and we have here joined feveral proper rh/a/pi to the reft, which -Linnzus feparates under various names. Dil VeTSakOON’ 71 1. Common Thlafpi. Thlafpi incanum majus. The root is long, flender, white, and fur- nifhed with numerous’ fibres. The firft leaves are few, and quickly fade: they are long, narrow, and fharp-pointed, of a pale green, a little hairy, and fupported on long, flen- der footftalks. : N° 27. BRITISH SPECIES. The ftalk grows in the centre of thefe, and they, grow yellow, and decay as it rifes in height : it is firm, round, of a pale green, and a little hairy, and toward the top divides into feveral branches. The leaves on it are long, narrow, and fharp- pointed: they are broadeft at the bafe, and there adhere to the ftalk with a kind of appendage or point on each fide; and from this part they grow fmaller all the way to the end. ZZ The The 270 BReI TI S\H: HyE;RoBoA LL: The fowers are little and'white: they ftand in fmall tufts at the tops of the branches, and the’ | feed-veffels appear in them as foon as they are open. Thee are fhort, and of a pale green : the feeds are brown and minute. It is common in corn-fields in many parts of England, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Thla/pi arvenfe vaccarie in- cano folio majus. Others, Thlafpi vulgare, and Thlafpi vulgatiffiinum. The feed has been celebrated for many virtues, but it is not regarded in the modern practice. It is an attenuant, and works by urine. The ancients have written great things in praife of it as a cure for the fciatica; and there was at one time an opinion of its being very excellent againft venomous bites and poifons. This obtained it a placé in fome of the cele- brated old compofitions; but thefe are very ill eftablifhed qualities. 2. Thlafpi with hairy pods. Thlafpi villofum capfulis hirfutis. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with a few fibres. The firft leaves are fupported on flender, hairy footftalks; and are themfelves alfo hairy, and of an oval figure. The ftalk rifes in the centre of a tuft of thefe, and is round, firm, upright, not at all branched, and a foot or more in height. The leaves on it are unlike thofe at the root ; they are broad, oblong, and fomewhat heart-fa- fhioned at the bafe, where they furround the ftalk ; and thence they grow narrower to the end. The flowers ftand in pretty large tufts at the tops of the ftalks, and they are large and white. The feed-veffel is fhort and hairy, and the feeds are yellowith. It is common on the Welch mountains, and in fome parts of the weft of England. It flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Thla/pi villofum capfulis hir- futis. Others, Tblafpi majus perenne. The whole plant is confiderably hairy from bottom to top. 3. Broad-podded Thlafpi. Thlafpi filiculis latis. The root is long, flender; and furnifhed with a few fibres. The firft leaves are oblong, moderately broad, and of a faint green : they are obtufe at the ends, and a little waved at the edges. The ftalk rifes among thefe, and they foon af- ter fade: this.is round, firm, upright, branched, and about ten inches high. The leaves are placed alternately upon it, and refemble thofe from the root; they are oblong, broad, and blunt at the end, of a pale green, a little notched at the edges; and without foot- ftalks. } The flowets are fmall and white: they ftand ten or a dozen together at the tops of the ftalks. The feed-veffel is very broad and thin, and has a deep nip at the edge: the feeds are {mall and yellowith, It is frequent about corn-fields, and in wafte grounds, in many parts of England. It flowers ‘in July. C. Bauhine calls it Thla/piarvenfe filiquis latis, Others, Tla/pi Diofcoridis. Wrom the breadth of the’ feed-veffels, fuppofed to reprefent.a piece of money, it has obtained the Englifh name of Pen. nycrefs. The feeds of this fpecies are celebrated by the old Greek writers in rheumatic cafes, in obftruc- tions of the vifcera, and againft poifon; but thefe virtues they attributed in the fame manner to many others upon little foundation, either in rea- | fon or correct experience. 4. Little oval-leaved Thlafpi. Thlafpi foliis ovatis minus. The root is flender, and creeps under the furface, fending out in different places many fibres. The firft leaves rife in a thick tuft: they are fupported on flender footftalks, and are of an oval figure, and pale green. The ftalks rife in the midft; and are round, upright, firm, and rarely branched; of a dufky cole and about eight inches high ; often much efs. The leaves on thefe are fhort and fmall, broad at the bafe, where they adhere to the ftalk with- out any pedicles ; and thence gradually fmaller to a point. The flowers are {mall and white : they ftand at the tops of the ftalks in fmall tufts, The feed-veffels are fhort, and have this point in the middle longer than in moft kinds: the feeds are numerous, little, and brown. It is not common any where, but more fre. ieee in Yorkfhire than any other part of Eng- and. C. Bauhine calls it Th/a/pi montanum gloftifolio minus. J. Bauhine, Thla/pi felis globularia, Others, Thla/pi bellidis folio. 5- Smooth, broad-leaved Thlafpi. Thlafpi foliis latioribus glabrum. The root is long, flender, and furnithed with numerous fibres. The firft leaves are oblong, broad, and obtufe: at the end, not at all indented at the edges, per- fectly {mooth, and of a pale green. ; The ftalk rifes in the centre, and thefe foon after grow yellow and decay: it is firm, upright, branched, and a foot and a half high, ‘4 The leaves are oblong, and confiderably broad : they have no footftalks, and they are of a pale gteen, perfectly fmooth, and not indented at the edges. . The flowers grow at the tops of the branches, and are fucceeded by fmall fmooth feed-veffels. The feeds are toundith, and of a glofly brown, Tt is found in Suffolk, and in fome other parts of England, and flowers in Auguft. _ Ray calls it Thla/pi vaccarie folio glabrum, It is one of the plants of late years difcovered by the botanifts of our country, and not known to the earlier authors. 6. Small The BR EET 35 HER BA L. 6. Small perfoliate Thlafpi. Thlafpi perfoliatum minus. The: root’is a {mall, white fibre, divided at the end into a few minute threads, The firft leaves are oblong, broad, and rounded at the ends: they are not indented at the edges, and they have no footftalks: they are of a deep dufky green, which they ufually retain to the laft; and they remain with the plant in its growth 5 not, as the others, fade when the flalk rifes. This may probably be owing to the fmallnefs of the plant, which draws too little nourifhment to.ex- hauft them, The ftalk is lender, weak, of a pale colour, not at all branched, and about four inches high. There ufually are three or four leaves on it, rarely more: thefe are broad, fhort, oval, and fharp-pointed ; and they fo perfeétly furround the ftalk at the bafe, that it feems to run through DIVISION JU. 1. The greater perfoliate Thlafpi. Thlafpi perfoliatum majus. The root is long, thick, and hung with many fibres. The firft leaves grow in a fimall clufter, and | are oblong, broad, and ferrated : they have very fhort foot{talks : their colour is a deep green, and they are fharp-pointed, The ftalks are numerous, round, upright, rarely at all branched, and ten inches high. The leaves on thefe are placed at diftances, and are of a heart-like fhape: they have no footftalks, and they are of a pale greyith green: they are broadeft at the bafe, where they inclofe the ftalk, but do not join behind it; and they are fharply ferrated on both fides, as they decreafe in breadth, to the extremity, where they terminate in a point. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and are fmall and white. The feed-veffels are fmall, and divided at the end pretty deeply.’ The feeds are fmall and brown: It is a native of the fouth of France, and flowers in July. ; C. Bauhine calls it Lbla/pi perfoliatum majus. "2, Heart-podded Thlafpi: Thlafpi filiculis cordatis foliis integris, The root is fmall, oblong, and furnifhed with a few fibres. The firft leaves are fmall, and quickly fade : they are oblong, and moderately broad: they rife from the root without any footftalks ; and they are of a pale green, undivided at the edges, and obtufe at the end. : This ftalk rifes in the midft, and is round and: firm, of a pale green, not at all branched, and four or five inches high. The leaves on it are like thofe from the root, oblong and broad, and undivided at the edges : they adhere to the ftalk without any footftalks, and are obtufe at the ends, ; 274 seater them: they.are of a pale, green, and not fer rated. Y : The flowers. are {mall and whi little clufters at the tops of the fade. The feed: veffels are broad, fhort, and flatted ; the: feeds are fmall and-brown, It is found in barren ftony places in many parts of England, and flowers in July. i C. Bauhine calls it Th]afpj perfoliatum minus 5 a name copied by moft fince his time. Others, Lhlafpi minus, and J) blafpi minus Clufii. te: they ftarid in ftalks, and foon All the fpecies of thia/pi agree in their quali- ties with the firft defcribed kind’; but that is fuppofed to. poffefs them in the moft powerful degree. The feeds, are the part that contain their virtues in the greateft perfection, and they fhould be ufed freth, ¢ FOREIGN SPECIES, The flowers are few and {mall : they are white, | and they are placed at the top of the ftalk ; but they quickly fall off : the pods are heart-fathioned, and have.a point in the center of the divifion, The feeds are {mall and brown: It isa native of Spain, and flowers in May. C. Bauhine calls it Tla/pi capfula cordata pere. Srinum. Others, Thlafpi cordatum. 3. Garlic Thlafpi. Thlafpi foliis obtufis dentatis allinm redolens. The root is long and thick, and is furnithed with a few ftrageling fibres, The firft leaves rife in a large tuft, and are fupported on long, flender footftalks : they are fhort and broad, of an‘oval figure, and of a pale green; and they are rounded at the ends, and dentated at the edges. The ftaiks are numerous, round, whitifh, and irregular : they are not much branched, fre- quently not at all, and they are not perfectly up- right. The leaves on thefe are of the fame figure with thofe from the root, fhort, oval, obtufe at the end, dentated a little, or rather waved at the edges, and placed on footftalks toward the lower part, but without any at the upper. The flowers are larger than in moft of thefe kinds, and white: they ftand in a {pike at the top of the ftalk. The feed-veffels are of an oval figure, very little compréffed, dented at the end, and full of {mall brown feeds, . It is common in the fouth of France, and flowers in Auguft, The whole plant has a ftrong fmell! of garlic. C. Bauhine calls it Scorodo thlafpi minus Aldro- vandi. Others, Thlafpi allium redolens. 4. Little red-Alowered Thlafpi. Lhlafpi foliis carnofis flovibus rubris. The root’is long, thick, and furnifhed with * many fibres. ‘ i The oe hasty _ ‘er 272 othe BR ReVE a Shhh 2H ERB APL: The firft leaves are fmall, but they fpread themfelves in a regular clufter upon the ground : they are oblong, narrow, and of a pale green; and they are of a fiefhy fubftance, and have no footftalks. The ftalks are weak, lender, and fcarce able to fupport themfelves: they are ufually of a redith colour toward the top; and in the lower part, and fometimes nearly all the way up, they are fo clofe covered with leaves, that they are fcarce to be feen. : Thefe leaves are fhort, and of ‘an oval figure: they are very {mall, and they ftand clofe over one another: they are naturally of a pale green, but they often become red. : The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and are moderately large, and ofa pale purple, ftreaked with a deeper red. The feed-vefféls are oblong and thick: the feeds are very fmall, numerous, and brown. It is common in the fouth of France, and in Italy, and other warm parts of Europe, and is mott frequently feen in rocky, hilly places. C. Bauhine calls it Th/a/pi parvum faxatile flore rubente. Others, Lithonthlafpi carnofo folio. 5. Great Candy-Tuft. Lhlafpi umbellatum Creticum majus. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The firft leaves rife in little tufts : they are ob- long, moderately broad, ferrated at the edges, and fharp-pointed : they have no footftalks, but rife from the root with a long narrow bafe, and they are of a pale green colour. The ftalk grows in the centre of thefe, and is round, firm, upright, and of a pale green: it rifes to a foot or more in height, and is very much branched. The leaves that grow on the lower part of the ftalk refemble thofe from the root; but thofe on the upper part of it are narrow, long, and not at all divided at the edges. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches; and are white, or of a pale flefh co- lour, or of a deep or purplith tinge; for all thefe are only accidental varieties in colour, while the plant is the fame in every other refpect. The feed-veflels are oblong and thick: the feeds are numerous and fmall. It is common in Italy, and in the Greek iflands, particularly Crete. , : C. Bauhine calls it Th/afpi umbellatum Creticum iberidis folio, Others, Thlafpi Candie. We have it in our gardens as an ornament to borders, and call it Great candy tuft, 6. Little Candy Tuft. Thlafpi umbellatum Creticum minus: The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with a few fibres. The firft leaves are oblong, narrow, and of a pale green : they have no footftalks, but run up with a fmall bafe, and they are a little ferrated at the extremity. The ftalk is round, thick, of a pale green, vaftly fpread out into branches, and about eight inches high, ; The leaves upon this all the way up are like thofe from the root: they are long, narrow, and ferrated juft about the tip, but in no other part, The flowers grow on the tops of the branches ina kind of umbells; and are fmall, white, or redifh, and fweet-fcented. The feed-veffels are oblong, and the feeds are numerous, fmall, and brown. It is a native of the Greek iflands, and of many other warm countries, and flowers: in. July. C. Bauhine calls it Lhla/pi umbellatum Creti-: cum flore albo odoro minus. Some prefer this to the larger kind in gardens, 7. The Rofe of Jericho. Thlafpi fruticofum parvum floribus albo virentibus. The root is long, flender, and woody, and is hung with a few ftrageling fibres. The firft leaves are few, and they very quickly wither: they are oblong, fomewhat broad, and! of a faint green, obtufe at the ends, and in- dented bluntly and flightly at the edges. The ftalks are numerous, thick, woody, and divided into many branches: they fpread them- felves circularly on the ground, and rife only a little from it at the points of the branches : they are two or three inches in length ; fo that when they lie expanded, the plant forms a circular tuft of about half a foot. The leaves ftand irregularly on thefe, and thofe toward the lower part of the ftalk are like the firft from the root, broad, oblong, and indented at the edges. The flowers are fmall, and of a greenith white - they ftand on fhort footftalks in the divifions of the branches. 8 The feed-veffels are fmall and fhort : the feeds are fmall and brown. It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in July. After this the leaves fall off, and the ftalks bend inwards till their tops meet ; and the whole plant then forms a round lump of the bignefs of a man’s fift, and of a woody fubftance. In this ftate it is brought over frequently as a curiofity, and, if laid into a bafon of warm wa- ter, it will expand the branches, and fpread itfelf out as it grew at firft. C. Bauhine calls it Thla/pi rofa Hierachuntea vulgo diffa, Others, Rofa Hierachontea. The reafon of its being called a ro/e, is its be- ing of the fize, and rudely refembling the form of one in its dry ftate, _8. The Candy Tuft Tree. Thlafpi Sempervirens floribus umbellatis. The root is thick and fpreading; and is fur- nifhed with many fibres. The ftem is hard, woody, and covered with a brown bark : it does not grow to any great height, but is divided into a number of branches. The leaves grow on thefe in an irregular cluf- tered manner, great part of the ftalk being bare, and large tufts growing in other places ; fometimes from the body of the branches, fometimes fup- ported on a kind of footftalks. Each leaf is oblong, narrow, and obtufe, not at all indented, and of a frefh green. 9 é The ) oft: =—— mee lowered Pree Siufl The? BR MEY SHY IELROB AM. ©. - apy The flowers grow in fmal] tufts at the extremi- * ties of the branches, and they are fmall and white. The feed-veffels are roundifh. and flatted, and the feeds are brown. Tt is common in the Greek iflands, and flowers there all the year round. We have it in gardens, where it alfo continues flowering many months. C. Bauhine calls it Thla/pi montanum fempervi- rens. Others, Thlafpi Creticum perenne flere atbo, Some, Shrub thlafpi. g. Buckler Thlafpi. Thlafpi capfulis didymis. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with a few fibres. The firft leaves lie fpread upon the ground in a circular tuft: they are long, narrow, and deeply indented at the edges, and are of a pale green. GOR N28 The ftalk ries in the midft of thefe; and is round, firm, upright, and of a whitifh colour, a foot high, and divided into branches toward the top. The leaves on this are few and fmall: they are of the fame pale green with thofe from the root, and are lightly ferrated at the edges, and fharp- pointed: they have no footftalks, The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches in little clufters: they are fmall, and of a pale yellow, 4 The feed-veffels are very beautiful: they are thin and rounded, and they divide in an elegant manner ; two ftand together, with the ftyle be- tween them, It is frequent in Germany, and fome other parts of Europe, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Lhlafpi bifcutatum afperum hieracifolium majus. Others, Thlafpi chypeatum, XIII. $8, U- Bel. LA, RET, THE flower is compofed of four petals placed crofs-ways: they are of an inverted oval figure, and very fmall. The cup is formed of four {mall leaves, which ftand wide, and are oval and hol- low. The feed-veffel is fmall, and of an inverted oval figure, very little compreffed, and divided into two parts by a membrane which goes crofs-ways: the feeds are very fmall and round. ; Linnzus places this among the tetradynamia filiculofa; the flower having four longet and two fhorter threads, and the feed-veffel being a regular filicule. It is a new difcovered genus, and has never had any Englifh name. All the known fpecies of it are natives of Britain. 3. Soft-leaved Subularia. Subularia foliis levibus. The root is a tuft of very flender and confi- derably long fibres. The leaves are numerous, flender, and long: they refemble rufhes ; but they are fmall: about two inches in length, often not half fo much, and of a pale green: they are rounded on the under part, flat on the upper, and fharp-pointed. The ftalks rife among thefe; and are naked, * very flender, jointed, and crooked, and about four inches high: at every knee or joint there ftands a fingle flower ; this is fmall and white. The feed-vefiel is alfo fmall, and the feeds are numerous and yellowith. It is found at the bottoms of deep ponds in the northern counties, and flowers under water in June and July. — Ray calls it Subularia eretta junci foliis mollibus acutis. 2. Subularia with long, brittle leaves. Subularia foliis longioribus fragilibus. The root is compofed of numerous, long, and {mall fibres. The leaves are very flender, and fix or eight inches long: they rife in a confiderable tuft; and they are round at the back, flat in the upper fur- _ face, and of a pale green : they are tranfparent, and appear pierced full of little holes; and they are very brittle. The ftalk is flendey and round, and the flowers N°? XXVIII. are placed at diftances from the bottom to the top of it; they are fmall and whitifh. It is found in the bottoms of deep ftanding waters in Yorkfhire, and flowers in June, Ray calls it Subularia fragilis folio longiore et tt nuiores 3. Firm-leaved Subularia, Subularia foliis rigidis. The root is compofed of many long and thick ' fibres. The leaves are dblong, flender, and fharp- pointed : they ftand upright; and are of a deep green, and are very rough and harfh to the touch : they are rounded on the back, and flat on the up- per fide; and are biggeft at the bottom, and fmalleft at the extremity. The ftalk is upright, flender, and green: there are no leaves on it, but at diftances fingle flowers ; thefe are greenifh, and feldom quite open. 5 The feed-veffel is fmall, and the feeds are nu- merous and brown. It is found in Yorkhhire, and other parts of the north of England, at the bottoms of fith-ponds, and flowers in Auguft. Ray calls it Subularia vulgaris eretta folio rigi- diffiimo. 4. Creeping foft-leaved Subularia. Subularia repens folits mollioribus. The root is compofed of numerous fibres. The firft leaves rife like a, tuft pf fhort grafs, 4A ftanding, ey The BRITISH HERBAL, ftanding fome upright, and others fpreading out obliquely. Among thefe rife ftalks, which, when they have grown to two or three inches, droop at the ends, and touching the mud, take root again, fending up there new tufts of leaves like the firft. By this means the plant fpreads itfelf every way, and ina little time covers a great {pace of the bottom, The leaves and ftalks are of a pale green colour, and foft fubftance: the leaves are rounded at the back, and flat at the front-fide, and are ftuffed with a tender pithy matter, as rufhes are, The ftalks which fupport the flowers rife to four inches in height; and are weak, flender, and ftuffed with a pith like the leaves. The flowers are very fmall, and of a greenifh white. The feed-veffels are oval, and full of fmal] brown feeds. It grows at the bottoms of rivers in the north of England, and flowers in July. Ray calls it Sudularia repens folio minus rigido. The virtues of thefe plants are altogether un- known. See ABe Dee eee esse i ee om ee Dea Boi i oe oo ao sa ct oo a os ds os sa Sa BR Be Soo ahh Thofe of which there is no fpecies native of this country. G's Ete iN Ue. Sey I. Ay led nS. SAU. MM. HE flower is compofed of four petals fpreading crofs-ways: they are fmall, and open wide. and they have very fhort and flender bottoms. The cup is oblong, and is formed of four little leaves: thele are of an oblong oval fhape, and obtufe at the ends: they converge at the points, and fall with the fower. The feed-veffel is roundifh, and has a flender point of confiderable length rifing from its end: the feeds are oval and compreffed. It is fingular in this plant, that the two fhorter threads in the flower are notched on the infide toward the bafe, or have in that part a little jage ftand- ing inward. Linnezus places this among the te/radynamia filiculofa, the flower having four longer and two fhorter threads, and the feed-veffel being a’regular filicule. The fpecies of it have been. treated of by fome authors in an irregular and indeterminate manner, and many of them called by other names, x. The Alyffum of the Antients.: F Alyffum antiquorum. The root is flender, long, and divided into fibres at the bottom. The firft leaves grow in an irregular manner, fome upright, fome leaning, and fome lying al- together on the ground: they are long, narrow, and of a whitifh green: they have no footftalks, they are hairy, and they are irregularly finuated at the edges, and obtufe at the ends. The ftalk’ is round, upright, not much branched, and a foot and half high, The leaves ftand irregularly on this, and re- femble thofe from the root: they are oblong, narrow, hairy, and without’ footftalks : they are in the fame manner as the others, finuated at’ the edges ; but they are fharper at the point. The flowers grow at. the tops of the branches feveral together, and are {mall and inconfiderable. The feed-vefitls are very large and ‘confpi- enous: they are of an oval figure, flatted, and terminated by a point, and they much refemble the pods of honefty, but that they are of a firmer fubflance, and are hairy. The feeds are large and brown. It is frequent about the vineyards of Italy, and flowers in Auouft. C. Bauhine calls it Lewcoium aly[foides clypeatum majus. Dodoneus, Alyffon Diofcoridis. The antients celebrate this plant extremely for virtues which would be of the’greateft import- ance, if well eftablifhed. They fay it will cure the madnefs occafioned by the bite of a mad dog. | The freth leaves are to be bruifed, and given for this purpofé. They affirm, the fame manner of giving them mixed with the food, will cure dogs that are going mad, or prevent their going | fo after the bite. This is afferted by authors in moft things worthy credit ; and it is worth while to try whether it be true ¥-fince, if it prove fo, it will furnifh us a remedy for the moft terrible dift order to which human nature is fubjeé, ‘and for. which (with due refpe& to the eréat name of Dr. Mead be it fpoken) no cure is yet known, Its leffer virtues are not inconfiderable, > Dio: {corides fays it cures the hiccough immediately, and others recommend: it againft convulfions in children. The plant grows readily from feed with us, and it well deferves a trial. ae Yellow Alyfum with fwoln capfules. Alum Hlore flavo Jiticulis inflatis. The root is long and thick, and fpreads at the bottom into many fibres. ‘ The firft leaves rife, without footttalks, and ftand in a little tuft: they are oblong, narrow, and of a dufky green, not atyall indented at: the edges, but fharp-pointed. ; The ftalk is round; upright, and branched, and is a foot and a half high, 7 ; The ee ey The BORE Tals HERBAL. a96 The leaves on this refemble thofe from the root, but they are fmaller: they have no foot- ftalks; they are not at all dented at the edges, and they grow in little clufters from certain parts of the ftalks, leaving large naked fpaces between. The flowers ftand toward the tops; and they are large, and of a bright yellow: they are fup- ported fingly on long footftalks. The feed-veffel is large, of an oval inverted fi- gure, -and not at all comprefled, but on the con- trary {welled out: the feeds are large and brown. It is a native of the Greek iflands, and flowers in May. Alpinus calls it Lestcoinm luteum utriculato fe. mine. 5 : -3: Shrubby, prickly Alyffumi. Alyffum fpinofum fruticofum. The root is thick and fpreading. The ftalk is firm, woody, brown, and divided: into many branches. GE N The leaves grow on thefe in little clutters, two, three, or four together; and are fmall, narrow, and oblong: they have no footftalics ; they are not at all dented at the edges, and they are of a deep green. Among thefe there are difperfed a great many fharp and long thorns from. the old ftalks. : The flowers are fmall, and of a greenifh white: they ftand in clufters at the tops of the branches, _ The feed-veffels are fmall, and of 4 rounded fhape ; and each is terminated by a long point: The feeds are fall and brown. It is a native of Spain; and of other warm parts of Europe. - It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it. Thla/pi fruticofum Jpittofum. Others, Thla/pi [pinofum Hifpanicuin; and others, Leucoium Jpinojum. Us Il: Cin. PEO LA HE flower is compofed of four petals expanded crofs-ways: they are obldng and undivided, and have narrow bottoms longer than the cup. The cup is formed of four oblong leaves, which do not fall off with the flower, but remain with the feed-veffel. preffed, and dented at the extremity: the feeds are fmall and round. ‘The feed-veffel is rounded; com- Linnzeus places this among the tetradynamia filicalofa ; the flower having four longer and two fliorter’ threads, and the feed-veffel being a regular filicule: 1. Hoary Clypeola: ~ Chpeola canefcens. ~The root is long, lender, white, and furnifhed with a few fibres. The firft leaves are very {mall, and they quickly fade: they are fhort, broadeft in the middle, and pointed, at the end; and they-are of a greyith green, and hoary. ¢ ee, The ftalks rife in the centre of this little tuft, and ufually there are feveral together: thefe partly lean toward the ground, partly ftand upright ; and they are of a whitifh colour, and about five inches high. The leaves are very {mall, and have no foot- ftalks : they are of a whitifh colour, and are not at all indented at the-edges, but pointed at the ends. : The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and are very fmall and yellow. The feed-veffels are round ; and they alfo ftand in little clufters, and make a fingular and very pretty appearance : the feeds are {mall and brown. It is common on barren grounds in the warmer parts of Europe, and flowets in June. C. Bauhine calls it Thlafpi clypeatum ferpylli folio, Columna, Jonthla/pi minimum lunatum. 2. Long-leaved Clypeola: Chpeola folits longioribus acutis. The root is long and thick, and has a few fibres. The firft leaves are numerous, and have no footftalks : they are oblong; narrow, and fharp- pointed, not at all indented, and of a pale green, and fomewhat hoary. The ftalks are firm, round, of ‘a redifh co- Jour, not branched, and eight or ten inches high. The leaves 6n thefe are numerous, and placed itregularly : they are long; narrow, fharp-~ pointed, and of a greyifh green, foft to the touch, and a little hairy. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and are large and white. The feed-veffels are roundifh, but fomewhat approaching to oval: the feeds are {mall and blackifh. , It is frequent on the fea-coafts in the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in July. C: Bauhine calls it Thla/pi alyffuin diftum mari- timum. Tabernamontanus, ; hlafpi narbonenfe centunculi anguftofolio. The virtues of thefe plants are unknown. The END of the SIXTEENTH CLASS Tot E BRITISH HERB Ad. SELOTOLIEHOG SHIGA ASTOR SOP LORS SSSR REEE C LA S+S-eXVil- Plants which have the flower compofed of rour PETas, placed one up- ward, two fideways, and one downward; and the feed-veffel long, and formed of two fides, united by a frrait future above, and another be- low, containing Jeveral ROUND SEEDS. term refers to the flower, the other to the feed-veflel. The flower is called papilionaceous, becaufe it is fuppofed to reprefen ‘lio). or other fuch winged infect, in the ftate of fying. Be Se Aaa The fruit is called Jeguminous, from the Latin word /egumen, fignifying a feed-veflel of this kind and no other. 2 We are unhappy in the Englifh language, that we have no particular name or term for this feed-veffel, which, according to the defcription we have given of it, is as diftin& from all others as that of the former clafs. We have lamented the want of a term to diftinguifh between the /iigu and /ilicula in the two preceding claffes; and we are as much at a lofs here, the fame Englith word q : being the only name we have for all of them. ' 2B Ags there is a commonly known Latin name, it will be ufeful to introduce it, and call this feed- veflel a legume. j } - This is a clafs plainly of Nature’s forming, and the plants belonging to it are by the ftru@ure of th flower and feed-veffel perfectly diftinguifhed from all others : fo that nothing but blindnefs to the i obvious charaéters of Nature, or an obftinacy fuperior to all reafon, could induce authors to oe other plants among thefe, or to feparate any of’ thefe into other claffes. Yet inftances of fuch blind- nefs and fuch obftinacy are not wanting among thefe men of {cience, as will be feen in the defcriptions of the feveral genera. Indeed there feems no error too abfurd for fome, and I am forry to f 7 of name in this ftudy, to have committed. eee Linnzus keeps thefe plants together: for Nature, in whatever manner fhe i Nedire? that; and he has followed her, though oddly: but chufing to eftablifh the peg one not upon this plain and obvious ftructure of the flower and feed-veffel, but on the peculiar arran ey ment of the threads in the flower, he has introduced among thefe fome which do not belong to then ‘This is the confequence of his attachment to the leffer parts of flowers inftead of the greater ; nd this has led him here,~ as elfewhere, to contradict in many particular articles the abfolute eftablithed characters in his diftribution. Species thus frequently contradict the characters of their genus, and genera thofe of their clafs. In Nature there is nothing of this: there all is conftant, uniform aha Ee alar It is therefore unhappy for thofe who have a defire to underftand the fcience, that the fyitein fied now recommends to their ufe, directs them, inftead of regarding the large ‘and confpicuous parts of flowers, to examine for diftinétions of genera, and even of claffes, the leffer and more obfcure; and by that perplexed courfe carry themfelves out of the plain road of Nature, into uncertainty and innu- merable contradictions. In the prefent inftance, the great inventor of this modern fyftem allows, that the firft character of - the clafs is, to have four petals in the flower, enumerating the diftinct names by which they are called; yet the very firft genus he introduces is Fwmaria, which has but one. : In the fame manner the polygala, which by no means belongs to the /eguminous clafs, is brought ito it by this author. His Heifferia alfo has a flower formed of a fingle petal, and yet it is introduced among thefe ; the firft character of which isto have four: and the fame objection lies againft his 2 amorpha, [Trees are the plants which botanic authors call papilionaceous and leguminous. "The firft The BRITISH HERBAL 297 amorpba. The borbonia and pforalia alfo have flowers compofed of five petals, though of the papilié- naceous form; and thefe he introduces among the papilionaceous and leguminous BHR: This i the confequence of his eftablifhing the charaéters of the clafs upon the peculiar difpofition of the thread’ in the flower; and this confufion being the refult of that character, fhews it to be fall pointed out a much plainer, which we have taken, and which never fails, Linnzxus calls thefe plants diadelpbia, becaule the {veral threads in the fower erow together in two feparate affortments. ’ z , This is the account of his claffical charaéter: but with refpect to the proper diftinétion, eftablithed on the number, place, and form of the four petals in the flower, and the ftruéture of the feed -veffel, more is to be obferved. : The flower of all plants properly of this clafs, is formed; a8 we-have obferved, of four petals ; and thefe have diftinét names, which it is needful the ftudent eftablifh well in his memory, not only for underftanding what has been written concerning them, but that he may be able to fptak pro- perly of the flower of each, This muft be defcribed on moft occafions by thefe its parts; and they are thus named. The upper petal is called vewilluin. ‘This is larger than the reft : it rifes above the others, and in a manner covers them. It is inferted into the upper edge of the receptacle, and its form is roundith or oblong. It has a kind of ridge or fold in the middle of the upper part, as if tifing from fome preflure below; and-in the lower it falls over the reft in a rounded hollow fhape. At the fides there are two prominent parts formed by two hollows behind, which fall upon, and in fome degree prefs the two fides. The two fide-petals are called ale. Thefe are placed under the vexillum, and on each fide of the flower: they are a regular pair, anfwering exactly in fhape, fize, and fituation to .one an- other. Thefe are of an oblong form, and are divided each at the bafe: the upper part’ of this divifion is fhort and inconfiderable, but the lower is very long and flender ; and it lies along the cup; which it equals in length; and is infixed to the receptacle. 5 The lower petal is called the carina: this is hollow, compreffed, and in fome degree of thé fhape of a boat: it is placed under the vexillum, and between the wiz. This petal is fplit like the alae at the bafe, and its lower part runs out in the fame manner into a long flip, which eoes to the receptacle, and is there inferted. The upper part is interwoven with the upper divifion of the two alae. If the ftudent in this pleafing fcience will lay before him the freth gathered flower of a bean, of fome other plant of this clafs$ obferve it entire, and examine it when taken to pieces, as he heré reads the defcription of the whole, and of its feveral parts, he will fix upon his mind in a very fa- miliar and lafting manner the ftructure of a papilionaceous flower, The threads from whence Linnzens forms the character of his clafs are difpofed in this manner They do not run free, and feparate, as on other occafions, the length of the flower ; but join themfelyes ogether, and form, not one, but two diftinét and feparate affortments. Of thefe the lower, which tis formed of the bodies of nine of the threads, is a thin membrane, furrounding in great part the rudi- ment of the fruit; and the upper one, which is formed of the body of only a fingle one, lies upon it. The nine tops of the threads at the extremity of this body turn up, and imitate the form of the carina of the ower, in which they are enclofed. This body formed of the nine threads has a fli or opening at its top 5 and the fingle thread, which lies above, filis up or covers this opening. This has its button at the extremity, and the nine points of the under body have alfo each its button; fo that the whole number is ten. Such is the ftructure of this part of the papilionaceous flower ; and thus Linneus has him- felf eftablifhed it, when he explains it as the claflical character: yet, in his diftribution of the genera under it, he introduces plants which have only fix of thefe points of threads, or buttons, and others which have eight. Thefe therefore contradict the very effential character of his clafs, as him- felf has explained it. They are the fame genera in which the flower is formed of a fingle leaf: they are not properly plants of this clafs, and fhould not have been introduced into it. The carina, which is naturally and ufually an entire, fingle petal, is fometimes fplit in the lowe¢ part; and the fiffure in fome fpecies is continued almoft to the tip, in fome entirely ; but the ap- pearance is the fame. The cup in this clafs is univerfally of one ftruéture in the manner of the flower: it is cylindric, hollow, and large at the bafe, and is divided into five fegments at the edge; the undet one of which is quite unlike the reft, and longer than any. The upper pair are fhorter than the others, and ftand opener; the other pair are longer and clofer. The regularity and uniformity in Nature in plants truly and properly of the fame clafs, is in no inftance feen fo clearly as in this, Thefe are very numerous; yet they all agree in thefe fingular eharaéters; : fe. Nature hag Ne 2g, \ 4B SERIES 278 The B-RITJSH, HE-R- BAL. Sisk) Ris wlrs Be Saale Natives of BRITAIN. Thofe of which one or more fpecies are found naturally wild in this country. N’.? UPS I. Pe Bip Ay Pel St Us aed Geek HE flower is papilionaceous, and confifts of four petals : the vexillum is very broad, and is nipp’d at the top with a point, and turned baek: the alz are fhorter than the vexillum, of a roundifh figure, and convergent ; and the carina is comprefied, fhorter than the alz, and of the form of a half moon. The cup is formed of a fingle piece, divided at the rim into five fegments 5 of which the two upper ones are broadeft ; and it remains with the pod. This is a large and long : legume, fomewhat deprefied on the back ; and it contains feveral round feeds. The terms ufed in the charaéter of this and the flowers of the fucceeding genera, will be fami- liarly underftood from the defcription of the flower fubjoined for that purpofe to the claffical cha- racter. DIVISION I. Sea-Pea. Pifum multiflorum caule angulato maritimum. The root is long and f{preading, and penetrates to a great depth: it often runs to five, fix, or more feet in length feveral ways at once; and is of a whitith colour, and {weet tafte. The ftalk is flender, weak, angulated, and of a pale green: it ufually lies upon the ground, and will grow fo to a yard in length. The leaves are beautifully pinnated: each con- fifts of four or five pairs of oval pinna, and is terminated with a branched tendril inftead of an odd leaf: and at the bafe of the rib on the main- ftalk there grow a pair of larger leaves, oblong, and pointed at the ends. The flowers grow in clufters, eight or ten to- gether, at the extremities of the ftalks, and on _naked footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the Jeaves: they are fmaller than the flowers of the common pea; and are of a pale red, with a tinge of bluifh purple in the middle. The pods are like thofe of the common pea, but fmaller ; and each contains eight or ten feeds, like common peas alfo, but lefs. : Ic is a native of our fea-coafts, and flowers in Auguft. Morifon calls it Pifum fpontaneum perenne repens humile. Ray, Pifum marinum. The peafe of this are as wholefome as thofe of the common kind, and are often eaten by the poor people in places where they grow in plenty. This plant had covered the fhores of Suffolk un- obferved many ages, when, about the prefent BRI 1S:H SPE CLES. feafon two hundred years ago, ‘neceflity firft fhewed them to our countrymen. 4 The perfecutions and barbarities of that hor- rible period, under the aufpices of Mary, were attended with a year of dearth. While the clergy, under a cruel woman, were reviving ili-made laws, and putting what conftruétion they pleafed upon the ftatutes of Richards and of Henrys made under very different circumftances; the poor, who were facrificed as hereticks in fome places, were perifhing in others by famine. Suffolk lay wafte more than any other county, and the fea-coaft inhabitants were mof necefe, fitated of all. Hunger fhewed them what they had neglected in their days of plenty; and they were fupported by thoufands upon the fruit of this fea-pea, then ripening in a prodigious abun- dance. The enthufiafts of that time fuppofed the plants raifed by miracle ; and our venerable Cambden, unwilling to call in fupernatural powers, folves the difficulty, by imagining they rofe from peafe thrown on the fhore from fome wrecked veflel, But there needs not even this far-fetched thought: they were not produced that year; but they had been difregarded before. They will grow any where on the moft barren beach, penetrating by thofe long roots to the better foil. This is properly the wild Englifh pea. We have obferved before, that we have in the fame manner a wild Englith cabbage, whofe place of | growth is alfo on the fea coaft; but neither of thefe is the fource of all the cultivated kinds: There is an infuperable toughnefs in the fea- cabbage ; and there is a bitternefs in thefe peas, which, though hunger can pafs over in coarfe mouths, no culture can mend, DE Vel= The BRITT S:e HERBAL, DIVISION IL 1. The Common Pea. Pifum fativum. ‘The root is compofed of feveral long ftraggling fibres. The ftalk is weak, flender, branched, and of a pale green: it ufually lays hold of fticks, or any thing that can fupport it, and will thus grow to more than a yard in height: when left unfup- ported, it trails upon the ground, and is lower. The leaves are regularly pinnated: each is com- pofed of two or three pairs of pinnz, which are roundifh, approaching to oval, of a tender fub- ftance, and of a greyifh green colour. The rib on which thefe ftand is terminated by atendril, inftead of an odd leaf; and at the bafe, where it joins the ftalk, there is a fingle broad leaf. ne. The flowers ftand on long footftalks, and are white, with a fpot of purple in the middle. The pods are long and thick, and contain fix, eight, or ten peafe. This is wild in the corn-fields of Italy, and flowersin June. With us itis cultivated. And Bauhine and others call it Pifum bortenfe. The excellency of the feeds of this plant at our tables, have made the gardeners fo induftrious in its culture, that we fee innumerable varieties of it, which are in their way diftinguifhed by par- ticular names, and have been by fome defcribed as fo many fpecies. But they are all variations made by culture from this fingle fpecies. The field-pea, and the garden-pea, are in every refpect, but what is owing to culture, the fame FOREIGN 279 Seba by Omar, plant : and in the fame manner the haftive and the rouncival, with -all thofe other forts, the names of which are fo numerous, and fo continually in- creafing, are to be confidered by the botanifts as varieties of one and the fame original plant. The following fpecies is truly diftiné. 3. Single-flowered Pea with cornered leaves, Pifum uniflorum foliis angulatis. The root is divided, fpreading, fibrous, and irregular. : The ftalks grow to three feet high when fup- ported. The leaves which ftand on the main ftalks, at the infertion of the pinnated ones, are of an ob- long figure, and cornered at the bottom, where they have ufually alfo two or three indentings. The pinnated leaves confift each of two or three pairs of fmall oval pinne on a rib, which arifes from the bofom of the cornered leaf, and is ter- minated by a divided tendril. , The flowers ftand fingly on long, flender foot- {talks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves ; and they are large and white, or fometimes of a pale red, with a deep purple or blue fpot in the center. _ The pod is large, and the pea very fweet to the tafte. p It is wild among the corn-fields in the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Pifim pulchrum folio augulofo. The fruits of thefe feveral kinds are all of the fame quality, wholefome as food, but apt to breed wind. Goa sBiigt.N, | U0. @Ss VERE Cots TaleNaGs II. P ESAGT OAH Go Ro Ua 8. "THE flower is of the papilionaceous form, and is compofed of four petals. The vexillum is very large: its fides and top turn back, and it is nipped at the extremity in a heart-fafhioned manner, The alz are fhort, of the figure of a new moon, and obtufe. The carina is of the length of the ala, but broader, and {plits inwards in the middle. The cup is of the bell-thape, and is divided into five fegments at the edge: .the two upper of thefe are fhorter, and the fingle lower fegment ig longer than the ale. The pod is very long, of a cylindric figure, and compreffed and pointed : the feeds are round, but a little angulated. The ftalks are flatted, and edged with membranes; and the leaves are compofed only of one pair of pinnae. Linneus places this among the diadelphia decandria ; the threads being in two bodies, nine in one, and one in another. But he joins with it three other genera, diftinguifhed very evidently by Nature, Thefe are the aphaca, niffolia, and clymenum, to be defcribed hereafter: they agree in the minute parts, by which this author formed his characters, with the /athyrus, but not in others. DeTaV sl SeleOUN oI. BRITISH SPECIES, 1. Great, broad-leaved Vetchling. Lathyrus major latifolius. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with a great number of crooked, irregular fibres, pene- trating a great way into the earth, and fupport- ing itfelf very firmly. * } The ftalks are numerous, flender, and weak ; and, if they meet with nothing to fupport them, trail on the ground; but, when they have bufhes for climbing, they grow to four feet high: they are flatted, and as it were jointed. : The leaves grow two together, and are long; broad, and ribbed : there grow two flender mem- branes, 280 The BRITA S He H+Es RB A°L. branes, or little leaves, at their infertion on the ftalk ; and’they are of a greyifi green colour. The tendrils for climbing rife from the center of the two leaves, as from the end of the rib in the pea kind. The flowers are large, and of a bright and beau- tiful red, with a deeper tinge in the middle: they are fupported feveral together on long footftalks. The pod is long and flender, and the feeds are numerous and {mall. It is found in woods, principally in our nor- thern counties; and flowers in June. C. Bauhine ealls it Lathyrus latifolius. Others, Lathyrus flore rubro fpeciofiore. Our Englifh wri- ters call it Peafe everlafting : but that is a very improper name, it not being of the pea kind. 2. Great, narrow leaved Vetchling. Lathyrus anguftifolius major. The root is compofed of numerous, flender, long fibres, and takes great hold in the ground. The ftalks are numerous, angular, and weak : they are of a pale green, edged fharply, and jointed , and; when they have fupport, will rife to four feet in height. The leaves are placed at diftances, and two always ftand together at the end of a fhort kind of rib, with a tendril between them: they are narrow, ribbed, fharp-pointed, and of a pale green. The flowers are fmall, and of a mixed colour, partly white, and partly red. The red is in va- rious degrees, and fometimes there is fcarce any. The pods are thicker than in the former fpecies, and the feeds are round and large. It is found among bufhes in many parts of the kingdom, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Lathyrus fylveftris major. J. Bauhine; Lathyri majoris fpecies flore rubente & albido minore Dumetorum five Germanicus, 3. Yellow Vetchling. Lathyrus fylveftris luteus vulgaris. The root is long, flender, and full of fibres. The ftalk is angulated, weak; and hangs about DIVISION TW. FO 1. Garden Vetchling. Lathyrus fativus flore purpureo. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalks ate numerous, thick, and ribbed, of a pale green, and very much branched: when fupported by flicks, they will rife to five feet high. The leaves ate placed two together on a ribbed footftalk, and that is terminated by atendril, which takes its rife between them. There is a broad film on each fide at the infer- tion Of the rib to the ftalk. The flowers are large and ‘purple: they Mand on long, flender footftalks, ufually one ‘on ‘each, but fometimes two. The pod is fhort, thick, and ribbed, and fur- rowed-on the back : the feeds are very large, and roundith. It is a native of the Eaft, and is cultivated in in an irregular form, not upright, nor quite trail- ing on the ground: it is of a pale green, and edged. The leaves ftand at diftances, and are each compofed of a fingle pair, fupported on a kind of fhort rib, and having a tendril thooting out from their center, At the infertion of the rib or ftalk which fupports them, there are alfo a pair of fhort leaves. The flowers are placed on fhort footftalks, four or five together, rifing from the bofoms of the leaves: they aré large, and of a pale yellow. The pods are flender: the feeds are fmall, roundifh, and black. It is common amiong our bufhes, and in paf- tures, and flowers in June, C. Bauhine calls it Lathyrus fylveflwis luteus fo- liis vicie: a name very inexpreffive, for the leaves do not at all anfwer that defcription. Others call it Lathyrus luteus fylveftris, 4: Rough-podded Vetchling. Lathyrus filiqua birfuta. The root is compofed of numerous, flender, tough, and irregular fibres. “The ftalks are weak and angulated, and they fupport themfelves irregularly to the height of a foot and half, or they will grow much taller when they can climb. The leaves are narrow, hard, and ribbed: they ftand two together, with a tendril at the end. The flowers are fmall, and of a mixed red and white colour: they ftand feveral together on very long, flender footftalks. The pods are an inch and half long, and con- fiderably broad: the feeds are fmall, blackith, and nearly round. It is found on the edges of ploughed fields in our midland counties, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine cails it Lathyrus anguftifolius filiqua hirfuta. RE Gini y 8: PaBG: fh Ess, gardens and fields in Germany, and fome parts of Italy. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in Auguft. i C. Bauhine calls it Lathyrus fativus flore pur- pureo.” Dodoneus, Aracus five cicera, 2. Peafe Earthwort. Lathyrus foliis ovatis radice tuberofa. The root is thick, oblong, and irregularly tus berous: frequently thefe thick knobs are near the furface, but at other times they are faftened to the ends of the fibres, and lie at a great depth: they are brown on the furface, white within, and of a fweet and very pleafant tafte. The ftalks are edged, weak, and three or four feet long: they trail upon ‘the ground, or fup- port themfelves among the buthes. The leaves grow two together, as in the others; but they are fhort and broad, of an oval figure, and obtufe at the ends, 6 The 28r os GRAB RE TS Sn Ras ae The flowers grow in clufters on long foot- ftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves, and are of a bright purple. The feed-veffel is long and flender, and the feeds are numerous and roundifh. It is frequent among bufhes in Germany, and many other parts of Europe, where the roots are _dug for the table. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Lathyrus arvenfis repens tu- berofus. 5» Strip’d yellow-flowered Vetchling, Lathyrus flore flavo frriato. The root is long and thick; divided into many parts, and furnifhed with numerous irre- gular fibres. The ftalks are lender, weak, and flat; edged by a membrane, and of a pale green colour. The leaves grow, as in the others, two toge- ther, with a tendril rifing from between them: they are broad, fhort, and fharp-pointed, and of a freth green,’ The flowers grow three or four together on flender footftalks, and are of a beautiful yellow, ftriped with purple. The pods are long and flender, and the feeds are roundifh and {mall. It is a native of Spain, and flowers in Augutt. Morifon calls it Lathyrus Beticus flore luteo, It is one of the moft beautiful of the lathyrus kind, 4. Vetchling called Sweet Pea: Lathyrus birfutus magno flore. The root is compofed of feveral thick fibres, with fmaller growing from them, The ftalks are flatted and weak, but confi« derably thick, and of a pale green, The leaves are very large, and of a pale green, foft to the touch, and a little hairy: they grow two together, and have a tendril rifing between them. The flowers are large, and of a mixed red, and are very {weet-fcented. The feed-veftel is large and h feeds are roundifh and brown. It is a native of Africa, and flowers in July. Ie is kept in our gardens for its beauty and fragrance, but very improperly called a pea. C. Bauhine calls it Lathyrus ficulus. airy, and the 5. Vetchling, called Tangier Pea. Lathyrus biflorus floribus ruberrimis. The root is long, divided, and furnifhed with { numerous, thick, and crooked fibres. The ftalks are thick, but weak, and mode- rately branched: they are angulated, and of a pale greyifh green. The leaves grow, as in the others, two toge- ther, with a tendril between them: they are long, narrow, and fharp-pointed, and are of a pale green. The flowers grow upon very long footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves, two on each; and they are large, and of a beautiful red. The pods are flender, and the feeds are roun= difh. It is a native of Africa, but flowers very well in our gardens. i Morifon calls it Lathyrus tingitanus filiquis orobi Jlore amplo ruberrimo. Our gardeners, Tangier pea. Gao. Nee ans Ill. CHICHLING. CLYMENU Mm, ap sae flower is papilionaceous, and is compofed of four petals. The vexillum is large, dented 4 at the extremity, and turned back at the top and at the edges. The alz are fhort, hooked, and obtufe, and the carina is broad, and fplit in the middle. The cup is formed of a fingle leaf, narrow at the bottom, wide at the mouth, and divided into five fegments ; the two upper ones fhort, and the lower one very long. The pod is long, manner, feveral pairs together. and flatted at top. The leaves grow in a pinnated Linnzeus places this among the diadelphia decandria; the threads being formed into two bodies, nine into one, and a fingle one in the other. That author joins this genus and the lathyrus, by the compofition of the leaves. though Nature have thus plainly diftinguifhed them It is an invariable character, and can never be miftaken. It is the more needful, as the plants of each genus are numerous; and of the more authority, as thofe of the prefent arrangement have been generally diftinguithed by this feparate name, DIVISION If, 1. Variegated wild Chichling. Chmenum fylveftre flore variegato. _ The root is long and flender, divided into feveral parts, and furnithed with numerous, thick, and {preading fibres. ; No 28, BRETISH SPECIES, The ftalk is flatted, and edged, of a pale greyifh green, weak, and branched: it hangs irregularly, or is fupported by the ftouter plants or bufhes; and in this manner grows to a foot and half or more in length. The leaves are placed irregularly, and each is - 45) compofed 282 The BRITISH HERBAL. compofed of three or four pairs of pinne regu- larly placed, witha tendril growing from the end. The pinnz are oblong, narrow, and fharp- pointed, of a deep green, and not at all indented at the edges. The flowers are placed on long, flender pe- dicles rifing from the bofoms of the leaves, feve- ral of them ftanding in a row one over another on each pedicle ; and they are large, and of a mixed colour, partly red and partly blue. DIVISION. IL. Long-leaved Clymenum. Clymenum foliis longioribus. ‘The root is compofed of numerous flender . fibres, connected to a fmall head. The ftalk is weak, flatted, and of a pale green, very flightly edged; and, when tolerably fup- ported, it will grow to four feet high. The leaves ftand thick upon it, and are pin- nated : each is compofed of three or four pairs of very fine, long, and narrow pinnz; which are tharp-pointed, not at all dentated at the edges, The pods are large and flender, and the feeds are roundifh. We have it in the neighbourhood of London, and many other places among bufhes. It flowers in July. Ray calls it Vicia lathyriformis, five vicia la- thyroides noftras. Merret, Lathyrus ex ceruleo & rubro mixtus. tis the only fpecies of clymenum we have wild. FOREIGN SPECIES. and of a beautiful pale green: the rib on’ which thefe ftand is terminated by a long fine tendril. The flowers grow from the bofoms of the leaves on long flender footftalks; and they are large and purple. 4 The feed-veffel is long and flender, and the feeds are roundifh and brown. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July. Morifon calls it Lathyrus anguftifolius leptoma- crolobus femine rotundo, Others, Clymenum Ita- lorum. GE AN Und vIV. YELLOW VETCHLING. AS PB AS CA, HE. flower is of the papilionaceous form, and is compofed of four petals. The vexillum is large, nipp’d at the extremity, and turned back at the top and fides. The ala are fhort, crooked, and obtufe. Thé carina is broad, of a half-round fhape, and fplit in the middle. The cup is of a bell- like fhape, and is divided into five irregular fegments at the edge: the two upper ones are fhort, and the fingle under one is very long. The pod is oblong and rounded. The leaves are placed in pairs upon the ftalk, and are of a three-cornered fhape. f This is a very fingular genus: there is but one known fpecies of it, and that is a native of Britain. We are unhappy in wanting an Englifh generical name for it, for that of yellow vetchling feems to re- fer to another genus. As I have a diflike to inventing new names, I fhall advife the ftudent to ufe the Latin one aphaca. Linnzeus places this among the diadelpbia decandria ; the ftamina being ten, and formed into par- cels, nine in one, and a fingle one in the other: but he confounds it, among feveral other genera, with the lathyrus. He does not allow the leaves of this plant to be properly fuch, but only a kind of ftipulz, fuch as others of the pea and lathyrus kind have upon the ftalk, at the places where the proper Jeaves rife. But this is a forced thought. ‘The leaves are as properly and perfeétly leaves as thofe of any other plant ; and their great fingularity perfetly diftinguifhes the genus from all others of the papilionaceous leguminous clas. Yellow Vetchling. Aphaca. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with many fibres. ; The ftalk rifes-ufually fingle, and frequently is nor at all branched: it is round, almoft up- tight, and not more than a foot high. The leaves are numerous, and they are very fingular: they are of a triangular figure, broad, fharp-pointed, and terminated by two points at the corners ofthe bafe: they ftand two together at the joints, and are of a pale and fomewhat ycllowith green. From the bofoms of thefe there rife tendrils ; but the plant is low, and tolerably ftrong ; fo that it wants them lefs than many other kinds. ; The flowers are fupported fingly on flender footftalks, and they are moderately large and yellow. The pod is oblong, and the feeds are roundifh. It is found in many parts of England on dry hilly paftures, and flowers in Augutt. C. Bauhine calls it Vicia lutea foliis convolvoli minoris, Others, Aphaca. The feeds of the aphaca are faid to. be ufeful againft epileptic diforders; but there is no good authority for crediting it. GE Ne Uaas \ 283 The SBGRMT tril ste Rein GR Be N Ue Soe Vn Vert Ty TC" SET: Viel TA Spek flower is compofed of four petals, and is of the papilionaceous kind, The vexi'lum is of an oval figure, and has a very long bottom furrounding the rudiment of the fruit : is nipped and pointed, the fides turn back, and there is a line of an elevated form runni whole length of the back of it. The al are oblong, ftrait, and fomewhat heart-fathion have long bottoms. The carina is fhorter than the alz: it has alfo an oblong bottom, vided into two parts. The pod is long, and of a tough fubftance, and is terminated by a point: feeds are round. The leaves are pinnated, and compofed of numerous pairs; and they have not the bluith colour, which is almoft univerfal among the pea kind, and common to mott of the | Linnzus places this among the diadelphia decandria; the threads in the flower being: te affortments. But he joins with it the bean, among fome other equally different plants. the top of it ng down the ed and they which is di- the athyri. n, in two In vindication of this he fays, that, having repeatedly examined and compared the flowers of the vetch and bean, there appeared to him no effential difference: fo that, upon their fimilitude, he makes the bean a fpecies of verch, not a diftin genus. That difference, which is not feen in the flower, is evident in the pod and feeds of thefe plants and in Nature no two genera of this clafs are more perfectly feparated. : This author fays, that, in the leguminous tribe, the fhape of the fruit’alone is not to determine a- genus to be diftinét. But thefe are arbitrary words. Fancy may dictate laws in this cafe, but Na- ture has eftablifhed none. It is certain that the difference of the fruit is a fufficient mark for the diftinétion of genera among the leguminous plants; and thefe are properly feparate genera : therefore we do not include the bean among the vetch kind, but fhall treat onl fo called under this head. Del Vo IeS2i O-Ne in whatever form, makes perfons thirfty after- wards, the {weet of Uquorice, which is at leaft equal to it, does not. This is particular ; but ex- periment will at any time fhew it to be perfeétly true. A kind of beer may be brewed with /quorice in the place of malt, and it will have a confiderable ftrength and an agreeable flavour. SFA RebaleG N <-$ PsE ‘Cth: S: foms of the leaves: they are fmall and blue: the whole tuft together is confpicuous. The feed-veffels are fhort and flatted, of a pale green, and hairy: they follow the flowers in the fame cluftered manner; and the whole bunch of them is of the bignefs of a {mall wall- nut. The feeds are large, kidney-fhaped, and brown. ; It is a native of Tartary, and is common alfo to fome other parts of Europe. It flowers in Auguft. eee C. Bauhine calls it Glycyrrhiza capite echinato, Our people call it the Hedge-bog liquorice. Its virtues are the fame with thofe of the for- mers but it is lefs pleafant, and they are infe- tior; wherefore there can never be any tempta- tion to ufe it, while the right kind is fo univer- fal, cheap, and common. NgioUsin28 IX. WOOD-VETCH. OR One Us rpHE flower is papilionaceous, and compofed of four petals. The vexillum is heart-fafhioned, and at the top terminates in a half cylinder, which is longer than the cup at the bottom. The ala are oblong, and rife upwards, and converge together: they are nearly as long as the vexillum. The carina turns up, and is divided underneath: the edges are compreffed together, and the belly is fwelled. The cup is formed of a fingle piece, and is tubular, and very flightly indented in five places at the edge. The pod is long, flender, and rounded, and it turns up at the top, where it is fharp- pointed : the feeds are numerous and round. - The leaves are pinnated ; but they have no tendrils. Linnzeus places this among the diadelphia decandria; the threads bein g ten, nine in one body, and one fingly. DL V.1,S 1O,N.. J. BR 1S He S2P Oa bs: 1. Common Wood-vetch. years: its fubftance is firm, and its tafte not un- pleafant. The ftalks are numerous, firm, and rigid ; they do not fupport themfelves upright, nor have Orobus vulgatior. The root is long, thick, and fpreading: it pe- netrates far into the ground, and remains many ground: tendrils ; for which reafon they trail upon the ae ee ~ Jar form : its tafte is fweet, and in fome degree Th BRITISH HERBAL. 289 ground : they are a foot and half long, of a pale green, ftriated, and hairy. The leaves are pinnated in a very regular and beautiful manner: each is compofed of eight or ten pair of {mall pinnae, which are oblong, and of a dufky green on the upper fide, and of a paler green underneath. The fowers ftand in little clufters fix or eight together, and are of a plain redifh colour on the outfide, and of a dead purple, ftreaked with white, within. The pods are broad, fhort, and fomewhat flatted: the feeds are alfo fmall and flatted. We have it in the north of England, and in fome of the fouthern provinces in woods, but not common. r | Ray calls it Orobus fylveftris noftras. The older writers have not mentioned it. 2. Heath Orobus. Orobus fylvaticus foliis oblongis glabris. The root is large, tuberous, and of an irregu- refembles that of liquorice. D.lp Val ooh OeN ae lls FO Broad leaved Orobus. Orobus pinnis latis. The root is long, thick, and divided into many parts. a The ftalk is of a pale green, firm, and tole- rably upright, and a foot and half high. The leaves are very beautifully pinnated : they are long, large, and of a pale green: each is compofed of two or three pairs of pinnz, which are of an oval figure, but fharp-pointed, and of a deep green. ; G Serre N The ftalk is weak, angular, ftriated, of a dufky green, and a foot high. : The leaves are placed irregularly on it, and are of a deep green colour: they are of the pinnated kind, the larger confifting of two pairs of pinnae, without either a tendril or an odd leaf at the end and the fmailer only of one pair. d The flowers grow on long footftalks at the tops of the ftalks and branches two or three together, and they are of a pleafing purple colour. ee The pods are long and flender, and the feeds are roundifh, It is very common among) bufhes on heathg and in woods, and it flowers in April and May. » Ray calls it Orobus fylvaticus foliis oblongis glabris, Others, Aftragalus fylvaticus, Aftraga- loides, and Lathyrus lignofior. The roots fliced and boiled are good againft coughs; and in nephritic complaints : they on any occafion are ferviceable to obtund the acri- mony of humors, RE AG Neg SS: Pike Tehes. The flowers grow in clufters, eight or ten toge- ther, on long footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves: they are fmall, and of a faint purple. The pods are longifh and flender, and the feeds are fmall and round. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in May and June. ; Clufius calls it Orobus fylvaticus venetus; and others adopt the fame name. Uses ae es GRASS-VETC H; NISSOLTA. HE flower is papilionaceous, and is compofed of four petals. The vexillum is large, and the top and fides turn back; the extremity alfo is a little nipped. The alz are fhort, blunt, anda little hooked. The carina is broad, and of a half-round figure, and is fplit at the bottom. The pod is very long, and the feeds are numerous and round. The leaves are placed fingly and alternately on the ftalks; and are long and narrow, refembling thofe of grafs. Linnzus places this among the diadelphia decandria, the flower having ten threads, nine connected in one body, and a fingle one feparate. But this author does not allow the plant to be a diftiné&t ge- nus. He joins this, as the clymenum, apbaca, and others, all improperly with the /athyrus, making them {pecies of that genus. The conformity of the flowers in all thefe plants is this author’s reafon for his fyftem permits him to look no farther: but as the fpecies are numerous, and generical dif- -tin@tions therefore needful, where they can be fupported, this fimilarity of the flowers is the reafon why the characters fhould be more carefully fought in other parts of the plant. The leaves afford thefe abundantly: and the genus of /athyrus, as he eftablithes it, is thus with perfect reafon, and by very obvious characters, divided into four ; the proper Jathyrus having a fingle pair of pinnz only, the clymenum two or more pairs, the aphaca fingle leaves in pairs, and the gra/s-vetch fingle leaves placed alternately. " Thefe are diftinétions as fixed and invariable as any the whole fcience affords from the flowers of plants: they are ufeful in the higheft degree, and they are obvious and familiar. Of this fingular genus there is but one known fpecies, and that is a native of Britain: N° 29. . 4£E The 290 The! BR ET Piso WeEtR BAIL. The Grafs- Vetch. Niffolia. The root is compofed of-numerous, thick, and tough fibres. The ftalk is of a pale green, flender, but tole- rably erect, rarely much branched, and two feet high. The leaves are placed irregularly on the ftalks from the top to the bottom of the plant; and there generally rifes a young fhoot of a branch in the bofom of every one of them: they are very long, narrow, and of a fine frefh green; fo that they in all refpeéts refemble thofe of grafs; and the plant is hardly diftinguifhed, except when in flower. The flowers are placed on long, flender foot- ftalks; and-are of a bright red colour: they are fmall, but very confpicuous. The pods are long and flender, and the feeds are numerous and round. It is found by wood-fides, and in hedges in many places. Authors have called it by a va- riety of names, but all of them liable to fo many objections, that this new one wifolia.is very proper to be introduced in their place. Some call:it Eroum fylveftre 5 and others, Cata- nance leguminofa: butervum and catanance are names of different plants ; fo this breeds confufion. C. Bauhine calls it Lathyrus fylueftris «minor ; but the characters fhew how improperly itis called by that name. Its virtues are unknown. Gri Be 2c TU 28 XI. KIDNEY VETCH, AN LH ToLLelos, HE flower is compofed of four petals, and is papilionaceous. The vexillum is oblong: it turns back at the fides, and has a hollow bottom of the length of the cup. The alz are of an oblong form, and are fhorter than the vexillum. The carina refembles the ala in fhape and fize; but it is compreffed. The cup is formed of one piece, and is of an oval figure, fomewhat fwoln and hairy: it is divided regularly into five fegments at the edge, and it remains when the flower is fallen. The pod is very fmall, and of a roundifh figure; and it remains covered within the cup. Linnzus places this among the diadelphia decandria ; the flower having ten threads in two affort. ments, nine collected into a body, and one fingle. D<12V. IvS_TwO2N * 1. 1. Yellow Kidneyvetch, Anthyllis pinnata flava. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves are long, and pinnated in a very regular and perfect manner : each is compofed of fix or more pairs of pinnae, which are oblong and narrow, and a much larger leaf of the fame form at the end: the whole is hairy, and of a whitith green, The ftalk is round, thick, and a foot or more in height when it rifes up, but it more ufually fpreads about the ground ; and is of a yellowifh colour. The leaves on this are perfectly like thofe from the root : they are placed irregularly, and are of the fame pale colour. The flowers ftand in tufts at the tops of the ftalks, and on long, flender pedicles rifing from the bofoms of the leaves: they are fmall and yel- low. The pods are fmall, and remain concealed in the cups. We have it in dry paftures not unfrequently. Tt. flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Loto affinis vulveraria pra- BRITISH hia vk O13 Fad Ds tenfis. Others, athyllis leguminofa, and Vulne- varia ruftica. It has the credit of being a famous wound- herb; but thefe are virtues lefs regarded now than heretofore. : 2. Purple Kidneyvetch, Anthyllis procumbens floribus rubris. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The firft leaves are regularly pinnated : each _ is compofed of feveral pairs of {mall pinne, with a larger odd leaf at the end. : The ftalks are numerous, a foot long, and fpread themfelves on the ground. The leaves are placed irregularly on them, and are pinnated as thofe from the root. The flowers grow in large tufts at the tops of the ftalks, and extremities of all the branches, and are of a bright red. The feed-veffels are very {mall, and perfeétly hid within the cup. It is found in our weftern counties, and flowers in Auguft. \ Ray calls it Vulneravia fupina flore coccineo. The older authors were not acquainted with it. DIV I- Sy ee The’ BRITISH HERG aq, 298 Del VAST Og II Yellow Cretic Kidneyvetch. Anthyllis Cretica flore flavo. The rocuns long, flender, and divided into. humerous parts. — “ The firft leaves are oblong, and undivided : they are of an inverted ‘oval figure, broad, and rounded at the end, and ‘narrow at the bafe. The ftalks are numerous, weak, and branched : they are of a pale green, and a foot and half high, The leaves ftand in an irregular manner on the flalks, and are fmall; about five grow together in an odd pinnated manner, GE FOREIGN SPECIES. The flowers grow at the tops of the ftalks and branches, and are fmal] and yellow ; eight or ten - of them ‘ftand together in a clufter. The feed-veffels are fmall, and they are con- tained in broad membraneous cafes, Thefe are formed of the cups of the flower, which {well into this fthape and bignefs after it is fallen. The feeds are few and fmall. : It is frequent in the Greek iflands, and flowers in Augutft, : Profper Alpinus calls it Trifolium falcatum: a ftrange name, but others have copied it. Ni Os 3 XIl. HORSE-SHOE VETCH HIPPO. G R&AEPET S. Apa flower is compofed of four petals, and is papilionaceous. The vexillum is heart-fathioned, and has a very long bottom. The ale are of an oval form, and are obrtufe $ and the carina is flatted and hooked. The pod is crooked, long, the inner edge; fo that it appears compofed of a flatted, and cut deeply in at {mall diftances all along number of little points, faftened by narrow ends to the edge of the back. The feeds are fmall, oblong, and hooked; and one of them is lodged in every joint of the pod. The fingular form of the pod and feeds, which in fome degree refembles a horfe-fhoe, has ob- tained it the Latin name ferrum equinum, as well as the Englith one borfe-/boe vetch ; but it is better to ufe the more modern term hippocrepis, as it is a fingle word; for generical names fhould never confift of more. Linneus places this among the diadelpbia decandria ; the threads being ten, and in two affortments, nine in one body, and another fingle. DEINE TeS el OSNi- 1 Tufted Horfe-fhoe Vetch. Hippocrepis filiquis confertis. ’ The root is fimall, and divided into feveral arts. : The firft leaves are long, narrow, and pin- nated: each is compofed of fix or more pairs of fhort, oval pinnas; and they are of a pale green: | an odd leaf terminates each; and this is no larger than the others. The ftalks aré numerous, flendet, weak, branched, and eight or ten inches high. The leaves on thefe are pinnated, and per- fe€tly refemble thofe from the root. DIVISION - IL. Single podded Horfe-fhoe Vetch. Hippocrepis filiquis fingularibus. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres. : The firft leaves are long, narrow, and pin- nated : each confifts of four or five pairs of pinnae, with an odd one at the end; and thefe are broad, fhort, and heart-fathioned, fmalleft at the bafe, broadeft at the top, and indented at the end. The ftalks are numerous, weak, and low. The leaves on thefe are pinnated in the fame 8 Re IMD IES at S* BeBe Ci Ess: The flowers ate fall, and of a gold yellow: they grow in a kind of round clutter at the top of the ftalk, and on long pedicles rifing from the bo= foms of the leaves ; and they are of long conti- nuance, The pods are long, crooked, and indented : they hang from the footftalk in the manner of a rude and ragged head of hair; whence fome have named the plant. It is found on high chalky grounds in many parts of the kingdom, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Ferrum equinum Germanicum Siliquis in fummitate. Others, Ferrum equinum © comofum. Some, Hedyfarum glycyrrhizatum. ' HO Robs GN. SP. BG tak2S manner as thofe from the root, and are of a pale : green colour. : The flowers ftand fingly on flender foctftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves; and they are {mall and yellow. The pod is long, fomewhat crooked, and deeply indented : the feeds are fmall, and crooked, in the fhape of an horfe-/hoe. It is frequent in Italy, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Ferrum equinum filiqua fin- gulari. GENUS 292 GE N U Th BRITISH HERBAL. S XIII. BIRDSFOOT. ORNITHO PODIU™M. HE flower is compofed of four petals, and is of the papilionaceous kind. The vexillum is fmall, and cordated or heart-fafhioned at the top. The ala are oval, and fmaller than the vexil- lum. The carina is very fmall and flatted. The cup is formed of a fingle leaf, divided lightly into five fegments at the edge, and it remains when the flower is fallen. The pod is long, flender, and jointed. Linnzeus places this among the diadelphia decandria; the threads in the flower being ten, in two af-- fortments, nine joining together in a body, and the other fingle. Several flowers are in this genus placed on one receptacle ; and the pods being numerous, and of this fingular form, have fome refemblance to the foot of a fmall bird; whence the name. Linnzus fhortens it, and writes the word ornithopus. DEVILS a ON I. Common Birdsfoot. Ornithopodium filiquis incurvis. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with numerous fibres, with little tubercles often hang- ing to them. The firft leaves are fmall, oblong, narrow. and beautifully pinnated: they are of a pale greyifh green, and fpread themfelves in a regu- Jar manner upon the ground. “ The ftalks rife among thefe; and are nume- rous, weak, and four or five inches high. The leaves on them are numerous, and placed irregularly : they are pinnated in the fame man- ner as thofe from the root, each confifting of twelve or more pairs of very fmall roundifh pin- nz, with an odd one at the end. DIVIS1.ON. I FO Flat-podded Birdsfoot. Ornithepodium filiquis compreffis. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with a few fibres. The firft leaves are long, narrow, and very re- ularly pinnated: éach is compofed of ten or twelve pairs of fmall pinnae, which are of an oval form, fharp-pointed, of a pale green co- lour, and a little hairy. The ftalks are numerous, weak, and low: they are divided into a few branches, and are of a pale green, G E Ne @ BRITISH SPECIES, The flowers are fmall, and variegated with purple, white, and yellow: they ftand in clufters on little footftalks, and have a pretty appear- ance. The pods are long, flender, and jointed, a little crooked, and of a pale green: they very much refemble in the clufter the foot of a {mall bird. _ It is commonin dry, hilly paftures, and flowers in June. Hyde-park abounds with it. C.Bauhine calls it Ornithopodium minus; and he defcribes a variety of it fomewhat larger, un- der the name of Oruithopodium majus. Mott of the common writers are guilty of the fame error: the plant is the fame, only more.or lefs nou! rifhed. ! R°E 1G NS Pree TES; The leaves on thefe perfe€tly refemble thofe from the root, and are of the fame pale green. The flowers ftand on long footftalks one or two on each ; and they are fmall and yellow. The pods are long, flender, and crooked ; and they are of a,dufky colour, and rough on the fur- face. The feeds are {mall and brown. It is common in Italy, and flowers in Au- gut. C. Bauhine calls it Orxithopodio affinis hirfuta Scorpioides. Others, Scorpioides leguminofa. S XIV. PODDED MILKW ORT. Ga Leg Ue Xt THE flower is compofed of four petals, and is of the papilionaceous form, The vexillum is up- right, nipped at the top, oblong, and turned back at the edges, The ale are of an oblong form, and fmaller than the vexillum. The carina is nipped at the end, and is of the fame length with the ale. fmalleft on the lower fide. The cup is formed of a fingle piece, divided lightly into five fegments, which are The pod is fhort, and heart-fafhioned. Linnzus places this among the diadelphia decandria ; the threads in the flower being ten, in two di- vifions, nine in one, and a fingle one in the other. This author joins ic to the aftragalus, as of the fame genus: but they differ obvioufly; the pods of the affragalus being oblong and obtufe, and that of the glaux fhort and pointed. DIVI- chinated Liquorice. | =i yi > y pf) : ne ae AX \ ™ ‘ ; : 7 1 & Single podded ' i : avferhoe Vetch’ Ep. ge \ GON. ght ae Se . BEE S Commen Vocks. Vigted Harfitiged etch = | Coren Budge is Liguaur fetoh ee J { ene teers ies | ape oe =| ae see fe '€ ta oe The BRITESH GER BAL 293. DIVEST OfN oT 1. Liquorice Vetch. Glaux procumbens filiquis majoribus. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalks are numerous, and of a pale green: they fpread themfelves in a circular manner, and do not rife much above the ground. The leaves are very large, pinnated, and of a pale green: each is compofed of five or fix pairs of larger oval pinnz, with an odd one at the end ; and they are fharp pointed. 4 The flowers grow on footftalks rifing in the bofoms of the leaves, and are of a pale yellow. The feed-veffels are long, flender, and grow feveral in a clufter: they are of a brown colour, and contain numerous feeds. It is common in thickets at the foot of hills, nd flowers in Auguft. C.Bauhine calls it Glycyrrhiza fylveftris flori- bus luteo pailefcentibus. Others, Glaux legumi- nofa, and Aftragalus luteus. DIVISION IL Spanifh Milkwort. Glaux capitulis imbricatis. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with a few fibres. The firft leaves are numerous, and beautifully pinnated: they are compofed each of ten op twelve pairs of fmall oval pinnz, with an odd one at the end. The ftalks rife among thefe; and are nume- rous, fmall, and not much branched: they are fix or eight inches in length, but ufually lie in part upon the ground. Gin BN Us FOREIGN BER IE ele SeHeetS ‘Pa eOulsass 2. Little Purple Glaux, 7 . 5 Glaux ex1IZuad incana purpurea. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with a few fmall fibres, The ftalks are numerous, weak, and four inches long. ‘The leaves are placed irregularly on them, and are long and pinnated : each is compofed of fix or eight pairs of pinnz; which are fmall, fhort, and hairy, and of a pale green colour ; and there ftands an odd one at the end. _ The flowers are placed in clufters on flender footftalks ; and they are of a bright purple. The feed-veffels are fhort and {welled, It is found in dry, hilly paftures, and flowers in July. : Ray calls it Glaux exigua purpurea montana nof- tras. There is an opinion that thefe plants encreafe milk in the breafts of nurfes ; but it is not fup- ported on any good authority. S°P.EsC gbys: The leaves on thefe are numerous, and placed irregularly : they are pinnated in the fame man- ner as thofe from the root, and are of a pale green. The flowers are placed in thick, oval heads upon the ftalks : they are fmall and yellow. The feed-veffel is fhort, and the feeds are fmall, ‘ It is frequent in Spain and Italy, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Ciceri fplveftri minori affinis. Others, Glaux Hifpanica, and Glaux Diofcoridis. XV. “COCKSHEAD. OsaNs O WB GR LOCH” FS, "THE flower is compofed of four petals, and is of the papilionaceous kind. The vexillum is ob- long, comprefled, reflex, and dented at the end. The alz are extremely fhort, ftrait, and narrow. The carina is fhort, compreffed, and fplit along the bottom. The cup is formed of a fingle leaf, divided into five pointed fegments, and remains when the flower is fallen. The pod is fhort, and confifts only of a fingle cell. Linnzus places this among the diadelpbia decandria ; the threads in the flower being ten, and formed into two affortments, nine in one body, and a fingle one feparate from them. He joins this with the Aedyfarum, not allowing it to be a diftin& genus, But the pods fhew a ma- nifeft generical difference ; thofe of the bedyfarum being compofed of feveral joints, and this of the onobrychis being fingle. DIVISION IL Common Cock fhead. Onobrychis vulgaris, The root is long: it penetrates very deep into the earth, and is furnifhed with numerous fibres. Ne XXX. B URES: iS PPE Cueh ss; The ftalks are round, ftriated, of a pale green, weak, and a foot and a half high. The leaves are regularly pinnated: each is compofed of fix or eight pairs of pinne, with an odd one at the end; and thefe are oblong, nar- row, fharp-pointed, and of a frefh green. 4F Fhe 2 O4 The Be Rdg] br Se His pie Be Re Baap The, Bowers ftand in 4 kind of fpikes, on Jong, lender footltalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves ; and they are large and red. The pods are fhort and crefted; fo that they refemble in fome degree a cocks comb; whence the plant has its name. The feeds are large and. brown. Tt is found wild in dry, hilly paftures, and flowers in Auguft. ‘ C, Bauhine calls it Onobrychis foltis vicie Srugiu echinato maori. It is fown in fields for the food of cattle, in the DTV Sel ON IE Prickly-headed Cock {comb. Qnobrychis filiquis echinatis magnis. The root is flender and white, long, and fur- nifhed with a few fibres. The firft leaves are pinnated in a reoular man- ner: cach confifts of eight or ten pairs.of nar- ‘row, pointed pinnz upon amiddle rib: and there is an odd one at the end: their colour is a pale green. The flalks are numerous, weak, and of a FOREIGN manner of clover: and it anfwers the farmer’s purpofe much better. Nothing is a greater im- provement in the modern hufbandry than the in- troducing of this plant. We-received the feeds from France, where it has been long ufed; and now it is once upon a footing in our country, it will not lofe its place again. It is wonderful the ufe of it fhould have been fo long either unknowa or neglected among us.. It has been famous for the fame purpofe thefe two thoufand years: the Greeks cultivated it; and, from its caufing plenty of milk in their cows, called it polygalon, SPECIES. whitifh colour: they often trail upon the ground, and feldom rife to more than ten inches high, The flowers ftand at the tops in great clufters, and are of a pale red. $0 The feed-veffel is large and prickly, and con- tains a fingle large kidney-fhaped feed. It is a native of the fouth of France, and flowers in Auguft. It is found near the fea- coafts. C. Bavhine calls it Onobrychis frufiu echinato minor. Ry. ES Foreran GENERA. Tho of which there is no f{pecies naturally wild in this country. GO SEN Ue a asthe HATCHET VETCH. HEDYSARUM. IIE flower is of the papilionaceous form, in the outer part ; and it is, as it were, a fingle piece, and is divided into five fegments : and they remain when the flower is fallen. chaia. Ws bic threads in the ower being divided into The vexillum is long and compreffed, and it is nipped at the end. The alz are long and ftrait,, The carina is ftrait, compreffed, and broadeft cut off, and {plit a part of its length. The cup is formed of thefe are long, ‘The feed-veffel is of an oblong form, and is compofed of feveral joints, hung together in the manner of a Linneus places this among the diadelphia decan narrow, ftrait, and fharp-pointed ; two affortments, nine in one, and a fingle one for the other, He joins this and the onobrychis, as we have obferved, under one head: but the diftin@ion is ob_ vious and great 5 the feed-veffel of the onobrychis bein feed, and that of the bedy/arum being compofed of feveral feeds. Where the diftinGtions are thus certain rendered eafy by the number of thofe diftinGions. As we have no proper Englith name for this genus, Latin one hedyfarum. two words, it is wrong for a generical diftinétion. French Honeyfuckle. Hedyfarum filiquis articulatis rugofis. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with yumerous fibres. The firft leaves are large, long, and pinnated : they are compofed each of five or fix pairs of pin- g but a fingle piece, and containing only a fingle many fuch pieces linked together, and containing » it is very wrong to confound the genera, for the {cience is the beft method will be always to ufe the We have added the common received Englifh term; but, being compofed of nz ; which are large, broad, and of a dufky green, and have an odd one of like figure at the end. The ftalks are numerous, upright, and of a pale green: they are not much branched, “and are of a tough fubftance. : : ‘The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the root; but they are of a pale and yellowith green, : The Th BRITISH HERBAL. Ba 205 The flowers ftand in long, thick fpikes at the tops of the ftalks and branches ;/and are mode: rately large, and very beautiful; their colour is a bright red, and, they have ftreaks. of a pale or fiefhy ting. The whole is glofly, like po- Jithed coral; and the mixture of colour bears fome refemblance to that of the juice and feeds of a freth-opened ripe pomegranate, Gr ay Te is a native of the warm and flowers in June. G Bauhine calls it Oncbrychis femine clypeato afpero mejor. Others, Hedyfarum clypeatum. Our Englith name.is very injudicious ; but being that by which it is commonly known in gardens; we have preferved it. It would be better to call it The great fearlet bedyfarum, parts of Europe, Use oll PUPP TN eRe Let? od ie GAS. MreHE fower is papilionaceous, The vexillum is of a roundifh, and fomewhat heart=fathi ftruéture, and has the edges compreffed and turned back. Rareatalbioned The alee are of an oval fhape, and nearly of the length of the vexillum; and they converge in the lower part. The carina is divided or fplit at the bottom, and is of ahooked fhape: it is undivided at the end, and is of the length of the ala, but narrower. The cup is formed of a fingle piece, pod is large, long, and fomewhat flatted; and it contains feveral large roundifh feeds, are formed like the fingers of a hand, b Beek Common Lupine, Lupinus vulgaris caulibus ramofis. The root is long, flender, white, and fur- nifhed with a few fibres. The firft leaves rife in fmall clufters; and aré of the fingered fhape, each being compofed of about feven’ parts regularly expanded: they aré placed on long footftalks, and are of a dufky green. The ftalk is round, upright, frm, hairy, of a whitifh colour, and confiderably branched : it is three feet high. ‘ The kaves upon this refemble thofe from the root, but they are fitialler: each is compofed of about feven narrow parts; and the colour is a pale green. ¥ The flowers are numerous and large: they ~ ftand feveral together on fhort footftalks rifing Their colour is |, from the bofoms of the leaves. naturally whites but the skill of our gardeners has variegated it in many ways. We fee ftriped flowers and double flowers in this fpecies, The feed-veffels are long and large; and the feeds are broad, and fomewhat flatted. - It is a native of Spain; whence it has been us with this number of beautiful varieties. Ic flowers in July. i A C. Bauhine calls ic Lapinus fativus fleré albo. 2. Blue Lupine. A Lupinus flore majore ceruleo. The root is long, white, thick, and furnifhed with feveral confiderabie fibres. The firit leaves are numerous; and. they are placed on long, flender footttalks: they are com- pofed each of five parts, fpread in the manner of fingers; and thefe are oblong, narrow, wide afunder, and of a pale green. The flalk is upright, round, and of a pale gteen: it is not much branched, and is two feet and a half high. The leaves on this refemble thofe from the root ; but they are fmaller, and of a paler green. The flowers are placed on long foorftalks rifing | lior. and is divided only into two fegments, The The leaves from the bofoins of the leaves, and in a kind of fpikes, fix or more growing in a double feries on each footftalk : they are-large; and of a beauti- ful blue: ; Naturally the colour is fimple and unmixed, but art has rendered the Aower double and ftriped; and we frequently fee it very beautiful in our gar- dens, It is a native of the fouth of France; where it flowers in their corn-fields in July and Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Lupinus fylveftris flore. ée+ ruleo. Others, Lupinus flore ceruleo majore, Our | people, the Blwe lupine. 3- Small-Aowered Blue Lupine, Lupinus anguptifolius flore minore ceruleo, ~The root is compofed of a long body, and in- numerable fine fibres. The ftalk is flender, upright; of a pale green, anda yard high. The leaves are placed on long footftalks; and each is compofed of five or fix patts, which are flender, fharp-pointed, and of a bluifh green. The flowers ftand three or four together, in a brouglit into our Gardens, and has there furnithed kind of loofe fpikes, on long footftalks, rifing from the bofoms of the leaves ; and they are ‘fmall, and of a deep blue, inclining to purple. This is their natural colour ; but, like the others; they admit great Variation from culture. The pods are long and large, : It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July. Ray calls it Lupinus anguftifolius ceruleus ela+ Others, Lupinus flore parvo ceruleo, and Lupinus procerior ceruleus: 4. Yellow Lupine. Lupinis flore luteo. The root is compofed of numerous fpreading fibres. : . The ftalk is round; upright; of a brownifh colour, foft; hairy, and near a yard high. The leaves are placed on long footftalks ; and each is compofed of about nine parts, fpread in the manner of fingers, and of a yellowith green. The flowers are placed on. long footftalks in a kind. 296 The B RekeThS, Ht Heb RB eA-L. kind of fpikes; and. they are large and yellow, | and long fibres, which run under the furface of and of a very fweet fmell. the ground, and fend up clufters of leaves and The feed -veffels are large, and the feeds fomewhat | ftalks in different places. The colour of thefe flat, andclouded or fpotted with a variety of colours. fibres is redifh ; and they fpread vaftly, and It is a native of Sicily, and is found moft fre. | Teémain many years. quently near the fea-coaft. » It flowers in Auguft. The leaves are placed on long, flender, yel- C. Bauhine calls it Lupinus folveftris flore luteo. | lowith, hairy footftalks : each is compofed of fe- Others, Lupinus flavus, and Lupinus luteus and | ven or more parts, fpread out like the rays of a we, the Yellow lupine. ftar; and thefe are fhort, broad, rounded at the ends, and of a bluifh green. 5. The Giant Lupine. The ftalk is round, of a pale green, weak, Lupinus maximus birfutus. and about a foot and ahalf long: it does not of- The root is long and thick, and it is furnifhed | ten ftand perfectly erect, but ufually leans or trails with innumerable fibres. a little. The firft leaves are numerous, and very beau- The leaves on this are placed upon long, flen- tiful : they are placed on long foorftalks ; and each | der footflalks; and they refemble thofe from the is compofed of feven or more parts : thefe are ob- | root, but that they are compofed of longer and long, broad, of a beautiful biuifh green, and hairy. | narrower parts. T he ftalk is round, thick, white, and a yard The flowers are fmall and blue; the feed-veftels and a half. high. are long, flender, and whitifh ; and the feeds are The leaves on this refemble thofe from the | fmall and flatted. root, but they are fmaller. It isa native of North America, and flowers in The flowers ftand in fpikes or clufters on fhort Augutt. footftalks ; and are large, and of a beautiful fky-blue. This is their natural colour ; but the induftry of our gardeners. has in this refpect introduced fo much variation, that the plant is fcarce to be known for the fame fpecies, except for its great height/and hairynefs. ‘The feed-veflels are very large, and the feeds MO er Chit Tehennee are large and flatted. 2 It is a native of the Eaft Indies, and flowers in The ripe feeds are in fome places eaten at table ; Augutt : but they have a bitternefs that is unpleafing. C..Bauhine calls it Lupinus peregrinus major, They are good againft worms in children, and Jive villofus cerulens major. Its great height has | 3° for that purpofe beft given as a decoction, got it with us the name of Giant lupine. {weetened with honey. Morifon calls ic Lupinus ceruleus minor perennis Virginianus repens. The common white lupine is cultivated in many parts of Europe, in the manner of our fmall pulfes, for the food of cattle. The frefh plant is cut up for this purpofe about The young fruit entire, infofed i in water, pro- 5. Perennial Lupine. motes the menfes; and the flour of the feeds is Lupinus ceruleus perennis. ufed in cataplafms, and other outward applica- The root is compofed of numerous, flender, | tions. E: Gy HB bse Na 8 IIT. KiiD NE Y BE AN. POH MAS SE EOD UO) HE, flower is papilionaceous. The vexillum is obtufe, and of a heart-like fhape, and has the’ edges turned back. The ala are oval, and have long, flender bottoms. The carina is narrow and twi'ed. The cup is divided into two lips; the upper one of thefe is nicked at the tip, and the lower has three points. The feed-veffel is long and flender ; and the feeds are kidney -fhaped. Linnzus places this among the diadelphia decandria ; the threads in the flower being placed in two affortments, nine in one, and a fingle one in the other ; as in the preceding kind. i. The common white Kidneybean. times purple. Thefe are accidental varieties, the Phafeolus vulgaris. fpecies being in all the fame. The feed-veffel is long and flender; and the The root is oblong, lender, and furnifhed with ‘feeds, when ripe, are kidney-fhaped. many fibres. It is a native of the Eaft Indies, and flowers in The ftalk is round, of a dufky green, weak, July. jointed, and branched : it will trail upon the bis C.Bauhine calls it Siilax bortenfis, five pha- ground unlels fupported. feolus major. We call it the Kidneybean, The white - The leaves are large, and of a dufky green: | kidneybean, and, foolifhly enough, The French three are placed on every footftalk; and they are | dean. broad, and pointed at the ends, Its ufe is for the table; and, when young, and The flowers fland feveral together, and are | eaten moderately, it is very wholefome. When fometimes white, fometimes redifh, and fome- | too old, it is apt to caufe flatulences, 2 ; At Th BRITISH HERBAL, 29 . At fea they eat the dried feeds in the manner of peafe; but this is a coarfe method, occafioned by neceflity. The young pod isthe proper part. 2. Scarlet Kidneybean. Phafeolus flore coccineo major. ‘The root is long, flender, and hung with a great number of fibres. The ftalk is of a pale green, flender, and weak: when fupported it will grow to fix or eicht feet in height ; but otherwife it trails on the ground, and is fhorter. The leaves are placed on long footftalks, and three ftand on each: thefe are long, broad at the bafe, fharp at the point, and of a fine green. ' ae a fe large, and of a bright fcarlet : they ftand in a kind of {pik = ee pikes upon long foot ‘The feed-veffel is large and oblong: the feeds are large and fpotted. It is a native of the Eaft Indies, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Phafeolus Indicus lore cocci- neo; and others follow him. G E Nee U S 1 AVA Bak pS por A 0.G.H RUS. HE flower is papilionaceous. The vexillum is very broad, and nipp’d at the top. The ala aré roundifh, and convergent. The carina is fhort, flatted, and of the fhape of a new moon, The cup is formed of a fingle piece, divided into five fegments. The feed-veffel is long and large, and the feeds are round: they are fixed to the receptacle by a long rim. The leaves are fingle, and have tendrils at the end. . Linneus places this among the diadelphia decandria; the threads being ten, and difpofed as in the preceding genera. This author does not allow the ochrus to be a diftin& genus. He makes it a fpecies of pea; but it is fufficiently diftinguifhed by Nature. There is but one known fpecies of this genus, and it has at all times been judicioufly held diftin& by authors. The Birds-Pea. Qcbras. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with many fibres. ea) The ftalks are numerous, weak, flender, and of a pale green: they lie upon the ground, if not fupported: but, when there are bufhes near, they will run up to two feet and a half in-height. The leaves are of a very fingular fhape and ftruéture : their bafe is leafy, and runs down the ftalk ; from thence they run out broader to the extremity, where they divide into two parts, pro- perly the leaves of the plant, and have tendrils. Gee SON We call the leaves fingle, in conipliance with cuftom; but the fingle part is truly a kind of bafe all the way, on which grow thefe two feparate leaves. The flowers ftand fingly on fhort footftalks in the bofoms of the leaves ; and they are {mall and white. The feed-veffel is long, and the feeds are round. Tt is common wild in the corn-fields of Italy, and in the Greek iflands. It flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Ochrus folio integro capreolos emittente. Others fimply Ochrus, and fome Er- vilia. ; Up 2S..° NV, Tek aN olay cre LE Neo. HE flower is papilionaceous. The vexillum is large, broad, and obtufe. The ala are of the fame form with the vexillum, and about half its bignefs. The carina is very fmall, and fharp- pointed. The cup is divided into five narrow and longifh parts. The feed-veffel is fhort, and the feeds are two in each pod, and they are round. Linnzeus places this among the diadelphia decandria, as the preceding : and he makes the cicer or chich a {pecies of this genus; but they are fufficiently diftinét from the particular form of the chich feed, and always have been called by feparate names. Common Lentil. Lens vulgaris. The root is fmall, longifh, and full of fibres. The ftalks are numerous and weak: they are of a pale green, and lie upon the ground in great part, unlefs they meet with buthes or fticks for fupport. N® 30. 5 The leaves are long, narrow, and beautifully pinnated: each is compofed of feveral pairs of fhort, oval pinnze, with a tendril inftead of an odd leaf at the end. ‘ ‘ The flowers are fmall, and of a faint purple: they grow on long, flender footftalks, rifing from the bofoms of the leaves, two on each. 4G The 298 The pBeRalePel S}He HEIR; ASth The feed-veffel is fhort and thick, and the feeds are roundifh. It is a wild plant in France among corn, and ‘ flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Lens vulgaris, Others, Lens major, and Lens minor; for there is no diffe- G E NiHUee 8 rence between thofe but from accident of cul- ture. Many things have been faid with little reafon on the virtues of Jentils: experience fhews them falfe. We cultivate it for the food of cattle. Vi GRHal y Cie; CAL 05 Gee hee Rs HE flower is papilionaceous. The vexillum is large and roundifh. The ale are fimall and obs T tufe, and the carina is {mall and fharp-pointed. The cup is divided into five narrow fegments, The feed-veffel is fhort and fwelled ; and the feeds are roundifh, but cornered; fo that they are fup- pofed to reprefent the head of a ram. Linnzus places this, as the preceding, among the diadelphia decandria, making it improperly a fpecies of Jentill. Common Chich, Cicer vulgare. The root is long, flender, white, and fur- nifhed with numerous fibres. The ftalks are weak, flender, branched, and of a pale green. ; The leaves are pinnated in a very regular and beautiful manner: each is compofed of four or five pairs of pinnz, with an odd one at the end ; and thefe are fhort, broad, and ferrated at the edges. The flowers ftand fingly on fhort footftalks ri- fing from the bofoms of the leaves ; and they are fall, and of a whitifh or purplifh colour, vary- ing in the degree as chance directs. The feed-veffel is fhort and thick, and the feeds s Gre heaNn- URES are two: thefe are large at one end, fimall at the other, and cornered ; fo that they are fuppofed to refemble a ram’s head: but there muft be fome ftrength of imagination to make out the like- nefs, Itis wild in the corn-fields of Spain, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Cicer fativum. It is celebrated as a promoter of venery, but with no great reafon. The feeds are of the pea kind in nature and qualities, and may be eaten in the fame manner. We raife the plant, among our other improve: , ments of hufbandry, in fields for the food of cattle, It is an excellent herb for that purpofe, and far from exhaufting the land, it mellows it, and pre- pares it for bearing larger crops of corn. VII. G,0,A TS) ROWE GALEGA. HE flower is papilionaceous. ‘The vexillum is large and oval, and at the edges. and it is turned back at the top _ The ale are oblong, and have a kind of appendage at the tips. The carina is ftrait and comprefled, and is oblong, and irregular in fhape. The cup is fhort, tubular, and di- vided into five fegments at the edge. ‘The feed-veffél is long, flender, fharp pointed, and knotted at ~ the places where the feeds lie. The feeds are oblong, and kidney-fhaped. f genera. Common. Goats Rue. Galega vulgaris. