THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA A DESCRIPTION OF THE TREES WHICH GROW NATURALLY IN NORTH AMERICA EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO BY CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT DIRECTOR OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY Gustrated with figures and Analyses drawn from Nature BY CHARLES EDWARD FAXON SUPPLEMENT VOLUME XIV jy CARICA CEAi—CONIFERAL GENERAL INDEX BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY Ghe Kiversine Press, Cambringe MDCCCCIL Mo. Bot. Gar- 1002. Copyright, 1902, . By CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT. All rights reserved. The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U.S. A. Electrotyped and Printed by H. 0. Houghton and Company. To CHARLES EDWARD FAXON THIS FINAL VOLUME IS DEDICATED IN GRATEFUL APPRECIATION OF THE SKILL AND LEARNING WHICH FOR TWENTY YEARS HE HAS DEVOTED WITH UNTIRING ZEAL TO THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA CaRIcA PAPAYA . : OPUNTIA FULGIDA OPUNTIA SPINOSIOR OPUNTIA VERSICOLOR CorNUS ASPERIFOLIA VIBURNUM RUFIDULUM CEPHALANTHUS OCCIDENTALIS ELLIOTTIA RACEMOSA FRAXINUS CORIACEA 5 FRAXINUS PROFUNDA. Fraxinus BibtMoREANA Fraxinus FLoripana ULMUS SEROTINA . ; Hicorta Texana . Hicoria CAROLIN#-SEPTENTRIONALIS HiIcoria VILLOSA QUERCUS ELLIPSOIDALIS . QUERCUS PAGODHFOLIA Betuta Kenaica . BetuLa PAPYRIFERA, var. CORDIFOLIA BETULA OCCIDENTALIS Beruta ALASKANA . § ALNUS SITCHENSIS . SALIX BALSAMIFERA . Sarrx ALAXENSIS . SALIX AMPLIFOLIA . 3 PoprvuLUs ACUMINATA Porvutus WisLizENI . Poputus Mexicana SERENOA ARBORESCENS Turinax FLORIDANA Turinax Kevensis . > CoccoTHRINAX JUCUNDA JUNIPERUS BARBADENSIS JUNIPERUS SCOPULORUM . CUPRESSUS PYGM@A CorRECTIONS GeveRAL INDEX 5 : TABLE OF CONTENTS. Plate deev. Plate deevi. Plate decvii. Plate decviii. . Plate decix. . Plate deex. ' Plate decxi. . Plate deexii. 6 Plate deexiii Plate decxiv., deexv. Plate deexvi. Plate deexvii. Plate deexviii. Plate dcexix. o Plate deexx. Plate ceelv. (vol. vii.) . Plate decxxi. Plate deexxii. Plate deexxiii. Plate deexxiv. Plate decxxv. . Plate deexxvi. Plate deexxvii. Plate deexxviii. Plate decxxix. Plate decxxx. Plate decxxxi. Plate decxxxii. Plate deexxxiii. Plate deexxxiv. Plate deexxxv. Plate deexxxvi. Plate deexxxvii. Plate deexxxviii. . Plate deexxxix. Plate decxl. . 6 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CARICA. FLowers regular, monecious or polygamo-diccious, in axillary cymose panicles; calyx minute, 5-lobed; petals 5; stamens 10; filaments in two series, free; ovary 1-celled; ovules numerous. Fruit baccate, fleshy. Leaves alternate, long-petiolate, palmately lobed or digitate, rarely simple, destitute of stipules. Carica, Linnzus, Gen. 309 (1737). — Meissner, Gen. pt. ii. Vasconcellea, Saint-Hilaire, Mém. Acad. Sci. xv. 324 89. —Endlicher, Gen. 933.— Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. (1838). ii. 121. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 815. —Solms-Lau- Vasconcellosia, Caruel, Nuov. Gior. Bot. Ital. viii. 22 bach, Engler & Prantl Pflanzenfam. iii. pt. vi. a, 98. (1876). Papaya, Adanson, Ham. Pl. ii. 357 (1763). — A. 1. de Jus- Mocinna, La Llave, La Naturaleza, vii. Appx. 70 (not sieu, Gen. 399.— Baillon, Hist. Pl. iv. 320 (excl. Jaca- Lagasca nor Bentham) (1885). ritia). Small short-lived trees, filled with bitter milky juices, with erect simple or rarely branched stems composed of a thin shell of soft fibrous wood surrounding a large central cavity divided by thin soft cross partitions at the nodes and covered with thin green or gray bark marked by the ring-like scars of fallen leaf-stalks, and stout soft fleshy roots, or rarely herbaceous, with tuberous roots. Leaves crowded toward the top of the stem and branches, alternate, large, flaccid, long-petiolate, subpeltately palmately nerved, usually deeply and often compoundly lobed, or occasionally digitate and seven or eight-foliate, or rarely ovate-lanceolate, destitute of stipules. Flowers white, yellow, or greenish white, in axillary cymose panicles, the staminate elongated pedunculate and many-flowered, the pistillate abbreviated and few usually three-flowered, generally unisexual and diccious, occasionally polygamo-dicecious, each flower in the axil of a minute ovate acute flat bract. Staminate flower: calyx minute, five-lobed ; corolla salverform, gamopetalous, the tube elongated, five-lobed, the lobes oblong or linear, valvate or contorted in estivation ; stamens ten, inserted on the throat of the corolla, in two rows; filaments free, those of the outer row alternate with the lobes of the corolla, elongated, the others alternate with them, abbre- viated; anthers attached below the middle, introrse, two-celled, erect, opening longitudinally, often surmounted by their slightly elongated connective ; pollen grains globose, grooved ; ovary rudimentary, subulate. Pistillate flower: calyx minute, five-lobed, enlarged, thickened and persistent under the fruit ; corolla polypetalous ; petals five, linear-oblong, erect, ultimately spreading above the middle, deciduous ; staminodia wanting. Ovary free, sessile, one-celled or more or less spuriously five-celled by the projection inward of the five parietal placentas; style wanting or abbreviated; stigmas five, linear, radiating, dilated and subpalmately lobed at the apex, or simple and stigmatic over the whole upper surface; ovules indefinite, inserted in two rows on the placenta, anatropous, long-stalked, micropyle superior, raphe ventral. Hermaphrodite flower: corolla gamopetalous, tubular-campanulate, the lobes erect and : 1 The stems of Carica caudata (Brandegee, Zoé, iv. 401 [1894]) of Lower California are described as herb from eighteen inches to three feet tall, and as produced from tuberous roots. a6 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CARICACEA, spreading or subreflexed ; stamens ten, in two ranks, or five ; ovary obovoid-oblong, longer than the tube of the corolla, more or less spuriously five-celled below. Fruit baccate, yellow, orange-colored, purple, or crimson, slightly five-lobed, one-celled or more or less completely five-celled, filled with soft pulp or containing a large central cavity, many-seeded, that produced from hermaphrodite flowers long-stalked, pendulous, usually unsymmetrical, or gibbous by the abortion of one of the placentas, and smaller than that from the pistillate flowers. sac-like arils, occasionally germinating within the fruit;* testa crustaceous, closely investing the mem- Seeds drupaceous, ovoid, inclosed in membranaceous silvery white branaceous inner coat, the outer portion becoming thick, rugose, succulent, and ultimately dry and leathery. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen ; cotyledons ovate, foliaceous, compressed, longer than the terete radicle turned toward the minute pale subbasilar hilum.’ Carica inhabits southern Florida and the West Indies, the slopes of the coast mountains which border the southern shores of the Caribbean Sea, the Andes from Mexico to Chili, the valleys of the Pacific coast of tropical South America, southern Brazil, and Argentina.’ Twenty species have been described, but it is probable that the forests which clothe the Cordilleras of South America, where this genus is represented by the largest number of species, hide others still unknown to science.‘ The milky juice of Carica, which is most abundant in the unripe fruit, contains an enzyme, papain, which, like pepsin, has the power of digesting albuminous substances, and Carica leaves are commonly used in tropical countries to make tough meat more tender.’ The fruit of Carica Papaya, the pawpaw, 1 Masters, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, ii. 716, f. 138, 139 ; xii. 618, £. 92, 93. — Fritz Miiller, Flora, 1890, 332, £. 2 The species of Carica have been grouped by Solms-Laubach (Martius Fl. Brasil. xiii. pt. iii. 177; Engler § Prantl Pflanzenfam. iii. pt. vi. a, 98) in three sections. C1.) VasconcettEa. Divisions of the corolla contorted or valvate in estivation ; stigma linear, undivided ; ovary and fruits spuriously five-celled. (2.) Hemrpapaya (A. de Candolle, Prodr. xv. pt. i. 415 [sect. Vasconcellea]). Divisions of the corolla contorted in estivation ; stigma dilated and divided at the apex ; ovary and fruits spuriously five-celled. (3.) Eupapaya. Divisions of the corolla contorted in estivation; stigmas irregularly divided to the base; ovary and fruits one-celled. 8 See Hieronymus, Pl. Diaphor. Argent. 121.— Solms-Laubach, Martius Fl. Brasil. 1. c. 178.— Donnell Smith, Bot. Gazette, xxiii. 247. 4 Spruce (Jour. Linn. Soc. x. 7) in an account of the distribution of the Papayaceee, in addition to the twenty-five species described in 1869, alludes to eleven others which had been seen by him in the forests of the Andes and on the Pacific coast of South America. What proportion of these belong to the genus Carica does not appear. In the Flora Brasiliensis Solms-Laubach describes twenty- two species in this family, eighteen of these belonging to Carica. In addition to the species, there is a hybrid Carica described by Van Volxem and obtained by him in 1876 by impregnating the flowers of Carica erythrocarpa (André, Ill. Hort. xviii. 33, t. 51 [1871]), a small scarlet-fruited species of the warmer parts of Co- lombia and Peru, with the pollen of Carica Candamarcensis. From this cross a number of plants were raised which displayed their hybrid origin in the character of the leaves, intermediate in form and texture between those of the two parents. In the summer of 1879 two of these hybrid plants flowered; one produced one female and a number of male flowers, and the other only two female flow- ers. The female flower of the first plant was impregnated with the pollen of Carica Candamarcensis, and those of the other with pollen taken from its own male flowers. All three grew into red fruits and produced seeds from which many seedlings were raised. These seedling plants produced male and female flowers almost exclusively on different individuals, although in the case of both their parents The fruit of this second cross was bright red, fragrant, oblong-obovate, slightly the same plant produces male and female flowers. ribbed, five-sided, four inches long, and two and a half inches in diameter. It remained on the plants for more than a year, and is described as very tal. (See Van Volxem, Gard. Chron. n. ser. xiv. 729 ; xix. 445, f. 68. — Masters, l. c. ii. £. 189.) 5 See Holder, Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. iii. 245 (Account of the Effects of the Juice of the Papaw Tree [Carica Papaya] in Inten- erating Butcher's Meat).— Endlicher, Enchirid. Bot. 487; Med. Pf. 457.— Martin, Brit. Med. Jour. 1885, ii. 150; Pharm. Jour. and Trans. ser. 3, xvi. 129; Am. Jour. Pharm. lvii. 569; lviii. 489. — Rusby, Druggist’s Bull. iii. 220, £.— U. S. Dispens. ed. 16, 1883. Experiments made by Morong (Bull. Pharm. v. 166) to determine the digestive potency of the leaves of Carica Papaya and of Carica quercifolia showed. the following results : — Small cubes of cooked fresh lean beef were inclosed in several folds of the leaves of Carica Papaya, numerous incisions being made with a razor across the epidermis of some of the leaves in order to secure an outlet for the milky secretions, while others were left At the end of two days it was found that the largest cubes inclosed in the uncut leaves were considerably cor- in a natural state. roded and their edges rounded, while the minute pieces of meat had been reduced to a pulpy mass and, in some instances, dissolved into a greasy slime which had become widely spread over the surface of the leaves. At the end of five days the digestive process had re- duced the largest pieces of meat to pulp, and at the end of a week all that could be seen of the meat was a thin greasy liquid covering the portions of the leaf in contact with it. The cut leaves soon lost their potency and made but little impression on the meat, probably, as Dr. Morong suggests, because owing to the admission of air the leaves soon became dry and lost their power of inteneration. Pieces of meat placed within the folds of the split petioles, from which milky juice exuded freely, were not influenced by it at all, the meat simply drying up. It is probably essential, therefore, for diges- tive action that the meat should be closely wrapped in the leaves to exclude the air from it, and so insure perfect contact with their CARICACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ‘3 is considered one of the most wholesome of all tropical fruits, and Carica Candamarcensis' is cultivated on the Andes of Ecuador as a fruit-tree. In Argentina the juice of Carica quercifolia,’ like that of Carica Papaya, is considered a valuable anthelmentic, and is thought useful in the treatment of pulmonary affections; the flowers are esteemed as pectorals and the leaves are employed in washing as a substitute for soap? Tn Florida Carica is not known to be injured by insects or attacked by fungal diseases.’ The generic name is from the Carib name of Carica Papaya in use in Hispaniola when the Spaniards first invaded that island.’ gastric secretions. The leaves of Carica quercifolia were found to be even more potent than those of Carica Papaya in their effects upon meat, the dissolution proceeding more rapidly, as much being accomplished in one day as in two days by the leaves of Carica Papaya. Experiments made with the whites and yolks of hard- boiled eggs showed that the leaves of the two species acted with equal potency and far more rapidly than they had on the pieces of meat. In twenty-four hours the outside layers of the albuminous particles had slimed off, and at the end of three days small pieces had become entirely dissolved, remaining on the surface of the leaf in the form of a thin liquid. At the end of three or four days only a slight decomposition was noticed on the surface of the yolk of the egg, and the leaves withered before any decisive effect was pro- duced. ‘ Papain and papayotin were at one time recommended in the United States as substitutes for pepsin in the treatment of diphthe- ria, to assist digestion, and as a galactagogue. (See Parke, Davis & Co., Organic Mat. Med. ed. 2,43.) Recent experiments show, how- Leds (6 ever, that in st gp pepsin, and although good results have followed its use in the treat- ment of dyspeptic conditions, the same results are now obtained with greater certainty by the use of other agents, while in the cure of diphtheria it has been replaced by antitoxin treatment and the local application of germicides. yp papain is really inferior to 1 Hooker f. Bot. Mag. ci. t. 6198 (1875). — Solms-Laubach, Martius Fl. Brasil. xiii. pt. iii, 184. Carica Candamarcensis is a common species of the equatorial Andes, where it is cultivated as a fruit-tree up to elevations of nine thousand feet above the sea-level. The fruits are described as bright yellow, eight or nine inches long and sometimes nearly as broad, with white soft flesh usually of pleasant flavor, although sometimes acid when the plant has grown in cool situations. (See Valasco, Historia Natural de Quito, 58.— Spruce, Jour. Linn. Soc. xo) 2 Hieronymus, Pl. Diaph. Fl. Argent. 122 (1882). — Solms- Laubach, J. c. 178. Vasconcellea quercifolia, Saint-Hilaire, Mém. Acad. Sci. xv. 324 (1838).— A. de Candolle, Prodr. xv. pt. i. 416. Carica hastata, Brignoli, Mem. Soc. Ital. Sci. Modena, ser. 2, i. 77 (1862). Vasconcellosia hastata, Caruel, Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. viii. 22, t. 2 (1876). 8 See Morong, Bull. Pharm. v. 163, t. * There is no record of any fungi infesting Carica Papaya in the United States, although a number of species attack it in other parts of the world, and probably some of these will be found in this country. 5 Oviedo, Hist. Gen. Nat. Ind. lib. viii. cap. 33. CARICACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 5 CARICA PAPAYA. Pawpaw. Stigma divided to the base into 5 radiating lobes, dilated and 3-parted at the apex. Fruit 1-celled. Leaves ovate or orbicular, deeply 5 to 7-lobed. Carica Papaya, Linnzus, Spec. 1036 (1753). — Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 1. — Aublet, Pl. Guian. ii. 909. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 409. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. ii. 814. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 626.—Lunan, Hort. Jam. ii. 36.— Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. iv. 565. — Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. ii. 124.— Nuttall, Gen. ii. 243, — Lindley, Bot. Reg. vi. t. 459. — Kunth, Syn. Pl. Aiquin. i. 430. — Vellozo, Fl. Plum. ed. 2,427; Icon. x. t. 130. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. 905 — Hooker, Bot. Mag. lvi. t. 2898, 2899.— Don, Gen. Syst. iti. 44.— Schnizlein, Icon. iii, t. 200, f. 1-8, 14-18. — Spach, Hist. Vég. xiii. 316.— Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. ii. 122. — Bentham, Bot. Voy. Sulphur, 100.—Seemann, Bot. Voy. Herald, 128. — Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 290.—Sauvalle, FZ. Cub. 54. — Eggers, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. No. 13, 56 (F1. St. Crota and the Virgin Islands). — Lefroy, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. No. 25, 76 (Bot. Bermuda). — Hieronymus, Pl. Diaph. Fl. Argent. 121.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 481.— Chapman, Fl. ed. 2, Suppl. 621. — Wien. Il. Gart. Zeit. ix. 448, £. 66. — Solms-Laubach, Martius Fl. Brasil. fase. evi. 188, t. 49. — Duss, Ann. Inst. Col. Marseille, iii. 310 (Fl. Antill. Franeaises). Papaya cucumerina, Norona, Verhand. Bat. Genoot. Konst. Wet. v. 23 (1790). Papaya communis, Norona, Konst. Wet. v. 23 (1790). Papaya Carica, Gertner, Fruct. ii. 191, t. 122, £ 2 (1791).— Baillon, Hist. Pl. iv. 283, £. 332-336. — Otto Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. i. 253. Papaya vulgaris, De Candolle, Lamarck Dict. v. 2 (1804). — Poiret, Lamarck Ill. iii. 410, t. 821. — Nut- tall, Sylva, iii. 47, £. 96.— Cooper, Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. xv. pt. i. 414. Papaya sativa, Tussac, Fl. Med. Antill. iii. 45, t. 10, 11 (1824). Caryca mamaya, Vellozo, Icon. x. t. 131 (1827); FZ. Flum. ed. 2, 427. Carica hermafrodita, Blanco, 77. Filip. 805 (1837) ; ed. 3, iii. 212. Papaya edulis, a macrocarpa, Bojer, Hort. Maurit. 277 (1837). Papaya edulis, 8 pyriformis, Bojer, Hort. Maurit. 277 (1837). Verhand. Bat. Genoot. The Pawpaw, which lives only for a few years, although the original trunk is sometimes replaced by others from the same root, in Florida rarely attains a greater height than twelve or fifteen feet, and its simple stem is seldom more than six inches in thickness; in the West Indies and other tropical countries it often grows to twice this size, and the stem occasionally divides into a number of stout upright branches.' The bark is thin, light green except toward the base of the stem, where it finally becomes gray, and closely invests the thin layer of woody fibres which give to the stem its only strength and within which a layer of soft tissues often half an inch in thickness forms the wall of the broad central cavity divided at the nodes by thin porous cross partitions. The stem is supported by a stout tap-root which penetrates the soil to the depth of twelve or eighteen inches, and by numerous thick fleshy lateral roots spreading under the surface for a distance of two or three feet. The leaves are ovate or orbicular in outline, deeply divided into from five to seven lobes which are themselves more or less deeply divided into acute lateral lobes, these secondary divisions being entire or rarely lobed; the lowest of the principal lobes are smaller than the others, nearly parallel and form deep sinuses at the base of the leaf; the leaves are thin and flaccid, yellow-green, and from fifteen to twenty- four inches in diameter, with broad flat yellow or orange-colored primary veins radiating from the end of the petiole through the lobes, and small secondary veins extending to the points of the lateral lobes and connected by conspicuously reticulate veinlets ; they are borne on stout yellow hollow petioles, 1 See Gard. Chron. n. ser. xxiii. 141. It is probable that Carica Papaya does not develop branches unless the terminal growing point of the stem is injured. 6 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CARICACEA, enlarged and cordate at the base, which, continuing to grow, sometimes become three or four feet in length before the leaves fall. The flowers, which often begin to appear on plants only three or four feet high and a few months old, are pale yellow, with minute or foliaceous calyx-lobes,’ and are produced continuously throughout the year, the males in many- flowered racemose cymes borne on slender spreading or pendulous peduncles which vary from four to twelve inches in length, and the females in one to three-flowered short-stalked cymes.? The staminate flowers are fragrant and contain large quantities of nectar; and their corolla is from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a quarter long, with a slender tube and acute lobes which in the same cluster are in some flowers dextrorse and in others sintrorse in zstivation. The anthers are oblong, orange-colored, and surmounted by the rounded thickened end of their connective, those of the inner row being almost sessile and one third larger than those of the outer row; these are rather shorter than their flattened filaments which are coyered, like the connectives of the anthers, with long slender white hairs. The rudimentary ovary is subulate and much shorter than the tube of the corolla. lanceolate erect petals free to the base, dextrorsally contorted in estivation, and reflexed above the The pistillate flower is about an inch long, with linear middle at maturity; it is destitute of staminodia, and the ovary is ovoid, ivory white, slightly and obtusely five-angled, one-celled, and narrowed into a short slender style crowned by a pale green stigma divided to the base into five radiating lobes, which are dilated and deeply three-cleft at the apex; the ovules are raised on long stalks. The fruits, which hang close together against the stem at the base of the leaf-stalks, are obovate, ellipsoidal, and obtusely short-pointed, and vary in color from yellowish green to bright orange-color; on trees cultivated in the tropics they are sometimes from ten to twelve inches long, while on the trees which grow spontaneously in southern Florida they are Their thick skin closely adheres to the firm sweet rather insipid flesh which varies greatly in amount and quality on occasionally four inches in length and three inches in thickness, although usually smaller. different plants and forms a thin layer outside the central cavity, which is filled with a mass composed of the nearly black seeds. These are full and rounded and about three sixteenths of an inch in length ; when the fruit is full grown but still green the outer rugose portion of the testa is ivory white, very succulent, and easily separable from the smooth paler chestnut-brown lustrous interior portion, but as the fruit ripens the outer part of the testa turns black, and, becoming dry and leathery, adheres closely to the mner portion which closely invests the thin lustrous light red-brown inner seed- coat. The fruit decays on the tree, and, then drying up, finally splits open, letting the seeds fall to the ground. Carica Papaya now inhabits southern Florida from the southern shores of Bay Biscayne on the west coast and Indian River on the east coast to the southern keys, growing sparingly in rich hummocks under the shade of Live Oaks, Mulberries, Bay-trees, and Magnolias ; it is very common in all the West Indian Islands, in Mexico, and in the tropical countries of South America; and it has now become naturalized in most of the warm regions of the Old World? 1 The calyx-lobes of Carica are described as minute, but on specimens taken from two trees growing in hummocks near Miami on the shores of Bay Biscayne, Florida, from which the plate in this work has been made, two of the calyx-lobes of both staminate and pistillate flowers were much enlarged and foliaceous. 2 In Florida, so far as I have been able to learn, the staminate and pistillate flowers of wild plants of Carica Papaya are produced. on different individuals, but on cultivated plants in Florida and in other countries they are often andro-diecious ; that is, the male plants occasionally bear at the apex of the principal branches of hep Senfil 2 pl Ab flowers which differ from the pis- tillate flowers chiefly in their tubular-campanulate corolla and in the ten or rarely five stamens inserted in two rows on its throat. The fruit, which is developed from these hermaphrodite flowers and which hangs on long peduncles, is usually smaller than that produced on the pistillate trees, and is nearly always unsymmetri- cal. (See Correa de Mello & Spruce, Jour. Linn. Soc. x. 1 [Notes on Papayacee].—H. O. Forbes, Jour. Bot. xvii. 313.— Matthews & Scott, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, xi. 287.) Andro-dicecious flowers of Carica Papaya, the pistillate trees bearing also a few hermaphro- dite flowers, have been noticed by Ernst in Caracas (Jour. Bot. iv. 81) on Carica Papaya; and by Baillon on a plant cultivated in Paris (Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris, No. 84, 665). 5 Cultivated for its edible fruit no doubt long before the dis- covery of America by Europeans, and easily scattered by the facil- ity with which its seeds germinate in waste places, the original home in tropical America of Carica Papaya cannot be determined with any certainty. Correa de Mello & Spruce ([. o. 8), who had excellent opportunities for studying the flora of large regions of continental South America, believed, however, that the West CARICACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 7 In all tropical countries the Pawpaw is universally cultivated for its fruit’ and in waste places near human habitations it springs up in great abundance. In appearance one of the most remarkable of the plants of the New World, the Pawpaw at once attracts the attention of travelers in the tropics, and after Oviedo y Valdes wrote the first account” of it during the first half of the sixteenth century many early explorers and many botanists before the time of Linnzus described it. Indies was the true home of the Pawpaw, that it had spread south- ward across the continent by cultivation, and that it was nowhere truly wild on the mainland, although they had seen near Tarapota in the eastern Peruvian Andes, at the height of two thousand feet above the sea, the staminate plants growing in a continuous thicket of several acres in extent. In the forests of this region, neverthe- less, no truly wild plants could be found. The Pawpaw was carried to Asia before the end of the sixteenth or very early in the seventeenth century no doubt by the Portu- guese, for in 1626 Petro de Valle brought the seeds from the East In 1651 these were described and figured by Columna in the Rerum Medicarum Nove Indies to Naples, where they produced plants. Hispanic Thesaurus of Francisco Hernandez, 870, as Papaya Ori- entalis, sive Pepo arborescens. ‘Twelve years later Dr. Paludanus wrote, in the third edition of Linschoten’s Histoire de la Naviga- tion (chap. liv. 98), published in 1638: “Il y a aussi un fruict ap- porté des Indes Occidentales par les Isles Philippines & Mallacca e de 1a es Indes, appellé Papaios, ayant presques la forme d’un Melon, et est de la grosseur d’un poing.” Boyn, who first visited southern China in 1643, found the Pawpaw in great abundance on the island of Hainan and in the province of Canton, and in his Flora Sinensis he described it among other Chinese plants as Fan yay cv ou le Papaya. (See Thévenot, Relations de Divers Voyages Curieux, i. [Flora Sinensis, 19].) Rheede in 1678 (Hort. Ind. Mailab. i, 21, 23, t. 15) and Rumpf in 1741 (Herb. Amboin. i. 145, t. 50, 51 [see, also, Burmann, Thes. Zeylan. 184]) showed that the Pawpaw was of American origin. continued to regard the Pawpaw as an East Indian plant until Robert Brown, arguing in 1818 that it had no Sanscrit name, that as Rumph In spite of this testimony many authors had pointed out the inhabitants of the Indian Archipelago regarded it as an exotic plant, and that all the other species of the genus belonged to the New World, showed conclusively that it was Amer- ican and not Asiatic or African. (See Tuckey, Narrative of an Ex- pedition to explore the River Zaire, usually called the Congo, Appx. v. 471. See, also, A. de Candolle, Géographie Botanique, ii. 917 ; Origine des Plantes Cultivées, 233. — Wittmack, Bot. Zeit. xxxvi. 532. — Solms-Laubach, Bot. Zeit. xlvii. 709.) It is doubtful if Carica Papaya is a native of Florida and has not been introduced there on account of the value of its fruit ; yet if not indigenous it has become naturalized there as it has in so many other warm countries. in Florida in 1774 by William Bartram, who found it growing The Pawpaw was first noticed apparently in abundance on the east coast south of Mosquito Inlet, either near Hillsborough River or at the head of Indian River (Travels, 131). whites, the Orange was naturalized at this time, and the Pawpaw In this region, which was then uninhabited by might have been brought there by the Spaniards when they brought the Orange. It is now very common in the wooded hum- mocks in the neighborhood of Bay Biscayne, often remote from human habitation. Bay Biscayne, however, for more than a cen- tury has been frequented by boatmen from the Bahama Islands, who if they had carried “pawpaws with them to eat might have left the seeds on the shore. The probability of recent introduc- tion into eastern Florida is, moreover, heightened by the fact that Bernard Romans in The Natural History of East and West Florida, published in 1775, makes no mention of the Pawpaw, although he visited those parts of Florida, both on the east and west coasts where it is now naturalized, and paid particular attention to the trees of the peninsula. On the other hand, Dr. Robert Ridgway, who found the Pawpaw in 1897 growing on Chandler’s Hummock in the Everglades near the northeast edge of Lake Okechobee, a region difficult of access and rarely visited, writes to me that “there is not the slightest question that this tropical species is indigenous to this I may add that I was unable to find it except at Fort Myers, where it was cultivated, in any part of Lee part of south Florida. County, not even in the vicinity of Fort Thompson, nor in the Big Cypress District. I believe, therefore, it is confined to the imme- diate vicinity of the Everglades, which are extended in a narrow strip known locally as the ‘Saw Grass’ region, along the western side of Lake Okechobee, quite to the mouth of the Kissimmee River.” It is due to these observations made by Dr. Ridgway that Carica Papaya is admitted into The Silva of North America. 