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Henry Clay Frick, II 
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THE 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA 


A DESCRIPTION OF THE TREES WHICH GROW 
NATURALLY IN NORTH AMERICA 
EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO 


BY 


CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT 


DIRECTOR OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM 
OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY 


Gllustrated with figures and Analyses drawn from Mature 


BY 


CHARLES EDWARD FAXON 


AND ENGRAVED BY 


PHILIBERT ann EUGENE PICART 


VOLUME II. 
CYRILLACHKHA—SAPINDACEA 


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aide Uress, 


—— 


BOSTON AND NEW YORK 
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY 


Che Kiverside Press, Cambridge 
MDCCCXCIL 


Copyright, 1891, 
By CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT. 


All rights reserved. 


The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U. 8. A. 
Electrotyped and Printed by H. 0. Houghton & Co. 


MERTZ LIBRARY 
NEW YORK 
BOTANICAL 

GARDEN 


To THE MEMORY OF 


GEORGE ENGELMANN, 
IN ADMIRATION OF HIS CHARACTER AND LEARNING, 
THIS SECOND VOLUME OF THE 
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA 
Js Devdicatey 


BY HIS COMPANION IN LONG JOURNEYS THROUGH THE 


FORESTS OF THE WEST. 


SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS OF PLANTS CONTAINED IN VOLUME II. 
OF THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


Crass I DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 
Stems increasing in diameter by the annual addition of a layer of wood inside the bark. Leaves netted-veined. Embryo 
with a pair of opposite cotyledons. 
Sus-Ciass I. Angiosperme. Pistil, a closed ovary containing the ovules and developing into the fruit. 
Division I. Polypetalee. Flowers with calyx and corolla, the latter divided into separate petals. 
B. DISCIFLORA. Sepals generally distinct. Stamens as many as the petals, or twice as many, or fewer, usually 
inserted on a hypogynous or perigynous disk. Ovary superior, many-celled. 

* * QOvules pendulous, raphe dorsal. 

14. Cyrillaceze. Flowers regular, perfect, 5-parted. Disk annular, confluent with the base of the ovary. 
Ovules solitary in each cell. Embryo minute, in fleshy albumen. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. 

*** QOvules erect, or rarely pendulous, raphe ventral. 

15. Celastraceze. Flowers perfect. Sepals and petals imbricated in estivation. Stamens alternate with the 
petals. Seeds often ariled. Leaves simple; stipules minute, caducous. 

16. Rhamnacez. Sepals valvate in estivation. Petals small, concave, or 0. Stamens opposite the petals. 
Seed solitary, not ariled. Embryo large, in fleshy albumen. Leaves simple, stipulate. 

* * * * Qvules ascending, raphe ventral or dorsal. 

17. Sapindaceze. Flowers usually polygamo-diecious. Disk fleshy, entire or lobed. Sepals imbricated or 
rarely valvate in zxstivation. Petals imbricated in estivation or 0. Stamens usually hypogynous. Seed exalbu- 
minous or rarely albuminous. Embryo usually fleshy ; cotyledons most often plano-convex, conferruminate (foliaceous 
in Hypelate and Acer). Leaves alternate, compound or rarely simple, exstipulate or rarely stipulate. 


SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS. : : 
CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA : : ; 
CLIFTONIA MONOPHYLLA : ; 
EVONYMUS ATROPURPUREUS ‘ F 
GYMINDA GRISEBACHII . ; ‘ 
SCHAFFERIA FRUTESCENS . ‘ : 
REYNOSIA LATIFOLIA : ;: ‘ 
CONDALIA OBOVATA . ; : : 
RHAMNIDIUM FERREUM . ‘ ; 
RHAMNUS CROCEA : ; : : 
RHAMNUS CAROLINIANA : : 
RHAMNUS PURSHIANA : : : 


CEANOTHUS THYRSIFLORUS 
CEANOTHUS VELUTINUS, var. ARBOREUS 


CoLUBRINA RECLINATA 


AESCULUS GLABRA ; : : : 
/ESCULUS OCTANDRA ; ‘ ; 
ZESCULUS CALIFORNICA : : : 
UNGNADIA SPECIOSA : : : 
SAPINDUS SAPONARIA ; : : 
SAPINDUS MARGINATUS . : 
EXOTHEA PANICULATA : : 
HYPELATE TRIFOLIATA . ; ; 
ACER SPICATUM . . : : 
ACER PENNSYLVANICUM . ‘ 
ACER MACROPHYLLUM : : 2 
ACER CIRCINATUM . : - : 
ACER GLABRUM , : ‘ ‘ 
ACER BARBATUM . ; : : 
ACER SACCHARINUM . P : ‘ 
ACER RUBRUM : : : ‘ 


AcER NEGUNDO . : : : 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Plate li. 

Plate li. . , : 
Plate liii, =. : 
Plate liv. . ; : 


Plate lv. ; : 
Plate lvi. . ‘ : 
Plate lvii. . ; 
Plate lviii. : . 
Plates lix., Ix. ‘ 
Plate lxi. . : : 
Plates Ixii., bxiii. . 
Plate lxiv. , . 
Plate lxv. : 
Plate lxvi. . 

Plates Ixvii., xviii. 
Plates lxix., xx. 
Plates Ixxi.. xxii. . 
Plate Ixxiii. 

Plates Ixxiv., lxxv. 
Plates Ixxvi., lxxvu. 
Plates lxxviii., lxxix. 
Plates lxxx., lxxxi. 
Plates Ixxxii., lxxxiii. 
Plates Ixxxiv., lxxxv. 
Plates lxxxvi., lxxxvii. 
Plate Ixxxviii. 

Plate lxxxix. 

Plates xc.. xei., xcil. 
Plate xciii. 

Plates xciv.. xev. : 


Plates xevi., xevii. . 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


CY RILLA. 


FLowers regular, perfect; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation ; petals 
5, hypogynous, contorted in estivation; stamens 5, hypogynous; ovary 2-celled, the 
cells 3-ovuled. Fruit capsular, indehiscent, 2-celled, 2-seeded. 


Cyrilla, Linnzus, Mant. 5.— A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 160. — 254. — Baillon, Adansonia, i. 203, t. 4, f. 1, 2; Duct. ii. 
Endlicher, Gen. 1413. — Meisner, Gen. 137.— Torrey & 336. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. ii. 1226. 
Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 256.— Planchon, Lond. Jour. Bot. v. 


A glabrous tree or shrub, with spongy bark, slender terete branchlets conspicuously marked with 
large leaf-scars, and narrow acuminate buds covered with chestnut-brown scales. Leaves destitute 
of stipules, usually clustered near the ends of the branches, alternate, entire, oblong or obovate-oblong, 
apiculate, rounded, or slightly emarginate at the apex, coriaceous, conspicuously reticulate-veined, short- 
petioled. Flowers small, in slender racemes produced near the extremities of the branches of the pre- 
vious year from the axils of fallen leaves or of small deciduous bracts. Pedicels slender, from the axils 
of narrow alternate persistent bracts, bibracteolate near the summit. Calyx persistent, minute, divided 
nearly to the base into five ovate-lanceolate acute coriaceous segments. Petals white or rose-colored, 
inserted on an annular disk, three or four times longer than the calyx-lobes, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 
concave, subcoriaceous, furnished below the middle on the inner surface with a broad glandular nectary. 
Stamens opposite the lobes of the calyx, inserted with and shorter than the petals; filaments subulate, 
fleshy ; anthers introrse, attached below the middle, two-celled, the cells united above the point of the 
attachment of the filament, free below, laterally dehiscent. Ovary free, sessile, ovoid, pointed, two- 
celled, the division at right angles with its short diameter; styles short, thick; stigma two-lobed, the 
lobes spreading ; ovules suspended from an elongated placental process developed from the apex of the 
cell,’ anatropous; raphe dorsal; micropyle superior. Fruit broadly ovoid, crowned with the remnants 
of the persistent style, two-celled, two-seeded, the pericarp spongy. Seeds suspended, elongated ; testa 
membranaceous; albumen fleshy. Embryo minute, cylindrical, two-lobed ; the radicle superior. 

The wood of Cyrilla is hard, heavy, and close-grained, but destitute of strength; it contains thin 
conspicuous medullary rays, and is brown tinged with red, the sapwood being rather lighter colored. 
The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6784, a cubic foot weighing 43.28 pounds. 


1 Baillon (Adansonia, l. c.; Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris, i. 156) first character the ovules assume in growth. Le Maout & Decaisne 
pointed out the peculiar development of the ovules of Cyrilla from (Trait. Gén. Bot. 340), and after them Bentham & Hooker (Gen. 
what he describes as “‘ une sorte de saillie placentaire”’ from which J. c.), described the raphe as ventral in Cyrilla and in Cliftonia, in 
they are suspended, the raphes becoming dorsal by the anatropous which, however, as Baillon has shown, it is really dorsal. 


4 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


coast. 


CYRILLACE. 


In such situations as the last it attains a real arborescent habit and its largest size, usually 


growing with the Cliftonia and Yaupon, with Water Oaks and Gum-trees. 

Cyrilla raceniflora was first noticed by Dr. Alexander Garden,’ a resident of Charleston, who, 
in 1765, sent it to Linneus.? Two years later it was, according to Aiton,’ itroduced into England by 
a Mr. John Cree; it flowered near Paris* in the garden of J. M. Cels® in 1786. Cyrilla racemifiora, 
although valuable as an ornamental plant on account of its handsome lustrous foliage and graceful and 


abundant inflorescence, has probably seldom been cultivated except in botanic gardens.° 


of all sizes, from half an inch to a foot in diameter, spring from a 
common root and spread in all directions like the stalks of a tussock 
of sedge, interlocking and forming a dense impenetrable thicket 
thirty or thirty-five feet high. The leaves are often only an inch 
or an inch and a half long, oblanceolate, rigid, and more persistent 
than those on plants growing in drier soil. This variety, which is 
not rare in the coast region from Florida to Louisiana, was first 
noticed by Dr. A. W. Chapman near Apalachicola, Florida, and is 
mentioned in his Flora of the Southern States, 272. 

1 See i. 40. 

? Smith, Correspondence of Linneus, i. 319, 324. 

8 Hort. Kew. i. 277. 

* Lamarck, Dict. ii. 245. 

5 Jacques Martin Cels (1743-1806) established in his nurseries 
at Mont Rouge, near Paris, a large collection of rare plants, in- 
cluding many North American trees and shrubs obtained from the 


Michaux. The fame of this garden is perpetuated in Ventenat’s 
important work, Description des Plantes Nouvelles et peu connues, 
cultivees dans le jardin de J. M. Cels. 
for many of the plant portraits published in the Plantes Grasses of 
De Candolle, in the Stirpes Nove of L’ Héritier, and in Les Liliacées 
of Rédouté. 
of Agriculture, and of the Academy of Natural Sciences, and con- 


It supplied also the subjects 


Cels was an active member of the National Council 


tributed largely to the knowledge in France of exotic plants. A 
catalogue of his collections was published by his successor in 1817. 

® According to Nuttall (Sylva, 1. c.), Cyrilla racemiflora proved 
hardy in John Bartram’s garden at Kingsessing, near Philadelphia, 
where in 1840 he found a specimen twenty feet high with a trunk 
twenty-six inches in diameter. This plant disappeared many years 
ago. Cyrilla flowered in the Loddiges’ nursery at Hackney, near 
London, in 1824; and the figure in the Botanical Magazine was 


made from this plant. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 


Puate LI. 


CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA. 


1. A flowering branch, natural size. 


2. Diagram of a flower. 


3. A flower, enlarged. 


4. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. 


4°, A petal, enlarged. 


4°, A stamen, front and rear view, enlarged. 


CON DH 


9. A seed, enlarged. 


. A fruit, enlarged. 


- A cluster of ovules, much magnified. 


. A fruiting branch, natural size. 


. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 


10. An embryo, much magnified. 


11. Winter-buds, natural size. 


Silva of North America. 


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CYRILEA RACEMIFLORA, L 


A Rtocreua direx! imp BR Taneur, Paris 


CYRILLACES. 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 5 


CLIFTONIA. 


FLowErs regular, perfect ; calyx 5 to 8-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation ; 
petals 5 to 8, hypogynous, imbricated; stamens 10, hypogynous; ovary 2 to 4-celled ; 
ovules solitary. Fruit capsular, indehiscent, 2 to 4-winged, 2 to 4-seeded. 


Cliftonia, Gertner f. Fruct. iii. 246, t. 225. — Endlicher, 
Gen. 1413. — Meisner, Gen. 247. — Torrey & Gray, FU. 
N. Am. i. 256.— Planchon, Lond. Jour. Bot. v. 254. — 


Baillon, Adansonia, i. 202, t. 4, f. 3-6; Dict. ii. 97. — 
Bentham & Hooker, Gen. ii. 1226. 
Mylocaryum, Willdenow, Hnwm. 454. 


A glabrous tree or shrub, with thick dark brown scaly bark, slender terete branchlets marked with 
conspicuous leaf-scars, and small acuminate buds covered with chestnut-brown scales. Leaves alternate, 
entire, coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, rounded or slightly emarginate at the apex, glandular-punctate, 
short-petioled, destitute of stipules, persistent. 


der, bibracteolate above the middle, produced from the axils of large acuminate membranaceous alternate 


Flowers in short terminal erect racemes. Pedicels slen- 


bracts deciduous before the opening of the flower. Calyx-lobes equal or unequal, broadly ovate, rounded 
or acuminate at the apex, persistent, much shorter than the obovate unguiculate concave white or rose- 
colored deciduous petals. Stamens opposite the sepals and alternate with them, inserted with and shorter 
than the petals, two-ranked, those of the outer rank longer than those of the inner rank; filaments 
laterally enlarged near the middle, flattened below, subulate above; anthers attached below the middle, 
itrorse, two-celled, the cells laterally dehiscent. Disk cup-shaped, surrounding the base of the oblong 
two to four-winged and two to four-celled ovary. Stigma subsessile, obscurely two to four-lobed ; ovules 
suspended from the apex of the cells, anatropous; raphe dorsal; micropyle superior. Fruit oblong, 
crowned with the remnants of the persistent style, three or rarely four-celled, two to four-seeded ; peri- 
carp spongy, the wings thin and membranaceous. Seeds suspended, fusiform; testa thin. Embryo 
thin, surrounded by the fleshy albumen ; cotyledons very short; the radicle superior. 

The wood of Cliftonia is heavy, close-grained, and moderately hard, although brittle and not 


strong ; it contains numerous thin medullary rays, and is brown tinged with red, with a thick lighter 


fom, 
colored sapwood composed of forty or fifty layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the abso- 
lutely dry wood is 0.6249, a cubic foot weighing 38.95 pounds. It burns with a clear bright flame, and 
is valued as fuel. 

William Bartram’ is the first botanist who noticed Cliftonia. 


of 1773 in the coast region of Georgia, near the Savannah River.’ 


He found it during the spring 
It was mistaken by Lamarck for a 
species of Ptelea, and later was dedicated by Sir Joseph Banks to the memory of Dr. Francis Clifton,’ 
an English physician of the last century. The genus is represented by a single species. 


1 See i. 16. 

2 Trav. 6, 30. 

8 Francis Clifton (d. 1736) ; the son of Joseph Clifton, a mer- 
chant of Great Yarmouth. Clifton entered the medical school at 
Leyden in 1724, graduated with honor the same year, and at once 
established himself in London as a physician. A friendship with 
Sir Hans Sloane and other men of science opened for Clifton the 
doors of the Royal Society, to which he was elected in 1727. He 


received an honorary degree of M. D. from the University of Cam- 
bridge, and was appointed physician to the Prince of Wales. Clif- 
ton left England suddenly in 1734 for Jamaica, where he died two 
years later. He was the author of several papers on medical sub- 
jects ; and at the time of his death was engaged in writing an ac- 
(See Leslie Stephen, 


count of the diseases prevalent in Jamaica. 
Dict. National Biography, xi. 86.) 


CYRILLACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 7 


CLIFTONIA MONOPHYLLA. 


Titi. Iron Wood. 


Cliftonia monophylla, Britton, Budl. Torrey Bot. Club, Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1412. —Schnizlein, Icon. t. 240, f. 5, 
xvi. 310. 7-10, 20. — Chapman, 7. 273. — Sargent, Forest Trees 
Ptelea monophylla, Lamarck, Jil. i. 336. — Poiret, Lam. N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 38. 
Dict. v. 662. Mylocaryum ligustrinum, Willdenow, Hnum. 454. — 
C. nitida, Gertner f. Fruct. iii. 247, t. 225. — Watson, Bull. Bot. Mag. t. 1625.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 402, t. 
Torrey Bot. Club, xiv. 167. 14.— Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 41; Jd. ii. 616, t. 
C. ligustrina, Sprengel, Syst. ii. 316. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 952. — Elliott, Sh. i. 508. 
104; Sylva, ii. 92, t. 73.— Walpers, Rep. vi. 422. —- Waltheria Carolinensis, Cat. Hort. Fraser. 


The Cliftonia sometimes grows, under favorable conditions, to a height of forty or fifty feet, with a 
stout trunk which is crooked or often inclining, occasionally fifteen to eighteen inches in diameter, and 
covered near the base with deeply furrowed dark red-brown bark a quarter of an inch thick, the ridges 
broken into short broad scales. The bark of younger trunks and of the principal branches is thin, the 
surface separating into small persistent scales an inch or two long. The trunk generally divides, twelve 
or fifteen feet from the ground, into a number of stout ascending branches; or sometimes, especially in 
the region bordering the Atlantic Ocean, where the Cliftonia rarely assumes the habit of a tree, the stem 
divides at the ground into numerous straggling stout or slender branches, growing sometimes a few feet 
high, or often to a height of thirty or forty feet. The shoots of the year are slender, rigid, and covered 
with bright red-brown bark, which gradually becomes paler during the second and third seasons. The 
leaves are one and a half to two inches long, half an inch to nearly an inch broad, bright and lustrous 
on the upper, and paler on the lower surface. They remain on the branches until the autumn of their 
second year. The inflorescence appears in February and March. The racemes are at first nodding, and 
at this period are conspicuous from the presence of the long exserted dark red-brown bracts. These 
fall, and the racemes gradually assume an erect position before the fragrant flowers open. The fruit,’ 
which is a quarter of an inch long, or rather less, ripens in August and September. 

The Cliftonia is found in the coast region of the south Atlantic states from the valley of the Savan- 
nah River in South Carolina to northern Florida, extending westward through the Pine belt of the Gulf 
coast to eastern Louisiana. It grows generally on damp sour sandy peat-soil, and attains its greatest size 
in the tree-covered swamps which border the large streams of the Pine barrens of western Florida and 
of Alabama and Mississippi. In these swamps, which are submerged for several months of the year, it 
grows with the Red Bay and White Cedar under the shade of Water Oaks, Gum-trees, and the Cuban 
Pine, forming impenetrable thickets sometimes miles in extent. The Cliftonia in such situations is a 
short-lived tree. The large trunks, which are generally hollow, are easily prostrated, and specimens 
which have grown for more than fifty or sixty years are not common. In open shallow swamps which 
are seldom overflowed except temporarily the Cliftonia usually assumes a shrubby habit, forming thick- 
ets with the Wax Myrtle, the Swamp Bay, Andromeda nitida, Leucothoé axillaris, and Vaccinium 
virgatum, and near the Gulf coast with [lex coriacea. 

The Cliftonia is one of the most ornamental of the small trees of the North American forests, espe- 
cially in the early spring, when it is covered with delicate fragrant flowers made conspicuous by their 
background of dark green lustrous foliage. It was probably introduced into English gardens by John 


1 The fruit, from its fancied resemblance to that of the Buck- wheat-tree ; a name, however, which is possibly not in colloquial 
wheat, has caused the Cliftonia to be sometimes called the Buck- use in any part of the country where the tree is found. 


8 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CYRILLACES. 


Fraser’ at the time of one of his last voyages to America, and flowered in 1812 or 1813 in his nursery 
at Sloane Square in London.” Cliftonia is now cultivated in a few botanic gardens only.’ 


1 See i. 8. 8 According to Nuttall (Sylva, ii. 94), Cliftonia survived for a 
2 The figure in the Botanical Magazine, published in 1813, was number of years without protection in Bartram’s botanic garden at 
made from a specimen grown in Mr. Fraser’s nursery. Kingsessing, near Philadelphia. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 


Puate LIT. Ciirronia MONOPHYLLA. 
. A flowering branch, natural size. 
. Diagram of a flower. 
A flower, enlarged. 
A flower, enlarged, two of the petals removed. 
A petal, enlarged. 
A stamen of the outer rank, enlarged. 
. A stamen of the inner rank, enlarged. 
. A pistil, enlarged. 


OMAAHNPE WHE 


. Vertical section of a pistil, enlarged. 


bb 
ro) 


. An ovule, much magnified. 


uo 
pak 


. A fruiting branch, natural size. 
. A fruit, enlarged. 


. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 


a 
Bm WwW b 


. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 


—_ 
or 


. A seed, enlarged. 


fob 
for) 


- An embryo, much magnified. 


— 
cae | 


. Winter-buds, natural size. 


Silva of North America Vas dss 


CE Faxon det Preart fr. wre. 


CLIFTONIA MONOPHYLLA , Britt 


A Procreux direa! imp. ft. Taneur. Paris 


CELASTRACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ) 


EVONYMUS. 


FLoweErs perfect or polygamo-triecious; calyx 4 to 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in 
estivation ; petals 4 or 5, inserted under the margin of the disk, imbricatcd in estiva- 
tion; ovary 3 to 5-celled; ovules usually 2 in each cell, ascending or resupinate. Fruit 
capsular, 3 to 5-celled ; secds surrounded by a colored aril. 


Evonymus, Linneus, Gen. 29. — Adanson, Fam. PI. ii. Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 360, 997. — Baillon, Hist. Fl. 
304.— A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 377.— Endlicher, Gen. vi. 30. 
1086. — Meisner, Gen. 68. — Gray, Gen. Jil. ii. 187.— Vyenomus, Presl, Bot. Bemerk. 32. 


Melanocarya, Turezaninow, Bull. Mose. xxxi., i. 453. 


Small trees or shrubs, generally glabrous, sometimes trailing or climbing, with fibrous roots, usually 
square, sometimes terete, often verrucose branchlets, bitter drastic bark, and slender obtuse or acuminate 
buds. Leaves opposite, petiolate, entire, crenate or dentate, deciduous or persistent; stipules minute, 
eaducous. Flowers in dichotomous axillary cymes, usuaily few-flowered, rarely one-flowered. Calyx- 
lobes spreading or recurved. Disk thick and fleshy, cohering with and filling the short tube of the 
calyx, flat, four or five-angled or lobed, closely surrounding and adherent to the ovary. Petals inserted 
in the sinuses of the calyx under the free border of the disk, spreading, entire, dentate or rarely fimbri- 
ate, much longer than the calyx-lobes, greenish white or purple, deciduous. Stamens as many as the 
petals and alternate with them, inserted on the summit or rarely on the margin of the disk; filaments 
very short, subulate, erect or recurved at the apex; anthers didymous, introrse, two-celled, the cells 
nearly parallel or spreading below, opening longitudinally. Ovary immersed in and confluent with the 
disk ; style very short, terminating in a depressed or three to five-lobed stigma; ovules usually two in 
each cell, rarely four or more, anatropous, ascending from the central angle, the raphe ventral, the 
micropyle inferior; or pendulous, the raphe then dorsal, the micropyle superior. Fruit fleshy, three to 
five-lobed, angled or winged, smooth, verrucose or echinate, loculicidally three to five-valved, the valves 
septiferous on their middle. Seeds two, or more commonly by abortion solitary in each cell, ascend- 
ing, or resupinate and suspended; aril red or purple; testa chartaceous; albumen fleshy. Embryo 
axile ; cotyledons broad, coriaceous, parallel with the raphe; the radicle short, inferior or superior.’ 

The genus Evonymus is widely distributed through the northern hemisphere, extending south of 
the equator to the islands of the Indian Archipelago and to Australia. Botanists now distinguish 
about forty species, the largest number occurring in the tropical regions of southern Asia,’ in China? 
and in Japan.* Several species are found as far south as the mountains of Ceylon ;° one of the 
Indian species occurs also in Sumatra and in Java,’ and one species has been detected in northeastern 


1 The flowers of Evonymus Europeus were found by Darwin 3 Bentham, Fl. Hongk. 62.— Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. 
(Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species, 287) to be — Soc. xxiii. 118. 
of three forms, one with perfectly developed stamens and pistils, + Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 78.— Maximowicz, 
one with semi-sterile hermaphrodite flowers, and a third with per- Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, xxvii. 241 (Meél. Biol. xi. 177). 
fect pistils and rudimentary anthers. The flowers of the North 5 Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeylan. 73. 
American species, so far as I have been able to observe them, are § Evonymus Javanicus, Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 1146. — Ben- 
perect: nett, Pl. Jav. Rar. 130, t. 28. — Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. i., ii. 588. 
2 Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 607. 


CELASTRACE/:. 


10 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


Australia.'! The genus is represented in central Asia,” and is widely scattered, with a number of 
species, through the Orient,’ and through temperate and southern Europe.* In North America two 
species occur in the Atlantic’ and one in the Pacific’ region, and three or four little known species 
inhabit southern Mexico.’ One of the Atlantic species is a small tree; the other American species are 
shrubs. 

The wood of Evonymus is moderately hard, close-grained, tough, and light-colored, sometimes 
nearly white. Knit- 
ting-needles and spindles* were long made from it, and it was once used in the manufacture of musical 


It has been used in Europe from the earliest ages for many domestic purposes. 


instruments and in cooperage;” in India it is sometimes carved into spoons and other household 
utensils,” and in China it is used in wood-engraving.” 

Many species of Evonymus are rich in bitter and astringent principles, and are drastic and slightly 
stimulant. The bark and especially the seeds of the European species’ are nauseous and purgative, 
and are believed to poison sheep,* while in India the leaves and young shoots of some of the species 
are cut for fodder." The yellow dye used by the Hindoos to make the sacred mark on the forehead is 
prepared from the bark” of Evonymus tingens, which is also employed in the treatment of ophthalmic 
troubles. The bark” of the American species is purgative and is employed in the preparation of decoc- 
tions, fluid extracts and tinctures,’ and in homoeopathic remedies. 

Several species of Evonymus are valued in gardens for their handsome foliage and brilliant fruit. 
The European species have been cultivated for centuries, and have developed numerous peculiar and 


°  Evonyiius Japonicus is one of the most ornamental of evergreen shrubs, and, with 


interesting forms.’ 
its numerous varieties, is common in the gardens of all the temperate parts of the world. A variety of 
this plant from the forests of central and northern Japan, the EHvonymus radicans” of gardens, with 
high climbing stems and small persistent leaves, has been largely cultivated in recent years, and replaces 
the Ivy in regions where the climate is too severe for that plant. 

Evdvvuoc, the classical name of the Spindle-tree,” was adopted by Tournefort,” and then by 


Linneus. 


14 Brandis, J. c. 

15 Le Maout & Decaisne, J. c. 

18 ‘Wallich ; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 406. — Brandis, 
l. c. 79. — Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 615. 

17 Kuonic acid was obtained by Wenzel (Am. Jour. Pharm. 1862, 
It crystallizes in 


1 Evonymus Australianus, Mueller, Fragm. Phyt. Austral. iv. 118. 

2 Aitchison, Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 40. 

8 Boissier, Fl. Orient. ii. 8. 

* Nyman, Conspect. Fl. Europ. 144. 

5 Trelease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 351. — Watson & Coulter, 
Gray's Man. ed. 6, 110. 

6 Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 98. 


312) from the bark of Evonymus atropurpureus. 


acicular forms, and is precipitated by plumbic subacetate. Resin, 


7 Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 36, 59.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. 
Cent. i. 188. 

8 Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 496. 

9 The vernacular name Spindle-tree, first applied to the Euro- 
pean species on account of its use in spindle-making, has been grad- 
ually transferred to the other species in all English-speaking coun- 
tries. 

10 Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 78. 

11 Jackson, Commercial Botany, 156. 

2 Evonymus Europeus, Linneus, Spec. 197. — De Candolle, 
Prodr.i.4.  E. latifolius, Seopoli, Fl. Carn. 325. — De Candolle, 
lic. E. verrucosus, Seopoli, Fl. Carn. 324. — De Candolle, J. ¢. 

13 Je Maout & Decaisne, Trait. Gén. Bot. English ed. 344. 


sugar, a bitter principle, asparagine, and tartaric, citric, and nitric 
acids have also been found in the bark of this species. (Mills- 
paugh, Am. Med. Pl. in Homeopathic Remedies, i. 42, t. 42.) 

18 Am. Jour. Pharm. xx. 80.— U.S. Dispens. ed. 14, 402. — Stillé 
& Maisch, Nat. Dispens. ed. 2, 559. 

19 Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 496. 

2° Evonymus Japonicus, var. radicans, Miquel, Prol. Fl. J ap. 
18. — Maximowicez, Bull. Aad. Sci. St. Peétersbourg, xxvii. 441 (Meél. 
Biol. xi. 178). 

E. radicans, Siebold in herb. ; Miquel, |. c. 366. — Franchet & 
Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 79. 

21 Pliny, xiii. 22. 

22 Inst. 617, t. 388. 


CELASTRACLE. 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 11 


EVONYMUS ATROPURPUREUS. 


Burning Bush. Wahoo. 


Parts of the flower usually in 4’s; ovules ascending, the raphe ventral. 
smooth, deeply lobed. 


Evonymus atropurpureus, Jacquin, Hort. Vind. ii. 55, 


t. 120. — Lamarck, Dict. ii. 573; Ill. ii. 98. — Schmidt, 
Oestr. Baum. ii. 20, t. 73. — Willdenow, Spec. i. 1132; 
Enum. 256.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 155. — Per- 
soon, Syn. i. 243. — Nouveau Duhamel, iii. 26. — Des- 
fontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 356.— Pursh, #7. Am. Sept. i. 
168. — Turpin, Dict. Sci. Nat. xvii. 532, t. 272. — Nut- 
tall, Gen. 155.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. v. 466. — 


Fruit 


rey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 257. — Dietrich, Syn. i. 819. — 
Griffith, Med. Bot. 219, f. 112. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. 
ed. 3, 48.— Baillon, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, v. 256, 
314.— Chapman, F7. 76. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. 
Car. 1860, iii. 102.— Koch, Dendr. i. 629. — Sargent, 
Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 38. — Tre- 
lease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 353. — Watson & Coulter, 
Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 110. 


Hayne, Dendr. Fil. 24. — Elliott, Sk. i. 293. — De Can- HE. Carolinensis, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 43. 

dolle, Prodr. ii. 4. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y.i.141.—Spren- E. latifolius, Marshall, Ardust. Am. 44 (not Scopoli). — 
gel, Syst. i. 788.— Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 5.— Spach, Hist. Agardh, Theor. et Syst. Pl. t. 22, f. 4. 

Veg. ii. 407. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 499, £. 167. — Tor- 


A small slender tree, growing rarely to a height of twenty or twenty-five feet, with spreading 
branches ; or more often a shrub six to ten feet high. The trunk, which does not often attain a greater 
diameter than six or seven inches, is covered with thin ashy gray fluted bark, the surface separating 
into minute scales. The branchlets are terete, slender, and marked with prominent leaf-scars which 
are white during the first winter; they are covered with dark purple-brown bark, which becomes lighter 
colored in the second season, and which is often beset with small crowded lenticels. The winter-buds 
are an eighth of an inch long, acute and protected by narrow purple apiculate scales with scarious 
margins and covered with a glaucous bloom. The leaves are elliptical or ovate, acuminate, minutely 
serrate or biserrate, membranaceous, puberulous on the lower surface, two to five inches long and 
one to two inches broad; they are gradually contracted at the base into stout petioles half an inch to 
nearly an inch long, and are furnished with stout midribs and primary veins. They turn pale yellow 
in the autumn and fall in October. The twice or thrice dichotomous cymes are usually seven to fifteen- 
flowered, and are produced on slender peduncles an inch or two long, and conspicuously marked with 
the scars of minute bracts. The flowers appear in May, or, at the north, about the middle of June; 
they are nearly half an inch across, when expanded, with rounded or rarely acute and mostly entire 
sepals, and with broadly obovate undulate dark purple petals often with erose margins. The fruit, which 
ripens in October and remains on the branches during the early months of winter, is smooth, deeply 
lobed, half an inch across, or rather more, with light purple valves. The seeds are somewhat gibbous on 
the dorsal side, broad and rounded above, and narrowed at the end next the hilum; they are a quarter 
of an inch long, with a thin light chestnut-brown wrinkled testa, and are included in a thin scarlet aril. 

Evonymus atropurpureus is widely distributed in eastern America from western New York to 
Nebraska, with an extreme western station in the valley of the upper Missouri River in Montana, and 
extends south to northern Florida, southern Arkansas, and the Indian Territory. It generally grows 
along the borders of woods in rich soil, rarely assuming, east of the Mississippi River, the habit of a 
tree, and being really arborescent in southern Arkansas and the adjacent regions only. 

The wood of Evonymus atropurpureus is heavy, hard, very close-grained, and difficult to season ; 
it is white tinged with orange, with thin inconspicuous medullary rays. It has, when perfectly dry, 


a specific gravity of 0.6592, a cubic foot weighing 41.08 pounds. 


i SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CELASTRACE. 


The Wahoo, as this plant is familiarly called,’ is said to have been introduced into English gardens 
as early as 1756,’ and it is still often cultivated, especially in the region where it abounds, although its 
fruit and the autumn coloring of its leaves are less beautiful than those of some of the Old World 


Spindle-trees. 


Few insects are recorded as living on Evonymus in America,’ although the different species are 


occasionally disfigured by them. 


1 Evonymus atropurpureus is also known in some parts of the 
country as Spindle-tree and as Arrow-wood. 

2 Aiton, Hort. Kew. i. 274. 

8 The larva of a small moth, Hyponomeuta euonymedlla, Schop., 
feeds on the leaves of Evonymus atropurpureus in Kentucky (V. T. 


Chambers, Canadian Entomologist, iv. 42.— Bull. Hayden’s U. S. 


Geolog. Surv. iv. 110). The Fall Web-worm, Hyphantria cunea, 
Drury, sometimes destroys the foliage (Bull. No. 10, Div. Entomol. 
Dept. Agric. U. S. 41); and the bark and branches are frequently 
covered by a scale, Lecanium. The leaves are often infested by 


aphids. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 


PuatE LITI. Evonymus atTropurPurews. 


. Diagram of a flower. 


A flower, enlarged. 


WCOHNATAPRwWHH 


ne ed ee 
o fF WPF CO 


. Winter-buds. 


. A flowering branch, natural size. 


. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. 

. A stamen, front view, enlarged. 

- Vertical section of a pistil, enlarged. 

. Cross section of an ovary surrounded by the disk, enlarged. 
An ovule, much magnified. 

. A fruiting branch, natural size. 

- Cross section of a fruit, natural size. 

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. 

. A seed surrounded by its aril, slightly enlarged. 

- Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 


. An embryo, much magnified. 


Tab. LHI 


Silva of North America. 


Picart oe LC. 


CE Faron del. 


EVONYMUS ATROPURPUREUS . Jacq. 


Ling. BR Taneur, Paris 


A. Rtocreux direx! 


CELASTRACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 13 


GYMINDA. 


FLOWERS unisexual ; calyx 4-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation; petals 4, 
imbricated in estivation; ovary 2-celled; ovules solitary, suspended. Fruit drupa- 
ceous, 2-celled, 1 to 2-seeded. 


Gyminda, Sargent, Garden and Forest, iv. 4. Myginda (sec. Gyminda), Grisebach, Cat. Pl. Cub. 55. 


A slender tree or shrub, with pale quadrangular branchlets and minute acuminate buds. Leaves 


opposite, short-petioled, oblong-obovate, rounded and sometimes emarginate at the apex, entire or 
remotely crenulate-serrate above the middle, with revolute thickened margins, feather-veined, coriaceous, 
persistent ; stipules minute, acuminate, membranaceous, caducous. Flowers pedicellate, in axillary 
pedunculate few-flowered dichotomously branched cymes, furnished immediately below the calyx with 
two minute bracts. Calyx minute, persistent, with a short urceolate tube and rounded lobes. Disk 
fleshy, filling the tube of the calyx, cup-shaped, slightly four-lobed. Petals entire, obovate, rounded at 
the apex, reflexed, much longer than the lobes of the calyx, white. Stamens four, opposite the sepals, 
inserted in the lobes of the disk, exserted; wanting in the fertile flower; filaments slender, subulate, 
incurved ; anthers attached below the middle, oblong, two-celled, the contiguous cells opening longitu- 
dinally. Ovary oblong, sessile, confluent with the disk, two-celled, crowned with the large two-lobed 
sessile stigma; rudimentary, deeply cleft in the sterile flower ; ovules suspended from the apex of the 
cell, anatropous; raphe dorsal; micropyle superior. Fruit black or dark blue, oval or obovate, the size 
of a pea, crowned with the remnants of the persistent stigma, often one-celled by abortion; sarcocarp 
rather thin; putamen thick, crustaceous. Seed oblong, suspended; testa membranaceous; albumen 
thin, fleshy. Embryo axile; cotyledons ovate, foliaceous ; radicle superior, next the hilum. 

The wood of Gyminda is very heavy, hard, and close-grained, the layers of annual growth and 
numerous medullary rays being barely distinguishable. It is dark brown or nearly black, with thick 
light brown sapwood composed of seventy-five or eighty layers of annual growth. The specific gravity 
of the absolutely dry wood is 0.9048, a cubic foot weighing 56.39 pounds.’ 

The generic name, first used by Grisebach’ for a section of Myginda, is formed by transposing the 


first three letters of that name. One species is known. 


1 The wood of this tree is produced very slowly. A specimen in 
the Jesup Collection of North American Woods in the American 
Museum of Natural History in New York is three and a half 
inches in diameter, and contains one hundred layers of annual 
growth. 

2 Heinrich Rudolph August Grisebach (1814-1879) was born in 
Hannover and died in Gottingen, where he was professor of botany 
in the University. Grisebach published in 1839 a monograph of 
the Gentian family, and two years later an account of the plants 
collected by him during a botanical journey through Roumelia. In 
1864 appeared his Flora of the British West Indies, one of a series 


of colonial Floras prepared under the auspices of the British 
government ; and in 1866 his Catalogus Plantarum Cubensium, an 
account of the collections made by Charles Wright in that island. 
The most important of Grisebach’s contributions to science relate 
to botanical geography, a subject to which he gave particular at- 
tention and upon which he wrote voluminously. His Vegetation 
der Erde, published in 1872, is one of the classical books on the 
subject, and the author’s crowning scientific effort. Grisehachia, 
a genus of heath-like plants native of south Africa, was dedicated 


to him by Klotzsch. 


14 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CELASTRACEE. 


GYMINDA GRISHBACHII. 


Gyminda Grisebachii, Sargent, Garden and Forest. iv.4._Myginda pallens, Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th 


Myginda integrifolia, Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, ov. Census U.S. ix. 38 (not Smith). 
Gen. et Spec. vil. 66 (not Lamarck, Dict. iv. 396).— De Myginda latifolia, Chapman, F/. 76 (not Swartz). — Tre- 
Candolle, Prodr. ii. 138. — Grisebach, Cut. Pl. Cub. 55. — lease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 356. 


Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xi. 314.— Trelease, Truns. St. 
Louis Acad. vy. 356. 


A tree, growing sometimes to a height of twenty or twenty-five feet, with a trunk rarely more than 
six inches in diameter covered with thin brown bark tinged with red, the surface separating into thin 
minute scales. The branchlets become terete during their third season, and are then covered with thin 
slightly grooved and roughened light red-brown bark. The leaves are an inch and a half to two inches 
long, three quarters of an inch to an inch broad, and pale yellow-green. The flowers, which are pro- 
duced on the shoots of the year, appear in Florida from April to June. The fruit ripens in November. 

Gyminda Grisebachti is common and generally distributed through the islands of south Florida 
from the Marquesas to Upper Metacombe Key. It also inhabits Cuba and Porto Rico.’ A form” of 
this plant with smaller, less coriaceous, very glaucous leaves was found in Cuba*® by Charles Wright.* 

Gyminda Grisebachit was discovered in Florida by Dr. John L. Blodgett.° 


1 P. Sintenis, Plante Portoricenses, No. 532. Myginda latifolia, var. glaucescens, Grisebach, fem. Am. Acad. 
2 Gymnda Grisebachi, var. glaucescens, Sargent, Garden and viii. 171; Cat. Pl. Cub. 55. 
Forest, iv. 4. 3 Pl. Cub. No. 81a. 4 See i. 94. 5 See i. 33. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 


Pirate LIV. Gyminpa GRISEBACHII. 


A flowering branch of a staminate plant, natural size. 
A flowering branch of a pistillate plant, natural size. 
Diagram of a staminate flower. 

. Diagram of a pistillate flower. 

A staminate flower, enlarged. 


. Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged. 


a OR ON 


. A flower-bud, enlarged. 


. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 


co © 


. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged. 
10. Cross section of a pistil, enlarged. 

11. An ovule, much magnified. 

12. A fruiting branch, natural size. 

13. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 

14. Cross-section of a fruit. enlarged. 

15. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 

16. An embryo, much magnified. 


17. Stipules, enlarged. 


Silva of North America. Tab LIV 


COE Faxon det ~ Ficart fr. sc- 


GYMINDA GRISEBACHI, Sarg. 


A. Ruocreux. direc.‘ Imp F. Taneur. Paris 


CELASTRACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 15 


SCH AFFERIA. 


FLOWERS unisexual; calyx 4-parted, the lobes imbricated in estivation ; petals 4, 
imbricated in estivation, hypogynous ; stamens 4, hypogynous, inserted under the mar- 
gin of the disk ; ovary 2-celled ; ovules solitary, erect. Fruit a 2-seeded fleshy drupe. 


Scheefferia, Jacquin, Stirp. Am. 259. — Endlicher, Gen. 1103. — Meisner, Gen. 69. — Bentham & Hooker, Gev. i. 367. — 
Baillon, Hist. Pl. vi. 37. 


Glabrous trees or shrubs, with slender rigid terete branches and small obtuse buds. Leaves alter- 
nate, or fascicled on short spur-like branches, entire, obovate or spatulate, acute, rounded, or emarginate 
at the apex, destitute of stipules. Flowers diccious, pediceled or sessile, in axillary clusters from large 
buds covered with scale-like persistent bracts. Calyx-lobes orbicular, persistent, much shorter than the 
oblong obtuse white or greenish white petals. Disk small, inconspicuous. Stamens opposite the lobes 
of the calyx, wanting in the fertile flower ; filaments subulate, incurved ; anthers attached below the 
middle, subglobose, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary two-celled, ovoid, ses- 
sile, free ; rudimentary in the sterile flower; style very short ; stigma large, two-lobed, the lobes spread- 
ing; ovules solitary, ascending, anatropous; the raphe thin, ventral; the micropyle inferior. Fruit the 
size of a pea, ovate or obovate, crowned with the remnants of the persistent style, indistinctly two-lobed 
by a longitudinal groove on the two sides, slightly flattened; sarcocarp thin and fleshy, tuberculate ; 
nutlets bony, separable. Seeds solitary, ascending; testa membranaceous; albumen fleshy. Embryo 
axile ; cotyledons broad, foliaceous ; the radicle very short, inferior, next the hilum. 

Two species of Schefferia are described. The type of the genus, Schefferia frutescens, a small 
tree or shrub, is widely distributed in the Antilles, reaching the islands of south Florida and Central 
America. The second species,’ a little known shrub, belongs to the arid region of western Texas and 
northern Mexico. 

The wood of Schefferia is hard and close-grained; the genus is not known to possess other 
properties useful to man. It was established by Jacquin, and named in honor of J. C. Schaeffer,’ a 
distinguished German naturalist of the last century. 


1 Schefferia cuneata, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 35; ii. 29 (Smithso- clergyman and superintendent at Ratisbon from 1779 until his 
nian Contrib. iii.,v.).— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv.47.—Tre- death. Schaeffer was a writer on zodlogy, and the author of several 
lease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 330. botanical books, including the Botanica Expeditior and two illus- 

2 Jakob Christian Schaetier (1718-1790) ; born at Querfurt, a trated works on the Fungi found in the neighborhood of Ratisbon. 


CELASTRACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 17 


SCHAIFFERIA FRUTESCENS. 
Yellow Wood. Box Wood. 


FLowERrs pediceled. Leaves alternate, usually acute at the two ends. 


Scheefferia frutescens, Jacquin, Cat. Pl. Carib. 33 ; Stirp. N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 39. — Trelease, Trans. St. 
Am. 259.—Gertner f. Fruct. Suppl. 249, t. 225. — Louis Acad. v. 356. 
Poiret, Lam. Dict. vi. 727; Ill. iii. 402, t. 809.—De SS. completa, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Oce. i. 327, t. 7, £ A. — 
Candolle, Prodr. ii. 41.— Karsten, Fl. Columb. i. 183, Poiret, Lam. Ill. iii. 402. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. 741. — 
t. 91.— Chapman, Fl. 76. — Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. Macfadyen, FV. Jam. 207. 


146. — Walpers, Ann. vii. 581.— Sargent, Forest Trees SS. buxifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 42. t. 56. 