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The ftalks are round, upright, branched, of a pale green colour, anda yard high. The leaves are beautifully pinnated, and of a faint green : they are compofed of five or more pairs.of pinne, with an odd one at th&end ; and thefe are long, narrow, and fharp-pointed. The flowers grow in fpikes upon long, flender footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves : ; 8 Linnzus places it among the diadelphia decandria; the threads being difpofed as in the preceding they are fmall, and of a pale blue, ftreaked often with white. ' ' The feed-veffels are very long, flender,and green. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in Augutt. C. Bauhine calls it Galega vulgaris and others ufe the fame name. * Tt was at one time in great efteem as a cordial, -alexipharmic, and fudorific; but ic never de- ferved the praife beftowed upon it, and is now with reafon fallen into neglect. It is an ingre- dient in feveral of the old compofitions of the fhops. GEN Uns Tieh SRETISH 1H ER AT gl G EN U 8 VII. BP? A EOR CVE. T 6 Fy. BOR. BOM, WHE flower is papilionaceous. The vexillum is large, roundith, The alz are fhort and obtufe. divided at the edge into five narrow fegments. a kind of joints by the fwelling of the feeds. The carina is very fhort, and terminates ina point, flat, and lightly turned back: The cup is The fruit is a long, rounded pod, diftinguithed into _ Linnzus places this among the diadelphia decandria ; the threads being difpofed as in all the preceding genera. This genus is generally called orodus; but that name being appropriated to another, it is beft to ufe the other term ervum. Narrow-leaved Bitter Vetch: Ervum foliis anguftis. The root is compofed of many flender fibres. The ftalks are numerous, weak, and trailing, unlefs fupported. The leaves are long and narrow : they are com- pofed of numerous pairs of oblong and flender pinnee, and are of a dufky green. The flowers are large and white: they ftand fingly on long, flender footftalks, rifing from the bofoms of the leaves. i The feed-veffel is long, and appears jointed, {welling out at the places where the feeds lie, It is a native of Italy, and the fouth of France, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Orobus filiquis articulatis flore majore. Others, Qrobus verus, and Orobus re- ceptus herbariorum, : Tt isa difpute whether this be or be not the orobus of fome of the antient writers ; but it is of little confequence, the virtues being too in- Geer Neo Uns confiderable to warrant any great enquiry on that head. 2. Small-flowered Bitter Vetch. Ervum flofeulis minoribus. The foot divides into numerous fibres; and is whitith. - i The ftalks are flender, weak, hollow, of a pale green, and half a yard high. The leaves are large, and of a beautiful green; they are compofed each of fix or more pairs of long and narrow pinne; with an odd one at the end. The flowers are very finall and white: fome- times lightly dafhed with purple. _ They ftand three or four together, on long, flender footftalks. The pods are flender; long, and very deeply divided or jointed by the fwelling of the feeds. The feeds are {mall and cornered. It is a native of France, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Orobus femine obtufo trian- gulo. Others, Cicer orobienm. IX, SECURIDACA. HE flowet is papilionaceous. The vexillum is fhort; of a heart-like fhape, and turned back at the top and fides. The alz are oval, obtufe, and convergent upwards. The carina is flatted, fhort, and pointed. The cup is divided into two principal parts; the upper one is divided again into two, and the lower one into three fegments. the feeds are fquare. The feed-veffel is very long, flender, and flatted, and Linnzeus places this among the diadelpbia decandrias the threads in the flower being ten, and dif- pofed as in the preceding genera, Great yellow Securidaca. Securidaca major flore flavo. The root is divided into many parts, and fur- nifhed with innumerable fibres. The ftalks are numerous, and of a pale green, tough, and branched; and, when properly fup- ported, they will rife to the height of four feet or more. : The leaves are large, and beautifully pianated : each is compofed of fix or eight pairs of pinnz, with an odd one at the end; and thefe are broad, fhort, obtufe, ‘and of a bright green. The flowers are large and yellow : they grow in tufts, four or more together upon the tops of flen- - ‘der footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves, The feed-veffels are long, flender, flatted, and fomewhat hooked. It is common in France and Italy among corn, and flowers in Auguft. ; C. Bauhine calls it Securidaca lutea major. Linneus makes it a fpecies of coronilla. G EON: Urs 300 The BRol DISH Ane R-B Ase GIVE Nw KB X. CATERPILLARS, SCORPIOIDES. THe flower is papilionaceous. The vexillum is of a roundifh form, turned back at the top, and nipped at the extremity. The alz are of an oval form, and have a fmall appendage. The ca- rina is of the form of a crefcent, and is fplit on the lower part. The cup is flatted, formed of a fingle piece, and lightly divided into five fegments. The-feed-veffel is long, rough, and twifted; and the feeds are roundifh. ' Linnzus places it among the diadelpbia decandrias the threads of the flower being ten, and ar- ranged in the fame manner as in the preceding genera. He diflikes the old name /corpioides, and calls it fcorpiurus. Our people call it caterpillars, from the fhape of the pods. Long-leaved Caterpillars. Scorpioides foliis longioribus indivifis. The root is long, fender, yellow, and fur- nifhed with numerous fibres. ; The ftalks are round, weak, of a pale green, and two feet in length, but not perfectly upright, The leaves are oblong and undivided, obtufe at the ends, and not fo much as notched along the edges: they are of a bluith green. The flowers are placed two together on the tops of very long and flender footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves: they are fmall, but of a fine gold yellow. The feed-veffel is hairy, long, flender, and turned or twifted round, and is brown: the feeds are {mall, and alfo brown. It is wild in Spain and Italy, and flowers in. July. C. Bauhine calls it Scorpioides Beupleuri folio! J. Bauhine, Scorpioides filiqua campoide bifpida. Our gardeners, The caterpillar plant. Neither this, nor the generality of the former {pecies, are diftinguifhed by any particular vir- tues. They are of the pulfe kind; and therefore their feeds would be eatable, if larger, and better flavoured. Their fingularity gives them a place in gardens, Th END of tle SEVENTEENTH CLASS, 5 tmallPlowerd blueLiupineD Et / Ny N \ | Ler ennui Lupin co The Guat Liiptii . 0 { plouLipine 4 } 4 : X “( ; )\ Sa { ey | 4 \ 1 Eee ‘ (NVarrvw- 4 4 WN eee pp . Gal litervet be i (¢ OVUH OM Denti 2 ue CONUINOILW G oats Siu oe bs , os ¥, : Small A Vorerdl Great Ucllow-p Lene iz (pron G Leics Mittervctcl 7 Of 5 io OP Ad Eecawitatitce Z hed oe (ET . q es ease! af — aieaysn® Sein ee BRITISH HERBAL, eqcneoeenonsneqnqosonossononeccosoooseseoosnco oes CiierAns| S XVI, Plants whofe flower is papilionaceous ; whofe feed-veffel is a regutar, but Jmall leguminous pod ; and whofe leaves are placed three on each footftalk, difpofition of its threads the fame. 7 For this teafon Linnzeus arranges thefe with the preceding genera under one and the fame clas, the diadelphia decandria. dividing them from the reft only by the mark of a particular fection, This was neceflary according to his method, which does not admit any part of a plant but the flower and fruit into the confideration of a claffical diftinétion.: but in nature the genera are perfectly fepa- rated fromvall others, and kept united together by this fingular charaéter of the leaves growing three together. This is conftant and certain: it does not in all the clafs admit a fingle variation or ex- ception; and it is therefore a proper mark for the diftinétion of a clafs; the fmalinefs of the pod joins ing to cftablith it. et In all the courfe of Nature, when carefully obferved and truly followed, there are found marks of the connection, not.only of the lefler but greater diftinétions : in this cafe the fame method is ob- ferved in that refpect as in others. ) The kidneybean is the genus uniting the leguminous and trifo- liate plants, the leaves in all,the fpecies of that genus grow by threes; and the fecd-veffel is long large, and of the proper leguminous kind, a Ts form and flructure of the flower is the fame in this and in the preceding genus, and the ee ee Te Re rotor or oOo or OT OTOL OT OTOT On OPT OTOTOTCAOTOTOT OTS BE Aaa Lane AEA rat aie ar Se tae Sat a Sa Ta MEE TSP SRF Tae TRF PRP PRP Yat "AR nr nt ne RE TRY VR Wa Pat AFP USE ARE ARE ORY txt TKP IKE Tae RY OH x S: Bio Rod ELS I. Natives of BRITAIN, _ Lhofe of which ‘one or more fpecies are found naturally wild in this country, Gaia BR | ddorngS: oo) ! TREFOIL “Ff RIEOL LUM FIE flower is papilionaceous ; the vexillum is turned backwards; the ale are fhort, and the carina is very fhort, and fomewhat broad. ‘The cup is formed of a fingle piece; and is fmall, tubular, and divided lightly into five fezments at the edges and it remains with the fruit ; as does alfo “in many {pecies the flower. The feed-veliel is a fhort pod, compofed of a fingle valves and the feeds are roundifh and few. TOE Linnzus places this among the djadelpbia decandria, making it of the fame clafs with the pulfe: and he comprehends under the name of this genus almoft’a whole clafs, deftroying the received dif- tin@tions of melilot, hares-foot, bop-trefoil, and many other genera, and making all fpecies. of this one. N® 30. 4H i We 302 The* B Rt A Tel SHH®. HiES RBA Zi We have obferved on preceding occafions, that the placing too many fpecies under one com. mon term or generical name, is making the greateft of all difficulties in the fcience. This is no where fo evident as in the prefent inftance; the fpecies of the trefoil, according to Linnzus, being too numerous for any rational method. : : ; It is plain that author acted from neceffity in this inftance; his method allowing no generical dif- tinétions to be formed upon any part befide the flowers and fruit. But this is the great inconvenience of that method; and indeed it is fo great, that, were there no other reafon, it alone ought to prevail againft the reception of his fyftem. He is obliged to acknowledge, that his generical character of the ¢refoil is imperfect: and he attempts to palliate the imperfection, by obferving, that other authors have fucceeded no better who have taken in the confideration of the leaves: but there is more chance for a certain and diftint character, when thefe are taken to affift in the forming it, than when the flowers are confidered alone. This is what we fhall attempt in the diftinctions of the fucceeding genera. DAIVel Sak Oo Nese: i. Common white Trefoil. Lrifolium pratenfe album, The root is long, flender, and hung with many fibres. The firft leaves are fupported on long, flender footftalks, of a pale green: three leaves grow on each footftalk; and they are of a deep green, broad, fhort, and marked with a white fpot ufually in form of a crefcent in the middle. The ftalks are numerous, fhort, and procum- bent : they divide into branches as they run upon the ground, and fend out in an irregular manner a great many leaves of the fame form and ftruc- ture with the firft, and the ftalks for the flowers among them: thefe are flender, like thofe of the leaves, and of the fame pale green. The flowers are fmall and white; and they ftand a great many together, in a round, thick head. The feed-veffel is fhort, and contains four fmall feeds. : It is common in our meadows and paftures, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Trifolium pratenfe album; and moft pthers ufe the fame name. It varies extremely in dry and barren foils. Some have from this accident made feveral ima- ginary fpecies; and, on the other hand, others have fuppofed this itfelf not diftiné& from the common red trefoil, but only a variety. This is as great an error as the other. The colour of the flower is the leaft diftinétion between them, as will be feen on comparing the defcriptions together. 2. Long-flowered white Trefoil. Lrifolinne album flofculis longioribus paucis. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The firft leaves are placed three together on’ flender footftalks: they are fhort, broad, and dented at the end, or regularly heart-fathioned ; and are of a pale green. The ftalks fpread about the ground: they are numerous, weak, and of a whitifh colour. The ‘leaves on thefe are like thofe from the root: they are alfo of a pale green, and alittle hairy. © The flowers are white: they grow at the ex- tremities of the ftalks, and on pedicles rifing from the bofoms of the leaves : they do not grow in round heads, but only two or three together. The feed-veflels are fhort, and the feeds are few. BR heh S HS Bab Col cbs: It is fingular in this plant, that the feed-veffels frequently hanging fo as to touch the ground, take root: they are fometimes drawn under the furface, or detained fo clofe to it, that duft falls over them, and buries them. In this condition the feeds grow beft of all, and fpeedily furnith abundance of new plants. The natural fize of the plant is not larger than the leaft of the bop-trefoils, its branches three inches or more in length; but it will fometimes grow much bigger. It is common in dry paftures, and fowers in June. Ray calls it Trifolium pumilum fupinum flofealis longis albis. Morifon, rifolum album tricoccum Subterraneum articulatum. Others, Trifolium folli- culos fub terra condens. 3. Yellowith- flowered Trefoil. Trifolium hirfutum majus flore albo-fulpbureo, The root is compofed of~numerous flender: fibres. The firft leaves are placed on long footftalks, three on each; and they are oblong, narrow, of a dufky green, not at all ferrated; but poined at the ends. The ftalks aré numerous, flender, branched, of a yellowifh green, and about a foot high. The leaves on thefe are larger than thofe from the root, otherwife like them; and generally they are bigger toward the top of the plant than on the lower parts of the ftalks. The flowers grow in a long and large clufter, and they are of a very pale yellowifh white. The feed-veffels are fmall, and the feeds are minute and few. We have it in dry paftures not unfrequently, It flowers in June. : ( Ray calls it Trifolium pratenfe birfutum majus Store albo-fulphureo, five ochro leuco. The older writers were not acquainted with ir. fs Common red Trefoil. Trifolium purpureum vulgare. The root is compofed of numerous fibres. The firft leaves are placed on flender footftalks, three on each; and they are broad, fhort, and of a deep green. The ftalks are numerous, and of a pale green: they are flender, branched, and eight or ten inches in length; but they ufvally trail in part upon the ground, The \ The BRITISH HERBAL 393 The leaves on thefe are like thofe from the root, but of a frefher green. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and branches in thick, longith heads; and they are of a bright red. The feed-veffel is fhort, and the feeds are few and roundifh. It is common in our meadows and paftures, and flowers in June. C.Bauhine calls it Lrifolium pratenfe purpureum ; and moft others follow him. This fpecies, when fown in a favourable man- ner, yields what we call clover; the plant itfelf therefore is properly a wild clover. Mr. Ray diftinguifhes the clover of our cultivated land as a different fpecies ; but it is no other way different than as a plantimproved by culture always is from the fame in a wild ftate. 5. Little heart-leaved red Trefoil. Trifolium parvum foltis cordatis flore rubente. The root is compofed of a few flender fibres, joined to a fmall oblong head. The firft leaves are few and fmall: they ftand on long footftalks, three on each; and they are oblong, and heart-fafhioned: they are of a pale green, and lightly hairy. The ftalk is flender, upright, of a pale green, fiightly hairy, and five or fix inches high. The leaves on this are finall; and they are placed on long, flender footftalks, three on each: they perfectly refemble thofe from the root in fhape and colour; and it is fingular, that to- ward the top of the ftalk they ufually grow in pairs. The flowers are large, and of a pale red: they ftand in oblong heads, upon weak feotftalks, ufually one head on each plant. The feed-veffels are fmall, and the feeds are brown. It is not uncommon in dry paftures, and flowers in June. Ray calls it Irifolium pratenfe purpureum minus foltis cordatis. 6. Long-leaved purple Trefoil. Trifolium foliis longioribus floribus purpureis. The root is compofed of a few thick fibres. The firft leaves are fupported on fhort foot- ftalks: and they are oblong, broad, obtufe, and of a deep green. The ftalks are round, weak, jointed, and a‘ foot or more in height. The leaves ftand irregularly on thefe, and re- femble thofe from the root, but that they are longer and narrower: three grow on each foot- ftalk; and they are alfo of a dufky green. The flowers are of a deep purple: they are placed in fhort, thick threads. The feed-veffels are fhort, and the feeds are fmall. We have it not unfrequently on hilly paftures. Tt flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Trifolium ‘montanum purpu- reum majus. J. Bauhine, Trifolium majus fecun. dum Clufit. 7- Smooth teafel-headed Trefoil, Lrifolium frellatum glabrum. The root is long, fender, and furnithed with many fibres, The ftalks are numerous, round, fmall, and tolerably eredt : they are not much branched and they are eight inches hich, : “ The ae ftand on fhort, flender footftalks fee on each; and they are s tharp-pointed, and of a duty aed ie The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in oblong heads, refembling in fome degree thofe of the common teafel : they are fmall and red and they open more than thofe of any of the ottier kinds at the end; whence the plant has obtained the name of fharry trefoil, We have it in dry fandy places, the fea. It flowers in July. Ray calls it Trifolium fellatum glabrum, Others Trifolium capitulis dipfaci; a name much more expreffive. elpecially near 8. Soft-headed Trefoil. Trifolium hirfutum capitulis mollioribus rubentibus. The root is compofed of a number of fmall fibres, connected to a little head. The firft leaves are placed on long footftalks three on each; and they are broad, and tere: fafhioned; of a pale green, and a little hairy. The ftalks are numerous, weak, flender, and a foot high, The leaves on the lower part of thefe refemble thofe from the root; but thofe on the upper part are longer and narrower, and of a paler green, The flowers are fmall, and of a very pale red : they ftand in longifh tufts at the tops of the ftalks and branches ; and there generally are fome leaves juft under them. The feed-veffels are fmall, but the feeds are large. E It is found in dry, barren paftures, and flowers | in July. Ray calls it Trifolium parvum birfutum Hioribus parvis dilute purpureis in glomerulis mollioribus &3 oblongis, Jemine magne, ' 9, Round-knoted Trefoil. Trifolium glomerulis ad caulium nodos rotundis, The root is compofed of numerous, long, and flender fibres, connected to a {mall head, The ftalks are numerous, round, weak, jointed, and of a pale green: they are eight or ten inches in length, and they lie in great part upon the ground. The leaves ftand on flender footftalks, three on each ; and they are fmall, broad, and dented at the edges; and are of a faint yellowith green. The flowers ftand in little foft heads at the in- fertions of the leaves, and are of a very pale red, The heads have no footftalks, but ftand clofe to the ftalk. The feed-vefiels are {mall, and the feeds few and brown. It is common in hilly paftures, and flowers in June. Ray calls it Trifolium cum glomerulis ad caulium nodos rotundis. Others, Trifolium nediflorum. to. Long- 304 ‘The 10. Long-knotted Frefoil. Trifolitm glomeralis efperis oblongis. The root is fmall and fibrous. The ftalks are weak, {preading, and‘of a pale green. ; The fiowers-are fmall, and of a very faint red the heads are ‘placed on Tong, «lender footftalks) ” and fomewhat.refemble ‘f{traw berries. We have it in damp places. It fowers in July, Ray calls it Trifolium fragiferum Maer gs purpu- veum folio oblongo. fpreading, and: furnithed Allthefe#refoils are of ‘the fame qualities. They are very wholefome food for Sale Suber Gal Es; high : itis ‘blackifh toward ‘the: bottom, and! pal or “greenith i in the upper’ part. The leaves on‘this ‘are -placed in itatbes)! but they are longer and narrower than thofe from the root: they are of ‘a bright green ; “and, when touched, they are found clammy 3 and they have a very ftrong and\difagreeable fmell. The fHowers ftand in loofe tufts-at‘the tops of the ftalks, and are of a beautiful violet colour. The feed-veffels are fhort, and contain a few brown feeds. It is frequent in the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Trifolium bitumen vredolens. Others, Trifolium bituminofum. It is celebrated againft ‘venomous bites, and in malignant fevers. ‘An oil drawn from its'feeds has “been ‘alfo in early times famous in’ paralytic’complaints. 3. Long-fpiked, purple Trefoil. © Trifolium purpureum Spica longiore rubente. The toot is long, thick, ‘and’furnified Oe, many fibres. The leaves rife ina thick tuft, ‘and are: placed by threes upon fhort footftalks: they are long, narrow, and of a deep green, and very eahlarly notched at the edges. The ftalk is two feet high, firm, upright, branched, and of a pale green: the leaves on this are | gis = cesta ® Je i oe a he ya | EZ the mig “A Ae vd V2. re Ce yee , ey, . oy; leav; hoped TLOOL | ie. Aaa | : Aichiey (i a Trofeo 2: ee ee ipl? WVAW A. a | Spy ye | me x Gpratveal di Caled : th te Trg L Drifotl- \ J \ WY A Lull, i \ tara : Ce \ f § ay ° is 3 ; : \ | ay The BUR TITY sie BIBI RIB A 3&3 der pedicles rifing from the bofoms of the leaves. The feed-vefféls ate ftiiall and twifted. It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in May. All authors call it Medica fativa, and Fenun Burgundicum. The name /ucérne, now applied to this plants was at one time given by the French to the cock{- head, and its former name faintfoin was given to this. . There is no faying which is right, for both are arbitrary ; and it is not eafy to difcover which was the original application. The antients were very fond of this plant as fodder for their cattle. We, iead with aftonith- ment the pains they beftowéd upon its culture. From the antient the knowledge travelled to the modern Italy, and thence to Ftance and Flanders: of very late years we have got into the ufe of it in England ; and it is one of the greateft of the modern improvements in hufbandty. It is a rich and excellent food for all kinds of cattle. The common wild.medicas poflefs in geneial the fame qualities, but in an inferior degree. They enrich paftures wherein they grow; and a good ufe might be made of them, by fcattering the feeds among the grafs in grounds not very fertile. 2, Snail-Trefoil. Medica fruciu cochleato levi. The foot is long, flender; and furnifhéd with humerous fibres. The firft leaves are placed on fmall foot- ftalks, and grow, as in the others, three on each : they are oblong, moderately broad, fharp-pointed, ferrated at the edges; and of a livély green. The ftalks are numerous; flender; branched, a foot or more in length; but not very upright, The flowers ftand on flender footftalks tifing from the bofoms of the leaves, and they are yel- low. ; The feed-veffel is very large, fitiooth, of 4 pale green, and twifted in the manner of a {nail; The feeds are few and large. : It is a native of Italy. We fow it in gardens for the fingularity of the fruic. . C. Bauhine calls it Trifolitm cochleatum frufin rotundiore. 3. Caterpillar-Trefoil. Meilica frifin convoluto afperd. The root is long, flender, and hung with inany fibres. The ftalks are numerous, weak, flender, branched, and a foot or mote in length. The leaves ftand thick upon them, three at each joint, on a long, flender footftalk : they are fhort, broad, obtufe, and of a fomewhat oval form, but inverted; or with the fmaller part below. N° 34. The flowers are little and yellow. . The feed -vefféls are large, twirled about, and tough ; fo that they have the appedrance of 4 Steen, hairy caterpillar rolled up., Ic is a native of the Eaft; and of the warmer patts of Kurope. We keep it in gardens. C. Bauhine calls it Trifolitm fruéu comprefje Jpinis horrido. From this and the former fp of our gardeners has raifed rieties, which have been diftingt. fpecies, but Linneus is j fide. He rightly te ecies the induftry a vaft many va- defcribed by many ag This is the common error : n the extremé on the other trenches many ; but he makes both thefe and the common wild kind the faine fpecies. This is plainly an etror; becaufé the form of the leaves, as well as the fruit, differ; 4. Moon-Tiefoil; Medica Jfiliquis: lunatis, The root is long and fender, and has very few fibres. ‘ The ftalks are numerous, weak, and of a pale green: they are a foot high, and branched. The leaves have long, flender pedicles ; three ftand on éach: they are oblong, broad; dented, and of 4 fine green. The flowers are finall and yellow: they ftand on fhort; fmall footftalks in the bofoms of the leaves, : : The feed-veffel is broad, flat, and notched at the edges : it is turned round; fo that it repre- fents a new mooh. The feeds are few and brown: It is found about the edges of vineyards in Italy. ; : : C. Bauhine calls it Trifolium Jiliqta foliata: Others; Trifolium lunatum. — 5. Stubby Moon-Tiefoil. Medica filiqnis hinatis fritefcens, The root is woody; long, divided, and fptead: ing. The ftem alfo is woody, tough; and very much branched : the trunk is covered with a grey barks but the twigs are green or greyith. The leaves ftand on long footftalks,; three upon each : they are oblong, obtufe, and largeft at the ends; and are of a greyifh green. ‘ The flowers grow three together ufually on flender footftalks; and they are fmall and yellow; The feed-veffel is flat, and turned round in form of a ctefcent ; but it is fmooth on the edge, not nicked as the preceding, The feeds are large, angulated, and brown. It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in Auguft. Authors have miftaken its proper genus : they have in general ranged it among the cytifi. C. Bauhine calls it Oytifus incanus Siliquis foliatis, Lobel, Cytifus maranta ; a name copied by moft others. 4L GENUS 314 Th BRITISH HERBAL. By NT Ui 38 IX. BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL. G OU Teo” S. HE flower is papilionaceous. ‘The vexillum is roundifh, and bends downward; and it has a long, hollow bottom. The ala are fhort, broad, obtufe, and converge upwards. The cam rina is rounded below, clofed above, fhort, fharp-pointed, and turned upwards. The cup is formed of a fingle piece: it is hollow, and is divided into five regular fegments. The feed-veffel is long and flender, and the feeds are numerous and. roundifh. The leaves ftand three on each footftalk, as in the preceding genera; but there are alfo two {mall ones on the ftalk, at the infertion of the footftalk of the others. Linnaeus places this among the diadelpbia decandria ; the threads of the flower being ten, in two affortments. Dil V2 1SeleOuNe tick cafes, though not known in the fhops, or ufed in the modern practice. The beft method of giving it isin the juice preffed out, when ic has been bruifed, with white wine. This works powerfully by urine, brings away gravel, and cleanfes the paffages in a furprifing manner. It is alfo excellent againt obftructions of the menfes, taken in the fame way, but in f{maller dofes, for a continuance of time. A fyrup made of it with honey is fervice- able in afthmas, and all obftructions of the breaft. The young fhoots, eaten in the manner of afpa- ragus, are very pleafant, and work powerfully by: urine. The bruifed root, applied externally, has done fervice in paralytick cafes. This I write from ex- perience ; nor was it unknown of the plant to the earlier writers; though it has unhappily of later time been difufed. REIGN: S PE Gilebss; they are broad, fhort, and divided into three parts. Their colour is a deep, dead green. The flowers are fmall and greenifh. The berries are large and Teds It is a native of He Greek iflands, mtd flowers in July. Tournefort calls it Tamuus Cretica trifidofolio. Gr Ee Nib Ss The BaR@l TU SiH: EE IRB Aad) GE N: ¢ UgerS III. HERB-CHRISTOPHER. CHRISTOPHORIANA. a [ ‘HE flower is compofed of four petals; of a fingular angulated form, and large. formed of four chaffy leaves ; which are fmall, obtufe, and hollow ; The cup is and they fall with the flower. The fruit is a berry, of a roundifh fhape, with a furrow on it. The feeds are numerous, and femicircular. Linnzus feparates this from all the other berry-bearing plants, and places it among the polyandria monogynia ; the ftamina being numerous, and fixed to the receptacle; and the ftyle from the rudi- ment of the fruit fingle. This author diflikes the received name chriftophoriana, and calls the genus aéfea. DIVISION L Common Herb-Chriftopher. ' Chriftopboriana vulgaris. The root is long and thick, black on the out- fide, yellow within, and of a difagreeable tafte. The firft leaves are large, and divided by threes into a great many parts ; fo that they refemble at the firft fight thofe of fome of the umbelliferous plants : they are of a dufky green, and of a glofly furface. The ftalk is round, green, upright, branched, and a yard high. \ The leaves on this refemble thofe from the root : they are very large, and their feparate parts are broad, ferrated, and have alfo a kind of trifid divifion. DIVISION IL 1. Tall American Herb-Chriftopher. Chriftophoriana Americana procerior. The root is long, thick, and of a dark brown. The ftalks are numerous, upright, firm, and of a pale green: they are of a firm fubftance, and five feet high. The leaves have the fame trifid divifion with thofe of the common kind; but they are larger, of a deep green, and fharply ferrated. : The flowers ftand in very long and beautiful {pikes at the tops of the ftalks = they are fimall and white. _ ; The berries are black and roundith, It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in Au- guft. Dillenius calls it Chriftophoriana Americana pro- certor & longius fpicata, Gi astiercaN. > Uy ate BR JtetsseH SPECIES, The flowers are fmall and white : they ftand in clufters upon flender footftalks, forming a kind of f{pike. The berries are large, of a roundifh, but fome- what oblong figure, and black, age It is found in woods in our northern counties. It flowers in July, and the berries are ripe in Auguft, Ray calls it Chriftophoriana. Others, Chrifto- phoriana vulgaris, and Afea. In Englith we call it Herb-Chriftopher ; and, from its poifonous qua- lities, Bane-berry, ; The’ berries have been fatal to children who have been tempted by their gloffy black to eat them. They have died convulfed. FOREIGN SPECIES. 2. Red-berried Herb-Chriftopher. Chriftephoriana baccis rubris, The root is long and fender. The firft leaves are numerous, and very large: they are divided by threes into feveral fhort, broad fegments, and thefe are ferrated and fharp- pointed, The ftalk is fingle, upright, branched, and ‘four feet high. The leaves on this refemble thofe from the root, and are of a very dark green colour. The flowers ftand in long and thick fpikes: they are {mall and white, The berries are red. It is a native of the northern parts of Europe, and of America, and flowers in Auguft. The berries are fometimes white. Morifon calls it Chriftophoriana Americana ra : cemofa baccis niveis F rubris. IV, SOLOMON’S sEaq. POLYGONATUM HE flower is formed of a fingle petal divided into fix fegments at the edge. within into three cells, in each of which the 3 and is oblong, hollow, and of a bell-like thape, and is There is no cup. The berry is round, and divided Te 1s a fingle roundith feed ; and, before the berry is Tipe, it is fpotted. The leaves are narrow, and of a firm fubftance, Linnzus The BRITISH HERBAL. thence} 321 Linneus places this among the hexandria monogynia; the threads in the fower being fix, and the 2 ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. By this arrangement he feparates it from moft others of the fame kind { i ‘ x s nd b laffes ; an ori of ae oppofite kind, in refpect of the lefier divifion of genera, he j eatin aes peat Hy lilly of the valley, taking away the received name polygonatum, and c th : z the name he ufes inftead of the old term //lium convallium. alling all the fpecies convallarias The whole habit and general face of the plant diftinguihh it from the lilly of : pera ae Bt ok ok dkcelosveats th F alfo confirms this as a generical diftinétion ; being in the So/cmon’s feal ablons; ind ete pores valley globular: DIVISION IL i. Common Solomon’s Seal. Polygonatum vulgare: The root is thick, and fpreads under the fur- face. : ; The ftalk is fingle, round, and tolerably up- fight; but that it generally toward the top ftoops a little: it is not at all branched; its height is a foot and half, and the leaves and flowers on it are difpofed with great regularity. The leaves are oblong, broad, of a beautiful green, of a firm fubftance, and marked with large ribs, all running lengthwife: thefe generally grow on one fide of the ftalk, and the flowers on the other. > The flowers are fmall, whitifh, with a tinge of green on the edge; and they have a little fmell : they grow two or three together on long, flender footftalks, which rife from the boforns of the leaves; and they hang down in a continued feries. The berries are large; and; when ripe, they are red; but birds are fond of them, fo that they are rarely feen in this flate: before that time they are green and fpotted. We have it in fome woods in the north of Eng- jand; but it is not common. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Polygonatum latifolium vul- gare, Others, Sigilluim Solomonis. The root is greatly efteemed as an external re- medy for bruifes: Internally taken, it is a,very powerful reftrin- gent. Iris good againft {pitting of blood, and has been known to cure that troublefome diforder the fluor albus. The beft way of taking it is in form of aconferve, beating up the frefh root with | fugar. "The colour of the berries varies in this fpecies ; fometimes they are only of a bluifh green when ripe; and fometimes they are of a deep glofly black. ; 2, Large-flowered Solomon’s Seal. Polygonatum flore majore. The root is large, ard runs obliquely and ir- regularly under the furface. ; The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and robutt, but not fo tall as in the common kind : it rarely exceeds a foot in height, and it does not droop as that of the common kind toward the top. "Fhe leaves are very broad, oblong, thick, of a deep fhining green, and marked with very thick and robuft veins, running all lengthwife. The flowers rife from the bofoms of the leaves, and hang all on one fide of the ftalk: they are larger than in the other, and of a pure white : N° 32. BRITISH SPECIES, two or three hang in a clufter from the bofom of each leaf; but every one of thefe has its feparate footftalk. They have a very fragrant fimell, like that of the hawthorn-flower. ; ' The berries are gréenifh, and fpotted for a lone time; but, when ripe, they are black. We have it in fome of ovr woods in the nor- thern counties; but it is fcarce. It flowers. in June, but: the berries are not ripe till about Au- guft. é C. Bauhine calls it Pohgonatum latifolium flore majore odoro. Linneus fuppofes it only a variety of the former ; but it is altogether diftin&. 3. Dwarf Solomon’s Sedl. Polygonatum bumile anguftiore folio: The root is thick, oblong, and white: it runs beneath the furface, and has numerous fibres. The ftalk is upright, of a pale green; not at all branched, and eight inches high. ' The leaves are oblong and narrow: they are of a yellowifh green, fharp-pointed, and full of thick ribs: The flowers grow. three on each footftalk, hang- ing from the bofoms of the leaves ; and they AG fmall, oblong,. and greenifh. . The berries; when ripe, are blue. It is found in mountainous woods in our nor- thern counties. It flowers in July. Ray calls it Polygonatum bumile Anglium. It is a perfectly diftin&t fpecies from the others; though fome have doubted it. ’ A: Gredt-léavved Solomon’s Seal. Polygonatum hellebori albi folio. The root is thick and white. The ftalk is firm, upright, not at all brafiched, and of a deep red. The leaves ftdnd on one fide of the ftalk, as in the common kind ; and they are very large : they aré broad, fharp-pointed, marked with thick ribs, and of a deep green. The flowets hang on long footftalks from the bofoms of thé leaves: théy are fmall and white ; and there ufually are two on each ftalk. The berries are large ; and, when they are ripe, of a beautiful bright red. It is found in our weftern counties, and flowers in Augui. Ray calls it Polygonatum hellebori albi folio caule purpurafcente. : -) : The flowers of this have no fmell. 4N DIVI- The BRITISH HERBAL. DAV TS OLN I 1. Branched Sclomon’s Seal. Polygonatum ramofum. The root is compofed of a vaft number of thick fibres, connected to a {mall head. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and branched, and is two feet and a half high. The leaves are very large, and of a fine deep green: they furround the ftalk by a broad bafe, and grow fmaller thence to a point. The flowers are fmall and whitifh : they hang fingly on long, flender, and; as it were, jointed footftalks, rifing from the bofoms of the leaves : they are white, with a faint tiné of green. The berries are at firft green and fpotted, but afterwards red. It is frequent in Germany, and flowers in Au- guft, C. Bauhine calls it Polygonatum latifolium ra- mofum. Goi FOREIGN SPEHRCIE’S: 2. Narrow-leaved Solomon’s Seal. Polygonatum anguftifolium, The root is thick, large, and of an irregular form, and {preads under the furface. The ftalks are round, firm, upright, and a foot and half high: they are rarely branched, but fometimes they divide a little. ‘The leaves are oblong, narrow, fharp-pointed, and of a pale green: they do not ftand in the manner of thofe in the other kinds, but furround the talks like the leaves of the ftellate plants. The flowers hang from the bofoms of the leaves on fingle footftalks, ufually one from the bofom of each Jeaf: they are fmall and white. The berries are roundifh, and, when ripe, of a fine red. ; It is a native of Germany, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Polygonatum anguftifolium non ramofun. He diftinguifhes another under the name of Polygonatum anguftifolium ramofum, but it is only a variety of this. IN) = ASS V. sLILLY OF THE VALLEY LILLIUM CONVALLIUM. HE flower is formed of 4 fingle petal; and is hollow and globular. berry is roundifh, divided into three cells within, and before its leaves are few, and nervous, Linnzus places this among the hexandria mon ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. name, writing it convallaria, Dele Veto ot ON a |e 1. Common Lilly of the Valley. Lillium convallium vulgare. The root is long, flender, fpreading, and creep- ing to a great diftance under the furface. The leaves that rife from this are ufually two, fometimes three they are very large, and of a fine green, oblong, broad, and fharp-pointed ; and they are of a firm fub ance, and marked with high and large ribs. The ftalk which bears the flowers rifes near the ftem, which fupports. the leaves, and is com- monly connected to it by a membranous cafe. There are no leaves on this ftalk. The flowers grow at the top in a kind of fpike ; but they all hang one way : they are large, of a whitifh colour, and of an extremely fragrant {mell, DIVISLON -IE Oneblade. Lillium convallium. foliis cordatis, This is a very fingular little plant: it has been defcribed by authors under a diftin@ name ; but jt is in all refpe€ts a true and proper Jilly of the valley. FOREIGN There is no cup. The growing ripe is fpotted. The ogynia ; the threads in the flower being fix, and the He feparates it from the reft of the berry-bearing plants by feveral claffes, and joins it in the fame genus with the polygonatu: i. Fle alfo changes the received BRITISH SPECIES... The berries are large, round, and red. It is common in our woods, but does not al- ways arrive at perfection. In many places only the Jeaves are feen, the plants never flowering ; and in many others the berries do not ripen, C. Bauhine calls it Lilium convaliinn album, Others, Lillium convallium vulgare. It is an excellent medicine in nervous cafes, The flowers have the Principal virtue, They . may be taken in infufion; but the bett way is in conferve: they are thus good againft head-achs, and all nervous complaints. Dried and powdered, they act as fnuff, and do great fervice in‘ inveterate diforders of the head. Ray mentions a variety of this plant, which had impofed on fome as a difting {pecies. The leaves inthis are narrower, and the flowers {maller 5 but this is only accidental. SPECIES, The root is long, flender, divided, and creep« ing. : , The firft appearance of the plant is ima fingle leaf, fupported ona long footftalk : this obtained it the name oneblade, for when it rifes to flower . it has two. The footftalk that fupports the firft leaf is re- ie - diths 4 The BRITISH HERBAL ioe se difh; and the leaf ftands flatways, not ereét, upon it: it is of a heartlike fhape, and of a deep, fine green. : The ftalk which fupports the flowers rifes from fome other part of the root: it is four inches high, flender, redifh, and upright. About the middle it has two leaves, placed at fome dif- tance, one over the other: they’ are heart-fa- fhicned, and of the fame fine green: they fur- round the ftalk at the -bafe, afd terminate in a point. The flowers terminate the ftalk in a thick, fhort fpike: they are fmall, white, and of a very fragrant fimell. : The berries are fmall, and; when ripe, red. Gi ok ON It is frequent in the mountainous parts of Ger many, where. the foil is damp. June. C. Bauhine calls it Lilium Others, Monophylion. It has been faid to grow wild in fome parts of _England but there was fome miftake in the ac= count. Species ate feldom loft where they éver did found With us now, It flowers in convallium minus, in a kingdom Stow wild; and it is not The root of this laft fpecies has been celebrated againft the plague; bdr I fear upon no good foundation, U 8. NE HERB TRUELOVE, HERBA PARTS. rPHE flower confifts of an uncertain number of petals: they are oblon B: and they {ptead open; The cup is conipofed of an uncertain numiber of leaves, and it remains after the flower. The fruit is a berry of a roundifh form, but fomewhat angulated in four parts, and divided within into four _ cell; in each of which are two rows of feeds. The ftalk is fimple, and the leaves grow all from oné point. Linnzeus places this among the oéfandria tetragynia; the threads in the flower being eight; and the ftyles from the rudiment of the fruit being four, anfwerable to its four divifions, This author takes away a part of the received name: he writes it only Paris, DI Vo 1eS1,0.Necl: Herb Truelove. Herba Paris vulgaris. The root creeps-under the furface: it is long, flender, and has numerous fibres. The ftalk is fingle, upright, not at all branched, and a foot high. The leaves grow all from one part near the top: they are four. Their colour ‘is a fine deep gteen, and they are broad and oblong. The flower is fingley one only on each: plant: - it terminates the ftalk, and is compofed: of four DIVISION IL Trifoliate Herb Truelove, Herba Paris trifoliata. The root is large, thick, and tuberous, and has few fibres. ' The ftalk is round, upright, firm, not at all branched, and about a foot high. Toward the middle there: ftand three leaves : thefe are broad, fhort, and fharp-pointed: they are of a firm fubftance ; and their eolour is a fine green. j The flower is fingle, one only growing on each plant: it terminates the ftalk, and is very large and beautiful : it confifts of three petals, and it ftands in a three-leaved cup. The colour isa deep purple, and the cup is green. The berry is very large and black: the feeds are numerous. ease It is a native of North America; and flowers in July. BRITISH SPECIES, petals, aid is of a greenith white, The cup is of the fame colour, and is formed of four leaves. The berry is large and black. We have it in woods, but not common. Authors call it Herba Paris. The berries are recommended as good in ma- lignant fevers internally, and as cooling: in out- ward applications; but it is not now uled, Our peopley who; from its leaves growing in this fingular manner, call it Truélover’s knot, have in fome places an opinion of its vittue 48 a love-powder 5 but this is idle, , FOREIGN SPECIES, Cornutus calls it Solanum triphyllim Cana- denfe. No plant fhews more perfe@tly or more plainly than this fpecies of Herba Paris, the impropriety of Linnzeus’s method of forming the claffes on the number of threads in the flower; None can doubt, nor can himfelf dény, that this is a fpecies of the fame genus yet he is obliged to acknow- ledge, that the threads, and all the other parts of fruétification, are in this one-fourth in number lefs than in the other. The thredds are threes and fo of the reft. The chard&ter we have given of the genus, taking in the difpofition of the leaves, is perfect : it admits both thefe fpecies, and it excludes all other plants: but this no generical chara&ter can do that is formed upon the threads of the flower. We have fhewn the fame. truth in other in- ftances ; but it is in none fo ftriking. GENUS Th BRITISH HERBAL G on eer i MAR’SH ~ W HO Rf LE. O XG C OF CHGS: HIE flower is formed of a fingle petal, which is hollowed like a bell, and is divided at the edge into four fegments, which turn backwards. The cup is extremely fmall, and remains after the flower. The fruit is a berry, of a roundifh form, and divided into four cells. The feeds are few and minute. fs - P . Linnaeus places this among the offandria monogynia, the threads in the flower being eight, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. He joins it with the vaccinium; from which it differs in effential charaéters, as we fhall fhew when we come to the fhrubby kinds. The oxycoccus is a plant of which there is properly but one known fpecies, and that is a native of Britain. Marfh Whortle Berry. Oxycoccus vulgaris. The root creeps under the furface ; and is long, thick, and redifh. The ftalks are numerous and weak: they are very flender, of a purplith colour, not much branched, and four or five inches long: they fupport themfelves at beft but irregularly ; and, when loaded with fruit, always lie upon the ground. The leaves are fmail, and of a bright green: © G 2B son. US they are broad at the bafe, fharp-pointed; and they have no. footftalks. : The flowers ftand on long, flender pedicles ; and are of a faint red. The berries are longifh, and of a deep red when ripe. Tt is found on boggy grounds in Warwickhire, and in fome other places, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Vitis idea paluftris, The berries are cooling and fubaftringent: they will ftop bloody ftools, and they ftrengthen the ftomach. ; VIII. as. MOSCHATELL MOSCHATELLINA. rue flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is hollowed, and divided into four or into five feg- . ments at the edge. The cup is formed of a fingle piece, and is fplit as it were into two parts. The fruit is a round berry, growing between the cup and the flower. The clufter of flowers grows in a kind of fquare head. is held in a feparate cell. The feeds are four, and each - Linneeus places this among the oéfandria polygynias the threads in the flower being eight, and the ftyles from the fruit numerous. . This author takes away the received name of the plant, and calls it adoxa. We have in this another inftance of the uncertainty of taking characters from the number of threads in the flower. We have fhewn this in two plants evidently of the fame genus in the Herba Paris; but here we fee it in the flowers of the fame plant. The flower, which grows at the top of the clufter, has the number of parts here firft named, the fegments being four, and alfo the threads four within ; but in all the other flowers on the fame ftalk the fegments are five, and the threads in the fame man- ner five. Of this, as of the former genus, there is but one known fpecies, and that is a native of Britain. Tuberous Mofchatell. Mofcbatellina tuberofa. The root is fmall, thick, of an irregular fi- gure, and pale brown colour. The ‘leaves are large, and they are fupported on long footftalks : they are divided rudely into three parts; and thefe are again notched into three at the ends, ‘where they terminate ob- tufely. The ftalks are about three inches high : they are flender, whitifh, and weak, There ufually grows a fingle leaf on each, and ‘that toward the middle: ir is like thofe from the root, but fmaller, and of a paler green. The flowers ftand at the top in a fhort, thick, {quare clufter : they are of a greenifh colour, with a tinge of whitifh and yellowith. The berries are {mall and redifh. Tt is frequent at the fides of woods in the rotten earth that lies under trees. It flowers in April. C, Bauhine calls it Ranunculus nemorum mofcha- tellina diftus. Its virtues are unknown. GENUS \ YW oS ) / ‘ ie vii A 3 i, 4 ; Y ~U i Ae Bed Berrizd Heart Christopher ; a WS : ( : , \ Wy \ ' Commow Ff | tery Leavid Aspaaragitd 3 hh, x yO AAS The BR EP LOW tH ER BS wae. itt: G EVN Ue Saeed ee ASPARAGUS, Aa Suathe.| A det Rage Za, elasn Uae "ge flower is formed of a fingle petal: this is oblong, hollow, and divided to the very bafe into fix narrow fegments ; three of which ftand inward, and turn back at the ends. There is nocup. The fruit is a round berry, with a dent at the top ; find 4 it is divided within into three cells, in each of which there are two feeds. Linnzus places this among the hexandria monogynia 5 the threads in the flower being fix, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. Dal V, WSA.0O2N, ad: . 1, Common Afparagus. Afparagus vulgaris. The root is compofed of a vaft number of long, thick, brown fibres. The ftalk is round, upright, of a pale green, and a yard high. The branches are regularly difpofed upon it: they begin about the middle, and grow fhorter from thence all the way up. The leaves are very numerous: they are ex- tremely flender, and of a pale green. The flowers are fmall, and of a greenifh white : they are placed on fhort footftalks upon the branches. The berries are large, and of a bright red. It is common wild about our weftern fea-coafts, and flowers in July. The young, fhoots there are thick and delicate; but in gardens culture renders them much larger and more tender. C. Bauhine calls it Afparagus. J. Bauhine, Afparagus bortenfis EB pratenfis ; and. others, Afparagus vulgaris. DIVISION I. 1. Prickly Afparagus. Afparagus fpinofus. The root is sconce of numerous, thick fibres. ‘ The ftalks are firm, upright, round, gloffy, of a pale green, very much branched, and five feet high. The leaves are numerous, and of a’ fine deep green; four or five rife together on different parts 5: the branches; and “they all terminate in prickles. The flowers are fmall and whitifh : on fhort footftalks, and foon fade. The berries are large, round, and red. It is common about hedges in Italy, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine. calls. it iene foliis acutis. Others, A/paragus [pinofus, and Corruda. Ne 32. they ftand BR IT,GS HS PE Cages It is a plant of great virtues. The fhoots, as we eat them at table, operate powerfully by urine, but the roots much more. A decoction of them is excellent againft the gravel ; and they alfo open obftructions of the vifcera, 2. Thick-leaved Afparagus. Afparagus craffiore folio. The root is compofed of numerous, thick fibres. The ftalk is round, upright, and a yard high. The branches are regularly difpofed, as in the common kind. : The leaves are fhorter and thicker ; but they ‘have no more breadth than in that. The flowers are whitifh, and the berries are of a bright red. It is found in our weftern counties near rivers that have falt-water from tides. It flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Afparagus maritimus craf- Sire folio. BAO. RYE IG: NSS PLE Gr BS, 2. Starry-leaved Afparagus. Afparagus foliis fafciculatis. The root is fmall and fibrous. The ftalks are numerous, round, jomieéa and of a pale green, the joints being paler than the reft. The leaves are long; narrow, of a deép green, and fharp-pointed : they grow in clufters at’ the extremities and on the fides of the branches, like the rays of a ftar. The flowers are fmall and greenifh, The berries are large and red. It is a native of Africa, and flowers in July. Plukenet calls it A/paragus Africanus tenuifolius viminalibus virgis foliis laricis adinffar ex uno | punéto ftellatim difpofitis. The virtues of thefe feveral kinds are faid’ to be the fame with thofe of the common afparagus, but in-an inferior degree. 40 GENUS 326 The BRIT IS H si-E RBA: G “EN Ue; 8 Xe NIGHTSHADE. SOLANUM. HE flower is formed of a fingle petal, deeply divided into five fegments. The cup is made of a fingle piece, and in the fame manner divided into five fegments. The fruit is a roundifh berry. The feeds are numerous, and are contained in two cells. Linneus places this among the pentandria monogynia; the threads in the flower being five, and the flyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. DP VETS 1 OoN cI. 1. Woody Nightthade. Solanum lignofum. The root is compofed of numerous, thick fibres. The ftalks are woody, but weak : they are co- ‘vered with a brown bark toward the bottom; but it is paler in the tenderer parts. The leaves are placed on long footftalks; and they are broad, oblong, and pointed. Thofe to- ward the lower part of the plant are undivided ; but thofe toward the top have one or two nicks, making a kind of ears near the bafe. a The flowers are placed in clufters upon flen-. der footftalks: they are fmall, and of a dark | purple, with yellow heads of the threads in the middle. The berries are large, oblong, and, when ripe, of a very fine red. =, Tt is common in damp grounds, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Solanum fcandens feu dulca- mara, Others, Solanum lignofum. 2. Sea Woody Nightfhade. Dulcamara maritima, The root is compofed of a multitude’of large fibres, 5 The ftalks are numerous, woody, and covered with a grey bark; and the young twigs are of a deep green. The leaves are oblong, and irregularly dented with a few deep notches: they are of a bluifh green, The flowers are few and large: they ftand in fpreading tufts, and are of a paler blue than in the common kind, but of the fame form. f The berries are oblong, and, when ripe, black. DIVISION Il, FO 1. Common Tree Nightfhade. Solanum fruticofum anguftifolium. The root is compofed of numerous fibres. The ftem is firm, woody, and covered with a brown bark: the plant is a yard or more in height, and fpreads into branches in a regular | and elegant manner. / The leaves are long, flender, and of a beau- tiful green. B RAST ls" SePeE iC «lek S, We have it about the fea-coafts in the north. It flowers in July. Ray calls it Solanum lignofum, feu dulcamarg marina. The woody nightfhade, though of the Solanum kind, has no dangerous qualities. It Operates gently by ftool, and opens obftru@tions of the vifcera. The woody part of the ftem has moft virtue. A decoction of this is good in the jaun- dice. j ; g. Common Wild Nightfhade. Solanum vulgare. The root is compofed of numerous fibres. The ftalk is round, green, thick, and of a firm fubftance: it fpreads out into numerous branches, and is two feet high. The leaves are placed on long footftalks : they are oblong, broad, fharp-pointed, and of a deep green. ee. The flowers are finall and white: they ftand in clufters eight or ten together, and haye yellow buttons in the middle. ee ee: The berries are round, and, when they are ripe, black. It is common in ‘cultivated ground, and no where fo much as in the borders of gardens. It flowers in Auguft. : Rae atlas C. Bauhine calls it Solanum bacciferum primum Sive officinarum. Others, Solanum vulgare, and, from its growing in gardens, Solanum hor- tenfe. The leaves of ‘this’ kind are ufed: externally as cooling and repellent ; but, if not managed with caution, they may be dangerous. R.E IG’N..-S-P-E:@)1-B'S, The flowers ftand fingly on fhort footitalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves: they are large and white, with yellow buttons in the centre, The berries are large, round, and of a bright fine red. ’ It is a native of America, and flowers in au- tumn, C. Bauhine calls it Solanum fruticofum batcife- rum. Others, Strychuodendron, and Amomum Plinii. 2. Love-Apple. lit ated The “BER Sea Sr HERBAL. 2. Love-Apple. Solanum foliis pinnatis frutiu magno. The root is compofed of many thick fibres. The ftalk is thick, flefhy, and of a pale green, but of a weak fubftance; fo that it does not fland perfeétly upright. i The leaves are very large, and of a pale green: they are of the pinnated form; each compofed of three or four pairs of pinne, with an odd fee- ment at the end: thefe feparate parts are deeply and rudely indented, and fometimes divided again in the pinnated manner. The flowers are large and yellow: the fruit is very large, of the bignefs of a moderate apple, ribbed on the furface, and of a fine red. It is full of a foft pulpy fubftance; among which lie nu- merous feeds. It is a native of the warmer parts of Ame- rica, but thrives well in our gardens. Wee raife it principally for beauty; but in many other parts of Europe they eat the fruit in foops; and fome- times raw, with oil, pepper, and vinegar. It is innocent ; but there is little nourithment in it, 3. Potatoe. Solanum tuberofa radice. The root is compofed of numerous, large, ir- regular pieces, and of certain ftrings or fibres con- necting them together. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and a yard high. The leaves are large, long, and pinnated : each is compofed of four or five pairs of irregular pin- na, with an odd one at the end; and they are of a dufky green colour. The flowers are large, and of a deep purple, paler on the outfide, and dufkier within, with yellow buttons in the centre: thefe ftand in cluf- ters at the ends of the branches; and have a fin- gular afpect, being five-cornered, rather than di- vided as the others. ; _ The fruit is large, round, and, when ripe, black. It is a native of America, and flowers in Au- guft. The roots are very quick in multiplying. C.Bauhine calls it Solanum tuberofum efeulen- tum. Others, Battata. This is another inftance, that many plants of the folanum kind are not poifonous, for it is truly and diftinétly one of them. 4. Mad Apple. Solanum pomiferum fruétu oblongo. The root is compofed of numerous, long, thick, and fpreading fibres. The ftalk is round, upright, firm, of a pale green, or of a purplifh colour, and covered with a light, loofe, woolly matter: it is not much branched 5 and it is a foot and half high. The leaves are very large: they have fhort footftalks ; and thofe are often redith, as are alfo the veins: the leaves themfelves are of a deep ‘ green; but they have the fame kind of whitith, woolly matter upon them as the ftalks, Sey The flowers ftand fingly, or fometimes two or three together, on long footftalks ; and they are large, and either white, or of a beautiful purple. Their cups are covered with fharp, but weak prickles, of a purple colour. The fruit is very large: its bignefs that of a hen’s greenifh at firft, but white like an egg when ripe; ~ or fometimes purplifh, varying as the flower 3 it is full of a foft, juicy matter within; and the fkin is extremely tender and thin, its fhape is oval, and €gg, or larger: it is This is another of the innocent plants of the nightfoade kind. Its name would make one think otherwife; but that has heen given through igno- rance. Some early blunderers in the feience fuppofed this to be the male mandrake of Theophraftus, and therefore declared it to be poifonous; down the fymptoms of convulfions and deliriums as attending the taking it inwardly. The people in the Eaft, not fo deeply learned in Greek, eat it, and they have fet the example to other nations, It is now a common ingredient in foops in many places. It is a native of Afia, Affica, and South Ame- rica. Scarce any warm climate is without it. C. Bauhine calls it Solanum pomiferum frugu oblongo. Others, »Meolongena, and Melanzana. Our Englith people, who follow the old bota- nifts, Mad apples, and Raging apples. Others the Ege-plant. ; Tournefort has led the way to defcribing the feveral varieties of this plant as difting@ fpecies ; but they are no way different, except in the co- lour of the flower and fruit: no more than a red bean from a white one. fetting §- Pear-fruited Nightthade. Solanum Lpinofum frufu Dyriformi. The root is compofed of many thick, and fpreading fibres. tte The ftalks are numerous, weak, ‘branched, and two feet and a half high: they are covered with a loofe, whitifh, woolly ‘matter ; and are befet at fmall diftances with tharp prickles, The leaves are large, and covered with the fame white downy matter: they are alfo befer with fharp prickles: they are broad, fhort, pointed at the ends, and irregularly indented. The flower is fmall; but the fruit is very large: it is of the bignefs of a pear, and of a gold yel- low: its fhape alfo is like that of a pear; but it grows to the ftalk at the large end. It is common in the American iflands, and the fruit ripens in Augutt. Plukenet calls it Solanum Barbadenfe fpinofum annuum fruiu aureo rotundiore pyri parvi inverft forma & magnitudine. > long, 6. Blue-flowered Thorny Nishtthade. Solanum fpinofum flore ceruleo, This is a very fingular and elegant plant. The root is compofed of numerous,. fpreading fibres. The ftalks are round, firm, upright, branched, and a yard high : they are of a pale colour, and thick fet with fharp, dufky thorns. The 328 Th BRITISH HERBAL. The leaves ftand on thorny and long foot- ftalks: they are large, and deeply finuated at the edges; and have alfo numerous fharp thorns on their ribs. The colour is a deep green. The flowers are numerous: they ftand at the tops of the ftalks on flender pedicles, and are deeply divided into fegments, and of a fine blue. The fruit is round, and, when ripe, black. It is a native of America, and flowers in July. Plukenet calls it Solanum annuum nigricans Vir- ginianum [pinofifimum flore ceruleo, 4. Prickly Nightfhade with fmooth cups. Solanum {pinofum calycibus levibus. The root is compofed of numerous, fpreading fibres. : The ftalk is firm, upright, prickly, and not much branched: the thorns are ftiff, and very fharp; and they ftand ftrait. The leaves are long, and confiderably broad : they have fhort footftalks, they are deeply fi- nuated at the edges, and they have fome prickles on them. The flowers ftand on long, flender, prickly footftalks ; and they are large and blue. The berries are round, black, and glofly. It is a native of the warmer parts of America and Afia, and flowers in July. Dillenius calls it Solanum Indicum {pinofum flore boraginis. 8. Apple of Sodom. Solanum fpinis recurvis flore ceruleo. The root is Jong, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres. : : The ftalks are numerous, upright, branched, of a pale yellowifh brown colour, and woody fub- ftance, and four feet high: they are armed with fhort and robuft prickles, which bend fomewhat downwards, The leaves are long, and confiderably broad : they have very fhort footftalks; and they are deeply divided at the edges in the pinnated form: they are of a dark green; and they have alfo prickles on them. GEE aU es The flowers ftand on long footftalks, fome- times fingly, fometimes many together: they are large, and of a fky-blue. The fruit is large, round, and black. It is a native of many parts of the Eaft, and flowers in July. Plukenet calls it Solanum pomiferum frutefcens officinarum {pinofum nigricans boraginis flore foliis profunde laciniatis. Itis called apples of Sodom from the place. The fruit has a tempting afpect; but, when chewed, the tafte is very difagreeable, g. Bahama Nightfhade. Solanum anguftifolium {pinofum. The root is compofed of numerous, thick fibres. The ftalk is woody, firm, upright, not much branched, and five or fix feet high : it is armed with thorns ; but they are fhort, and not very. numerous. The leaves are numerous, long, narrow, of a beautiful green, and fixed on fhort footftalks : they are very lightly waved on the edges, and they have prickles along the middle rib. The flowers are large and beautiful: they are of a fine pale blue, with a tinge of purple ; and have yellow buttons in the centre. The berries are fmall, round, and black. It is a native of the Bahama iflands, and flowers in Augutft. Dillenius calls ic Solanum Babamenfe fpinofum petalis anguftis reflexis. The flower is fometimes white or flefh-coloured. The qualities of thefe foreign nighifhades are not perfectly known ; but, upon the whole, this ge- nus has a much worfe character than it deferves. Nighifbade in general is accounted poifonous ; but, as we have fhown with refpeé&t to moft of the fpecies, there is little reafon for fuch a cha- raéter. The opinion feems to have arifen from confounding the plant next to be defcribed under the fame name. : That is indeed poifonous ; and having, bya latitude of fpeech, been called night/bade, all the reft have been fuppofed of the fame qualities. XI. DEADLY NIGHTSHADE. BELLADON A. A ies flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is deep, hollowed, and very lightly divided into five fegments at the edge.. The cup is made of a fingle piece, divided into five equal fegments ; and it remains when the flower is fallen, The fruit is a round berry, placed in the cup. The feeds are kidney-fhaped. Linnzeus places it among the pentandria monogynia ; the threads in the flower being five, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. He takes the received name from the plant, and calls it atropa., © DIVISION I. Deadly Nightfhade. Belladona ditta folanum Lethale. The root is long, large, and creeping. BRITISH SPE CIES. branched : their colour is brown toward the bote tom, and higher up a pale green.’ The leaves are numerous, very large, and of a fine ftrong green: they are long and. broad, The ftalks are numerous, firm, upright, and pointed at the ends, but not indented at the edges. . The 5 ee The # BYRS Peal Sar HERBAL 329 The flowers ftand on fingle ‘footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves; and they are large and confpicuous : they are hollow, and of a deep, but not fhining purple colour. The berry is large, round, and black : it has a tempting look, and many have been by that led to eat of it to their deftruétion. It grows in the neighbourhood of towns and houfes, on ground where there has fallen ma- nure ; but it fhould be rooted out wherever found, for children have been often deftroyed by it. - It flowers in July. : C. Bauhine calls it Solanum melanocerafus. Others, Solanum Lethale, and Belladona. ~ The works of medical authors abound with in- ftances of its effects, and hiftories of thofe who have perifhed by it; and experience from time to time fhews they have told truth. I faw one unhappy inftance in the yeat 1743+ a labourer found it in the park of a nobleman where he was repairing the pales; and he eat heartily of the berries, and gave fome to his chil- dren. The fymptoms came on in the following manner. The man, after two hours, grew light-headed, giddy, and unable to ftand ; but not thinking of the caufe, fet down to his fupper. He drank greedily, but could fcarce fwallow any thing ‘fo- lid. - He went to bed, and prefently grew worfe. He complained of a dreadful pain in the breaft, and difficulty of breathing. It was about five in. the afternoon he eat the berries. Thefe fymptoms ~ came on between ten and eleven at night; and at DIVISION AIL Large violet-flowered Deadly Nightfhade, Belladona flore magno violaceo, The root is compofed of numerous; thick fibres. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and of a brownifh colour; not much branched, but full of leaves : thefe are oblong, and of a deep green, not dented at the edges, but fharp-pointed : they have fhort footftalks, and a rim of the leaf runs down them. e twelve, feven hours from the eating them, he fell into the moft dreadful ravings. Once ina quar- ter of an hour his fenfes would return for a mo- ments but he relapfed immediately, and every time with more violence. Daring the intervals . .of reafon, his breath*was.as-difficult; and he complained of a dreadfal dighina/s acrofs his Breaft. Toward morning. the ravings went off, but he became foolith. He was faint, breathed with difficulty, and ftared and flabbered, anfwered fo- reign to queftions, and feemed one born an idiot. All this time he was affected with a moft pain- ful and violent. ftrangury; but by degrees. this went off, and he recovered without the help of medicines. Before the country-apothecary could be had, he was growing better; and he not knowing what to advife, left the family to their own management. ; The children both died in the courfe of the night ; and he, when perfectly recovered, and queftioned: about the nature of the cafe, an- f{wered, that he had been in the condition of one very drunk; but faw and underftood all that was doing even when he anfwered in the wildeft man- ner. : This I have feen ; and what is recorded by me- dical writers agrees well with it, Indeed no clafs of writers are in general more faithful. We read of men who have continued in a flate of mad. nefs eight or nine days from it, and have reco- vered: to children it has generally proved fatal. Thofe grown perfons who have perifhed by it, have generally died within twelve hours from the eating. FOREIGN SPECIES. The flowers are large, and of a fine violet-co- lour: they are placed fingly on fhort footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves. The fruit is a large berry, placed in the cups which is alfo large, and in a manner clofes over it, : It is a native of Peru, and flowers in Auguft. Juffieu calls it Akakengi flore amplo violaceo but it is truly of this kind, Giistsi Mews 9S) ovuxthe CULC KR O.WPLNETS 7 AR UM © rpHere ig not in all the round of Nature a. genus fo fingular as this, nor any about which fyftem- makers have had more trouble, none knowing where to ‘place it: yet had they followéd the obvious charaéter impreffed -by-Nature in the fruit, the confufion had been avoided ; for whatever dif- putes may have arifen from the fingularity of the flower, the fruit is a berry: that admits no doubt» and that places it in this clafs. The flower has no petals, but numerous threads. The cup is formed of a fingle leaf ; and is large, hollow, upright, pointed at the top, and coloured within: it falls with the flower. The fruit is a clufter of round berries. ‘The feeds are numerous and roundifh. The leaves are undivided. This is a charaéter of the genus comprifed in a-few words; yet punctual, particular, and above exception. It plainly diftinguifhes the arum from all other plants, even from two genera nearly al- lied to it, and to be defcribed hereafter, arifarum and dragons. Linneus feparates it from the generality of the other berry-bearing plants, placing it among the gynandria polyandria, the ftamina being numerous, and fixed to the piftil of the flower. He joins the avifarum and dracontium with it. N° XXXII. 4P DIVI- 330 The BRITISH HERBAL. Dl Vil Sls OeNo.als. srs BAR Common Cuckowpint. Arum vulgare. The root is a roundifh, tuberous lump, brown on the outfide, and white within, placed at a confiderable depth under the furface, and furnifhed with a few fibres, The leaves are placed on long, thick footftalks 5 and they are very large, and of an arrow-headed fhape, fplit deep at the bafe, and fharp at the point: they are of a fine frefh green, and are of- ten fpotted with black, and fometimes with white fpots. The ftalk rifes in the midft of thefe, and is furrounded by the hollow bafes of their foot- ftalks: it is round, thick, and ten inches high: on its top ftands a fingle flower. The thready part at the bottom is yellowifh: the receptacle, which is lengthened out in form of a club, is red, purple, or white ; for thefe are accidental varieties, The berries are of a fine bright red. DIVAS 1 ON: I. FO 1. Aigyptian Arum. Arum AEgyptiacum. The root is very large, tuberous, and of an irregular form; of a redifh brown on the outfide, white within, and of an acrid tafte, but not fo violently fharp as our arum. The leaves grow fingly on long, thick foot- ftalks: they are very large, of a deep fhining green, and of a fhape fomewhat approaching to heart-fafhioned: they are broad at the bafe, and are there very lightly and bluntly indented: they are from this part gradually fmaller to the end, where they terminate obtufely ; and the ftalk is not inferted at the edge, but in the fubftance of the leaf, a third below the top. The ftalk which fupports the flower is round, thick, juicy, and of a pale green, The flower refembles that of our common arum. The cup is a great, oblong, hollow cafe: the club within is white, and of an uneven furface ; and the thready part is yellow. The berries are large and red. It is a native of (Egypt, and of the Greek iflands. It rarely flowers. C.Bauhine calls it Arum maximum Eegyptium quod vulgo Colacafia, Others, Arum Agyptium, and Colaca/fia. The root is eaten in AZgypt, and other parts of the Eaft, as food ; and it is not confined in this ufe to the place where it naturally grows, but fold GP" see ee Neu: ECS .bha S Ear CLES, Tt is common under hedges, and flowers in May. C. Bauhine and others call it Arum vulgare, and Arum maculatum. ( Some have defcribed the fpotted kind as a diftinét fpecies ; but the variety is altogether ac- cidental, It is a very powerful and excellent medicine. It operates by urine, and is good againft the gravel. A piece of it bruifed and laid upon the tongue, has reftored the fpeech in paralytick cafes; and a conferve of it, made with two-thirds fugar, has done eminent fervice in the fcurvy, and in rheu- matifms. The virtues of it are lefs known than they fhould be, from this fingle circumftance, that it is commonly ufed dry. It lofes all its efficacy with its juice ; and this the tafte manifefts. Nothing is more acrid than the frefh root; but when dry it is infipid. REIGN SPECIES. into other countries. The fharpnefs of its tafte goes off by foaking in water, or by drying : ei- ther way ferves to prepare it for the table. What Bontius writes of its being poifonous, has no other meaning than that it is acrid. Three days foaking in water, he fays, takes off all its ill qua- lities ; and this, or a much fhorter time, is found perfectly well to prepare it for food pleafantly and wholefomely. 2. Arrow-leaved Arum. Arum foliis anguftis fagittatis. The root is brown, large, tuberous, and sath nifhed with a few thick fibres, The leaves are numerous; and they are placed on long, flender footftalks : hes are of a perfeét arrow-headed fhape, oblong, flender, fharp- pointed, fplit at the bafe, and with fharp points alfo to the beards. The flower rifes upon a flender green ftalk, and is contained inva hollow cafe or cup: this is green on the outfide, yellowifh within, and highly ribbed. : The club is ufually yellow, fometimes white or purple. The berries are red. It is common in the American iflands, and flowers in April. ‘Plokenet calls it Arum minus fagittaria foliis. S XIII. BUTCHERS BROOM. Raw. Ui: Sic Ges Uae S. HE flower has no petals. The cup is compofed of fix fmall leaves, of an oval form, convex, and turned at one edge: three of thefe ftand inward, and have by fome been miftaken for pe- tals of a lower. The fruit is a round berry, 1 divided within into three cells, in each of which are two feedsg Theil “BRP FS“ OE RURAL. 332 feeds. There are in this genus feparate male and female’ flow only in this, that the male flowers have certain buttons, oblong rudiment of the fruit. Linnzus places this among the diecia fyngenefia; the flowers b plants, and the buttons growing together in a body : are in fome fpecies, which he cannot difpute to be of th male parts together. This fhews the generical diftinétion he has eftablithed to bei claffical character falfe ; but thefe things we have often obferved. Common Butchers Broom. Rufeus vulgaris. This is a tough and fhrubby plant, though of no confiderable height or bignefs. The root is long, thick, and fpreading. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, a foot and half high, and divided into many branches to- ward the top. The leaves are very numerous and fmall : they are of a bluifh green colour, and of a firm fub- ftance: they are broadeft at the bafe, narrower to the point, where they end in a fharp prickle, and not at all ferrated: The flowers are fmall, and of a greenifh white: G .. BeeN ers on diftin& plants: but they differ though without threads, and the female an s being male and female on feparate but he is obliged to acknowledge, that there 1s genus, flowers which have the male and fe- mperfeét, and the they ftand upon the leaves, one on each, and ufually near the centre. The berry is large, and of a beautiful red. We have it on wafte grounds. in fpring. C. Bauhine calls it Ru/ews. Others, Rufcus five Brufcus. We, Knee-bolly, and Butchers broom, Tt flowers early The root is a powerful and excellent diuretick : the beft way of giving itis in decoétion, It thus” is ferviceable in the gravel, and all nephritick complaints, and againft obftru@tions of the vif. cera. Cures of dropfies have been performed by this medicine alone ; but it muft be taken early, otherwife there is little hope. Us xv : DWARF HONEYSUCKLE. CHAMEPERICLYMENUM. ? HE flower is compofed of four petals, of an oblong form. The cup is fmall, and is divided into four fegments at the edge. The fruit is a large berry, of an uneven furface, compofed of feveral {maller round ones. Linnzus places this among the ¢etrandria monogynia, joining it with the cornus, but improperly. There is but one known fpecies of this genus, and that is common to Britain, and the other nor- thern parts of Europe. Dwarf Honeyfuckle: Chamepericlymenum. The root is long, fender, and fpreading: it runs under the furface, and is furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalk is round, flender, upright, and about five inches high. : The leaves are placed in pairs: they are large, oblong, broad, pointed at the ends, not at all di- , vided at the edges, and marked with high ribs : they have no footftalks, and their colour is a bluith green. The flower ftands at the top of the ftalk ; but there ufually rife two little fhoots from the fame point ; each of which has two or four leaves on it like the others: The flower is large and white. The fruit is compofed of feveral little berries joined together, and is of a fine red. The whole plant, as it decays, often becomes redifh, We have it on hills in the northern parts of the kingdom. It flowers in May. C, Bauhine calls it Periclymenum tertium five bu- mile. Others, Chamepericlymenum. It obtained this name, the Englifh of which is Dwarf boney- Juckle, from thofe who faw the fruit, and not the flower. GE ON 40 ics aw, . CLOUD BERRY. “ CHAMZMORUS. "THE flower is compofed of five large, obtufe petals; and is fingle on each plant, terminating the ftalk. The cup is divided into five fegments, and remains after the fower. The fruit is a large berry, compofed of many fmaller, placed upon a convex head. Linneus places this among the icofandria polygynia; the threads being numerous, and growing to the cup; and the ftyles being alfo numerous, one rifing from the rudiment of every fucceeding grain of the fruit. This author joins it with the common bramble; from which it differs in the flower, being fingle on the top of every plant, and in other obvious circumftances. t 1. The 7 332 The BRITHSH*HERBA L. ° 1. The Cloud Berry. Chamaemorus. The root is long, flender, and creeping: it runs under the furface, and has numerous fibres. : The ftalk is round, weak, and about ten inches high. ; The leaves are large, and deeply divided: they ftand alternately, and there are not more than four or five on the whole plant: they are placed on long footftalks, and ufually hang drooping: they are broad, fhort, deeply divided into feve- ral tharp fegments, and thofe again fub-divided, or deeply ferrated. Their colour is a blackifh green on the upper furface, and whitifh under- neath, The flower ftands at the top of the ftalk, and is large and purple. The fruit, when ripe, is red; and it is of the bignefs of a rafpberry, which it greatly refembles in its external fhape. We have it on the northern mountains, « It flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Chamerubus foliis ribes An- glicus. Others, Chamaemorus, and Vaccinium nubis. Our common people, Cloud-berries, and Kuot- berries. 2. Wild Rafpberry. Chamamorus frufiu parvo. The root-is flender and creeping. The ftalk is weak, round, whitifh, and a foot high. The leaves are placed on long footftalks, three on each; and they are oblong, broad, ferrated, and fharp-pointed. Their colour is a dufky green on the upper fide, and they are paler underneath, The flowers grow two or three together on flender footftalks at the top of the plant: they are large, and of a pale red, mixed with white. The fruit is fmall, but that is owing to the few grains of which it is compofed, for they are fingly as large as in the other: there are about three to each fruit; and they are red. It is common on the northern mountains of England, and flowers in June, C. Bauhine calls it Chamerubus faxatilis, Others, Rubus Alpinus humilis, Rubus faxatilis, and Rubus Alpinus tricoccus. The fruit of this is efteemed excellent againft fcorbutick complaints. It may be eaten frefh, or : made into a kind of conferve. The people, where it is common, relate wonders of the cures it has performed in the worft cafes. So Ey ¢ Reo Be Sante ok ForEIGN GENERA... Thofe of which there is no fpecies native of this country. a Nagle te 8 U2 I. PRICKLY ‘BINDWEED. SM ILA X. HE flower has no petals. The cup is compofed of fix leaves; which are oblong, and have the points turned back, and unite fo as to form a kind of wide, open bell. The fruit is a round berry, divided within into three cells, in each of which there are two feeds. There are male and female flowers on feparate plants in this genus ; but they are of the fame ftrudture, except that the male flower has fix fhort threads with their buttons, and the female has an oval rudiment of the fruit, on which are three ftyles, Linnzus places it for this reafon among the diecia bexandria, {eparating it by many intermediate claffés from the generality of the other berrybearers. 1. Red-berried Smilax, with angulated ftalks. Smilax levis baccis rubris caule angulato. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The ftalks are weak, and brown: they fup- port themfelves by means of tendrils, and by that means run to a vaft length; and they are rickly. The leaves are large and heart-fafhioned : they have flender footftalks, and they are of a beauti- ful green. Both the footftalks and the fubftance of the leaves are prickly. The flowers are fmall and whitifh: they. ftand in great numbers on the tops of the ftalks, The berries are fmall, but of a beautiful red. It is a native of Italy, Sicily, and many other of the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in Auguft. C, Bauhine calls it Smilax afper frudtu rubente. : Others, a ee eS ee ae En ee See ee ~ a Noody lightshade Common wild Neghishade Za ee eee ie Ce eee ee ee a eee ae SON 2g IOS Se Ne re J bf PB J } Ve Ae Mod th he : Sear ued Nightshade ‘ e Bie Lower me he fi oP : mee oe a a ae a aa @) DP reohly Nightthade Yiple of Sodom Bahama Veg htihade Dea My Nigh Lipnde Common Cuckoiy Tink . nthe smooth Cups ab | GE jp” = aS ie > | a Cgypuian 7 © byron Ceavd . Common fiutehers - Dwar Wild apberry Ae o (4 «trum : 0 drum “Broom Htone oyseechle A, Youd Berry The BR UT AyS Ht ot ReReaOk. Saag Others, Smilaw afpera. The berries are fome- times black, and the plant is in other places found with fewer prickles. In thefe conditions it has been defcribed as two diftiné fpecies ; but the difference is only accidental. 2. The Sarfaparilla Plant. Smilax afpera foliis ovatis. The root is extremely long and flender: it fpreads to a vaft extent, and is brown on the outs fide, and white within. The ftalks are numetouis, weak, and flender : they fupport themfelves by tendrils, and run to the height of twelve feet. They are brown, and fet with prickles. The leaves have no prickles: they have flender footftalks ; and they are of an oval figure, but fharp at the point: they are of a firm fubftance ; and their colour is a deep green on the upper fide, and pale underneath. The flowers grow in clufters at the tops of the ftalks ; and are fmaill, and of a yellowith white. The berries are as large as a black cherry, and when ripe they are of the fame colour. It is a native of South America, and of fome parts of the north. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Smilax afpera Peruviana five Sarfaparilla. Others, Sarfa, Zarza, and Zarza nobiliffima. Its root is a very celebrated remedy in the fcurvy. It has been greatly recommended in the cure of the venereal difeafes: but the ready ef- feéts of mercury have fuperfeded all other medi- cines for that purpofe. It operates by fweat ; and the beft method of GE iN taking it is in a ftrong decoétion. This fhould’ be continued for a confiderable time: 4. The China Plane: Smilax foliis obverfe cordatis floribus umbellatis. The root is large, and of an irregular form: The ftalk is round, jointed, weak, and ufually crooked from joint to joint, and armed here and there with a few prickles : it fupports irfelf among buthes, climbing by means of tendrils, and in that manner runs to a great height. The leaves are large, and of a figure very much approaching to round: they are fimalleft at the bafe, and are a little dented in the heart-like man ner at the end: The flowers are fimall and yellow: they ftand in a kind of little umbells, about four in each. The berries are large ; and, when ripe, they are of an orange red. It is a native of China and Japan. It flowers in July. : Plukenet calls it Fruticulus convolvulaceus fpi- nofus finicus floribus parvis umbellatis. Others fimply, China. The root poffeffes the fame qualities with /ar/a- parilla, They ufed to be given together againtt the venereal difeafe, and at prefent are prefcribed in diet-drinks againft fcorbutick complaints. Ie was fuppofed to poffefs virtues that it had not; and thence is grown much into difufe, the cam- mon praétice neglecting thofe it really has. There is a root brought fromi America called baftard China, which belongs to a plant of this kind, but with longer leaves, : * Ueres II. BERRYBEARING ANGELICA. A eR Lites A: rpHE flower is compofed of five petals, of an oval form. ‘The cup is very fmall, and is divided by five indentings at the edge. The fruit is a round berry, ftriated, and crowned at the top; containing a fingle oblong, hard feed. The flowers are difpofed in little umbells; and the leaves are . divided in the manner of the common umbelliferous plants. Linnzus places this among the pentandria pentagynia; the threads in the flower being five, and the ftyles in its centre the fame number. . Berrybearing Angelica, Aralia vacemofa & ramofa. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalk is round, upright, very much branched, and five feet high: it is purple toward the bottom, and at the joints; elfewhere of a pale green. The leaves are very large, and each is com- pofed of numerous, fmaller, perfect parts, refem- bling fo many diftin& leaves: thefe are oblong; IN 2 925 and broad; largeft at the bafe, fmaller to the point, ferrated at the edges, and of a pale green, The flowers ftand in little clufters on foot- ftalks rifing from the bofoms of all the leaves from the top to the bottom of the plant: they are {mall, and of a yellowith white. : The berries are green at firft, but when ripe of a dufky red. It is a native of North America, and flowers in Auguft. Van Royen calls it Aralia ex alis florifera. Others, Panaces Carpimon, gee GENUS 334_ The BRET. San ER: BAS. G: EON U.S III. MANDRAKE. v MAND RUA -G O%R A, HE flower is formed of a fingle petal; which is hollow, and divided deeply into five fegments. The cup is large, formed of a fingle leaf, of a hollow fhape, marked with five ridges, _and di- vided alfo into five fegments at the edge. ‘Lhe fruit is a berry, but a very large one, of a round or longifh form ; and the feeds are numerous, and kidney-thaped. ; Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia ; the threads being five, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. There is but one known fpecies of this fingular genus. The Mandrake. Mandragora, The root is large, long, and thick ; and ufually from about the middle downwards is divided into two parts. This however is not its conftant or certain form: fometimes it is divided into three or four parts, and fometimes it is abfolutely fingle. The leaves are numerous, and very large: they are long, and confiderably broad, {mall at the bafe, wideft toward the middle, and thence gradually narrower to an obtufe point: they are often waved, and fometimes indented at the edges. . Their colour is a dark, dufky green ; and they have a very unpleafant fmell. The ftalks which fupport the flowers rife among * thefe leaves ; and they are very flender, about four inches high, and of a pale green: each fupports a fingle flower, This is large, hollow, and of a whitifh colour, with a bluth of purple. The fruit is of the bignefs of a {mall apple, and is of a fpungy fubftance. Its colour is a greenifh yellow when unripe; but as it ripens all the green goes off, and it becomes perfedtly yel- low. : It is a native of Spain and Italy, and of the other warmer parts of the world, growing in damp woods. It flowers in June. C, Bauhine:calls it Mandragora fruétu rotundo. Others, Mandragoras mas. No plant has been a fource of more error or impofition than this. The fruit is fometimes of an oblong fhape, inftead of round; and in that condition the plant is called the female mandrake ; but it is only an accidental variety. and arms to it. Good fculpture has in fome au- thors alfo greatly helped this refemblance; but in nature it is really nothing. The fruit of the mandrake has been accounted poifonous ; but without any juft reafon. It may be eaten with fafety in the manner of the large fruits of fome of the Jolanums ; but it is unplea- fant. : The leaves are cooling, and are ufed in oint- ments for that purpofe. The outer bark of the root is dried for the fervice of medicine, but is at prefent little regarded : it has the chara&ter of a harcotick ; but it has no very powerful effects, Thofe people who fhew the root of mandrake feldom get that of the right plant. Their cuftom ¢ is, to cut a piece of white ‘bryony into the in- tended fhape, and put it into the ground again for fome time, where it will often get a kind of coat. The interpreters of the Bible have been cen- fured for rendering the Hebrew dudaim, mandrake; and much learned ignorance has been fent into the world upon the fubje&. But there feems no reafon for farther conjecture than the plain fenfe of the words; nor any error in the Septuagint, though the miftakes of commentators have fan- cied fo. They have been led to guefs other fruits mutt have been meant, becaufe they thought that of the mandrake poifonous. But that is a palpable error: many have eaten the fruits, and any one may without hurt. This plant therefore is inno- cent: it grows abundantly in that part of the world where the fcene of the {cripture-ftory lies ; and its virtue was fuppofed to be that of clean- fing the uterus, and affifting conception. This might naturally lead the female Ifraeclite to eat it; and the whole account is plain, familiar, and Ic is pretended that the root perfeétly reprefents evidently a literal truth. = the human body; and cheats have carved a head Gee! Nee CU. Ss IV. MAY-APPLE, PODOPHYLLU™ HE flower is compofed of nine petals; which are of a roundifh form, hollow, and folded at I the edge. The cup is a kind of leafy {cabbard, falling with the fower : it is compofed of three large, hollow leaves, of an oval form. The fruit is a berry, of an oval fhape, with a crown at its top. The feeds are numerous and roundith. Linneus places this among the polyandria monog ynia y the threads being numerous, and fixed to the receptacle, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. The name is by moft written aza- podophyllum. Common ‘ whe SBR ‘Te 10S tr HUE SRB AVE, 335 Common May-apple. Podophyllum vulgare. The root is long, flender, and creeping : it runs juft under the furface, and has numerous fibres annexed to it. The ftalk is round, upright, firm, of a yel- lowith colour, and about a foot high, It is naked to the top; where it divides ufually into two parts, and on each of thefe is fupported a fingle leaf. : This is very large, of a roundifh form, but di- vided down to the ftalk into about fix fegments, Gy gh N The colour is a yellowifh green, and the fub- ftance firm. ’ The flower rifes in the midft between thefe two parts of the ftalk; and has a flender pedicle of an inch long, It is large and white, The fruit is oblong, large, colour when ripe. It is a native of North America, and flowers in May, Authors in general call it Anapodophyllum Ca- nadenfe. and of an orange- U's Vi WINTER-CHERRY. ALKEKENGL A Rise flower is formed of a fingle petal, which is hollowed, large, folded, and divided at the edge into five broad, pointed fegments. The cup is formed of a fingle leaf ; and is of a bloated fhape, and divided alfo toward the edge into five pointed fegments: it is of a pentangular form, and Fremains with the fruit, The berry is roundifh, and is contained in the cup, which becomes very large, clofes about it, and acquires a colour. The feeds are numerous, Kidney-fhaped, and comprefied. Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia ; the threads in the fower being five, and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. 1. Common Winter-Cherry, Alkckengi vulgare. The root is flender, and creeps under the fur- face. The ftalk is round, upright, a foot and half high, and divided into feveral branches. The leaves are placed two at a joint, on long footftalks ; and they are large, and of a fine deep green: they are broadeft at the bafe, narrower to the point, and undivided at the edges. The flowers are placed on flender footftalks in the bofoms of the leaves: they are large and white. The fruit fucceeds ; and makes a fingular ap- pearance: itis a red berry of the bignefs of a cherry, and is furrounded by a kind of bag or bladder formed of the cup; which fwells for that purpofe, and acquires a red colour. It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Solanum veficarium. Others, Alkekengi. The berries are celebrated for many virtues ; but the prefent practice negleéts them: they operate by urine, and are good againft obftruc- tions of the vifcera ; but as we have fo many more powerful medicines for the fame intentions, they. are not worth much regard. 2. Sleepy Nightfhade. Alkekengi floribus confertis. This, though called a night(hade, is properly a fpecies of winter-cherry. The difference is not fo great, that we fhould wonder old authors, lefs accurate than we in the characters of the genera, did not perceive it. The root is long and thick. I He calls the genus phy/alis, The firft leaves are very large, broad, thort, obtufely pointed, and fupported on thort foot- ftalks: their colour is a deep green, The ftalk is round, upright, and two feet high: toward the top it ufually divides into fe. veral branches, The leaves are placed on fhort footftalks, and refemble thofe from the root : they are alfo of a dufky green on the upper fide, but paler under- neath. The flowers grow in clufters round the ftalk at the joints; and they are fmall, and of a yel- lowith white. : The berry is fmall and red: it remains in the cup, where it is defended by a woolly matter. It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in July. ' C. Bauhine calls it Solanum Somuiferum verticil- latim. It is accounted poifonous ; but outwardly is in common ufe in Spain to promote fleep. The leaves are bruifed for this purpofe, and laid on the temples. 3- Woolly Winter-Cherry. Alkekengi foliis lanuginofs. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalk is firm, woody, and divided into branches. The leaves are placed on flender footftalks 5 and they are fhort, broad, obtufe, of a whitith co- Jour, and of a woolly furface. “The flowers ftand fingly on long footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves; and they are {mall, and of a very pale redith colour. The berry is large, and of acoral red. Ie Pe : . ake ey #3 ’ 4 | 336 Th BRAT DSi HER, BA EB. ee i i f Curaffo, and flowers in Au- | they are alfo of a greyifh green, hoary,.and undi- ree a | ult sake Ties vided at the edges: they are broadeft toward the ie : mit kence calls it Solanum veficarium Curaffavi- mean aS pointed . re oh : ‘e ‘uth ee ; 3 imile, foliis origani fub- e flowers are placed on flender footftalks, 89 eum ee antiquorum fimile, fe igani fi which rife in great numbers from the bofom of _ ‘ ; an 4 every leaf; and they are fmall, and of a faint Ee 4. Many-flowered Hoary Winter-Cherry. purple. mae. The berry is {mall and red, and it is contained wae Alkekengi multiflorum foliis hirfutis. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with a few fibres. ~The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and two feet high: it is of a greyifh colour, and is co- vered lightly with a hoary matter. The leaves are placed on flender footftalks: G ARISARUM. if lal flower has no petals. but it is alfo bent. roundifh, and fet in a clufter. Linneus places this among the gynandria polyandria 5 ; the threads being numerous, and fixed to they . Oy But he confounds it with the arum, making it only a fpecies of that genus; whereas i it evi- piftil. dently differs generically. 3. Broad-leaved Arifarum. Arifarum latifolium: The root is a fmall, roundifh, tuberous lump, with a few fibres at the top. The leaves are fupported fingly on long, flen- der footftalks ; and they are of a lively green, very large, oblong, heart-fafhioned at the bafe, and pointed at the end. The flower rifes on a feparate ftalk in the centre of the tuft of leaves, and refembles that of the common arum: itis a great greenifh cup, purple toward the top and at the edges; and it bends down, and fplits at the extremity ; within this is feen a purpleclub, which alfo bends forward. The berries are fmall and red. Jt is common in Spain and Italy, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Arifarum latifolium. 2. Narrow-leaved Arifarum. Arifarum anguftifolium. The root is a fmall, roundifh' lump, brown on the outfide, and white within. GQ@icE N DRAGON. eae % DRACONTIUM. e, HE flower has no petals. The cup is ieee) hollow, anik formed: of a‘fingle leaf. In this ftands a club, in the fame manner as in the arum; and the buttons of the flower, and rudi- a ments of the berries, are at the bottom. The fruit is a clutter of berries, numerous, large, and red. Ag ‘The leaves are divided in the manner of fingers. pittil. (Ec 4 Nie Gas FRYARS COWL. The cup is very large, long, hollow, not upright, asin arum, but — bending down toward the upper part, and fplit: the club within it refembles that of the rum, The threads of the flower fupport fquare buttons. in a fkinny cup. This is accounted poifonous, and is fappofed to be the true folanum fomniferum of the antients; but their defcriptions are fo imperfect, that it is” ‘a hard to determine that matter. as Alpinus calls it Solanum fomniferum antiquorum, Others, Solanum Somniferum verum. VI. The berries are nuiriclousay j The leaves are long, narrow, and of a fell beautiful green. The ftalk rifes among thefe; and is flender, me upright, of a pale green, and about ten inches — ea high: there generally are wrapped about this the = ie 3 re remains of the bafes of fome leaves. _ The flower fhews itlelf in a fingular manner, The cup is long and flender ; and the club is alfo very long, bent downward, and crooked : its co- lour is a dufky purple; and it ufually thrufts it- t felf out of the cup in fuch manner as to refemble a large earth-worm crawling. The berries are round and fmall, green at wets but when ripe of a fine red. a It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, - and flowers in June: J. Bauhine calls it Arifarum anguftifolium e name moft others have followed. The roots of thefe are very Bayer diuretickss but they are not much ufed except By the Pea- fants, Use es VII. Linnzus places this among-the gynandria monogynia, the Buttons being numerous, and fixed tothe = This author makes it a fpecies of arum, referving the name dracontium for a difting&t genus, alto- gether unlike the plant to which this name has been “appropriated 5 3 and comprehending fome fpecies nfvally called arum. The ftudent will from this avoid the confufien. . * x. Common - R. rod } ; Lice + ‘ ’ , * Sey on 4 dg a. y 2 <® . Re A ; ee ¥ f ae ' y Wp Mag =! land rake .. hed Lerrtcd S MAL She ire eae She China ith angulated Sialkr Vid ae fant B cory leanng Angelica ae Ss c y Moolly winter Sheopy Niyhichade Cherry Common wti0uer Cherry May Upp MM yy a : any frowera hairy minter Cherry QY | lComnton Dragond broad learvil a LUHS AVLLIW Marron lteavid 8 Wnisariuyn Vie 23 PO leavil Water Dragons tong lava « Ulecandrium Laurell AlecanilriawLuivell aa are ik G = ea aie hapa YAN oa ee ee, ee Th BRITISH HERBAL, 337 1. Common Dragon. Dracontium vulgare. The root is large, thick, and furnifhed with numerous and fpreading fibres. The firft leaves are very large, and very beau- tiful: they are placed fingly on long, thick foot- ftalks ; and are of the palmated kind, formed of numerous, long, and moderately broad fegments, difpofed like fingers on a hand. The {talk rifes among thefe ; and is round, up- right, thick, of a fpungy fubftance, and four feet high. The leaves on this are placed fingly on very long footftalks, and refemble thofe from the root, being compofed of many fegments, and of a beautiful green. The flower is very large, and is placed fingly at the top of the ftalk. The cup is green on the outfide, but of a deep and beautiful purple within. The club is very large, and of a fine red, fome- times white. The berries are placed together in a large clufter, and are red when ripe. , The ftalk of this fpecies is ufually of a whitifh colour, ftained and fpeckled in a curious manner, like the fkin of a ferpent, with purple and green: it thence obtained the name. : It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in Auguft. vibiagakaninia te U; C. Bauhine calls it Dracunculus polyphyllus. Others, Dracontium: We cultivate it in gardens for its fingularity and its virtues. It has the credit of being a power= ful fudorifick and refifter of poifon ; but it is not much regarded in the prefent practice. : 2. American Dragons. Dracontium Americanum {padice longifiina. The root is cortipofed of a thick head, from whence rife many long cteéping fibres, The firft leaves are fupported on long foot- ftalks 5 and they are of the palmated kind: each is compofed of about feven oblong and broad feg- ments, refembling fo many feparate leaves ; and thefe ate of a pale green. The ftalk is round, upright, and a foot high: The leaves on this perfectly refemble thofe frorh the root ; but they are fmialler: they are alfo of a paler green. . The flower ftands at the top; and is formed of a fhort, hollow cafe, with a very long club rifing up far beyond its top, and terminating in a {mall point. The berries ate numerous, latge, and; when they aré ripe, of afine red. It is a native of America, and flowers in May. Herman calls it Arum polyphyllum minus & hu- milius. Others, Dracontium Americanum. ¢ § VII. (FY, bird baad bas (07 bs HE flower refembles that of the arwm, and has no petals. The cup is compofed of 4 fingle leaf, of an oval fhape, but pointed, and coloured. The club is upright, fhort, and hid among the buttons and rudiments of the fruit. This is a clufter of round berries, in which are contained many oblong, obtufe feeds. Linnzeus places this among the gynandria polyandria; the threads in the flowet being numerous, and fixed to the piftil. Water Dragon, Calla aquatica. The root is long, thick, and jointed : it runs obliquely in the mud in fhallow waters, and fends up numerous leaves from various parts. Thefe rife in clufters ; and are fupported fingly on long, thick footftalks: they are broad, fhort, of a heart-fafhioned fhape, fharp-pointed, and of a deep green. The ftalks are round, thick, and upright, of a pale green, and about fix inches high: they rife in the middle of the tuft of leaves, and are fur- rounded by the bafes of feveral of them at the G..E = N bottom : they are from thence nicked to the top, where there ftands the cup, formed of a fingle leaf, and fplit to receive the ftalk. This is of a pale green, and remains with the fruit. The club rifes within this; but it is fhort, and hid among the threads, which are whitifh, with yel- low buttons. The berries ripen in a fmall clufter, and, when ripe, are of a fine red. It is common in the ditches in Holland, and flowers in May. C. Bauhine calls it Dracunculus radice arun- dinacea. Others, Dracunculus aquaticus. Us IX. ALEXANDRIAN. LAUREL. HIP POGLEOSSU™. HE flower has no petals. The cup is compofed of fix oval, convex leaves; three of which ftand inward, and three outward; and it is placed on the under fide of the leaf. The fruit is a round berry, divided into three cells within, and containing in cach two feeds of a roundifh figure. N° XXXIV. 