1 Forskal, Fl. 4igypt. Arab. p. exxii.— Loureiro, Fl. Cochin. ii. 628. — Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. ii. 941. — Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. ed. 2, iii. 824. — Wight, Zl. Ind. Bot. ii. 34, t. 106,107. — Wight & Arnott, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 352. — Blanco, Fl. Filip. 803; ed. 3, iii. 212. — Hasskarl, Cat. Pl. Bogor. 188; Pl. Jav. Rar. 180.— Bojer, Hort. Maurit. 277.— Miquel, Fl. Ned. Ind. i. 697.— Van Nooten, Fleurs Jav. t. — Hillebrand, Fi. Haw. Is. 189.— Bretschneider, Jour. North China Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc. n. ser. xxv. 8300 (Bo- tanicon Sinicum, pt. ii.). The fruit of the Pawpaw has been much improved by cultiva- Individual fruits with thick succulent flesh and weighing ten or twelve pounds are sometimes tion and selection in the West Indies. produced on cultivated trees, while on the plants which grow spon- taneously in Florida they are often not larger than a hen’s egg, with thin dry scarcely edible flesh. The fruit is eaten either raw The seeds have an aromatic pepper-like taste and are considered anthelmentic; or boiled with sugar, and acts as a mild cathartic. and the juice of the unripe fruit has been employed in the treat- ment of psoriasis and other cutaneous affections. (See Descourtilz, Fil. Med. Antill. i. 215, t. 47, 48. — Ernst, Jour. Bot. iii. 319 [ Vene- zuelan Medicinal Plants].—Guibourt, Hist. Drog. ed. 7, iii. 266, f. 659. — Baillon, Traité Bot. Med. 833, £. 2507-2511. — Faweett, Economic Plants, Jamaica, 23.) ? « Del 4rbol que en esta Isla Espafiola aman papaya, y en la Tierra-Firme los llaman los espafioles los higos del mastuerco, y en la provingia de Nicaragua llaman 4 tal drbol olocoton.” (Oviedo, Hist. Gen. Nat. Ind. lib. viii. eap. 33.) Mamera Lusitanorum, Clusius, Cure Posteriores, 41, f. Arbor Platani folio fructu peponis magnitudine eduli, C. Bauhin, Pinaz, 431. “This fruit is (which a man would not thinke) a remedie against the flux, and so are their Papaies, a fruit like an Apple of a water- ish welsh taste.” (Layfield in Purchas his Pilgrimes, iv. 1172 [4 large Relation of the Porto Rico Voiage].) 8 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. “There are store of good Roots and Plants with Fruites, as the Pina and Plantine, Potatoes, Nappoyes, and a fruite called of the Indians Poppoyes, it is bigger than an Apple and very pleasant to eat.” (Wilson in Purchas his Pilgrimes, iv. 1264.) Papanes, Smith, Gen. Hist. 184. Mamera mas § femina, Gerarde, Herball, ed. 2, 1608, f. ; Parkin- son, Theatr. 1649, f. “ Pappaw is a fruite as bigge as an Apple, of an Orange colour, (Parkinson, Theatr. 1671.) Mamawira mas § femina, Piso, Nat. Hist. Bras. lib. iii. cap. vi. 102. De Paya, Francisco Hernandez, Rerum Med. Nov. Hisp. Thesau- rus, 99; Hist. Pl. Nov. Hisp, ed. Madrid, 1790, iii. 90. Papaie Peruvianis, Bauhin, Hist. Pl. i. 147. De deux sortes de Papayers, Du Tertre, Hist. Gen. Anitill. ii. 187. The Papa. the softest that yet I ever saw ; for with my knife, I can cut down and good to eate.” “The Tree, though it may be accounted wood, yet a tree as big as a man’s leg at one chop. The fruit we boyl, and serve it up with powdred pork, as we do turnips in England ; but the turnip is far the more savory fruit.” (Richard Ligon, A _ True and exact History of the Island of Barbados, 71.) Pinoguacu mas & famina, Piso, Nat. Hist. Bras. ed. 2, lib. iv. cap. xxiii. 159, f. Mameira, Johnson, Dendrologia, 59, t. 25 ; ed. 2, i. 60, t. 25. CARICACEA. De Arbore melonifera Mamera § Papaia dicta, Ray, Hist. Pl. ii. 1370. Pepo arborescens foemina sive fertilis, Hermann, Parad. Bot. Prodr. 362 (excl. syn.). Papaya major, flore & fructu majoribus pediculis curtis infidentibus, Sloane, Cat. Pl. Jam. 202; Nat. Hist. Jam. ii. 164. Ficus arbor Utriusque Indie Platani foliis wovooreréxns, fructu Mali Cydonii, aut Melonis magnitudine, Plukenet, Alm. Bot. 145; Man- tissa, t. 278, f. 1. Papaja, Merian, Hist. Gén. Insects de Surinam, i. 40, t. 40; 62, t. 62; 64, t. 64. Du Papayer, Rochefort, Histoire Naturelle et Morale des Isles An- tilles, ed. 2, 65, f. Pepol, Arbor Melonifera, Hermann, Mus. Zeylan. 58. Papolghaha, Papaya, Hermann, Mus. Zeylan. 66. Papaya fructu Melopeponis effigie, T fort, Inst. i. 659, t.441. — Boerhaave, Ind. Alt. Hort. Lugd. Bat. ii. 170. Carica foliorum lobis sinuatis, Linnzeus, Hort. Cliff. 461; Fl. Zey- lan. 173. — Royen, Fl. Leyd. Prodr. 225. Papaya mas, Trew, Plante et Papiliones Rariores, t. 3, £. 1. The Popaw Tree, Griffith Hughes, Nat. Hist. Barbados, 181, t. 14, 15. Papaya, fructu oblongo Melonis effigie, Trew, Pl. Ehret. 2, t. 7. Carica. Fronde comosa, foliis peltato-lobatis, lobis varie sinuatis, Browne, Nat. Hist. Jam. 360. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pratt DCCV. Carica Papaya. G9) 9 ssl en Gs SS A. staminate inflorescence, natural size. Diagram of a staminate flower. A staminate flower, the corolla laid open, enlarged. A pair of stamens, front view, enlarged. A stamen, side view, enlarged. Pistillate flowers, natural size. Diagram of a pistillate flower. A pistillate flower, the corolla laid open, enlarged. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 10. Cross section of an ovary, enlarged. 11. A stigma seen from above, enlarged. 12. An ovule, enlarged. 13. A fruit, natural size. 14. Cross section of a fruit, natural size. jet, oO . Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. 16. A seed, enlarged. 17. A seed with its aril laid open, enlarged. 18. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 19. A seed with the outer layer of the seed coat removed. 20. An embryo, enlarged. 21. A leaf, reduced. 22. A seedling, natural size. - Tab. DCCV. - Silva ach Soe America. i f D 4 “, 7 CARICA PAPAYA, Li. ee a | ae ARiocreue drew? oe dnp. DTaneur, Paris, CACTACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 9 OPUNTIA. FLowers perfect ; calyx-lobes numerous, imbricated in many series; corolla rotate ; petals numerous, spreading; stamens indefinite, inserted on the base of the petals; ovary one-celled, many-ovuled. Fruit baccate. Branches tuberculate, articulate, compressed, subcylindrical, or clavate. Leaves scale-like, caducous. Opuntia, Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 243 (1763). — Zucearini, Abhand. Akad. Minch. ii. 687. — Meissner, Gen. 128. — Endlicher, Gen. 945. — Engelmann, Proc. Am. Acad. iii. 289. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 851. — Baillon, Hist. Pi. ix. 40 (excel. sect. Nopalea).—Schumann, Engler & Prantl Pflanzenfam. iii. pt. vi. 199. Consolea, Lemaire, Rev. Hort. 1862, 174. Tephrocactus, Lemaire, Les Cactées, 88 (1868). Ficindica, St. Lager, Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon, vii. 70 (1880). Trees or usually shrubs, often low and prostrate, with flattened or subcylindrical or clavate articulate tuberculate branches covered by a thick epidermis with small sunken stomata filled with copious watery juices,’ and with or without solid or tubular and reticulate woody skeletons, and thick and fleshy or fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, terete, subulate, small, early deciduous, bearing in their axils oblong or circular cushion-like areole* of chaffy or woolly scales terminal on the tubercles of the branches and furnished above the middle with many short slender slightly attached sharp barbed bristles, and toward the base with numerous stout barbed spines* surrounded in some species, except 1 The large thin-walled parenchyma cells which form a large former. In Opuntia fulgida the spines on an areola increase in part of the tissue of Opuntia take up water freely when the ground is moist, and the young branches become saturated with juices and are thick, plump, and smooth. During periods of drought, which frequently last for months in the regions where these plants grow in the greatest numbers, they gradually lose their moisture by evaporation and become withered and wrinkled. With the minute caducous leaves, thick epidermis, and small sunken stomata of Opuntia, this process is a very slow one, and branches severed from the parent plant and kept in a dry atmosphere have retained sufficient moisture to produce roots and branches at the end of nearly a year. This power to retain moisture aids in the dissemi- ' nation of the plant, for detached joints of the branches falling to the ground, as they often do either naturally or by being brushed against by cattle and other animals, retain, in periods even of the longest droughts, sufficient moisture to develop roots ; these anchor the joints to the ground and new plants begin to grow. (See Tou- mey, Bot. Gazette, xx. 356 [Vegetal Dissemination in the Genus Opuntia].) 2 “Tn Opuntia the pulvillus (which in its lower part is the spi- niferous, and in its upper part the florif areola bined) is the same in all stages of development ; only it is smaller on the lower part of each joint, and bears fewer or often no spines, and rarely any flowers or new shoots; while the uppermost pulvilli have the longest and most numerous spines, and bear the flowers as well asthe young branches.” (Engelmann, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. 46.) “The areole continue to grow year after year, at least for a period of several years, and each year increase in size from the inner margin, several new spines developing above the old ones. The number of spines on an areola of a first year’s joint is fairly constant in the same species, but a joint several years of age may in some species bear six or seven times as many spines as the numbers with succeeding years more rapidly than in Opuntia spino- sior. In the latter, however, they increase much more rapidly than in Opuntia versicolor. On this species frequently no additional spines are produced after the first year, and they are never produced in such numbers as on the two other species. In these three species, after several years’ growth the vegetative activity of the areole ceases, and they fall away with the outer scales of the bark.” (Toumey, in litt.) 3 The spines of Opuntia, which are produced on most of the spe- cies and are usually stout and rigid, are barbed backward, and make these plants the most difficult and dangerous of all the Cac- tus family to handle, or even to approach, and render several of the large-growing specimens valuable for the protection of fields and gardens against browsing animals. The short sharp bristles mixed with soft scales, which cover the areole above the middle, are also barbed backward, and being very feebly attached come off with the slightest touch, penetrating the skin or adhering to the clothes of persons brushing by the plants. (See Engelmann, l. c. 45.) The spines and, in a less degree, the bristles of Opuntia and of many other members of the Cactus family, which often contain the only moisture to be found in the deserts of America, have evidently been developed to protect these plants against animals suffering from thirst, who would soon exterminate them without this protec- tion. They also play an import: part in the di of Opun- tias, the barbed spines attaching themselves to passing animals, who carry off the easily detached joints of the branches, which sooner or later reach the ground and often form new plants. Certain species with strongly developed and numerous spines and feebly attached joints rarely produce seeds and appear to depend almost entirely on this method of propagation. (Teste Toumey, in litt. See Ganong, Bot. Glazette, xx. 133.) 10 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CACTACEZ. at the apex, by a loose papery sheath, on a few species broad, flat, fleshy, and spreading,’ rarely thin, flat, paper-like, and elongated.? Flowers lateral, produced from areole on branches of the previous year between the bristles and spines, sessile, diurnal, or rarely nocturnal, cup-shaped, often large and showy. Calyx-lobes numerous, flat, erect, deciduous. Corolla rotate ; petals numerous, obovate, united at the base, spreading, red, yellow, or purple. Stamens numerous, shorter than the petals, inserted in many series on their base; filaments filiform, free or slightly united below; anthers oblong, two- celled, opening longitudinally. Ovary inferior, one-celled; style cylindrical, longer than the stamens, obclavate below, fistular above, divided at the apex into from three to eight elongated or lobulate lobes stigmatic on the inner face; ovules indefinite, horizontal, anatropous, inserted on numerous parietal placentas. Fruit baccate, sometimes proliferous, covered by a thick skin, succulent and often edible, or dry, pyriform, globose or elliptical, concave at the apex, surmounted by the marcescent tube of the flower, tuberculate, areolate or rarely glabrous, truncate at the base with a broad umbilicus.® Seeds numerous, immersed in the pulpy placentas, compressed, discoid, often margined with the bony raphe; testa bony, white, sometimes marked by a narrow darker colored marginal commissure. Embryo coiled around the copious or scanty albumen ; cotyledons large, foliaceous; radicle thin, obtuse, turned toward the hilum.‘ Opuntia, which originally was confined to America, has now become naturalized in many of the warm dry regions of the world.» About one hundred and thirty species are now recognized.® They are 1 Subgenus 651 (1898). 2 The broad-spi to Argentina, and are still very imperfectly known. (See W. Wat- son, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxiii. 339, f. 129.) 8 Professor Toumey suggests (in litt.) that the so-called fruit of Opuntia is really a terminal branch of the joint containing the Peireskiopuntia, Schumann, Monog. Cact. d species (Platy the) appear to be confined ripened ovary which is sunken into its apex, and that the mor- phology of the fruit of the whole Cactus family is probably simi- lar. In some cases the ovary-bearing branch is highly modified. In certain species, however, particularly in the cylindrical stemmed. Opuntias, it resembles a sterile terminal joint in all respects, except in the concave flower-scar at the apex. The proliferous character of the fruit, a character common in a greater or less degree to nearly all species of Opuntia, and occasionally found in other genera, would seem to indicate that this view is correct. Opuntia spinosior and Opuntia versicolor frequently produce proliferous fruits, and those of Opuntia fulgida are almost constantly proliferous. In the case of these species plants can be propagated by using the green fruits and even the ripe fruits as cuttings. Occasionally flat-stemmed Opuntias are found with an ovary developed in the apex of a branch resembling in all respects one of the narrow flat sterile stems of the plant. In Opuntia versicolor the ovary is frequently in the apex of a long joint, and there are innumerable transitions between these long fruit-joints and the typical pear- shaped fruit of the species. Ovaries in such stems are generally sterile, but occasionally contain one or many seeds. 4 By Engelmann the species have been arranged in the following subgenera : — Puatopuntia (Proc. Am. Acad. iii. 289 [1856]), now usually extended to include his Stenopuntia (J. c.). Joints of the branches compressed, without a woody skeleton ; spines without sheaths. Fruit pulpy or rarely dry; raphe form- ing a prominent and bony margin round the seed. Embryo curled round the scanty albumen ; cotyledons contrary to the sides of the seed. CyLinproruntiA (Engelmann, J. c. [1856]). Joints of the branches cylindrical or clavate, more or less tuber- culate, with or without a solid or tubular and reticulated ligneous skeleton. Spines inclosed in a loose sheath or in some species Seeds hard- shelled, smooth, often marked by a conspicuous marginal commis- sure, usually marginless, embryo forming less than a circle round naked. Fruit fleshy or dry, setulose or spinescent. the copious albumen ; cotyledons contrary, oblique, or parallel to the side of the seed. 5 Opuntias were probably among the first plants carried from America to the Old World, where they soon became naturalized in southern Spain; from Spain they were carried by the Arabs to northern Africa, and they have gradually and generally extended through all the warm dry parts of the world. (See A. de Candolle, Origine des Plantes Cultivées, 218.) In some countries naturalized Opuntias have become dangerous weeds, destroying the value of the land which they occupy with In New South Wales, where the Opuntia was introduced more than a century ago, differ- impenetrable thickets of spiny branches. ent species have become such pests that in 1886 an act was passed compelling persons, under penalty of fine and imprisonment, to clear their land of these plants. (See Maiden, Agric. Gazette New South Wales, ix. 979.) In South Africa Opuntias have spread to such an alarming extent that their destruction has been a subject of serious government investigation. (See Kew Bull. Miscellaneous Information, July, 1888, 165 ; September, 1890, 186.) In India, where Opuntias have long been naturalized, it is supposed through early Portuguese introduction, they spread rapidly and are con- sidered dangerous weeds (see Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 246); and in southern Texas hundreds of square miles of grazing land have been overrun and entirely ruined by different species of dwarf Opuntias. (See Bentley, U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers’ Bull. No. 72, 14 [Cattle Ranges of the Southwest].) On the other hand, the roots of Opuntias are said to have disintegrated the lava on the slopes of Mt. Aitna in Sicily, and, enriching it by the decay of their stems, to have gradually changed barren wastes into productive vineyards. (See Bois, Bull. Soc. Nat. d’Acclimatation de France, sér. 4, v. 643.) 6 See De Candolle, Prodr. iii. 471. Seemann, Bot. Voy. Herald, 293. — Engelmann, Proc. Am. Acad. iii. 289; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. 45 ; King’s Rep. v. 118; Brewer § Watson Bot. Cal. i. 247. — CACTACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 18 distributed from southern New England southward in the neighborhood of the coast to the West Indies, and from southern British Columbia through western North America to Chili, the Galapagos Islands, a8 Brazil, and Argentina, the largest number of species occurring in the arid region near the boundary between the United States and Mexico. Of the species of the United States three attain on the deserts of southern’ Arizona the size and habit of small trees. Cochineal’ is derived from a scale-insect, Coccws Cacti, which feeds on the juices of Opuntia Philippi, Linnea, xxxiii. 82; Cat. Pl. Chil. 93.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 549. — Schumann, Martius Fl. Brasil. iv. pt. ii. 302 ; Monog. Cact. 650.— Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iii. 418. 1 On the Galapagos Islands, on the equator nearly seven hundred and fifty miles from the coast of Ecuador, the most isolated known station inhabited naturally by any Opuntia, occurs the largest repre- sentative of the genus. This is : — Opuntia Galapageia, Henslow, Mag. Zodl. Bot. i. 467, t. 14, f. 2 (1837). — Hooker f. Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 223. — Andersson, Stockh. Akad. Handl. 1853, 95 (Om Galapagos-Oarnes Veg.).— Hemsley, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxiv. 265, f. 75.— Schumann, Monog. Cact. 747. Opuntia Galapageia, which is one of the flat-branched species, although frequently shrubby grows under favorable conditions to the height of twenty feet, with a trunk two feet in diameter and (See Bauer, Biol. Centralblatt, xii. 247 [Ein Besuch der Galapagos-Insein].) stout spreading branches. 2 Cochineal, which consists of the females of Coccus Cacti, Lin- nzus, an hemipterous insect, is a dye used for the production of scarlet, crimson, orange, and other tints, and in the preparation of lake and carmine paints. It owes its tinctorial power to the pre- sence of cochinealin or carmanic acid, which is composed of hydro- gen, carbon, and oxygen. The male insect is half the size of the female, with long white wings and a dark red body terminating in The female has a dark brown body and no wings, and occurs in the pro- two diverging sete, and is devoid of a nutritive apparatus. portion of from one hundred and fifty to two hundred to one of the When the Spaniards entered Mexico in 1518 they found ployed by the i and garments, the dry insects, which they reared with the greatest males. cochineal habitant in coloring their dwellings care on plantations of the Opuntias, forming one of the staple trib- utes from certain provinces, probably chiefly from Oaxaca, the little village of Cuilapan being usually considered the original home of the cochineal industry. (See Clavigero, Storia Antica del Messico, i. 114, nota. — Prescott, Conquest of Memico, ii. 136.) For a century and a half after its introduction into Europe cochineal was believed to consist of the seeds of a Cactus or some other vegetable bstance (see C: De Atramentis, 211), but in 1672 Martin Lister hazarded the conjecture that it might be a sort of kermes (Phil. Trans. vii. 5059) ; and in 1691 a letter containing Observa- tions on the making of Cochineal, according to a Relation had from bliched in the £ l Trans- an Old Spaniard at Jamaica, p Philosophi actions (xvii. 502), pointed out that cochineal was really an insect. In this tion i which the insects feed were given, and their use in hedges de- scribed. A little later, in 1704, Leeuwenhoek with the aid of his peng for ting the plants on b abid og showed. Pp ly the animal nature of the dye and finally settled the question of the origin of cochineal (Phil. Trans. xxiy. 1614). America, Peru, and other parts of South America, and in 1858, The cochineal industry once flourished in Central after the destruction of their vineyards, its cultivation was success- fully introduced into the Canary Islands, which in 1869 exported six and a half million pounds of the dye, about seventy thousand of the dried insects weighing one pound. Cochineal has also been produced in southern Spain, Algeria, India, and the Dutch East India Islands. In Mexico the insects are sometimes gathered from wild plants, but the product is of poor quality, and the best cochineal is ob- tained by regular cultivation. The insects are reared in winter in huts, and from the end of May until the beginning of August are put out on plants carefully cultivated in inclosed gardens or nopal- ries by hanging on the branches of the Opuntias small gauze bags, each containi ful of the i The young as fast as they are born escape from the bags and g about a tabl ted females. spread over the surface of the branch, where they absorb its juices and grow rapidly until their legs, antennz, and probosces are almost indistinguishable. As soon as insects show signs of spawning, they are rapidly brushed into bags or baskets and are killed by immer- sion in hot water, by exposure to the sun, or in heated ovens, the quality of the product depending largely on the method and care used in killing and curing the insects. Two or three crops are produced in a season. The “grain,” as the dried cochineal is called, is sifted to free it of an adherent white powder ; it is then picked over to remove all foreign matter and packed in bags for export. There are two principal varieties recognized in com- merce: silver cochineal, which is of a grayish red color, with the furrows of the body covered by a whitish bloom, and black cochi- neal, which is of a darker red. The plant chiefly used to feed the cochineal insect in Mexico and Central America is Nopalea cochenillifer, Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck. ed. 3 (1850) (Cactus cochenillifer, Linneeus, Spec. 468 [1753], Opuntia cochinelifera, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 6 [1765]), which differs from the flat-leaved Opuntias in its erect petals much shorter than the long stamens, and which is probably a native of Peru, although now widely spread by cultivation through the warmer parts of America and through other warm dry coun- tries. The cochineal insect is also reared on Opuntia Ficus-Indica and on Opuntia Tuna, which, according to Lowe (Hooker Jour. Bot. i. 40; Man. Fl. Mad. 318), is the only species used in the Canary Islands for the purpose. In a wild state the cochineal insect or some of its allies are found on many other species of Opuntia. (For accounts of Coccus Cacti, and of the cochineal industry, see Melchior de la Ruusscher, Natuerlyke historie van de Couchenille.— Rutty, Phil. Trans. xxxvi.264 [The Natural History of Cochineal].— Thiery de Menonville, Traité de la Culture du Nopal et de l’ Educa- tion de la Cochenille dans les colonies frangaises de V Amérique. — Francisco Hernandez, Hist. Pl. Nov. Hisp. ed. Madrid, 1790, ii. 177.— Staunton, Account of the Embassy of the King of Great Britain to the Empire of China, i. 186, Atlas, t. 12. — Humboldt, Essai Pol. Nouv. Esp. iii. 242. — Bancroft, Philosophy of Permanent Colors, i. 410.— Royle, Essay on the Productive Resources of India, 57. —Sig- noret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, sér. 4, viii. 846 [Essai sur les Cochen- illes]. — Vett, Woordenbock van Nederlandsch-Indie Cochenille. — Spons, Encyclopedia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and Raw Commercial Products, i. 856.— Ober, Travels in Memico, 529, — 12 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CACTACEA, Tuna,' Opuntia Ficus-Indica,? and of other species. The fruit of Opuntia Ficus-Indica, now natural- ized in most warm dry regions, and of several other species is refreshing, and is consumed in considerable quantities in semitropical countries ;* and Opuntia Opuntia,* which grows on the Atlantic coast from Watt, Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, ii. 398. —Cock- erell, Am. Nat. xxvii. 1041 [Notes on the Cochineal Insect].) Since the introduction of aniline dyes cochineal has so depre- ciated in value that its production on a large scale is no longer profitable, and the industry has lost its commercial importance. (See A. S. Brown, Social and Economical Condition of the Canary Islands, 5,24 [Parliament of Great Britain, Sessional Papers, \xxx. 1892, Miscellaneous Series, No. 246].) 1 Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 3 (1768). — Haworth, Syn. Pl. Suce. 188. — De Candolle, Prodr. iii. 472.— Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 161. — Spach, Hist. Vég. xiii. 407, t. 46. —Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck. ed. 3, 66.—Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 302.— Willkomm & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. iii. 129. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i, 554, — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iii. 420, — Duss, Ann. Inst. Col. Marseille, iii. 318 (Fl. Antilles Frangaises). — Schumann, Monog. Cact. 723. — Maiden, Agric. Gazette New South Wales, ix. 994, t. Cactus Tuna, Linneus, Spec. i. 468 (1753). Cactus Opuntia Tuna, Tussac, Fl. Med. Antilles, ii. 213, t. 31 (1818). Cactus Bonplandii, Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. vi. 69 (1823). — Kunth, Syn. Pl. Ziquin. iii. 372. Opuntia horrida, De Candolle, 1. c. iii. 472 (1823). — Pfeiffer, 1. c. 162. Opuntia Ficus-Indica, Webb & Berthelot, Phytogr. Canar. iii. pt. ii, sect. i 208 (not Miller) (1836-40). Opuntia Tuna, a native probably of some of the warmer parts of Central or South America, has become widely naturalized in most warm countries, One of the handsomest of the Opuntias, it is almost arborescent in habit, with a short stem, broad flat branches, stout yellow spines, and insipid fruit. It is this species which is perhaps most generally employed in hedges ; and it is frequently cultivated in southern Florida, the West Indies, northern Mexico, Lower California, southern California, and many of the countries of Central and South America, in the Mediterranean basin, India, Although the fruit is insipid, in the West Indies its juice is sometimes em- Australia, southern Africa, and the Canary Islands. ployed to give a scarlet color to liquors and to fruit used in confec- tionery. (See Fawcett, Economic Plants, Jamaica, 59.) Tuna, the specific name of this plant, is the common Spanish-American name of the fruits of all the flat-branched Opuntias. * Miller, J. c. No. 2. — Haworth, J. c. 191.— De Candolle, 1. c. iii. 473. — Pfeiffer, J. c. 152. — Salm-Dyck, J. c. 66, 235. — Chap- man, Fl, 144, — Grisebach, J. c. 302. — Lowe, Man. Fl. Mad. 317. — Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 246. — Willkomm & Lange, J. ¢. 129. — Hemsley, J. c. i. 551. — Coulter, 2. c. 419. — Schumann, J. ¢. 719. — Maiden, J. c. ix. 990. Cactus Ficus-Indica, Linnzeus, Spec. 468 (1753). Cactus Opuntia subinermis, Tussac, 1. c. ii. 220, t. 34 (1818). Opuntia Tuna, Webb & Berthelot, 1. c. 209 (not Miller) (1836-40). Cactus Opuntia, Gussone, Fi. Sicul. Prodr. 559 (not Linnzus) (1827). ' Opuntia vulgaris, Tenore, Syll. Fl. Neap. 239 (not Miller) (1831). ® The pulp of the fruit of the flat-leaved Opuntias is sweet and acidulous, and contains assimilable matter in the form of mucilage, albumen, and large quantities of sugar, and is free from all astrin- gent and toxic properties. (See De Graffe, Am. Jour. Pharm. lxviii. 169, t. ; also Light, Am. Jour. Pharm. lvi. 3 [The Fruit of Opuntia vulgaris]. — Maisch, Am. Jour. Pharm. lxiii. 2 [Fruit of Opuntia].) That of Opuntia Ficus-Indica, the so-called Indian Fig, which is extensively cultivated for its fruit in Mexico and other warm countries, is perhaps more esteemed than that of other species. It is often three or four inches long and two inches wide, and is yel- low or orange-colored, more or less tinged with pink or red, and covered with small tufts of bristles, which are easily rubbed off. In northern Mexico it forms an important part of the food of the by street-vend the summer months. (See Palmer, West American Scientist, vi. 67.) vevin poor, being sold in immense qi during all It is also used as food in many parts of South America (see Hieronymus, Pl. Diaph. Fl. Arget. 128), and largely in Italy and the other countries bordering tle Medit (See Varvaro, Il Fico d’India in Sicilia.) The fruit of many other Opuntias is gathered and eaten by the North American Indians, especially by the tribes which inhabit the desert regions of the southwest. (See Newberry, Popular Science Monthly, xxxii. 