A small slender glabrous tree, with rigid upright terete branches, and slender many-angled 
branchlets, growing sometimes to the height of thirty-five or forty feet, with a trunk eight or ten 
inches in diameter; or often a tall or low shrub. The bark of the trunk is rarely more than a twelfth 
of an inch thick, pale brown faintly tinged with red, the surface divided by long shallow fissures, and 
separating ultimately into small narrow scales; that of the shoots of the year is pale greenish yellow, 
becoming light gray during the second year, and then conspicuously marked with the remains of the 
persistent wart-like clusters of bud-scales. The leaves are persistent, entire, obovate-oblong, usually 
acute, and then often minutely apiculate, or sometimes rounded or emarginate at the apex, the base 
narrowed gradually into a short broad petiole; they are bright yellow-green, two to two and a half 
inches long and half an inch to an inch broad, with thick revolute margins. In Florida they appear 
in April, and remain on the branches until the spring of the following year. The pedicels of the 
sterile flowers, generally three or five together, are rarely more than two lines long; those of the 
fertile flowers are solitary, or more often two or three together, and are rather longer than the petioles. 
The flowers are produced in spring on shoots of the year, and are an eighth of an inch across when 
expanded. The fruit is slightly grooved and compressed, and is bright scarlet at maturity. It ripens 
in Florida in November, and then possesses an acrid disagreeable flavor, but is greedily devoured by 
many birds. 

Schefferia frutescens is not rare in southern Florida, beg found on the principal islands from 
Metacombe Key eastward, in the neighborhood of the Caloosa River and sparmgly on the Reef Keys. 
It inhabits the Bahama group, is widely distributed through the West Indies, and has been noticed 
in Venezuela.’ In Florida, where this tree was once much more common than it 1s now, it is usually 
found growing with the Eugenias, the Pisonias, the Florida Coccoloba, the Drypetes, the Bumelia, 
and the Ardisia, forming with them the shrubby second growth which now covers several of the large 
keys. 

The wood of Schefferia frutescens is heavy and close-grained; it contains numerous obscure 
medullary rays, and is bright clear yellow, while the thick sapwood is a little hghter colored. The 
specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7745, a cubic foot weighing 48.27 pounds. It has 
been used as a substitute for box-wood, and the large trees were cut in Florida many years ago and 
sent to New Providence for export to England. 

Schefferia frutescens was first described by Plukenet’ in 1691. He obtained it from the Barba- 


1 Near the city of Quibor, Kartsen, /. c. 2 Burus Lauri Alexandrine foliis accedens Americana, Phyt. t. 
80, f.6; Alm. Bot. 74. 


18 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


CELASTRACE. 


does: it was discovered in Jamaica by Sloane,’ and living plants were carried to England in 1793? by 


Admiral Bligh.’ 


1 Buzxi folio majore acuminato arbor baccifera, fructu minore, croceo, 
dipyreno, Cat. Pl. Jam. 171; Nat. Hist. Jam. ii. 102, t.°209, f. 
1. — Ray, Hist. Pl. Dendr. iii. 65. 

2 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 371. 

3 William Bligh (1754-1817) ; a distinguished British naval offi- 
cer who early in life accompanied Cook in his second voyage round 
the world as sailing-master of the Resolution. He is best known, 
perhaps, from his connection with the unfortunate voyage of the 
Bounty, a vessel sent in 1788 to the South Seas under his command 
to introduce the Bread-fruit tree into the West Indies. The story 
of the mutiny of the crew is familiar. Captain Bligh and a few 
companions were set adrift on the Pacific Ocean in an open boat in 


It was first noticed in Florida by Dr. John L. Blodgett. 


which, after a voyage of three months, they succeeded in reaching 
the coast of Java, and procuring a small vessel returned to Eng- 
land. Bligh was sent in command of the Providence in 1791 to 
make another effort to introduce the Bread-fruit into the West 
Indies. In this he was successful, and it was on the return from 
this voyage that he brought Schefferia to England. In 1801 he 
was elected a member of the Royal Society, principally on account 
of his services to botany. He was governor of New South Wales 
from 1805 to 1808, and was promoted to vice-admiral in 1814. 
The genus Blighia, established by Koenig for a plant of tropical 
Africa, now sometimes referred to Cupania, was dedicated to him. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 


Pruate LY. 


SCHAFFERIA FRUTESCENS. 


1. A flowering branch of the staminate plant, natural size. 


oON DOP | dD 


bab ed 
—— 


. A fruit, enlarged. 


bd ed he 
m oc bd 


. A flowering branch of the pistillate plant, natural size. 
. Diagram of a staminate flower. 

. Diagram of a pistillate flower. 

. A staminate flower, enlarged. 

. Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged. 

. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 

. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged. 

. An ovule, much magnified. 

. A fruiting branch, natural size. 


. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 
. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 
. An embryo, much magnified. 


Silva of North America. Tab. LV 


C.E. Faron del Preart fr. se 


SCHAEFFERIA FRUTESCENS , Jacq 


A, Biocreux, trex! Lp BR. Laneur, Paris 


RHAMNACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 1) 


REYNOSIA. 


FLowenrs perfect ; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes valvate in estivation, deciduous ; petals 
0(5?); ovary 2 to 8-celled; ovules solitary, erect. 
men ruminate. 


Fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded ; albu- 


Reynosia, Grisebach, Cat. Pl. Cub. 33. — Eggers, Videns- 
kab. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjobenh. 1877, 175. 


Condalia, Baillon, Hist. Pl. vi. 82 (in part). 


Trees or shrubs, with rigid unarmed terete branches. Leaves mostly opposite, entire, coriaceous, 


short-petioled, reticulate-veined, persistent ; stipules minute, caducous. Flowers yellow-green, minute, 
in small axillary sessile umbels from scaly buds. Pedicels stout, bibracteate near the base, two or three 
times longer than the flower. Calyx persistent, hemispherical, with deltoid acuminate spreading peta- 
loid lobes, the short tube filled with the fleshy disk. Stamens five, inserted on the margin of the disk, 
alternate with and rather shorter than the lobes of the calyx; filaments subulate, filiform, incurved ; 
anthers oval, attached on the back below the middle, introrse, two-celled, the contiguous cells opening 
longitudinally. Ovary free from the disk, almost superior, conical, contracted into a short erect thick 
style; stigma two or three-lobed ; ovules solitary, erect, anatropous; raphe ventral; micropyle inferior. 
Fruit ovoid, supported on the enlarged and now nearly entire calyx, and crowned with the remnants 
of the persistent style; sarcocarp thin, fleshy ; endocarp crustaceo-membranaceous. Seed solitary by 
abortion, erect, ovoid, or subglobose ; testa very thin, conspicuously rugose and tuberculated ; albumen 
copious, subcorneous, ruminate. Embryo axile; cotyledons oblong; radicle long, inferior, next the 
hilum." 

The genus Reynosia is West Indian. Three species are now recognized: Reynosia latifolia, a 
small tree, extends north to the shores of southern Florida and to the Bahama Islands; the others are 
little known shrubs of Cuba, Ste. Croix, the Virgin group, and probably of other islands. 


is peculiar in its thin-shelled baccate drupe and large seed, and in its ruminate albumen which gives it 


The genus 


an anomalous position among the genera of the family to which it is referred. 
Grisebach to Professor Alvaro Reynoso,’ the distinguished Cuban chemist and writer on agricultural and 


It was dedicated by 


scientific subjects. 


1 Eggers (I. c.) describes the flowers of Reynosia with five (or 0?) 2 Alvaro Reynoso (1830-1888) ; born in Duran, Cuba ; studied 


cucullate unguiculate petals inserted on the margin of the disk 
between the lobes of the calyx. I have been able to examine the 
flowers of R. latifolia only ; these show no trace of petals. 
Reynosia was referred by Baillon (Hist. Pl. J. c.) to Condalia, 
from which it differs in the thinner and less prominent disk of the 
flower, the thinner wall of the stone of the fruit, the longer radi- 


cle, and the ruminate albumen. 


in Paris, where he received a first prize from the Académie des 
Sciences for his experiments with chloroform, and later the degree 
of Doctor of Science. He is known by the machine invented by 
him for increasing the yield of sugar from Sugar-cane, and by many 


publications upon chemical and agricultural subjects. 


RHAMNACES. 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


REYNOSIA LATIFOLIA. 


Red Iron Wood. Darling Plum. 


FLOWERS in axillary umbels; petals 0. 


emarginate. 


Reynosia latifolia, Grisebach, Cat. Pl. Cub. 34. — Eggers, 
Videnskab. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjobenh. 1877, 173, t. 2; 
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xiii. 40.— Gray, Bot. Gazette, iv. 
208. — Chapman, F7. Suppl. 612.— Sargent, Forest Trees 


Leaves oval, oblong, or subrotund, usually 


N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 39; Garden and Forest. iv. 
15. — Trelease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 358. 
Scutia ferrea, Chapman, FU. 72 (not Brongniart). 
Rhamnidium revolutum, Chapman, /7. Suppl. 612 (not 


Wright). 


A slender tree, twenty to twenty-five feet im height, with a trunk six or eight inches in diameter, 
stout terete rigid branchlets marked with prominent elevated leaf-scars, and minute chestnut-brown acu- 
The bark of the trunk is from a sixteenth to an eighth of an inch thick, the dark red- 
brown surface dividing into large thick plate-like scales ; that of the young shoots is slightly puberulous 


minate buds. 


when they first appear, soon becoming glabrous, and is gray faintly tinged with red, growing darker 
during the second season, when it is often covered with small tubercles. The leaves are oval or oblong 
or sometimes nearly orbicular, rounded, truncate, or more frequently emarginate at the apex, and usually 
minutely apiculate; they are gradually contracted at the base into short broad petioles, and are an inch 
or an inch and a half long, half an inch broad, and very thick and coriaceous, with thickened revolute 
margins, a stout broad midrib grooved on the upper surface, about five pairs of primary veins spreading 
nearly at right angles, and many intricately netted veinlets; they are dark green on the upper, and 
rather paler or often rufous on the lower surface, and in Florida appear in April, remaining on the 
branches for one year and sometimes two. The flowers are produced on the shoots of the year in May ; 
they are one twelfth of an inch long, or three times longer than the stout pedicels, with broadly deltoid 
acute calyx-lobes and a two or three-celled ovary. The fruit mpens in Florida in November, or fre- 
quently not until the following spring; it is half an inch long, purple or nearly black, edible, and 
possesses an agreeable flavor. 

Reynosia latifolia is common and generally distributed on the coast and islands of southern 
Florida from the Marquesas group to the shores of Bay Biscayne; and it has been found in Cuba and 
the Virgin and Bahama Islands. 

The wood of Reynosia latifolia is heavy and exceedingly hard, strong and close-grained ; it 
contains numerous thin medullary rays, and is rich dark brown in color, the sapwood, which is composed 
of fifteen to twenty layers of annual growth, being hght brown. The specific gravity of the absolutely 
dry wood is 1.0705, a cubic foot weighing 66.78 pounds.’ 

The earliest account of Reynosia latifolia’ is that of Catesby, who figures what is evidently this 
plant under the name of Bullet-tree in his Natural History of Carolina’ It was first collected in 


Florida on Key West by Dr. J. L. Blodgett. 

1 This tree, in Florida at least, grows very slowly. The speci- site, while those of Rhamnus levigatus are described as alternate, 
men of the wood in the Jesup Collection of North American Woods 
in the American Museum of Natural History in New York is seven 


inches in diameter, and is composed of one hundred and thirty-two 


without allusion to their being emarginate at the apex, a pretty 
constant character in Reynosia. Professor Trelease, who exam- 
ined Vahl’s herbarium preserved at Copenhagen, was unable to find 


layers of annual growth. the type of Rhamnus levigatus ; and the evidence of its identity with 


2 Reynosia latifolia has been referred (Gray, J. c.) to Rhamnus 
levigatus, Vabl (Symb. iii. 41), the Ceanothus levigatus, De Can- 
dolle (Prodr. ii. 30). The leaves of Reynosia are usually oppo- 


Reynosia latifolia is hardly sufficient to justify the adoption of 
Vahl’s specific name for our plant. 


34, 75, t. 75. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 


PuateE LVI. REYNOSIA LATIFOLIA. 
. A flowering branch, natural size. 
. Diagram of a flower. 
. An umbel of flowers, enlarged. 
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. 
Front and rear view of a stamen, enlarged. 
. A pistil, enlarged. 
An ovule, much magnified. 
. A fruiting branch, natural size. 
Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. 


CHNA TR WH 


. Cross section of a fruit, natural size. 


ft ft 
He oS 


. An embryo, much magnified. 


ray 
bo 


. Stipules, enlarged. 


Silva of North America. Tab LVI 


CE Faron del Picart fr SC 


REYNOSIA LATIFOLIA, Griseb 


A Provrewur diver! Inip.R fanews Faris 


RHAMNACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 23 


CONDALIA. 


FLowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes valvate in estivation; petals 0; ovary 
immersed in the disk, free, 1 to 2-celled; ovules solitary. Fruit drupaceous, 1 rarely 
2-celled, 1-seeded. 


Condalia, Cavanilles, Anal. Hist. Nat. i. 39. — Brongniart, Gen. 71. — Gray, Gen. Jil. ii. 171. — Bentham & Hooker, 
Mém. Rhamnées, 48. — Endlicher, Gen. 1096. — Meisner, Gen. i. 376. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. vi. 82. 


Small trees or shrubs, usually glabrous, with rigid spinescent branches. Leaves alternate, subses- 
sile, obovate or oblong, entire, feather-veined ; stipules minute, deciduous. Flowers axillary, solitary or 
fascicled, short-pediceled, greenish white, mimute. Calyx persistent, with a short broadly obconical tube 
and ovate acute membranaceous spreading lobes. Disk fleshy, flat, shghtly five-angled, adnate to and 
filling the tube of the calyx and surrounding the free base of the ovary. Stamens five or rarely four, 
inserted on the free margin of the disk between the lobes of the calyx; filaments slender, subulate, 
incurved, shorter than the calyx-lobes ; anthers introrse, attached at the middle, two-celled, the contigu- 
ous cells opening longitudinally. Ovary conical, one or sometimes two-celled by the development of a 
false partition, and gradually contracted into a short thick style; stigma two or three-lobed; ovules 
solitary, ascending from the base of the cell, anatropous; raphe ventral; micropyle inferior. Fruit 
ovoid or subglobose, rarely imperfectly two-celled, supported by the tube of the calyx, and crowned with 
the remnants of the style; sarcocarp thin and fleshy; the putamen thick, crustaceous. Seed compressed 
or subglobose ; testa thin and smooth. Embryo surrounded by a thin layer of fleshy albumen; cotyle- 
dons oval, flat; radicle short, inferior, next the hilum. 

Condalia is confined to the New World, and is widely distributed from western Texas and southern 
California to Patagonia and Brazil. The type of the genus, Condalia microphylla,’ is a spiny under- 
shrub of Chile. Two species inhabit Brazil,’ and one is known to occur in Patagonia.’ Three species 
belong to the arid region of northern Mexico and the adjacent portions of the United States. Of these, 
Condalia obovata is a small tree; the others, C. spathulata* and C. Jlexicana,’ are low many-branched 
spinescent shrubs. 

Condalia has few economic uses. The bark of the Brazilian C. infectoria is rich in tannin, and is 
used in dyeing.© The fruit of C. obovata, the capulin of the Mexicans, is sometimes eaten by the 
inhabitants of Nuevo Leon. 

The name of Antonio Condal,’ a Spanish physician of the last century, is preserved by that of this 


genus. 
1 Cavanilles, Anal. Hist. Nat. i. 39, t. 4; Icon. vi. 16, t. 525. — 7 Of Antonio Condal nothing is known beyond the fact that he 
De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 28. was a native of Barcelona, and that when very young he was 
2 Reissek, Martius Fl. Brasil. xi., i. 90, t. 24, f. 5, 6, t. 28. attached to the scientific expedition sent in 1754 by the Spanish 
8 Gray, Bot. N. Pacific Explor. Exped. i. 275. government to explore its South American possessions, as assistant 


4 Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 32 (Smithsonian Contrib. iii.).— Hemsley, to the Swedish botanist, Peter Loefling, who died two years later at 
Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 196.— Trelease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. the Mission of Merercuri, near Cumana. (For an account of Peter 
362. Loefling and his travels, see Bossu, Travels through Louisiana, Eng- 

5 Scheele, Linnea, xv. 471. — Hemsley, /. c. — Trelease, J. c. lish ed. ii. 71.) 

® Baillon, Hist. Pl. vi. 70. 


RHAMNACE,. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 25 


CONDALIA OBOVATA. 
Purple Haw. Log Wood. 
FLowers fascicled ; stigma 3-lobed ; ovary 1-celled. 
Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 47. — Sargent, Forest 


Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 40. — Trelease, 
Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 361. 


Condalia obovata, Hooker, Icon. t. 287. — Torrey & Gray, 
Fl. N. Am. i. 685. — Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 172, t. 164; Jour. 
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vi. 169 (Pl. Lindheim. ii.) ; Pl. 
Wright. i. 32; ii. 27 (Smithsonian Contrib. iii., v.). — 


A small tree, rising sometimes to a height of thirty feet, with a slender trunk six or eight inches in 
diameter, and erect rigid zigzag branches terminating in stout spines; or more often ashrub. The bark 
of the trunk is an eighth of an inch thick, divided into flat shallow ridges, the dark brown surface 
tinged with red, separating into thin scales. The bark of the young branches is gray when they first 
appear, and is then clothed with soft velvety pubescence ; this disappears before the end of the season, 
when they are quite glabrous, thew pale red-brown bark then often covered with thin scales. The 
leaves appear in May and June, and fall irregularly during the winter, a few usually remaining on the 
branches until the period of new growth in the followmg year. They are spatulate or oblong-cuneate, 
short-petioled, entire, mucronate, and often fascicled on the short spinescent lateral branchlets; they 
are half an inch to an inch long, a third of an inch broad, and rather thin, pale yellow-green, pubescent 
especially on the lower surface when they first appear, and glabrous at maturity, with a conspicuous 
midrib and about three pairs of prominent primary veins. The flowers are produced on the shoots of 
the year on very short stemmed two to four-flowered fascicles. The fruit ripens irregularly during the 
summer ; it is a quarter of an inch long, dark blue or black, and possesses a sweet pleasant flavor. 

Condalia obovata is generally distributed through western Texas from the shores of Matagorda 
Bay to the Rio Grande, and through the drier portions of northeastern Mexico. It attains a tree-like 
habit and its greatest size on the elevated sandy banks of the lower Rio Grande and its tributary 


streams. In less favored situations and on dry mesas it sometimes covers large areas with dense 


impenetrable chaparral. 
The wood of Condalia obovata is very heavy, hard, and close-grained. It is light red, with light 


yellow sapwood composed of seven or eight layers of annual growth, and contains numerous irregularly 
arranged open ducts and obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 
1.1999, a cubic foot weighing 74.78 pounds. The wood of this tree burns with an intense heat, and is 
selected for fuel in the region where it abounds.’ 

Condalia obovata was discovered in Texas in 1833, probably near the mouth of the Rio Grande, 
by Thomas Drummond.’ 


during several years in the northern and northwestern parts of the 
continent, and later in western Texas, which he was one of the first 
He went to Apalachicola in 1835 for the pur- 


1(C. G. Pringle, Garden and Forest, ii. 393. Lindheimer (Gray, 
Pl. Lindheim. ii. 169) is the only authority for the statement that 
the wood dyes blue, and that Condalia obovata is called, therefore, 
Blue Wood or Log Wood. 

2 Thomas Drummond (d. 1835) ; a native of Scotland, and one 
of the most industrious and successful of the botanical explorers of 
A nurseryman by profession, and then 


botanists to visit. 
pose of exploring the entire Florida peninsula, but soon left west- 
ern Florida with the intention of reaching Key West by the way of 
Havana, in which place he suddenly died. Drummondia, a genus 
of American Mosses, was dedicated to him by his patron, Sir Wil- 


the North American flora. 
liam Jackson Hooker, by whom his plants were described. The 


curator of the Belfast Botanic Garden, Drummond came to America 


in 1825 as the assistant naturalist to the second Overland Arctic 
Expedition under Sir John Franklin. He traveled extensively 


familiar Drummond Phlox of gardens was discovered by him in 


Texas. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 


ft ee 
dH oO 


WCMOAADHAP WH 


Puate LVII. Conpaia OBOVATA. 


. A flowering branch, natural size. 


. Diagram of a flower. 


A flower, enlarged. 


. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. 


A stamen, rear and front view, enlarged. 
An ovule, much magnified. 


. A fruiting branch, natural size. 


. A fruit, enlarged. 

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 
. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 

. An embryo, much magnified. 

. Leaf, with stipules, enlarged. 


Siva of North America, 


72a 


CL. Faxon del 


CONDALIA OBOVATA, Hook. 


A. Fiecreux direx f ‘mp FR Taneur Pariy 


RHAMNACEX. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. rea 


RHAMNIDIUM. 


FLowenrs perfect ; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes valvate in estivation ; petals 5, rarely 0; 
ovary immersed in the disk, free, 2-celled ; ovules solitary. Fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded, 
the seed destitute of albumen; cotyledons fleshy. 


Rhamnidium, Reissek, Martius Fl. Brasil. xi., i. 94. — 
Grisebach, Cat. Pl. Cub. 32. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. 


i. 378. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. vi. 74. —Sargent, Garden and 
Forest, iv. 16. 


Small trees or shrubs, with slender unarmed terete branches covered with lenticels. Leaves oppo- 
site or obliquely opposite, oblong or ovate, entire, short-petioled, feather-veined; stipules minute, 
deciduous. Flowers in axillary simple or dichotomously branched cymes. Calyx turbinate or broadly 
Disk 
broad and fleshy, filling the tube of the calyx. Petals inserted under its free margin, hooded and 
unguiculate; or wanting. Stamens five, inserted under the margin of the disk between the lobes 
of the calyx; filaments subulate ; anthers oblong, introrse, attached on the back below the middle, two- 
celled, the contiguous cells opening longitudinally. Ovary subglobose ; style short and thick; stigma 


two-lobed ; ovules ascending from the base of the cells, anatropous; raphe ventral; micropyle inferior. 


obconical, the lobes triangular, acute, erect or spreading, crested on the inner surface, deciduous. 


Fruit elliptical or subrotund, supported on the tube of the calyx and tipped with the remnants of the 
persistent style; sarcocarp thin, dry, or fleshy; putamen membranaceous or thick and crustaceous, 
Em- 
bryo filling the cavity ; cotyledons thick and fleshy, obovate or elliptical; radicle very short, inferior.’ 


usually one-celled by abortion, one-seeded. Seeds ellipsoidal, compressed ; testa membranaceous. 
Rhamnidium is confined to the warmer regions of the New World. Three species occur in south- 
ern Brazil;? and four are West Indian.’ Of these, one reaches the southern coast of Florida. 


The name, formed from pduvos and ¢idoc, indicates the relationship of these plants with Rhamnus. 
leaves and thicker-walled stones. 


1 Rhamnidium was established for a group of Brazilian shrubs These appear to unite our Flor- 


with indehiscent fruit distinguished by a very thin outer coat be- 
coming dry at maturity, and by the thin membranaceous walls of 
the stone ; with exalbuminous seeds having thick and fleshy cotyle- 
The fruit is described 
as baccate, but is more properly drupaceous, the putamen, although 


dons, and with prominently veined leaves. 


thin, being clearly defined. With these Grisebach joined three or 
four West Indian shrubs with thicker less prominently veined 


ida tree with the Brazilian species, in spite of the fact that its 
flowers are apetalous. In other genera of Rhamnacee, however, 
some species are furnished with petals, while others are destitute of 
them. 

2 Reissek, Martius Fl. Brasil. xi., i. 94, 95, t. 24, f. 11, 12, 13, t. 
25, f. 1, t. 31. 


3 Grisebach, Cat. Pl. Cub. 32. 


RHAMNACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 29 


RHAMNIDIUM FERREUM. 


Black Iron Wood. 


CALYX-LOBES conspicuously crested; petals 0. Fruit fleshy, the stone thick and 
bony. 


Rhamnidium ferreum, Sargent, Garden and Forest, iv.16. Condalia ferrea, Grisebach, F7. Brit. W. Ind. 100. — Wal- 


Rhamuus ferrea, Vahl, Symb. iii. 41, t. 58. pers, Ann. vii. 588. — Gray, Bot. Gazette, iv. 208. — 
Zizyphus emarginatus, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Oce. iii. 1954. Chapman, F7. Suppl. 612. — Eggers, Bull. U. S. Nat. 
Myginda integrifolia, Lamarck, Dict. iv. 396. Mus. No. 13, 40.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th 
Ceanothus ferreus, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 30. Census U. S. ix. 39. — Trelease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. 
Scutia ferrea, Brongniart, Mém. Rhamnées, 56; Ann. Ses. v. 362. 


Nat. x. 363 (not Chapman, FZ. 72). 


A low tree, rising sometimes to a height of thirty feet, with a slender trunk eight or ten inches in 
diameter, but generally much smaller and more often shrubby than arborescent in habit. The bark of 
the trunk is a quarter of an inch thick, and divided into prominent rounded longitudinal ridges, their 
surface broken into short thick light gray scales. The bark of the branchlets when they first appear is 
green and covered with dense velvety pubescence ; it is glabrous in the second year, and is then gray 
faintly tinged with red and roughened with small crowded lenticels. The leaves are conspicuously 
netted-veined, glabrous with the exception of a few scattered hairs on the upper surface and _ petioles, 
broadly elliptical, emarginate-mucronate at the apex, an inch or an inch and a half long, and three quar- 
ters of an inch to an inch broad, with entire or wavy margins. They are borne on stout petioles a 
quarter of an inch long, are rather thin but coriaceous, bright green and lustrous on the upper surface, 
and pale yellow-green below, and remain on the branchlets two or sometimes three years; the stipules 
are acuminate, membranaceous, and early deciduous. The flowers are produced on the shoots of the 
year in three to five-flowered cymes borne on stout peduncles sometimes half an inch long, or usually 
much shorter and often branched near the apex. The pedicels are slender, bibracteolate, a quarter of 
an inch long and twice the length of the yellow-green calyx, which is conspicuously crested on the inner 
surface of the acuminate lobes. The fruit, which is usually solitary, is borne on stems a third of an 
inch to half an inch long; it is globose-ovoid and a third of an inch long, with thin black flesh. 

Rhamnidium ferreum is widely distributed in southern Florida from Cape Canaveral on the west 
coast through the southern keys to the shores of Bay Biscayne. It inhabits Ste. Croix,’ San Domingo,’ 
St. Thomas,? Porto Rico,* Jamaica, and probably the other West India islands. On the Florida keys 
Rhamnidium ferreum is one of the most common of the small trees which, with the Eugenias, the 
Reynosia, the Citharexylum, and the Pisonias, compose a large part of the shrubby thickets which have 
replaced their original forest covering. 

The wood of Rhamnidium ferreum is exceedingly heavy, hard, strong, and close-grained, although 
brittle and difficult to work. It contains numerous thin medullary rays, and is rich orange-brown in 
color, the thin sapwood being lighter colored. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 
1.3020, a cubic foot weighing 81.14 pounds. The wood of this tree is remarkable for the large amount 
of ash — 8.31 per cent. — which is left when it is burned. 

Rhamnidium ferreum was discovered in Florida on Key West in 1846 by Dr. Ferdinand Rugel. 


1 Vahl, l. ¢. 8 Eggers, No. 171. 
2 Eggers, Fl. Ind. Occ. Exs. 1887, No. 1925. * P. Sintenis, Plante Portoricenses, No. 4824. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 


Pirate LVIII. RxHAMNIDIUM FERREUM. 


—_ 


tod 
KH oS 


WONANK wp 


. A flowering branch, natural size. 


. Diagram of a flower. 


A flower, enlarged. 


. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. 
. An ovule, much magnified. 


. A fruiting branch, natural size. 


A fruit, enlarged. 


. Cross section of a fruit. enlarged. 

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 
. An embryo, much magnified. 

. Stipules, enlarged. 


Silva of North America Tab. LVIII 


CE Foxon del - ficart fre: 


RHAMNIDIUM FERREUM, Sarg. 


A. Riocreux: durex © /op.F Taneur, Paris 


RHAMNACE. 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


dl 


RHAMNUS. 


FLowers perfect or polygamo-diccious; calyx 4 or 5-lobed, the lobes valvate in 
estivation; petals 4 or 5 or 0, inserted on the margin of the disk; ovary free, 2 to 


4-celled. Fruit drupaceous, 2 to 4-coccous. 


Rhamnus, Linneus, Gen. 58. — Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 
305.— A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 380. — Brongniart, A/ém. 
hamnées, 53. — Endlicher, Gen. 1097. — Meisner, Gen. 
71.— Gray, Gen. I7l. ii. 179. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. 
i. 377. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. vi. 74. 


Frangula, Adanson, Fam. Pi. ii. 305.— Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 
177. 

Cardiolepis, Rafinesque, Neogen. 1; Sylva Tellur. 28. 

Sarcomphalus, Rafinesque, Sylva Tellur. 29. 

Sciadophila, Philippi, Linnea, xxviii. 618. 


Small trees or shrubs, with terete, often spinescent branches and acrid bitter bark. Leaves alter- 
nate or rarely obliquely opposite, conduplicate in vernation, petiolate, feather-veined, entire or dentate ; 
stipules small, deciduous. Flowers in axillary simple or compound racemes or fascicled cymes, small, 
Calyx campanulate, the lobes triangular-ovate, erect or spreading, keeled on the 


Disk lining the tube of the calyx, thin below, more or less thickened above. 


green, or yellow-green. 
inner surface, deciduous. 
Petals inserted in its margin, alternate with the lobes of the calyx, unguiculate, entire, emarginate, or 
two-lobed, concave or cucullate, involute around the stamens in estivation, deciduous. Stamens as 
many as and opposite the petals; filaments very short, subulate ; anthers didymous, introrse, two-celled, 
the cells opening longitudinally ; rudimentary and sterile in the pistillate flower. Ovary free, ovoid, 
included in the tube of the calyx, two to four-celled ; rudimentary in the sterile flower; styles united 
below, with spreading stigmatic lobes, or terminating in a two to four-lobed obtuse stigma; ovules 
solitary, erect from the base of the cells, anatropous; raphe ventral, becoming in one section lateral 
and in the other dorsal by the torsion of the short funiculus. Fruit oblong or spherical, supported on 
the circular base of the calyx; sarcocarp thick and fleshy, inclosing two to four separable cartilaginous 
one-seeded indehiscent or more or less dehiscent nutlets. Seed erect, obovate, grooved longitudinally 
on the back, with a cartilaginous testa, the raphe in the groove; or convex on the back with a mem- 
branaceous testa, the raphe lateral next to one margin of the cotyledons. Embryo large, surrounded 
with thin fleshy albumen ; cotyledons oval, foliaceous with revolute margins, or flat and fleshy ; radicle 
very short, turned a little from the hilum.’ 

The genus Rhamnus is widely distributed in nearly all the temperate and in many tropical parts 
of the world, with the exception of Australia and the islands of the Pacific Ocean. About sixty 
species are distinguished. They occur principally in Europe* and in the Orient,* in southern and east- 


ern Asia,‘ and in North America. The genus is represented in the West Indies,’ Central America,’ 

2 Nyman, Conspect. Fl. Europ. 145. 

8 Boissier, Fl. Orient. ii. 14. 

* Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 638.— 'Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zey- 
lan. 74.— Maximowiez, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Pctersbourg, ser. 7, x. 
No. 11, 6.— Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 82. — Franchet, 
Pl. David. i. 72. — Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 128. 

5 Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. vii. 50, t. 
616-619. — Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 9, 302.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. 
N. Am. i. 260.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 197. — Trelease, 
Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 365. 

6 Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 99. 

* Hemsley, /. c. 


1 The genus Rhamnus is separated into the following sections 
which are considered genera by many authors : — 

1. Evramnus. Flowers usually polygamo-diccious, lobes of 
the stigma spreading. Seed grooved on the back ; testa cartilagi- 
nous ; raphe dorsal ; cotyledons foliaceous, with revolute margins. 
Inflorescence mostly sessile. Branches often furnished with blunt 
spines ; winter-buds scaly. 

2. FRANGULA. Flowers perfect ; lobes of the stigma short and 
obtuse, more or less united. Seed rounded on the back ; testa 
membranaceous ; raphe lateral ; cotyledons thick and fleshy. In- 
flurescence pedunculate. Branches unarmed ; winter-buds naked. 


(Tournefort, Inst. 612, t. 383.) 


a2 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. RHAMNACES. 


Brazil,’ and the Canary Islands,’ and in northern, tropical, and southern Africa.* About eighteen 
species inhabit North America, most of them being confined to the region south of the United States. 
Of the five species indigenous to the United States two belong to the Atlantic flora, and two to the 
Pacific flora, while one ranges across the continent. 

The fruit and bark of Rhamnus are drastic, and yield yellow and green dyes. From the fruit of 
Rhamaus cathartica,* a native of Europe and now naturalized in some parts of eastern America, a syrup 
possessing strong purgative properties is prepared,’ while its bark is used for dyeing yellow. The fruit 
of the European 72. infectoria and of several allied species yields valuable dyes, and has considerable 
commercial importance. f. tinctoria,’ a shrub of southeastern Europe and of China, and R. Da- 
vurica™ furnish the China green*® of commerce. The bark of the North American R. Purshiana is a 
powerful purgative, and the bark of A. Frangula® is used in dyeing yellow, while its soft porous wood 
is prized in the manufacture of gunpowder, and its fruit is employed in veterinary practice.” A. cathar- 
tica has for centuries been a common hedge-plant in northern Europe and in the northern United 
States, and several varieties differing from the wild plant in habit and in the color of the fruit have 


appeared in gardens." 


The generic name is derived from (duvoc, the classical Greek name of the Buckthorn. 


1 Reissek, Martius Fl. Brasil. xi.,i. 91, t. 24, £. 9, t. 29. 

2 Webb & Berthelot, Phytogr. Canar. ii. 2, 130, t. 67. 

8 Ball, Jour. Linn. Soc. xvi. 391.— Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 
381. — Harvey & Sonder, Fl. Cap. i. £76. 

* Linneus, Spec. 193. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 24. — Trelease, 
Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 365. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. 
ed. 6, 112. 

5 Woodville, Med. Bot. ii. 312, t. 114.— Fliickiger & Hanbury, 
Pharmacographia, 139.— U. S. Dispens. ed. 14, 759.—Stillé & 
Maisch, Nat. Dispens. ed. 2, 1223. — Millspaugh, Am. Med. Pl. in 
Homeopathic Remedies, i. 41, t. 41.— Maisch, Organic Mat. Med. 
ed. 4, 323. 


6 Waldstein & Kitaibel, Pl. Rar. Hung. iii. 283, t. 255. — Bois- 
sier, Fl. Orient. ii. 18.— Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 
129 (R. chlorophora, Decaisne, Compt. Rend. xl. 1140). 

7 Pallas, Fl. Ross. ii. 24, t. 61. — Ledebour, Fi. Ross. i. 502. — 
Forbes & Hemsley, J. c. 128 (R. utilis, Decaisne, J. c.). 

8 Rondot, Notice du Vert de Chine et de la Teinture en vert chez 
les Chinois. 

9 Linneus, Spec. 193. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 26. 

10 Baillon, Hist. Pl. vi. 69. 

1 Duhamel, Trait des Arbres, ii. 214, t. 50. — Loudon, Ard. Brit. 
ii, 531. 


CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES. 


EurHamnus. Flowers polygamo-diecious ; seed grooved on the back; raphe dorsal; cotyledons foliaceous ; winter-buds 


scaly. 


Fruit red; nutlets dehiscent ; leaves persistent . 


1. R. crocea. 


FRANGULA. Flowers perfect; seed rounded on the back; raphe lateral; cotyledons thick and 


fleshy ; winter-buds naked. 


Peduncles shorter than the petioles; leaves deciduous . 


Peduncles much longer than the petioles; leaves deciduous or subpersistent 


2. R. CAROLINIANA. 
3. R. PURSHIANA. 


RHAMNACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


RHAMNUS CROCEA. 


Parts of the flower in 4’s. Fruit red; nutlets dehiscent on the inner angle. 
Leaves evergreen, often sharply toothed. 


Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 100.— Mary K. Curran, 
Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, i. 251.—Trelease, Trans. St. 
Louis Acad. v. 365. 

R. ilicifolia, Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. ii. 37. 


Rhamnus crocea, Nuttall ; Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 
261. — Lindley, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. vi. 217, f. — Pax- 
ton, Brit. Fl. Gard. ii. 821. — Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. 
iv. 74; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 46; Bot. Wilkes Explor. 
Haped. 262. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 114. — 


A small tree, rising occasionally to the height of twenty feet, with a slender trunk six or eight 
inches in diameter, and spreading rigid sometimes spinescent branches; or more frequently a low matted 
The bark of the trunk is 


usually from an eighth to a sixteenth of an inch thick, the dark gray surface being slightly roughened 


shrub with stems a few feet high forming thickets of considerable extent. 


The bark of the branchlets when they first appear is puberulous or glabrate and 
The 


winter-buds are obtuse and barely more than a sixteenth of an inch long, with slightly puberulous api- 


with minute tubercles. 
yellow-green, but becomes dark red or reddish brown and quite glabrous in their second season. 
culate scales with ciliate margims. The leaves are alternate, elliptical, broadly ovate or subrotund or 
rarely lanceolate-acuminate, mucronate, rounded or emarginate at the apex, acutely or often glandular- 
denticulate, sometimes revolute, a quarter of an inch to three inches long, with short stout petioles, 
prominent midribs grooved above, and broad conspicuous primary veins. They are persistent, coria- 
ceous, yellow-green, and lustrous on the upper surface, paler or frequently bronzed or copper-colored 
below, glabrous or often puberulous, especially when young, on the under surface of the midribs and 
on the petioles. The stipules are membranaceous, acuminate, and early deciduous. The flowers are 
dicecious and destitute of petals, and are produced on the shoots of the year in small clusters from the 
axils of leaves or of small lanceolate persistent bracts. The pedicels are slender, often puberulous, an 
eighth of an inch long and rather longer than the narrowly campanulate calyx, with acuminate lobes. 
The stamens are included, with short stout incurved filaments and large ovate anthers, which are minute 
and rudimentary in the fertile flowers. The ovary, which is reduced in the staminate flowers to a 
mere rudiment, is ovate and contracted into a long slender style, divided above the middle into two 
wide-spreading acuminate stigmatic lobes. The fruit’ is red, obovoid, slightly grooved or lobed at 
maturity, and a quarter of an inch long, with dry thin flesh and one to three nutlets which open along 
the inner angle. The seed is broadly ovate, pointed at the apex and deeply grooved on the back, 
with a thin membranaceous pale chestnut-colored testa and thick curved fleshy cotyledons.’ 

Rhamnus crocea is widely distributed west of the Sierra Nevada Mountains from the valley of the 
upper Sacramento River to at least latitude 28° on the mainland, and to Guadaloupe Island, Lower 
California.? 


the forest or in sheltered ravines, preferring the northern slopes of mountains, although sometimes 


It usually grows as an undershrub beneath the shade of trees and along the borders of 


1 Brewer & Watson (Bot. Cal. i. 101) state that the ripe fruit of 
Rhamnus crocea is used by the Indians as food ; and that ‘their 
veins are said to become tinged by a deposition of the red coloring 
matter.” 

2 Rhamnus crocea varies in the amount and density of the pubes- 
cence which clothes the foliage and young shoots. A form with 
narrow revolute leaves and densely pilose throughout inhabits Santa 
Maria valley in the mountains near San Diego. It is the variety 


pilosa (Mary K. Curran, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, i. 251. — Trelease, 
Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 365). The flowers of this peculiar plant 
have not been seen. 

8 This species has been said to extend into Arizona (Watson, 
Cat. Pl. Wheeler, 7.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cul. i. 100), but 
no record of the locality is preserved, and it is perhaps doubtful 
whether it occurs anywhere east of the Sierra Nevada. 


34 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. RHAMNACES. 


appearing in exposed situations on sunny hillsides or in the neighborhood of the ocean. It is tree-like 
in habit and size only in a few favored localities in some of the interior valleys of central California, 
and on Cedros Island and the Santa Barbara group, where, as also on the mountains of the adjacent 
mainland, an arborescent form! occurs having prominently toothed leaves, rather larger flowers with a 
shorter calyx-tube, shorter and broader calyx-lobes, a less deeply divided style, and larger fruit. 
Rhamnus crocea was discovered in 1836 near Monterey by Thomas Nuttall.’ It was introduced 
into England by Theodore Hartweg* in 1846, but probably was soon lost from gardens. It is well 


worth cultivating in all temperate regions for its bright evergreen foliage and brilliant red fruit. 


1 Rhamnus crocea, var. insularis, Sargent, Garden and Forest, u. 
364. 

R. insularis, Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. ii. 392 ; Pittonia, i. 201. 

R. crocea, Lyon, Bot. Gazette, xi. 333.— Brandegee, Proc. Cal. 
Acad. ser. 2, i. 225. — Vasey & Rose, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 14. 

This is a tree often growing to the height of twenty-five or thirty 
feet, and flowering six weeks later than the ordinary form of R. 
crocea. Flowers provided with petals are said to occur (Trelease, 
Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 365), but I have not seen them. 

2 Thomas Nuttall (1786-1859) ; a native of Settle in the West 
Riding of Yorkshire, and from 1807 to 1842 a resident of the 
United States, where he made many long and arduous journeys in 
the prosecution of his studies in natural history. Nuttall was an 
accomplished and distinguished naturalist, and one of the most 
indefatigable and judicious of the botanists who have studied the 
North American flora. Among his numerous publications are some 
of the most valuable contributions that have been made in the field 
of North American botany; and his work on North American 
In 1834 Nuttall was 
appointed curator of the Botanic Garden of Harvard College, and 


birds is still an authority on the subject. 


instructor in botany. The duties of the office were not congenial 
to him, as they interfered with his love for travel and prevented 
him from carrying on his investigations in the field, and he ap- 
pears to have passed only a small part of his time in Cambridge. 
He resigned his position in 1842 and returned to England to take 
possession of a handsome estate bequeathed to him by an uncle, 


and to indulge his taste for horticulture. Nuttallia, a handsome 
shrub of Oregon and California belonging to the Rose family, fixes 
the name of Nuttall in the annals of botany, and serves to com- 
memorate his early explorations and his hardships and dangers on 
the plains and in the forests of the far West. 

8 Karl Theodore Hartweg (1812-1871) was a native of Carls- 
ruhe, and the descendant of a long race of famous gardeners. At 
an early age he found employment in the Jardin des Plantes in 
Paris, and afterwards in London in the garden of the Royal Hor- 
ticultural Society, where his industry and intelligence soon attracted 
attention and led to his being sent to Mexico by the society to col- 
In 1836 Hartweg left England on this mis- 


sion, passing seven years in Mexico, central and western equatorial 


lect plants and seeds. 


America, and in Jamaica, making important discoveries, including 
many coniferous trees of the Mexican highlands, and several or- 
chids which he successfully introduced into cultivation. Hartweg 
returned to Mexico in 1845, and was in California in 1846 and 1847, 
spending much of his time at Monterey and penetrating to the 
upper valley of the Sacramento River. On his return to Europe 
he was appointed by his friend, the Grand Duke of Baden, inspector 
of the ducal gardens at Schwetzingen, a position which he con- 
tinued to fill during the remainder of his life. His American 
plants were described by Bentham in the Plante Hartwegiane. 
Hartwegia, an epiphytal orchid, which he first found growing on 
the eastern declivities of Mount Orizaba, was named by Lindley in 


honor of its discoverer. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


Puate LIX. RaAMNUS CROCEA. 
. A flowering branch of the staminate plant, natural size. 
. A flowering branch of the pistillate plant, natural size. 
A staminate flower, enlarged. 
. Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged. 
. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 
. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged. 
A fruiting branch, natural size. 


- Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 


WWMWNA TR WN 


A seed divided transversely, enlarged. 


bah 
S 


- An embryo, much magnified. 


—_ 
poob 


. Nutlet showing the dehiscence, enlarged. 


PiateE LX. RHAMNUS CROCEA, var. INSULARIS. 
. A flowering branch of the staminate plant, natural size. 
A flowering branch of the pistillate plant, natural size. 
A staminate flower, enlarged. 
. Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged. 
. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 
. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged. 
. A fruiting branch, natural size. 
. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 


CONRoT PWD 


. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 


— 
=) 


. A seed divided transversely, enlarged. 


= 
—_ 


. An embryo, much magnified. 


Silva of North America. 


C.E Faxon det. 


A Riocreux durex | 


é 


RHAMNUS 


CROCE. 


Nutt. 


imp R Taneur, Parts 


Pleart fr. se. 


Silva of North America. Tab. LX 


CE Faaon det. Puart fr SC. 


RHAMNUS CROCEA Var. INSULARIS , Sarg. 


A. Rwereur trex! 


Imp. R Taneur Parts . 


RHAMNACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. Jo 


RHAMNUS CAROLINIANA. 


Indian Cherry. 


Parts of the flower in 5’s; peduncles shorter than the petioles. Leaves deciduous. 


Rhamnus Caroliniana, Walter, Fl. Car. 101. — Lamarck, 10th Census U. S. ix. 40. — Trelease, Trans. St. Lous 
Ill. ii. 88; Dict. iv. 476. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. Acad. v. 366. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 
153. — Nouveau Duhamel, iii. 47.— Persoon, Syn. i. 112. 

239. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 166. — Nuttall, Gen. i. Frangula fragilis, Rafinesque, 27. Ludovic. 97; Sylva 
152; Sylva, ii. 50, t. 59.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. v. Tellur. 27. 

285. — Elliott, Sk. i. 289. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 26. Sarcomphalus Carolinianus, Rafinesque, Sylva Tellur. 29. 
Sprengel, Syst. i. 768. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 32. — Torrey Frangula Caroliniana, Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 178, t. 167; 
& Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 262. — Dietrich, Syn. i. 807. — Man. ed. 5, 115. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 
Koch, Dendr. i. 610.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. iii. 92. — Chapman, F7. 73. 


A slender tree, thirty or thirty-five feet high, with a trunk six or eight inches in diameter, and 
slender spreading unarmed branches; or more often a tall shrub sending up numerous stems to the 
height of fifteen or twenty feet. The bark of the trunk is an eighth of an inch thick, slightly fur- 
rowed, ashy gray, and often marked with large black blotches. That of the branchlets when they first 
appear is light red-brown and puberulent or covered with a glaucous bloom; it becomes gray during 
the second season, when the branches are slightly angled, glabrous, and conspicuously marked with the 
elevated scars left by the falling of the leaves. These are alternate, elliptical, oblong or broadly ellip- 
tical, acute or acuminate, wedge-shaped or somewhat rounded at the base, remotely and obscurely serrate 
or crenulate, and densely coated when they first appear with rusty brown tomentum ; they are borne on 
slender pubescent petioles half an inch to nearly an inch in length, and are membranaceous, two to six 
inches long, an inch to nearly two inches broad, glabrous or somewhat hairy on the lower surface at 
maturity, dark yellow-green above and paler below, with a prominent yellow midrib and about six pairs 
of conspicuous yellow primary veins. The stipules are minute, nearly triangular, and early deciduous. 
The flowers appear from April to June in the axils of the leaves after these are almost fully grown ; 
they are arranged in few-flowered pubescent umbels borne on peduncles varying from an eighth of an 
inch to almost half an inch in length. The pedicels are slender, a quarter of an inch long or half the 
length of the calyx, which has a narrow turbinate tube and triangular lobes. The petals are minute, 
broadly ovate, and deeply notched at the apex, and are folded around the short stamens. The ovary is 
contracted into a long columnar style terminated with the slightly three-lobed stigma. The fruit ripens 
in September, and sometimes remains on the branches during the month of November ; it is globose, a 
third of an inch in diameter, and black at maturity, with thin sweet rather dry flesh and two to four 
indehiscent nutlets. 

Rhamnus Caroliniana is found from Long Island, New York, to northern Florida; it extends 
westward through the valley of the Ohio River to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and eastern Texas. 
It is found along the borders of streams in rich bottom-lands, and is abundant on those lmestone 
barrens of eastern Kentucky and Tennessee which are covered with thickets of the Red Cedar. In 
western Florida and in Mississippi the Indian Cherry is occasionally tree-hke in habit, but its greatest 
size is reached only in southern Arkansas and the adjacent portions of Texas, where it often develops 
into a small shapely tree. 

The wood of Rhamnus Caroliniana is rather hard, although light, close-grained. and not strong ; 
it contains numerous thin medullary rays, and is light brown, the sapwood, composed of five or six 


30 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


layers of annual growth, being rather lighter colored. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood 


is 0.5462, a cubic foot weighing 34.04 pounds. 


Rhamnus Caroliniana, according to Loudon,’ was introduced into English gardens in 1819; it is 
rarely seen in cultivation. Few msects are known to devour the foliage or injure the wood of this 


plant.’ 
1 Arb. Brit. ii. 536. 


The plant usually grown in European botanic gardens under this 
name is the European Rhamnus Frangula, L., which closely resem- 


bles Rhamnus Caroliniana. 


can species of Rhamuus, especially different species of Clisiocampa 
or Web-worms ; and Hyphantria cunea, Drury, has been known to 
bore into the wood. Henry Edwards (Proc. Cal. Acad. v. 164) 
mentions that Papilio Eurymedon, Boisd., feeds upon the foliage of 


Various general-feeding insects attack the foliage of the Ameri- Rhamnus Purshiana. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 


Puate LXI. Rueamnus CAROLINIANA. 


on oo 
Oe So ee) 


DOONAN wr 


. A flowering branch, natural size. 

. Diagram of a flower. 

. A flower, enlarged. 

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. 


A petal, enlarged. 
A stamen, enlarged. 


. A pistil, enlarged. 

. An ovule, much magnified. 

. A fruiting branch. natural size. 

. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 

. A nutlet, enlarged. 

. Vertical section of a nutlet, enlarged. 
. A seed, enlarged. 

. An embryo, much magnified. 


RHAMNACEA. 


Silva of North America, Tab. LAI 


CE Faxon del | Picart fp se. 


RHAMNUS CAROLINIANA , Walt. 


A Riocreux: direa! imp FP Taneur. Faris 


RHAMNACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 37 


RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. 
Bearberry. Coffee Tree. 


Parts of the flower usually in 5’s, sometimes in 4’s; peduncles longer than the 


petioles. Leaves deciduous or subpersistent. 


Rhamnus Purshiana, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 25.—Lou- R. oleifolia, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 123, t. 44. — Hooker 


don, Arb. Brit. ii. 538, £. 211. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 
123, t. 43; London Jour. Bot. vi. 78. — Don, Gen. Syst. 
ii. 32.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 262. — Dietrich, 
Syn. i. 807. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 52. — Newberry, Pacific 


& Arnott, Bot. Voy. Beechey, 136, 328. — Torrey & Gray, 
Fl. N. Am. i. 260. — Bentham, Bot. Voy. Sulphur, 10; 
Pl. Hartweg. 302. — Carritre, Rev. Hort. xlvi. 354, f. 
47, 49. 


hk. R. Rep. vi. 69. — Koch, Dendr. i. 610. — Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. viii. 379.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 
101. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. 8. 
ix. 41; Garden and Forest, iv. 75. — Trelease, Trans. St. 
Louis Acad. v. 366.— H. H. Rusby, Druggists’ Bull. iv. 
334, f. 1, 6, 7, 8. 

R. alnifolia, Pursh, £2. Am. Sept. i. 166 (not L’Héritier). 


Cardiolepis obtusa, Rafinesque, Sylva Tellur. 28. 

Perfonon laurifolium, Rafinesque, Sylva Zellur. 29. 

Endotropis oleifolia, Rafinesque, Sylva Tellur. 31. 

R. laurifolia, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 260. 

Frangula Californica, Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 178; Proc. Bost. 
Soc. Nat. Hist. vii. 146. — Torrey, Sitgreaves’ Rep. 157 ; 
Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 74; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 


R. Californica, Eschscholtz, Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Péters- 


bourg, x. 285. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 32. — Torrey & Gray, 
Fil. N. Am. i. 263. — Dietrich, Syn. i. 806.— Brewer & 


46; Bot. Wilkes Explor. Exped. 261.— Newberry, Pa- 
cific R. R. Rep. vi. 69.— Bolander, Proc. Cal. Acad. iii. 
78. 


Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 101.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. 
Cent. i. 197. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Cen- 
sus U. S. ix. 40.— Trelease, Zrans. St. Lowis Acad. v. 
366. — Mary K. Curran, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, i. 252. — 
Mary K. Brandegee, Zoé, i. 240. — H. H. Rusby, Drug- 
gists’ Bull. iv. 335, f. 2, 3, 9. 


Frangula Purshiana, Cooper, Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 
259; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii. 29, 57.— Torrey, Bot. 
Wilkes Explor. Exped. 262. 

R. rubra, Greene, Pittonia, i. 68, 160. 

R. Californica, var. rubra, Trelease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. 
v. 367. 


A tree, thirty-five to forty feet in height, with a slender trunk often eighteen or twenty inches 
in diameter, separating, ten or fifteen feet from the ground, into numerous stout upright or sometimes 
nearly horizontal branches; often shrubby and occasionally prostrate. The bark of the trunk, even on 
old individuals, is rarely more than a quarter of an inch thick; and varies in color from dark brown to 
light brown or gray tinged with red, the surface being broken into short thin scales. The branchlets 
when they first appear are coated with fine soft pubescence; they are pale yellow-green or reddish 
brown, and are pubescent, glabrous, or covered with scattered hairs in their second season, when they 
are marked with large elevated scars left by the falling of the leaves. 
oblong, obovate, acuminate, or broadly elliptical, and are obtuse, acute, or bluntly pomted at the apex, 
rounded, subcordate, or sometimes wedge-shaped at the base, and serrulate, denticulate, obscurely 
They are thin and membranaceous or sometimes 


These are alternate, elliptical- 


crenate, or often nearly entire with wavy margins. 
thick and coriaceous, and are glabrous or pubescent with scattered hairs on the lower surface and along 
the veins on the upper surface. They vary from an inch to over seven inches in length and are 
conspicuously netted-veined, with broad and prominent midrids and primary veins; they are borne on 
stout often pubescent petioles half an inch or an inch long; and are sometimes pale yellow-green above 
and below, and sometimes dark green and rather opaque above and paler or often somewhat orange- 
colored or brown on the lower surface. In Washington and Oregon and at high elevations in the 
mountains they fall late in November, having previously turned pale yellow. Farther south and near 
the California coast they remain on the branches almost all winter, or until the following spring. The 


stipules are membranaceous, acuminate, and early deciduous. The flowers are produced on the young 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. RHAMNACES. 


38 
shoots in axillary umbellate cymes on slender pubescent peduncles varying from half an inch to nearly 
an inch in length! The pedicels are slender, pubescent, a quarter of an inch to almost an inch long, 
and four or five times longer than the calyx, which is narrowly campanulate with more or less spreading 
acuminate lobes. The petals are minute, ovate, and deeply emarginate at the apex, and enfold the 
short stamens whose filaments are somewhat thickened at the base. The style is crowned with a slender 
two to three-lobed stigma. The fruit is globose or broadly obovoid, a third to half an inch in diameter, 
and very slightly or not at all lobed, with thin rather juicy pulp and two or three nutlets. It is at first 
green, then red, and finally black at maturity. The nutlets are obovate, usually a third of an inch 
long, rounded on the back, and flattened on the inner surface by mutual pressure, with two bony tooth- 
like enlargements at the base, one on each side of the large scar of the hilum, and a thin gray or pale 
yellow-green shell. The testa of the seed is thin and papery, its outer surface of a yellow-brown color, 
and its inner surface, like the cotyledons, bright orange-colored.’ 

Rhannus Purshiana is widely and very generally distributed from the region surrounding Puget 
Sound southward into Lower California; it extends eastward along the mountain ranges of northern 
Washington to the Bitter Root range in Idaho and the shores of Flat Head Lake in Montana. It 
occasionally occurs on the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and reappears on the moun- 
In one of its forms it is scattered through the mountainous 
Rhamnus Purshiana 


tains of Colorado and western Texas. 
portions of southern California, Arizona, New Mexico, and northern Mexico. 
is a shade-loving plant. In northern California and in the region west of the Cascade Mountains 
in Washington and Oregon, where it attains its greatest size, it is usually found along the bottoms 
and the sides of canons, growing under the shelter of coniferous forests. Farther south in California 
it occurs on cool northern hillsides about the margins of the forest, or in sheltered ravines where it 
receives the protection of other trees and shrubs, and where it occasionally assumes the size and habit 
of a small tree. In the immediate neighborhood of the California coast, where Rhamnus Purshiana 
sometimes rises only to the height of a few inches, with prostrate stems forming broad cushions of 
scanty foliage, and in the Sierra Nevada at elevations of more than two thousand feet above the sea- 
level, as in the region south and east of these mountains, it occupies more exposed situations, and does 
not assume the habit of a tree.° 

The wood of Rhamnus Purshiana is light, soft or hard, and not strong. 
thin medullary rays, and broad bands of open ducts marking the layers of annual growth. It is brown 


It contains numerous 


1 In some parts of California near the coast the flowers of Rham- 
nus Purshiana, like those of many species of Frangula, continue to 
appear during the growing season, which lasts until the advent of 
frost, and it is not uncommon to find expanding flower-buds and 
The fruit is red for 


only a short time, deepening gradually in color until it becomes 


ripe fruit on the branch of a single season. 


black. The first crop, the only one in regions of scanty rainfall, 
ripens usually in September and October. 

2 Extreme forms of the black-fruited Rhamnus of western 
America are easily distinguished, although they are connected by 
so many intermediate forms that it does not seem practicable to 
characterize them specifically, or even to find satisfactory varietal 
characters for them, except in the case of the plant of the Mexican- 
boundary region. The differences consist in the shape, size, and 
texture of the leaves, and not in the more essential characters of 
flower and fruit, which do not vary in any important respect in the 
innumerable forms this plant assumes under the influence of widely 
dissimilar climatic surroundings. In the humid atmosphere of the 
northwest-coast region and of the northern Rocky Mountains, where 
Rhamnus Purshiana grows in the dense shade of coniferous forests, 
it becomes a tree with slightly pubescent bright red or green 
branchlets, and large thin broadly elliptical obtuse or abruptly 


pointed deciduous leaves, rounded or sometimes even cordate at 
the base, and somewhat hairy on the upper surface and on the prin- 
cipal veins below, with short pubescent petioles and prominent 
veins. In the less humid climate of central California the leaves 
are semipersistent, usually thicker and smaller, and often lan- 
ceolate and acuminate. The pubescence increases as humidity 
decreases, the principal veins are less prominent, and their reticu- 
lation is more conspicuous. In central California, however, indi- 
viduals occur in favored localities with the large thin leaves of the 
Washington and Oregon plant, while near them will be found 
others with the narrow coriaceous leaves of the more common Cal- 
ifornia form. On the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Moun- 
tains the plants are shrubby, with slender virgate branchlets often 
covered with bright red bark (R. rubra, Greene, Pittonia, i. 68), 
and rather thin narrow leaves. This extreme form passes on the 
one hand into the broad-leaved form of the north, and on the other 
into that of the California-coast region. In the dry climate of the 
region north and south of the Mexican boundary the branchlets and 
under surface of the leaves are densely coated with short fine pale 
tomentum. 

8 Rhamnus Purshiana is also known in some parts of the country 


as Bitter Bark, Shittim-wood, Wahoo, and Bearwood. 


RHAMNACEZ. 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


39 


tinged with red, the thin sapwood being lighter colored. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry 


wood is 0.5836, a cubic foot weighing 36.37 pounds. 


The bark of Rhamnus Purshiana possesses the drastic properties found in that of the other 


species of the genus. 


It is a popular domestic remedy in the region where the plant grows, and under 


the name of Cascara Sagrada has been admitted into the American materia medica.! 

In the south Rhamnus Purshiana gradually passes into a variety” in which the branchlets and 
leaves, especially on their lower surface, are densely coated with thick white tomentum. This is a low 
spreading shrub, and the only form in southern California, Arizona, and Mexico, occurring also occa- 


sionally in central California. 


Lthamnus Purshiana was discovered in Montana on the banks of a tributary of the Columbia in 
1805 or 1806, by the members of the first North American transcontinental exploring expedition under 


command of Lewis and Clark. 
naturalist Eschscholtz.* 


precariously hardy in New England. 


It was first noticed on the coast of California in 1816 by the Russian 
Rhamnus Purshiana has been cultivated in the Arnold Arboretum since the 
year 1873, and is sometimes found in its different forms in European botanic gardens. 


It is only 


The specific name given to it by De Candolle commemorates the botanical labors of Frederick 


Pursh,° who first described this plant. 


1 Cascara Sagrada has proved valuable as a tonic laxative, and 
is now generally used in the United States and in some European 
countries, the annual consumption of the crude drug being esti- 
mated at 500,000 pounds. It is employed in decoctions, tinctures, 
fluid extracts, and cordials (Stillé & Maisch, Nat. Dispens. ed. 2, 
659.— Johnson, Man. Med. Bot. N. Am. 122.— Maisch, Organic 
Mat. Med. 194. — Parke, Davis & Co. Organic Mat. Med. ed. 2, 
44, — Pharmacology of the Newer Materia Medica, Part 3, January, 
1890, f. 1-3, where will be found a detailed account of the drug 
and its action). 

2 Rhamnus Purshiana, var. tomentella, Mary K. Brandegee, Zoé, 
i. 244. 

R. tomentella, Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 303. — Seemann, Bot. Her- 
ald, 275. — Walpers, Ann. ii. 267. 

Frangula Californica, var. tomentella, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 28 
(Smithsonian Contrib. vi.).— Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 74; 
vil. 9. 

R. Californica, var. tomentella, Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 
101. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 41.— 
Trelease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 367.— H. H. Rusby, Druggists’ 
Bull. iv. 338, f. 4, 5, 10. 

R. Californica, Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 197. 

8 Broad-leaved forms of this variety, with the same hoary tomen- 
tum, collected by Brandegee in Lake and Colusa counties, serve to 
unite it with the broad-leaved glabrous form of the northwest-coast 
region. 

4 Johann Friedrich (Iwan Iwanowitsch) Eschscholtz (1793-1831) 
was born in Dorpat. He accompanied Captain Kotzebue as sur- 
geon and naturalist in the ship Ruric, on the voyage of discovery 
in the Pacific Ocean which he made between 1815 and 1818, under 
the auspices of Count Romanzoff, passing the month of September, 
1816, in the neighborhood of the Bay of San Francisco, where he 
discovered a number of plants afterwards described by him in the 
Memoirs of the Academy of St. Petersburg, and in Linnea by his 


companion, the botanist and poet, Adelbert von Chamisso, the au- 
thor of Peter Schlemihl. 
appointed professor of medicine and director of the Museum of 


On his return to Russia Eschscholtz was 


Zoology in the University of Dorpat, to which he presented his col- 
lection. In 1823 he accompanied Kotzebue in a second voyage of 
discovery, publishing its scientific results in London in 1826. Esch- 
scholtz was the author of numerous works upon zoology, including 
the description of the animals in the recital of Kotzebue’s second 
voyage. Lschscholtzia, the so-called California Poppy, now one of 
the most familiar and beautiful of garden annuals, commemorates 
his connection with the botany of the Pacific coast. 

5 In 1838 Rafinesque found the tree which he described as Per- 
fonon laurifolium in Bartram’s Botanic Garden near Philadelphia. 
It was a native of the mountains of Oregon, and was then twenty 
feet high. The description leaves little doubt of the identity of 
this plant with Rhamnus Purshiana. Its size, when Rafinesque saw 
it, would indicate that it had been raised from seed brought back 
by Lewis and Clark from the valley of the Columbia River. (Gar- 
den and Forest, iv. 76.) 

6 Frederick Pursh (1774-1820) was born in Tobolsk, in Siberia, of 
German parentage. He was educated in Dresden, and emigrated 
to America in 1799, establishing himself in Philadelphia, where for 
three years he served as gardener to William Hamilton, whose 
gardens were at that time the richest and most famous in America. 
Pursh then devoted several years to traveling in eastern North 
America and the West Indies for the purpose of studying the plants 
of the country, the object, he tells us, that brought him to America. 
In 1812 he carried his collections to London, where two years later 
he published his Flora Americe Septentrionalis, in which were 
included the plants discovered between 1804 and 1806 by Lewis 
and Clark on their transcontinental journey. Pursh afterwards 
settled in Canada with the intention of continuing his studies of the 
North American flora, but died in Montreal before publishing any 


other work of importance. 


oe ee 


> 
id 


OHARA PLwWHd 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


Pirate LXII. RaAmnus PURSHIANA. 


A flowering branch, natural size. 

A flower, enlarged. 

Vertical section of a pistil, the calyx removed and displayed, enlarged. 
. A fruiting branch, natural size. 

Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 

Vertical section of a nutlet, enlarged. 

. An embryo, much magnified. 


Puate LXIII. Reamnus PoursHiana. 
. A fruiting branch, natural size (Oregon form). 
A fruiting branch, natural size (var. tomentella). 
A flowering branch, natural size (mountain form). 
- Vertical section of a flower, enlarged (mountain form). 
. A petal of the same displayed, enlarged. 
Front and rear view of a stamen of the same, enlarged. 
Cross section of a fruit, enlarged (Oregon form). 
. A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged. 
. A seed, enlarged. 
An embryo, enlarged. 


. A winter-bud, natural size. 


Silva of North America. Tab. LAII 


CL bacon det. , Preart, [P St- 


RHAMNUS PURSHIANA,D C. 


A. liwcreux direr Lap FP lanew: [ire 


Silva of North :America Tab. LXIII 


Og 


CE Faxon del Pwart tr. se. 
RHAMNUS PURSHIANA, DC. 


A Riecreux direx lop. R.Laneur Paris. 


RHAMNACER, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 41 


CEANOTHUS. 


FLowers perfect ; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes valvate in estivation; inflexed; petals 
9, inserted under the margin of the disk, unguiculate, wide-spreading; ovary im- 
mersed in and more or less adnate to the disk. Fruit drupaceous, 3-coccous. 


Ceanothus, Linneus, Act. Ups. i. 17; Gen. ed. 4, 414. — Gray, Gen. Jil. ii. 181.— Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 
A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 380. — Brongniart, Mém. Rham- 378. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. vi. 80. 
nées, 62. — Endlicher, Gen. 1098. — Meisner, Gen. 70.— Paliurus, Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 304 (in part). 
Forrestia, Rafinesque, NV. Y. Med. Rep. hex. 2, iii. 422, v. 351. 


Small trees or shrubs, sometimes prostrate, with flexible, often angled, unarmed, or rigid terete 
spinescent branches. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, petioled, coriaceous or subcoriaceous, entire, 
serrate, spinulose-dentate, or glandular-ciliate, glabrous, canescent-pubescent, or densely tomentose on 
the lower surface, triple-veined from the base or pinnately veined, deciduous or persistent; stipules 
slender, membranaceous and caducous, or thick and corky at the base with deciduous tips. Flowers 
produced in umbel-like fascicles aggregated in dense or prolonged terminal or axillary thyrsoid cymes 
or panicles, blue or white, often fragrant. Pedicels colored. Calyx colored, with a turbinate or hemi- 
spherical tube and triangular membranaceous petaloid lobes, deciduous by a circumscissile line. Disk 
fleshy, thickened above, filling the tube of the calyx. Petals alternate with and much longer than 
the calyx-lobes, exserted, spreading or reflexed, deciduous, the long limb enfolded round the stamens in 
estivation. Stamens five, inserted with and opposite to the petals, often persistent ; filaments filiform, 
spreading ; anthers didymous or four-lobed, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary 
three-celled, sometimes three-angled, the angles often surmounted by a fleshy gland persistent in the 
fruit ; styles short, united below; stigmas introrse or terminal; ovules solitary, erect from the base of 
the cell, anatropous, the raphe next the axis, the micropyle inferior. Fruit subglobose, three-lobed, 
supported on the base of the persistent and commonly adnate calyx; epicarp thin and soon becoming 
dry, dehiscent into three crustaceous or cartilaginous longitudinally two-valved cocci. Seed erect, 
obovate-lenticular, with a broad basal excrescence surrounding the hilum; testa thin, crustaceous ; 
raphe ventral ; albumen fleshy. Embryo axile; cotyledons oval or obovate; radicle very short, next 
the hilum.’ 

The genus Ceanothus is confined to the temperate and warmer regions of North America. About 
thirty species are distinguished,’ the largest number belonging to California. Here Ceanothus is one of 
the prominent and striking features of the mountain and foothill vegetation, especially on the ranges of 
the coast region south of the Bay of San Francisco, where many species with showy flowers are aggre- 
gated, and in the arid southern deserts, where species with interlocking branches terminating in long 
rigid spines form impenetrable thickets often of great extent.° Two species are widely distributed 
in the eastern part of the continent* from Manitoba to Texas, and from the ocean to the base of the 
Rocky Mountains ; and two others occur in the maritime region of the southern Atlantic states.” The 


1 Dr. Parry first recorded (Proc. Davenport Acad. v. 164) the x. 333.— Trelease, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, i. 106. — Parry, Proc. 
fact that the nutlets of many species when relieved from the disk Davenport Acad. v. 162. 
expel the smooth-coated seed through the ventral slit with consid- 8 A number of forms of Ceanothus now believed to be hybrids 
erable force. To this provision, which serves to protect the ripe have been noticed in California (Trelease, Garden and Forest, i. 7 ; 


seed from omnivorous animals and insures its reaching the surface Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, i. 116. — Parry, Proc. Davenport Acad. v. 


of the ground, he ascribes the gregarious habit peculiarly charac- 170). 
teristic of many of the Californian species. 4 Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 112. 


2 Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 264.— Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 5 Chapman, Fi. 74. 


42 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


RHAMNACE.X. 


remainder are peculiar to the Rocky-mountain and Pacific-coast region of the continent, ranging from 
British Columbia to Mexico,’ where five or six species at least have been detected, and to Guatemala. 


Ceanothus possesses few useful properties. 


The leaves, bark, and roots are astringent and tonic. 


The roots of Ceanothus Amcricanus are dark red, and yield a cinnamon-colored dye ; and the leaves of 
this species, which is still popularly known in some parts of the country as New Jersey Tea, are said to 


have been used as a substitute for tea-leaves during the Revolutionary War. 


The root was used by 


the Cherokee Indians as a remedy for syphilis, and a decoction of the seeds and leaves has been 


employed for dysentery,’ and in the treatment of ulceration of the mouth and throat. 


species are beautiful garden plants.’ 


Many of the 


Ceanothus is formed from xedvwos, a name given to some spiny plant by Theophrastus and trans- 


ferred by Linnzus to this genus. 


1 Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 199. 

2 U.S. Dispens. ed. 14, 1609.— Stillé & Maisch, Nat. Dispens. 
ed. 2, 373. — Maisch, Organic Mat. Med. 98. 

8 Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 539.— Decaisne & Naudin, Manuel de 
Amateur des Jardins, iii. 81.— Nicholson, Dict. Gard. — Naudin, 
Manuel de l’ Acclimatzur, 193. 

Much attention has been paid for many years in the gardens of 
France to the improvement of Ceanothus by selection and hybridi- 


zation. Ceanothus Gloire de Versailles (Rev. Hort. 1868, 388 ; 1889, 


99), a seedling of the Mexican C. azureus (Desfontaines, Cat. 
1815, 232), obtained by Monsieur Christern of Versailles, is a plant 
of great ornamental value wherever the climate will permit of its 
being grown in the open air. A race of dwarf hardy Ceanothus, 
with abundant showy blue, white, or rose-colored flowers, has been 
produced by crossing the eastern C. Americanus with C. azureus, 
and perhaps with some of the Californian species (Jaume St. Hi- 


laire, Flore et Pomone, vi. t. 525. — Rev. Hort. 1875, 30). 


CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES. 


Branchlets conspicuously angled ; leaves slightly pubescent on the lower surface 
Branchlets slightly angled ; leaves densely tomentose on the lower surface . . . . 


1. C. THYRSIFLORUS. 
2. C. VELUTINUS, var. ARBOREUS. 


RHAMNACER, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 43 


CEANOTHUS THYRSIFLORUS. 


Blue Myrtle. California Lilac. 


BRANCHLETS conspicuously angled. Inflorescence compound on leafy branches. 
Leaves alternate, prominently 3-ribbed, minutely glandular-serrate. 


Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Eschscholtz, Wem. Acad. Sci. St. Rep. iv. 74; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 45; Bot. Wilkes 
Pétersbourg, x. 285. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 125.— Explor. Exped. 263. — Newberry, Pacific Rh. Rh. Rep. vi. 
Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 37. — Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Voy. 69. — Cooper, Pacific R. R. Rep. xii. 57. — Koch, Dendr. 
Beechey, 136, 328. —Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 266. — i. 621. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 334. — Brewer & 
Dietrich, Syn. i. 813.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 540. — Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 102. —Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 
Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxx. t. 38. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 44, t. 10th Census U. S. ix. 41.— Parry, Proc. Davenport 
57. — Bentham, Bot. Voy. Sulphur, 10; Pl. Hartweg. Acad. v. 170. — Trelease, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, 108. 


302. — Ann. Gand. iii. 11, t. 107. — Torrey, Pacific R. R. 


A small tree, rising sometimes to the height of thirty-five feet, with a trunk twelve or fourteen inches 
in diameter, dividing, five or six feet from the ground, into many wide-spreading slender branches ; 
or more often a tall or low shrub. The bark of the trunk is thin with a bright red-brown surface 
separating into thin narrow appressed scales. The branchlets are conspicuously angled, pale yellow- 
green, and slightly pubescent when they first appear, but soon become glabrous. The leaves are 
persistent, oblong or oblong-ovate, smooth and lustrous on the upper surface, and paler and slightly 
pubescent beneath, especially along the principal veins; they are an inch or an inch and a half long 
and half an inch to an inch broad, with prominent orange-colored veins, and are borne on stout peti- 
oles from a third to half an inch in length. The stipules are membranaceous, acute, and early decid- 
uous. The fragrant blue or white flowers appear in early spring, and are arranged in small pedunculate 
corymbs produced from the axils of minute deciduous bracts and collected into slender rather loose 
thyrsoid clusters two or three inches long, terminating long leafy pedunculate branchlets of the year ; 
these spring from the axils of upper leaves or of small scarious bracts, and are usually surmounted by 
the terminal leafy shoot of the branch. The fruit, which ripens from July to September, is black at 
maturity and is not crested. The seed is a line long, with a smooth dark brown or black coat. 

Ceanothus thyrsiflorus belongs to the mountainous region of western California, where it is widely 
distributed through the coast ranges from Mendocino County in the north to the valley of the San Luis 
Rey River. It is usually found on shady hillsides growing on the borders of the forest, often in the 
neighborhood of streams. It attains its greatest size’ on the hills overlooking the swamps of the Noyo 
River in Mendocino County, where it is associated with the Redwood, the Douglas Fir, the Buckthorn, 
and various Willows and Oaks ; and in the Redwood forests of the Santa Cruz Mountains. Towards 
the southern limit of its range it is reduced to a low shrub,” often flowering and ripening its fruit on 
the wind-swept shores of the ocean when only a foot or two high. 

The wood of Ceanothus thyrsiflorus is close-grained and rather soft, with obscure medullary rays. 
It is ight brown, with thin darker colored sapwood, and when absolutely dry has a specific gravity of 
0.5750, a cubic foot weighing 35.83 pounds. 

Ceanothus thyrsiflorus was discovered in 1816 by Eschscholtz, and was introduced into English 


1 As noticed by T. S. Brandegee. thus in the field, reached the conclusion (Proc. Davenport Acad. 

2 Ceanothus thyrsiflorus shows a tendency to cross with other v. 170) that C. Lobbianus (Hooker, Bot. Mag. t. 4810) and C. 
species and produce natural hybrids. Several of these have been  Veitchianus (Hooker, Bot. Mag. t. 5127) are hybrids of this spe- 
noticed ; and Dr. Parry, who long studied the Californian Ceano- cies. 


44 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


RHAMNACE. 


gardens in 1837 by Richard Brinsley Hinds,’ who sent seeds to the Horticultural Society of London. 
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, like the other Californian species, is not hardy in the eastern states; and in 
Kurope it is now rarely cultivated, having been replaced by garden varieties and hybrids with more 


showy flowers. 


1 Richard Brinsley Hinds ; a surgeon in the British navy, is best 
known from his association with the voyage of discovery of the 
Sulphur under command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher. The 
Sulphur was in the Bay of San Francisco in the autumn of 1837, 


and two years later visited San Diego. The botanical discoveries 


of the voyage were published by Dr. Hinds and Mr. Bentham 
in 1844 in a work entitled The Botany of the Voyage of H. M.S. 
Sulphur. Hindsia, a genus of Brazilian plants established by 


Bentham, recalls his name to botanists. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 


Puate LXIV. CEANOTHUS THYRSIFLORUS. 


WHARDAP HOD 


ee 
rPonDH oS 


. A fruit, enlarged. 


. A flowering branch, natural size. 

. Diagram of a flower. 

A flower, enlarged. 

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. 
. A stamen, enlarged. 

An ovule, much magnified. 

. A fruiting branch, natural size. 


. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 

. A fruit, the nutlets detached, enlarged. 
. A nutlet, enlarged. 

. Vertical section of a nutlet, enlarged. 

. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 
An embryo, much magnified. 


Silva of North America. - | Tab. LAIV 


Voge Py Tey 
} 0% 
ra is 


~ 
a 


y 
ye, 


ro tae gd 
o~ OH)! 
BRO D 


y~< 


CEANOTHUS THYRSIFLORUS, Eschsch. 


A. Procrceux direx® imple Teneur. Farris. 


RHAMNACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 45 


CEANOTHUS VELUTINUS, var. ARBOREUS. 


BrancueEs slightly angled. Inflorescence compound on more or less leafy branches. 
Leaves alternate, glandular-crenate, densely tomentose on the lower surface. 


Ceanothus velutinus, var. arboreus, Sargent, Garden CC. arboreus, Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. ii. 144.— Trelease, 


and Forest, ii. 364. Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, i. 110.— Brandegee, Proc. Cal. 
C. sorediatus, Lyon, Bot. Gazette, xi. 204, 333 (not Hooker Acad. ser. 2, i. 208. — Parry, Proc. Davenport Acad. 
& Arnott). v. 169. 


A small round-headed tree, twenty to twenty-five feet high, with a straight trunk six to ten inches 
in diameter, dividing, four or five feet from the ground, into many stout spreading branches; or often a 
shrub. The bark of the trunk is dark brown, an eighth of an inch thick, and broken into small square 
plates which separate into thickish scales. The branchlets when they first appear are slightly angled, 
pale brown, and covered with short dense tomentum. In their second season they are terete, nearly 
glabrous, roughened with scattered lenticular excrescences, and marked with large elevated leaf-scars. 
The leaves are broadly ovate or elliptical, acute, conspicuously glandular-crenate, dark green and softly 
puberulent on the upper surface, and pale and densely tomentose on the lower; they are two and a half 
to four inches long and an inch to two and a half inches broad, with prominent veins, and are borne on 
stout pubescent petioles half an inch to nearly an inch in length. The stipules are subulate from a 
broad triangular base, a quarter of an inch long, and early deciduous. The pale blue flowers, which 
open in July and August, are borne on slender hairy pedicels half an inch to an inch in length, 
produced from the axils of large scarious caducous bracts; they are arranged in ample compound 
densely hoary-pubescent thyrsoidal clusters three or four inches long and one and a half to two inches 
broad, on lateral leafy or naked axillary peduncles which appear at the extremities of young branches. 
The fruit is a quarter of an inch across and black at maturity. 

Ceanothus velutinus, var. arboreus, inhabits Santa Catalina, Santa Cruz, and Santa Rosa in the 
Santa Barbara group of islands off the coast of California. It reaches its best development on the 
northern slopes of Santa Cruz, where it is abundant at the highest elevation. On the other islands it is 
usually a bush branching from the ground with many slender stems. The insular plant appears to pass 
into C. velutinus? of the mainland, a species widely distributed from northern California to the Colum- 
bia River, and in the region east of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, differmg from it in habit, in its 
pubescent shoots, in the more constant pubescence of the leaves, in its long slender pedicels, and in the 
color of its flowers. 

The wood of Ceanothus velutinus, var. arboreus, is heavy, hard, and close-grained, with thin very 
obscure medullary rays. The layers of annual growth are clearly marked with broad bands of minute 
open ducts, having irregular groups of ducts between them. Its color is hght reddish brown, while the 
sapwood, composed of seven or eight layers of annual growth, is nearly white. The specific gravity of 
the absolutely dry wood is 0.7781, a cubic foot weighing 48.49 pounds.’ 

This handsome tree was discovered in 1835 on Santa Catalina by Thomas Nuttall.’ 


1 Ceanothus velutinus, Douglas ; Hooker, Fl. Bor-Am. i. 125, t. 102. — Trelease, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, i. 110.— Parry, Proc. 
45; Bot. Mag. t. 5165. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 265, 686.— Davenport Acad. v. 169. 
Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 334.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 2 Garden and Forest, iii. 332. 
3 Trelease, /. c. 115. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 


Pirate LXV. CEANOTHUS VELUTINUS, var. ARBOREUS. 


AMP wd 


. A flowering branch, natural size. 
. A flower, enlarged. 
- Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. 


A fruiting branch, natural size. 


. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 


A seed, enlarged. 


. An embryo, much magnified. 


Silva of North America. Tab LXV 


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CEANOTHUS VELUTINUS, Ver. ARBOREUS. Sardt. 


A. Riocreux direr! ° imp R.Taneur.Paris . 


RHAMNACE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 47 


COLUBRINA. 


FLowErs perfect; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes valvate in estivation; petals 5, inserted 
under the margin of the disk; ovary surrounded by and confluent with the disk, 
3-celled. Fruit drupaceous, 3-lobed, 3-coccous. 


Colubrina, Brongniart, Mém. Rhamnées, 61; Ann. Sci. Ceanothus, Linneus, Act. Ups. i. 77; Gen. ed. 4, 414 (in 


Nat. x. 368.—Endlicher, Gen. 1098. — Meisner, Gen. part). — A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 380 (in part). 
70. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 379.—Baillon, Hist. Paliurus, Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 304 (in part). 
Pl. vi. 77. Marcorella, Rafinesque, Sylva Tellur. 31. 


Diplisca, Rafinesque, Sylva Tellur. 31. 


Trees or shrubs, with terete, glabrous or pubescent, sometimes sarmentose branches. Leaves alter- 
nate, petioled, oblong-cordate or lanceolate, entire or crenate, pinnately veined or triple-vemed from the 
base, often ferrugineo-tomentose on the lower surface ; stipules minute, deciduous. Flowers axillary in 
contracted few-flowered cymes or fascicles, yellow or greenish yellow. Calyx-tube hemispherical, per- 
sistent, the lobes spreading, triangular-ovate, conspicuously keeled on the inner surface, deciduous by a 
circumscissile line. Disk fleshy, filimg the tube of the calyx, annular, five-angled or indistinctly five 
or ten-lobed. Petals alternate with and shorter than the lobes of the calyx, cucullate, unguiculate, 
enfolding the stamens. Stamens five, opposite to and inserted with the petals; filaments slender, 
incurved ; anthers ovate, introrse, two-celled, the contiguous cells opening longitudinally. Ovary sub- 
globose, immersed in the disk, contracted into a slender three-lobed style, the obtuse lobes stigmatic 
on their inner face; ovules solitary, erect from the base of the cell, anatropous; the raphe ventral ; 
the micropyle inferior. Fruit subglobose, supported on the adnate base of the persistent calyx-tube ; 
epicarp dry and thin or fleshy, septicidally dehiscent into three membranaceous crustaceous or cartilagi- 
nous cocci opening longitudinally, or two-valved at the apex. Seed erect, broadly obovoid, compressed, 
three-angled ; testa coriaceous, smooth, and shining; albumen thick and fleshy. Embryo axile; cotyle- 
dons orbicular, flat or incurved, thin or fleshy ; radicle short, inferior, next the hilum. 

The genus Colubrina belongs principally to the warmer and tropical parts of America, although 
one species’ is widely distributed in the tropics of the Old World, and two others are found im India.’ 
About a dozen species spread in America from western Texas, where two shrubby forms® occur, 
through Mexico‘ to Brazil,? and through the West India Islands® to the shores of southern Florida, 
which are reached by the arborescent C. reclinata and the shrubby C. colubrina.” 

Colubrina has few properties useful to man. The wood of several of the species is hard, heavy, 
and strong, and the bark and leaves are bitter and astringent. C. Fermentum, a native of Guiana, is 
said to owe its name to the fact that the bark is used to ferment the juice of the Sugar-cane.* Accord- 


1 Colubrina Asiatica, Brongniart, Ann. Sci. Nat. x. 369.— Wight C. Greggii, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 336. 
& Arnott, Prodr. 166.— Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeylan. 75. — Gray, 4 Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 200.— Watson, Proc. Am. 
Bot. N. Pacific Explor. Exped. i. 277. — Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. i. Acad. xxiv. 44. 


383. — Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. i. 648.— Seemann, FV. Vit. 42.— § Reissek, Martius Fl. Brasil. xi., i. 98, t. 23, t. 25, f. 2, 3. 
Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 642.— Bentham, Fi. Austral. i. 413. — 6 Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 100; Cat. Pl. Cub. 3A. 
Hillebrand, Fl. Haw. Is. 80. 7 Rhamnus colubrina, Linneus, Spec. ed. 2, 280. 

Ceanothus Asiaticus, Linnzus, Spec. 196. Ceanothus colubrinus, Lamarck, Jil. ii. 90. 

@ Hooker #. 1c. Colubrina ferruginosa, Brongniart, Mem. Rhamnées, 62, t. 4, f. 


8 C. Texensis, Gray, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vi. 169 (Pl. Lind- 3.—Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 100. — Trelease, 1. c. 369. 
heim. ii.).— Walpers, Ann. ii. 268. — Trelease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. C. Americana, Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 47, t. 58. — Chapman, Fi. 74. 
vz. 368 8 Endlicher, Enchirid. 583. 


48 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. RHAMNACE. 


ing to Seemann,! the natives of the Feejee Islands use the powdered bark and leaves of C. Asiatica to 
clean the hair and to destroy vermin. 

The name Colubrina, from coluber, a serpent, was first used by Linneus as the specific name of 
the West Indian and Floridian plant, afterwards made the type of the genus. It probably was given to 
it on account of the peculiar twisting of the deep furrows of the stem which produces in some of the 
species an effect resembling that of a mass of intertwined serpents. 


1 Fl. Vit. 42. 


RHAMNACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 49 


COLUBRINA RECLINATA. 


Naked Wood. 


INFLORESCENCE pedunculate. Fruit dry; nutlets crustaceous, 2-valved at the 
apex ; cotyledons flat and fleshy. Leaves persistent, glabrate at maturity. 


Colubrina reclinata, Brongniart, Ann. Sci. Nat. x. 364.— Ceanothus reclinatus, L’Héritier, Sert. Ang. 4. — De Can- 
Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 836. — Richard, Fl. Cub. ii. 147.— dolle, Prodr. ii. 31. — Macfadyen, Fl. Jam. 211. 
Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 101; Cat. Pi. Cub. 34. BRhamnus elliptica, Swartz, Prodr. 50; Fl. Ind. Oce. i. 
Eggers, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 18, 40.— Sargent, 497. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. i. 265. — Willdenow, Spec. i. 
Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 41. — Tre- 1098. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. v. 288. 
lease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 368. Zizyphus Domingensis, Nouveau Duhamel, iii. 56. 


Diplisca elliptica, Rafinesque, Sylva Tellur. 31. 


A tree, growing in Florida to the height of fifty or sixty feet, with a stout trunk three or four feet 
in diameter, divided, when fully grown, by many irregular deep furrows multiplying and spreading in all 
directions. The bark is thin and orange-brown, exfoliating with large papery scales... The branchlets 
when they first appear are slightly angled, puberulent, and reddish brown, but soon become glabrate, and 
in the second season are nearly terete, with gray or light brown bark marked with numerous small light- 
colored lenticels. The leaves are elliptical, ovate or lanceolate, usually contracted at the apex into a 
blunt point, entire, and furnished with two conspicuous marginal glands on the wedge-shaped or some- 
times somewhat rounded base. When they first unfold they are glabrous or faintly puberulent on the 
lower surface along the principal veins, and are then thin and membranaceous; they become subcoria- 
ceous before reaching maturity, and are two and a half to three inches long, an inch and a half to 
nearly two inches broad, with slender petioles half an inch long and rather stout midribs grooved on 
the upper surface, and arcuate primary veins. In Florida they appear in early summer, and are then 
light green on the upper and pale on the lower surface, becoming yellow-green at maturity and remain- 
ing on the branches until their second year. The clusters of flowers, which are rather shorter than the 
petioles, appear on the shoots of the year; they are at first pubescent but soon become glabrate. The 
fruit, which ripens late in the autumn, is a quarter of an inch across and dark orange-red, and is borne 
on pedicels half an inch in length, or often a little longer. 

Colubrina reclinata is confined in Florida to Umbrella Key, to the north end of Key Largo, and 
to a few of the small islands south of Elhott’s Key. It inhabits Jamaica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Cuba, 
Hayti, Ste. Croix, and the Virgin and Bahama groups. In Florida it attains its greatest size on 
Umbrella Key, where it forms a forest of considerable extent. 

The wood of Colubrina reclinata is heavy, hard, and very strong, although ultimately brittle, with 
a satiny surface susceptible of receiving a good polish. It contains many small open ducts and numer- 
ous thin medullary rays, and is dark brown tinged with yellow, the thin sapwood, consisting of eight 
or ten layers of annual growth, being light yellow. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 
0.8208, a cubic foot weighing 51.15 pounds. According to Baron Eggers,” the leaves of this tree are 
sometimes used in Ste. Croix and the Virgin Islands in the preparation of a stomachic beverage. 

The earliest description of Colubrina reclinata, and the only figure of it which has been pub- 


1 On the side of the deep furrows where the bark does not scale 2 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 13, 40. 
off, the edges of forty or fifty of the layers of papery bark can 


sometimes be counted. 


50 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


lished, appears in Patrick Browne’s Natural History of Jamaica} 


1881 by Mr. A. H. Curtiss.” 


RHAMNACEL. 


It was first detected in Florida in 


Colubrina reclinata, according to Aiton,’ was cultivated in the Chelsea Botanic Garden in 1758 


by Philip Miller.’ 