4R - Linneus 338 Th BRITISH HERBAL Linnzeus places this among the diacia fgenefia, making it a kind of rufcus but the fituation of the flowers is a fufficient diftinétion ; and the difference is confirmed by the general afpect of the plant. 1. Longéleaved Alexandrian Laurel. Hippogloff.m fruttibus Jub foliolis longifolia. The reot is compofed of numerous fibres, thick, long, crooked, entangled one among another, and penetrating to a great depth, The ftalks are numerous, firm, tough, woody, branched, and fpreading : they are four feet high, and in the whole ufually form a large bufh. The leaves are large, of a firm fubftance, and | fine deep green: they are long, but confiderably | broad, fmall at the bafe, broadeft toward the middle, and fharp at the point; and they are marked all the length with large longitudinal veins. On the middle of each leaf there grows another fmall one; and under this rifes the pedicle, which fupports the flower ; fometimes there is only one, fometimes the ftalk fplits, and fupports one on each divifion. The footftalk is flender and fhort. The flower is fmall and yellowith. The berries are large, round, and, when ripe, of a fine red. It is common in damp. forefts in the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Laurus Alexandrina fruétu |. pediculo infidente. Others, Hippoglofum vulgare, and Hippogloffum mas. Me What is called the female bippoglofum is only a variety of this, not a diftinct fpecies, differing only in fize and in the colour of the fruit, which in- . clines to orange. The Latin name fhould be tranf- Th END: lated Alexandrian ‘bay, not laurel: but cuftom. has rendered it otherwifé; and the name upon: the whole is too bad for amendment. Te is fir the readér know thefe vuloar names of plants with the more proper. 2. Broad-leaved Alexandrian Laurel. Hippogloffum latifolium fruttn folio infidente. The root is compofed of numerous, thick, and fpreading fibres. . The ftalks are woody, tough, ahd’ of a palé ‘green colour, but flender, and feldomi much branched. The leaves are broad and fhort'’:’ they are of 4 pale green, ahd have high ribs running ‘length- wife; and they terminate in a fharp point, The flower is {mall and greenifh : it Ptows to the middle of the leaf, and is of a pale; gréenifh, | yellow colour. The berry és round; large, a fine red. It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe ia woods and damp thickets. It flowers in May. C. Bauhine calls it Laurus Alexandvina SruGu folio infidente. and, when fipe, of Both kinds have the credit of being excellent | vulneraries; but they are rarely ufed. Thefe fort of medicines in general owed their credit to fancy, rather than to any real virtues; and a better eaeltee of furgery has now banifhed their ufe. of te NINETEENTH CLASS. THE Cuslen &- 8.05 Plants which have a perfect flower, of a plain and régular firu€lure; and ~, have one feed after every flowers ftanding naked in the cup. _ many of the reft, by the modern fyftemis of botany. The two efféntial requifites to a gene- Hical charaéter are, that it be certain, and that it be obvious: the firtt prevents error, the other perplexity ; and there i8 no where in Nature a ‘character more happily eftablifhed to anfwer thefe purpofes than in the prefent inftance, Mr. Ray, who followed Nature clofely, perceived it; and has founded one of his claffical diftinc- tions upon it. He has therefore kept together thefe plants, fo truly allied, and fo perfectly fepa- ratéd from all others: but thofe who have limited thénifelves for the claffick chara@ters folely to the threads in the flowers of plants, have thrown the genera,’ thus conneéted together by Nature, into inany different parts of their works, and joined them with plants to which they have no affinity. Linnéus led the way to this, compélled by the very foundation of his fyftem: but when that abe S is a clafs plainly diftinguithable by Nature from all others, but confounded, like too author faw the neceflity of thus feparating plants evidently joined by Nature in the courfe of his ent quiry; he thould have given up the method, not Violated her laws. No plants have fhewn the great cofiftraint his fyftem lays upon Nattie equally with thefe, which are thus, by means of the fingle feed, clafied fo eafily and fo regularly. ; SSDP Be Seo se oe Be De ee sere a Doe Be ese os eo ee ea este a ce i oe cle Dacca Doiha Os Geena rR Ree Se Thofe of which one or thoré fpécies are naturally wild in this country. GQ Tete Ue 8.4. VALERIAN. PAE RR TAN A. HE flower is fortned of a fingle petal, hollowed, and crooked at the bottom, and divided into five feoments at the edge. The cup is very fmall, and is divided in an extremely flight manner into five fegments: in fome fpecies the divifion is fearce perceptible, The feed is naked, fingles and of an oblong form; and winged with down. The leaves ftand in pairs, In fome fpecies the outer fin of the feed is loofe ; and in thefe lefs accurate obfervers have {poke of a feed-veffel,, fuppofing this fin a capfule ; but their difference from the réft ig more than this. Linus places this genus among the ériandtia mondgyhid the threads in the flower being three, ’ and the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle: But he is obliged to acknowledge vaft variations in fome of the fpecies in this refpeét; fiich indeed as {peak very plainly the inipropriéty of the fyftém he has eftablifhed. In fome fpecies there. are. but two threads in the flower, in others there is only one, : in 8 340 The BRIT 1S ia» RB AVE: in the generality three. In all thefe cafes the plants have the threads and the ftyle in the fame flower ; but in others there are diftin&t male and female flowers. All this Linnzus acknowledges ; and he owns alfo, that the plants are all fpecies of valerian. Let us reafon on this with impartiality. The having one, two, or three threads, is, according to this author, the mark for plants belonging to one or an- other clafs: therefore, as he allows all the fpecies in which thefe differences are found to be ftill vale- rians, all plants of one and the fame genus, it follows, that, according to his method, the feveral fpecies of the fame genus may belong to different claffes. This needs no remark, The {pecies of valerian fhould, according to this author, have been placed afunder in four diftingt claffes: this ap- pears by their parts, and by his characters ; both invariable, and incompatible with one another. His fyftem, therefore, is not conformable to nature or reafon. The author was himfelf fenfible of this; for he has not made different genera of thefe feveral wa- lerians, but has placed them all together under one head in his clafs “of ¢riandria, following by force the method of Nature in keeping them together, though to the everlafting difgrace of his fyftem, Del VleS iO Ne I: x. Great, fmooth Water Valerian. Valeriana aquatica glabra maxima. The root is compofed of numerous, thick fibres, and fends out feveral creeping branches juft under the furface. : The firft leaves are large, and beautifully pin- nated : each is compofed of five or fix pairs of pinnee, fixed to a flender, redifh midle rib, with an odd one at the end: they are of a pale green, oblong, fomewhat broad, flightly indented at the edges, and fharp-pointed. The ftalk is round, upright, firm, ftriated, rarely at all branched, and five feet high. The leaves ftand on it in pairs in a regular and beautiful manner: they are pinnated like thofe from the root; and they are of a pale green. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks,; and are {mall, and of a pale, but elegant flefh- colour: they are placed in large, round tufts, like umbells. The feeds are fmall, oblong, and winged with down. It is common by, waters, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Valeriana fylveftris major 5 a name moft others copy ; but it is improper, be- caufe it does not diftinguifh it from a fpecies next to be defcribed, which fhould be known dif- tindtly, becaufe of its great virtues. It will be better therefore to call it the great, fmooth water valerian, and in Latin Valeriana aquatica glabra maxima, 2, Wild Valerian. Valeriana fylveftris montana. The root is compofed of numerous, thick, | whitifh fibres ; and is of a very ftrong and dif- agreeable fmell, and of a pungent tafte. The firft leaves are placed on flender footftalks ; and they are compofed of five, fix, or more pairs of pinne: they are of a dufky green, flightly notched at the edges, and hairy. The ftalk is firm, upright, ftriated, and a yard high. The Jeaves ftand in pairs, and are pinnated like thofe from the root; but they are compofed _ of more numerous pinne: there are eight or more pairs on each; and they are narrow, fer- rated, fharp-pointed, and of a faint green. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalk in a large umbel : they are feparately very {mall ; and their colour is white, with a faint tinge of flefh- colour. ~ BR Ted 1S) Hs PB Cale c The feeds are fingle, naked, and winged with down. It is common on heaths, and near woods, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Valeriana montana fylveftris major. Rivinus, Valeriana fylveftris folio an- guftiore. This is a plant of very great virtues. The root poffeffes them in the higheft degree; and it is to be gathered before the herb rifes into a ftalk, and dried for ufe : after this it may be given in powder or tincture. It is excellent againft nervous complaints. It cures inveterate headachs, tremblings, palpita- tions of the heart, vapours, and all that train of miferable diforders included under the name of nervous. It is alfo good in hyfterick cafes, greatly promoting the menfes. Epilepfies have been cured folely by this medicine. Fabius Columna, an author of great know- ' ledge and ftrict veracity, gives a great account of its virtues as experienced by himfelf; and the late Dr. Douglas took pains to revive its ufe, to the advantage of mankind. It is by his recom- mendation reftored to the fhops, and makes a very confiderable article in modern prefcription for thofe cafes. 3. Small Wild Valerian. Valeriana fylveftris minor. The two former fpecies have the firtt leaves that rife from the root, pinnated like thofe on the ftalk ; but in thisand feveral others they are per- feétly different. — The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with many fibres: ic fends off a kind of fhoots near the head, which run under the furface; and from thefe rife tufts of leaves in feveral places, Thefe leaves, which rife immediately from the root, or from its underground fhoots, are broad, oblong, of a frefh green, and placed fingly on long, flender footftalks. f The ftalk is upright, ftriated, of a pale green, and a foot high. . The leaves on this are beautifully pinnated : each is compofed of five or more pairs of flender, oblong pinne, fixed to a middle rib, with a larger at the end; and they are of a pale green, fmooth, and not indented at the edges. . The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalk, and alfo on fhort footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the upper leaves, in great regularity; and they are EE eee ee a ee we 2 4 ( Th BRITISH HERBAL. 341 are of a pale flefh-colour : fingly they are fmall, but the tufts of them are large and beautiful, The feed is fmall, and fingle : it ftands na- ked, and winged with down. It is common in meadows, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Valeriana paluftris minor. Others, Valeriana fylveftris minor. 4, Little-flowered Marfh Valerian. Valeriana paluftris floribus minimis. The root is compofed of numerous, thick fibres. The firft leaves are placed fingly on long, flen- der foorftalks ; and are oblong, undivided, and of a dufky green. The ftalk is upright, ftriated, not at all branched, of a pale green, and two feet high. The leaves on it are placed oppofite, and pin- DIVISION IL 1. Garden Valerian. Valeriana hortenfis major. The root is long and thick: it runs obliquely under the furface, and fends out many fibres. The firft leaves rife in tufts on a kind of thick fhoots from the main root : thef are placed fingly on long, flender footftalks ; and they are oblong, © moderately broad, narrow at the bafe, obtufe at the end, not at all divided-at the edges, and of a " {trong and pleafant green. The ftalk is round, upright, firm, and of a pale green: it is not ftriated, as in the wild kinds. : a, The leaves on this are placed in pairs3 and | they are large, pinnated, and of a paler green ; each is compofed of about four pairs of pinnae, with an odd one at the end of the rib; and thefe are narrow, pointed, and undivided at the edges. The flowers grow in large tufts at the top of the ftalk, and of fhoots rifing from the bofoms of the upper leaves ; and they are of a pale red. The feed is fingle, large, and downy. It is a native of Alface, but is kept in bardens for its virtue. It flowers in Auguit. 3 C. Bauhine calls it Valeriana hortenfis, and moft others copy that name. Some call it phy. The root is good againft vertigoes, pains in the head, and other nervous complaints. It is re- commended alfo greatly againft malignant fevers. The frefh root, given in decoction, operates by urine, and is good againft obftructions of the vif- cera. For nervous complaints it is beft given in” powder 5 but the root of our common wild vale- rian is greatly fuperior to it for this purpofe. 2. Red Valerian. Valeriana floribus rubris caudatis, The root is long, thick, and brown; and has a few large fibres. 2 The firft leaves are oblong, broad, and of a greyifh green: they have no footftalks and they | are fmooth, undivided at the edges, and pointed at the end. The ftalk is round, upright for two-thirds of its height, and of a greyith green: toward the N° 34. nated: the pinne are narrow ; and the colour is ‘| a pale green. The flowers ftand in tufts at the top of the ftalks ; and they are very fall, and of a faint flefh-colour. The feeds are large, fingle, obl 4 with down, Biers fneestad Bioess July. Ray calls it Valeriana fylveftris five paluftris mi- nor altera. All thefe fpecies agree in their nature and qua- lities with the fecond kind ; but they poffefs them in an inferior degree. The great care muft be not to gather by miftake one of them for another, This fingle caution may prevent the error, that thefe grow in wet places, and that always in drys upland ground, FORELGN: SPECT 8 top it ufually bends, which is Owing to its flen- dernefs, and to the weight of the tufts of dowers. The leaves are placed on it in pairs ; and they are oblong, broad, and of a bluifh green: they have no footftalks: they are undivided at the edges, and pointed at the ends. ‘The flowers grow in great clufters at the top of the ftalk, and at the extremities of fhoots ri- fing from the bofoms of the leaves: they are of a beautiful red: their tubular part is very long and flender, and terminates in a‘kind of fpur. The feed is fingle, oblong, and winged with down, It is common wild in Italy on barren hilly ground, and upon walls. It flowers in Auguft, C, Bauhine calls it Valeriana rubra. Others, Valeriana rubra Dodonei. 3. Narrow-leaved Small Valerian. ~ Valeriana minor anguftifolia. The root is long; thick, brown, and furnifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves rife in a fmall tuft; and are fupported on fhort footftalks : thefe are conti- nued to the bafes of the leaves, and appear to be only that part extended in length. They are oblong, narrow, and of a frefh green, fharp-pointed at the end ; and ufually there is one indenting on the fide, and no more. The ftalk is round, weak, and of a pale green: it is ten inches high, rarely branched, and fearce upright, the top ufually bowing, The leaves on this refemble thofe from the root ; but they are narrower: they have no foot- ftalks. Their colour is a pale, yellowifh green ; and they have one or two indentings. The flowers ftand in clufters at the tops of the ftalk, and of fhoots from the bofoms of the leaves ; but they are not fo numerous as in the pre- ‘ ceding kinds : they are {mall, and of a pure white. The feed is oblong, fingle, and winged with down. 4 It is a native of the rocky mountains of Ger- many, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Nardo Celtico fimilis inodora, Others, Valeriana faxatilis, and Valeriana Alping angufifolia. ; \ 48 - 4. Celtick, It is common in boggy places, and flowers in. 242 The BR Fuss Aaa B eB AL; 4. Celtick Spikenard. Valeriana foliis ovatis obtufis. It was with reafon C, Bauhine named the laft defcribed fpecies as refembling the Celtick JSpike- nard ; for they are fo like in their general afpect, that a common eye might take them for the fame plant ; though, ona clofer examination, they are found to differ widely. The root of Celtick /pikenard is very long, thick, and brown: it runs obliquely into the ground; and has numerous, large, and long fibres: and its furface is covered with a brown fcaly matter, the remains of footftalks of former leaves: it is of a fragrant fmell, as is alfo the whole plant. The firft leaves rife in a confiderable tuft: they are of an oblong form, but approaching to oval: they have long bafes, which ferve as footftalks ; and they are broad, and obtufe at the ends, not at all indented at the edge, and of a fine green. The ftalks are weak, flender, round, of a pale green, and fix or eight inches high, i The leaves on thefe are oblong, narrow, ob- tufe, not at all indented, and of a fine ftrong green. The flowers ftand at the top in. fmall, but thick tufts ; and they are of a beautiful pale red, refembling that of a damafk rofe. The feeds are fmall, oblong, and winged with down. It is common in France, Spain, and Italy. It flowers in July. ‘ C. Bauhine calls it Nardus Celtica Diofcoridis, Others, Nardus Celtica. The root is celebrated as a cordial and fudori- » fick: it is a warm and gentle medicine; and, taken for a continuance in tin@ture or powder, it ftrengthens the ftomach, prevents flatulencies, and opens obftruétions of the vifcera. Gig SEEN WU" aS Il. BAMBS LET Pwe EB VALERIANELL AZ. HIE flower is formed of a fingle petal, which is tubular at the bottom, and crooked, and at the . The cup is very fmall, and lightly indented in five places at edge is divided into five fegments. the rim. ‘The feed is fingle, naked, and is not winged with down. Linnzus places this among the triandria monogynia; the threads in the fower being three, and the flyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. But he improperly joins it with the valerian ; whereas not only the habit and general afpeét of the plant perfectly differs, but the feed has no dewn; which is an effential, determinate, and properly generical character, 1. Common Lambs Lettuce. Valerianella vulgaris caule dichotomo. The root is fmall, oblong, and furnifhed with a few fibres. The firft leaves rife in a clufter, and are of a faint pale green: they have no footftalks: they are oblong, moderately broad, fmooth, undivi- ded at the edges, and rounded at the end. The ftalk is upright, weak, flender, and ten inches high: it runs up fingle about half its height, and there fplits into two parts ; and each of thefe divide again once or more in the fame manner ; fo that the top is fpreading and flat, The leaves ftand in pairs; and are oblong, and obtufe at the end: they have no footftalks, and they are of a faint green, The flowers are very fmall, and white, with a flight tinge of blue: they ftand in fmall, thick tufts at the tops of all the divifions of the ftalk. The feeds are fingle, fmall, and naked, Tt is common in corn-fields, and wild in gar- dens. It flowers in May. C.Bauhine calls it Valeriana campeftris inodora major. Others, Valerianella, Laétuca agnina, and Locufta. The young leaves are eaten in fallads, and have a pretty, but rather infipid tafte: they are very wholefome. The leaves of this plant vary extremely : na- turally they are as here defcribed, undivided at the edges, and obtufe at the end 3 but ina ftarved : foil they will be narrower, fharp-pointed, and {er- rated ; and fometimes they are divided more deeply. Thefe, and other accidental Varieties of a like kind, have been defcribed by authors as diftin& fpecies; but the ftudent mutt avoid thofe errors, 2. Great-feeded Lambs Lettuce, Valerianella femine magno, The root is fmall and fibrous. The firft leaves are oblong, broad, obtufe, large, and of a pale green. The ftalk is a foot high, flender, whitith, and upright, and divided at the top in the fame man- ner as in the common kind, always by {plitting into two. : The leaves ftand in pairs; and they are ob- long and fharply ferrated, and of a faint green, The flowers ftand in fmall, thick tufts, and are little and white, with a very flight tinge of blue. The feeds are fingle and large; and they have a {welled look : one follows every flower. It is common in corn-fields, and flowers in July. ; . Morifon calis it Valerianelle vulgaris fpecies ma- jor ferotina ; and Ray takes the fame name. That author mentions alfo a {mall kind, with ferratéd leaves; but that, as we have obferved before, is only a variety. This isa difting fpe- cies. The whole afpe& and :fize of the plant, and its late flowering, fhew this; and it is con- firmed by the thape, fize, and fwelled look of the feed, which is an abfolute and invariable cha- racter, f 4 GENUS Pi a OE aS Se an ee me ‘ Gay ck. +N The BRE TSR On ERB AT ) ) 343 Wees Ii, SEA-LAVENDER, LIMONIU™M, Ghee flower is compofed of four petals : the top; and they unite fo as to form {mall, formed of a fingle leaf, tubular, the edge. naked, and contained in the cup. thefe are oblong, narrow at the bottom, and broad at an oblong, flender tube, and wide at the mouth: There is befides this a common or general cup, a long feries of them. This is of an imbricated form. The cup to each flower is : it is not divided, but is folded at ferving to many flowers, and containing The feed after every flower is fingle, Linnzus places this among the pentandria pentagynia; the threads in the flower being five, and the ftyles from the rudiment of the feed the fame in number. This author confounds the /ea lavender with thrift. He takes away the generical name Limoniums and makes all thefe plants fpecies of ffatice: but there is an abfolute and effential diftin@ion in the general cup, which fupports that in the form and univerfal afpe&@. Thus Nature confirms her ob- vious differences, and thus this author has confounded them 5 not heedlefsly, for he names this very difference, acknowledging, that while the common cup of flowers in a long feries, and is fimple, prehends them ina round clufter. This we hall the dimonium contains a great number of and of an oblong form; that of Jtatice is triple, and com- explain at large in its place, treating of fatice. We have in this plant an inftance alfo of Linneeus’s error in feparating the naturally-allied genera of the prefent clafs, Aatice among the pentagynia, ceeding genera. Dil Val SIO Neu 1. Common Sea-Lavender, Limonium vulgare, The root is long, thick, divided, and fpread- ing. The leaves rife in a large tuft : they are oblong, and confiderably broad: they have fhort footftalks, and are of a deep, dufky, bluifh green. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and di- vided into many branches : it is of a pale green, and has no leaves, The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches in feveral long feries, principally on one fide , and they are fmail and purple. The feed is fingle, fmall, roundifh, and brown. Tt is common in falt marfhes, and about our coafts. It flowers in June. C, Bauhine calls it Limonium maritimum majus. Others, Limonium vulgare, The roots of this plant are powerfully aftrin- gent: they may be given in decoétion, or in powder ; and they ftop loofenefiés. The feeds are good in the diabetes. 2. Dwarf Sea-Lavender. Limonium foliis feffilibus parvuss, The root is long, flender, of a redith colour, and furnifhed with feveral fibres. The leaves rife in a clufter; and are fmall, and ' of a pale bluifh green: they are oblong, nar- row, and fharp-pointed ; and they have no foot- ftalks, but rife from the root immediately by a’ narrow bafe. The ftalks are numerous, flender, and divided Ss the valerian and valerianella being placed among the trigynia, and this and the But this is little to what we fhall have occafion to obferve in-the fuc- BRITISH: SPECIES: into feveral branches: they are ufually naked, asin the other ; but fometimes there grows a leaf or two near their bafe, refembling thofe from the root. The flowers are fmall, and of a very pale flefhy purple: they ftand in many long feries on the tops of the branches. It is common on our falt marfhes, in May. Some have confounded it with the former as a variety ; bur its leaves fpeak it a perfe&tly difting fpecies, : Ray calls it Limonium minus. nium parvum, ¢ and flowers Others, Limo- », 3. Sea-Lavender, with umbellated flowers, Limonium floribus umbellatis. The root is long, thick, of a dufky brown, and furnifhed with many fibres, The leaves rife in a large tuft; and they are long, narrow, fharp-pointed, of a deep green, and placed on fhort, red footfkalks, The ftalks are numerous, tall, thick, and di- vided toward the top into numerous branches ; » the height of the plant is a foot and half, and its tops fpread two feet in breadth. The flowers are fmail and purple: they ftand at diftances from one another, and form a kind of umbel. It is common about our fouthern flowers in July. Ray calls it Limonium Anglicum minus. caulibus ramofioribus, floribus in Jpicis rarius JSitis. Minus is an ill term, for it often grows very large. coafts, and DIVI- ¥ 344 The BRITIS H HERBAL ~ DLvV.ES LON A Fine-leaved Sea-Lavender. Limonium foliis tenuiffimis. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with a few fibres. : The firft leaves rife in a thick tuft; and they are long, very flender, and grafly: fometimes they are divided, but ufually quite fimple. The ftalk is round, upright, and of a pale green: it divides toward the top intoa vaft num- ber of branches. GG & FOREIGN SPECIES. The leaves on this are very fmall, oblong, and compofed of a very few flender fegments. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in fhort clufters, and are of a pale red, The feeds are fall, fingle, and naked. Tt is a native of the coaft of Africa, and flowers in June. Plukenet calls it Limonium minimum comatun elegans. : Nee ig5 IV. BASTARD TOADFLAX. ‘ TH ESS IU M. HE flower has no petals. The cup is formed of a fingle piece, lightly divided into five obtufe a 0 fegments ; which ftand upright, and are coloured on the inner fide: fome have called them, but erroncoufly, petals. The feed is fingle, roundifh, and naked: it remains in the bofom of the cup. Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia ; the threads in the flower being five, and the ftyle fingle. He takes away its old name Jinaria adulterina, ledged a very ill conftructed generical term. DIVISTON I BR Common Baftard Toadflax. Thefium vulgare. The root is long, thick, divided, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The firft leaves rife in a tuft; and are oblong, narrow, fharp-pointed, and undivided at the edges: their colour is a pale green, and they have no footftalks. » | The ftalks are roundifh, upright, brown, and a foot high: they are not much branched, and they generally grow many together. The leaves are numerous, and placed irregu- larly: they are long, narrow, and fharp-pointed : they have no footftalks; they are undivided at the edges, and of a pale green. DeieV. LS. O8N It: FO 1. Yellow-flowered Baftard Toadflax. Thefium flove flavo. The root is long, thick, brown, and furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalk is round, upright, flender, and ten inches high. The leaves ftand alternately ; and they are ob- _ long and broad, of a pale green, undivided at the edges, and obtufe at the end. Ge Be N and calls it thefium. The other muft be acknow- TVD oTSsble “SPE C21 Rise The flowers ftand in great number at the tops of the ftalks in a kind of fpikes; and they look white, the infide of the cup being of that colour, The feed is fingle and large. It is common on fome hilly grounds, and flowers in June. : C. Bauhine calls it Linaria montana flofculis al- bicantibus. Others, fine linaria folio, and Li- nophyllon. : We have an inftance in this plant how very carelefsly the old writers impofed names. There is no refemblance of /izaria in the flower of this plant. ‘The leaves and manner of growing were the occafion of the title. Its virtues are unknown. Reel G N*™SeP2E © 1b 3s: The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches little, and of a gold yellow. The feed is fingle, round, and naked. It is common in the paftures of Virginia and Penfylvania, and flowers in July. Plukenet calls it Centaurium luteum aferyoides Virginianum. Linneus, Thefium floribus umbella- tis folits oblongis. 4 Ores V2 AGRIMONY. AiGigk of MYON STA: HE flower is compofed of five fmall petals : they are broad, and nipped at the top 5 and they have narrow bafes, by which they adhere to the cup. The cup is double ; the inner one is fmall, and ftands upon the rudiment of the fruit: this is div ided flightly into five fegments, and it is hid as it were by the other or outer, which is larger. The feed is fingle, naked, rough, and has a double kernel, Linnzus places this among the dodecandria digynia ; the threads being twelve in each flower, and the ftyles from the rudiment of the fruit two. DIVI- 5 in fmall clufters about five together: they are RE es Ae eS ee? om real Soe water Qlerian Red Valerian | "Nee Pat Le Click W/ mill Valerian Ol hen (: gniman Lal: 3 Lonunon Jeu Lavender (Gemma RS SARE LTR ste ved Yellow Plovarl Common Badan Pf edtara Ah Fouad law © eed, Zod. flaw Aw, Li vane Fae Tmall Howertl :. ae | ; Conunon Burnet The BR I'TALSH: THOR RB Aste 345 DTV SHlQgn 1: Common Agrimony. Agrimonia vulgaris. The root is formed of feveral thick, tough fibres. ; The firft leaves are numerous, large, and pin- nated: they have fhort, redifh footftalks; and each is compofed of about four pair of pinne, with an odd one at the end: their colour is a beautiful frefh green on the upper fide, and greyifh underneath. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and two feet high: it is thick, hairy, not at all branched, and of a redifh colour, _ The flowers are fmall, and of a gold yellow: they are placed in a long, flender {pike at the top of the ftalk. DIVISION I. FO Small-flowered Agrimony. Agrimonia floribus parvis. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves rife in a fmall tuft; and are’ oblong, and irregularly pinnated : each is com- pofed of four or five pairs of {mall pinnz, of an uncertain fize, arranged in-pairs along a middle rib; at the extremity of which there ftand three larger and more regular fegments: they are of a deep green on the upper fide, and grey under- neath. Guar N vu BRITISH SPECIES. The feeds are large and rough, with a kind of hooked hairs, Itis common in our paftures, and flowers in July, C. Bauhine calls it Eupatorium veteruar, Sive Agrimonia, Others, Agrimonia, and. Agrimonia vulgaris. It is a diuretick and deobftruent, greatly re- commended by the antients, but very much neglected in the prefent pra@ice. It Opens ob-’ ftru@ions of the vifcera, and is good in the jaundice. It alfo gently and fafely promotes the menfes. \ The frefh leaves make a tea not unpleafant ; and, taken conftantly in this method, the effect will be very happy in regularly bringing on that difcharge. A fyrup of the root is alfo recom- mended againft catarrhs. REIGN SPECLES. Thé ftalk is round, upright, hairy, redifh, and a foot and half high. The leaves on the lower part of this refemble thofe from the root; but thofe toward the top are compofed only of three fegments, fuch as termi- nate the three others. The flowers are fmall and yellow. The feeds are large, naked, and fmooth. It is common among trees in Italy, and flowers in Auguft. 104) C. Bauhine calls it Agrimonte similis: Others, Agriminioides. S VI. eH OR AE Ts Se Tete Tens) Caaees HE, flower is formed of five petals, narrow at the bafe, broader toward the top, and joined at ap the fides fo as to form a kind of bell. There are two cups, one proper and particular to each flower, the other general or comnvon to the whole tuft. The proper cup is formed of a fingle leaf, and is of a hollow fhape, narrow at the bafe, and wide at the rim, where it is folded or. wrinkled, but not cut into fegments. The general cup is triple, and it collects the whole tuft of fowers into a kind of round head. The feed is fingle and {mall, roundifh, and placed naked in the proper cup of each flower. s Linnzus places this among the pentandria pentagynia; the threads in the flower being five, and the ftyles of the fame number. Common Thrift. 16 Statice vulgaris. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with a few fibres: toward the top it ufually divides into two or three heads ; and from each of thefe rifes a large clufter of leaves. ‘ The leaves are long, narrow, and grafly : their colour is a bluifh green; and they are fmooth, undivided at the edges, and fharp-pointed. The ftalk rifes in the centre of a tuft of thefe leaves ; and it is round, upright, fimple, naked, and of a pale greyifh green. The flowers ftand at the top, a great number together, in a round clufter: they are moderately . Lobel, Caryophyllus marinus minimus. large, and of a pale flefhy purple. N° 34. : The feed is fmall, round, and of a deep brown. It is common about our fea-coafts, and flowers in June. Its regular growth, and the beauty of its fowers, have introduced it into gardens, where it feryes inftead of box for the edgings of borders, C. Bauhine calls it Caryophyllus montanus minor. Others, Statice montana. The addition of montana is not abfurd, for in many parts of Europe it is frequent on hills far from the fea. Culture makes variations in this plant; but there is no other known {fpecies dif- tinét from this. The root is faid to be aftringent ; but it is not ufed. iE GENUS 346 The BRETISH HER BAL G E No S VII. BrUPRN, EL. SANGUISORBA. WP HE Rowet is compofed of a fingle petal, deeply divided into four fegments: thefe are broad, and obtufe at the end, narrow at the bafe, and united only at their very bottoms; fo that the flower, to an incurious obferver, would feem to have four petals. they ftand oppofite to one another, and they fall with the fmall leaves: thefe are fhort and broad: The cup is compofed of two flower. The feed is fingle, naked, and roundith, and has a double kernel. Linnzus places this among the tetrandria monogynia ; ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit being fingle. 1. Common Burnet. Sanguiforba vulgaris. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves are long, and very beautifully pinnated : each is compofed of fix or mote pairs of pinne, with an odd one at the end; and thefe are fhort, broad, ferrated, and fharp-pointed. Their colour is a beautiful green. The ftalk is fender, upright, and toward the top it is divided into feveral branches : the leaves on it are like thofe from-the root, each compofed of feveral pairs of dentated piane, with an odd one at the end. The flowers are placed in fmal] oblong heads at the tops of the branches : thefe heads are brown, but the flowers themfelves are of a faint purple. The feeds are fmall and cornered. It is common by road-fides, and in hilly paf- tures. It flowers in June. : C. Bauhine calls it Sanguiforba minor, Others, Pimpinella vulgaris, and Pimpinella fanguiforba mi- nor. » 2. Great Burnet. | Sanguiforba major. The root is compofed of numerous thick fibres. G 1 Ne Uses the threads in the flower being four, and the The firft leaves are large and pinnated: each is compofed of three or four pairs of pinnz, with an odd one at the end; and thefe are oblong, moderately broad, and fharp-pointed, ferrated at the edges, and of a deep green. The ftalk is upright, flender, branched, and two feet high. The leaves on this refemble thofe from the root; but they are fmaller. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches in fhort oblong heads: they are of a very faint and dull purplifh colour; and the heads are brown between them. The feeds are {mall and cornered. It is common in paftures, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Sanguiforba major. _ Thefe two fpecies have the fame general qua- lities; but the firft poffeffes them in the greater degree. It is a cordial and fudorifick : it wa, much ufed formerly to give a flavour to wine; but it is now neglected. It is an aftringent of confiderable power. The root dried and powdered ftops purgings; or it may be given in form of a ftrong decoétion to the. fame purpofe. The juice of the leaves is good againft hemorrhages. VII. MEADOW-RUE. Tet A Pele dl: 4 Cah Tie Re Oe VE. HE flower is compofed of four petals :. they are roundifh, and hollowed, and are of fhort dura- tion. There isno cup. The feed is fingle after every flower, and it is furrounded by a rough wrinkled fkin. The leaves are divided into many parts, and the flowers grow in clufters, Linnzus places this among the polyandria polygynia ; the threads in the flower being numerous, and growing to the receptacle 3 and the ftyles from the rudiment of the feed alfo numerous. DIVISION L 1. Common Meadow-Rue. Lhalifirum vulgare. The root is compofed of innumerable long, thick, and fpreading fibres, : The ftalk is firm, upright, ftriated, purplifh toward the bottom, and three feet high. The leaves are large, and very beautifully divi- ded or compofed of numerous fmall parts, placed BRITIS Has PE CWE S. on feparate fhort footftalks, on a large divided rib: thefe are notched at the edges, efpecially to- ward the points ; and are of a bluifh green, but deep and dufky. ; The flowers are fmall and whitifh: they ftand in great clufters on the ftalks. The feeds are brown. It is common in meadows, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine The BERAWT Sha AGE RELA Be 347 C. Bauhine calls it Thaliétrum majus fliqua angulofa firiata. - Others, Thaliffrum vulgare, and Thaliéirum majus, or Thaliétrum caule nigri- cante. 2. Small Meadow-Rue. Thaliftrum minus, The root is long, flender, and creeping. The ftalk is round, of a pale brown, upright, fearce at all branched, and about eight inches high, - ; The leaves ftand irregularly on it ; and they are very beautiful: they are in the whole confiderably large; but they are compofed of many {mall parts, placed ona divided rib; and thefe are fhort, broad, and dented at the end. The whole tuft is of a tender fubftance, and deep purplifh green colour. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalk in a kind of umbel: they are fmall, and of a pale yellow. The feeds are large, and their creft is wrinkled and brown. It is found on hilly paftures in many parts of the kingdom, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it ThaliG&rum minus; a name copied by others. 3. Little broad-leaved Meadow-Rue. Thalitirum minus foliis latioribus. The root is compofed of tough, flender fibres. The ftalk is round, upright, a foot high, branched, and of a purplith colour, efpecially to- ward the root. .” The leaves are large, and of a dufky gréen: DIVISION IL Narrow-leaved Meadow-Rue. Thaliéirum anguftifolium. The root is compofed of numerous tough, yel- low threads. The ftalk is round, flender, purplifh, upright, not at all branched, and a foot high. The leaves are large, and of a frefh green: they are divided into numerous flender parts, and thefe are undivided at the edges, and fharp- pointed. 3 : The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in fpiked clufters; and they are {mall and white, with a faint tinge of purple. - G E FO Nie Ui eeS they are compofed of many parts, as in the former: - fpecies ; but thefe are broader and larger than in any other, of a deep green, and nipped at the top. : The flowers grow in a broad tuft at the top of the ftalk ; and are fmall and whitifh, faint tinge of yellow. The feeds are fmall. It iscommon on the Welch mo flowers in May. - Ray calls it Tbalifrum minus mont tioribus. with a very untains, and ‘anum foltis la- 4. Meadow-Rue with thining leaves, Thalittrum foliis {plendentibus, The root is fmall, and creeps under the fur. face, The ftalk is ftriated, weak, and not much branched: it is about a foot hi gh, but rarely ftands quite erect. The leaves are large; and each is compofed of numerous, broad fegments, placed on fhort footftalks : thefe are nipped at the tops and fides, The whole leaf is of a deep blackifh green on the upper fide, and of a greyith green underneath, The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in rounded fcattered tufts: they are white and fmall, The feeds are fmall ; and their coat is rough and purplifh. , It sis a native of our northern counties, and thrives beft on damp ground upon hills, It flowers in April, and dies to the ground foon after. Ray calls it Thalifrum minimum montanum ru- bens foliis [plendentibus, ; REIGN SPECIES. The feeds have a rough, brown coat. It is found in the woods of Germany near fprings. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Thaliftrum pratenfe angupif- Simo folio. Others, Thalifirum foliis gramineis. Thefe plants are not diftinguifhed by any par- ticular virtues by authors ; but they deferve fome notice. The country-people in Buckingham fhire boil the roots and young leaves of the common kind in ale, and take this as a purge. In a fmall dofe it works by urine, and is good againft ob- ftructions of the vifcera. i: FoUeM LT OFR WY: Be UM wrAGoRs wad: HE flower is formed in the manner of the papilionaceous kind, but terminates behind in a fpur- T The cup is compofed of two leaves, fmall, and placed oppofite. The feed is naturally fingle, and inclofed in a loofe fkin. The leaves are divided, and the flowers are fmall. Linnzus places this among the diadelphia hemandria ; the buttons on the threads in the fower be- ing fix, and arranged in two affortments. There is no genus in which Nature wantons fo much. This Linnzeus is obliged to acknowledge, who has placed it among his diadelpbia; and it is as needful to be mentioned here, where, after the method of Mr. Ray, it is placed with the ¢baliffrum, among the fingle-feeded plants, 4 The 348 The BRITISH HERBAL. The feed, which is naturally fingle, and has its outer fkin loofe, in fome fpecies, has that membrane {welled into a kind of capfule ; and in fome others there is no cup to the flower. The analogy of parts in general fhew thefe however to be true {pecies of fumitory, and all authors have perceived it: therefore it is proper to keep them under the fame generical name. ; : Dele VaileSelo ON ale 1. Common Fumitory. Fumaria vulgaris. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalk is weak, of a pale green, fcarce up- right, divided into many branches, and a foot high. The leaves are large, and of a faint green: they are divided into innumerable fmall parts, placed on a branched rib; and they are of a flen- der fubftance. The flowers ftand in fpikes at the tops of the ftalks and branches; and they are of a mixed red, partly flefh-colour, and partly purple. The feed is large and brown. It is common in our corn-fields, and in all other cultivated ground. It flowers in June. C. Baubine calls it Pumaria officinarum et Diofco- ridis, Others, Fumaria vulgaris. 2. Great Ramping Fumitory. Lumaria major. The root is long, thick, white, and furnifhed with a few ftrageling fibres of the fame colour. The ftalks are weak, and of a pale green, branched; and, when they can fupport them- felves among buthes, two feet high. The leaves are large, and of a whitifh green: they are divided into numerous parts, or com- pofed of many fegments, as in the other; but thefe are broader. The flowers fand in long, loofe fpikes at the tops of the ftalks, and on footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves: they are large, and of a pale red. The feeds are mall and brown. DrvarsTo Nan” “Fo Hollow-rooted Fumitory. Fumaria radice cava. The root is large, roundifh, and hollow ; and it is furnifhed with abundance of fibres. The ftalk is weak, of a whitifh green, and about a foot high, but indifferently ereé&t, and divided into many branches. The leaves are large, and compofed of nume- rous oblong indented fegments: they are fupported on feparate footftalks ; and they are of a pale bluifh green. The END of te TWENTIETH CLASS, B Rel el SH sob Col Bas: It is common in hedges at the fides of plowed lands, and flowers in Auguft. . Ray calls it Fumaria major feandens flore palli= diore. 3. Broad-leaved climbing Fumitory. Fumaria latifolia claviculata. This is a fpecies fo extremely different from the other in its form, that Mr. Ray has placed it in another clafs; but it is properly and truly a ; kind of fumitory. The root is fmall, divided into feveral parts, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The ftalk is round, weak, of a pale green, and very much branched: it is a foot high, but very weak, and unable to fupport/itfelf upright, ex- cept by climbing ;. for which purpofe Nature hag given it many tendrils at the ends of the branches. The leaves are broad and fharp-pointed : they grow in {mall clufters, and their colour is a bluith green. The flowers fland three or four together in little heads on footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves: they are fmall and white, with a faint tinge of purple. The feeds are fmall and brown, It is common under hedges in our northern counties, but it is more fcarce elfewhere. Tce flowers in Auguft. C, Bauhine calls it Fumaria claviculis donata. Others, Fumaria alba latifolia claviculata. The common fumitory is good againt {corbutick diforders.. The juice may be taken in dofes of four fpoonfuls; and it will operate gently by {tool at firft, but only asa deobftruent and fweet- ener of ‘the blood afterwards.. Some fmoak the dried leaves in the manner of tobacco for difor- ders of the head, with fuccefs. : RE GoN oS Reba Ets; The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in fpikes, and they are of a pale red. It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in May. ° C. Bauhine calls it Fumaria bulbofa. Others, Fumaria radice cava, and Radix cava major flore purpureo. Its virtues are the fame with thofe of the com- mon fumitory ; and, where it grows wild, it is ufed to the fame purpofe. H &E THE BRUT CGH: 4 beh « GLLPPOGGLSSISRLIOOOOLGS EGE LOL OOS OS GOEL SGRSLEDEHEY CUA. S Si Rods Plants which have labiated flowers, with four feeds following each, and placed naked in the cup; and whofe leaves fiand in pairs upon the fralks. HIS is a clafs as obvioufly diftinguithed by Nature, and as perfectly feparated from all others, | as any the whole feries of plants affords; and the generality of authors have paid fo much regard to thefe her obvious chara¢ters, as to keep them together. They make the verticillate plants of Mr. Ray and others. ° They could not but be kept together by all who formed their fyftems on the great and plain marks impreffed on plants; becaufe they fo perfectly, and in fo many charatters, refemble one an- other, that they are plainly a fingle family ; to which no plant can be added, and from which none can be feparated without violence to the moft effential diftinétions: but the modern methods pay very little regard to Nature. ; ; Linneus feparates defony and vervain by twelve claffes: not becaufe one has, and the other has not labiated flowers, leaves in pairs, and four naked feeds; for in thefe moft effential characters they agree: but becaufe detony has four threads in the flower, two of which are longer, and two fhorter, it is placed among the didynamia ; and becaufe vervain has only two, it ftands among the diandria, feparated from the reft of the labiated naked-feeded kind, and joined with /peedwell and en- chanters night/bade. “This may ftand as an inftance of the impropriety of modern fyftems. The reader will pardon me the unwilling tafk of producing more on this occafion, fince he will difcern them in the characters of the genera. ELLIBLILSHSHSOSHOGGIS HOPS SSSI HOLSRSSPSHSSSII IGS SeeBereR® 1) Beas I. Natives of BRITAIN. Thofe of which one or more fpecies are naturally wild in this country. G E N Wear S I. MOTHER OF THYME. . SUR RSP eal, De eUicg Ve HE flower is of the labiated kind, formed of a fingle petal, and gaping at the thouth. The upper lip is obtufe and {mall : the lower lip is longer, and divided into three fegments ; the middle one of which is larger than the others. “The cup is divided into two lips; and the feeds are naked, fmall, and round. : Linnaeus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia s the threads in the flower being two longer and two fhorter, and the feeds having no covering. He includes in the fame genus feveral plants not properly belonging to it 5 and, inftead of ferpyllum, calls it thymus. This is a matter of indifference, for either name will do for both shyme and mother of thyme ; but as we have moft of the Jferpyllums, I have taken that. N° XXXV. ; 4U DIV I- ‘Phe oBiR? P°l- se ER BAL Delve! 1 OAN: “Les BRAT: 1yS Hg Soh aS 1 Eas; ‘ y. Common Mother of Thyme. Serpyllum vulgare. The root is fmall, fibrous, and hard. ~ The ftalks are numerous, weak, and trailing : they are of a purplith colour toward the bot- tom, green at the top, and branched: they are fix or eight inches long ; and as they {pread every way from-the root, they naturally form a large tuft. The leaves are fmall, and placed in pairs with- “out footftalks: they are of an oval figure, but pointed ; and their colour is a deep green. The flowers ftand in fmall tufts at the tops of all the ftalks and branches; and they are mode- rately large, and of a beautiful purple. The feeds are fmall, blackifh, and round. It is common on heaths in dry paftures, and by road-fides. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Serpyllum vulgare minus. Others, Serpyllum vulgare. Our people, Mother of thyme, and Wild thyme. Tc is excellent againft nervous diforders, An infufion of it made, and drank in the manner of tea, is pleafant; and is an excellent remedy for head-achs and giddinefs, and other diforders of that kind. It certainly cures that troublefome difeafe the nightmare. A gentleman afflicted ter- ribly with that complaint took a ftrong infufion of this by way of remedy, and was free many years. Afterwards the diforder returned, but al+ ways gave way to the fame remedy. The flowers of the common mother of thyme are fometimes larger, and fometimes fmaller. Hence fome authors have divided the plant into two fpecies ;| but I have often feen both in the fame fpot of ground, where they have plainly rifen from the fame feed. 2. Broad-leaved Mother of Thyme, Serpyllum foliis latioribus. The root is long, flender, and hard, and has many very fmal!l fibres. The ftalks are numerous, tolerably upright, of a woody hardnefs, and of a brown colour. The leaves ftand in pairs; and they are oblong and broad, obtufe at the ends, and of a deep dufky green. The flowers ftand in longifh tufts at the tops of the ftalks; and are large, and of a faint red, often white. Four feeds follow each ; and they are roundifh, very {mall, of a deep brown, and glofly. The plant is larger, and grows more erect than the common mother of thyme. C, Bauhine calls it Serpyllum vulgare majus, Others, Serpylluim latifolium. It is common in our fouthern counties, and flowers in June. ; 3. Lemon Thyme. Serpyllum folio longiore citratum. The root is long, thick, divided, and furnifhed with many fibres, The ftalks are numerous, round, firm, branched, of a pale green, and five or fix inches long, partly . procumbent, and partly raifed upright. The leaves are oblong and broad, fharp-pointed, and of a pale green. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches ; and they are of a pale red. The feeds are fmall, and brown. : The whole plant has a very agreeable fmell, an aromatick with a citron, or lemon-flavour. We have it wild in our fouthern counties, and it is cultivated in our gardens; but there is no difference except in fize. It flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Serpyllum foliis citri edore. Others, Serpyllum citratum, and Thymus citrei odore. 5 4. Narrow-leaved fmooth Mother of Thyme. Serpyllum anguftifolium glabrum. The root is long and flender, and has a few fibres. The ftalks are weal, trailing, brown, branched, and eight inches long. The leaves are longifh, narrow, {fmooth, and of a deep green. The flowers are numerous, and of a faint red, The feeds are larger than in moft of the pre- ceding kinds, and of a purplith brown. - It is found on heaths in Kent and Suffex, and flowers in June. : C. Bauhine calls it Serpyllum anguftifolium gla- brum. 5. Hairy Mother of Thyme. Serpyllum hirfutum folio oblongo obtufore. The root is long, flender, and brown, The ftalks are very numerous, weak, and trail- ing: they are of a purplifh colour, and very much branched. a The leaves are oblong, tolerably broad, and obtufe : they are of a pale green, and hairy. The flowers are fmall: they ftand at the tops of the ftalks in little hairy heads; and are natu- rally of a faint red, but often white. The feeds are {mall and blackith. We have it on the heaths'in Surry. It flowers in July. Ray calls it Serpyllum vulgare hirfutum. 6. Broad-leaved great Mother of Thyme. Serpyllum latifolium fruticofius. The root is large and fpreading, The ftalks are thick, round, upright, very much branched, and fix or eight inches high: they fpread themfelves out into tufts, which have a fhrubby afpect, The leaves are broad and fhort, of a deep green, and hairy. : The flowers are large, and of a faint purple; and the feeds are very minute, roundifh, and black. : We have it on the Welch mountains. It flowers in Auguft. : C. Bauhine calls it Serpyllum latifolium birfu- tum. 7. Creeping Th BRITISH HERBAL, 354 7. Creeping fcentlefs Mother of Thyme. Serpyllum repens inodorum. , The root is fmall and thready. The fhoots that grow firft from it lie upon the ground, ‘and take root in different places. The ftalks which rife from thefe are weak, flender, purple, and often branched. The leaves are oblong, narrow, hairy, and of DIVWISTON Ih Garden- Thyme. Thymum vulgare. The root is compofed of innumerable fibres. The ftalks are numerous, hard, woody, brown, very much branched, and ten inches high. The leaves are fhort, broad, pointed, and of a dufky green. The flowers are fmall, very numerous, ‘and of a pale red. ; ; The feeds are little, roundifh, brown, and glofty. a dufky green: they have nothing of ‘that fpicy {mell fo prevalent in the others, The flowers are fmall, and of a faint purple : they ftand in clufters at the tops of the ftalks. The feeds are fmall and blackith. It is a native of Ireland, and flowers in June. Ray calls it Serpyllum birfutum repens minus ino= dorum. ; ‘ FOREIGN SPECIES, It is a native of Italy ; but we have it for thé fervice of the kitchen in every garden. It flowers in June. C.Bauhine calls it Thymam wulgaré. Others; Thymum durius, It is a good aromatick; ftrengthens the fto- mach, difperfes flatulences, and does fervice iri nervous complaints. The beft way of taking it is in infufion. If it were not fo common at our tables, it would be more regarded as a medicines G E N U S II, MINT. WEEN 1 Ey, HE flower is compofed of a fingle petal, tubular at the bottom, and divided at the edge into four parts; the upper fegment of which is broader than the others, and nipped at the end. The cup is formed of a fingle piece, divided into five flight fegments at the edge, and it remains as a co- vering for the feeds ; which are four in number, and fmall. : Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia; two of the four threads in the flower bes ing longer than the others, and the feeds ftanding in the cup naked. This author joins very im- properly under the fame name pennyroyal; a plant of a genus perfectly difting, DIVISION I. t. Hairy verticillate Water-Mint. Mentha aquatica hirfuta verticillata. The root is fmall, flender, and creeping. The ftalks are numerous and branched: they are a foot long, but not very upright; and they are fquare, of a pale green, and lightly hairy. The leaves have fhort, hairy footftalks: they are oblong, moderately broad, and dented at the edges. Their colour is a faint green. The flowers ftand at the joints in clufters, fur- rounding the ftalk ; they are fmall, and of a pale red. The feeds are minute and brown. It is common about waters, and often gets into corn-fields. It flowers in April, and continues to Augutt. k C. Bauhine calls it Calamintha arvenfis verticil- lata, Others, Mentha arvenfis verticillata bir- Suta, 2. Smooth verticillate Water-Mint. "Mentha aquatica verticillata glabra. The root is fibrous. The ftalks lie upon the ground: they are BRITISH SPECIES, fquare, weak, fmooth, purplifh, and Six of eight inches long, but rarely branched. The leaves have fhort footftalks: they are fmall, oblong, fmooth, dented at the edges, and fharp-pointed. Their natural colour is a dufky green; but they are often red. The flowers are fmall, and of a faint purple: they grow at the joints in clufters, furrounding the ftalk. It is fourid in our midland counties by the fides of-brooks, and flowers in Auguft. Lobel calls it Calamintha aquatica Belgarum et Matthioli. Others, Mentha aquatica exigua ver- ticillata, 3. Round-leaved aromatick Mint. Mentha aromatica folio rotundiore. The root is compofed of numerous; long, and flender fibres. 2 The ftalks are weak, {quare, partly procum- bent, and partly upright; of a purplifh colour, and a foot or more in height. ‘ The leaves have very fhort footftalks: they are broad, fhort, roundifh, fharp-pointed, and tharply ferrated about the edges. ; 3 The 452 The BRITIS He Hy BER? BE As d The flowers furround the ftalks at the joints in little clufters ; they are moderately large, and of a deep purple. The whole plant has-a very fragrant fmell. It is common in the ifle of Ely. It flowers in July. Ray calls ic Mentha arvenfis verticillata folio ro- tundiore oaore aromatico. . 4. Curled Mint. Mentha crifpa verticillata. The root creeps under the furface, and fpreads abundantly. The ftalks are numerous, fquare, and of a pur- plifh colour : they are a foot and half in length ; but they lic in a great meafure upon the ground ; and they are not much branched, but have many fhoots from the bofoms of the leaves. The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a pale green: they are not at all hairy; bue they are often wrinkled, and fometimes curled at the edges. The flowers furround the ftalks at the joints; and they are fmall and purple. It is common wild about waters; and at one time was frequent in gardens, but the /pear-mint has there taken its place. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Mentha crifpa verticillata. Others, from the common rednefs of its ftalk, Mentha fativa rubra. 5. Common red Mint. Mentha rubra vulgaris. The root is long, flender, and creeping. The ftalk is firm, upright, fquare, and two feet high. The leaves are oblong, narrow, ferrated at the- edges, and fharp-pointed: they have fhort foot- flaiks ; and they are of a pale green, but they often grow red. 1 The flowers ftand in fimall circular tufts round the ftalks at. the places where the upper leaves grow 5 and they are of a pale red. This is one of thofe mints we have wild in our watery places, and ufed to cultivate; but: the JSpear-mint has rendered it neglected. | C. Bauhine calls it Mentha bortenfis verticillata ocymi odere. Others, Mentha cardiaca, and Men- tha fufca. 6. Water-Mint. Mentha aquatica folio brevi lato. The root is compofed of a multitude of flender fibres, which penetrate deep, and {pread every way. The ftalk is fquare, upright, not much branched, but full of young fhoots from the leaves ; and it is two feet or more in heicht, very upright, and of a robuft afpeét. ‘ The leaves are broad and fhort: they have mo- derately long footftalks ; and they are largeft at the bafe, fharp-pointed, and fharply ferrated at ‘the edges. Their colour is naturally a deep plea- fant green 5 but they frequently grow redifh. The flowers are moderately large, and of a pale red: they are placed in large, round heads upon the tops of the flalks. It is common about waters > and flowers in June. i The whole plant has a ftrong fmell, and an acrid tafte, in fome degree approaching to that of pepper-mint. C. Bauhine calls it Mentha rotundifolia paluftris fet aquatica major, Others, Mentha aquatica, and /ifyaibrium. : 4. Hairy Water-Mint. Mentha aquatica folio brevi hirfuto. The root is compofed of fibres, and fends out creeping fhoots every way to a great diftance. The ftalk is fquare, upright, hairy, of a brownifh or redifh colour, and about a foot and half high. The leaves are broad, fhort, and roundith ; but they have a long, fharp point. The flowers are fmall, and of a very pale purples . and they are placed in thick, roundith clufters at the tops of the ftalks and branches. It is all over covered with a fhort, light haity- nefs, of a greyith colour. We have it common about ftanding waters, and it flowers in July. J. Bauhine calls it Mentha aquatica’ five fifjm- , brium birfutius. Others, Sifymbrium birfutum, and Sifymbria mentha, Its tafte is acrid, but difagreeable. 8. Small-leaved hairy Water-Mint. ; Mentha aquatica birfuta foliis minoribus. The root is flender and creeping. The ftalk is fquare, firm, upright, redifh, and a foot and half high. The leaves have fhort footftalks: they are fmaller than in the preceding fpecics, of a pale green, and hairy: they are deeply and fharply ferrated at the edges, and fharp-pointed. The flowers are large, and of a beautiful flefh- colour: they ftand in fmall, round clufters upon the tops of the branches. The whole plant has a very fragrant {mell, ‘ fomewhat refembling that of a fine Seville orange, It is common about waters in Cambridge thire, and fome other places. It flowers in Auguft. Ray calls it Mentha fifymbrium difa hirfuta glo- merulis ac foliis minoribus & rotundioribus. g. Rough-leaved fpiked Mint, Mentha fpicata folio rugofiore. The root is flender and creeping. ‘ The ftalk is {quare, robuft, upright, of a pur- plifh colour, two feet high, and not much branched. The leaves have fhort footftalks: they are long, narrow, fharp-pointed, and fharply ferra- ted along the edges: their furface is rough, and their colour a deep dufky green. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches in long, flender fpikes : they are {mal}, and of a faint purple. It is not uncommon about waters in Kent, and fome other counties. It flowers in Auguft. Ray calls it Mentha anguflifolia fricata glabra folio rugofiore odore graviore, ; 1o. Broad- | ame owe (prunionFumiters pa AN Mapa lead Small M Ly 4 © fine. § NS ; 4 _ ‘ Wd : P 4 : a NF, A 5 PLS " _ C Broad teavil (lint cig ie) Ri 4 . ere D a) : " * te as Y j ’ VERE ye Willow rooled. Fimnilory, a ; sah { } Garden Thyme. a SO St a aeee “Mar wertictllale’ Matlir Mint, t Sndllleavid hairy ee WALA? Fro. Lo , Spihid Horse Wurt é a Sor : C ia de ; ey : ' Pepper Mint Danish aald mint ae pear Mint AN t Tie & BR MT Sk: IHOR RR ASIP = _ 353. 10, Broad-fpiked Mint. Meutha Spica latiore foliis glabris, The root is {mall and creeping. The ftalk is firm, fquare, erect, brown, not much branched, and a foot and half high. The leaves have fhort footftalks: they are ob- long, fmooth, moderately indented, and fharp- pointed. The flowers crow at the tops of the ftalks and branches in long, large, and hairy fpikes, which are of a flatted figure: they are of a pale flefh- colour. Tt is found in wet places in Effex, and flowers in July. Ray calls.it Mentha fpicata anguftifolia glabra Spica latiore. 11. Broad-leaved fpiked Mint, Mentha latifolia fpicata: The foot is compofed of innumerable fibres. ‘The ftalk is upright, branched, fquare, fmooth, a pale green, but often red toward the bottom, and half a yard high. : The leaves ftand on fhort footftalks: they are oblong, broad, of a frefh and beautiful green, and fharp-pointed. - ‘The flowers ftand in long and moderately thick fpikes, and are of a deep purple. ‘ We have it in Effex, and in Surry: It flowers in July. Ray calls it Mentha Jpicata glabra latiore folio. 12, Broad, whitifh leaved Horfe-Mint, with a : thick fpike. Mentha foliis cinereis latioribus, fpica craffa. The root is compofed of numerous thick fibres. The ftalk is fquare, weak, whitifh, and branched, and is about a foot high. The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a greyifh green, fharp-pointed, and deeply ferrated. The flowers are of a deep flefh-colour: they grow in thick, long fpikes at the tops of the ftalks and branches. Ic is common by river-fides in Effex, and flowers in July. C.Bauhine calls it Mentha paluftris oblongo folio. Others, Menthaftrum hirfutum, and Men- thaftrum minis. 13. Long-leaved fpiked Horfe-Mint. Mentha floribus pallidis folio longo candicante. ' The root is long and creeping. The ftalk is fquare, firm, whitifh, and very upright: it is two feet and a half high, and has numerous fhoots from the bofoms of the leaves, all which foon run up to flower. DIVIS 1-O;N i. FO 1. Common Spear-Mint. Mentha fpicata vulgaris. This plant, though fo common in our gar- dens, is not a native of our country. The root is fmall and fpreading. The ftalk is fquare, firm, upright, and two N° 35. The leaves are long, and moderately broad : they have no footftalks: they are fharply ferra- ted, and pointed ; and their colour is a greyifh . green on the upper fide, and a whitifh under! neath. } ? The flowers ftand at the tops of all the branches, and are very numerous : they are difpofed in long; flender fpikes, and are of a pale whitith colour. It is found in many parts of Effex in great ab- undance, and is not fcarce in many other places, It flowers in Auguft. J. Bauhine calls it Menthaftrum Jpicatum folio longiore candicante. C. Bauhine, Mentha Sylveftris folio longiore. The fmell is ftrong and difagreeable, 14. Round-leaved Horfe-Mint, Mentha folio rugofo rotundiore, The root is compofed of numerous fibres, The ftalk is fquare, upright, and two feet high. % The leaves are of a fingular form for a plant of this kind, round, large, of a rough furface, and of a deep green. The flowers ftand, in fpikes at the tops of the .~ ftalks ; and they are of a bright red. It is found in fome parts of Effex; but is not common. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Mentha fylveftris rotundiore folio. Others, Menthafirum folio rugofo rotun diore, © This has a coarfe, {trong fmell, like the pre- ceding, and fhares the virtues of an antihyfterick with it: they are good alfo in all nervous difs orders, 15. Pepper-Mint, Mentha piperata. The root is long, flender, and creeping, and fends out at diftances clufters of thick fibres. The ftalk is upright, firm, not much branched, and two feet and a half high: it is fquare, and is ufually of a brownifh red toward the bottom, and green near the top. i The leaves are placed in pairs on fhort foots ftalks: they are large, oblong, fharp-pointed, and ferrated at the edges: their colour is a deep green, and they tafte extremely acrid. The flowers grow at the tops of the ftalks and branches in thick, fhort fpikes : they are of a pale red, and moderately large: It is found wild in Hertfordfhire, Effex, and Surry ; and we have it plentifully in gardens. Ray calls it Mentha Jpicis brevibus & latioribys - foliis menthe fufce fapore fervido piperis. _ REIGN SPECIES, feet or more in height, not much branched, and in colour of a pale green. | The leaves have no footftalks: they are long, narrow, and fharp-pointed, fharply ferrated at the edges, fomewhat rough on the furface, and of a lively green. 4 & The ee 354 The BO RT-Ts1T- SH He ER BAGE: The flowers are numerous, fmall, and of a bright red: they are placed at the tops of the ftalks in long, flender fpikes. The tafte is very pleafant, warm, and aromatick. It is a native of Germany, but is for the fer- vice of the table and of medicine kept in every garden. C. Bauhine calls it Mentha Romana. Others, Mentha anguftifolia fpicata, Our people, Spear- ‘mint, and Roman mint. 2. Danifh curled Mint. Mentha crifpa Danica. The root creeps under the furface, and has nu- merous, thick fibres. The ftalk is firm, upright, fquare, of a pale green, not much branched, and two feet high. The leaves have no footftalks : they are large, oblong, broad, and very beautiful : they are in- dented, and curled at the edges; and their colour is a frefh, fine green. The flowers are large and flefh-coloured : they ftand in thick and fhort {pikes at the tops of the ftalks and branches. Ge BePNRP "tes Ic is a native of Denmark ; but its beauty has obtained it a place in our gardens, It flowers in Auguft. Clufius calls ic Mentha lati ‘olia crifpa Danica. The mints in general poffefs the fame qualities - they are ftomachick and deobftruent ; but there are alfo particular qualities in fome of the fpecies. We have mentioned the two horfe-mints as emi-. nent in nervous cafes ; and the pepper-mint, by its warmth, is of great fervice againft cholicks, The common fpear-mint is fuperior to all the other kinds as a ftomachick. Its diftilled water poffeffes this quality in a very eminent and ufeful degree. The dried leaves alfo are ufed in pow- der, and the frefh tops made into tea. The juice of the tops of /pear-mint, given half a fpoonful at a time, with a little fugar, will ftop vomitings. The diftilled water is good againft the fickneffes and gripings to which infants are liable. It is alfo excellent at table, not only for its agreeable flavour, but its virtues. Our an- ceftors were wife who mixed it with beans and peafe, for it prevents the flatulencies rifing from fuch foods. IIL. \ Bie NON OYS ORs Ong¥a Aula PULEGIUM. HE flower is formed of a fingle petal, a little lon lips; the upper one is broad, and undivided at the ti fegments, and there is a fhort tubular bottom. The cu fegments at the rim ; and it remains after the ower. vering but the cup, The flowers grow in thick clufter: has a piercing fmell. Linnzus places this among the did; with mint, denying it to be a feparate genus. and unavoidable: and it is ufeful, DIVISION | 1, Common Pennyroyal. Pulegium vulgare. The root is fibrous and creeping. The ftalks are numerous, weak, and of a pale green: fome lie upon the ground, others rife ir- regularly up; and they are very much branched : they are fquare; but the angles are fo much obli- terated in many parts, that they appear round, The leaves ftand two at a joint; and they are fmall, of an oval figure, and of a pleafant green: they are rounded at the end, anda little indented at the edges, The flowers are fmall, and of a pale red; but they grow fo thick together, that they are con- fpicuous upon the plant : they furround the ftalk at the joints, where\the leaves circles. The feeds are inconfiderable and brown. It is common wild in damp ground, and is 6 grow in great iynamia gymnofpermia , the threads in the Aower be and two fhorter, and the feeds having no capiule, ger than the cup;~and is divided into two p; the under one is divided into three {mall p is formed of a fingle piece, divided into five The feeds are four, and naked, having no co- s furrounding the ftalk; and the whole plant ing two longer but remaining naked in the cup. But he joins it The diftinGion is indeed minut Pennyroyal has always been called by a diftin& name =: it has gteat virtues, which are recorded of it under its proper and difting title i which are not thofe of mint. It is fit therefore that we retain the name, diftinét ; there being foundation for it alfo in the characters of the flower. ¢3; but itis certain n the antient authors, and and preferve the genus as BRITISH SPECIES. brought thence into gardens. It flowers in June, ' C. Bauhine calls it Pulegium latifolium. Others, Pulegium vulgare, It is a plant of a very great and very well known virtue. Itis excellent againft obftructions of the menfes; and may be taken for that purpofe in the diftilled water, in form of the juice preffed frefh from the plant, or in infufion. It is alfo ufeful in all obftruéions of the vif- cera, and againft cholicks and ficknefles of the ftomach. A conlerve of the tops of peunyroyal acts as a diuretick, and has done great fervice in the gravel. Iris alfo good in jaundice. Mr. Boyle has left an account of its virtues againft the chincough: this is worth trying. The method of giving it is in the exprefied | juice, fweetened with fugar-candy, a fpoonful for a dofe. DIVI- The). 2BERT-4-p 9 - Bop epapeae 355 DLV TSO Ni 1; Narrow-leaved Pennyroyal, Pulegium anguftifolium. The root is compofed of numerous fibres, long, flender, crooked, and whitith. The ftalk is firm, upright; not much branched, and a foot high. The leaves are placed in pairs; but they have ufually tufts of young ones in their bofoms: they are longifh, narrow, of a pale green; a little in- dented, and fharp-pointed; G E N- FOREIGN SPECIES. The flowers they are fmall, white: The feeds are fmall and blackith. Tt is a native of the warmer parts of Europe; and flowers in June. 3 C. Bauhine calls it Pulegium angupifolium. Others, Puleginm cervinum, Harts pennyroyal. grow in clufters at the joints; and and of a very faint bluifh; ofteri Us Its virtues are the fame with the others. IV. WATER HOARHOUND. TALC POCP- UTS: HE flower is made of a fingle petal; which is tubular parts at the edge, which form a kind of lips : at the bottom, and divided into four the upper one confifts of a fingle fegment, which is broader than the others, and nipped at the end; the other three fegments form the lower lip; and of thefe the middle one is fmaller than the rett. The tubular part of the flower is of the fame length with the cup; which is alfo formed of a fingle piece; but itis divided into five fegments at the rim, which are narrow and fharp-pointed. The feeds are four; and they ftand naked \ in the cup. F Linnaeus feparates this and fome other's from the his didynamia; this is one of his diandria monogyn the ftyle from the rudiment of the fruit fingle. ia; the threads in the flower being only two, Tt is certain, that there are, only two threads or filaments in the flower of Jycopis, reft of the verticillate plants, They ftand among and as this author obferves, and there are four in that of pennyroyal. But this is a flight mark of diftin@ion. The form and ftru@ture of the flower and of its cup, and the difpo- fition of its feeds, agree with thofe of the other, This isa plain, unnatural arrangement of plants : thefe are both in every one’s way peal to thofe who yet are inclined to own his fyftem, familiar inftance of that author’s to examine ; and from thefe I ap- whether pennyroyal and water hoarbound do nor evidently belong to the fame clafs, though he has feparated them into two very remote ones in his works. Every clafs affords many like inftances. DeLWVel Sil-O-N*. 1 Common Water Hoarhound. Lycopus vulgaris. The root is compofed of a multitude of long, white fibres, joined to a fmall head. The ftalk is fquare, firm, upright, hollow, and two feet high: it is of a pale green, and is rarely branched. The leaves are placed in pairs; and they have fhort footftalks: they are large, broad, oblong, and pointed at the ends: they are very tharply ferrated at the edges, and finuated deeply near Dat Vil Sal OsNge i; FO Narrow-leaved Virginian Lycopus. Lycopus foliis tenuius ferratis. The root is fibrous and fpreading. The ftalks are numerous, {quare, upright, not much branched, and a foot or more in height. The leaves are placed in pairs, and are of a faint green : they are broad at the bafe, narrower BRITISH SPECIES, the bafe 3,and their colour is a ftrong and lively green. The flowers are fmall and white: they ftand in clufters round the ftalks at the joints, the leaves rife. The feeds are fmall and brown. It is common by ditch-fides, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Murrubium paluftre glabrum, Others, Marrubium aquaticum. It is deftitute of tafte and fmell, and, fo far ag we know, of virtue. where RETGNS PEC TEs; j tothe point, and very elegantly ferrated at the edges. The flowers are {mall and whitif: the feeds are oblong and brown. It is frequent ‘in the wet grounds in North America, and flowers in June. Gronovius calls it Lycopus foliis lanceolatis te- nuiffime ferratis. GENUS GeeooE Nea The-pBeReled 4 Sil HERBAL. Gre Va VR? RV Aet N: Tis Boke BR Regi A. pla flower is formed of a fingle petal : bent or crooked, from this part it fegments, which form two irregular lips. equal in jength , tubular and angulated : it is formed of a fingle of thefe is fhorter than the reft. The feeds brown. Linnzus places this among the diandria monogynia ftyle fingle. By this arrangement other verticillate plants. TalVig eS), aCe Nee Common Vervain. Verbena vulgaris. ‘The root is compofed of many thick, fhort fibres, conneéted to a {mall oblong head. The ftalk is firm, upright, “and very tough : its colour is a brownifh green, often red towards the bafe; and it is edged and angulated. The leaves ftand in pairs: they are oblong, BRU TSH moderately broad, and deeply finuated and in- dented: the indentings are rounded, and the end of the leaf is obtufe. The flowers are fmall, and of a pale, faint co- lour, white, with a tinge of bluifh or purplith ; and they ftand in long, flender fpikes at the tops of the ftalks and branches. The feeds are oblong, {mall, and brown. D TP VeIseiO" Ne I: 1340) 1. Fine-leaved Vervain. Verbena tenuifolia. The root is fibrous. The ftalks are numerous, weak, and in great part procumbent : they are of a pale green, and angulated. The leaves are placed in pairs; and they are oblong, moderately broad, and very beauti- fully divided: they are firft cut in a pinnated manner; and thefe fegments are again divided pretty deeply. Their colour is a brownifh green. The flowers are fmall, and placed in fingle, long, and very flender fpikes. It is a native of Spain, and other warm parts of Europe. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calis it Verbena tenuifolia ; a name copied by moft others. This plant is an inflance of the extreme folly of placing the verticillate plants in diftinét clafies from the flight differences in the filaments of the flower. ‘ Linnzeus feparates verwain from the reft of them, becaufe it has only: two threads in the flower 5 ‘eds tubular at the lower part, and toward the upper is {preads into a kind of gaping mouth; and is divided into five The feveral fegments are fhort, rounded, and nearly and there is lefs of the labiated form than in moft others of this clafs, piece, divided into five fegments at the rim; and one ftand naked in the cup; and they are oblong and The cup is the threads in the flower being two, and the he joins it in the fame clafs with the /ycopus, and feparates it far from the SPECIES. ~ Tt is common by path-ways, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Verbena communis ceruleo flore. Others, Verbena vulgaris, and Herba facra, It isa plant of great virtue, though under a ge- neral neglect : it is good againft diforders of the ‘nerves; and is fuperior to moft things in the cure of inveterate headachs. For this purpofe the tops fhould be dried and powdered, and taken for a confiderable time, twenty grains asa dofe. The juice boiled toa fyrup with honey is ex- cellent againft coughs. The infufion, in manner of tea, is good againft obftructions of the vifcera, and particularly of the fpleen. ! R ELGW =] S-P3E.C bes: whereas they have in general four; but this fpe- cies of vervain has four threads. That author calls it Verbena tetrandra ,; a contradiction in the moft exprefs words to his claffical character wherein vervain ftands, that being djandria. 2. Great-flowered American Vervain. Verbena flore violaceo majore. The root is long, whitifh, and full of fibres: The ftalk is firm, upright, and of a pale green toward the top, and at the bottom purplifh, The leaves are of an oval fhape, dented at the edges, and of a fine bright green. The flowers are very numerous and beau- tiful: they terminate the ftalks in long fpikes, with leaves among them; and they are of the fhape of cowflips, but of the colour of the violet, a fine deep blue purple. The feeds are long and flender. It is frequent in many parts of North Ame- rica, and flowers in July. : Plukenet calls it Verbena orubica tenuifolia. GENUS The BRITISH HERBAL, 35% @ E N U8 } VI. WILD MARJORAM. ORIGANU™M rPHE flowet is formed of a fingle petal: it is tubulat, and comprefied at the bottom, atid at the ‘opening is divided into two lips: the upper lip is undivided, plain, and lightly finuated at the end: the lower lip is fplic into three parts, nearly equal in bignefs. Numbers of the flowers are placed together in a kind of fcaly head, ferving as a general cup. The feeds are naked; and four . follow every flower. Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia 5 the flower having four threads, two of ‘which are longer than the others, and the feeds ftanding naked in the cup. He joins fome other plants with it, which we have treated diftin@tly in their places, referving the proper origanums to this. DIVISION L 1. Common Wild Marjoram. Origanum vulgare. Ss The root is compofed of 2 great many long, fiender, naked fibres. The ftalk is firm, upright, and of a very re- gular growth : it is not branched 5 but toward the top fends out fome fhoots in a handfome manner } to fuftain the Mowers: it is ufually of a brownith colour. The leaves are placed in pairs, and have very fhort footftalks : they are fhort, broad, nearly of } -an oval figure, undivided at the edges; and of a brownifh green. The flowers are finall, and of a pale red: they grow in tufts and clufters from certain leafy heads 5 and they alfo are purplifh. ‘The feeds are fmall and brown. -Jt is common in dry, hilly paftures, and by road-fides in fuch fituations. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Origanum fylveftre cunila bubula Plinit. Others, Majorana fylvefris, and Origanum vulgare. It is an excellent medicine in nervous cafes: it js warm, cordial, and: aromatick. The leaves and tops;. dried and powdered, are. good againft DIVISION IL Long=fpiked Origahum. Origanum capitulis longioribus. "The root is fibrous, and brown. The ftalk is frm, upright, fquare, anda foot and half high. The leaves are oblong, and of .# dufky green': they ftand in pairs, and they are not at all in- dented at the edges, and their points are obtufe. ‘The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and ee ene ' headachs. 4 branches in long, flender {pikes : BR IE ES B39: P Ree HRs: The tops of the plant madé¢ into a conferve are good againft flatulencies and difor- ders of the ftomach and bowels. The whole plant given in infufion is excellent againft ob- ftructions of the vifcera, and in the jaundice. 2, Pot Marjoram. Origanum onites. The root is fibrous; and its fibres are long, flender, very numerous, and brown. The ftalks are numerous and robuft : they are fquares of a brown colour, ritoderately branched, and a foot and half high. The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a brownifh green: they have fhort footftalks; and they ftand in pairs. The flowers ftand in clufters at the tops of the branches, and are of a pale red. It is a native of England, and other parts of Europe, and flowers in July. We take it into gardens for the fervice of the kitchen: it is a warm, wholefome plant, good againft flatulencies and indigeftions. C. Bauhine calls it Origanum onites; a name Copied by moft of the other writers. Sonte call it Majorana major Anglica. FOREIGN SPECIES. they are fmall, and of a very faint redifh colour. : The feeds are brown and longith. It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Origanum Heracleoticum ' cunila gallinacea Plimi, Its tafte is extremely hot ; and its virtues are | the fame with the former. S Vil. SEEBRIGHT. SCLARE A. rpHE flower is formed of a fingle petal: it. is tubular, and compreffed in the lower part, and gapes at the edge, the lower lip is larger, and is divided into three fegments: N° XXXVI. where it is divided into two lips. The upper lip is long, flatted, and crooked : the middle one of thefe is broader than 4% the 358 The BRET LS Ht HE Ro LAL. t is is nipped at the end; and fo is the upper lip. (The cup is tubular and ftriated, a an are and at the top compreffed, and divided into two lips, in the fame manner as the Hower. The upper lip of the cup has three, and the lower has two points: The feeds ftand naked in the cup, whofe top fhuts over them. The flowers ftand in clufters round the ftalk ; and there are no Jeaves under them. Linnzeus places this among the diandria monogynia; the threads in the flower being two, and the fiyle fingle. This author joins it with fage, not allowing it to be a diftinét genus; but the naked difpofition of the flower is a fufficient generical diftin@tion. The common writers confound it with clary, horminum ; from which it differs as effentially, as we fhall fhew under the fucceeding head. Of this genus there is but one known fpecies, and that is a native of Britain. Wild Seebright. Sclarea pratenjis. The root is compofed of numerous, large fibres, connected to an oval head. The firft leaves are very large, and of a greyifh green: they are placed on fhort footftalks; and are broad at the bafe, fmaller to the point, and irregularly indented at the edges. The ftalk is robuft, upright, branched, and two foot and a half high: it is brown, and a little hairy. The leaves ftand in pairs on it; and they have fcarce any footftalks: they are large, oblong, rough, and irregularly indented at the edges. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches in long fpikes: they are placed on thefe in circular tufts at diftances; and there are at the utmoft only fome imperfect rudiments of leaves GU EMI N | os Wang under them: they are very large, and of a beay- tiful bluifh purple. The feeds are fmall and brown. It is found in damp places, but is not com- mon. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Horiminum praten/e foliis Ser- ratis. Others, Sclarea pratenfis, and Sclarea fl vefris. The feeds of this plant put into the eye, bring away any little foulneffes with them. The prac- tice is antient ; but the manner of its effect is little underftood. As foon as the feed is put in, the warmth and moifture of the eye Operating upon its own fubftance, cover it with a thick and tough mucilage : as it continues moving in the eye, this entangles the little fubftances which had got in by accident, and occafioned the pain; and brings them out with it. VII. Cirle. Roe ¥, HORM™MINUM™ HE Hawes is large, and labiated : it is formed of a fingle petal, which is tubular, and compref- fed in the lower part, and divided in a gaping manner at the top. The upper lip is long, large, and crooked; the lowér lip is divided into three fegments, the middle one of which is again divided into three parts. {The cup is formed of a fingle piece, and is alfo divided into two lips: it is tubular, and angulated ; and one of the lips has two, the other three points. the tops of the ftalks with a particular kind of coloured leaves about them without any flowers among them. ufually are fome of thefe leaves in clufters, naked in the bottom of the cup. Linnzus joins this genus and fage together, tinction is fafficient, as we fhall fhew when. treatin no fpecies are native of England. He places this being The flowers ftand in tufts about 3 and at the top there The feeds are placed abolifhing the received name horminum : but the dig. g of fage among thofe verticillate plants of which genus among the diandria monogynia ; the threads g, as that term exprefles, two in each flower. character confift in the two threads being fplit or forked ; and as t well as fage, he for that reafon joins thofe plants under one name. is a poor occafion of uniting plants fo obvioufly different as thofe: » and the ftyle fingle.» He makes the effential his is their form in the clary as But in the eye of Reafon this and the more curious enquirer into the ftruéture of flowers will tell him, that there are fuch variations in the formation of this in- ternal part of the flower in fome of thefe plants, which in his fpecies he allows to be Salvia, as will either remove thofe fpecies out of this genus, or this genus out of the clafs. DY Val SON aL 1. Broad-leaved Wild Clary. Horminum fylueftre vulgare. The root is long, flender, and furnithed with numerous fibres. : The firft leaves are large, rough, and of: a: dufky green: they are oblong, irregularly di- vided at the edges, and rife bur a little from the ground, BRT I.S H.8' PEC FE. Ss: The ftalk grows up in the centre; and is {quare, firm, and two feet high: its colour is brown, and it is not much branched. The leaves ftand in pairs, and have fearce any footftalks : they are rough, and of a greyith green, and are irregularly waved and indented. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in long fpikes, which ufually bend or droop a little: they are fmall, and of a very fine blue. . The Th BRITISH HERBAL. The feeds are black. It is common in wafte places, and flowers in Augutt. : C. Bauhine calls it Horminum fylvefire lavendule Sore. DIVISION I. Garden-Clary: Horminum bortenfe. The root is long, thick, brown, and hung with a few ftraggling fibres. The colour is brown, and the tafte warm, and not difagreeable. The leaves that rife from it are very large, of a whitifh green, and rough: they are broadeft at the bafe; whence they grow {maller to the end, where they terminate obtufely ; and they are flightly waved at the edges. . Theftalkis {quare, firm, upright, andayardhigh. The leaves ftand in pairs on its and they are large, rough, and of a greyith green: they are placed on footftalks ; and are broad, and a little waved at the edges. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches in long, thick fpikes ; and they are very large, of a gaping figure, and of a pale blue co- Jour. The cups in which they ftand are gluti- nous to the touch. GSE Nee URS ; HEDGENETTLE,: GALEOPSIS, 359 Tt poffeffes the virtues of the garden-clary, but in an inferior degree ; for which reafon it is not - regarded in medicine. FORETGN SPE C1 E's? The feeds are fmooth, and of a dufky redifli brown, oblong, and of a glofly furface, It is a native of the Greek iflands, and is found wild alfo in Apulia. Te fowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Horminum felarea ditum. Others, Horminum hortenfe,.and Horminun vil- gare fativum. This plant is cordial, incifive, and deobftruent, It is good againft flatulencies and indigeftions, as alfo in nervous complaints, headachs, and lownefs of fpirits, i : A conferve of the tops of this plant warms. the ftomach, and operates as a cordial. A dif- tilled water of it has alfo the fame effe&s but it muft be of the {pirituous kind, for it does not fully give its virtues to water. Tt has been a cuftom to add the leaves to wine in the making: they give it a cordial virtue, and not a difagreeable flavour. | 1X, ‘ HE flower is formed of a fingle petal ; which is tubular at the bottom, and divided in the la- biated manner at the mouth. The tube is fhort, and between the upper and under lip there is a kind of palate, terminated each way bya little crooked tooth. The upper lip is large, hookeds and undivided : the lower lip is fhort, broad, and heart-fafhioned, and it turns back. The cup is tubular, and at the top is terminated by five flender parts, refembling briftles, in number ; and they remain naked. The feeds are four Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia; the threads in the flower being four, two of which are longer than the others, and the ftyle fingle. ! This author creates confufion by his diftribution of thefe plants. He takes away'the name of galeopfis from this, making it a fpecies of ftachys; and he ufes the word galeopfis, antiently and diftinétly given to this plant, as the name of another genus, including the Lempnettles, and fome other kinds; of which we fhall {peak hereafter. DIVISION «IL Hedgenettle. 1. Galeopfis legitima. The root is long, flender, and creeping : it is white, and fends out long fibres on every part, from which in feparate places rife. numerous plants. : The ftalk is fquare, upright, hairy, and of a brownifh green: it isa yard high, and is rarely much branched. : The leaves are placed in pairs: they ftand at diftances; and they have footftalks, which are green, and hairy. The leaves are very broad and fhort, heart-fafhioned at the ftalk, and pointed at the end: they are nicked a little at the edges, and their colour is a pale, greyifh green. ‘Their fubftance is rough, the veins are large, and they are hairy. The flowers ftand in loofe fpikes at the tops of the ftalk; and are large, and of a beautiful BER FD TS Sep s Re Es purple, agreeably diverfified with dots of white. The feeds are fmall and brown. It is common in hedges and among bufhes, and flowers in June.and July. C.Bavhine calls it Lamium maximum fylvati. cum fatidum. Others, Galeopfis, and Galeopfis le gitima Diofcoridis. Tt is a deobftruent : its principal virtue is againft obftructions of the fpleen; and. the beft method of taking it is the juice freth preffed. 2. Small Hedge-nettle: Galeopfis minor foliis angulatis. The root is long and thick : it is furnifhed with many fibres, and fends out many creeping parts, which run under the furfaces and fend up plants in various places, I The fica rhs bale ot _ 360 Th BRITISH HERBAL, "The ftalk is fquare, upright, branched, and a foot and half high. : 4 The leaves ftand in pairs 6n fhort footftalks$ and they are Jarge and rough, of an angulated form, and pale green colour. The flowers are moderately large, and of a bright purple. DIVISION IL ‘Eledgenettle with variegated flowers. Galeopfis flore magno luteo yariegato. The root is compofed of numerous, thick fibres. cae The ftalk is firm, upright, thick at the joints, and of a pale green. The leaves ftand in pairs, and have flender footftalks: they are oblong and broad, largeft toward the middle, fmall at the bafe, and ferra- ted at the edges. Their colour is a pale greens and they are highly ribbed. The flowers are very large; and they ftand in The feeds are {mall and brown. Jt is not uncommon in woods in our northern ; ‘counties. It fowers in July. Plukenet calls it Lemium fylvaticum [picatum futidum folio angulofo minus. FOREIGN SPECIES. tufts round the tops of the branches; and on thé fummits of them: they are yellow, but variega- ted on the lip with purple. This however i¥ an uncettain mark of the plant; for they are fometimes of a pale yellow through- out, and fometimes white. “The feeds are {mall and brown. It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in Auguft. Plukenet calls it Lanium cannabium aculeatum flore fpeciofo luteo labiis purpureis. GR Sake US C™AUT, Ma nN T. X. NEPETA. mur flower is formed of a fingle petal: it is tubular at the bottom, and crooked ; and it gapes at - the mouth, and confifts there of two lips, and a palate. The upper lip is fhort, obtufe, and nipped at the top: the lower lip is undivided, andi is larger than the other, and ferrated. The palate is of a heart-like fhape, and terminates in two little jaggs. The cup is tubular, and divided jnto five fegments at the edge; the upper ones of which are longer than the others, and the lower ones fpread, The feeds are four after every flower ; and’ they fland nakedin the cup. Linnzeus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia, the flower having two longer and two: fhorter filaments, and the feeds being naked in the cup, without any capfule, DyEW. & Sl OcNe 71. Gatmint. Nepeta. vulgaris. The root is fibrous and fpreading. The ftalks are fquare, firm, upright, branched, and two foot and a half high: they are of a whitifh colour, and fomewhat dufky. The leaves ftand in pairs, and. have fhort foot- their colour is a whitifh green, ‘and they have a very ftrong fmell. The flowers grow in great clufters at the tops DIVISION I. Leffler Catmint. Nepeta minor. The root is long, thick, and hung with many fibres. The ftalks are numerous, fquare, upright, very much branched, and a foot and half high. The leaves are placed in pairs, and have fcarce any footftalks: they are oblong and narrow, || fharp-pointed, ferrated at the edges, and of a pale green. BRITISH SPECIES, of the ftalks, forming a kind of {pike: they are fmall and white; but they have a few dots of purple within. The feeds are fmall and! dufky. “It is common by way-fides in dry places, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Mentha cattaria vulgaris | major. Others, Nepeta vulgaris. ftalks: they are oblong and large, broad at the } bafe, where they are fomewhat indented, ferrated } fharply at the edges, and pointed at the end: } It is a very powerful deobftruent. An infu- fion of it is excellent in ftoppages of the menfes ; and it is good alfo in nervous cafes. The tops beat into.a conferve are good againft that trouble- fome and obftinate diforder called the nightmare. FOR BIGGIN SPEC 15.8. The flowers ftand, in-a kind: of irregular fpikes atthe tops of the ftalks: and branches; and are numerous, {mall, and: white, with: a faint: tinge of. purples The feeds are brown. beans It is common in-the warmer parts: of Europe, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls-it Mentha cattaria minor. 3 “GENUS Comntot. Vervain is 4 Creut Crd binerican COPMU7ILONMAUMMA Veron Mavyoram 4 Lit Maryoram ; 4 ; § ; ; Bro wud f un FS | Lidge Néttle with variegated Blowers “) ey eon ns none i 3} y ae : \ i y f y i a7 Mood D peony Mase Liar hound Wild” Basil casi ol 7 (fin Ore Seyfiecdl. : ie Baan Aiea The 4 Bt Ra ighies} Ho 4Bp.B R BAT 361 E WOOD-B G Ne. U S Ely Ogos XI. BETO N [GAs a flower is formed of a fingle petal: this is tubular, and crooked at the bottom, and, gapes in a labiated manner at the top. The upper lip is fmall and undivided, and is Placed ne the lower lip is divided into three fegments ; of which the middle one is largeft, and is nipped at the end The cup is formed of a fingle piece ; and is tubular, and dented in five places at the rim. The feral. are four after each flower, and they ftand naked in the cup. 5 - Linneeus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia ; two oO being longer than the others, and the feeds.naked, DIV SiO Neat: Wood-Betony. Betonica Sfylveftris vulgaris. The root is brown and fibrous. The firft leaves are numerous, and of a dark green: each has its feparate foorftalk, which is long and flender ; and they are fupported tole- rably upright. They are oblong, broad, indented, and obtufe ; and they are a little hollowed where the ftalk is inferted. : . The ftaiks are numerous, fquare, upright, and a foot or more in height : there ufually are placed on each ftalk two pairs of leaves, one pair near the root, and the other at the top: thofe near the root refemble the firft leaves, which rife fingly ; but the others are narrower, DIVISION I. FO _ Long-fpiked Betony. Betonica [pica longiore. The root is compofed of many fibres, rifing from a fmall head. , The firft leaves are numerous, and fupported on long, flender footftalks: they are oblong, narrow, dented at the edges, and pointed at the BR I-TSi-SeH f the four filaments in the flower . SoPeEeCu Es. The flowers grow at the tops of the ftalks in an interrupted fpike 5 and they are moderately large, and of a beautiful purple. ‘ ‘The feeds are fmall, oval, and brown. It is common in our woods, and among bufhes. Tt flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Betonica purpurea. Others, Betonica fylveftris. It is a celebrated medicine in cephalick cafes: The dry tops powdered are good in inveterate headachs, and the fame given in form of infu- fion againft obftruétions of the vifcera. Some alfo take the leaves powdered in form of fnuff for headachs; and others have them chopped fmall, and fmoak them in the manner of tobacco. REIGNS P brGal Eas: The leaves on it are narrower than thofe from the root, and of a paler green. The flowers ftand at the top in a very long, flender {pike ; and are of a deep purple. The feeds are large, oblong, and redifh: It is frequent in the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Betonice folia capitulo alopes ends. : curi, , The ftalk is upright, {quare, and brown. Goue, N.. Us XII. BASE HOARHOUND. Sif.A CH Les: ae flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is of the labiated kind. The tubular part at the , bottom is fhort ; and the mouth is oblong, and fwelled out toward the bafe. The upper lip and of an arched fhape : of which is the largett. is of an oval figure, fegments, the middle one the lower lip is turned back; it is divided into three The cup is tubular, angulated, and divided at ~ the edge into five parts. The feeds are oblong and angulated ; four fucceed each flower, and they ftand naked in the cup. ~ Linneeus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia; the flower having two threads longer than the others, and the feeds ftanding naked. name; but they are really diftinct. N° 36. | He joins the galeopfis, as before obferved, under this 4Z Bafe 362 The BR BOY shoe GHFREREBLA BS Bafe Hoarhound. Stachys vulgaris. The root is a tuft of thick, fhort, crooked, brown fibres. The ftalk is fquare, firm, and two feet high:! it is not much branched, and it often droops at the top. The leaves ftand in pairs; and they are ob- | long, confiderably broad, dented in a peculiar manner at the edges; fo that the dents feerm to Gases: Neus lie over one another; and of a whitifh colour, and hoary. : The flowers furround the upper parts of the ftalks in thick clufters ; and are {mall and purple. The feeds are oval, angulated, and brown. We have it in dry grounds in our fouthern counties, but not frequent. It flowers in Auguft.. C. Bauhine calls it Stachys major Germanica, Others, Stachys Fuchfii. S XIII. WelglrD: BAS TL: AiG. TNO Ss, PTHE flo cup, and the mouth is fmall. wer is forthed of a fingle petal, and'is labiated. The tubular part is of the length of the The upper lip is, fmall, obtufe, nipped at the end, and placed ereét : the lower lip is longer, and is divided into three fegments ; the middle one of which is the largeft, and is nipped at the end. The cup is tubular at the bafe, and divided into two lips at the rim. fhorter threads, and the feeds being naked. The feeds are finall and roundifh, and four of them follow each flower. Linnzus arranges this among the didynamia gymuofpermia ; the flower having two longer and two He takes away the received name acinos, and joins it with ¢hyme ; but it is truly diftinét, not only in th parate name, e general form and afpect of the plant, whence the earlier writers were induced to give it a fe- but even in the ftructure of the flower; the middle fegment of the lower lip being, larger and rounder in acinos than in thyme, and being always nipped or emarginated in this; whereas in ¢hyme it isentire. Our Englith name is an ill-conftruéted one. but it is better to ufe the other, acinos. Wild Bafil. Acinos foliis oblongis dentatis. The root is long, flender, white, and furnifhed with a few fibres. Bons The flalks are numerous and weak: they lic in part upon the ground, and frequently fend out fibres, and root as they trail: they are fquare, flender, and redifh; and they are lightly hairy. The leaves are fmall, oblong, hairy, and in- dented: they ftand in pairs; and they have no footftalks. The flowers are fmall, but they are not with- I have preferved it, becaufe generally received 5. out their beauty: they ftand in little clufters in the bofoms of the leaves ; and they are red ; but they have a white fpot in the middle of the under lip. The feeds are very {mall and black. It is common in our weftern counties, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Clinopodium arvenfe ocymj facie. Others, Acinos. J. Bauhine, Acinos multis. Tt is an excellent medicine in nervous cafes. A tea of it is not unpleafant, and will take great effect. Ge .E coN »U 4,58 XIV. “SELFHEAL: PPORe Ue NE hella As HIE flower is compofed of a fingle petal, and is labiated. The tubular part, at the bottom, is fhort; and the opening is oblong. The upper lip is entire, and ftands erect: the under lip is turned backwards, and is divided into three fegments; the middle one of which is broader than the others, and is nipped at theend, and ferrated. ‘The cup is formed of a fingle piece, and is in the fame manner divided into two lips; and the feeds are four after each flower, and ftand in the cup- Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia , the flower having four threads, of which two are longer than the others, and the feeds ftanding naked. DE Vel sa ON Ser BRITISH SPECIES. The firft leaves are numerous; and they are placed on flender footftalks: they are fhort, broad, obtufe, and fometimes a little waved at the edges. The ftalks are fquare, brownifh, and eigh* 2 inches - Common Selfheal. Prunella vulgaris. The root is compofed of many fibres, con- neéted to a {mall head. ; inches high : they are not much branched ; and ufually they lie in pare upon the ground: The leaves on thefe are placed in pairs at dif. tances: they have flender footftalles : they are of the fame form with thofe from the root; and their colour is a lively green, The flowers ftand in a kind of fhort, thick fpikes at the tops of the ftalks and branches ; and they are fmall and ufually blue, fometimes purplith, fometimes red, and fornetimes. white. The feeds are fimall and blackifh, Dok: Vick SaOsN® “hi Jagged Prunella. Prunella foliis laciniatis, The root is long, and tolerably thick, and has many crooked fibres annexed to it. The leaves are numerous, and fupported on long footftalks: they are of a pale green; and they are deeply divided in two or more places down to the rib; fo that they refemble in fome degree a ftag’s horn. The ftalks are fquare, tolerably firm, upright, and a foot or more in height. The leaves on thefe ftand in pairs at diftances ; UG si Cres an The ABIRATU SUeE-E ReBeA key ey It is common by way-fides, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Proiel/a major folio non dif Jeo. Others, Prunella, and Prunella vulgaris. Itis agolutinant and aftringént. While wound- herbs were in efteem, this was one of the princi- “pal. A decoétion of the whole plant is cooling and aftringent, and is a good medicine. in thé piles. The juice cures inflammations in thé mouth, FOREIGN SPECIES the moft ufual number js only two pairs on each ~ ftalk, difpofed as in the betony, one pair at a fmall diftance from the ground; the other near the top: thefe refemble thofe from the root; but they aré lefs. é The flowers ftand in a fall tuft at the top of the ftalk, and are moderately large: they aré fometimes of a pale red, but more ufually white. The feeds are largeand blackith. It is fréquent in pafture-grounds in the warmer parts of Europe. It flowers in June. C:Bauhine calls it Prunella folio laciniato; a name others have copied. Shea Bite CG: HOREHOUND. MEAGRE REO BO POG Np MPHE flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is of the labiated kind: ‘The tubular part, at the bafe, is very fhort; and the opening at the mouth is long, and gaping. The upper lip is fmall, and lightly divided at the tip; and it ftands upright: the lower lip is broader, and is divided into three fegments ; of which the middle one is largeft ; and this turns back. The cup is tubulars and fpreads at the mouth: there are ten indentings at the’ edge, alternately larger and fraller, Four oblong feeds follow every flower; and they are placed naked in the cup. Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymno[permia; the flower having four threads, two of which are longer than the others, and the feeds being naked. D UVel-s ON ai White Horehound. Marrubiun album vulgare, The root is compofed of a vaft many long, crooked, and entangled fibres, joined to a {mall head. The ftalks are numerous, upright, fquate, of a whitifh colour, and a foot and half high. The leaves are placed in pairs; and they are roundifh, indented a little at the edges, of a firm fubftance, and of a whitifh colour. The flowers ftand in thick clufters round the ftalks at every joint where the leaves grow: they, are fmall and white, and the cups in which they ftand have a kind of hooked briftles at the tops of their feveral indentings. When ftrictly examined, thofe flowers are found to grow from the bofoms of the leaves, BRITISH SPECIE 4; though they join round the ftalk: The whole plant has a very ftrong fmell. It is found in dry paftures, and by road-fides in many parts of the kingdon, and flowers in June. C. Bavhine calls: it Marrubium album vulgare, Others only Marrubium album. - It is celebrated againft diforders of the breaft, The beft way of giving it is in fotm of a fyrup made of the juice prefféd from the leaves and tops, with honey. ‘This is a form as old as ‘Dio- fcorides ; and the common method of boiling up a decoction of an herb with fugar, is not com- parable to it on ftich occafions. This fyrup of horebound is excellent againft coughs, and forenefs of the breatt. The leaves reduced to powder ate faid to des ftroy worms in the inteftines; but for this we have not the fame authority. DIVI 364 Th BRITISH HERBAL. DIVIS EON IL Spanifh Horehound. Marrubium albun calycibus patentibus. “The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with . many fibres. The flalk is {quare, upright, and two feet high, very little branched, and of a whitifh colour. The leaves ftand in pairs, and are of a whitifh colour, and thick fubftance ; they are roundifh, and very lightly indented. Gara Nat FOREIGN S:P. E,C.1E S, y The flowers’ grow in the bofoms of all the upper leaves, and furround the ftalks.: they are {mall and white. : The cups are very wide:at the mouth, and the prickles upon them are ftrait 5 not hooked, as in» the common borehound. : Tt ig not uncommon in Spain and Italy, and | flowers in June. Boccone calls it Matrudinm Jubrotundo folio. S XVI. MOTHERWORT. CARDIACA. HE flower is formed of a fingle petal, ‘ and is labiated. The tubular part is flender: the upper lip is long, and ofan arched form, and rounded at the end ; the lower lip is turned back, and is divided into three equal, or nearly equal fegments. The cup is oblong, tubular, angulated, and formed of a fingle leaf. The feeds are four, and they ftand naked in the cup. \Linnaus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia, ! He joins it with the /eonurus, and takes away its received and antient it to be a diftinc’ genus. name. Motherwort. Cardiaca. The root is compofed of a multitude of thick, brown fibres. The firfl leaves are placed on long footftalks ; and they are large, broad, and fhort : they have three’ principal ‘divifions, and their colour is a dark ereen. : © ‘The ftalk is {quare, hollow, upright, branched, anda yard high. “The leaves on this are placed in pairs; and they are oblong, indented at the edges, and fharp-pointed. ; G. Ey Naw as the preceding 5 but he does not allow The flowers are fmall, and have a purplifh tinge: they grow in thick tufts at the joints. The feeds are brown, and rounded on one fide. It is common in watte places, and flowers in July, C. Bauhine calls it Marrubium cardiaca diftum, Linneeus, Leonurus foliis caulinis trilobis lan- ceolatis. It is a good medicine in hyfterick cafes. It promotes the menfes, and is very ufeful againft fits. The beft way of giving it is in form of a conferve, made of the frefh tops. It may be alfo taken in way of tea; but that way it is unplea- fant. . XVI. TUE TED? BACT HON Fale: Nd OncPe: O°DE 1 Ua HIE, flower is formed of ‘a fingle petal, and is of the labiated kind. The tubular part is fhort, and it fpreads out into a mouth: the upper lip ftands ereét; and is hollowed, obtufe at the end, and nipped in the middle : the lower lip is divided into three fegments ; and of thefe the middle one is largeft, . The cup of each flower is tubular, a little crooked, and divided into two lips: but, befide thefe, there is a kind of general cup or covering to the whole clufter of flowers growing to- gether ; and this is formed ofa vaft multitude of hairs. The feeds are four after every flower , and they ftand naked in the cup. > Linnzus places. this among the didynamia gymuofpermia, the flower having two longer and two fhorter threads, and the feeds ftanding naked. Our Englifh name is a very imperfect one; for which reafon it is more proper to ufe the Latin, clinopodium. : bp e ‘Great Wild Bafil. ¥ Clinopotikum majus. The root is fibrous, and runs a great way un- der the furface. The firft leaves are placed on flender foot- ftalks; and they are roundifh, obtufe, hairy, and of a pale green. The ftalks are fquare and weak : they are a foot or more in length, but fcarce able to fupport themfelves: they are not much branched ; and their colour is a pale green.. The leaves are placed in pairs on the ftalk ; ‘and they are fhort, broad, obtufe, and.a little indented. : The flowers are of a pale red. It is common under hedges, and flowers. in Auguft. : z C.Bauhine calls it Clinopodium ‘origano file. Others, Acinos. Its virtues are not known, ayes N\ GENUS é The BRITISH HERBAL, op Gan Ba AMI oot & XVUL,, DEADNETTLE LAMIUM, HE flowet is labiated, arid is forméd of a fingle petal. The tubular part at the bale ts very fhort : the openirig of the mouth is wide, and is formed into two lips and a palate. The bss per lip is of an arched form, and undivided, and turns in a kind of arch: the lower iip is ftorees and nipped at che end; and it turns back. The palate is inflated, compreffed, ahd terminated cacti way by a little jagg. The cup is tubular, and ic is terminatéd by five briftlés. The feeds are fout after every flower; and they are naked in the cup. Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia ; the flower having two threadg longef than the other two, and feeds remaining’naked in the tup without any capfule of particular covering. DIVISION I i. White Deadnettle. 1. Lamium album vulgare. The root is fibrous and creeping. The flalk is fquare, hollow, upright, not branched, and a foot and half high. The leaves are placed in pairs; and they are of a fine bright green: they are oblong, broad, fharp-pointed, and fharply ferrated. The flowers ftand in the bofoms of the leaves 5 and they are large and white, a little hairy, and diftinguifhed very prettily by the black edges of the buttons on the filaments, which in fome man- ner mark the arithmetical figure 8. The feeds are four after every flower ; and they are blackith. The whole plant has a fingulars but not difagreeable fmell. It is common under hedges, and in all culti- vated ground. It flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Lamium album non fatens folio oblongo. . Others only Lamium album, Our common people call it Deadnetile, and Arch- angel. The whole herb is fubaftringent. The foots, dried.and powdered, are good in fluxes 5 but the principal virtue is in the flowers: thefe are at once fubaftringent and balfamick. A conferve made of them with fugar is excellent againft the fiuor albus. It is a family-medicine, but very well deferves to be received in the fhops. I have known great cures performed in this troublefome and obftinate complaint by this conferve, and a decoétion of comfry root. 2. Red Deadnettle. Lamium vulgare rubrum. The root is a little tuft of fibres. The: firft leaves are fmall, roundifh, and in- dented : they ftand on flender redifh footftalks ; and are of a dufky green. ; The ftalks are {quare and hollow: they are a foot long, but they do not ftand upright : they lean and trail in the lower part upon the ground : they have ufually a few leaves about the bottom, Tike thofe from the root ;- and about two pairs of ‘others, placed at diftances, one pair near the bottom, the other near the top. At the fum- mit there are two or three other pairs, among which rife the flowers. Thefe aré fmall and red. N° 36. BRITISH SPECIES. The feeds are brown: It is common about gardens, and wherevet ground has been dug. It fldwers from April to. Oétober. TS C; Bauhine calls it Lamium purpureum faetidunt folio fubrotundo: Others only Lawiium rubrum. 3. Red Deadnettle with divided leaves. . Lamium rubrum folits diffectis. The root is fibrotis arid brown. > The firft leaves are placed on flender foots’ ftalks ; and they are broad, fhort, and deeply diz vided by about five irregular indentings. The ftalk is of a pale green, and not very firm; ten inches high, and hollow. . The leaves are placed in paits on fhort foot= ftalks ; and they ate broad, fhort, and deeply dis vided. The flowers ftand in the bofoms of the leavess . and they are fmall’ and red. The feeds are brown. It is not uncorhmon on plowed land, and it flowers in May. Ray calls it Lamium rubrum minus foliis prox funde incifis. 4, Great Henbit: _Lamium folio caulem ambienté. The root is fmall and fibrous.» The firft leaves are fupported on flender foot- ftalks ; and they are broad, fhort, and waved at the edges: frequently alfo there rife a kind of fuckers from the root, each fupporting fix or eight of thefe leaves. The ftalks are numerous, fquare; hollows and about five inches in length :. they are not much branched, and they trail upon the ground. ‘ The leaves on thefe are unlike thofe.from the root: two naturally grow at a joint; but they unite, and form a kind of fingle roundifh leaf; through which the ftalk runs in a perfoliate manner, : i The flowers are fmall, and of a pale red: they ftand in the bofoms of the leaves. ; The feeds are oblong and brown: It is common on ground that has been plowed or dug. It flowers in July. : C. Bauhine calls it Lamium folio caulem ambiente: Authors fpeak of a leffer {pecies ; but it is only, a variety. g§4 5: Xellow 366 The BAR YT S* ee 2 Et ee oe 5. Yellow Deadnettle. Lamium flore flavo. ~ ~ This is a plant of regular growth, and of great beauty. The root creeps under the furface, and has many long, thick fibres. . “The ftalks are {quare, light, hollow, and a foot or more in height; they feldom grow per- fectly ereét, but trail or ftoop a little. The leaves ftand in pairs; and are oblong, moderately broad, elegantly ferrated, and of a fine green. The flowers are large, and of a beautiful yel- low: they rife in confiderable number in the bo- foms of the leaves. The feeds-are oblong and brown. Tt is frequent in the dry ditches which furround woods, and elfewhere among bufhes, It flowers © dap JUune ye Figin : __ C. Bauhine calls ic Lamium folio oblongo luteum. Others, Lamium flavo flore. 6. Hemp-Deadnettle. Urtica foliis anguftis ferratis. The root is creeping and fibrous. The ftalk is fquare, hollow, light, and a foot or more in length. Its colour is brown; and it is covered wich a kind of briftles. The leaves ftand two at a joint; and they ’ have flender footftalks: they are oblong, nar- row, fharp-pointed, and fharply ferrated; and they have on the under fide very large ribs: they have been fuppofed from this and from their colour, which is a dufky green, to refemble the fingle leaves of hemp. _ The flowers are large and gaping: they’are of a bright red; and they are placed in tubular cups, terminated by a kind of prickles: they ftand in tufts at the tops of the ftalks and branches. _ The feeds are large and blackith. It is common about corn-fields, and on ground that has beendug. It flowers in July. C. Baubine calls it Urtica aculeata foliis ferratis, Others, Cannabis [puria. 7. Narrow-leaved Yellow Deadnettle. Lamium luteum foliis anguftioribus ferratis. The root is creeping, white, and hung with many fibres. DIVISION WL Indian Deadnettle. Lamium foliis diffettis orientale. The root is compofed of numerous, long, “brown fibres; very tough, and of a difagreeable fmell, ° ‘ \ ~The ftalk is upright, {quare, and of a brownith colour, _ The leaves are placed in pairs at diftances ; | ‘and they are very beautiful. Their colour is a. FO The ftalks are flender, fquare, and about a foot high: they are rarely branched; and their colour is a dark green or brown. The leaves are placed in pairs, and have flen- der footftalks : they are long, and very narrow, deeply ferrated, and of a faint green. . The flowers grow all the way: up in.the bofoms of the leaves ; and they are large, and of a pale yellow. The feeds are fmall and brown. We have it in woods in Suffex. September. Ray calls it Leminm luteum foliis anguftifimis. Tt flowers in 8. Great-flowered Hemp-Deadnettle. Lamium cannabino folio flore magno, The root is long and flender, and has many fibres. The ftalk.is weak, fquare, branched, and two feet in length. ; The leaves are broad and oblong: they are deeply jagged, fharp-pointed, and of a very bright green. The flowers ftand aboue the tops of the branches in clufters growing in the bofoms of the leaves: they are very large, and of a {nowy white. The feeds are large and blackith. We have it about the edges of forefts, It flowers in July. Ray calls it Cannabis fpuria flore albo magno ele- ganti. 9. Hemp-Deadnettle with variegated Aowers. Lamium folio carinabino floribus variegatis. The root is compofed of numerous, long, and flender fibres, The ftalk is fquare, firm, hairy, and two feet and a half in height. The leaves ftand in pairs; and they are long, narrow, of a dark green, and fharply ferrated, The flowers are placed in a kind of {pikes at the tops of the ftalks, and beautifully variegated with white, red, and yellow. : It is common in the northern counties, and flowers in July. Ray calls it Lamium cannabino folio flore amplo luteo labio purpureo. REIGN SPECIES, fine green; and they are deeply divided at the edges, : The flowers ftand in clufters in the bofoms of the upper leaves ; and are large and beautiful. The feeds are large and purplith, It is a native of the Eaft Indies, and of the Greek iflands, and flowers in Auguft. Tournefort calls it Lamium orientale folits ele- Santer laciniatis. GENUS Th BRITULSHcCHERBA L, G E N Us8 XIX. BASTARD BAUM ME L188 0 Pi XH TeL seyem CPE an flower is labiated, and is formed of a fingle petal. the upper lip is large, rounded, and placed upright: the lower lip is broad’and obtufe. cup is hollowed,, and large, and at.the top is divided into two lips. flower; and they ftand naked. The tubular part is Jong and flender : The The’ ee are four after every Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymuofpermia, the flower lived two longer and two fhorter threads, and the feeds ftanding naked in the cup. This author callowen it'to be a diftin& oes nus; but he alters the received name, writing it melittis: 8 There is but one known fpecies of this genus; and oe is common to Britain, ‘and all the nor- thern parts of Europe. Baftard Baum. | Meliffophyllum. The root is compofed of numerous, thick fibres, of an acrid and bitterifh, tafte. The ftalk is {quare, upright, firm, and a foot and half high: it is of a dufky green colour, and full of pith. The leaves are-confiderably large, ‘broad, ob- Jong, of a dufky green colour, and of a rough furface: they are pleat in pairs, and have flen- der footftalks, Gee Ee NE TUS The flowers rife in the bofoms of the leaves; and they are large and purple. The feeds are uneven, large, and brown. It is common in the woods of Devonfhire; and fome other of the adjoining counties, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Lamium montanum meli ie folio, Others, Meliffa, and Meliffophyllum. It is faid to be a cephalick ; but its virtues are not well eftablifhed. XX. ASLoL HB Ach: S LD Bt Ru Pets Diss rae flower is labiated, and is formed of a fingle -petal.. . : The tubular part is-very {hort : the upper lip is rounded and turned, and is.a little nicked at the edge; the lower lip is divided i into three unequal fegments The cup is tubular, formed of a fingle piece, and terminated by five points, The feeds are four after every flower ; and they ftand naked. Linneus places this among the didyzamia haere ee flower having two threads longer than the others, and the feeds “ftanding naked. DoE Vel SOCNe Tt x. Broad-leaved Little Allheal. Sideritis pumila folio latiore. The root is long, flender, white, and furnifhed with a few fibres. The firft leaves are placed on flender footftalks : they areoblong, broad, and indented at the edges: their colour is ; a pale green, and they havea faint {mell. The ftalks are: fquare, weak, and branched : they are fix or.,eight inches long; and they, :fometimes ‘ftand . erect, dpmerimnes lie upon: the Sens The leaves on them are fet in paics ; and they are oblong)... broad, ferrated, and of a pale green. The flowers. ftand in the bofoms of the leaves, and are fmall: ‘their colour is a pale red ; but they are {potted on the infide with purple. The feeds are brown. Jt is common in our corn-fields, and flowers in July. ~~ C.Bauhine calls it Sideritis alfies tr iffaginis 1, folio. BRITISH SPECIES, ‘2. Clown’s Allheal. Sideritis futida Sirumofa radice. The root is compofed of numerous, irregular, tuberous pieces, connected by brown, thick fibres, The ftalk is upright, hairy, of a ste green, fquare, not much branched, and two feet high. The leaves ftand in pairs: they are oblong, narrow, ferrated at the edges, ae and ae a pale green. The flowers'are. very numerous : they ftand in feparate clufters round the upper part of the ftalk, and together form a kind of fpike: they are purple; but the lower lip is fpotted with white. The feeds are angulated, fmall, and blackifh. It is common in damp places, and flowers in Augutt. C. Bauhine calls it Stachys paluftris fatida. The common writers, Sideritis Anglica firumofa radice, 7 The 368 The BRITISH HERBAL. The frefh leaves bruifed are very eminent as a vulnerary: they ftop the bleeding of a frefh wound, and without any other application heal it. 3. Broad-leaved yellow Allheal. Sideritis latifolia flore flavo. The root is compofed of fmall white fibres. The firft leaves are fupported on flender foot- ftalks ; and they are fhort, broad, a little in- dented at the edges, and of a dufky green. The ftalk is fquare, ho!low, of a faint green, and about a foot high. ‘The leaves ftand in pairs on it; and they are oblong and broad: their colour is a bright green, and they are indented at the edges. The flowers rife in tufts in the bofoms of the leaves; and they are moderately large and yel- low. \ The feeds are oblong, cornered, and brown. It is not uncommon in our northern counties in cultivated Jand. . It flowers.in July. Ray calls it Sideritis arvenfis latifolia birfuta lutea. DEV VSEO NAL Canary Allheal. Sideritis latifolia Canarienfis. The root is long, thick, and brown; and it is hung with many fibres. The firft leaves are placed on long, flender, redifh footftalks; and they are oblong, broad, and of a pale green, obtufe at the end, a little crenated at the edges, and dented for the ftalk at the bafe. The ftalk is fhrubby, firm, upright, and not much branched, G... SRN Ue 4. Narrow-leaved red Allheal. Sideritis anguflifolia flore rubente. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves are numerous: they are ob- long, narrow; of a brownifh green, and indented at the edges: thefe quickly wither. The ftalk is fquare, of a purplifh colour, and a foot high. ; The leaves ftand in pairs; and they are nar- row, oblong, of a deep green, and ferrated. The flowers are fmall and red : they are placed in tufts about the tops of the ftalks; and each is variegated with two white fpots on the lower lip, The feeds are {mall and brown. It is common in corn-fields, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Sideritis arvenfis anguftifolia rubra. Others, Ladanum fegetum. All thefe are fuppofed to be excellent againft frefth wounds. FOREIGN SPECIES, The leaves on it are placed in pairs; and they have long, flender footftalks : they refemble thofe from the root, but they are fmaller ; and they are of a whitifh colour, and foft to the touch, The flowers ftand in tufts in the bofoms of the upper leaves; and they are fmall and white. The feeds are brown. It is a native of the Canaries, and flowers in July. ; Commelin calls it Stachys Canarienfis frutefcens verbafci folio. It is efteemed an aftringent and vulnerary. XXI: CALAMINT. CPAP ECALM: TON TeHe= Ae "THE flower is labiated, and is formed of a fingle petal. The tubular part at the bafe is cylindrick and even. The upper lip is divided at the extremity into three points: the lower lip is divided into three fegments ; and of thefe the middle one is largeft, and is heart-fafhioned. The cup is hol- low, tubular, and formed alfo into two lips. Four feeds follow every flower; and they ftand naked in the cup. The whole plant is of a ftrong, and not agreeable fmell, and of an acrid tafte. Linnzus places it among the didynamia gymnofpermia, the threads in the flower being two longer and two fhorter, and the feeds having no covering but the cup. He does not allow calamint to be a diftiné genus, but makes the feveral kinds of it fpecies of Baum or meliffa. 1, Common Calamint. Calamintha vulgaris. The root is compofed of numerous, brown fibres. The ftalks aré woody, and a foot or more in height, very much branched, and of a whitifh colour. The leaves are placed in pairs; and they are roundifh, a little waved, or irregularly notched at the edges, and of a brownifh green. ‘The flowers are moderately large, and of a bluith white: they ftand in clufters in the bo- foms of the upper leaves. The feeds are {mall and brown; ; t is common by way-fides, and flowers in uly. C, Bauhine calls it Calamintha vulgaris vel offi- cinarum Germania. Others, Calamintha major. 2: Smaller Calamint. Calamintha odore pulegit. The root is flender, and hung with many fibres. The ftalks are branched, and near a foot high: they are firm, hard, upright, and of a whitith colour. The leaves are yery numerous : they are placed 2 in ~NMother-word~ hide: Dona sae GF ealwiled basil | et OE gata ne f a : WN A; Vy 4 \ a Aid Deadrittile with i a : ia ceaddrettle. Divided Leaver y- | : : : rans ‘ greal Men bil - | ; Ww w Deadnettle Broad leavid bastard baum : : [low LM hon uy ae 2 re ea - J Wf’ ss : es 2 oe ee fae (yoae bana arakereg Maa adie 3 : WA tS) ois a Ground se es a 4 Smaller (elarnme ° (Lenion [ylame 704 Th BRIDISH HERD Als 369 in pairs; and they are fmall, and of an oblong, or fomewhat oval form: they are of a whitifh colour; and have a ftrong {mell, between that of the common calamint and pennyroyal. The flowers grow from the bofoms of the leaves at the tops of the plant; and they are fmall and white. The feeds are brown. It is common by way-fides with the former, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Calamintha pulegii odore five GME oe nepeta, Others, Calamintha minor. Our peoples Field-calamint, : Both this and the former are excellent medi- cines in hyfterick complaints: they promote the menfes; and are good againft obftructions of the vifcera, : They may be taken dried and powdered 5 but the better method is in a ftrong infufion in the manner of'tea. A conferve may alfo be made of the tops, § XXIl, GROUND-IVY. HEDERA TERREST RIS HE flower is labiated, and is formed of a fingle petal. The tubular part is flender and corti- prefled. The upper.lip is upright and fimple: it is obtufe at the end, and a little fplit: the lower lip is divided into three fegments ; and the middle one of thefe is larger than the others, and nipped at the end. The cup is formed of a fingle piece ; and is tubular, and divided into five parts at the rim. The feeds after each fower are four in number, and oval. Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia ; the flower having two longer and two fhorter threads, and the feeds ftanding naked. He takes away the received name from the genus, and calls it glechoma. 1. Common Ground-Ivy. Hedera terreftris vulgaris. The root is a tuft of long crooked fibres. The ftalks are numerous, weak, hairy, fquare, of a brown colour; and they trail upon the ground, and take root at the joints. There alfo rife with them a number of fmall, running fhoots, which root at their ends; and the plant is thus propagated in abundance. The leaves are placed in pairs; and they have flender foot{talks: where they firft fhoot they are redith, afterwards of a dufky green, and hairy : they are of a roundifh figure, crenated at the edges, and fomewhat pointed. The flowers are moderately large and blue: they rife from the bofoms of the leaves: they are followed each by four fmall oval feeds. The plant is common on ditch-banks, and flowers in April. That is the time where it has its full virtue. ‘ C. Bauhine calls it Hedera terreftris vulgaris. Others, Calamintha bumilior folio rotundiore. Tt is an excellent pectoral and deobftruent, A conferve of the frefh-gathered tops with fugar is good againft coughs. A fyrup made of the juice with honey is ufeful in afthmas. The juice preffed with white wine is alfo ferviceable in the Gee Ben - UL jaundice; and an infufion taken in large dofés operates powerfully and fafely by urine, bringing away gravel, and cleanfing the ureters. The juice fnuffed up the nofe is celebrated againft the headach. Malt-liquor in which this herb is put, is called gil/-ale, from gill, an Eng- lifh name of the plant. It has fome virtue from it, but is not comparable to the other forms. 2. Purple-flowered Ground-Ivy. Hedera terreftris montana flore purpurafcente. The root is compofed of innumerable brown, flender, crooked fibres, The ftalks are numerous, thick, but weak, of a purplifh colour, and procumbent. The leaves have long footftalks: they are placed in pairs; and they are large, roundifh, dented, of a pale green, and very hairy. The flowers ftand in the bofoms of the leaves; and they are large and purple. It is not uncommon in woods in our northern counties, and elfewhere. It flowers in April. C. Bauhine calls it’ Hedera terreftris montana; a name moft others have copied. Some -have thought it only a variety of the common kind; but it appears to be a diftin& fpecies by fowing. ‘ XXIII. STINKING HOARHOUND, BUACEL DE Owe £, HE flower is labiated : it is formed of a fingle petal. The tubular part is cylindrick, and of the length of the cup. The upper lip is hollow, undivided, but dented at the tip, and ob- tufe: the lower lip is obtufe, and is divided into three fegments; the middle one of which is larger than the others, and is nipped at the end. The cup is tubular, and marked with ten ridges, and is N° XXXVIL. 5B divided (did tae Th BRITISH HERBAL. Sa 370 divided into five points at the edge. Befidé this cup to every flower, there is a general involucrum for each clufter of flowers; which is compofed of narrow leaves, and divided in halves. Linneus places this among the didynamia gymnafpermia; the flower having two longer and two “Shorter threads, and the feeds ftanding naked. DPV ASSO Bast Stinking Hoarhound. Ballote fetida vulgaris, The root is thick, long, and furnifhed with many fibres. ' The ftalks are numerous, fquare, and upright: they are light, hollow, and a yard high. The leaves are placed in pairs: they have flen- der footftalks ; and they are of a rounded figure, and dark green colour, indented at the edges, foft to'the touch, and hairy. The flowers are of a pale purple: they ftand DIVISION IL. Woolly Ballote. Ballote caule lanato. The root is long, divided, and furnifhed with many fibres. : The ftalk is fquare, hollow, and upright; of a whitifh colour, and covered with a woolly matter, CF se NN Te Sed FO BRITISH SPECIES, in clufters in the bofoms of the leaves furround: ing the ftalks. It is common in wafte grounds, and flowers in June. : C. Bauhine calls it Marrubium nigrum fotidum ballote Diofeoridis, Others, Ballote. This is one of thofe plants which poffefs great and unregarded virtues. It is one of the beft remedies in medicine for hypochondriac and hy- fterick complaints. It may be taken in form of a conferve made of the frefh-gathered tops, and in infufion in the manner of tea. REIGN SPECIES. The leaves ftand in pairs ; and they are broad, and deeply divided into three or five fegments. The flowers are large and white. It is a native of Siberia, and flowers in Au-— guft. Amman, to whom we owe the knowledge of this fingular plant, calls it Ballota Soltis Geranit batrachoidis. TI, HOODED WILLOWHERB, GnhiS — S oft. oD tk TYAHE flower is labiated: it is formed of a fingle petal, turns backward. The opening is long, and flatted alfo. ded into three fegments. The tubular part is very fhort, and The upper lip is hollow, and divi- The cup is tubular, and undivided at the mouth, where it has a kind of icale that falls over the opening to preferve the feeds, This has the fhape of a head-piece, and ferves as a feed-veflel ; and this alone will abundantly diftinguih the plant. The feeds are four after every flower ; and they ftand naked in the cup, under the thelter of this moft fingular covering. Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia ; there being two longer and two fhorter threads in the flower, and the feeds having no'capfule. The plant perfectly agrees with the reft in the character of the clafs, which is, that the feeds lie in the cup without a feed-veffel ; but it does not well anfwer to the term devifed by this author to exprefs its for they are not naked, though they have no capfule. 1. Common Caffida, Cafida vulgaris, The root is fall and creeping : it is jointed at certain diftances, and fends fibres from thofe " joints. The ftalk is fquare, upright, branched, and about ten inches high. _ The leaves ftand in pairs, and have {carce any footftalks : they are oblong, broad at the bafe, narrower all the way to the point, and ferrated at the edges. The flowers are large, and of a fine violet blue: two of them grow together from the bo- ~ foms of the leaves, and they hang drooping. The feeds are fmall and dufky-; and they are covered in the cup with a fhelly fubftance, like a head-piece. It is common by the fides of ditches, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Ly/fmachia cerulea galericu- lata five gratiola cerulea. Others, Tertianaria, and Caffida vulgaris, 2. The Leffler Caffida. Coffida minor flore purpurafcente. The root creeps under the furface: it is jointed, and fends out fibres from thofe joints. The ftalk is fquare, upright, branched, and about fix inches high : it is ftriated, and of a re- difh colour. The leaves ftand in pairs; and are’ broad, fhort, and indented. : The flowers are purple; and they grow from the bofoms of the leaves. > — » 8 The The The feeds are four : and they are covered in the cup by akind of head-piece, as in thé former inftance. It is common about waters, F and flowers in June. G2 Boon Ray calls it Caffida palufiris minima fore purpus rafcente, The leaves of the cafide dried and powdered were a famous remedy for agues before the batk was known; but they are now difufed: Bei soy SOT, GROUND-PINE:; CH tM deg flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is Jabiated. The tubular part is fhort, . The lower lip is divided into three The cup is tubular, formed of a vided into five pats; and tifing on one fide at the bafe. the leaves ; and the feeds are four after every flower, Linnzus places this among the ‘didynamia £ymnofpermia fhorter threads, ‘and the feeds being naked in the cup. but places it with the /eordizm chamedrys, and feye- lip is deeply divided into two fegments. which the middle one is largeft, and is rounded. He does not allow this to be a diftin& genus ; ral others, under the common name of Leucrium, ‘DIVISION 1. Common Ground-Pine. Chamepitys vulgaris, The root is long, flender, and divided. The ftalks are numerous, weak, and thiee inches high: they are of a greyifh colour, very much ‘branched, ‘and covered thick with leaves. Thefe'ftand in pairs at {mall’diftances; and they have numerous young ones in their'bofoms: they are-of a:pale'yellowifh green, oblong, ‘nar- row, and at the end divided into three points. ~ "The flowers rife from the bofoms of the leaves ; , and are {mall and yellow: but the upper lip is fpot- ted with purple on the infide, DIVISLTON Ips Fo Auftrian Ground-Pine. Chamepitys caerulea Auftriacas This is a very beautiful plant. The root is long; thick, divided, and hung | with many fibres. ' The ftalks are numerous, and ten inches high, | ‘fquare, of a whitith colour, and downy. The leaves ftand at diftances two at each joint, ‘but With clufters of young ones in all their bo- | ‘foms: they are divided iito three or four long | Ge Bee Ne Uy, NSD an and the upper fegments ; of fingle piece, di- The flowers grow ‘from the ‘bofoms of and roundifh. 3 the flower having two longer and two BRITISH SPECI#s. The feeds arefmall, ‘black, and round. The whole plant has a refinous fmell and tafe,’ It is frequent in fome parts of the kingdom on chalky and other dry foils. Tt flowers in July. C.Bauhine calls it Chamepitys lutea vulgaris Sive folio trifido, — Ground:pine is an excellent ‘medicine in ner- vous:diforders. It is a powerful diuretick ; “ana it promotes the menfes, . The tops dried and powdered are recommended againft the gout ; and there ‘ate well-authorifed accounts of great cures having been performed by them ‘in the {ciatica. REIGN SPECIES, and narrow fegments ; and are of a lively green on the upper fide, and paler underneath. : The flowers grow from the bofoms of the leaves toward the upper part of the plant: they are very large: the body of them is of a delicate vio- | let blues and the under lip is whitith, and fpotted with crimfon. The feeds are Jarge and roundith. It is frequent on the mountains of Germany, and flowers in June. ‘ ! C. Bauhine calls it Chamepitys cerulea Auftriaca. § XXVI Be U Ge Bla G HE flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is of the labiated kind. The and bent. The upper lip is very {mall : “edge. The feeds are four : it ftands erect, and is fplit in two parts, lip is divided into‘ three fegments : the middle one is large, and heart-fathioned : are‘very fmall. The cup is fmall; and is formed of a fingle piece, divided into Cn Bom tubular, part is cylindrick The lower the two fide ones five parts at the they ate oblong, and they have no defence but the cup. Linneus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia; the Aower having two longer and ‘two ‘fhorter threads, and the feeds having no capfule. calls it ajuga. He takes away the received name bugula, and 1. Bugle. Vie eltal a Ter tl CEE fe OAC 1. Bugle. Bugula vulgaris caerulea. The root is compofed of numerous fibres, and it fénds out creeping fhoots. The ftalk is fquare, upright, notatall branched, and about ten inches high. The leaves are placed in pairs, and are of a fine green: they are broad, oblong, and indented at the edges. The flowers ftand in clufters in the bofoms of the upper leaves from the middle to the top, and fometimes all the length of the ftalk ; fo that to- gether with the leaves they form a kind of thick fpike: they are {mall and blue. The feeds are roundifh, and of a deep brown. It is common in our meadows, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Confolida media pratenjis ca- rulea. Others, Bugula vulgaris. Te ftands celebrated in all the old writers as a wound-herb. A decoétion of it is good againft obftructions of the vilcera, and in the jaundice. It operates by urine in a certain and fafe manner, 2. Mountain-Bugle, Bugula folio longiore. The root is compofed of numerous, long fibres. The ftalks rife feveral together; and they are flender, but upright, fquare, of a purplifh co- Jour, and not at all branched. The leaves are placed in pairs; and they are oblong, and moderately broad : they have no footftalks: they are narroweft at the bafe, and broadeft toward the point; and have on each fide three or four deep indentings, The flowers grow in the bofoms of the leaves ; and they are fmall and blue. The feeds are round and blackifh. It is found on the Welch mountains, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Confolida media cerulea Al- pina, Others, Bugula cerulea Alpina. GHB IN | UES XXVIL. WOOD-SAGE. eS. «Git ORG O- Da Ox NG Ld. PTHE flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is of the labiated kind. The tubular part is fhort and cylindrick. The upper lip is divided into two fegments: the lower lip is divided into three ; of which the middle one is largeft, and is of arounded form. The cup is tubular, and lightly divided into five parts. The feeds are four, and they remain naked in the cup. The leaves refemble fage, and the fmell is like that of garlick. Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia; there being two longer and two fhorter threads in the flower, and the feeds ftanding naked in the cup. Of this genus there is but one known fpecies, and that is a native of Britain. Linna:us does not allow the genus to be diftinét. He confounds it among many others, under the common name fexcrium but it is fufficiently diftinguifhed in Nature, Wood- Sage. Scorodonia vulgaris. iiss The root is long, divided, and fpreading ; and is furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalk is fquare, upright, firm, not much branched, and two feet in height. The leaves are placed in pairs: they have fhort footftalks ; and they are broad, oblong, and fomewhat like thofe of fage, but of a rougher furface, and pale green colour, The flowers ftand in long {pikes at the tops of GE Neg the ftalks and branches; and they are fmall and greenifh, with purple buttons to the filaments. The feeds are little and brown. It is common in woods, and flowers in July. _ C. Bauhine calls it Scordium alterum five falvia agreftis. It is a powerful deobftruent ; and it operates by {weat and urine. The beft way of giving it is in form of an infufion. It was at one time celebrated againft venereal complaints; but the ufe of mercurial remedies has now fet afide all others in thofe diforders. S XXVIII, WATER GERMANDER. SiG, OF ReaD 11, THE flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is labiated. The tubular part at the bafe is fhort. The upper lip is fplit into two fegments; and the lower lip is divided into three: the two of thefe at the fides are fmall; but the middle one is rounded and large. . The cup is formed of a fingle piece: it is tubular, and flightly divided into five fegments. The feeds after each flower are four; and they ftand naked in the cup. The ftalks are procumbent; and the leaves are downy. Linnzus | 3 The BR IT SH THEIR BOA, 373 Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia: the flower having two jonger and two fhorter filaments, and the feeds being naked. He does not allow it to be a diftinét genus, but makes it one of the fpecies of teucrium. Of the fcordium, Properly diftinguifhed by thefe characters, there is but one Known fpecies, and that is a native of Britain. : Water-Germander. Scordium. The root is compofed of numerous fibres. The ftalks are fquare, weak, eight or ten inches long; and they lie either entirely or in part upon the ground: they fend roots from the joints, where they reft upon the ground; and thus the plant fpreads over a great deal of {pace in a little time. The leaves ftand in pairs, and have no foot- flalks: they are oblong, moderately broad, dented at the edges, of a pale greyifh green, and foft to the touch. The flowers grow in the bofoms of the leaves ; and they are fmall and red. The feeds are minute and brown. It is common in the Ifle of Ely, and in fome other parts of the kingdom on damp ground. It flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it only Scordium. Others, Scordium verum, and Scordium legitimum. It is celebrated asa fudorifick, and hasa place in fome of the principal compofitions of the fhops. It has the credit of being an excellent medicine in malignant and peftilential fevers. To this purpofe it is to be given dried and powdered. The juice prefled out with white wine is good in obftructions of the vifcera; and it is faid, given alone, to be a remedy againft worms in the inteftines. as SEO Se SD i a De ese Bos eDiets te a Sh a oe cS Me cae CE SRe 4 Heiss ce ForEIGN GENERA, Thofe of which there is no fpecies naturally wild in this country. Gero Ns eis I. S@AGG oF, Mat APL ee TA, HE flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is labiated. The tubular part is {mall at the bafe, aE and thence. becomes wider, and compreffed. The upper lip is hollow, crooked, compreffed,. and nipped at the extremity. The lower lip broad, and divided into three fegments ; the middle one of which is large, and nipped at the end. The cup is tubular, ftriated, and divided alfo into two lips at the top: the upper one of thefe has three, and the lower has two points. The feeds are four after every flower ; and they are naked in the cup. ; i Linneeus feparates this from the generality of the verticillate plants, and places it among the dian. dria monogynia; the filaments in the flower being two, and the ftyle fingle. There is fomething fo fingular in the ftruéture of thefe filaments, that the plant, according to this method, appears to be very nearly allied to the didynamia ; for thefe two filaments are fplit each into two branches ; one of which in each is longer, and fupports a button ; and the other fhorter,.and has in its place only a ufe. lefs appendage. 1, Common Sage. Salvia bortenfis vulgaris. The root is long and thick, and is furnifhed all about with innumerable fibres. The firft leaves are very numerous: they are fupported on long footftalks ; and they are ob- long, broad, of a rough furface, and of a redith colour: they are fomewhat dented at the edges ; and they are of a ftrong, but very agreeable tafte and fmell. The ftalks are fquare, redifh, firm, very much branched, and a foot and half high. The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the root ; but:they have fhorter footftalks. N° 37. The flowers are placed in a kind of fpikes at the tops of the ftalks and branches ; and they are large and blue, often tinged with purple. The feeds are moderately large. The tops of the plant have a fragrant refin about them, which fticks to the fingers; and thefe have more of the fine tafte and fmell of the plant than any other part. toa It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Salvia major aut {phacelus Theophrafti. Others, Salvia latifolia. Our gar- deners, Red fage. It is a very good medicine againft diforders of 5C the 374 he Bi Rt IME, 4S). HH E R-Bante 1 the head and nerves; and for that purpofe no way is better than the common one, of taking it in tea. In this manner, drank in large quanti- ties, it is alfo diaphoretick ; and good in feverith diforders. The Italians eat it as a prefervative of health, and fay a man need not die that has Jage in his garden. Our people, from the fame principle, eat fage on bread and butter ; and there is no bet- ter way of taking it. Some prefer the Sage of virtue to the common kind; but their qualities are nearly the fame; and this is the more pleafant. 2. Sage of Virtue. Salvia minor. The root is long, thick, woody, and furnifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves are placed on flender foot- ftalks ; and they are oblong, moderately broad, of agreyifh green colour, and rough furface ; and at the bafe of each there ufually and natu- rally grow two fmall ones, called ears; but thefe are fometimes wanting. The ftalks are numerous, fquare, flender, branched, and a foot or more in height. The Jeaves on them refemble thofe from the root; but they are {maller. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in long, loofe {pikes ; and they are of a fine pale blue. The feeds are moderately large, It is a native of Spain. C.Bauhine calls it Salvia minor aurita et non aurita. Others only Salvia minor, Our gar- deners, Sage of virtue. ’ Many prefer it to the common fage for the fame purpofes, 3. Candy-Sage. Salvia anguftifolia Cretica. The root is woody, and hung with numerous fibres. ‘ ; The ftem is woody and round; but the young branches are fquare. The leaves are oblong, narrow, and of a pale green: fometimes they are a little dented at the edges, at others not at all, and fome have a double large indenting near the bafe, in refemblance of the ears of the other /age. The flowers ftand in loofe fpikes at the tops of the branches ; and are of a faint whitith purple. The cups are obtufe, and the feeds that follow are large. Cos ON eUiea8 It is a native of the Greek iflands, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Salvia baccifera. Others, Salvia pomifera. And our gardeners, Apple-fage, or Berry-bearing fage. All that is natural to the plant we have here defcribed ; but it remains to explain the phrafe apple- bearing fage. There is a fly in the Greek iflands, whofe young is hatched upon this plant, in excrefcences raifed by the puncture of its parent. Every one knows the galls produced on our oak; and few areignorant of theirorigin. A fly wounds the young fhoot of the tree; and the part fwells from the poifonous juice left by her in the wound, and rifes into this round fubftance, called a gall. So in Crete a fly wounds the Jege, a gall is formed, and from its fhape it is called an apple. They err who fuppofe it the fruit of the plant, for it has no fruit but the four feeds in each cup. 4. Ethiopian Sage. Salvia lanuginofa Aithiopica, The root is long, thick, and hung about with fibres. The firft leaves are large, and nearly as broad as they are long, of a whitith colour ; and fo co- vered with a woolly matter, that they lofe the outline of their fhape. ; The ftalk is fquare, upright, and branched: it is thick fet with leaves, and is covered with the fame white woolly matter. The leaves on the ftalk refemble thofe from the root, and are as thickly covered with the woolly matter. The flowers rife from the bofoms of the upper leaves; and are of a {nowy whitenefs ; but the buttons on the tops of their threads are yellow. The feeds are four after every flower; and they lie naked in the cup. It is a native of Greece, Africa, and fome of the hotteft parts of Europe. C. Bauhine calls it Aithiopis foliis finuofis. Others, Sclarea thiopica; and fome, ANthiopian mullein. It is diftinly and Properly a fpecies of /age. The leaves are fometimes altogether undivided, fometimes cut in at the edges, and this in a flighter or deeper manner; and from hence au- thors have named one or two imaginary fpecies. They are only accidental varieties of the {ame plant. XIX, LAVENDER, EAE EMIN Dep 4 Apat flower is Iabiated, and is formed of a fingle petal. The tubular part is cylindrick, and longer than the cup.. The upper lip is larger than the under, and is {plit into two parts: the under lip is divided into three rounded fegments of equal fize. a fingle piece ; and is obfcurely dented at the edge, The cup is fhort: it is formed of The feeds are of an oval fhape, and four follow every flower; and the flowers ftand in naked fingle {pikes, Linneus places this among the didynamia gy I mnofpermia ; the threads in the flower being two longer and. ee ee ee The BITRE sth HB Re an pee and two fhorter, and the feeds ftanding naked in the cup. He joins common genus; but the {piked flowers of the Javender are fufficientl by their plain, fimple ftruéture, and by the want of that fingular, the top. 1. Common Lavender. Lavendula vulgaris. The root is woody, long, thick, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. i The plant rifes in form of a low, bufhy fhrub. The main ftem is covered with a rough, grey bark; and the long young fhoots are green. The leaves are long, narrow, and undivided at the edges, of a pale green colour, and of a very ftrong and aromatick fmell. The flowers grow at the tops of all the thoots in fpikes ; they are fmall, and of a beautiful blue: thefe tops, with the flowers, have an ex- tremely fragrant feent. The feeds are fmall and brown. It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, We keep it in gardens for its fragrance and its virtues. C. Bauhine calls it Lavendula latifolia. Others, Lavendula vulgaris. : ‘The tops of the plant, gathered juft as the flowers are opening, poffefs its full virtues : they are excellent in nervous diforders, good againft headachs and_paralytick complaints, and ex- tremely cordial and ftrengthening. In vertigoes it is of great fervice, and againft tremblings of the limbs. It alfo operates by urine, and promotes the menfes. A conferve of thefe tops is a very good me- thod of ufing them. The fpirit called Spirit of la- vender alfo pofleffes their virtues very fully; and has the advantage of many other good ingre- dients of the fame intention. This is beft taken on fugar. 2. Small Lavender. Lavendula angufpifolia minor. The root is long, firm, woody, and hung about with innumerable fibres. The plant rifes like the common lavender in a 375 Se ne the fechas and this under one y diftinguithed from the others coloured leaf the Stechas has at The leaves are numerous ; and they are ob- long, very narrow, and of a frefh and lively green ; they have the {mell of Leven, lefs ftrong. The flowers ftand in thort fpikes at the tops of the branches ; and they are larger than in the common lavender, and of a pale blue, The feeds are fmall and dark. Tt is common in the fouth of France, and in all the warmer parts of Europe. It flowers in Augutt. ; C. Bauhine calls it Lovendula anguftifolia, Others, Levendula minor, and Spica. der leaves, but An oil made from this ufed to be brought over from Italy, and here called oi of Spike. It has the fame virtues with the former, but in an inferior degree, 3+ Jagged-leaved Lavender, Lavendula foliis diffestis, The root is woody, irregular; and covered over with fibres. ; ‘ The plant is fhrubby, and a foot and half high, The ftalks are fquare, and of a pale green, often toward the bottom redith; The leaves are very beautifully divided in the pinnated manner ; and the {mall parts refembling pinnze are again divided or nicked at the edges - they are of a whitifh colour, and of an extremely fragrant {mell. : The flowers are blue, and very fragrant: they ftand in hort fpikes upon the tops of long, naked fhoots in the manner of thofe of the common laven- der; and they have the fame fragrant fell. The feeds are {mall and brown. It is a native of Spain, and flowers early in the fummer. ee C. Bauhine calls it Zevendula Solio diffecto, Others, Lavendula multifido folio. Its virtues are the fame with thofe of common fhrubby form, lavender, but in an inferior degree, Gee EB eeN1UEe 6 III. Sa Jy, Ge CG Hy, AS3 Te flower is labiated, and formed of a fingle petal. The tubular part is cylindrick, and longer than the cup. The upper lip is fplit into two parts, and is larger than the under. This laft is divided into three roundifh equal fegments. The cup is fmall, of an oval figure, and very ob- feurely dented at the edges. The feeds are four after every flowers and they are fimall and oblong. The flowers are collected into a {pike, formed of feveral regular feries, and terminated at its top by. a beautiful, coloured leaf. Linnzus places this among the didynamia kymnofpermia; the flower having two longer and two i fhorter threads, and the feeds ftanding naked in the cup. i ; : This author joins it in the fame genus with /avender but it has its antient feparate name ; and. there is enough in Nature to fupport the diftinétion. x. Common BRITISH HERBAL. 1. Common Stoechas. Stechas vulgaris. ~ ‘The root is woody, and compofed of nume- ‘yous fibres, connected to an oblong head. The plant rifes in form of a fmall fhrub, two feet high, and divided into many branches. Thele are fquare while young ; but they lofe that form as they grow older and harder. The leaves are oblong, narrow, of a whitifh colour, and of a very fragrant {mell. The flowers grow in thick, fhort fpikes ; form- - ing with their cups, and the leaves which fup- port them, a kind of fealy head; at the top of which ftands a very beautiful leaf, of a deep purple. ‘The flowers are fmall and purple; and the whole head has a very fine fmell, and a highly aromatick tafte. It is a native of France, Spain, and Italy; and is alfo abundant in the Eaft. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Stecbas purpurea. Others, Stechas Arabica, and Spica hortenfis. Our people call it Arabian fechas, Caffidony, and fome French lavender. The fpikes of flowers fhould be gathered for GPE. Erten . Uses ufe juft before they come into full bloom. T hey poffefs the fame virtues with lavender; but they are more cordial, and of a lighter and more agrce- able flavour. 2. Jagged-leaved Steechas. Stoechas foliis dentatis. The root is long, thick, woody, and hung round with abundance of fibres. The plant is fhrubby, very much branched, and two feet high. ; The leaves are very beautiful: they are ob- long, narrow, and deeply ferrated or notched all along the edges. Their colour on the upper fide is a lively green, and on the under part they are whitifh: the edges often turn, and appear curled. The whole leaf has a very fragrant fmell and aromatick tafte. The flowers are placed in thick, fhort fpikes, in the manner of thofe of the common ftachas ; and they are {mall and purple. The {pike is in the fame manner terminated by a purple head, which is formed of three or four irregular leaves. It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in June: C. Bauhine calls it Stwchas folio ferrato. IV. ROSEMARY. R 20e8S. MA Ril oN Use Ss HE flower is labiated, and is formed of a fingle petal. The tubular part is longer than the cup. The upper lip is fmall, and is fplit into two parts, the edges of which turn back. The under lip is large, and turns back: it is divided into three fegments; the middle one of which is largeft, and is hollowed. The cup is divided into two lips. and they ftand naked in the cup. The feeds are four after every flower, Linnzus places this among the diandria monogynia; the threads in the flower being two, and the ftyle fingle. Common Rofemary. Rofmarinus vulgaris. The root is woody, long, divided, and hung with numerous fibres. The plant rifes into a fmall fhrub: the ftem is woody, and is covered with a brown, rough bark. The young fhoots are of a greyifh green. The leaves are numerous, and of a firm fub- ftance : they are oblong, narrow, fharp-pointed, not at all indented at the edges, and of a very fragrant fmell: they are of a very beautiful ‘green on the upper fide, and of a filvery grey un- derneath. The flowers rife in great numbers from the bo- foms of the leaves toward the upper part of the branches: they are large, and of a pale blue, va- riegated with white. The feeds are fmall, and of an oblong fhape. The whole plant has a fragrant and aromatick fmell: it is lighter, and more delicate in the flowers, and. ftronger in the leaves. “The tafte alfo is warm ‘and aromatick, and not difagree- able. It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in fpring. C. Bauhine calls it Rofmarinus hortenfis anguf- tiore folio. Others, Anthos; and fome, Liba- notis coronaria. It is a fhrub of very confiderable virtues. It is excellent in all nervous diforders, againft vertigoes, dizzinefs of the head, and tremblings of the limbs. For this purpofe no form of gi- ving it is better than a conferve made of the ten- der tops frefh gathered, and beat up with fugar. It is alfo good againft obftrutions of the vif- cera, and in paralytick diforders. Hungary-water is made by diftilling a pure fpirit from the tops of this plant, or in a coarfer way, by mixing a few drops of its oil in fuch a fpiric. GENUS oe > Ree \ Vee OG a Fyn ba ‘ (grmon ose an Sa Bag! ey NY age? (gr Glee tA (Grwven Law ere Lrg al Viel it as Ge aati Go? ound AC et SALLE youn a 377 Se The BRITISH HERBAL GhiquB bes ING 0 8 HisXioiS} ‘500. aP: HOPS SUO.n BU, 4S: Vv. MPHE flower is labiated, and is formed of a fingle petal. The tubular part is of the length of thé cup. The upper lip is fhort, undivided, and juft nipped at the end; and it ftands erect. The lower lip is larger, and is divided into three parts ; the middle one of thefe is broader than the other and is heart-fafhioned. The cup is long, tubular, ftriated, and dented in five parts at the ed “ The feeds are four after every flower ; and they are of an oval form, and placed naked in the cu ae Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia ; the threads in each flower being two ee and two fhorter, and the feeds placed in the cup without any capfule. Common Hyfiop. Hyffopus vulgaris. The root is compofed of numerous, long, thick fibres, conneéted to an oblong head. The ftalks are fquare, upright, hard, and branched. The leaves ate placed in pairs; and they are oblong, narrow, and of a pale green: they ftand thick together upon the ftalks; and there are ufually many young leaves rifing from their bo- foms. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in a kind of loofe fpikes, with leaves among them ; they are large and blue, Go teaaeN SAY: ORY: The feeds are fmall and brown. It is a native of Italy, and the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Hyfopus officinarum caerulea Jive fpicata. Others, Hyffopus Arabum, and Hy/- fopus vulgaris. - It is a plant of very confiderable virtues. Ie is excellent againft diforders of the breaft and lungs. A fyrup of by/fop made with honey is good in afthmatick cafes, and in coughs. It is alfo good againft obftructions of the vif= cera; and it works by urine, =’ U S Vi. SATE Us OR Eel eA: IE, flower is fortied of a fingle petal, anid is labiated. The tubular part is fhorter than the cup. + The upper lip is nipped at the extremity, and placed uptight : the lower lip is divided into three fegments; the middle one of which is broader than the others ; but they ate all of a length. ‘The cup is tubular, ftriated; and nipped in five parts at the extremity. The feeds are four after every flower ; and they are of a roundifh form, and ftand naked in the cup. Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia , the threads in the flower being two longer and two-fhorter, and the feeds naked in the cup. xz. Summer Savory. ! Satureia aftiva. The root is compofed of a vaft number of fibres, conneéted to a fmall head. : The ftalks are numerous, upright, brown; di- vided into branches, and ten inches high. The leaves. are oblong, narrow, and of a dufky green: they ftand in pairs at diftances on the ftalks ; and they have an aromatick {mell and. tafte. The flowers rife from the bofoms of the upper leaves; and they are {mall, and of a faint redifh colour, often nearly white. The feeds are roundifh and brown. Tt is a native of the fouth of France, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Satureia hortenfis, feu Cunila fativa Plinii. It is principally ufed as a pot-herb ; but it has virtues that might recommend it as a medicine. It is good in diforders of the head and nerves, N° 37. and againft obftruétions of the vifcera. The tops, when in flower, poffefs the principal virtue. 2, Winter Savory. Satureia durior. The toot is long, divided, and furnithed with tumerous fibres. ‘The ftalks are numerous; woody, very much branched, and a foot and half high: the harder parts of them are of a pale brown; the young fhoots green.” The leaves are very numerous: they ftand in pairs; with clufters of young leaves and fhoots in their bofoms. The flowers grow from the bofoms of the up- per leaves 5 and they are fmall and white, wich a faint bluth of purplith. It isa native of Italy, and is kept in our gar- dens for the fervice of the kitchen. J C. Bauhine calls it Satureia montana, Others, Satureia durior; and Satureia Hyberna. 5D 3. The a ae, 378 The BRITISH HERBAL, 3. The Thyme of the Antients, Satureia foliis punGatis. This plant, though ufually called a kind of thyme, and diftinguifhed by that name in fome antient authors, is properly a {pecies of /avory. The root is long, thick, divided, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The ftalks are upright, branched, hard, and woody. The leaves are placed in pairs, with numbers of fmall ones in their bofoms ; and they are fmall, oblong, narrow, hollowed, edged, and dotted: they are of a greyifh green colour, and of a warm aromatick tafte, “~ The flowers grow in fhort clufters, or little heads, at the tops of the branches; and they are fmall and purplith. ? The feeds are little, roundifh, and dark-co- loured. It is a native of the Greek iflands, and of the warmer parts of Europe. It flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Thymus capitatus qui Diofce- . ridis. Others, Thymum legitimum, and Thymum antiquorum. It is a fine warm aromatick plant, and is good againtt obftrudtions of the vifcera, and in head- achs, and all nervous complaints, Gee a eS VII. HERB-MASTICK, M A R U-™M. PPHE flower is labiated, and is formed of a fingle petal. The tubular partis of a cylindrick form, and is fhorter than the cup. The upper lip is of the fame length with the lower, and is placed upright: it is obtufe, and nicked at the end. The lower lip is divided into three fegments, of which the middle one is fomewhat broadeft. The cup is tubular, ftriated, and terminated at the rim by five briftles. The flowers are collected in a kind of woolly heads; and four roundith feeds follow each, which ftand naked in the cup. _ Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia; the flower having four threads, two of which are longer than the others, and the feeds ftanding naked. This author does not allow. it to be a diftiné genus, but calls it a kind of Satureia: it is however very fufficiently diftinguifhed by the briftles or hairs that terminate the cup; and properly retains its feparate name. Common Herb-Mattick. Marum vulgare. The root is long, flender, and hung about with fibres. The ftalks are numerous, fquare, flender, brittle, upright, branched, and of a brownith colour, The leaves ftand in pairs, and have no foot- ftalks: they are oblong, moderately broad, fharp-pointed, not at all dented at the edges, and of a fine lively green. Their tafte is very acrid. The flowers ftand at the tops of all the branches in fhort, woolly heads, of a whitith colour. It is a native of Spain, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Samp/uchus Jive Marum Maf- tichen redolens. Others, Marum vulgare. ; It is a warm aromatick plant, and is good in nervous diforders. The bark of the old fhoots is aftringent, and excellent againft the overflowings of the menfes. G E N U S VIII. GOATS MARJORAM. TRAGO ORIGANUM HE flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is labiated. The tubular part is of the fame length with the cup. The upper lip is broad, and divided at the top into three little points : the lower lip is longer, and is divided into three fegments ; others. The cup is in the fame manner divided in every flower. of which the middle one is broader than the to two lips. The feeds are fmall: four follow Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia; the threads being four, two longer and two fhorter, and the feeds naked. Goats Marjoram. Lrago origanum folio oblongo angufto. The root is compofed of innumerable fibres. The ftalks’ are numerous, upright, fquare, ~ branched, and about ten inches high. The leaves are placed in pairs at fmall dif tances, and with young fhoots in their bofoms ; o fo that the plant is very well covered with them: they are oblong, narrow, and of a whitifh co- lour; and they have a ftrong fmell, and an aro- matick tafte, _ The flowers are large and white: they ftand in a kind of fpikes at the tops of the ftalks and branches. The feeds are fmall, round, and black, It \ | 4 The BRI Ti] gy HERBAL, At is a native of Spain, and other of the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Trago origanum angufifo- fium. Others, Trago origanum Hifpanicum, 379 It is a warm and aromatick plant, and is re- commended for promoting the menfes ; but it is little regarded, Gar Ee Nic Usa Ss Ix, POLEYMOUNTAIN, P.O BTUs Vs cpre flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is labiated. The t 2 top a little bent. The upper lip ftands ereét, and is fplit into two fegments, der. The lower lip is divided into three parts ; of which the middle one j at the end. The cup is tubular, divided lightly at the rim into five fegm which gape afun. fide at the bafe. The feeds are four after every flower ; and they ftand naked in the cup. The flowers are collected into fhort clufters, which terminate the branches. Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia: the threads in the flower which two are longer than the others, and the feeds remaining naked in the cup. This author does not allow it to be a diftin& genus; but calls ita kind of sewerium. It is fuffi- ciently diftinguithed from. teucrinm by the difpofition of the flowers, and has a right to retain its old name. 1. Yellow Poleymountain. Polium flore flavo. The root is long, divided, and furnifhed with numetous fibres. The ftalks are firm, fquare, and ten inches high : part of them lie upon the gfound for half their lengthy others ftand tolerably ereét, and the plant ufually feen in large handfome tufts. The leaves are placed in pairs ; and they are oblong, confiderably broad, obtufe, and dented at the edges: they are of a faint green colour ; and are covered with a white, downy matter, The flowers are fmall and yellow: they are placed together in fhort fpikes at the tops of the ftalks and branches; and, before they open, the whole tops look yellowifh. : The feeds are {mall, roundifh, and dark-co- loured. It is a native of Italy, and fome other parts of Europe. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Polium montanum luteum. Others, Polium luteum. Some, Polinm vulgare. 2: White Poleymountain, Polium flore albo folio anguftiore. The root is compofed of many long and flender fibres. The ftalks are numerous; and they {pread themfelves into a circular tuft, the greater part lying upon the ground, and the beft of them not being very upright. The leaves are placed in pairs; and they are oblong, narrow, woolly, and white: they are fharp-pointed, and a little indented; but it is not feen unlefs they are examined nearly. The flowers are {mall and white: they ftand in ‘thick fpikes at the tops of the ftalks; and thefe fpikes or heads are woolly. The feeds are fmall and blackith. It is anative of France and Italy, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Polivm ereéfum maritimum Monfpeliacum, Others, Polium album. 3. Purple Poleymountain, Polium flore purpurafcente. The root is long, thick, woody, divided, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The ftalks are hard, but weak : they lie upon the ground, and are very much branched, - The leaves ate oblong, narrow, obtufe at the end, and indented at the edges : they are covered with a white, woolly matter; as are alfo the ftalks, The flowers are fmall, and of a lively purple: they are collected in thick, woolly tufts at the tops of the ftalks and branches, The feeds are fmall, roundifh, and black, It is a native of Italy, and flowers in Augutt. C. Bauhine calls it Polinm maritimum Vene. tum 4. Lavender-leaved Poleymountain. Polium folio longiore angufto integro. The root is long, flender, and hung about with fibres, The ftalks are numerous, fquare, and in pare procumbent. The leaves are long, narrow, and undivided at the edges: they are placed in pairs upon the ftalks ; and are of a lively green on the upper fide, and white and hoary underneath, 3 The flowers are large and white: they are col- lected into thick tufts or heads at the tops of the ftalks. The feeds are large and roundith. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Polinm montanum lavandule folio; a name moft other writers have copied. All thefe poffefs the fame virtues; but the white kind has them in the greateft perfec- tion. It is a warm cordial medicine, and is good | againft obftructions of the vifcera. It works by fweat and urine. — GENUS ubular part is fhort, and at the s largeft, and is rounded - ents, and fwelled on one being four, of 380 The BRITISH HERBAL. ele oe TREE U Ss Xx. GERMANDER. TE Ue GA Ry Ie Ui SBE flower is formed of a ingle petal, and is | The upper lip is fplit into two fegments, parts ; of which the middle one is largeft, and of a roundifh figure. into five fegments at the rim, and {welled on one fide at the bafe. four: and they ftand naked in the cup. Linneus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia 5 abiated. ‘The tubular part is cylindrick and thort. and ftands ereét: the lower lip is divided into three The cup is tubular, divided The feeds after each flower are the flower having four threads, of which two are longer than the others, and the feeds remaining naked in the cup. This author joins many other genera with the Zeucrium under its common name; but we have feparated them, They have been already treated of in their proper places 5 ‘and what we have here to confider, is the proper teucrium only. 1. Tree-Germander. Teucrium latifolium. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with a great many fibres. The ftalks are numerous, fquare, firm, up- right, two feet high, and confiderably branched. The leaves are placed in pairs: they have no footftalks : they are broad, fhort, fharp-pointed, dented at the edges; and of a beautiful green on the upper fide, and hoary underneath. The flowers are large, and of a pale yellow: they grow from the bofoms of the leaves all along the upper parts of the ftalks. The feeds are fmall and brown. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Teucrium. Others, Teucrium latifolium, and Teucrium vulgare. It is a cordial and alexipharmick, operating by {weat ; and is efteemed good in putrid and pef- tilential fevers. Gin Bic Ni be S 2. Spanith Tree-Germander. Teucrium Beticum folio undulato. This is a tall and beautiful plant. The root is woody, long, and divided into numerous parts, and furnifhed with many fibres, The ftem is woody, five feet high, and divided into many branches. ; The leaves are placed in pairs: they are ob- long, confiderably broad, not at all dented at the edges, obtufe at the end, and joined to the ftalks without footftalks. Their colour is a dark green on the upper fide, and they are greyifh under- neath. The flowers are numerous, large, and beauti- ful: they are of a fnow-white. It is a native of Spain and Sicily, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Teucrinm peregrinum folio Sinuofo. XI. GERMANDER. CH AM £2 DR YL S. EIE flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is labiated. The tubular part is fhort. The upper lip is fplit deeply into two parts; and the lower part is divided into three fegments; of which the middle one is largeft, and is of a rounded figure. five nicks at the edge. The cup is tubulated, and lightly divided by The feeds are roundifh, and four follow every flower. The flowers grow from the bofoms of the leaves, not in tufts, terminating the branches. Linneus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia the flower having two longer and two fhorter threads, and the feeds ftanding naked. He does not allow it to be a diftingt genus; but places it among many others under the name zeucrium. Common Germander. Chamedrys vulgaris. The root is compofed of long, flender, tough fibres. The ftalks are fquare, and hard: they lie in part upon the ground: they are confiderably branched, and a foot or more in length. The leaves are placed in pairs; and they are oblong, broad, indented at the edges, fharp- pointed, and of a fine green. The flowers are fmall and red: they rife from 2 the bofoms of the leaves all over the upper pare of the plant. The feeds are {mall, roundifh, and of a dark brown, It is common in France, and moft other parts of Europe. It flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Chamaedrys minor repens. Others, Chamedrys vulgaris. It is celebrated} for many virtues, ‘but is very much neglected in the prefent practice. It ope- rates by urine, and is good againft obftructions of the vifcera. It is alfo good in fevers. - GENUS c 7) , j ae q/ ‘ SherThynre o oa . . icy, _ a 4 ‘sl pe ‘ % AL A] 4 a g fy ; ’ % ther titted Merb tasticl — og. od Mampor aes Yello Ke oy Meowrllatee ~ we. Parfit toy awa White foley Mountarnr /f ‘ Ha 4 ‘ _ Lwenider lead Voley- aD . ' Mountittv pata, Sv0lL Germ vanrlth- Sp aust vee Uy ermander- ys, oe / 2 ve le ort g CPINMMAC? Pt) dl. wute/ , Y a 3 a Srveet Mlaryorae : DY Gee? , a 7 dies : ys 4 i a. 4 q fo ; / a) we 4 SS Vos /, MLOOTR oluca } AA fife : q i C Pate Me / LOSE ly OUUNOI fo ALT _ aS / : Z c y / ae MOMMA PANT fi 2) Pi * : A Vd i A 4 (eno Bavel Grea CE Ei D eae ; : The Beneied ieee HERBAL 38% G E Nu 8 XI. DTT TA Ney CORD Wel Ram et Die T0'€ A MOMs: y Flsacs flower is formed of a fingle petal; and is labiated. ‘The tubular upper lip is undivided, rounded at the end, and placed ereét: “three nearly equal fegments.. The cup is general; containing many flower fcaly head, which hangs drooping. *The feeds are four after every flower of a roundith figure. part is comprefied. The the lower is divided into Linnzus places this among the didynamia gyinnofpermia; the flower having four threads, of which two are longer than the others, and the feeds ftanding naked in the cup: But he does‘not a be a diftinét : he genus calls it a kind of origanum. llow it to The loofe compofition of the general cup; and its drooping pofture ori the plant, are fufficiedtt: diftinétions from origanum, and give it a right to retain its antient name. ’ Dittany of Crete. Diftamnus Creticus. This is a very fingular and very elegant plant. . The root is compofed of 4 great many long, flender, and tough fibres, conneéted to a fmall ms, ead. 3 The ftalk is fquare, upright; of a’ purplifli co- lour, and firm fubftance: it is a foot high; and | it fends out numerous branches. The leaves ftand in paits, and at fmall dif tances; and they are of a fingular appearance + they are broad, fhort, and fomewhat rounded ; but they have a:point at the end; and they are of a greyith colour; and. covered with a thick; woolly matter. Gur fe Ne 8 The flowers are fmall and purple : they are collected into oblong, loofe heads; and thefe hang. dtooping dt the extremities of all the branches, The feeds are fmal]. r It is a native of the Greck ifands, and of fome of the warmer parts of Europe. It flowers in July. P C. Bauhine calls it Distamnus Creticus, Others, 4 Diéiamuus Creticus acris. “Tt is celebrated among the vulnerary plants by 2 the antients ; and many incredible ftories are re- lated of its effects, j It is in reality cordial and deobftruent ; and ig good in all obftruétions of the vifcéra. 4 XIII SWEET MARJORAM. AMARACUS.' HE flower is formed. of a fingle petal; and is labiated/ The ‘tubular part is thott and co prefled.. The upper lip is undvided,) rounded at the end, and placed ereé&t: the lower lip is divided into three equal fegments.. The commion cup is formed of fcaly leaves, and is of a fquare ficure. The feeds are four after every flower ; and they aré roundifh. ; $ Linnzus. places this among the didynamia gymno/permia ; the flower having four threads ; of which’ two are longer than the-others; and feeds remaining naked in the cup. : This author does not allow it to be a diftin& genus; but makes it a fpecies of origanum. The fquare fhape‘of the head or general cup is a fufficient diftinétion of this plant from origanum, and - gives it a right to retain its antient name. Common Sweet Marjoram. Amaracus vulgaris. The root is compofed of numerous; long; tough, brown fibres. } ae The ftalk is {quare, upright, branched, and a foot high: its colour is brown, and its fubftance brittle. : 4 The leaves are placed in pairs at fmall dif- tances ; and they are oblong, broad, obtufe at the énd, ‘and of a light green. The flowers are {mall and white: they are Ne XXXVIIL placed in gteat numbers in oblong, {quare heads at thé tops of the ftalk and branchés, | It is a native of Spain, and other warmer parts . _ of Europe; and flowers in July. C, Bauhine calls it Majorana vulgaris. Others, Amaracus bortenfis. s, and is a kind of loofe . and they are {mall, and é 4 * It is common at our tablés; and it has vir. tuesias a medicine. It warms and ftrengthens” the ftomach, and is: good in vertigoes; giddi= nefs of the head; ‘and other nervous complaints. 5E GENUS 1 * a. i : a tm - : * The BRITISH HERBAL. Gur ON, Us XIV, ; BeszAge sn Lok: > OF Ge View MMi Urged: HE. flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is labiated. The tubular part is hort, and fpread very open. The upper lip is broad, and divided into four parts: the lower lip is harrow, undivided, and ferrated, and is longer than the other. The cup is very fmall, and it is divided like the flower into two lips. The flower is-followed by four naked feeds, of an oval form. Linnzus places this among the didynamia gymnofpermia ; the flower having four threads, of which two are longer than the others, and the feeds ftanding in the cup without a capfule. 1. Common Bafil. Ocymum vulgare. The root is long, divided, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The ftalk is fquare, upright, branched, and eight inches high. The leaves are placed in pairs; and they have flender footftalks: they are large, oblong, mo- derately broad, fharply ferrated, and pointed ; and are of a fine green : they have a very fragrant and agreeable fmell, but little tafte. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches in long, loofe fpikes: they are large, and of a whitifh colour, with a faint dath of purple. The feeds are fmall and oval. Tt is a native of the Eaft, but is common in our gardens. C. Bauhine calls it Ocymum vulgatius. Others, Ocymum citratum, Ocymum vulgare medium, and Ocymum nigrum. 2. Great Bafil. Ocymum majus. The root is compofed of numerous, thick whitifh fibres. The ftalk is fquare, firm, upright, and two . feet high: it is of a purplith colour toward the bottom : and upwards it is of a pale green. The leaves are large, and of a whitifh green naturally ; but often ftained with purple: they are oblong, broad, and dented at the edges; and they have an extremely pleafing fmell. The flowers are placed upon the tops of the CN branches in a fhort, loofe fpike: they are large and white. The feeds are fmall and brown. It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in Au- guft. C. Bauhine calls it Ocymum caryophyllatum ma- jus. Others, Ocymum magnum. This and the former have the fame qualities , but this in the greateft degree: they are ufed by the French and Italians in their cookery, and give a fine flavour to their difhes ; but in larger quan- tities they are ufeful againft obftru@ions of the vifcera, They promote the menfes, and they operate by urine. A fyrup of the juice is good alfo in afthmatick cafes, 3. Little Bufh-Bafil. Ocymum minimum ramofifimum. The root is fmall and long, and is furrounded with flender fibres. The ftalk is {quare, fix inches high, and di- vided into innumerable branches. The leaves ftand in pairs ; and are fmall, and of a roundifh figure, but pointed : they are of a pale green, and fometimes redifh. The flowers are {mall and white, faintly tinged, fometimes with purple, fometimes entirely free from it: they grow from the bofoms of the leaves on the upper parts of the plant. The feeds are fmall and brown. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in Augutt. C. Bauhine calls it Ocymum minimum, Its virtues are the fame with the others. UiacS XV. MOLUCCA BAUM. MEOSCLEE TC (OC. 37. ee flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is labiated. The tubular part is fhort. lip is undivided, hollow, and placed erect: the lower lip is divided into three fe which the middle one is the longeft, and it is nippe The upper gments; of d at the end. The cup is formed of a fingle piece, and opens into a wide mouth, (vaftly larger than the flower) which is dented at the edge. The feeds are four after every flower : Linneus places this among the didynamia gymng fhorter threads, and the feeds having no capfule. they are of an irregular figure ; and they ftand naked in the cup. ipermia ; the flower having two longer and two He writes the name molucella. 7 1. Smooth the BRETT 6 Hon hop Beka, 1. Smooth Molucca Baurn. Molucca levis. The root is compofed of long, crooked fibres. The ftalk is upright, firm, two feet high, redith in the lower part, and fomewhat fquared ; but not fo exa@tly as in many of thefe plants. The leaves ftand in pairs; and they have long, flender footftalks: they are large, broad, and fhott, deeply indented, and of a dark green. The flowers furround the joints of the up- per part of the ftalk; and they are fmall and purplith. Their cups are moft confpicuous from their vait bignefs; and they are of a yellowith colour. The feeds are large, and irregularly fhaped : four fucceed every flower. , The whole plant has a very agreeable fmell, fomewhat refembling that of baum. It is a native of the warmer parts of the world, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Molucca Levis odorata. Others, Meliffa moluccana odorata, and Molucca Syriaca levis. GE. wou 2. Prickly Molucca Baum. Molucca fpinofa. The root ig compofed of numerous, long; flender, and tough fibtes, The ftalk ig {quare; upright; two feet high; and branched. The leaves ate placed ji pairs: they have long footftalks, ahd they hang drooping: they ate broad, fhort, and deeply ferrated + their colour is a faint green; and they have a very difagreeable fmell. _ The flowers furround the ftalks at the upper Joints: they are {mall and white ; and they are fometimes more or lefs ftained with red, or fome- times are red entirely. The cups are not fo open © or large as in the former kind but they are edged with harp pricktes. ; It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in Au- guft. C.Bauhine calls it Meliffe Moluccana fatida, Others, Molucca fpinofa. . The virtues are not known: S XVI; BAUM. AEE Pgs 4 MpHE flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is labiated. ‘Thé tubular part is of a cylindrick form, The upper lip is fhort, and of an arched figure : it is roundifh, and placed erect, and is nipped at the extremity: the lower lip is divided into three fegments ; of which the middle one is largeft; — and it is of a heart-like thape. The cup is tubular, and divided like the flower into two lips. The feeds are four after every flower ; and they ftand naked in the cup. poeakenta Linneus places this among the didyzamia gymnofpermia; the Aowet having two longer and two fhorter threads, and the feeds ftanding naked: Corhmon Bautt. Meliffa. The root is compofed of innumerable long fibres, joined to an oblong head. wes The ftalks are fquare, upright, flender, branched; and two feet high. : The leaves are placed in pairs ; and they have flender footftalks: they are broad, fhort, and in- dented. Their colour is a freth and pleafant green: they have alight and foft hairynefs ; and they are of a very fragrant fmell. The flowers are {mail and inconfiderable : they are white ; and they ftand in clufters in the bo- foms of the upper leaves. The feeds are fmall and brown. It is @ native of Germany, and flowers in Au- itech ey : C. Bauhine €alls it Méeliffa bortenfis. Others; Meliffa vulgaris, It is a Cordial and fadorifick ; but it is more ufed by the country-people than in regulae practice. The END of the TWENTY-FIRST CLASS, 383 BRITISH HER BAA, ‘ MPH OLEHEGESO SSPE SEL ELE CERES ELR SERS CPLA S SO SOx Plants whofe flower is formed of @ fingle petal, divided into five parts at the edge; whofe feeds ftand naked, and are Jour in number after every flower ; and whofe leaves are placed alternately or irregularly, not in pairs, upon the fralks. HIS is a clafs as naturally and as obvioufly diftinguithed from all others, as any of the pre. i ceding. The plants which compofe it wear a plain and perfect refemblance of one another, and are unlike all others. This equally joins them under one head, and feparates all the reft from them. Their place, in a natural arrangement of the genera, is marked by Nature; for they follow thofe which have four feeds, in the fame manner; but have their leaves in pairs, and have labiated flowers. Their characters, which feparate them from thefe, are incommunicable; while what they have in common with them is alfo throughout ‘the whole feries unvaried. So regular, fo accurate is Nature in her diftin@tions. Mr. Ray, who fludied her in her own courfe, perceived it. He took in the difpofition. of the leaves, as wellias the ftructure of the flowers, into his claffical charaéters; and by that practice he, kept. thefe plants. together, which others have {cattered over their works, re Linneus limits the claffical charaéters of plants to the confideration of the more minute parts of their flowers: therefore he muft fail in cafes where the general external fathion. of the flower makes the diftinGtion, much more where Nature has placed the great mark of diftinction in the fituation and difpofition of the leaves; which he never admits as a claffical, nor indeed as‘a generical diftin@ion, but only as a part of the defcription of the fpecies. Ray calls thefe the afperifoliate plants, guided by the roughnefs of the leaves of many ofithem: but that is an ill-chofen term. The name of a clafs muft.be equally applicable to every plant belonging to it; and how does this agree with hounds-tongue ? Borage and buglofs have rough leaves ; but there are others properly of this clafs, which have them altogether {mooth. ; Nature has connected thefe plants by a fimilarity, even in, their {malleft parts ; and Linnzus, who does not allow them to conftitute a difting; clafs, is obliged: by his method, which: regards only the threads in the flower, to keep moft of, them together. They make a part of his fifth clafs, the pentandria : but fome of them are feparated by his attach- ment to thefe leffer parts ; and with the reft he has mixed in the fame clafs plants fo unlike in na- ture, that boys muft laugh to fee them brought together, The coffee tree and the boney/uckle, night- heade and buckthorn, join with borrage and buglofs to make the clafs of the (yu ee yi vrrubl wes Jd ee a ‘ [2 tv 3 ; ‘ ‘ \ - e SANE RES ASe Haale: ea ESO YS SO The BRITISH HERBAL. Gy Ee Neo U y's Ve GERMAN MVM AOD WS OF RT, @ a SG Re Se Re Ge 0. THE flower is forthed of a fingle petals ‘and is tubular at the bafe, and expanded and divided into five obtufe fegments at the edgé. The opening is coveted up with five {mall feales. is formed of a fingle leaf, and is ‘divided into five fegments ; between ‘éach of Which there are The cup placed two little jaggs. The feeds are fours ‘and they are oblong: they have no-capfule, buat-are contained in this fingular cup, which becomes very large, and clofes upon them, fo as to form two parallels, and fhew five of the jaggs in a very peculiar and regular manner. ‘ Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia , the threads in the flower being five, and the ftyle fingle. It is a fingular genus; of which there is but one known fpecies ; and that, though called German, is a native of Britain. ‘ German Madwort. Afperugo. The root is long, thick, and furniflied with numerous fibres. : eke The ftalks are long, but weak: they crawl upon the ground, if not fupported, ard tun to the length of a yard or more: they are flender, rough, and divided into many branches, The leaves are oblong, and confiderably broad : they ftand fingly and alternately on the lower ‘parts of the ftalks; but toward the top two, three, or four often rife together: they are hairy, and of a bright green. The flowers are {mall, and of a deep blue: G. Ee kN they rife from the bofoms of the leaves: thefe, from their fmiallnefs, ‘are not confpicuous ; but when they are fallen, the cups clofing over the féeds, fwell out into 4 gr It is found on dry grounds in our weftern counties not unfrequently ; and in fome other places. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Bugloffum fylueftre caulibus procumbentibus. Others, Afperugo. Tt is faid to be good againft diforders of the nerves; but its virtues are not eftablifhed upon any good authority, iG ee) VI. BU OUR AGE. Bo Oi A. GO. ELE flower is formed of fingle petal: it’ is tubular at the bafeé, and thence expands into a large breadth, and is deeply divided into five fegments. The opening is edged with five {mall protuberances, which are nipped at the ends. The cup is formed of a fingle piece, and divided into five fegments. The feeds are four after ever flower 5 aiid they are rough. They have no ‘cap- fule ; but the cup enlarges, and defends them. Linnzeus places this among the pentandria monogyniay the threads in the flower Being five, and the ftyle fingle. He joins it with fome other plants not allied properly to it. : OF the Lorage, diltinctly fo called, and thus defined, there is but one known {pecies. Common Borage. Borago vulgaris. The root is long, thick, divided, and fur- nifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves are oblong, broad, of a pale green, hairy, and very rough. The ftalk is thick, round, juicy, and of a pale green: it is hairy, and towards the top is divided into numerous branches. The leaves ftand irregularly on it; and have fort, flefhy footftalks: they are broad, and . rough to the touch. N° XXXIX., i; The flowers are very numerous, large, and of | .a celeftial blue. The feeds are oblong and pointed. Ic is wild in our northern counties, and com- mon every where in gardens, It flowers in June. C.Bauhine calls Bugloffum latifolium five Borago, Others, Borago hortenfis. The flowers are celebrated for their cordial virtues : but they are not much -ufed now in me- dicine, 5G . GENUS 390 The, BR AD Ll SyHy) PHaBeRsB Av! GV E NUYS S VIL. Ge RIOAM. WUE Tea LITHO S PE R'iMU‘“M. HE flower is formed of a fingle petal: it is tubular at the bottom, ot fegments at the edge ; and the hollow is open, not clofed by fcales, and is divided into five hollowed, pointed feements, genera. The cup is formed of a fingle piece, and divided into five obtufe as in many of the other - The feeds are four after every flower : they are fmooth and hard, and they ftand naked in the cup, Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia ; the threads in the flower being five, and the flyle fingle. D,1.V,1 8-1 O-Nae I, BR 1. Common Gromwell. Lithofpermum vulgare. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with a few fibres. ' The talk is round, firm, upright, and divided toward the top into numerous branches. The leaves are placed alternately ; and they have no footftalks: they are oblong, rough, and of a dufky green. The flowers ftand in the bofoms of the leaves all the way up the tops of the branches; and they are {mall and white. The feeds are white, glofly, extremely hard, and naked. It is common by road-fides, and in dry paf- tures. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine ealls it Litho/permum majus ereffum. Others, Litho/permum vulgare, The feeds of this plant are excellent againft the gravel : they operate powerfully by urine. DeSVaoleseleO oN: c11, FO Shrubby Gromwell. Lithofpermum fruticofum. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with a great many flender fibres. The ftalk is. woody, firm, and divided into many branches, The leaves are placed irregularly * in fome parts they ftand fingly, and alternate, and in others they rife three, four, or more together : they are oblong, hairy, and of a dufky green, Goi Noa Uees Use SH ASe Pee Crlerass 2. Creeping Gromwell. Lithofpermum flore purpurafcente. The root is long, flender, and hung round with a few fhort fibres. The ftalks are numerous and weak : they are hairy, and of a dark green colour in the lower part; where they lie upon the ground, and fre- quently fend out fmall fibres by way of roots. The leaves are placed alternately 5 and they are oblong, narrow, and of a deep Stecnsa. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches ; and they are large, and of a deep purple. The feeds are rough and whitith. We have it in barren grounds in the weft of England, but not common. It flowers in. Au- guft. C. Bauhine calls it Lithofpermum minus repens latifolium. Others, Lithofpermum majus Do- donei. REIGN SPECIES, The flowers rife from the bofom of and they are fmall. The feeds are hard, fmooth, and whitith. It is a native of the Greek iflands, and of many of the warmer parts of Europe. It flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Anchufa angupifolia, Others, Anchufa arborea, the leaves; Its feeds are celebrated in the Eatt in nephritick diforders, VIII. ‘ MOUSE-EAR SCORPION-GRASS, METER O=™S, HE flower is formed of a fingle petal: and divided into five fegments at the edge. naked in the cup, in long, twifted feries; and the feeds are gloffy. Onn Tot ody aes it is tubular at the bottom, .and divided into five obtule fegments at the rim. The opening is covered by five little {cales. The cup is tubular, oblong, The feeds are four after every flower; and they ftand which grows larger to receive them, The leaves are oblong, The flowers grow Linnzus places this among the peatandria monogynia; the threads in the flower being five, and the tyle fingle. DIY I- The BRITISH HERBAL eo iT Common Moufe-Ear Scorpion-Grafs. Myofotis vulgaris hirfuta, The root is long, flender, and hung about with many fibres. The firft leaves are oblong, moderately broad, obtufe, and of adufky green: they are hairy, and foft to the touch ; and they fpread themfelves upon the ground in a circular tuft. The ftalk is upright, hairy, of a pale green, and ten inches high. ; The leaves on it ftand alternately: they re- femble thofe from the root; and they are in the fame manner foft and hairy. : The flowers ftand in long, flender fpikes at the tops of the ftalks and branches. The ends of thefe fpikes of flowers twift round: fo that they are fuppofed to reprefent the tail of a f{corpion when curled up. The flowers are fmall and blue. Tt is common on ditch-banks and in dry paf. tures, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Echium fcorpioides arvenfe. Others, Myofotis fcorpivides arvenfis hirfuta. It is faid to be an aftringent ; but its. virtues are not certainly known. 2, Broad-leaved Moufe-Ear Scorpion-Grafs, Myofotis {corpivides latifolia. The root is compofed of numerous, long, and flender fibres. The ftalk is hairy, flender, upright; and a foot or more in height: it is of a pale green, and not much branched. The leaves are oblong, and moderately broad : they are hairy, foft, and of a pleafant green: they are not at all indented at the edges. The flowers ftand in fpikes at the tops of the branches; and they are large, and very beauti- ful. Their colour isa fine fky-blue; and they have a yellow eye. The feeds are {mall and oblong. It is common in damp woods in many parts of England, and flowers in May. - Ray calls it Myo/otis [corpivides latifolia birfutas 3. Water Moufe-Ear Scorpion-Grafs. Myofotis fcorpioides paluftris. ~« The root is compofed of numerous, long fibres: The ftalk is upright, thick, flefhy, of a pale green, ahd divided into many branches: it rifes to about a foot high, The leaves are oblong, and fomewhat broad ‘ they ftand alternately, and they are of a frefh, pale green. The flowers grow in long, curled feries at the tops of the ftalks and branches ; and they are of a moderate fize, and of a bright blue. The feeds are oval, pointed, and {mooth. : It is common by pond-fides, and flowers in June. C.Bauhine calls it Echium Scorpioides paluftre. Others, Myofotis fcorpivides paluftris, i 4. Little yellow-flowered Moufe-Ear Seorpion- Grafs. Myofotis {corpivides arvenfis minor. The root is compofed of flender fibres. The ftalk is weak, flender, upright, and fix inches high, hairy, of a pale green, and divided into many branches. : The leaves ftand alternately; and they are fmall: they are oblong, hairy, and of a faint green. 5 ~ The flowers ftand at the tops of the flalks in twilted {pikes ; and they are very fmall and yel- low. - The feeds are oval, minute, and {mooth. It is common on dry ditch-banks, and flowets in July. . C. Bauhine calls it Echium fcorpioides minus flof- culis luteis, Others, Myofotis [corpioides birfuta minor. R G E N U S CAMFRY,. SaeleMGtP NA To Tee MM, TXe PA HE flower is formed of a fingle petal : it is tubular, and {mall at the bafe; and it thence fwells out _ into a wide, hollow form; and is divided into five obtufe fegments at the edge. The opening is clofed by five fmall fcales, placed in the manner of rays, and converging toa point. The cup is formed of a fingle piece: it is of a pentagonal figure, and is divided into five fegments at the tim. The feeds are four after every flower; and they remain naked in the cup, which enlarges to defend them. Linnzeus places this among the pentandria monogynia ; the threads in the flower being five, and the ftyle fingle. Common Camfry. Symphytum vulgare. The root is long and thick, black on the out- fide, white within, and full of a thick, flimy juice The firft leaves are very large: they are ob- long, broadeft in the middle, fharp-pointed, of a pale green, and rough to the touch. The ftalk is thick, angulated, of a pale green, branched, upright, and two feet high. The leaves on it are placed irregularly: they are long, moderately broad, rough, and fharp- pointed ; but not indented at the edges. The flowers ftand‘in great numbers along the the tops of the ftalks and branches, which turn round with them before they open: they are fmall, and of a yellowith white ; fometimes they are purple. : The feeds are pointed at the end, and fwelled on one fide, . . It BRAS Fh ES ee 392 The ius It is common in damp places, and Hower s,) in A conferve of the roots cures the fluor albus, July. A decoétion of the frefh root is excellent in coughs and forenefs of the breaft. The root, dried and powdered, is good againft fharp loofeneffés, and thofe attended with bloody ftools. C. Bauhiie calls it Symphytum five confolida major. Others, Symphytum majus. It isa plant of great virtues. agglutinant, and fubaftcingent; It is cooling, X. \ Gi) Bao) Wig a8 WATER-MILFOIL. PYE NT 2PM EIR OP Hel Loe Ouly. HE flower has no petals. The cup is formed of four leaves ; and thefe are oblong, erect, and unequal: one is placed outermoft, and is larger than the reft; and one innermoft, which is fmaller. The feeds are four; and they ftand naked. There are on this plant male and female flowers, diftiné on the famie ftalk ; but they differ in nothing except the inner parts. In the male flowers there are feveral threads with oblong antherz ; and in the female there are no threads or an- therae, but the rudiments of the four facceeding feeds: thefe have no ftyles, but only a kind of downy ftigmata. The leaves are finely divided ; has they are placed many together at the joints furround- ing the ftalk. Linnzus places this among the monacia polyandria , the male and female flowers growing feparate upon the fame plant, and the threads in the flower being numerous. He takes away the name pen- tapterophylion, by which it is moft commonly known, and calls it myriophyllum. This isa name that has been given by the old writers to many water-plants altogether different; and we have therefore retained he other. The fpecies of this genus are only two; and both are natives of Britain. 1. Small Water-Milfoil. Pentapterophyllum minus. The root is long, creeping, and hung with many fibres. The ftalk is round, upright, of a pale green, and a foot high. The leaves are finely divided, or compofed of very minute parts: feveral of them grow to~ gether at each joint; and they refemble feathers, being formed of extremely flender, oblong feg- ments, united at their bafe to a middle rib. The flowers are fmall, and inconfiderable : they grow in the bofoms of the leaves from the middle to the top of the plant; and they are of a greenifh white. The feeds are oblong and fmall.. It is common in fhallow rivers in many parts of England, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Millefolium aquaticum flofcu- lis ad foliorum nodos. 2 2. Spiked Water-Milfoil, Pentapterophyllon fpicatum. The root is fmall'and fibrous, > . The ftalks are flender, and of a brownith green, a foot or two in length, and divided into branches. The leaves are numerous, and finely divided, The flowers ftand in part in the bofoms of the leaves, and in part in jointed fpikes at the tops of the branches: thefe on the fpikes are the male flowers, and thofe in the bofoms of the leaves the female ; and thefe latter are followed each by four naked, oblong feeds. It is found in brooks and rivers, and flowers in July. : C. Bauhine calls it Miliifolium aquaticum penna- tum fpicatum. Others, Myriophyllum aquaticum Jpicatum, The virtues of thefe plants are unknown. S RR: EBS _ The BRUTY SH TH eR page 303 Sul Dig) * aa 8 Ere a Forreron Genera, IL. \ Thofe of which there is no {pecies naturally wild in this country. Gin ain NLU gg A. LAK. AN. Reig YEN eC MOTE GAS A, ARSE flower is formed of a fingle petal : it is tubular at the bafe, and flightly divided at the edge into five rounded fegments ; and the hollow part is open, not clofed, by feales, as in (one a other genera. The cup is formed of a fingle piece: it is tubular, and is divided into five narrow : parts at the rim. The feeds are four in number after every flower ; and they are oblong, {mooth and hard. erie Linneus places this among the pentandria monogynia ; the threads in the ower being five, and the ftyle fingle. ‘ He makes a ftrange confufion in the fcience in this article; for he takes away from this plant the name of alkanet, anchufa, which he ufes as the generical term for Laglo/s the gromwells, making it a fpecies of that genus. ; The diftin€tions are fufficient in Nature; and the plant may much more properly retain its received and antient name. pointed, 3 and he places this among Scarlet Alkanet. branches ; and they are large, and of a glowing Anchufa flovibus rubentibus. fcarlet colour. " The feeds are fmall and hard. ! Tt is anative of the Eaft, but is found alfo in feveral of the warmer parts of Europe. It fowers in Augutt. C. Bauhine calls it 4 wchufa puniceis floridus. Others, Anchufa vulgaris, and Anchufa officina rum. The root is long, thick, and of a fine glow- ing red colour, The firft leaves are numerous, and fpread ‘themfelves in a round tuft: they are oblong, narrow, rough, of a dufky green, and notat all indented at the edges. The ftalks are numerous, round, hairy, divi- ded into branches, and a foot high, The leaves are placed alternately on them; and they are oblong, narrow, of a deep green, and hairy. é The flowers are numerous, and very beautiful : they fland in long feries at the tops of all the The root is aftringent, but is not much ufed asa medicine. It gives fcarlet tinge to oil, and is therefore employed for various purpofes where a fine colour is required, without any great vir- tues. Ga En ia saa U gnS Il, TUR ON.S.O LBs HELIOTROPIUM. HE flower is compofed of a fingle petal: it is tubular at the bottom, divided into five irregular ~ fegments at the rim, and has the opening covered with five little fealy appendages, which con- verge together fo as to form a kind of ftar. The cup is formed of a‘fingle piece : it is tubular, di- vided at the edge into five fegiments, and remains when the flower is fallen, The feeds are four, and of an oval figure: they ftand naked in the cup, which remains unaltered, Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia, the threads in the flower being five, and the ftyle fingle, 1. Great Turnfole, long footftalks: they are oblong, broad, obtufe, not indented, and of a pale green colour. 1 dr cones The flowers ftand at the tops of all the branches The root is Jong, thick, and hard, The ftalk is upright, dividéd into branches, and about eight inches high: itis hairy, hollow, and of a pale green. The leaves are placed irregularly, and have N° 39. in long, flender fpikes, intermixed with little, woolly leaves: they ase {mall and white; and» thefe {pikes turn back at the ends, twifting. like } Our moufe-ear {corpion-grafs. The feeds are.grey, hard, and fmooth. BL It B 9 4 The BR IT:IS:.H ;HER B AI It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Heliotropium majus Diofcori- dis, Others, Heliotropium majus, and Heliotro- pium vulgare. An infufion of the plant given in large quan- tities operates by urine, and is good againft the gravel. The juice applied outwardly takes away warts. 