37 [Food and Fibre Plants ofthe North American Indians].) By the Pawnees and Papigos it is gathered before it is fully ripe, allowed to dry, and used in cooking meat. The fresh unripe fruit is often boiled in water and then allowed to ferment, when it becomes stimulating as well as nutritious, In Mexico, calonche, an intoxicating drink similar in taste to hard cider, is made from the fruit of several species of Opuntia by pressing out the juice, passing it through straw sieves, and heating it by fire or the sun, when it soon begins to ferment. (See Havard, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxiii. 33 [Drink Plants of the North Ameri- can Indians].) * Coulter, /. c. 432 (1896). — Britton & Brown, Ill. Fi. ii. 463, f. 2527, : Cactus Opuntia, Linneus, 1. ¢. 468 (in part) (1753). — Wal- ter, Fl. Car. 146.— Michaux, Fl. i. 282, — Persoon, Syn. ii. 22. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 327. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 296. — El- liott, Sk. i. 587. — Sims, Bot. Mag. |. t. 2398. Opuntia vulgaris, Miller, J. c. No. 1 (1768); Icon. t. 191. — Haworth, J. c. 190. — De Candolle, 1. c. iii. 474. — Pfeiffer, J. c. 149. — Salm-Dyck, 1. c. 69.— Engelmann, Proc. Am. Acad. iii. 297. — Engelmann & J. M. Bigelow, Pacijic R. R. Rep. iv. pt. v. 42, t. 10, f. 1, 2, t. 23, £. 13.— Chapman, J. c. 144. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed..6, 197. — Schumann, /. c. 714. — Maiden, 1. ¢. ix. 992. Cactus Opuntia vulgaris, De Candolle, Pl. Grasses, 188, t. (1779). Opuntia maritima, Rafinesque, Med. Fl. ii. 247 (1830). Opuntia Italica, Tenore, 1. c. 241 (1831). Opuntia intermedia, Salm-Dyck, Cat. Hort. Dyck, 364 (1834) ; Cact. Hort. Dyck. ed. 3, 69, 243. — Pfeiffer, J. c. 150. Cactus nana, Visiani, Fl. Dalm. iii. 143 (1852). Opuntia vulgaris, 8 nana, Schumann, I. c. 715 (1898). Opuntia Opuntia, which grows on sandy and occasionally on rocky soil, usually only in the immediate neighborhood of the coast, from the island of Nantucket off the southern shore of Massachusetts to South Carolina, is a dwarf plant, with short procumbent flat- tened branches armed oceasionally with a few small spines, and CACTACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 13 Massachusetts to South Carolina, and Opuntia Dillenii' have been believed to possess valuable medical properties. The large-growing Opuntias with flat leaves are employed in many countries to form hedges for the protection of gardens and fields against browsing animals; and the branches of Opuntia, which are saturated with watery juices, are sometimes stripped of their spines and bristles and fed to cattle.? ¥ Opuntia, which forms the principal food of a number of scale-insects, is not known to suffer from them or from serious fungal diseases. Opuntia, used by Theophrastus as the name for some plant which grew in the neighborhood of the city of Opus in Beotia, was bestowed by Tournefort on the Prickly Pears of the New World.’ small yellow flowers. It is chiefly interesting as the most northern representative of the genusin eastern America. Rafinesque (Med. Fi, ii. 247) described the use of the split branches in the treatment of acute rheumatism and as a remedy for chronic ulcers, gout, and wounds, and stated that the juices and gummy exudations were used in the treatment of gravel. A tincture prepared from the fresh flowers and green ovaries is -ometimes used in homeopathic practice. (See Millspaugh, Am. Med. Pl. in Homeopathic Reme- dies, i. 61, t. 61.) In the southern states the quality of tallow candles has been sometimes improved by boiling the split branches of Opuntia Opun- tia with the tallow, which is hardened by their juices. (See Porcher, Resources of Southern Fields and Forests, 66.) Opuntia Opuntia is said to have been introduced into English gardens before the beginning of the sixteenth century (see Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 153), but it is not improbable that the early refer- ences to this plant apply to some West Indian or Mexican species and not to that of the Atlantic seaboard of the United States, which from its small size and comparative rarity might easily have Opuntia Opuntia, or a dwarf species closely allied to it, is now naturalized in many of the tries of the Medit basin. (See Bro- tero, Fl. Lusitan. ii. 245. — Visiani, Fl. Dalm. iii, 143. — Will- komm & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. iii. 128. — Caruel, Parlatore Fi. Ital. x. 143.) In the region adjacent to the Rio Grande the flat branches of Opuntias are frequently used to poultice ulcers and sores of all kinds. The branch is first heated to remove the bristles and spines and to warm and soften the pulp; it is then opened through the middle or one of the surfaces is shaved off, and the exposed portion is applied to the part requiring treatment. Opuntia branches heated and mashed into pulp are employed in the same region to clarify water, and sometimes as food (see Havard, Proc. U. S. Nat. Herb. viii. 521); and on the Isthmus of Panama, where a species of Opun- tia is often planted in hedges, the split branches are also believed to possess medical virtues. (See Seemann, Bot. Voy. Herald, 131.) 1 Opuntia Dillenii, Haworth, Suppl. Pl. Succ. 79 (1819). — De Candolle, Prodr, iii. 472. — Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 162. — Wight & escaped the notice of the first explorers of our coast. Arnott, Prodr. Fl. Ind. 363. — Wight, IU. ii. t. 114. — Lowe, Man. Fil. Mad. 318. — Clarke, Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 657. — Maiden, Agric. Gazette New South Wales, ix. 1002. Cactus Dillenii, Kerr, Bot. Reg. iii. t. 255 (1817). Cactus Indicus, Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. ed. 2, ii. 475 (1832). Opuntia Tuna, Schumann, Monog. Cact. 724 (in part) (not Miller) (1898). Opuntia Dillenti, which is believed to be indigenous in tropical America, has become widely naturalized in India, extending to Jhelan in the northwest and ascending the Himalayas to elevations of five thousand feet above the sea-level. It has been largely used as a hedge plant. The fruit is esteemed as a refrigerant; the erushed branches are used as poultices to reduce heat and inflamma- tion; a syrup prepared from the fruit is employed in the treatment of whooping-cough to increase the secretion of bile and to control spasmodic coughing and expectoration. cessfully employed as a p The juice has been suc- 1 2g and asa d. tin the treat- ment of gonorrhea, and the pulp of the crushed. branches to relieve ophthalmia. (See Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 245.— Watt, Dic- tionary of the Economic Products of India, v. 490.) 2 See Havard, J. c. — MacOwan, Kew Bull. Miscellaneous Infor- mation, July, 1888, 167. — Bourde, Revue Tunisienne, 1894 (Projet @Enquéte sur le Cactus considéré comme Plante Fourragere). — Maiden, J. c. vii. 651.— Boyce, Agric. Gazette New South Wales, viii. 260, 504. — Gennadius, Agric. Gazette New South Wales, ix. 38 (The Prickly Pear in Cyprus). 5 Little can be said with regard to the fungi which attack the larger species of Opuntia in this country. Spheria Cacti, Schweinitz, which forms black spots arranged in groups on the leaves, is probably common on several species, but its botanical characters are not well understood. Teichospora Opuntic, Ellis & Everhart, a small Pyrenomycete, attacks Opuntia arborescens, and Gleosporium Opuntic, Ellis & Everhart, has been found on Opuntia Brasiliensis, Haworth, in the United States. A peculiar morbid growth on Opuntia and other Cactacee has been described by Sorauer (Monat. Kakt. vii.1). It is due, however, not to the action of fungi but to the successive formation of corky tissue. * Inst. i. 239, t. 122. 14 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES. CYLINDROPUNTIA. Joints of the branches cylindrical, tuk late, with reticulated ligneous skeletons ; spines inclosed in loose sheaths ; fruit fleshy, setulose, or occasionally spinescent; seeds marginless, marked by a conspicuous narrow marginal commissure. Tubercles of the branches full and rounded below the areolz. Joints pale olive-colored, easily separable, their tubercles broad, mamillate ; spines yellow ; flowers pink; fruit proliferous, usually spineless, often sterile . fog Joints green or purple, their tubercles narrow, ovate ; spines white to reddish ee Hee race. , fruit yellow, sparingly spinescent, rarely proliferous . oo bob) Tubercles of the branches not full and rounded below the areolz. Joints elongated, dark green, or purple, their tubercles elongated ; spines brown or reddish brown; flowers green, tinted with red or yellow; fruit green, spinescent, rarely proliferous CACTACEA. 1. O. FuLerpa. 2. O. SPINOSIOR. 3. O. VERSICOLOR. CACTACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 15 OPUNTIA FULGIDA. Cholla. Joints of the branches pale olive-colored, easily separable, their tubercles broad, mamillate, full and rounded below the areole; spines yellow. Flowers pink. Fruit dull green, proliferous, usually spineless. Opuntia fulgida, Engelmann, Proc. Am. Acad. iii. 306 (1856) ; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. 57, t. 75, £. 18; Wheeler’s Rep. vi. 131. — Walpers, Ann. v. 56. — Hems- ley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 551. — Toumey, Garden and Forest, viii. 324, £. 46 ; Bot. Gazette, xxv. 119. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iii. 448. —Schumann, Monog. Cact. 676. i Opuntia fulgens, Engelmann, Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. i. 250 (1876). - A tree, with a more or less flexuous trunk occasionally twelve feet in height and sometimes a foot in diameter, a symmetrical head of stout wide-spreading branches,’ and thick pendulous joints which are sometimes almost hidden by their long conspicuous spines and which begin to develop their woody skeletons during their second or occasionally not until their third season. The bark of the trunk and of the large limbs is about a quarter of an inch in thickness and separates freely on the surface into large thin loosely attached scales which vary in color from dark yellow-brown to nearly black on the largest stems, and is nearly destitute of spines which mostly fall with the outer layers when the branches are from three to four inches in thickness. The terminal or ultimate joints of the branches are ovate or ovate-cylindrical, tumid, crowded at the ends of the limbs, pale olive-colored, from three to eight inches long and often two inches in diameter; their tubercles are ovate-oblong, broad, and from one half to three quarters of an inch in length, with areole of pale straw-colored matted tomentum, and short slender pale bristles; when they first appear each areola bears from five to fifteen stout stellate-spreading light yellow spines of nearly equal length, from three quarters of an inch to an inch long, and inclosed in loose lustrous sheaths; during succeeding years additional spines develop at the upper margins of the areole, and tubercles on old branches are sometimes furnished with from forty to sixty spines which remain on the branches from four to six years. The leaves are light green, from one half of an inch to nearly an inch in length, and taper gradually to the acuminate apex. The flowers appear from June to September, the first being produced from tubercles at the ends of the branches of the previous year, the later from the terminal tubercles of the immature fruit developed from the earliest flowers of the season. They are an inch in diameter when fully expanded, with ovaries nearly an inch long, from eight to ten orbicular obtuse crenulate sepals, five erect stigmas, and eight light pink petals,” those of the outer ranks being cuneate, retuse, crenulate on the margins, and shorter than those of the inner ranks, which are lanceolate and acute, the whole corolla becoming strongly reflexed at maturity. The fruit, which is proliferous, hangs in pendulous clusters usually with six or seven fruits, and occasionally with forty or fifty, in a cluster, one growing from the other in continuous succession, the first of the cluster being the largest and containing perfect seeds while the 1 “T suspect that the long surface roots enable these plants to get their moisture from the rains which seldom penetrate the soil to a greater depth than from six to twelve inches. I have never seen tuberous enlargements on the fibrous roots.” (Toumey, in litt.) 2 The plant of Lower California which is believed to be of this species is said to have yellow petals. (See K. Brandegee, Ery- thea, v. 122 [Notes on Cactec].) In the early descriptions of this species the petals were said to be purple, but according to Professor Toumey, who has had the best opportunity of studying the Cacti of Arizona and adjacent regions, and to whom I am indebted for my knowledge of these tree Opuntias, they are purple only after they are dried. 16 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CACTACEA, secondary fruits are frequently sterile ; it is dull green when fully ripe, with dry flesh, and falls usually during the first winter, although occasionally a fruit remains on the branches during a second season and develops flowers from its tubercles ; the fruit is oval, rounded, and from an inch to an inch and a quarter in length, nearly as broad as it is long, more or less tuberculate,! conspicuously marked with large pale tomentose areole bearing numerous small bristles and, although usually spineless, occa- sionally small weak spines. The seeds are compressed, thin, very angular, and from one twelfth to one sixth of an inch in diameter.? Opuntia fulgida, which is a plant of the plains, and is not rare in Arizona south of the Colorado plateau and in the adjacent region of Sonora, apparently is most abundant and grows to its largest size on the mesas near Tucson, at elevations between two thousand and three thousand feet above the level of the sea. It is said to grow also at Cottonwood Springs in southern Nevada and at Calamuget, and on Magdalena Island in Lower California. The wood of old trunks, which contains a thick pith, is light, hard, and pale yellow, with broad conspicuous medullary rays and well marked layers of annual growth.’ This Cactus, the Vera de Coyote of the Mexican Indians, was first made known to science by the botanists attached to the commission which defined the boundary between the United States and Mexico. It is one of the most conspicuous and interesting plants of the mesas of southern Arizona, where in the clear atmosphere of the desert the lustrous sheaths inclosing its numerous spines glistening in the sunlight make it visible for many miles. 1 The depth of the tubercles on many of the cylindrical Opun- tias, especially on the mature or nearly mature fruit, depends almost entirely on the amount of moisture. During exceedingly dry seasons the tubercles are deep and the fruit small and shriveled. On the same plants during a moist season the fruit is large and plump, and the tubercles are scarcely raised above the remainder of the surface. This is true, only not to so great a degree, of the younger branches of the plant itself. (Toumey, in litt.) ? Onthe foothills of the mountain ranges of southern Arizona and northern Sonora a form of this plant occurs with thicker shorter joints, more prominent but shorter tubercles, and fewer spines, usually only from four to six spines being developed from the tuber- eles of the terminal joints, although from those of older joints as many as twenty or thirty are produced. The flowers and fruit of the two forms appear to be identical, but the foothill variety is a smaller plant than that of the mesas. It is: — Opuntia fulgida mamillata, Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iii. 449 (1896). — Toumey, Bot. Gazette, xxv. 121. Opuntia mamillata, Engelmann, Proc. Am. Acad. iii. 308 (1856); Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. 58, t. 75, £. 19; Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. i. 250.— Walpers, Ann. v. 57.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 552.— Toumey, Garden and Forest, viii. 325. 8 The log specimen in the Jesup Collection of North American Woods in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, cut by Professor Toumey in the neighborhood of Tucson, is seven inches in diameter inside the bark, with fourteen layers of annual growth in the solid exterior layer of wood, which is about two and a half inches in thickness. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prats DCCVI. See er eS A seed, enlarged. OPUNTIA FULGIDA. A flower, natural size. Vertical section of a flower, natural size. End of a fruiting branch, natural size. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. A fruit laid open transversely, natural size. A seed showing raphe, enlarged. Cross section of a seed, enlarged. An embryo, enlarged. Silva of North CLE. Faxon det. America. nae A Riocreue direc.’ OPUNTIA FULGIDA, Engelmn. imp. 7. Taneur, Lars. CACTACER, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA, 17 OPUNTIA SPINOSIOR. Tassajo. Joints of the branches green or purple, their tubercles ovate, narrow, full, and rounded below the areole; spines white or reddish brown. Flowers pink. Fruit yellow, sparingly spinescent, rarely proliferous. . Opuntia spinosior, Toumey, Bot. Gazette, xxv. 119 (1898). Opuntia Whipplei, 8 spinosior, Engelmann, Proc. Am. Acad. iii. 307 (1856) ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. pt. v. 51, t. 17, f. 1-4; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. 57.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 554.— Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iii. 451. — Schumann, Monog. Cact. 670. Opuntia arborescens, Engelmann, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 51, pt. v. t. 17, £5, 6 (not Engelmann, Wislizenus Memoir of a Tour to Northern Meaico [Senate Doc. 1848], Bot. Appx. 6).— Toumey, Garden and Forest, ix. 2, f. 1. A tree, with an erect trunk occasionally ten feet in height and from five to ten inches in diameter, and numerous stout vertically spreading branches which fotm an open irregular head. The bark of the trunk and of the large limbs is about a quarter of an inch in thickness, spineless, nearly black, broken into elongated ridges, and finally much roughened by numerous thin closely appressed scales. The joints of the branches are cylindrical, from four to twelve inches in length and from three quarters of an inch to an inch in thickness, covered with a thick epidermis which varies in color from green to purple, and usually develop woody skeletons during their second season; their tubercles are promi- nent, compressed, ovate, and from one third to one half of an inch long, with oval areole clothed with pale tomentum and short light brown bristles; their spines, which vary in number from five to fifteen on the tubercles of young joints and from thirty to fifty on those of older branches, are slender, from white to light reddish brown in color, closely invested in white glistening sheaths, stellate-spreading, and from one half to three quarters of an inch in length, those in the interior being sometimes considerably longer than the radical spines. The leaves are terete, about a quarter of an inch long, and taper grad- The flowers, which unfold during April and May, remain open for two or three days, and appear to depend on the visits of bees and other insects for fertilization ;* they are from two to two and a half inches in diameter when fully expanded, with ovaries about an inch in length, obovate sepals, broadly obovate dark purple petals, ually to the setulose apex; they remain on the branches from four to six weeks. sensitive red stamens,’ and six to nine-parted stigmas. The yellow fleshy acrid fruits are clustered at the ends of the branches of the previous year, and when ripe make them pendulous by their weight; they are oval or rarely globose or hemispherical, and frequently two inches long and an inch and a half thick, with from twenty to thirty tubercles; during the summer these are very prominent, but as the fruits ripen they enlarge and become succulent and the tubercles nearly disappear, leaving the fruits marked only by the small oval areole covered with short bristles and armed with numerous slender spines, which are deciduous in December as the fruits begin to turn yellow. The seeds vary from one fifth to one sixth of an inch in diameter and are nearly orbicular, slightly or not at all beaked, and 1 «These insects, attracted to the flower, enter between the style minutes the stamens assume their normal condition and the flower and stamens, passing down to the base of the style to get the nectar. The numerous sensitive stamens immediately bend forward toward the style, closing over the insect and hiding it from view. It neces- sitates quite an effort on the part of the insect to escape, but it finally forces its way from beneath the stamens and climbs to the top of the elongated stigma, whence it makes its escape, thoroughly dusted with the pollen from the numerous stamens. In a few is ready for the reception of other insects. I have frequently seen as many as three honeybees inclosed in a single flower.” Garden and Forest, ix. 3.) 2 Professor Toumey points out the facts that the stamens of all the Opuntias with cylindrical branches are sensitive, and that when disturbed they close tightly round the style a few lines below the stigma. (See Bot. Gazette, xxv. 123.) (Toumey, 18 SILVA. OF NORTH AMERICA. CACTACER, marked with linear conspicuous commissures. The fruits remain on the branches during the winter and occasionally during the following summer, and then sometimes become proliferous, bearing flowers and fruits.’ Opuntia spinosior is widely scattered over the mesas of southern Arizona south of the Colorado plateau and over the adjacent region of Sonora. : The wood of Opuntia spinosior is light, soft, pale reddish brown, and conspicuously reticulated with inconspicuous medullary rays and well-defined layers of annual growth.’ It is sometimes used in the manufacture of light furniture, canes, picture-frames, and other small articles. Opuntia spinosior was discovered in Sonora in 1855 by Mr. A. Schott.’ 1 Professor Toumey recognizes as var. Neo-Mexicana (Bot. Ga- 2 The log specimen in the Jesup Collection of North American zette, xxv. 119 [1898]) a variety of this species which grows with Woods in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, is the ordinary form to the same size but is distinguished from it by five and a half inches in diameter inside the bark, with seventy- longer tubercles, more numerous spines with looser sheaths, flow- two layers of annual growth in the outer woody portion, which is ers with more numerous and much narrower petals varying in color two and one sixteenth inches in thickness. from red. to yellow, and larger fruits often more or less tinged with 8 See x. 18. ted. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prate DCCVII. Opuntia sPrnosior. . A flower, natural size. - Vertical section of a flower, natural size. . The end of a fruiting branch, natural size. . Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. . A fruit divided transversely, enlarged. aoPPwnre . A seed, enlarged. . A seed showing the raphe, enlarged. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. oon . An embryo, enlarged. . CE Fawon del. QPUNTIA SPINOSIOR, Toum. A. Riocrewe drew! lmp. 7 Taneur, Paris. Tae, DUCVS va CACTACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 1 OPUNTIA VERSICOLOR. Jornts of the branches dark green or purple, elongated, their tubercles flattened, elongated ; spines brown or reddish brown. Flowers green tinged with red or yellow. Fruit green, spinescent, rarely proliferous. Opuntia versicolor, Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iii. 452 (1896). — Toumey, Bot. Gazette, xxv. 121.— Schumann, Monog. Cact. 674. A tree, with an erect trunk occasionally in well-developed specimens six or eight feet high and eight inches in diameter, and numerous stout irregularly spreading often upright branches. The bark of the trunk and of the large branches is smooth, light brown or purple, usually unarmed, from one half to three quarters of an inch in thickness, and ultimately separates into numerous small closely appressed nearly black scales. The terminal joints of the branches are cylindrical, generally from six to twelve inches but sometimes two feet in length, and from three quarters of an inch to nearly an inch in diameter; their woody skeletons are usually formed during their second season, and they are covered. with a thick epidermis which varies from dark green to purple, and is marked by linear flattened tubercles terminating in large oval areole which are clothed with gray wool and generally bear a cluster of small bristles; their spines are slender, stellate-spreading, the inner from one to four in number, usually deflexed and unequal in length, the longest being about one third of an inch long and much longer than the radiant spines; they are brown or reddish brown, with close early deciduous straw- colored sheaths, and vary on young joints from four to fourteen in number, while the tubercles of old branches often bear from twenty to twenty-five. The leaves are terete, from one third to one half of an inch in length, abruptly narrowed to the spinescent apex, and remain on the branches from four to six weeks. The flowers open in May, and when fully expanded are about an inch and a half in diameter, with ovaries five eighths of an inch long, broadly ovate acute sepals, and narrow obovate petals rounded above and green tinged with red or with yellow. The fruit is usually clavate, from two inches to two inches and a half in length and nearly an inch and a half in diameter, with areole generally only above the middle and usually furnished with from one to three slender reflexed persistent spines about half an inch long, or occasionally spineless ; rarely the fruit is nearly spherical and only about three quarters of an inch in diameter. When mature the fruit is of the same color as the joints on which it grows and ripens from December to February ; usually it withers and dries on the tree and frequently - splitting open shows the irregular angled seeds with their narrow commissures. In some cases it does not wither during the first winter, but remains fleshy and adheres to the branch until the end of the following summer and sometimes through a second winter; or often it is imbedded in the end of a more or less elongated joint. Opuntia versicolor is the most abundant of the cylindrical Opuntias of the foothills and low mountain slopes of southern Arizona and northern Sonora, although it does not appear to have attracted the attention of botanists until 1880, when it was found in the neighborhood of Tucson by George Engelmann * and C. C. Parry? The wood of Opuntia versicolor is reticulate, hard, compact, light reddish brown and rather lustrous, with thin conspicuous medullary rays, well-determined layers of annual growth, and thick pale or nearly white sapwood.? 1 See viii. 84. 2 See vii. 130. foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains near Sabina Cation, is 5 The log specimen in the Jesup Collection of North American five and seven eighths inches in diameter inside the bark, with Woods in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, seventy-nine layers of annual growth ; of these twenty-eight are which was cut by Professor Toumey in southern Arizona on the of sapwood, which is three quarters of an inch in thickness. glen cio te EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prats DCCVIII. Opuntia versiconor. The end of a flowering branch, natural size. Vertical section of a flower, natural size. The end of a fruiting branch, natural size. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. A seed, enlarged. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. An embryo, enlarged. Silva of North America. ‘ wh hs iis OPUNTIA VERSICOLOR , Coult. A Riocreuce direc? , Imp, J. Taneur, Paris. CORNACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 21 CORNUS ASPERIFOLIA. Dogwood. Leaves oblong-oyvate, acute, scabrous on the upper surface. Cornus asperifolia, Michaux, 77. Bor.-Am. i. 93 (1803). — ' Nouveau Duhamel, ii. 156. — Poiret, Lamarck Dict. Suppl. ii. 356. — Pursh, 77. Am. Sept. i. 108. — Elliott, Sk. i. 209. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iii. 322. — Spreng- el, Syst. i. 451.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 651. — Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am. 61.— Chapman, Fv. 167. — K. Koch, Dendr. i. 692. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 214. — Coulter & Evans, Bot. Gazette, xv. 35. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 150 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). —Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 437. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. iii. 253, £ 135.— Sargent, Garden and Forest, x. 104, £. 13. — Britton & Brown, Jil. F7. ii. Cornus sericea, y asperifolia, De Candolle, Prodr. iv. 272 (1830). — Don, Gen. Syst. iti. 399. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1013. Cornus alba, Hooker, Compan. Bot. Mag. i. 48 (not Lin- neeus) (1835). Cornus Drummondi, C. A. Meyer, Bull. Phys. Math. Acad. St. Pétersbourg, iii. 372 (1845); Ann. Sei. Nat. sér. 3, iv. 64. — Walpers, Rep. v. 933. Cornus asperifolia, var. Drummondi, Coulter & Evans, Bot. Gazette, xv. 36 (1890).—Coulter, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. ii. 151 (Man. Pl. W. Teaxas).— Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 437. 544, £. 