1 Rhamnus arborescens minor foliis ovatis venosis, pedunculis um- 
bellulatis alarihus, fructibus sphericis, 172, t. 29, f. 2. 

2 Allen Hiram Curtiss, a native of Central Square, Oswego 
County, New York, was born in 1845, and moved to Virginia in 
1862 and to Florida in 1875. 
uable botanical collections in southern Virginia and in Florida, 


Mr. Curtiss has made large and val- 


especially in the extreme southern part of the State, which he has 


visited several times as an agent of the United States government 
and of the American Museum of Natural History, and in which 
he has found many plants, including a number of tropical trees, 
not known in the territory of the United States before his time. 
His sets of dried plants are found in the principal herbaria of the 
United States and of Europe. 


3 Hort. Kew. i. 265. 4 See i. 38. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 


Piate LXVI. CoLuBRINA RECLINATA. 


HCWoMONA TP WH 


—_ 
eS 


. A nutlet, enlarged. 
. A seed, enlarged. 


. A flowering branch, natural size. 

. Diagram of a flower. 

A flower, enlarged. 

. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. 
An ovule, much magnified. 

. A fruiting branch, natural size. 

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 

. A fruit, cut transversely. 


. An embryo, much magnified. 


Silva of North America. Tab. LXVI 


LE. Farven det. Freart a SC 


COLUBRINA RECLINATA, Brong. 


A. Riocreux direr & imp. P. Taneur. Turis 


SAPINDACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ol 


ASCULUS. 


FLowERS polygamo-monecious; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation, 
unequal; petals 4 or 5, imbricated in estivation, unequal, hypogynous, inappendicu- 
late; ovary sessile, 3-celled; ovules 2, heterotropous. Fruit a coriaceous capsule, 
3-celled and loculicidally 3-valved, the cells by abortion 1-seeded. Leaves opposite, 
digitate, destitute of stipules. 


4Hsculus, Linneus, Gen. 109. — A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. Macrothyrsus, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 61. 


251. — Endlicher, Gen. 1075. — Meisner, Gen. 51.— Calothyrsus, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 62. 
Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 205.— Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i.  Billia, Peyritsch, Bot. Zeit. xvi. 153. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. 
398. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. v. 424. vy. 424. 

Hippocastanum, Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 383. Putzeysia, Planchon & Linden, Cat. 1857. 


Pavia, Poiret, Lam. Dict. v. 93. 


Trees or shrubs, with stout terete branchlets conspicuously marked with triangular leaf-scars, 
fetid bark, thick fleshy roots, and large scaly winter-buds, the outer scales sometimes coated with resin, 
the inner bract-like, accrescent with the young shoots, and often brightly colored. Leaves opposite, 
digitately compound, deciduous ; leaflets five to nine, rarely three (Billia), lanceolate or ovate, serrate, 
pinnately veined. Flowers showy, white, red, or pale yellow, racemose or nearly unilateral on the 
branches of large terminal thyrsi or panicles appearing later than the leaves, only those near the base of 
the branches of the inflorescence perfect and fertile. Pedicels from the axils of minute caducous bracts, 
jointed. Calyx campanulate or tubular, mostly oblique or posteriorly gibbous at the base. Disk 
hypogynous, annular, depressed, lobed, more or less gibbous posteriorly. Petals alternate with the 
lobes of the calyx, deciduous, the anterior one often abortive, unguiculate, the margins of the claw com- 
monly involute. Stamens six to eight, rarely five, generally seven, inserted on the disk, free, unequal ; 
filaments filiform; anthers elliptical, glandular-apiculate, attached on the back below the middle, 
introrse, two-celled, the contiguous cells opening longitudinally. Ovary sessile, oblong or lanceolate, 
three-celled, echinate or glabrous; rudimentary in the sterile flower; style slender, elongated, generally 
more or less curved ; stigma terminal, entire, mostly acute ; ovules two in each cell, borne on the middle 
of its inner angle, amphitropous, the upper ascending, the micropyle inferior; the lower pendulous, the 
micropyle superior. Fruit echinate, roughened, or smooth, three-celled, the cells one-seeded by abortion, 
or often by suppression one or two-celled and then one or two-seeded, the remnants of the abortive cells 
and seeds commonly visible at its maturity. Seeds destitute of albumen, round when only one is devel- 
oped, or, when more than one, flattened by mutual pressure ; testa coriaceous, chestnut-brown, smooth 
and shining, with a broad opaque light-colored hilum. Embryo fillmg the seed ; cotyledons very thick 
and fleshy, often conferruminate, unequal, incurved on the short conical radicle, and remaining under- 
ground in germination ; plumule conspicuously two-leaved.' 


1 The genus .Esculus is divided into two sections : — veins of the leaflets straight and less remote than in Hippocasta- 
Hrppocasranum. Petals 5. Fruit echinate with thick valves. num. 
Primary veins of the leaflets slightly arcuate, remote. The North American sculus glabra has the flowers of Pavia 
Pavia. Petals 4. Fruit smooth with thin valves. Primary with rather thin-valved fruit which, at least when young, is echi- 
nate, and the venation of Hippocastanum. 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


SAPINDACELE. 


52 


The genus Aisculus is represented in the floras of the three continents of the northern hemisphere. 
Thirteen species are distinguished, eight of which are American. The type of the genus, sculus 
Hippocastanum,: is indigenous in the mountains of Greece. One species* occurs in the forests of the 
western Himalayas at elevations of from four to ten thousand feet above the sea-level ; and another? in 
the tropical forests of the Sikkim Himalayas, of the Khasia hills, and of Assam and Burmah. _#sculus 
Chinensis* is widely distributed in northern China, and @sculus turbinata® im central China and in 
Japan. With the exception of dsculus Pavia’ and #sculus parviflora’ of the southern United 
States, Hsculus Parryi® of Lower California, and two little known species with trifoliate leaves, one® 
of which inhabits southern Mexico, and the other’? New Granada and Venezuela, all the Horse-chest- 
nuts are arborescent, some of them growing to a large size. 

Aésculus has few useful properties. The wood of all the species is soft, straight-grained, light- 
colored, and easily worked, and, although it decays rapidly when exposed to the action of the weather, is 
employed in the manufacture of many small articles, and, in the United States, in paper-making. The 
bark is bitter and astringent; that of sculus Hippocastanum has been used in tanning, as a substi- 
tute for cinchona in the treatment of fevers," and in homeopathic remedies.” The roots contain a 
mucilaginous saponiferous matter, and it is said that those of @sculus Pavia are used in Carolina as a 
substitute for soap.“ The roots and the bruised branches of this and of some of the other American 
species emit a disagreeable odor, and their narcotic properties have caused them to be used to in- 
toxicate fish.“ The large farinaceous seeds of Aisculus contain a bitter principle, Esculine, which 


deprives them of value as food for man,” although they are sometimes fed to sheep, goats, and swine. 


1 Linneus, Spec. 344.— De Candolle, Prodr. i. 597. 

Although the Horse-chestnut has been cultivated in the gardens 
of Europe for more than three centuries, its native country was 
Different authors have believed it to be a native of 
Sibthorp noticed 
it on the mountains of northern Greece (Nyman, Conspect. Fl. 


long unknown. 
the Caucasus, of northern India, and of Thibet. 


Europ. 136), but it is only in recent years that Orphanides has 
established the fact that it is indigenous in the forests which cover 
these mountains. (Grisebach, Vegetation der Erde, French ed. i. 
521, note.) 

2 #sculus Indica, Colebrooke, Wallich Cat. No. 1188. — Brandis, 
Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 103, t. 19.— Hooker f. Fil. Brit. Ind. i. 675. 

Pavia Indica, Cambessedes ; Jacquemont Voyage, iv. 31, t. 35. 

The Horse-chestnut of northern India, a fine tree which grows to 
the height of sixty or seventy feet with a stout trunk three or four 
feet in diameter, is found in considerable numbers in moist shady 
valleys, which it enlivens in April and May with large panicles of 
showy flowers. It was introduced as early as 1850 into English 
gardens, where for many years it flowered freely. It is, however, 
still little known in cultivation. (Bot. Afag. t. 5117.) 

3 #sculus Punduana, Wallich, Cat. No. 1189. — Hooker f. I. ¢. 

42. Asamica, Griffith, Journals, i. 122. 

4 Bunge, Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor. 10.— Hance, Jour. Bot. 1870, 
312. — Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 139. 

5 Blume, Rumphia, ii. 195. — Debeaux, Fl. Shangh. 22. — Gray, 
Mem. Am. Acad. u. ser. vi. 384. — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. 
Jap. i. 86. — Forbes & Hemsley, 1. c. 

E. Pavia, Thunberg, Fil. Jap. 154 (not Linneus). 

LL. dissimilis, Rumphia, ii. 195. — Miquel, Prol. Fl. Jap. 257. — 
Franchet & Savatier, J. c. 

Esculus turbinata is now occasionally cultivated in the gardens 
of the United States and Europe, where it makes a handsome round- 
headed hardy tree. (André, Itev. Hort. 1888, 496, f. 120-124.) 

6 Linneus, Spec. 344.— Watson, Dendr. Brit. ii. t. 120. — 


Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Adbbild. Holz. 24, t. 21.— Lindley, Bot. 
Reg. t. 993. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 116. 

Pavia rubra, Lamarck, JI. 11. 407, t. 273. 

7 Walter, Fl. Car. 128.— Chapman, Fl. 79. 

4E. macrostachya, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 220.— Bot. Mag. t. 
2118. 

8 Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 200. — Sargent, Garden and Forest, 
iii. 356, f. 47. 

9 #sculus Mexicana, Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 398. — Hems- 
ley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 212. 

Billia Hippocastanum, Peyritsch, Bot. Zeit. xvi. 153. — Walpers, 
Ann. vii. 624. 

Putzeysia rosea, Planchon & Linden, Cat. 1857. 

10 sculus Columbiana, Bentham & Hooker, l. c. 

Billia Columbiana, Planchon & Linden, l. c. — Triana & Plan- 
chon, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 4, xviii. 367.— Walpers, Ann. l. c. 

11 Zannichelli, Lettera intorno alla Facolta dell’ Ippocastano. — 
Peipers, Diss. de cortice Hippoc.—Turra, Della febrifuga Facolta 
dell’ Ippocastano. — Woodville, Med. Bot. ii. 349, t. 128.— U. S. 
Dispens. ed. 14, 1565. — Stillé & Maisch, Nat. Dispens. ed. 2, 712. 

The oil of the Horse-chestnut has also been used as a lotion in 
eases of chronic gout and rheumatism, and a decoction of the leaves 
was once a popular remedy in the United States for whooping- 
cough. A seed of the Horse-chestnut carried on the person is still 
believed by many people in the United States to be a certain pre- 
ventive of rheumatism. 

12 Millspaugh, Am. Med. Pl. in Homeopathic Remedies, i. 43, t. 43. 

18 Gray, Gen. Til. ii. 207. 

14 Gray, l. c. 

16 The bitter properties contained in the cotyledons of Msculus 
can be removed by repeated washings in pure water, and, were it 
not for the cost of the operation, they could be made in this way 
valuable as food for man. (See Mémoire sur les Marrons d’Inde by 
A. Baume, published in Paris in 1797.) 


SAPINDACE, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 53 


Flour made from the seeds has been used as a cosmetic,! and is said to make the best starch ;? and it 
has been stated that paste made from this flour is superior to any other on account of its greater 
tenacity and because it is repellent to moths and other insects,’ a quality which recommends it to book- 
The seeds of sculus Chinensis are said by Smith* to be sweet, and to be thought useful 
In northern India the 


binders. 
by the Chinese in the treatment of limbs contracted by palsy or rheumatism. 
leaves and branches are cut in large quantities for the winter fodder of cattle.5 The Japanese employ 
the bark of Asculus turbinata in connection with ferrous acetate and sulphates to produce a black 
dye.® 

Aisculus Hip- 
pocastanum has been a favorite in gardens and parks" since its introduction into Europe in the middle 
A number of varieties with differently divided or blotched leaves, or with 


AKsculus includes some of the most ornamental trees of the north temperate zone. 


of the sixteenth century.® 
more or less double flowers, have been developed in cultivation,’ but none of them equal the normal 


form in beauty. 
lovers of beautiful trees. 


Asculus rubicunda,” a probable hybrid with bright red flowers, is valued by the 


The American species are all handsome plants in cultivation. 


All species of Aisculus thrive in rich rather humid soil, and display their greatest beauty only in 


regions of abundant and well distributed rainfall. 


They can easily be raised from seed, which, how- 


ever, soon loses its vitality ; and the varieties may be perpetuated by grafting. 
Although the Horse-chestnuts are sometimes disfigured and injured by insects,” they are not 


1 Baillon, Hist. Pl. v. 388. 

2 Parmentier, Recherches sur les végétaux nourrissants, 176, 218. 

3 Griffith, Med. Bot. 214. 

4 Contrib. Mat. Med. China, 5. 

6 Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 104. 

6 Rein, Japan nach Reisen und Studien im Auftrage der Kénig- 
lich Preussischen Regierung dargestelit, ii. 211. 

7 The symmetrical habit of the Horse-chestnut and its dense 
heavy head of foliage adapt it rather to formal gardens and ave- 
nues than to more picturesque landscape-plantations. 

8 The Horse-chestnut was first made known in Europe by Qua- 
kelbeen, a Flemish physician attached to the person of the famous 
traveler Busbeck, ambassador of the Archduke Ferdinand I. at the 
court of Solyman II., who, in 1557, sent a branch and fruit from 
Constantinople to Matthiolus, the commentator of Dioscorides (Lib. 
i. 184, f. ed. 1674. — Sprengel, Hist. Ret Herb. i. 340). The seed 
was sent to Clusius in Vienna in 1576 from Constantinople, where 
it is possible the Horse-chestnut was already in cultivation, by the 
Baron David von Ungnad, ambassador of the Emperor Rudolph II. 
to the Ottoman Porte. 
ne to the seeds, which he says were so called in Constantinople 


Matthiolus gave the name of Castanee equt- 


because they were given’ to horses as a remedy for broken wind. 
He described the leaves and fruit in a letter to Aldrovandus (Epvst. 
Lib. iii. 125, ed. 1674). Clusius described the tree as Castanea 
equina in 1583 (Rar. Stirp. Pannon. 3, 5), from a specimen which 
was growing in Vienna in 1581. Gerard speaks of the Horse- 
chestnut in his Herbal as a rare tree in England in 1579. It was 
first planted in France in 1615 by a Monsieur Bachelier, whose 
garden in Paris was famous at that time (Loudon, Ard. Brit. i. 
464). The Horse-chestnut was brought to the United States in the 
last century. John Bartram, writing to Peter Collinson in April, 
1746, acknowledges the receipt of the seeds, of which he had hopes, 
as “some seemed to be pretty sound.” (Darlington, Memorials of 
Bartram and Marshall, 175.) 

9 Loudon, Arb. Brit. i. 463.— Koch, Hort. Dendr. 59. 

10 Loiseleur ; De Candolle, Pl. Rar. Genev. t. 24; Herb. Amat. t. 
364. — De Candolle, Prodr. i. 597. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. i. 467. — 
Fi. des Serres, xxi. 129, t. 2229. — Rev. Hort. 1878, 370, t. 


The history of this plant has never been satisfactorily determined. 
Even the date of its appearance is unknown, although it seems to 
have existed in France as early as 1812, and in England as early as 
1820. The belief that it is a garden hybrid between sculus Hip- 
pocastanum and isculus Pavia of the southern United States is 
supported by the fact that it resembles the former in its dark green 
leaves with remote veins and in its echinate fruit, while the flowers 
have the four red petals of the latter. In stature it is intermediate 
between the two. 

According to Koch (Verhandl. Ver. Beford. Gart.in den Konig. 
Preuss. Staat. 1855), some of the seedlings of this plant do not dif- 
fer from the true Horse-chestnut, while others produce smooth 
fruit. 

Koch (Hort. Dendr. 59) refers to Asculus rubicunda as syno- 
nyms the following: — 

Esculus carnea, Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abbild. Holz. 25, t. 
22.— Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 43.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. t. 1056. — Wat- 
son, Dendr. Brit. ii. t. 121.— Don, Gen. Syst. i. 652. — Torrey & 
Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 253. 

Pavia carnea, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 53; Hist. Veg. iii. 
22. — Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 301. 

Esculus Watsoniana (Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1225.—Pavia Watsoniana, 
Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 53) is probably another hybrid of the 
same parentage, or a variety of Z. rubicunda, from which it differs 
principally in having darker colored flowers with shorter stamens. 

11 Among insects known as peculiar or specially partial to these 
trees, a leaf-miner (Lithocolletis guttifinitella, var. esculisella, Cham- 
bers, Canadian Entomologist, iii. 111) is recorded as abundant in 
Kentucky, mining the upper surface of the leaves of £sculus gla- 
bra. The larva of a small moth (Proteoteras esculana) bores into 
the tender terminal branchlets of this tree in Missouri (Riley, 
Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv. 321) ; and its leaf-stalks, buds, and flow- 
ers are sometimes destroyed by the larve of Steganoptycha claypo- 
leana, Riley (Papilio, iii. 191 ; Am. Nat. xv. 1009; xvi. 913). 

The number of insects which are known to attack the Horse- 
chestnut in Europe is not large. It is worthy of note that two of 
the most troublesome have recently been introduced into America 


and threaten to become dangerous pests here. These are the wood- 


54 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


attacked by many species. 


SAPINDACELE. 


When they are planted in the streets of cities or in other unfavorable situa- 


tions and weakened by drought and insufficient nourishment, fungal diseases’ seriously affect them, 


often stripping them of their leaves by midsummer. 


The generic name Aisculus? was derived from the classical name of an Oak, or other mast-bearing 


tree. 


It was first used by Linneus, who discarded the earlier and better name of Tournefort,’ Hippo- 


castanum or Horse-chestnut, which indicates the resemblance of the large seeds to those of the Chestnut- 


tree, and their use by the Turks. 


boring Zeuzera pyrina, F. (Garden and Forest, iii. 30), and the de- 
structive Gypsy moth (Ocneria dispar, L., see Special Bulletin Lass. 
Agric. Col. Nov. 1889). 

1 A serious disease now common and widely spread through the 
northern United States is due to Phyllosticta spheropsoidea, E. & E. 
(Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, x. 97). 
summer, attacking the leaves of sculus Hippocastanum, E. gla- 


It makes its appearance in early 


bra, and other species cultivated as ornamental and shade trees, 
and becomes more marked as the season advances. It appears at 
first in early summer in the form of yellow discolorations with a 
rather reddish margin. Later the patches become quite brown, 
giving the leaves the appearance of having been scorched by fire, 


sometimes extending from the midrib to the margin of the leaflets, 


and not infrequently covering the portions between the lateral veins 
without passing across them. The fruit dots are black and scat- 
tered. A mildew, Uncinula flexuosa, is developed on the different 
species of Aisculus, and in the western states a rust fungus, cid- 
tum esculi, E. & K. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xi. 114), disfigures 
the leaves of sculus glabra. 

2 The name was written Esculus by Linneus in the Hortus Clif- 
fortianus and in the first edition of the Genera Plantarum, but was 
afterwards changed by him to sculus, to conform with the clas- 
sical spelling of the word. Esculus seems to have been first used 
in modern times by Caspar Bauhin (Pinaz, 420) in connection with 
the Oak-tree, afterwards called Quercus Esculus by Linneus. 

3 Inst. 611, t. 382. 


CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES. 


Winter-buds without resinous coating. 


Petals nearly equal, shorter than the stamens; fruit tuberculate 
Petals unequal, longer than the stamens; fruit glabrous . 


Winter-buds resinous. 


Petals nearly equal, much shorter than the stamens; fruitsmooth. . ..... . 


1. ZE. GLABRA. 
2. JE. OCTANDRA. 


3. A. CALIFORNICA. 


SAPINDACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. oo 


AESCULUS GLABRA. 


Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buckeye. 


PeTas 4, shorter than the stamens. Fruit when young covered with prickles. 
Leaves usually 5-foliolate. 


4#sculus glabra, Willdenow, Hnwm. 405. — Pursh, F?. t. 51.— Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am. 69.— Loudon, Arb. 
Am. Sept. i. 255. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 242. — De Candolle, Brit. i. 468. 
Prodr. i. 597. — Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abbild. Holz. A. echinata, Muehlenberg, Cat. 38. 
28, t. 24. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 44. Sprengel, Syst. ii, Pavia Ohioensis, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 242; N. 


166.— Don, Gen. Syst. i. 652. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. Sylva, ii. 217, t. 92. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iii. 
Am. i. 251.— Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1225. — Walpers, Rep. i. 593. 
424, — Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am. 69.— Gray, Gen. Ill. Ai. Ohioensis, De Candolle, Prodr. i. 597.— Don, Gen. 
ii. 207, t. 176, 177. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. i. 467. — Chap- Syst. i. 652. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. i. 467. — Nuttall, 
man, £1. 79.— Koch, Dendr. i. 508. — Sargent, Forest Sylva, ii. T1. 
Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 42.— Watson & Pavia pallida, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 54; Hist. 
Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 116. Veg. iii. 23. 

4. pallida, Willdenow, Enum. 406. — Nuttall, Gen. i. Pavia glabra, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 54; Hist. 
242. — De Candolle, Prodr. i. 597.— Guimpel, Otto & Veg. iii. 24. 
Hayne, Abdild. Holz. 29, t. 25. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. Ai. muricata, 44. ochroleuca, A&. verrucosa, A&. alba, 
166. — Don, Gen. Syst. i. 652. — Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxiv. Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am. 68, 69. 


? Al. arguta, Buckley, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1860, 443. 


A tree, rising occasionally to the height of seventy feet, usually much smaller, and rarely more than 
thirty feet tall, with a trunk which sometimes, although not often, attains a diameter of two feet, and 
slender spreading branches. The bark of the trunk is three quarters of an inch to an inch thick, ashy 
gray, densely furrowed, and broken into thick plates, the surface separating into many small roughened 
scales; that of the branches and young twigs is dark brown and scaly. The branchlets when they first 
appear are orange-brown and clothed with short fine pubescence ; before the end of the season they 
are glabrous and covered with red-brown bark marked with scattered orange-colored lenticular spots. 
The winter-buds are two thirds of an inch long and acuminate, with thin, nearly triangular scales prom- 
inently keeled on the back, minutely apiculate, and slightly ciliate along the margins. The scales are 
pale brown, and those of the outer ranks are covered, like the winter branches, with a slight glaucous 
bloom. The others are bright red on the outer surface towards the bottom, the inner pair strap-shaped, 
and becoming an inch and a half or two inches long when fully developed ; they are then bright yellow 
and remain on the base of the shoot until the leaves have grown to a third of their size. The leaves 
are composed of five to seven leaflets, and are borne on slender petioles four to six inches in length, 
with enlarged ends often covered above with clusters of dark brown chaff-lke scales surrounding the 
bases of the petiolules; the leaflets are oval, oblong, or obovate, acuminate at the apex, and gradually 
contracted at the other end. They are finely and unequally serrate, and are at first sessile, but become 
slightly petiolate at maturity. Like the petioles, they are covered when they first appear, especially on 
the lower surface, with short soft pubescence; this soon disappears, and at maturity they are glabrous 
with the exception of a few hairs along the under side of the midribs and in the axils of the principal 
veins. They are yellow-green and paler on the lower than on the upper surface, with conspicuous yel- 
low midribs and primary veins. The inflorescence, which appears from April to May, is five or six 
inches in length, two or three inches in breadth, and more or less densely covered with pubescence, the 
short branches being usually four to six-flowered. The pale yellow-green flowers are mostly unilateral, 


56 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPINDACE. 


and trom half an inch to an inch long, or more than twice the length of the pedicels. The petals 
are nearly equal in length and puberulous; the thin limb is about twice the length of the claw; in 
the lateral pair it is broadly ovate or oblong, and in the superior pair oblong-spatulate, much nar- 
rower, and sometimes marked with red stripes. There are usually seven stamens with long exserted 
curved pubescent filaments and orange-colored anthers bearing a few scattered hairs. The ovary is 
pubescent and covered with long slender deciduous prickles with thickened tubercle-like bases, which 
enlarge and roughen the surface of the fruit which is ovate or irregularly obovate, pale brown, and an 
inch to almost two inches long, with thin or sometimes thick valves, and is borne on stout stems half an 
inch to nearly an inch in length. The seed is an inch or an inch and a half broad. 

Aesculus glabra is confined to the valley of the Mississippi River. It is found on the western 
slopes of the Alleghany Mountains from Pennsylvania to northern Alabama, extending west to southern 
Towa, central Kansas, and the Indian Territory. The younger Michaux found the Fetid Buckeye 
growing in large numbers on the banks of the Ohio River between Pittsburgh and Marietta; but it is 
now nowhere abundant, and, although distributed over a wide extent of territory, is the least common of 
the American arborescent Horse-chestnuts. It is always found in rich moist soil in river-bottom lands 
or on the banks of streams. It is most common and reaches its greatest size in the valley of the Ten- 
nessee River in Tennessee and northern Alabama. 

The wood of Zsculus glabra is light, soft, close-grained, but not strong, and is often blemished 
by dark lines of decay. It is nearly white with darker colored thin sapwood, composed of ten or twelve 
layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4542, a cubic foot 
weighing 28.31 pounds. It is not distinguished commercially from the wood of sculus octandra, 
and, like this, is used in the manufacture of artificial limbs, for which the wood of Aisculus is preferred 
to that of all other American trees, wooden ware, wooden hats, and paper pulp. It is also occasionally 
sawed into lumber. 

An extract of the bark of sculus glabra has been found to act as an writant of the cerebro- 
spinal system.’ 

Afsculus glabra was not noticed by the early botanists who explored the valley of the Mississippi 
River, and Muehlenberg’”’ probably first distinguished its specific characters and sent it to the German 
botanist Willdenow, who first described it. 

Aisculus glabra was not introduced into English gardens until 1821.° It is the least desirable of 
It is perfectly hardy in New England, 


the American species as a garden plant, and is rarely cultivated. 
where it forms a small round-headed tree flowering at the end of May and ripening its fruit in October. 


1 Hale, New Remedies, 1877, 19. — Millspaugh, Am. Med. Pl. in 
Homeopathic Remedies, i. 44, t. 44. 

2 Gotthilf Heinrich Muehlenberg (1753-1815) ; a member of a 
distinguished Lutheran family of German origin, was born in New 
Providence, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, and received his 
early education in the common schools of Philadelphia, and after- 
wards at Halle, where he was sent to study literature, the sciences, 
and theology. He returned to America in 1770, and was appointed 
assistant pastor of the Lutheran Church in Philadelphia, and ten 
years later pastor at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, a position which he 


filled assiduously and faithfully during the remainder of his life. 


Muehlenberg was noted for his knowledge of botany, especially of 
the Grasses, and enjoyed the friendship and correspondence of the 
principal American and European botanists of his time. His most 
important works are the Index Flore Lancastriensis, published in 
1793 in the third volume of the Transactions of the American Philo- 
sophical Society ; Catalogus Plantarum Americe Septentrionalis ; and 
Descriptio uberior Graminum. Muehlenbergia, a genus of Grasses 
widely scattered in its many species over the surface of the earth, 
fitly associates his name with the family of plants that he studied 
so successfully. 


3 Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening. 


pt ht 
ee Oo 


OTP Wd 


WCHONATAR WN HE 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


Puate LXVII. AcscuLus GLABRA. 


A flowering branch, natural size. 


. A winter-bud. 


Diagram of a flower. 


. Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged. 
. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged. 


. A lateral petal, enlarged. 


A superior petal, enlarged. 


. A stamen, front and rear view. 
. A pistil, cut transversely, enlarged. 
. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 


. An ovule, much magnified. 


Puate LXVIII. Ascutus GLABRA. 


. A fruiting branch, natural size. 


A half-grown fruit, natural size. 


. A fruit with a portion of two of the valves removed, natural size. 


A seed, natural size. 


. Vertical section of a seed, natural size. 
. An embryo, natural size. 


Silva of North America. 


Tab 


LXVII 


CE Faron det 


A Riocreux dre é 


AASCULUS GLABRA, Willd - 


Lp.F. faneur Faris 


Silva of North America. Tab LAVIT 


Puart fp. SL. 


ASSCULUS GLABRA, Willd. 


A.ftocreux direa” Lope. Taneur Par. 


SAPINDACE. 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 59 


AESCULUS OCTANDRA. 


Sweet Buckeye. 


Peras 4, longer than the stamens, the 2 upper narrower and longer than the 


others. 


4ésculus octandra, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 4. — Sargent, 
Garden and Forest, ii. 364. 

4H. lutea, Wangenheim, Schrift. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, viii. 
133, t. 6.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 219.— Persoon, 
Syn. i. 403. — Koch, Dendr. i. 509. 

4H. flava, Aiton, Hort. Kew. i. 494. — Schmidt, Oestr. Bawm. 


Fruit smooth. Leaves 5 to 7-foliolate. 


Preuss. Staat. 1855. — Chapman, F7. 80. — Curtis, Rep. 
Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 48. — Sargent, Forest 
Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 43. — Watson & Coul- 
ter, Gray’s Mun. ed. 6, 163. 

Pavia flava, Moench, Meth. 66. — De Candolle, Prodr. 1. 
598. — Don, Gen. Syst. i. 653. — Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. 


i. 41, t. 40.—B. S. Barton, Coll. i. 13; Elem. Bot. t. 
15, f. 2. — Willdenow, Sypec. ii. 286; Enum. 405; Berl. 
Baumz. 16.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 385. — Pursh, 
Fl. Am. Sept. i. 255. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 242. — Guimpel, 
Otto & Hayne, Abbild. Holz. 27, t. 23. — Hayne, Dendr. 
Fil. 44. — Elliott, Sk. i. 486. — Watson, Dendr. Brit. ii. 
163, t. 163. — Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 1280. — Torrey & 
Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 252. — Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1225. — 
Walpers, ep. i. 424. — Schnizlein, Icon. t. 230**, f. 
3.— Koch, Verhandl. Ver. Befird. Gart. in den Kinig. 


ser. 2, ii. 55; Hist. Veg. iii. 25. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. i. 
471, t. — Rafinesque, Alsogruph. Am. 73. 

Pavia lutea, Poiret, Zam. Dict. v.94.— Nouveau Duhamel, 
ili. 155, t. 38. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 237, t. 11. 

Paviana flava, Rafinesque, FV. Ludovic. 87. 

4H. neglecta, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xii. t. 1009. 

Pavia neglecta, Don; Loudon, Hort. Brit. i. 143; Gen. 
Syst. 1. 653. — Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 55; Hist. 
Veg. iii. 24. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. i. 472. 

Pavia fulva, P. bicolor, Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am. 74. 


A tree, rising sometimes to the height of ninety feet, with a tall straight trunk two and a half or 
three feet in diameter and small rather pendulous branches; or towards the southern and southwestern 
limits of its range reduced to a low shrub. The bark of the trunk is three quarters of an inch thick, 
dark brown, and divided by shallow fissures, the surface separating ito small thin scales. The 
winter-buds are two thirds of an inch to an inch in length and rather obtuse, with broadly ovate pale 
brown scales, rounded on the back, minutely apiculate, ciliate on the margins, destitute of resin, and 
covered with a slight glaucous bloom. The inner scales sometimes grow to a length of two inches, and 
are bright yellow or occasionally scarlet. The branchlets are glabrous or nearly so and orange-brown 
when they first appear, and in their second year are pale brown and marked by numerous irregularly 
developed lenticular spots. The leaves, which are composed of five to seven leaflets, are borne on slen- 
der glabrous or slightly pubescent petioles four to six mches in length; the leaflets are elliptical or 
obovate-oblong, acuminate at the apex and gradually contracted at the base, and are sharply and equally 
serrate, four to six inches long and one and a half to two and a half inches broad; they are short-petio- 
lulate, glabrous above with the exception of the midribs and veins, which are sometimes clothed with a 
reddish brown pubescence, and more or less canescent-pubescent on the lower surface, which becomes 
glabrous at maturity with the exception of a few hairs along the midribs and in the axils of the principal 
veins. The flowers 


open when the leaves are about half grown, or from March, in the extreme southwest, to the middle of 


They are dark yellow-green and paler on the lower than on the upper surface. 


June at high elevations on the Alleghany Mountains. They are an inch to an inch and a half long, 
pale or dark yellow, with short pedicels, and are mostly unilateral on the branches of the pubescent 
inflorescence which is from five to seven inches in length. The petals are connivent, very unequal, 
puberulent, the claws villous within ; the spatulate limb of the superior pair is minute, the lone claw 
exceeding the lobes of the calyx, while that of the lateral pair is large, obovate or nearly round, and 
The stamens, with straight or inclining subulate villous filaments, are usually 
The fruit is two to three 


subeordate at the base. 


seven in number and rather shorter than the petals. The ovary is pubescent. 


60 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPINDACEZ. 


inches long, with thin smooth or slightly pitted pale brown valves, and is generally two-seeded. The 
seeds are one and a half to nearly two inches broad. 

ZEsculus octandra occurs in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, and extends along the Alleghany 
Mountains to the neighborhood of Augusta, Georgia, and to northern Alabama, and westward and 
southwestward to southern Iowa, the Indian Territory, and to western Texas, where it has been noticed 
as a low shrub near Boerne in the valley of the upper Cibolo River. It grows in rich soil im _river-bot- 
tom lands or on the moist slopes of the higher Alleghany Mountains. On these slopes in Tennessee 
and North Carolina it is most common and reaches its greatest size, sending up tall straight shafts which 
are sometimes free of branches for sixty or seventy feet from the ground. 

The wood of dsculus octandra is light, soft, close-grained, and difficult to split, with numerous 
but very obscure medullary rays. It is creamy white, the thick sapwood being hardly distinguishable. 
The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4274, a cubic foot weighing 26.64 pounds. It is 
used for the same purposes as the wood of Asculus glabra. 

A variety ' of this tree, characterized by its purple or red flowers, by the dense pale pubescence 
which clothes the under surface of its leaves, petioles, and inflorescence, and by its lighter colored 
bark, is not rare on the Alleghany Mountains from West Virginia southward, and in Texas. 

Aisculus octandra was first described by Humphrey Marshall m 1785, although, according to 
Aiton, it was cultivated in England as early as 1764 by a Mr. John Greening. It is the handsomest of 
the North American Horse-chestnuts, and one of the most beautiful of the trees which compose the 
deciduous forests that cover the southern Alleghany Mountains. 

Aesculus octandra, especially the variety with purple flowers, has long been a favorite in gardens 
where, if planted in good soil, it makes a handsome tree with a rather narrow head of pendulous 
branches. It is very hardy and less often disfigured by fungal diseases than the Old World Horse- 


chestnut ; but its flowers are not so showy, and it seldom attains so great a size. 


1 Esculus octandra, var. hybrida. Pavia hybrida, De Candolle, Prodr. i. 598.— Don, Gen. Syst. i. 

4. hybrida, De Candolle, Cat. Hort. Monsp. 75. — Poiret, Lam. 653.—Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 56; Hist. Veg. ii. 27. — 
Dict. Suppl. iv. 334. Loudon, Arb. Brit. 1. 472. — Koch, Dendr. i. 512. 

££. discolor, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 255. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 242. — “2. Pavia, var. discolor, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 252. — 
Bot. Reg. iv. t. 310.— Elliott, Sk. i. 436.— Sprengel, Syst. ii. Walpers, Rep. i. 424. 
167. — Sert. Bot. iv. t.— Walpers, Ann. iv. 381. 4E. flava, var. purpurascens, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 118. — Sargent, 


Pavia discolor, Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. v. 769.— Don, Gen. Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 43. — Watson & Coulter, 
Syst. i. 653.— Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 58; Hist. Veg. iii.  Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 116. 
28. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. i. 472. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


PuateE LXIX. Ascutus OcTANDRA. 
. A flowering branch, natural size. 
A winter-bud, natural size. 
. Vertical section of a staminate flower, natural size, 
. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, natural size. 


. A lateral petal, natural size. 


> OC Pm oo DD in 


. An upper petal, natural size. 


PLATE LXX. /Escunus OcTANDRA. 
. A fruiting branch, natural size. 
A seed, natural size. 
Vertical section of a seed, natural size. 


mB wr 


. An embryo, natural size. 


Silva of North America. ; vee, LA 


CE Faron del 


4ES5CULUS OCTANDRA, Marsh 


A beecreur dearer! Lp. P Taneur Paris. 


Silva of North America. Tab. LXX 


—~, 
~~ SS 
SS NS 


SF = 


C.£., Faxon del. Ficart ewe 


AESCULUS OCTANDRA,. Marsh. 


VPP TS nal : 
A. Recrenre tres tap R2 Tineur Puri 


SAPINDACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 61 


44SCULUS CALIFORNICA. 


Buckeye. 


PeTA.s 4, nearly equal, much shorter than the stamens. Fruit smooth. Leaves 
4 to 7-foliolate. 


A&sculus Californica, Nuttall ; Torrey & Gray, FZ. N. Am. iii. 78. — Koch, Dendr. i. 513. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. 
i. 251; Sylva, ii. 69, t. 64. — Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Voy. Cal. i. 106. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census 
Beechey, 327.— Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1225. — Walpers, Rep. U.S. ix. 48. 

1.424; Ann. vii. 624. — Bentham, Bot. Voy. Sulphur,9; Calothyrsus Californica, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 
Pl. Hartweg. 301. — Rev. Hort. 1855, 150, f. 10, 11. — 62; Hist. Veg. iii. 35. 


Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 74; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. Pavia Californica, Hartweg, Jour. Hort. Soc. London, ii. 
48; Bot. Wilkes Explor. Exped. 260. — Newberry, Pacific 123. 
kk. R. Rep. vi. 20, 69, £. 1. — Bolander, Proc. Cal. Acad. 


A widely branched tree, rarely thirty or forty feet in height, with a short stout trunk two or three 
feet in diameter, and often expanded at the base to twice that size; or more often a shrub with spread- 
ing branches ten or fifteen feet high, forming broad dense thickets. The bark of the trunk is a quarter 
of an inch thick, smooth, and light gray or nearly white. The winter-buds are acuminate and covered 
with narrow dark brown scales rounded on the back and thickly coated with resm. The branches are 
glabrous and pale reddish brown when they first appear, becoming darker in their second season. The 
leaves are composed of from four to seven, but usually of five leaflets, and are borne on slender grooved 
petioles three or four inches long; the leaflets are oblong-lanceolate, acute, narrowed, and obtuse or 
somewhat rounded at the base, sharply serrate, four to six inches in length and one and a half to two 
inches in breadth, with slender petiolules half an ‘inch to an inch long ; they are dark green above, 
paler below, slightly pubescent when they first unfold, and glabrous or nearly so at maturity ; they fall 
early, often by midsummer, leaving the branches naked for a large part of the year. The imflorescence, 
which appears from May to July when the leaves are fully grown, is long-stemmed, three to six inches 
in length, and covered with thick fine pubescence. The flowers are an inch or more long with short 
pedicels; they are mostly unilateral on the long branches of the thyrsus, and are white or pale rose- 
colored. The calyx is two-lobed, slightly toothed, and much shorter than the narrow oblong petals. 
The stamens, which vary in number from five to seven, have long erect exserted slender filaments and 
bright orange-colored anthers. The ovary is densely pubescent. The fruit is obovate, pear-shaped, and 
often somewhat gibbous on the outer side, with very thin smooth pale brown valves; it 1s usually one- 
seeded, two or three inches long, and is borne on rather slender stems a quarter to half an inch in 
length. The seed is an inch and a half to two inches broad. 

Aisculus Californica is distributed from the valley of the upper Sacramento River in Mendocino 
County, California, along the coast ranges to San Luis Obispo County, and on the western foothills of 
the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the northern slopes of the Tejon Pass in Kern County, with an extreme 
station in Antelope valley of the San Gabriel Mountains in Los Angeles County.’ It is found on the 
borders of streams, which it enlivens in spring and early summer with its abundant and showy flowers, 
and reaches its greatest size in the cations of the coast ranges north of San Francisco Bay. 

The wood of Zsculus Californica is soft, light, and very close-grained, with numerous obscure 
medullary rays. It is white or faintly tinged with yellow, the thin sapwood, composed of ten or twelve 
layers of annual growth, being hardly distinguishable. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood 


is 0.4980, a cubic foot weighing 31.04 pounds. 
1 §. B. Parish. 


62 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPINDACES. 


Aesculus Californica was first noticed by Dr. P. E. Botta, and was first described by Spach, who 
established a genus to receive it, differmg from A‘sculus only in its tubular bilobed calyx and erect 
stamens. It was introduced into English gardens by the Messrs. Veitch, in whose nursery at Exeter it 
flowered in 1858.' It was first planted in Paris in 1854 in the Jardin des Plantes, where it flowered in 
1862.” It is now rarely cultivated, although it is one of the most ornamental trees of the whole genus. 


1 Bot. Mag. t. 5077. — Fil. des Serres, xiii. 39, t. 1312. — Gard. 2 Rev. Hort. 1862, 369, £. 
Chron. 1858, 844. — Belg. Hort. ix. 121. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


Puate LXXI. AscuLtus CALIFORNICA. 


. A flowering branch, natural size. 

. Diagram of a flower, natural size. 

. Vertical section of a staminate flower, natural size. 
. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, natural size. 
A stamen, enlarged. 


. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 


NH OT PRP CF dD eH 


. A winter-bud, natural size. 


Prate LXXII. Ascutus CAirornica. 
1. A fruiting branch, natural size. 
2. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. 
3. A seed, natural size. 


Silva of North America. Tab. LXX] 


ee) 


: . ; ¢ 
\ Cane SSS 
WN 4 © | a VA 
q if y > ; \ 


CE Faren det. Peart (se. 


AASCULUS CALIFORNICA, Nutt. 


A. Frocrevux direr € lop... Taneur Paris. 


Silva of North America. Tab LXAII 


A.ftocreum dren” Llnp.k. Taneur Pari. 


SAPINDACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 63 


UNGNADIA. 


FLowErs polygamous, irregular ; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in zstivation ; 
petals 4 or 5, imbricated in estivation, hypogynous, conspicuously crested; ovary 
stipitate, 3-celled; ovules 2, homotropous. Fruit a coriaceous capsule, 3-celled and 
loculicidally 3-valved. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate, destitute of stipules. 


Ungnadia, Endlicher, Atakt. Bot. t. 36; Nov. Stirp. Dec. Fl. N. Am. i. 253, 684. — Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 209. — Ben- 
75; Gen. 1075. — Meisner, Gen. 346. — Torrey & Gray, tham & Hooker, Gen. i. 398. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. v. 423. 


A small tree or shrub, with thin pale gray fissured bark, slender terete slightly zigzag branchlets 
marked with large conspicuous leaf-scars, small obtuse nearly globose winter-buds covered with chestnut- 
brown scales, and thick fleshy roots. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, four or five, or rarely three-folio- 
late, deciduous ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded, or wedge-shaped, often oblique at the 
base, irregularly crenulate-serrate, coated at first on the lower surface, like the petioles, with dense pale 
tomentum, pilose above, glabrous at maturity with the exception of a few hairs on the lower surface 
along the principal veins, pinnately veined, reticulated, the terminal one long-petiolulate. Flowers large 
and showy in small pubescent fascicles or simple corymbs appearing just before or simultaneously with 
the new leaves from the axils of those of the previous year, usually from separate buds, or occasionally 
from the base of a leafy branch. Pedicels jointed in the middle. Calyx-lobes hypogynous, oblong- 
lanceolate, somewhat united irregularly at the base only, deciduous. Petals four by the suppression of 
the anterior one, or five and then alternate with the lobes of the calyx, hypogynous on the margin of a 
thickened truncate torus, unguiculate, bright rose-colored, deciduous; when four, almost equal, unequal 
when five; the claw as long as the lobes of the calyx, nearly erect, clothed with tomentum especially on 
the inner surface, and conspicuously appendaged at the summit with a fimbriated crest of short fleshy 
tufted threads, the blade obovate, spreading, often erose-crenulate. Disk unilateral, oblique, lingulate, 
surrounding and connate with the base of the stipe of the ovary. Stamens seven to ten, usually eight 
or nine, inserted on the oblique edge of the disk, much exserted and unequal in the sterile flower, the 
anterior one shorter than the others, equal or almost so and shorter than the petals in the pistillate 
flower ; filaments filiform; anthers oblong, attached near the base, two-celled, the cells opening longitu- 
dinally. Ovary ovoid, three-celled, pilose, raised on a long stipe; rudimentary in the staminate flower ; 
style subulate, filiform, elongated, slightly curved upwards ; stigma minute, terminal ; ovules two, borne 
on the inner angle of the cell near its middle, ascending, amphitropous or anatropous, the micropyle 
inferior. Fruit broadly ovate, a little three-lobed, conspicuously stipitate, crowned with the remnants 
of the style, unarmed, rugosely roughened and dark reddish brown, loculicidally three-valved, the valves 
somewhat cordate, bearing the dissepiment on the middle. Seed generally solitary by abortion, almost 
spherical, destitute of albumen; testa coriaceous, very smooth and shining, dark chestnut-brown or 
almost black; hilum broad, light-colored; tegmen thin. Embryo filling the coat of the seed; cotyle- 
dons thick and fleshy, nearly hemispherical, conferruminate, remaining below ground in germination, 
incumbent on the short conical descending radicle turned towards the hilum. 