2. Procumbent Turnfole. Heliotropium fupinum minus. The root is long, flender, and blackith. Gaon IN ee Bi eS The ftalks are numerous and weak: they {pread themfelves every way upon the ground ; and they are fix or eight inches long, and divided into many branches. ? The leaves are placed alternately on fhort footftalks ; and they are fmall, broad, obtufe, fhort, of a beautiful green, and a little hairy. The flowers are fmall and white; and they are placed, as in the others, in long curled fpikes. It is common in the fouth of France, and flowers in June. : C. Bauhine calls it Heliotropium minum fupinum. Others, Heliotropium fupinum Clufii. III. HAO! NSE Yew-4@ ‘RT CG, EgR- da NoeDoHs BE: HE flower is formed of a fingle petal. The lower part is {mall and tubular: the upper part is alfo hollowed, but larger, and at the rim is divided lightly into five fegments. Its hollow is open : there are none of thofe little {cales, which clofe it in many other genera. The cup is formed of a fingle piece; but it is deeply divided into five fegments equal-in fize, and pointed. The feeds are four after every flower; and they are enclofed in two loofe fkins, which are rough and hard. Linnaus places this among the pemtandria monogynia ; the filaments in the flower being five, and ~ the ftyle fingle. Great Honeywort. Cerinthe major. The root is long, thick, and white. The ftalks are numerous, round, flefhy, and a foot and half high: they are of a pale and fome- what bluifh green. The leaves are placed alternately at {mall dif- tances; and they ufually hang drooping: they are large and broad. Their colour is a bluifh green, and they are {potted with white: they are broadeft at the bafe, and obtufe at the end. The flowers are large; and they are placed in GG Ee Nie. Us as confiderable numbers upon flender branches rifing ~ from the bofoms of the leaves: they are yellow in the upper part, and purple at the bafe. The tops of the branches that bear them naturally turn down fpirally, as in the moufe-ear fcorpion-grafs, It is a native of the fouthern parts of Europe, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Cerinthe flore flavo afperior. This is the plant celebrated by the old Romans as the favourite of the bees. The flower contains - a great deal of honey-juice. IV. ¥ TOURNEFORTIA. HE flower is formed of a fingle petal. The lower lip is tubular, and of an oval figure; and it - thence {preads into a broad rim, which is cut lightly into five broad, but pointed fegments. The cup is formed alfo of a fingle piece, divided deeply into five feoments. The feeds are four; and they are furrounded with a fkin, and feparated by a pulpy fubftance. Linnaus places this among the pentandria monogynia ; the filaments in the flower being five, and the flyle fingle. Nature wantons in the characters of this plant: its fruit approaches to the nature of a berry ; while all the other parts, and in this the number of feeds, correfpond with the reft, : Oval-leaved Tournefortia. Lournefortia foliis ovatis integris. The root is long, divided, and furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalk is woody, and yet weak ; but it will climb to a great length, when there are trees oF buthes to fupport it: it is of a pale green, and fmooth. The leaves are placed alternately ; and they are large, oblong, of an oval form, fharp-pointed, not at all dented at the edges ; of a beautiful deep green on the upper fide, and of a blue green un- derneath, The END of th TWENTY-SECOND CLASS. The flowers ftand in long feries on the tops of the ftalks and branches, which divide for that purpofe into numerous twigs: they run only on one fide of thefe; and they are {mall and yel- low. It is frequent in the woods of South America, and flowers in July. Plukenet calls it Virga aurea Americana fru- tefcens glabra foliis fubtus cafiis. But this was a very improper generical name. Plumier called the genus Pittonia, and Linneus J ournefortia, both after the name of the author of the Jy/fitu- tiones rei herbaria. ; THE BRITISH HERBAL GOLDER HMR RR eh si) POOPED LSSORGSEREIIESS CLAS S° XXIII. Plants whofe flower is formed of a fingle petal, divided deeply into four Jegments, and fucceeded. by two fecds 5 and whofe leaves are placed feveral together at every joint, and expanded like the rays of a frar. HIS is a clafs diftinguifhed with great certainty by Nature, and by very obvious characters. Mr. Ray has followed, as ufual, her fleps, and kept the plants diftin&t from all others, in a - peculiar clafs, under the name of herbe frellate, the ftellate plants: but they are blended among many others by the modern writers 5 they not admitting the difpofition of leaves, however fin- gular, into the number of claffical, or even generical diftinétions. The confequences of each method are obvious. In Mr. Ray thefe plants are kept together, and no others are mixed among them, or joined to them : in Linneus, and his followers, they are feparated into various claffes, and in each joined with plants the moft unlike that ftudous error could have chofen : cleavers is tanked with feabious among the fetrandria; and croffwor: is put ten claffes off, with pellitory of the wall and orach. This confirms, like the reft, the impropriety of that method. POE ee ee ee TOTO TOTOTOLOTO ep gH Pe aXe ae 4%e Re ot ot 984 Shh Ph ge She ot a%e ge She oe, ot, aK. ate aRe ate, whe 988, oe SEO EE at 8 SOTO EO DEOL £0 £0 OO LOL LOO BE a alle ical SVE Ro Es I, Natives of BRITAIN. “-Thofe of which there is one or more fpecies naturally wild in this kingdom. Ginais, oN ocUeinsaege GeRO Ctll ( li acres While. Lab ‘J Vey, Te “Yood suf , —Gbuell a y (4 Wedel - Podiliit THABR PDI gibeln kB ALS Sure: Pmcao a Gpeek oN ip Uoges Sa IV. LADY’S BEDSTRAW,. COLE 196, HGP WV, HE flower is formied of a fingle petal, and is divided almoft to the bafe into four fegmerit’: The cup is very fmall: it is formed of one piece, and divided into four parts ; and it ftands upon the rudiment of the fruit, The feeds are two: they are joined together, and have a loofé covering. Linnzus places this among the fetrandria monrgynias the threads in the flower being four} and the ftyle fingle. 1. White Lady’s Bedftraw. Gallium album. The root is compofed of numerous, lohg, and tough fibres. : : The ftalk is fquare, weak, and of a pale green: itis not able to fupport itfelf; but it ufually grows within the reach of bufhes. It is very much branched, and two feet high. The leaves ftand in a ftellate manner at the joints of the ftalk, fix or eight at each joint ; and they are fhort, narrow, and of adeep; blackith green. The flowers are fmall and white: they grow in great numbers on the tops of the branches, and cover them with a {nowy whitenefs. The feeds are fmall. It is common in damp places among bufhes, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Gallium album latifolium. 2. Four-leaved white Lady’s Bedftraw. Gallium album quadrifolium, The roots are fibrous. The ftalk is {quare, weak, very much branched, and a foot and half long ; but, if not fupported, it ufually ftraggles upon the ground. The leaves are placed at the joints ina radiated manner, but there are only four at each joint : they are broad, fhort, and of a deep green: thofe on the lower parts of the ftalks are fmooth ; but toward the top they are rough, The flowers are {mall and*white ; but they are “very numerous, covering the tops of the ftalk and branches. The feeds are large, and joined two together. Jt is common in wet places, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Gallium paluftre album. Some give this the Englifh name of White Lady's Bedfiraw ; but it properly belongs to the preceding fpecies. é 3. Croffwort Lady’s Bedftraw. Gallium erefium quadrifolium leve. The root is long, flender, divided, and hung about with:a few ftraggling fibres. The ftalk is fquare, upright, redith, very little branched, and a foot high. The leaves are placed in a ftellated manner at the joints, and there are only four at each joint : they are oblong, and not at all indented ; and their colour is a delicate green. The flowers are fmall and white, and they N° 39: ftand in chufters on the tops of the ftalks and branches. : It is a native of our northern counties, and flowers in Auguft. Ray calls ic Mollygo montana eretta quadrifalias J. Bauhine, Rubia ereéia quadrifolia, "4: Dwarf white Lady’s Bedftraw: Gallium album minimum. _ The root is long and flender; and has-a few ftraggling fibres. : The ftalks are numerous, and about three inches long: they are fquare, {mooth, of a pale green, and not well able to fupport themfelves upright. The leaves ftand in a ftellate manner at dif= tances on the ftalks; and they are fmooth, and of a pale green. : : The flowers are very fmall and white; and they ftand in great abundance on the tops of the ftalks and branches. It is common on hilly ground, efpecially where there is fome wet. It flowers in July. €. Bauhine calls it Gallium album minus, Others, Mollugo montana minor. Authors have diftinguifhed a variety of this plant under the name of Gallium album minimum multicawle , but it is not a diftin& f{pecies : it is only this kind growing on a drier foil. §. Yellow Lady’s Bedfttaw, Gallium luteum. The root is long, hard, divided; and furnithed with a few ftraggling fibres, The ftalks are firm, hard, upright, not much branched, and two feet or more in height; and they are of a yellowifh green colour. The leaves grow in a ftellate mannef at the joints of the ftalks, a confiderable number toge. ther: they are oblong, narrow, and of a blackifi green. The flowers are fmall; but they are extremely numerous: they cover the tops of the ftalks with a fine gold yellow. : The feeds are fmall and brown. Ic is common in dry paftures, and under hedges. It flowers in July. : C. Bauhine calls it Gallium luteum, a name al- moft all othet writers have copied. The flowers of this plant contain a latent acid: they will curdle milk. The country-people know this, and call the plant chee/e-renning. In medi- cine it is faid to be attenuating and deobftruent 5 but its virtues are not eftablifhed on any good authority. phere gi GENUS 398 Ge son, The BRITISH HER BAAS U S Vv. WoOD RUF FE EE. ASPERULA. HE flower is formed of a fingle petal. The lower part is fafhioned into a fomewhat long tube 5 and the edge is fpread out, and divided into four narrow fegments ; which are oblong, pointed, and turned backwards. The cup is fmall, and divided into four parts at the rim; and it ftands upon the rudiment of the fruit, The feeds are two after every flower ; and they are covered with a loofe fkin, and grow together. ‘Linneus places this among the ¢etrandria monogynia ; the threads in the flower being four, and the ftyle fingle. DIVISION IL Woodruffe. Aperula vulgaris, The root is fibrous, and fpreading. The ftalk is fquare, upright, not much branched, and eight inches high: it is of a pale green, and of a tender fubftance. The leaves are placed at the joints in a ftel- lated manner, a confiderable number together , and they are long, narrow, fharp-pointed, {mooth, and of a dark green. DIVISION I. Blue Woodruffe. Afperula carulea, The root is compofed of numerous fibres. The ftalk is fquare, upright, and a foot and half high: it is of a pale green, and net much branched. The leaves are placed in the ftellate manner at the joints feveral together: they are long, nar- row, and of a pale green; and they are a little hairy. The flowers are {mall and blue: they ftand in Govi Boi oN US BRITISH SPECIE S. The flowers are fmall, white, and of a very fragrant fmell: they grow in tufts, almoft in the manner of umbells, on the tops of the ftalks, The feeds are large and round. It is common in our woods, and flowers in May. C.Bauhine calls it Ajperula feu rubeola mon- tana odora. Others, A/perula odorata. It is good againft obftrutions of the vifcera; but it is not in ufe. BrOcR°E I'G N.S PE CT bis a little tuft at the top of the ftalk ; and they are furrounded by a feries of leaves which rife above them, and in a manner hide them. The feeds are large and brown. It is common in the corn-fields of Italy, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Aperula cerulea arvenfis, Others, A/perula cerulea. Its virtues are the fame with thofe of the former. Vie Cah Ai V'EPR?S, APARINE. HE flower is formed of a fingle petal ; and is divided almoft to;the bafe in T cup is very fmall: it is formed alfo of a fingle piece, the rudiment of the fruit. ftyle fingle. In his Genera Plantarum he makes it a diftin& genus ; with the gallium, taking away its old generical name: but t The feeds are large and roundifh, with a dent are covered feparately with a loofe, rough fkin, and grow together. Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia’ to four fegments. The divided into four parts; and it ftands on in the middle; and they 3 the threads in the flower being five, and the but in his fpecies, fince publithed, he joins ir his is wrong, for the plant is fufficiently dif- tint by the form of the feeds; and the old name is better preferved, 1. Common Cleavers. Aparine vulgaris. The root is flender, and creeping. The ftalks are numerous, fquare, of a pale _ whitifh green, and two feet or more in length : they ufually rife among buthes ; and they ftick to every thing they touch, otherwife they would not be able to fupport themfelves upright. They are not much branched: they are covered with rough, hooked hairs. : The leaves are long, narrow, and of a pale green: there grow about fix of them at every joint, difpofed like the rays of a ftar, The flowers are {mall and white: the feeds are round, double, and included in rough, loofe fkins. It The SR RE TL SH Toe RP AT eet 399 Tt is common every where under hedges, and flowers in June. f C. Bauhine calls it Aparine vulgaris; a name copied by others, It is a plant of confiderable virtues. The juice is taken in the fpring againft feorbutick com- plaints with fuccefs. It alfo Operates by urine, and is good againft the gravel. The root and tops given in a ftrong infufion are alfo good againft obftruétions of the vifcera, 2. Little Wall-Cleavers: Aparine minima muralis. The root is oblong, flender, and furnifhed with a few fibres. The ftalks are numerous, fquare, and tole- rably upright: they are eight inches high, and are not much branched. The leaves are placed in a ftellate manner round the ftalks, about fix at a joint; and they. are fhort and pointed, of a pale green, and rough to the touch. The flowers grow on flender, branched foot- fialks, rifing from the bofoms of the leaves : they are fail, and of a greenifh white. The feeds are roundifh and double; and they are not fo rough as in the other kind. ft is found on walls and ditch-banks, and flowers in May. . Ray calls it Aparine minima. 3. Smoother-feeded Cleavers, Aparine femine leviores The root is compofed of flender fibres, GE ENG § . The ftalks are fquare, numerous; and a foot high: they are not much branched ; and_ their colour is a pale green, The leaves are oblong, narrow, blunt at thé end, and of a dufky green: they ftand like tay$ pound the’ joints of the ftalks, five or fix toge- ther. The flowers are larger than in the common kind; and of a pure white, The feeds are double, and enclofed in a loofe fkin. This is not fo Tough as in the common kind, but has only a few fhort hairs upon it. » We have it common in corn-fields. It flowers in June, ; Ray calls it Aparine femine Leviore. _ 4+ Short-leaved Marfh-Cleavers. Aparine paluftris foliis brevioribus. The root is oblong, flender, and redith, The ftalk is {quare, rough, of a pale green; weak, and. about a foot high; : The leaves ftand in rays at the joints of the ftalks; and they are fhort, fharp-pointed,. and of a bright green. : The flowers ftand on footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves; and they are white and fmall. 5 The feeds are double, and are enclofed in a rough fkin, It is common on bogs, and in damp places un- der hedges. It flowers in April, Ray calls it Aparine paluftris minor Parifienfis fore albo. ) The virtues are the fame with thofe of the common cleavers, VII: SQUINANCY WORT, RUBIA CYNANCHIC4Z HE flower confifts of a fingle petal. The lower part is in form of a long tube : the rim is # {pread out, and divided into four pointed fegments. The cup is {mall; and divided into four parts; and it ftands on the rudiment of the fruit. The feeds are two after every flower; and they are very large, round, and enclofed in a loofe fkin: they grow joined together. The leaves are three-cornered. Linnéus places this among the tetrandria monogynias the threads in the flower being four, and the ftyle fingle. But he does not allow it to be a diftinét genus. He joins it with the 4/perula or wood. ruffe, from which it differs in the three-cornéred fhape of the leaves, Age There is but one known fpecies of this plant, and that is a native of Britain, Squinancywort. Rubia cytanchita, The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with a few fibres. : The ftalks are numerous, fquare, redifh, not much branched, and about ten inches high. The leaves ftand in the manner of rays at the _ joints of the ftalks, fix at a joint in the lower part of the plant, and four at a joint in the up- per: they are fmall, oblong, flender; and three- cornered, and fharp-pointed. The flowers are finall and red; but they aré numerous, and make a pretty appearaiice : they "are difpofed in a kind of umbel at the tops of thé flalks. It is not uncommon on hilly, barren grounds! It flowers in July. €.Bauhine calls it Rubia cynancbica, Others; Rubeola quadrifolia levis. It is faid to be a fovercign temedy for the quincy ; but there is no good authority for the practice, The END of the TWENTY-THIRD CLASS, 1 HE Abe shod te Gy br Ag Ss XXIV. - Planis whofe flowers are placed in umbels, or rounded clufters ; and are com-~ pofed each of five petals, and fucceeded by two feeds, which fland naked, and united, and are crowned with the cup. from one another; nor can any other plants be joined with them in a juft method. The umbel is a tuft compofed of numerous flowers, placed on divided, and often fubdivi- ded footftalks ; all of which are enclofed at the bafe by a leafy cup, befide the {mal} one that belongs to the flower. This plainly and obvioufly diftinguithes them. And what Nature has thus thrown before the moft flight obferver, fhe has fupported and confirmed for the ftricteft obfervation ; for all thofe plants, which have the flowers thus thrown into umbells, have each flower thus compofed of five petals, and followed by two joined and naked feeds. This has led Mr. Ray to clafs them under the name of berbe umbellifere ; and moft others have in the fame manner kept them together, and feparated them from all others: but the modern fyftems, — always at war with Nature, fet afide this diftin@ion ; they regard only the number of threads in the flower: therefore the obvious and certain mark of the umbel cannot have any force. Nature is fo uniform, even in the leaft things, that this method keeps moft of the umbelliferov plants together, for they agree alfo in the number of threads and petals; but it does not fepara them from other plants. E Linnzus, who keeps moft of the umbelliferous plants together in his clafs of pentandria, yet jou with them the e/m and gentian. The two purpofes to be anfwered by arranging plants in claffes, are, to keep thofe which are alike together, and to feparate them from others. The regularity of Nature does not admit of varying from the firft point ; but thefe authors wholly lofe fight of the latter. The elm and hemlock in Lin- necus ftand in the fame clafs and the fame fection : they are not feparated by any fubordinate divifion, A pe are diftinguifhed as obvioufly as the preceding by Nature, and can never be feparated BELRMGPO SHPO I EHS LELLELLEELGSSSE ELS SOP EAM SIS So BR: eS I. Natives of BRITAIN, Thofe of which one or more {pecies are naturally wild in this kingdom. Gb NEU I, COW-PARSNEP. $-P HO N DoD f f Vow. NEE, flowers are difpofed in very large umbells, furrounded at the bafe with numerous, oblong leaves. Each is compofed of five petals, in fome regular, in others irregular; the outer ones being larger than the others, and all of them nipped at the end, and heart-fafhioned. The cup is very fimall; and the feeds are broad, fhort, and foliaceous. Linneus- The BRI TISH HER B Alb, 29 a eas, 4or _ Linnaeus places this among the pentandria digynia ; the threads in each flower being five, and the ftyles two, This author joins the [phondylium and panas Heracleum in one Sphondylium, calls it Heraclea. But there is fufficient diftin@ion antient name may very well be retained, Daw 1S ON _ 1. Cow-Parfnep. Sphondyhium vulgare. The root is long, thick, and white, and of a {weetifh, but fomewhat acrid tafte. . The firft leaves are very large, deeply divided in the pinnated manner, of a rough furface, and of a pale green. é The ftalk is fix feet high, upright, firm, ftriated, and of a pale green; often purplith to- ward the bottom. The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalk and of the branches; and they are white: they are very numerous, and are difpofed in extremely broad umbells. The feeds are very large and brown. It is common in paftures, and flowers in July. ; C. Bauhine calls it Sphondylium vulgare birfu- tum. Others, Sphondylium vulgare. It is an emollient outwardly applied. DIVISION I. Dwarf Cow-Parfnep: Sphondylium pumilum. The root is long, flender, and redifh: The leaves that firft rife from it are fmall, and divided into five parts, fupported on long footftalks, and of a pale green. The ftalk is firm, upright, branched, and a foot high. Gussie Ny PtP ots genus; and, taking away the name. between thefe two genera; and the BRITISH SPRC]EEé. 2. Jagged Cow-Parfnep, Sphondylium foliis tenuius divifis. The root is long, thick, and white. The firft leaves are extremely large; and they are very deeply divided in the pinnated manner into narrow, and in fome degree curled feements, The colour is a pale greyith green ; and the whole leaf is hairy, The ftalk is uptight and ftriated, not much branched, and five or fix feet high. The leaves on this are placed alternately, and they refemble thofe from the root : they are of a pale green, and rough. * The flowers are white, and have a faint tinge of purple often very agreeably thaded over them : they ftand in rounder and fmaller umbells than in the other. The feeds are large and brown. We have it very frequently in hilly paftures, Tr flowers in Auguft. : C. Bauhine calls it Sphondylitm birfutum Solis anguftioribus. FOREIGN SPECIES, The leaves on it are fmall, divided into thrée parts, and fupported on flender foorftalks, The flowers are fmall and redith. It is a native of the hilly parts of Germany, and flowers in Auguft. : Cc. Bauhine calls it Sphondylium Alpinum par- vu. Il. PARSNEP., OPEB Sy dg LAAN, A GOTT te: HE. flowers are difpofed in large, rounded, but flat umbells, on divided and fubdivided ftalles i thefe rife naked from the ftalk, having no leafy cup. Each flower is compofed of five petals; which are pointed and crooked. The cup is very minute, but is divided into five parts; and the feeds are of a flatted, oblong figure, and foliaceous. Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynia, the thréads in the flower being five, and the ftyles two. DIVISION Tf. Wild Parfnep. ‘ Poftinacha fylocftris. The root is long, flender, white, woody, and et tafte: : oa AP leaves are large, and beautifully di- vided in the pinnated manner ; their fegments being numerous and narrow, and their colour a yellowifh green. é The ftalk is upright, firm; branched, ftriated, and of a yellowifh colour. NeXL: - BRIUHISH. SPECIES; The leaves ftand alternately on it} and they refemble thofe from the root, but they are fmaller. The flowers are little; and of a faint yellow.- It is common in dry paftures, and flowers in Auguft. ; . C. Bauhine calls it Paftinacha filveftris latifolia; Others, Elaphobefcum. . Sorne have thought the garden-par/uep raifed from this by culture; but repeated trials thew otherwife. 5K DIVI- 402 The BRITISH H EPR BAL: DIVISION IL Garden-Parfnep. Poftinacha fativa, ‘The root is very large, white, long, tender, and of a {weet tafte. : The leaves which rife firft from it are large, elegantly and regularly divided in the pinnated manner, and of a yellowifh green. | The ftalk is two yards high, firm, branched, yellowith, ftriated, and hollow. The leaves on this refemble thofe from the root ; but they are fmaller. ; Gyik FOREIGN Ny Ur Ged S BeBe. Pi ExS: The flowers are little and yellow, and the feeds are light and broad. : It is wild in the Greek iflands; where it ac- quires the full ftature, but has not the true {weet- nefs of the root unlefs cultivated. It appears we had the feeds originally thence , though we have now fo long cultivated the plant from thofe ripened in our gardens, that it has been forgotten. C. Bauhine calls it Paffinacha latifolia fativa. All know the ufe of the roots in food; and they are very nourifhing and wholefome. III, TORDYLIUM THE flowers are difpofed in moderately large, itregular umbells, on divided and fubdivided * footftalks; and have at the bottom a kind of cup, formed of feveral long, narrow leaves. Each flower is compofed of five regular petals, which are bent, and heart-fafhioned. The cup is fmall. The feeds are large and roundifh, two grow together, and they have ferrated edges, Linnzus places this among the peatandria digynia the threads in the flower being five, and the ftyles two. 1. Great Tordylium. Lordylium majus. The root is long, flender, and hung with a few ftraggling fibres. The firft leaves are large, and divided in the pinnated manner into numerous, fhort, obtufe fegments. The ftalk is firm, upright, and five feet high: it is ftriated, a little hairy, as are alfo the leaves, and is divided into feveral branches toward the top. The leaves are placed alternately on it; and they refemble thofe from the root, but that they are fmaller. The flowers are fmall and white. The feeds are large, flat, and broad, brown or redifh in the middle, and whitith at the edges. We have it in dry paftures, and under hedges, but not common, It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Se/éli Creticum majus. Others, Tordylium maximum. We have no Eng- lifh name for any plant of this genus. Gol E GANS a aicig 2. Small Tordylium. Tordylium minus. The root is long, flender, white, and hung with a few fibres. The firft leaves are large, and fupported on long footftalks: they aré compofed each of a great number of f{mall, ; fhort, and broad feg- ments, which have alfo their feparate long foot- ftalks. The ftalk is round, ftriated, branched, and about a foot high. The leaves are placed irregularly on it; and tefemble thofe from the root, but that they are {maller. The flowers are fmall and white. The feeds are large, and very beautiful : they form together a kind of flat fruit, which has a whitith curled edge. It is found in our fouthern counties, but is not common. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Sefeli Creticum minus, The feeds are carminative; and they work alfo by urine. IV. HOGS FENNEL. POE Co EB As NEU eM THE flowers are difpofed in a very large umbel, upon divided and fubdivided branches; and the whole is furrounded at its bafe by a number of narrow, crooked or twifted leaves, Each flower is compofed. of five oblong, undivided petals; and the cup to it is fmall, and divided by five dents at the edge. The feeds are oblong and ftriated. Linnaus places this among the pentandria digynia ; the threads in the flower being three, and the ftyles two. Hogs Th sBRITISH HEREAL 403 Hogs Fennel. Peucedanum vulgare. The root is long and thick, and at the top is ufually covered with a thaggy matter, formed of the ribs of decayed ftalks: it is black on the out- fide, green within, and, when cut, yields a yel- low juice of a ftrong unpleafant fell. The firft leaves are placed on long footftalks : they are large, and they are divided and fubdi- vided by threes into a multitude of long, narrow fegments. The ftalk isa yard high, ftriated, and branched ; and the leaves are placed irregularly on it, and are like thofe from the root. Gaia GN OF ly 28 The flowers are {mall and yellow. It is common by the Thames fide in Kent and Effex, and elfewhere. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Peucedanum Germanictn. Others, Peucedanum vulgare. : Tt is an unpleafant, but a very valuable medi- cine. ; A fyrup made of the juice of the root with ho- | hey is excellent in afthmatick cafes, A decoction of it operates by urine, and is good. | againft obftructions of the vifcera. . It is alfo good outwardly in headachs. Vv. SHEPHERDS NEEDLE. Sy Geek NN DINE TX, HE flowers are difpofed in fmall umbells upon long divided ftalks; which have no general cup, but a few oblong leaves to the fubdivifions, Each flower is compofed of five unequal petals, of a heart-fafhioned fhape. The cup is very minute. The feeds are long, and fharp-pointed: two grow together; and each is rounded and ftriated on the outfide, and fmooth and flat within. Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynia ; the threads being five, and the ftyles two. DIVISION 1 Shepherds Needle.’ Scandix vulgaris. The root is long, flender, white, and hung with a few flight fibres. » The leaves are fmall, and fupported on fhort footftalks : they are very finely divided ; and their colour is a very dark green. The ftalks are numerous, green, branched, and a foot high. DIVISION IL Small Shepherds Nettle. Scandix minor. The root is long, flender, white, and furnifhed with a few fibres. The leaves are divided into numerous and very {mall fegments; and they have a pleafant fmell. The ftalks are numerous, branched, ftriated, and a foot high, Cayo NUS BRITISH S PREVC TB. Ss; The leaves ftand irregularly on them, and re- femble thofe from the root ; but they are fimaller, The flowers are moderately large and white. The feeds are long and flender. It is common in corn-fields, and flowers in Auguft. - rey C. Bauhine calls it Scandix Jemine roffrato vy/!- garis, Others, Peéten Veneris. Its virtues are not known. F‘O:'R-E LGN: SPE CLE S, The leaves are placed alternately on thefe, and their footftalks furround the ftalk at the bafe: they are like thofe from the root, but fmaller, The flowers ftand at the extremities of the branches in little umbells; and they are fimall and white. 2 The feeds are long, and very flender. It is common in the Greek jflands, where they eat the young leaves in fallads. C. Bauhine calls it Scandix Cretica minor. VI. CHERVILL CHHROPHYLLUM. THE ‘flowers are difpofed in broad, fpreading umbells, on divided and fubdivided branches ; and they have no cup to furround their bafe at the ftalk, but fome long leaves under the fubdi- vifions. Each fower is compofed of five bent and heart-fafhioned petals. The cup is very minute 5 and the feeds are oblong, flender, and pointed at the top, rounded on the outfide, and flat within. each flower. 8 Linneus places this among the pentandria digynia; the threads being five, and the ftyles two in, DIVI- 404 The BRITISH HERBA Ls -, ad V.LSeigON I. 1.) Wild Myrrhis. Cherophyllum fylveftre. The root is long, white, and hard, and has a fweetifh tafte, but with a fharpnefs, and’an aro- matick. flavour. : The firft leaves are divided into a great num- ber of fegments, which are of a pale green, a little hairy, and ftand on hairy ribs. | The ftalk is hollow, ftriated, and branched, and is a yard high. ; The leaves are placed alternately on it, and re- femble thofe from the root, The flowers are fmall and white; and the feeds, when they are ripe, are brown. It is common under hedges, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Cherephyllum fylvejre. Others, Myrrbis filvefris, Cerefolium Jylveftre, and Anthrifcus Plinit. When the plant is in flower, the ftalk {wells juft under the joints. DEV I SON IP FO Garden-Chervill. Cherophyllum fativum. The root is long, thick, white, and of an aro- matick, and not difagreeable tafte. The leaves that rife firft are large, and divided into numerous, broad, fhort, indented fegments ; of a pale green colour, and of an agreeable fla- vour. ; The ftalks are ftriated, hollow, upright, branched, and {welled in a kind of round knots under the joints. The leaves on them réfemble thofe from the G. “ek Neg i B Rol- DT E.SeHs 2SyPeBeCel. Bas: “2. Wild Chervill. _ Charophyllum caule equali. The root is long, thick, white, and furnifhed with a few fibres. The firft leaves are very-large, and they are formed of numerous indented fegments: they are naturally of a dufky green, and fometimes they are redifh. : The ftalk is upright, ftriated, and a yard and half high : it is divided into many branches ; and it is of a regular thicknels, not {welling at the joints as the other. The flowers are {mall and white ; and the feeds are oblong and brown. It is common by hedges, and flowers in May. C. Bauhine calls it Myrrhis fylveftris Seminibus levibus. Others, Cicutaria. Our people, Cow- weed, RE I. G*Ne* SP. BoC TEs: root; but the fegments are narrower, and they are of a paler green. : The flowers are fmall and white; and the feeds, when ripe, are black. It is a native of the Greek iflands, and flowers in June. y C. Bauhine calls it Cherophyllum fatioum. Our gardeners call it Sweet fern, It is an agreeable plant in fallads ; and, when taken as amedicine, operates by urine; and is good again{t obftructions of the vifcera. Sf NIK Se P, ha Gt N. > BR: Pe ae Mere Ue 1s: THE flowers are difpofed in {preading umbells on divided and fubdivided ftalks ; and at the bafe of thefe on the ftalk grow a number of long, narrow leaves, oS nearly equal petals ; which are of a heart-fathioned fhape, Each flower is compofed of five nute. The feeds are oblong, and {maller at one end, and rounded and ftriated on one fide, and flat and plain on the other, Linneus places this among the pentandria digynia ; the threads being five, Dl VeirSl ON: 4 Common Spignell. Meum vulgare. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with a few fibres: it is brown on the outfide, and white within, and has a firm heart: the outer fubftance is tender, and of an aromatick, and not difagree- able tafte. There frequently are fide-fhoots from the old roots ; and at their tops there ufually is a large thready tuft, of a brown colour, which is formed of the fibres of decayed footftalks, The leaves which rife from the root are large, and of a blackifh green colour; and they are di- and the ftyles two. BRITISH.SPECHE §, vided in an elegant manner into regular and ex- tremely flender fegments. j The ftalk is upright, ftriated, branched, and two feet high. The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root ; but they are fmaller, and fomewhat paler co- loured. on The flowers are fmall and white. The feeds, when ripe, are black. It is found in our weftern counties in rich, damp foils, but not common. It flowers in June. ; : ; 3 C, Bauhine and fomewhat bent. The cup is very mi- =" } ew 4 fh Atiass é Uh Ce Ye ay Nie —_ a fe — Z A Gal? Fords Midi VW AK : | Wap Senne ™ | P If . i Le evil D ANA yi Ay] CHU1O/Or€ ecusttng SK \/ oo are rad ea aes ve : x Yj q ANN is 7 jie Ag soit) eH B - ss RN ‘ar oN , é, i . Wil Angeliea . Vert Gin e Gx | * : ne, Long leave Pueer POP SNC) hy, (rater Larsicy yy, 2 So aS i } I 7. . a / . » (\ Greae™ FON fT Utell Burnet lh Aes | Ge re =) \y al cs | y dy | NR Lhe Covanay { a Hi 2 } Wy Scotts)» Seal arsley ii ; | E Smallage Y Conumon Hemlock Small Himlock SN Na ey The BRITISH HERBAL, 409 6. The leaft Water-Parfnip: Sium minimum foliis variis, The root is compofed of many {mall fibres. The firft leaves are divided into a. multitude of extremely fine fegments. The ftalks are round, ftriated, branched, and about fix inches high. : The leaves are placed alternately on thefe; and they are formed of broad, fhort, and dentated feg- ments ; of a pale green, altogether unlike thofe which rife firft from the root. The flowers are fmall and white; and they ftand on the tops of the branches in little um- bells. The feeds are ftriated and brown. It is common in fhallow waters, and flowers in June. Ray calls it Sium pufillum foliis variis. Others, Sium minimum wnbellatum foliis variis: 7- Long-leaved Water=Parfnip, Sium folio angufto longiore. The root ig long, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres, The leaves that firft rife from it are large, and very beautiful: they are divided by threes into very long, narrow; and elegantly ferrated feg- ments. — j i oll The ftalk is tound, upright, ftriated, branched, and four feet high. The leaves ftand irregularly on its but they are very beautiful, refembling thofe from the root. The flowers are {mall, and placed in Jarge um- bells, ? The feeds ate ftriated and brown. It is common about our fen-ditches, and elfe- wherein watery places. It flowers in Augutt. C. Bauhine calls it Sium erucefolio. Cthers, Sium olufatrifolin. Ray calls it Cicuta aquatica, He has given many accounts of peifons perifhing by eating it. y Gre sB) Ne B+ 8g XIV. BURNET SAXIFRAGE, POT MEP DINE LL A, OS AX TE Ree js [Rae flowers are difpofed in moderately large and rounded umbells, upon divided and fubdivided “branches ; and there are no leaves by way of cup, under either the principal branches or the fubdivifions. Each flower 1s compofed of five nearly equal petals; and they are heart-fafhioned at the ends, and bent. The cup is very fmall. The feeds are long and flender, ftriated on the back, and pointed. Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynia, the threads being five, and the ftyles two in each flower. x. Great Burnet Saxifrage, Pimpinella faxifraga foliis varits. The root is long; lender, and furnifhed with a few fibres. ‘ The leaves that firft rife fromm it are pinnated in a very elegant manner : each is formed of three or four pairs of roundifh pina, with an odd one at the end; and thefe are ferrated, and of a fine green. The ftalk is upright, flender, ftriated, and di- vided into branches. The leaves on thefe are placed irregularly; and they are divided into five narrow fegments. The flowers dre white, and very {mall. The feeds are {mall and brown. Icis found under warm hedges in our midland counties, and flowers in Auguft. C.Bauhine calls it Pimpinella foxifraga major um- bella Candida. 2. Small Burnet Saxifrage. Pimpinella foxifraga minor: The root is long, flénder, white, and hung about with a few ftraggling fibres. "The ftalk is upright, but flender, divided into branches, and a foot and half high. The leaves ftand alternately on it; and they are divided into fmall fegments, and of a faint green. N° XL. The flowers aye little and white ; and the feeds are ftriated and brown. ~ It is common in dry paftures, and flowers in July. ; C. Bauhine calls it Pimpinella faxifraga minors a name moft others have copied. The roots of this plant are powerfully diure- tick : they are good againft obftructions of the vifcera. : The feeds are carminative, and good in cho- licks. The root is beft taken in infufion; and the feeds in powder, five grains fora dofe. - 3. Jagged-leaved Burnet Saxifrage, Pimpinella faxifraga foliis laciniatis. The toot is long, flender, white, and furnifhed with a few fibres. The firft leaves are divided and jagged; and they are of a pale green. The ftalk is flender, upright, and not much | branched. The leaves on it ftand alternately, and are di- vided into many narrow fegments. The flowers are finall and white. The feeds are fmall, brown, and fharp to the tafte. % It is common in dry paftures, and flowers in Augutt. Ray calls it Pimpinella faxifraga bircina minor. 5M 4. Tall 410 Th BRITISH HERBAL, 4.-Tall Burnet Saxifrage. Pimpinella faxifraga elatior. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with Se = : oe a leaves are large, broad, and divided into many fmall, ferrated, and fharp-pointed fegments. The ftalk is round, upright, and four feet high; and toward the top it is parted into many branches, Gir-rk NeesUie $ The leaves on this are divided into a few long and. narrow fegments, fearce at all ferrated, and of a faint green. The feeds are large, and they are tharp-tafted. It is common in our weftern counties, and flowers in July. Ray calls it Smyrnium tenuifolium noftras, Others, Pimpinella faxifraga bircina maxima. The virtues of thefe are the fame with thofe of the common {mall kind, butin an inferior degree; XV, C°A R A WAY, CARU MM. FYAUE fowers are difpofed in moderately large umbells, ap branches ; and there are no leaves at the bafe, divifions. Each flower is compofed of five petals, The cup is very fmall; and the feeds are oblong, Linnzus places this among the pentandria digy ftyles two. There is but one known {pecies of thi The Caraway Plant. Carum, The root is long, thick, white, and of a fweet, but acrid tafte, : The firft leaves are very finely divided into feg- ments ; and they are of a freth green, and {mooth. The ftalk is round, ftriated, and toward the top divided into feveral branches. The leaves ftand alternately on it; and are like thofe from che root, only fmaller, Gio ENG aU <9 placed on divided and fubdivided either of the principal branches, or of their fub- which are nipped at the end, and turned down: flender, and ftriated. . mia the threads in the flower being five, and the S genus, The flowers ate placed in little umbells 3 and are {mall and white, with a faint dath of red. The feeds are oblong and brown, It is found wild in our weftern counties; but it is not eafy to fay whether it does not rife from feeds fcattered by accident, and brought from elfewhere. C.Bauhine calls it Carum pratenfe: carvi officina- rum. The feeds are an excellent carminative ; and are ufed both in foods and medicine. XVI, SEA-PARSLEY, TOE AVON S ATT CR aT HE flowers are difpofed in large umbells upon divided and fubdivided branches : I bafe of the principal branches there ftand fions fewer. The leaves are divided by threes. . Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynias the threads in the flower being five, ftyles two. He joins it in one genus with the difference fufficiently, Of this genus, thus diftinguithed, there is but one known fpecies, Scottith Sea-Parfley. Levifticum foliis biternatis. The root is long, flender, and furnithed with a few fibres. : The firft leaves are numerous, and fupported on long footftalks, which are purplith at the bafe. The ftalk is round, ftriated, and upright; three feet high, and toward the top divided into nu- merous branches, about feven leaves, Each flower is compofed of five petals at the and at the bafe of the fubdivi- 3 and thefe are oblong, and ftriated on one fide. and the Ligufticum, or common lovage; but the leaves exprefs the and that is a native of Britain: The leaves aye placed irregularly on it; and both thefe and thofe which grow from the roots are large and divided into numerous, long, and flender fegments, in threes, i The flowers are fmall and white. The feeds are large and brown. It is common on the’ coafts of Scotland, and flowers in Auguft. Ray calls it Liguficum Scoticum api folio. Others, Apium Scoticum, GENUS The BRIT Te AE Bd 415 Geol bas Nwony § XVII. SMA DD LssAo Gusk, AP LUM: (THE flowers ate difpofed in moderately large umbells, thefe have at the bafe of the divifion one {mill leaf, Each flower is and they are equal in fize, of a rounded form, and. fomewhat bent. can fearce be feen. ftyles two. perly difting. Common Smallage, Apium vulgare, The root is long, thick, and white ; fometimes fimple, fometimes divided, and of a pleafant tafte. The leaves are pinnated and large: they are compofed each of three or four pairs of pinnz, with an odd one at the end 3 and thefe are broad, ferrated, and in a manner divided into three parts. The flalk is thick, ftriated, branched, and two feet high. ; The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the root ; but they are fmaller, The flowers are {mall and white; and they Gao E seeNen U. on divided and fubdivided branches « compofed of five petals ; The cup is fo minute, that it The feeds are two: they are of an oval form, and ftriated on one fide, Linnzeus places this among the pentandria digynia; the threads in the flower being five, He joins the common parfley or petrofelinum under the name apium; bur they and the are pro- ftand in thick umbells at branches. The feeds are brown. It is common about waters; and flowers jn ; July. C. Bauhine calls it Apizun baluftre feu oficinarum. the divifions of the This plant, cultivated in gardens, affords what we call celeri, by foriie diftinguithed under the name of apinm dulce, as if a different fpecies. The roots of finallage are diuretick ; and are good againft the gravel, and in obftruétions of the vifcera, The beft way of giving them is in a ftrong decoétion, : The feeds are warm and carminative, and alfo diuretick in a very confiderable degree. S XVIIL Te ReeM S1 Om CieK: CEs (Ge eT A, *PHE flowers are difpofed in large umbells, upon divided and fubdivided branches,’ Each flower is compofed of five petals ; and they are of an equal fize, bent down, and heart-fathionéd. The feeds are rounded, ftriated on one fide, and plain on the other. : Linneus places this among the pentandria digynia ; the threads being five, and the ftyles two in each flower. But he has introduced great confufion by his management of this genus. He divides the common and the fmall hemlock, not as fpecies, but into two genera; and he does not give the name of cicuta to either of them: the genus cothpreiiending the commion berilock is called conium; and that comprehending the {mall hemlock, ethufa. The name cicuta is given to a genus quite diftin@ from both, including the /ong-leaved water parfuip. The characters of this genus are not contrary to any of his diftin@ions: they belong both to the common and the final hemlock ; and they are propertly a generical mark. 1. Common Hemlock, Cicuta vulgaris, The root is long, thick, and white. The firft leaves are extremely large, and of a -dark, blackith green: they are divided into innu- merable fmall parts, and ferrated at the edges. The ftalk is frm, upright, round, and fix feet high: it is of a dark green colour, ftained all over with fpots of purple. ‘ The leaves are placed irregularly on- it; and they are very large, and like thofe from the root : they ate deeply divided, and of a dark green. The flowers are fmall and white; and they ftand in large umbells. The feeds are brown, It is common in hedges, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Cicuta major, Tt is underftood to be a poifonous plant; but there does not appear any thing certain on that head. \ Many authors of credit affirm that it is innocent, 2. Sinall Hemlock, Cictita minor, The root is long, flender; white, and fur- nifhed with a few fibres. The firft leaves are divided into numerous {mall parts, which are deeply ferrated, of a pale green, and very like thofe of the common par- fley. The ftalk is round, upright, green, and a yard high. ; : The leaves on this are finely divided in the 8 : fame 412 Th BRITISH HERBAL fame manner as thofe from the root, and they are of the fame pale green. The flowers grow at the tops of the branches in little umbells, furrounded with numerous, jong, and flender leaves; forming a kind of ge- neral cup. G Bie Nari) aaa The feeds are fmall and ftriated. It is common on ditch-banks, and in garden- ground, and flowers: in June. C. Bauhine calls it Cicuta minor petrofelino fimi- lis. Others, Cicutaria, and Cicuta fatua minor. XIX, WATER HEMLOCK. BEET EN A NDRIU™M™ 4 Ree flowers are difpofed in large umbells on divided and fubdivided branches : there areno leaves at the bafe of the firft divifion; but feven ftand at the bottom of each of the fubdivi. fions: thefe are long and fharp-pointed. Each flower is compofed. of five petals: they are pointed, a little nicked at the top, and bent down. ,and firm, The feeds are oval, and fmooth. The ftalk is very thick Linneus places this among the pentandria digynia 5 the threads being five, and the ftyles two in each flower. Water Hemlock. Phellandrium aquaticum. The root is compofed of numerous very long fibres. The firft leaves are large, and divided into a multitude of fmall, flender parts, and fplit as it | were at the ends: they are of a pale green. The ftalk is a yard high, and of a vaft thick- nefs: it is of a pale greens and toward the top divides into numerous branches. + Go ee Ni Me RAY DO War S E 8s ‘The leaves on this refemble thofe from the root, and are of a faint green. The flowers are fmall and white; and they ftand in great umbells at the tops of the branches. The feeds are large and brown. aria: Tt is a native of the waters, and loves a foft, muddy bottom. We have it in all our fen-coun- ties, and in fome other places. It flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Cicutaria paluftris tenuifolia. Others, Cicuta paluftris, and Phellandrium. U S XX. AS Tek Raga Genre Eid: 4 ew flowers are difpofed in umbells, on divided and fubdivided branches. There are no leaves at the bafe of the principal branches ; but at the places of their fubdivifion there fland feveral, which are long and flender. Each flower is compofed of five petals; and they are heart-fafhioned, and a little bent. The cup is very minute. and fmooth on the other. The feeds are oval, and convex, ftriated on one fide, Linneus places this among the pentandria digynia ; the threads being five, and the ftyles in each flower two. DEVS TON I Meadow-Saxifrage. Sefeli pratenfe vulgare, The root is long, thick, and hung with a few fibres: it is brown on the outlide, white within, and of an acrid tafte. The firft leaves are placed on long footftalks : and are large, and of a deep green: they are di- ‘vided into very fmall, narrow fegments, The ftalk is upright, ftriated, and toward the top divided into branches: it is of a yellowifh green, and two feet high. BRITISH SPECIES. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches ; and are {mall and yellowifh The feeds are brown, and of an acrid tafte. The roots of this plant are diuretick ; and the feeds carminative, both in a very eminent de- gree. ' It is common in our meadows, and flowers in une. J. Bauhine calls it Saxifraga Anglorum. Others, Sefeli pratenfis, and Silaus Anglicus. s ws) GENUS The BRITISH HERBAL. 413 DIVISION I, FOREIGN SPECIES, French Meadow-Saxifrage. Sefeli pratenfe Monfpeffulanum, The root is long and thick, brown on the out- fide, white within, and of an aromatick tafte : it is ufually divided at the top into {mall heads ; and they are edged with a hairy fubftance, formed of the fibres of decayed ftalks. The firft leaves are large, and of a pale greens and they are divided into numerous, fmall, pointed fegments. Go Be sNei Uae The ftalk is ftriated, and a yard high. The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root; but they are fimaller; and they are of a yellowith green colour. The flowers are {mall and white; and the feeds, when ripe, are brown.’ It is common in paftures in France, : C. Bauhine calls it Sefeli pratenfe. XXI. SAM PIR E, C wz R ole% HM U,V ie Begs flowers are difpofed in large hemifpherical umbells, 4 There are long and narrow leaves at the bafe, flower is compofed of five petals ; very {mall. The feeds are oblong, which are of an oval figure, and a little bent down. ftriated, and rounded on one fide. on divided and fubdivided branches: both of the larger and fmaller divifions. Each . The cup is Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynias the threads in the fower being five, and the ftyles two. Flefhy-leaved Crithmum. Crithmum foliis craffis. The root is long, thick, flefhy, and of a very agreeable aromatick tafte. The firft leaves are very large ; and they are divided into numerous, fmall, but thick and fiethy fegments, of a pale green colour; and of a faltifh, but not difagreeable tafte. The ftalk is round, thick, ftriated, and fpread- ing ; and it is two feet high: Gee BE PONG Ue 2S The leaves refemble thofe from the root; and they are placed on the ftalk, irregularly, The flowers are fmall and yellow. The feeds are brown. Tt is common about our fea-coafts, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Crithmum five feniculum ma- rinum minus. ‘ The leaves make an excellent, agreeable, and wholefome pickle, XXII: F EON N’E..L: ENGL GUS LU Vy: ig ee flowers are difpofed in large umbells, on divided and fubdivided branches, without any leaves under either. Each flower is compofed of five petals; and they are oblong, fharp- pointed, and bent. The cup is very minute; and the feeds are oblong, ftriated, and naked. Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynia; the threads being five, and the ftyles two in each flower. This author takes away the received name, not allowing fennel to be a diftiné genus, but account- ing it a fpecies of dill. The difference is however obvious; the feeds of di// having a membranaceous edge, and thofe of fennel being naked, DIVISION L Common Fennel. Feniculum vulgare. The root is long, thick, white, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. The firft leaves are very large, and of a dark green: they are divided into innumerable fine fegments. The ftalk is upright, round, branched, and four feet high. The leaves on this refemble thofe from the root ; and are of the fame green colour. N8 at, B Ra SiH! S PE C 1-9: The flowers are {mall and yellow. The feeds are brown, and of a fharp aromatick tafte. It is common wild in our northern counties, and every where in gardens. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls ic Feniculum vulgare Germani- cum, Others, Feniculum vulgare. It is ufed at our tables; and is alfo excellent in ' medicine. The root is a powerful and fafe diu- retick ; and a decoétion of it is good in the jaun- dice, and all obftruétions of the vifcera. 5 N Dal Vel 41d Th BRITISH HERBAL. DIVISION I. Sweet Fennel. Feniculum dulce. The root is long, thick, and white. The firft leaves are of a pale green; and they are divided, like thofe of common fennel, into nu- merous, fine fegments ; but they are not fo large. The ftalk is round, upright, branched, and a yard high. The leaves are placed irregularly on it; and they refemble thofe from the root : they are of the fame fine divifion, and the fame faint green. G E N U FOREIGN SPECIES. The flowers are larger than thofe of common feit- nel, and of a paler yellow. The feeds are large, pale-coloured, and of a {weet tafte. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July. C, Bauhine calls it Feniculum dulce; a name | copied by all other writers. Its virtues are the fame with thofe of common fennel, but the feeds are milder or lefs acrid: they are therefore more ufed in medicine. S XXIII. ROCK-PARSLEY. SELINU™M. i ae flowers are difpofed in moderately large umbells, on divided and fubdivided branches. Each flower is compofed of five oblong, narrow petals; and they are bent downwards: The cup is fmall, and divided into five parts ; and the feeds are of an oval form. Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynia the threads in the flower being five, and the ftyles two. Of this genus there is but one known fpecies, and thatis a native of Britain. Rock-Parfley. Selinum. The root is long and flender, and hung about with feveral fibres. The firft leaves are fmall, and of a pale green ; and they are in a very elegant manner divided into narrow, and pointed fegments, The ftalk is ftriated, round, upright, very much branched, and about a foot high. The leaves on it are placed irregularly ; and G anak N U they are, like the others, divided into fmall feg- ments. : The flowers ftand at the tops of all the branches ; fo that the plant appears covered with them: they are fmall and yellow. The feeds are brown. We have it in our weftern counties very com- mon. C. Bauhine calls it Pucedanum minus. Selinum montanum pumilium. Clufius, S XXIV. C AgB RO ot Do CG. T .S, A hoes flowers are difpofed in large umbells, which grow hollow when they are fallen; and there are circles of {mall leaves, both under the whole umbel, and at the bafes of its fub- _ divifions. Each flower is compofed of five petals, of irregular fize ; the outer ones being larger than the inner ; and all of them are heart-fafhioned, and turned back. The cup is very minute. feeds are hairy. The Linnzus places this among the pentaxdria digynia, the threads in the flower being five, and the ftyles two. 3, Wild Carrot, called Mountain Stone-Parfley. Daucus apium petreum album didtus. _ The root is long and thick, of an acrid tafte, but not very difagreeable ; of a tender fubftance, | white, and hung with many fibres. The firft leaves are large, and of a deep green ; and they are compofed of numerous, broad, fer- rated pinna. The ftalk is round, flender, upright, and to- ward the top parted into many branches, The leaves on it are divided into narrower feg. \ ments than thofe from the root; and they are of a paler colour, The flowers are {mall and white. The feeds are brown and hairy, and ftand in a hollow tuft. It is found on dry, hilly ground, but not common. J. Bauhine calls it Apium petreum five monta- num album, ©. Bauhine, Daucus apii folio... 2, Common Carrot. Daucus vulgaris. The root of the carrot is well known. t The ' The BRITIS Hide Rear rr The leaves are large, and divided in a hand- fome manner into numerous {mall fegments : and they are lightly hairy, and of a pleafant green. The ftalk is round, upright, and five feet high. The leaves on it refemble thofe fromm the root . but they are fmaller: ‘ The flowers ftand at the tops bf the branches in large umbells ; and they are little and white : fometimes they are lightly tinged with red, The feeds are light; hairy, and of a pale brown. It is found wild in Scotland near the {ea- coafts, where the root is yellow and hard; but the plant in all things refembles the garden kind, This is the original carrot: the red-rooted kind is only a variety, though fome have named it as a diftinct f{pecies. The root is nourifhing and wholefome, feeds are diuretick. The 3. Wild Carrot. Daucus fylveftris. The root is long and white, of a fweetith, but fomewhat acrid tafte, and hung with a few fibres, The leaves are large, and of a pale green, finely divided into fegments, and hairy. The ftalk is two feet and a half high, and is divided into many branches. The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root ; but they have fewer divifions, The flowers ftand at the tops of all the branches DIVISION IL FO Candy Carrot. Daucus Creticus. The root is long, flender, and white: The firft leavés are deeply divided into a mul- titude of fegments; which are very narrow and pointed ; and the whole leaf is of a pale green, ‘and hairy. The ftalk is ribbed; upright; two feet high, and divided into numerous branches. The leaves on it refemble thofe from the toot, but that they are fimaller. ‘ The flowers are fmall and white. G Beans: VU in little, round umbels; aiid they aré fiiall and white. _The feeds are hairy ; and they form a hollow bed, like the neft of a bird. Tt is commén by way-fides, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Daucits flvefris tenuifolia Diofcoridis. The feeds of this plant are excellent in the gra- vel, and in obftruétions of the vifcera ; in thé beginnings of dropfies, and in the jaundice, They operate powerfully by urite. 4. Shining-leaved Wild Carrer: Daucus maritimus foliis lucidis. The root is long; flender, white, with fibres, The firft leaves are numerous, and divided into beautiful (egments : they are of a fine gteen, and of a glofly furface, The ftalk is upright, branched, ahd two feet high : its leaves fland alternately, and refemblé. thofe frorn the root. ; The flowers are {mall and white; and the feeds are rough, and of a pale brown: We have it on our fouthern coafts. Tt flower’ in July. i Ray calls it Daucus maritinus lucidus. and hung REIGN SPECIES, ; The feeds aré oblong; hairy, and of a vety pale colour. : It is a native of thé Greek iflands, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Daucus foliis faniculi tenuif» Jimis. Others, Daucus Creticis. The feeds are ufed in medicine: they are diu: retick and deobftruent, and are ingredients in many compofitioris. Nature varies a little in the characters of this plant; and Linnzeus makes it a fpecies of another genus, but the feeds thew it a daucus. S§ XXvV. BASTARD PARSLEY. Cw UC ALIS. HE flowers ate placed in little umbells, on a few btanches, with more numerous fubdivi- T fions: there are fome narrow leaves, both at the bafe of the larger branches, and of the fmaller. Each flower is formed of five petals; which are fomewhat bent, and fplit at thetop. The cup is divided into five pointed fegments. and are covered with a kind of prickles. The feeds are of an oval, of fomewhat oblong figure, Linneus places this among the pentandria digynia; the threads being five, and the ftyles two in each flower. 1. Purple-flowerdd great Baftard Parfley. Caucalis major flofciulis rubentibus. The root is long, flender, and white. The firft leaves are large, and of a pale green: | they are bedutifully divided in a pinnated man- ner into fliort fegments, which are ferrated and fharp-pointed. The ftalks are two feet high, branched, and iated, and of a pale green. ftriated, and of a pale g ae pe 6 The BRIcE IS HiME RB As} The leaves on them refemble thofe from the root; but they are fmaller: they are fmooth on the upper fide, and hairy underneath. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches in little umbells; and they are of a pale red. - The feeds are large and rough. It is found in our corn-fields, but is not com- mon. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Caucalis arvenfis echinata latifolia. Others, Lappula. 2. Fine-leaved Baftard Parfley. Caucalis tenuifolia flofculis rubentibus. The root is long, flender, and hung with a few fibres. Ms The firft leaves are of a pale green, and divi- ded into numerous fmall fegments. The ftalk is upright, and divided into many branches, and is two feet high. The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root ; but they are fmaller, and have fewer fegments. The flowers are {mall and red. The feeds are little and rough, fticking to any thing they touch, It is common in our corn-fields in many parts of the kingdom, and flowers in Augutft. C.Bauhine calls it Caucalis arvenfis echinata parvo flore et fructu, Others, Lappula Canaria. 3. Jagged-leaved Baftard Parfley. Caucalis foliis laciniatis. The root is long, white, and furnifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves are large, and divided into feveral branches, which are again cut and Jagged into fmaller parts. The ftalk is upright, and very much branched. The leaves on it are divided into numerous, long, flender parts ; and are of a fine green. The flowers are fmall and red. j The feeds are oblong, and very rough. It is found in corn-fields in our fouthern coun- ties, and flowers in July. Ray calls it Echinopbora laciniata. 4. Hedge-Parfley. Caucalis minor flofculis rubentibus. The root is very long, flender, and white. The firft leaves are divided into long, narrow, fharp-pointed, ferrated fegments; and are of a deep green. The ftalk is upright, and divided into many branches. ~ The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root ; but they have fewer divifions. The flowers ftand in little umbells at the tops of the branches ;° and they are {mall and red. The feeds are oblong, rough, fmall, and brown. It is common in hedges, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Caucalis femine afpero flofcu- lis rubentibus. 5. Low, branched Baftard Parfley. Caucalis bumilior ramofa: The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with fome ttraggling fibres. The firft leaves are divided into a number of ' oblong, ferrated, and fharp-pointed fegments . and they are of a deep green. ; The ftalk is a foot high, and divided into nu- merous branches, The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root ; they are divided into longer feements, The flowers are large, and of a pale red. © The feeds are rough and brown, It is common in the corn-fields of Suffex. Ray calls it Caucalis fegetum minor authrifco hifpido fimilis. 6. Knotted Stone Parfley. Caucalis nodofa echinato femine. The root is long and flender. The firft leaves are {mall, and of a dufky green ; they are divided in a pinnated manner into many ferrated, and pointed fegments. The ftalks are numerous, and a foot lonc - but they generally trail upon the ground: they are branched, and of a pale green, The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from-the roots; but they are lefs. The flowers are placed in little umbells; and they are fmall and white: thefe umbells are not placed at the tops of the branches, but at the Joints of the ftalks, where they adhere by a very fhort footftalk ; fo that they feem to grow to it. The feeds are brown, and very rough. It is common in corn-fields and under hedges, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Caucalis nodofa echinato fe- mine. The virtues of thefe plants are not known. 7- Hemlock-leaved Baftard Parfley. Caucalis cicutae foliis pallidioribus. The root is long, flender, white, and hung with feveral fibres. The firft leaves are large, and compofed of in- numerable fegments ; which are foft to the touch, - of a remarkable pale green, and hairy. The ftalk is round, upright, branched, and alfo of a faint green. The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root ; but they are divided into fmaller fegments. " The flowers are placed in little umbells; not at the tops of the ftalks, but at the divifions ; and they are fmall and white. The feeds are oblong, rough, and pointed. It is common-every where under hedges, and flowers in June, C. Bauhine calls it Myrrhis fylveftris feminibus afperis, Others, Cerefolium cquicolorum. « GENUS Th BRITISH HER BAD G E Nee Uae Ss L417 XXVI. PRICKLY SAMPIRE, ECHINOPHORA 6 BN flowers are difpofed in moderately large umbells, divifions of the branches. of the plant are prickly. Linnzeus places this among the pentandria monogynia, the threads being five, each flower. This author does not, in his Genera Plantarum, Each flower is compofed of five oblong, petals. The cup is fall, and is divided into five fegments. allow it to be a difting@ genus, of caucalis. In his fpecies he makes it of a diftiné& genus, with little leaves at the divifions and fub- heart-fathioned, and bent The feeds are rough, and the leaves and the ftyles two in i but makes it a kind but there joins a caucalis with it : in both erroneous. ‘There is but one known fpecies, properly diftinguithed, and that is a native of Britain Prickly Sampire. Echinophora. The root is long and thick, and furnifhed with many fibres. The firft leaves are very broad and fpreading : they are divided into innumerable fmall, oblong fegments, in an irregularly pinnated manner ; and thefe are prickly at the end. The ftalk is very thick, round, ftriated, up- right, and divided into numerous branches. The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the root, and are in the fame manner prickly. Ce eRe ay The flowers are finall and white; and they ftand in umbells, terminating the tops of the branches, The feeds are oblong and rough. The root of this plant is of a very agreeable tafte, and flefhy fubftance. ; It is common on our fea coafts, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Crithmum maritimum Spino- Sum. § XXVII. « COIR TA ND ER: CO ORE IP EAN DOR: Ue PPHE flowers are difpofed in fmall umbells. There are no leaves at the bafe of the firt: divifion, but three at each of the fubdivifions of the branches. Each flower is compofed of five petals; and they are of unequal fize, but all bent backward, and heart-fafhioned. The cup is fmall, and di. vided into five fegments. The feeds are hemifpherical. Linneeus places this among the pentandria digynia; the threads being five, and the flyles two in each flower, DIVISION I. Common Coriander. Coriandrum vulgare. The root is long, flender, white, and fur- nifhed with a few fibres. The firft leaves are divided in a pinnated man- ner, into many broad, ferrated fegments. The flalk is two feet high, and has many branches. The leaves on it are divided into fmall, nar- row fegments, and of a pale green: when bruifed they have a very ftrong and difagreeable fmell. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches 5 DE Vols ONE W: Small Sweet Coriander. Coriandrum minus. The root is very long, flender, and white. The firtt leaves are fmall, and of a pale green ; N° 41. BER yeh SoH SBE -CalsksS, and are fmall and white, with a very faint blufh of red. ‘ The feeds are large, and of a pale brown. We have it in our weftern counties in dry places, and by road-fides ; perhaps native, perhaps from feeds cafually dropt. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Coriandrum majus. Others? Coriandram vulgare, The feeds are cordial, and good againft flatu- Tences; and they are greatly recommended by their agreeable tafte, \ FOREIGN: SPECIES. and they are deeply divided into flender feements. The ftalks are numerous and weak: they are about eight inches high ; and they lie fpread upon the ground. . The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the 50 root ; 418 The BR 1 TES Ho HE RB A root; and they are of a pale green: when bruifed they have no ill fmell. ; The flowers are fmall and white; and the feeds are very large and brown, GSE Naat) It is a native of the Greek iflands, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Coriandrum minus tefticn- latum. Others, Coriandrum minus odorum. § XXVIII. HARES EAR. Bick) UP Be GR Und. HIE flowers are placed in umbells, on divided and fubdivided branches. There are no leaves _ at the bafe of the larger branches, but there are under their fubdivifions, Each flower is com- pofed of five petals ; and thefe are fmall, heart-fathioned, and turned back at the ends. The cup is very fmall, and has five dents. The feeds are of an oblong, oval form, ftriated on one fide, and plain on the other. The leaves are entire and undivided. Linnaeus places this among the pentandria digynia, the threads being five, and the ftyles two in the flower. DI VIPs LON A 1. Thoroughwax. Beupleurum perfoliatum. The root is long, flender, white, and hard. The falls is round, upright, and toward the top divided into feveral branches : it is of a yel- lowifh colour, and of a very firm fubftance. The leaves ftand fingly at confiderable dif- tances; and are of a roundifh, but fomewhat ob- long thape, of a firm fubftance, and a beauti- ful green. The ftalk runs through them: they are not at all indented at the edges, but are fomewhat pointed at the upper end. The flowers are fmall, and of a beautiful yel- low: they ftand in thick tufts at the tops of the branches: The feeds are {mall and blackifh. It is common in the corn-fields of fome parts of England, and flowersin July. C. Bauhine calls it Perfcliata vulgatafima. DP VeleS‘T:O Ne A. Common Hares-Ear. Beupleurum vulgare. oe The root is fmall, and furnifhed with nume- rous fibres. The firft leaves are oblong, and very broad, undivided, and rounded at the ends. The ftalk is round, upright, and two feet high. BeRC TV TslA§ “Eee Se Pe Cal Rass Others, Perfoliata vulgaris. The more corredt ° writers, Beupleurum perfoliatum. 2. Small Hares-Ear. Beupleurum minimum. The root is long, flender, and white. The ftalks are numerous, and very fmall : they are a foot and half high, and are divided toward the top into a few branches. The leaves ftand alternately on them; and they are long, narrow, grafly, and of a pale green. - gf The flowers ftand on very fmall umbells at the tops of the ftalks, and on footftalks rifing from the bofoms of the leaves: they are little and white. The feeds are fmall, and dark-coloured. We have it in dry paftures, and by road- fides in Effex. It flowers in June. C, Bauhine calls it Beupleurum angufiffimo folio. Others, Beupleurum minimum. FOREIGN SPECIES, The leaves ftand alternately on it; and they are oblong, and moderately broad, of a bluith green, and undivided. The flowers are fmall and yellow. The feeds are brown and acrid, It is a native of Germany, and other parts of Europe, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls ic Beupleurum vulgatifimum. Gt deg Nae D nS; SC ARNG Celer XK D? fod “PBN SO A HE flowers are placed in little umbells on branches, fubdivided into numerous very fhort : ones, with a few leaves underneath. Each flower is compofed of five petals; and they are fplic at the end, and bent. The cup is very minute. The feeds are convex, and oR h on one fide, and plain on the other. ps, ‘ Linneus places this among the pentandria digynia ; the threads being five, and the ftyles two i each flower. shia : Common. * The BRITISH HERBAL 419 Common Sanicle. Diapenfia vulgaris. The root is black, and of an acrid tafte. ‘The firft leaves are fmall, and of a deep thining green. They are placed on red fodtftalks ; and they are of a rounded form, divided into five prin- cipal parts, and ferrated at the edges. The ftalk is round, upright, a foot high, and not much branched. ; The leaves on it in fome degree refemble thofe from the root; but they are divided into fewer parts ; and thefe are fharper, and more ferrateds The flowers are fmall; and they are white, with a faint ting of redifh. The feeds are large and rough, It is Common in our woods, and flowers in Aus guft. F C. Bauhine calls it Sanicula ofici : pana oficinarum, Others; The root is aftringent, and good againft ha morrhages. “The leaves are tecommended in vulnerary potions. Ge BoN aU as XXX, MARSH PIE SN ON OY We Om oly Ho GD. RAO VOLO TAY a ie HE flowers are difpofed four upon a ftalk, with a little umbell im the centre. Each is come pofed of five petals, of an oval figure, but fharp-pointed, and {pread open. The cup is very tinute. The feeds are half round, and fmall. Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynias the threads being five, and the ftyles two in each flower. It is truly an umbelliferous plant, though a very fingular one. Marfh Pennywort. Hydrocotyle. The root is fibrous. The ftalks are numerous, round, jointed, weak, and of a pale green: they run upon the furface of the ground, and take root at the joints. The leaves ftand fingly on flender footftalks ; and they are round, dentated at the edges, and of a pale green. The flowers are {mall and white: they ftand Ge Rear oS in very fmall tufts, rifing from the ftalks with the leaves. : The feeds are fmall and brown: It is common in damp paftures, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Ranunculis aquaticus cotyle- danis folio, Others, Gotyledon palufire, and Hy. drocotyle. : The farmers have an opinion that it gives theig theep the rot ; whence they call it white rot, XXXL BER Y N GO: BR ad. WN GeJI UM HE flowers are difpofed in a fingular kind of umbells, furrounded with many leaves at the bafes ‘and feparated by films, ‘The umbells aré of a convex or conic form. Each flower is compofed of five petais; which are obiong, bent at the bafe, and marked with a line all along each of them; The cup is large, and divided to the bafe into five fegments. The feeds are two; and they are ob-~ long and rounded. Linnaeus places this among the pentandria digynia; the threads being five, and the ftyles two in each flower. 1. Common Eryngo. Eryngium vulgare Mediterraneum. ‘The root is extremely long, flender, brown, of a fweet and very agreeable tafte; and it has a hard fibre in the centfe. The ftalk is round, upright, tough, and to- ward the top is divided into numerous branches. The leaves are large: they are placed irregu- larly ; and they are divided deeply into fharp and ferrated fegments. "The flowers are {mall and white. _ The feeds are of a dark brown. We have it in our midland counties p'entifully. it flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Eryngium vulgare et Came: rari. Others, Eryngium campeftre. ; The root is an excellent medicine in diforders of the breaft and lungs. The confeétioners pre. ferve it with fugar; and that way it has great virtues. It is alfo given in decoétion. It Operates by urine when given in this manner, and is good againft obftructions. of the vifcera, and in the jaundice. 2. Sea-Eryngo. Eryngiun marinum, The roots are very long, tough, and creeps ing. The 420 The BRIT US H H*H@R BAL, The ftalk is round, firm, of a bluifh green, and divided into a vaft many branches. The leaves are placed irregularly on it; and they are broad, deeply ferrated, fharp-pointed, and prickly. ~The flowers ftand in thick tufts ; and they are fmall and white. The feeds are brown. It is a native of our fea-coafts, and flowers i in June. C. Bauhine calls it Eryngium maritimum, Our people, Sea-holly, gooesceggogosneeooonneeereseeesoreseensosenenenes Rags Bes II. ForREIGN GENERA. yaa 0 Thofe of which no fpecies is naturally wild in this country, Gis Bacon Deeg I. BERG UD .B SunAo Lib BaAath, BPE RNIN Leo Gs HE, flowers are difpofed in large umbells ; ; and each is compofed of five petals, which are fiedely equal in fize, and bent and heart-fafhioned at the top. The cup is very fmall, and les five divifions. ‘The feeds are large, and edged with membranes in four ridges. Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynia ; but he does not allow it to be a diftiné genus. He makes it a kind of dafewort. Great Hercules Allheal. Panax foliis oblique cordatis. ‘The root is long, and very thick. The firft leaves are very large, and of a deep green: they are compofed of numerous pinne ; which are fharp-pointed, and irregularly heart- fathioned at the bafe ; and are placed on divided ribs. _ The ftalk is round, upright, and fix feet high. Gaia N. Uses The leaves on this refemble the others, but they are fmaller. The flowers ftand in large umbells, and‘are ~ yellow. The feeds are large and brown. It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in July. C, Bauhine calls it Panax paftinache folio: Others, Panax Heracleum majus. I: Led: Bs AN, Oe Te Tess fPHE flowers are placed in large, but round umbells; and each is compofed of five petals, which are nearly equal in fize, and are heart-fafhioned and bent. are oval, ftriated, and rough. The cup is very {mall. The feeds Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynia, as the former ; but he makes it a Jere ofa an- other genus. Black Libanotis. Libanotis umbella hemi[pherica. The root is very large, and furnifhed with a few fibres. The firft leaves are broad, and fpreading: they are formed of a multitude of fmall parts, joined to a divided rib; and thefe are fharp-pointed, and ferrated. The ftalk is round, thick, divided at the top into feveral branches, and four feet high. The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root, but they are fmaller, The flowers ftand in vaft hemifpherical umbellss and are white, with a faint tinge of purplih. The feeds are large and rough. It is a native of Germany, and flowers in Au- guft. C. Bauhiue calls it Tass montanus apii folio major, Others, Libanotis nigra Theophrafii. GENUS i < "it eh 4 Wun |i \ ' i AKL VAG C ‘Pp viicle Meade iy a ‘ d | ee ey 2. ny hage Kook anypiove id (Gnomon Fennel 4 Lf f f i | sy Mf Spotted Sone Sirble LCOV CP grat Medpe Lay ley eh a ents | Boastara Fraley : e esas ! ; ; t YANG peal . Y Ee GANGS NG, ! We 1 NS f Wa Ss ‘R i) L, : » \ \ ‘ t ’ ry y7 \ : Ya ha tiie Cy CG phe: PHOVOUWL BUA ? < Lrickly Aanpio C (gree as i er, ops s ir iE ee Cl ve GS QOPUIOR MUN OS CA) #] " ‘ JZ EG 7 J . S ' : re A / : yh) SO ; Wartchpenny Wark (Ona Tyg? 7 | | 4 | Oe es aie q Mar Crynige ad | Seige re Reg Lee See Th BRITISH HER BAe, Gy East at Uy 4S Il. De Leela ANE 1 Hey! 1. HE flowers ftand in large umbells: each is com pofed of five petals; and they are bent, I and not fplit at the top. © The cup is very minute; but it has five divifions. The feeds are of an oval figure, and edged with membranes. Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynia ; and he joins it in the fame genus with fennel, from which it differs in the feeds. Common Dill, Anethum vulgare. The root is long, flender, and hung with a few fibres. The ftalk is round, ftriated, and four feet high. The leaves ftand at fmall diftances; and both thefe and thofe from the root are divided into a multitude of very minute fegments. The flowers ftand in large umbells at the tops of the branches ; and they are final] and yel- low. The feeds are large and brown. It is a native of Spain, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Avetbim hortenfe. Others, Anethum vulgare. The feeds are warm and carminative, They are good againft flatulences: they operate by urine, and they ftrengthen the ftomach, Ger NY Owes IV. CTI A ® See PH led: HE flowers are placed in great umbells at the tops of the ftalks; and each is compofed of five petals: thefe are oblong, bent, and pointed at the tips. The cup is very fmall. The feeds. are large ; and they are furrounded by a membrane, which is nipped at the top and bottom. Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynia, as the others. Broad-leaved Thafpia, Thafpia latifolia. The root is very large, long, and full of a dif- agreeable juice ; and at the top there ufually are a multitude of fibrous fubftances, in the manner of hairs, which are the remains of decayed foot- ftalks. The leaves are very large, broad, and hairy ; and they are divided into extremely fmall parts, \ Gog BaN The ftalk is thick, ftriated, and parted into many branches. The flowers ftand at the tops in large umbells ; and they are fmall and yellow. The feeds are large and beautiful. It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in Auguft, C, Bauhine calls it Tha/pi latifolia villofa. Unns § V. FENNEL-GIANT. gee Re lees 5 Bae flowers ftand in great umbells, terminating the branches. _ Each is compofed of five petals, equal in fize, oblong, and ftrait. The cup is very minute, but has five divifions. The feeds _ ‘are very large and flat; and each has three ridges. Linnzus places this among the pentandria dig ynia, as the others. Narrow-leaved Fennel Giant. Ferula foliis capillaceis. The root.is very large, long, and furnithed with a few fibres. The ftalk is fix feet high, and toward the top it is divided into numerous branches. The leaves are placed irregularly on it; and thefe, as well as. thofe from the root, are very large, and are divided into innumerable fine feg- ments, The flowers are {mall and yellow. ‘The feeds are very large and brown: N° XLII. It is a native of the fouthern parts of Europe, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Ferula femina Plinii, Others, Ferula anguftifolia. 2. Broad-leaved Fennel-Giant. Ferula fegments latioribus. The root is very long and thick. The plant grows to eight feet in height, and toward the top divides into many branches, The leaves are large, and of a deep green; and they are divided into innumerable fegments, BoP not ie : 4.22 The BRERISBLB ERB ATL: not fo narrow as in the former kind, though of “no great breadth. The flowers are finall and yellow ; but they form very large umbells. The feeds are brown. _It is frequent in the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Ferulago latiore folio. 3. The Affa Foetida Plant. Ferula affam fatidam fundens. The root is vaftly thick, and of a great length. Gs NiatU: as The ftalk rifes to feven feet high ; and is firm, ftriated, and of a pale green. The leaves are very large ; but they are divi- ded into a multitude of fmaller parts, alternately ferrated, and of a pale green. The flowers grow in vaft umbells. The feeds are large and brown. It is a native of the mountains of Perfia. Kempfer calls it Aja fetida Difgunenfis. The drug called affa fatida, fo eminent in ner- vous and hyfterick cafes, is the concreted juice of the root of this plant. VI. LASERWORT. PsA aSac bh RP ei eds gives THE flowers ftand in great umbells, terminating the branches ; and each is compofed of five pe- tals: thefe are nearly equal in fize; and they are oblong, divided at the ends, and fomewhat bent. The cup is very minute, and is divided into five parts at the edge. The feeds are very large, oblong, and marked with four membranes on the back. Linneus places this with the reft among the peatandria monogynia. Laferwort. Laferpitium vulgare. The root is long and thick, brown on the out- fide, white within, and furnifhed with many fibres. The top is alfo covered with decayed filaments, which have belonged to footftalks. The leaves are large and pinnated: they are compofed each of two or three pairs of broad, indented pinne; and are of a pale green, and lightly hairy. Gis BaewoNinn (WU: 2S The ftalks are numerous, branched, and ftriated, of a pale green, and four feet high. The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the root; but they are fmaller. The flowers terminate the branches; and are fmall, but placed in large umbells. The feeds are large and brown. It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in July. C.Bauhine calls it Laferpitinm Gallicum. Others only, Laferpitium, or Laferpitium vulgare. VII. CUMMIN. C2 MeL Nee, HE flowers are difpofed in umbells, ufually in a four-fold manner, both in the divifions and fub- divifions ; and at the bafe of the ftalks, and of their fubdivifions, are placed feveral narrow leaves. Each flower is compofed of five petals, a little irregular in fize, and fomewhat bent in, and emarginated. The cup is fcarce vifible. The feeds are two: they are convex on one fide, and ftriated, plain, and fmooth on the other. Linnzeus places it among the pentandria monogynia with the others, Common Cummin. Cyminum vulgare. The root is long, flender, and hung with many fibres. The firft leaves are divided into numerous, long, and very narrow fegments; and are of a faint green, and a little hairy. The ftalk is round, ftriated, upright, and about afoot high. The leaves on it refemble thofe from the reft, and ftand irregularly. The flowers are {mall and white ; and they ter- minate the ftalk in moderately large umbells. The feeds are large and brown, It is a native of the Eaft, and is alfo fown there for the feeds, which are ufed in medicine. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Cyminum Jemine longiore. Others, Cyminum vulgare. The feeds are an excellent carminative, but very unpleafant. ; GENUS } 423 Th BRITISH HERBAL. Gobi NN. Usc8 VII. MASTERWORYT, Lee Ves Pa liypeR AT O'R arity HE flowers are difpofed in rounded umbells. ftalks, but feveral fmall ones at the fubdivifions. The cup is fearce vifible. E. pofed of five regular petals, nipped at the ends. The feeds are oval, edged with marked with two furrows. Linnzus places it with the others, Matfterwort. Imperatoria vulgaris. The root is long, thick, and divided; brown on the outfide, white within, and of an aroma- tick, but very acrid tafte. The ftalk is upright, firm, ftriated, branched, and four feet high, The leaves are compofed of numerous, ob- ' ong parts, ferrated, of a deep green, and placed on branched footftalks, GoE NEU, There are no leaves at the bafe of the principal ach flower is com- a broad rim, and The flowers are fmall and whi placed in large umbells. The feeds are brown. Tt is a native of many of the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in June, C. Bauhine calls it Imperatoria major. Others, Imperatoria vulgaris, te; but they are The root is cordial and fudorifick, and is greatly recommended againft malignant and pefti- lential fevers. Soe, Te: -Vii A GE: EERE MS TAIT CR UF I, HE flowers ftand in umbells on numerous fubdivided branches: at the bafe 4p The cup is divided into five fegments, confifts of five petals; which are plain, hollowed, and turned back, The feeds are fmooth, marked at the back with five ribs, and flat on the other fide. leaves, and at the fubdivifions four, ftand feveral Each flower oblong and Linnzus places this with the reft among the pentandria monogynia. Lovage. Levifticum vulgare. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalk is ftriated, firm, fix feet high, and divided into numerous branches. The leaves are large; and they are com- pofed of very numerous fegments; which are oblong, ferrated, fharp-pointed, and of a deep, fhining green. The flowers are {mall and yellow, and the feeds are brown. G E The whole plant has a ftrong, agreeable {mell. It is a native of Spain, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Ligufticum vulgare. Others, Levifticum vulgare. and not very It is recommended againft peftilential diforders as a cordial and fudorifick. An infufion of the root operates by urine fafely and powerfully ; and is good againft obftruétions of the vifcera, and in the gravel. N U_§ X. SERMOUNTAIN. SILER MONTANUM™ MPHE flowers are difpofed in umbells, on divided and fubdivided branches 3 and there are {mall leaves both at the bafes of the principal branches, and their fubdivifions. into five parts, and is very fmall. The cup is divided The flowers are each formed of five equal petals, bent back at the ~ ends; and the feeds have a double, foliaceous rim. Linnzus places this with the preceding among the pentandria monogynia ; but he does not allow it to be a diftinét genus. Sermountain. Siler montanum vulgare. The ftalk. is five feet high, ftriated, hollow, and branched. The leaves are very beautiful: they are of a The root is long, thick, and tufted at the top | bright green, large, and compofed of almoft in- with fibres of decayed leaves. _ numerable fmall, oblong, pointed fegments, I The 424 The BIRT Hse JH ER BeAPL. The flowers ftand in large umbells on the tops of all the branches ; and the feeds are broad, and of a pale brown. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in Au- gut. Ge Sh aN C. Bauhine calls it Ligufticum quod fefeli offici- narum, Others, Siler montanum. : The root is aperient and diuretick. It is ex- cellent againft the jaundice, and in the begin- nings of dropfies. Uee$ XI. Skea he Ra RusEdgie Se fi BS A, RY ae 2M THE flowers are difpofed in umbells, on fpreading fubdivided branches ; and there are fmall leaves at the bafe of the principal ftalks and fubdivifions. The cup is fearce vifible. The flowers are compofed each of five petals, which turn back. The feeds are rounded and ftriated. Linnzeus places this among the pentandria with the preceding. Common Skirret. Sifarum vulgare. The root is compofed of numerous, oblong, tuberous pieces, brownifh on the outfide, white within, and of a pleafant flavour. The ftalk is ftriated, firm, branched, and a foot and half high. The leaves are pinnated; and the pinne are G “ES EN Us ae oblong, ferrated, fharp-pointed, and of a plea- fant green. The flowers are white ; and toward the even- ing they have a light fragrance, : The feeds are {mall and brown. It is a native of Spain, and is cultivated in other countries for the root, which is pleafant and wholefome. C. Bauhine calls it Sifarum Germanicum. XI. AON LcSME: iter Nee i ST Oyo HE flowers are placed in umbells, on divided and fubdivided branches ; and there are no leaves at the bafe of either. The cup is very {mall. Each flower is compofed of five oval petals ; and the feeds are rounded, and ftriated on one fide. Linnzeus places this with the preceding among the pentandria. Common Anife. Anifum vulgare. The root is long, flender, and white. The ftalk is weak, hairy ; a foot and half high, but fearce erect. The lower leaves are compofed of a few broad, fhort fegments, ferrated at the edges, and of a deep green. Thofe on the upper part of the ftalk are formed of very narrow fegments. G. E N-,,U> G25 The flowers are fmall and white. The feeds are of a pale olive colour, and of a ftrong fmell, and fweet tafte. It is a native of. the Eaft, and is fown in the Levant iflands for the feeds. C. Bauhine calls it Anifum herbariis. Others, Anifum vulgare. The feeds are an excellent mild carminative, good in cholicks, flatulencies, and indigeftions. XIII. Pe VAL RS LB eeye PUB T Re OS he Eee Ne eee CE Sar flowers are difpofed in fmall umbells, on divided and fubdivided branches, and at the ee of the principal and leffer divifions ftand one or more irregular leaves. The cup is very mi- nute. Each flower is compofed of five roundifh petals. The feeds are roundifh, and ftriated. Linneus places this among the pentandria with the preceding. Common Parfley. Petrofelinum vulgare. The root is long, flender, white, and of an agreeable tafte. The ftalk is two feet high, ftriated, weak, and divided into many branches. The lower leaves are compofed of numerous, broad, ferrated fegments ; and are of a fine green, The upper leaves are narrower in their divi- ions. The flowers are {mall and yellow, and the feeds are of a dark brown. Ir Se ne ee i gr a ee eee Se eT ee ae = sees 2 ae oe A Lisl? ih) (nuncnTisley x x vol ? ‘ od King MOF? Bitupwcil ’ g Droual? Cail atten, cata ICHAEL Giant WU" PSU ous MN ol pe : J r q Sermoiumlati < (GUIMOIE ut Ph ap ig ¢ ; LOaittd fe SX Miitik De | Blavk: ‘ hai oltd on Dp (GUM S \ : } 3 Re. Yulee UfC1oluts 7 7L y’ z= GOCUMOTY : \ | Cgiiton LLL om n a . Avi) aay Zi J ye (Giion LIC ita y eS ee A si ih fad Mid ‘ Ve +6) ." ag f tig) . “Dak Mibterivorl i Meat eed, Pet a ’ Th BRITISH HERBAL 425 It is a native of Germany, and is cultivated in gardens every where. Befide its ufe at the table, the feeds are car- tinative, and good in cholicks. A ftrong de- - ——____=., coction of the roots works fafely and powerfully by urine; and is excellent in obftructions of thé vifcera; Ge ER oyiNG We XIV. BISHOPS W_E E.D, AM Mey. THE flowers are placed in umbells on fubdivided branches; and at the bafé of the principal, atid of the fubdivifions both, there ftand little oblong leaves. The cup is very minute. Each flower is compofed of five irregular, heart-fhaped petals ; thofe in the outer part of the tufts ha ving great difproportion, and thofe in the middle the petals more equal. The feeds are convex, and ftriated. ~ Linnzus places this with the preceding among the pentandria, Common Bifhops Weed. Ammi vulgare. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalk is ftriated, of a pale green, branched, and three feet high. - The leaves at the bottom are compofed of nu- merous, broad, indented pinnz; and are of a deep green. Thofe on the upper part are divi- ded into narrower fegments, and are paler. The flowers are {mall and white $ and the feeds are of a dark brown. It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Ami majus. Others, Ammi vulgare. The feeds operate by urine, and are alfo good againft Aatulencies. Genk oc pNeot: 38 XV. SPANISH TOOTHPICK. GINGIDIivy TIE, flowers are placed in umbells, on fubdivided branches; and the whole umbel, which ig ; i flat while in flower, grows convex as the feeds ripen. Under the principal branches, and their fubdivifions, there ftand numerous little leaves. The cup is very minute, Each flower is com. pofed of five petals; of which the outer one is larger than the reft. The feeds are oblong and rough. Linneus places this among the pentandria with the reft. Spanifh Toothpick, Gingidium Hifpanicum, The root is long and thick. The ftalk is two feet high, ftriated, green, and divided into many branches. ; The leaves are large, and of a fine bright green: they are divided and fubdivided into mi- nute, narrow feements. The flowers form large umbells ; but they are feparately {mall and white. GEN UE 6 The feeds are brown, and of a very pleafing fmell. : Tt is a native of Spain, and flowers in Au- ft. uft, C. Bauhine calls it Gingidium umbella longa, Others, Vifnaga, The rays of the umbel, when the feeds are picked off, make an excellent kind of toothpicks : they are fine, tough, of a rough: furface; and fweet-fcented. We fometimes import them for that purpofe. XVI. CANDY DAUCUS, DEALT: C8 CORE. Dyin Sai Lee flowers are placed in umbells, on fubdivided branches; and at the bafes of the Principal branches, and of their fubdivifions, there ftand feveral little leaves, The cup is very fmall. The flowers are compofed of five heart-fhaped petals, which are bent; and the Outer one is largeft. The feeds are long and hairy. Linnzus ranges this with the other umbelliferous plants among the pentandria ; each flower having five filaments, N° 42. 5Q ; Candy ‘The 4.26 Candy Daucus. Daucus Creticus. The‘ root is long, fmall, and hung with a few fibres. The ftalks are weak, flender, ftriated, and a foot high. The | leaves at the bottom are divided into nu- merous, narrow fegments; and they are of a Gir iB B Ry lebal SsH: jHpR Re BALE, Nga. UMBELLIFEROUS greyifh green colour. thofe on the upper part of the plant are cut into longer and yet fae derer parts. The flowers are fmall and white ; and the feeds are oblong, rough, and brown. It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Daucus Alpinus multifide folio. Others, Daucus Cretenfis. The feeds are carminative and diuretick. S XVII. PoB) Belt TEsOoR yy. PYRETHRUM UMBELLIFERUM. 4 tee flowers are placed in umbells on fubdivided branches; and there are no leaves, either at the bafes of the principal or leffer divifions. five oblong petals. ‘The cup is véry minute. The feeds are oblong, and lightly ftriated. Each flower is compofed of Linnzus places this among the pentandria with the preceding. Umbelliferous Pellitory. Pyrethrum umbelliferum. The root is long, flender, and hung with a few fibres: it is of a brown colour, and a very acrid tafte. The ftalk is ftriated, and three feethigh; di- vided into numerous branches, and of a pale green. The leaves are very beautifully formed of mi- G E YN *U nute, plone: fegments; and are of a fhining green. The owes are fmall and white, and the feeds are brown. It is a native of the Eaft, and fome of the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Pyrethrum umbelliferum: a name moft others have copied. The root held in the mouth is good againft the toothach, as that of the right pel/itory of Spain. s XVIII. BLACK MASTERWORT. A SOTIR AN? CFIA. a ee flowers are placed in fmall umbels, upon a few principal branches, with numerous fubdi- vifions; and at the bafe of each ftand feveral little leaves. Each flower is compofed of five oblong petals, fplit at the Eo. The feeds are oblong, at the edge. and covered with a kind of cruft. The cup is divided by five dents © Linnzeus places this with the reft of the umbelliferous plants among rite pentandria, the flowers in all having five filaments, Black Mafterwort. Afivantia. © The root is black, and’ compofed of numerous fibres. The firft’ leaves are placed on long, redifh footftalks ;?and: are divided to the bafe into five parts: thefe are oblong, ferrated, fharp-pointed; and of a deep green on the upper fide, and a yel- lowifh green underneath. The StAnG are numerous, ftriated, weak, and two feet high. The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the root; but they are fmaller, and have fewer di- vifions, and thofe placed Jefs regularly. The flowers terminate the branches in {mall umbells ; which are furrounded at the bafe by a peculiar kind of leaves, forming a general cup and thefe are redifh within. The flowers themfelves are of a greenifh Hilo The feeds are {mall and brown. The whole plant has an aromatick tafte. It is a native of the mountainous parts of Eu- rope, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Helleborus niger fanicula folio major. Others, Aftrantia nigra. The root is a violent purge, The END of the TWENTY-FOURTH CLASS. #3 oh MAD, BRITISH HERBAL. “~ eee ceed eDoe Deedee ee eee eae aaa ea eee ad alae alae Seats CLASS) XXV. Plants whofe flower is compofed of numerous flofeules, placed within a com- mon cup, and forming a kind of head; each flofcule being tubular, and the cup formed of numerous fealy parts. racterifed than this. The head fhews itfelf to the moft flight obferver as diftinét from what ee is feen in all other kinds: and it is univerfal in thefe. From this Mr. Ray was induced to range them in one genus, under the name of capitate ; and fo conformable to herfelf is Nature, even in the leaft points, that the Linnzan fyftem, eftablifhed upon the threads in the flower, does not feparate them. * That author places them in his clafs of /yagenefia; the character of which is, that the buttons at the fummit of the threads coalefce, and form acylinder. All the capitate plants have this peculiar , charaéter: but though it ferves to keep them together, it does not anfwer the fecond purpofe of the je diftin@tions in fcience, which is, to feparate all others from them; for the other compofite-flowered : plants, the fow-zhi/tle, and fuch others, having their buttons coalefcent in the fame form, are united by that character with the capitate plants. ; Thus Linnzus has therefore of neceffity, according to his method, arranged them: the #2:/!/es and coltsfoot ftand in the fame clafs ; and are united under it with the violet and dalfam. Te is not in the whole compafs of Nature a clafs more obvioufly or more diftinétly cha- Doro roto: Do Lone rere ERT pete tot ono toms rere be SEL apo po Lng OL Ak EOL LOO Eo ik Doge boa bec ated Di iad eee Le ees aa gay Le Natives of BRITAIN. Thofe of which one or more fpecies are naturally wild in this country. Gawho No 7}Us So GENTLE THISTLE, CIRSIUM. HE general cup is formed of many fcales, and fwells out in the middle, The flowers in this are numerous ; and each is formed of a fingle petal, of a tubular fhape, very narrew at the bafe, and wide at the mouth, where it is divided into five fegments. ‘The feeds are oblong, and winged with down and the leaves of the plant are fet with very flight, weak prickles. Linnzus places this among the fyngencfia ; the filaments converging, and the buttons being united in a cylindrick form. : « 8 1. Englifh 4.28 The BRI TSH AE Re ee 1, Englifh Gentle Thiftle. Cirfium Anglicum, The root is compofed of numerous, fpreading fibres. The ftalk is upright, firm, not much branched, and two feet high. The leaves are long ‘and narrow: they are of a pale green, covered lightly with a greyifh, hoary matter, and at the edges befet with nume- rous, flight prickles. The flowers grow at the tops of the ftalks; and they are large and purple. ' Itis found on marfhy ground in many parts of England, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Ciz/ium majus fingulari ca- pitulo. a The leaves are fometimes divided flightly at the edges; and the flower is not unfrequently white. 2. Great Gentle Thiftle. Cirfium majus nutante flore. The root is fibrous, and white. The ftalk is firm, upright, whitifh, and five Feet high: it is rarely much branched, and to- ward the top it ufually bends with the weight of the flower. The leaves are very large, oblong, broad, woolly and whitifh on the upper fide, and quite white underneath. The flowers are large and purple: ufually there is only one at the extremity of the ftalk. It is found in mountainous damp places, but is not common, Ge Boo N C. Bauhine calls it Cirftum Singulari capitulo Squammato. Others, Cirfium Britanicun repens, The flower in this alfo is fometimes white. 3. Blue Mountain Cirfium, Cirfium bumile polyanthemum fore cerulefcente, The root is compofed of thick, white fibres, The ftalk is upright, tough, whitifh two feet high. The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a pale green: they are lightly downy on the furface, and edged with five weak prickles, The flowers terminate the tops of the branches in clufters ; and they are large, and of a bluith purple. The feeds are large and brown. It is not uncommon in Wales, July. Ray calls it Cirfium bumile mon folio polyanthemum. Merret, leo fore. > and and flowers in tanum cynogloffi Carduus mollis Céru- 4. Dentated Cirfium, Cirfium Soliis anguftis dentatis, The root is long and flender. The ftalk is weak, tough, divided into a few branches, and two feet high. The leaves are long, and very narrows; of a greyifh green, and ferrated at the edges, The flowers are {mall and numerous, of a bright purple. Ray calls this Cirfium montanum Polyanthemum Jalicis folio. THe thought it but a variety of the former: but I have both the plants, and they are certainly diftinét. pre and are U Ss II. THISTLE. C3) Ae Re DIU: G88. rp flowers are placed in great numbers in a common cup. This is compofed of many fealy fubftances, pointed at the ends; and it fwells out in a rounded form. Fa of a fingle petal ; and is tubular, and fmall at the bottom, it is divided into five fegments, one more deeply feparated than the others. with down. ‘The leaves are befet with ftrong and fharp petals, DIVISION I. 1. Common Way Thiftle. Carduus vulgatifimus. The root is white and creeping. The ftalks are numerous, tough, of a pale green, fmooth, not much branched, and a yard high. The leaves are numerous, long, moderately broad, and of a ftrong green: they are deeply. and irregularly notched and finuated at the edges, and befet with long and fharp prickles, The flowers terminate the branches in nume- rous fmall heads ; and are of a pale purple. It is common in fields and under hedges. It flowers in June. ee C. Bauhine calls it Carduus repens folio foncki. 3 BRITISH ch flower is formed and fpread out broad at the top; where The feeds are winged and in many fpecies alfo the ftalks. SP BCT Bog: 2: Mufk-Thiftle, Carduus mofchatus capitulo nutante. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalk is firm, upright, of a brownith co- lour, and five feet high, The leaves are numerous, large, and divided at the edges: they are of a dufky green, and be- fet with fharp prickles, The flower is large and purple ; and frequently there is but one at the extremity of the ftalk, which hangs drooping. } It is very common in damp paftures, and flowers in June. ‘ J. Bauhine calls it Carduus nutans. C. Bau. hine, Cirfium majus JSingulari capitulo magno. 3. Thiftle The *BeRSL 141 Si HERBAL. 429 3. Thiftle upon Thiftle. Carduus caule crifpo. The root is fibrous and white. The ftalks are numerous, tough, upright, branched, and edged with very fharp prickles, The leaves are long, narrow, of a deep green, divided at the edges, and very prickly. The. flowers ftand at the tops of the branches in numerous fmall heads; and they are of a pale red. ‘It is common under hedges, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Carduus fpinofifimus angufti- folius vulgaris. 