2715. — Britton, Man. 690. — Gattinger, #7. Ten- nessee, 130. Usually shrubby in habit, Cornus asperifolia on the rich bottom-lands of southern Arkansas and eastern Texas is frequently a tree sometimes nearly fifty feet in height, with a short trunk eight or ten inches in diameter, and slender erect wand-like branches forming a narrow irregular rather open head. The bark of the trunk is about an eighth of an inch in thickness and is divided by shallow fissures into narrow interrupted ridges, and broken into small closely appressed dark red-brown scales. The branchlets are slender, marked by numerous small pale lenticels, pale green and puberulous when they first appear, pale red, lustrous and puberulous during their first winter, light reddish brown in their second year, and ultimately light gray-brown or gray. The winter-buds are acute, compressed, pubescent, sessile or stalked, about an eighth of an inch long, with two pairs of opposite scales, and about twice as large as the much compressed lateral buds. The leaves are opposite, involute in vernation, ovate or oblong, gradually or abruptly contracted at the apex into long slender points, gradually narrowed and rounded or cuneate at the base, and slightly thickened and undulate on the margins; when they unfold they are coated with lustrous silver-white tomentum, and nearly fully grown when the flowers open from the middle of May in Texas to the middle of July at the north, they are then dark green and roughened above by short rigid white hairs, and pale often glaucous and rough-pubescent below; and in the autumn they are membranaceous, scabrous on the upper surface, pubescent or puberulous on the lower surface, from three to four inches long and from an inch and a half to two inches wide, with thin midribs and from four to six pairs of slender primary veins nearly parallel with their sides, and stout grooved pubescent petioles usually about half an inch in length. The flowers are produced on slender pedicels in loose broad or narrow often paniculate pubescent cymes raised on peduncles frequently an inch in length ; they are cream color, with an oblong cup-shaped obscurely toothed calyx covered with fine silky white hairs and narrow oblong acute corolla lobes about an eighth of an inch long and reflexed after the flowers open, elongated slender filaments with nodding anthers, and a columnar style thickened at the apex into the prominent stigma. The fruit is borne in 1 The tree only twenty years old, cut by Mr. B. F. Bush near Natural History, New York, was forty-five feet high, with a trunk Columbia on the Brazos River in Texas in 1901 for the Jesup Col- seven inches in diameter. lection of North American Woods in the American Museum of 22 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CORNACEA, loose spreading red-stemmed clusters, and ripens from the end of August until October ; it is subglobose, white, tipped with the remnants of the style, and about a quarter of an inch in diameter. The nutlets, which are covered with a thin coat of dry bitter flesh, are full and rounded, broader than high, somewhat oblique, and slightly grooved on the edge.! The wood of Cornus asperifolia is close-grained, hard, solid, and pale brown, with thick cream- colored sapwood. Cornus asperifolia is distributed from the northern shores of Lake Erie, where it is abundant on Point Pelee,” to Minnesota,’ eastern Nebraska‘ and Kansas,’ and through Missouri and the Indian Territory to eastern Texas, and to Mississippi, Alabama,’ South Carolina, and Florida. Cornus asperifolia, although it was discovered by the elder Michaux more than a century ago, is still rare in gardens. It was introduced into the Arnold Arboretum in 1884, and is perfectly hardy in eastern Massachusetts. 1 The size and shape of the nutlet have been used to separate the trans-Mississippi plant as a variety of the eastern species (Coulter & Evans, Bot. Gazette, xv. 36). In Arkansas and Texas the nut is sometimes rather smaller and broader in proportion to its height than it is usually in the fruit of eastern plants, but the nuts vary so much in size and shape that it is hardly practicable to base varietal characters on them. 2 Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 191. 5 MacMillan, Metasperme of the Minnesota Valley, 400. * Bessey, Bull. Exper. Stat. Nebraska, iv. art. iv. 15. 5 Hitchcock, Flora of Kansas, plate xiii. ® Mohr, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. vi. 650 (Plant Life of Alabama). EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prats DCCIX. Cornus AsPERIFOLIA. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. 3. A fruiting branch, natural size. 4. A nutlet, enlarged. Silva of North America. | eves | Tab. DGCIA. LE Faaworn direc’ LEPLOAAD SO CORNUS ASPERIFOLIA, Michx. A Piocreua hirew © } Imp. J. Taneur, Paria. CAPRIFOLIACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 23 VIBURNUM RUFIDULUM. Black Haw. Lzaves elliptical-ovate or elliptical-obovate, their petioles winged. Winter-buds short-pointed, ferrugineo-tomentose. Viburnum rufidulum, Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am. 56 Viburnum ferrugineum, Small, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club, (1838). iv. 128, t. 78 (not Rafinesque) (1894) ; Bull. Torrey Bot. Viburnum prunifolium, 8 ferrugineum, Torrey & ‘Club, xxi. 306. — Britton, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club, v. Gray, Fl. N. Am. ii. 15 (not Viburnum ferrugineum, 305. Rafinesque) (1841). Viburnum rufotomentosum, Small, Bull. Torrey Bot. Viburnum prunifolium, Chapman, #7. 171 (not Linnzus) Club, xxiii. 410 (1896). — Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. iii. (1860). — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census 238, £. 3446. — Mohr, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. vi. 743 U. S. ix. 94 (in part); Silva N. Am. v.99 (in part), t. (Plant Life of Alabama).— Britton, Man. 872. — Gat- 225, £. 11.— Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 156 tinger, Fl. Tennessee, 156. (Man. Pl. W. Texas). A tree, often forty feet in height, with a trunk from twelve to eighteen inches in diameter, and short thick branches forming an open irregular head. The bark of the trunk is from one quarter to one half of an inch in thickness and is separated into narrow rounded ridges divided by numerous cross fissures and roughened by small plate-like dark brown scales tinged with red. The branchlets are stout and marked by numerous small red-brown or orange lenticels, and when they first appear are more or less coated with ferrugineous tomentum, which also clothes the obtuse winter-buds, the wings of the petioles, and the lower surface of the unfolding leaves ; during their first winter they are ashy gray, dark dull red-brown in their second season, and then gradually grow darker. The leaves are elliptical-ovate or elliptical-obovate, rounded, occasionally acute or obtuse at the short-pointed apex, rounded or wedge-shaped at the base, finely serrate, with slender apiculate straight or incurved teeth, coriaceous, dark green and very lustrous on the upper surface, and pale and dull on the lower surface ; they are usually about three inches long and from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half wide, with stout yellow midribs, numerous slender primary veins and reticulate veinlets more or less covered below throughout the season with the rufous tomentum which is also occasionally found on the upper side of the midribs and which is characteristic of this species ; they are borne on stout grooved petioles which vary from one half to three quarters of an inch in length, and are margined with broad or narrow wings. The inflorescence buds are broadly ovate, full and rounded at the base, abruptly narrowed above and short-pointed and obtuse at the apex, compressed, often half an inch long and a third of an inch wide, with four pairs of boat-shaped scales coated on the outer surface with ferrugineous tomentum. The flowers are produced in compound sessile or stalked three to five but usually four- rayed thick-stemmed ferrugineo-pubescent corymbs often five or six inches in diameter, with minute subulate bracts and bractlets. The calyx is obconic, with short rounded lobes, and the corolla is creamy white and often a quarter of an inch in diameter when expanded, with orbicular or oblong rounded lobes. The stamens with slender filaments and light yellow anthers, are exserted, and the style is thick, conical, and terminated by a broad stigma. The fruit ripens in October, and is borne in few-fruited drooping red-stemmed clusters ; it is oblong or slightly obovate, bright blue covered with a glaucous bloom, and about half an inch long. The stone is corneous, much compressed, and concave. 1 The description of Viburnum prunifolium in the fifth volume of tomentose covering of its winter-buds, the larger and more coria- this work was made to include this southern tree. The shape and ceous leaves with more or less broadly winged ferrugineo-tomentose 24 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CAPRIFOLIACEA, Viburnum rufidulum inhabits dry upland woods and the margins of river bottom-lands, and is distributed from southwestern Virginia‘ and southern Illinois* to Hernando County, Florida, south- eastern Kansas,’ and the valley of the Guadaloupe River, Texas. One of the common and most beauti- ful of the small trees of the southern forests, which it enlivens in early spring with its great clusters of flowers and lustrous leaves, Viburnum rufidulum is most abundant, and attains its largest size in southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and eastern Texas. Viburnum rufidulum was introduced into the Arnold Arboretum from Missouri in 1883, and has proved perfectly hardy in eastern Massachusetts. petioles, the wider flower-clusters and the odor of the freshly cut burnum of the low country of the south Atlantic and eastern Gulf wood which is similar to that of the wood of Viburnum Lentago,are states, and of Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, the Indian Territory, now known to be constant characters, and make it desirable to and southern Missouri. treat Viburnum rufidulum as a species. The range of the two trees 1 The Pinnacle, Lee County, J. K. Small, July 27, 1892. is quite different. Viburnum prunifolium is northern, reaching the 2 G. H. French, Jackson County, June, 1878. southern limits of its range in the foothill region of western North 8 Viburnum rufidulum has been collected in Cherokee County, Carolina and in central Missouri, and southward is entirely re- Kansas, by G. L. Clothier and H. N. Whitford. (Teste Herb. placed by Viburnum rufidulum, which is the only arborescent Vi- ray.) EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puate DCCX. VisurNum RUFIDULUM. A flowering branch, natural size. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. A fruit divided transversely, enlarged. A stone, enlarged. A winter branchlet, natural size. A winter branchlet of Viburnum prunifolium, natural size. Sor ee he ; : } : = i, = : : * : oe / ; : : : erp : 2 Silva of North America. © 3 d | s . . | Tab.DCCX. CLE Faxon det. LAU SL, VIBURNUM RUFIDULUM, Raf A. Riocreua direc * me : : imp. J Taneur, Pari. RUBIACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 25 CEPHALANTHUS. FLowers perfect ; calyx unequally 4 or 5-toothed or lobed; corolla gamopetalous, 4-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation ; stamens 4; ovary inferior, 2-celled; ovule solitary, pendulous. Fruit obpyramidal, 2-coccous; seeds arillate. Leaves opposite or verticillate, petiolate, stipulate. Cephalanthus, Linnzus, Gen. 61 (1737). — Adanson, Fam. Endlicher, Gen. 530. — Meisner, Gen. 170. — Bentham & Pi. ii. 147.— A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 209; Mem. Mus. Hooker, Gen. ii. 30. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. vii. 494. — Schu- vi. 402. — A. Richard, Mém. Soc. Nat. Paris, v. 155.— mann, Engler & Prantl Pflanzenfam. iv. pt. iv. 59. Small trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or in verticils of threes, petiolate ; stipules triangular or ovate, interpetiolar, deciduous, or persistent. Flowers nectariferous, yellow or creamy white, sessile in the axils of glandular bracts, in dense globose pedunculate terminal or axillary solitary or panicled heads. Receptacle globose, setose. Calyx-tube obpyramidal, the short limb unequally four or five- toothed or lobed. Corolla tubular funnel-form or saucer-shaped, divided into four or five short spreading or reflexed lobes, usually furnished with a minute dark gland at the base or on the side of each sinus, glabrous or puberulous on the inner surface of the tube. Stamens four, inserted on the throat of the corolla ; filaments short; anthers linear-oblong, sagittate, apiculate at the base, attached on the back below the middle, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Disk thin or obscure, or annular and fleshy. Ovary bicarpellate, two-celled ; style filiform, elongated ; stigma clavate, entire or slightly bilobed ; ovules solitary, suspended from the apex of the cell on a short thickened papillose funicle, anatropous ; raphe ventral; micropyle superior. Fruit obpyramidal, coriaceous, dicoccous. Seeds oblong, pendulous, covered at the apex by white spongy arils; testa membranaceous. Embryo straight, in cartilaginous albumen ; cotyledons linear-oblong, obtuse; radicle elongated, superior. . Five species of Cephalanthus are now recognized. One is widely spread over the temperate and warmer parts of North America and reaches the Antilles; three species occur in South America from Uruguay to eastern Peru ;* and one species? is distributed from the Sikkim Himalaya to China and the Malay peninsula and archipelago. Only the North American species is known to possess useful properties. The generic name, from xefah7 and avOos relates to the capitate inflorescence. 1 Schumann, Martius Fl. Brasil. vi. pt. vi. 127. Cephalanthus aralioides, Zollinger, Syst. Verz. 61 (1854).— 2 Cephalanthus tetrandrus. Miquel, FU. Ned. Ind. ii. 152, 344. Nauclea tetrandra, Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. ii. 125 (1824). - Cephalanthus occidentalis, Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. Cephalanthus naucleoides, De Candolle, Prodr. iv. 539 (1830). — xxiii. 369 (not Linneus) (1888). Kurz, Forest Fl. Brit. Burm. ii. 68.— Hance, Jour. Bot. xx. 6. — Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 24. 26 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. RUBIACER, CEPHALANTHUS OCCIDENTALIS. Button Bush. Catyx usually 4-lobed; corolla tubular funnel-form, usually glandular. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, membranaceous. Cephalanthus occidentalis, Linneus, Spec. 95 (1753). — Miller, Dict. ed. 8.— Du Roi, Harbk. Baumz. i. 145. — Wangenheim, Beschreib. Nordam. Holz. 140; Nordam. Holz. 101. — Lamarck, Dict. i. 678; Ill. i. 256, t. 59. — Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 222. — Marshall, Arbust. Am. 30.— Walter, Fl. Car. 84.— Schkuhr, Handb. i. 66, t. 21. — Willdenow, Berl. Bawmz. 58; Spee. i. pt. ii. 543; Hnum. 148. — Borkhausen, Handb. Forstbot. ii. 1563. — Gertner, Fruct. ii. 41, t. 86, £. 7. — Michaux, FV. 394, t.— Torrey, Fl. N. Y. i. 3138. — Dietrich, Syn. i. 452. — Chapman, FJ. 176. — Curtis, Rep. Gleolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 107. — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. 76. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 185, £. 66.—Gray, Syn. FI. i. pt. ii. 29. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. i. 163. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 224. — Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. iii. 216, £. 3403. — Mohr, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. vi. 739 (Plant Life of Alabama). — Britton, Man. 863. — Gattinger, FU. Tennessee, 155. Bor.-Am. i. 87.— Persoon, Syn. i. 119.— Du Mont de Cephalanthus oppositifolius, Moench. Meth. 487 (1794). Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, iv. 330.— Desfontaines, Hist. Cephalanthus occidentalis, var. pubescens, Rafinesque, Arb. i. 331. — Pursh, FU. Am. Sept. i.114.— Bigelow, F1. Med. Fl. 101 (1828). Boston. 33. — Elliott, Sk. i. 186. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 92.— Cephalanthus occidentalis, var. macrophyllus, Rafi- Mordant de Launay, Herb. Amat. iv. 272, t. 272.— nesque, Med. FU. 101 (1828). Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 5,— Barton, Fl. Am. Sept. iii. 56, t. Cephalanthus occidentalis, var. obtusifolius, Rafi- 91.— Sprengel, Syst..i. 877.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv. nesque, Med. F7. 102 (1828). 538. — Hooker, #7. Bor.-Am. i. 288.— Darlington, Fl. Cephalanthus occidentalis, var. brachypodus, De Can- Cestr. 98. — Spach, Hist. Vég. viii. 463. — Torrey & Gray, dolle, Prodr. iii. 539 (1830). Fl. N. Am. ii. 31. — Emerson, Trees Mass. 349; ed. 2, ii. Usually a shrub only a few feet high, or very rarely arborescent at the north,’ Cephalanthus occidentalis m southern Arkansas and eastern Texas, on the margins of river-bottoms and swamps and in their pond holes, often attains a height of from forty to fifty feet with a straight tapering trunk a foot in diameter and frequently free of limbs for twenty feet, and ascending and spreading branches. The bark of large trunks is dark gray-brown or often nearly black and divided by deep The branchlets are stout, with a thick pith, and are glabrous, marked by large oblong pale lenticels, and developed mostly in verticils of threes from the axillary buds of one of the upper nodes, the end of the fissures into broad flat ridges broken on the surface into elongated narrow scales. branch dying back, at the north at least, in the autumn ;* they are light green when they first appear, pale reddish brown covered with a glaucous bloom during their first winter, when they are marked by the small semicircular leaf-scars, which show semilunate fibrovascular bundle-scars, and are connected by the stipule-scars or by the persistent black stipules; during the following season the branchlets become darker and dark brown in their third year, when the fissures usually appear and the bark begins to separate into the large loose scales which are found on the large branches and on the stems of small plants. The axillary buds are single or in pairs or in threes one above the other, minute and nearly immersed in the bark. The leaves are ovate or lanceolate, acute, acuminate or short-pointed at the apex, rounded or cuneate at the base, membranaceous, dark green on the upper surface, paler and glabrous or puberulous on the lower surface, from four to seven inches long and from an inch to three inches and a half wide, with stout light yellow midribs, five or six pairs of slender 1 Britton, Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. i. 54, £. 11. 2 Foerste, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xx. 162; Bot. Gazette, xx. 79, t. 8, f. 1, c-g. RUBIACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 27 primary veins nearly parallel with the sides of the leaf, and stout grooved glabrous or puberulous petioles from one half to three quarters of an inch in length. The stipules are minute, nearly triangu- lar, deciduous, or persistent during the winter. The flower-heads are panicled and from an inch to an inch and a half in diameter. The creamy white flowers, which open from the middle of May in Florida and Texas to the middle of August in the Atlantic states and Canada, and on the mountains of California, are very fragrant. lobes, and. is slightly villose toward the base. inner face, and glandular or eglandular. pollen before the flowers open.’ stigma. The calyx is usually four but occasionally five-lobed, with short rounded The corolla is tubular funnel-form, puberulous on the The anthers are nearly sessile, included, and discharge their The disk is thin and obscure, and the style is elongated, with an entire The heads of fruit, which ripen late in the autumn, are from five eighths to three quarters of an inch in diameter, green tinged with red, and ultimately dark red-brown. Cephalanthus occidentalis grows in swamps and the low wet borders of ponds and streams, and ranges from New Brunswick to Ontario” and eastern Nebraska ® and Kansas,’ and southward to Florida, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. and. Cuba.’ It is also widely distributed in California,’ and grows in Mexico® The bark of Cephalanthus occidentalis contains tannin, and, although its medical virtues are problematical, it has been often used in the treatment of fevers * and in homeopathic practice. The earliest account of Cephalanthus occidentalis was published by Plukenet in 1691. Accord- ing to Aiton it was cultivated in England by Philip Miller in 1735." 1 Cross fertilization of the flowers of Cephalanth identalis is 7, “ secured by the early maturity of the anthers. These discharge their pollen before the buds open in a conical mass on the imma- ture stigma, which later is carried by the lengthening of the style to a point high above the flowers where it must come in contact with insects which are attracted in great numbers to the flower- heads by their fragrance and by the abundant nectar in the bottom of the corollas, and which carry the pollen masses from the imma- ture stigma of one flower to the mature stigma of another. (See Robertson, Bot. Gazette, xvi. 65.— Blanchan, Nature’s Garden, 251, t.) Meehan believed that the early discharge of the pollen on to the stigma resulted in self-fertilization, but his own observations do not appear to support his theory, as he found that only one in five flowers of a head were fertilized, a fact which Robertson takes as presumptive evidence against self-fertilization. (See Meehan, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1887, 327 [Contributions to the Life History of Plants].) ore her, Flore Canadi i, 291. — Brunet, Cat. Vég. Lig. Can. 34. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 199. 3 Bessey, Bull. Exper. Stat. Nebraska, iv. art. iv. 22. 4 Hitchcock, Fl. Kansas, plate xvi. 5 Gray, Brewer § Watson Bot. Cal. i. 282, — Eastwood, Bull. Sierra Club, iv. 58. 6 Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. ii. 6. In southern Arizona and in Mexico the leaves of Cephalanthus are often much narrower than those usually produced by northern plants, although the leaves vary greatly everywhere on different individuals. The narrow-leaved Mexican form is Cephalanth identalis, var. salicifolius, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. i. pt. ii. 29 (1884). Cephalanthus salicifolius, Humboldt & Bonpland, Pl. cere il. 63, t. 98 (1809). — Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. iii. 381. — Kunth, Syn. Pl. Zquin, iii. 39.—De Candolle, Prodr. iii. 589. — Dietrich, Syn. i. 452. — Hemsley, J. c. 7 Grisebach, Cat. Pl. Cuba, 139. 8 Rafinesque, Med. Fl. 100, t. 20. — Griffith. Med. Bot. 356. — Johnson, Man. Med. Bot. N. Am. 168.— U. S. Dispens. ed. 16, 1750. — Parke, Davis & Co., Organic Mat. Med. 37. 9 Millspaugh, Am. Med. Pl. in Homeopathic Remedies, i. 76, t. 76. 10 Arbor Americana triphylla, fructu Platani quodammodo cemulante, Plukenet, Phyt. t. 77, £.4; Almagest. Bot. 47. Scabiosa dendroides Americana, ternis foliis circa caulem ambien- tibus, floribus ochroleucis, Plunkenet, Almagest. Bot. 336. Platanocephalus tini foliis ex adverso ternis, Vaillant, ike Acad. Sci. Paris, 1722, 191. Cephalanthus foliis ternis, Linneus, Hort. Cliff. 73. — Royen, Fl. Leyd. Prodr. 187. Cephalanthus foliis oppositis & ternis, Clayton, Fl. Virgin. 15. Cephalanthus, Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, i. 145. ll Hort. Kew. i. 182. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1061, £. 828, 829. BPR ee OnrRrs CHABDAA WHE EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puate DCCXI. CrpHALANTHUS OCCIDENTALIS. . A flowering branch, natural size. . Diagram of a flower. . A flower with bractlet, enlarged. . Vertical section of a flower, the corolla removed, enlarged. . A corolla laid open, enlarged. A stamen, front and rear views, enlarged. A head of fruit, natural size. A fruit divided transversely, enlarged. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. . A seed, rear view, enlarged. . Vertical section of a seed cut at right angles with the back, enlarged. . Vertical section of a seed cut parallel with the back, enlarged. . An embryo, enlarged. Silva of North America ; men : Tao CCAP, CE baxzon de. : ae LAPUINE LC, CEPHALANTHU S COLDER TALIS. 1. A Riocreum direx® een inp. J laneur, Paris ERICACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 29 ELLIOTTIA. FLowers perfect; calyx 4 or 5-lobed or divided, the lobes imbricated in estiva- tion ; petals 8 to 5, slightly imbricated or subvalvate in estivation ; stamens 3 to 10; ovary superior, 3 to 5-celled; ovules numerous. Fruit capsular, sessile, or stipitate. Leaves alternate, membranaceous, destitute of stipules. Elliottia, Elliott, Sk. i. 448 (1817). —Nuttall, Gen. ii. Addi- tions. — Endlicher, Gen. 756.— Meisner, Gen. 247. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. ii. 598.— Baillon, Hist. Pl. xi. 175. — Drude, Engler & Prantl Pflanzenfam. iv. pt. i. 32. Tripetaleia, Siebold & Zuccarini, Abhand. Akad. Miinch. iii. 731, t. 3, £. 2 (1843).— Drude, Engler & Prantl Pflanzenfam. iv. pt. i. 33. Glabrous trees or shrubs, with terete or angled branchlets, scaly buds, and fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, obovate or elliptical, entire, glandular-apiculate, membranaceous, petiolate, destitute of stipules, deciduous. Flowers white or rose-colored, pedicellate, in erect terminal elongated racemose panicles; bracts and bractlets minute, caducous, or foliaceous and persistent. Calyx four or five-lobed or divided. Petals three to five, linear-oblong, sessile, equal or very unequal, revolute after anthesis. Stamens four to ten, hypogynous; filaments flattened; anthers oblong, attached on the back near the base, two-celled, the cells free at the apex, opening longitudinally from above downward. Disk thin or much thickened. Ovary sessile or stipitate, subglobose, three to five-lobed, concave at the apex; style elongated, slender or thickened, curved or declinate, gradually enlarged and club-shaped above; stigma three to five-lobed, smaller than the thickened end of the style; ovules numerous in each cell, attached on the inner angle of a tumid placenta, ascending, anatropous. Fruit capsular, subglobose, depressed at the apex, sessile or stipitate, three to five-lobed, opening septicidally from above downward into three to five valves free from the placentiferous axis. Seeds compressed, ovoid, or ellipsoidal ; testa cellulose ; embryo minute, clavate, two-lobed, in fleshy albumen.’ One, the type of the genus, inhabits the states of Georgia and South Carolina, and the others are small shrubs of central and northern Japan? Three species of EHlliottia are now known. The genus commemorates in its name Stephen Elliott,’ the distinguished author of the Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia. 3. Calyx five-parted, the divisions linear-oblong, longer than the fruit. Petals three to five. Ovary sessile. teata.) 2 Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xi. 433 (Mél. 1 The three species of Elliottia were arranged by Bentham & Stamens as many as the petals. (Elliottia brac- Hooker in three sections : — Sta- Bracts and 1. Calyx four-toothed, short, cup-shaped. Petals four. Bracts foliaceous, persistent. _ mens twice as many as the petals. Ovary sessile. bractlets minute, caducous. (Eiliottia racemosa.) 2. Calyx five-lobed, short, cup-shaped. Petals three to five. Stamens three to six. Ovary stipitate. Bracts linear. (Elliottia paniculata.) Biol. vi. 206); xvi. 401; xviii. 52 (Mel. Biol. viii. 621) (Tripe- taleia). — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 294. 8 See xi. 159. ERICACER, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 31 ELLIOTTIA RACEMOSA. Catyx short, cupular, 4-toothed ; petals 4; stamens 8; ovary sessile on a thick- ened disk. Hlliottia racemosa, Elliott, Sk. i. 448 (1817).— Chapman, Fl. 273. — Baillon, Adansonia, i. 205. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. pt. i. 44. —Sargent, Garden and Forest, vii. 207, £. 37. A tree, fifteen or twenty feet in height, with a trunk four or five inches in diameter covered with thin smooth light gray bark, and short ascending branches which form a narrow pyramidal head ; or more frequently shrubby. The branchlets are erect, slender, and terete, and when they first appear light red-brown and pilose; during their first winter they are bright orange-brown, lustrous and nearly glabrous, light brown slightly tinged with red during their second season, and dark gray-brown the following year. The terminal winter-buds are broadly ovate, acute, and about an eighth of an inch long, with much thickened bright chestnut-brown shining scales conspicuously white-pubescent near the margins toward the apex. The leaves are oblong or oblong-ovate, acute at the ends or occasionally rounded at the apex, membranaceous, dark green and glabrous on the upper surface, pale and villose on the lower surface particularly along the thin yellow midribs and obscure forked veins, from three to four inches long and from an inch to an inch and a half wide; they are borne on slender flattened villose petioles from one third to one half of an inch in length, and abruptly enlarged at the base,. which nearly covers the small ovate compressed axillary buds; these are rounded or short-pointed at the apex. The leaf-scars are slightly raised and oblong-obovate, with conspicuous central fibrovascular bundle-scars. The flowers, which are about half an inch long, open from the middle to the end of June, and are borne on slender elongated pedicels, in loose many-flowered racemose panicles from seven to ten inches in length, with acute scarious caducous bracts and bractlets. The calyx is short, cup- shaped, dark red-brown, and puberulous, with broad apiculate teeth erose on the margins. The four petals are spatulate-linear and white. The eight stamens are shorter than the petals, with elongated broad flattened filaments and oblong-ovate anthers callous-mucronate at the tips of the spreading lobes. The ovary is sessile on a thick fleshy disk, four-celled, and abruptly narrowed into the slender elongated style, incurved at the apex, and the ovules are numerous in each cell. The fruit is still unknown. Elliottia racemosa, which is one of the rarest North American trees, inhabits sandy woods in a few isolated stations in the valley of the Savannah River near Augusta, and in Burke and Bullock counties, Georgia. It was discovered early in the nineteenth century near Waynesboro, Georgia, and was included, but without a description, by Muehlenberg in his Catalogus Plantarum Americe Septentrionalis published in 1813.* Three or four plants taken from the woods near Augusta in 1875 by Asa Gray and planted in Mr. Berckmans’s nursery in that city have grown into shapely trees and are still flourishing. There is only one other record? of the successful cultivation of this plant. 1 Elliottia racemosa was di: d near Way , Burke County, Georgia, perhaps by Stephen Elliott himself. Much later Bloys, Bullock County, Georgia, about forty miles south of Waynes- boro. (See Small, Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. ii. 113. — Harper, Plant it was found near Augusta, and in 1853 Mr. S. T. Olney collected it at Hamburg on the South Carolina side of the Savannah River opposite Augusta. No trace of Elliottia has been found in these stations by the botanists who have visited them in recent years but in June, 1901, Mr. R. M. Harper found a colony of the plants near World, v. 87, £. 