The wood of Ungnadia is heavy and close-grained, although rather soft and brittle. It is red 
tinged with brown with lighter colored sapwood, and contains numerous inconspicuous medullary rays 
and many evenly distributed open ducts. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6332, a 


cubic foot weighing 39.46 pounds. 


64 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPINDACES. 


The seeds of Ungnadia have a sweet rather pleasant flavor, but possess powerful emetic properties 
and are reputed to be poisonous. 

Ungnadia was discovered in western Texas by Thomas Drummond. It was named in honor of the 
Baron Ferdinand von Ungnad, ambassador of the Emperor Rudolph II. at the Ottoman Porte, who in 


1576 sent seeds of the Horse-chestnut tree from Constantinople to Clusius at Vienna. It is repre- 
sented by a single species. 


SAPINDACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 65 


UNGNADIA SPECIOSA. 


Spanish Buckeye. 


Ungnadia speciosa, Endlicher, Atakt. Bot. t. 36; Nov. 230**, f. 2, 8. —L’Hort. Franc. 1865, t. 15. — Koch, 
Stirp. Dec. 15. — Torrey & Gray, Pacific R. R. Rep. ii. Dendr. i. 515. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 337. — 
162. — Walpers, Rep. i. 423; v. 371; Ann. vii. 625. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 44. — 


Gray, Gen. Jil. ii. 211, t. 178, 179; Jour. Bost. Soe. Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 212. 

Nat. Hist. vi. 167 (Pl. Lindheim. ii.); Pl. Wright. i. U. heterophylla, Scheele, Linnea, xxi. 589. 

38; ii. 30 (Smithsonian Contrib. iii., iv.); Mem. Am. U. heptaphylla, Scheele, Linnea, xxii. 352; Roemer Texas, 
Acad. n. ser. v. 299.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 432. 

48. — Fl. des Serres, x. 217, t. 1059. —Schnizlein, Icon. t. 


The Ungnadia sometimes grows, under favorable conditions, to the height of twenty-five or thirty 
feet, with a trunk six or eight inches in diameter, dividing, at some distance from the ground, into a 
number of slender upright branches, and covered with light gray bark rarely more than a quarter of an 
inch thick, the surface netted with shallow fissures; or more often a shrub sending up many stems 
from the ground. The branchlets are covered during their first season with short fine pubescence and 
are then light orange-brown ; in their second year they are pale brown tinged with red, glabrous, and 
marked with scattered lenticels. The leaves appear from March to April simultaneously with or just 
after the flowers, and are five to seven inches long, with rather coriaceous leaflets which are dark green 
and lustrous on the upper, and pale or occasionally rufous on the lower surface, three to five inches in 
length and an inch and a half to two inches in breadth. The petiolule of the terminal leaflet is some- 
times a quarter of an inch long, those of the lateral leaflets rarely exceeding an eighth of an inch. The 
flowers, which are arranged in short umbels one and a half or two inches long, are an inch across when 
expanded, and often quite hide the branches for a space of a foot or more. The fruit is two inches 
broad at maturity and opens in October, the empty pods often remaining on the branches until the 
appearance of the flowers the following year. 

The Ungnadia is widely scattered from the valley of the Trinity River in Texas to the Organ 
Mountains of New Mexico, and to the Sierra Madre of Nuevo Leon and the mountains of Chihuahua. 
It occupies the borders of streams, the slopes of limestone hills, and the sides of mountain canons, and 
is most common and reaches its largest size forty or fifty miles from the Texas coast west of the Colo- 
rado River. Farther east and west and in Mexico it is usually shrubby, growing from six to ten feet 
high. 

When its branches are covered with its delicate and beautiful flowers the Spanish Buckeye is one 
of the most attractive and ornamental of the small trees or shrubs of North America. It was introduced 
into cultivation from seed sent in 1848 by Friedrich Lindheimer * to the Botanic Gardens at Vienna and 
at Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is still occasionally cultivated in southern Kurope and in the southern 
Atlantic and Gulf states, where it is perfectly at home and annually produces flowers and fruit.’ 


1 See i. 74. Augusta, Georgia. Later it has been successfully grown by Dr. 
2 Ungnadia speciosa appears to have been first cultivated inthe Charles Mohr of Mobile. 
open ground in the United States by Mr. P. J. Berckmans at 


bd fa 
- © 


CHONAMA WD 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 


Piate LXXIII. UnNnGNADIA SPECIOSA. 


A flowering branch, natural size. 


. Diagram of a flower. 

. Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged. 
. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged. 
. Cross section of an ovary, enlarged. 

. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 


An ovule, much magnified. 


. A fruiting branch, natural size. 

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. 
. An embryo, natural size. 

. A winter branch, natural size. 


Tab. LXXIII] 


Silva of North America . 


Vig Se. 


e 


Fart 


CE Faxon del. 


UNGNADIA SPECIOSA, Endl 


dnp Taneur Paris 


A frocreux. adirex & 


SAPINDACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 67 


SAPINDUS. 


FLoweErs polygamo-dicecious, regular; sepals 4 or 5, imbricated in estivation ; 
petals 4 or 5, naked or appendiculate, imbricated in estivation. Ovary 2 to 4-celled ; 
ovules solitary. Fruit baccate, coriaceous, 1 to 3-seeded. 


Sapindus, Linneus, Gen. 359.— Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 
343. — A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 247. — Cambessedes, Mém. 
Mus. xviii. 26. — Endlicher, Gen. 1070. — Meisner, Gen. 
53. — Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 213. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. 


i. 404. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. v. 394.— Radlkofer, Sitz. 
Akad. Miinch. xx. 283. 

Aphania, Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 236. — Endlicher, 
Gen. 1070. — Meisner, Gen. 52. 

Didymococcus, Blume, Rumphia, iii. 103. 


Trees or shrubs, sometimes subscandent, with terete branches, thick fleshy roots, and bitter and 
detersive properties. Leaves alternate, destitute of stipules, abruptly pinnate or rarely one-foliolate ; 
leaflets alternate or opposite, entire or occasionally serrate. Flowers minute, in ample axillary or termi- 
nal racemes or panicles. Pedicels short, from the axils of minute deciduous bracts. Sepals unequal, 
slightly united at the base. Petals equal, alternate with the sepals, inserted under the thick edge of the 
disk, unguiculate, naked or often furnished at the summit of the claw, on the inside, with a two-cleft 
scale, deciduous. Disk annular, fleshy, entire or crenately-lobed, hypogynous or perigynous. Stamens 
usually eight or ten, rarely four to seven, inserted on the disk immediately under the ovary, equal ; 
filaments subulate or filiform, often pilose, exserted in the sterile, much shorter in the fertile flower ; 
anthers oblong, attached near the base, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary 
sessile, entire or two to four-lobed, two to four-celled, contracted into a short columnar style; rudimen- 
tary in the staminate flower; stigma two to four-lobed, the lobes spreading ; ovules solitary in each cell, 
anatropous or amphitropous, ascending from below the middle of the inner angle of the cell; raphe ven- 
tral; micropyle inferior. Fruit usually formed of one globose fleshy or coriaceous carpel, the others 
abortive, their rudiments remaining at its base ; or of two or sometimes of three carpels more or less 
connate by their bases, and then two or three-lobed. Seed solitary im each carpel, obovate or globose, 
destitute of albumen ; testa crustaceous or membranaceous, smooth, black or dark brown; tegmen mem- 
branaceous or fleshy; hilum oblong, surrounded (at least in the North American species) by an ariloid 
tuft of long pale silky hairs. Embryo incurved or straight; cotyledons thick and fleshy, incumbent ; 
radicle very short, inferior, near the hilum. 

The genus Sapindus is widely distributed through the tropics, especially in Asia, occasionally 
extending into subtropical regions. One of these, the 
type of the genus and a common West Indian tree, reaches the shores of southern Florida, and another 
occurs in the southern part of the North American continent from the coast of Georgia to northern 


Sapindus existed in Europe in the Tertiary period, and even earlier, with forms which repre- 


About forty species have been distinguished.’ 


Mexico.” 
sent the ancestors of existing American species.” 


377. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 214.—Hillebrand, Fi. 
Haw. Is. 85. 


1 De Candolle, Prodr. i. 607. — Blume, Rumphia, iii. 93. — Wal- 
pers, Rep. i.416 ; v. 362 ; Ann. i. 134; ii. 211 ; iv. 378. — Thwaites, 


Enum. Pl. Zeylan. 55. — Turezaninow, Bull. Mose. i. 401. — Hooker 
f. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 682. — Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat.i., ii.551 ; Suppl. 198, 
508; Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 92. Harvey & Sonder, Fl. Cap. i. 
240.— Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 430.— Bentham, Fi. Austral. i. 
464. — St. Hilaire, Pl. Usuelles Brasil. 368 ; Fl. Bras. Merid. i. 300, 
t. 81. — Gray, Wilkes Explor. Exped. i. 251. —Grisebach, Fl. Brit. 
W. Ind. 126.— Triana & Planchon, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 4, xviii. 


2 Radlkofer (Sitz. Akad. Miinch. 1878, 221 ; Durand Index Gene- 
rum, 81) refers many of the species of Sapindus to other genera, 
As his 
paper is an annotated catalogue and not a monograph of the genus, 


reducing the number to ten, with a few doubtful ones. 


it is not easy to judge of the value of his conclusion with regard to 
the limitation of genera and species. 
8 Saporta, Origine Paleontologique des Arbres, 279. 


68 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPINDACEZ. 


Sapindus contains a detersive principle which causes the pulp of the fruit, and to a lesser degree 
the root, to lather freely in water, making them valuable as substitutes for soap. The fruit of the West 
Indian and Floridian |S. Saponaria is used by the negroes of the West Indies for washing linen, which, 
however, it is said to injure and soon destroy.’ The fruit of several of the South American species is 
employed for the same purpose. Sapindus MJukorossi,’ a widely distributed tree in southern and 
eastern continental Asia, and now naturalized in Japan, is generally cultivated in northern and central 
India for the fleshy pulp of the fruit; it is an mmportant article of trade in the Punjab and northwest 
provinces, and is preferred to soap for washing flannels and Cashmere shawls, and is also used for wash- 
ing silk.’ In India the leaves of this tree serve as fodder for cattle, and in China the roasted fruit is 
occasionally eaten and the seeds are employed medicinally.* 8S. trifoliatus,’ a native of southern India, 
is cultivated in Bengal. The fruit of Sapindus possesses a terebinthine and disagreeable flavor ; the 
bark is bitter and astringent, and has been used as a tonic; and the pulverized seeds are said to poison 
fish. The seeds of several of the species are strung to form chaplets and bracelets, and are sometimes 
used for buttons.’ 

The generic name, formed from Sapo and Indus, refers to the detersive properties and use of the 
first species known to botanists, the Sapindus Saponaria of the West Indies; it was established by 


Tournefort® and afterwards adopted by Linnzus. 
southern India. Cleghorn states that its cultivation in favorable 
situations yields a larger return than that of any other fruit-tree. 
(Forests and Gardens of Southern India, 239.) 

® Nieremberg, Hist. Nat. 368. — Sloane, /. c. — Macfadyen, I. c. 


1 Oviedo, Hist. Nat. Gen. Ind. lib. 9, cap. 5.— Sloane, Nat. Hist. 
Jam. ii. 132. — Macfadyen, Fl. Jam. 159. — Radlkofer, Sitz. Akad. 
Miinch. 1878, 234. 

2 Gertner, Fruct. i. 341, t. 70. — De Candolle, Prodr. i. 609. — 


Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 683. — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. 
Jap. i. 86. — Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 139. 

8 Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 106. 

4 Smith, Contrib. Mat. Med. China, 199. 

5 Linneus, Spec. 367. — Hooker f. J. c. 682. 

It is this species which is seen about the villages all through 


7 «The Stone is made Use of for Buttons, and therefore the Ber- 
ries are gather’d and the Stones sent into Europe in great Quanti- 
ties. The Stone makes better Beads to be used in Prayers than 
Ebony.” (Sloane, J. c.) 

8 Inst. 659, t. 440. 


SAPINDACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 69 


SAPINDUS SAPONARIA. 
Soapberry. 


CALYX-LOBES rounded at the apex ; petals inappendiculate, short-clawed. Petioles 
broadly winged. 


Sapindus Saponaria, Linnzus, Spec. 367. — Swartz, Obs. New Fl. 22. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 73. — Richard, Fl. Cub. 
152. — Willdenow, Spec. ii. 468. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. vi. ii. 114. — Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 126; Cat. Pl. 
663 (in part).— Lunan, Hort. Jam. ii. 177. — Titford, Cub. 45. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. v. 349, £. 353. — Radlkofer, 
Hort. Bot. Am. 61.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antil. iv. Sitz. Akad. Miinch. 1878, 319. — Chapman, Bot. Gazette, 
121, t. 261. — De Candolle, Prod,. i. 607. — Maycock, FV. ii. 3; Fl. S. States, Suppl. 613. — Sargent, Forest Trees 
Barb. 159. — Don, Gen. Syst. i. 665. — Spach, Hist. N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 45. 


Veg. iii. 53. — Macfadyen, Fl. Jam. 159. — Rafinesque, 


A small tree, sometimes growing to the height of twenty-five or thirty feet, with a trunk which 
rarely exceeds ten or twelve inches in diameter, and erect branches. The bark of the trunk is from 
a quarter to half an inch thick, light gray and roughened with oblong lighter colored excrescences, the 
outer layer exfoliating in large flakes, exposing a nearly black surface. The branchlets are at first 
shghtly many-angled, orange-green, with white lenticular spots; in their second season they become 
terete, and are then marked with large leaf-scars and covered with pale brown bark slightly tinged with 
red. The leaves are six or seven inches in length with about four pairs of leaflets, the lower pair being 
smaller than the others. They appear in Florida in March and April, and remain on the branches 
until the period of growth the following year. The wings of the petioles, which are narrow and often 
nearly obsolete below the lowest pair of leaflets, are sometimes nearly half an inch wide below the 
upper pair; they are broadest above the middle, and are contracted abruptly at the top and gradually 
at the base. The leaflets, which are opposite or alternate, are elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, acute, 
rounded, or occasionally somewhat emarginate at the apex, gradually narrowed at the base, and very 
short-petiolulate. They are three or four inches in length and an inch and a half in breadth, gla- 
brous on the upper surface with the exception of a few hairs along the channel of the midrib when 
they first appear, softly pubescent on the lower surface, and rather coriaceous at maturity; they are 
yellow-green, paler below than above, and prominently reticulated, with yellow midribs and primary 
veins. The panicles, which appear in Florida in November, are terminal and seven to ten inches in 
length, with an angulate peduncle and branches. The flowers are usually produced three together, and 
are short-petioled ; the calyx-lobes are rounded, concave, and ciliate on the margin, the two outer rather 
smaller than those of the inner rank ; the petals are white, ovate, short-clawed, rounded at the apex, and 
covered, especially towards their base, with long scattered hairs; the stamens are included or slightly 
exserted, with hairy filaments broadened at the base. In Florida the fruit ripens in spring or early sum- 
mer; it is two thirds of an inch in diameter, with thin orange-brown semitranslucent flesh, and black 
slightly obovate seeds half an inch across, the hilum surrounded with long pale hairs. 

Sapindus Saponaria is found in Florida on the shores of Cape Sable, on the shores and islands of 
Caximbas Bay, on Key Largo, Elliott’s Key, and the shores of Bay Biscayne; it is generally distributed 
through the West Indies, and occurs in Venezuela. In Florida it is most common on Cape Sable, but 
reaches its greatest development on some of the Thousand Islands. 

The wood of Sapindus Saponaria is heavy, rather hard, and close-grained. It is light brown 
tinged with yellow, with thick yellow sapwood, and contains numerous thin medullary rays. The 
specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8367, a cubic foot weighing 52.14 pounds. 


SAPINDACES. 


70 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


The fact that the fruit of this tree was used by the Caribs as a substitute for soap attracted the 
attention of early travelers in the New World. It was mentioned by Oviedo y Valdes’ in 1535, and 
has been noticed and described by nearly all subsequent writers on the natural history and products of 


the Antilles. 


It was first discovered in Florida by Dr. J. L. Blodgett. 


Sapindus Saponaria, according to Aiton,? was cultivated in England by the Duchess of Beaufort 
in 1697; it was early introduced into Senegambia, and is said to have become naturalized on some of 


the Cape Verde Islands.? 


1 Arbol de las cuentas del rabon, Hist. Gen. Nat. Ind. lib. 9, cap. 
5.— Nicolas Monardes, Hist. Afed. ed. Sevilla, 1574, fol. 105. — 
Clusius, Exot. lib. 2, cap. 16. (See also Joanne de Laet, Nov. Orb. 
lib. 5, cap. 21, 260.) 

Saponarie spherule arboris filicifolie, J. Bauhin, Hist. Gen. i. 
312. 

Nucule saponarie non edules, C. Bauhin, Pin. 511. 

‘‘Sope berries like a musket bullet that washeth as white as 

“‘Sope berries, the Kernel so big as a sloe, and good to 
(Smith, Zrav. and Obs. 55, 56.) 

“ De Varbre qui porte les savonettes.” 
Antil. ii. 165.) 

Nux Americana, foliis alatis bifidis, Kiggelaer, Cat. Hort. Beaum. 
31.— Commelin, Hort. i. 183, t. 94. 


sope.” 
eat.”’ 
(Du Tertre, Hist. Gen. 


Prunifera sive nuciprunifera, Plukenet, Phyt. t. 217, f. 7. 

Prunifera racemosa, folio alato, costa media membranulis utrinque 
extantibus donata, fructu saponario, Sloane, Cat. Pl. Jam. 184; Nat. 
Hist. Jam. ii. 131. 

Sapindus, Linneus, Hort. Cliff. 152.— Royen, Fl. Leyd. Prodr. 
464. 

The Black Nicker-tree, Hughes, Natural History of Barbados, 
118. 

Sapindus foliis oblongis, vix petiolatis, per costam ample alatam dis- 
positis, Browne, Nat. Hist. Jam. 206. 

2 Hort. Kew. ed. 2, ii. 424. 

8 Hooker, Niger Fil. 249. 

Sapindus Saponaria is said by Radlkofer (Sitz. Akad. Miinch. 
1878, 319) to inhabit Polynesia and the Philippine Islands. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


Puate LXXIV. Saprnpus SAPONARIA. 


. A petal, enlarged. 


SOHOMDNATP WN 


ra 


Puate LXXV. 


A seed, natural size. 


Pm ooh ee 


. An embryo, enlarged. 


. A flower-bud, enlarged. 


. An inflorescence of the staminate plant, natural size. 
A flowering branch of the pistillate plant, natural size. 
Diagram of a perfect flower. 

A staminate flower, enlarged. 

. Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged. 


An anther, rear and front views, enlarged. 


. A perfect flower, enlarged. 


. Vertical section of a pistil, enlarged. 


SAPINDUS SAPONARIA. 
. A fruiting branch, natural size. 


. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. 


Silva of North America. Tab. LXXIV 


CE Faxon det, Pucart fr sc. 


SAPINDUS SAPONARIA, L. 


A. Rucreux, dren © Limp &. Taneur Paris 


Silva of North America. 


CE Faxon ded. 


A Riocreux direx. 


t 


SAPINDUS SAPONARIA., 


Imp FR. Taneur. Jarw 


Puwart fr $c. 


SAPINDACE. 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 71 


SAPINDUS MARGINATUS. 


Soapberry. Wild China Tree. 


CALYX-LOBES acute; petals appendaged. Petioles wingless or nearly so. 


Sapindus marginatus, Willdenow, Enum. 432. — Muehl- 


enberg, Cat. 41.— De Candolle, Prodr. i. 607. — Sprengel, 
Syst. ii. 250. — Don, Gen. Syst. i. 665. — Spach, Hist. 
Veg. iii. 54. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 255, 685; 
Pacific R. R. Rep. ii. 162. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 72, t. 
65.— Engelmann & Gray, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 
v. 241 (Pl. Lindheim. i.). — Gray, Gen. il. ii. 214, t. 180; 
Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vi. 168 (Pl. Lindheim. ii.) ; Pl. 
Wright. i. 38 (Smithsonian Contrib. iii.). — Engelmann, 
Wislizenus’ Mem. 96. — Torrey, Emory’s Rep. 138 ; Mar- 
cy’s Rep. 269; Pacific Rh. KR. Rep. iv. 2,74; Bot. Mex. 
Bound. Surv. 47.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 230, £. 22. — 


S. Saponaria, Lamarck, J7/. ii. 441, t. 307 (not Linnzus). — 


Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 242.— Poiret, Lam. Dict. vi. 
663 (in part). — Persoon, Syn. i. 444.— Pursh, Fl. Am. 
Sept. i. 274. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 257. — Elliott, Sk. i. 460. — 
Torrey, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 172. 


. falcatus, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii. 261. 
. acuminatus, Rafinesque, New Fl. 22.— Radlkofer, Sitz. 


Akad. Miinch. 1878, 316, 393. — Watson & Coulter, 
Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 116. 


. Drummondi, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Voy. Beechey, 281 


(excl. var.).— Walpers, Rep. i. 417. 


. Manatensis, Radlkofer, Sitz. Akad. Miinch. 1878, 318, 


Chapman, Fl. 79.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 400 (Shuttleworth in Herb. Rugel). 
214. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 337.— Sargent, 


Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 44. 


A tree, forty or fifty feet in height, with a trunk sometimes a foot and a half or two feet in diame- 
The bark of the trunk, 
which is from a third to half an inch thick, separates by deep fissures into long narrow flakes, their 


ter, stout, usually erect branches and minute depressed globular winter-buds. 
surface breaking into small red-brown scales. The branchlets when they appear are slightly many- 
angled, pale yellow-green, and clothed with pubescence. In the second year they are terete, with large 
conspicuously elevated leaf-scars, and are covered with pale gray and usually slightly puberulous bark, 
marked with numerous small lenticels. The leaves are composed of four to nine pairs of leaflets borne 
on slender grooved puberulous petioles sometimes a little winged towards the upper end. They 
appear in March and April, and fall in the autumn or early winter. The leaflets are alternate, obliquely 
lanceolate, and sharply acuminate; on the upper surface they are glabrous and on the lower are usually 
covered with short pale pubescence, although in some Florida forms they are nearly smooth ;' they are 
short-petiolulate, rather coriaceous, prominently reticulated, pale yellow-green, two to three inches long 
and a half to two thirds of an inch broad. The inflorescence, which appears in May or June, is six 
to nine inches in length and five or six inches in breadth, with a pubescent many-angled stem and 
branches. The sepals are acute and concave, with ciliate margins, and are much shorter than the white 
obovate petals, which are rounded at the apex and contracted imto a long claw hairy on the imner 
surface and furnished at the top with a deeply cleft scale with hairy margins. The stamens of the 
sterile flower are exserted, while those of the fertile flower are barely half the length of the petals; the 
filaments are slightly thickened at the base, and are furnished with long soft hairs. The fruit ripens 
in September and October and remains on the branches until the following spring or summer. The 
berries are ovate or rounded, and half an inch in diameter, with thin dark orange-colored semitranslu- 
cent flesh and obovate dark brown seeds, the hilum surrounded by a tuft of pale hairs. 

Sapindus marginatus grows along the Atlantic coast from the valley of the Savannah River in 
Georgia to that of the St. John’s River in Florida; and on the west coast of Florida from Cedar Keys 


to the Manatee River. It reappears west of the Mississippi River and extends from western Louisiana 


1 As collected by Rugel near the mouth of the Manatee River ; the S. Manatensis of Shuttleworth and of Radlkofer. 


2 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPINDACEZ. 


to the valley of the Washita River in southern Arkansas and to southern Kansas, through Texas to the 
mountain valleys of southern New Mexico and southern Arizona, and into northern Mexico. On the 
Atlantic coast it is a small tree, rarely exceeding twenty feet in height, and is not common; it is most 
abundant and reaches its greatest size along the river bottoms of eastern Texas, where it grows in com- 
pany with the White Elm, the Texas Elm, the Honey Locust, and the Hackberry, or often occupies 
considerable areas to the exclusion of other trees. It prefers moist clay soil, although it sometimes 
grows on dry limestone uplands. 

The wood of Sapindus marginatus is heavy, strong, and close-grained, with several rows of large 
open ducts clearly marking the layers of annual growth, and thin obscure medullary rays. It is light 
brown tinged with yellow, with lighter colored sapwood composed of about thirty layers of annual 
growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8126, a cubic foot weighing 50.64 pounds. 
It splits easily into thin strips, and is largely employed in Texas in the manufacture of baskets used in 
harvesting cotton, and in New Mexico for the frames of pack-saddles. The fruit is eaten in Texas 
by cattle and deer. 

Sapindus marginatus was discovered by the French botanist Michaux on the coast of Georgia, 
and was first described by Lamarck, who confounded it with the West Indian S. Saponaria. It is now 
occasionally cultivated in the gardens of southern Europe and in Algeria.’ 


1 Naudin, Manuel de l’Acclimateur, 487. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


Prate LXXVI. Sapinpus MARGINATUS. 
. A flowering branch, natural size. 
. Diagram of a flower. 
A staminate flower, enlarged. 
. Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged. 
A petal, enlarged. 
A stamen, rear and front views, enlarged. 
. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 
- Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged. 


WCONATP WHE 


. A pistil cut transversely, enlarged. 


a 
—) 


. Vertical section of a pistil, enlarged. 


11. An ovule, much magnified. 


PuaTE LXXVII. SaApimnpus MARGINATUS. 
. A fruiting branch, natural size. 


- Vertical section of a fruit, slightly enlarged. 


1 

2 

3. A seed, natural size. 

4, An embryo, natural size. 
5 


. A winter-branchlet, natural size. 


Silva of North America Tab. LXXVI 


CE. Faron del Lcart fF. sc. 
SAPINDUS MARGINATUS , Willd. 


A. Riocreux drex® imp F. Taneur. Faris 


. LXXVII. 


Tab 


Silva of North America. 


Picarte fr. $C. 


ine ae 


SAPINDUS MARGINATUS, Willd 
imp 2. Taner. Faris. 


CE Faron del 


A. Procrenx dtrer £ 


SAPINDACEZ. 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 13 


EXOTHEA. 


FLowERS regular, polygamo-dicecious; sepals 5, imbricated in estivation ; petals 5, 
imbricated in estivation; ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cell, suspended. Fruit 


baccate, by abortion 1-seeded. 


Hixothea, Macfadyen, Fl. Jam. 232.— Endlicher, Gen. 
1134. — Meisner, Gen. 349. 
Melicocca, A. L. de Jussieu, Mém. Mus. iii. 178 (in part). 


A tree, with thin scaly bark and terete branchlets covered with lenticels. 


Hypelate, Cambessedes, Mém. Mus. xviii. 31 (in part). — 
Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 408 (in part). — Baillon, 
Hist. Pl. v. 408 (in part). 


Leaves alternate, petio- 


late, abruptly pinnate, or three or rarely one-foliolate, glabrous, persistent, destitute of stipules; leaflets 
oblong or oblong-ovate, acute, rounded, or emarginate at the apex, with entire undulate margins, 
obscurely veined, membranaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper, and slightly paler on the lower 
surface. Flowers small, in ample terminal or axillary wide-branched panicles, the peduncle and branches 
clothed with orange-colored pubescence. Pedicels short from the axils of minute deciduous bracts, and 
covered, like the flower-buds, with thick pale tomentum. Sepals ovate, rounded at the apex, ciliate on 
the margins, puberulous, persistent. Petals white, ovate, rounded at the apex, shortly unguiculate, 
alternate with and rather longer and narrower than the sepals. 


lobed, puberulous. 


Disk annular, fleshy, irregularly five- 
Stamens seven or eight, inserted on the disk, in the sterile flower as long as the 
petals, much shorter in the fertile flower ; filaments filiform, glabrous; anthers oblong, introrse, attached 
at the base, two-celled with a broad connective, the cells opening longitudinally ; rudimentary in the 
staminate flower. Ovary sessile on the disk, conical, pubescent, contracted into a short thick style; 
rudimentary in the sterile flower; stigma large, declinate, obtuse; ovules two in each cell, suspended 
from the summit of the inner angle, anatropous, collateral; raphe ventral; micropyle superior. Fruit a 
nearly spherical one-seeded berry, containing the rudiment of the second cell, and tipped with the 
short remnant of the style, the base surrounded by the persistent reflexed sepals; pericarp thick, dark 
Seed oblong, solitary, suspended, destitute of albumen; testa thin, 
coriaceous, orange-brown, and lustrous; embryo subglobose, filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons 


fleshy, plano-convex, puberulous; radicle superior, very short, uncinate, turned towards the hilum and 


purple, and juicy at maturity. 


inclosed in a lateral cavity of the testa. 

The wood of Exothea is very hard and heavy, strong and close-grained, and capable of receiving a 
beautiful polish, although liable to check badly in drying. It is bright red-brown, with lighter colored 
sapwood composed of ten or twelve layers of annual growth and obscure medullary rays. The specific 
gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.9533, a cubic foot weighing 59.41 pounds. It resists the 
attacks of the Teredo and is therefore valuable for piles; it is also used in Florida in boat-building, for 
the handles of tools, and for many small objects. 


The generic name, derived from é6éw, to expel, was bestowed upon it by Macfadyen’ when he 


1 James Macfadyen (1800-1850) was born in Glasgow where 
he studied botany under Sir William Hooker and was graduated 
from the School of Medicine in 1821. 


recommendation of Hooker to organize a government Botanical 


He was selected on the 
Garden in Jamaica. This he did, but the garden languished, and 
Macfadyen soon retired from its direction and established himself 
on the island asa physician. He did not, however, abandon the 
study of botany, and in 1837 published the first volume of his Flora 


of Jamaica (Ranunculacee to Leguminose), a work which con- 


tains, as far as completed, the best account of the plants, and espe- 
cially of the trees, of the island, which has been published. A 
second volume was written and printed in Kingston but never pub- 
lished, the author’s career being suddenly ended by cholera which 
he contracted while zealously devoting himself to his professional 
duties. Macfadyena, a large genus of tropical American Bignoni- 
acee, was dedicated to him by A. de Candolle. (See Proc. Linn. 


Soc. ii. 135.) 


74 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPINDACE. 


separated it from the group of plants with which he supposed it to be allied. The genus is represented 
by one or perhaps two species.’ 


1 Radlkofer (Sitz. Akad. Miinch. xx. 276) distinguishes a second nea, vi. 419. Ratonia sp., Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 213), 


species of Exothea, E. Copalillo (‘‘Copalillo,’? Schlechtendal, Lin- but I have never seen it. 


SAPINDACEZ. 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


75 


EXOTHEA PANICULATA. 


Iron Wood. 


Exothea paniculata, Radlkofer, Durand Index Generum, 
81; Siz. Akad. Miinch. xx. 276. — Sargent, Garden and 
Forest, iv. 100. 

Melicocca paniculata, A. L. de Jussieu, Wém. Mus. iii. 
187, t. 5. — De Candolle, Prodr. i. 615. — Dietrich, Syn. 
ii. 1278. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 74, t. 65. 

Hypelate paniculata, Cambessedes, Mém. Mus. xviii. 32. — 


Ink Wood. 


Don, Gen. Syst. i. 671. — Richard, Fl. Cub. ii. 122. — 
Grisebach, #7. Brit. W. Ind. 127. — Chapman, £7. 79. — 
Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 45. 
Sapindus lucidus, Hamilton, Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occ. 36 (teste 
Radlkofer, 7. c.). 
HK. oblongifolia, Macfadyen, Fl. Jam. 232. — Hooker, Lon- 
don Jour. Bot. iii. 227, t. 7. 


The Exothea sometimes grows in Florida to the height of forty or fifty feet, with a tall trunk 


twelve or fifteen inches in diameter and slender upright branches. The bark of the trunk is from an 
eighth to a quarter of an inch thick, with a bright red surface separating into large brown scales. The 
branchlets are orange-brown when they first appear, becoming red-brown in their second year, and are 
thickly covered with small white lenticels. The leaves, which are borne on stout grooved petioles half 
an inch to nearly an inch in length, appear in Florida in April; the leaflets are four or five inches long 
and an inch and a half or two inches broad. The panicles of sterile and of fertile flowers are produced 
on separate plants. The flowers open in Florida in April, and are half an inch across when expanded. 


The fruit is fully grown by the end of June, and is then dull orange-colored; it remains on the 


branches during the summer and ripens in the autumn, when it is juicy and dark purple.’ 


The Exothea is found in Florida from Mosquito Inlet on the east coast to the southern keys, where 


it is generally distributed, but is nowhere a common tree. 


Jamaica. 


was first noticed in Florida by Dr. J. L. Blodgett. 


1 According to Richard, the fruit of Exothea paniculata is de- 
voured in Cuba by hogs and other domestic animals. (Fl. Cub. ii. 
122.) 

2 Alexandre Poiteau (1766-1850) was one of the most famous 
gardeners of his time. Born at Amblecy near Soissons, he learned 
botany and gardening in the Jardin des Plantes in Paris, and so dis- 
tinguished himself that he was soon sent to organize a rural insti- 
tution in the Dordogne, and then in 1793 to Hayti, where he was 
Poi- 
teau returned to Paris in 1802, carrying with him many plants and 


made director of the recently established botanical garden. 


seeds, and was placed in charge of the royal nursery-gardens at 
Versailles ; in 1815 he was sent to America again to take charge of 
the Government Gardens in French Guiana, in which position he re- 


It also inhabits San Domingo, Cuba, and 


It was discovered in San Domingo early in the century by the French botanist Poiteau,? and 


mained until 1821. 
head gardener at Fontainebleau, of the gardens of the Ecole de 
Médicine, and of the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. 
ered many new plants in America; and was particularly successful 


Returning to France he was made successively 
Poiteau discov- 
in his efforts in improving different fruits. He was the author of 
many works of importance, including Le Jardin Botanique de l’ Ecole 
de Medicine de Paris (1816) ; Histoire des Palmiers de la Guayne 
Francaise (1822) ; Voyageur Botaniste (1829) ; Pomologie Francaise 
(1839) ; Cour d’Horticulture (1847-48) ; and with Risso, Histoire 
Naturelle des Oranges. Some of the volumes of the Bon Jardinier 
were edited by him ; and he contributed articles to scientific peri- 
odicals. Poitea, a genus of leguminous plants of the Antilles, was 
established by Ventenat. 


WOMNAAAEWH 


im bo 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


Puate LXXVIII. ExorHra PANICULATA. 
A flowering branch of the staminate plant, natural size. 
A flowering branch of the pistillate plant, natural size. 
. Diagram of a flower. 
A staminate flower, enlarged. 
. A stamen, front and rear views, enlarged. 
. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 
. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged. 
. A pistil cut transversely, enlarged. 
. An ovule, much magnified. 


PrateE LXXIX. ExorHra PANICULATA. 
A fruiting branch, natural size. 
. Vertical section of a fruit, slightly enlarged. 
A seed, enlarged. 
. An embryo, enlarged. 


Silva of North America Tab. LXXVIII. 


me ho 
SS @. D 
= Te as 
SPAS ae q 
TSK 


«EF Faxon del. Part fr. re 


EXOTHEA PANICULATA, Radlk 


A Procreur durex ® inp.F. Taneur, Faris. 


Silva of North America, Tab. LXXIX 


CE Faxon del | Picart fr. sc. 


EXOTHEA PANICULATA , Radlk. 


A Ruocreux. dren ® imp.R. Taneur, Faris. 


SAPINDACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. v7 


HY PELATE. 


FLoweErs regular, polygamo-monecious; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in 
estivation, deciduous; petals 5, imbricated in estivation; ovary 3-celled; ovules 2 in 
each cell, heterotropous. Fruit a fleshy drupe, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 


Hypelate, Browne, Nat. Hist. Jam. 208. — Cambessedes, Gen. i. 408 (in part). — Baillon, Hist. Pl. v. 408 (in 
Mém. Mus. xiii. 31 (in part).— Endlicher, Gen. 1071 part). 
(in part). — Meisner, Gen. 53.— Bentham & Hooker, Melicocca, A. L. de Jussieu, Mém. Mus. iii. 178 (in part ; 
not Linnzus). 


A glabrous tree or shrub, with smooth bark and slender terete branches. Leaves alternate, long- 
petiolate, the petioles sometimes narrow winged, destitute of stipules, three-foliolate, the terminal leaflet 
rather larger than the others, persistent ; leaflets sessile, obovate, rounded or rarely acute or emarginate 
at the apex, entire with thickened revolute margins and prominent midribs, coriaceous, conspicuously 
feather-veined, the veins arcuate and connected near the margin, dark green and lustrous on the upper, 
and bright green on the lower surface. Flowers minute, in few-flowered long-stemmed wide-branched 
terminal or axillary panicles. Pedicels slender from the axils of minute deciduous bracts. Calyx-lobes 
ovate, rounded at the apex, slightly puberulous on the outer surface, ciliate along the margins, decidu- 
ous by a circumscissile line. Petals rather longer than the calyx-lobes, rounded, spreading, white, with 
ciliate margins. Stamens seven or eight, inserted on the lobes of the annular fleshy disk ; filaments fili- 
form, in the sterile flower as long as the petals, much shorter in the fertile flower; anthers oblong, 
attached on the back near the bottom, two-celled, the cells spreading from above downwards, opening 
longitudinally. Ovary sessile on the disk, slightly three-lobed, three-celled, contracted into a short stout 
style; rudimentary in the sterile flower; stigma large, declinate, obscurely three-lobed ; ovules two in 
each cell, borne on the middle of its inner angle, amphitropous, superposed, the upper ascending with 
the micropyle inferior, the lower pendulous with the micropyle superior. Fruit an ovate black drupe, 
crowned with the remnants of the persistent style and supported on the persistent base of the calyx ; 
sarcocarp thin and fleshy ; endocarp thick and crustaceous. Seed destitute of albumen, solitary by the 
abortion of the upper ovule, suspended, obovate; testa thin, slightly wrinkled. Embryo conduplicate, 
filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons thin, foliaceous, irregularly folded, incumbent on the long 
radicle. 

The wood of Hypelate is very heavy, hard, and close-grained. It contains numerous thin obscure 
medullary rays, and is rich dark brown in color with thin darker colored sapwood usually composed of 
four or five layers of annual growth. It is durable in contact with the soil, and is valued in Florida for 
posts; it is also used in ship-building and for the handles of tools. 

Hypelate, the ancient name of the Butcher’s Broom, Ruscus Hypophyllum of Linnzus, was 
adopted by Patrick Browne as the generic name for the West Indian tree. The genus is represented 


by a single species. 


13 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPINDACE.E. 


HYPELATE TRIFOLIATA. 
White Iron Wood. 


Hypelate trifoliata, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. ii. 655, t. 14. — Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 127; Cat. Pl. Cub. 46. — 
Lunan, Hort. Jum. i. 387. — Delessert, Icon. iii. 23, t. Sargent, Garden and Forest, iv. 100. 
39. — De Candolle, Prodr. i. 614. — Macfadyen, Fl. Jam. Amyris Hypelate, Robinson; Lunan, Hort. Jam. i. 149. 
163. — Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1279. — Chapman, Fl. 78. — 


A tree, rising sometimes in Florida to the height of thirty-five or forty feet, with a trunk occa- 
sionally eighteen or twenty inches in diameter, although generally much smaller. The bark, which is 
smooth, is rarely an eighth of an inch in thickness and is marked with many shallow depressions and 
minute lenticels. The branchlets are pale green when they first appear; they become gray later in the 
season, and bright red-brown in the second year. The leaves unfold in Florida nm June and remain 
on the branches until the second season and often longer. They are borne on stout petioles one and 
a half to two inches long, furnished with narrow green wings. The leaflets are one and a half 
to two inches long, three quarters of an inch to an inch and a quarter wide, and very bright green. 
The inflorescence is few-flowered, and is three or four inches in length, with a slender peduncle and 
branches. The sterile and fertile flowers are produced in separate panicles on the same tree. The 
flowers appear in Florida in June, and when fully expanded are a little less than an eighth of an inch 
across. The fruit, which is produced very sparingly, ripens in September; it is three eighths of an 
inch long and possesses a sweet rather agreeable flavor. 

Hypelate trifoliata is known in Florida only on Upper Metacombe and Umbrella Keys, and is one 
of the rarest of the tropical trees which occur within the territory of the United States. It also inhabits 
Jamaica and Cuba. 

Hypelate trifoliata was discovered in Jamaica by Sir Hans Sloane, and the earliest account of it 


appears in his Catalogue of the Plants of Jamaica published in 1696.' It was first found in Florida by 
Dr. J. L. Blodgett. 


1 Cytisus arboreus, foliis obtusis glabris, foliorum pediculis alatis, Fruticosa, foliis obovatis pinnato-ternatis, petiolo marginato af- 
141 ; Nat. Hist. Jam. ii. 33.— Ray, Hist. Pl. iii. 473. The figure (fizis, Browne, Nat. Hist. Jam. 208. 
in the Natural History of Jamaica, to which Sloane himself refers, 
represents another plant. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


PuaTte LXXX. Hypeate TRIFOLIATA. PLate LXXXI. HyYpevatTe TRIFOLIATA. 
1. A flowering branch, natural size. 1. A fruiting branch, natural size. 
2. Diagram of a flower. 2. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 
3. A staminate flower, enlarged. 3. A fruit cut transversely, enlarged. 
4. A stamen, back and front views, enlarged. 4, A seed, enlarged. 
5. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 5, 6. An embryo, much magnified. 
6. A pistil divided transversely, enlarged. 
7. Vertical section of a pistil, enlarged. 
8. A pair of ovules, much magnified. 


Silva of North America. Tab. LXXX 


C.E. Faxon ded. Pucart fr. ce. 


HYPELATE TRIFOLIATA, Sw 


' A. Fiocreux direx ® Lp. F. Taneur, Paris. 


Silva of North America. | Tab. LXXXI 


CE Faron del Picart. fr SC 


HYPELATE TRIFOLIATA, Sw. 


A Provreur durex! imp. f Taneur. Faris 


SAPINDACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 79 


ACER. 


FLowErs regular, diceciously or moneciously polygamous, rarely perfect, or dic- 
cious; calyx generally 5-parted, the lobes imbricated in estivation; petals usually 5, 
imbricated in estivation, or 0; ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending. Fruit 
a double samara. 


Acer, Linnezus, Gen. 112.— Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 383. — Negundo, Moench, Meth. 334.— Endlicher, Gen. 1056. — 
A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 251. — Endlicher, Gen. 1056. — Meisner, Gen. 56.— Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 201. — Bentham 
Meisner, G'en. 56. — Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 199. — Bentham ‘ & Hooker, Gen. i. 409. 

& Hooker, Gen. i. 409. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. v. 427. Negundium, Rafinesque, NV. Y. Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 350. 


Trees or rarely shrubs, with lmpid or sometimes milky juice, terete branches, scaly buds, the inner 
scales often accrescent with the young shoots, and fibrous roots. Leaves opposite, long-petiolate, 
simple, palmately three to seven-lobed, or rarely entire, or pinnately three to five-foliolate, generally des- 
titute of stipules, deciduous. Flowers in fascicles produced from separate lateral buds and appearing 
before the leaves, or in terminal and lateral racemes or panicles appearing with or later than the leaves. 
Bracts minute, usually caducous. Calyx colored, four to twelve, usually five-parted or lobed, decidu- 
ous. Petals as many as the lobes of the calyx, inserted on the margin or base of the disk, equal, 
erect, colored like the calyx, deciduous; or wanting. Disk annular, fleshy, more or less lobed, with a 
free margin, or rarely rudimentary. Stamens four to ten, usually eight, inserted on the summit or inside 
of the disk, hypogynous or perigynous; filaments distinct, filiform, commonly exserted in the sterile, 
shorter and generally abortive in the fertile flower; anthers oblong or linear, attached at the base, 
introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary two-lobed, two-celled, compressed contrary 
to the dissepiment, wing-margined on the back; styles two, inserted between the lobes of the ovary, 
connate below and divided into two linear branches stigmatose on their inner surface; ovules two in 
each cell, collateral, rarely superposed, ascending, attached by their broad bases to the inner angle of 
the cell, anatropous or finally amphitropous; micropyle inferior. Fruit composed of two samaras sepa- 
rable from a small persistent axis, the nut-like carpels compressed laterally, produced on the back into a 
large chartaceous or coriaceous reticulated wing thickened on the lower margin. Seeds solitary by 
abortion or rarely two in each cell, compressed or irregularly three-angled, ascending obliquely, destitute 
of albumen ; testa membranaceous, the inner coat often fleshy.'. Embryo conduplicate ; cotyledons thin, 
foliaceous or coriaceous, irregularly plicate, incumbent, oblique, or accumbent on the elongated descend- 
ing radicle which is turned towards the hilum.’ 

The genus Acer is represented in all the great geographico-botanical divisions of the northern 
hemisphere, but extends south of the equator only to the mountains of Java.° In the eastern and 


1 The seed of Acer usually ripens in the autumn and germinates 2 The genus may be divided into two sections as proposed by 
the following spring. The seed of the two American species with Maximowicz (Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xxvi. 437, 450 [Mél. 
precocious flowers, however, ripens at the end of a few weeks after Biol. x. 591, 609). 
the trees flower, and germinates at once. This is a provision, per- AcER. Flowers polygamous or diccious, petalous or apetalous. 
haps, acquired by these species to insure their perpetuation ; they Leaves simple. 
grow in low wet land, often inundated during the winter, and the Negunpo. Flowers diccious, apetalous (in the American spe- 
seed, if it ripened in the autumn, would often lie in water through cies) or furnished with petals. Leaves pinnately or ternately 
the winter and be in danger of losing its vitality ; but it reaches divided. 
the ground after the water has fallen in the swamps and before the 8 Acer appears to have been unrepresented in the Tertiary Arctic 
exposed surface of the ground has become baked by the hot sun of flora, and to have been rare in that of Greenland. (Heer, Fl. Foss. 
summer, that is when it is in just the condition to insure the ger- Arct. vii. Die tert. Fl. v. Groenl. 125, t. 94, f. 1-3.) It was more 


‘nation of ced: abundant in Spitzbergen at the same epoch (Heer, Fl. Foss. Arct. 