4. Welted Thiftle, with {mall fowers. Carduus fpinofifimus floribus minoribus. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalk is three feet high, edged at the feve- ral fides with prickly membranes from the bafes of the leaves, and of a dufky green. The leaves are oblong, confiderably broad, dentated and finuated at the edges, and very prickly. The flowers are placed in fmall heads at the tops of the ftalks, and in the bofoms of the up- per leaves, and they are of a pale red. It is found on ditch-banks in loamy foils, and flowers in Auguft, C. Bauhine calls it Carduus acanthoides. tiver, Carduus [pinofiffimus capitulis minoribus. Pe- 5. Marth-Thiftle. Carduus paluftris. The root is compofed of numerous, tough, brown fibres. The ftalk is upright, not much branched, and feven feet high: it is ufually of a brownith co- Jour, with a tinge of purple, and. is. very prickly. The leaves are long, and moderately broad, of a deep green, and fet with thorns. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalk, fix or eight together; and they are of a deep purple. It is frequent in meadows, and flowers in June. C.Bauhine calls it Carduus paluftris. Carduus aquaticus. Others, 6. Marfh-Thiftle, with a fingle head. Carduus paluftris fingulari capitulo. The root is formed of numerous, thick, white bres. , The ftalk is upright, redifh, very prickly, not much branched, and four feet high. The leaves are very large, broad, oblong, and moderately prickly. The flower ufually ftands fingle at the fummit of the ftalk: it isa large prickly head, contain- ing numerous flofcules of a very bright purple. It is found in our fen countries, and flowers in uly. Plukenet calls it Carduus paluftris mitior bar- dane capitulo in fummo caule fingulari. The flower is fometimes white, N° XLII. 7. Dwarf Carline Thiftle, Carlina humilis. The root is long and thick, fibres. The leaves lie fpread upon the ground ; land they are long and large, very deeply and irregu- larly divided at the edges, and fet with ftrong, fharp prickles. The flower is large, and of a fine purple: it fearce rifes from the ground, but grows in the centre of the leaves upon a very fhort ftalk, It is common in dry paftures in many of our fouthern counties, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Carlina acaulis lore minore purpureo. Others, Carlina acaulis JSeptentriona- lium. and has many 8. Spear-Thiftle, Carduus lanceatus. The root is long, and hung with many fibres, The ftalk-is upright, fix feet high, very prickly, and divided into numerous branches, The leaves are long and large: their colour is a pale green ; and they are divided deeply at the edges into pointed fegments ; and at the ends are formed in the fame manner, refembling the point of a fpear, The flowers grow at the tops of the branches ; and are large and purple. Tt is common in wafte places, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Carduus lanceatus latifolius. 9. Small Spear-Thiftle. Carduus lanceatus minor. The root is compofed of numerous fibres. The ftalk is upright, divided into many branches, and four feet high: its colour is a greyith green, and it is very prickly. The leaves are long, and narrow: they are deeply divided into fharp fegments; and they Tun out into a long point at the end. The flowers are fmall, and of a pale red ; and they ftand in great clufters at the extremities of the branches. It is common by way-fides, and flowers in Auguft, Ray calls it Carduus lanceatus flore et capite mi- noribus. 10. Giant-Thiftle. Carduus lanceatus maximus. The root is compofed of numerous fibres, con- nected to a large head. The ftalk is upright, firm, very prickly, not much branched, and eight feet high. The leaves are very large, long, confiderably broad, of a fine deep green, and divided in the fpear-pointed manner at the fides and ends. The flowers are few in number; but they are very large: they ftand at the tops of the branches, and are of a fine purple. It is common in our northern counties, and flowers in July. Ray calls it Carduus lanceatus major. 5R 11. Wooly The 4.30 BRITISH HERBAL. t1; Woolly-headed Thiftle. Carduus tomentofus. The root is fibrous. The ftalk is thick, upright, branched, and five feet high. The leaves are long, and moderately broad ; and they are very beautifully divided ; fomewhat in the manner of the /pear-zhifiles, but with more numerous and more regular fegments. Their co- lour is a deep green. ‘The flowers grow at the tops of the branches in large woolly heads; and they are of a fine deep purple. We have it in our weftern counties, but not common. It flowers in Auguft. C.Bauhine calls it Carduus capite rotundo tomen- tefo. Others, Carduus eriocepbalus, and Corona fratrum. 12. Lady’s Thiftle. Carduus Maria, This is a ftately and very beautiful plant ; and, if brought from a remote part of the world, would be efteemed in gardens. The root is long, and furnifhed with nume- rous fibres. : The ftalk is upright, firm, regularly branched, and five feet high. The leaves are very large, long, broad, irregu- larly notched at the edge, of a deep, fine green colour, and veined and variegated with white. The flowers are very large and purple, and the heads are prickly. It is common in wafte places, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Carduus albis maculis notatus vulgaris, Others, Carduus laéfeus, 13. Hairy Lady’s Thiftle. Carduus Marie hirfutus. The root is fibrous and white. The ftalk is upright, prickly, firm, not much branched, and four feet high. The leaves are very large, long, broad, den- tated, and finuated at the edges, of a pale green, fomewhat hairy, and not at all variegated with white : they are fet with fharp prickles, and co- ver the ftalk very thick. The flowers grow at the tops of the branches in large heads ; and are of a pale red. It is not unfrequent in wafte grounds, and flowers in July. Ray calls it Cerduus Maria hirfutus non macu- latus. 14. Cotton-Thiftle. Carduus tomentofus acanthium difius. The root is long, white, and hung with many fibres, DIVISION I FO 1. Globe-Thiftle. Carduus capite [pherico, The root is fibrous. The firft leaves are extremely broad, flightly indented, fharp pointed, of a whitifh green, cov- ered with a cottony matter, and fet round with prickles. The ftalk is five feet high, edged with prickly membranes, and fet thick with the fame kind of leaves. The flowers fland in very large heads; and are of a bright red, with a tinge of purple. It is common on ditch-banks, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Spina alba tomentofa latifolia Syloeftris. Others, Acanthium. 15. Common Star-Thiftle, Carduus fellaris calcitrapa dius. The root is long, flender, and hung with a few fibres. The firft leaves fpread circularly upon the ground; and they are long, narrow, and den- ted at the edges. The ftalk is two feet high 5 green, and prickly. The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root. but they are more. deeply divided, and their co. lour is a pale green. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches ; and are large, and of a faint red, fometimes white. The heads of the flowers are armed with prickles, which fpread out like the rays of a ftar. We have it in dry paftures, but not common. It flowers in July. C.Bauhine calls it Carduus ftellatus foliis papa- veris erratici. Others, Carduus ftellaris, and Calcitrapa. . and is of a pale 16. Solftitial Thiftle. - Carduus ftellatus luteus. The root is long, flender, black, and hung with a fewffibres. _ The firft leaves fpread circularly on the grounds and they are long, deeply divided, and of a faint green. The ftalk is tough, firm, upright, and two feet high. The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root 5 and they are of a faint green. The flowers ftand in fmall prickly heads at the tops of the branches; and they are of a beauti- ful yellow. We have it in dry paftures in fome parts of England; but it is not common. It flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Carduus fteilatus luteus foltis Cyani, Others, Carduus Solftitialis. And we, The St. Barnaby’s thiftle. The zhifles in general poffefs but {mall medici- nal virtues. . The young fhoots are efculent, and in moft kinds very well tafted. ROEE GaN ESP Be TRS: The ftalk is two feet and a half high, round, tough, glutinous to the touch, and covered with a purplifh duft. t The leaves are long, moderately broad, deeply 2 indented 3 a The BREPISHIRERBAL can indented ; and of a beautiful green on the upper fide, and a pale green underneath. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in round heads ; and are of a beautiful blue. It is a native of Italy, but is common in our gardens, — f C. Bavhine calls it Carduus fpherocephalus lati- folius vulgaris. Others, Carduus globofus. 2: Bleffled Thiftle, Carduus benediétus. The root is long and flender. The ftalk is tough, firm, very much branched, and two feet high, The leaves are long, moderately broad, irre. gularly finuated at the edges, and of a yellowith green. The flowers are yellow; and they are placed in prickly heads, clofe furrounded with feveral little leaves, It is a native of the German mountains, and flowers in Auguft, { C.Bauhine calls it Cutcus filveftris bir futiors Others, Carduus benediatus. It is celebrated as a ftomachick and fudorifick, but is not fo much regarded in the modern prae- tice as thofe encomiums beftowed on it by au- thors feem to demand, GEO NYS $2. Ti. So Aha Ree she Ot We -E eae, CARTHAMUS. ee flowers are difpofed in numbers in fcaly heads; the feveral fcales having a kind of folia? ceous appendage at the end. Each feparate flower is formed of a fingle petal, and is tubular at the, bafe, and divided into five fegments at the edge. The feeds are large, and ftand almoft naked. Linneus places this with the other capitate plants among the /ygenefias their buttons coalefcing. Common Saff flower. Carthamus vulgaris. The root is long, flender, whitifh, and hung with a few fibres. The ftalk is upright, not much branched, round, and redifh at the bottom. The leaves are broad, fhort, fharp-pointed, and of a lively green: they ftand irregularly on the ftalks. The flowers grow at the fummits of the ftalks G E and branches in large fcaly heads; and they are of a beautiful orange yellow, which they retain when dry. It is found by road-fides in fome few parts of England. Probably thefe fhoots have rifen from fcattered feeds, the plant having been cultivated in the neighbourhood for the ufe of dyers : though perhaps it may be native. It flowers in Augutt. C.Bauhine calls it Cnicus fativus. Others} Carthamus. New U's IV. SAW-WORT. Ske ROR At TL aU sel: 5 A, HE flowers are collected in fmall heads, and contained in a common cup; which is oblong; Tt rounded, a little fwelled, and formed of fcales clofe fet, but not prickly. Each flofcule is formed of a fingle petal, tubular, and crooked at the bafe, and fwelled out, and divided into five fegments at the rim. The leaves are not prickly. Common Saw-wort. Serratula vulgaris. The root is fibrous and white. The firft leaves are ufually undivided, oblong, broad, and of a beautiful green: fometimes they are deeply cut in a pinnated form; and they in the fame manner vary upon the ftalks, being in fome plants undivided, and in others very deeply jagged, while the fpecies is the fame. In both forms they are very regularly and beautifully notched at the edges; whence the plant had its ame. The ftalk is round, upright, flender, and two feet or more in height. : The flowers are collected in fmall heads; and are of a fine purple, but fometimes white. The feeds are oblong and large. It is common about woods, and flowers in Aus gutt. : C. Bauhine calls it Serratula, Others, Serratula purpurea. It is accounted vulnerary and aftringent, but not ufed. GENUS 432 “The BRIGERSH, PER BA Gon N UES Vv. BU" -R -D. O- CX LAA Pre RIA: HE flowers are collected in large, rounded heads, and are contained many in a common cup; which is formed of oblong fcales, whofe points turn downwards as fo many hooks. Each flower has a long, flender tube, and is divided into five fegments at the rim. The feeds are pyramidal, and winged with fhort down. Linnzus places this with the preceding among the /yzgenefia: but he takes away the received name lappa, and calls the genus arétium. 1. Great Burdock, Lappa vulgaris major. The root is long and thick, brown on the outfide, white within, and hung with a few fibres. The ftalk is a yard high, ftriated, tough, and divided into many branches. The leaves are extremely large : they are broad at the bafe, fmaller to the point, and of a greyifh green colour. The flowers are of a faint purple. It is common, every where in wafte grounds, | and flowers all fummer. C. Bauhine calls it Lappa major acrium, Diofco- rvidis. Others, Lappa, and Bordana major. The root is an’ excellent diuretick and deob- ftruent. The beft way of giving it is in a ftrong infufion ; and it is thus very ferviceable in ob- ftructions of urine, and in the jaundice. It is alfo much celebrated in afthmas. The feeds pof- fefs the fame virtues. 2. Smooth-headed Burdock. Lappe capitulis maximis glabris. The root is long, thick, brown, and full of a flimy juice. : The ftalk is red toward the bottom, very tough, divided into many branches, and five feet high. The leaves are of a vaft fize, and of a deep green. The flowers are of a fine red; and the heads in which they are contained are very large and fmooth. It is frequent by way-fides with the other, and flowers in Auguft. Ray calls it Lappa major “capitulo maximo glabro. 3. Small-headed Burdock. Lappa major capitulis minoribus. The root is long, thick, and of a pale colour. The ftalk is tough, ftriated, and very much branched. The leaves are large, oblong, and not fo broad as in the common; {pecies. ‘The heads are fmooth, fmall, and very nume- rous: they are of a conic figure, and have tufts of purple flowers. It is common in our fouthern counties, and flowers in July. Ray calls it Lappa major capitulis parvis glabris, 4. Woolly-headed Burdock. Lappa capitulis magnis tomentofis, The root is long, thick, and brown. The ftalk is very thick, ftriated, purplith, and five feet high: it is divided into many branches, and thick fet with leaves, Thefe are broad, thort, rough green, and of an uneven furface, The flowers ftand ar the tops in vaft roundith, woolly heads, The feeds are large and brown, It is common in our watte flowers in June. Ray calls it Lappa major capitulis tomentofis. Others, Bardana major capitulis lanuginofis. » Of a grey grounds, and 5- Globular-headed Burdock. Lappa capitulis minoribus globofis. The root is long and large, The ftalk is tough, firm, upright, and four feet high ; and it is divided into many branches, and thick fet with leaves, Thefe are very large, broad, rumpled, of a dufky green, and clammy. The flowers are of a pale red, fometimes white ; and they are colleéted into little, globular heads ; which are thick fet with a woolly matter. : We have it in our northern counties, where it flowers in May. Ray calls it Lappe major montana capitulis mi- noribus rotundioribus et magis tomentofis. 6. Little Cobweb-headed Burdock. Lappa minor capitulis reticulatis. The root is very long and brown, The ftalk is lightly ribbed, and of a redifh co-' lour. The leaves are large, and have brown foot- ftalks : they are of an uneven furface, and pale green, The flowers are little and purple; and they are colleéted into {mall olive-coloured heads, ele- gantly reticulated with a white, woolly matter. Petiver calls ic Bordana minor capitulo araneofo. GENUS > | ? | PI-Ge a ‘i VL LEPEZ ES A A + Me WP Common way Shits ") \\ 3 Dwarf lirline y \s 7 VP aes rear Shidstle Y ; English Ge cele This ide sci \ J B. y ay i, y NEE fo A lA) ey Shepp: headed & T } ers Die Le A se ; » OR ’ OL » e y Hist “as ” = Ladies Shistle . a ) ey Connon StarG piste 7 Restle Ae /, aff Slower oy Lleficd Shuatle 2 SE F eS awwort Ww - grea “rao ck \ bh ‘ © San oa mf XN oo FH) Ne : VR ' YY, ; i Chern COMMON Sraprvecd Grea Mnaprweed G real Ce CHAMIY td Co od ‘Th BRITISH HERBAL oe Ga Ba oNt U1 38 VI; Bol, WHE BIO T TL FE: Can A Naas: Ring flowers are arranged many together in a fmall head. ‘The common cup farrounding then is of a rounded figure ; and is compofed of oblong {eales, edged in an elegant Pdnieesl The flofcules or feparate flowers are large: they have a long and flendér tube; and a wide mouth, fwelled out and divided into five fegments ; and the flofcules on the verge of each head are lef divided than thofe in the centre. The leaves are not prickly, and the whole flower is elegant. Linnzus places this among the /yngene/fia: DIVISION I, Common Bluebottle: Cyanus vulgaris. The root is fibrous, and whitifh. The ftalk is upright; flender, firm, ribbed, of a pale green; and covered more or lefs with a whitifh, downy fubftance. The leaves are long and narrow: thofe on the lower parts are divided deeply in a foméewhat pin- DIVISION I: Great Bluebottle: Cyanus major. The root is compofed of innumerable thick fibres. ‘ The ftalks are round, thick, 4 foot and half high, and not much branched: they are of a frefh green colour; but they have a white cot- torly matter about them. BRITISH S$ PR ees, nated mannér. Thé others are entire: they are of a pale green, and of a firm fubftance. The flowers terminate the tops of the branches: and they are large, and of a fine blue, It is common in cofn-fields, and flowers in Auguft, ° C. Bauhine calls it Cyanus fegetum: Others; Cyanus minor: FOREIGN SPECIES. The leaves are large, oblong, undivided, and of a fine green. The flowers are large and beautiful : they are naturally purple; but fometimes blue, and fome- times white. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in Auguft. C.Bauhine calls it Cyanus montaitus latifolins five verbafculum cyanoides: Nea Une S VII: KNAPWEED: $ ACE A Ap flowers are collected into large, rounded heads; and the fcales compofing thefe are edged with flender and irregular fibres. The flowers themfelves are {mall : they have a very narrow, tubular bafe ; and an open mouth, divided deeply into five fegments ; which are long, narrow; and pointed. Linnzus. places this with the cyaius among the fiugeiefia. He does hot allow either to be a dif: tint genus, but comprifes them together with the great centaury under the name centaurea. 1. Common Knapweed. Facea vulgaris. The root is compofed of numerous, tough, brown fibres. : The ftalk is upright, firm, of a brown colour, not much branched, and a foot and half high. The leaves are oblong, and of a dufky green ; they are varioufly and irregularly nicked and di- vided at the edges. The flowers terminate the branches; and they are of a fine, purplifh red. The “feeds are {mall and brown. It is common in paftures, and by way-fides, and flowers in June. C.Bauhine calls it Facea nigra pratenfis latifolia. Others, Facea vulgaris, N° 43. It is an excellent aftringent, and is belt given in decoétion. 2: Great Knapweed; Facea major. The toot is compofed of innumerable thick long, and brown fibres. The ftalk is robuft, brown; two feet and a half in height, and varioufly and irregularly branched. The leaves are large; and fome of them are entire, others divided to the rib into many feg- ments. ; The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches 5 and they are large, and of a lively purple. The feeds are large and brown. 5S Tt eal 434 Th BRITISH HERBAL. Wh It is common in hilly paftures, and flowers in The leaves are oblong and narrow, of a greyith July. green, and cottony. Thofe toward the lowe, C. Bauhine calls it Facea major fquammatis ca- pitulis. 3. Grey Matweed. Facea foliis cinereis. The root is compofed of many flender fibres: The ftalk is upright, brown, but covered with a cottony matter, not much branched, and rarely above ten inches high. part are deeply divided, the others fcarce at all. The flowers are large, and of a pale fiefh- colour. It is found in our northern GONE and flowers in July. Ray calls it acea minor tomentofa laciniata but the upper leaves ufually are undivided: epee soe eae ea a ea ae el coo ee BDA De oe oO aT Dea SDP Se Bh Rest E S II. ForEIGN GENERA, Thofe of which there is no fpecies native of this: country. Gab aN GeR B-AST na EET Rae SIL, CGE Net yAy,U Ray, CE = Nig inn AAU ge Rania. HE flowers are colleéted into oblong heads; which are compofed of numerous, thick, cluftered fcales: they are each formed of a fingle petal, which has a very flender, tubular bafe; and is deeply divided into five fegments. Linnzeus places this with the reft of the capitate plants among the Lingenefi fa, their buttons in the flower coalefcing in a cylindric form. ‘The common name of the genus is centaurium majas: but that is an irregulat term. It is better therefore to follow the modern practice, and call it centauria, Common Great Centaury: Centauria vulgaris. The root is long, thick, and of a redifh co- lour. The ftalk is firm, upright, of a brown colour, four or five feet high, and divided into many branches. The leaves are very large, and pinnated ina regular and handfome manner: they are ferra- ted along the edges of the pinna, and of a yel- lowifh green. The flowers terminate the branches ; large and purple. The feeds are oblong and glofty. It isa native of Italy, and flowers in June. C. Baubine calls it Centaurium majus folio in plures lacinias divifo. and are Th END of te TWENTY-FIFTH CLASS, Tw BRITISH HERBAL. SB IINIRIMIST IIR IID I I Toe eee CLASS XXVI. | Plants whofe flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, or fmaller diftin& flowers; which are flat not tubular, to the end; and are arranged toge- ther in a fealy cup; the whole naturally full or double; the entire nus ber of flofcules forming each general flower being uniform, and regularly difpofed ; and whofe leaves and fralks yield, on being broken, a white milky juice. be regularly conneéted with one another, and evidently divided from thofe of all-the o-her claffes: but the prefent mode of fcience, banifhing the ufe of obvious characters, and efta- blifhing its diftin€tions only on the difpofition and number of the minuter parts, confounds thefe plants with the capitate or thiftle kind defcribed before ; and with the corymbiferous, as well as fimply difcoide, to be defcribed hereafter under one general term, the /yngencfia. Thus arranged together, they confticute the clafs diftinguifhed by that term in the Linnean fyftem, and are with the thiftles ranked alfo with the violet and balfam. Te firft glance, even of an unexperienced eye, fees thefe plants, numerous as they are, to PRCT Por Pore OT eT: Toro L ror gona OrOnO POO ROLL aon eek ok oo Loe ko Soko oe Sie ada ematical Oe Bre ks Natives of BRITAIN. Thofe of which one or more fpecies are found naturally wild in this country. Gabe NE Us LETTUCE. Ey AGG, T UEC aA. HE flower is compofed of numerous, flat, or Jigulated flofcules, notched at the extremity, and Al arranged together in a fealy cup, of an oval or oblong figure, formed of numerous, foft, and tharp pointed fcales. ‘The feeds are winged with down, and the ftalks of the plant are tolerably firm and folid. ’ Linnzeus places this among the /yngenefia ; the filaments, as in the others, having buttons, which . unite into a cylinder. Dee Varli~ 4.36 PheBY RIS SoH ERE Baas, DAeVFles ICO UN al 1. Great Wild Lettuce, Laéiuca fylvefris major opii odore. =< The root is long, thick, and whitith; and, when cut, it yields abundantly a yellow juice, of a very unpleafant fmell, refembling that of opium; and of a bitter and naufeous tafte, ; é The firft leaves are very large, oblong, broad, and a little waved, but not divided at the edges. Their colour is a pale green ; and, when bro- ken, they yield the fame yellow acrid juice. The ftalk is round, green, fmooth, and five feet high ; and at the top it is divided into many branches, The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root ; and are oblong, broad, and undivided. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches ; and are numerous, fmall, and yellow. It is frequent in our midland counties, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Lafuca fylveftris odore vi- rofo. Others, Laéuca /ylveftris major odore opii. This is one of thofe Englith plants which de- ferve to be more known in medicine. It is called poifonous, and men have from that been frighted feom its ufe; but it is a very gentle and fafe opiate. The beft way of giving ir is in a fyrup made from a decottion of the frefh leaves and ftalk. This way it greatly exceeds the common diacodium, and may be given to tender conftitu- tions with more fafety.~ This I write from expe: . rience, 2. Jagged-leaved Wild Lettuce. Latiuca fylvefiris foliis laciniatis. _ The root is long, thick, and brown. The ftalk is round, thick, upright, purplifh, and four feet high. The leaves are long and large, of a dead green, deeply divided at the edges, and prickly along the rib on the under fide. The flowers are fmall, and of a pale yellow : they grow in vaft numbers on the tops of the branches, The whole plant abounds with a yellow, ill- feented juice. D:1 VJ. SI OaNa- IL Blue-flowered Mountain-Lettuce, ‘ Laéiuca montana cerulea. The root is long, fmall, and hung with fibres, The ftalk is round, flender, purplith colour, many branches, . upright, of a and divided at the top into B Rete le ome iN (0) Sak Clb S; It is common on ditch-banks, and flowers in June. C.Bauhine calls it Laéuca fylveftris cofta Stinofa. Others, Laétuca fylueftris diffettis foliis, The leaves of this fpecies are fometimes undi- vided, or very little divided, as in the firft kind. In.this {tate fome have defcribed it asa difting {pecies ; and others have confounded it with this and with the firft: but they are two difting. plants ; and this variety only belongs to the Jat- ter here defcribed. 3. The leaft Wild Lettuce. Lafiuca fylveftris minima. The root is léng and thin. The ftalks are numerous, very flender, tough, and of a purplith colour. The leaves are long, narrow, and deeply di- vided ;. and. the whole, plant is full of an_ill- fcented juice. The flowers aré fmall; and they rarely-open: they are placed in long, flender cups. It is common on clay-banks of ditches, and flowers in Auguft, : C. Bauhine calls it Chandrilla vifcofa humilis, Others, Ladiuca fylveftri minor. 4. Ivy-leaved Wild Lettuce. Lafiuca murorum foliis angulofis. The root is fibrous and whitifh, The ftalk is round, upright, not much branched, brownith or purplith in colour, and two feet high. : The leaves are long, and of a handfome fi- gure: they are fmali, and deeply pinnated to- ward the bafe, and at the end they {well out into a broads angulated, and pointed piece, refem- bling a leaf of ivy. The flowers are {mall, numerous, and yellow, It is common on banks and walls, and flowers in June. ‘sa C. Bauhine calls it Sonchus Levis laciniatus mu ralis parvis floribus. : Linnzus diftinguifhes this and the fucceeding -- from the /ettuce kind under the name prenanthes, from a flight difference in the cup. REIGN SPECIES The leaves are long, and moderately broad : they are flightly finuated at the edges, and of a deep green. The flowers are fmall,. and of a fine blue. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Laéfvca montana purpureo caerulea major, , GENUS: x The BRITISH HERBAL, GE NvaU - 8 437 II, SOW-THIST LE, Der Owen G Hii Ui 4s: “THE flower is compofed of numerous, flat flofcules, ranged together in a large comn This is rounded, and formed of very numerous and very flender {cales, non cup, Each of the flof-- cules is narrow, and indented in four parts at the top. The feeds are oblong, and the ftalks thick; but flight and hollow. DIVISION Tf, 1. Common finooth Sow-Thiftle. Sonchus levis. vulgaris. The root is compofed of numérous, whitith fibres; 4. < : ; The ftalk is thick, upright, round, hollow, and of a dead green. it seaeth The leaves are very large, oblong, deeply fi- nuated at the edges, and terminated by a large, broad point. The Sowers ftand in great numbers on the tops of the branches; and are large, and of a fine pale yellow. ; It is common every where in ground that has been dug, and flowers in June. C. Bawhine calls it Sonchus Levis laciniatus lati- folius. \ Others only, Sonchus Levis. 2, Broad -leaved fmooth Sow-Thiftle. Sonchus levis folio latiore: The root is fibrous and white. The ftalk is round, upright, of a deep green, and a yard high. ; The leaves are broad and fhort ; and are divi- ded at the edges by a few flight fegments. The flowers are large, and of a pale yellow. It is common in corn-fields, and flowers ir June. C. Bauhine calls it Souchus Levis*minar pauciori- bus laciniis. : 3. Common prickly Sow-Thiftle. Sonchus foliis [pinofis vulgaris. The root is long and flender, and has many fibres. The ftalk is very thick, and of a fine deep pieen, round, a yard high, and branched. The leaves are long, and confiderably broad, ferrated, and prickly at the edges, and of a fine deep green. The flowers are large; and of a gold yellow. It is common on ditch-banks; and flowers ih | Auguft. ‘ : C. Bauhine calls it Sonchus afper non laciniatus. Others, Sonchus afper vulgaris. 4. Jagged prickly Sow-Thiftle. Sonchus afper folits laciniatis. The root is long, and hung with many fibres. The ftalk is round; thick, branched, and four feet high. The leaves are very large, and of a faint green, deeply divided at the edges, and very prickly, N° 43.. Linnzus places this among the yagenefa. er. BRITISH SPECIES, .The flowers are fmaller than in the laft, and of a faint yellow. ‘ Tt is common on wafté ground; and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Sonchus afper laciniatus; a name moft. of the fucceeding writers have co- pied. 5+ Oval-leaved Sow-Thiftle. Sonchus Soliis ovatis. The root is a tuft of white fibres. “The ftalk is flender, upright, fcarce at all branched, and a foot and half high. The leaves are of a very elegant form and co- Jour: they are of a glofly green, fmall at the bafe, where they furround the ftalk, and oval toward the end ; and they are lightly fet ac the edges with tender thorns. } The flowers are few, large, and of a fine gold yellow. A It is found on fandy banks, flowering in June, Petiver calls it Sonchus rotunda folio. Plukenet; Sonchus fubrotundo folio noftras, 6. Naked-ftalked Sow-Thiftle, Sonchus catle nudo. The root is long, flender; and hung with many fibres. F The leaves that rife from it are very numerous, long, narrow, fharp-pvinted, and belet with ten: der thoris at the edge, The ftalk is a foot and a half high ; and often it has no leavés on it, rarely more than one or two: thefe are of the fame form with thof from the root. The flowers are large, and of a deep yellow. It is found among torn, and Aower$ in July: 7. Tree Sow-Thiftle; Souchus arborefcens. The root is long and thick. : The ftalk is upright, round, of a yellowith green, not much branched, and befet with coarfe yellow hairs. The leaves are long, of a deép green, and di- vided irregularly at the edges. The flowers fland ac the tops of the branches 5 and are very large, and of a deep orange yellow ; they ftand in dark green cups, covered with coarfe yellow hairs. : 2 It is common in cotn-fields and dry pattures, flowering in Auguft, C, Bauhine calls it Hierachinm majus folio fon- chi, Others; Sonchus arbore/cens vulgaris. Gu 8. Great 438 The BRITISH HERBAL. 8. Great Marfh Tree Sow-Thiftle. Sonchis arborefcens folio cnfpidato. ‘The root is long and white. The ftalk is round, upright, eight feet high, and of a dead green: toward the top it divides into numerous branches. The leaves are long, confiderably broad, deeply indented, and pointed at the end. The flowers are of a gold yellow, numerous, and very large. Jeis a Bl of our marfhes, and flowers in autumn, ‘ Merret calls it i) tricubitalis folio cufpi- dato. g. Sharp prickled Sow-Thiftle. Sonchus afper dentatus. The root is fibrous. The ftalk is round, hollow, purplith, and two feet high. The leaves are long, and confiderably broad : Be VASP OF N II. FO Blue Mountain Sow-Thiftle. Sonchus ceruleo flore. The root is long and thick. The ftalk is round, hollow, purplifh, and of a firm fubftance: it is not much branched. The leaves are large, oblong, fharp-pointed, deeply and irregularly pinnated,. and finely fer- rated along the fegments. The flowers are very large, and of a fine fky- blue. G)¢ eB iN: they are dentated fharply at the edges, and befet with ftronger prickles than the others. The flowers terminate the branches; and are large, and of a gold yellow. Ic is found in corn-fields, and flowers in July. Petiver calls it Sonchus afper deniatus. Dodo- nezus, Sonchus afperior. 10. Laciniated, fmooth Sow-Thiftle. Sonchus levis laciniatus. a The root is long, flender, and hung with many fibres. The ftalks are round, hollow, upright, and five feet high. The leaves are long and large: they are con- fiderably broad; and they are divided~ downto the rib in many fegments. ‘The flowers are large, and of a faint yellow. Ic is frequent in the weft of England, and flowers in June. Petiver calls it Sonchus les laceratus; a name others have copied. RE LGN, 8 PE CIES, It is found on the mountains of Italy, and flowers in May. Petiver calls it Sonchus ceruleus levis. Others, Sonchus montanus ceruleo flore. All the fow-shifiles poffefs the fame qualities, which are very trifling with regard to medicine. They are cooling, outwardly applied. Some have eaten the young fhoots; but they are not plea- {antsinas Wo 5 Il. HAWKWEED. Pre TE. Reg A TOP Fee HE flower is compofed of numeroys flofcules, arranged in a fmall head. The common cup to thefe is oblong ; and is formed of numerous, irregular {cales, lying clofe on one another, Each flofcule is flat, and dented in five places at the end. The ftalks of the plant are firm, and the feeds oblong and flender. Linneus places this among the fyngexefia, the buttons on the threads coalefcing into a cylinder. DiViSTON 1... Bee 1. Hawkweed with bitten roots. Hieracium radice abrupta, The root is compofed of numerous, thick fibres, joined to a fmall, oblong head, which terminates abruptly, and looks as if bitten off. The ftalks are numerous, a foot high, branched, and of a pale green. The leaves are Jong, narrow, and fharply di- vided at the edges. The flowers are fmall, and of a full yellow. It is common in paftures, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Hieracium chondrille folio glabro. \ 2. Long-rooted Hawkweed. Hieracium longius radicatum. The root is very long, moderately thick, and of a pale brown, tied ial Dp Cs has The leaves rife in aclufter from this ; and they are oblong, moderately broad, and of a deep green: they are obtufe at the ends, and are irre- gularly finuated at the edges. The ftalks rife among thefe; and are flender, tough, branched, a foot and half high, and of a pale green: they have rarely any rudiment of a leaf upon them. The flowers grow at the tops of the branches, and are of a fine gold yellow. It iscommon in paftures, and flowers in June, C. Bauhine calls it Hieracium dentis leonis folio” obtufum majus. 3. Smooth yellow Hawkweed. Hieracium luteum glabrum foliis laciniatis. The root is compofed af numerous fibres, The | 439 The ftalks are upright, branched, and fpread- ing, of a pale green, and a foot and half high. The leaves are oblong, and moderately broad ; and they are very deeply jagged at the edges: their colour is a fine green; and they are per- fectly fmooth. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks ; and they are fmall, and of a deep yellow. It is common in paftures, and flowers in July. : C. Bauhine calls it Cichoreum pratenfe Inteum levius. Others, Hierachium apbacoides. Thefe three fpecies are very common in our paftures ; and they appear under various forms, according to the degree of nourifhment each re- ceives. Hence authors, who judged too fuper- ficially, have divided them into a number of _kinds taller or lower, and with more or lefs jagged leaves: but thefe three are the real fpecies. 4. Strong-fcented Hawkweed. Hieracium caftorei odore. The root is compofed of long, thick fibres. The ftalk is upright, branched, and two feet high. The leaves are long, moderately broad, hairy, deeply indented, and of a pale green. The flowers are large and yellow ; and, before they open, the bud hangs drooping. We have it on dry banks in our midland coun- ties. It flowers in July. Ray calls it Hieracium caftorei odore Monfpelien- iM, This fpecies, when lefs nourifhed, has the leaves lefs divided, and has in this ftate been con- fidered by fome as a diftinét fpecies, 5. Broad-leaved Mountain Hawkweed. Heracium latifolium montanum. ‘The root is long, flender, and furnithed with many fibres. The ftalk is weak, branehed, of a deep green, The leaves are very broad, oblong, hairy, and of a dufky colour. The flowers are large, and of a pale yellow. It is common in our northern counties, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Hieracium smontanum latifo. lium glabrum minus. Clufius, Hieracium Britan- wicun. 6. Great jagged-leaved Hawkweed. Hiervacium laciniatum majus. The root is long, flender, and furnifhed with a few fibres. The ftalk is round, firm, and two feet and half high. The leaves are long, moderately broad, deeply finuated, and rough. ; The flowers are large, and of a deep yel- ow. ' It is found on ditch-banks in fandy foils, and flowers in Auguft. C, Bauhine calls it Hieracium maximum chon- drille folio afperum. Others, Hieracium cichorei folio majus. 8 7. Rough-headed Hawkweed. Hieracium afperius capitulis foliofis. The root is long and flender, and has abun- dance of fibres. The leaves that rife from it fpread circularly upon the gtound; and are long, narrow, of 4 yellowith green, and very rough to the touch. The ftalks are numerous, branched, and a foot and half high. The leaves on thefe refemble thofe from the root-; but they are not altogether fo rough. The flowers are large and yellow; and they ftand in a kind of leafy heads, refembling, thofe of the carduus benediétus. It is common on ditch-banks, and Aowers in July. , C. Bauhine calls it Hieracium echicides capitulis cardui benediiti. Our people, Lang de deitf. 8. Dwarf Hawkweed, with finuated leaves, Hieracium puinilum foliis finuatis. The root is long and fender. A The firft leaves are long, narrow, foft, of a pale green, and finuated deeply at the edges. The ftalks are numerous, branched, and three inches high ; and they are almoft naked. The flowers ftand at the tops, and are fmall and yellow. It is frequent in Suffex on heaths, and flowers in July. Ray calls it Hieraciam parvum in arenofis nafcens feminum pappis denficus radiatis. g. Great-flowered rough Hawkweed. Hieracium afperium flore majore. The root is long, and hung with many fibres, The ftalk is upright, round, hairy, two feet high, branched, and of a brown colour. The leaves are long, narrow, rough to the touch, and deeply finuated. The flowers are large, and yellow. We have it in corn-fields, where it flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Cichorium pratenfe luteum bir» fuium afperum, Ray, Hieracium afperum major; flore. 10. Dwarf rough Hawkweed. Hieracium pumilum afperum. The root is compofed of numerous fibres, con- nected to an abrupt head. ‘The leaves are long, narrow, a little finuated at the edges, and rough tothe touch. The ftalks are tough, and eight inches high, and the flowers {mall and yellow. Tt is found on dry banks in Kent, flowering in June. C. Bauhine calls it Hieracium pumilum faxatilg afperum radice premorfa. Columna, Hieracium Jaxatile montanum, 11. Great-flowered broad-leaved Hawkweed. Hieracium latifolium magno flore. The rogt is compofed of numerous fibres. The 4.4.0 Th BRITISH HERBAL. The leaves rife in a round tuft, and are long, broad, and covered with a downy hairynefs, of a deep green, and often fpotted. The ftalk is upright, flender, firm, and naked: at the top ftands a fingle flower, fometimes two: thefe are large, and of a gold yellow. We have it in Sufléx, flowering in Augutt. C. Bauhine calls it Hieracium Alpinum latifo- lium birfutis incanum magno flore. 12. Broad-leaved, hairy, Bufh Hawkweed. Hieracium ereftum latifolium birfutum. The root is compofed of numerous fibres. The ftalk is firm, round, a yard high, and at the top branched. The leaves have long footftalks ; and they are broad, hairy, of a pale green, indented lightly, and fharp-pointed. The flowers are numerous, large, and of a pale yellow. : We have it about woods, flowering in July. C. Bauhine calls it Hieracium Sruticofum latifo- lium birfutum ; a name others have followed. 13. Short-leaved, bufhy Hawkweed. Hieracium fraticofum folio breviore. The root is fibrous and brown. The ftalk is robuft, upright, branched, and a yard high. The leaves are broad, fhort, indented irregu- larly, and of a fine green: they are covered with a light hairynefs; but itis fo flight they appear fmooth to the diftant fight. The flowers are large, numerous, and of a gold yellow. . It is common in our northern counties, flower- ing in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Hieracium Sruticofum latifo- lium foliis dentatis glabrum. 14. Narrow-leaved, Bufh Hawkweed. Hieracium fruticofum anguftifolium., The root is fibrous. ; The ftalk is frm, upright, brown, and a yard high, The leaves are long, narrow, of a pale green, and indented at the edges. The flowers are large, and of a fine yellow: | they ftand at the tops of the branches, Ic is common in woods, and flowers in Au- guft, C. Bauhine calls it Hieraciam Jruticofum angufi- folium majus. The leaves of this fpecies are fometimes fearce at all indented ; and, according to the degree of “fhade, they will be more’ or lefs hairy. Under thefe differences it has been defcribed by fome as three diftin® plants. 15. Golden Lungwort, Hieracium murorum pilokifimum, The root is compofed of numerous, brown fibres, : The italk is round, branched, and two feet high; and it is extremely hairy, : 6 The leaves have long footftalks; and they are large, oblong, broad, lightly indented, and extremely hairy, like the ftalk. The flowers are numerous, and of a bright yellow. It is frequent on walls, and on dry banks, flowering in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Hieracium murorum folio pile- Jifimo. Others, Pulmonaria Gallica, 16. Narrow-leaved golden Lungwort. Hieracium pulmonaria dium anguftiore folié. The root is fibrous. The ftalk is firm, upright, two feet high, and not branched. 4 The leaves are long, and moderately broad, of a fine green, covered with a white down; and | they have long footftalks, The flowers are large, and of a delicate yel- low. It is found in woods in our midland counties, flowering in July. Ray calls it Hieracium pulmonaria diftum anguf- tifolium. We have this and the former fpecies on. our | cold, northern mountains, where they affume a fomewhat different form. In the firft fpecies the leaves are more obtufe, and lefs hairy ; and in this they are fmaller: in both the ftalks grow up to a great height, but with few leaves, Thefe varieties have by fome been defcribed ag diftiné fpecies; but they are no more than acci- dents of growth. 17. Great fingle-flowered Mountain Hawkweed Elieracium flore magno fingulari. The root confifts of numerous fibres, connected » to a {mall head. The leaves are {pread in a rounded clufter; and are oblong, broad, obtufe, and hairy, The ftalk rifes in the centre: it has no leaves, and it fupports only a fingle flower : this is very large, and yellow. We have it in Wales, and the north of Eng- land. It flowers in June. Ray calls it Hieracium villofum Alpinim flore magno fingulari caule. modo. It refembles moufe ear, 18. Single-flowered Bufh Hawkweed. - Hieracium nemorum flore Jingulari. The root is long, and is hung with many fibres. The ftalk is firm, a foot high, hairy, and of a brownifh colour. + gee : The leaves are numerous, oblong, broad, dented at the edges, of a pale green, and very hairy. The flower ftands fingly on the top of the ftalk; and is very large, and of a gold yellow. We have it in woods, flowering in July. Ray calls it Hieracii feu pilofelle majoris fpecies humilis foliis longioribus varius dentatis plurimus fi- mul flore fingulari. When hee ar eee bo OMUMMOTM.- Vid AO Oy Wi ee ie Pid ee , we Sa, p q ? . fp “ ., de " lmunorndmovth Jorllialé / ; Wrtal « 4 e Boos lee Sowthitle’ Va SA OW, wiley Yf R Pa. . Hawk weet wile se 5 Mlten roots Dlhacs-Mountatre pecans Sib’ ee ps lke oy ee ee : Sawhiveed I awh tltl! \ A i. $ Bi Ws ¥ | » KS , F< 5 = : | i yi ™ Zs : « ty \ a 2 f ‘ >» i} % —— ~ 7 4 ~ | "4 hy ‘ 7 7 why P ‘ ‘ . , he i N Hy) , 4 EIR. / ag aS AT MTL MIP RTTE ATTN PNET J pew dil MY Z Sites ZL W Ze Li : White flo reer A Llleice- 2 esti NiT iy ae Mawhivced Ss aete? q ie Golden: Lytuloorl! Narrow wild Lahde: ham vale (Bu WED Le 2 : Hed oy, JOTI A UM Up Gorn Dee ai : es The BRITISH FE RBravD: 441 When this grows in a lefs thaded fiuation, the | andfmaller. In both thefe ftates we find it in leaves are. few, and deeper cut; and there are fometimes more flowers than one; and, where much expofed to cold, the leaves will be crumpled, Our northern counties; and it has been deferibed as fo many diftinét fpecies, in thefe appearances, DIVISION I, FOREIGN SPECIES, Red-flowered Hawkweed. Hieracium flore rubente. The root is long, and hung with many fibres, The leaves rifing from it are numerous, broad, hairy, and of a dark green, The ftalk is a foot high, round, and very hairy : at the top grow numerous footftalks, fup- porting the flowers, Thefe are moderately large, and of a deep orange fcarlet, Tet is a native of Spain, and flowers in Au. guft. C. Bauhine calls it Hieracinin hortenfe floribus ae purpurefcentibus, Our people, Grim the col» ier. All the Aawkweeds are of the fame general qualities, cooling and deobftruent ; but their vir- tues are not fufficient to bring them into efteem or practice, GALE Ne US 2S IV. MOUSE-EAR. wea TENORS Yel Ogee base Be 07 Fy HE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, contained in a rounded cup, formed of nume- rous, tender, oblong, and narrow feales. The flofcules are feparately flat ; and dented in five parts at the ends. The leaves are hairy ; and there ftands only one head or general flower on the top of each ftalk. Common Creeping Moufe-Ear, Pilofella vulgaris repens. The root is a tuft of whitith fibres. The leaves rife in a little clutter from this ; and they are oblong, narrow, of a deep green, and very hairy: there rife with thefe fome long, weak, trailing fhoots, which take root at the ends ; and thefe fending up other clufters of leaves, propagate the plant abundantly, The ftalk is lender, of a pale green, hairy, and four inches high. : Gerson One flower ftands on its tops and this is large, and of a very beautiful pale yellow. It is common on dry banks, flowering in May. C. Bauhine calls it Pilofella major repens bir- Suta. Others only, Pilofeila. ‘It is an excellent aftringent; and may be gi- ven in powder of the whole plant againft hamor- thages, and overflowings of the menfes, A ftrong decoétion of it is good againtt loofe- neffes attended with bloody ftools. US$ Ve DANDELION. Dis Bs NS. BaeknO Ny haiS. HE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, arranged in a common cup, compofed of many eb fcales, the inner ones of which are long, narrow, and ftrait; and the outer, fewer, broader, and naturally turned backwards at the end. Each flofcule is narrow, and dented in five places at the end; and one flower ftands on each ftalk ; which is alfo naked, or without leaves, Linnzus places this among the /yngenefia with the others. 1. Common Dandelion, Dens leonis vulgaris. This is almoft too common for defcription. The root is long, and has many fibres. The leaves are numerous, long, broad, of a fine green, deeply indented, and full of a milky Juice. The ftalks are numerous, hollow, naked, and ten inches high. One flower ftands on the top of each; and this is large and yellow. It is common by way-fides, and flowers all fummer. N° XLIV, C. Bauhine calls it Dens leonis latiore folio. Others, Taraxacon. Beneficent Nature has in general made thofe things. moft common which .are moft ufeful ; and this plant is an inftance. It is excellent againft ob{tructions of the vifcera, and in the fcurvy. It is alfo of great ufe in the gravel, operating powerfully, yet fafely, by urine. The beft method of taking it in a fit of the gravel, is in {trong decoction: for the other cafes the lower part of the ftalks, blanched, are beft eaten in the way of fallad. 5U 2. Narrow- 44.2 The BRITIS Hint BEB Am. 2, Narrow-leaved Dandelion. Dens leonis folio anguftiore. The root is long, and has many fibres. The leaves are narrow, long, of a dark green, and divided into more and deeper fegments than in the common kind. One flower ftands at the top of each ftalk , and this is large, and yellow. The feeds are redifh, and are winged with down. Thofe of the common kind are yellow. It is frequent in gardens and paftures, flower- ing all fummer. C. Bauhine calls it Dens leonis anguftiore folio. 3. Rough Dandelion. Dens leonis bir futus. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres. The leaves are oblong, broad, and hairy: they are of a pale green, and deeply divided. The ftalk is naked, but hairy ; and at its top flands one large yellow flower. It is frequent in paftures, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Hieracium afperum flore magno dentis leouis. Others, Dens leonis afper, and Dens leonis birfutus. Oeil wa Gael 4, Narrow-leaved Mountain Dandelion. Dens leonis foliis integris. The root is long and thick. The leaves are long, narrow, and undivided : they are of a pale green, and lightly hairy. The ftalk is naked, and eight inches high, and the flower large and yellow. We have it in Wales, and fome of our moun- tainous counties. It flowers in Augutft. C. Bauhine cails it Hieracium montanum angufii- folium incanum. 5. Branched Dandclion. Dens leonis ramofus. The root is long and flender. ‘The leaves are very long, narrow, irregularly divided, and of a faint green. The ftalk, which naturally rifes fingle, as in the others, is fometimes in luxuriant foils fplit into two or three divifions. The flowers are fmall and yellow ; 3 and the feeds are blackifh. We have it in paftures in Suffex, June. Petiver calls it Dens lecnis ramofus glaber ; and it is fo named by Dillenius, Tt flowers in U Ss VI. GOATS-BEARD: TeRith Gy Ox PitOGy -O. 0s pu flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, arranged together in a fimple cup, formed of eight long and pointed parts, which unite in one common body at the bate. flat, fhort, and indented in five places at the top. narrow. Each flofcule is The leaves of the plant are grafly, long, and Linneus arranges this with the reft among his /yagene/fa. 1. Common Goats-Beard. Tragopogon vulgare. The root is long and large, of a a white colour, and well tafted. The ftalk is round, upright, one not un- frequently branched, and two feet high. The leaves are numerous, very long, flender, and of a fine green, with a tinge on bluifh or greyith. The flowers are large and yellow : they termi- “nate the ftalk and branches; and the leaves or fegments of the cup exceed the body of the flower in length. It is common in hilly paftures, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Tragopogon pratenfe luteum mas. 2. Purple Goats-Beard, . Tragopogon flore purpureo. The root is long, thick, white, and flefhy ; and is of a very agreeable tafte, 2 The ftalk is round, thick, jointed, and two feet or more in height. The leaves are of a bluifh green, very long, moderately broad, and fharp-pointed. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks; and they are very large and purple. It is found wild in meadows in the north of England, and flowers in July. ' C. Bauhine calls it Tragopogen purpuro-ceru- leum quod artifi vulgo. This and the common kind have the fame qua- lities. Their roots are pleafant; and this laft is kept in gardens for the fervice of the table, where it is called falfafie. They operate gently by urine, and are good againft the gravel. . The laft kind is beft tafted; but the other has moft virtue. GENUS Th CBR SH SH BR BAL. 449 Geen Nie Uae § VIL SU.CrC ORY, Gila GaeH (OR SE Uk HE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, ranged in a common cup; which, before it opens, is of a cylindric figure. Thirteen fcales or leaves form it; and of thofe cight are nar- row and oblong: thefe ftand inward, and form the cylindric part. The other five are broader, fhorters and placed outward. Each flofcule is flat, and deeply indented in five places at the edge. have no downy matter annexed to them. 1. Wild Succory. Cichoreum fylveftre. The root is long and flender. The ftalks are thick, of a deep green, two feet high, but very irregular in their growth, fre- quently branched, and placed obliquely rather than upright. 7 The leaves are long, moderately broad, of a fine green, and deeply divided into toothed feg- ments. The flowers are large and blue: they ftick to the ftalks at the infertions of the leaves, and fometimes alfo terminate the branches, G E Nee Uy 8 The feeds Tt is common in wafte places, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Cichorenm fylugfre vel offici= naruin. The garden-fuccory differs in nothing from it but culture. It poffefles the virtues of dandelion, but ina more powerful degree, operating flrongly by urine, and removing obftruétions of the vif- cera. : The beft method of taking it is in a ftrong in+ fufion of the frefh-gathered root. VIII. NIPPLEWORT. gees VEO we Sg A NA, Oe HE flower is compofed of about fixteen petals, ‘placed in a common cup 3 which is of ah oval form, and angulated, and made of fourteen feales. Eight of thefe conftitute the inner part 5 and they are long and narrow: fix form the outer part at the bale; and they are fhort. Each flo& cule is lightly divided into five parts at the end. The feeds have no down. Linnzus ranges this, the following and preceding, with the reft, among the /yagene/fia. 1. Common Nipplewort: Lampfana vulgaris. The root is long, and hung with many fibres. The ftalk is upright, a yard high, of a faint green, and divided into many branches, The leaves are large, oblong, broad, of a dufky green, and lightly and irregularly notched near the bafe, efpecially thofe toward the bot- tom of the ftalk. 2 The flowers are very fmall and yellow; but they are numerous at the tops of all the branches. It is common in wafte ground, and flowers in July. C.Bauihine calls it Soncho affinis lampfana do- meftica. 2. Dwarf Nipplewott, called Swines Succory, Lampfana minima, The root is long, flender, and hung with a few fibres. The leaves are numerous and oblong, a little notched at the edges, and of a dufky. green, The ftalk is naked, and fometimes fingle, fometimes divided; of a pale’green, and fix inches high. The flowers are fimall and yellow; and they terminate the ftalks and branches. It is found in corn-fields, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Ay/eris. The root of the ‘common nipplewort is recom- mended as diuretick and deobftruent ; but it is not ufed. SERIES 444. They BR l'ThScH Hi Bt RT RB ArT. Si Rial. J Opes) If. Forticn Genera. Thofe of which there is no fpecies native of this country. Gy EN US I. GUM-SUCCORY. GH (OND DD PRS Lele lie 7: : HE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, arranged in a common cup. This is of a cylins dric form, and is compofed of numerous fcales, of two kinds 3 thofe of the cylinder are ob- long and narrow, thofe at the bafe fhort and broader. Each flofcule is flat, fhort, and dented in - five places at the end. The feeds are winged with down. Linnzeus places this with the others among the /ygenefia, the filaments fupporting united buttons in a cylindric form. Blue-flowered Gum-Succory. Chondrilla flore caruleo. _ The root is long, thick, and hung with innu- merable fibres. The ftalk is upright, firm, round, purplith, and divided at the top into a few branches. GE Ni The leaves are long, narrow, and very beauti- fully divided: they are cut into numerous, flen- der fegments, like the pinnated leaves. The flowers grow at the tops of the branches ; and are large and blue. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Chondrilla caerulea, Ule$ II, GARDEN-LETTUCE. LACTUCA HORTENS TIS. HE flowers are compofed each of numerous flofcules, arranged in a common cup. This is of an oblong figure, and rounded at the bate; pointed. fcales. The feeds are winged with a fimple down, Common Lettuce. Laétuca vulgaris. _ The root is compofed of numerous fibres, cons nected to an oblong head. The leaves are naturally oblong, broad, irfe- gularly waved at the edges, and obtufe at the ends; but in thefé, culrure makes innumerable varieties and luxuriances, ' : Gk and is compofed of numerous, The flofcules on each are narrow, flat, and divided at the end into four fegments, NU URES fhort, foft, and The ftalk is round, thick, two feet high, and of a pale green. The leaves ftand clofe upon it, and furround it at the bafe ; and they are oblong and broad, as the others. The flowers are fmall, and of a pale yellow. It is a wild plant in Italy, flowering in Au- guft. C. Bauhine calls it Lafuca Sativa. I. SCORZONER YZ. oT 1E flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, dric figure; and is formed of about fifteen leaves, which are long and narrow. Each flofcule is fat, and dented in five places at the end, arranged ina common cup. This is of a cylin~ The feed is winged with down. Linneus places this and the preceding among the fyngenefia. Tall, narrow-leaved Scorzonera. Scorzonera foliis longioribus anguftis. The root is long and flender. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, and two feet high, The leaves are very numerous, long, narrow, of a pale green, and harp pointed. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches ; and are large and purple. It is a native of Italy, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Scorzonera angupifolia fub- caerulea. : GE UNGUaS 7 ‘ 7 Conunon Ci-eefur | ad = OUUNOM ACh fttiti, wie x | ib fe Common [te fy @UOUSELT ~Duandteion - ee: a ie b—L/Ht L ~ bers Z Ja ? ; VLE Narrow leavil? (HOHE eNMountainDanidthon Da A / i a Lirple. Geodata Will. Succory) / oy aes Buc Ylowert Sillnim OI liavil Common? coo ONL? G on Leituce? Be hie ‘ SOKZONOIM? Caudle Colle oot Gee ‘ fies 7 Tes Ty ien dig 0 YP. y j 7 Wha Comey ( Lb if Ol Clhajool Ht dle _e Snall? » 4 t : : ee A 17 . >! ; oS LO fl SMealane. Hidlure ? > Je ee 0/0 thee. ave ; ¢ Le : rN : ALL SOA1SCE dines) Be Rebel’ S-Hes Hak ROB. A TL. 445 GigE aN Uerss lv, ENDIVE. IRCTANS, JD IER Bae 6 pe flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, ranged in a common cup. This is of a cylin- dric form; and is compofed of eight oblong fcales, with five fmaller at the bafe, and very fhort. Each flofcule is divided deeply into five fegments at the edges and the feed is flattith, Linneus places this with the reft among the /yngenefia. Common Endive. Endivia bortenfis. The root is compofed of innumerable fibres, connected to an oblong head. The leaves are oblong, broad, and obtufe at the end: culture fringes them at the edges, but naturally they are plain. The ftalk is thick, upright, and two feet high. The leaves ftand clofe on this, and refemble thofe from the root. The flowers are large and blue. It is wild in Italy, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Iatibus fativa latifolia, This and the preceding are cooling, deob- ftruent, and diuretick ; but fitter to be taken in foods than as medicines, The END of te TWENTY-SIXTH CLASS, N° 44. 5x EAHE BRITISH HERBAL COL AS 1S eX: Plants whofe Slower is compofed of numerous fofeules, arranged togerber in @ common cup; and forming a rounded difk, naked or encircled with pe- tals; whofe feeds are winged with down; and whofe fralks and leaves have not the milky juice, diftinguifbing the preceding clafs. a Bese though allied to the plants of the Iaft clafs, are feparated perfectly from them by ; the form of the general flower, and difpofition of the flofcules. The later writers, influenced only by the form and arrangement of minuter parts, have been blind to this: but Ray, and others, long preceding them, obferved it. They call them the compofite, difcoide-flowered plants ; and their diftinétion is fo obvious, as well as certain, that none have erred about it. SSG STAGES Gee cea eat cae a a abate aa et oat am ate at ete on ot " Se eee arte 3S I; . Natives off BRITAIN. Thofe of which one or more fpecies are naturally wild in this country. Ga Ns Uste 5 I. COLE MEY S: hO1Onay: TEU: Sic SoeTGaL eal GEO; pe flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, arranged in form of a difk, and placed in a com- moncup. This is ofa cylindric fhape, and confitts of about twenty fcales, The flofcules in the difk are tubular ; and they are edged with fome flat ones in manner of rays; and one flower only ftands on each ftalk. Linnzus places this, with all the fucceedin & genera of this clafs, among the Jyngenefia, the buttons coalefcing into a cylinder. ; DIVISION: 1 BRITISH SPECTES Common Coltsfoot. one feafon, and the leaves at another: we have Tufilago vulgaris. therefore reprefented it in two figures. } The root is long, white, and creeping. The ftalks which fupport the flowers are nu- merous, thick, juicy, purplith, eight inches ; high ; This differs from the generality of plants in the manner of its growth, the flowers appearing at 3 The (BRET St HER BAT: high; and they have imperfe& membranes by way of leaves. The flowers are large, and of a beautiful yel- low: one ftands on the top of each ftalk, After thefe appear the leaves : they are large. roundith, fupported on long footftalks; and of a deep green, but pale underneath, and downy. The flowers appear early in fpring, the leaves foon after, DRIeVeleES*I-O Nail: Alpine Coltsfoot. Lufilago Alpina purpurea. The root is long and creeping. The leaves are placed on fhort, purplith foot- ftalks; and they are fmall, of a roundith fhape, and dented at the edges, of a deep green on the upper fide, and woolly underneath. Ga beft method of giving i made of the juice of the leaves with honey. It is thus of excellent fervice in afthmas, coughs, and forenefs of the breaft. 2 | EO eight inches high. flower, very large, and of a beautiful purple. EN Use 83 447 It is common in clayith foils, C. Bauhine calls it Tufiilago vulgaris, Te.is a celebrated and excellent pectoral. The t is in form of a fyrup, REIGN SPECIES, The ftalk is hollow, purplith, round, and On its top ftands a fingle It is a native of Germany, and flowers in -April. C. Bauhine calls it 7; ufilago Alpina rotundifolia canefcens. ‘ I, Be lege ABS VAG Nick: CONY ZA. HE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, e placed in a common cup. Thofe in the difk ate tubular ; and they are furrounded with flat ones in the verge, difpofed as rays. The cup is of a cylindric form, fhort, and compofed of numerous feales, down. The feeds are winged with flight Linneus places this among the fgenofia : but he makes a ftrange diftribution of the {pecies among many diftinét genera of other names. 1. Middle Fleabane. Conyza flore majore lute. The root is compofed of thick fibres. The ftalk is round, hairy, whitith, and two feet high. The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a faint green: they are clammy to the touch, and have a ftrong, difagreeable fmell. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches, and are large and yellow. It is common in wet places, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Conyza media afteris flore duteo. Others, Conyza media. 2. Small Fleabane, Conyza minor, The root is fibrous and brown, The ftalks are round, brownifh, a foot high, and very much branched. The leaves are oblong, broad, obtufe, and of a brownih green. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches 5 and are yellowifh, and ufually naked; but occa- fionally they have fhort rays about the verge, It is common in watery grounds, and flowers in Auguft, C. Bauhine calls it Conyza minore Hore globofo. 3. Jagged Fleabane. Conyza paluftris foliis laciniatis. The root is fibrous and redifh, : The ftalk is upright, firm, and divided into many branches. The teaves are Jong, narrow, fharp-pointed, and very beautifully ferrated on the edges. The flowers fland at the tops of the branches 3 and they are numerous, large, beautifully radi- ated, and yellow. It is found in our fen-counties, and flowers in July. f C. Bauhine calls it Conyza aquatica laciniata: Others, Conyxa major. The juice of fleabane is faid to be an excellent pectoral ; but it is unpleafant, and is not ufed. GOE Navi, Ss The BRITS He or EBR? BA si: G . EF 233aN Wie 2S ge tlle ST AsR? WO, RT. Ae Se Te hae R., BPE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, placed in a common cup. placed over one another. The Alofcules in the difk are tubular, and thofe and the feeds have a fine down fixed to them. very numerous {cales, on the edge flatted ; This is formed of Linneus ranges this among the fyngengfa with the others. DIVISION L 1. Starwort, called Golden Sampire. After crithinum cryfanthemum difius. The root is large, and hung with many fibres. The ftalk is round, upright, juicy, green, and rarely branched. The leaves are of a fingular figure: they are long, narrow, and divided into three parts at the end. Their colour is a pale green ; and they are of a flefhy fubftance. The flowers are large, aad of a fine yellow: one ufually terminates the ftalk. We have it on our weltern coafts. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Crithinum maritimum flore ofteris Attici. 2. Sea-Starwort. After Tripolium didtus. The root is long, and furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalk is round, upright, and three feet high. The leaves are long, narrow, and of a pale green, obtufe at thé ends, and not at all divided at the edges. _ The flowers ftand in numbers at the tops of the branches ; and are large and blue. Tt is common about falt rivers, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Tripolium majus ceruleum. DTV Esk ON VE Narrow-leaved African Starwort. Apter purpurafcens anguftifolius Africanus. The root is long, and furnifhed with many fibres. \ The ftalk is upright, branched, and four feet high. : The leaves are large, but very narrow, of a Gan New eUn tS BR AST. 1S H. S°P-E.Gulkes. 3. Small Starwort, called Blue, fweet Fleabane. After arvenfis ceruleus acris. The root is long, and has a few fibres. The ftalk is hairy, upright, and a foot-hich of a redifh colour, and toward the top Gemnehed) The leaves are oblong, broad; of a dufky green, and hairy. ; The flowers are moderately large, and of a purplifh blue: they ftand at the tops of the branches. We have it on barren grounds, flowering in April. ? C. Bauhine calls it Conyza cerulea actis. Others, After ceruleus arvenfis. 4. Starwort, called Dwarf Fleabane. After conyza Canadenfis annua acris diffa. The root is fmall and fibrous. The ftalk is round, redifh, upright, and a foot high. ne The leaves are long, narrow, and of a lively green. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches, and are fmall and white. ' It is found in many parts of England, but feems owing to feeds fcattered and blown out of gardens. It flowers in May. Boccone calls it Conyza Canadenfis annua alba’ acris Linaria foliis. Others, Conyzella. FO RELGEG NOSE CLES pale green, fharp-pointed, and not at all divided at the edges. : ‘ The flowers are large, and of a pale purple, fometimes deeper, fometimes whitifh. : It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, and flowers in June. ‘ ‘ Commeline calls it Afer anguftifolius Africanus IV. Welel Ds” CoA RL fe NE. GaN. LG. Us, ft Ps flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, placed in a common cup. This is large, and is formed of numerous fmall fcales. The flofcules are tubular, and divided into five parts at the edge; and they are furrounded with fhining, hard rays. Linnzeus places this among the /yngene/ia. Wild “Ronse S4 a LY ; AMAL MMAIIUOTOD’ ‘omer fp Sea Hiurwor Dw Yl te : 2 ie fe dda PE 5 ae eee —_ calli, Nac Hea Vids le“ \ ib) oo ! >. ae “te Narva leavile Af CML’ VE Wy Wy a pia Maworl weea'\ | a 4” 4 | : >. ; . / Az Chap OUMNMC’ | Midd Colne a\ Cs a ae { ‘ inal Mountygn Gali ned Pa / Se / os ee SS Sane ava df Sup eMart Mjolelarod. Sy he : ‘ x 1 he A j 4, alt i ; £9 | bet g iy y "att /p Wy pf? | Vf Fi : a Knotted Lbpertiae wn = hy GOM IM 0 ms Connon : Lioad eavt dented GAMMIO6 Z) 0 mae Per = — “boii Se i i ee Sey! vad leavil. Marsh 3 7 Sp? Di % : P Haywurort’ Mould Mil il COUMMLOT YI0U! e ¢ ' C a " an Sein aqwort i oll ie oltony YG ivindiell a The BRITISH HERBAL. 449 ‘Wild: Carline. - Chicus carlina fyloeftris diftuss ‘The root is long, fender,” and’hard. The ftalk is upright, firm, of a yellowith | green, ‘and hairy. The leaves are long, moderately broad, full of | oO prickles, and of a fhining green. Go Be The flowers are large, and of a dufky yellow : | they terminate the branches, and rife alfo from the'bofoms of the leaves. We have it in dry paftures, flowering in Au- guft. C.Bauhine calls it Cnicus flvefris fpinofior. thers, Carlina /lveftris. Gig 28 V. ELECAMPANE. ; HELENIU™ HIE “flower is compofed of numerous flofeules, arranged in a cominon cup. This is large, and compofed of many loofe fcales. The flofcules are of two kinds, tubular in the centre, and flat or ligulated at the edge; and the buttons on the threads have briftles behind them. Linnzus places this among the /yngene/ia, Common Elecampane; Helenium vulgare. The root is very large and thick, brown, flefhy, and of an aromatick tafte. The ftalk is five feet high, very thick, firm, and ‘not much ‘branched. The leaves are large, oblong, pointed, and of a yéllowifh green. The flowers grow at the tops of all the branches ; and they are large and yellow. GB Nes We have it wild in pafture-grounds in York- fhire. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Helenium vulgare. Others, Enula campana, and fome Inula; Linnzeus among others. The root is an excellent pectoral, and pofiefies many other virtues. It is fubaftringent and dia- phoretick. It is given with moft fuccefs. in coughs, and diforders of the lungs; and “is no way better than eaten candied. VI. GOLDEN ROD. V5. dee GA Ae ORY oA HE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, arranged in a common cup. This is oblong and fealy, and is formed of many oblong parts. The flofcules in the centre are tubular, and thofe which furround them ‘on the edge flat. Linneus places this with the others among the /yngenefa. DIVISION I. 1. Common Golden Rod. Virga aurea vulgaris. The root is compofed of numerous fibres, con- | neéted to an oblong head. The ftalk is upright, and two feet high ; and it is loaded with many branches. The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a deep green. The flowers are very numerous, and of a fine gold yellow: they ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches. It is common in dry places, and flowers in Au- uft. : C. Bauhine calls it Virga aurea anguftifolia mi- nus ferrata, Others, Virga aurea vulgaris, ang fimply Virga aurea. 2. Marfh Golden Rod. Virga aurea palufris. The root is fibrous and white. The ftalks are numerous, flender, upright, N° XLV. BRITISH SPECIES. and two feet high: they are uftally of a redifh colour, and are not much branched. The leaves are long, narrow, and beautifully ferrated at the edges. The flowers ftand in great numbers at the tops. of the branches, and are large and yellow. It is a native of our fen-counties, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Conyza paluftris ferratifolia« 3. Small, ferrated-leaved Golden Rod. Virga aurea bumilia foliis ferratis. The root is compofed of numerous fibres, con. nected to a fmall head. The ftalks are tough, upright, very mucli branched, and a foot high. The leaves are placed on long footftalks ; and are narrow; and ferrated at the edges. The flowers are numerous, fmall, and yellow. | It is found in our hilly northern and weftern counties, flowering in July. Ray calls it Virga aurea vulgari bumilior. 5¥. 4. Narrow- 450 The, BR, a TI $;0. HE ® B A inna 4. Narrow-leaved hoary Golden Rod, Virga aurea anguftifclia incana. ' The root is compofed of numerous, thick fibres. The ftalk is round, redifh, and fix or eight inches high, The leaves are long, narrow, obtufe, of a pale green, and alittle hairy. The flowers ftand in clufters at the top of the flalk, and on long footftalks from the bofoms of the leaves: it is not uncommon in the weft of England, and flowers in Avguft, Ray calls it Virga aurea montana folio angujto Sudincano flofculis conglobatis. 5- Broad-leaved, indented Golden Rod. Virga aurea folio angufto ferrato maximo. The root is long and creeping, and is hung with numerous fibres, DelVelsSlOoN oat Knotted American Golden Rod. Virga aurea ad alas florida. The root is long, fibres. j and furnifhed with many FOREIGN The ftalk is round, upright, and toward bottom redifh; and it is four feet high. The leaves are long, broad, fharp-pointed, elegantly ferrated at the edges, and of a fine green. The flowers ftand in great numbers on the tops of the branches, into which the ftalk divides at the fammit ; and they are large and yellow. We have it in dry, wafte grounds in our nor- thern counties. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls Virga aurea anguftifolia fer- rata. Others, Solidago Sarvacencia, Saracen’s confound. the All the kinds of golden rod are aftringent and vulnerary ; but they are not ufed at prefent, § PLE; © 1.E:S: The flowers are numerous and {mall: they ftand at the top of the ftalks, and in the bofoms of all the leaves, in clufters; and they are fmall and yellow. It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in The ftalks are numerous, weak, but tolerably July. upright, of a pale green, and two feet or more high. Plukenet calls it Virga aurea ad. foliorum alas The leaves are broad, fhort, and beautifully florifera. ferrated, fharp pointed, and of a fine green, Gi Be. Ne Ur 49S VII. RAGWORT,. Fig C.O BR Bg EE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, ranged in a common cup. This is fhort, of a cylindric figure; and compofed of numerous, oblong, pointed fcales. The flofcules are of two kinds, tubular in the centre of the difk, and flat at the verge ; the ower being radiated. The feeds are winged with a fine down. DlAyvlesseal ONT 1. Common Ragwort. Facobea vulgaris. The root confifts of numerous, thick fibres, connected to a {mall head. 4 : The ftalk is upright, thick, not much branched, and two feet high, ; The leaves are divided into five fegments, and are of a deep green. The flowers ftand in great clufters at the tops of the ftalks ; and are large, and yellow. Tt is common by way-fides, and flowers in June. ’ C. Bauhine calls it Facobea vulgaris laciniata. 2, Hoary, groundfel-leaved Ragwort. Facobea fenicionis folio incana. The root is fibrous and whitith. The flalk is two feet high, redifh, upright, and not much branched. The leaves are large, divided, and of a greyith green on the upper-fide, and whitith under- neath, BRITISH S27. Po E..C EB. .S. The flowers ftand at the tops in clufters ; and are large and yellow. It is common in paftures, gut. Ray calls it Facobea Senicionis folio incana pe- renmis. and flowers in Au- 3: Broad-leaved Marth-Ragwort, Facobea paliftris latifolia, The root is fibrous, ; The ftalk is two feet and a half high, upright, and divided into many branches, The leaves are large, broad, ferrated at the edges, and a little notched toward the bafe. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and are large and yellow. It is common about waters, and flowers in duly. C. Bauhine calls it Facobea Alpina laciniata lore bupthhalmi. Others, Facobea aquatica. 4. Mountain- The 4. Mountain-Ragwort, Facobea montana foliis integris. The root is oblong, large fibres. The ftalk is upright, inches high. The leaves, contrary to the reft of the fpecies, and to the name, are undivided : they are ob- long, and of a pale green, and woolly, fmall, and hung with fmooth, redifh, and ten DIVISION I FO Sea Ragwort. Facobea vulgaris, The root is compofed of numerous fibres. The ftem is hard, woody, and divided into many branches. The leaves are deeply divided into fegments GootE BRUT Psat Tf eR BAT Nate U 451 The flowers ftand at the tops; and they are large and yellow. Te is frequent in our mountainous counties, and flowers in June, C. Bauhine calls it %acobea montana lanuginofa angupifolia non laciniata; The root. of the common ragwort is aftringent and vulnetary: it is beft given in decoétion ; but it is not much ufed, REIGN SPECIES and they are of a dutky green on the upper-fide, and perfeétly white underneath, The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches, and are of a bright yellow. It is common by the fea-coafts, une. C. Bauhine calls it Facobea maritima cinerea; and flowers in § VIII. GROUNDSELY, SENECTIO. JHE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, formed of many oblong {feales, the difk are fhort and tubular ; and thofe not radiated. The feeds are winged with-down. Linnzus places this ainong the Sngenefia. 1, Common Groundéfell, Senecio vulgaris. The root is formed of many fibres, Joined to a fmall head.. ; The leaves are long, and irregularly finuated at the edges, The ftalk is round, tender, thick, redifh, and ten inches high. : The leaves on this refemble thofe from the root, and all are of a pleafant green. The flowers ftand at the tops; and they are fall and yellow. At is too common in cultivated grounds, and flowers all fummer. CC. Bauhine calls it Senecio minor vulgaris. Others, Erigeron, An infufion of the leaves operates gently and eafily by vomit. : The frefh roots {melt ftrongly as foon as taken out of the ground, are an immediate cure for the headach. This is communicated to me by Ifaac Ware, Efq; to whom an accident. firft difco- vered it, 2. Cottony Groundfell. Senecio birfutus odoratus. The flofcules are of two kinds, on thé verge are fomewhat flatted ; The root is long, and hung with many fibres. ranged in acommon cup. This is thort, and Thofe in the centre of but the flower is naked; The ftalk is two feet high, not robuft, nor much branched, The leaves are oblong; and they are deeply and irregularly divided at the edges: thefe and the ftalk ate! of a pale, greyith green; and are covered with a loofe cottony matter, The flowers are fmall and yellow. Tt is common by road-fides, and flowers in June. ; The leaves have an ill fcent, and are often clammy to the touch, C. Bauhine calls it Senecio Others, Erigeron tomentofum. tound, flender; incanus pinguis, 3. Small, broad-leaved Groundéell. Senecio minor latiore folio. The root is fibrous, The ftalks are thick, irregularly branched, and ten inches high, The leaves are of a deep gieens; and of 4 flefhy fubftance ; oblong, broad, and flightly fi- nuated. The flowers are {mall and yellow, ahd edged. We have it on barren grounds. It flowers in Augutft,' C. Bauhine calls it Senecio minor latiore folie five montana. GENU 452 The BRITISH HERBAL. 1G cane N... (0.275 IX. BU TTER-B UR. PiBNTIAS IT ES. mut flower is compofed of numerous flofcules,, ranged in a common cup. This is of-a cylindric ” figure; and is formed of about twenty little, foft leaves. The flofcules are. tubular; and the flowers ftand in a fpike upon ftalks, which rife before the leaves. Linnzus places this with the reft among the pygencfia. 1. Common Butter-Bur. Petafites vulgaris. The root is long, thick, and creeping; of a {trong fmell, and bitter, aromatick tafte. The flower-ftalks rife before the leaves; and they are thick, ftriated, tender, and of a pale flefh-colour, not at all branched, and about a foot high. The. flowers are {mall, and ftand in a long, loofe fpike at the top of the ftalk: they are of a pale flefh-colour. The leaves appear foon after, and grow to an enormous fize: they are roundifh, and of a deep green on the upper-fide, but whitifh underneath , and they are placed on thick, whitifh, hollowed footftalks. : Tt is common in rich wet foils, and flowers in April. C. Bauhine calls it Petafites major et vulgaris. Others only Petafites. G cE WN PLOWMAN’S The root.is a very powerful cordial and fudo- rifick. An infufion of it is excellent in malignant fevers. 2. Butter-Bur, with long footftalks to the flowers, Petafites flovibys pediculis longis. infidentibus. The root is large and fpreading. The ftalks fupporting. the flowers are two feet high, thick, whitifh, juicy, and covered with flight membranes. The flowers have long footftalks ; and they are numerous, and form a long, loofe fpike: their colour is a pale red. The -leaves are very large, of a pale green above, and they have very little whitenefs below. It grows in meadows with us, not uncommon, and flowers in April. Ray calls it Petafites major floribus:pediculis lon- gioribus infidentibys. The old authors did ‘not know it. ‘ U Ss 2 is SPIKENARD. BY AG iC 5h Agar. LS, PERS flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, ranged in a common cup; and this is fhort, thick, and rounded. The feales compofing it are numerous, and they ftand feparate at the points. The flofcules are {mall and tubular, and the leaves of the plant are undivided. Linnzus places this with the reft among the fyagene/ia. Common Plowman’s Spikenard. Baccharis vulgaris, The root is long, thick, divided, and fpreading. The ftalk is a yard high, firm, round, brown- ifh, and divided into numerous branches. The leaves are large, oblong, broad, of a dufky green, and undivided. The flowers are naked, fmall, and of a dufky yellow. G & Me Ue as It is common in dry, wafte grounds, and flowers in July. ‘ C. Bauhine calls it Conyza major vulgaris, Others, Baccharis Monfpelienfium. . The whole plant has a fragrant fmell. It is a powerful diuretick, and excellent againft the gravel. It is beft taken in infufion. XI. HEMP-AGRIMONY. EUPATORIUM, HE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, arranged in a common cup. This is oblong; and confifts of many natrow, pointed fcales, laid over one another, The flofcules are tubu- ‘ar, and divided into five fegments at the edge. Linnzeus places this with the others among the fyagenefia, the buttons coalefcing in a cylinder. DIVI- Common LMenyigr mony iy { AY) Y CAB oe ) © | Conunonludwcil 1) Vee least Ciwdarceid KS, ay | Lechbeeaided tong leat Cudueed: Mountain Ca Virgen Sneeze Or ~ The, BR ARIS A HERBAL. end nen DIVISION I Common. Water Hemp-Agrimony. Eupatorium vulgare: The root is compofed of numerous fibres, connected to a fmall head. The ftalk is round, of a pale green, four feet high, and not much branched. The leaves are divided in the manner of fin- gers; and the fegments are very large, oblong, fharp-pointed, ferrated, and of a pale green. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in vaft tufts; and are of a pale flefh-colour. It is common by waters, and flowers in June. DIVISION I. FO American Hemp-Agrimony. Eupatorium Americanum. The root is compofed of numerous fibres, con- nected to a {mall head. The ftalk is firm, round, upright, of.a redifh colour, dufted over with grey, and-is four feet high. The leaves ftand four at a joint; and they are Gee Nv -U, 28 453 BOR Ea eS Ho SsP bec T ES: CG Bauhine calls it only, Eupatorium Cannabi- num. Others, Eupatorium Cannabinum mas. The leaves of this plant are fometimes undivi- ded at the upper part of the ftalks ; and in this condition it has been defcribed by fome as a dif- tinct fpecies ; but erroneoufly, for it is only a flight variety. It is a powerful diuretick and deobftruent, An infufion of the leaves is good againft the gravel ; and in the beginnings of dropfies. A ftrong decoétion of the frefh root is a rough purge. R°ELG Nis SeP'E C TRS, oblong, broad, ferrated, rough to the touch, and of a dufky green. The flowers are placed at the tops of the branches in fmall heads; and they are of a redifh purple. it is common by rivers in Virginia, and flowers in Auguft, Cornutus calls it Eupatorium Americanum Solis enule, , XI, CUDWEED. : GEN die Pe HT eg Geel UM; HE flower is compofed of numetous flofeules, placed ina common cup. This is of a rounded figure, and formed of many oval, pointed feales. The flofcules ate tubular, and divided into five fegments at the edge. The feeds are oblong, {mall, and winged with down. Linneus places this with the reft among the /yngenefia. DVS 1 ONE ~ 1. Sea-Cudweed. Guaphalium maritimum. The root is long and woody. The ftalks ate numerous, round, white, and not much branched, and about ten inches high. The leaves are fhort, obtufe, and not at all di+ vided; they are of a white colour, and very thick covered with a downy matter. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches ; and are large and beautiful, of a fhining white on the edge, and a gold yellow in the middle. : We have it by our fea-coafts. It flowers in June. oe C. Bauhine calls it Guaphalium maritimum; a name others have copied. The whole plant has an agreeable fmell. 2. Long-leaved, upright Cudweed. Gnaphalium Anglicum longifolium ereéium. The root is long and flender. The ftalks are flender, upright, and a foot and half high. The leaves are long and narrow; and whitifh, as are alfo the ftalks. N° 45. BRITISH SPECIES, The flowers grow in fmall, black heads, in the bofoms of the leaves from the middle to the top of the ftalk ; and the plant is feldom at all branched, It is common in woods and thickets, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Guaphalium majus angufto oblongo folio. 3. Common Cudweed: Guaphalium vulgare. The root is fibrous. The ftalk is firm, upright, and ten inches high: it is of a tough fubftance, a whitith colour, and branched in a fingular manner. At the height of about feven inches there ftands a fingle head of flowers, which terminates the main-ftalk ; and from this rife two or more branches, each having at its top another head. Thefe are of a yellowith brown; and the leaves are oblong and white; frequently alfo there rife other branches from the lower part of the ftalk. C. Bauhine calls it Guaphalium vulgare majus, Others, Herba impia. 52 4. The 454 he BRA TLS Ato ER B And. 4. The leaft Cudweed. Guaphalium minimum. The root is flender, and has a few fibres. The ftalk is tough, white, four inches high, and very much branched. ‘The leaves are fhort and white. The flowers grow in very fmall heads on the tops of the ftalks; and are {mall, and pale co- Joured. ; It is common in dry grounds, flowering in June. C. Bauhine calls it Guapbhalium minus repens. 5. Black-headed, long-leaved Cudweed. Guaphalium longifolium humile ramofum. The root is compofed of numerous long fibres. The ftalks are round, tough, fix or eight inches high, and whitifh; branched, and befet irregu- larly with leaves. : Thefe are long, narrow, foft to the touch, and of a whitith colour. The flowers ftand in numerous, fmall, black heads at the tops of the ftalks and branches. It is common in damp places, and flowers in uly. d C, Bauhine calls it Guaphalium medium. Others, Filago minor. 6. Narrow-leaved Dwarf Cudweed. Guaphalium pumilum ramofifimum poly[permum. The root is flender, and hung with a few fibres. The ftalks are numerous, three inches high, very much branched, and of a white colour, The leaves are oblong, extremely narrow, and fharp-pointed : they are placed irregularly, and are of a whitifh colour. The flowers ftand in the bofoms of the leaves in fmall heads, and in vaft numbers. It is common in corn-fields in Suffex, and flowers in July. Ray calls it Guaphalium parvum ramofifinum, 7. Great-headed Cudweed. Guaphalium capitulis majoribus latifolium, The root is long, and has many fibres. The ftalk is round, whitith, tough, and not much branched. The leaves are numerous, broad, oblong, ob- tufe at the ends, and white.’ The flowers ftand in large, brown heads, and are very permanent. We have it in fandy grounds in Suffex. It flowers in Augutt. Petiver calls it Gnuaphalium Germanicum. 8. Mountain-Cudweed. Guaphalium montanam flore magno. The root is compofed of many brown, tough fibres. The ftalks are numerous; and of thefe the greater part lie upon the ground, and do not ex- ceed an inch and half in length: one or two rife up, and are four or five inches high: thefe are ‘round, of a whitifh green, and not branched. The leaves are oblong, broad, hairy, of a pale green on the upper-fide, and whitith under- neath, The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks ; and they are very large, of a filvery white, or faintly dafhed with purple. We have it on mountainous heaths, but not common. It flowers in July. ; C. Bauhine calls it Guaphalium montanum folig rotundiore. Others, Pes Cati, Cat's foot, There is a variety of this with longer leaves, which authors have erroneoufly defcribed as 4 diftinét fpecies. ‘g. Tall American Cudweed. Gnaphaliuim majus longifelium. The root is compofed of numerous, flender fibres. The ftalk is round, thick, upright, and two feet high. The leaves are very numerous; and they are oblong, narrow, and fharp-pointed, waved at the edges, and of a beautiful filvery white, The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in round filvery heads. It is an undoubted native both of England and Wales, and is found in many places by the fides of rivers, flowering in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Graphalium Americamun la- tifolium, Others, Guapbalium Americanum. 10. Clufter-leaved Cudweed. Gnaphalium latifoliuin capitulis conglobatis, The root is long, flender, and hung with a few fibres. The ftalk is round, upright, and whitihh, The leaves are placed alternately, and at con: fiderable diftances: they are oblong, broad, pointed at the end, and of a whitith green. The flowers ftand in round clufters at the tops of the branches ; and are of a filvery white, with a tinge of ftraw-colour. It is frequent in the Ife of Jerfey, and in Ireland. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Guaphalium majus lato ob- longo folio. All the cudweeds pofiefs the fame virtues ; but thofe are not enough regarded, They are re- commended as vulneraries ; and they are excel- lent againft hemorrhages. The common cudweed, called herba impia, I had an opportunity of feeing lately tried with vaft fuc- cefs. It isa known remedy in Suffex for cattle when they have bloody ftools; and this led a farmer, whofe name is Martin Wakes, to try it him(elf in an habitual flux of the belly, attended frequently with bloody ftools. He dried the whole plant in an oven, and powdered it, fifting out the fine part, and throwing away the ftrings. - He boiled alfo the frefh plant, cut to pieces, four handfuls to two quarts of water, till it was very ftrong. He then took as much as would lie on a fix- pence of the powder, and a glafs of the decoction warm, whenever the bloody ftools returned. This proved always a temporary, and in the end an ? The BOR TT SH HR sReR ACL, 455 an effectual remedy; for the complaint never troubles him now, nor has for feveral years, This I faw tried fuccefsfully ; and the account DIVISION IL Stinking Athiopian Cudweed. Gnaphalium fatidum. The root is long, and furnithed with many fibres. The ftalk is round, upright, thick, rarely branched, and of a whitith colour. The leaves are very broad, oblong, woolly, white, and without footftalks. of a compleat cure comes well attefted. It is therefore worth the attention of thofe who can introduce it univerfally. FOREIGN SPECIES, The flowers ftand at the top of the ftalks in oblong, yellowith heads. It is a native of Africa, and flowers in July. Plokenet calls it Gnaphalium Althiopicum lati- Solium fatidum, the whole plant having a flink~ ing fmell. The END of the TWENTY-SEVENTH CLASS, - rie iy BOR«l dios: A HERBAL. SSD Seo ae i ce eae a eae DeaD eae aoe eee aa a el ee eee oa eat oo aa CLAS S XXVIII. Plants whofe flower is compofed of many flofcules, arranged in a difcoide form; and whofe feeds are not winged with down. HESE are feparated by Nature in a very diftin® manner from all other plants: and the fingle i circumftance of their feeds having none of that downy matter which is annexed to thofe of the two preceding divifions, is an obvious and unalterable mark of the clafs: it joins them to one another, while it excludes the reft of the difcoide-flowered kinds. This was a character Linnzus could not but perceive; and, todo him the juftice due to his great accuracy in examination, he has never once omitted to name it; but unhappily the purpofe of his fyftem being to exclude all but the minuter parts from the diftinétions of claffes, he could not uf it for this end. pCR @ Ree Bee Lok ge ono be poke oe OL Ooo ro boc Boot on oon Pe enon not ot ats Tot orot ott SE oReds BS I; Natives of BRITAIN, Thofe of which one or more {pecies are naturally wild in this country. Ge Se oO NS ass I. CORN MARYGOLD. GU ATR DOSE AIN Te ok OM Ue ME ¢ Boe flower is compofed of many flofcules, of two kinds, arranged in a difk or rounded head, and furrounded wich numerous petals as rays; and it is placed in a hemifpheric cup, made of numerous and clofe-compaéted {cales. The flofcules in the centre of the difk are tubular ; thofe on the rim are flat, and the feeds are oblong, Linneeus places this and all the fucceeding genera of the prefent clafs among the /yngenefia, ITV IS: 1 O N= i Bo Te 1 So re Seba Glens 1. Common Corn Marygold. rated at the edges; and their colour is a pale, Chryfanthemum fegetum vulgare. The root is long, and hung about with many fibres. The ftalk is lender, upright, very much branched, and two feet high, The leaves are oblong, fharp-pointed, and fer- bluifh green. The flowers terminate the branches ; and they are large and yellow. It is common in our corn-fields, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Bellis lutea foliis profunde incifis. ‘ 2. Small Tie BRITISH HERBAL. 457 2. Small-flowered Corn Marygold, Chryfanthemum flore minore. The root is compofed of many long, white fibres. , The ftalk is upright, branched, and two feet high, The leaves are large, and deeply divided at DIVISION IL. Indian Corn Marygold. Chryfanthemum latifolium Indicum. The root is long, white, and hung with a few fibres. The ftalk is round, purplifh at the bafe, branched, and two feet high. GE Nite gUes 3S the edges, fo as to refemble the pinnated kinds 5 and they are of a pale, bluifh green. - The flowers are very numerous, fmall, and yellow. We have it in corn fields in fome parts of the kingdom, but not frequent. It fowers in Auguft. Ray calls it Clry/anthemum Segetum noftras folig glauco multifciffo. FOREIGN SPECIES, The leaves are broad, fhort, fharp-pointed, ferrated at the edges, and of a bright green. The flowers ftand at the fummits of the branches ; and are large, and of a pale yellow: It is a native of the Eaft and Weft Indies, and flowers in Augutt, Plukenet calls it Chryfanthemum Maderafpata- num oxycanthe foliis. Il; OMX =H: ek; BU PAH Ted EM UM: HE flower is radiated, and compofed of numerous flofcules; and is formed of many flender leaves. feeds are oblong. placed in a rounded cup, The flofcules in the central part of the difk are tubu- Jar, and thofe at the rim flat. The edge of the tubular flofcules is cut into five fegments ; and the — Linnzeus places this with the reft among the Lngenefia. Common Ox-Eye, Buphthalmum vulgare. The root is long, and furnifhed with many fibres. The ftalk is round, upright, very much branched, and two feet and a half high. The leaves are large, of a fine green, and very beautifully divided in a pinnated manner into ob- GE Nees S long fegments; which are fharp-pointed, and fer2 rated at the edges. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches $ and are very large, and of a fine gold yellow. We have it damp grounds in fome of our northern counties. It flowers in Augutft. C. Bauhine calls it Buphthalnum tanaceti mi- noris foliis. Ti. S.N,_E_E(-Z-E WO RT, PTARMICA. HE flower is radiated, and compofed of numerous flofcules ; and is placed in a cup of an oval form, compofed of fmall, fharp-pointed, and convergent fcales. The flofcules in the difk are tubular, and cut into five gaping fegments at the edge: the flofcules in the edge are few in number; and each is divided in a heart-like manner at the top, and has a very fmall fegment in the midit of the divifion. The feed is oval. Linnaeus places this among the fymgenefia, joining it under one cornmon head with the yarrow, and calling the genus Achillea. DAV LS FONE Common Sneezewort. Ptarmica vulgaris. The root is long, flender, and hung with many fibres. The ftalk is round, upright, and two feet and a half high, of a pale green, and branched. N° 45. BRP. 1S HS Ph) Cilgbes? The leaves are long, narrow, of a deep green, rough on the furface, fharp-pointed, and ferrated at the edges. ; The flowers are very numerous, fmall, and white: they ftand in the tops of the branches. Itis commonon damp ditch-banks, and flowers in Auguft, 6A C. Bauhine a Ho HE, RiB. A L. 458 The BRITIS C. Bauhine calls it Dracunculus ferrato folio pra- tenfis. The leaves powdered, and fnuffed up the nofe, DIVISION IL. FO Virginian Sneezewort, Ptarmica Virginiana floribus conglomeratis. The root is long, thick, and white, The ftalk is round, upright, branched, and a yard high. : The leaves are broad, fhort, indented at the edges, fharp-pointed, and of a deep green. Gos E No: occafion fneezing, and are excellent againft inve- terate headachs. The young tops are of a fharp, but pleafant tafle; and may be eaten in fallads, ReBaG IN we SoReb Oma fe The flowers are fmall and white; and they are placed in clufters at the tops of the branches, It is a native of Virginia, and flowers in July. i Morifon calls it Prarmica Virginiana Heleni} folio. Others improperly make it a fpecies of maudlin, S IV. ; YA GR Ric On W, ME OLE Ko Pe Om DL LAG Ms Ge flower is radiated, and compofed of numerous flofcules, arranged in an oval cup, com. pofed of fhort and broad feales. The flofcules in the centre are tubular, and divided into five gaping fegments at the edge: thofe at the rim are heart-fhaped, and flat. thick, and {maller at one end than the other. Linnzus ranges this among the /yagenefia, DiTeV TSH OO Naa Common Yarrow. Millefolium vulgare. The root is compofed of many fibres, joined to a fmall head. The firft leaves are very numerous, and of a fine dark green, long, moderately broad, and di- vided in a regular and beautiful manner into a number of minute parts. ; The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks; which are upright, not much branched, and two DWr15S -1-OEN: FI FO Yellow Yarrow. Millefolium flore luteo. The root is long, flender, and hung with many fibres, The ftalks are numerous, and a foot high ; of a whitifh green, and not much branched. ‘The leaves are long, narrow, and divided The feeds are fhort and BRO GIS ES PBSC Eig feet high, in round tufts like umbells 3 and they are white, with a faint dath of purplith. It is common by way-fides, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it WiMefolinm vulgare album. It is poffeffed of great virtues, though too much neglected. It is excellent againft over- flowings of the menfes, and hemorrhages of all kinds; as alfo in loofeneffes attended with bloody ftools. The beft way of taking it is in a ftrong decoction. REIGN SPECIES, deeply into very minute fegments, of a fine deep green. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks in large tufts, and are of a beautiful yellow. It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, and flowers in July. tse C. Bauhine calls it Millefolium tomentofiwn Ine teum. : downy, and Ge Es Ne ide oS V. DBs Ti Sec¥ Bi Rik ab. Ie HE flower is radiated, and compofed of many flofcules of different kinds, arranged in a common cup. The fiofcules in the centre are tubular, are flat. The feeds are oval, fingle flower. Linnzus places this among the /yugencfia, This is formed of numerous, pointed fegments, and divided into five fegments at the rim: The ftalks are naked, having no leaves; and each fupports only a placed in a fingle feries. thofe in the verge Common The BROETISH HER BAL ; Common Daify. Bellis vulgaris, The root is compofed of humerous, long, and flender fibres. The leaves rife from the head of it ina large clufter; and they are oblong, broad, obtufe, lightly ferrated, and of a deep green. The ftalks rife among thefe in great number 5 and are naked, and four inches high. Each fupports a fingle fower ; which is white, G OEY Ne Uses 459 tinged in various degrees with red at the tips of the rays, and in the centre yellow. It is common in paftures, and flowers all fum- mer. i C. Bauhine calls it Bellis Syloeftris minor. A decottion of the roots is an excellent aftrin- gent. Gardens produce numerous varieties of double flowers from this plant; and we fometimes alfo fee them double wild, ; VI. GREAT DAISY. LE GU Goa NT OH EM, UM HE flower is radiated ; and is compofed of many flofcules, of two kinds, arrangedin a com- mon cup. This is formed of very numerous feales, growing larger as they ftand more in- ward, and in the whole is of a half-round fhape. The flofcules in the centre are tubular, and divided into five open fegments at the rim: thofe in the vérge are oblong, flatted, and:three-pointed. Linnzus ranges this with the reft among the /jngenefia. Great Daify. Leucanthemum vulgare. The root is compofed of numerous fibres, con- nected to a fmall head. The ftalk is ribbed, upright, branched, anda foot and half high. GieRreN 3 Ue § The leaves are long, moderately broad, of a : deep green, and tharply ferrated on the edges. The flowers ftand at the tops of the branches ; and are large and white, with the difk yellow. Itiscommon in our paftures,and flowers in June, C. Bauhine calls it Bellis fjlveftris caule foliofo major. VII. CHAMOMILE, Con AM #OM BoL Uw Re flower is radiated, and compofed of two kinds of Aofcules, arranged together in a common cup. This is of a hemifpheric figure; and is formed of narrow, and nearly equal fegments, The flofcules in the centre are tubular, and cut into five fegments at the edge, which turn back, Thofe in the verge are flat, and oblong. Linnzus places this among the fyagenefia, and changes the name of the genus to anthemis. 1. Common Chamomile. Chamemelum vulgare, The root is fibrous. The ftalk is round, upright, flender, and branched : it is a foot and half high, and of a whitifh colour. The leaves are placed irregularly, and are of a fine, {trong green: they are divided into nume- tous very flender fegments, and are of an inoffen- five fmell. The flowers are large, the rays are white, and the central part is yellow. It is common in corn-fields, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Chamemelum vulgare leu- canthemum Diofcoridis. Others, Chamemelum erecium. 2. Sweet creeping Chamomile. Chamemelinm repens odoratum. The root is compofed of many very long, thick, and tough fibres, and fpreads far undet the furface. The ftalks are numerous, ftriated, of a pale green, weak, ,and branched: they lie in part upon. the ground; and are a foot or more in length. The leaves are of a bright green; and deeply divided into fegments : they are of a very fragrant fell. The flowets are numerous, and terminate the branches: they are white, but have a yellow difk natufally fingle, but eafily doubled by culture. It is common in damp places on heaths, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Chamemelum nobile frve lene canthemum odoratius. Others, Chamemelum Ro-« manum. The flowers of this fpecies are an excellent car- minative and ftomachick, and are dried for the fervice of medicine. The fingle have moft vire tue ; but the double are more ufed, 3. Stinking 460 © TR ABR TS eH Ree, 3. Stinking Mayweed. Chamamelum fatidum. The root is compofed of numerous fibres, con- nected to a fmall, oblong head. The ftalk is upright, branched, and a foot and half high: itis of a purplifh colour at the bottom, of a whitifh green upwards, and ftriated. The leaves are divided into very fine fegments ; and they are of a blackith green. When bruifed they have a moft offenfive and difagreeable fmell. The flowers {tnd at the tops of the branches ; and are large and white, with a yellow difk. It is common in wafte ground, and flowers in May. _ ©. Bauhine calls it. Chamemelum fetidum. : Others, Cotula fetida. Its flowers have the fame virtues with thofe of common chamomile. 4. Sea-Chamomile. Chamomelum maritimum crafis foliis. The root is compofed of numerous, thick, long fibres. The ftalks are branched, weak, and in part Procumbent, of a purplifh colour at the bottom, and. upwards of a pale green. The leaves are oblong, and of a deep green, divided into numerous {mall fegments, and of a thick fubftance, : The flowers are large and white, with a yellow difk. It is found about our fea-coafts, and flowers in July. , Ray calls it Chamemelum maritimum Perenne Lumilius. Be 5+ Great-flowered Chamomile. Chamemelum inodorum flore magno. The root is fibrous. ‘ The falk is fingle, upright, branched, and a foot high, The leaves are divided into numerous fine feg- ments’; and they are obtufe at the ends. The flowers are large and white, with a yellow difk, Itis common among corn, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine cails it Chamemelum inodorum, Cr es 6, Tall Chamomile with fmall flowers. Chamemelum elatius flore minore: The root is compofed of numerous, long, flen- der fibres. » : The ftalk is firm, upright, two feet high, and ‘branched. The leaves are cut into very {mall fegments, and are of a faint green. The flowers ftand in great numbers at the tops of the branches; and are fmall, white; and yel- low in the centre. The ftalk in this fpecies is ufually red. It.is common on plowed land, and flowers in July. Ray calls it Chamamelum majus folio tenuiffine. 