12.) Elliott states that he had also received speci- mens of Elliottia from the Oconee [River]. (Sz. i. 448.) ? Muehlenberg states that a Mr. Oemler “had the shrub, once, in his garden.” (See letter of April 20, 1818, to Baldwin in Reli- “quie Baldwiniane, 79.) EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puare DCCXII. Exxiorrra racemosa. A flowering branch, natural size. Diagram of a flower. A petal, enlarged. A stamen, front and rear views, enlarged. Portion of a style and stigma, enlarged. An ovary, enlarged. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. Cross section of an ovary, enlarged. COS SA Co OR Hao Site Silva of North America. Tab.. occu OLE. Faacorm det. Lartaul ve. ELLIOTTIA RACEMOSA, Ell. A. PRiocreuc direc © lp. J Taner, Paris. | OLEACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 33 FRAXINUS CORIACEA. Ash. LEAFLets 5, ovate to oblong, mostly coarsely serrate, long-petiolulate. Fraxinus coriacea, Watson, Am. Nat. vii. 302 (1873); Fraxinus pistacieefolia, Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Cat. Pl. Wheeler, 15.— Rothrock, Wheeler’s Rep. vi. Census U. S. ix. 106 (in part) (not Torrey) (1884). 185, t. 22.— Coville, Contrib. U. 8S. Nat. Herb. iv. 148 Fraxinus velutina, Sargent, Silva N. Am. vi. 41 (in part) (Bot. Death Valley Exped.). (not Torrey) (1894). Fraxinus pistacizefolia, var. coriacea, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. pt. i. T4 (1878). — Wenzig, Bot. Jahrb. iv. 182. A tree, occasionally thirty feet in height, with a trunk from twelve to sixteen inches in diameter, stout spreading branches forming a round-topped head, and comparatively slender ashy gray branchlets which, tomentose when they first appear and coated with soft fine pubescence for one or two years, are ultimately glabrous. The leaves are generally about six inches long, with stout grooved pubescent petioles, and usually five leaflets ; these are ovate or oblong, acute, acuminate or rounded at the apex, broadly cuneate or rounded at the base, coarsely repand-serrate, long-petiolulate, coated as they appear with long pale hairs, which are most abundant on the lower surface, and at maturity thick and firm in texture, dark green and glabrous on the upper surface, pale and glabrous or pubescent on the lower surface, from two to three inches long and from one to two inches wide. On leading shoots the leaves are sometimes reduced to single long-stalked leaflets, or are three-foliolate, with a large termi- nal leaflet and small lateral leaflets. The flowers, which appear about the middle of April with or before the unfolding leaves, are produced in short compact panicles, the males and females on different individuals from buds in the axils of leaves of the previous year, covered by broadly ovate scales rounded and often short-pointed at the apex, and coated on the outer surface with rusty tomentum. The calyx is cup-shaped and larger and more deeply divided in the pistillate than in the staminate flower. The anthers are oblong and nearly sessile. style slightly divided into two stigmatic lobes. narrow clusters from two to three inches in length; it is slender, oblong, from three quarters of an inch The ovary is abruptly narrowed into the slender The fruit ripens late in the season, and is borne in to an inch long, and the wing, which is rounded and often emarginate at the apex and about an eighth of an inch wide, is about as long as the terete wingless body." Fraxinus coriacea inhabits the desert region of southern Utah, northern Arizona, southern Nevada, and southeastern California, and has been collected in the neighborhood of St. George, Utah,’ at Ash Meadows, Nevada,’ in the Devil Run Cafion, Arizona,’ and on Cottonwood Creek on the west side of Owen’s Lake, California.° 1 In the sixth volume of this work Fraxinus coriacea was con- sidered a form of Fraxinus velutina. It differs from that species in its fewer longer-stalked leaflets which are more coriaceous and more coarsely serrate, and in its range, Fraxinus coriacea being a tree of the mesas and low plains, while Fraxinus velutina is an in- habitant of mountain cafions; and with our still slight knowledge of the southwestern species of Fraxinus it is perhaps best to consider it a species. 2 By Dr. Edward Palmer in 1875, and by J. W. Carpenter in 1898. 8 By Lieutenant Wheeler, U.S. A., in 1871, and by Dr. Freder- ick V. Coville on the Death Valley Expedition in 1891. 4 By Dr. J. M. Bigelow of the Mexican Boundary Survey (teste S. Watson), who was probably the discoverer of this tree. 5 By Dr. Frederick V. Coville on the Death Valley Expedition in 1891. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puare DCCXIII. Fraxinus cortacna. A branch with staminate flowers, natural size. A staminate flower, enlarged. A branch with pistillate flowers, natural size. A pistillate flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. ee 2 ae A winter branchlet, natural size. Silva of North America. , ; . aes. Tab. DOC. CE Fawcor dee. : LAPILRE IC. PRAXINUS CORTACEA Savuis: A. Riocreum dire’ | Imp. SF Taneur, Paris. OLEACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 35 FRAXINUS PROFUNDA. Pumpkin Ash. LEaFLEts 7 to 9, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, pubescent on the lower surface, petiolulate. Fraxinus profunda, Bush, Garden and Forest, x. 515 Fraxinus Americana, var. profunda, Bush, Rep. Wis- (1897). — Britton, Man. 725. sourt Bot. Gard. v. 147 (1894). A tree, sometimes one hundred and twenty feet in height, with a slender trunk occasionally three feet in diameter above the much enlarged and buttressed base, and small spreading branches which form a narrow and rather open head; or often much smaller.’ The bark of the trunk varies from one half to three quarters of an inch in thickness, and is light gray and divided by shallow fissures into broad flat or rounded ridges broken on the surface into thin closely appressed scales. The branchlets are stout, marked by large pale lenticels, and coated\ when they first appear with hoary tomentum ; they are tomentose or pubescent during their first winter, and light gray and pilose or glabrous the following year. The large oblong slightly raised leaf-scars are rounded at the base and obconic at the apex, which nearly incloses the small ovate obtuse lateral buds. The terminal buds are broadly ovate, obtuse, ight reddish brown, and covered with close pale pubescence. The leaves vary from nine to eighteen inches in length, with stout tomentose petioles and usually seven but occasionally nine long-stalked leaflets ; these are lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or abruptly long-pointed at the apex, and rounded or broadly cuneate, and usually unsymmetrical at the base ; when they unfold they are coated on the lower surface, like their stalks, with hoary tomentum, and are pilose on the upper surface, with short pale hairs, particularly along the midribs and veins, and at maturity they are thick and firm in texture, dark yellow-green and nearly glabrous above, soft-pubescent below, from five to ten inches long and from two to five inches wide, with stout yellow midribs deeply impressed and puberulous above, and numerous slender primary veins arcuate and connected near the margins, which are undulate and entire or slightly serrate, with small remote teeth. The staminate and pistillate flowers are produced on different trees in elongated much-branched pubescent panicles, with oblong or oblong-obovate scarious bracts and bractlets. The staminate flower is composed of a minute cam- panulate obscurely four-toothed calyx and two or three stamens, with oblong apiculate anthers and comparatively long slender filaments. The calyx of the pistillate flower is large, deeply lobed, accrescent and persistent under the fruit, and the ovary is gradually contracted into the slender style which is divided into two dark spreading stigmatic lobes. The fruit, which is produced in long drooping many-fruited clusters, varies from two and a half to three inches in length; it is oblong, with a wing which is often half an inch wide and sometimes faleate, rounded, apiculate or emarginate at the apex, and decurrent to below the middle or nearly to the base of the thick terete many-rayed body. Fraxinus profunda grows in deep river-swamps often inundated during several months of the year in Dunkin and New Madrid counties, southeastern Missouri, in Clay and Lincoln counties in eastern Arkansas, and on the lower Appalachicola River in western Florida. 1 The tree cut by Mr. Bush near Varner, Lincoln County, Arkan- the ground. It was two hundred years old, with eighty-one layers sas, to obtain a specimen for the Jesup Collection of North Amer- of sapwood, which was four inches in thickness. ican Woods in the American Museum of Natural History, New 2 Fraxinus profunda appears to have been first collected on the York, was one hundred and eighteen feet in height, with a trunk Appalachicola River on June 7, 1897, by F. Roth. It was found in thirty-three inches in diameter at three feet above the surface of the same locality by B. F. Bush in August of the same year, and in March, 1898, by Dr. A. W. Chapman and C. S. Sargent. 36 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. OLEACEZ, This magnificent tree, which surpasses the other American species of this genus in the size of its leaves and fruit and in the size of the calyx of the pistillate flower, was discovered in September, 1893, by Mr. B. F. Bush at Campbell, Missouri.’ Mr. Ashe has sent to me from the bottoms of the Cape Fear 1 The Ash-tree from the Atlantic coast, referred to this species River, North Carolina, is probably Fraxinus Americana. by Ashe (Bot. Gazette, xxviii. 271), judging by the small fruiting calyx and the glabrous leaves of the fragmentary specimens which EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Prats DCCXIV. FRaxinus PROFUNDA. . A branch with staminate flowers, natural size. . A staminate flower, enlarged. A branch with pistillate flowers, natural size. A pistillate flower, enlarged. A wpe Pratt DCCXYV. FRAxINUS PROFUNDA. A cluster of fruit, natural size. A leaf, natural size. A winter branchlet, natural size. Seashore Tab. DCCXIV, Silva of North America. Linn, Liimety Pe. OE Lauwcor adel. BS 5 nls Paes Os PROFUNDS, bush, lip. J Taneur, farts, JA, Biocreua drew! s : silva of North ries | | | tab. DECAY, CE. Panor deb, Lim Himety se. PRAXINUS PROFUNDA Bush. A Riocreus direte © races lip. J Taneur, Paris. OLEACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 37 FRAXINUS BILTMOREANA. Ash. LEAFLETS 7 to 9, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, pale and pubescent below, long-petiolulate. Fraxinus Biltmoreana, Beadle, Bot. Gazette, xxv. 358 (1898). — Mohr, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. vi. 666 (Plant Life of Alabama). — Britton, Man. 725. A tree, forty or fifty feet in height, with a trunk seldom more than a foot in diameter covered with dark gray slightly furrowed rough bark, and stout ascending or spreading branches which form an open symmetrical head. The branchlets are stout, light or dark gray, soft-pubescent usually during two seasons and much roughened during the winter, and often for two or three years, by the large elevated mostly obcordate or sometimes orbicular leaf-scars which display a marginal line of fibrovascular bundle- scars." The terminal winter-buds are ovate and usually broader than they are long and covered with bright brown scales, the two outer scales being keeled on the back and apiculate at the apex, and the others rounded, accrescent, and slightly villose. The leaves are from ten to twelve inches long, with stout pubescent or puberulous petioles and seven or nine leaflets raised on stout elongated pubescent petiolules ; the leaflets are ovate-oblong or lanceolate, often faleate, acuminate at the apex, rounded or broadly cuneate and often inequilateral at the base; when they unfold they are yellow-bronze color, nearly glabrous above, coated below particularly on the midribs and veins with long white hairs, and at maturity they are from three to four inches long and from two thirds of an inch to an inch wide, thick and firm in texture, dark green and slightly lustrous on the upper surface, pale or glaucous and puberu- lous on the lower surface along the slender yellow midribs and primary veins which are arcuate near the slightly thickened and incurved entire or remotely and obscurely toothed margins. The flowers appear with the leaves about the first of May, the males and females on different trees in rather compact glabrous or pubescent panicles, with scarious caducous bracts and bractlets, from the axils of leaves of the previous year. The staminate flower is composed of a minute cup-shaped very obscurely dentate calyx and nearly sessile oblong acute anthers. The calyx of the pistillate flower is much larger and deeply lobed, and the oblong ovary is gradually narrowed into the slender style which is divided at the apex into two short stigmatic lobes. The fruit, which is produced in elongated glabrous or puberulous clusters, is from an inch and a half to an inch and three quarters long, with a wing which is only slightly narrowed at the ends, emarginate at the apex, about a quarter of an inch wide, and from two and a half to three times longer than the short elliptical marginless many-nerved body. Fraxinus Biltmoreana inhabits the banks of streams and rarely low river benches, and is dis- tributed from northern West Virginia? through the foothill region of the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia ® and Alabama,’ and to middle Tennessee.’ It was first distinguished in 1893 by Mr. C. D. Beadle ® in the neighborhood of Biltmore, North Carolina, where it is the common Ash-tree. 1 Until the plants are about four years old their stems and branches are quite glabrous. The branches, which are developed later, are covered with the pubescence which is one of the best characters by which this tree can be distinguished from Fraxinus Americana. 2 In 1897 Frazinus Biltmoreana was found by Professor A. D. Hopkins near Easton, Monongalia County, West Virginia. 8 In Georgia Frazinus Biltmoreana has been collected by J. K. Small near Tacoa, Habersham County, in August, 1895, and by C. L. Boynton on Little Stone Mountain, De Kalb County. ‘In Alabama Frazinus Bilimoreana has been collected by T. G. Harbison in Marshall, Jackson, and De Kalb counties ; and near Gadsden, where this tree is common, by C. D. Beadle. 5 In the Herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum there is an un- dated specimen of Fraxinus Biltmoreana collected by Dr. A. Gat- tinger at Nashville. 6 See xiii. 66. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prats DCCXVI. Fraxinvs Brurmoreana. . A flowering branch of a staminate tree, natural size. A staminate flower, enlarged. A flowering branch of a pistillate tree, natural size. A pistillate flower, enlarged. A cluster of fruits, natural size. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. . A seed, natural size. . A leaf, natural size. . A winter branchlet, natural size. Silva of North America. CE Fanon del. FRAXINUS A Piocreuw drei © BILTMOREANA Bead. Linp. J laneur, Faria. bebe © eee LOUIE SL, or OLEACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 39 FRAXINUS FLORIDANA. Water Ash. LEAFLeETs usually 3 to 5, oblong, acuminate, long-petiolulate. Fraxinus Floridana. Fraxinus platycarpa, var. Floridana, Wenzig, Bot. Jahrb. iv. 185 (1883). Fraxinus Caroliniana, Sargent, Silva N. Am. vi. 55 (in part) (not Miller) (1894). A small Ash-tree which grows in ponds and deep river-swamps in eastern and western Florida and in southern Georgia and which has usually been considered a form of the Water Ash, Fraainus Caroliniana varies constantly from that species in the form of the fruit. It is desirable that a plate of this second species of Water Ash should appear in a Silva of North America, and although the foliage and winter-buds do not afford characters by which the two trees can be readily distinguished in the herbarium, it is convenient to treat them as species rather than as varieties. The fruit of Frawinus Caroliniana is elliptical or spatulate and frequently three-winged, with thin wings which surround the short slender compressed body, and are acute at the apex, not much more than twice as long as they are wide, usually narrowed below into a short stalk-like base, many-nerved, and marked by conspicuous deeply impressed midnerves. The fruit of Frawinus Floridana, as the second species must be called, is lanceolate or oblanceolate, rounded and emarginate at the gradually narrowed apex, and about four times as long as it is wide, with rather obscure midveins. Fraxinus Floridana was described by Wenzig from specimens collected in Florida by Cabanis’ more than sixty years ago. It has been collected in recent years near Jacksonville,” Eustis,’ and Appa- lachicola,* Florida, and in Charlton County, southern Georgia.® 1 Jean Cabanis (March 8, 1816) was born in Berlin of a family of French Protestants which had emigrated to Germany during the reign of Louis XIV. He began his scientific career as assistant in the Zodlogical Museum at Berlin during the administration of Pro- fessor Lichtenstein and under his direction visited the United States to collect birds. He remained in America from 1839 to 1843 and made large ornithological collections in South Carolina, where he spent most of his time during his American visit, and in Florida. His small collection of American plants is preserved in the Botan- ical Museum at Berlin. Cabanis has been a prolific writer on sys- tematic ornithology. He the third volume of Schomburgk’s work on Guiana, published in 1848, and the Ornithologische Notizen in Wiegmann’s Archiv fir Naturgeschichte, published in 1847, oe with F. Heine was the author of Verzeichnis ithologi: Samm: Hace d the account of the birds in der or g des Museum Heineanum, 1850-63. His most important work appeared in the Journal fiir Ornithologie, of which he was the editor from 1853 to 1893. 2 By A. H. Curtiss, No. 2321. 8 By G. V. Nash, August, 1894, and distributed as Frazinus epiptera. 4 By J. Roth, May, 1897, and by Chapman and Sargent, March, 1898. 5 By J. K. Small, January, 1895, in the St. Mary’s River Swamp below Traders’ Hill, and distributed as Fraxinus epiptera. A specimen collected by Fendler at New Orleans in April, 1846 (in herb. Engelmann), with partly grown fruit is perhaps of this species, as are possibly specimens distributed by Ashe as Fraxinus epiptera from Bladen County, North Carolina (Nos. 1860 and 1862). EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prare DCCXVII. Fraxinus FLoripana. . A branch with staminate flowers, natural size. A staminate flower, enlarged. A branch with pistillate flowers, natural size. A pistillate flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. A fruit, natural size. A fruit, natural size. A fruit, natural size. ao oe ee er A leaf, natural size. silva of North America: A. Riocreue diresw © FRAXINUS FLORIDANA, Sarg. imp. J. laneur, Paris. RAPE SO. ULMACE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERI CA. 41 ULMUS SEROTINA. Red Elm. FLowers autumnal, long-pedicellate. Fruit ciliate on the margins. Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, acuminate. Bud-scales glabrous. Branchlets often furnished with corky wings. Ulmus serotina, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxvii. 92 (1899).— Ulmus racemosa, Chapman, Fl. ed. 2, Suppl. 649 (not Mohr, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. vi. 474 (Plant Life of Borkhausen nor Thomas) (1883) ; ed. 3, 444. — Sargent, Alabama). — Gattinger, Fl. Tennessee, 69. Silua N. Am. vii. 47 (in part). A tree, with a trunk forty or fifty feet in height, and from two to three feet in diameter, and comparatively small spreading or pendulous branches which often form a broad and handsome head. The bark of the trunk is from one quarter to three eighths of an inch in thickness, light brown slightly tinged with red, and divided by shallow fissures into broad flat ridges broken on the surface into large thin closely appressed scales. The branchlets are slender and pendulous, and when they first appear are glabrous or occasionally puberulous; during their first year they are light reddish brown, lustrous and marked by occasional oblong white lenticels, darker the following season, ultimately dark gray- brown, and often furnished with two or three thick corky wings which are developed during their second or third years. The winter-buds are ovate, acute, and a quarter of an inch long; their outer scales are oblong-obovate, dark chestnut-brown, and glabrous, and the inner scales are accrescent, often scarious on the margins, rounded or acute at the apex, pale yellow-green, lustrous, and sometimes three quarters of an inch long when fully grown. The leaves are oblong or oblong-obovate, acuminate - at the apex, very oblique at the base, and coarsely and doubly crenulate-serrate; when they unfold they are coated below with shining white hairs and puberulous above, and at maturity they are thin but firm in texture, yellow-green, glabrous and lustrous on the upper surface, pale and puberulous along the midribs and principal veins on the lower surface, from two to four inches long and from an inch to an inch and three quarters wide, with prominent yellow midribs and about twenty pairs of primary veins extending obliquely to the points of the principal teeth and often forked near the margin of the leaf, and numerous reticulate veinlets; they are borne on stout petioles about a quarter of an inch long, and in the autumn turn clear orange-yellow before fallmg. The stipules are abruptly narrowed from broad clasping’ bases, linear-lanceolate, usually about a quarter of an inch long, and persistent until the leaves are nearly fully grown. The inflorescence buds appear early in the season in the axils of leaves of the year, and the flowers open in September; they are borne on slender conspicuously jointed pedicels often an eighth of an inch long, in many-flowered glabrous racemes from an inch to an inch and a half in length. The calyx is six-parted to the base, with oblong-obovate reddish brown divisions rounded at the apex. The ovary is sessile, narrowed below, and villose. The fruit ripens early in November, and is stipitate, oblong-elliptical, deeply divided at the apex, frmged on the margins with long silvery white hairs, and about half an inch long. Ulmus serotina inhabits limestone hills and river banks from central Tennessee to northern Ala- bama and northeastern Georgia.’ 1 Ulmus serotina was collected by Rugel (see ix. 110) on the its autumnal flowers, it was referred by him to Ulmus racemosa. French Broad River near the boundary between North Carolina It was distributed without flowers or fruit as Ulmus racemosa from and Tennessee in October, 1842; it was found near Nashville by the Biltmore herbarium (No. 3634b) from collections made at Nash- Dr. A. Gattinger as early at least as 1879, and, although he noticed _ville in 1897. On the 9th of October, 1898, a single large tree 42 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ULMACEZ. The wood of Ulmus serotina is hard, close-grained, very strong and tough, and susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish : it contains numerous obscure medullary rays and bands-of one or two layers of small open ducts marking the layers of annual growth, and is light red-brown, with pale yellow sapwood.’ Ulmus serotina has been occasionally planted as a shade tree in the streets of Huntsville, Alabama, and Rome, Georgia, where it is distinguished by its broad handsome head of pendulous branches. In 1899 young plants raised from seeds gathered at Huntsville the previous autumn were distributed from the Biltmore nurseries. been sufficiently tested in the northern states. covered with fruit was seen by John Muir, W. M. Canby, and C. §. Sargent close to the highroad which leads eastward from Hunts- Subse- quently it was found to be abundant on the hills near Huntsville and on those in the neighborhood of Rome, Georgia, by Mr. C. L. Boynton of the Biltmore herbarium. ville, Alabama, across the ridge known as Monte Sano. It is the Ulmus racemosa of Chapman’s Flora so far as relates to the river banks of Ten- The hardiness of this handsome and distinct tree has not yet nessee, and the Ulmus racemosa for middle Tennessee of Sargent’s Silva. 1 The specimen of Ulmus serotina in the Jesup Collection of North American Woods in the American Museum of Natural His- tory, New York, is seventeen and a quarter inches in diameter inside the bark and one hundred and twenty-eight years old, with twelve layers of sapwood, which is three quarters of an inch in thickness. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pruare DCCXVIII. Utmus serorrma. A flowering branch, natural size. A flower, enlarged. A pistil, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. A seed, enlarged. An embryo, enlarged. A winter branchlet, natural size. als 2. 3. 4. 5. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 6. fl 8. 9. Portion of a branchlet with corky wings, natural size. oe, oa Tab. DCCXVII. CE Faxon del. Lapine se. ULMUS SEROTINA, Sarg ; Lip. J. Taneur, Paris. JUGLANDACEA, _SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 43 HICORIA TEXANA. Bitter Pecan. LEAFLETS 7 to 11, lanceolate, often faleate. Fruit 4-winged to the base ; nut oblong, compressed, thin-shelled ; seed deeply penetrated by the folds of the inner wall of the shell. Hicoria Texana, Le Conte, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1853, Carya Texana, C. de Candolle, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 4, xviii. 402, £.— Britton, Budi. Torrey Bot. Club, xv. 282. 83 (1862) ; Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 145. A tree, on rich river-bottoms sometimes a hundred feet in height, with a tall straight trunk three feet in diameter and ascending branches, and on the borders of prairies in low wet woods usually from fifteen to twenty-five feet tall, with a short trunk eight or ten inches in diameter, and small spreading branches which form a narrow round-topped head. The bark of the trunk is from one half to three quarters of an inch in thickness, light reddish brown, and roughened. by closely appressed variously shaped plate-like scales. The branchlets are slender, and when they first appear are coated with thick hoary tomentum which is sometimes persistent until the autumn, and during their first winter they are bright red-brown and marked by occasional large pale lenticels, darker in their second season, and dark or light gray-brown in their third year. The scales of the winter-buds are valvate and covered with light yellow articulate hairs. The terminal buds are oblong, acute or acuminate, somewhat compressed, about a quarter of an inch long, and rather longer than the upper lateral buds; these are usually stalked and two or three times as large as the lower lateral buds, which are nearly surrounded by the thin membranaceous border of the large concave obcordate leaf-scars. The leaves are ten or twelve inches long, with from seven to eleven leaflets and slender petioles which are slightly flattened and grooved on the upper side toward the base, thickly coated at first with hoary tomentum, and more or less villose in the autumn. The leaflets are lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, and finely serrate, with minute straight or incurved remote teeth, except on the upper side below the middle, which is entire. The terminal leaflet is gradually narrowed and acute at the base and short-stalked, and the lateral leaflets are often falcate, rounded or sometimes broadly cuneate on one side and narrowly cuneate on the other at the unsymmetrical base, and subsessile or short-stalked ; when they unfold the leaflets are puberulous above and tomentose below, and at maturity they are thin and firm in texture, dark yellow-green and nearly glabrous on the upper surface, pale yellow-green and puberulous on the lower surface, from three to five inches long and about an inch and a half wide, with slender yellow midribs rounded and usually puberulous on the upper side toward the base, and numerous slender forked primary veins arcuate and united near the margin of the leaf, and connected by thin straight veinlets. The staminate flowers open about the first of May when the leaves are nearly a third grown, and are produced in slender villose aments from two to three inches long from buds formed in the axils of leaves of the previous year. The perianth is light yellow-green, and villose on the outer surface, with oblong-ovate rounded lobes much shorter than the ovate acuminate bract. The pistillate flowers are oblong, slightly four-angled, and villose, with an ovate bract, broadly ovate bractlets, and an ovate acute calyx-lobe. The fruit is produced in few-fruited clusters, and is oblong or oblong- obovate, acute at the ends, apiculate at the apex, slightly four-winged at the base, dark brown more or less covered with articulate hairs, and from an inch and a half to two inches long, with a thin four- valved husk. The nut is oblong-ovate or oblong-obovate, compressed, acute at the ends, short-pointed at the apex, apiculate at the base, obscurely four-angled, bright red-brown, rough and pitted, and 44 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. JUGLANDACEZ. usually from an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half long, with a thin brittle shell, thin papery walls, and a low basal ventral partition. The seed is bitter, bright red-brown, flattened, two-lobed at the apex, with lobes about as long as the short point of their connective, rounded and slightly divided at the base, obscurely grooved on the inner face, lobed by two longitudinal grooves on the outer face, and deeply penetrated by the prominent reticulated folds of the inner surface of the wall of the nut. Hicoria Texana grows on the bottom-lands of the streams and in the low wet woods bordering the prairies of eastern Texas, where it is common in the Gulf region for a distance of from one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles from the coast. The wood is close-grained, tough and strong, and light red-brown, with pale brown sapwood.! The nuts are not eaten even by hogs, and remain on the ground through the winter. First made known by Le Conte* from a tree cultivated in Georgia, and afterwards collected by Charles Wright * in Texas in 1848 or 1849, Hicoria Texana was confounded by American botanists with the allied Hicoria Pecan until Mr. B. F. Bush rediscovered it at Columbia on the Brazos River in 1899, and, attracted by the peculiar flattened nuts, pointed out its true characters. 