80 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


SAPINDACEX. 


central parts of the continents species are more multiplied than in the western parts, and arc common 


and characteristic features of vegetation. 


Sixty or seventy species may be distinguished,’ nearly half of them belonging to China and Japan, 
which must be considered the headquarters of the genus.’ 


2 


One widely distributed species of southern 


India is found in Sumatra and Java;* twelve are endemic to the Himalaya-mountain region,’ and twelve 


to Europe and the Orient.® 


In North America nine species occur ; five of these belong to the Atlantic 


ani two to the Pacific region ; one is peculiar to the central mountain ranges, and one extends across 


the continent. 


The wood of Acer is light, close-grained, and moderately hard. The bark is astringent and yields 
red and yellow colormg matter,’ and the limpid sweet sap of some of the American species is manufac- 


tured into sugar. 


nus, the American A. burbatum, and the Indian A. Campbellii.? 


The most valuable timber trees of the genus are the European Acer Pseudo-Plata- 


In Japan the wood of Acer is little 


employed, although that of A. pictwin’? sometimes serves for the interior finish of buildings; a few 
species supply material for turnery and for making trays and other small objects, and the mucilaginous 
inner bark of A. crateyifolium™ is used in paper-making. 

Acer contains several species which have been planted for centuries as. ornamental trees in Europe ; 
and in North America and Japan,” where the brilliant colors assumed by the foliage of many Maples 


increase their value. 


iv. Spitzbergen, 86, t. 22-24, 25, f. 1-3), so that it probably existed 
in polar regions before its appearance in central Europe, where the 
early vestiges of Acer date only from the upper Eocene. (Saporta, 
Origine Paleontologique des :irbres, 281.) 

1 Dr. Ferdinand Pax, in his recent Monograph of Acer (Engler 
As, 


however, he sometimes establishes species on single herbarium spe- 


Bot. Jahrb. vii. 177), distinguishes more than eighty species. 


cimens without flower or fruit, his views will be accepted with cau- 
tion in the case of a genus in which individuals and even parts of 
individuals show such a tendency to leaf variation ; and the species 
of Acer, if they are all ever studied in the field, will perhaps be 
found to be nearer sixty than eighty in number. 

2 Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pctersbourg, xxvi. 437 (Mél. 
Biol. x. 591). — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 87. — Fran- 
chet, Pl. David. 176, 230; Pl. Delavayane, i. 144, t. 31. — Forbes 
& Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 140. 

8 Dr. Heinrich Mayr estimates that fully thirty per cent. of the 
deciduous forests of Japan are composed of different species of 
Maple. 

4 Acer niveum, Blume, Rumphia, iii. 193, t. 167, B, f. 1. — Miquel, 
Fil. Ind. Bat. i., ii. 582. 

5 Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 692. 

6 Nyman, Conspect. Fl. Europ. 135. — Boissier, Fl. Orient. i. 
947. 

7 Le Maout & Decaisne, Trait. Gn. Bot. English ed. 356. 

8 Linnzus, Spec. 1054. — Fl. Dan. t. 1575. — Reichenbach, Icon. 
Fil. Germ. v. t. 164. 

The wood of Acer Pseudo-Platanus is compact and firm without 
being very hard ; it is easily worked and does not warp or shrink 
when properly seasoned. It is much used in central Europe in 
turnery and wood-sculpture, and in the manufacture of trays, vio- 
lins, and other musical instruments, and of rollers, spoons, plates, 
It has a high 
fuel value, both in the quantity of the heat it produces and in the 


pestles, and many other small household utensils. 


length of time it burns. The leaves, gathcred green and dried, are 


used as winter fodder for sheep in some parts of Europe. 


9 Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 696. Acer Campbellii is the princi- 
pal Maple of the northeastern Himalaya, where the wood is used 
in large quantities for planking and in the manufacture of tea- 
boxes. (Gamble, Aan. Indian Timbers, 101.) 

10 Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 162.— Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. 
Jap. i. 87. — Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, xxvi. 443 
(Meél. Biol. x. 599). — Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 696. In India, 
where A. pictum is also widely distributed from the Indus to As- 
sam, and is the most common species of the northern Himalaya, 
its wood is used for construction and in the manufacture of plows 
and other articles ; and its branches are cut for the winter fodder 
of cattle. (Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers, 101.) 

11 Siebold & Zucearini, Abhand. Akad. Miinch. iv. 2,155; Fl. 
Jap. ii. 84, t. 147. — Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, 
xxvi. 441 (Meél. Biol. x. 596). 

12 Acer palmatum (Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 162. — Maximowicz, Bull. 
Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xxvi. 448 [Mél. Biol. x. 607]), Acer Ja- 
ponicum (Thunberg, J. c. 162. — Maximowicz, J. c. 605), both in 
many forms, and A. diabolicum (Miquel, Prol. Fl. Jap. 20. — Maxi- 
mowicz, 1. v. 593), are the most commonly cultivated Maple-trees 
in the gardens of Japan, in which they are considered indispensa- 
ble ; and the last holiday excursion of the year is made late in the 
autumn by the Japanese lover of nature to look on the brilliant 
colors of A. polymorphum.(Rein, Japan nach Reisen und Studien im 
Auftrage der Kéniglich Preussischen Regierung dargestellt, ii. 325.) 

As a general rule the European Maples which have been planted 
in the United States have not proved long-lived or handsome trees. 
The exception is the Norway Maple (Acer platanoides), which 
flourishes here, especially in the neighborhood of the ocean, as well 
as any of the indigenous species, reproducing itself naturally and 
abundantly. Acer Pseudo-Platanus, the most stately and beauti- 
ful of the European Maples, and one of the most beautiful trees of 
the genus when it grows in the mountain valleys of central Europe, 
fails to become a large or long-lived tree in the United States ; and 
none of the Asiatic species which have been planted here appear 
capable of adapting themselves permanently to the climate. 


SAPINDACEZ. 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


Sl 


Acer is attacked by a number of injurious insects,’ and is affected, although not very seriously, by 


various fungal diseases.” 


Acer, the classical name of the Maple-tree, was adopted for the genus by Tournefort,’ and after- 


wards by Linnzeus. 


1 The Maples are liable to serious injury from the attacks of sev- 
eral species of wood-boring insects which are particularly destructive 
to trees planted for shade or ornament, or growing in open sunny 
woods. In America and in Europe the different species are injured 
by many insects. Packard has found thirty-six species (Bull. No. 
7, U. S. Entomolog. Comm. 103), which probably represent but a 
small proportion of those living upon Maple-trees in this country ; 
while Kaltenbach has enumerated no less than sixty-six found on 
these trees in Germany alone (Die Pflanzen-feinde aus der Classe 
der Insecten, 87). The large Sugar Maple borer (Glycobius speci- 
osus) is one of the most dangerous beetles which infest these trees 
in this country, often causing their death (Harris, Insects [njurious 
to Vegetation, ed. 2, 101), and the flat-headed Apple-tree borer 
(Chrysobothris femorata, F.) is sometimes hardly less injurious to 
the Red and Silver Maples (Riley, 1st Ann. Rep. Insects of Missouri, 
1869, 46). 
Clemens) is often very destructive to the Red and Sugar Maples, 
and is especially abundant in some parts of the west. (Riley, 6th 
Ann. Rep. Insects of Missouri, 1874, 107.) The foliage of all the 


species of eastern America is more or less liable to injury by the 


The boring larve of a small moth (geria acerni, 


common Fall Web-worm, and Silver Maples planted in New Eng- 
land cities are sometimes much injured by the larve of the Tussock 
moth. 

The caterpillar of Dryocampa rubicunda, F., sometimes destroys 
the Red and Silver Maples in some parts of the west (Riley, 
5th Ann. Rep. Insects of Missouri, 1873, 137) ; and many other 
leaf-eating and some leaf-mining insects affect the Maples of the 
United States, although their ravages have rarely been serious 
enough to attract general attention. 

Aphids quite frequently infest Maple-trees, and the scale insect 
known as the Cottony Maple Scale (Pulvinaria innumerabilis, Rath- 
von) is often exceedingly troublesome and destructive. (J. D. 
Putnam, Proc. Davenport Acad. ii. 293.) 

Acer Negundo, besides being liable to injury by the boring and 
foliage-eating insects which prey on the other Maples, is peculiarly 
liable to defoliation by the Fall Web-worm (Bull. 10, Div. Ent. 
Dep. Agric. 1887, 40) ; and the Box Elder bug (Leptocoris trivitta- 
tus) is reported as seriously affecting the growth of this tree. (First 
Ann. Rep. Kansas Ex. Station, 1888, 220.) 

2 A considerable number of fungi are parasitic upon Maples. 
As a rule, however, they are comparatively free from serious dis- 
eases caused by fungi, and the species found upon them, while 
possessing much botanical interest, cannot be said to be of great 
importance from the point of view of the arboriculturist. In Eu- 
rope a disease caused by Cercospora acerina, R. Hartig, affects 


seedlings of the different species ; it has not yet been observed, 
however, in this country, where the cultivation of Maples from seed 
is not very often attempted on a large scale. The most striking 
fungal disease of Maples in the United States is that caused by 
Rhytisma acerinum, Fr., which produces black and more or less cir- 
It is 


particularly conspicuous on the narrower lobes of the leaves of the 


cular and thickened spots of considerable size on the leaves. 


Silver Maple, and is also common on the leaves of the Red and 
Sugar Maples. On those species which affect northern or moun- 
tainous regions, such as A. Pennsylvanicum and A. spicatum, a sec- 
ond form (Rhytisma punctatum, Fr.) is more frequently found. It 
differs in appearance from the first species in that the blotches are 
not a uniform black mass, but are aggregations of small black 
spots. The leaves affected with Rhytisma are conspicuous in the 
autumn, although the fungus does not mature until winter and 
after the leaves have fallen. Rhytisma acerinum is common in 
America, where it is found from Maine to Louisiana and California, 
as well as in Europe. Although less conspicuous to the eye, other 
leaf fungi are more injurious to Maples than the Rhytisma. In 
addition to the European species, Gleosporium acerinum, Westd., 
and Phileospora Aceris, Sacc., occur on the Silver Maple in the 
United States, the last being common also on Acer Negundo in 
California. This is the American species first described by Berke- 
ley and Curtis under the name of Spheropsis minima (Grevillea, 
iii. 2), (Phyllosticta acericola, C. & E., Phoma minima, Sacc.), 
which attacks A. barbatum, A. rubrum, and A. Pennsylvanicum in 
the northern states, forming rather small scattered spots which are 
white, thin, and brittle with a black border. This fungus is occa- 
sionally so prevalent as to disfigure and injure the trees. In more 
mountainous districts, A. Pennsylvanicum, especially when young, is 
badly infested by Septoria acerina (25th Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mu- 
seum, 87), which forms brown irregularly polygonal spots on which 
are sprinkled the brownish fruit dots. When abundant and mature 
this fungus sometimes covers the leaves, and the copious spores 
exude in powdery whitish masses. 

Of fungi belonging to the Perisporiacee or mildews, Uncinula 
circinata, C. & P., replacing the European U. Aceris, is common on 
nearly all the Maples of the northern states. This plant forms a 
thin white mesh with scattered minute black globules usually on 
the under side of the leaves. Of the species of fungi found on the 
trunks and branches of Maples, the greater portion belong to the 
Pyrenomycetes and Hymenomycetes. Most of these species, which are 
found also on other trees, are not known to produce any serious or 
widespread disease on Maples. 


3 Inst. 615, t. 386. 


82 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPINDACEZ. 


CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. 


Acer. Flowers polygamo-monecious or polygamo-diecious ; leaves simple. 
Flowers usually polygamo-monecious in terminal racemes on leafy branches, appearing later than the leaves. 
Flowers in dense upright racemes. 
Petals linear-spatulate, much longer than the sepals; leaves three or slightly five-lobed . 1. A. sPICATUM. 


Flowers in drooping racemes. 


Sd 


Petals obovate ; ovary and young fruit glabrous; leaves three-lobed at the apex . A. PENNSYLVANICUM. 


Petals obovate; ovary and young fruit hairy; leaves deeply five-lobed . . . . . . 3. A. MACROPHYLLUM. 
Flowers in terminal pedunculate corymbs, appearing with the leaves. 
Flowers usually polygamo-monecious; petals involute, much shorter than the sepals; 


leaves palmately seven to eight-lobed . . . - - . « «© e+ ee + + . 4 A. CIRCINATUM. 
Flowers usually polygamo-diecious; petals linear, as long as the sepals; leaves three- 
lobed or three-parted . . 2 1. ee ee ee ee eee ee ee. 6 AL GLABRUM. 


Flowers usually polygamo-monecious, in nearly sessile umbel-like terminal and lateral cor- 


ymbs, appearing with the leaves. 


Flowers apetalous; leaves three to fivelobed . . - - + + + + + + + « + + 6, A. BARBATUM. 
Flowers precocious, usually polygamo-diecious, in umbel-like fascicles from separate lateral 
buds. 
Flowers sessile or short-pedunculate; ovary and young fruit tomentose ; leaves deeply 


five-llobed . . 2. 2. 1 ew we ee ee et . e ew whl elle) CU AL SACCHARINUM. 


Flowers long-pedunculate ; ovary glabrous; leaves three to five-lobed . . . . . . 8. A. RUBRUM. 


Necunpo. Flowers diecious; leaves pinnately or ternately divided. 
Flowers apetalous . . 2. 1. 1 1 ee ee et ee ww we we ww we wl he 6D A. NEGUNDO. 


SAPINDACE. 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 53 


ACER SPICATUM. 


Mountain Maple. 


FLowErs in dense upright racemes; petals linear-spatulate, much longer than the 


sepals. 


Acer spicatum, Lamarck, Dict. ii. 381.— Persoon, Syn. i. 
417.— De Candolle, Prodr. i. 593. — Don, Gen. Syst. i. 
648. — Audubon, Birds, t. 134. — Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. 
ser. 2, ii. 163; Hist. Veg. iii. 87. — Torrey & Gray, FU. 
NV. Am. i. 246. — Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1281. — Torrey, FU. 


NV. Y. i. 135. — Chapman, FV. 80. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. 
Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 52. — Buchenau, Bot. Zeit. xix. 
285, t. 11, f. 23.— Koch, Dendr. i. 522. — Emerson, 
Trees Mass. ed. 2, ii. 567, t.— Bell, Rep. Geolog. Surv. 
Can. 1879-80, 54°. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th 
Census U.S. ix. 46. — Pax, Engler Bot. Jahrb. vii. 188. — 
Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 117. — Wesmael, 
Gen. Acer, 16. 


Leaves 3 or slightly 5-lobed, tomentose on the lower surface. 


22, t. 2 (not Linneus). — Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 
82, t. 12, f. 30. — Marshall, Arbust. .4m. 2. — Castiglioni, 
Viug. negli Stati Uniti, ti. 172. 


. parviflorum, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv..25; vi. 40. — Moench, 


Meth. 56. 


. montanum, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 435. — Schmidt, Oestr. 


Baum. i. 13, t. 11. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 253. — 
Willdenow, Spec. iv. 988; Hnwm. 1045. — Desfontaines, 
Hist. Arb. i. 391. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv. 33. — Trat- 
tinick, Archiv. i. t. 13. — Pursh, FU. Am. Sept. i. 267. — 
Nuttall, Gen. i. 253. — Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abdild. 
Holz. 59, t. 48. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 212. — Elliott, Sk. 
i. 452. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 224. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. 


A. Pennsylvanicum, Du Roi, Diss. 61; Harbk. Bawm. i. i. 111. — Bigelow, FV. Boston. ed. 3, 408. 


A small bushy tree, rising occasionally to a height of twenty-five or thirty feet, with a short trunk 
six or eight inches in diameter and slender upright branches; or more often a tall or low shrub. The 
bark of the trunk is very thin with a smooth or slightly furrowed reddish brown surface. The branch- 
lets when they first appear are light gray and coated with pubescence which disappears during the 
summer ; in the winter they become bright red, especially when exposed to the full action of the sun, 
and the following summer turn gray or pale brown again and are then somewhat blotched or streaked 
with green towards the base. The winter-buds are acute; the terminal flower-bud is an eighth of an 
inch long and more or less coated with pale tomentum, the leaf-buds being much smaller and glabrous 
or somewhat puberulous. The outer scales are red; the second pair are densely white-tomentose and 
deciduous ; those of the inner ranks lengthen with the young shoots until at maturity they are an inch 
or more long, and are then lanceolate, pale and papery, and in falling leave narrow scars surrounding the 
base of the branchlets. The leaves are membranaceous, three or slightly five-lobed with taper-pointed 
lobes, and are conspicuously three-nerved with prominent veinlets; they are subcordate or sometimes 
nearly truncate at the base, sharply and coarsely glandular-serrate, and four or five inches in length by 
somewhat less in breadth, and are borne on slender petioles two or three inches long with enlarged 
bases. They are puberulous on the upper and densely tomentose on the lower surface when they 
unfold, and at maturity are hoary-pubescent below and glabrous above. The petiole is often scarlet in 
summer, while the blade of the leaf, which turns later to various shades of orange and scarlet, is still 
bright green. The minute greenish yellow flowers are produced together, the fertile towards the base, 
and the sterile at the ends of narrow many-flowered long-stemmed upright slightly compound pubescent 
racemes which appear during the month of June after the leaves are fully grown. The pedicels are 
thread-like and half to three quarters of an inch in length. The calyx-lobes are narrowly obovate, 
colored, pubescent on the outer surface, and much shorter than the linear-spatulate pointed petals. 
There are seven or eight stamens inserted immediately under the ovary, with slender glabrous filaments 
as long as the petals in the sterile flower and about the length of the sepals in the fertile flower, and 
glandular anthers. The ovary 1s densely coated with pale tomentum, and in the sterile flower is reduced 


S4 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPINDACEE. 


to a minute point surrounded by a tuft of pale hairs. The style is columnar and almost as long as the 
petals, with very short stigmatic lobes. The fruit is almost glabrous, with more or less divergent wings, 
and is rather more than an inch across. It is fully grown and bright red in July, turning brown late 
in the autumn, the racemes then being pendulous or nearly so. The seed is an eighth of an inch long, 
with a smooth dark testa and thick fleshy cotyledons. 

Alcer spicatum is common in all the region from the valley of the lower St. Lawrence River to 
northern Minnesota and the Saskatchewan, and extends southward through the northern states and 
along the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia. It is represented in the flora of eastern Asia by 
a plant widely distributed from Manchuria to Japan, hardly distinguishable from the American tree.’ 
Acer spicatum grows on moist rocky hillsides in the shade of other trees, and at the north is rarely 
more than a spreading shrub, becoming really a tree only on the western slopes of the high mountains 
of Tennessee and North Carolina, where it occurs in great abundance in forests of the Sugar Maple, 
the Beech, the Birch, the Hemlock, the Buckeye, and the Ash, often forming a considerable portion of 
the undergrowth. 

The wood of Acer spicatuin is light, soft, and close-grained, with thin inconspicuous medullary 
rays. It is light brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity of 
the absolutely dry wood is 0.5330, a cubic foot weighing 33.22 pounds. 

Acer spicatum, according to Aiton,’ was cultivated in England as early as 1750 by Archibald, 
Duke of Argyll,* but it was not described by any botanist until twenty years later. It is now rarely 
cultivated, although well worth a place in the shrubbery. 


1 A. spicatum, var. Ukurunduense, Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amur. A. Ukurunduense, Middendorff, Fl. Ochotsk. No. 78. 
65 ; Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xxvi. 439 (Meél. Biol. x. 594). — 2 Hort. Kew. iii. 435. 
Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 88. — Pax, Engler Bot. 3 See i. 108. 
Jahrb. vii. 189. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


PuaTeE LXXXII. Acer spicatum. 

A flowering branch, natural size. 

. A staminate flower, enlarged. 

Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged. 
. An anther, front view, enlarged. 


. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged. 


Pap wd 


. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 


PuatE LXXXIII. Acer spicatum. 
. A fruiting branch, natural size. 
. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 
A seed, enlarged. 


. An embryo, much magnified. 


oP wb 


. A winter branchlet, natural size. 


Silva of North America. 


CE. Faxon’ del, 


A, Riocreux dire” 


Tab. LXXXII 


Ay = 
ook 9 | Coy Ow) 
“WN y 

y Viag 

pe BAe rx EE. 
Y Wa 


@ NU) Ze LS, 


° 
—e 
Yo 


4° 


ACER SPICATUM, Lam 


lp. RelTaneur, Parw. 


(merica . 


A 


6 Ae 
Piuart EERE 


ACER SPICATUM, Lam 


P 
terest! 


CTU 


Pre 


A 


SAPINDACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 85 


ACER PENNSYLVANICUM. 


Striped Maple. Moose Wood. 


FLOWERS in long drooping racemes; petals obovate, as long as the sepals; ovary 
and young fruit glabrous. Leaves 3-lobed at the apex. 


Acer Pennsylvanicum, Linnzus, Spec. 1055. — Michaux, 245. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 117. — 
fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 252. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. 989; Enum. Wesmael, Gen. Acer, 46. 
1045. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 391. — Nouveau Du- A. Canadense, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 3. 
hamel, iv. 32. — Trattinick, Archiv. i. t. 11.— Hayne, A. striatum, Du Roi, Diss. 58; Harbk. Bawm. i. 8, t. 1.— 


Dendr. Fl. 210. — Elliott, Sk. i. 451. — Torrey, Fl. N. Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 29, t. 12, f. 28. — Castigli- 
Y. i. 185.— Sprengel, Syst. ii. 224. — Torrey & Gray, oni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 172. — Lamarck, Dict. ii. 
Fl. N. Am. i. 246. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 111. — 381. — Ehrhart, Beitr. iv. 25. — Schmidt, Oestr. Bawm. 
Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 200, t. 174, £. 1-3. — Chapman, FV. i. 13, t. 10.— Moench, Meth. 56.— Persoon, Syn. i. 
80. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 52. — 417. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 242, t. 17. — Pursh, 
Buchenau, Sot. Zeit. xix. 285, t. 11, £. 24. — Koch, Dendr. Fl. Am. Sept. i. 267. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 253. — De Can- 
i. 521. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. v. 373, £. 418-420. — Em- dolle, Prodr. i. 593. — Watson, Dendr. Brit. ii. t. 170. — 
erson, Trees Mass. ed. 2, ii. 566, t. — Bell, Geolog. Rep. Don, Gen. Syst. i. 648. — Loudon, Ard. Brit. i. 407, t. — 
Canada, 1879-80, 53°.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. Spach, Ann. Sez. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 162; Hist. Veg. iii. 
10th Census U. S. ix. 46. — Pax, Engler Bot. Jahrb. vii. 85. — Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1281. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. ed. 
3, 407. 


A small tree, thirty or forty feet in height, with a short trunk eight or ten inches in diameter and 
slender upright branches; or often much smaller and shrubby in habit. The bark of the trunk varies 
from an eighth to a quarter of an inch in thickness and is reddish brown, marked longitudinally with 
broad pale stripes, and roughened with numerous horizontal oblong excrescences. The branchlets are 
pale greenish yellow, very smooth, and at first change little in appearance except to turn bright reddish 
brown during the winter when they are exposed to the action of the sun; but at the end of two or three 
years become striped like the trunk, with broad pale marks. The terminal winter-bud is conspicuously 
stipitate, and when it contains an inflorescence is almost half an inch long and much longer than the 
axillary buds; it is covered by two thick bright red spatulate boat-shaped scales prominently keeled on 
the back and inclosing a second pair of scales densely coated with white tomentum; the inner scales 
are green and foliaceous, and enlarge with the young shoots until they are an inch and a half or two 
inches long and half an inch wide when they are pubescent and bright yellow or rose-colored; in 
falling they leave two or sometimes three conspicuous narrow scars surrounding the base of the branches. 
The leaves are palmately three-nerved, three-lobed at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, and 
finely and sharply doubly serrate, the short lobes contracted mto tapering serrate points ; they are five 
or six inches long and four or five inches broad, and are borne on stout grooved petioles an inch and a 
half to two inches in length, the enlarged bases of each pair nearly uniting and embracing the branch. 
The leaves, when they first appear, are thin and membranaceous, pale rose-colored, and coated with 
ferrugineous pubescence, especially on the lower surface and petiole. This gradually disappears, and 
at maturity the leaves are glabrous with the exception of a tuft of ferrugineous hairs in the axils of the 
principal nerves on the upper surface, membranaceous, pale green above and rather paler below. In 
the autumn they turn a clear bright yellow. The flowers unfold towards the end of May or in early 
June when the leaves are nearly fully grown; they are borne in slender drooping long-stemmed racemes 
from four to six inches in length, the sterile and fertile flowers being usually produced on different 
racemes on the same plant. The pedicels are thread-lke, and vary from a quarter to half an inch 


86 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPINDACES. 


in length. The sepals are petaloid, linear-lanceolate or obovate, a quarter of an inch long and a little 
shorter and narrower than the bright canary-yellow petals. There are seven or eight stamens, which 
are shorter than the petals in the sterile flower, and rudimentary in the fertile flower. The pistil 1s 
purplish brown and puberulous, with a stout style united nearly to the top and spreading recurved 
stigmas; in the sterile flower it is reduced to a minute pointed rudiment. The fruit, which is produced 
in long drooping racemes, is glabrous with thin spreading wings three quarters of an inch long, and 1s 
marked on one side of each nutlet by a small cavity. The seed is a quarter of an inch long with a dark 
red-brown slightly rugose coat. 

The northern hmits of Acer Pennsylvanicum are the shores of Ha-Ha Bay in the valley of the 
Saguenay River; it ranges westward along the shores of Lake Ontario and the islands of Lake Huron 
to northeastern Minnesota; it is common in the northern Atlantic states, especially in the interior and 
elevated regions, and extends southward along the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia." 

Acer Pennsylvanicum is a shade-loving plant, and usually grows in forests composed of the Sugar 
Maple, the Beech, the Canoe Birch, the Yellow Birch, and the Hemlock, often forming in some parts of 
northern New England a large proportion of their shrubby undergrowth. In more open situations it 
rises in the northern states to the height of a small tree, but attains its greatest size on the slopes of the 
Big Smoky Mountains in Tennessee and of the Blue Ridge in North and South Carolina. 

The wood of Acer Pennsylvanicum is light, soft, and close-grained ; it contains numerous thin 
medullary rays, and is light brown with thick lighter colored sapwood consisting of thirty to forty layers 
of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.5299, a cubic foot weighing 
33.02 pounds. 

Acer Pennsylvanicum has few economic uses. In some parts of the country cattle are turned into 
the forest in the early spring to browse on the young and tender shoots filled with saccharine juice, 
which are the favorite food of the moose and the deer. Its principal value, however, consists in its 
beauty. The excellent habit of this small tree, the brilliancy of its young leaves and bud-scales in early 
spring, its handsome graceful flowers, its large bright summer foliage and brilliant autumn colors, and 
the conspicuous markings of its trunk and branches, more striking in winter even than in summer, make 
it a valuable garden plant, beautiful at all seasons of the year. 

Acer Pennsylvanicum appears to have been first noticed in 1747 by the Swedish traveler Kalm,? 
who sent it to Linneus.’ It was introduced in 1755* into the gardens of Europe, where it is still 
occasionally cultivated. 


1 The type represented in America by Acer Pennsylvanicum ap- states. On his return to Sweden Kalm was appointed professor of 
pears in the flora of Japan in A. rujinerve (Siebold & Zuccarini, botany in the University at Abo, and published (1753-1761) an ac- 
Abhand. Akad. Miinch. iv. 2,155; Fl. Jap. ii. 85, t. 148. — Maxi- count of his American travels. A German edition of this interest- 
mowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, xxvi. 441 [Mél. Biol. x. ing book soon appeared, and was followed in 1772 by an English 
596]), which is barely distinguishable from the American plant edition. This is the most important of Kalm’s published works, 
except in some comparatively unimportant characters. although he wrote a number of botanical treatises. His memory 

2 Peter Kalm (1715-1779) was a native of Bothnia and a favor- is perpetuated by the name of the beautiful Mountain Laurel, Kal- 
ite pupil and disciple of Linnzus, at whose instance he was sent by mia, bestowed by his master, Linnzus. 
the Swedish government to travel in America, where he landed in 8 The earliest figure of Acer Pennsylvanicum was published by 
1748 and remained during three years, devoting them to explora- Duhamel in the Traité des Arbres in 1755 (i. 28, t. 12). 
tions of the flora and natural resources of the middle and northern * Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 435. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


Pratt LXXXIV. Acer PENNSYLVANICUM. 


ay 


. A branch with staminate flowers, natural size. 

. A branch with pistillate flowers, natural size. 
Diagram of a flower. 

. Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged. 
. An anther, front and back views, enlarged. 


. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged. 


Oo PP we 


. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 


. An ovule, much magnified. 


co CO 


. A winter branchlet, natural size. 


Pirate LXXXV. Acer PENNSYLVANICUM. 
1. A fruiting branch, natural size. 
2. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. 
3. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 
4. An embryo, enlarged. 


Silva of North America. T-. LYLYIV 


Peart fr se 


C.F Faxon det. 


ACER PENNSYLVANICUM.L. 


A. Rrocretex: dire! Lip: Taneur, Paces. 


Silva of North America ‘Tab. LAXYV 


Me == — 
VARS a IE SSS x 
i Z "YF; <A NWN 
/ 


\ = 


U, 4 
Lf fifth AWAY 
pa Lf lll 
“hi My Z 


/I 


CE. Facvon del. | | Picart fh se 


ACER PENNSYLVANICUM. L. 


A. Riocreux dren. Inp.R Taneur, Pars 


SAPINDACE. 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 89 


ACER MACROPHYLLUM. 


Broad Leaved Maple. 


FLowERs in long drooping racemes; ovary and young fruit hairy. Leaves deeply 


5-lobed. 


Acer macrophyllum, Pursh, F?. Am. Sept. i. 267. — Poiret, 


Lam. Dict. Suppl. v. 669. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 253; Sylva, 
il. 77, t. 67. —De Candolle, Prodr. i. 594. — Sprengel, 
Syst. ii. 225. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 112, t. 38. — 
Don, Gen. Syst. i. 648.— Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, 
ii. 165. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 246.— Hooker 


Rep. vi. 21, 69.— Cooper, Pacific R. R. Rep. xii. 28, 
57. — Lyall, Jour. Linn. Soc. vii. 134, 144. — Bolander, 
Proc. Cal. Acad. iii. 78. — Rothrock, Smithsonian Rep. 
1867, 334. — Koch, Dendr. i. 528.— Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. viii. 379. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 107. — 
G. M. Dawson, Canadian Nat. n. ser. ix. 330. — Sargent, 


& Arnott, Bot. Voy. Beechey, 327. — Dietrich, Syn. ii. Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 47. — Pax, 
1281.— Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 301. — Torrey, Pacific Engler Bot. Jahrb. vii. 190. — Wesmael, Gen. Acer, 
hk. R. Rep. iv. 74; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 47; Bot. 17. 

Wilkes Explor. Exped. 258.— Newberry, Pacific Rk. Rk. A. palmatum, Rafinesque, New Fl. i. 48 (not Thunberg). 


A tree, eighty to a hundred feet high, with a tall straight trunk two or three feet in diameter and 
stout often pendulous branches forming a compact handsome head. The bark of the trunk is from a 
half to three quarters of an inch thick ; it is brown faintly tinged with red or bright reddish brown, 
The branchlets are at 
first smooth and pale green; during the first winter they become bright green or dark red, and are 


deeply furrowed and broken on the surface into small square plate-like scales. 


covered more or less thickly with small longitudinal white spots, and encircled at the base with the 
scars of the accrescent inner bud-scales; during the second summer they turn gray or grayish brown. 
The obtuse terminal winter-buds are a quarter of an inch long, and are surrounded by two pairs of short 
broad slightly spreading dark red scales rounded on the back, ciliate on the margins, and contracted at 
the apex into short blunt points; the next pair of scales are also colored, with united edges, and are 
rounded at the apex. The remainder are green and foliaceous, and when fully grown are an inch and 
a half long, and are then colored, puberulous, and tipped with short blunt points. The axillary buds 
are minute, obtuse, and are not provided with the spreading outer scales of the terminal bud. The 
leaves are puberulous when they first unfold, especially on the upper surface along the principal veins ; 
they are prominently three to five-nerved, deeply three to five-cleft, with sinmuate acuminate divisions 
furnished with two or three acute lobes, and cordate at the base by a deep narrow sinus. They are 
rather coriaceous at maturity, dark green and lustrous on the upper, and pale on the lower surface, eight 
to twelve inches in diameter, and are borne on stout petioles ten or twelve inches long with enlarged 
bases which unite and encircle the stem and are often supplied on the inside with a small tuft of white 
hairs. In Oregon the leaves turn in the autumn to a bright orange-color before fallmg. The stami- 
nate and pistillate flowers are produced together in graceful pendulous slightly puberulous racemes four 
to six inches in length, which appear in April and May after the leaves are fully grown ; they are bright 
yellow, fragrant, a quarter of an inch long, and borne on slender pubescent and often branched pedicels 
a half to three quarters of an inch in length. The sepals are petaloid, obovate, obtuse, and a little 
longer and broader than the spatulate petals. There are nine or ten stamens with orange-colored an- 
thers and long slender filaments, hairy at the base, exserted in the sterile, and included in the fertile 
flower. The ovary is coated with pale tomentum, and in the staminate flower is reduced to a minute 
rudiment; the styles are united at the base only; and the stigmas are long and exserted. The fruit, 
which is fully grown by the first of July, is then pale green, and ripens late in the autumn; the nutlets 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPINDACE.2:. 


90 


are covered with long pale hairs, and the wings are an inch and a half in length, half an inch in breadth, 
slightly divergent, and glabrous with the exception of a few hairs on the thickened edge. The seed 1s 
a quarter of an inch long, with a dark claret-colored rugose pitted coat and foliaceous cotyledons. 

Acer macrophyllum inhabits the coast of Alaska south of latiude 55° north; it occurs on the 
islands and coast of British Columbia, is widely and generally distributed through Washington and 
Oregon west of the Cascade Mountains, and spreads south along the coast ranges and the western slope 
of the Sierra Nevada of California to the San Bernardino Mountains and to Hot Spring valley, San 
Diego County, rarely extending more than four thousand feet above the level of the sea. It grows 
along the banks of streams or on rich bottom-lands, or sometimes in California on the rocky slopes 
of mountain valleys, reaching its greatest size in the humid climate and rich soil of the bottom-lands 
of southern Oregon, where, with the Laurel and the Alder, it abounds in extensive and beautiful forests, 
sending up tall stout stems clothed with moss. In California it is usually much smaller, especially 
in the coast ranges, often occurring as an isolated specimen, when it forms a low wide-branched round- 
headed tree. 

The wood of Acer macrophyllum is light, soft, and not very strong ; it is close-grained, and can 
be easily worked and given a beautiful polish. It is rich brown tinged with red, with thick lighter 
colored or often nearly white sapwood composed of sixty or eighty layers of annual growth, and many 
thin medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4909, a cubic foot weighing 
30.59 pounds. The grain is often beautifully curled and contorted, and sometimes forms concentric 
rings similar to those found in the wood of the Sugar Maple. It is the most valuable wood produced 
by any deciduous tree of the forests of western North America, and in Washington and Oregon is 
largely used for the interior finish of buildings, for furniture, and for axe and broom handles.’ 

Acer macrophyllum was discovered on the northwest coast late in the last century by Archibald 
Menzies,” and a few years later was observed near the cascades of the Columbia River by the members of 
the first transcontinental exploring expedition under Lewis and Clark. It is said to have been intro- 
duced into England in 1812.2 Acer macrophyllwm flourishes in the temperate parts of Europe, where 
it has long flowered and ripened its fruit, and where it forms a low round-headed tree remarkable for 
the size and beauty of its leaves, which are larger than those of any other Maple. In eastern America, 
where it is very rarely cultivated, it is hardy as far north as eastern Pennsylvania at least, and may be 


expected in sheltered situations to withstand the climate of southern New England. 


1 Sugar of good quality has, according to Greene (Fl. Francis. i. 
76), been made in the mountains of California from Acer macro- 
phyllum ; and the young twigs when cut exude a milky juice. 

2 Archibald Menzies (1754-1842) was born at Weem in the 
county of Perth, Scotland, and was early attached to the Botanic 
Garden of Edinburgh, of which his brother William was afterwards 
curator. Through the assistance of Dr. Hope, the professor of bot- 
any in the University, he was enabled to obtain the degree of M. D. 
He then settled at Caernarvon, but soon entered the navy as assist- 
ant-surgeon on board the Nonsuch, and was present at the victory 
obtained by Rodney over the Comte de Grasse in April, 1782. In 
1786 he joined as surgeon a vessel sent by a commercial firm on a 
voyage of discovery to the northwest coast of America. During this 
voyage Menzies visited Staten Island, where he appears to have 
remained for some time, the Sandwich Islands and China, and the 


northwest coast of America, returning to England in 1789. Men- 
zies was appointed the following year naturalist to Captain Vancou- 
ver, whom he accompanied on his celebrated voyage of discovery, 
during which he visited King George’s Sound on the coast of New 
Holland, New Zealand, the Sandwich Islands, and the northwest 
coast of America, returning to England in 1795. Subsequently he 
served in the West Indies as a naval surgeon, but early in the cen- 
tury quitted the sea and established himself as a physician in Lon- 
don. Menzies made large collections of natural objects, especially 
in botany, and first introduced into Europe the Chilian Araucaria. 
Menziesia, a genus of delicate shrubs belonging to the Heath family 
and represented by several species of North America and of eastern 
and northeastern Asia, commemorates his name. 

8 Loudon, Arb. Brit. i. 408, f. 117, 118, t. 28. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


PuaTte LXXXVI. AcER MACROPHYLLUM. 

. A flowering branch, natural size. 

A staminate flower, enlarged. 

. Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged. 
A stamen, enlarged. 

. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 

. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged. 


NAT PP wd 


. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 


PuaTE LXXXVII. Acer mMAcRoPpHYLLUM. 
1. A fruiting branch, natural size. 

2. Vertical section of a samara, natural size. 
3. An embryo, much magnified. 

4. An embryo displayed, much magnified. 

5. A winter branchlet, natural size. 


Silva of North America Tab. LXXXVI 


CE Faxor det Part fr: SC: 


ACER MACROPHYLLUM, Pursh. 


A. Hore direx:® Inp RTaneur, Faris. 


Tab LXXXVII 


Silva of North America 


Peart f{P. $C: 


CE Faven det. 


ACER MACROPHYLLUM, Puarsh. 


A.Roocreur durex Imp bP. Taneur. Paris. 


SAPINDACE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 93 


ACER CIRCINATUM. 
Vine Maple. 


FLOWERS in terminal umbel-like corymbs; petals involute, much shorter than the 
sepals. Leaves palmately 7 to 9-lobed. 


Acer circinatum, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 266. — Poiret, 1851, 791, f. 210.— Newberry, Pacific R. KR. Rep. vi. 21, 
Lam. Dict. Suppl. v. 669. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 253; Jour. 69. — Cooper, Pacific R. RK. Rep. xii. 28, 57. — Lyall, 
Phil. Acad. vii. 17 (excl. syn.); Sylva, ii. 80, t. 67. — Jour. Linn. Soc. vii. 1384.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 
De Candolle, Prodr. i. 595. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 225. — 379. — Koch, Dendr. i. 523. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Ex- 
Don, Gen. Syst. i. 651. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. i. 422, £. plor. Exped. 258. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 107. — 
112.— Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 169; Hist. Veg. G. M. Dawson, Canadian Nat. n. ser. ix. 330. — Sargent, 
iii. 97. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 247. — Hooker, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 47. — Pax, 
Fl. Bor-Am. i. 112, t. 39. — Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1282. — Engler Bot. Jahrb. vii. 203. — Wesmael, Gen. Acer, 25. 


Lindley, Paaton Fl. Gard. ii. 156, f. 210; Gard. Chron. A. virgatum, Rafinesque, New F7. i. 48. 


A low tree, rarely thirty or forty feet in height, often vine-like or prostrate, with a trunk ten or 
twelve inches in diameter covered with thin smooth bright red-brown bark marked by numerous shallow 
fissures ; or often a low wide-spreading shrub. The branchlets are glabrous, sometimes pale green and 
sometimes reddish brown, frequently covered late in the season and during their first winter with a 
glaucous bloom, and occasionally marked with small lenticular spots. The winter-buds are an eighth of 
an inch long, rather obtuse, and furnished at the base with a short brown papery subpetiolar scale with 
ciliate margins. The outer bud-scales are rounded on the back, rather thin, and bright red; they 
inclose a pair of thick scales coated with dense white tomentum which protect the inner series; these are 
green in the bud and lengthen with the growing shoot until at maturity they are two inches long, a 
quarter of an inch broad, obovate-spatulate, rounded at the apex, contracted into a long narrow claw, 
bright rose-colored, and more or less hairy-pubescent, especially on the outer surface. The leaves are 
almost round in outline, palmately seven to nine-lobed sometimes nearly to the middle, with acute lobes 
sharply and irregularly doubly-serrate ; they are conspicuously palmately-nerved with prominent veinlets, 
and are cordate at the base by a broad shallow sinus, or sometimes almost truncate, two to seven inches 
across, and borne on stout grooved petioles one or two inches long which clasp the stem by their large 
bases; they are tinged with rose-color when they unfold and are then somewhat puberulous, principally 
on the lower surface and the petioles, but at maturity are glabrous with the exception of a tuft of 
pale hairs in the axils of the large veins on the upper surface ; they are thin and membranaceous, dark 
green above and paler below, and in the autumn turn orange and scarlet. The flowers appear when 
the leaves are about half grown in loose ten to twenty-flowered umbel-like corymbs drooping on long 
stems from the ends of slender two-leaved branchlets, the staminate and pistillate flowers being produced 
together. The sepals are oblong or obovate, acute, villous, purple or red, and much longer than the 
greenish white broadly cordate acute petals which are folded together at the apex. There are from six 
to eight stamens with slender filaments villous at the base, exserted in the sterile flower, and in the fertile 
flower shorter than the petals. The ovary is glabrous with spreading lobes, and is surmounted by a 
style divided near the base into long exserted stigmas; in the staminate flower it is reduced to a small 
point surrounded by a tuft of pale hairs. The fruit is two or three inches long with thin wings which 
spread almost at right angles to the peduncle and, like the nutlets, are red or rose-colored in early sum- 
mer, when the fruit is fully grown, although it does not ripen until late m the autumn. The seed is 
ovate, with a pale chestnut-brown testa and foliaceous cotyledons. 


SAPINDACE. 


9+ SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


Acer circinatum inhabits the coast of British Columbia, and extends southward through Washing- 
ton and Oregon to Mendocino County in California. In Washington and Oregon it is one of the most 
common of the deciduous-leaved trees, lining the banks of streams up to an elevation of four thousand 
feet above the sea-level, and reaching its greatest size on the low alluvial soil of bottom-lands. In such 
situations the vine-like stems spring four or five together from the ground, spreading in wide curves 
and sending out long slender branches which root when they touch the ground and form impenetrable 
thickets of contorted and interlaced trunks, often many acres in extent and so dense that no other plant 
can grow beneath their shade. In California the Vine Maple is smaller and much less common, growing 
along streams in the coniferous forests. 

The wood of Acer circinatum is hard, heavy, close-grained, and not very strong; it is light brown 
or sometimes nearly white, with thick lighter colored sapwood and many thin medullary rays. The 
specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6660, a cubic foot weighing 41.51 pounds. It is used 
for fuel, for the handles of axes and other tools, and by the Indians of the northwest coast for the bows 
of their fishing nets. 

Acer circinatum was discovered in 1806 near the cascades of the Columbia River by the members 
of the transcontinental exploring expedition under command of Lewis and Clark. It was introduced 
into cultivation in 1827 through the Horticultural Society of London, which received seeds from David 
Douglas... In New England it has proved the hardiest of the trees from the Pacific coast, forming a low 
round-headed tree with a short stout trunk and long branches that sweep the ground, flowering and 


ripening its seed every year, and here unsurpassed in beauty of form, foliage, and flower by any of the 


smaller trees of the genus which are known in cultivation. 


1 David Douglas (1798-1834) ; a Scotch gardener sent by the 
Horticultural Society of London to explore the forests of the North- 
west Territory, is, from his courage, energy, and success in the pres- 
ence of great difficulties and dangers, and from his untimely and 
horrible death, a conspicuous figure in the annals of American 
Douglas, who had been trained by Sir Wil- 
liam Hooker and had made a short botanical journey in eastern 


botanical exploration. 