7, Great-flowered procumbent Chamomile, ; Chamemelum caule. procumbente floribus majoribus, The root is long, flender, and hung with a few fibres, AY ee The ftalk is procumbent in great part, and is divided into many branches. The leaves are large, divided into fine feg- ments, and of a blackifh green. The flowers are few in number; but they are very large, white, with a yellow central difk. It is common in damp, plowed fields, flower- ing in Auguft. 3 Ray calls it Chamemelum inodorum annum bu- milius. 8. Broad-leaved Sea-Chamomile, Chamemelum maritinum latiore folio. The footis fibrous. The ftalks are numerous, anda foot or more | in length; but they lie in great part. on the ground. Their colour is a pale green; and they are very much branched. The leaves are broad, and of a pale green; and they are divided into numerous fegments, — which are alfo broader than in the other kinds, The flowers are large and white, with a yellow difk. It is frequent about our northern coafts, and — flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Matricaria marina. Ray, Chamamelum maritimum ramofius flore albo, Ni cS VIl, FEVERFEW: ‘ M CACT ORT COA RI ae HE flower is tadiated, and compofed of numerous flofcules of two kinds, placed in a common cup. This is of a hemifpheric form; and is compofed of narrow, clofe, compatted, and nearly equal fcales. The flofcules in the centre are tubular, and divided into five gaping fegments at the rim: thofe in the verge are flatted, oblong, and three-pointed. The feeds are oblong. Linnzeus places this with the reft among the /yugenefia. Feverfew, Matricaria vulgaris. The root is compofed of numerous fibres, con- neéted to an oblong {mall head, 2 The ftalk is of a pale green, upright, very much branched, and two feet and a half high, The leaves are large, broad, and of a yellowifh green, deeply divided in the pinnated manner in- _ to broad, indented fegments, : The FR Y Sellowtfarron, aa a | Great Dauwy Es ING 72 vu we nie Adey a NG" "vy = Ineet: Creefung th : ly, hug A | eet Minking May Weed. Sea hamenle. = 4 | SZ MNUe? vers eur ; Se Water hemyigrinons We” deviled Leaves, I 28 ? ) CH c = Common Sagy | Common Normuoed a AMe ay N : YSSasoq ig \" SS Joa Wormwood , Krmnartormivord. Wild douthemuood . yardendoulhernwood. — Commaon th Vugunr€: Th BRITISH HERBAL. “4.65 The flowers ftand in great numbers at the tops of the branches; and they are {mall and white, with a yellow difk. It is common in wafte ground, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Matricaria vulgaris. The flowers in this plant, and in the {weet chamomile, and fome others, are deficient fome- times in the rays; whence they have been di- Ger Ni Uli s vided into two fpecies, and thefe imperfe& plants, called naked feverfew, naked chamomile, and the like, ; The virtues of Severfew are very great. . It is an excellent deobftruent. It promotes the menfes, and cures thofe hyfterick complaints whith rife from their obftruétion. It alfo deftroys worms. IX, WATER HEMP-AGRIMONY. PBR Be BASAL Neg. THE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, enclofed in a common cup. The flofcules are tu- bular, and divided at the rim into five pointed fegments, which ftand erect. There are fome- times flat flofcules on the verge, but not conftantly. The cup is formed of numerous, narrow: pointed, and hollowed fcales. The feeds have points, and ftick by them to any thing they touch. ” Linnaeus places this among the Lngencfia with the others, 1. Water Hemp-Agrimony, with divided leaves. Verbefina foltis tripartitis. The root confifts of numerous fibres, con- nected to a fmall head. The ftalks are upright, and a yard high, very much branched, and of a brownifh colour, The leaves are large, and divided into three principal fegments ; which are tharp-pointed and ferrated ; and they are of a deep green colour. The flowers ftand on the. extremities of the ftalks ; and they are yellow: fometimes they are naked, and fometimes they have rays of a brighter yellow. i It is common by ditch-fides, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Cannabina aquatica folio tri- Partito divifo. 2. Large-flowered Water Hemp-Agrimony. Verbefina flore majore integrifclia. The root is long, and hung with very nu- merous fibres. The ftalk is upright, not much branched, and two feet high. Gauenh SN pel The leaves are oblong, broad, fharp-pointed, and ferrated, but not divided into three parts, as in the other. The flowers are very large and yellow. It is frequent in the weft of England, and the flowers are almoft always radiated, It flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Cannabina aquatica folio non divifo. 3. Dwarf Hemp-Agrimony. Verbefina pumila flore magno. The root is fibrous. The ftalk is fingle, upright, purplifh, not at all branched, and ten inches high. The leaves are oblong, moderately broad, fharp-pointed, ferrated lightly on the edges, and of a brownifh green. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks ; and are naked, large, and yellow. It is found in bogey places, and fowers in Au- uit. ; Ray calls it Verbefina minima, The virtues of thefe plants are not certainly known, X. TAS Ne ZY Tei: Nee 6 OBIS UM, HE flower is naked, and compofed of numerous flofcules. Thefe are all of one kind: they are T tubular, and wide open at the mouth, where they divide into five reflex fegments. Thefe are all contained in a common cup; whichis of a hemifpheric figure, and is compofed of numerous, pointed fcales, clofe fet together. The feeds are oblong. Linnzus places this with the reft among the /yngenefia. Common Tanzy. Tanacetum vulgare. The root is compofed of numerous fibres, con- nected to a fmall head. The leaves are very large, and of a fine ftrong green: they are deeply divided into oblong feg- NOXEVI. x é ments, which are ferrated and fharp-pointed, and often they are curled at the edges. The ftalk rifes in the midft of a clufter of thefe; and is a yard high, upright, not much branched, and thick ‘fet with leaves, like thofe from the root. The flowers grow in great clufters at the 68 top 462 The BRA Tf US Hi BIR! BoAt L, top'of the ftalks; and they are fmall and yel- low. It is common in hilly places in our northern counties, whence it has been brought into gar- dens. It flowers in July. Gert basis WS need ty C. Bauhine calls it. Zanacerum vulgare lu- teum. It is diuretick, and carminative, but is more ufed in food than medicine. “Xd WORMWOOD. PA Bo ge Ds Not YI aM, PPHE flowers are compoted of numerous flofcules, of two kinds, arranged in a common cup, Thofe in the centre are tubular, and thofe on the verge are flat, but naked. The cup is roundith; and is formed of numerous, rounded, convergent fcales, The feeds are fmall and fhort. Linnzus places this among the /yngene/ia. DIVISION | ~ 4. Common Wormwood. Abfinthium vulgare. The root is long, and hung with many fibres. The ftalks are numerous, whitifh, a yard high, very much branched, and full of leaves: thefe are alfo of a whitifh green, efpecially on the un- “der-fide; and they are large, divided deeply in the pinnated manner into broad fegments, and thofe again deeply divided. The flowers ftand in long feries on the tops of the branches, and are of a pale brown. It is common by way-fides, and flowers in June, C. Bauhine calls it A2/finthium ponticum. Others, ‘Abfinthium vulgare. 4 2. Sea-Wortnwood. Abjinthium maritimum album. The root is compofed of many fibres, con- nected to a {mall head. The ftalks are two feet high, divided into nu- merous branches, and of a whitith colour. The leaves are divided into many fimall feg- ments ; and they are of a white colour, and . tough fubftance. ; The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and -are {mall and brown. It is common in our falt-marfhes, and flowers in Augutft. C. Bauhine calls it Ab/nthium Jeriphium Bel- gicum. 3. Sweet Sea-Wormwood. Abjfinthium maritimum odoris grati. The root is compofed of long, white fibres, joined to a fmall head. DIVISION I. Roman Wormwood. Abjinthium Romanum. The root is fibrous and creeping. . The ftalks are numerous, woody, brown, and two feet high, The leaves are fet very thick upon them; and they are divided into numerous, flender fegments. BRA TIS. SP-C LES. The ftalk is a foot thigh, white, irregularly upright, and divided into numerous branches. The leaves are oblong, and divided into a few broad fegments; and they are white and woolly. The flowers are {mall and brownith ; and they ftand upright at the tops of the branches. It is found in.our fouthern coafts, and flowers in July. f Ray calls it Abfnthium maritimum odoris grati. The common fea-wormwood has fometimes broader fegments in the leaves, and has in this ftate of accidental variation been defcribed by fome as a diftinét fpecies, under the name of 4J- Sinthium maritimum latiore folio, 4. Spiked Sea- Wormwood. Abfinthium maritinun fpicatum. The root is long, flender, and hung with a few fibres, : . The ftalk is two feet high, upright, not much branched, and of a whitith colour. The leaves are very beautifully divided into long, narrow fegments ; and they are of a greyifi colour. The flowers are difpofed in {mall brown heads, which form a kind of {pikes all along the tops of the branches. : We have it on the coaft of Effex. It flowers in July. J. Bauhine calls i¢ Abfnthium feriphium tenuifo- lium marinum Narbonenfe. Barreliere, Ab/inthium cinereum, This fometimes has the fegments broader, and the leaves whiter; in which fate it is by fome defcribed alfo as a diftinét fpecies. BO Rok. F Gin 338. PeB Cue: 8, Their colour is a greyifh green; and they have an agreeable fmell, and aromatick tafte, with fome bitternefs. The flowers grow toward the tops of the branches in little round brown heads. It is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, — and flowers in July. C, Bauhine ThA BRITISH HERBAL 463 C. Bauhine calls it Ab/inthium pontictn tenuifo- lium incanum. All the kinds of wormwood are ftomachick, and good againft obf{truétions of the vifcera. The common kind is the ftrongeft, but infufferably naufeous. The /ea-wormwood is the kind moft Geer NG sUees ufed , but the Roman wormwood is valtly preferable - to them all. This fea-wormwood is fold in the markets under the name of Roman wormwood, and is almoft univerfally ufed as fuch by the apo- thecaries: but the error is very great; and the other is fo common in gardens, and lives and en: creafes fo freely in them, thata fupply is eafy, XII. SOUTHERNWOOD.,. ABROTANUM "THE flower is compofed of numerous tubular flofcules, arranged in a difk, with a few fat ones at cales. the edge, ‘but has no rays; and it is placed in a roundifh cup, compofed of fhort, broad Linneus places this among the /genefic, with the reft of the corymbiferous and other campofite- flowered kinds. DIVISION f Wild Southernwood. Abrotanum campeftre. The root is long, thick, and hung with many fibres. The ftalks are fhrubby, upright, and very much branched: they are of a whitifh colour to- ward the bottom, and redith toward the top. DIVISION fT Garden Southernwood. Abvotanum bortenfe. The root is compofed of many thick fibres, connected to 2 {mall head. The ftalks are numerous, woody, and a yard high, brown at the bottom, greyith at the top, and thick fet with finely divided leaves, of a whitifh green. The flowers ftand in brown heads at the tops of the ftalks, G Bde Nek pO ss BRITISH Ste Ec ne The leaves are oblong, and divided into nu- merous very narrow fegments; and their colour is a greyifh green. ; The flowers ftand in thick fpikes at the tops of the branches; and they are fmall and brown. It is frequent by road-fides in our fouthern counties, flowering in July. C. Bauhine calls it Abrotanum campefires FOREIGN SPECIES, It is common in Spain and Italy wild, and with us every where in gardens, C. Bauhine calls it Mrotanum mas anguftifolium majus. It is a powerful diuretick, and is good in hy- fterick cafes. The beft way of ufing it is in conferve made of the frefh tops, beaten up with twice their weight of fugar, XII MUGWORT. AR, DB Me So Lf apts flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, ranged in a common cup. Thefe are tubular in the centre ; and there are a few flat ones at the verge ; but the whole flower is naked, not ra- diated. The cup is of an oval form, {mall,: oblong, fhort, pointed fcales. and narrow at the top; and it is compofed of . Linnzus places this with the reft among the Syngencfia. Common Mugwort. Artemifia vulgaris. The root is compofed of numerous, thick fibres, connected toa {mall head. The ftalk is a yard high, firm, upright, and branched, purplith toward the bottom, and pale upwards. The leaves are very large ; and they are deeply divided into fegments, which are narrow and fharp-pointed : they are of a dufky green on the upper-fide, and white underneath. 8 The flowers ftand along the tops of the branches in fmall brown heads, with a tinge of purplifh. It is common by way-fides, and flowers in Augut. C. Bauhine calls it Avtemifia vulgaris major. It is an excellent medicine in hyfterick com- plaints, and in all obftruétions of the vifcera. Ig is beft taken in infufion. GENUS 464 bhe, .B.R E VWeLSiH aHeR RR BoA chy G E We Pee S XIV. SCAB IOUS. SAO APB! Ll DGud sagt HE flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, arranged in a common cup. This is formed of oblong fcales in feveral feries, ments; and has befide the common cup two, an outer and inner, peculiar to itfelf, oval, and pointed. Each flofcule is tubular, and divided at the top into five feg- The feeds are Linnzus feparates this from the reft of the campofite-flowered plants, by many claffes, placing ir among the tefrandria, the buttons not coalefcing. DIVISION I, 1, Common Scabious. Scabiofa vulgaris. The root is compofed of many thick fibres, united to a common head. The leaves that rife firft are oblong, broad, and of a pale green. The ftalk is two feet high, hairy, upright, not much branched, and of a pale green. The leaves on this are divided deeply on the edges. The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, and are large and blue. It is common in corn-fields, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Scabiofa pratenfis birfuta que officinarum. nee Tt is excellent againft diforders of the breaft given in infufion. ; 2. The Leffer Scabious, Scabiofa minor. The root is long, thick, and furnifhed with many fibres, DIVISION Mufk-Scabious. Scabiofa flore fuave olente. ¢ The root is formed of many fibres, connected to a fmall head. The ftalk is upright, of a pale green, round, very much branched, and a yard high. Geo Ee: N Aas BRITISH S°P“E-C'LE'S, The ftalk is round, upright, flender, and twa feet high, The leaves are all very deeply divided into feg- ments, and are of a faint green. The flowers are large, and naturally blue; but they are fometimes redith or white, It is common in dry paftures, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Scabio/a capitulo globofo minor. 3. Scabious, with bitten roots, Scabiofa radice fuccifa, The root is thick, fhort, and abruptly broken off, and has a multitude of thick fibres. The leaves that firft rife from it are oblong, of a deep green, not indented at the edges, fmooth. The ftalks are flender, upright, and a foot and half high. The flowers are of a deep blue. if is common in meadows, and flowers in Au- u and C. Bauhine calls it Scabiofa fuccifa glabra et hir- futa. Our people, Blue devil?s-bit, FOREIGN SPECIES, The leaves are divided into very fine fegments. The flowers are placed at the tops of the’ branches, and are of a deep purple, almoft black ; and they have a fine mufky fmell. Tt is a native of Spain, and’ flowers in Au- guft. C. Bauhine calls it Scabio/a mofchata. XV. TEAS ELL; Dati P 8 A Ceo“ d es flower is compofed of numerous flofcules, This is compofed of a few narrow and fharp vided at the rim into four fezments. ‘pointed leaves, arranged in an oval head, within a common cup. Each flofcule is tubular, and di- Linnzus places this with the former among the setrandria, feparating them entirely from the reft of the corymbiferous tribe, which ftand among his /yugenefia. 1. Common Teafell. Dipfacus vulgaris. ‘The root is long, thick, and hasa few large fibres. The ftalk is round, whitifh, thick, upright, and fix feet high. The leaves are long, and moderately broad : they ftand in pairs, and unite at the bafe in fuch a The BRITISH HERBAL. 465 a manner as to hold water: they are of a fine green, and their under rib is prickly. The flowers are fmall, and of a pale red ; and they ftand in vaft oval heads. It is common by way-fides, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Dipfacus fyluefris five virga paftoris major. 2. Small Teafell. Dipfacus minor. The root is oblong, fmall, and hung with many bres, , The ftalk is upright, very much branched, and a yard high. The leaves are broad, and of a deep green: they ftand in pairs, but their bafes do not unite as in the other. ‘The flowers are whitifh and fweet ; and they ftand in little round heads. Ic is common by road-fides, and flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Dipfacus minor feu capitulo minore. ‘ The common tea/éll, cultivated in good ground, grows larger in all its parts, and: the heads are ufed in dreffing of cloth, Th END of te TWENTY-EIGHTH CLASS, MS (eS WE Ne 46. T a E BRITISH HERBAL: Heeeeseone cgegnonensooreecooonseeooedeeosbedeoaoe GLAS, $.: xxi Plants whofe flower is. compofed of fix petals, or has fix Segments 5 whofe Jeed-veffel is divided into three cells, containing each a double Series of feeds; whofe leaves are graffy, and whofe root confifs of a figle, rgundife lump, with fibres from the bafe. road of Nature in forming fyftems of botany, have therefore kept them in one clafs, and feparated all others from them. Ray calls them the bulbous rooted plants; this kind of root being univerfally underftood by the term éu/b; and the leaves from all of them are long, flender, and without footftalks, which is the fenfe of the term graff. Linnzeus, as is his cuftom, takes the charaGter of the claffes in which thefe plants are arranged, from the number of filaments in the flower; and in this inftance, as in every other, he feparates thofe genera which Nature has allied into the moft remote parts of his fyftem; and joins with every divi. fion of them thofe which fhe feparates moft widely from them. Thus, in his method, the colcbicum and crocus, allied as clofely as two difting genera ‘can be, are feparated by three clafles; the crocus being one of his third, becaufe there are but three threads in the flower 3 and the colchicum one of his fixth clafs, becaufe there are in that fix filaments, . Let the unprejudiced examine’ thefe two plants, and judge between us, whether Linneus have ~ ‘done well in feparating, or I in bringing them again together. The refpect I have for this author, notwithftanding my diflike to his fyftem, makes it difagreeable to me to accumulate cenfures upon him: but, in fupport of the exceptions made to his method in this refpect, I muft add, thats befide feparating thefe plants from one another, he has joined in the fame clafs with the crocus the tamarind-tree, and with the colcbicum and tulip he has placed the 4fparagus and berberry-bufp, T= are a numerous and very beautiful feries of plants; and all who have taken the plain SOHC Gr eH eS eee eam eye Jin ics Gobo TS ae a Britrisn Genera, Thofe of which one or more {pecies are naturally wild in this country. G a6 EB eiNe Ue § I. GYA RY Lares 4 LL PUR Ms Ai Pic flower is compofed of fix petals, and the feed-veffel ig very broad and fhort. A number of thefe fowers are contained in a common fcabbard, which is roundifh, and terminates in a fingle or double point. The feeds are numerous, and roundifh. Linnzus ranges this among the hexandria monogynia ; the threads being fix, and the ftyle finele. 4 DIVI- DIVISION R 1. Crow-Garlick, Allium fyloeftre tenuifoliuin, The root is {mall, roundifh, covered with a ‘red fkin, and of a very ftrong tafte, The leaves are very long, lender, hollow, and OF a pale green. The ftalk is round, upright, and a foot high. The head is fmall, and is frequently compofed altogether of little flefhy fubftances, which thoot ut leaves in the manner of roots, and take root when they fall: fometirnes there are among thefe fmall, greenith flowers, It is common in paftures, and fometimes among corn, It flowers in June, C. Bauhine calls ic Adium campeftre juncifolium capitatum purpurascens majus. Others, Alinn Lylvefire juncifolium, 2. Purple Mountain-Garlick. | Allium monianum purpureum majus, * The root is a large, round bulb, with many fibres at the bottom. The leaves are long, and fomewhat broad, flat” at the upper-fide, and hollowed underneath, and of a fine deep green. : The ftalk is upright, round, and two feet high, The head is round and large, purplifh: in co- Jour, and compofed of numerous flefhy fubftances, as in the other, with a few faint red flowers be- tween and among them. ‘ It is common on hills in ties, and flowers in July.’ Ray calls it Mlium montanum bicorne purpureum Ddroliferum. Our northern coun- 3. Striped Garlick, Allium flore ftriato. The root is a fmall, roundifh bulb, of a white colour. The leaves are long, narrow, and of a pale | green, The ftalk is a foot and half high, round, and green. The flowers ftand in a clufter at the top; and they are of a greenith white, ftreaked with purple, DIVISION jy, Common Garlick: » Minn hortenfe, The root is comnpofed of numerous fmall pieces, enclofed in one common fkin. The leaves are long and narrow, and of a pale green. The ftalk is round, upright, and \fmooth; At the top ftand a great number of flowers» collected into a round, cluttered head: ‘they: are {mall and whitifh. The BRITISH HERBAL BRITISH WPE CTE Ss, We have it among corn in Efex. in July. C. Bauhine calls it Alliten montanum Licorne floré exaltide. Clufius, Moly montanuin lertium 34 name others have followed, It lowes 4. Purple Garlick, Allium latifolian Slore Ppurpurafcente; Thé root is round, fimple, and large, The leaves are numerous, broad, and of a deep green. The ftalk is a foot and half high, The flowers ftand at its top in a great round clufter; and they are purple, We have it in the Weftern counties not un- common, It flowers in June, Ray calls it Winn Holmenfe {pberico capite. 5- Broad-leaved Wild Garlick, Allium fylveftre latifolinis album, The root is round and whitifh. The leaves are oblong, very broad, and of BH fine deep green, The ftalk is of a pale green, three fquate, and ten inches high, The flowers ftand at the top in a clutter 3 and they are fmall and white. It is common in damp ground; and flowers in April. _ C. Bauhine calls it Allium Syloefre latifolium. Our people, Ramfons, 6. Great Mountain Garlick, Allium montanum elatins. The root is compofed of feveral. {mall piéces; covered with one common fkin, which is tough and redifh. The leaves are broad, ftriated, and of a deep green. The ftalk is two feet and a half high, round, Steen; and juicy. At its top ftands a head, compofed of flefhy tubercles, of a blackith purple, with a few Pale- purple flowers between them, Tt is found in the’north of England, flowering in April; i FOREIGN SPECIES, It isa native of the Eaft, but for its uf is cultivated €véry,whete in gardens, Some are fond of the root in food; and it ig excellent in medicine, ; A fyrup of garlick isa great remedy. in afthmas, It is alfo aperient, and good in all obftruions of the vifcera, and is recommended ,againtt conta. gious diforders, GENUS 468 Th BRITISH HERBAL. Nee eae aaa a cee cere mnT ane rere G E N U2 35 II. DAFFODILL. Need Re GAT S.25UCS. i a flower is formed of a long, tubular body, and fix petals. This tubular part is by common writers called the cup of the flower, jnferted into it above the bafe. but is its nectarium 5 and the petals are oblong, and are The feed veffel is roundifh, but marked with three ridges ; and the {cabbard enclofing the flowers before they open, is oblong and flatted. Linneus places this among the bexandria monogynia ; the threads being fix, and the ftyle fingle in the flower. DIVISION I, 1. Wild Englith Daffodill. Narcifus fylvefris pallidus. The root is fmall, and roundifh. ‘The leaves are narrow and long, and of a ftrong reen. The ftalk is upright, and a foot high ; and on its top ftands a fingle flower. This is large and yellow : the edge of the neétarium or tubular part is waved, and the petals are paler than this art. We have it frequent wild in the north of Eng- land in damp paftures, flowering in April. C. Bauhine calls it Narcifus flveftris pallidus calyce luteo, Others, Pfeudo-narciffus Anglicus. DIVISION IL Ruth-leaved Daffodill, called Junquille. Noareiffus juncifolius vulgaris. The root is fmall, and roundifh. The leaves are long, flender, hollow, rounded, and of a deep green. The ftalk rifes in the midft; and is flender, and a foot high. Gabe ay BRITISH FOREIGN SPECIES. 2. Pale Daffodill, called Primrofe-Peerlefs. Narciffus medio luteus vulgaris. The root is {mall, and roundith. The leaves are long, and fomewhat broad, ftriated, and of a pale green. ‘The ftalk is flatted, anda foot high, The flowers are very beautiful. The petals are large, and of an extreme pale yellowith, little more than we call cream-colour, and the nectarium is fmall and yellow. e We have it wild in the north of England, an it is frequent in gardens, C. Bauhine calls it Narciffus pallidus medio [u- teo. Others, Narciffus medio luteus. SPECIES. The flowers are of a beautiful pale yellow, and very {weet. It isa native of the Eaft, but is kept every where a gardens, where culture raifes many varieties of it. C. Bauhine calls it Narciffus juncifolius; a name copied by others. Vee ge oa STAR OF BETHLEHEM. ORNITHOGALUM. A Bee flower is cotnpofed of fix petals, which remain after they have loft their colour. They have no cup. The feed-veffel is roundifh, but has three ridges ; at the bafe of all the footftalks of the flowers. and there are a kind of films Linnaeus places this, with many other of the bulbous plants, among the hexandria monogynia. DIVISION IL t. Wild, fpiked Star of Bethlehem. Ornithogalum anguftifolium fpicatum flore ex albo 4 virente. The root is round, large, and white. The leaves are long, narrow, and of a pale green. The ftalk is round, upright, and two feet high. ’ The flowers ftand in a long fpike at the top, and are of a greenifh white. It is found wild in our weftern counties, and flowers in April. BRITISH SPECIES. C. Bauhine calls it Ornithogalum anguftifolium majus. 2. Common'Star of Bethlehem. Ornithogalum vulgare. The root is large, round, and white. The ‘leaves are numerous, very narrow, long; and of a dark green. The ftalk is round, upright, and eight inches high. The flowers grow in a kind of umbel, not 4 I : Spike; e fpike; and they are large and white, with a ftreak of green on the back of each petal. We have it on damp places in hilly grounds, but not common. It flowers in April. | C, Bauhine calls it Oruithogalum umbellatuin medium, 3: Yellow Stat of Bethlehem: ~ Ornithogalum luteum. The root is round and fmall. D1IV,LS LOW alt: Tall, fpiked Star of Bethlehem: Ornithogalum majus fpicatum, The root is large, round, and white. The leaves are long, and have fome breadth ; but they are of the graffy form. The ftalk is upright, round, and a yard high. ‘The flowers are of a de‘icate white; and they G E Nit 8 The SHeRET Se cert renee Mate 469 The leaves are of a pale green, long, narrow, and graffy. The ftalk is about four inches high, round, and alfo of a pale green. The flowers are of a beautiful yellow. We have it wild in the northern counties. Ié flowers in April. C. Bauhine calls it Ornithogalum luteum. Others.. Cepeé agraria. FOREIGN SRE CITE s: ftand in a fine, ftalk, It is a native of Spain, and flowers in Au- guft. C. Bauhine calls it Ornithagalim Spicatum majuss long fpike at the top of the The virtues of thefe plants are unknown; But their beauty has given them a place in gardens. IV. HY A.CLiN TH, HeLa? ENED eH Ne gpa flower is forthed of a fingle petal, tubular at the bafe, edge ; and there is within, a nectarium, the rudiment of the fruit. places. and divided into fix fegments at the formed of three diftinguithable openings on the top of There is no cup, The feed-veffel is toundifh, but marked in three Linnaeus places this arnong the hexaidria monogynia. Dive I St OfN. Tf. x. Simall Vernal Star-Hyacinth. Fyacinthus ftellaris minor. ‘The root is round and finall. The leaves are long, graffy, and of a pale green. There generally rife only two or three with the ftalk. The ftalk is round, flender, and fix inches high. The flowers ftand in a fhort fpike; and are deeply divided, and of a fine blue. We have it in our northern counties. It fowers in April. C. Bauhine calls it Hyacinthus ftellaris trifolins Germanicus. Others, Hyacinthus ftellaris vernus. 2. Common Blue Hyacinth. Flyacinthus caruleus vulgaris. The root is round white. The leaves are long; grafly, and of a pale green. The flowers grow on the top of a thick, round, juicy ftalk, which is a foot high, and bends at N° XLVI. BRITISH SPECIES, the fummit: they are long, tubular, and of a deep blue. It is common under hedges, and flowers in April. C. Bauhine calls it Hyacinthus ceruleo Slore ob- longo major. Others, Hyacinthus vulgaris, and Hyacinthus Anglicus. 3- Leffer Autumnal Star-Hyacinth. Hyacinthus fiellatis autumualis minor. The root is fmall and round. The leaves are numerous, long, narrow, and of a faint green, The ftalk is flender, of a pale green, and fix inches high. The flowers ftand in a fpike at the top ; and are {mall, deeply divided into pointed fegments, and of a fine fky-blue. We have it on heaths, but not common. It flowers in Auguft. ~ C. Bauhine calls it Ayacinthus ftellaris autumna. lis minor ; a name others have copied. 6D Devel - DIVISION Il. Blue Mufcari. Hyacinthus flore ceruleo globofo. The root is round and fmall. The leaves are numerous, and of a pale green. The ftalk is round, upright, broad, and ten inches high. G, bee FOREIGN The“B-R- I, 1S ya RB S§P*E CT EMS, The flowers ftand drooping in a thick, ‘fhort fpike at the top; and they are globular, or nearly fo, and blue. It is a native of the Eaft, and flowers in Au-: guft, — C, Bauhine calls it Mufcari vulgare. Urs2S ve M E/A DiO W-S A F F ROW. GuiOm dE iGadlh ToC Uae, HIE flower is large, and rifes immediately from the root. It confifts of a long, tubular bafe and a broad body, at the top divided into fix fegments, refembling fo many large petals. Therg isnocup. The feed-vefiel is divided into three parts, and the leaves appear at a different time from the flowers. Linneus places this among the hexandria trigynia 3 the threads being fix, and the ftyles three, and of equal length with them. Meadow-Saffron, Colchicum vulgare. The root is large and round. The leaves are numerous, long, and when fully expanded very broad: they naturally appear at a different time from the flower ; and if any chance to rife with it, they are narrower. : The flower rifes out of the ground without any flalk, its own tubular bafe ferving to that pur- pofe: it is very large, and of a pale, but elegant Gi purple. Ni. OS The fegments are naturally fix; but fometimes they are double that number in the wild plant; and fometimes, inftead of an uniform purple, the flower is ftreaked with white, or is white throughout. : We have it in meadows in our fouthern coun- ties. It flowers in September. C. Bauhine calls it Colchicum commune, The root is accounted poifonous, VI. S Asahi “Re O- Man- Wackiste fo perl y petite a Vi WWI Man Orehis «Man Orehes li —aae A FP apaicarascn nnn emer ae 2 asad eS a —> 1 i) Cea, ‘ Orch tong Spurdbanied Foe Somale punted ~ 0 Lae ioe Orchls : : " large, broad, waved along the edges, and of a t Phel BRI IT Ws Hi FESRIB AL. “Btey C. Bauhine calls it Orchis palmata-paluftris tote | rubra. ; All thefe orchis’s poftefs the fame virtues: they | are ftrengthening, reftorative, and, as is faid, pro- mote venereal defires... Salep is the. dried noot of | one of the fpecies; and they all poffefs the fame | qualities. The telticulated kinds have it in the greateft degree. 26. Single-rooted Dwarf Baftard Orchis. Orchis pumila bifolia radice fingulari, The rootis a fingle, round ump, of a:brownifh | colour. | The leaves are ufually only two and) they are deep green. ’ The ftalk is not more than five inches high, and is of a pale green. — The flowers are cluftered at the top ; and they are fmall, and of a faint red. ; We have it in boggy places in Suffex.» It flowers in July. ; Fen C. Bauhine calls it Chame-orchis lillifolia. Others, Pfeudo-orchis. t 27, Mif-fhapen Orchis, called Birds-neft. fibres, irregularly interwoven with one another; fo as to reprefent a bird’s neft. The leaves are oblong, confiderably broad; and_.of a\brownifh green. veThe ftalk.is a foot high, and of a brownifh ‘colour. thd The flowers are moderately large, and of a dufky purples iand they ‘are placed in a loofé fpike| at the top of the ftalk. When the plant'has been fome time in fower, it becomes throughout of a dufky, purpliths brown colour, thug i We have itsin Charleton, ‘foreft, Suffex.. It } flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Orchis abortiva fufea. Others» Nidus avis. Whence our Englifh name, Birds-nef. 28. Smaller purple mif-fhapen Orchis. Oxchis abortiva minor purpureas >| The root is compofed of numerous, redifh fibres, ftrangely interwoven with one-another. The leaves are fmall, and of a purplifh greem The ftalk is ten:inches high,» and is purple: The flowers ftand in a fpike at the top; and they are fmall, and of a lively crimfon. We have it in Suffex under old hedges. It Orchis abortiva rufa. The root is compofed of very numerous, thick flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Orchis abortiva violacea, the whole plant being of a purple tinge. u3 Gand ih ASN NL 4 fo Gordie AVY ~ gor oda 28 ead Li BoOoRE N Be ! ‘ J ” i HE flower is placed upon the rudiment,of the feed-veffel, without any cup, .and is. compofed Ee of five petals 5 and there is placed within a neCtarium, of an oval form, hollowed at the bafe, and.divided at the top into three parts ;, the middle one of which is heart-fafhioned.. The leaves are broad and nervous, and the root. is compofed of interwoven fibres. Linnzus places this among the gynandria diandria s the filaments’ being two, and inferted on the piftil, He takes away the received.name, and calls it ferapias. x. Common. Helleborine. Helleborine latifolia vulgaris. The root is fibrous and white. The ftalk is round, firm, upright, not at all ‘branched, and two feet high. The leaves are oblong, broad, of a deep green, | and marked lengthway with numerous, high, and thick ribs. Le £ The flowers grow in a kind of {pike at the top ; and are fmall, and of a greenifh colour: on the’* outfide, whitith within, and fometimes tinged with purple.” Ze The feed-veffel is oblong, and the feeds are {mall. Mer eee ae : We have it in woods. It flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Helleborine latifolia montana. 2. Purple broad-leaved Helleborine,: Helleborine latifolia flore purpureo. The root is fibrous’and brown. a The flalk'is firm, round, two feet high, and not branched. The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a deep green; and they ftand very frequent on the ftalks. N° 47. The. flowers:grow in a long; loofe. fpike at |the top; and they are throughout of :a deep,. dufky purple. : We have it in woods, but not common. It flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Helleborine altera atro rubente flore, |. 3. Small,’/broad-leaved, white-flowered Helle- borine. °. Helleborine minor latifolia flore albo. , »o'Fhe root.is fibrous: and white: ) { r3E78 «The! ftalk -is, a foot high, and »notyat all ‘branched. t 41 & ebnelt The leaves are broad; fhort, of a pale greeny: and highly‘ ribbed. 2 ccail The flowers ftand in a fall fpike at the top, ,and are white. ) We have it in woods. Tt flowers in Auguft. C. Bauhine calls it Helleborine flore albo. Others, | Helleborine minors»: The flowers in this fpecies’ fometimes are larger, andi keep: always fhut sand in this ftate it has been defcribed as a diftinét fpecies, under thename.of Heleborine latifolia: flore albo claufo, ‘but it is only a variety. 6F 4. Helleborine, ee men ntneg, BRITISH HERBAL. 4. Helleborine, with long, fharp-pointed leaves, Helleborine foliis prolongis anguftis acutis. The root is compofed of numerous fibres. The ftalk is two feet high, and not branched. The leaves are long and narrow, fharp- pointed, and of a dead green. The flowers ftand in a loofe fpike at the top of the flalk ; and are large, of a longifh fhape, white, and tinged on the outfide with green. We have it in thickets on damp foils. Tr flowers in Auguft. Ray calls it Helleborine foliis prolongis anguftis acutis. 5. Marth-Helleborine. Helleborine paluftris. The root is compofed-of numerous fibres, The ftalk is a foot and kalf high, round, up- night, and not branched. : The leaves are broad, and full of thick ribs. The flowers hang from the top of the ftalk in Go aB ee rennet amet gS a loofe {pike ; and they are purplifh on the out- fide, and white within. We have it in bogey grounds, but not com- mon. C.Bauhine calls it Helleborine angufiifolia pa- luftris; but the leaves are not remarkably nar. row. 6. Purple, narrow-leaved Helleborine. Helleborine anguftifolia flore purpureo, The root is compofed of numerous fibres, The ftalk is round, upright, and of a pale green. i The flowers ftand at the top in athin {pike and droop a little ; they are large and purple. We have it in woods in our northern counties, Tt flowers in Augutt. : C. Bauhine calls it Helleboring montana angufti- folia purpurafcens. > The roots of all thefe kinds are powerfully emetick, poffefling the qualities of white belle. bore. O'S V. LADY’S SLIPPER, G HE flower is placed upon the rudiment of ~ Lady’s Shipper. Calceolus Marie. The root is compofed of numerous implicated fibres. | The ftalk is round, upright, not at all branched, and of a pale green. The leaves are oblong, and of a yellowith Gre Ni TadWisve B OL PF Ages flower is fupported upon the rudiment of the five petals, two of which ftands a nectarium, rootis fibrous. Linnzus ranges this with the preceding, which hangs down, 1, Common Twyblade. . Opbris vulgaris. The root is compofed of numerous fibres, rioufly interwoven, The ftalk is round, Juicy, and ten inches high. The leaves are naturally no more than two: po va- are placed outward, the reft upward ; and in th and is toothed. The leaves are naturally o 4 DB CeE? 0 ap Gs the feed-veffel, and has no cup. It confifts of five petals when compleat ; but one is not unfrequently wanting; and in the midft of a large, hollow neétarium, fuppofed to refemble a flipper, The leaves are broad and nervous, and the root is fibrous, Linnzus places this among the &ynandria diandria, thefe is placed This has at the top a little crooked lip, two threads growing on the piftil. j green, obtufe, and marked with vety high ribs, The flower ftands at the top.; large, and of a beautiful yellow. We have it in woods in our northern counties, but not common. It flowers in Auguft, C. Bauhine calls it Helleborine flore rotundo, five ‘Calceolus, and is yery Uio21§ i A -D-£, Resid gS: VI. fruit, and has no cup. It is compofed of € centre of thefe nly two; and the they are broad, fhort, and placed Oppofite te each other at fome diftance above the ground. _ The flowers ftand in a long fpike at the top ; and are of a pale greenifh colour, It is common on marfhy ground, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls ir Optris bifelia, Others, Bifolium. 2, Dwarf The BRITISH HERBaA _. 479 2. Dwarf Twyblade, 3. Short-fpiked Twyblade. Ophris minima Solis cordatis, The root is compofed of nu res. The ftalk is juicy, inches high, The leaves are only two; they are broad at the bafe, and fomewhat indented, tharp at the point, and placed oOppofite, The flowers are fmall and whitifh. We have it on bogs. It flowers in May, C. Bauhine calls it Ophris minima, merous implicated round, redifh, and five Th END of the Opbris fpica brevi, The root is formed of implicated fibres, and fends out runners under the furface. The ftalk js round, and ej The leaves are broad, and of a fine glofly green; and they rife two, from one part of the ftalk ground, - The flowers are {mall and whitifh; and they form a fhort fpike, It is found on bogey May: Ray calls it Bifolium palupre, The virtues of thefe plants are not known, a little above the ground, flowering in THIRTIETH CLASS, Boek doy THE BRIT VS Bae Rh Ad. opqnaqoooooseceoonooooooqoooseeqsgseenonseosegsee Gel eA’ SS XX XI. Plants whofe flower is compofed of a cup and filaments, without any petals. HIS is a very large clafs ; ‘and there is not in the whole compafs of the fcience one better ; marked, or more obvioufly diftinguithed, to the unprejudiced eye; the want of petals, the gaudy part of a flower, rendering thefe altogether unlike all the others. Ray has placed them together under the term apetalous , and others, who have followed Natute, have feared to feparate them. But, in the modern fyftem of Linnzus, they are, like the reft of Na- ture’s alliances, {catered over all his works, the docks being placed among his ¢riandria, and the atri- plex among the polygamia monacia at the other end of his work. Thefe are the errors againft which I declare, refting the objeGtion upon Nature; againft whom there is no appeal. PERCE S ELS SSSA SPORE LOSI SE PIAS SAO sp Ry TEES TL. Mie of BRITAIN. Thofe of which one or more fpecies~ are naturally wild in this country. GieEeeN a Us aSc oa APONOGETON. PTHE flowers are of two kinds, male and female, on the fame plant. The male flower confifts of a fingle filament, terminated by an oval button, not having fo much asacup. The female flower has:a cup, formed of one leaf, and dented in two places at the edge; in which are placed fe- veral rudiments of feeds, crowned with fimple ftyles; and both kinds are fituated in the bofoms of the leaves. Linnzus places this among the monecia monandria, and gives it the name Zannichellia, Horned Aponogeton. The flowers are fmall, and greenifh; and Aponogeton cornutum. they ftand in the bofoms of the leaves over the ereateft part of the plant, It is common in waters, and flowers in July- Pantedera calls it Aponogeton aquaticum gra- minifolium flamivibus fingularibus. ‘The root is fibrous, and white. The ftalk is round, green, weak, and very much branched. The leaves are oblong; narrow, numerous, and of a frefh green. 3 GobaN Us 481 Thea BRITISH HER BA L. Gr b. eN USS Il: LIRON OP EUCE: HIE. flowers are of two kinds, male and female, on the fame plant. The male flower confifts of a cup, divided into feveral minute pointed fegments, and a great number of buttons, fupported on very fhort filaments. The female flower has the fame kind of cup with the male, and in it only a tudiment of the future feed. Linnzus places this among the monecia polyandria; the filaments being numerous, and the two kinds of flowers on the fame plant. x. Simple-leaved Limnopeuce. Limnopeuce foliis fimplicibus. The root confifts of numerous fibres. The firft fhoots from it lie upon the mud, and fend out more fibres at their joints. The ftalks are numerous, round, hollow, and of a faint green. The leaves encircle them at the joints ; and are numerous, fimple, narrow, and alfo of a pale green, The flowers are numerous and greenifh : they ftand partly at the tops of the ftalks, and partly in the bofoms of the leaves. ; It is common in muddy waters, flowering in Auguft. Cordus calls it Limnopeuce, Others, Limno- peuce vulgaris. — 5 2. Four-horned Limnopeuce, Linmopeuce foliis quadricoruiss The root is fibrous. The ftalks are weak and flender, loaded with leaves, and not very erect. G E N The leaves are placed in clufters ; and are nar- row, and armed with four horns. Their colour is a brownifh green. ? It is frequent in brooks, and produces its in- confiderable flowers in July. Ray calls it Hydroceratophyllon folio afpero qua- tuor coraubus armato. Others, Millefolium equi- Setifolium. 3. Eight-horned Limnopeuce. Limnopeuce offo cornubus armata. The root is fibrous, The ftalk is weak, and of a brownith green. The leaves are foft to the touch ; whereas thofe of the other are harfh, and are armed with eight horns. The flowers are very fmall, and greenith. We have it in ponds and rivers, flowering in } autumn, Ray calls it Hydroceratophyllum leve offo cor- nubus armato. The virtues: of thefe plants are altogether un- known. u Ss Tif. PEPPER-GRASS, Earl Lye LAS ASaRs < Ty. IE. flowers are of two kinds, male and female, upon the fame plants. The male flower has no cup or petals; but confifts of four long, twifted antherx, fixed to one common fubftance; and thefe grow upon the leaves without footftalks. The female flower confifts of a rudiment of a fruit; which is roundifh, and afterwards enlarges in fize, and when ripe is filled with numerous feeds in four cells. Linnzeus places this among the cryptogamia, Pepper-Grafs.' Pilwlaria vulgaris. The root is fmall, fibrous, and white. The leaves are numerous, long, very flender, and of a fine green. ‘The flowers are minute and greenifh; and.the | feed-veffels, when ripe, are brown. GG. Bens, yy § It is not.uncommon in damp places, but is un- obferved from its likenefs to grafs. Ray calls it Graminifolia paluftris repens vaf- culis granorum peperis emulis, Others, Gramen peperinum. , IV; SEA-POND WEED. POTAMOGITON MARITIMUM. HE flowers are male and female upon the fame plant. The male flowers confift of fingle © buttons, on very fhort filaments, arranged together on a pedicle, rifing from the bofom of a leaf, and having no cup. The female flower has no cup. It confifts only of a rudiment of a feed, fupported fingly on a flender footftalk : feveral of thefe footftalks rife from one common head; and the feed, when ripened, is oblong. N° XLVIIL. Of this genus there is but one known fpecies. 6G Grafly 4.82 ‘Bite BRETT SeHe Hy Fe Re Bi ASE} Grafly Sea-Pondweed. Potamogiton maritimum foliis gramintis. The root confifts of a few {mall fibres. The ftalks are numerous, flender, and branched, and three or four inches in length, The leaves are narrow, grafly, numerous, and of a faint green. Ger EN The male flowers ‘rife in catkins from the bofoms of the leaves; and are of a brownith colour. The female flowers ftand in a kind of umbells, and are greenith. We have it in the ditches of falt-marfhes, -flowering in Auguft. Ray calls it Bepopasdion maritimum gramineis longioribus foliis, frudtu fere umbellato. Us 5 V. GLASSWORT. Swede Big dt .GeiO oR NPA Sia flowet is compofed of a {quare cup, and a fingle filament, with a fimple ftyle rifing from the rudiment of the feed. This is its pal conftru¢tion. the cup fwells and enclofes it. The feed afterwards Tipens, and Linnzus places this among the monandria, his firft clafs; feparating it far from all the other apeta- lous plants, x. Jointed Glaffwort. Sakcornia geniculata. The root is fmall-and fibrous. The plant is of a moft fingular ftructure, re- fembling fome of the fubmarine more than the terreftrial kinds. The-ftalk is compofed of fhort, thick joints ; and is five inches high, and very much branched. The branches divide again, and are jointed more confpicuoufly than the main ftalk; and on thefe ftand the flowers, which are {mall and whitifh. The whole plant is naturally of a frefh green, but often red at the lower part, and fometimes throughout. It is common in our falt marfhes, and flowers in June, C. Bauhine calls it Kali Seniculatam Salicornia. The plant is diftinguifhed from all the others by the fuccnlency of its branches, and its want of Others, Gis ball gaaNhs bola. x8! - leaves; but there have been three or four va- rieties of it, folely owing to the manner of growth, defcribed by frivolous writers, as diftin& fpecies, under the names of myo/uroides, ramofior,and erefia. One there is truly diftinét, which follows. 2. Shrubby Glaffwort. ’ Salicornia fruticofa. The root is fibrous. The ftem is hard, woody, and brown. The branches are numerous and Saancts and they are naturally redith. The flowers are fmall, and redifh. We have it on our fea-coafts, flowering in June. Ray calls it Kali fruticofum perenne procumbens. The tender branches of the preceding kind are pickled for fampire ; but it is a fraud and they are much inferior. VI. HO P. LO RE: in sen S. HE flowers are of two kinds, male and female, and are produced on feparate plants of the fame fpecies. The male flower is compofed of five filaments, placed in a five-leaved cup. The fe- male is formed of a large, oval cup, flatted on one fide, made of a fingle leaf, and epuainigg with- “Out any filaments a fingle rudiment of a fruit, with two ftyles. Linnzus places this among the diacia hexandria. The Common Hop. Lupulus vulgaris. The root confifts of numerous, thick fibres, and fends out fpreading fhoots. The ftalks are tough, flender, ftriated, and, when fupported, rife to twenty feet. The leaves are large, broad, of a coarfe green, and beautifully divided, with age fegments fer- rated, 8 The male flowers hang from fome of the plants in brown feries. The female, collected into heads, ripen upon others; and thefe are ufed in brewing. The plant is wild in our hedges, and culti- vated in grounds for the fervice of the brewery. Its young tops are alfo eatable as afparagus, and as pleafant. C, Bauhine calls it Lapulus mas et femina. GHER ANSUGSS “the BRITS ho Hee AL 483. GE EN Us VI. H SE? M- Pp; GON ANAS Bear §: ee flowers are male and female upon feparate plants. The male confifts of five fall fila- ments, placed in a cup, divided into five fegments. rudiment of the feed in a cup that burfts fideways. _ Linnzus places this among the diacia pentandria. The Cominon Hemp. Cannabis vulgaris. The root confifts of many fibres, connected to an oblong head. The ftalk is thick, tough, ftriated, and four feet high. The leaves are large, and divided in the man- her of fingers, and of a dufky green. The flowers on the male plants are whitith, Ge, Ne US The female have two ftyles, placed on the The feed is enclofed, as it ripens, in this cup. thofe on the female of a pale green: thefe latt only ripen feed. It is wild in Scotland, but fmall. We culti- vate it here in fields for the fervice of the linnen manufactory. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Cannabis mas et femina. An emulfion of bemp-feed has fingly cured jaundice. Vill. DOGS MERCURY. CYNOGRAMBE. HE flowers are of two kinds, male and female, on the fame plant. The male confift of nu: merous filaments, in a cup which fplits into two parts, and thofe turn back. In the female the cup is of like form; but in it is only a fingle ftyle, fixed to the rudiment of a fruir, which, when ripe, is rough, and holds a fingle feed. Dogs Mercury. Cynocrambe vulgaris. The root is fibrous, white, and fpreading. The ftalk is green, round, juicy, and a foot high. The leaves are placed in pairs; and they are green, frefh, oblong, ferrated, and pointed. The male flowers grow at the tops of the. ftalks in fmall, greenifh fpikes, Gos oB FRENCH Ne tooo 5.8 The feeds rife ori fmall footftalks in the bofom of the leaves ; and are of a tefticulated form: It is common under hedges, and flowers in April. C.Bauhiné calls if Mercurialis montana tefticu- lata. Others, Cynocrambe. The plant is poifonous, and has deftroyed many perfons, IX. M2E YR CALE R oY) Me Be aR GC x a Raaels See ee Se HE flowers are male and female, and they grow on feparate plants, The male flower confitts of nine filaments, placed in a fmall cup, cut into three fegments. The feriiale is Compoled of a like cup, in which are placed two ftyles upon a rounded germen, and two nectaria at its fides: The feed-veffel is tefticulated. Linnzeus juftly feparates this from the former. Ray inadvertently joins them as fpecies of one genus, French Mercury. Mercurialis annua glabra. The root is fibrous. The ftalk is a foot high, very much branched, and thick fet with leaves: thefe aré oblong, fer- rated, and of a beautiful green. The male flowers are greenifh, and grow in flender fpikes on fome plants. The female rife from the bofoms of the leaves in others ; and are alfo little and greenith. It is common about hedges, and flowers in May. C, Bauhine calls it Mercurialis mas et femina, G HE aNesUas 484 ‘The BORV Lo. 18°41": BARB AM, @y E cN U'“SsS Xx. NEA Tel St GE: U Rat HE flowers are male and female on the fame plant. with an oval, {mall nectarium. In the female there is only a rudi- cup, and four filaments ; Te Oe ad. The. male flower confifts of a four-leaved ment of the feed, with a rough top, in acup, fplit into two parts. Linneeus places this among the monecia tetrandria. 1. Common Nettle: Urtica vulgaris. The root is creeping. The ftalk is ridged, a yard high, branched, and befet with little prickles, at whofe bafe are blad- ders of a fharp, watery juice, which inflames the fkin, when let in by the puncture of the prickles. The leaves are large, broad, oblong, fharp- pointed, ferrated, and covered with the fame prickles. The flowers are greenifh, and inconfiderable. It is common by way-fides, and flowers in July. The male and female flowers in this genus, I have obferved, are fometimes on the fame, and fometimes on diftinét plants. 2, The Leffer Nettle, Urtica minor. » The root is fibrous. The ftalk is a foot high, not often branched, of a dufky green, and full of fpines. The leaves are broad, fhort, and. ferrated. G E- ‘are deobftruent. Mw us The flowers are greenifh. It is common about. gardens, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls this Urtica urens minor; the former, Urtica urens maxima. 3: Roman Nettle. nde pilulifera. The root is Bibivis and creeps. The ftalk is ridged, two feet high, and branched. The leaves are large, oblong, ferrated, co- vered with poifoned fpines, and of a deep green. The male flowers are greenifh, and inconfider- able: the female are fucceeded by round, large balls, covered with fpines, and containing the feeds. It is ‘wild in our northern counties, flowering in July. C. Bauhine calls it Urtica urens pilas ferens. The tops of the common nettle, eaten in fpring, ‘The roots are a powerful and excellent diuretick. XI, XA IN I HEADS OM. THE flowers are male and female on the fame plant. The male flowers are cluftered together, many in one cover, and confift each af five filaments, placed in a tubular cup, divided at the edge into five fegments. The female flowers are contained two only in one cup, which is formed of two leaves, each divided into three lobes; the middle one largeft, -and covered with hooked fpines, The fruit fucceeding thefe is alfo oblong, and covered with hooked thorns. Linnzus places this among the monecia pentandria. Xanthium, called Small Burdock. Xanthium vulgare. The root confifts of an oblong head, and many fibres. The ftalk is ftriated, purplifh, branched, and tough. The leaves are large, and of a pale green, of Ginwione Tg an oval and fomewhat cordated form, and fers rated. The flowers are fmall and whitifh; the fruit is hard, echinated, and of a purplifh brown. It grows on the edges of our fen- “counties, and, flowers in April. C. Bauhine calls it Lappa minor Xanthium Dio- fcoridis. XI. OK. LA Pal OT A as 1M pp Hower confifts of fix very {mall filaments, with three ftyles, placed in a cup compofed of fix leaves, three outward, and three inward, all remaining with the feed, which is fingle, and three-cornered. Linnzus places this among the bexandria trigynia, and fuppofes the three inner fegments of the cup, petals. 3 Do boy t- 3 i | ; “Homed P Gea oy a C Z i IG Bi oh ; Common? Darple Nas7orw leavit? Wille lbortpes y) Wi a N\ 2), ; & Vipbper aN ge . . ie allies e 7 M7, leavil. . S sa) ethor L7 LL TE WHALE Ye y wr Lo } ny 3 : Z\\ ae ee r” ZA fer eG . : 4 | 4, : \ = he fe | 2 | / u ‘ mo 4 Nogae Mercury ) oO CLiencn Goma’ ; ae | > \ } (yu pyedn>eNAMUMEe € Nettle. > f ff (24 ) Merry ite WZ ZL — ca — = — \ 4 ne OY ( ’ A et , CC Ge ailhttiuiialldsuidtll eup Ah we] A ~V 5s > Z, 5 W P. by ? wef ie hy he (tl alow) vik Shai fool Vil Dock DY ae aie Whirl itt Es as pene Th BRITISH HERBAL, 485 DIVISION i 1. Great Water-Dock. Lapathum aquaticum maximum. = The root is long, thick, and brown, The ftalk is thick, purplifh at the bottotn, green upwards, rarely much branched, and five feet high. The leaves are long, and extremely large, of a fine green, and waved at the edges. The flowers are greeaifli, and the feeds latge and brown. It is common about waters, and flowers in Julysae: C. Bauhine calls it Lepathum aquaticum folio cubital. It is celebrated againft the feurvy. 2. Sharp-pointed Dock. Lapatbum folio acuto. The root is long, thick, brown on the out. fide, yellow within, and of a raw, auftere tate. The ftalk is round,. firm, branched, and three feet high. The leaves are long, large; even at the edges, and fharp-pointed, The flowers are greenifh. i It is common in rich foils, and flowers in July, C. Bauhine calls it Lapathum folio acuto plano. The root is excellent againft the feurvy, much preferable to the great water-dock : it is beft taken in a ftrong infufion. Befide thefe, our wafte grounds afford not lefs BRT 15.H. than nine other fpecies of the common dock, not 2 Prev t SP O RPT: FO Monks Rhubarb. Lapathum folio oblongo acuto. The root is long, very thick, and within of 4 ftrong and fine yellow. The ftalk is thick, and five feet high, purple at the bafe, green upwards, and branched. The leaves are very large, oblong, of a deep green, often purplifh, and have purple foot- ftalks. : S5Pi EEG 1sE)S; including the forrels, which ate diftinguifhed by their peculiar manner of growing. _ In all thefe kinds the flowers, feeds, and man- ner of growth, ate the fame; their principal dif- ference confifting in the form of their leaves: We fhall therefore lay them before the reader in One view, without the interruption of divifions, into feparate articles, They are, 1. The common Dock, Lapavhum ouleare obiu- Jum, Diftinguithed by the bluntnefs of its leaves, + The curled-leaved, fharp pointed Dock, La- pathum acutum crifpum. Common by waters. » The fmooth, narrow-leaved, fharp-pointed Dock, Lapatkum acutum anguftifolium non crifpum. . Dwarf, fharp-pointed Dock, Lapathum acus tum minimum. Whofe flowers ftand in thick tufts. wb we as » Green Dock, Lapathum acutum viride. In this there are no leaves among the clufters of flowers. Fiddle-Dock, Lapathum pulchrum Bouonienfe Sinuatum, Whofe leaves are hollowed out on each fide. : + Golden Dock, Lapathum anguftifolium floré aureo. Whofe leaves are whitifh, and the feed {mall. . : Taller golden Dock, Lapathum aureum an- gufto folio. Whofe leaves are very narrow; and feeds large. 9. Bloody Dock, Lapathum fanguineum. Dittin- guifhed by red veins in the leaves. oe SS Ms ao. REIGN SPECIES. The flowers ate very numerous, thready, and whitifh. It isa native of Germany and Italy, and flowers in May. €. Bauhine calls it Hippolapathum latifaium. The frefh root is a purge; and fome have ufed it in the place of rhubarb: but -it is vaftly in- ferior: DOCKS, called SORREL "THE: flowers and feeds in’ the feveral kinds of /orrel are of the fame form with thofe of the common docks ; but their different manner of growth, mands alfo a peculiar defeription. 1. Common Sorrel: Lapathum acetofum oulgare. The toot.is long, flender,. and hung with forme fibres. * The ftalk is a foot and half high, redith at the bottom, and not branched. The leaves have fedith footftalks ; and they are of a fine frefh green, of an agreeable acid tafte; and of an.arrow-headed fhape. The flowers are {mall and redifh: N° 48. which has obtained them a feparate name, de- Tt is common in paftures, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Acetofa pratenfis: . It is cooling and deobftruent. 2. Sheeps Sorrel. Lapathum acetofum foliis lanceolatts: The root is fibrous and creeping. The ftalk is flender, of a pale green; and eight | inches high, 6H The 286 The BeRii a 168 “Ht. AOPERRE BoATE, The leaves have long, flender footftalks , and they are narrow, and of the fhape of a {pear- head ; bearded at each fide, near the bafe, The flowers are fmall and yellowifh. It is common on dry banks, flowering in June. C. Bauhine calls it Acetofa arvenfis lanceolata. Authors have, from the varieties of its growth, idly divided into two fpeciess as they have de- fcribed alfo under the name of a diftinét f{pecies, the common forrel, when of a more than ordinary ftature. 3. Round-leaved Sorrel. Lapathum acetofum rotundifolium. The root is fibrous and creeping. The firft leaves have long footftalks, of a pur- plifh tinge; and they are rounded in their gene- ral fhape, but auriculated at the bafe. The ftalk is a foot high, flender, and of a pale, greyifh green; as are alfo the leaves. The flowers are {mall and brownifh. It is common in our northern counties; and, being cultivated in the rich mould of a garden, becomes the plant called Roman forrel, or round- leaved garden-forrel. Ray calls it Acetofa rotundifolia repens. Others, Acetofa Romana. Gays iene Ur tS BUCK WHEAT. XIII. Eo AgG Ombier eR UlM, Pr‘HE flower confifts of eight filaments contained, together with three ftyles, and a neétarium of eight granules, in a cup: this is formed of a fingle piece, divided into fegments ; which being thin and coloured, appear as petals, but remain with the feed, which is large, fingle, and three-cornered. Linneus places this among the offandria trigynia. ‘1. Buckwheat. Fagopyrum vulgare. The root is fibrous. The ftalks are light, hollow, upright, yel- lowifh, and a yard high. The leaves ftand fingly at diftances: they fur- round the ftalk at the bafe, and have there two ears, and terminate in a point. Their colour is a faint, yellowifh green. The flowers are white, with a dath of purple; and they ftand in tufts at the top of the ftalk. The feeds are brown. It is found by road-fides in fome places, but probably owing to feattered feeds, the plant be- ing cultivated for the food of cattle. C. Bauhine calls it Evy/inum Theophrafti folio hederaceo, Others, Fagopyrum eretium vulgare. Gis E N 2 Urs 2. Climbing Buckwheat, called Black Bind-' ; weed. Fagopyrum fcandens. The root is fibrous. The ftalk is weak, yellowifh, and a foot in length, climbing round other plants for fup- . port. The leaves are of a triangular form, and heart- fhaped at the bafe. . The flowers grow in long feries, and are of a dufky brown, It is common in corn-fields, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Convolvulus minor folio trian gulo, Others, Convolvulus niger, and Fagopyrum Scandens. x IV. ARSMART. PES Ree Sil os Gee Aner earlier s HE flower confifts of eight filaments, and three ftyles, inclofed in a thick, flefhy cup, green on the outfide, coloured white or red within, and flefhy on the hinder part. This is formed of a fingle piece, imperforate at the bafe, and divided at the edge into five oval fegments. ‘Thefeed is fingle, and triangular; and it remains covered by the cup. ; Linnzeus joins this genus, with the polygonum, among the offandria trigynia. 1. Biting Arfmart. Perfisaria vulgaris acris. The root is fibrous. The ftalk is round, thick, jointed, irregu- larly upright, and a foot and half high. The leaves are oblong, moderately broad, un- ~ divided at the edges, and of a beautiful uniform green all over. The flowers are collected in fhort fpikes at the tops of the ftalks and branches; and they are of a bright red. The tafte of the whole plant is very acrid. It is common in damp places, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Perficaria urens five Hydro- piper. Our people, Lakeweed, and Biting arfmart. 2. Small creeping Arfmart. Perficaria pufilla repens. The root is fibrous. The a The BRITISH HERBAL. 487 The ftalk is round, jointed, and green; a foot high, and not much branched. ; The leaves are long, narrow, and of a freth green, The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks and branches in longifh, but loofe {pikes ; and are of a pale, yellowifh green, It is common in watery places, flowering in June. : C. Bauhine calls it Perfcaria minor. Befide thefe, our fertile ditch banks afford no lefs than eight other fpecies of ar/mart. ° Thefe agree in their form and general manner of growth, The ftalks are jointed, the leaves oblong and un- divided, and the flowers fpiked in all of them. Their diftin@tions will therefore be familiarly con- veyed to the reader in an enumeration, fuch as we have before given under the dock kind, with- out the repetition of thefe common particulars in them all, in fo many feparate defcriptions. The feveral {pecies are thefe : !. Narrow-leaved Arfmart, Perfcaria anguftifolia, GOCE ew e Ne Uist This produces {pikes of flowers from the bo- foms of all the leaves, + Spotted Arfmart, Perficaria mitis maculofa. The leaves of this are infipid, and each has a black {pot. - Hoary Arfmart, Perficaria folio fubtus incano, The leaves are whitith, and rough: under- neath. - Pale-leaved Arfmart, Petficaria mitis major Soliis pallidioribus. A very tall plant, with great, pale, fpotted leaves. Willow-leaved Arfmart, Perfcaria foliis fa- ~ licis. The leaves are narrow, long, and fil- very white. . Spotted-ftalked Arfmart, Perfcaria latifolia mitis caule maculato. The ftalks beautifully variegated with red and purple, Perennial willow-leaved Arfmart, Perficaria Salicis folio perennis. The leaves very long, and fpikes thick. 8. Procumbent Arfmart, with leaves fpotted, and hoary underneath, Per/caria maculofa procumbens foliis Jubtus incanis. nN aN a XV. KEN. OSTEG IR ASS: Pe Oneill. GONG Ue Me HE flower confifts of eight filaments, three ftyles, and a three-cornered germen or rudiment of — aL: a fruit, placed in a cup, formed of one leaf, divided into five fegments, and. thick, green on the back, and white or redifh on the infide. The ftalks are jointed and procumbent. ‘Linnzus places this among the oéfandria trigynia. 1. Common Knotgrafs. Polygonum vulgare. The root is fibrous. The ftalks are numerous, green, jointed, weak, and procumbent ; and they have many branches. The leaves are oblong, of a pale green, ob- tufe, and undivided. t The flowers ftand in their bofoms; and are white, with a tinge of red. It is common by way-fides, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Polygonum latifolium. The leaves of this plant are fometimes fmall and narrow, at others fhort and broader. This depends upon the place of growth ; but, under thefe different appearances, it has paffed upon botanifts as two other diftinét fpecies, called + brevi angufto, and rotundofelio. 2. Narrow-leaved Knotgrafs. Polygonum angufto et gramineo folio. The root is fibrous. - ; The ftalks are numerous, a foot in length, va- 7 rioufly branched, weak, and fcattered over the ground. The leaves are very narrow, and an inch or two in length ; fo that they appear grafiy. The flowers are fma!l and whitifh. eh It is common in wafte grounds, flowering in , June. C. Bauhine calls it Pohgonum angujto et oblongo folio. 3. Sea-Knotgrafs. Polygonum maritimum. The root is fibrous. The ftalks are numerous, and fpread upon the ground. : The leaves are fmall, oblong, and of a greyifh “green, The flowers are large and white. We have it on our fea-coatts, flowering ia May. C. Bauhine calls it Polygonum marinum majus. All the fpecies are aftringent. A decoétion of the common knotgrafs is, excellent againft loofe- neffes with bloody ftools. G_ EN) Uns 488 "ihe > bt Red eek oO EL HERBAL, Gok N: . Usa S XVI. BISTORT. Bo gees? FSO RETA: HE flower is compofed of five fmall filaments, with three ftyles, contained in a colourett cup: This is formed of a fingle piece, imperforate at the bafe, and at the verge divided into five ~ oval fegments, which naturally clofe together. After this comes a three-cornered feed, upon which the cup clofes and furrounds it. Linnzus places this among the offandria trigyn in each flower, oe 1. Common Biftort. Biftorta vulgaris. The root is thick, and irregularly fhaped, brown on the furface, and red within. ‘The leaves have long, red footftalks ; and are oblong, broad, and of a fine green. The ftalk is jointed, of a pale green, and two feet high. The leaves on it refemble thofe from the root: The flowers are of a fine flefh-colour, and ftand in a thick fpike. It is found in meadows, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Biforta radice minor intorta. Others, Bifforta vulgaris. The root is good againft fluxes of all kinds dried and powdered. 2. Leffler Biftort. Biftorta winor. The root is oblong, thick, and of an irreou- lar form. , Gee Part Uses ia; the ftyles being three, and the filaments eight, The ftalk is round, jointed, and a foot high. The leaves are long and narrow, and of a deep green. s The flowers ftand in a long fpike at the top of the ftalk ; and are of a fine fleth-colour. We have it in Yorkfhire. It flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Biforta Alpina minor. 3. Various-leaved Biftort, Biftorta foltis rotundis et oblongis. The root is thick and brown. ; The firft leaves are roundifh, and ferrated at the edges; and have long footftalks. The ftalk is four inches high. The leaves on it are flender, and the flowers ftand in a thort {pike. We have it on our-northern mountains. It flowers in June. Ray calls it Biftorta minima Sohis imis fubro- tundis. 5 XVII. PONDWEED. PE OVUMCye . OS ere e ene HE flower has no petals, The cup is compofed of four fmall, ends ; and is fucceeded by four feeds, of a roundith form, Linneus places this among the tetrandria tetragynia ftyles. 1. Broad-leaved Pondweed. Potamogiton latifolium. The root is compofed of long fibres, con- nected to_a fhort head. The ftalk is weak, brown, and two feet or more in length, partly immerfed in water, and partly lying on it. The leaves under water are narrow; thofe on the top broad, oval, and high ribbed, The flowers are fmall and whitith ; and they ftand in long, flender fpikes. Tt is common in waters, flowering in Augutt, C. Bauhine Calls it Potamogiton rotundifolium. 2. Perfoliate Pondweed. Potamogiton perfoliatum. The root is fibrous, The flalk is round, and two feet or more in length, -but naturally grows under water. oval leaves, obtufe at the but {welling one fide, and pointed, 3 the flower having four threads, and four _ The leaves are of an oval form,. and furround the ftalk at the bafe. The flowers ftand in flender fpikes, rifing from their bofoms. : It is common in rivers, flowering in July. C. Bauhine calls it Potamogiton foliis. latis Splendentibus. 3. Oak-leaved Pondweed. Potamogiton quercus foliis crifpis. The root is fibrous. The ftalk is weak, and eight inches long, and grows under water. The leaves are very beautiful, of a brownith green, oblong, obtufe, and waved at the edges. The flowers grow in flender fpikes from their bofoms, and are whitifh: thefe alfo refemble the flowers of the oak. 6 ; If The “BRI TIS’H 'H ER B A°L, 489 It is common in fhallow waters, flowering in July. C. Baubine calls it Potamogiton foliis crifpis five Laétuca ranarum., Befide thefe, there are no lefs than fifteen other Englith fpecies of pondweed 5 the general form of which being the fame, we fhall avoid the repeti- tion of fo many defcriptions, and give their names and characters. 1. Long, pellucid-leaved Great Pondweed, Po- tamogiton foliis anguftis [plendentibus. Diftin- guifhed by the length of the leaf. 2. Grafly Pondweed, Potamogiton folio angufto pellucido fere gramineo. Smaller than the former, and the flowers larger. 3. Heart leaved Pondweed, Potamogiton folio cor- dato. Deeply divided at the bafe of the leaf, 4. Frog’s Lettuce, Potamogiton medium lucens, whofe leaves grow in pairs, and are obtufe. 5. Flat-ftalked, grafly Pondweed, Potamogiton caule compreffo folio graminis canini. The leaves have no footftalks. . 6. Broader-leaved, flat-ftalked Pondweed, Pota- mogiton gramincum latifolium. The leaves have obfcure footftalks, 7. Clufter-leaved, grafly Pondweed, Potamogi- ton gramineum latius foliis et ramis ftipatis. Ge Nee U: OWR™ Ai C SH: co - Serrated Grafly Pondweed, Potamogiton foliis kramineis ferratis latioribus caulis. » Harfh-leayed Grafly Pondweed, Potamogiten foliis gramineis rigidis, A large plant. 10. Great-headed Pondweed, Potamogiton mari- timum grand nfaclis capitulis. The leaves are very narrow. \o 11, Fennel-leaved Pondweed, Potamogiton milli- folium. The leaves are very narrow, and finely divided. 12 - Dwarf Grafly Pondweed, Potamogiton pufil- lum gramineo folio caule tereti. The'round- nefs of the ftalk diftinguithes this, 13. Broad, thin-leaved Pondweed, Potamogiton foliis tenuibus pellucidis. The leaves have long, brown footftalks. 14. Feather-leaved Pondweed, Potcmogiton foliis peanatis. The flowers grow in long, flen- der interrupted fpikes. 15. Dwarf feathered Pondweed, Potamogiton pen- natum minus. Smaller, and more branched than the former. From this detail of their differences, the ftu- dent will much more readily comprehend the fe- veral fpecies than if they had been feparated un. der fo many diftin& heads, and encumbered with Tepetitions ; for the flowers are of the fame form and colour in all, and the general manner of growth in nothing different. See xc vith AMBIOREMT "P Bxinbun HE flowers aré of two kind’, hermaphrodite and female, on the fame plant, T dite flower confifts of a cup, formed of five membranaceous leaves, with filmy edges, The hermaphro- and en- clofing afterwards a fingle feed. The female flower confifts of a cup, formed only of two leaves 5 - which are of an oval form, large, and comprefled. Thefe afterwards ferve to defend alfo a fingle feed. Linnzus places this among the polygamia monecia; the feeds being ripened in two ways on the fame plant, from hermaphrodite and female flowers. Spear-pointed Orach. Atriplex vulgaris folio haftato. The root is fibrous. The ftalk is upright, two feet high, branched, and of a pale green. __ The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a pale green, very broad toward the bafe, and termi- nated by a large triangular point, like the head of a fpear. ‘ The flowers are fmall, and whitith. It is common in cultivated ground, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Atriplex fylveftris altera, Others, Atriplex folio deltoide. ‘Befide this, there are no lefs than thirteen other fpecies of wild orach, common on our dunghills ; and fome others-of the d/ite kind, which are alfo called by the name orach, the diftinction nor having been obvious to the earlier writers. We fhall explain that under the next genus ; and fhall here, as in the preceding article, enumerate the fpecies, with their effential and diftindive parts 5 the general afpect being incommon. This, which we begin in recounting thelefs confpicuous and lefs N° XLix, ‘ ufeful plants, muft be continued when we give the reader an idea of the grafles, mofles, and mufh- rooms ; articles which have fingly furnifhed the fubject of volumes in folio; but which we fhall comprife in a fufficient view in the few remain- ing numbers of this work. The fpecies of orach here to be enumerated are thefe : 1. Narrow-leaved Orach, Atriplex angufto oblongo folio, The flowers are very numerous. “2. Narrow-leaved Sea-Orach, Atriplex maritima anguftifolia dentata, The leaves are indented and bluifh, 3. Jagged, narrow-leaved Orach, triplex an. guftifolia laciniata, ‘The’ leaves deeply cut, and of a pale green. 4. Perennial Sea-Orach, Atriplex maritima peren- nis folio deltcide. The leaves of a bluifh green. - 5. Tall Sea-Orach, Atriplex maritima procerior. . The leaves are deeply cut, greyifh, and hoary. 6. Auriculated Sea-Orach, A¢riplex maritina ad Bajfin auriculata. This is a procumbent plant. 61 7. Jagged 490 The. BOR Gist S Ge el POR er %. Jagged Sea-Orach, Atriplex maritima laciniata. | The plant is fmall, and the leaves are hoary. 8. Bafil-leaved Sea-Orach, Atriplex maritima ocymi minoris folio, The leaves {mall, and roundifh. g- Broad-cup’d Sea-Orach, Atriplex maritima fe- mine Jato. It isa {mall upright plant. ro. Orach, called Sea-Purflain, Atriplex fruticofa halimus difa. A thrubby plant, with grey, oblong leaves. Gi ees aN U8 11, Narrow, clufter-leaved. Sea-Orach, Atriplex maritima feoparie folio. {mall and narrow. 12. Long, narrow-leaved Sea-Orach, Atriplex maritima longiffino graminis folio, 13. Narrow, obtufe-leaved Orach, Atriplex ma- ritima folio angufto obtufo. The leaves are of a bluith green. The leaves very XIX. Boe be Be PST ees rpHE flower has no petals. It confifts of a five-leaved cup, with its filaments, and the rudimene of the fruit; the leaves of it are oval, and edged with a thin, membranaceous fubftance. The feed is fingle ; and the cup clofes about it, ferving as a capfule, and being marked with five ridges. Linnzeus feparates this from the afriplex, placing it among the pentandria, the filaments in the flower being five. x. Blite, called Common Orach. [Blitum atriplex fylueftris dicium. The root is fibrous. The ftalk is a yard high, branched, and of a pale green. The leaves are oblong, and deeply finuated ; and they are alfo of a pale green. The flowers are fmall, and of a greenifh white, It is common on dry foils, flowering in Au- guft. C. Bauhine calls it Atriplex fylveftris folio finuato candicante. Others, Atriplex fylveftris vulgaris. 2. Stinking Orach. Blitum fatidum. The root is fibrous. The ftalks are a foot long, weak, branched, and of a greyifh colour. The leaves have long footftalks ; and they are of a roundifh, but fomewhat angulated form. The flowers are fmall and greenith. The whole plant is covered with a kind of greyith powder, and is of an extrernely difagree- able fmell. It is common on dry banks, and flowers in July. C.Bauhine calls it Atriplex fylveftris fetida. Others, Blitum fatidum, and Atriplex olida. A conferve of its freth tops is good againft hyfterick complaints. The other kinds have little virtue. 3. Upright Blite, called Allfeed. Blitum erectum poly{permen. The root is fibrous. The ftalk is redifh, upright, and a foot and half high. The leaves have flender footftalks; and they are oblong, obtufe, and of a dufky green. The flowers are fimall, greenifh, and very nu- merous. It is common in wafte grounds, and flowers in Augutt. C. Bavhine calls it Blitum poly/permum. 4. Englith Mercury. Blitum mercurialis Anglica dittum. The root is fibrous. z The ftaik is ribbed, of a pale green, branched, and a foot and half high. a he leaves have long footftalks; and they are of a yellowifh green, and of an arrow-headed ‘fhape, =. | The flowers are fmall and greenith. The whole plant is covered with greyifh, fatty duft. It is common in paftures, and flowers in June, C. Bauhine calls ic Lapathum unéuofum, It is eaten boiled, and is very wholefome. Befide thefe four, which are the fpecies of blite mot diftinét,"there are fifteen others, natives of England; and thefe we thall enumerate as under the preceding kinds, diftinguifhing them by their proper ‘characters, 1. Goofe-foot, Blitum pes anferinus dium. This is robuft, full of branches, and with large, broad, finuated leaves. 2. Narrow-leaved Goofe-foot, Blitum pes anferi= nus dium acutiore folio. ‘The leaves deeper cut, and fharp-pointed, 3. Long-fpiked Goofe-foot, Blitum finuatum jpi- catum. The {pikes of flowers very long, and the leaves pale. 4. Pointed-leaved Goofe-foot, Blitum fol'o in lengiffimum munonem procurrente. very beautiful. 5. Procumbent Blite, with thick, finuated leaves, Blitum procumbens folio finuato lucida craffo. 6. Small, narrow-leaved, jagged Blite, Blitum minus anguftifolium laciniatum. ° The feed fmall. 7. Serrated-leaved Blite, Biitum chryfanthemi folia. The leaves bluifh, and deeply ferrated. 8. Fig-leaved Blite, Blitum ficus folio. The leaves very deeply divided into three parts in a fingered manner. g- Round-leaved Blite, Bhtum folio fubrotundo, The leaves broad, obtufe, and rounded, 10. Triangular, ferrated leaved Blite, Blitum 8 folie The leaves Th BRITISH HERBAL. sag folio triangulari dentato. The leaves of a | 14. Sea-Blites called Shrub Stone Ctop, Bl sain deep green. vermicularis frutex dium. “Shiabby; and ur. Cluitered Blite, with undivided leaves, Bli- branched. tum racemofum foliis integris. The flowers | 1 5. Great Sea-Blite, called Tee Stone Crop; fmall. Blitum vermicularis frites difum majus: i2. Small, olive-leaved Blite, Blitumi craffo olio- Very much branched. folio. A {mall upright plant. 16. Small, red Blite, Blitum rubruin minus. Small; 13. Sea-Blite, called White Saltwort, Blitum kali with oblong leaves, and large flowers, minus album diétum. A branched, fmall plant. Giddy: Nive AID XX: BE BT. BE MTs 2; PHIE flower confifts only of a cup, and the organs of imptegnatioh. The cup haa five oval and obtufe leaves. The feed is contained in a brittle capfule, placed in the bottom of Linnzus places this among the pentandria digynia; the flower having five filam ftyles. the cup. ents, and two Wild Sea-Beet, which are a yard high, and divided into many Beta fylveftris maritima, branches ; and they are {mall and white. It is common on our fea-coafts, and flowers in The root is long, thick, and perennial. Augutt. The leaves are oblong, broad, obtufe, of a C. Bauhine calls it Beta flvefris maritima; a whitifh green, and placed on long footftalks. name others have copied, ; The flowers fland at the tops of the ftalks, GB 4" Nee US § XxXt PELLITORY OF THE WALL. | PARTE 4Ri «A THE flowers are of two kinds, hermaphrodite and female, on the fame plant. Two hetthaphio- dite flowers are contained in a common cup; which is formed of fix leaves; two of which, placed oppofite, are much larger than the others. Each of thefe hermaphrodite flowers is formed of a cup, divided into four parts, which afterwards lengthens, fwells out, and enclofes the feed. The fe- male flowers are placed fingly between two of the others, all contained in the common cup: they are of the fame form with the others, and in the fame manner furround the feed, but lefs confpicuoufly. Linnzus places this among the polygamia monmcia. ‘ Pellitory of the Wall. The flowers are fmall and inconfiderable. Parietaria vulgaris. Tt is common on walls, and flowers in June, : C. Bauhine calls it Parietaria oficinarnm et The root is fibrous, and redifh, Dinfeoridis. The ftalks are numerous, redifh, ‘brittle, jointed, and a foot in length. An infufion of the whole plant works power- The leaves ftand very thick upon them; and fully by urine, and is excellent againft the gravel, are oblong, and of a dufky green: BG HE A pg ca RT GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE, SideX DER AGA) AURORE: j i d refembles them: it is formed of a finele HE, flower has no petals ; but the cup is coloured, an g piece, divided mit four fegments, two larger and two fmaller. The feed-veffel is {mall, and i i i feeds beaks: this ftands enclofed in the cup, and contains numerous feeds. sear places this among the odfandria digynia; the threads being eight, and the ftyles two, in each flower. ifrace. The ftalks are numerous, weak, flender, of a ne eho pale green, and fix inches high. The leaves are rounded, but indented at the é iful with fhort footftalks. ‘The root 4s fibrous. : bafe, of a beautiful green, te Saxifraga aurea vulgaris. 492 The BRITISH HERBAL, The flowers are very numerous, very fmall, and of a gold yellow. It is common in woods, and flowers in April. C. Bauhine calls it Saxifraga rotundifolia aurea. Goa ay Nis, An infofion of it is gently diuretick. The leaves of this plant fometimes have the footftalks a little longer ; and in that ftate it has been. defcribed as a diftinét {pecies. S XXII. AS AR AjB ASG. C A. AS ATR UM, HE flower has no petals. It confifts of a cup, which is formed of one piece, hollow, and di- vided into three fegments at the edge, of a bell-like form, coloured, tough, and permanent. The feed-veffel is of a tough fubftance. It is contained within the fubftance of the cup ; and is di- vided into fix cells, with numerous feeds in each. Linnzeus places this among the dodecandria monogynia; the threads being twelve in each fower, and the ftyle fingle. Afarabacca. Afarum. The root creeps juft at the furface of the _ ground, - The leaves are roundifh, but indented deeply for the ftalk, and of a fine green. The flowers grow clofe to the ground ; and are of a greenifh colour, more or lefs tinged with Gas Es NU purple. This conftitutes the whole plant, for there is no rifing ftalk. It is found in our northern woods, flowering in April. All authors call it 4/zrum. The root is a very rough vomit ; but its juice, and the powder of the whole plant, are ufeful to rae fheezing, and draw humours from the Cade sta S XXIV. LADY’S MANTLE, AcE Cele Ea Tel ee THE flower has no petals. divided into eight fegments, alternately larger and fmaller. the cup. 1. Common Lady’s Mantle. Alchemilla vulgaris. The root is compofed of numerous fibres. The ftalks are round, not very upright, | branched, and a foot in length. The leaves are extremely beautiful: they are of aroundifh form, divided into many pointed fezments at the edges, and folded. Their colour is a deep green, with a tinge of yellowith. The flowers grow in tufts at the tops of the branches ; and are yellowifh and fmall. It is common in our fouthern counties, flower- ing in May, C, Bauhine calls it Alchemilla vulgaris. 2. Cinquefoil Lady’s Mantle. Alchemilla Alpina pentaphyllaa. The root is fibrous. The ftalks are numerous, weak, and branched : they are of a filvery white. The leaves are placed on long footftalks, five on each; and they are of a dark green on the up- per fide, and of a filvery white underneath, - The flowers are fmall and whitifh. We have it on our northern mountains, flower- ing in April. C. Bauhine calls it Tormentilla Alpina folio fe- riceo, Others, Alchimilla pentaphyllaa. The cup is formed of one leaf: it is of a campanulated fhape, and The feed is fingle, and contained in 3. Parfley Piert. Percepier, The root is flender, The ftalks are weak, whitith, crowded with leaves, and three inches high. The leaves are broad, fhort, deeply intended and of a greyifh green. d The flowers ftand in the bofoms of the leaves - and are very fmall and whitith. It is common in plowed fields, and flowers in May. C. Bauhine calls [it Cherophyllo non nibil ac- cedens. Others, Percepier Anglorum. It is 4 powerful diuretick, and good in the gravel. ges Prickly Glaffwort. Kali cochleatum. The root is fibrous, The ftalks are numerous and branched, brown, and eight inches high. The leaves are oblong, and of a dufky green, and in their bofoms ftand clufters of young ones, which are fmaller, and prickly at the ends. The flowers are minute and whitifh; and the feed is hollow, and twifted. - : C.Bauhine calls it Kali fpinofum cochleatum. Others, Tragon, and T; ragon Mathioli, 7 GENUS [guitonSo oF Be ee Yj (" y je A (onan Larios eae Pi WA vl Per bf til? Gross : i Myo fy Wig Te UA, a Se a x Z a d} Sn, L vee Lhyneart? Y C7 i. Elie ag & calle le S (GMO Py, a os “ih sh Marr LB, Mt 01 ref ball’ : fey? Ge? i WA ; ine | eMarlte. yy Ly £ _Fyaltr Port 2, Livkly Gd Leone Gama. oot oe Yer wlltrHtyngl 4,» Vi. yyw te Or £2 oe D ee 4 ¢ J Sietlh Situpy th BRITISH HERBAL G E We Us KeeNeA Wen ae cae XXV, SCLERANG HU 5. PPHE flower confifts of a cup, formed of a fingle piece, containing the filaments and piftil. The feed-veffel is two -feeds.. , Linnzus places this among the décandria digynia ; the flower. 1. Germen Knoterafs, or Knawel. Scleranthus tenuifolius, The root is fibrous and white. The ftalks are numerous, three inches high, and branched. The leaves are narrow, oblong, and of a pale green. The flowers are {mall and whitith; and they are placed in the divifions of the branches. We have it in dry barren paftures. It flowers in June. ; C. Bauhine calls it Pohyeonum angupifino folio minus, Git, E N U divided into five pointed fegments, and of an oval form, very thin, and contains 3 the filaments being ten; and the ftylés two it ; 2. Great-flowered Knawel. Scleranthus flore mafore. The root is long, Perennial, and full of fibres, The ftalks are eight inches high, beautifully divided into branches, and a little hoary. The leaves are oblong and narrow. The flowers are large, and ftand at the tops of the branches, and in the bofoms of the leaves, We have it in barren paftures. Itflowers in June, Ray calls it Knawel incanim Store majore pe renines The earlier writers were not acquainted with its S XXVI VER PE CRE ape KNOTGRASS, GO wRi JR yl Gull 4.0 Ag; A: i Bete flower has no petals. The cup is formed of a fingle’piece, divided into five narrow feg- ments, hairy at the ends, and is of a pentangular form, The feed-veffel is roundifh, and the feed is large. Linneus places this among the pentundria digynia; the flaments being five, and the ftyle, though fingle, fplit at the top. 1. Verticillate Knotgrafs, Corrigiola vulgaris. The root is fibrous. The ftalks are numerous, and weak, three inches long, and of a pale green, The leaves are fhort, broad, of a pale green, and hairy. The flowers are fmall, and white: they are placed in clufters round the ftalks, in the-man- ner of thofe in the verticillate plants. We have it in the weft of England toward the fea. It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Polgala repens nivea, Others, Corrigiola. Ga Ee Ne U 2. Thick-leaved Verticillate Knotgrafs. Corrigiola folio craffo. The root is very long and flender. The ftalks are wedk, branchéd, of a pale green, and four inches high. The leaves are fmall, rounded, thick, and of a fhining green. The flowers are finall and white, It is found on our fea coafts, and flowers in June. Ray calls it Polygonum maritimum longius. radi« catum. S XXVIL RUPTUREWORT,! HE RON AGRE A, HE flower has no petals. The cup is formed of a fingle piece, divided into five pointed feg's ments, which fpread open, The feed-veffel is final, arid temains in the bafe of the cup; and the feed is fingle and fmall. Rupturewort. Hlerniaria vulgaris. The root is long and flender. The ftalks trail upon the ground, and are three or four inches long. The leaves are fmall, oblong, broad, and of a yellowith green. The flowers are very numerous, and greenifh : they ftand at the joints with the leaves. Tt is common.on our fea-coafts, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Pohganum minus, Seu Mille. grana minor. It is fometimes lightly hairy, and has been confidered in that ftate as a difting fpecies ; but this is no more than an accidental variety. Tt is an aftringent, but not ufed in medicine, Th END of the THIRTY-FIRST CLASS, N° 49. 6K THE TH E ; ~~ COSHESSLRSHEH SPER SHO ISSHOLSSINSS HSH MOMS OSD CLASS XXXI. Plants whofe roots are fibrous or irregular ; whofe leaves long, narrow, and without footfialks ; and whofe flowers fmall and inconfiderable. feétly and obvioufly conneéted together by Nature, and as diftinétly feparated by their cha- racters from all others: but modern botany difclaims thofe marks impreffed by the Creator ; and, claffing all vegetables by their more minute parts, feparates fome of thefe from the others, and unites in the fame clafs with the generality of them valerian and the tamarind-tree. T# comprehends the gramineous herbs, graffes, corn, and the like; a feries of plants per- Pr er Pret tet tot torcre ters tots beter neon tek te cog eee Gon Sons Don gon nots ton aod VN ORS aes (as OG. Reon BriTrisuH GENERA. ‘ Thofe of which one or more fpecies are native of this country. GS. mtionepad 0. 9 I, WHEAT. TOR PRP. To U pM MPHE cup holds three flowers, and is formed of two valves, of an oval, obtufe figure. The flower is formed of two valves, the outer one fwelled, and the inner plain. The grain is large, Linnzus places this among the ¢riandria digynia ; the threads in the flower being three, and the ftyles two. ~ x. Common Wheat: The leaves are of a {trong green, and grafly. Triticum vulgare. Oe is long, thick, and bearded. ; We ‘have it wild, as the former, only from The root is fibrous: {cattered feeds. The ftalk is hollow, jointed, and five feet high. Befide thefe, there are five other fpecies of The leaves are grafly, and of a fine green. | wheat cultivated in our fields, with many va- The ear is long and large, and naked. rieties. We find it wild from fcattered feeds. The defcriptions of all thefe muft be the fame C. Bauhine calls it Triticum Hybernum. with thofe of the preceding, in root, ftalk, and leaf. We fhall therefore only enumerate them 2. Bearded Wheat. by their names, exprefling the articles wherein they differ. They are, : 1. Red Wheat, Triticum fpica et grano rubentibus. The root is fibrous. The ear of this is larger and heavier than The ftalk is a yard high, hollow, and jointed. the common. Triticum ariffatum. 2. White s The BRAT YS BRD ASE, 495 2. White Wheat, Triticum {pica et granis albis. The ear and corn in this are larger than in the common. 3. Cone Wheat, Triticum [pica villofa quadrata longiore ariftis munita. The ear very rough. ‘4, Grey Wheat, Triticum ariftatum Jpica maxima cineritia glumis hirfulis. The ear of a greyifh brown. 5- Polonian Wheat, Triticum majus longiore grano glumis foliaceis inclufo, The corn very long. Gr Ea 6. Many-eared Wheat, Triticum fpica multiplici. In this kind four or more ears grow on one ftalk. 7. Summer Wheat, Triticum trimeftre. The corn fhort and full, and the growth only three or four months. 8. Barley-fpiked Wheat, Triticum fpica hordei. The grain is perfeét wheat, but the form of the ear like barley. Use Ss II. Re Yo Be SE Ce AL Taek, HE cup holds two flowers, and is formed of two {mall, marrow pointed leaves, placed oppo- fite. The flower is compofed of two valves: the outer one is fwelled, firm, and compreffed 4 the inner one is lanceolated, and plain. The grain is large. Common Rye. Secale vulgaris. The root is fibrous. The ftalk is hollow, jointed, and four feet high. The leaves are graffy, and of a pale green. The fpike is oblong and rough. Ge yb | UPS We have it wild only from fcattered feeds, as the former. C. Bauhine calls it Secale Hybernum vel majus: Others, Secale vulgare. A variety of this, with a fmaller and more flender ear,' is fown in fpring, and thence called by authors Secale vernum. TI. BA Ril Esy. HO RD EOU 3M, HE cup holds three flowers ; and is formed of fix narrow and fharp-pointed leaves, two under al fh every flower. The flower is compofed of two valves: the under one is fwelled, and angu- lated, and ends in a long awn: the upper one is fmaller, plain, and lanceolated. Linnaus places this among the among the srigywia. Common Barley. Hordeum vulgare. The root is fibrous. ° The ftalk is round, hollow, jointed, and three or four feet high. The car is tong, thick, and bearded with long, rough, and fharp awns. We have it only wild, as'the other, from fcat- tered feeds. se: Gee ReeGN 0S C. Bauhine calls it Hordeum diftichum. Others, Hordeum vulgare. There are two other fpecies : 1. Sprat Barley, Hordeum diftichum fpica breviore latiore granis confertis. The ear very fhort and broad. 2. Square Barley, Hordeum polyftichum. In the ears of this there are, inftead of two, fix rows of grains. IV. ’ OAD, AoW. E aN. Ae HE cup contains many flowers; and is formed of two large, fwelled, and pointed valves. The Ale flower is compofed of two valves: the lower one is fwelled, oblong, edged, and fends from its back a crooked awn. Common Oat. Avena vulgaris. ‘The root is fibrous. The ftalk is hollow, jointed, and a yard high. "The leaves are long, narrow, and of a pale green. The flowers ate collected in a loofe panicle, and terminate the ftalk. It is wild, as the others; from fcattered feeds. C. Bauhine calls it Avena alba. Others, Avena. vulgaris. There are befide this fix other kinds of oat, I wild & 496 Tie BRIT see ao wild or cultivated in England, diftinguifhed by the following names. 1. Scotch Oat, Avena alba Scotica femine fimplici pediculo laxo pendente. The corn {mall and long. 4 se 2, Black Oat, Avena nigra. Difinguifhed fuf- ficiently by the colour, and needing no de- fcription. 3. Blue Oat, Avena cerulea. Diftinenifhed alfo Gia Es by the colour, and fown principally in Yorf, fhire. 3 4. Brown Oat, vena fusca vel rubra. The grain Jarge, and very thick in the middle. 5. Naked Oat, Avena nuda. Diftinguithed by’ wanting the awn; fown principally in Corn- _ wall, 6. Bearded wild Oat, Zigilops five avena pilofa. Wild in our corn, with great panicles, Up6 V. D.0.G)S G_Ry AsSes: GRAMEN CANINUM. i = The flower is compofed of two valves: {mall. Linneus places this among the friandria. Common Dogs Grafs. Gramen caninum vulgare. The root is flender, and creeping. The ftalk is hollow, jointed, and two feet and a half high, The leaves are long, narrow, and of a fine “green. The ear is long, and flender. Tt is univerfal in cultivated ground ; the tor- ment of farmers and gardeners. It flowers in July. : ‘ ~ C. Bauhine calls it Gramen caninum vulgare, feu Gramen Diofcoridis. The root is a powerful and excellent diuretick. Of this genus there are five others, whofe de- GiisB Ne eg: HE cup contains three fowers; and is formed of two valves, of an oval figure, and obtufe. L the outer one fwelled, and large; the other plain and The feeds are {mall and they are arranged ina long, thin fpike. fcriptions would be tedious Tepetition. They dif. fer by the following charaéters : 1. Bearded Dogs Grafs, Gramen’ caninum arifta- tum radice non repente, The root fibrous, 2. Sea Dogs Grafs, with a wheat-ear, Gramen caninum maritimum rica tritica. The fpike very large. 3. Prickly Sea Dogs Grafs, Gramen maritimum Spica lobacea foliis pingentibus, The ear flender, 4. Procumbent Sea Dogs Grafs, with a thick fpike. Gramen lobaceum maritimum Jupinum Spica craffa. 5. Long-rooted Sea Dogs Grafs, with a foliaceous ear, Gramen caninum maritimum Spica foliacea. The grains grow in the ear, and fhoot-out leaves, Bey z VI. Ro XaESAG R ASS; 'GRAMEN SECALINUM™ HE cup contains three flowers ; and is compofed of four leaves, with double points, tharp, i and prickly. The flower is compofed of two valves: the lower one is bellied, and terminates in a long awn ; the other is fmall, plain, and lanceolated, Linnaus places this among the triandria digynia, Rye Grafs, called Wall Barley. Gramen fecalinum vulgare. The root is fibrous, The ftalk is thick, jointed, not very up- pright, and ten inches high. g The leaves are long, narrow, and of a faint green. “The fpike is fhort, thick, and rough. We have it by way-fides every where. C. Bauhine calls it Gramen bordeacey minus et vulgare. Others, Hordeum Jpinum. There are four other rye graffes, their general form, but diftinguifhed by the fol- lowing particulars. agreeing in |. 1. Tall Meadow Rye Grafs, pratenfe elatius. ftalk and ear. 2. Marth Rye Grafs, Gramen Secalinum paluftre et maritimum. The leaves bluith, and the ear fhort. 3- Great Wood Rye Grafs, Gramen Secalinum majus fylvaticum, Slenderer in the ear than any other, 4. Long-leaved Rye Grafs, with a thort ear, Gramen fecalinum altiffimum Spica brevi ariftis longis extantibus, - Tall, broad-eared Rye Grafs, brize majus. ear. Gramen fecalinum Tall, and flender in the nr Gramen Jpica Tall, and very rough in the GEN U 5s Th BRITISH HERBAL. 49%. Gx EE NU U Z's VIL, MATWEED. GRAMEN SPARTEUM™M. @ tse cup contains but one flower ; and it is compofed of two valves; one larger than the other; and both pointed, but without awns. Sea-Matweed, Gramen fparteum fpica fecalina, « The root is a tuft of white fibres, The leaves are narrow, long, of a bluith green, and fharp-pointed. The ftalk is round, jointed, and of a pale green. | The ear is large, and whitith. It is common by our fea-fhores, and flowers _in June. C. Bauhine calls it Gramen Jparteum fpicatum Solis mucronatis longioribus. The. flower is compofed of two nearly equal valves, of an oblong form, and downy at the ends. The ear is broad, and {preading, Linneus places this among the ériandria digynia. i There are three other of the mateweed graffes natives of our kingdom, diftinguifhed by the following charaéters, 1. Small Matweed, Gramen fparteum Juncifolinm. The leaves rufhy, and the {pike thin and bending. 2. Feathered Matweed, Gramen fpartewin penna- tum. The ear downy, and refembling a feather, 3. Double-fpiked Matweed, Sparteum Effexianums Spica genima claufa, The ear double. GU he NY UMS & Vi PANIC GROAGS:S; GRAMEN PANICEUM. HE cup contains one flower; and is formed of numerous, very narrow, pointed leaves, varioufly inferted : within this ftands a hufk, formed of three valves, one fmaller than the other. The flower is placed within this ; and is compofed of two valves, one larger than the other. Linneus places this among the ¢riandria. 1. Panic Grafs, with a divided. Spike, Gramen panicum fpica divifa, The root is a tuft of white fibres. The ftalk is jointed, yellowifh, and flender. The leaves are long, and of a pale green. The ear is divided into feveral fpreading parts. The flowers are whitifh. Tt is common in the meadows in Buckingham- fhire, flowering in April. C. Bauhine calls ic Gramen paniceum fpica di- vifa. GE N ig Hs There are three other panic graffes wild with us, diftinguifhed by thefe characters : 1. Panic Grafs, with a fingle, fmooth ear, Gra- men paniceum fpica fimplici levi. The ear yellowith. 2. Rough-eared Panic Grafs, Gramen paniceum Spica afpera. The fpikes are loofe, and very rough. 3. Pyramidal-fpiked Panic Grafs, Gramen pa- niceum fcrotinum arvenfe {pica pyramidata, In corn-fields. af 4. Variegated, fpiked Panic Grafs, Gramen pa- niceum femine albo phalaris diétum. Common Canary grafs, IX. SPIKED: OATGRASS, GRAMEN AVENACEUM SPICATUM. ld ee cup contains only one flower : it is formed of two valves, and is of a pointed fhape. The flower is compofed of two valves; one terminated by an awn, and larget than the other, Linnzeus places this among the ¢rigynia. We have only one fpecies of it, refembling the common oat in growth. , 1. Spiked Hedge-Oatgrafs, Gramen avenaceum dumetorum fpicatum. The fpike formed of loofe parts. N° 49. 6L GLE N-US 498: The BR 1119 4 HIER BAD: G E-.N UAS xX. DARNELL GRAMEN LOLIACEUM. 4 Bee cup contains feveral flowers, arranged in two feries clofe to the ftalk: itis formed of a fingle, oblong, pointed, rigid valve. narrow and round, the other fhort and obtufe. The flower is compofed of two valves: the lower is Linnzeus places this with the reft among the ¢riandria digynia. Red Darnell, or Raygrafs. Gramen loliaceum anguftiore folio. The root is a thick tuft of fibres. The leaves are of a deep green, narrow, and ' fharp pointed. he The ftalk is a foot high, tough, and of a dufky green, The fpike is flat; fmall,; and brown. It is common by way-fides,; and is fown in paftures for cattle. C. Bauhine calls it Gramen loliaceum anguftiore folio et {pica. Go een We have four other fpecies of it, diftincuithed by the following characters : 1, White Darnell Grafs, Gramen loliaceum fpica longiore, five Lolium album, The ear long and whitith. : 2. Small Sea Datnell Grafs, Gramix paronm ma- rinum [pica loliacea. The {pike flender and hard, 3. Dwarf hard Darnell Grafs, Gramen pumi. lum loliaceo fimile maritimum. The leaves brownith, Ui. S$ XI, Fi Or Xe eA TL, CG ER pAaS 3S: GRAM ENGL OP ECUR.O TD E 8. ‘THE cup contains but one flower : it is formed of two valves; which are oblong, very narrow, . and terminate in feathery hairs. The flower is compofed of two’ valves: the outer one is the longer, and has two {mall and ftrait awns from its end, and a third from the middle of its bavk, The two firft are ftrait, this crooked : the inner valve is fall, and pointed, Common Foxtail Grafs. Gramen alopecuroides vulgaris, The root is fibrous. The ftalk is a yard high. The leaves are narrow, long, and of a greyifh green; and they appear dufty. The fpike is thick, and of a pale greyifh colour. It is common in meadows, and flowers in May. C. Bauhine calls it Gramen phalarcides majuss Jive Italicum. Others, Alopecurus. Befide this, we have four other fpecies, which will be fufficiently diftinguifhed by the following — characters : Ga E Ne US 1. Spiked Float Grafs, Gramen aquaticum genis culatum fpicatum. The {pike {maller and flenderer. 2. Dwarf Foxtail Grafs, with a filvery purplifh fpike, Gramen pumilum hirfutum Spica pur- puro argentea mollo. 3. Great Englifh Marfh Foxtail Grafs, Alopecu« ros maxima Anglica. Very large, in wet places near the fea. 4. Rough-eared Foxtail Grafs, Gramen alopecu. roides [pica afpera brevi. The {pike very rough, XI MOUSETAIL GRASS. GRAMEN .MYOSUROELDE §. a aes cup Contains but one ower; and is formed of two valves, of an oval form, hollow, corn- prefled, and pointed. rifing from its back near the bafe. The flower confifts of a fingle, hollow valve, which has a long awn Linnzeus ranges this with the reft among the ¢riandria digynia. Great Moufetail Grafs. Gramen myofuroides majus. The root is fibrous. The leaves are of a faint green. The ftalk is two feet high, flender, frm, and of a pale green. The {pike is rough, hard, flender, and-ufually tinged with red, but fometimes entirely white. It is common in paftures, flowering in June. ©, Bauhine The TRIE ESM! HRB AT. ay C. Bauhine calls it Gramen typhoides fpica an- Gramen myofuroides minus [pica breviore ariftis Bufptiore. We have two others : 1, Leffer Moufetail Grafs, with crooked awnss Gr. EB N*® U..8 recurvis. 2. Knobby-rooted Moufetail Grafs, Gramen my- ofuroides nodofum. he {pike brownith and fhort. XIII. CA TSa A 1.2 GeReArsis: GRAMEN TYPHINUM. A Dele {pike is rough. The cup contains one flower: it is formed of two valves, and is oblong and comprefied. The valves are equal, and ‘they terminate in fhort awns. The flower is formed of two valves, and is fhorter than the cup: the outer valve is the latger, and it clofes about the inner, which is fmaller. ‘ Linnaeus places this with the ériendria. The Greateft Carftail Grafs. Gramen typhinum maximum, The root is fibrous. The ftalk is jointed, hollow, and a foot and half high, The leaves are of a greyifh green. The fpike is long, flender, greyifh, and very rough to the touch. It is common in paftures, and flowers in June C. Bauhine calls it Granen typhoides afperum | primum, Others, Gramen typhinum. G EE Noo Ulees ‘We have three others 1. Leffer Catftail Grafs, Gramen typhinwn minus. A low plant, with a very flender, rough fpike, 2. Knobby-rooted Catftail Grafs, “Gramen nodo- fum {pica parva, Thé {pike fhort, grey, and very rough, 3. Sea Catftail Grafs, Gramen typhinum mariti- mum minus. The {pike fmaller at the bafe than upwards, XL CR ES TE D'< -GeR-A'3'S: GRAMEN CRISTATUM, HE {pike is compofed of two or more feries of flowers, which turn one way. There is a partial cup, formed of one pointed leaf, and ftanding fideways. The proper cup contains feveral flowers; and is ftrait, narrow, and formed of two equal valves. The flower is compofed of two valves: the outer one hollow, with an awn; the inner plain and naked. Smooth Crefted Grafs, Gramen criftatum vulgare, The root is fibrous. The leaves are of a fine green. The ftalk is a foot and half high, flender, and of a pale green. The fpike is crefted, long, flender, and yel- lowith. It flowers in May in meadows, GP CRIN: TURIOS GOCKSFOOT y We have three others: 1, Square Crefted Grafs, Gramen criftatum qua- dratum. This has four rows of flowers, 2. Small Mountain fpiked Grafs, with a thick, fhort, blue fpike, Gramen parvum montanum Spica craffiore purpuro cerulea brevi. 