1 The specimen cut by Mr. Bush for the Jesup Collection of North American Woods in the American Museum of Natural His- tory, New York, is twenty-six inches in diameter inside the bark and one hundred and twenty-three years old. The sapwood is four and five eighths inches in thickness, with fifty-three layers of annual growth. 2 John Eatton Le Conte (February 22, 1784-N. ber 21, Florida, he visited Paris in 1827, and five years later, resigning his commission in the army, settled in New York, where he re- mained until 1852, and then moved to Philadelphia, where he died. Le Conte published a number of papers on botany and zodlogy, principally in the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York and in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of 1860) was born near Shrewsbury, New Jersey, of a Huguenot family, his ancestor William, who left N dy on the of the edict of Nantes, having settled in New Jersey about the year 1692. John Le Conte and his brother Louis became interested in the study of natural history, and as young men spent several years in Georgia, where they had charge of a plantation belonging to their father and where they established a botanical garden. In 1817 John Le Conte entered the United States army as a captain of topographical engineers, and at the end of ten years received the brevet rank of major. His health having become seriously impaired during a military expedition to the St. John’s River in Philadelnhi, as = Of his botanical papers the most important are on The Species of Paspalum of the United States, published in 1820, on Utricularia, Gratiola, and Ruellia, published in 1824, on Tillandsia and Viola, published in 1826, on Pancratium, published in 1828, on The Vines of North America, published in 1852-53, on Magnolia pyramidata, published in 1854-55, and on Nicotiana, published in 1859. His large herb was p ted to the Philadelphi: Academy of Sciences in 1852. Lecontea, a genus of Madag Rubi was dedicated by Achille Richard to this refined, scholarly, and liberal man. (See Asa Gray, Bot. Gazette, viii. 197.) ® See i. 94. , EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puate DCCXTX. Hicorra Texana. A flowering branch, natural size. A staminate flower, rear view, enlarged. A staminate flower, front view, enlarged. An anther, enlarged. End of a fruiting branch, natural size. A nut, natural size. Cross section of a nut, natural size. Ale 2. 3. 4, 5. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 6. te 8. eh A young leaf, natural size. 10. A winter branchlet, natural size. dilva of North America. Tao, DOCK, HICORIA TEXANA, Saré. ee papas direa™” Lp.t Tareur, Lar. JUGLANDACER, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 45 HICORIA CAROLINAL-SEPTENTRIONALIS. Shagbark Hickory. LEAFLETS usually 5, lanceolate. Fruit subglobose ; nut ovate, compressed, angled, thin-shelled, nearly white or pale brown. Hicoria Carolinz-septentrionalis, Ashe, Notes on the Mohr, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. vi. 463 (Plant Life Hickories of the United States (1896); Bull. No. 6, of Alabama). — Britton, Man. 324. — Gattinger, FV. North Carolina Geolog. Surv. 20; Bot. Gazette, xxviii. Tennessee, 65. 271. — Britton & Brown, Ji. Fl. iii. 511, £. 1154 a.— A tree, on moist bottom-lands sometimes eighty feet in height, with a trunk from two to three feet in diameter, and short small branches which form a narrow oblong head, or on dry hillsides usually not more than twenty or thirty feet tall, with a trunk which generally does not exceed a foot in diameter.’ The bark of the trunk is light gray, from one quarter to one half of an inch in thickness and separates freely into thick strips which are often a foot or more long and three or four inches wide and which do not fall for a long time, giving to the trunk the shaggy appearance of the northern Shagbark Hickory. The terminal winter-buds are ovate, gradually narrowed to the obtuse apex, and about a quarter of an inch long, with glabrous bright red-brown lustrous acute and apiculate strongly keeled spreading outer scales and accrescent obovate inner scales which when fully grown are bright yellow and sometimes two inches in length and long-pointed. The axillary buds are oblong, obtuse, and not more than a sixteenth of an inch long. The leaves vary from four to eight inches in length and are composed of slender glabrous nearly terete petioles, and usually five but occasionally three leaflets, the terminal short- stalked and the lateral sessile. The leaflets are lanceolate, acuminate and long-pointed at the apex, gradually narrowed at the base, which is acuminate and symmetrical, or rounded on the upper side and unsymmetrical, and coarsely serrate, with incurved teeth which are ciliate on the margins with long white caducous hairs when the leaves unfold; at maturity the leaflets are thin, dark green on the upper surface, and pale yellow-green and lustrous on the lower surface, the three upper being three or four inches long, from an inch to an inch and a half wide, and about twice as large as those of the lower pair. In the autumn the leaves turn dull brown or yellow-brown some time before fallmg. The flowers appear from the middle to the end of April when the leaves are nearly fully grown. The stami- nate flowers are borne in ternate slightly villose pedunculate aments from the base of the shoots of the year; they are pedicellate, glandular-hirsute on the outer surface, with four stamens, and are much shorter than their linear acuminate villose bracts. The pistillate flowers, which are produced in usually two-flowered spikes, are oblong and covered with clustered articulate golden hairs, and their bract is linear and ciliate on the margins. The fruit is broader than it is high, or short-oblong, and is slightly depressed at the apex, from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half wide, dark red-brown, and roughened by small pale lenticels, with a husk which varies from one eighth to nearly three eighths of an inch in thickness and splits freely almost to the base. The nut is ovate, compressed, prominently four-angled, acute at the ends, nearly white or pale brown, and from three quarters of an inch to an inch long, with a thin shell and a large sweet seed. Hicoria Caroline-septentrionalis grows on dry limestone hills and on river-bottoms, and is dis- 1 According to Small (in litt.) Hicoria Caroline-septentrionalis in and forms a trunk four feet in diameter. I have not seen such limestone soil on the bottoms of Chickamauga Creek near Chatta- specimens. Hicoria ovata and Hicoria laciniosa grow to a great size nooga, Tennessee, grows to a height of more than one hundred feet _ on the alluvial bottoms of this stream. 46 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. JUGLANDACEA:, tributed from southern Dakota and central North Carolina to northern Georgia and through western North Carolina to eastern Tennessee and central Alabama. Very abundant im all this region, it is easily recognized by its slender branchlets and small buds, and in the autumn by the peculiar brown color which the leaves assume several weeks before falling and which makes it easy to distinguish this tree from a distance. The wood is hard, strong, very tough, and light reddish brown, with thin nearly white sapwood. Probably long confounded with Hicoria ovata, the Shellbark Hickory of the north, which in the southern Appalachian foothill region grows usually only on bottom-lands, the characters of Hicoria Caroline-septentrionalis were first pointed out by Mr. W. W. Ashe.’ 1 Two trees of this species were cut near Rome, Georgia, by Mr. growth ; the other was twenty and one quarter inches in diameter C. L. Boynton for the Jesup Collection of North American Woods inside the bark and one hundred and ninety-four years old, with in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, in the sapwood which was two and seven eighths inches in thickness and autumn of 1898 ; one was fourteen inches in diameter inside the composed of sixty-eight layers of annual growth. : bark and one hundred and forty-six years old, with sapwood which 2 See xiii. 149. was three inches thick and composed of thirty-one layers of annual EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puatz DCCXX. HicorraA CARoLIN#-SEPTENTRIONALIS. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. . A staminate flower, side view, enlarged. . A staminate flower seen from below, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A nut, natural size. A nut, natural size. OADM PE ww A winter branchlet, natural size. Tab DOC a Silva of North America. CE F acor det. LLANE £0. HICORIA CAROLINA_SEPTENTRI ONALIES , Ache . A Riocreuax direa’ Imp. J Taneur, far. JUGLANDACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 47 HICORIA VILLOSA. Hickory. Lrartets 5 to 9, lanceolate or oblanceolate, pubescent and coated on the lower surface while young with silvery peltate scales. Fruit subglobose or pyriform; husks thin; nut small, angled, thick-shelled. Hicoria villosa, Ashe, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxiv. 481 167, t. 355 (1895). — Ashe, Hickories of the United (1897) ; Bull. No. 6, North Carolina Geolog. Surv. States. ' 21. — Britton & Brown, Jil. Fi. iii. 512, £ 1156a.— Hicoria pallida, Ashe, Hickories of the United States Mohr, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. vi. 462 (Plant Life of (1896); Garden and Forest, x. 304, f. 39. — Britton, Alabama). — Britton, Man. 325. Man. 325. Hicoria glabra, var. villosa, Sargent, Silva N. Am. vii. Hicoria villosa pallida, Britton & Brown, JU. FI. iii. 512 (1898). A tree, usually not more than eighteen or twenty but sometimes forty or fifty feet in height, with a short trunk from twelve to eighteen inches in diameter, and small-branches, the upper ascending and forming a narrow oblong head and the lower pendulous. The bark of the trunk is from one half to three quarters of an inch in thickness, light gray or grayish brown, and irregularly divided by deep fissures into broad connected ridges covered with closely appressed scales. The branchlets are slender, coated when they first appear with pale tomentum or pubescence mixed with silvery peltate scales which also occur on the under surface of the leaves and on the staminate inflorescence ; during their first winter they are glabrous or puberulous, bright purplish brown, and marked by occasional oblong light gray lenticels, and rather dark-colored the following year. The terminal buds are sessile or stalked, ovate, acute, and from one eighth to nearly one quarter of an inch long, with imbricated scales puberulous and more or less covered on the outer surface with yellow glands. The leaves vary from six to ten inches in length, and are composed of slender petioles which are pubescent in the spring and fur- nished with conspicuous tufts of pale or brownish hairs, and are glabrous or puberulous in the autumn, and of from five to nine but usually seven leaflets; these increase in size from the lowest to the upper pair, and are sessile or very short-stalked, lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate, gradually or abruptly narrowed, nearly symmetrical or unsymmetrical at the entire base, and coarsely serrate above, with remote glandular incurved teeth ; when they unfold they are covered with deciduous resinous globules, and on the lower surface with soft hairs and with the peltate silvery scales which are characteristic of this tree in early spring, and which soon become indistinct and often disappear by the time the leaves are fully grown ; at maturity they are dark green and glabrous above, pale or bright yellow below, the largest from four to five inches long and from an inch to an inch and a half wide and more than twice as large as those of the lowest pair, with stout midribs and slender primary veins pubescent or tomentose below. The staminate flowers are produced in ternate hairy catkins from five to seven inches in length, with large acute scarious bracts, and are villose on the outer surface, with hairy anthers and elongated linear acuminate -villose bracts. The pistillate flowers are oblong, prominently four-ribbed, and coated with scurfy yellow pubescence, with a lanceolate acuminate bract much longer than the ovate acute bractlets and the calyx-lobe. The fruit varies from subglobose to pyriform and from three quarters of an inch to an inch and three quarters in length, and is four-winged and more or less thickly covered with yellow scurfy scales, with a thin husk which splits to below the middle or nearly to the base. The nut 48 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. JUGLANDACEA, is slightly angled, often somewhat compressed, narrowed at the ends, and pale or light brown, with a thick shell and small sweet seed.’ Hicoria villosa inhabits sandy plains or sterile rocky ridges and is distributed from southern New Jersey? to eastern Florida,’ and from the valley of the Meramec River in Missouri to eastern Texas It is the common Hickory on the sandy soil of southern Delaware, where it sometimes begins to bear fruit when only a few feet high ; and it is very abundant in the foothill region of the southern Appalachian Mountains and in southern Missouri and Arkansas, where on the dry flinty soil of low hills it is often the only Hickory-tree. The wood of Hicoria villosa is hard, tough, rather brittle, and dark red-brown, with thick nearly white sapwood.° 1 When the seventh volume of this work was published in 1895 this Hickory had been recognized only on the hills near Allenton, Missouri. The silvery scales on the young leaves and branchlets, which make this tree so conspicuous in early spring, are less notice- able in the Allenton trees than on those in some other parts of the country, and they were thought to be a form of the Pignut, Hicoria glabra (see vii. 167, t. cclv.). Now that this Hickory is known to be widely distributed and common in many parts of the country and its characters are better understood, I follow Mr. W. W. Ashe, who first noticed it in the east, in considering it a well marked species. 2 Hicoria villosa was found by Mr. W. M. Canby near Cape May Court House, New Jersey, July 3, 1899, and by W. M. Canby, John Muir, and C.S. Sargent, near Millsborough, Delaware, in October, 1898. 3 Hicoria villosa was collected by A. H. Curtiss at Oak Hill, Volusia County, Florida, July 31, 1900. 4 The most southern stations in the Piedmont region where I have seen Hicoria villosa are Birmingham and Tuscaloosa, Ala- bama. ‘ 5 Hicoria villosa was found near Houston, Texas, April 17, 1900 by Mr. B. F. Bush. 6 The specimen of Hicoria villosa cut near Biltmore, North Caro- lina, for the Jesup Collection of North American Woods in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, is nine inches in diameter inside the bark and one hundred and forty-two years old, with forty-eight layers of sapwood, which is an inch and seven eighths in thickness. CUPULIFER &, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 49 QUERCUS ELLIPSOIDALIS. Leaves oval to obovate-orbicular, 5 to 7-lobed, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface. Quercus ellipsoidalis, E. J. Hill, Bot. Gazette, xxvii. 204, Quercus coccinea, Sargent, Silva N. Am. viii. 133 (in t. 2, 3 (1899). — Britton, Man. 334. part) (not Muenchhausen), t. 413, £. 2 (1895). A tree, sixty or seventy feet in height, with a short trunk rarely three feet in diameter, and much forked branches which are ascending above and often pendulous low on the stem, and form a narrow oblong head. The bark of the trunk is comparatively thin, internally light yellow, close, rather smooth, divided by shallow connected fissures into thin narrow plates, dark brown near the base, dull gray above, and on the large branches gray-brown and only slightly furrowed. The branchlets are slender, covered with matted pale hairs when they first appear, bright reddish brown, and marked by small dark lenticels during their first year, and dark gray-brown or reddish brown in their second season. The winter-buds are ovate, obtuse, or acute, sometimes slightly angled, and about an eighth of an inch long, with ovate or oval red-brown lustrous slightly puberulous outer scales ciliate on the margins. The leaves vary from oval to obovate-orbicular in outline, and are truncate or broadly cuneate at the base, and deeply divided by wide sinuses rounded at the bottom into five or seven oblong lobes repandly dentate at the apex, with slender bristle-pointed teeth, or often, particularly those of the upper lateral pair, repandly lobulate; when they unfold they are slightly tinged with red and coated with thick hoary tomentum, and soon becoming glabrous with the exception of small tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the principal veins, at maturity they are thin and firm, bright green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler and sometimes entirely glabrous on the lower surface, from three to five inches long and from two inches and a half to four inches wide, with stout midribs and primary veins rounded on the upper side, and slender lateral veins connected by prominent reticulate veinlets ; they are borne on slender grooved glabrous or rarely puberulous petioles from an inch and a half to nearly two inches long, and late in the autumn before falling turn yellow or pale brown more or less blotched with red or purple. The flowers open when the leaves are about one quarter grown, the staminate in puberulous aments from an inch and a half to two inches long, and the pistillate on stout tomentose one to three-flowered peduncles. The calyx of the staminate flower is membranaceous, campanulate, usually tinged with red, from two to five-lobed or parted into oblong-ovate or rounded segments which are smooth or slightly villose, fringed at the apex with long twisted hairs, and about as long as the stamens. These are composed of short filaments and oblong anthers cordate at the base and blunt or emarginate and sometimes apiculate at the apex. The pistillate flower is red, with broad hairy oblong acute involucral scales, a four to seven-lobed tubular campanulate calyx ciliate on the margins, three spreading or recurved styles hairy near the base, and enlarged dark slightly two-lobed stigmas. The acorn, which ripens in the autumn of its second year, is short-stalked or nearly sessile, and. solitary or in pairs, and from three quarters of an inch to an inch long; the nut is ellipsoidal, varying from cylindrical to subglobose, chestnut-brown, often striate, and puberulous, with a thin shell lined with a thick coat of pale tomentum ; the cup, which incloses from one third to rather more than one half of the nut, is turbinate or cup-shaped, gradually narrowed at the base, thin, light red-brown and puberulous on the inner surface, and covered on the outer surface with narrow ovate obtuse or truncate brown pubescent closely appressed scales, and a thin hyaline deeply lobed margin. Mo. Eot. Garden 1203. 50 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERA. Quercus ellipsoidalis grows in the neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois,’ and ranges to eastern Iowa” and southeastern Minnesota.® 1 This tree was first noticed in the suburbs of Chicago by Dr. E. J. Hill in the autumn of 1891 at Gardner’s Park near the southern limits of the city. Here it grows on an ancient beach of Lake Michigan in thin sandy soil overlaying a heavy clay. South of the Calumet River, near Halsted Street, it spreads over an area of several acres, growing on clay soil with Quercus rubra, and it is common at Glenwood, where it is associated with Quercus coc- cinea and Quercus velutina, and where it grows also on clay soil. 2 Quercus ellipsoidalis was collected by William D. Barnes in 1895 at Big Rock, Scott County, Iowa. (See E. J. Hill, Bot. Ga- zette, xxviii. 215.) 3 I first saw this Oak, which had been collected by Engelmann at the Falls of Minnehaha in September, 1878, at Brainerd on the Red River of the North, and near St. Paul, in September, 1882. At various times I have considered it an extreme form of both Quercus coccinea and. of Quercus velutina, and as a possible natural hybrid between these species. Now that it is known to be much more generally distributed than I formerly supposed and to remain constant in its characters in widely separated regions, the idea of recent hybrid origin will have to be abandoned, and Iam glad to follow Dr. Hill and consider it a species which possesses some of the characters of Quercus velutina, Quercus coccinea, and Quercus palustris. As Dr. Hill has pointed out, like Quercus palustris it has comparatively smooth bark, pendulous lower branches long-persist- The dark color of the bark near the base of the trunk, the yellow color of the inner bark, ent on the trunk, and deeply lobed leaves. the coarse-grained. wood, the tufts of hairs in the axils of the leaves, and the duil color of the autumn foliage, suggest Quercus velutina. The bark, however, is much less rough and lighter colored than that of the Black Oak. The inner bark is of a lighter yellow color, and the winter-buds are much smaller and only slightly pubescent, not tomentose, and the fruits are of a different shape. From Quercus coccinea it differs in its smooth bark, pubescent buds, in the autumn color of the leaves, in the shape of the fruit, and in the character of the cup-scales. A fruit of Quercus ellipsoidalis appears on the plate of Quercus coccinea in this work (viii. t. eccexiii. f. 2). EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prats DCCXXI. QUERCUS ELLIPSOIDALIS. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. A staminate flower, enlarged. 3. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 4. A fruiting branch, natural size. 5, 6, and 7. Acorns, natural size. } Silva of North America. — OL F accor, AN. Laboulle eo. QUERCUS ELLIPSOIDALIS, fill. | A. PRiocreue direz! imp. J. Taneur, Paris. CUPULIFER Zi. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 51 QUERCUS PAGODASFOLIA. Swamp Spanish Oak. Red Oak. Leaves oval to oblong, deeply 5 to 11-lobed, white-tomentose on the lower surface. Quercus pagodzfolia, Ashe, Bot. Gazette, xxiv. 875 Quercus falcata, var. b pagodzefolia, Elliott, Sk. ii. 605 (1897). — Mohr, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. vi. 472 (1821). (Plant Life of Alabama). — Britton, Man. 334. Quercus digitata pagodeefolia, Ashe, Handb. N. Car. 47 (1896). A tree, sometimes one hundred and twenty feet in height, with a trunk four or five feet in diameter, and heavy branches which in the forest form a short narrow crown; or when the tree has grown uncrowded on the bank of a river wide-spreading or ascending and forming a great open head. The bark of the trunk is an inch in thickness and is roughened by small rather closely appressed plate-like scales which are light gray or gray-brown. The branchlets are slender, coated when they first appear with thick hoary tomentum, tomentose or pubescent during their first winter, and dark reddish brown and puberulous during their second year. The winter-buds are ovoid, acute, often prominently four-angled, and about a quarter of an inch in length, with light red-brown puberulous scales sometimes ciliate at the apex. The leaves vary from oval to oblong and are gradually narrowed and cuneate or full and rounded or rarely truncate at the base, and deeply divided usually by wide sinuses rounded at the bottom into from five to eleven lobes; these are acuminate, bristle-pointed, usually entire or rarely repandly dentate toward the apex, often falcate, and spread at right angles to the midrib or are pointed toward the apex of the leaf; when they unfold the leaves are coated with pale tomentum which is thickest on the lower surface, and are dark red on the upper surface, and at maturity they aré dark green and very lustrous above, pale and tomentose below, from six to eight inches long and five or six inches wide; they are borne on stout pubescent or tomentose petioles from an inch and a half to two inches in length, with stout midribs rounded and usually puberulous on the upper side, slender primary veins arching to the points of the lobes, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets. The stipules are linear, villose, and caducous. In the autumn the leaves often turn bright clear yellow before falling. The flowers appear with the unfolding of the leaves, the staminate in clustered slender villose aments two or three inches long, and the pistillate on one to three-flowered tomentose peduncles. The calyx of the staminate flower is thin, scarious, pubescent on the outer surface, more or less deeply tinged with red, and divided into four or five rounded segments shorter than the stamens, which are four or five in number, with oblong emarginate yellow anthers. The involucral scales of the pistillate flower are coated with thick hoary tomentum and are about as long as the acute calyx-lobes ; the’ stigmas are clavate, slightly lobed at the apex, and dark red. The acorn ripens in the autumn of its second year and is short-stalked or nearly sessile; the nut varies from short- ovate to subglobose, and is light yellow-brown, puberulous particularly toward the rounded apex, and about five eighths of an inch in diameter, with a thin shell lined with pale tomentum tinged with red; the cup, which incloses nearly one half of the nut, is flat on the bottom or slightly turbinate, with a thin somewhat lobed margin, and is glabrous on the inner surface and covered on the outer surface with oblong rather loosely imbricated scales which are rounded at the gradually narrowed apex and coated except on their dark margins with pale pubescence.’ 1 I first saw this tree on the bottoms of the White River near eighth volume of this work published the following year under the Mt. Carmel, Illinois, in 1894, and allusion to it was made in the description of Quercus digitata, to which it is closely related. (See, 52 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFER 2. Quercus pagodefolia inhabits rich bottom-lands and the alluvial banks of streams, and is distributed from southeastern Virginia! to northern Florida,’ and through the Gulf states and Arkansas* to southern Missouri, western Tennessee and Kentucky, and southern Mlinois and Indiana, and is probably most abundant in the river-swamps of the Yazo basin and of eastern Arkansas, of which it is one of the largest and most valuable timber-trees. The wood of Quercus pagodefolia is light reddish brown and unusually close-grained for that of one of the Black Oaks, with comparatively small open ducts and thin sapwood, and is valued by lumbermen almost as highly as white oak.* Quercus pagodefolia is one of the largest American Oaks; and few North ee trees are more beautiful either in the dense forests which cover the alluvial bottom-lands of the Mississippi basin, where its tall shafts tower high above its humbler companions, or on the banks of the Congaree or the Savannah, where its great branches spread far from the massive trunk and the ample leaves fluttering in the wind display first the dark green and then the silvery whiteness of their two surfaces. also, Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. 80; xvii. 413. — Garden and Forest, viii. 101, f. 16.) Later Mr. W. W. Ashe found this Oak-tree near Raleigh, North Carolina, and has shown that it is the Quercus falcata, var. pagodafolia, of Elliott. the bark and wood and the shape of the leaves with their silvery The character of white lower surface serve to distinguish this tree from all the forms of Quercus digitata. That tree grows only on dry and usually sterile uplands, while Quercus pagodefolia is a constant inhabitant of river-bottoms often inundated during several months of every year and of rich river banks, in all the great region which it is now known to inhabit, and I follow Mr. Ashe in considering it a species. 1 Quercus pagodefolia was collected near Virginia Beach, Vir- ginia, in May, 1900, by Mr. C. E. Faxon. 2 Quercus pagodefolia was collected by Mr. A. H. Curtiss near Chattahoochee, Florida, September, 1884. r 3 Quercus pagodefolia was collected at Fulton, Arkansas, in May, 1900, by Mr. B. F. Bush (No. 243). + The specimen cut near Mt. Carmel, Illinois, by Dr. J. Schneck for the Jesup Collection of North American Woods in the Ameri- can Museum of Natural History, New York, is thirty-two inches in diameter inside the bark and one hundred and eight years old, with nine layers of sapwood, which is an inch and an eighth in thick- ness. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pratt DCCXXII. QuERcUS PAGODHFOLIA. . A flowering branch, natural size. . A staminate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. 1 2 3. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 4 5 . A winter branchlet, natural size. Silva of North America. | Tat. DCCXXIL CL. Fawcor Ak, : 4in.Himety se. QUERCUS PAGODAFOLIA, Ashe. A. Piocreuc direco© lip. 7 Taneur, Paris. BETULACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 53 BETULA KENAICA. Red Birch. Black Birch. STROBILES cylindrical, erect, or spreading. Leaves ovate, acute, or acuminate, cuneate at the base. Betula Kenaica, Evans, Bot. Gazette, xxvii. 481 (1899). A tree, from thirty to forty feet in height, with a trunk from twelve to twenty inches in diameter covered with thin more or less furrowed very dark brown or nearly black bark, and wide-spreading branches. The branchlets, which are rather stout and marked by numerous small pale lenticels, are bright red-brown during two or three years, and then gradually become darker. The leaves are ovate, acute, or acuminate, broadly cuneate or somewhat rounded at the entire base, and irregularly, coarsely, and often doubly serrate above, with spreading teeth ; when they unfold they are puberulous on the upper surface and ciliate on the margins, with short soft white deciduous hairs, and in summer they are glabrous, dark dull green on the upper surface, pale yellow-green on the lower surface, from an inch and a half to two inches long and from an inch to an inch and three quarters wide, with slender yellow midribs, four pairs of thin primary veins, reticulate vemlets conspicuous on both surfaces, and slender petioles from three quarters of an inch to an inch in length. The scales of the staminate flowers are ovate, acute and apiculate at the apex, puberulous on the outer surface, and dark red- brown.’ The pistillate aments are from one third to one half of an inch in length and about one sixteenth of an inch in width, and are borne on slender glandular pubescent peduncles from one half to three quarters of an inch in length, and bibracteolate, with scarious caducous bractlets; their scales are acuminate, light green, ciliate on the margins, with long white hairs, and strongly reflexed at the middle, and the styles are bright red. The strobiles are cylindrical and about an inch long, and their scales are cuneate at the base, longer than broad, and ciliate on the margins with broad lateral lobes much shorter than the oblong-ovate terminal lobe which is narrowed and rounded at the apex. The nut is oval and somewhat narrower than its thin wing. Betula Kenaica inhabits the Kenai peninsula in the vicinity of Cook Inlet, where it grows with Picea Sitchensis, and Kadiak Island. It was discovered during the summer of 1897 at Sunrise near the head of Turnagain Arm of Cook Inlet by Dr. Walter H. Evans,’ and two years later it was distin- guished on Kadiak Island by Dr. F. V. Coville of the Harriman Alaska Expedition.? 1 T have seen only young staminate aments of this tree collected them to Congress. With Professor Coulter he has published A when they were about an inch long and soon after the opening of Revision of North American Cornacee in the fifteenth volume of the lowest flowers. The Botanical Gazette, and he is the author of a paper on The 2 Walter Harrison Evans (June 3, 1863) was born at Delphi, Indiana, where he was educated in the common and high schools. In 1882 he entered Wabash College at Crawfordsville, Indiana. Graduating in 1887, he took a post-graduate course in his college, becoming assistant to Dr. J. M. Coulter, at that time professor of botany, and receiving in 1890 the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. In 1891-92 Dr. Evans made collections of Cacti in the region adja- cent to the boundary between the United States and Mexico for the Division of Botany of the United States Department of Agri- culture, and since 1892 he has been the botanical editor of The Experiment Station Record published by that dep In 1897 Dr. Evans was sent to Alaska as a special commissioner to inves- tigate the agricultural resources of the territory and to report on Effect of Copper Sulphate on Seed Germination in Bulletin No. 10 of the Division of Vegetable Pathology, United States Department of Agriculture, and of a number of miscellaneous papers. 8 «JT found Betula Kenaica abundant on a forested gravel point in Halibut Cove, Kachemak Bay, Cook Inlet, growing twenty-five to thirty-five feet high and a foot in diameter. There are a few trees still standing back of the village of Kadiak on Kadiak Island, and I found an abundance of them in one spot in the valley at the head of English or Woman’s Bay, eight miles south of Kadiak village, the trees at this point having a maximum diameter of about one foot and a height of about twenty feet.” litt.) (Coville, in EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prarze DCCXXIII. Beruza Kenatca. 1A fruiting branch, natural size. 2. A scale of the fruiting ament, enlarged. 3. A nut, enlarged. Ca of Worth Adencs” CL Facor del. A Riocreuc aves © BEITULA KENAIGA. Evan. VY /| Imp. J Taneur, Paris. Tab. DCCXXII1. Em, fimetly SCL BETULACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 55 BETULA PAPYRIFERA, var. CORDIFOLIA. Canoe Birch. LEAVES ovate, cordate at the base. Betula papyrifera, var. cordifolia, Fernald, Rhodora, iii. 173 (4901). Betula cordifolia, Regel, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mose. xiii. 86, t. 12, £. 29-36 (Monographia Betulacearum) (1860). Betula alba, subsp. 6 cordifolia, Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. xxxviii. pt. ii. 401 (Gattungen Betula und Alnus [1865]) ; De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 166. Betula papyrifera, 8 minor, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 459 (in part) (not Tuckerman) (1867). Betula papyrifera, var. minor, Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 472 (1890). — Sargent, Silva N. Am. ix. 57. — Britton & Brown, Jil. FU. i. 509. — Britton, Man. 328. Betula papyracea, a cordifolia, Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 177 (1892). On the slopes of Mt. Katahdin in Maine and on the White Mountains of New Hampshire the Canoe Birch is usually not more than thirty or forty feet in height, and at the highest elevations which it reaches on these mountains it is reduced to a low shrub. The leaves of this mountain tree are cordate at the base, and farther north, and in the northern Rocky Mountain region where the Canoe Birch is not common, the leaves are sometimes cordate and sometimes wedge-shaped at the base. On plate ecccli. of this work the ordinary form of the Canoe Birch with leaves broadly cuneate at the base is figured, and properly to illustrate this species a figure of this well-marked alpine, northern and western form is needed. Except in the form of the leaves, there seems to be no other constant characters by which the variety cordifolia can be separated from the typical Canoe Birch." 1 A confusion which has existed in the name of this Birch is (Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxviii. pt. ii. 404 [Gattungen Betula und due to the fact that two plants have been confounded in the Betula papyracea, var. minor, of Tuckerman, as shown by Mr. Fernald in his Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Mt. Katahdin (Rhodora, iii. 173). Mr. Fernald identifies Tuckerman’s specimens in Herb. Gray of Betula papyracea, var. minor (Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 31 [1843]), with the plant which Regel has called Betula alba, subsp. 8 tortuosa Alnus] [1865] ; De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 168), an Old World plant, while American botanists previously had considered the dwarf form of the Canoe Birch to be Tuckerman’s plant. Regel’s name, cordifolia, therefore, based in part on specimens collected on Mt. Katahdin in 1846, should be adopted for this variety. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puate DCCXXIV. BrruLa PAPYRIFERA, var. CORDIFOLIA. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. A fruiting branch, natural size. 3. A scale of a fruiting ament, enlarged. 4. A nutlet, enlarged. Silva of North America. CLE Paxon del. Lartaud ve. . BETULA PAPYRIFERA, VAR. CORDIFOLIA, Regal. A fiocreuxc direx® Limp. J Laneur, Paris. BETULACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 57 BETULA OCCIDENTALIS. Birch. STROBILES cylindrical, pendulous. Leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded or cordate at the broad base. Betula occidentalis, Hooker, #7. Bor.-Am. ii. 155 (in part) Soc. Nat. Mose. xxviii. pt. ii. 400 (Gattungen Betula und (1839).— Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, xv. 197 (Revisio Alnus) (in part) (1865); De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. Betulacearum) (in part).—Lyall, Jour. Linn. Soe. vii. 165 (in part). 134.— Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 237. Betula papyrifera, Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 436 (in part) Betula alba, subsp. 5 occidentalis, a typica, Regel, Bull. (1886). — Sargent, Silva N. Am. ix. 57 (in part). A tree, from one hundred to one hundred and twenty feet in height, with a trunk three or four feet in diameter, and comparatively small branches which while the tree is young are slightly ascending and form a narrow symmetrical pyramidal crown, and on old trees are often pendulous. The bark is thin, marked by large oblong horizontal dark-colored raised lenticels, light orange-brown, very lustrous, and separates freely into thin papery layers which disclose in fallmg the bright orange-yellow inner bark. The branchlets are stout, and when they first appear are pale orange-brown, more or less glandu- lar, and coated with long pale hairs; during their first winter they are bright orange-brown marked. by numerous minute pale lenticels, pubescent or puberulous, and nearly destitute of glands, and in their second year they are orange-brown, glabrous, very lustrous, and the lenticels begin to lengthen horizon- tally. The winter-buds are acute, bright orange-brown, and from one eighth to one quarter of an inch in length, and in expanding the inner scales, which are obovate or oblong, rounded at the apex, light yellow-brown, and scarious, sometimes become three quarters of an inch long. The leaves are ovate, acute, usually rounded but occasionally cordate or rarely cuneate at the broad base, and coarsely and generally doubly serrate, with straight or incurved glandular teeth; when they unfold they are light yellow-green covered with dark reddish resinous viscid glands and villose along the midribs and veins, with long white hairs which are most abundant on their lower side and in the axils of the primary veins, where they often form large tufts which are persistent during the summer; at maturity they are thin but firm in texture, marked by the scars of the fallen glands, dull dark green on the upper surface, pale yellow-green on the lower surface, and puberulous on both sides of the stout yellow midribs and five or six pairs of slender primary veins, from three to four inches long and from an inch and a half to two inches wide; they are borne on stout glandular grooved petioles at first tomentose, ultimately pubescent or puberulous, and about three quarters of an inch in length. The stipules are oblong-obovate, rounded, or acute and apiculate at the apex, ciliate on the margins, with short white hairs, puberulous, glandular- viscid, about half an inch long and from an eighth to a quarter of an inch wide. During the winter the staminate aments are about three quarters of an inch long and an eighth of an inch thick, with ovate scales rounded or abruptly narrowed and acute at the apex, puberulous on the outer surface, and ciliate on the margins, with long scattered pale hairs, and when they are fully grown and the flowers have opened in May they are from three to four inches long and about a quarter of an inch wide. The strobiles, which are produced on stout peduncles about three quarters of an inch long, are cylindrical, from an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half in length and from a quarter to a half of an inch in thickness ; their scales are much longer than they are broad, gradually narrowed to the base, puberulous on the outer surface, and ciliate on the margins, with spreading lateral lobes, and an elongated terminal SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. BETULACEA. 58 lobe rounded at the narrow apex. The nut is oval, about a sixteenth of an inch long, and nearly as wide as its wings.’ Betula occidentalis inhabits the banks of streams and lakes in southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington, and nowhere very common grows probably to its largest size on the alluvial banks of the lower Fraser River.’ Betula occidentalis is one of the largest of all Birch-trees, and, with the exception of the Cotton- wood, it is the largest of the deciduous-leaved trees of northwestern North America. It was discovered on the shores of the Straits of Fuca by Dr. John Scouler® between 1825 and 1827. In 1893 this tree was introduced into the Arnold Arboretum, where it has grown very rapidly and is perfectly hardy and where it already displays the orange-brown bark which best distinguishes it from the Canoe Birch of the east. 1 In the ninth volume of this work published in 1896, while call- ing attention to the color of the bark of this tree, I considered it a Since the publication of that volume I have had an opportunity to see this tree again on Van- western form of Betula papyrifera. couver Island and to compare the young plants in the Arnold Arbo- retum with plants of the Canoe Birch of the same age. These are so distinct in their bark, and in the color of the branchlets, which on the western tree are ge-b: and bright red-b eastern tree, that it is not possible to consider them forms of the on the same species. From Betula papyrifera it can also be distinguished by the shape of the leaves, which are broad or rounded or on vigorous shoots slightly cordate, not cuneate at the base, and by the shorter and broader strobiles, with puberulous scales ciliate on the margins, the scales of Betula papyrifera being usually glabrous and destitute of marginal hairs, although on specimens which I collected several years ago on Prince Edward’s Island the scales are sometimes puberulous. Betula occidentalis was first d mens collected near the Straits of Fuca by Dr. Scouler, although ibed by Hooker from the speci- with them he united a specimen collected by Douglas inthe interior The tree from the Straits of Fuca appeared first in the description of Betula occidentalis which was evi- west of the Rocky Mountains. dently drawn principally from the specimens of that tree and must therefore be considered the type of Hooker’s species, while the second specimen included in this description appears to be one of the forms of Betula papyrifera. In the ninth volume of this work (65, t. ccccliii.) the half shrubby dark-barked Birch with spreading gracefully drooping stems which is common in eastern Washington and Oregon, and ranges as far south as Colorado, Utah, and northern California, was confounded with Betula occidentalis of Hooker and was described and figured under that name. This plant was collected by Nuttall on the Sweet Water, one of the branches of the Platte, and was first described and figured by him as Betula occidentalis. (See Sylva, i. 23, t. 7.) Torrey in Frémont’s Report repeated. this error. This same species was also described and figured in King’s Report (v. 323, t. 85) as Betula occidentalis by Watson, who repeated his error in The Botany of California, and it is this plant which is de- scribed and figured as Betula occidentalis in the ninth volume of The Silva of North America, where an allusion only is made to the true Betula occidentalis of the coast in a note under Betula papyrif- era. Nuttall found another small Birch in the Rocky Mountain region and on the plains of the Columbia which he described and figured as Betula rhombifolia in the first volume of his Sylva published in 1842. This plant, judging by one of Nuttall’s original specimens in the Gray Herbarium, is the slender-fruited form of the plant described by Nuttall as Betula occidentalis, which is common in east- ern Oregon and Washington and ranges eastward into Montana and Idaho. If the two forms, which seem to vary only in the thick- ness of the aments, really belong to one species this would have to bear Nuttall’s name of Betula rhombifolia had not Tausch four years earlier than Nuttall used that name for a European species. Some of the specimens of the tree called Betula occidentalis by Nut- bl to afi ‘5 tall and Watson bear a strong tary speci- men in the Gray Herbarium of the Asiatic Betula microphylla, Bunge, but the evidence of this specimen would hardly seem to warrant the adoption of Bunge’s name for our tree, for which I have proposed (See Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 239.) 2 The most eastern place from which I have seen a specimen of the name of Betula fontinalis. Betula occidentalis is Donald on the Columbia River in British Columbia in about longitude 118° west, where it was collected in 1885 by Mr. John Macoun. 3 ix, 66. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puate DCCXXY. Bertuna OCCIDENTALIS. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A scale of a fruiting ament, enlarged. 2 3 4. A scale of a fruiting ament, enlarged. 5. . A nut, enlarged. i : Tah DCCXLY Silva of North America. - Hz hs NE “hm V ~ — AOA, > Laat CL Faaworn del, tlimety seo. BETULA OCCIDENTALIS . Hook. ARiocreun drew” Lmp. 7 Taneur, Pariv. BETULACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 59 BETULA ALASKANA. White Birch. STROBILES cylindrical, pendulous. Leaves rhomboidal to deltoid, ovate, acumi- nate. : Betula Alaskana, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 236 (April, ISOs Betula alba, subsp. verrucosa, var. resinifera, Regel, tula und Alnus) (in part) (1865); De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 164. ei Betula resinifera, Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. ii. 165 Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxviii. pt. ii. 398 (Gattungen Be- (not Regel) (May, 1901). A tree, usually from thirty to forty but occasionally eighty feet in height, with a trunk from six to twelve inches in diameter, and slender erect and spreading or pendulous branches. The bark of the trunk, which is thin and marked by numerous elongated horizontal dark and only slightly raised lenti- cels, is dull, pale reddish brown or sometimes nearly white on the outer surface, light red on the inner surface, close and firm, and finally separable into thin plate-like scales. The branchlets are slender, glabrous, bright red-brown, more or less thickly covered during their first year with resinous glands which do not always entirely disappear until the second or third season, when the branchlets are lustrous and marked by numerous small pale lenticels. The winter-buds are ovate, obtuse at the gradually nar- rowed apex, and about a quarter of an inch in length, with light red-brown and shining outer scales sometimes ciliate on the margins, with long white hairs, and oblong rounded scarious inner scales which are hardly more than half an inch long when fully grown. The leaves vary from rhomboidal to deltoid-ovate, and are acuminate and long-pointed at the apex, truncate, rounded or broadly cuneate or on leading shoots occasionally cordate at the entire base, and coarsely and often doubly glandular-serrate above; when they unfold they are yellow-green and covered with resinous glands, lustrous and villose above, with long scattered pale hairs, and slightly puberulous below; and at maturity they are thin, dark green on the upper surface, pale and yellow-green on the lower surface, from an inch and a half to three inches long and from an inch to an inch and a half wide, with slender midribs and primary veins pubescent or ultimately glabrous below, and slender often bright red petioles which are at first somewhat hairy but finally glabrous and about an inch in length. The stipules are oblong, gradually narrowed and rounded at the ends, and villose particularly toward the margins. The aments of staminate flowers are clustered, sessile, about an inch long, and an eighth of an inch thick, and their scales are ovate, acuminate, puberulous on the outer surface, and light red with yellow margins. The pistillate aments are slender, cylindrical, glandular, about an inch long and an eighth of an inch thick, and are raised on stout peduncles nearly half an inch in length. The strobiles are cylindrical, spreading, or pendulous, from an inch to an inch and a quarter long, and from one third to one half of an inch thick; and their scales are almost as long as they are broad and ciliate on the margins, with erect and acute or spreading and rounded lateral lobes, much shorter than the elongated acute or acuminate terminal lobe. The nut is oval and narrower than its broad wing.! Betula Alaskana is distributed from the valley of the Saskatchewan from about longitude 106° 1 In 1858 B collected sp of this tree on the Sas- be unlike any of the Asiatic species, and with the scanty know- katchewan (teste Herb. Gray). These specimens were referred by Regel to one of his varieties of the Old World, Betula alba from Udskai in eastern Siberia and from Transbaical, but the Alaskan specimens which I have sent to the Imperial Botanic Garden at St. Petersburg are pronounced by the botanist of that establishment to ledge which now exists of many of the northern Asiatic Birches it does not seem possible to unite American and Asiatic forms until a thorough study of them can be made in the forest and the differ- ent species can be cultivated side by side. 60 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. BETULACE. west! northwestward to the coast of Alaska, along which it extends from the Lynn Canal? to the shores of Cook Inlet.2 It is the common Birch-tree of the Yukon basin, where it grows sparingly near the banks of streams in forests of coniferous trees and in large numbers on sunny slopes and hillsides.* In 1898 Betula Alaskana was introduced into the Arnold Arboretum from seeds gathered near Skaguay, Alaska. 1In July, 1876, Betula Alaskana was collected at Prince Albert White Pass above Skaguay at the head of the Lynn Canal, Alaska, on the Saskatchewan in latitude 58° north by Mr. John Macoun. by W. M. Canby, John Muir, and C. S. Sargent. In 1887 it was found by Dr. George M. Dawson on the Dease 3 During the summer of 1897 Betula Alaskana was found by Mr. River and on the Lewis River “near the mountains.” W. H. Evans on the shores of Cook Inlet. 2 In August, 1897, Betula Alaskana was found at the foot of the 4 Teste M. W. Gorman, in litt. : EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puate DCCXXVI. Beruta ALASKANA. tle A flowering branch, natural size. . A staminate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. 2 3. 4. 5. 6. A scale of a fruiting ament, enlarged. . A nutlet, enlarged. . A winter branchlet, natural size. Silva of North eee Tab. DC CXXVI CLE Faxon direw Lartaud SC. BETULA ALASKANA, Sare. A, Riocreuce direc! : Img. JT laneur, Paris. BETULACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 61 ALNUS SITCHENSIS. Alder. LEAVES ovate, acute, sinuately lobed, doubly serrate, lustrous on the lower surface. Stamens 4. Nut broadly winged. Alnus Sitchensis. Alnus viridis, Bongard, Vég. Sitcha, 44 (not De Candolle) (August, 1832) ; Mém. Phys. Nat. Math. pt. ii. Acad. Set. St. Pétersbourg, ii. 162 (Vég. Sitcha). — Lyall, Jour. Linn. Soe. vii. 134, — Rothrock, Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 454 (#1. Alaska).— Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 438. Alnus viridis, 8, Hooker, #7 Bor.-Am. ii. 157 (1839). Alnaster fruticosus, Ledebour, FV. Ross. iii. 655 (in part) (1849). Alnus viridis, 8 Sibirica, b Sitchensis, Regel, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mose. xiii. 1388 (Monographia Betula- cearwm) (in part) (1861). Alnus viridis, 8 Sibirica, Regel, Russ. Dendr. pt. i. 50. (in part) (1870). Alnus occidentalis, Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 158, f. 78 (1892). — Koehne, Dewtsche Dendr. 114. Alnus rubra, Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iii. 345 (not Bongard) (1895). Alnaster Alnobetula, F. Kurtz, Bot. Jahrb. xix. 405 (£7. Chilcatgebietes) (not Schweinfurth) (1895). Alnus tenuifolia, Sargent. Silva N. Am. ix. 68 (in part) (not Nuttall) (1896). Alnus Alnobetula, Sargent, Silva N. Am. ix. 68 (in part) (not K. Koch) (1896). Alnus viridis, 5 sinuata, Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. EXXVill. pt. ii. 422 (Gattungen Betula und Alnus) (in part) (1865) ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii, 183 (in part). Alnus incana, var. virescens, Gorman, Péttonia, iii. 70 (not Watson) (1896). Alnus sinuata, Rydberg, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxiv. 190 (1897) ; Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. i. 117 (Fl. Montana). A tree, sometimes forty feet in height, with a trunk seven or eight inches in diameter covered with thin close blue-gray bark which is bright red internally, and short slender nearly horizontal branches forming a narrow crown ; or often a shrub only a few feet tall spreading into broad thickets. The branchlets are slender and slightly zigzag, and when they first appear are puberulous and very glandular ; they are bright orange-brown, lustrous, and marked by numerous large pale lenticels during their first season, much roughened during their second year by large elevated crowded leaf-scars, and light gray-brown the following year. The winter-buds are acuminate, dark purple, covered, especially toward the apex, with close fine pubescence, and about half an inch long. The leaves are ovate, acute at the apex, full and rounded, often unsymmetrical, and somewhat oblique or abruptly narrowed and cuneate at the base, divided into numerous short acute lateral lobes, and sharply and doubly serrate, with straight glandular teeth; when they unfold they are glandular-viscid, and at maturity are membranaceous, yellow-green on the upper surface, pale and very lustrous on the lower surface, and glabrous or villose along the under side of the stout midribs, with short brown hairs which usually also form tufts in the axils of the numerous slender primary veins which extend obliquely to the points of the lobes; they vary from three to six inches in length and from half an inch to four inches in width, and are borne on stout grooved petioles abruptly enlarged at the base, and from one half to three quarters of an inch in length. The stipules are oblong or spatulate, rounded and apiculate at the apex, puberulous, and about a quarter of an inch long. The aments of staminate flowers are produced in pairs in the axil of the upper leaf, which is sometimes reduced to a small bract, and singly in the axil of the leaf next below it, and are nearly sessile; appearing in summer, they are about half an inch long and an eighth of an inch wide during the winter, with dark red-brown shining apiculate puberulous scales, and when the flowers open in spring, or at midsummer at high elevations, when the leaves are nearly one third grown, they are four or five inches long, with a puberulous light red rachis and pedicels, and ovate acute apiculate three-flowered scales. The calyx is four-lobed with 62: SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. BETULACEZ. rounded lobes shorter than the four stamens. The pistillate aments are produced in elongated panicles, and are inclosed during the winter in buds formed the previous summer in the axils of the leaves of short lateral branchlets, and are long-pedunculate and about a third of an inch long and a sixteenth of an inch thick. The strobiles are raised on slender peduncles, and are borne in elongated sometimes leafy panicles from four to six inches in length ; they are oblong and from one half to five eighths of an inch in length and about one third of an inch in thickness, with truncate scales thickened at the The nuts are oval, and about as wide as their thin wings. Alnus Sitchensis is distributed along the northwest coast of North America from the borders of the Arctic Circle to Oregon ; it is common in the valley of the Yukon, and ranges eastward through British Columbia to Alberta, and through Washington and Oregon to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains. At the north, mingling with dwarf Willows, it forms great thickets,' and in southeastern Alaska it often becomes a tall slender tree on the rich moist bottom-lands near the apex. mouths of mountain streams, or, ascending nearly to the limit of tree-growth, at high elevations is reduced to a low shrub. In the valley of the Yukon it is very abundant on the wet banks of streams, where it is often arborescent in habit,’ and in British Columbia® and the United States it is generally small, growing usually only at elevations of more than three thousand feet above the level of the sea, and often forming thickets on the banks of streams and lakes.* Alnus Sitchensis, which was long confounded with Alnus Alnobetula, the Green Alder of the northeastern states and Europe, was found in 1827 on Baranoff Island in the neighborhood of the town of Sitka > by K. H. Mertens.® Idaho. 1 Seemann, Bot. Voy. Herald, 17, 41. See, also, Dall, Alaska and its Resources, 440. In the Gray Herbarium there are specimens of Alnus Sitchensis collected by John Muir at St. Michael on Norton Sound in 1881, and by M. W. Hasseyter on Popoff Island, one of the Shumagin group, in 1872. 2 Gorman, in litt. 8 Alnus Sitchensis was collected by Dr. George M. Dawson in 1876 on the Iltasyonco branch of the upper Fraser River. It has also been collected by J. Macoun at Hector in the Rocky Moun- tains, at Lake Louise, and on Rogers Pass near Glacier, on the line of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, and on Crow Mountain Pass, Alberta. 4 In 1883 Alnus Sitchensis was collected by W. M. Canby and C.S. Sargent near the head of the Jocko River in Montana, and in 1892 by J. H. Sandberg on Cedar Mountain, Lahat County, In 1880 I found this Alder on Silver Peak near Yale, British Columbia, at elevations of forty-five hundred feet above the sea, and also on the banks of the Fraser in the same region. These specimens were after referred to Alnus tenuifolia, Nuttall, which In 1896 I found it on the banks of the Soldue River among the Olympic Mountains of Washington, does not approach the coast. on Mt. Hood, Oregon, at high elevations, on the Blue Mountains of eastern Washington,where it is very abundant, and on the shores of Avalanche Lake, Montana, at an elevation of four thousand feet above the sea-level. 5 It is probable that Dr. John Richardson was the discoverer of this species during his journey with Captain John Franklin to the shores of the polar sea of North America during the years 1819- 22, (See Franklin, Jour, Appx. No. 374, as Alnus glandulosa.) 6 See xii. 80. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prarr DCCXXVII. Anus Srronensis. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. oe ae A nut, enlarged. A staminate flower, enlarged. A pistillate flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. A fruit-scale with its nuts, enlarged. A leaf, natural size. Silva of North America. CH. Fazxon det. Rapine se. PLANO at GE Nol e Sarg. A.Riocreusc direx © imp. J laneur, Paris. SALICACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 63 SALIX BALSAMIFERA. Willow. Lzaves ovate or lanceolate, acute, glaucous and conspicuously reticulate-veined on the lower surface. Salix balsamifera, Barratt, ex Hooker, Fl. Bor-Am. ii. 105. — Britton & Brown, Jil. Fl. i. 504, £. 1201. — Brit- 149 (1839). — Bebb, Bot. Gazette, iv. 190; Bull. Torrey ton, Man. 314. Bot. Club, xv. 121, t. 81. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Salix cordata, 8 balsamifera, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. Man. ed. 6, 485. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzh. ii. 285, £. 149 (4839). Salix pyrifolia, Anderson, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. ser. 4, vi. 162, t. 8, £. 93 (Monographia Salicum) (1867) ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 254. 137. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 97. — Sargent, Garden and Forest, vi. 28, £.5.