America in 1823, was sent in 1824 by the way of Cape Horn to the 
Columbia River, where he arrived in April, 1825. He spent two 
years in Oregon, discovering some important trees, including Abies 
nobilis, Abies amabilis, and Pinus Lambertiana, the largest of its 
race. In March, 1827, Douglas started from Fort Vancouver on 
the Columbia, crossed the continent by the Hudson’s Bay posts, and 
embarked for England, which he reached in October of the same 
year. Two years later he left England for the last time and 
reached the mouth of the Columbia on the 3d of June, 1830, re- 
maining in Oregon until the autumn, when he sailed for Monterey. 
Here he remained until the next summer, discovering no less than 
a hundred and fifty species of undescribed plants, and then sailed 
for the Sandwich Islands. 


to the Columbia River, and in the following summer extended his 


In the autumn of this year he returned 


exploration as far north as the Fraser River, in which he was 
wrecked, losing his collections and instruments and barely escaping 
with his life. 
from the awful solitude of the sombre Fir forests of the northwest, 
and in October, 1833, he sailed again for the Sandwich Islands. 
Here he passed the winter, and on the 12th of July, 1834, while 
engaged in exploring the high peaks of the islands, he fell into a 


But the beauties of tropical vegetation lured him 


pit in which a wild bull had been captured, and several hours later 
was found dead and terribly mangled. 

Douglas is said to have introduced two hundred and seventeen 
species of plants into English gardens, the list including many valu- 
able and beautiful trees like the Redwood, the Sugar Pine, and the 
Douglas Fir. No other collector has ever reaped such a harvest in 
America, or associated his name with so many useful plants. By 
an unfortunate hazard of fate the noble Douglas Fir, the most im- 
portant timber-tree introduced by Douglas, and one of the most 
valuable trees in the world, does not, as might well have been the 
case, perpetuate his name in the language of science, and it is a 
humble primrose-like alpine herb which commemorates this ex- 
plorer of forests and discoverer of mighty trees. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 


Pirate LXXXVIII. Acer cIiRcINATUM. 


. A flowering branch, natural size. 

A staminate flower, enlarged. 

Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged. 
. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 


ote Oo bo 


. A petal, enlarged. 


Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 
A fruiting branch, natural size. 


Vertical section of a samara, natural size. 


CHAD 


. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 
10. An embryo displayed and much magnified. 
11. Winter-buds, natural size. 


Silva of North America. Tab LAXAVIL 


CEB Laan del. We ph as 


ACER CIRCINATUM, Pursh. 


Alerenur adirer! inp. Plane Fares. 


SAPINDACEZ. 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 95 


ACER GLABRUM. 


Dwarf Maple. 


FLOWERS in terminal racemose corymbs; petals linear, as long as the sepals. 


Leaves 3-lobed or 8-parted. 


Acer glabrum, Torrey, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 172; Bot. 


Wilkes Explor. Exped. 259.— Don, Gen. Syst. i. 650. — 
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 247, 684. — Walpers, Rep. 
i. 409. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 86.— Newberry, Pacific f. 
fi. Rep. vi. 69. — Cooper, Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 258 ; 
Pacific R. R. Rep. xii. 51, 57; Am. Nat. iii. 406. — 
Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 259; Proc. Phil. 
Acad. 1863, 59. — Watson, King’s Rep. v. 52. — Brewer 
& Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 107.— Rothrock, Wheeler’s Rep. 
vi. 83. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. 
ix. 47. — Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 49. — Pax, En- 


gler Bot. Jahrb. vii. 218. — Wesmael, Gen. Acer, 30. — 
Greene, Fl. Francis. i. 76. 


. Douglasii, Hooker, London Jour. Bot. vi. 77, t. 6. — Pax, 


Engler Bot. Jahrb. vii. 219. — Wesmael, Gen. Acer, 30. 


. tripartitum, Nuttall; Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 


247. — Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1281. — Walpers, Rep. i. 409. — 
Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 85, t. 71. — Gray, Pl. Fendler. 28 
(Mem. Am. Acad. n. ser. iv.); Pacific kh. KR. Rep. iv. 
73. — Newberry, Pacific Rk. R. Rep. vi. 69. 


. glabrum, var. tripartitum, Pax, Engler Bot. Jahrb. 


vii. 218. 


A low bushy tree, rarely twenty or twenty-five feet in height, with a short trunk six or eight inches 
in diameter covered with smooth reddish brown bark, and slender upright branches; or more often a 
shrub four or five feet high. The branchlets are at first pale grayish brown, often slightly many-angled 
on vigorous shoots, and quite glabrous; they become bright red-brown during the first winter, and are 
then conspicuously marked at the base by the scars left by the falling of the accrescent inner bud-scales. 
The winter-buds are acute, an eighth of an inch long, and covered with vivid red or occasionally yellow 
scales ; the second pair of scales are bright rosy red, and more or less hairy-pubescent, especially within, 
while those of the inner ranks are pale brown tinged with pink, and at maturity are sometimes an inch 
and a half long, narrowly spatulate, very thin, and tomentose on the inner surface. The leaves are 
glabrous, membranaceous, rounded in outline, cordate-truncate or wedge-shaped at the base, and three 
to five-lobed, or often three-parted or three-foliolate, with acute or obtuse, doubly serrate lobes; they 
are from an inch to five inches across, rather conspicuously veined, dark green and lustrous on the 
upper, and paler on the lower surface, and are borne on stout grooved petioles which vary in length 
from one to six inches, and are often bright red.’ The staminate and pistillate flowers are usually pro- 
duced separately on different plants in loose few-flowered glabrous racemose corymbs borne on slender 
drooping peduncles from the ends of two-leaved branchlets. The sepals are oblong, obtuse, petaloid, 
and as long as the greenish yellow petals. There are seven or eight stamens with glabrous unequal 
filaments, which in the sterile flower are shorter than the petals, and much shorter or rudimentary in 
the fertile flower. 
short obtuse lobes, and is surmounted with a style that divides at the base into two spreading stigmatic 
lobes the length of the petals. The fruit is glabrous, and an inch or rather less in length, with broad 
nearly erect or slightly spreading wings which are often rose-colored during the summer. The seeds 
are ovate, with a bright chestnut-brown testa and thin foliaceous cotyledons. 

Acer glabrum is widely distributed from British Columbia over the mountain ranges of western 


America, extending south in California along the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the Yosemite valley, and 


The ovary, which is rudimentary or wanting in the sterile flower, is glabrous, with 


reaching the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and the mountains of eastern New 


Mexico and western Arizona. It is found on the borders of mountain streams, usually at an elevation 


1 It is not unusual to find lobed and trifoliate leaves on the same branches. 


96 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


SAPINDACE. 


of five or six thousand feet, although at the north it sometimes descends to within a few hundred feet 


of the sea-level. 


It is rarely more than a low shrub, and only in some of the elevated canons of New 


Mexico, Arizona, and Idaho assumes the habit of a tree. 
The wood of Acer glabrum is heavy, hard, and close-grained ; it is light brown or often nearly 


white, with thick lighter colored sapwood and numerous medullary rays. 


The specific gravity of the 


absolutely dry wood is 0.6028, a cubic foot weighing 37.57 pounds. 
Acer glabrum was discovered in the valley of the Bear River by Dr. James,’ the naturalist of the 
United States Exploring Expedition which reached the Rocky Mountains in 1820 under command of 


Major Stephen H. Long. 


It was introduced several years ago into the Botanic Garden of Harvard 


College, where, as in the Arnold Arboretum, it is perfectly hardy, forming a small shrub which flowers 


and fruits every year. 


* Edwin James (1797-1861), best known as the botanist and his- 
torian of Long’s Rocky Mountain Expedition, was born in Wey- 
bridge, Vermont, and educated at the Middlebury Academy in that 
state, afterwards studying medicine in Albany, New York, where, 
under the inspiration of Eaton, he became interested in natural sci- 
ence. In 1820 Dr. James, having been appointed a surgeon in the 
United States army, was attached as naturalist to the party sent to 
explore the then little known central part of the continent, and 
made many interesting discoveries on the alpine heights of the cen- 
tral Rocky Mountains, which he was the first botanist to reach. Dr. 


James remained in the army until 1830, and then returned to 
Albany where he engaged in editorial duties, and in 1836 removed 
to Burlington, Iowa, then on the very edge of the wilderness. 
Extreme views on moral and religious subjects separated him from 
the world, and he passed the last years of his life, brought to an 
end by an unfortunate accident, as a recluse. Jamesia, a delicate 
shrub of the Saxifrage family, represented by the single species 
discovered by Dr. James in the Rocky Mountains, perpetuates his 


name. (See Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 428.) 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 


PiateE LXXXIX. AcER GLABRUM. 


1. A branch with staminate flowers, natural size. 


2. A branch with pistillate flowers, natural size. 


3. Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged. 


4. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged. 


5, 6. Fruiting branches, natural size. 


7. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 


8. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 


9. An embryo, much magnified. 


10. A three-parted leaf, natural size. 


11. A winter branchlet, natural size. 


Silva of North America. Tab, LXXAIX 


Fuare fF S$. 


CE. Faxon det. 


ACER GLABRUM. Torr. 


Lopkefaneur, Fare. 


7 é 
A, frocreux airex * 


SAPINDACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. do 


ACER BARBATUM. 
Sugar Maple. Rock Maple. 


FLowERrs in nearly sessile umbel-like corymbs, apetalous. Leaves 3 to 5-lobed. 


Acer barbatum, Michaux, F. Bor.-Am. ii. 252. — Willde- Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 214. — Elliott, Sk. i. 450. — De Can- 
now, Spec. iv. 989. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. ii. 575. — dolle, Prodr. i. 595.— Torrey, Fl. N. Y. i. 135. — 
Pursh, F7. Am. Sept. i. 266. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 253. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 225. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 113. — 
Elliott, Sk. i. 451.— De Candolle, Prodr. i. 595. — Don, Gen. Syst. i. 650. — Spach, Hist. Veg. iii. 99; Ann. 
Sprengel, Syst. ii. 224. — Don, Gen. Syst. i. 649. — Spach, Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 170. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. i. 411, 
Hist. Veg. iii. 118; Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 178. — Tor- f. 122, t.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 248. — Die- 
rey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 249, 684.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.- trich, Syn. ii. 1282. — Walpers, Rep. i. 409. — Nees, Pl. 
Am. i. 113 (in part). — Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. Med. 5. — Emerson, Trees Muss. ed. 2, ii. 558, t. — Gray, 
364. Gen. Ill. ii. 200, t. 174. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 

A. saccharinum, Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 26, t. 11, f. 45. — Chapman, FV. 80. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. 
26 (not Linnzus). — Lamarck, Dict. ii. 379. — Castiglioni, Car. 1860, iii. 51.— Bell, Geolog. Rep. Cunada, 1879- 
Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 171. — Schmidt, Oestr. Baum. 80, 51°. — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Aus. 1882, 62. — 
i. 12, t. 8. — Walter, Fl. Car. 251. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 48. — 
iii. 434. — Ehrhart, Beitr. iv. 24. — Persoon, Syn. i. 417. — Pax, Engler Bot. Jahrb. vii. 241. — Watson & Coulter, 
Nouveau Duhamel, iv. 29, t. 8. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 117. — Wesmael, Gen. Acer, 44. 
985; Enum. 1044. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 392.— A. saccharophorum, Koch, Hort. Dendr. 80. 

Trattinick, Archiv. i. t. 3. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. A. Saccharum, Britton, Cat. Pl. N. J. 78 (not Mar- 
ii. 218, t. 15. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 247. — Pursh, £7. shall). — Hitchcock, Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 490. 


Am. Sept. i. 266. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 253; Sylva, ii. 88. — 


A noble tree, a hundred or a hundred and twenty feet high, with a trunk three or four feet in 
diameter, rising sometimes in the forest to the height of sixty or seventy feet without a branch, or 
in open situations developing, eight or ten feet from the ground, stout upright branches which form, 
while the tree is young, a narrow egg-shaped head, and begin to spread when it is fifty or sixty years 
old, gradually making a broad round-topped dome often seventy or eighty feet across. The bark of 
large trunks is from a half to three quarters of an inch thick, and is broken into deep longitudinal fur- 
rows, the light gray-brown surface separating into small scales. The bark of the young trunks and of 
the principal branches is pale and smooth or slightly fissured. The branchlets are green when they 
appear, but by the end of the first season become orange-brown ; they are then lustrous and marked 
with numerous large pale oblong lenticels, and are encircled at the base with the scars left by the falling 
of the accrescent inner bud-scales; in the second winter they are pale brown tinged with red, and are 
still faintly marked with lenticels. The winter-buds are acute, a quarter of an inch in length, and 
covered with about sixteen purple slightly puberulous pointed scales imbricated in pairs, those of the 
outer pairs being much reduced in size. The inner scales lengthen with the growing shoot until at 
maturity they are an inch and a half long, narrowly obovate, contracted at the apex into a short blunt 
point, thin, coated with pubescence, and bright canary-yellow. The leaves are three to five-lobed with 
rounded sinuses and usually acute sparingly sinuate-toothed lobes, and with three to five conspicuous 
pale primary veins and reticulated veinlets; they are heart-shaped by a broad or narrow sinus, or trun- 
cate or sometimes wedge-shaped at the base, densely coated when they unfold with pale tomentum, 
glabrous or more or less pubescent on the under surface at maturity, four or five inches across, often 
rather coriaceous, dark green and opaque on the upper, and generally paler on the lower surface. They 


98 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPINDACEE. 


turn in autumn to brilliant shades of deep red, scarlet, and orange, or of clear yellow.' The flowers are 
produced in many-flowered nearly sessile umbel-like corymbs from terminal leafy buds and from lateral 
leafless buds; the sterile and fertile flowers are in separate clusters on the same or on different trees, the 
fertile flowers terminal and the sterile usually lateral. They appear with the leaves, and are greenish 
yellow and borne on slender thread-like hairy pedicels two and a half to three inches in length. The 
calyx is broadly campanulate, five-lobed by the partial union of the obtuse sepals, and hairy on the outer 
surface. There are seven or eight stamens with slender glabrous filaments which, in the sterile flower, 
are twice as long as the calyx, and in the fertile flower much shorter. The ovary, which in the sterile 
flower is reduced to a minute point, is obtusely lobed, pale green, and covered with long scattered hairs. 
The styles are united at the base only, and have two long exserted stigmatic lobes. The fruit, which 
ripens in the autumn, is glabrous; the wings vary from half an inch to rather more than an inch in 
length, and are broad, thin, and usually divergent. The seed is a quarter of an inch long, with a 
smooth bright red-brown coat and foliaceous thick cotyledons.’ 

Acer barbatum is one of the most widely and generally distributed trees of eastern North America. 
The northern limit of its range on the Atlantic coast is southern Newfoundland ; it extends southward 
through Canada and the northern states and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia and 
western Florida, and westward along the valleys of the St. Lawrence and the Saguenay, by the shores 
of Lake St. John and the northern borders of the Great Lakes to the Lake of the Woods, and in the 
United States to Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and eastern Texas. It is one of the 
common trees in all these regions, especially at the north and on the slopes of the southern mountains, 
growing on rich uplands and on intervale lands mingled with Ashes and Hickories, the White Oak, the 
Wild Cherry, the Black Birch, the Yellow Birch, and the Hemlock ; or often at the north forming the 
principal part of extensive forests.’ 

The wood of Acer barbatum is heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, and tough, with a fine satiny 
surface susceptible of receiving a good polish; it is light brown tinged with red, with thin sapwood 
composed of thirty or forty layers of annual growth, and contains numerous thin medullary rays. The 
specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6912, a cubic foot weighing 43.08 pounds. The wood 
of the Sugar Maple is more valuable and more generally used than that of any other American Maple. 
It possesses a high fuel value, burning with a clear steady flame ; it is largely used for the interior finish 
of buildings, especially for floors, in the manufacture of furniture and in turnery, in shipbuilding for 
keels, keelsons, shoes, etc., for the handles of tools, and for saddle-trees; and in the United States shoe- 
lasts and pegs are made almost exclusively from this wood. Accidental forms in which the grain is 
beautifully curled and contorted, known as “curled maple” and “bird’s eye maple,’ are common and 
highly prized in cabinet-making. The ashes of the wood are rich in alkah and yield large quantities of 
potash ; and maple-sugar is principally made from the sap of this species.* 


1 Much of the splendor of the northern forest in early autumn 8 Tt is not unusual to find the undergrowth in some of the forest 
is due to the abundance of the Sugar Maple, which is then unsur- regions near the northern border of the United States composed 
passed in brilliancy of color by any upland tree. Individuals vary almost entirely of young Sugar Maples ; and the multiplication of 
in the time and in the manner of assuming their autumn colors, but _ this tree is insured and its value in forest composition increased by 
such peculiarities appear fixed and are certainly renewed year after the remarkable ability it possesses while young to grow under the 
year. All the leaves on a single branch sometimes turn bright dense shade of other trees. 
scarlet early in October, while the rest of the foliage remains green. 4 Sugar-making begins with the upward flow of the crude sap, 
On some trees a part of the leaves turn scarlet and a part orange or between the end of February and the beginning of April, as the 
or yellow ; on others all the leaves assume shades of bright clear season is early or late, and continues during three or four weeks. 
yellow, and on others a few leaves become red or yellow on differ- Trees twenty or thirty years old are considered the most produc- 
ent parts long before the remainder lose their dark green summer 


tive and yield the purest sugar, although sap can be drawn from 
color. 


the tree year after year without seriously injuring it. Trees exist 

2 The fruit of Acer barbatum, although it usually appears to be in northern New York which are known to have yielded sugar 
fully developed, is often abortive ; and it is rare to find perfect every year for a century, and which, while much swollen about the 
seed in each of the two carpels, or a tree which produces seed every base from repeated wounds, are still vigorous and fruitful. A tree 


year. of the average size will give in an ordinary season twenty or thirty 


SAPINDACE. 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


99 


Acer barbatum, like many species of the genus, varies greatly in the size and shape of its leaves. 
The most generally distributed of the varieties, and one of the most marked in its extreme forms, is 
the Black Maple, first noticed by the younger Michaux on the banks of the Genesee River in New York, 


where it still forms a forest of considerable size. 
. 

gallons of sap, usually containing from two to three per cent. 
of sugar, or from two and two thirds to three and a half ounces 
per gallon. Individual trees, however, vary much in productive- 
ness ; and those standing by themselves on high ground, with a 
large development of roots and branches, generally yield more sap 
than trees crowded together in the forest. The highest percentage 
of sugar recorded is 10.20 for a tree in Vermont in a small flow late 
in the season, 5.01 per cent. being the average of this tree during 
the season (Wiley, Bull. 51, Chemical Div. Dept. Agric. 1885). 

The primitive method of obtaining the sap consisted in cutting 
with an axe into the side of the tree, two or three feet from the 
ground, a notch slanting a little upward in order that the sap might 
drop from the lower end into a concave wooden spout about a foot 
long which was inserted in the bark below the notch, and from 
which it then flowed into a cedar pail placed upon the ground or 
hung upon a nail driven in the trunk. Such a notch, although it 
yields a rapid flow owing to the large surface exposed, injures the 
tree, and is now seldom used ; instead, one or generally two holes 
are bored about three quarters of an inch into the trunk on the 
south side of the tree with a three-quarter-inch auger, and into 
these holes are driven short spouts made by hollowing out pieces 
of Elder or Sumach wood. The sap is collected from the pails 
every day and carried to the sugar camp established at a central 
and convenient spot; here it is allowed to evaporate for a short 
time, when it is boiled to the consistency of honey in kettles or in 
It is then 
dipped from the pans, passed through a woolen strainer, and al- 


shallow copper or iron pans made for the purpose. 


lowed to stand for eight or ten hours to deposit suspended impuri- 
ties. This part of the process is called “syruping off,” and much 
of the product is sold without further concentration in the form of 
maple-syrup. When the syrup is to be converted into sugar it is 
carefully poured into a kettle for the final process called ‘“sugaring 
off,” and boiled over a brisk fire. 


ing over, a few drops of cream are occasionally added, or a piece of 


To prevent the syrup from boil- 


fat pork is hung on a string a few inches below the rim of the pot, 
and cold sap, milk, or the white of eggs, is added from time to 
time to clarify it. It is kept simmering over a slow fire until a 
heavy scum rises to the surface ; this is skimmed off and it is again 
boiled until it reaches the proper consistency. ‘This is determined 
by stirring a small quantity in a saucer, when, if it grains, the syrup 
has been sufficiently boiled ; or by spreading it on the snow, when 
it should candy or become like glass as it grows cold. If the test 
is satisfactory, the syrup is poured into moulds and allowed to cool, 
when it is ready for market. 

Maple-sugar has the appearance of raw cane-sugar, except that 
it is rather darker in color, and it loses in refining the peculiar 
flavor for which it is valued. . It often contains a considerable per- 
centage of melite of lime, a substance that feels like sand in the 
mouth, and seems to increase in quantity in proportion to the length 
of time the tree has been tapped. (See Lahontan, Nouveaux Voy- 
ages dans l’ Amcrique Septentrionale, ii. 59. — Castiglioni, Viag. negli 
Stati Uniti, ii. 180 ; also an account of the Sugar-tree in a letter 
addressed to Thomas Jefferson by Dr. Benjamin Rush of Phila- 
delphia, published in the third volume of the Transactions of the 
American Philosophical Society, 64.—Guibourt, Hist. Drog. ed. 7, 
iii. 606. — J. G. Jack, Garden and Forest, ii. 302.) 


The leaves of the Black Maple’ are usually three- 


About 40,000,000 pounds of maple-sugar and 2,000,000 gallons 
of maple-syrup are made annually in the forests of the United 
States, — Vermont, New York, and Michigan producing the largest 
The yield will probably decrease rather than increase 
in volume as the Maple forests are destroyed and the price of other 


quantities. 


sugars is lowered. Land covered with sugar orchards is still con- 
sidered, however, the most productive part of many farms in some 
parts of the northern states, and orchards are occasionally planted, 
although a large part of the maple-sugar produced in the United 
States is obtained from the forests or from natural groves left 
standing when the forests were cut away. 

The testimony of early travelers in North America shows that 
the nutritious and sugary properties of the sap of the Maple and of 
other trees were well known to and made use of by the Indians be- 
fore the earliest settlement of Europeans in New France or in New 
England, and that the making of maple-sugar was an established 
industry of the Indians during the last half of the seventeenth cen- 
tury, and before the discovery of the upper Mississippi River by 
Europeans (1673). 
who traveled in America between 1756 and 1771, states explicitly 


Bossu, a French officer of much intelligence 


that the French learned the method of sugar-making from the In- 
dians (Nouveaux Voyages dans l Amcrique Septentrionale, 237); and 
the testimony of earlier travelers points to the same conclusion (see 
Lesearbot, Histoire de la Nouvelle France, ed. 1618, lib. vi. chap. 
xvi. 865. — Sagard, Grande Voyage, 102.— Pierre Boucher, Histoire 
Veritable et Naturelle de la Nouvelle France, 44. — Nicolas Denys, 
Histoire Naturelle de Amérique Septentrionale, ii. 316. — Leclercq, 
Etablissement de la Foy, i. 252 ; Nouvelle Relation de la Gaspesie, 
chap. vi. 124.— Joutel, Journal Historique, 352. — Rasles, Lettres 
Edifiantes, iv. 83. — Lafitau, Moeurs des Sauvages Américains com- 
parees aux moeurs des premiers temps, i. 188. — James Smith’s Cap- 
tivity, 36, 68.— See, also, a paper on the evidence relating to 
sugar-making by the Indians, by H. W. Henshaw in the American 
Anthropologist, iii. 341, and a paper by A. F. Chamberlain in the 
same magazine, iv. 39, on The Maple amongst the Algonkian Tribes ; 
and papers by William D. Ely in Garden and Forest, iv. 171, 183, 
207). 

1 Acer barbatum, var. nigrum, Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. 
364 ; iv. 148, f. 27. 

A. nigrum, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 238, t. 16. — Pursh, FV. 
Am. Sept. i. 266. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. v. 669. — Nuttall, Gen. 
i. 253.— Elliott, Sk. 1. 450.— De Candolle, Prodr. i. 
Sprengel, Syst. ii. 225. — Don, Gen. Syst. i. 650.— Spach, Hist. 
Veg. iii. 104; Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 170.— Dietrich, Syn. ii. 
1282. — Koch, Dendr. i. 532. — Bailey, Bot. Gazette, xiii. 213. 

A. saccharinum, var. nigrum, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 
248.— Torrey, Fl. N. Y. i. 136.— Loudon, Ard. Brit. i. 411. — 
Bell, Geolog. Rep. Canada, 1879-80, 54°.— Sargent, Forest Trees 
N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 49.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s 
Man. ed. 6, 117. 

A. Rugelii, Pax, Engler Bot. Jahrb. vii. 243. 

Acer saccharinum, var. pseudo-platanoides, Pax, Engler Bot. Jahrb. 


095, — 


vii. 242. — Wesmael, Gen. Acer, 45. 

Acer saccharinum, var. glaucum, Pax, Engler Bot. Jahrb. vii. 
242, — Wesmael, Gen. Acer, 45. 

A. saccharinum, var. Rugelii, Wesmael, Gen. Acer, 45. 


100 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPINDACEE. 


lobed with entire or bluntly toothed lobes, and often appear almost peltate by the overlapping of the 
sides of the deep narrow basal sinus. They are frequently thinner than those of the common form of 
the Sugar Maple, are usually green on the lower surface, which is often villous-pubescent, especially 
along the principal veins and on the petioles, and sometimes are six or eight inches across, although 
varying considerably in size.'| The Black Sugar Maple is generally found on lower ground than the 
common form, occupying, as a rule, the banks of streams or rich alluvial river-bottom lands. It has 
been noticed on the shores of Lake Champlain in Vermont, and spreads as far west as southwestern 
Arkansas and eastern Kansas, ranging southward west of the Alleghany Mountains to northern Ala- 
bama and to the valley of the Chickasaw River in Mississippi.” 

Acer barbatum in the Gulf states passes into a form® having small three to five-lobed leaves an 
inch and a half to three inches across, with obtuse entire or obscurely toothed lobes, truncate or slightly 
cordate at the base, and pale and sometimes thickly covered by hairy pubescence on the lower surface, 
and having flowers and fruit barely half the size of those of the ordinary form, the wings of the samaras 
This is a small tree inhabiting upland woods, and in 
It is 
nowhere common, although distributed from western Florida to the valley of the upper Cibolo River in 


rising nearly at right angles from the nutlets. 
western Texas, where it is reduced to a low shrub, found only along the banks of streams. 


Texas, and the Sierra Madre of Nuevo Leon. 

Acer barbatum reappears in the mountainous regions of the interior of the continent in another 
form * very similar to the last. The leaves of the mountain Sugar Maple are three-lobed and slightly 
cordate or truncate at the base, with broad shallow sinuses and acute or obtuse lobes which have nearly 
entire or sinuous margins, or sometimes are somewhat three-lobed ; they are two or three inches across, 
rather pale on the upper, much paler and at maturity slightly pubescent on the lower surface along the 
principal veins, and are borne on slender petioles an inch or an inch and a half long; the flowers and 
fruit’ are smaller than those of the eastern tree. This is a small tree, rising occasionally to the height 
of thirty or forty feet, with a trunk eight or ten inches in diameter covered with thin dark brown bark, 
the surface of which separates into plate-like scales. It grows at an elevation of from five to six thou- 
sand feet above the sea-level, and is rare and local, forming occasionally with the Aspen small groves 


on the banks of streams. It occurs on the headwaters of the Columbia River in northern Montana, 


1 Professor L. H. Bailey calls attention to the fact that the sides 
of the large leaves of the Black Maple as it grows in some parts of 


shown by the Census tests is 0.6915, a cubic foot weighing 43.09 
pounds. 
central Michigan droop and hang down like pieces of old limp 8 Acer barbatum, var. Floridanum, Sargent, Garden and Forest, 


iv. 148. 


A. saccharinum, var. Floridanum, Chapman, Fl. 80. — Wesmael, 


thick cloth. This peculiarity is particularly noticeable when the 


leaves are fully grown, and gives the tree a heavier and duller as- 


pect than that of the common Sugar Maple, making it possible to 
distinguish the two trees at some distance (Popular Gardening, iii. 
24; Bot. Gazette, xiii. 214). More remarkable is the occasional 
occurrence on some Indiana and Michigan trees of large foliaceous 
and caducous puberulous or small rudimentary stipules, organs 
otherwise unknown in the genus. (A. Gray, Am. Nat. vi. 764; 
vii. 422.— Wheeler, Cat. Mich. Pl. 23.— Bailey, l. c.) They are 
apparently abnormal, although reproduced year after year on 
some trees, and cannot be relied on to distinguish this plant specifi- 
cally, as no trace of them appears on such specimens from other 
parts of the country as I have been able to examine. Extreme 
forms of the Black Maple, like those found in Michigan, are easily 
recognized and appear distinct, but they seem to pass gradually by 
many intermediate forms into the plant which is usually regarded 
as the type of the species, and it is not easy to find characters suf- 
ficiently constant to establish satisfactorily the Black Maple even as 
a variety. 

2 The wood of the Black Maple is not distinguishable from that 
of the common Sugar Maple, and is used commercially for the same 
purposes. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood as 


Gen. Acer, 45. 

A. Mexicanum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 176. — Hemsley, Bot. 
Biol. Am. Cent. i. 214. 

A. Floridanum, Pax, Engler Bot. Jahrb. vii. 243. 

* Acer barbatum, var. grandidentatum, Sargent, Garden and For- 
est, iv. 148. 

Acer grandidentatum, Nuttall; Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 
247 ; Sylva, ii. 82, t. 69. — Dietrich, Syn. i. 1283. — Walpers, 
Rep. i. 409. — Watson, King’s Rep. v. 52; Pl. Wheeler, 7. — Parry, 
Am. Nat. ix. 201, 268. — Rothrock, Wheeler’s Rep. vi. 83. — Rusby, 
Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix. 106.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th 
Census U. S. ix. 48.— Pax, Engler Bot. Jahrb. vii. 220. — Wes- 
mael, Gen. Acer, 30. 

° In a specimen collected by Professor H. H. Rusby on the Mo- 
gollon Mountains, and in specimens gathered by Marcus E. Jones in 
Utah, the fruit is as large and hardly distinguishable from that of 
the eastern Sugar Maple. Occasionally, however, it is not half so 
large ; and on a specimen collected by Pringle in the Huachuaca 
Mountains on the first of July, the fruit is apparently fully grown 
and has small pink wings. 


SAPINDACEAE, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 101 


where it was discovered by Thomas Nuttall, on the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah, on the Huachuaca 
and other ranges of southern Arizona, and on the Mogollon Mountains of New Mexico, the Guadaloupe 
Mountains of western Texas, and the ranges of Coahuila. 

The wood of Acer barbatwn, var. grandidentatum, is heavy, hard, and very close-grained ; it 1s 
light brown or sometimes nearly white, with thick sapwood and thin remote medullary rays. The 
specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6902, a cubic foot weighing 43.01 pounds.’ 

Acer barbatum, var. grundidentatum, was introduced into the Arnold Arboretum in 1882; it 
grows very slowly, and probably will be of little value as an ornamental tree. 

The Sugar Maple, strangely enough, escaped the attention of the early botanists who examined the 
forests of North America, and it was not known to Linneus. Wangenheim,? whose work on American 
trees was published in Germany in 1787, first described it, although it is stated by Aiton® that the 
Sugar Maple was introduced into England by Peter Collinson ‘ in 1735. The hardiness of the Sugar 
Maple, its rapid growth in good soil, its excellent habit, the grace of its flowers, the beauty of its foliage 
especially in autumn, and its freedom from serious disease make it one of the most valuable ornamental 
trees of North America, and it is now planted in immense numbers in the northern states for shade and 


for the embellishment of streets, roadsides, and parks. 


1 This tree, as might be expected from the aridity and the high 
elevation of the regions it inhabits, grows very slowly. The speci- 
men which represents it in the Jesup Collection of North American 
Woods in the American Museum of Natural History in New York, 
and which was gathered in Utah, is eight and three quarter inches 
in diameter, and shows one hundred and forty layers of annual 
growth with eighty-five layers of sapwood. 

2 Wangenheim, misled no doubt by the name saccharinum be- 
stowed by Linneus upon another American Maple, transferred it 
to the true Sugar Maple ; and his name has been adopted by nearly 
every author who has since written of this tree. 

8 Hort. Kew. iii. 435. 

4 See i. 8. 


5 The Sugar Maple, like the Hickories, the White Oaks, and 
other upland trees of eastern America, does not flourish in the Old 
World, and really fine specimens, if they exist at all in Europe, are 
extremely rare, although one hundred and fifty years have passed 
since it was introduced, and at different times considerable atten- 
tion has been given to its cultivation. It is now seldom planted in 
Europe, and this accounts, perhaps, for the fact that no marked 
seminal varieties of the Sugar Maple have been developed in culti- 
vation ; for it is not probable that this tree would show less ten- 
dency to vary in the shape of its leaves than other Maples, had it 
been raised in nurseries from seed in as great numbers. The trees 
planted in America are seldom obtained in this manner, being gen- 


erally taken from the forest. 


WOHAAAP HOD 


+ bet 
Ee 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


PLateE XC. ACER BARBATUM. 


. A branch with staminate flowers, natural size. 
. A branch with pistillate flowers, natural size. 


A staminate flower, enlarged. 
Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged. 


. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 

. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged. 
. A fruiting branch, natural size. 

. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. 

. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 

. An embryo, much magnified. 

. A winter branchlet, natural size. 


Pirate XCI. AcER BARBATUM. 


2,3. Var. nigrum. 


. Var. Floridanum. 


Prats XCII. AcER BARBATUM, var. GRANDIDENTATUM. 


1. 


CHNAAAAR wh 


bh pe tt 
DoH OS 


A branch with staminate flowers, natural size. 
A branch with pistillate flowers, natural size. 


. A staminate flower, enlarged. 


Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged. 
A pistillate flower, enlarged. 


. A pistillate flower, the calyx removed, enlarged. 
. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 
. A fruiting branch, natural size. 


Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 


. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 
. An embryo, much magnified. 


. A winter branchlet, natural size. 


Tab. XC 


Silva of North America. 


Picart fr. SC. 


CE. Faxon del 


ACER BARBATUM, Michx. 


-Lmp. R faneur, Parts . 


4 Riocreux drex © 


Silva of North America. Tab. XCI. 


ci le 
Gi ANTS 


Y 


pling: Sf 
N 1 & AA 
Vg a 
Q a 2 
iN) uA "9 
. aD 52S, pe 
pan S MB cre: 
aN 258i eS \\, = = 
aX 
A —_— \ 
ih S \ 
g 
% 
i} 


Ny 


wy (| i \ WN 

ih / \ | } 
0) ff KN YW 
NS cy) 


. 


th4 
SS) 


CE. Faxon del. . ; Puart fr. SC. 
12.3 ACER BARBATUM. Var NIGRUM., Sarg. 


4 ACER BARBATUM. Var FLORIDANUM, Sarg. . 


A. Rrocreux drex® Imp.R Taneur Paris. 


Silva of North America. 


am \ 
rfl 
H ih WU) 


VY 08 b TALS 


(Op 
d| 


CH FParen det: 


hh 


ACER BARBATUM, Var GRANDIDENTATUM, Sar. 


A. PRiecreur durex. 


Imp. R Taneur Fares 
mp 


Tab. XCII 


ficart tf? SCE 


SAPINDACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 103 


ACER SACCHARINUM. 


Silver Maple. Soft Maple. 


FLowers sessile in axillary fascicles; ovary and young fruit tomentose. Leaves 
deeply 5-lobed. 


Acer saccharinum, Linnzus, Spec. 1055. — Koch, Hort. 11, f. 17, 18, 18°, 26, 27. — Koch, Dendr. i. 541. — Bell, 
Dendr. 80.— Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. 364. Geolog. Rep. Canada, 1879-80, 53°. — Ridgway, Proc. 
A. Saccharum, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 4. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 62. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. 
A. rubrum, Lauth, De Acere, 11 (not Linnzus). — Lamarck, Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 49. — Pax, Engler Bot. Jahrb. 
Dict. ii. 380 (excl. var. 8.). vil. 179. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 117. — 
A. dasycarpum, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv. 24.— Moench, Meth. Wesmael, Gen. Acer, 11. 
56. — Persoon, Syn. i. 417. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. 985; A. rubrum mas, Schmidt, Oestr. Baum. i. 11, t. 7. 
Enum. 1044. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 446.— A. rubrum, var. pallidum, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 434. 
Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 266.— Nuttall, Gen. i. 252; A. eriocarpum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 253. — Desfon- 
Sylva, ii. 87. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 213. — Elliott, Sk. i. taines, Ann. Mus. vii. 412, t. 25, f.1; Hist. Ard. i. 392. — 
449. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. i. 136, t. 18. — Sprengel, Syst. Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. ii. 573. — Trattinick, Archiv. 
ii. 225. — Tausch, Regensb. FI. xii., ii. 553. — Hooker, FT. i. t. 8.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 205, t. 18.— 
Bor.-Am. i. 113.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. ed. 3, 407. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv. 30.— De Candolle, Prodr. i. 
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 248.— Emerson, Trees 595.— Don, Gen. Syst. i. 650.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii. 
Mass. ed. 2, ii. 556, t. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 116; Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 177.— Darlington, FV. 
46. — Chapman, Fl. 81. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Cestr. 116; ed. 2, 245. — Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1282. 


Car. 1860, iii. 51.— Buchenau, Bot. Zeit. xix. 285, t. 


A large tree, ninety to a hundred and twenty feet high, with a trunk three or four feet in 
diameter, which generally divides, ten or fifteen feet from the ground, into three or four stout upright 
secondary stems destitute of branches for a considerable length, and brittle pendulous branchlets. The 
bark of the trunk is from a half to three quarters of an inch thick, reddish brown and more or less 
furrowed, its surface separating into large thin scales. The bark of the young stems and large branches 
is smooth and gray tinged with red. The branchlets are at first light green and covered with lenticels, 
but soon become darker, and in the autumn and winter of their first year are bright chestnut-brown with 
a smooth and very lustrous surface, and are covered with large pale lenticels, and indistinctly marked at 
the base with the scars left by the falling of the inner bud-scales; in the second season they are pale 
rose-colored or gray faintly tinged with red, the lenticels then being of the same color as the remainder 
of the bark. The leaf-buds are an eighth of an inch long and covered with thick ovate bright red 
imbricated scales rounded on the back, minutely apiculate, and ciliate along the margins; those of the 
inner ranks are pale green or yellow, an mch long at maturity, acute, pubescent on the inner surface, 
and caducous. The leaves are deeply five-lobed by narrow sinuses with acute irregularly and remotely 
dentate divisions, the middle lobe often being three-lobed; they are truncate or somewhat heart-shaped 
at the base, six or seven inches in length and rather less in breadth, membranaceous, bright pale green 
on the upper surface, and silvery white and at first slightly hairy, especially in the axils of the pri- 
mary veins, on the lower surface, and are borne on slender drooping bright red petioles four or five 
inches long. They turn pale yellow in the autumn before falling. The flowers are produced in sessile 
axillary fascicles on shoots of the previous year, or on short spur-like branchlets developed the year 
before from the wood of the preceding season. The staminate and pistillate flowers appear in separate 
clusters, sometimes together and sometimes on different trees, and are produced from aggregated obtuse 
buds covered with thick ovate pubescent red and green scales furnished on the margin with a thick 
fringe of long rufous hairs. They are greenish yellow and destitute of petals, and open during the 


104 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPINDACE. 


first warm days of the late winter or early spring, and long before the appearance of the leaves, which 
do not unfold until the fruit is nearly grown. The calyx is slightly five-lobed, more or less pubescent 
on the outer surface, long and narrow in the sterile, and short and broad in the fertile flower. There 
are from three to seven stamens with slender filaments which in the sterile flower are three times as 
long as the calyx, and in the fertile flower about the length of the calyx. The ovary, which is rudi- 
mentary in the sterile flower, is borne on a narrow disk and is covered, as is the young fruit, with a 
thick coat of pubescence; the styles are united at the base only and have long exserted stigmatic lobes. 
The fruit is borne on slender drooping pedicels an inch and a half or two inches long, and ripens in 
April or May; the samaras vary in length from an inch and a half to nearly three inches, and have thin 
almost straight or conspicuously faleate divergent wings which are sometimes three quarters of an inch 
broad and are prominently reticulate-veined and pale chestnut-brown.’. The seed is half an inch long, 
with a pale reddish brown wrinkled testa and an almost straight embryo with thin foliaceous cotyledons 
and a short radicle; it germinates as soon as it falls to the ground, producing plants with several pairs 
of leaves before the end of the summer. 

Acer saccharinum is found in the north from the valley of the St. John River in New Brunswick 
to southern Ontario; it extends southward through the United States to western Florida, and westward 
to eastern Dakota and Nebraska, to the valley of the Blue River in Kansas, and to the Indian Territory. 
It grows on the sandy banks of clear streams which, with Willows and the Red Birch, it lines in some 
parts of the country, especially in the valley of the Mississippi, where it is one of the largest and most 
common of the river-trees. The Silver Maple is rare in the immediate neighborhood of the Atlantic 
coast or among the high Appalachian Mountains; it reaches its greatest size on the banks of the lower 
Ohio and its tributaries, and there forms one of the most characteristic and beautiful features of the 
forest vegetation. 

The wood of Acer saccharinum is hard, strong, close-grained, and easily worked, but rather brittle ; 
it is pale, faintly tinged with brown, with thick sapwood composed of forty or fifty layers of annual 
growth, and many thin medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.5269, a 
It is now sometimes used for floormg and in the manufacture of 
Sugar is occasionally produced from the sap. 

Acer saccharinum appears to have been first distinguished by the Swedish traveler Kalm, who sent 
it to Linneus. It was introduced into English gardens in 1725 by Sir Charles Wager. The Silver 
Maple grows very rapidly in cultivation,’ even on dry soil, and for this reason was planted at one time in 
immense numbers in the northern states as a shade and street tree. 


cubic foot weighing 32.84 pounds. 
cheap furniture. 


When it has grown under favor- 
able conditions it forms a wide-spreading head, beautiful in the play of light and shade through the 
deeply divided leaves dancing with the slightest breath of wind on their slender stems and displaying 
the silvery whiteness of their lower surface. On dry and elevated ground, however, it is not handsome 
except when young; the branches become brittle and are easily broken, and the habit is loose and unat- 
tractive; and the Silver Maple is now much less frequently planted in this country than it was fifty 
years ago. It grows almost as well in Europe as it does in its native country, and numerous varieties 
have been found in American and European nurseries with variously cut and marked leaves and with 


more or less pendulous branches.* 


* When this tree is enticed into expanding its flower-buds by the _a trunk circumference at three and a half feet from the ground of 


succession of a few unnaturally warm days in winter, its fruit is twelve feet six inches in 1837. Fifty-two years later the trunk, 


often entirely destroyed by spring frosts. Not infrequently only which had become hollow and much decayed, measured at the same 


one of the two carpels is developed, the other appearing as a small 
rudiment. 

2 The Silver Maple is a fast-growing tree, even after it has at- 
tained a large size. The great tree on the meadows in Northamp- 


ton, Massachusetts, mentioned by Emerson {Trees Mass. 489), had 


distance from the ground seventeen feet four inches. 
8 Pax (Engler Bot. Jahrb. vii. 180) proposes the following sub- 
varieties for variously cultivated seminal forms of this tree : — 
Var. normale (A. lutescens, Hort., Wittmack, Gartenz. 1883, 513. 
A. macrophyllum, A. Pavia, A. palmatum, A. spicatum). 


SAPINDACEE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 105 


None of these seedling varieties are very distinct or possess greater beauty than the type. 


Var. cuneatum (A. sanguineum, Hort., A. pendulum, Hort., A. lon- 
gifolium, Hort.). 

Var. albo-maculatum (A. albo-variegatum, Hort., A. pulverulentum, 
Wittmack, J. c.). 

Var. laciniatum (A. laciniatum Wierii, Hort., A. heterophyllum, 
Hort.). 


Var. dissectum (A. dissectum Wagneri, Hort.). 

A. saccharinum is found in gardens, too, under the name of A. al- 
bum, A. coccineum, A. dasycarpum monospermum, A. Floridanum, A. 
Floridum, A. hybridum, A. macrocarpum, A. Saira, A. tomentosum, 
and A. Virginicum rubrum (Nicholson, Gard. Chron. n. ser. xv. 
137). 


jt fd pb 
be Oo 


CONANT FE WD 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 


Puate XCIII. Acer saccHAarRInum. 


. A branch with staminate flowers, natural size. 
. A branch with pistillate flowers, natural size. 


A staminate flower, enlarged. 


. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 


A pistil, enlarged. 


. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged. 
. A fruiting branch, natural size. 

. Vertical section of a samara, enlarged. 

. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 


. An embryo, enlarged. 


An embryo displayed, enlarged. 
A winter branchlet, natural size. 


Silva of North America. Tab. XCIII 


yan 
3A OO 


Oy(}) 
REN 


AON ‘ate 
S\ 
a 4 “i 
Qe oY 


Puart fr. se. 


ACER SACCHARINUM,L. 


A. Riocreux direc? . Imp. R. Taneur, Parw 


SAPINDACEH. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 107 


ACER RUBRUM. 
Red Maple. Scarlet Maple. 


FLowers pedicellate in axillary fascicles; ovary and young fruit glabrous. Leaves 
3 to 5-lobed. 