3. Vernal Grafs, with a loofe, yellowith fpike, Gramen vernuin fpica brevi laxa. Common in paftures, XV. GRASS. GRAMEN DACTYLUM. HE {pikes are numerous, and fpread in the manner of fingers. There is acommon fcabbard, containing many flowers; and this is formed of feveral very narrow leaves, of unequal in- fertion. fmaller than the others. The cup contains only one flower ; and is compofed of three oval and pointed valves, one Cocksfoot 500 The BRITISH HERBAL. Cocksfoot Grafs. Gramen dadylum vulgare. The root is, fbrous. The leaves are narrow, ‘not very long, and of a faint green. The ftalk is ten inches high, jointed, of a pale green, and thick fet with leaves. The fpikes are numerous, very flender, and brown. Go E N 4-U,7 <8 It is common in our fouthern counties, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Gramen daiylon latiore folio, We have one other {pecies: 1. Creeping Cocksfoot Grafs, panicula graminis manne. weftern fea-coafts, Gramen repens cum Frequent on our XVI, R ESE D...G.R, ASS, GRAMEN ARUNDINACEUYM,. 6 Beas flowers are difpofed in tufts or bunches. which contains only a fingle flower, and its cup. The cup is com fmaller than the others, and placed behind them; the others of an oval, is compofed of two valves, one larger and hollowed Great, chaffy Reed Grafs. Gramen arundinaceum acerofa gluma. The root is fibrous. The ftalk is round, five feet high, and jointed. The leaves are large, and of a bluifh green. The tuft of flowers is compact and greyith, with a tinge of red. It is common by waters, floweringin July, We have five other {pecies, whofe manner of growth is the fame; and their difference will be fufficiently exprefied in their nanies. Geb MLE LE 7 Nea, There is a covering, formed of pofed of three valves ; pointed figure, » the other fmaller and plain. one The flower 1. Broad-leaved chaffy Reed Grafs, Gramen arun- » dinaceum acerofa Suma Ferfeianum. The fame with the ftriped grafs in garde: 2. Rough Grafs, Gramen afperum, meadows, with bluifh, green, leaves, 3- Common Reed, Arundo vulgaris, known for defcription, 4. Reed Grafs, with Pappofe panicles, Gramen arundinaceum panicula mollj Jpadicena majus, The panicle foft and redith, 5. Small Reed Grafs, Calamogroftis minor glumis Sufiis et viridibus. The panicle variegated, ns, only plain. Common in very rough Too well XVIL GRASS, GRAMEN MILIACEU™,. HE panicle is fcattered, loofe, and fmooth. The flowers ftand fin outer cup is formed of many very narrow leaves : rent bignefs, but the fame oval fhape. hollowed, the other fimaller and plain. Millet Grafs. Gramen miliaceum vulgare. The root is fibrous, and redith. The leaves are broad, and of a fine green. The ftalk-is'a yard. high. The flowers ftand in a vaft {cattered tuft; and are gloffy and yellowith. It is common in thickets, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls ic Gramem fylvaticum Panicula iniliacea {par fa. We have fixteen others. 1. Small Creeping Millet Grafs, Gramen monta- num miliaceum minus radice repente. The tuft fmall. 2. Water Millet Grafs, Gramen’ miliaceum aqua- ticum. ~The panicle is fmooth and brown. 3. Small-headed Millet Grafs, Gramen miliaceum locuftis minimis panicula arundinacea. 4. Fair, panicled Corn Grafs, or Bent Grafs, The flower itfelf confifts of two valves, gly in a twofold cup. The compofed of three, of diffe- One larger and the inner one is Gramen miliaceum Jegetale majus. The flowers purplith, 5. Loofe, panicled, purplith flowered Millet Grafs, Gramen miliaceum nemorenfe ; fuftis. 6. Red-headed Mountain Millet Grafs, miliaceum locuftis rubris montanum, 7- Long, purple-headed. Millet Grafs, miliaceum feralinum rafcente. 8. Narrow leaved Millet Grafs, ceum anguftifino folio. green. paniculis Gramen Gramen Panicula longa purpu. Gramen milia- The leaves deep 9. Narrow, fine headed Millet Grafs, Gramen miliaceum anguftfiolium Slumis perexiguis, 10. Great, brown Meadow Millet Grafs, Gra- men miliaceum majus panicula Spadicea. tr, Green-headed Millet Grafs, ceum majus panicula viridi, broad. Gramen milja- The leaves 12, Long, feveral leaves ; amaet Th BRITISH HERBAL, §OL -12, Long, flowered Wood Millet Grafs, Gra- men miliaceum fylvefire glumis oblongis. “13 Soft, tufted Meadow Millet Grafs, Gramen miliaceum pratenfe molle. The head greenith. 24. Soft: Millet Grafs, with awns, Gramen mi- “sTaceum arifiatum molle. The head brown. Cine U 15. Soft, Sea Millet Grats, Gramen-maritinum — miliaceum molle. The head greyith, 16. Brown, awned Millet Grafs, Gramen milja- ceum majus glumis ariftatis [padiceis et pal» lidis, 8 XVI: OA, T. Gi ReAS S/S: GRAMEN AVENACEUM HE cup is formed of two valves, of an oblong figure, pointed at the end, and hollowed ; the flower is compofed alfo of two valves; the one larger, and hollowed ; the other {maller, and plain. The feed is oblong. ae hofe with larger heads. 1. Single, fpiked Mountain Oatgrafs. Gramen avenaceum montanum fpica fimplici ariftis recurvis. f _. The root is formed of a few fpreading parts, hung with innumerable fibres. "The leaves are narrow, and of a greyifh green, perfectly fmooth, and firm to the touch. The ftalk is lender, jointed, and a foot high. The flowers are ranged in a flender panicle, forming a kind of fpike; and they are of a pale green. * Iris frequent in hilly paftares, and flowers in June. ~ C. Bauhine calls it Gramen avenaceum glabrum. *” Befide this, we have a long feries of other cat- grafes. ~ : 2. Purplifh headed Oatgrafs, Gramen avenaceum panicula purpuro argentea fplendente. \n dry paftures. 3. Tall, fhining-headed Oatgrafs, Gramen ave- naceum panicula acerofa femine pappofo. The panicle flender. 4. Knobby-rooted Oatgrafs, Gramen avenaceum “nodofum. The panicle bends down on one fide. » Small-eared, yellow-headed Oatgrafs, Gramen avenaceum praten{e elatius panicula flavefcente. . Small headed, fine Oatgrafs, Gramen avena- wa fon ceum fparfa panicula fpeciofa locuftis minimis. : In woods. 7. Small, annual, fair, panicled Grafs, Gramen paniculatum locuftis parvis purpuro argenteis annuum. »- Small, perennial, fair, panicled Grafs, Gramen paniculatum locuftis purpuro argenteis majus et perenke. g.. Fine-leaved, white-headed Oatgrafs, Gramen avenaceum paniculis albis capillaceo folio. In woods. Aa Small, hoary-top’d Grafs, Gramen parvum “ “praecox “panicula laxa canefcente. In dry paftures. i 11. Dwarf procumbent Oatgrafs, Gramen avena- ceum parvum procumbens panicula non ariftata, 2. With fmall beads, without awns. 12. Common Meadow Grals, Gramen pratenfe minus vulgatifimum. This is atrue catgra/s, without awns. N°L, 13. Greater Meadow-Grafs, Gramen pratenfe pa- niculatum mediun. Larger, and with paler * leaves, 14. The greateft Meadow-Grafs, Gramen pratenfe paniculatum latiore folio. The leaves very broad, 15. Great, narrow-leaved Meadow Grafs, Gra- men pratenfe majus paniculatum anguftiore folio. 16, Flat-ftalked Meadow- Grafs, Gramen pratenfe paniculatum medium caule compreffo. 17. Sea-Oatgrafs, Gramen pariculatum maritimum vulgatifimum, The panicle greyith, 18, Matted Sea-Catgrafs, Gramen caninum mari- timum paniculatum. In thick tufts. 19. Small, hard Grafs, Gramen exile duriufculum in muris et aridis proveniens. On old walls: 20, Feather-headed Oatgrafs, Gramen capillaceum locuftellis pennatis non ariftatis. On dry banks, 21. Ruthy-leaved Oatgrafs, Gramen foliolis juricejs oblongis radice alba. The panicle {mall ang greenifh. 22. .Grafs.upon Grafs, Gramen fparteum monta- num fpica foliacea graminea. In mountainous places. 23. Long, rough panicled Oatgrafs, Gramey arvenfe panicula crifpa longiore. In corn. fields. 24. Great Water Reed-Grafs, Gramen oquaticum majus. Common by waters, with broad, pale leaves. . 25. Oat-headed Reed-Grafs, Gramen aquaticum arundinaceum panicula avenacea. Very tall. 26. Smooth, broad-leaved Wood Oatgrafs, Gra- men paniculatum nemorofam latiore folio pani~ cula nutante. 27. Long-headed Oatgrafs, Gramen paniculatum elatius [picis longis muticis fquammofis, . Float-Grafs, Gramen aquaticum longiffina pa- aicula. The panicle very long, and loofe. co 2 3. With fmaller heads, with awns. 29. Great Wild Oatgrafs, or Drank, Feftuca avenacea fterilis elatior. By hedges in May. 30. Upright-headed great Oatgrals, Fefuca ave- nacea frerilis fpicis ereétis. By ditches, and on banks. +o 31. Wild Oatgrafs, with compaét panicles, Fef- tuca avenacea flerilis paniculis confertis erec- tioribus. 32. Drooping, hard, panicled Oatgrafs, Gramen 6M bratenf 502 The GBR? Sco I BR BOD pratenfe panicula duriore laxa, unam parture [peciant¢. Rough Oatgrafs, with a compact panicle, Fofiuca avenacea birfuta paniculis minus [parfis. 34. Fine fmooth-headed Oatgrafs, Gramen ave- naceum pratenfe gluma tenuiore glabra, 35. Lean, panicled, fmooth-headed Oatgrafs, Fefiuca avenacea fpicis firigoforibus glumis glabris compaétis. 36. Oatgrafs, with large, fmooth fpikes, and {eattered panicles, Fefluca avenacea fpicis ba- bitioribus glumis glabris, 37. Purple-awned Oatgrals, Feftuca elatior pani- Ge EON. Uses culis minus [parfis locufiis oblongis ariftis pur- pureis. 38. Bufh-Oatgrafs, with a fparfed panicle, Gra- men avenaceum dumetorum panicula {parfa. 29. Fine awned Oatgrafs, Gramen avenaceum ‘glabrum panicula e fpicis raris firigofis compo- Sita ariftis tenuiffimis. 40. Capon’s tail Grafs, Gramen murorum fpica longiffima nutante. A very beautiful grafs on walls. 41. Small, panicled Oatgrals, Gramen panicula- tum bromoides minus paniculis ariftatis unam partin {peantibus, XIX. QUAKING GRASS. \ GRAMEN TREMULU™. *FSLIE cup is compofed of two valves, and contains feveral flowers, ranged in a double feries, and i in a heart-like form: the two valves compofing this are hollow, of a heart-like fhape, and equal in fize. The flower is formed of two valves: the lower is of the fhape and bignefs of the cup ; the upper is very fmall, flat, and roundifh; and is placed fo as to fhut up the hollow of the other. The feed is roundifh. Linneeus places this among the ¢riandria. 1. Quaking Grafs. Gramen tremulum majus. The root is fibrous., The leaves are narrow, and of a faint green, The ftalk is flender and pale; and at the top. {upports numerous, large heads, on very flender footftalks: thefe are of a pale brown, tinged with Gabi tU ise redifh, and tremble on their footftalks; thence the name. It is common in paftures, and flowers in May, C. Bauhine calls it Gramen tremulum majus. We have one other fpecies : 2. Small Quaking Grafs, Gramen tremulum minus panicula ampla locuflis parvis triangulis. XX. WOOD GRASS. GRAMEN NEMOROSUM™. 4 Bes outer cup is compofed of two valves: the inner or proper cup is formed of fix oblong, pointed leaves ; which are coloured, and by fome have been called petals. The feed-veftel is divided into three parts, and contains feveral roundifh feeds. Linneus places this among the exandria, the threads being fix. 1. Hairy Wood Grafs. Gramen nemorofum birfutum vulgare. The root is compofed of numerous, thick fibres. ; The leaves are long, narrow, of a fine green, and covered lightly with long, brown hairs. The ftalk is a foot and half high; and at its top ftand many confpicuous flowers, of abrownifh colour, tinged with a little white, and placed fingly on long, flender footftalks, rifing from one ‘common point at the head of the principal ftalk. t is commen in woods, flowering in May. C. Bauhine calls it Gramen nemorofum birfutum majus latifolium. But there is a larger kind. 2. Great hairy Wood Grafs, with a rufhy pa- nicle, Gramen birfutum elatius panicula juncea compacta. 3. Greateft, broad-leaved, hairy Wood Grafs, Gramen nemorofum hirfutum latifolium maxi- mui. 4. Small, hairy Wood Grafs, Gramen eile bir- futum. Common in woods, paftures, and» heaths, in April, GoE Nw s Thi “BRITISH HER BIA LL 5093 GE IN: * Ue 4s XXL GRR US GIR A S'S, GRAMEN Gey PY ER OT Danas. HE leaves are long and narrow, and the ftalks triangular. ‘This obvious diftinétion feparates them from all other plants, better than the ftruéture of their flowers, which is uncertain in the feveral kinds; this mark is invariable. Linnzus places them among the ¢riandria. 1. Thofe with matiy full pikes, and a chaffy one at the top. 1. Narrow-leaved Cyperus Grafs, Gramen cyperoides majus anguftifolium. The root creeps under the furface, and has many fibres. The leaves are long, narrow, and of a fine green. The ftalk is two feet high, of a paler green, and exaétly three fquare. The {pikes are few, and ftand toward the top ; and the uppermoft, which is light and chaffy, is thicker than the others: this is yellowifh, the others are black. ; It is common by waters, and flowers in May. C. Bauhine calls it Gramen cyperoides majus an- guftifolium We have a vaft number of other fpecies. 2. Great Vernal Cyperus Grafs, Gramen cyperoides cum paniculis nigris. The leaves broad, and dark. 3. Pink-leaved Cyperus Grafs, with large feeds, Gramen cyperoides foliis caryophylleis granis tu- midis varioribus. 4. Pink-leaved Cyperus Grafs, with ere&t feflile fpikes, Gramen cypercides foliis caryophylleis fpicis feffilibus eretits. 5. Pink-leaved Cyperus Grafs, with pendulous heads, Gramen cyperoides foliis caryophylleis fpicis pendulis. 6. Narrower-leaved Cyperus Grafs, Gramen cype- roides caryophylleum angufiifiinis foliis fpicis erectis. 7. Hairy Cyperus Grafs, Gramen cypereides poly- ftachion lanuginofum. \n boggy places. 3. Yellowifh Cyperus Grafs with fhort fpikes, Gramen cyperoides pobtachion flavicans fpicis brevibus. g. Great, round fpiked Cyperus Grafs, Gramen eyperoides majus picis teretibus erectis. 10. Slender-eared Wood Cyperus Grafs, Gramen cyperoides fylvarum tenuius [picatum. . Slender-eared, broad-leaved Cyperus Grafs, Gramen cyperoides latifolium Jpicis multis ftri- ofis. 12. Cyperus Grafs, with a fhort pendulous fpike, Gramen cyperoides pica pendula bre- viore. By waters. 13. Many-fpiked Cyperus Grafs, with long pen- dulous heads, Gramen cyperoides fpica pen- dula longiore. 14. Thick, yellow-fpiked Cyperus Grafs, Gra- men cyperoides precox Jpicis turgidis teretibus flavefcentibus. 15. Cyperus Grafs, with a few roundihh fpikes, a al Gramen cyperoides [picis tribus fibrotundis vix aculeatis. : Cyperus Grafs, with fhort, diftant fpikes, Gramen cyperoides [picis brevibus diftantibus, . The leaft Vernal CyperusGrafs, Gramen cypes roides vernum minimum, The heads brownith. . Marth-Hedgehog Grafs, Gramen paluftre echinatum. A fmall. plant, with fhort, prickly fpikes. 19. Soft-leaved Cyperus Grafs, Graimen cyperoides Jpicis brevibus congeftis folio molli. 20. Slender-leaved Cyperus Grafs, Gramen cype= roides tenuifolium. A frnall kind, with a few thick fpikes. i co co N. a 2. Thofe with feveral fpikes at rhe top of the fRalk, but no chaffy one. . Marth Cyperus Grafs, with loofe fpikes; Gramen cyperoides paluftre elatius fpica lon- giore laxa. 22. Cyperus Grafs, with a head compofed of foft fpikes, Gramen cyperoides [pica e /picis pluri- bus mollibus compofita. 23. Marth Cyperus Grafs, with a divided head? Gramen cyperoides ex monte Ballace {pica di- vulfa. - 24. Cyperus Grafs, with a foft, compound head, Gramen cyperoides [pica e pluribus {picibus lon- gioribus compofita. 25. Sea Cyperus Grafs, with a compound fpikes Gramen maritimum cypercides Jpica compofita. 26, Elegant Cyperus Grafs, with a rough com+ pounded head, Gramen cypercides /pica com. pofita afperiore. 27. Elegant Cyperus Grafs, with a foft head, Gramen cyperoides elegans {pica compofita molles 28. Greater-{piked Cyperus Grafs, Gramen cy- peroides palufire majus {pica compofita. ag. The lefler- fpiked Cyperus Grafs, Gramen eyperoides fpicatum minus, The ftalk droops, go. The leffer}fpiked Cyperus Grafs, with an in- terrupted {pike, Gramen cyperoides [pica di- vulfa minus. 31. Narrow-leaved, fhort-fpiked Cyperus Grafs, Gramen cyperoides anguftifolium fpicis brevibus in folicrum alis. 32. The leaft prickly-headed, fpiked Cyperus Grafs, Gramen cypercides Jpicatum minimum Jpica divulfa aculeata, 33. Flea-Grafs, Gramen oyperoides minimuin femi nibus deorfumreflexis puliciformibus. . Flat-fpiked Cyperus Grals, Gramen cyperoides Spica fimplici compreffa difticha. 35. Small Cyperus Grafs, with a crowfoot-head, Gramen cyperoides minimum ranuncul: ccpitule rotundo. 36. Long crowfoot-headed Cyperus Grafs, Gra- men cyperoides minus ranunculi capitulo longiore. GIEIN US 2 w ang zs Te ABER TH SH eB BE RSBAA b, Gy E Gy HE cup contains many flowers, and is formed of two valves. NewU. 8 PE. Ry, US XXIL The flower is compofed of fix valves, which are oblong and convergent : they are placed in an imbricated manner, and the outer ones are fmalleft. 1: Long Cyperus. Cyperus longus odoratus. The root.is irregular, and.oblong. The leaves are long, broad, fharp, and of a fine green, The ftalk is firm, upright, and of a paler green ; and at its top there ftand numerous tufted {pikes, compofed of little ears, on feparate fpread- ing footftalks : thefe are of a fine glofly brown. We have it by pond-fides. It flowers in June. _ C. Bauhine calls it Cyperus odoratus radice longa. The root is diuretick and deobftruent. We have, befide this, five fpecies of true cy- G E NM. U perus, though fome of them called only eyperus graffes. : 2. Marfh Cyperus, with a f{cattered panicle, Cy. perus palufiris panicula fparfa, The fpikes very fhort. : 3. Round-rooted Baftard Cyperus, Cyperus rotun.. dus litoreus inodorus. The leaves very broad and pale. 4. Long-rooted Baftard Cyperus, Cyperus longus inodorus Jylvefiris. The ftalk of this is round. 5. Millet Cyperus, Cyperus gramineus miliaceus. The ftalk three fquare, and the leaves nar- row. 6. Small, round Cyperus, Cyperus paluftvis biz firs tus paniculis albis paleaciis, S XXII, Bey VA FL RSA Se ese TRE Baur 28s ene flowers are cluftered together, in fingle or divided heads ; and are feparated one from an- other by fmall, oval, plain, but formewhat bent leaves. the filaments, which rife at. the bafes of thefe {fcales. cornered. There is no part of a flower, except The feeds are fingle, large, and three- Linnzus places this among the ¢riandria ; the filaments, which ina manner conftitute the flower ? being three. t. The Bullrufh. Scirpus paluftris altifiimus. The root is compofed of innumerable thick fibres, : eS The ftalk is green, thick, a yard high, and fpungy. It is ufually furrounded at the bafe by a brown- ifh membrane, and tip’d with brown at the top 5 a little below the fummit burft forth the fowers ; they are fmall, brown, and forming a loofe panicle. Tt is common in waters, flowering in June. _C. Bauhine calls it Juncus maximus. ’ We have twelve other kinds. 1. Naked Scixpi. 1. The Leffer Bullruth, Funcus five Scirpus medius. Two feet high, fmooth, and with a flender ftalk. ; 2. Fluted Ruth, Yuncus aquaticus medius caule ca- rinato. The colour a pale bluith green, 3» Three-fquare Ruth, Yuncus acutus maritimts caule triquetro maximo molli procerior, A very tall plant: 4. Leffler prickly Sea-Ruth, Funcus acuity; wmari- timus caule triquetro nucerone pungente, 5. Round clufter-headed Sea-Ruth, Scirpus ma- ritimus capitulis rotundioribus conglomeratis. 6. Club Ruth, or aglet-headed Ruh, Scirpus equifeli capitulo majori. Common in brooks. 7 The leaft upright Club Ruhh, Scirpus minimus capitulis equifeli. The ftalk not thicker than a large briftle. 2. Scirpi with leaves. 8. Dwarf Ruth, with {mall aglet heads, Scirpus montanus capitulo breviori. In hilly paf- tures. 9. Round, black-headed Marth Roth, Funcus levis minor capitulo glomerato nigricante. ° 10. The leat Ruth, Scirpus foliaceus humilis, Common in damp places, where the foil is poor. 11. Marfh Ruth Grafs, with fleawort heads, Scirpus equifeli capitulo minore. In watery places. 12. Many-headed leafy Ruth, Gramen junceum polyftachion. The panicle very loofe and fcattered, : GE AN 2g. -S c Whe il? C Whew ‘ be | she 1 AS Conmongeatatl SOL aes cd Durie LZ, fo id ~ Moyeet a y okay UG, 7. Souall: Come C2 Cy pperid 2 2 7 A ; OVMMUON @ ONION ce aw LaYE \ Marys : v CO Cine? ed itt) 5 iurle, a Marl, oe Ca (gli; 2 i : Wy s Narra, mr ee pape tah 5; Colin Ys (J > : her: ee M Barly G Cueunon Ont- Dign/ igh Comm ORT LC ‘a i —Ctttul ‘yes Matwred 2 Wom Ao ThE SRITUGH GER RAL 203 eG Ee iN aU 8 XXIV. RU 8H. Pres Ne Oa U4, S: HE flower is compofed of a fix-leaved cup, with the filaments and rudiment of 4 feed-veftel The leaves of the cup are oblong, fharp-pointed, and permanent. divided into three parts. 1. Scirpi without leaves. 1. Pricking, large Sea-Ruth; Funcus acutus capitulis forghi. The root is compofed of innumerable fibres, interwoven in a ftrange manner with one an- other. The ftalk is two feet high, firm, hard, of a pale green, and prickly at the top. The flowering heads are brown ; and they ftand cluflered together. It is common by the fea-fide, flowering in June. We have twelve other fpecies, including what are called rufb-graffes. The reader will fee, by the different ftructure of the flowers, how very improperly the junci’ and /cirpi are called in Englifh by the common name r/o. We have in this enumeration re- tained the names by which they are defcribed in the works of our own writers, as it is under them they are familiarly known: but the judicious reader will fee from their place to which head they properly belong. Were the purpofe here fole curiofity, a vo- Jume might be employed on the graffes alone; but we hope to convey a juft idea of the fpecies of thefe, and the.other lefs ufeful plants, by thefe enumerations, without fwelling the volume be- yond the intended fize. Gr ahs Ne ARROW f2 RA eG AE: The feed-veffel is large, and 2. Englifh Sea Hard Ruth, Faneus acutss mari< timus Anglicus. The ftalk folid, and two feet high. 3. Common Hard Ruth, Fuucus acutis vulgaris. The ftalk hard, ftriated, and Prickly at the top. 4. Common foft Ruth, Funcus Levis vulgaris, The ftalk foft and fpungy. ? 5: Soft Ruth, with a compact panicle, Fun- cus levis panicula compaéia, The ftalk is ftriated. ee 6. Long-top’d Ruth, Furicus parvus calamo fupra paniculum longius produéfo. eh 2; Rufbess with leaves. 7. Mofs Rufh, or Goofe-corn, Juncus montanus palufiris, The leaves fpread on the ground as rays. 8. Small Ruth grafs, with jointed leaves, Funcus foliis articulofis floribus umbellatis. — : g. Wood Rufh grafs; or great Ruth grafs, with jointed leaves; Funcus nemorofus folio articu- lato. The heads brown. 1o. Rufh grafs, with round feed-veffels, Funcis parvus pericarpiis rotundis. _ur. The leaft triangular-feeded Ruth grafs, Fun- cus capfulis triangulis minimus, 12. Toad-Grafs, Juncus paluftris bumilior erefus. The ftalk is branched, and four inches high. 13. Dwarf Toad-grafs, Gramen juncoides minimum Anglo-Britanicum: ‘The heads oval. $ XXV. GRASS, Op Cw Ieee HE cup is fotmed of three hollow, oval, obtufe leaves. The flower is formed of three petals, of a pale colour, and refembling them in fhape. The feed-veffel is oval; and large. Linnzeus places this among the hexandria. 1. Common Arrow Grafs, Triglochin vulgare. The root is compofed of numerous fibres. The leaves are narrow, numerous, and of a fine green. The ftalk is a foot high, and the flowers ter- minate it in a long and flender fpike. N° 50. Tt is common in falt-marfhes, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Gramen junceum fpicatum five Triglochin. 2, Sea fpiked Grafs, Gramen maritimum fpica- tum. Small, and with very numerous, nar- row leaves. G Ban US 50 The «BRT 1S:H VES R Bak L, Gy aon Ne: AU § XXVI. C0 Tal ONS GRAS S, EIGN ASG LR ON Ser eiaes. HE flowers confift only of filaments, three to each, which are fepatated from one another in the clufter by {mall, oblong leaves. The feed is fingle, and is furrounded with long threads. Linneus places this among the ¢riandria, and gives it the name eriophorum. tomentofum. 1. Cotton Grafs, Linagroftis vulgaris, The root is compofed of numerous fibres, The leaves are grafly, narrow, and of a deep green. The ftalk is a foot and half high, of a purplifh brown at the bottom, and of a fine green up- wards. The flowers ftand at the top, and are {mall Gast E Nee Others call it gramert and inconfiderable ; but the filaments which fur- round the feeds are long, white, and cottony. It is common on bogs, and flowers in Au- guft. C. Bauhine calls it Gramen tomentofum panicula Sparfa. We have only one other fpecies of it. 2. Fair’s-cail Ruth, Funcus Alpinus cum cauda leporina. This is a proper lixagroftis; the head truly woolly. 's XXVIL CA hee ai Ales bg Lo Pe Hi @ Bete flowers are male and female on the fame plant. bers ina catkin, which terminates the ftalk alfo of the catkin kind, which clofely furrounds it in a compact, firm fubftance, compofed each of three narrow leaves, with the fame number of filaments, in the upper catkin, The female, which are lodged in the compact fubftance, rous hairs of a pappous ftru€ture, and within thefe a rudiment of a fruit fixed on The male flowers are ranged in great nums 3 and the female flowers are placed in a long body, The male flowers are which are clofely arranged. have for a cup nume- a filament. This ri- -pens into a fingle feed, and there crow numerous capillary filaments from that which fupports it, Thefe together make the thick fubftance called the cat’ s-tait, i Linnzus places this among the monecia triandria, 1. Cat’s-tail. Typha vulvaris. The root creeps under the furface, and has many fibres. The leaves are long, and of a fine green. The ftalk is four feet high; and at its top ftand the female flowers in a very thick fpike, ter- minated by the male catkin; the whole of a fine velvety brown. ee be NS {tis common by waters, and flowers in Au- guft. C. Bauhine calls it Typha palufris major, We have two other {pecies. 2. The middle Cat’s-tail, Typha paluftris media. The fpike is much fienderer than in the other. : 3- The leaft Cat’s-tail, Typha paluftris minor. The fpike in this is thick ‘and fhort, and blackifh. g ealsesyity. BUR .REED. SPA GRVNG) As NOT Ur ay: ee flowers are of two kinds, male and female, Iééted into a roundifh button, on the fame plant. .The male flowers are col. and confift each of a three-leaved cup, with three filaments, The female flowers are numerous, and fixed to.a round receptacle : thefe have no cup, .but confift -only of a rudiment ofa feed-veffel: thefe alfo are collected into rounded heads. 1. Bur Reed. Se Sparganium vulgare. The root is creeping, and has many fibres. The leaves are of a bright green, The ftalk is two feet high, and divided into many branches. The flowers are whitith ; and the fruit is round, green, -hard, and echinated. It is common by waters, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Sparganium ramofunt. Others, Sparganium vulgare. 8 We Th BRITISH HER B‘A L. We have two other {pecies. ‘| 3. The leaft Bur Reed, Sparganium minimum. 2. Bur Reed, not branched, Sparganium non The leaves ate very long, and the heads ramofum, Smaller, and with an upright fmall. ftalk. : 5°07 Gy EON U SS . XXIX. AG 0 RYU S. Me I ‘HE flowers are ranged together on a long and elegant receptacle, of the thape and bignefs of a finger : they are compofed each of fix hollow, obtufe leaves, with the fame number of threads, The feed-veffel is fhort, triangular, and contains feveral oblong, oval feeds, Linnzeus ranges this among the hexandria monogynia; the filaments being three, and the ftyle fingles Common Acorus. We have it by ponds in fome parts of Eng- Acorus vulgaris. land. j C. Bauhine calls it Acorns verus feu Calamus aro- The root is long, thick, and creeping; andis | sapiens officinarum. of a pleafing, warm, and aromatick tafte. The leaves are two feet long, of a yellowifh The root is ftomachick and deobftruent ; but green. it does not in our cold climate attain its full The catkin is of a yellowith brown. virtue. Th END of the THIRTY-SECOND CLASS, . ' B Rel -T 1S HoH E*R BA TL. PEEPS SISSSELERELGOLESSSOEEE OSES SOOT SSESOSSESOS LSS CL AS S XXXII. i RE ES. and “SH RO Bey form ; yet modern fyftems do not preferve them feparate. The late writers in general place in the fame claffes thofe trees and: herbaceous plants, whofe flowers have the fame number of filaments: but in this work, intended to familiarife the {cience, we have kept them, as they are in nature, difting, Te vegetables of this clafs carry their diftinGtion in the moft obvious manner in their outer SESE SH GH ce ace cate came S°sE aR 1 ES i, TREES whofe male and female flowers are feparate. G LEB aN* UU 2s a THE WALLNUT. NFU" X, HE male flowers are in catkins; and each is divided into fix parts. The female flowers ftand two or three together on other parts of the tree: each confifts of a cup, divided into four parts, with a fingle petal, divided alfo into four parts, and an oval rudiment, which afterwards becomes the fruit, confifting of a flefhy covering, with a thelly fubftance within, enclofing an uneven kernel, 1. The Wallnut Tree. The catkins are brownifh, with a tinge of green, and the fruit covered with a green rind. It is wild in Scotland ; and is planted every The tree rifes to a great height, and fpreads where for the fruit. irregularly into branches. The leaves are pinnated ;_ the pinnz vaft, ob- The fkin furrounding the kernel is a good long, and of a fine green. aftringent. Nux vulgaris. GicEseN Ul Ss. a HAZLE, CEO2 RVG MUS HE male flowers are in catkins, and confift of numerous filaments : they are feparated by feales divided at the top into three parts, which turn back. The female flowers ftand at a diftance from thefe, and are enclofed in abud. The cup is formed of two leaves, and is ragged at the edges : thefe are fo {mall as to be fearce diftinguifhable. From the rudiment of the fruit rife two feathered and coloured ftyles. The fruit is a nut, contained in the cup, which enlarges greatly. I The The US. The leaves are broad, fhort, and of a dufky green. Gt eteeeN: «US IV. CHESNUT. Co ALS. AN ESSA. “FIT, male flowers are difpofed in long catkins, and are of the fame ftru€ture with thofe of the beech. The female flowers are alfo of the fame form with thofe of beech: the fruit is larger. c Common Chefnut Tree. The catkins are of a whitifh ereen, and the Caftanea vulgaris. fruit very large. "The tree is large, and fpreads out into many It is wild in fome of our woods, and culti- branches : vated every where for its fruit. The leaves are long, ferrated, fharp-pointed, C. Bauhine calls it Caftanea fylvefiris. and of a beautiful dark green. Gites RNR eS V. OLA SK. OFUSE RC U,.S. Aes male flowers make a loofe catkin: each confifts of acup, divided into five fegments, and feveral threads. ‘The female flowers are enclofed in a kind of buds. The cup is half round, and undivided ; and contains an oval rudiment, which afterwards becomes the acorn, 1. The Oak. ? The fruit needs no defcription. Quercus vulgaris. We have one other fpecies, diftinguifhed by - - ; ; the fhortnefs of the footftalk, which fupports the The tree grows to a vaft height and bignefs, | acorn, fpreading into innumerable and irregular branches. The leaves are large, oblong, obtufe, deeply | 2. Oak, with acorns on fhort footttalks, Quer= finuated, and of a dark green. | cus latifolia mas brevi pediculo. Go Be. eUnws VI. Bosig Re A BUPA ESS: HIE male flowers are difpofed in racemous catkins; and confift only of filaments, with the fealy parts of the bud as cups. The fernale flowers are arranged many together in a common cup, of a conic form, and confift only of a rudiment of a fruit, with a fhort ftyle: one is lodged un. der every {cale of the cone. N 50. 60 The The BRITE S Ht BRS AT. The Yew-leaved Fir. Abies conis furfum fpeGantibus. The trunk is thick, and covered with a redith brown bark. The branches are numerous, and fpreading. The leaves grow in two feries, refembling thofe of the yew-tree ; and are of a deep green above, and of a filvery grey below. The cones are large, brown, and ftand up- wards. We have it in Scotland, and fome other places. God, Na gis 9 C. Bauhine calls it Abies conis furfum frettanti- bus five mas. We have one other foecies alfo native : The common Fir or Pitch tree, Abies rubra. Its leaves grow irregularly, and the cones hang downwards. What is called the Scotch fir is diftin& from both thefe: it is the wld pine. The leaves are long and bluifh. : ! VII, ALD ER. eee Ve Uc Ss FEAHE male flowers are difpofed in cylindrick catkins, and three are placed on each feale of the cup. ut Each is formed of a: fingle minute leaf, cut at . lowers are placed in oval catkins; and have no petals, the catkin, which afterwards becomes a {mall cone. The Alder. Alnus vulgaris. It is naturally a fhrub of free growth. The bark is gloffy and purplith. The leaves are large, roundifh, and clammy ;. and the cones are brown. Ce aD ING a ees.S the edge into four fegments. ‘The female but rudiments of feeds under the {cales of It is common by. waters. C. Bauhine calls ic Anus rotundifolia glutinofa viridis. We have a variety of this called the Scarlet alder 5 in which there are red membranes under the cones, owing to accident. VIII. BIRCH, Daly TS GT, 7: HE male flowers are placed in cylindrick catkins ; and are formed of a fingle petal, divided into four oval fegments ; three of thefe ftand on each fcale of the cup. The female flowers confift only of rudiments of feeds, placed among the feales of oblong catkins. Linnzeus places this and the former among the monecia tetrandria, The Birch Tree, Betula. The tree is tal] and regular in growth. The bark is fmooth and glofly, pale on the body, but purplith atthe twigs, Ge Nn Pe S The leaves are oval, pointed, ferrated, and gloffy. It is common in woods. All authors call it Betula. Xs So WaEMEe DAG A” lee G AAEE: HIE male flowers are placed in a loofe, oval catkin, and confit only of filaments under the {eales of the catkin, i ‘ Sweet Gaul. Gale, It is a low fhrub of a foot and half. The bark is fmooth, and deep coloured. The twigs are flender ; the leaves are oblong, undivided, Hh of a pale green. The female flowers are‘difpofed in the fame manner on different plants 5 and have only a rudiment of a fruit, which, when ripened, is dry, fkinny, and comprefied at top. The flowers are brown. We have it in bogey ground. C. Bauhine calls it Rhus myrtifolia Belgica, The leaves, where bruifed, have a coarfely aro- matick fmell. GE anew: Ss TheA BRI WO STH HERB AL, git Gao E. 7.Wen Ua, *S Xx JUNIPER : FUNTIPERUS. mee male flowers are placed in long catkins by threes; and bafe: befides this there are only filaments. three parts, and three hard-pointed petals. they have each a feale at the The female flower has a cup divided into The fruit is a round berry, containing three feeds. Linnzus places this among the diacia monadelphia. Common Juniper. Juniperus 4 Itis commonly a fhrub of fix feet high, but will rife to a tree in fome places. The branches are numerous. The leaves are fet very thick, and they are fmall, narrow, of a pale green, and tharp at the point. The male flowers grow on fome trees, and the fruit on others: this is a round, purplith berry, covered with a grey powder. Gag Ne Ui 2S We have it common on heaths. C. Bauhine calls it Funiperus vulgaris fruticofa. The berries are an excellent carminative and diuretick 5 as is alfo the wood. We have two other fpecies, x. Dwarf Mountain Juniper, Juniperus Alpina. The leaves of this are broader than in the other. 2. Savine, Salina. This is properly a fpecies of the jusiper with broader leaves: famous for promoting the menfes. : XI. BLACK EMPET.RU™M, EMPETRUM.. HERE are three kinds of flowers, male, female, and hermaphrodite, all on diftin® plants. The male flower has a cup divided into three parts, and three {mall, oval petals; this is fucceeded by a berry. The male flowers are formed as the hermaphrodite, but have no rudiment of a fruit, nor are fucceeded by any berry. The female have all the parts of the hermaphrodite flowers, but no filaments, Linnzus places this among the ¢riacia. and the hermaphrodite impregnate themfelves. Black berry’d Empetrum. Empetrum frudiu nigro. The fhrub fg low and fmall ; the branches trail upon the ground, and the bark is red and gloffy. The leaves ftand thick and irregularly, and are oval, fhort, and pointed. G E Net U, gisaiS The farina from the male flower impregnates the female; The berries are black and fhining. We have it on boggy heaths. C. Bauhine calls it Erica Laccifera procumbens nigra. Others, Empetrum nigrum, Our people, Crowberries, and Crakeberries. XII. BOX, BUS X aU gas: ELE male flowers rife from the buds of the branches, and are formed of two roundifh, hollowed leaves, placed in a three-leaved cup. The female flowers grow among them, and have a t=) c—) four-leaved cup and three petals. he feed-veffel is round, and has three beaks. Linnzus places this among the monecia tetrandria. 1. Common Box, Buxus vulgaris. It is naturally a bufhy, low fhrub. The bark is pale ; the wood yellow ; the leaves hard, roundifh, and firm. The flowers are of a greenifh white. It is wild in Kent and elfewhere. 4 C. Bauhine calls it Buxus arborefcens. The wood has the virtues of guiacum, as a: fudorifick and fweetener of the blood. We have another fpecies. 2. Narrow-leaved Box, Buxus anguftifolia. The leaves fharper at the point, and the branches fewer. GLE a NE US 512 Th BRITISH HERBAL. Geek oN Wego o% XII. SEA BUCKTHORN, RHAMNOIDES. HE male flower has a cup formed of one leaf, divided into two parts, and whole at the bottom ; the points of the two fegments converge 5 but they gape at the fides: there are noe petals, but only four filaments in this: the female flower has a tubular cup, divided alfo into two parts at the edge; and init a rudiment of the fucceeding berry. : Sea Buckthorn. green on the upper fide, and of a filvery grey Rb He underneath. SA eal The flowers are greenifh and the berries yel- It is a fhrub of eight feet high. low. The branches are numerous, and the bark is. We have it on the fea-coafts. pale. ~C. Bauhine calls it Rhamnus falicifolio angufto. ‘The leaves are long and narrow, of a pale GE Nee UP “Sa. XIV, YEW. FARR S. FITHER the male nor female fower have cup or “petals. The male confifts of numerous filaments united at their bottom; the female of a rudiment of the fruit. This is fingular, and unlike that of all known plants, a fingle feed covered with a firm fkin, and furrounded by a juicy fubftance, . . . . ' Linneus places this among the diacia monadelphia. The Yew-Tree. .. The berries are furrounded with a fweet juicy Taxus vulgaris. Wgergaier ayes ; eas We have it in woods, but more in gardens. It grows to an irregular tree, fpreading wildly All authors call it Taxus. into branches. The leaves are long, narrow, and placed with | The leaves are poifonous ; but the wood, if it a beautiful regularity. grew with more regularity, would be very va- The flowers are yellowifh. luable. Gy Ee a NS eS XV. POPLAR. POPULUS. HE male flowers have no petals: they are placed in catkins, and confift of a nectarium, which is hollow, and cut off obliquely at the top fo as to form an oval rim; and with this eight filaments with large buttons, but no rudiment of a feed-veflel. The female flowers are formed and difpofed as the male; but they have the rudiment of a feed-veifel, and no filaments. The feed-veflels are oval, and the feeds downy. The White Poplar. ~_C. Bauhine calls it Populus alba majoribus feliis. Lu Olas We have two other fpecies. The tree is tal], and its bark whitifh, 1. The black poplar, Populus nigra. The The leaves are large, broad, finuated, and leaves divided like ivy, and of a blackifh hung on long footftalks: they are of a deep green. green on the upper fide, and white underneath. | 2- The Afpen-tree, or trembling Poplar, Popu- The flowers are brownith, lus tremula. ‘The leaves roundifh, on very We have it by waters. long, flender footftalks. Gee EON Ua ES XVI. W: facie: O..We Oe Oo AST OXA HIE male flowers are placed in catkins, and confift of a hollow ne¢tarium. and two filaments. The female flowers are hung in catkins, like the male, and confift only of a rudiment of a” fruit. The feed-veflel is oval and pointed. The feeds are downy. ae Common 2 i $ \ iy i The Midllnat- Do? FOAL Sweet Gaile Commons Lustlf CP, wv E She q J Sian Melon Tier The Lo a aoe p oe ae : Shetlild Zi iw 4 MCS UC Sere, Shee? (Gaon i ee se % si ae 533 The BRITISH HERBAL. 1. Common White Willow. Salix alba vulgaris. This will grow to a large tree. The bark is rough, and of a pale brown on the trunk, and on the branches of a whitifh grey. The leaves are long, narrow, fharp-pointed, and of a whitith colour. The catkins are brownifh. It is common by waters. C. Bauhine calls it Salix alba arborefcens. We have twenty-one other fpecies. 2. Low, hoary long-leaved Willow, Salix pumila rhamni fecundi clufii folio, A very fmall fhrub. 3 Woolly, white-leaved Dwarf Willow. Salix pumila foliis utrinque candicantibus. The leaves oblong, and white on both fides. — 4. Dwarf, narrow-leaved Willow, woolly under- neath, Salix pumila anguftifolia inferna parte lanuginofa. 5. Common, creeping Dwarf Willow, Salis pu- mila anguftifolia prona parte cinerea. leaves very narrow. 6. Round-leaved Dwarf Willow, Salix apina pu- mila rotundifolia repens, The leaves white underneath. 7. Alder-leaved Mountain Willow, Salix alpina alni rotundo, folio repens. The leaves green on both fides. 8. Crack Willow, Salix folio longo latoque fplen- dente fragilis. The leaves yellowifh, the branches brittle. g. Round-eared, fhining Willow, Salim folio au- The G?EN US HORNBEAM. \ I riculato {plendenfe. round appendages. . Almond-leaved Willow that cafts its bark, Salix folic amygdalino utringue aurito corticem abjiciens. . Yellow Dwarf Willow, Salix humilior foltis anguflis fubceruleis ex adverfo binis. The bark yellow. . Bay-leaved Sweet Willow, Salix folio laureo, Jeu lato glabro odorato. The leaves {weet fcented. £ 13. Round-leaved, mountain Dwarf Willow, Salix pumila folio rotundo. The leaves thick and blackifh. 14. Long, entire-leaved Willow, Salix minime fragilis folits longiffimis utrinque viridibus non Jerratis. The leaves oblong, with ~ [o} I _ is) ' 15. Common Sallow, Salix latifolia et rotundi- ‘tate acuminata. In hedges, the leaves of a pale green and rough. 16. Round-leaved Sallow, Salix latifolia folio ro- tundo. Common in hedges with the former. 17. Small-leaved Sallow, Salix folio rotundo mi- nore. The leaves fmall, and of a pale green. 18. Creeping Sallow, Salix cap-ea pumila folio fubrotundo incano. Scarce a foot high. 19. Long-leaved Sallow, Salix caprea acuto longo quefolio. ‘The leaves long and pointed. 20. Sallow with a fhining leaf, Salix latifolia folio Jplendente. A low kind with yellow bark. . The Ofier, Salix folio longiffimo. The leaves extremely Jong, and the twigs tough. . Long-leaved, yellowifh Sallow, Salix folio longo fubluteo non auriculato viminibus luteis. 2 i) 2 nN XXIII. OcS3TeR Yad \ J HIE male flowers are placed in a cylindrick catkin: they confift only of filaments growing from the fcales of the catkin. The female are placed in an oblong catkin, and confift of only a rudiment of the fruit. The Hornbeam. Oftrya ulmo fiilis. The tree is of a moderate growth: The leaves are oblong, of a fine green, fer- rated at the edges, and placed upon fhort foot- ftalks. Ne Lh 6P The flowers are inconfiderable ; but the fruic is large and foliaceous. We have it in fome of our woods. C. Bauhine calls it Ofrya ulno fimilis. Others, Carpinus. SUE? Ryo bags 534 Hhe BRAT H Sw H B-R BoAtE, See ak olan S een IL. Trees and fhrubs which have fruit after all the flowers, G, EN} WS d vhhe- AMP. IB, MAE US. HE flower is placed in a cup divided into five fegments ; and is compofed sof five Jay i The fruit ‘is roundith, flefhy, and contains feveral oblong feeds, Linnzeus places this among the icofandyia pentagynia; the filaments bein roundifh petals. ferted in the cup, and the flyles five: The Crab. Malus fylvefris vulgaris. The fhrub is tough, and {preads into many and covered with branches, which are knotty, a purplifh rind, ge, & Numerous and jn- The leaves are broad, fhort, pointed, and of a deep green, The flowers are large and fleth-coloured buds very red. It is common in hedges, C. Bauhine calls it AZe/ys Sylveftris. 3 their Geb. No pga sag y PebieAaRs BALL Rai angy g Re flower is placed in a cup, divided into five fegments, and is.com The fruit is oblong, flefhy, and has within feveral oblong feeds. Linnzeus places this with the former, The wild Pear-Tree, Lyrus fylveftris. The tree is tall ahd {preading. The bark is rough and brown, The leaves are broad, oblong, and of a pale green, CC gtcaalN aul S poled of five large petals, The flowers are large and white, The fruit is yellow, and harfh to the tafte, We have it in hedges in the north of Eng- land. C. Bauhine calls it Pyrus fylveftris. Ii, S.E°R Vol CB; WwHOATR: JB U.S. Gee flower is placed in-a cup, divided into five light fegments, and is com petals. The fruit is foft, toundifh, and umbilicated 3 and the feeds are th Linnzus places this among the icofandria pentagynia. 1. The True Service, Sorbus legitima, The tree grows to a confiderable fize, and fpreads out into many branches, The leaves are beautifully difpofed, and are pinnated, oblong, fharp- pointed, and of a fine green. The flowers ftand in clufters 3 and are {mall and white. The fruit is large, oblong, pear-thaped, and brown, 2 pofed of ‘five broad ree, We have it in woods in Staffordhhire: C. Bauhine calls it Sorbus fativa. The fruit when mellow is very pleafant. We have two other {pecies, 1. The common Service, Sordys Lorminalis. The leaves broad, and deeply divided; and the fruit fmall, 2. The Quicken-tree, Sersys Llovefiris foliis dom- neflice fimilis, The leaves like thofe of the afh, and the fruit red, GEN U5 The = B+R-I? T's? HE R'B A. 515 Gar EoeNe Ur Ss TV. AYE TE SIDA 1b UE RY, "THE flower is placed in a cup, lightly divided into four fegments; and is compofed of five roundifh petals, with numerous filaments. The fruit is flefhy, roundifh, and umbilicated, Linnzus places this among the icofandria pentag ynia, 1. The White Beam. Mefpilus alnifolio fubtus incano. The tree grows to a moderate bignefs. The bark is pale and {mooth. The leaves are oblong, broad, obtufe, and lightly dented: of a dark green on the upper fide, and whitifh underneath, : The flowers are fmall-and white ; and the fruit is fmall and roundifh. We have it in our'weftern counties. C. Bauhine calls it Ali effigie lanato folia: but its moft ufual name is Avia Theopbrafti. We have three other fpecies’ of Mefpilus. 1. The common White Hawthorn, Me/pilus apii folio vulgaris fpinofa. ’ 2. Oblong-leaved Méfpilus, Me/pilus vulgaris fo- lio laurino. 3. Great-leaved Mefpilus, Me/pilus foliis et fruttu majoribus. eB ON Urs Ve ROSE. RO): St A, HE flower is placed in a large cup, thick, and rounded at the bafe, and divided at the edg into five long fegments ; and it is compofed of five broad petals, with numerous filaments. ‘The fruit is formed of the thick bafe of the cup; and contains many feeds. Linnzus.places this-among the icofandria polygynia. The Burnet Rofe. Rofa pumila [pinofifima foliis pimpinell. This is a little but very pretty fhrub. The branches are tough, and their bark is *“bréwnith. The leaves are pinnated, and the pinnz are fhort, ferrated, and roundifh: their colour is a dark green. The flowers-are large, and of a very pale ‘fefh colour, ; "The fruit is fmall, ‘réd, ‘and roundifh. It is common in hedges, and flowers in June. C. Bauhine calls it Rofa fylveftris pomifera, Others, Rofa foliis pimpinelle. GucE Netw iS We have five other fpecies. rt, The common Briar, or Dog-tofe, ‘Rofa fyl- veftris inodora, five canina. Common in all hedges. 2. Wild Briar with large, iptickly hips, Ro/a Llvefiris frudiu, majore bifpide. . In hedges. 3. Sweet Briar, Rofa fylueftris odora. We have this wild in our fouthern counties, : 4. White-flowered Dog-rofe. Rafa /ylveftris minor Slore albo, Theleaves broader, and thorter. 5. The great Englifh Apple-rofe, Rofa\ fylveftris pomifera major. The fruit as big asa fmall pear. VI. CURRANT. BR 3 T+ Bs Bind: i ee cup is rounded, fwoln, and divided into five fegments. The flower confift's of :five ‘fmall, roundifh petals, The fruit is rounded, juicy, and contains many feeds. Linnzus places this among the. peatandria monogynia. We have four fpecies wild in our northern counties. -4. Thecommoh-Curraht, Ribes vulgaris fruiu rubro. Cultivated alfo every whére in gar- dens. 2. The fweet Currant, Ribes vulgaris frudéiu dul- ci, The leaves broader and larger. 3. Small-fruited 'Ctirraht, ‘Rides fret parva. The fruit’and eaves both very ‘ftnall. 4. ‘The? black ‘Currant, ‘Rides nigrum, leaves of an ill fmell. 2 The jelly of this cures fore throats. The G SEP SNStGies The BaRoled. Iy8 He Hy Ea RB AGL. G & N Uz S 7 VIL. We El OsR ah ek: Vow eles, Si (aoe cup is placed on the rudiment of the fruit, and is very {mall. a fingle petal, and is divided into four fegments at the rim, which turn back. The fruit is a round berry, in which are feveral feeds in four cells. it is hollow. 1. The red Whortle. Vitis idea fruéiu rabro. This is a fmall fhrub, with flender, purplifh branches. The leaves are roundifh, and of a dark green, obtufe at the ends, and not at all ferrated at the edges. The flowers are greenifh, with a tinge of red. The berries are round, red, and well tafted. It is common in our northern counties on boggy ground. Ge Pen ves Hib) fh val The flower is formed of The body of C. Bauhine calls it Vitis idea foliis fubrotundis non crenatis baccis rubris, We have three other fpecies. t. The great Billberry-buth, Vitis idea magna, The fhrub is larger, and the berries round and black, 2: Angular-ftalked Billberry-buth, Vitis idea angulofa. The twigs green and ridged ; and the berries black, 3. Myrtle-leaved Billberry-buth, Vitis idea foliis myrtinis crifpis. The leaves curled, and the fruit black, VIII. HONYSUCKLE, GA Pal he On 1 Ue is ces cup is {mall, and divided into five parts. The flower is formed of a fingle petal, which is tubular, long, and flender; and at the rim divided into five fegments, which turn back. The fruit is a roundifh, umbilicated berry. Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia. x. Common Honeyfuckle. Caprifolium vulgare. The fhrub is fmall; the branches tough, flen- der, weak, and climbing. The leaves are oblong, large, and of a bluith green, The flowers ftand in handfome tufts at the tops of the branches; and are of a fine pale _ yellow with fome white among it. Gai N. US The berries are red. It is common in hedges, and flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Caprifolium non perfoliatum Germanicum. We have one other fpecies, 2. Oak-leaved Honeyfuckle, Caprifolium non per- foliatum foliis finnatis. The leaves deeply finuated, IX. DoW YK Ei VE @DA EL RX. Aue cup is very fmall, and has five dents at the edge. petals, with crooked tips. The fruit is a round berry, The flower is compofed of five oblong Linnzus places this among the pentandria monogynia, Common Ivy. Hedera vulgaris. The ftem is woody, and climbs ; fixing itfelf by tendrils, in manner of roots. ~ The leaves are of a blackith green, and vari- ous figure; fome oblong and fimple ; others di- Vided into three lobes. ‘ The flowers are placed in tufts, and are of a greenifh white. . , The berries are black. It is common in hedges and againft walls of old buildings. ~C. Bauhine calls it Hedera arborea. GE Neus The? *BIRA Til § He HiEIROR AL GGEwaNalU' os Fx, WAT ECR-¥ EeEsDeE rR: ; OF PAU LE Gi as: HE flowers are placed in umbells on fubdivided beenehe” The cup is minute, and dented in five places at the edge. Each flower is formed of a fingle petal, divided into which turn backward. ° The fruit is a roundifh berry. ~ Linnzeus places this among the peatandria trigynia. five fegments, The Water Elder. _ The leaves are broad, and of a faint green; Opulus vulgaris. irregularly divided into three lobes, and ferrated. tS The flowets are white ; and the berries red, It is a weak fhrub of five feet high, It is common by waters, The branches are numerous, and their bark C. Bauhine calls it Sambucus aquatica Shore fim- brown. plici. : G E N U S XI WAYFARING “ER ER. VIBURNUM™. HE flowers are difpofed in {mall umbells. The cup is minute, and divided by five dents at the edge. The flower is formed of a fingle petal, divided into five obtufe fegments; and thefe turn back. The fruit is a roundifh berry, containing a fingle feed. Linnzus places this among the peutandria trigynia. The Wayfaring-Tree. whitifh green on the upper fide, and white and meally underneath, The flowers are white, and the berries, when ‘The tree is of moderate ftature, and its bark | ‘pe, are black. et ors Dreastya We have it in hedges, principally in our fous . as hern counties. The twigs are whitifh and very tough. e 2 Rea The leaves are broad, roundifh, and of a pCoBaahine)callstit Zibyrndin, Viburnum. CPi iad Dingess Rae TORE atS XI, DOGBERRY-TREE. CORNUS. 2 rypuE flowers are placed in {mall umbells, and have a little cup divided by four indentings at the rim, Each is compofed of four fmall, oblong, and pointed petals. The fruit is an oblong berry, containing a ftone with two kernels. - Linnzus places this among the setrandria monogynia. The Common Dogberry-Tree, The leaves are oblong, undivided, and of a Cornus Femina. . dufky green. ~ The flowers are fmall and white; and the This is a fhrub of five feet high. berries, when ripe, are black. The twigs are tough, and covered with a red It is common in hedges. bark. C. Bauhine and others call it Coraus femina? Ge of Be egaNetc: Un yc 8 XIII. ELDER. Sy 4M BU CG U.S. A ae flowers are placed in large umbells. The cup is fmall, and divided into five parts at the edge. The flower itfelf is formed of a fingle petal; and is hollow, and divided.into five fmall fegments, which turn backwards. The berry is roundifh, and contains three feeds. Linnzus places this among the pentandria trigynia, N° sr. 6Q. 1. Jagged- 518 The BRITAS H: HEIRB A L 1. Jagged-leaved Elder. Sambucus foliis laciniatis. The fhrub grows irregularly to ten or twelve feet high. The bark is whitifh and rough. The young fhoots are thick, green, and tender. The leaves are placed on divided footftalks ; and are themfelves alfo parted into feveral ob- long, jagged, and indented feoments. The flowers are white; and the berries, when ripe, are black. G, 6 B Neus 8 We have it in hedges, but not common, It flowers in July. C. Bauhine calls it Sambucus laciniato folio. We have three other fpecies wild in England 1. The Common Elder, Sambucus vulgaris. ‘The berries black, ; 2. The White-berried Elder, Sambucus baccis albis. The berries of a greenifh white. 3. The Dwarf Elder, Ebulus, five Sambucus bu- milis. A very powerful diuretick, XIV. Sel -O-E: JP deep INE. {OF Ay, HE cup is divided into five oblong, hollow fegments. The flower is compofed of five broad petals, The fruit is roundifh, with a longitudinal furrow ; and contains under a flefhy fub- ftance an oblong ftone with a kernel. Linneeus places this among the icofandria monogynia. The Common Sloe. Prunus fylveftris vulgaris. The fhrub is rarely more than four feet high, The branches are thorny, and have a deep brown bark. G Seas Doge US The leaves are oblong, broad, and of a fine green. The flowers are white; and the fruit, when tipe, is covered with a grey duft. It is common in hedges, and flowers in July. XY. CHERRY. COLOR AES US: HE cup is hollow, and divided into five fegments at the edge. The flower is compofed of five broad, hollowed petals. 1. The Clufter, or Birds Cherry. Cerafus avium racemofa. This rifes to a {mall tree. The bark is pale on the trunk, and darker on the branches. The leaves are oblong and ferrated. The flowers ftand in long clufters, and are white. The fruit is fmall. We have it in woods in the north of England. C, Bauhine calls it Cerafus racemofa fylveftris. Guy die Mig S$ The fruit is roundifh, with a furrow; and contains a roundith ftone. We have four other fpecies. 1. The Common, wild, red Cherry, Cera/us fl- veftris frufiu rubro, Much like the Flemith cherry. 2, The black Cherry-tree, Cerafus fylueftris fruétu aigro, ‘The common, fmall, black Cherry, 3. Small, wild, Heart Cherry, Cerafus fylvefiris Fruitu minimo cordiformi. In Wales. : 4. The late wild Cherry, Cerafus fylveftris fepten- trionalis fruétu parvo ferotino. The fruit round and red. XVI.) Sele A Wows hk RY - Ti RoE, Hie oa Be Ua iy Cae 4 “HE cup is very fmall, and is divided by five indentings at the edge. The flower is formed of a fingle petal; and is hollow, oval, and divided at the rim into five feoments, which turn back, The fruit refembles a common ftrawberry 5 but the feeds are within, not on the furface. Common Strawberry-Tree. — Arbutus vulgaris. Jt is a fmall tree; or oftener rifes in the fhrub | form. The leaves are oblong, and very beautifully. ferrated, The flowers are greenifh. The berries, when ripe, are red. It is wild in our northern counties. The fruit ripens in November. C. Bauhine calls it Arbutus folio ferrato. Go E“N* Us Th BRITISH HERBAL. 519 Ge Eee Ne Us <. S.., EVIE Nie iysyal Gy Dp ALY (O} a Dy VISCUM. HE flowers are often feparately male and female, but not conftantly fo: they confift of a fmall cup, divided into four oval parts; with either filaments without a rudiment of the fruit, or with a rudiment without filaments, or both together: in each cafe the form-and ftru€ture of the flower isthe fame. The fruit is a roundifh berry, containing a fingle, flat feed, of a heart- like fhape. Common Mifletoe. The berries are white, and full of a flimy Vifcum vulgare. : juice. : It is common on apple-trees, and other kinds The fhrub is very much branched, and a foot | growing to their branches as mofs. and half high. C. Bauhine calls it Vifcum baccis albis. The ftalks are yellow and tough. The leaves ftand in pairs; and they are ob- It is an excellent medicine againft diforders of long, flefhy, ‘yellowifh, and obtufe. the nerves. That of the oak is preferred, but The flowers are {mall and greenifh. it is very rarely found, Glebe Ne Ue Ss XVII. SPURGE LAUREL LAUREOLA. THE flowers rife naked, three from each bud, and are compofed of a fingle petal, tubular and divided at the edge into four fegments. The fruit is a roundifh berry with a fingle feed. Common Spurge Laurel. The flowers are fmall and greenifh, Laureola vulgaris. The berries are black. We have it on commons, It isa low fhrub, green all the year. C. Bauhine calls it Laureola fempervirens flore The bark is brownifh, \ viridi. The leaves are long, and of a fine green, i undivided and flefhy. It is a violent vomit and purge. Ge BEEN 8 XIX. Pp, RLV ET: LIGUSTRUM. | ae cup is fmall, and is divided at the rim into four parts. The flower is formed of a fingle petal, tubular at the bafe, and divided:alfo into four fegments at the edge. The fruit is a round berry containing four feeds. Linnzus places this among the diandria monogynia. Common Privet. The flowers are fmall and white; and they Liguftrum vulgare. d grow in clufters. gah 3 The berries are black. It is a fhrub of five feet high. f We have it in woods. ‘The ftem is flender, brown, and {mooth. C. Bauhine calls it Liguftrum Germanicum: The leaves are oblong, and of a dark green. Guidieain=s U8 XX, BLACK ELDER. FRANGULA. ETE flower has no cup : it is formed of a fingle petal ; and is fmall, tubular, rough on the outfide, but fmooth and polifhed within ; and is tinged, and divided into five fmall fegments. There is a {cale at the bafe of each fegment; and from under each of thefe rifes a lament. The berry is roundifh, -and contains two feeds. z Th The 520 BeRil}T seh Vy EERO B ANT. The Black Alder. Frangula vulgaris. The fhrub is weak and f{mall. The ftemis covered, with a fmooth, brownbark, _ The leaves are large, dark, and roundith, GreedEy aw Gas sens The flowers are of a greenifh white; and the berries, when ripe, are black. We have it in woods and thickets, C. Bauhine calls it A/uus nigra baccifera, O- thers, Frangula, XXII BARBERRY. Dy Bie Rit Bo Ree a Te MPHE cup is formed of fix fmall, hollow, coloured leaves. The flower is formed of fix rounded petals: there are two granules at the bafe of each petal, the ne¢taria of the flower. The berry is oblong, and has two feeds, The Barberry-Buth. Berberis vulgaris. The fhrub is ten feet high, and armed with tharp fpines. The bark is pale and whitith. The leaves are broad and oblong; of a frefh GYEIN U.S green, with atinge of yellowifh, and finely fer. rated, The flowers are fmall and yellowifh: the ber- ries red and agreeably tafted. We have it wild and in gardens, - All authors call it Berderis. XXII. OAL Ley. Ay Ge RODeR OTL davon Nae cup is fmall, formed of a fingle piece, and divided into four fegments at the edge. The flower is compofed of four roundifh petals, cohering at their bafes. The fruit is a roundifh berry with four feeds, 1. The Holly. Agrifolium. It is a large fhrub. .The bark is whitith on the trunk; but the young fhoots are green. The leaves are oblong, finuated, irregular at the edges, and prickly. The flowers are greenifh. ‘GEN U's The berries are black: We have it in woods and hedges. C. Bauhine calls it Mew aculeata baccifera folio JSinnato, We have one other fpecies, 2. Yellow-berried Holly, grifolium baccis lua teis. The leaves of a thinner and loofe texture. : XXIII. BUCKTHORN. Roi otf MN UL 8. ‘Te flower has no cup: it is formed of a {in gle petal, and is tubular, and lightly divided by four dents at the edges. There are four little fcales within: one at each dent. The berry ig roundith, and the feeds are flatted, The Buckthorn Shrub, Rhamaus vulgaris. It is a fhrub of ten feet high. The bark is brown, The leaves are broad, indented, and of a fine Green. : : The flowers are inconfiderable and greenith. The berries are black. The fhrub is full of fharp thorns, We have it in hedges, C. Bauhine calls it Réamnus catharticus. ‘The juice of the berries is a good purge. GEN Us : 3 The BRITISH HERBAL. bar Gee ON, Urs PONE BaRGA Me BoE: RUBUS, “| Dae cup is formed of one leaf, divided into five oblong, fpreading, permanent fegments. The flower is compofed of five roundifh petals inferted in the cup. The fruit is compofed of numerous grains, The Common Bramble. Rubus vulgaris. The fhrub is weak and trailing. The branches are befet with harp thorns. | The leaves ftand three on a footftalk ; and are oblong, broad, ferrated, and fharp-pointed. The flower is large and flefh-coloured; and the fruit, when ripe, is black. It is every where in hedges. Go'Be NU: S C. Bauhine calls it Rubus vulgaris, feu Rubus Sruciu nigro. We have three other fpecies wild in different parts of England. 1, White-berried Bramble, Rubus vulgaris major fruétu albo, The leaves longer and paler, 2. The Dewberry-Buth, Rubus minor frudéu ce- ruleo. ‘The fruit compofed of few grains. 3. The wild Rafpberry, Rubus ideus’ Jpinofus Fructu rubro. In woods in the north. XXV. S°oPePN D.L HeBsR Ese: EUONYMUS. 4 Bes cup is divided into five roundifh fegments. The flower is compofed of four oval petals, The fruit is a fquare juicy capfule in each of the four cells, containing a fingle feed. Spindletree. Euonymus. It is a fmall hedge-fhrub. : The bark of the trunk is of a pale brown; that on the young fhoots green: and thefe have four redifh brown ridges, which make them ap- pear fquare. GoEo NUgsS The leaves are oblong, moderately broad, and of a fine frefh green. The flowers are very fmall, and greenifh. The fruit is large, red, and f{quare. It is common in hedges. C. Bauhine calls.it Huonymus vulgaris: granis rubris. XXVI. BLADDERNUT. STAPHYLODENDRON. HE cup is divided into five coloured fegments. The flower is compofed of five oblong petals. T The fruit is compofed of diftiné bladders with pointed tops; in each of which are roundifh feeds. The Bladdernut. Staphylodrendon. The tree rifes to no great height. The leaves are beautifully pinnated; and the pinnz are oblong, ferrated, and fharp-pointed. The flowers are fmall. Ge Ey: U The fruit is large;.and the bladders, when ripe, are of a pale greenifh colour, tinged with red or brown, We have it wild in England, but not com- mon. S XXVIL. EL M. ULM U S. apt cup is forme the outfide, and, for the greateft part, tubular, enlarging upwards: there are no petals. ‘ and the fruit is fatted, and has a fingle feed, filaments ftand in this cup 5 Ne 51. 6R d of a fingle leaf, and divided into five fegments at the edge: it is rough on The The 5a The BRITIS HM dp By RB: AL. The Wych Elm. Ulmus folio glabro. The tree grows to a great bignels, The bark is rough. The leaves are very broad, of a fine or€en, ferrated, and fharp-pointed: and fmooth on the furface. The flowers are whitifh, and the fruit brown. We have it in hedges. Gee T Het NU Authors call it U/mus folio glabro. We have three other fpecies. 1, The common Elm, U!mus vulgaris folio lato ' fcabro. The leaves thort, broad, and rough. 2. The narrow-leaved Elm, Usnus minor folio augufto feabro. A {mall tree when at full growth. 3. The broad-leaved Elm, called Witch Hazel, Ulinus folio latifimo feabro, S A'S H. XXXVI. FOR A X PUN es HE cup is formed of a fingle piece, divided is compofed, of four narrow petals. The a cruft. The Common Afh. Fraxinus vulgaris. The tree is large, but irregular in growth. The bark of the trunk is whitifh; that of the branches grey. lightly into four parts at the edge; and the flower feed is flat, membranaceous, and covered with The leaves are long, large, pinnated. The flowers are ereenith. The fruit is of a greenith brown, It is common in woods and hedges, C. Bauhine calls it Fraxinus excelfior. and beautifully Bie sc0E iso INR SRUL 5-8 XXIX. Miu4 RLS E Me CO ROR. eee cup is divided into five fegments, and coloured. The flower is comp ofed of five oval petals. The feed-vefiel is winged with a large membrane, Linnzus places this among the offandria. The Common Maple. Acer vulgare minus. The fhrub is of irregular growth. The bark is rough, and of a redifh brown. The leaves are broad, fhort, and deeply di- vided : their colour is a pale green, The flowers are of a greenifh colour: the feed- veflels are redifh when ripe. © It is common in hedges, C. Bauhine calls it Acer campatre. We have two other fpecies. 1, The great Maple, called the Sycamore, Acer majus latifolium, \ 2. Hairy, red-fruited Maple, Acer compefire mi- nus fruct villofo rubente, Go Eat. Ys XXX. hE T H. Ee Rant Go 4. 6 ae cup is ceompofed of four long leaves. vided at the rim into four parts. rous and minute. ” Befom Heath. Erica folio hirfuto quaterno. The fhrub is low, fcarce exceeding a foot in heighth, ; The bark is of a redifh brown. \ and hairy. The flower is formed of a fingle petal; and is di. The feed-veffel is roundifh and fmall; the feeds are nume= The leaves are fall, extremely numerous, The flowers ftand in little tufts at the tops of the branches ; and are of a faint purple. We haye it on bogey grounds on heaths, Cc. Bauhine calls it Erica ex rubro nigricans Scoparia. Our people, Dutch begib, We The B R IT Is H HER i : — 523 We have five other {pecies. x. Common Heath, Erica vulgaris. The leaves of a pale green; and the flowers of a faint flefh-colour, 2. Common rough leaved Heath, Erica vulgaris birfuta, More branched than the former. Geen UNE Use S 3: Five-leaved Heath, Erica tentifolia. The bark grey, and the leaves of a dark green. 4. Fir-leaved Heath with numerous flowers; Erica folits corios multiflora. The flowers of _a pale crimfon, §- Myrtle-Heath, Erica cantabrica ‘flore maximo Soliis myrti Jubtus inconis. The leaves pointed: XXXII. : MARSH CYSTUS, LEDU.m "FFE cup is fmall, permanent, coloured, and divided into five fezments, ‘The flower is formed of a fingle petal; and is hollow, is roundifh, with five tidges, Englifh Marth Ciftus, Ledum paluftre. it is a fmall fhrub, not much branched. The leaves are oblong and narrow. Cee New) and divided into five fegments at the rim. The feed-veilel The flowers ftand on fhort foot{talks ; and are ‘ fmall, and of a beautiful pale red, crowning the tops of the branches. We have it on boggy grounds in heaths. C. Bauhine calls it Viti idea affinis polit folio. S XXXII. LIM £. booed Rao gD eae "THE cup is divided into five fegments, and is coloured. The flower is compofed of five oval petals. The fruit is a tough, globular capfule, with five feeds in five cells. Common Lime, Tilia vulgaris, The tree is ereét, and tolerably regular in growth. The bark is brown, 4 The leaves are broad, ferrated, fharp-pointed, and of a fine green. The flowers are white and fragrant. We have it wild in the north; and it is planted about houfes, Goer N U C. Bauhine calls it Tilia famina folio majore. We have three other fpecies. 1. The fmall-leaved Lime, Tilia folio minore. The leaves of a deeper green and finer fub- ftance. 2, The red Lime, Zilia foliis leviter hirfutis vi- minibus rubris. The ridges on the fruit very high. : 3. The Elm-leaved Lime, Tilia ulmi folia frudia bexagono, The ridges very high and large, S XXXII. BROOM. Gah NO Ta: tuts "THE cup is fmall, and has five fight dents at the edge. The flower is of the papilionaceous kind, and is formed of five petals ; the carina having two, The feed-veflel is a cylindrick pod, with large feeds. x. Common Broom. Genifta vulgaris. - The fhrub is four or five feet high. The bark on the trunk is of a pale brown, The young fhoots are numerous, angulated, and green. The leaves are fmall and oblong: they ftand three together. The flowers are large and yellow. It is common on wafte grounds. C. Bauhine calls ic Genifta Anglofa. 2. Diers Broom. Genifta tinGoria vulgaris. This is a low, fhrubby plant; two feet high, and very much branched, The leaves ftand fingly, and are long, nar- row, and of a bright green. The flowers ftand in long clufters at the tops of the branches, and are large and yellow. We have it in dry paftures. C. Bauhine calls it Genifta tinforia Germanica. GeEPNiUe § 524 Thes BR 0 T11S Hi WH ESRSB AM. Gem Noo U) (28...17 XXXIV, ES Ug sR eZ, “Gab (Nok Sot 2 Spel N=: OM Seed. | ee cup is fmall, and divided irregularly. The flower is papilionaceous, and has five petals ; two forming the carina. The feed-veflel is an oblong pod. The whole fhrub is covered ‘with thorns. Common Furz. Genifta pinofa vulgaris. The fhrub is four or five feet high, and very fpreading. The leaves are very fmall, oblong, of a bluifh green, and fall foon after they appear in fpring. The branches are all the year cloathed with innumerable green thorns. The flowers are large and yellow. It is common on heaths. C. Bauhine calls it Geniffa /pinofa major longi- oribus aculeis. We have two other fpecies. : 1. The leffer Furze, Genifta fpinofa minor. The thorns are fhorter, and it flowers later. - 2. NeedleFurze, Genifta minor afpalathoides. The leaves {mall and of a faint green. : The END of the THIRTY-THIRD CLASS, a, a She é food Wi hort ; a NM : 4 The Wie a Pw Td e OS Baud HOLL : iil = 1a nr |Fe § 7; * . e . | The e/ faagal fowl She Sloe Clidler SPECCL oe Wie Dog-berry) Sra? Co b\ TheTilatb thier Z Bobs eee tL WP Sg y yr oe ong e: f : : SS v Zi ) Shy MOT UM a valle Wed oy? ~asaaeniapk . ? a\. We SZ VOOM a? OMitsito7rt Gi paee She(fuwua Mop ? OS(UnNZE pA’ ai Ve OV é \ i! : ~ ea ve is! 7 e L—ClL—— Yee |Z . FB “7 ee ea i AA a ir NAVE oe ie yl if JE, rS as : Comune Tn Warts lid e/a . 10 J SABA) hae 4 RY / ough Soler Wort, ss Anoolh SilenMort: DWE! é pe iret jis ti H Ccmmontlale Fern. White? UM RAMS, USO C7 gli MM attend Sor hee yy TE g . Ne fon . bop-fitty: a Wu i Tt: b) > ) Cite aya | : BN CY, WPCA Vuxrnhiar Common FeamuleFern 6° Gflawk« dale bee q. YY ‘i SAS \ ff N | limminDuckwad? | . i : | Large Lucha ; Wood PSlorvetal2 Ua. Siutfr seule” Stepeennes!! AUaM bt? DO y fh my ; : I Udders Boo at’. Moonllorl?. : ' ; ZA | BRITISH HERBAL SILER ELLE ERE RAE GR GPRS ERLE REESE Ea ee XXXIV. Plants whofe flowers and frze: are minute and fingly siasnipal 3 and are produced on the back of their leaves. be kept together in the modern arrangements of botany. Their parts of fructification are too minute and obfcure to have given opportunities to.thofe who favour the prefent method, to blend them among the other genera. Linnzus ranges them with the moffes and other fuch kinds under the term cryptogamia. Tee are a feries of plants perfeétly diftinét from all others ; and they have the fortune to MMMM SORTER EEsESe Gee N UTES it, HARTS-TONGUE. ‘PHYLLITIS. T EIE plant confifts of an undivided leafs. and the feeds are difpofed in long, ftreaks on the back. x. Common Harts-tongue. It is common in wells and other damp, fhady Phyliitis vulgaris. places. There are three varieties of this plant, which have been defcribed as diftinét {pecies. 1. The fingered Harts-tongue, Phyllitis multifida. ting: plant: In this the leaves'are fplit into feveral ftrait feg- The footftalk is fhort, blackith, and downy. | nents at the top. 2. Crofs-jagged Harts-tongue, The leaf is very long, hollowed at the bate, Phyllitis cruciata, The fegments crofling one pointed at the end, and of a fine green. another. And, 3. Dwarf Harts-tongue, Pdyl- The lines of feeds are brown. litis minima. — Two inches high. ‘The root is a tuft of black fibres. The leaves are numerous; and each is a dif- GE Nee 3 IL. POLY POD Y. Ps O61 52 OR OD. EUS M: rE leaf has a naked footftalk, and is divided into long fegments. The flowers ftand on the back in round fpots. : We Lil 6'S* 1. Common "526 ihesS Rol pasha hin pA 1. Common Polypody. The root is a gentle purge, Polypodium vulgare. We have three other {pecies. The root is long and thick; and creeps juft | 1. Serrated Polypody, P olypodium murale pinnulis at the furface. ; Jerratis. ‘This has been fuppofed a variety The plant is a foot rete but is really a diftin& {pecies. The footftalk is of a nurplil brown. 2. Laciniated Polypody of Wales, Polypodium The leaf is of a deep green on the forefide, _ Cambro Britanicum pinnulis ad margines laci- and paler behind ; and the flowers and feeds are niatis, placed there in round fpots of a yellowith brown. 3» Broad Polypody, Palybodiuin ihtenfe. On It is common in woods and under hedgess - the tops'of the Weléh mountains. - 4 C, Bavhine calls it Polypodium vulgare. RO Geet SPLEENWORT. TNOPN Gale TAGS 1, SPE R&A: HE leaf is Eertinucd | in final fegments to the bafeof the foorftalks . The leaves thet have ripe rT feeds curl up. Rough Spleenwort, The feeds are very numerous, and brown ; Lonchi tis afpera vulgaris. and ‘the leaves on which they are placed curl up.- Itas.commion on heaths. The root is compofed of danumierdble fibres. C. Bauhine calls it Lonchitis.a/pera minor. The leaves are very long, and narrow; and ; are divided down:'to thé middle, rib) into, fine | . We have one other fpecies. fegments: the colour is a dark’green. 1, Rough Spleenwort, .with indented fegments, The fegments.are longifh, in the middle, Lonchitis afpera major. On the Welch and fmaller to the bafe of the footftalk, as alfo to ‘mountains. the point. Ga B Ne Us IV. .§M.0.0.1 Fes Pi EO EeN Wo Ro loe Mies Sa Pe Ls he NAL eV. GRE leaf is fimply, and not deeply, divided. The fegments are abtufe; and the flowers and feeds cover the back of the-leafin-é ‘continued mafs. Common fmooth Spleenwort. The forefide of the leaf is a dark green; the Afplenium ‘vulgare. i bacifide is covered with a browa powder, « The root is a tuft of fibres. We have it on old walls. 238d The leaves rife in great clufters ; and they are . Cc Bauhine calls it Ceterach officinarum. five inches long, narrow, and ‘flightly divided, or) ere finuated at the edge. i} Itis agree ane for obftrutions of the “The feoments are obtufe, and hotrexadtly ‘op- spite: Pei te to one-another. Grove adNa |} UO SV DWARF. F E'RN; C, nell M ee EI i {PG tae leaf has a naked footftalk ; and is compofed of many pairs of difting pinnz. The feeds are placed in dots. Dwarf Sea-Fern. We have it on old walls at the fea-fide. Chame filix maritima, ool -C. Bauhine calls it Filcula maritima. The root is a tuft of black fibres. r n aes The leaves are numerous, and three inches | We liave one other fpecies. long: theirftalk. is-black. §. Dwarf Rock Fern, Chama filix alpina pedicn- The pinnee are of a deep green on the forende, laris rubre foliis. The fegments jagged. . and pale behind, with the feed in dots. 8 Z GEN U § BRITUSH oH ERE “gan Ge ok NM. 70.45 Viv ENGLISH MAIDENHAIR TRICHOMANES. "le leaf-is pinnated ; fie the pinne are rounded, placed regularly, beautiful, a difting. Englith Maidenhair. Lrichomanes vulgare. The root is a tuft of fibres, The leaves are numerous, four inches long, narrow, and beautifully pinnated ; their colour is a dark green 5 and they are glofly, The ftalk is black. ‘The flowers and feeds are brown, It is common on damp rocks. C. Bauhine calls it Trichomanes s five po Yyerychum officinarum. G EUN’ “Uy 43g We have three other fpecies. 1. Branched Englith Maidenhair, Trichomanes ramofum. The rib; or ftalik, in this is green, ‘2, Jagged-leaved Englith Maidenhair, Tricho- manes foliis eleganter incifis. The pinnz cut_ ’ deeply. : 3- Moonwort leaved Englifh Maidenhair, Adi. anium nigrum foliis lunarie. The pinnae rounded. VIE. FORKED MAIDENHAIR. ACROSTICUM Ts leaves are very fmall, and have long footttalks : and the feeds ftand in toad dots. Forked Maidenbair, Acropicum vulgare. The root confifts of numerous fibres con- heéted to a {mall head. hey are divided into forked fegments 3 ments, forming a kind of leaf: this is of a pale green: the ftalle i is black at the bottom, pale'up- wardis and the feed are placed in round date: We have it on damp rockss : : C.Bauhine calls it Filix faxatilis... es The ftalks are three inches. high; and at the Adiantum furcatum, : top each divides into a few flat and forked feg- : Geb ee N an Uae VII. MALE’ FERN, PLD AL. & MA. §, HE leaf is pinnated, and.the pinne are. again divided. down-to the rib into oblong feements, The ee are pee on the paid: spare of the pinna: in a double feries of roundith fpots. . Common Male Fern. er mas vulgaris, The Toot is thick, irregular, and rough on the furface. The leaf is two feet Jong, ‘the pinnae ofa pale green. The feeds lie-on the back in-fpots of a aa lowifh brown. S ere is. commion :in»woods and under hedges. * C. Bauhine calls sit Filix nonramofa dentata. ‘the rib brown, and Weyhave eight other fpecies. 2, Prickly, auriculated Male Fern, Felix mas | non-ramofa pinnulis latis.auriculatis fpinofis. 3. Narrow- leaved prickly Male Fern, Filix acu- Teata major pinnulis auriculatis crebrioribus foliis anguftioribus. 76 cre ppukly Male Fern, Filix lonchitidi af: Jinis. A {mall plant not five inches high. . Broad-leaved prickly Male Fern, Filix mas aculeata *folits gall is mufcofa lanugine a- Sperfis. . Male Fern, swith nn fer, deeply indented leaves, Filix unas nou ramofa, pinaulis anguftis raris profunde dentatis, Creeping Water Fern, Filix,iminor paluftris repens dryopteris authorum. "Che leaf .very thin: . Pale-ftalked Fern, with rcdmaes pinne, 2- lix minor pediculo pallidiore alis inferioribus deorfum fpectantibus. » ‘Male Stone Fern, Filix pumila Sactatilis, It re- fembles the dryepteis, but is fmaller. nn fon Sy oo GReBe Nea? 7S oeetenenes 528 Th BRITISH HERBAL. Gy E N ;;U 28 IX. WHITE MAIDENHAIR. ADIANTUM ALBUM. HE leaf has a naked footftalk, and confifts of a few broad, thick divifions. cover the whole under-furface. 1. White Maidenhair. Adiantum album. The root is a tuft of fibres. The leaves are‘numerous, and two inches high- The ftalk is of a pale green; and the leaf is alfo of a whitifh green on the upper-fide, and covered with a whitifh duft underneath. GE The feeds It is common on old walls. C. Bauhine calls it Ruta muraria, We have one other fpecies. 2, Narrow-leaved, tall, White Maidenhair, 447. antum album elatius pinnulis anguftioribus. Ne Uo oe TRUE MATD EW H AIR, CAPILLUS VENERIS. "THE leaf has a long footftalk ; and is divided into numerous, broad fegments. The feeds are placed in white lines at their edges. The True Maidenhair. Capillus veneris verus. . The root confifts of numerous fibres. The ftalk is black and gloffy. The plant is fix inches high. “The pinnz are of a pale green; and the rows of feeds below are whitifh. We have it in Wales. C, Bauhine calls it Adiantum foliis coriandri. . GE Nya Ut 2S We have three other fpecies. 1. Tunbridge Maidenhair, Capillus veneris pu/il- lus foliis bifidis vel trifidis. 2. Great Maidenhair, Capillus veneris pediculo pallide rubente. A plant of a foot high, 3. Green Scotifh Maidenhair, Capillus veneris folio obtufo faturate viridi. After thefe there ftands in the Synopfs Stirpium Britanicarum, an imaginary plant. A leaf of the white wood anemone, XI. EE.MjyA LE 1iFERN Fis v5 be Xin FG Me Lie Nuc: HE leaf is compofed of very numerous pinne, on fubdivided footftalks. The feeds are placed - in round dots. 1. Common Female Fern: Filix femina vulgaris. The plant is five feet high. The ftalk is thick and green. The pinnz are oblong, and of a pale green; and the feeds are placed on their back in {mall, round, ferrugineous dots. It is common on heaths. C. Bauhine calls it Fix ramofa major pinnulis obtufis now dentatis. Others, Filix feemina. We have fix other fpecies. 2. Great, Branched Fern, with indented leaves, Filix: ramofa pinnulis dentatis. The leaves dark green. 3. Small, branched Mountain Fern, Filix mon- tana ramofa minor argute denticulata. 4. Ofmund Royal, Filix ramofa non dentata flo- rida. The feeds cluftered on the tops of the branches. 5- Small, branched, Sea, Stone Fern, Filicula fanatilis ramofa maritima. Of a pale green. 6. Dwarf, branched Fern, Filix ramofa minor. This is the plant called dryoptris by Tragus. 7. Fine cut Stone Fern, with fender, brittle: ftalks, Filiw fawatilis caule tenui fragili. GPE N Uses The BRITISH HERBAL. 529 Ges “N aU: 8 XIl, BLACK MAIDENHAIR, “2D LANG U MEN TG RiU mE “THE leaf has a long footftalk. The pine are fubdivided into broad, jagged fegments, The feeds are placed in lines. 1. Black Maidenhair. Adiantum nigrum vulgare. The plant is ten inches high. The ftalk is naked, and of a gloffy black. The pinne are broad, of a dark green, and deeply cut. The feeds ftand in rows on the under-fide. It is common in woods. C. Bauhine calls it Adiantum foliis longioribus pulverulentis. We have fix other fpecies, 1. Baftard-hemlock-leaved Maidenhair,- Adian- tum nigrum pinnulis cicutarie divifura. A tender plant. 2. Small, flowering, Black Maidenhair, Adi- antum crifpum alpinum. .Thefe two are by fome called white maidenbairs. 3. Round-leaved Black Maidenhair, Fix elegans adianto nigro accedens Jegmentis rotundioribus. 4. Dwarf Black Maidenhair, Filix pumila petrea adianti nigit emula. Scarce two inches high. 5. Fine cut Black Maidenhair, Filix minor longi- Solia pinnulis tenuiffimis laciniatis, In Ireland. 6. Winged Maidenhair, Adiantum nigrum alato caule, ‘The leaves gloffy and dark. green.” This is the compleat lift of Englifh ferns and capillary plants. Many virtues are attributed to them ; but ex- perience does not fupport the account: The common male fern and the ofmund royal are cele- brated againft the rickets ; and many have tried them, but unfuccefsfully. The Maidenbairs are eminently good ‘againft diforders of the breaft and lungs. The END of te THIRTY-FOURTH CLASS. Ne 52. at BRO YP So LRLGLLLLELLRGLLG ROLL GL ELS LOCH PROPS SEG HSE H E \ HERBAL. ‘ Ris Cie s Sr: Plants whofe flowers and feeds are minute and fingly inconfpicuaus, and are not placed on the back of the leaves. i es SMS De Ss BAe AB Da Dee Ne De OE Be BH a eo et G EN ADDER’s U on Se doi. ‘ON G UE: OPH IO GL Ons s Ue leaf. Adder’s Tongue. Ophioglofum vulgare. The plant confifts of a fingle leaf and a fpike. The leaf is fupported on a long, green foot- ftalk ; and is of an oval form, a flefhy fubftance, and a pale green. The fpike is green at firft, but as it ripens it grows brownifh. Gy BaaN HE feeds are arranged in a double ferrated receptacle, rifing ona ftalk from the bafe of the It is common in meadows in April. C. Bauhine calls it Olphioglofum primum feu vulgatum. The fpike is fometimes fplit, or double: in this cafe it has been fuppofed a diftiné&t {pecies. The leaves boiled in lard make an excellent cooling ointment. Use S 5 IE MOONWORT. LUNARIA. *[ HE plant confifts of a fingle leaf, and a ftalk fupporting a clufter of ferrated feed-veffels. Moonwort: Lunaria racemofa. ‘The root is fibrous. The plant is eight inches high. The leaf is beautifully formed of round pinnz; GRP No Ue and the ftalk is terminated by a branched clufter of brown feed-vefiels. We have it in the north of England in dry pattures. C. Bauhine calls it Lunaria racemofa minor fen vulgaris. Ill. DUCKWEED. LBek Nee TOE 2 HERE are hermaphrodite and female flowers upon the fame minute plant: they are formed a-like of a rounded cup, which burfts at the fide; and have no petals. In the hermaphrodite flowers the rudiment of the fruit fades; and in the female it ripens into a round feed-veffel, with a point, containing numerous minute feeds, { 1. Large “ Th BRITISH HERBAL ost 1. Large Duckweed. Lenticula major. The plant confifts of a fingle leaf, which floats upon the water: it is roundifh, but irregularly waved; and of a fine green, tinged in fome parts with red. : The fibres are two or three, fhort and {mall. The flowers are extreamly minute, and grow principally near the edges of the leaves. CR NT Ue 6 It is common on ponds and ditches. C. Bauhine calls it Levticula paluftris major. We have two other fpecies. 1, Common Duckweed, Lenticula vulgaris. The leaves fmaller, all green, and the fibres longer. 2. Three-cornered-leaved Duckweed, Lenticula aquatica teifulea. The leaf fomewhat of the ivy form. IV. BOR SB Ty AT I, EQUISETUM. THE flowers and feeds are collected into rounded heads, which are arranged together in an-ova] fpike. The fingle heads have many ridges, and they fplit along thefe when ripe, 1. Great Water Horfetail. Equifetum palufire majus. The plant is three feet high. ‘The ‘ftalk is hollow, jointed, and -of-a whitifh green. The leaves ftand circularly at the joints; and they are flender, and of a deep green. The club of flowers is brown. It is common in marfhy places. ° ©. Bauhine calls it Eguifetum paluftre longioribus felis. ‘We have eleven other fpecies. 2. Corn Horfetail, Equifetum arvenfe longioribus fetis. The bafe is long, and of a pale green, 3. Naked, painted Horfetail, Equifetum mudum variegatum. Early in fpring in the north of England. 4. Wood Horfetail, Equifetum fylvaticum tenuifi- mis fetis. The bafe brown, the reft of a fine green. 5- Procumbent Wood Horfetail, Equifetum pro- cumbens {ylvaticum fetis uno verfu difpofitis. 6. Long-leaved Marth Horfetail, Equifetum pa- luftre tenuiffimis et longiffimis fetis. 7- Many-headed Marth Horfetail, Equiferum pa- luftre minus polyftachion. 8. Long, pale-leaved Horfetail, Equifetum pra- tenfe longiffimis fetis, The whole of a whitith green. g- Leffer Marth Horfetail, Eguifetum paluftre minus, The leaves fhort, and of a deep green. to. Smooth, naked Horfetail, Zquifetum nudum Levius. The ftalks jointed and foft. 11, Rough, naked. Horfetail, Eguifetum nudum » junceum, The ftalks harth to the touch. 12. Branched, naked Horfetail, Eguifetum nudum ramofum, Of a pale green. Go Bec oNias 8G 8 Mi CHARA, HE flower is extreamly minute. It confifts only of a cup formed of two little leaves; and is fucceeded by a fingle, oval feed, contained in a thin cruft, mimicking a capfule or feed- veffel. leaves. 1. Grey, ‘brittle Chara, Chara cinerea fragilis. The root is fibrous. The ftalks are numerous, and three inches high. The leaves are flender, and furround them at the joints, which are placed very clofe on the upper part of the ftalk. The flowers are inconfiderable. The whole plant is of a greyifh colour, and brittle. It is common on bogs, and fometimes in ponds. Ray calls it Chara major fubcinerea fragilis. We have four other fpecies. 1. Stinking, ‘brittle Chara, Chara vulgaris fetida. Common under water in ditches. The growth of the plant refembles the horfetail, jointed and furrounded at the joints with 2. Prickly Chara, Chara major caulibus fpinofis. In boggy places: the ftalks twifted and prickly. 3. Tender Chara, Chara minor caulibus et folits tenuiffimis. OF a greyith green colour. 4. Pellucid tough Chara, Chara tranflucens minor Slexilis. Of a greenifh colour, and not brittle. To thefe, which, as they have no known vir- tues, demand in this work no larger notice ; yet with which, as they are Englifh vegetables, we would not leave the reader wholly unacquainted, we fhall add a fhort notice of the moffes, mufh- rooms, and fubmarine plants, Thefe are fubjects which might alone fill volumes of curiofity. We fhall not extend this work beyond its deftined limits by a large account of them ; but in a few words, with the affiftance of their figures, give a general idea of their feveral forms, MOSSES, 32 SThe BRIT f's*H ‘HER BRA L. MeeQ) SiS ES. Gee ER Se Ned ee oie I Be ae Oy). Ue S: z YSSUS is a mofs compofed of downy, dufty, or filamentous matter, without any apparent flowers or feeds, , We have figured the yellow, dufty Byflus, By/us pulverulanta flava. Common on old walls and of long duration. ae Bor Ne CS II: GiOUN; FBR. Ved: ONFERV A is a mofs compofed of regular, plain or jointed filaments, without any apparent fruc- tification. We have figured the Hairy Riverweed, Conferva vulgaris. It is of a deep green, and common in brooks. ; Gra Ee Ni eae IIT, . UME TZ Th (yl’4 is a mofs confifting only of thin leaves, without any apparent fructification, We have figured the Oyfter Ulva, Ulva maritima lafluce fimilis. Common on fhells and {tones under falt water. G E N U S IV. Ue Ge HN: OL DES. A Mofs of a firm fubftance, branched, fhrubby, hollow, or cruftaceous, and having a kind of fhield for its fru€tification. We have figured five fpecies of this to reprefent its feveral forms. _ 1. Common Tree Liche- noides, Mufcus arboreus cum orbiculis. Of a greyifh green. 2. Branched Coraline Lichenoides, Lichenoides -tubulofum ramofiffimum fruticuli fpecie candicans. This is white. 3. Common Cup Mofs, Mujcus pyxidatus vulgaris. Of a greyifh green. 4. Grey, crufty Lichenoides, Lichenoides cinereum crufaceum et leprofum. Of a greyifh colour. Of this kind alfo is the grey, ground liverwort, recommended for the bite of a mad dog; dry and foliaceous. 5- Oak Lungwort, Lichenoides peltatum arboreum maximum, G E N “i Uesg Vv. MNIU mM. A Mofls with two kinds of flowery heads, naked, and enclofed in a membrane. We have figured the Clufter-headed Mnium, Mauium peranguftis et brevibus foliis. One of the prettieft of the mofs. kind. x Ge Bo aNi ber VI. EON ION A ISPS: A Mofs with heads placed on very fhort footftalks, and fplitting at the top when ripe. We have figured the Triangular Fontinalis, Fontinalis major foliis trianguloribus. O€ a fine green. Common near waters. wet NU. SS VII. HYPNUM’ AL Mols with heads covered with membranous hoods, fupported on long footftalks rifing with a fcaly bafe from the bofoms of the leaves. liad We have figured the Small headed Hypuum. Common in woods. Gok Nav cS VII. POL MTR I CHG M, A Mofs with heads covered with woolly caps, and with upright ftalks, and long footttalks to the “~~ heads, without a fealy bafe. We have figured the fmall ‘Polytrichum, Polytrichum minus. The leaves a dark green. : Geek N:-as g den dusty By a ey ee 0 ad SE Drang ZZ s 1 Kooi wie V, he MAMI iaylay So eroded oof Wi : , sy Lay AY a ae ALC, “4 ey ig Li ¥ ey Chic os Lia es D// PUM . Se % = E } 5 ‘ ; Poe yy Lb ortdde _ G77 Pore Aiudll Vaded. (oil | Hy aul S8 WIodty se Lied Ve creda Bene 7, Great Mar Lp bagnaanX iD pd sae SH ace Aoatiitlid _ ay sayy “OP Ue Broad Liao. sell. Ab, Ct L " ie ai Of ’ Hi N lommonkycopodiim a ehLangugpr DP. ct ; 1 * I 3 TY gee oe Guinean Callie SI a Commented oes pe 4, Nitti. DUE, Th BRITISH HERBAL, 533 GUE N U's IX, BRY UM. A as heads covered with fmooth caps, rifing on flender footftalks from the tops of the ranches. We have figured the Round-headed Bryum, Brium capitulis tumidis rotundioribus. Of a pale greens Geeks No Us Xx, : SPHAGNUM. A Mofs with naked heads on fhort footftalks. We have figured the great, Marth Sphagnum, Sphagnum cauliferum et ramofum paluftre molle, A whitith mofs, with red tops. - GE .Ne Us Ss XI. Sy phiteds <4. GQ; A A Mofs with feeds inclofed in a fkinny cafe placed in the bofoms of the leaves, without footftalks, We have figured the Upright Selago, Selago eretta abietiformus. OF a fine deep green: G BagNi US XIV, LICHEN. Foliaceous mofs, with male flowers, fmall and numerous, on long foot{talks ; and female flowers hollow on the furface of the leaves. We have figured the broad-leaved Lichen, Lichen foliis latioribus. OF a fine green. MUSHROOM. FUNGUS. Vegetable without leaves ; of a flefhy fubftance, with imperceptible fructifications. Of thefe we have figured four kinds. 1. The Hemifpherick Mufhroom, Fungus parvus hemi= Jpbericus. White above and below. 2. The Common Muft Fungus efculentus vulgaris. « White above, and fiefh-coloured below. 3, The Reticulated Mufhroom, Fungus reticulatus coccineus, The bottom purple, the reticulated part fcarlet, fpotted with purple. 4. The Phalloide Mufhroom, Fungus phalloides. White and ftinking. SUBMARINE PLANTS. EGETABLES growing under fea-water, with minute and uncertain fructifications. ured one fpecies of each of the four principal kinds. 1. Common Coraline, : he pea Of a ‘rhitith colour, tinged with green and purple 5 and of a firm fubflance, Gelebrated for the cure of worms. 2, Common Sea Fucus, Eucus maritimus vulgatifimus. Of a fine purplifh brown. 3. Sea, Ragged Staff, Fucus fpongiofus nodofits. OF a tender fubftance, and whitith. 4. Grafly Alga, Alga vulgaris. Of a faint green. This isthe only fubmarine which has aregular root. The reft adhere to the ftones, by a broad, naked bafe. Th END of the THIRTY-FIFTH CLASS, : INDEX. N° 52. 6U A. 2 Bies page 509 A Abrotanum 463 Abfinthium 402 Abutilon 59 Acanthus 132 Acer 522 Acetofa 485 Acinos 362 “Aconitum 45 Aconitum hyemale 47 Acorus 507 Acrofticum 526 Adder’s-tongue 530 Adiantum album 528 Adiantum nigrum 529 Adonis 13 Agrifolium 520 Agrimony 344 Aizoon 53 Alcea 27 Alchimilla 492 Alder 516 Alder, black 519 Alexander 406 Iga 533 Alkanet 393 Alkekengi 335 Allheal 307 Alliaria 235 Allium 467 Allfeed 227 Alnus 510 Alfine 179 Alfinella 226 Althza 26 Alyffum 274 Amaracus 381 ‘Ammania 230 Ammi 425 Anagallis 67 Anblatum 128 Anchufa 393 Androface 99 Androfemum 175 Anemone 12 Anethum 421 Angelica 405 Angelica, berry-bearing 333 . Anife 424. Anifum 424. Anonis 310 Anthyllis . 290 Antirrhinum YI - Aparine 398 Aphaca 282 Apium Ait Apple 514 Aponogeton 479 Aquilegia 41 Arabis 253 Aralia 333 Arbutus 518 Argemone 552 Argentina 6 Arifarum ‘ 336 Ariftolochia 129 Arrowhead 2 Arfmart 486 Artimefia 463 Arum 329 Afarabacca 492 Afcyrum 174 Ath 522 Afperugo 389 Bietals 398 After 448 Aftrantia 426 Atragine 29 Atriplex 489 Afarum 492 Afparagus 325 Avena 495 Avens 3 N D Auricula page 98 Azalea loz Accharis 452 Ballote 396 Balfam 214 Balfamina 214 Balfamine 207 Barba Capra 48 Barberry 520 Barley 495 Barrenwort 228 Barleria 144, Bafil 382 Bafil, wild 62 Baftard Cinquefoil 4 Baum 383 Bean 286 Bear’s- breech 132 Becabunga 94 Beech 509° Beet 4g! Belladonna 328 Bellflower 70 Bellflower, ivy-leaved 113 ellis 458 Berberis 520 eta 49t Betonica 361 Betony, wood 361 Betula 510 Beupleurum 418 Bignonia 132 Bindweed 57 Bindweed, mountain 100 Bindweed, prickly 332 Birch 510 Bird’s eye 69 Bird’s foot 292 Birthwort 129 Bithopfweed 425 Biftort 488 Bladdernut 521 Biattaria 89 Blite 490 Blitum 490 Bluebottle 433 Borage 389 Borago 389 ox Sir Bramble 521 Braflica 238 Brooklime 94 Broome 523 Broomrape 125 Bryonia 318 Bryum 533 Buckbean 7 Buck’s horn 153 Buckthorn 520 Buckthorn, fea 512 Buckwheat 486 Bugle 371 Buglofs 387 Bugloffum 387 Buglofs, cowflip 385 Buglofs, viper’s 387 Bugula 371 Bulbocaftanum 406 Bulbocodium 471 Burdock 432 Burnet Saxifrage 409 Bur-reed 506 Burnet 346 Burfa Paftoris 260 Butcher’s broom 330 Butonius 35 Butterbur 152 . Butterwort 107 Buxus git Byflus 532 Abbage 238 “te Calceolus 478 -Calamintha 368 Calamint E page 368 Calla REY Caltha 34 Caltrop 211 Caltrop, water 230 Campanula ~ 72. Campion 164 Cannabis 483 Cannacorus 109 Candy Carrot 425 Capillus veneris 528 Caprifolium 516 Capficum 104 Caraway 410 Cardamine 246 Cardiaca 364 Carduus 428 Carlina 448 Carthamus 431 Carrot 414 Carum 410 Catterpillar 313 Caryophyllata 8 Caryophyllus 162 Caffida _ 370 Caftanea 509 Catmint 360 ‘Cat’s-tail 506 Caucalis 415 Celandine 145 Centaurium majus 474 Centaurium minus 62 Centaury 62 Centaury, great 434 Ceraftium 183 Cerafus, 518 Cerinthe 394. Ceterach 526 Chzrophyllum 403 Chamedrys 380 Chamefilix 526 Chamemelum 459 Chamemile 459 Chamzmorus 331 Chameperi clymenum «331 Chamepitys 371 Chara 531 Chelidonium majus 145 Chelidonium minus 20 Chelone 131 Cherry 518 Chervill 403 Chefnut 509 Chich 298 Chickweed 179 Chickweed, berry-bear. 210 Chondrilla 444 Chriftaphoriana 320 Chryfanthemum 456 Cicer 298 Cichorium 443 Cicuta 4l1 Cinquefoil 3 Circea 138 Cirfium 427 Ciftus 170 Ciftus, marth 212 Clandeftina 129 Clary 358 Cleavers 398 Clematis 1 Climber 11 Climber 29 Clinopodium 364 Cloudberry 331 ‘Clymenum 281 Clypeola 275 Cnicus 448 Cochlearia 266 Cock’s-comb 119 Cock’s-head 293 Colchicum 470 Colt’s-foot 446 Columbine 41 Comfry 393 x Conferva page 532 Convallaria 322 Convolvulus 57 Conyza 447 Corchorus 215 Coriander 417 Coriandrum 417 Corn marygold 456 Cornus 517 Coronopus 153 Coralline 533 Corrigiola 493 Cortufa 97 Corylus 508 Cotyledon 5K Cow-wheat 123 Cowflip 68 Cracca 285 Crambe 257 Crane’s-bill 125 Crateogonon 123 Crefs 267 Crefs fciatica 263 Crithmum 413 Crofswort 395 Crowfoot 15 Crowfoot, globe 33 Cruciata 395 Cuckowpint 329 Cucubalus 210 Cudweed 453 Cumin 422 Cumin, podded 228 Currant $15 Cafcuta 89 Cyanus 433 Cyclamen 107 Cymbalaria 13 _ Cyminum 422 Cynocrambe 483 Qiiczlotnm “286 'yperus ) D. 504. 1p fy 458 Daffodill 468 Damafonium 35 Dandelion 441 Daucus 414 Daucus Creticns 425 Dead-nettle 365 Delphinium 142 Dens Leonis 4A4L Dentaria 252 Dentaria 128 Devil’s-bit 464 Diapenfia 419 Di&amnus Creticus 381 Digitatis 116 Dill 425 Dipfacus 404. Dittander 261 Dittany, white Dittany of Crete 38 i Dock 484. cA hes 83 logberry I Dortmanna Hee raba 251 Dracontium 336 Dragons 330 Dropwort 24 ropwort, water ce] Duckweed ea! Dyer’s-weed 207 Arthnut 406 Echinophora 417 Echium 387 Ege-plant 327 Elatine 113 Elder 517 Elder, water 517 Elecampane 449 Elm { 52K Empetrum ee Empetrum Endivia Ervum Euphrafia Eyebright Ferula Ferrum equinum Feverfew Flowering Reed Fluellin Feniculum Fenugreek Fontinalis Foxglove Fragaria, Frangula Fraxinella Fraxinus Frogbit Fryar’s cowle Genifta fpinofa Gentian Gentiana Geranum Gerardia Germander Germander, water Germander, tree Geum Gingidium Gith Gladiole, water Gladiolus lacuftris Glafiwort i Glaucium Glaux Glaux Globeflower Glycyrrhiza Gnaphalium Goat’s-beard Goat’s Rue Golden rod Gramen Parnaffi Gramina Grafs of Parnaffus Groundfell Guinea pepper Pep. H. ‘Are’s-ear Hare’s-foot Harmala page S11 I N Hedera Hedera terreftris Hedge muftard Hedge nettle Hedyfarum Helenium Heliotropium Hellebore, black Helleborine Helleborus niger emlock Hemlock, water lem) Hemp agrimony Henkine Hepatica Herb Chriftopher Herniaria Hefperis Hicracium Hippocrepis eee Hoarhound, bafe Hoarhound, ftinking Hoarhound, water i olly Holly, fea Hollyhock Honeywort Honefuckle — Honeyfuckle, dwarf Honeyfuckle, French op. Hordium Horminum Hornbeam Horferadith Horfefhoe vetch Horfetail . Hottonia Hound’s-tongue Houfeleek Hyacinth Hydrocharis Hydrocotyle Hyofcyamus Hyoferis - ypnum ” Hippogloffum Hypopitys Hyflop Hyflopus Hyflop, hee Acea Jacobza Impatiens Imperatoria Ifatis aed uncus Juniper Juniperus Iv, y K. Tdney bean K Kidneywort Knapweed Knawel Knotgrafs A@uca L Ladies bedftraw Lady’s mantle Lady’s flipper Lady{mock Lagopus Lamium Lampfana Lapathum Lappa Lark’s-fpur Laferpitium Laferwort Lathyrus Lavender, fea Lavender Lavendula D Ete +e Laureola p Laurus Alexandrina Leadwort Lentibularia Lenticula Lentill Leontopetalon Opard’s-bane Lepidium Lettuce Lettuce, lambs Leucanthemum Lilly, water Lilly of the valley Lime Liquorice Lithofpermum Lonchitis Loofeftrife Otus Lotus Lovage Lucerne - Ludwigia Lunaria Lunaria Lupine Lupinus Lupulus Luteola Lychnidza Lychnis Lycopodium Lycopfis Lycopus Lyfimachia ‘Ad-apple Madder Madwort, German Maidenhair, true Maidenhair, white ‘allow Mallow, Indian -Malva Malus Mandragora Mindrabe Maple Marjoram, fweet Marjoram, wild Marrubium Marth ciftus Marfhmallow Marum Marygold, marth Mafterwort Mafterwort, black Matricaria May-apple Meadow-rue Meadow{weet Medeola Medica Melampyrum Meliffophyllum Melilot Meliffa Melongena Menianthes entha Mercurialis Millefolium Milfoil, hooded Milkwort lage. 519 38 * Mint page I Mifletoe es ¢ if Mitella 210 Molucca 352 Moneywort 4°65 Monk's hood 45. Monophyllum 322 Moonwort 4530 Mofchatell } 324 Moffes ° 532 Mothmullein 89 Motherwort 364. Moufe-ear 441 Moufe-ear fcorpion grafs 390 Moufetail 14 nium 532 Mudweed 84 Magwort 463 Mullein 87 Mafci 533 Muthrooms 533 Muftard 241 Myagrum 264 Myofotis _ 390 Myofuros 14 Myrthis 404 Arciffas 468 Nafturtium 267 Navelwore st Navelwort 99 Navew 240 Nettle 484 Nepeta 360 Nicotiana eet Nigella 213 Nightthade 26 Nightfhade, deadly 328 Nightthade, Ench, 138 Nightthade, fleepy 335 Nipplewort 443 Niffolia . 289 Nummularia 65 Nux 508 Nymphza 223 Nymphoides 7 Ak fey Oat abe Ochrus 297 Ocymum 382 Cnanthe 407 Oldenlandia 229 One 'blade 322 Onobrychis = 293 Ononis 310 Ophiogloffum 530 Ophrys 473 Opulus 517 Orach 489 Orchis 474 Origanum 357 Ornithogalum 469 Ornithopodium 292 Orobanche 126 Orobus 288 Orpine 36 Oxycoccus 324. Oxeye 457 Oxlip 69 Oxys 80 Eonia 47 Panax 420 Papaver 141 Paralyfis 68 Parietaria 491 Paris 323 Parnaflia 192 Paronychia 259 Parfley 424 Prafley, baftard 415 Parfley, rock 414 arfnep 401 Parfnep, cow = goo Parfnep, water “408 Pafqueflower 1 Paftinacha 404 ea 2 Pear 514 Pearlwort 220 Pedicularis 11g Pellitory of the wall 49x Pellitory umbellif. 426 Pennyroyal 354 Pennywort 52 Pennywort, marfh 419 Pentaphides 4 Pentaphyllum Pentapterophyllon. Pepper-grafs Periwinkle Pervinca Perficaria Petafites Petrofelinum — Peucedanum Phalangium Phafeolus ‘ Pheafant’s eye , Phellandrium Phyllitis Pilewort Pilofella ‘ Pilularia Pimpernel Pimpinella faxifraga Pinguicula Pink Piony Pifam Plantaginella Plantago Plantago aquat. Plantain Plantain, ftarry Plantain, water Plumbago Pneumonanthe Podograria Podophyllum Polimonium Polygala Polygonum Polymountain Polium Polygonatum Polypodium Polypody Polytrichum Pondweea Poplar © Poppy Populus ~ Portula Portulaca * Potamogiton Purflain Primrofe Primula Privet — Prunella Pranus Pfyilium Ptarmaca Puleginm Pulmonaria Pulfatilla Purflain, water Pyrethrum umbell Pyrola Pyrus Q Or R Adicula é . Radiola adifh Ragwort Rampion , Ranunculus Raphaniftrum Raphanus- Raphanus ruft. Rapum Rapunculus Rattle, red ~ Rattle, yellow Refeda Reftharrow ‘Rhamnoides Rhamnus_ Rhinanthus . ‘Ribes N - ty I N- Rocket Rocket, bafe Roella — Roreila Rofa Rofe Rofe of Jericho Rofemary Ros marinus Ros folis Rubeola Rubia Rubia cynanchiea Rupturewort Rufcus Rufh Rufh, flowering © Ruta Rye © Aff-flower Saffron Saffron, meadow Sage Sage, wood Sage of Jerufalem Sagitta Saint John’s wort Sallad, corn Salicaria Salicornia Salix Saltwort Salvia Sambucus Samolus Sampire Sampire, prickly Sanguiforba Sanicle Sanicle, mountain Saracena Saxifraga Saxafraga aurea Saxifrage ; Saxifrage, golden Saxifrage, meadow Satareia Savory Saw+wort Scabiofa Scabidus Scammouy Scandix Scirpus Sclarea ° Scleranthus Scordium Scorodonia . Scorpioides Scorzonera Scrophularia Scurvygrafs Sea+parfley Secale Securidaca Sedum Selago Selfheal Selinum Sempervivum Senecio Sengreen Ser-mountain Serpyllum Serratula Shepherd’s needle Shepherd’s purfe Sideritis Siler montanum page 236 209 1o4. 187 515 D se E Silverweed Sinapi- ‘Sinapiftrum Sifarum Sifymbrium Sium Smyrnium Snapdragon . Snail Sneezewort .- Solnaum ' Soldanella Soldier Solomon’s feal Sonchus Sorbus Sorrel Southernwood Sowbread Sowthiftle Spanifh toothpick Sparganium Speculum Speedwell Sphagnum - Sphondylium Spindle Spignell Spergula Spleenwort Spurge Spurge laurel Spurrey Squinancywort Stachys Stechas Staphis agria Staphylodendrum Stavefacre Star of Bethlehem Starwort Starwort Statice Stellaria Stonecrop Stramonium Stratiotes Strawberry Strawberry-tree Submarine plants , Subularia Succifa Sundew Sunflower Sweetbeard Sweet gaule Sweetwilliam Symphytum Du “E *Amnus ’ . Tanacetum Tanzy Tare Taxus Teafell Telephium eucrium Thaliérum Thapfia Thefium Thiftle Thiftle, gentle Thiafpi Thora Thorn-apple Thrift Throatwort ‘Tithymalus Toadflax’ Toadflax, baftard page 344 : iP ae i Tobacco 95 'Toothwort 252 Toothwort 128 Tordylium 402 Tormentill 5 Tormentilla 7 Tournefortia 394 ~ 'Tower muftard 249 Trachelium 74 Trago origanum 378 ‘Tragopogon 442 Trefoil 302 Treefoil bird’s-foot 314 Trefoil hop 307 Tribulus aq. 230 Trichomanes 526 “Trifolium 302 Trifolium lup. 307 Triglochin 505 Triticum 494. Trollius 33 Truelove’ 323 Trumpetflower 132 Turnep 240 Turnfole 393 Turritis 249 Tuffelago 446 ‘Twyblade 478 Typha 506 Alerian =; Valerian, Greek, | Valerianella 342 Venus Glafs 75 Verbafum 87 ~ Verbena 356 Verbefina 464 Veronica go Vervain 356 Vetch 283 Vetchgrafs. — 289 Vetch, kidney 290 Vetch, wood 218 Vicia 283 Viola 203 Violet 203 Violet, dame’s Sieh 2 35 Virga aurea 449 Vifcum 519 Vitis idea 516 Ulmaria 23 Ulmus 52 Ulva 532 Urtica 484. Allflower 233 Wallnut 508 Watercrefs 245 Waterlilly, fringed 78 Water radith 265 Water violet 78 Wayfaring tree 517 Wheat 494. Whitlowgrafs 259 Whortle 516 Whortle, marfh 324. Willow 512 Willowherb_ : 146 Willowherb, fpiked 218 Windflower 12 Winter cherry 335 Wintergreen 85 Woad 254 Wolfsbane, winter 47 Woodrufte 398 Woodforrel 80 Wormwood 402 X. + ae 484 Y.. Arrow 58 Yew ne 2