Acer rubrum, Linnzus, Spec. 1055. — Du Roi, Diss. 59. — ed. 2, ii. 551, t. — Darlington, FV. Cestr. ed. 3, 46.— 
Marshall, Arbust. Am. 3.— Lamarck, Dict. ii. 380. — Chapman, FV. 81.— Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 
Ehrhart, Beitr. iv. 23. —Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati 1860, iii. 50. — Buchenau, Bot. Zeit. xix. 285, t. 11, f. 15, 
Uniti, ii. 171. — Schmidt, Oestr. Baum. i. 10, t. 6.— 16, 28, 29. — Koch, Dendr. i. 542. — Bell, Geolog. Rep. 
Abbot, Insects of Georgia, ii. 93. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. Canada, 1879-80, 54°. — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 
434 (excl. var.).— Moench, Meth. 56.— Michaux, FI. 1882, 62.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census 
Bor.-Am. ii. 253. — Persoon, Syn. i. 417. — Robin, Voy- U. S. ix. 50. — Pax, Engler Bot. Jahrb. vii. 181. — Wat- 
age, iii. 471. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv. 31. — Willdenow, son & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 118. — Wesmael, Gen. 
Spec. iv. 984; Enum. 1044. — Desfontaines, Ann. Mus. Acer, 12. 


vil. 413, t. 25, f. 2; Hist. Arb. i. 391.—Poiret, Lam. ? A. glaucum, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 2. 

Dict. Suppl. ii. 574; Jl. iii. 438, t. 844, £. 3.—Trat- ? A. Carolinianum, Walter, Fl. Car. 251. 

tinick, Archiv. i. t. 9. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. A. coccineum, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 203. 

210, t. 14. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 265. — Bigelow, Fl. A. sanguineum, Spach, Hist. Veg. iti. 115; Ann. Sct. Nat. 
Boston. 247. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 252; Sylva, ii. 87.— ser. 2, ii. 176. — Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1282. 

Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 213. — Elliott, Sk. i. 449. — Torrey, . microphyllum, Pax, Engler Bot. Jahrb. vii. 180. 

Fl. N. Y. i. 187. — Watson, Dendr. Brit. ii. t. 169. — . semiorbiculatum, Pax, Engler Bot. Jahrb. vii. 181. 
Sprengel, Syst. ii. 225.— Audubon, Birds, t. 54, 67. — . rubrum, var. semiorbiculatum, Wesmael, Gen. Acer, 
Tausch, Regensb. Fl. xii., ii. 552. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aim. i. 13. 


> b> Pb 


114; Jour. Bot.i. 199. — Don, Gen. Syst. i.650.— Spach, A. rubrum, var. microphyllum, Wesmael, Gen. Acer, 13. 
Hist. Veg. iii. 113;. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 176.— A. rubrum, var. eurubrum, var. sanguineum, var. clau- 
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 249, 684. — Dietrich, Syn. sum, var. pallidiflorum, var. tomentosum, Pax, Hng- 
ii. 1282. — Walpers, Rep. i. 409. — Emerson, Trees Mass. ler Bot. Jahrb. vii. 181, 182. 


A slender tree, eighty to one hundred and twenty feet high, with a tall trunk three to four and 
a half feet in diameter, and upright branches usually forming a rather narrow head. The bark of the 
trunk varies from a quarter to half an inch in thickness, and is dark gray divided by longitudinal 
ridges, the surface separating into large flake-like scales. The shoots when they appear are green or 
dark red, turning by autumn dark or bright red and lustrous, and are marked by numerous longitudinal 
white lenticels; in the second year they become gray, faintly tinged with red. The winter-buds are 
obtuse, an eighth of an inch long, and covered by thick dark red imbricated scales rounded on the back 
and ciliate on the margins with a short fringe of pale hairs; the outer pair of scales are much smaller 
than the others; the inner pairs lengthen with the shoot, and at maturity are three quarters of an inch 
to an inch long, narrowly oblong, rounded at the apex, and bright scarlet. The leaves are three to five- 
lobed by acute sinuses, with irregularly doubly-serrate or toothed lobes, the middle lobe being often 
longer than the others, or they are sometimes lanceolate and scarcely lobed; they are truncate, more or 
less cordate by a broad shallow sinus, rounded or wedge-shaped at the base, pubescent, especially on the 
lower surface when young, and at maturity light green and glabrous on the upper, and white and more 
or less pubescent on the lower surface, particularly along’ the principal veins. They are chartaceous or 
sometimes almost coriaceous, an inch and a half to six inches in length and rather longer than broad, 
and are borne on slender red or green petioles two to four inches long.’ In early autumn they turn to 


1 No other American Maple shows such a tendency to vary in vii. 180) distinguishes three species and a number of varieties of 
the shape of its leaves. Dr. Ferdinand Pax (Engler Bot. J ahrb. the Red Maple, based principally on the shape of the leaves. This 


108 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPINDACEA:. 


brilliant shades of scarlet or scarlet and orange. The flowers are pedicellate and are produced in few- 
flowered fascicles developed on the branches of the previous year from aggregated obtuse buds,! the stam- 
mate and pistillate flowers in separate clusters on the same or on different trees; they open in March 
and April before the appearance of the leaves, and are bright scarlet or dull yellowish red. The sepals 
are oblong and obtuse, and as long as and broader than the oblong or linear petals. There are from 
five to eight scarlet stamens, with slender filaments exserted in the sterile, and included in the fertile 
flower. The ovary is glabrous, and is borne on a narrow slightly lobed glandular disk; the styles are 
united for a short distance above the base, and then separate into long exserted stigmatic lobes.? The 
fruit, which ripens in the latter part of spring or in early summer, is borne on droopmg stems three or 
four inches long and is scarlet, dark red, or brown, with thin erect wings convergent at first and diver- 
gent at maturity, half an inch to an inch in length, and from a quarter to half an inch in breadth. The 
seed has a dark red rugose testa, thin foliaceous cotyledons, and a long thin radicle; it germinates 
immediately after falling to the ground. 

Acer rubrum is one of the most common and generally distributed trees of eastern North America. 
It extends from about latitude 49° north in New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario, southward to the 
Indian and Caloosa rivers in southern Florida, and westward to the Lake of the Woods, eastern Dakota 
and Nebraska, Indian Territory, and the valley of the Trinity River in Texas. It occurs along the bor- 
ders of streams or in low wet swamps, which it sometimes covers, particularly at the north, almost to the 
exclusion of other trees; or in the northern states it is mingled with the Black Ash, the Swamp White 
Oak, and the Gum-trees, and in the south with the Swamp Bay, the White Oak, the Loblolly Bay, the 
Red Gum, and the Cotton Gum. 
sippi River, and attains its largest size in the river-swamps of the lower Ohio and its large tributaries. 


It is most common in the south, especially in the valley of the Missis- 


The Red Maple is one of the most beautiful trees of the American forests, and is a conspicuous feature 
in the landscape in spring, when its branches, still destitute of leaves, are covered with its brilliant red 
fruit, or in the early autumn, when it enlivens the lowlands with a blaze of scarlet.’ 

The wood of Acer rubrum is very heavy, close-grained, easily worked, and not very strong. It is 
light brown, often slightly tinged with red, with a smooth satiny surface and many obscure medullary 
rays. The thick sapwood is rather lighter colored than the heartwood. The specific gravity of the 
absolutely dry wood is 0.6178, a cubic foot weighing 38.50 pounds. It is now used in large quantities 
in the manufacture of chairs and other furniture, in turnery, for wooden ware, and for gun-stocks. <A 
Ink is sometimes made 
domestically by boiling the bark of the Red Maple in soft water and combining the tannin which it 
contains in large quantities with sulphate of iron. At one time the bark was occasionally employed in 
dyeing.* 


variety with beautifully undulating grain is much valued by cabinet-makers. 


is a character, however, which can hardly be depended on in the 
case of this tree. Of two individuals standing side by side, one may 
have large thin five-lobed leaves cordate or truncate at the base, 
and the other small thick almost entire leaves rounded at the base ; 
or nearly all the forms may be found on different parts of the same 
tree, or sometimes even on the same branch. 

1 Linneus, Amen. Acad. ii. 204. 

? The flowers of the Red Maple are usually described as poly- 
gamous, and it is possible that perfect flowers occasionally occur 
on this tree. Much more commonly they are monecious or die- 
cious by the abortion in the pistillate flowers of the stamens, which, 
although they are apparently well-formed in the bud, do not 
lengthen after the flower opens, and fall without discharging any 
pollen. The staminate and pistillate flowers are generally produced 
on separate trees, although a branch with staminate flowers can 
sometimes be found on a tree on which the flowers are pistillate. 


Meehan notices that the sterile flowers of the Red Maple are fra- 


grant, and that the fertile flowers are scentless (Proc. Phil. Acad. 
1878, 122). 

® At the north A. rubrum is one of the first trees to change the 
color of its leaves, and the earliest general effects of autumn color 
are produced by this tree. It is not unusual in dry seasons to find 
individual trees beginning to assume their autumnal tints by the. 
end of August, while the majority do not turn until late in Sep~ 
tember or early in October. 

4 The characteristics of the bark appear to have been known to 
the Indians, as Josselyn, when describing an oil made by them in 
eastern Massachusetts out of the acorns of the White Oak, says: 
“The Natives draw an Oyl, taking the rottenest Maple Wood, which 
being burnt to ashes, they make a strong Lye therewith, wherein 
they boyl their white Oak-Acorns until the Oyl swim on the top in 
great quantity” (New England Rarities, 48). 
Travels, English ed. i. 168. 


See, also, Kalm, 


SAPINDACES. 109 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


Acer rubrum, var. Drummondii,! a well-marked variety of the Red Maple, is common in the deep 
river-swamps of southern Arkansas, eastern Texas, and western Louisiana, and occurs occasionally in the 
other Gulf states and in southern Georgia. The leaves are three-lobed with short broad lobes, usually 
rounded, or sometimes a little cordate at the base, which is entire or slightly and remotely crenulate- 
toothed. The lower surface is covered, as are the young shoots and petioles, with thick white tomen- 
tum. The fruit, which ripens late in March or in April, is bright scarlet with large convergent wings 
two or two and a half inches long and a half to three quarters of an inch broad. 

The Red Maple, as it inhabited swamps in the immediate neighborhood of the coast, attracted the 
attention of early travelers in America; it was carried to England as early as 1656, probably by the 
younger Tradescant,’ in whose garden near London it was growing in that year. The first description, 
drawn from Tradescant’s cultivated trees, was published by Plukenet‘ in 1691. It has always been a 
favorite tree in cultivation in the United States and in Europe, and a number of seminal varieties® have 
The Red Maple, although it is found 
only in low wet ground which is often submerged during a large part of the year, grows as rapidly and 


appeared. None of these are particularly distinct or valuable. 


to as large a size when planted in rich well-drained upland soil as it does in its native swamps; and its 
excellent habit, the beauty of its leaves in summer and in autumn, the brilliancy of its fruit, and its 
freedom from disease, make it one of the most desirable of the trees of eastern America to plant for 


ornament where sufficient space can be allowed for its full development.‘ 


1 Acer rubrum, var. Drummondii, Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 
10th Census U. S. ix. 50. 

A. Drummondii, Hooker & Arnott, Jour. Bot. i. 199. — Nuttall, 
Sylva, ii. 83, t. 70. 

2 This tree in some extreme forms is certainly very distinct, but 
it seems to pass gradually by many intermediate forms found in 
the eastern Gulf states into the typical Red Maple. 
destitute of leaves and covered in the early spring with intensely 
scarlet fruit are very beautiful, especially when they are surrounded 
by the broad-leaved evergreen Bays with which the Red Maple is 
usually associated in the Gulf states. 

8 See i. 20. 

4 Acer Virginianum folio majore subtus argenteo, supra viridi splen- 
dente, Phyt. t. 2, f. 4; Alm. Bot. 7. — Catesby, Nat. Hist. Car. i. 62, 
t. 62. 


Large trees 


Acer Virginianum folio subtus incano flosculis ex viridi rubentibus, 
Hermann, Parad. Bat. i. t. 1.— Miller, Dict. Icon. i. 6, t. 8, f. 2. 

Acer folio palmato-angulato flore fere apetalo sessili fructu peduncu- 
lato corymboso, Clayton, Fl. Virgin. 41. — Colden, Cat. 85. 

Acer foliis quinquelobis subdentatis subtus glaucis, floribus pedun- 
culatis simplicissimis rare aggregatis dioicis, Trew, Pl. Ehret, 47, 
t. 85. 

5 Nicholson, Gard. Chron. n. ser. xv. 172. 

6 The Red Maple and other forest trees, especially the Canoe 
Birch, the Red Oak, and the Mountain Ash, are sometimes de- 
stroyed in considerable numbers in northern New England by the 
Yellow-bellied Woodpecker (Sphyrapicus varius, Baird), who drills 
into the trunk for the purpose of drinking the sweet sap. (Frank 
Bolles, Garden and Forest, iv. 177.) 


OCONA TP wD 


bh pt he 
Ca 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


Puate XCIV. AcER RUBRUM. 


. A branch with staminate flowers, natural size. 


. A branch with pistillate flowers, natural size. 


A staminate flower, enlarged. 


. Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged. 
. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 

. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged. 
. A fruiting branch, natural size. 

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 

. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged 

. An embryo, enlarged. 

. An embryo,displayed and enlarged. 

. A winter branchlet, natural size. 


Puate XCV. AcER RuBRUM, var. DRUMMONDIL 


1. 


. A branch with pistillate flowers, natural size. 


CON SD CE W dD 


A branch with staminate flowers, natural size. 


. A staminate flower, enlarged. 

- A pistillate flower, enlarged. 

. A sterile branch, natural size. 

. A fruiting branch, natural size. 

. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 
. An embryo, enlarged. 


Silva of North America 


Tab. ACIV 


g Y py (i Za —a 


CE, Faron’ det. 


Picart fr So 


ACER RUBRUM,L. 


A. Riocreux: direx© 


Imp.R Taneur, Paris. 


Tab. XCV 


Silva of North America. 


Pwart fr SCs 


CE. Faxon det. 


O 


DRUMMONDII , Sare. 


ACER RUBRUM Var 


/mp.le-Taneur, Paris. 


A Ruecreux durex © 


SAPINDACEZ. 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


111 


ACER NEGUNDO. 


Box Elder. 
FLOWERS diccious, destitute of petals. 


Acer Negundo, Linnzus, Spec. 1056. — Wangenheim, 
Nordam. Holz. 30, t. 12, £. 29. — Marshall, Arbust. Am. 
2.— Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 172. — La- 
marck, Dict. ii. 380. — Schmidt, Oestr. Baum. i. 14, t. 
12.— Walter, Fl. Car. 250.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 
436.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 253. — Persoon, Syn. i. 
418. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 391. — Willdenow, 
Spec. iv. 992; Hnum. 1046. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv. 27, 
t. 7.— Trattinick, Archiv. i. t. 40. — Michaux f. Hist. 
Arb. Am. ii. 247, t. 18. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 268. — 
Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 216.— Elliott, Sk. i. 452. — James, 
Long’s Exped. ii. 69.— Torrey, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 
172; Emory’s Rep. 407. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 225, — 
Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abdild. Holz. 119, t. 95. — Die- 
trich, Syn. ii. 1283. — Buchenau, Bot. Zeit. xix. 285, t. 
11, f. 31, 32. — Koch, Dendr. i. 544. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. 
v. 374, £. 426. — Pax, Engler Bot. Jahrb. vii. 211. 

Negundo aceroides, Moench, Meth. 334.— Torrey & Gray, 
Fl. N. Am. i. 250. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 91. — Gray, Gen. 
Il. ii. 202, t. 175; Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vi. 166 
(Pl. Lindheim. ii.) ; Pl. Fendler. 29 (Mem. Am. Acad. n. 
ser. iv.) ; Pl. Thurber. 300 (Mem. Am. Acad. n. ser. v.). — 
Darlington, 77. Cestr. ed. 3, 46. — Chapman, #7. 81. — 
Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 53. — Wat- 


Ash Leaved Maple. 


Leaves pinnately or ternately divided. 


son, King’s Rep. v. 52; Pl. Wheeler,7; Proc. Am. Acad. 
xvii. 338. — Rothrock, Wheeler's Rep. vi. 84. — Bell, 
Geolog. Rep. Canada, 1879-80, 48°.— Ridgway, Proc. 
U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 63. —Sargent, Forest Trees N. 
Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 50. — Coulter, Rocky Mt. Bot. 
49. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 118. 

Negundium fraxinifolium, Rafinesque, V. Y. Med. Rep. 
hex. 2, v. 352, 354; Desvaux, Jour. Bot. ii. 170. 

Negundo fraxinifolium, Nuttall, Gen. i. 253.— De Can- 
dolle, Prodr. i. 596.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 114. — 
Don, Gen. Syst. i. 651.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii. 119. — 
Rafinesque, New 7. i. 48.— Scheele, Roemer Texas, 
433. — Schnizlein, Icon. t. 227, £. 2, 18. 

? Negundo Mexicanum, De Candolle, Prodr. i. 596. — 
Schlechtendal, Linnea, xvi. 487.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. 
Am. Cent. i. 214. — Pax, Engler Bot. Juhrb. vii. 212. 

Negundo trifoliatum, Rafinesque, New Fl. i. 48. 

Negundo lobatum, Rafinesque, New F7. i. 48. 

Negundo Californicum, Scheele, Roemer Texas, 433 (not 
Torrey & Gray). 

A. Negundo, var. Texanum, Pax, Engler Bot. Jahrb. 
vil. 212. 

Negundo Negundo, Sudworth, Garden and Forest, iv. 
166. 


A tree, fifty to seventy feet in height, with a trunk two to four feet in diameter, dividing near the 


ground into a number of stout wide-spreading branches. 


The bark of the trunk is from a quarter to 


half an inch thick, pale gray or light brown, and deeply cleft into broad rounded ridges, the surface 


separating into short thick scales. The branchlets when they first appear are pale green and glabrous 


or slightly pubescent; in their first winter they are marked with a few dark lenticels, and are bright 


1 


green and lustrous or sometimes pale purple with a glaucous bloom ;' in the second and third years they 


are gradually covered with smooth or somewhat fissured bark and are still marked with lenticels. The 
terminal winter-bud is acute, an eighth of an inch long, and rather longer than the obtuse lateral buds ; 
they are protected by scales with slightly overlapping edges and thickly coated with pale tomentum, the 
outer pair being often rudimentary, while the inner pairs are accrescent with the shoot, an inch long at 
maturity and deciduous, leaving when they fall conspicuous scars visible at the base of the branchlets 


for two or three years. The leaves are three or five-foliolate, and are borne on slender petioles two or 


three inches in length, with enlarged bases often furnished with a minute fringe of stipule-like decidu- 
ous white hairs, and in falling leave large conspicuous scars surrounding the stem ; the leaflets are ovate 


1 This purple color of the bark of the young branchlets seems which are hardier than those raised from seed gathered in the east. 


more common on the trees in the region between the Great Lakes This midcontinental form of the Negundo is found in German nur- 
and the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains than on those in other _ series under the name of Negundo Californicum, but it must not be 


parts of the country. Seed gathered in this region produce trees confounded with the Pacific-coast tree. 


which grow in cultivation more rapidly and to a larger size and 


112 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPINDACEZ. 


or oval, acute, rounded, or wedge-shaped at the base, and coarsely and irregularly serrate above the 
middle, or sometimes three-lobed, the lower surface being coated with tomentum when they unfold, and 
at maturity are smooth or more or less pubescent; they are membranaceous, prominently veined, light 
bright green, paler on the under than on the upper surface, two to four inches long and two or three 
inches broad, and are borne on stout petiolules, that of the terminal leaflet being often an inch long, or 
twice the length of those of the rather smaller lateral leaflets. The sterile and fertile flowers appear on 
separate trees, and expand just before or with the leaves from buds developed in the axils of the last 
leaves of the previous year, the sterile flowers fascicled on slender hairy pedicels an inch and a half to 
two inches in length, the fertile flowers in narrow drooping racemes. The flowers are minute, apeta- 
lous, and yellow-green, with a hairy calyx which is five-lobed and campanulate in the sterile flower, and 
in the fertile flower is much smaller and divided to the base into five narrow sepals. There are four to 
six stamens in the sterile flower, with slender exserted hairy filaments and long linear anthers surmounted 
by the pointed end of the connective. The ovary, which is placed on a narrow rudimentary disk, is 
covered with pubescence, and is only partly inclosed by the calyx; the styles separate at the base into 
two long stigmatic lobes. The fruit, which attains its full size early in the summer, hangs on stems an 
inch or two inches long, in graceful racemes six or eight inches in length; it ripens in the autumn 
and drops from the stems which remain upon the branches until the following spring; the samaras 
are an inch and a half to nearly two inches long, with narrow acute nutlets diverging at an acute angle, 
and with thin reticulate-veined straight or falcate wings, the margin undulate towards the apex. The 
seed is narrowed at each end, and is half an inch in length, with a thin coat, narrow thin cotyledons, 
and a rather long radicle. 

Acer Negundo is one of the most widely distributed, and in some parts of the country one of the 
commonest, trees of the North American forest. It occurs on the banks of the Winooski River and 
of Lake Champlain in Vermont, on the shores of Cayuga Lake in New York, in eastern Pennsylvania, 
and ranges to Hernando County, Florida, and northwestward to Dog’s Head Lake in Winnipeg and 
along the southern branch of the Saskatchewan to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains; in the 
United States it is found as far west as the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains in Montana, the 
Wahsatch Mountains in Utah, western Texas, New Mexico, and eastern Arizona, extending south 
along the mountain ranges of northeastern Mexico. The Box Elder inhabits the banks of streams and 
lakes and the borders of swamps; it is comparatively rare in all the region east of the Appalachian 
Mountains, and is much more common in the basin of the Mississippi, being most abundant and reach- 
ing its greatest size in the valleys of the streams which flow into the lower Ohio River. Here it 
flourishes in the deep rich moist and often inundated bottom-lands, forming a large part of the growth 
under the Oaks, Hickories, and Gum-trees, which in such situations rise to a great height. It is mingled 
with Willows, the Elm, and the Hackberry on the banks of the streams which flow through the midcon- 
tinental plateau almost to the western limit of tree-growth, while in the central mountain region it is 
confined to valleys five or six thousand feet above the level of the sea. 

In western Texas and in New Mexico the pubescence which clothes the young shoots and the under 
surface of the leaves of the Box Elder increases in thickness and is persistent, and the eastern tree is 
thus gradually connected with the variety’ which in California is found on the banks of streams in the 
valley of the lower Sacramento River, and in the interior valleys of the coast ranges from the Bay of 


1 Acer Negundo, var. Californicum, Sargent, Garden and Forest,iv. Jahrb. vii. 213. — Wesmael, Gen. Acer, 27. — Greene, Fl. Francis. 
148. i. 76. 

Negundo Californicum, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 250, 684.— Negundo aceroides, Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 74; Bot. Mex. 
Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Voy. Beechey, 327, t. 77.— Walpers, Rep. Bound. Surv. 47; Bot. Wilkes Explor. Exped. 259 (not Moench). — 
i, 410.— Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 301.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 90, t. Bolander, Proc. Cal. Acad. iii. 78. 

72. — Koch, Dendr. i. 545.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 108. Negundo aceroides, var. Californicum, Sargent, Garden and For- 

Acer Californicum, Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1283. — Pax, Engler Bot. est, ii. 364. 


SAPINDACEA. 113 


SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


San Francisco to about latitude 35°, and in high cafions on the western slopes of the San Bernardino 
Mountains. The California Negundo, which is a spreading tree fifty or sixty feet in height, may be 
distinguished by the bark which is darker than that of the eastern tree, by the thick tomentum of the 
winter-buds, by the short pale persistent pubescence of the branchlets and ripe fruit, and by the con- 
stantly trifoliate leaves with larger more coarsely serrate and more frequently lobed leaflets densely 
coated, even at maturity, on the lower surface with pale pubescence. 

The wood of Acer Negundo is light, soft, close-grained, but not very strong ; it is creamy white, 
with thick, hardly distinguishable sapwood, and contains numerous medullary rays. The specific gravity 
of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4328, a cubic foot weighing 26.97 pounds. The specific gravity of the 
wood of a tree grown in Contra Costa County, California, is 0.4821, a cubic foot weighing 30.04 pounds. 
The wood of the Box Elder is occasionally manufactured into cheap furniture, and is sometimes used for 
the interior finish of houses, for wooden ware, cooperage, and paper pulp. Small quantities of maple- 
sugar are occasionally made from this tree.’ 

Acer Negundo was one of the first North American trees known in Europe; Ray first described it 
in the Mstoria Plantarum,’ published in 1688,’ from plants cultivated by Bishop Compton* in his 
garden at. Fulham near London. It was discovered in California in the neighborhood of Monterey by 
David Douglas. 

The rapid growth made by the Box Elder in good soil, its hardiness, and the cheerful color of its 
graceful foliage have always made it a favorite tree in gardens, although it is not long-lived or very 
stately or handsome in old age; and in the United States it has been planted in great numbers of late 
years, especially in the naturally treeless central part of the continent, where it supports better than many 
other trees the severe climatic changes and the deficiency of moisture. Many varieties® have appeared 
in nurseries, and one of them, producing leaves marked with broad blotches of pure white, is now a pop- 


ular garden-plant in most European countries. 


1 Professor J. B. Harrington (Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, v. 3, 
1887) found that the average yield of sugar for a number of trees 
was 2.50 per cent. 

2 Arbor exotica foliis Fraxini instar pinnatis, et serratis, Negundo 
perperam credita, 11. 1798. 

Acer maximum foliis trifidis et quinquifidis, Virginianum, Plukenet, 
Phyt. t. 123, £. 4, 5 ; Alm. Bot. 7. — Boerhaave, Hort. Lugd. Bat. ii. 
234. — Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, i. 28. 

Acer foliis compositis, Linneus, Hort. Cliff. 144. — Royen, Fi. 
Leyd. Prodr. 460.— Clayton, Fv. Virgin. 154. The word Negundo, 


which appears to have been first used by Ray, is of unknown mean- 
ing and derivation. 

8 Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 436.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. i. 460, t. 

4 See i. 6. 

5 Pax (Engler Bot. Jahrb. vii. 211) distinguishes the varieties 
cultivated in European nurseries as 

Var. vulgare (A. Californicum, A. versicolor, A. violaceum, Hort.). 

a. bicolor (A. aureo-variegatum, and A. argenteo-variegatum, Hort.). 

b. angustissimum (A. crispum, Hort.). 


ell on El oe So 
Wrr os 


CNA TP wd 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


PuatE XCVI. Acer NEGUNDO. 


. A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size. 
. A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural size. 


. Diagram of a flower. 


A staminate flower, enlarged. 


A stamen, enlarged. 


. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 

. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 
. An ovule, much magnified. 

. A fruiting branch, natural size. 

. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 

. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 

. An embryo, enlarged. 


. A winter branchlet, natural size. 


Puate XCVII. Acer Nercunpo, var. CALIFORNICUM. 


1. 


COMONA AE wh 


A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural size. 


A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size. 


. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 


A staminate flower, enlarged. 


. A fruiting branch, natural size. 


. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. 


Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 


. An embryo, enlarged. 
. A winter branchlet, natural size. 


Silva of North America. Tab XCVI 


FPwart  f?. SCL 


ACER NEGUNDO, L. 


A. Piecreux dirce’ Imp. Fe: Taneur, Faris. 


Silva of North America. Tab. ‘XCVII 


CE Faxon del. Part fr. sc 


ACER NEGUNDO ,Var CALIFORNICUM, Sarg. 


A. Riocrreux drex® Imp R:laneur, Paris . 


INDEX TO VOL. II. 


Names of Orders are in SMALL CAPITALS ; of admitted Genera and Species and other proper names, in roman type ; 


Acer, 79. 

Acer alho-variegatum, 105. 

Acer album, 108. 

lcer argenteo-variegatum, 113. 

Acer aureo-variegatum, 113. 

Acer barbatum, 97. 

Acer barbatum, var. Floridanum, 100. 

Acer barbatum, var. grandidentatum, 100. 

Acer barbatum, var. nigrum, 99. 

Acer Californicum, 112, 113. 

Acer Campbellii, 80. 

Acer Canadense, 85. 

Acer Carolinianum, 107. 

Acer circinatum, 93. 

Acer coccineum, 105, 107. 

Acer crategifolium, 80. 

Acer crispum, 113. 

Acer dasycarpum, 103. 

Acer dasycarpum monospermum, 105. 

Acer diabolicum, 80. 

Acer dissectum Wagneri, 105. 

cer Douglasii, 95. 

Acer Drummondii, 109. 

Acer eriocarpum, 103. 

Acer Floridanum, 100, 105. 

Acer Floridum, 105. 

Acer glabrum, 90. 

Acer glabrum, var. tripartitum, 95. 

Acer glaucum, 107. 

Acer grandidentatum, 100. 

Acer heterophyllum, 105. 

Acer hybridum, 105. 

Acer Japonicum, 80. 

Acer laciniatum Wierii, 105. 

Acer longifolium, 105. 

Acer lutescens, 105. 

Acer macrocarpum, 105. 

Acer macrophyllum, 89. 

Acer macrophyllum, 104. 

Acer Mezicanum, 100. 

Acer microphyllum, 107. 

Acer montanum, 83. 

Acer Negundo, 111. 

Acer Negundo, var. Californicum, 112. 

acer Negundo, var. Texanum, 111. 

Acer Negundo, var. vulgare, 113. 

Acer Negundo, var. vulgare, b. angustissi- 
mum, 113. 


Acer Negundo, var. vulgare, a. bicolor, 113. 


Acer nigrum, 99. 

Acer niveum, 80. 

Acer palmatum, 80. 
Acer palmatum, 89, 104. 
Acer parviflorum, 83. 
Acer Pavia, 104. 

Acer pendulum, 105. 


of synonyms, in italics. 


Acer Pennsylvanicum, 85. 

Acer Pennsylvanicum, 83. 

Acer pictum, 80. 

Acer platanoides, 80. 

Acer polymorphun, 80. 

Acer Pseudo-Platanus, 80. 

Acer pulverulentum, 105. 

Acer rubrum, 107. 

Acer rubrum, 103. 

Acer rubrum mas, 103. 

Acer rubrum, var. clausum, 107. 

Acer rubrum, var. Drummondii, 109. 

Acer rubrum, var. eurubrum, 107. 

Acer rubrum, var. microphyllum, 107. 

Acer rubrum, var. pallidiflorum, 107. 

Acer rubrum, var. pallidum, 103. 

Acer rubrum, var. sanguineum, 107. 

Acer rubrum, var. semiorbiculatum, 107. 

Acer rubrum, var. tomentosum, 107. 

Acer rufinerve, 85. 

Acer Rugelii, 99. 

Acer saccharinum, 103. 

Acer saccharinum, 97. 

Acer saccharinum, var. albo-maculatum, 
105. 

Acer saccharinum, var. cuneatum, 105. 

Acer saccharinum, var. dissectum, 105. 

Acer saccharinum, var. Floridanum, 100. 

Acer saccharinum, var. glaucum, 99. 

Acer saccharinum, var. laciniatum, 105. 

Acer saccharinum, var. nigrum, 99. 

Acer saccharinum, var. normale, 104. 

Acer saccharinum, var. pseudo-platanoides, 
99. 

Acer saccharinum, var. Rugelii, 99. 

Acer saccharophorum, 97. 

Acer Saccharum, 97, 103. 

Acer sanguineum, 105, 107. 

Acer Saira, 105. 

Acer semiorbiculatum, 107. 

Acer spicatum, 83. 

Acer spicatum, 104. 

Acer spicatum, var. Ukurunduense, 84. 

Acer striatum, 85. 

Acer tomentosum, 105. 

Acer tripartitum, 95. 

Acer Ukurunduense, 84. 

Acer violaceum, 113. 

Acer virgatum, 93. 

Acer Virginicum rubrum, 105. 

Acer versicolor, 113. 

AKcidium esculi, 54. 

Hgeria acerni, 81. 

Aésculus, 51. 

4isculus alba, 55. 

4Esculus arguta, 55. 


4isculus Asamica, 52. 

ZEsculus Californica, 61. 
4sculus carnea, 53. 

ésculus Chinensis, 52, 53. 
Aésculus Columbiana, 52. 
sculus discolor, 60. 

ZEsculus dissimilis, 52. 

Le sculus echinata, 55. 

4Esculus flava, 59. 

4Esculus flava, var. purpurascens, 60. 
ZEsculus glabra, 55. 

Esculus Hippocastanum, 52, 53. 
Esculus hybrida, 60. 

/Esculus Indica, 52. 

“Esculus lutea, 59. 

«Esculus macrostachya, 52. 
ZEsculus Mexicana, 52. 

4ésculus muricata, 55. 

Esculus neglecta, 59. 

4isculus ochroleuca, 55. 

/ésculus octandra, 59. 

fEsculus octandra, var. hybrida, 60. 
Asculus Ohioensis, 55. 

4 sculus pallida, 55. 

fEsculus Parryi, 52. 

fEsculus parviflora, 52. 

fEsculus Pavia, 52. 

4esculus Pavia, 52. 

4ésculus Pavia, var. discolor, 60. 
/Hseulus Punduana, 52. 
ZEsculus rubicunda, 53. 
Eseulus turbinata, 52, 53. 

4 sculus verrucosa, 55. 

Zésculus Watsoniana, 53. 
Amyris Hypelate, 78. 
Andromeda plumata, 3. 
Aphania, 67. 

Arrow-wood, 12. 

Ash-leaved Maple, 111. 


Bearberry, 37. 
Bear-wood, 38. 

Billia, 51. 

Billia Columbiana, 52. 
Billia Hippocastanum, 52. 
Bitter Bark, 38. 

Black Iron-wood, 29. 
Bligh, William, 18. 
Blighia, 18. 

Blue Myrtle, 43. 
Blue-wood, 25. 

Box Elder, 111. 
Box-wood, 17. 
Broad-leaved Maple, 89. 
Buckeye, 61. 
Buckwheat-tree, 7. 


116 


Burning Bush, 11. 


California Lilac, 43. 
Calothyrsus, 51. 

Calothyrsus Californica, 61. 
Capulin, 23. 

Cardivlepis, 31. 

Cardiolepis obtusa, 37. 
Caseura Sagrada, 39. 
Ceanothus, 41. 

Ceanothus, 47. 

Ceanothus Americanus, 42. 
Ceanothus arborcus, 45. 
Ceanothus Asiaticus, 47. 
Ceanothus azureus, 42. 
Ceanothus colubrinus, 47. 
Ceanothus ferreus, 29. 
Ceanothus Gloire de Versailles, 42. 
Ceanothus, hybrids, 42. 
Ceanothus levigatus, 21. 
Ceanothus Lobbianus, 43. 
Ceanothus reclinatus, 49. 
Ceanothus sorediatus, 45. 
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, 43. 
Ceanothus Veitchianus, 43. 
Ceanothus velutinus, 45. 


Ceanothus velutinus, var. arboreus, 45. 


CELASTRACES, 9. 

Cels, Jacques Martin, 4. 
Cercospora acerina, 81. 
Chrysobothris femorata, 81. 
Cirillo, Domenico, 2%. 
Clifton, Francis, 5. 
Cliftonia, 5. 

Cliftonia ligustrina, 7. 
Cliftonia monophylla, 7 
Cliftonia nitida, 7. 
Clisiocampa, 36. 
Coffee-tree, 37. 
Colubrina, 47. 

Colubrina Americana, 47. 
Colubrina Asiatica, 47. 
Colubrina colubrina, 47. 
Colubrina Fermentum, 47. 
Colubrina ferruginosa, 47. 
Colubrina Greggii, 47. 
Colubrina reclinata, 49. 
Colubrina Texensis, 47. 
Condal, Antonio, 23. 
Condalia, 23. 

Condalia, 19. 

Condalia ferrea, 29. 
Condalia infectoria, 23. 
Condalia Mexicana, 23. 
Condalia microphylla, 23. 
Condalia obovata, 25. 
Condalia spathulata, 23. 
Copalillo, 74. 

Costa, 2. 

Curtiss, Allen Hiram, 50. 
Cyrilla, 1. 

Cyrilla Antillana, 2. 
Cyrilla Caroliniana, 3. 
CYRILLACEE, 1. 

Cyrilla fuscata, 3. 
Cyrilla parvifolia, 3. 
Cyrilla polystachia, 3. 
Cyrilla racemifera, 2. 
Cyrilla racemiflora, 3 
Cyrilla racemosa, 3. 
Cyrilla racemosa, var. racemifera, 2. 


Darling Plum, 21. 
Didymococcus, 67. 


INDEX. 


Diplisca, 47. 

Diplisca elliptica, 49. 
Douglas, David, 94. 
Drummond, Thomas, 25. 
Drummondia, 25. 
Dryocampa rubicunda, 81. 
Dwarf Maple, 95. 


Elliottia, 2. 

Endotropis oleifolia, 37. 
Eschscholtz, Johann Friedrich, 39. 
Eschscholtzia, 39. 

Esculus, 54. 

Euonic acid, 10. 

Evonymus, 9. 

Evonymus atropurpureus, 11. 
Evonymus Australianus, 10. 
Evonymus C'arolinensis, 11. 
Evonymus Europeus, 9, 10. 
Evonymus Japonicus, 10. 
Evonymus Japonicus, var. radicans, 10. 
Evonymus Javanicus, 9. 
Evonymus latifolius, 10. 
Evonymus latifolius, 11. 
Evonymus radicans, 10. 
Evonymus tingens, 10. 
Evonymus verrucosus, 10. 
Exothea, 73. 

Exothea Copalillo, 74. 
Exothea oblongifolia, 75. 
Exothea paniculata, 75. 


Fetid Buckeye, 55. 
Forrestia, 41. 
Frangula, 31. 
Frangula Californica, 37. 
Frangula Californica, var. tomentella, 39. 
Frangula Caroliniana, 35. 
rrangula fragilis, 35. 
Frangula Purshiana, 37. 


Gleosporium acerinum, 81. 

Glycobius speciosus, 81. 

Grisebach, Heinrich Rudolph August, 13. 
Grisebachia, 13. 

Gyminda, 13. 

Gyminda Grisebachii, 14. 

Gyminda Grisebachii, var. glaucescens, 14. 


Hartweg, Karl Theodore, 34. 
Hartwegia, 34. 

Hinds, Richard Brinsley, 44. 
Hindsia, 44. 

Hippocastanum, 51. 
Horse-chestnut, oil of, 52. 
Horse-chestnuts, fungal diseases of, 54. 
Horse-chestnut, the history of, 53. 
Hypelate, 77. 

Hypelate, 73. 

Hypelate paniculata, 75. 

Hypelate trifoliata, 78. 
Hyphantria cunea, 12, 36. 
Hyponomeuta euonymella, 12. 


Indian Cherry, 35. 
Ink-wood, 75. 
Iron-wood, 3, 7, 75. 
Itea Cyrilla, 3. 

Itea racemifiora, 2. 


James, Edwin, 96. 
Jamesia, 96. 


Kalm, Peter, 85. 


Leather-wood, 3. 
Leptocoris trivittatus, 81. 
Lithocolletis guttifinitella, var. esculisella, 
53. 
Log-wood, 25. 


Macfadyen, James, 73. 
Mactfadyena, 73. 
Macrothyrsus, 51. 

Maples, fungal disease of, 81. 
Maple-sugar, making of, 98. 
Marcorella, 47. 

Melanocarya, 9. 

Melicocca, 73, 77. 

Melicocca paniculata, 75. 
Menzies, Archibald, 90. 
Menziesia, 90. 

Moose-wood, 85. 

Mountain Maple, 83. 
Muehlenberg, Gotthilf Heinrich, 56. 
Muehlenbergia, 56. 
Myginda, 13. 

Myginda integrifolia, 14, 29. 
Myginda latifolia, 14. 
Myginda latifolia, var. glaucescens, 14. 
Myginda pallens, 14. 
Mylocarium, 5. 

Mylocarium ligustrinum, 7. 


Naked-wood, 49. 

Negundium, 79. 

Negundium fraxinjfolium, 111. 
Negundo, 79. 

Negundo aceroides, 111, 112. 
Negundo aceroides, var. Californicum, 112. 
Negundo Californicum, 111, 112. 
Negundo frazinifolium, 111. 
Negundo lobatum, 111. 

Negundo Mexicanum, 111. 
Negundo Negundo, 111. 
Negundo trifoliatum, 111. 

New Jersey Tea, 42. 

Nuttall, Thomas, 34. 

Nuttallia, 34. 


Ocneria dispar, 54. 
Ohio Buckeye, 55. 


Paliurus, 41, 47. 

Papilio Eurymedon, 36. 
Pavia, 51. 

Pavia bicolor, 59. 

Pavia Californica, 61. 
Pavia carnea, 53. 

Pavia discolor, 60. 

Pavia flava, 59. 

Pavia fulva, 59. 

Pavia glabra, 55. 

Pavia hybrida, 60. 

Pavia Indica, 52. 

Pavia lutea, 59. 

Pavia neglecta, 59. 
Pavia Ohioensis, 55. 
Pavia pallida, 55. 

Pavia rubra, 52. 

Pavia Watsoniana, 53. 
Paviana flava, 59. 
Perfonon laurifolium, 37, 39. 
Phleospora Aceris, 81. 
Phoma minima, 81. 
Phyllosticta acericola, 81. 
Phyllosticta spheropsoidea, 54. 
Poitza, 75. 

Poiteau, Alexandre, 75. 


Proteoteras #sculana, 53. 
Ptelea monophylla, 7. 
Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 81. 
Purple Haw, 25. 

Pursh, Frederick, 39. 
Putzeysia, 51. 

Putzeysia rosea, 52. 


Quercus Esculus, 54. 


Red Iron-wood, 21. 

Red Maple, 107. 

Reynosia, 19. 

Reynosia latifolia, 21. 
Reynoso, Alvaro, 19. 
RHAMNACE#, 19. 
Rhamnidium, 27. 
Rhamnidium ferreum, 29. 
Rhamnidium revolutum, 21. 
Rhamnus, 31. 

Rhamnus alnifolia, 37. 
Rhamnus Californica, 37, 39. 
Rhamnus Californica, var. rubra, 37. 


Rhamnus Californica, var. tomentella, 39. 


Rhamnus Caroliniana, 35. 
Rhamuus cathartica, 32. 
Rhamnus chlorophora, 32. 
Rhamnus colubrina, 47. 
Rhamnus crocea, 33. 

Rhamnus crocea, 34. 

Rhamnus crocea, var. insularis, 34. 
Rhamnus crocea, var. pilosa, 33. 
Rhamnus Davuriea, 32. 
Rhamnus elliptica, 49. 

Rhamnus ferrea, 29. 

Rhamuus Frangula, 32, 36. 
Rhamnus ilicifolia, 33. 

Rhamnus infectoria, 32. 


INDEX. 


Rhamnus insularis, 34. 
Rhamnus levigatus, 21. 
Rhamnus laurifolia, 37. 
Rhamnus oleifolia, 37. 
Rhamnus Purshiana, 37. 
Rhamnus Purshiana, var. tomentella, 39. 
Rhamnus rubra, 37, 38. 
Rhamuus tinctoria, 32. 
Rhamnus tomentella, 39. 
Rhamnus utilis, 32. 
Rhytisma acerinum, 81. 
Rhytisma punctatum, 81. 
Rock Maple, 97. 


SAPINDACE#, 51. 
Sapindus, 67. 
Sapindus acuminatus, 71. 
Sapindus Drummondi, 71. 
Sapindus falcatus, 71. 
Sapindus lucidus, 75. 
Sapindus Manatensis, 71. 
Sapindus marginatus, 71. 
Sapindus Mukorossi, 68. 
Sapindus Saponaria, 69. 
Sapindus Saponaria, 71. 
Sapindus Saponaria, detersive properties 
of, 68. 
Sapindus trifoliatus, 68. 
Sarcomphalus, 31. 
Sarcomphalus Carolinianus, 35. 
Scarlet Maple, 107. 
Schaeffer, Jakob Christian, 15. 
Schefferia, 15. 
Schefferia buxifolia, 17. 
Schefferia completa, 17. 
Schefferia cuneata, 15. 
Schefferia frutescens, 17. 
Sciadophila, 31. 


117 


Scutia ferrea, 21, 29. 
Septoria acerina, 81. 
Shittim-wood, 38. 
Silver Maple, 103. 
Soapberry, 69, 71. 

Soft Maple, 103. 
Spanish Buckeye, 65. 
Spheropsis minima, 81. 
Sphyrapicus varius, 109. 
Spindle-tree, 10, 12. 
Steganoptycha claypoleana, 53. 
Striped Maple, 85. 
Sugar Maple, 97. 

Sweet Buckeye, 59. 


Titi, 7. 


Uncinula Aceris, 81. 
Uncinula circinata, 81. 
Uncinula flexuosa, 54. 
Ungnadia, 63. 

Ungnadia heptaphylia, 65. 
Ungnadia heterophylla, 65. 
Ungnadia speciosa, 65. 


Vine Maple, 93. 
Vyenomus, 9. 


Wahoo, 11, 38. 

Waltheria Carolinensis, 7. 
White Iron-wood, 77. 
Wild China Tree, 71. 


Yellow-wood, 17. 
Zeuzera pyrina, 54. 


Zizyphus Domingensis, 49. 
Zizyphus emarginatus, 29. 


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