— Rand, Garden and Forest, vi. Usually a shrub often making clumps of crowded slender erect stems, generally destitute of branches except near the top and only a few feet tall, Salix balsamifera in a hillside bog near Fort Kent on the St. John’s River in Maine becomes arborescent in habit and, growing to a height of twenty-five feet, The bark of the stem is thin, rather smooth, and The branchlets, which are comparatively stout, and glabrous during their first forms a trunk twelve or fourteen inches in diameter. of a dull gray color. season, are reddish brown and lustrous or chestnut-colored when exposed to the sun, becoming olive- green the following year. The winter-buds are acute, much compressed, bright scarlet, very lustrous, and about a quarter of an inch long. The leaves are involute in the bud, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, broad and rounded and usually subcordate at the base, finely serrate, with glandular teeth, and balsamic particularly while young ; when they unfold they are thin, pellucid, red, and coated on the lower surface with long slender caducous hairs, and at maturity they are thin but firm in texture, dark green above, pale and glaucous below, from two to four inches long and from an inch to an inch and a half wide, with stout yellow midribs raised and rounded on the upper side, thin primary veins and conspicuous reticulate veinlets; they are borne on stout reddish or yellow petioles from one third to one half of an inch in length, which in falling leave narrow slightly raised leaf-scars marked by three conspicuous equidistant vascular bundle-scars. The stipules, which are often wanting, are sometimes produced on vigorous shoots and are foliaceous, broadly ovate, and acute. The aments are cylindrical, from an inch to an inch and a half in length, with obovate acute rose-colored bracts coated with long white hairs, and are borne on slender leafy peduncles. There are two stamens with free filaments and reddish or ultimately yellow anthers. The ovary is narrow, ovate, gradually con- tracted from above the middle to the apex which is crowned with nearly sessile emarginate stigmatic lobes. The scales are persistent on the fruiting aments which vary from two inches and a half to three inches in length. The capsules are ovate-conical, long-stalked, a quarter of an inch long, and dark orange color.’ 1 See E. F. Williams, Rhodora, iii. 277. 2 Bebb (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xv. 124) proposes these varieties : “Typica. Leaves ovate, 2 to 3 inches long, short-pointed or the lower obtuse, rounded at base, at length rigid and glaucous beneath, with raised reticulate veins, minutely glandular-serrulate ; fertile aments very loose, leaves of the peduncle few and large. This is the prevailing northern form. “Vegeta. Leaves broadly lanceolate, 4 to 5 inches long, acute or acuminate, truncate or cordate at the base, coarsely and irregularly repand-toothed, paler beneath ; aments less spreading, not so leafy at base. : “TLanceolata. Leaves lanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long, $ to # inch wide ; aments more slender, otherwise as in f. typica. “ Alpestris. Low bush, 2 to 4 feet high ; leaves small, 1 to 2 inches long, lanceolate, pointed at both ends, rather coarsely and irregularly serrate, green both sides ; male ament slenderly cylin- drical, less silky. Eagle Lake, Mt. Lafayette, alt. 4,200 feet ; also on the coast of Labrador.” 64 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SALICACEA. Salix balsamifera is an inhabitant of cold wet bogs and is distributed from the coast of Labrador to northern Maine, northern New Hampshire and New York,' and to the valley of the Saskatchewan,’ northern Michigan,* and northern Minnesota. Salix balsamifera was first collected by Mr. Henry Little* in August, 1823, on the bank of the Ammonoosue River among the White Mountains of New Hampshire,’ and was first distinguished by Joseph Barratt.° In 1880 Salix balsamifera was introduced into the Arnold Arboretum, where it is perfectly hardy and one of the most beautiful of the shrubby Willows, particularly during the winter, when the bright scarlet buds make the shining branches conspicuous. 1 Salix balsamifera was collected on the shores of Lake Placid, New York, by Mr. J. G. Jack in August, 1894. 2 Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 445. 3 Farwell, Garden and Forest, vi. 149. 4 Henry Little (December 21, 1802-March 31, 1827) was the second child of Moses Little who was graduated from Harvard College in 1787, and studied medicine with Dr. Jonathan Swett of Newburyport. He married in 1799 Elizabeth, daughter of George Williams, a merchant of Salem, where he settled and became a prominent physician. He died in 1811 of pulmonary consumption, which proved fatal to his ten children. Henry Little was gradu- ated from the Harvard Medical School in 1825, and his interest in botany was no doubt due to an acquaintance with Dr. Jacob Bige- low, who was connected with the school. He died during a voyage undertaken for his health. (See The Descendants of George Little who came to Massachusetts in 1640, No. 355, 94, by George Thomas Little.) 5 Teste Bebb, Bot. Gazette, iv. 190. Mr. Little’s White Moun- tain specimens were found by Bebb in the herbarium of the Acad- emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 6 Joseph Barratt (January 7, 1797-June 25, 1882) was born in Little Hallam, Derbyshire, England, and from 1825 to 1829 was professor of botany, chemistry, and mineralogy in the military academy at Middletown, C tieut. He subsequently entered the Medical School of Yale College, from which he was gradu- ated in 1834, and finally settled in Middletown, where he practiced medicine for many years and where he died. He had previously been a pupil of Torrey in the study of botany, devoting himself particularly to the genus Salix. In 1834 Dr. Barratt read before the Lyceum of Natural History of New York a Monograph of the North American Willows, which he proposed to illustrate with a figure of each species. The expense of this work caused it to be abandoned. In 1840 he published in Middletown the Salices Ameri- cane ; North American Willows. In this paper twenty-nine species are arranged in eight sections. This arrangement, with Barratt’s sectional characters, was adopted by Hooker in his Flora Boreali- Americana. This appears to be the only important botanical work accomplished by Dr. Barratt, although he made and distributed a Later he de- voted attention to the geology of the region adjacent to Middletown and to the study of the languages of the American Indians. Barrattia, established on a Texas Composite now referred to Encelia, was dedicated to him by Asa Gray, who was his fellow- student under Torrey. large number of herbarium specimens of Willows. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puare DCCXXVIII. Satrx BALSAMIFERA. . A capsule, enlarged. NPT OPE A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size. A staminate flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch of the pistillate tree, natural size. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. A leafy branch, natural size. Tab. DOCXXVIII. Silva of North America. Lartaud sc. CE. Faxon del. SALIX BALSAMIFERA Barrage tne, I Le aneur, Paris. SALICACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 65 SALIX ALAXENSIS. Feltleaf Willow. LEAVES usually elliptical-lanceolate and acute, covered below with a thick coat of matted lustrous snow-white hairs. Salix Alaxensis, Coville, Proc. Washington Acad. Sct. ii. handl. xv. 119 (Bidr. Nordam. Pilarter); Proc. Am. 280 (1900) ; iii. 311, t. 34; Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. ii. Acad. iv. 59.— Rothrock, Smithsonian Rep. 1864, 454 164. — Eastwood, Bot. Gazette, xxxiii. 133. (Fl. Alaska). Salix speciosa, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Voy. Beechey, 130 Salix speciosa, 8 Alaxensis, Andersson, De Candolle (not Host) (1832).— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 145. — Prodr, xvi. pt. ii. 275 (1868). 3 Ledebour, 7. Ross. iii. 625. — Seemann, Bot. Voy. Her- Salix longistylis, Rydberg, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. ii. 163 ald, 40, t. 10.— Andersson, Ofvers, Vetensk. Akad. Fér- (1901). A tree, sometimes thirty feet in height, with a trunk from four to six inches in diameter, often shrubby and in the most exposed situations often not more than a foot or two high, with semiprostrate stems. The branchlets are stout, and when they first appear are coated with a thick covering of white matted hairs; this gradually disappears and in their second season they are usually glabrous, dark purple, lustrous, marked by large elevated pale scattered lenticels, and much roughened by the large U-shaped scars left by the fallen petioles. The leaves are revolute in the bud, elliptical-lanceolate to obovate, acute or occasionally rounded at the apex, and gradually narrowed below into the short thick petioles; when they unfold they are often glandular on the margins, coated above with thin pale deciduous tomentum, and covered below with a thick mass of snow-white lustrous matted hairs which remains on the mature leaves; they are firm in texture, entire and sometimes slightly revolute on the margins, often somewhat wrinkled by the reticulate veinlets, dull yellow-green on the upper surface, from two to four inches long and from an inch to an inch and a half wide, with low broad yellow midribs and many obscure primary veins. The stipules are linear-lanceolate to filiform, entire, from one half to three quarters of an inch in length, and usually persistent at least until midsummer. The flowers appear about the middle of June when the leaves are nearly half grown, and are produced on lateral branchlets whose leaves are well developed or often reduced to small hairy bracts; they are borne in stout erect pedunculate tomentose aments, those of the staminate plant varying from an inch to an inch and a half in length and being much shorter than those of the pistillate plant which at maturity are sometimes five inches long; their scales are oblong-ovate, rounded at the apex, dark- colored, and coated with long silvery white soft hairs. The stamens are two in number, with slender elongated filaments. The ovary is ovate, acuminate, very short-stalked, covered with soft pale hairs, and gradually narrowed into the elongated slender style, crowned by the two-lobed stigmas. The capsule is nearly sessile, ovate, acuminate, covered with close dense pale tomentum, and a quarter of an inch in length. Salia Alaxensis inhabits Alaska, where it is distributed along the coast from the northern part of the Alexander Archipelago to Cape Lisbourne, and in the interior to the valley of the Mackenzie River and to the shores of Coronation Gulf.2 It has not been found on the wind-swept Aleutian Islands, but as far north as the eastern end of Kotzebue Sound it is said to sometimes grow to the 1 The botanists of the Harriman Alaskan Expedition of 1899 covered with a growth of shrubs it had grown into a handsome found Salix Alazensis growing as an almost prostrate shrub on small tree. (See Coville, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci. ii. 281.) naked gravels at the Muir Glacier in Glacier Bay, while in the 2 See Richard Arctic Searching Exped. ii. 313. same region and only a few miles distant on older gravel deposits 66 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SALICACEA. height of twenty feet, while at Cape Lisbourne it is a shrub not more than two feet tall.’ It attains its largest size from the Shumagin Islands eastward ; and it is the only arborescent Willow in the coast region west and north of Kadiak Island.’ The wood of Salia Alaxensis has not been examined. It is often used as fuel by Indians and travelers on the headwaters of the Arctic rivers. Salix Alaxensis, which is one of the most beautiful and distinct of the American Willows, was discovered on the shores of Kotzebue Sound during the summer of 1827 by the naturalists who accompanied Captain F. W. Beechey in the British ship Blossom on his voyage of discovery. 1 See Seemann, Bot. Voy. Herald, 40. conditions it becomes truly arborescent inhabit. (See Coville, 2 Dr. Frederick V. Coville, one of the botanists who accom- Proc. Washington Acad. Sci. ii. 280.) Plate decxxix. is made from panied the Harriman Alaskan Expedition of 1899, obtained for the drawings of specimens collected by Dr. Coville and preserved in first time reliable i on the distribution of this Willow on the United States National Herbarium at Washington. the Alaskan coast, and established the fact that under favorable 8 Teste Coville, J. c. iii. 313. £, 4s EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prats DCCXXIX. Sarrx ALAXxEnsts. . A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size. . A staminate flower with its scale, enlarged. A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural size. . A pistillate flower with its scale, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A capsule, enlarged. . A capsule with open valves, enlarged. CNEARwWNHR . A leafy branch, natural size. Silva of North America. SALIX ALAXENSIS, Cov. lip. J Taneur, Paris. Tab. DOCXXIX, | SALICACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 67 SALIX AMPLIFOLIA. Willow. Leaves oval to broadly obovate, nearly glabrous at maturity, glaucous on the lower surface. Salix amplifolia, Coville, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci. ii. 282, t. 15 (1900) ; iii. 314, t. 35. A tree, occasionally twenty-five feet in height, with a trunk a foot in diameter, often much smaller and sometimes shrubby. The branchlets are stout, conspicuously roughened by the large elevated U-shaped scars of fallen leaves, and marked by occasional pale lenticels; when they first appear they are coated with thick villose pubescence which gradually disappears during their second and third seasons when the bark is of a dark dull red-purple color. The leaves are revolute in vernation, oval to broadly obovate, rounded or broadly acute at the apex, gradually or abruptly narrowed at the cuneate base, dentate-serrulate, particularly toward the base, or entire, densely villose above and below, with long matted white hairs, when they first appear, and at maturity glabrous or nearly glabrous, pale yellow-green on the upper surface, slightly glaucous on the lower surface, from two inches to two inches and a half in length and from an inch to an inch and a half in width, with short slender tomentose petioles, midribs broad and hoary toward the base of the leaf and thin and glabrous above The stipules have not been seen. The flowers, which appear with the leaves from the middle to the twentieth of June, are produced on lateral leafy branchlets ; they are borne in stout pedunculate tomentose aments, those of the staminate plant varying from an inch and a half to two inches in length, and shorter than those of the pistillate plant which at maturity are about three inches long; their scales are oblanceolate or lanceolate, dark brown or nearly black, and covered with long pale hairs. The stamens are two in number, with slender elongated glabrous filaments. The ovary is ovate-lanceolate, short-stalked, glabrous or slightly pubescent, and gradually narrowed into the elongated slender style crowned with a two-lobed slender stigma. The capsule is ovoid-lanceolate, glabrous, short-stalked, and about a quarter of an inch in length. Saha amphifola mhabits the sand dunes which for a few miles skirt the beach on the west side of Yakutat Bay, Alaska, at, the mouth of streams flowing from the glaciers of the St. Elias Mountain range, where it grows with Salix Alawensis, and where it was discovered by Dr. F. V. Coville* on June 22, 1899. It was also collected by Dr. Coville in Disenchantment Bay at Hubbard Glacier and on Haenke Island and Egg Island, and on the east shore at the head of Yakutat Bay. The wood of Salix amplifolia has not been examined. the middle, and numerous thin arcuate primary veins. 1 Frederick Vernon Coville (March 23, 1867) was born on a farm in the township of Preston, Chenango County, New York, of In 1869, his father having moved to Oxford, New York, the son was educated in the a family of English and Scotch descent. academy of that town until his entrance at Cornell University, from which he was graduated in 1887. In the summer of that year Coville joined the Geological Survey of Arkansas as a volun- teer assistant, devoting his time to the study of the flora of the central and northern parts of that state. He was then instructor in botany at Cornell for one year, and in July, 1888, was appointed assistant botanist in the United States Department of Agriculture. In 1893, on the death of Dr. George Vasey, he was placed in charge of the division of botany of that department. Mr. Coville was botanist of the United States Death Valley Expedition of 1891, and his important report, which greatly increased the know- ledge of the flora of southeastern California, forms the fourth vol- ume of the Contributions from the United States National Herbarium ; in 1899 he was one of the botanists who accompanied the Harriman Alaskan Expedition. biographical papers published in the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, in the Reports of the Department of Agri- culture, and in the Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sci- He is the author of several botanical and ence. In the last he has described in two papers the Willows of Alaska. ampon eH EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prats DCCXXX. Sar AMPLIFOLIA. . A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size. . A staminate flower with its scale, enlarged. A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural size. . A pistillate flower with its scale, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A capsule, enlarged. SALIX AMPLIFOLIA , Cov. imp. J. Lareur, Farts. LEAL LCi SALICACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 69 POPULUS ACUMINATA. Cottonwood. Leaves rhomboid-lanceolate, long-acuminate, green on both surfaces; petioles slender, nearly terete. Populus acuminata, Rydberg, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xx. 46, t. 149 (1893) ; Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iii. 523. — Sargent, Silva N. Am. ix. 172.— Britton & Brown, Il. Fi. i. 491, £. 1167. — Britton, Man. 309. A tree, sometimes fifty or sixty feet tall, with a trunk three feet in diameter, but usually not more than forty feet in height, with a trunk from twelve to eighteen inches in diameter,' and stout spreading and ascending branches which form a compact round-topped or pyramidal head. The bark of young stems and of the large branches is smooth and nearly white, and on old trunks it is pale gray-brown, about half an inch thick and deeply divided into broad flat ridges. The branchlets are slender, terete or slightly four-angled, pale yellow-brown, and roughened for two or three years by the elevated oval horizontal leaf-scars which contain three dark fibro-vascular bundle-scars. The winter-buds are resinous, acuminate, and about a third of an inch in length, with six or seven light chestnut-brown lustrous scales, the lateral buds being much flattened by pressure against the branch. The leaves, which are pendulous on slender nearly terete petioles from one to three inches in length, are rhomboid-lanceolate, abruptly acuminate, gradually or abruptly narrowed and cuneate or concave-cuneate or rarely full and rounded at the mostly entire base, coarsely crenulate-serrate except near the apex, thick and leathery at maturity, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, dull green on the lower surface, from two to four inches long and from three quarters of an inch to two inches wide, with slender yellow midribs, thin remote primary veins and obscure reticulate veinlets. The stipules are ovate, acute and apiculate or acuminate at the apex, about an eighth of an inch long, and caducous. The aments of flowers, which appear before the leaves, are slender, short-stalked, and from two to three inches in length, with scarious light brown glabrous scales dilated and irregularly divided at the apex into filiform lobes, and caducous. The numerous stamens, with short filaments and dark red anthers, are inserted on a wide oblique membra- naceous disk. The ovary is broadly ovate, gradually narrowed to the apex, which is crowned with large laciniately lobed nearly sessile stigmas and inclosed nearly to the middle in the deep cup-shaped disk which is persistent under the fruit. The fruiting aments are four or five inches long and the capsules are pedicellate, oblong-ovate, acute, thin-walled, slightly pitted, about a third of an inch long, and three or occasionally two-valved. The seeds are oblong-obovate, rounded at the apex, light brown, about one twelfth of an inch in length, and surrounded by long white hairs. Populus acuminata inhabits the banks of streams in the arid eastern foothill region of the Rocky Mountains and, although probably nowhere common, is distributed from Assiniboia’ to western Nebraska,’ eastern Wyoming,‘ and southern Colorado. Long confounded with Populus angustifolia, it was first distinguished by Mr. P. A. Rydberg,’ who found in 1891 a number of trees of this Cottonwood in Carter Cafion in Scott’s Bluff County, northwestern Nebraska. 1 The wood specimen cut in northwestern Nebraska for the Jesup Collection of North American Woods in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, is twelve and a half inches in diame- ter inside the bark and only twenty-eight years old. The sapwood is two and three eighths inches thick, with sixteen layers of annual growth. 2 Populus acuminata was collected by Mr. John Macoun at Leth- bridge, Assiniboia, June 5, 1894. 8 Bessey, Rep. Nebraska State Board Agric., 1894, 104 ; 1899, 85. 4 See Nelson, Bull. No. 40, Wyoming Exper. Stat. 92 (Trees of Wyoming). 5 Per Axel Rydberg (July 7, 1860) was born in Oth Parish, Westergoethland, Sweden, and was the son of a farmer. At the age of thirteen he was sent to the preparatory school of the Royal Gymnasium at Skara, and in 1881 was graduated from the Gymna- 70 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SALICACEZ. Populus acuminata is sometimes planted to shade the streets of Laramie, Denver, Colorado Springs, and other cities in the region which it inhabits.’ sium. He came to America in 1882, and from 1884 to 1890 and again from 1891 to 1893 was a teacher of natural sciences and mathematics at Luther Academy, Wahoo, Nebraska. The years 1890-91 and 1893-95 he spent at the University of Nebraska, re- ceiving from that institution the degrees of Bachelor of Science in 1891 and of Master of Arts in 1895. In 1895 Mr. Rydberg entered Columbia University and three years later obtained the degree of Doetor of Philosophy. From 1895 to 1896, while a student at Co- lumbia University, he performed the duties of Professor of Natural Sciences and Mathematics at the Upsala College in Brooklyn. During the summers of 1891, 1892, and 1893, he was a field agent of botany of the United States Department of Agriculture ; in 1895 and 1896 of the Division of Agrostology of that Department, and in 1897 of the New York Botanic Garden, collecting plants in Ne- EXPLANATION Puare DCCXXXI. . A fruit, enlarged. ONAnkrwne braska, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and Montana. Mr. Rydberg is the author of a number of botanical papers and re- ports, including a Flora of the Black Hills of South Dakota and of the Sand Hills of Central Nebraska, a paper on the Grasses and Forage Plants of the Rocky Mountain Region, with Mr. C. L. Shear, a Monograph of the North American Species of Physalis and Related Genera, a Monograph of the North American Potentille, and a Cata- logue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone National Park. 1 The oldest specimen of Populus acuminata which I have seen was collected by Dr. F. V. Hayden on Reynolds’s expedition to the headwaters of the Missouri and Yellowstone rivers in 1859-60, and is preserved in the Engelmann herbarium. In 1874 it was col- lected by Engelmann at Denver, Colorado, and in 1880 I found it in the streets of Colorado Springs. OF THE PLATE. Populus ACUMINATA. . A branch with staminate flowers, natural size. . A staminate flower, enlarged. . The bract of a staminate flower, enlarged. A branch with pistillate flowers, natural size. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. A leafy branch, natural size. Yab DOCKAXE. Silva of North Am erica. t) Oo G C Cw LLQUINE PC: -POPULUS ACUMINATA, Rydb. : Dip Plu Pee Bie Bae SALICACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 71 POPULUS WISLIZENTI. Cottonwood. PisTILLATE flowers long-pedicellate. Leaves deltoid, abruptly short-pointed, coarsely crenulate-serrate, their petioles laterally compressed. Populus Wislizeni. Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 175 (excl. Populus monilifera, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 204 syn.). — Wesmael, Bull. Bot. Soc. Belg. xxvi. 377 (Rev. (not Aiton) (1859). Gen. Populus) (in part). — Coulter, U. 8S. Nat. Herb. ii. Populus Fremontii, var. (?) Wislizeni, Watson, Am. Jour. 420 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). Sci. ser. 3, xv. 136 (1878) ; Proc. Am. Acad. xviii.157.— Populus Fremontii, Sargent, Silua N. Am. ix. 183 (in Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. ii. 92 (in part). — Sargent, part) (1896). A large tree, with wide-spreading branches and pale gray-brown bark deeply divided into broad flat ridges, stout light orange-colored glabrous branchlets, and acute lustrous buds. The leaves are broadly deltoid, abruptly short-pointed, truncate or sometimes cordate at the broad entire base, coarsely and irregularly crenulate-serrate except toward the entire apex, coriaceous, glabrous, yellow-green and lustrous on both surfaces, from two inches to two inches and a half long and usually about three inches wide, with slender yellow midribs, thin remote primary veins, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets ; they are borne on slender glabrous petioles compressed laterally, from an inch and a half to two inches long, and bright yellow in the autumn before falling. The stipules are broadly ovate, acute and apiculate or acuminate at the apex, scarious, and caducous. The aments appear before the leaves and vary from two to four inches in length, with caducous bracts which are scarious, light red, and divided at the apex into elongated filiform lobes. The numerous stamens with large oblong anthers and short filaments are inserted on a broad oblique disk. The ovary is long-pedicellate, ovate, full and rounded at the apex, crowned by three broad crenulate-lobed stigmas raised on the short branches of the style, and inclosed nearly to the middle in the cup-shaped disk which is irregularly toothed on the margins and persistent under the fruit. The aments of fruit are four or five inches long, with oblong-ovate thick-walled acute three or four-valved slightly ridged buff-colored capsules which are about a quarter of an inch long, and are borne on slender pedicels from one half to three quarters of an inch in length, and placed rather remotely from each other on the slender glabrous rachis. Populus Wislizeni is the common Cottonwood of the Rio Grande valley in New Mexico and western Texas, and in the adjacent parts of Mexico.1 From the other Cottonwoods it can be easily distinguished by the elongated slender pedicels of the pistillate aments which are peculiar to this tree and, showing no tendency to become abbreviated, make it desirable to treat it as a species. Populus Wislizent was discovered on the upper Rio Grande in July, 1846, by Dr. F. A. Wis- lizenus.” 1 Speci of a Cott d collected by Miss Alice Eastwood Utah, although beyond its usual range, appear to belong to this in July, 1895, on Recapture Creek, San Juan County, soutk species (Eastwood, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, vi. 325). 2 See vi. 94. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prare DCCXXXII. Porvunus WIsLIzENt. 1. A branch with staminate flowers, natural size. 2. A staminate flower, enlarged. 3. A branch with pistillate flowers, natural size. 4. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 5. A fruiting branch, natural size. Tab. DCCXXXIL CLE Fawon det. Raping 30, POPULUS WISLIZENI. Sarg. A Tvocreuc direw ! Lip, J. Laneur Parip. SALICACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 73 POPULUS MEXICANA. Cottonwood. PIsTILLATE flowers short-pedicellate, their disk large and cup-shaped. Leaves rhombic to broadly deltoid, elongated, acute or acuminate, green on both surfaces. Populus Mexicana, Wesmael, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. ii. 92 (in part). — Rusby, ii, 328 (1868) ; Mém. Soc. Sci. Hainaut, sév. 3, iii. 240, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix. 79.— Sargent, Forest Trees t. 15 (Monogr. Populus). — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. NV. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 175 (in part); Silva N. Cent. iii. 181. Am. ix. 183 (in part). — Wesmael, Bull. Bot. Soc. Belg, Populus Fremontii, Watson, Proc. 4m. Acad. x. 350 (in xxvi. 376 (in part) (Rev. Gen. Populus). part) (1875); Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 3, xv. 186 (in part). — A tree, sometimes eighty feet in height, with a trunk three or four feet in diameter covered with pale gray or nearly white bark deeply divided into broad flat ridges and heavy gracefully spreading and ascending branches which form a broad open head. The branchlets are slender, and when they first appear they are pale green and more or less pubescent or villose, with long matted hairs, but soon become glabrous and are light yellow-brown during their first season. The terminal winter-buds are narrow, acute, light orange-brown, puberulous toward the base of the outer scales, about one quarter of an inch long, and two or three times as large as the much compressed oblong lateral buds. The leaves are thombic and long-pointed, especially when the tree is young, or broadly deltoid and acute or acuminate particularly on vigorous shoots, broadly or acutely cuneate or truncate or slightly cordate at the base, or often rounded at the apex and much broader than long, usually coarsely and irregularly crenulate-serrate except at the base and towards the apex, and finely crenulate-serrate above the middle when the leaves are broad and rounded; when they first unfold the leaves are dark red covered on the lower surface with pale pubescence, puberulous on the upper surface, ciliate on the margins, with short white crowded hairs, and glandular on the tips of the teeth, with bright red caducous glands; soon becoming glabrous, at maturity they are subcoriaceous, bright yellow-green, very lustrous, two or three inches long and somewhat narrower or much broader than long, with slender yellow midribs, obscure primary veins, coarse reticulate veinlets, and slender nearly terete petioles grooved on the upper side near the base, at first puberulous, soon glabrous, and from an inch and a half to nearly two inches in length. The stipules are ovate, acute or acuminate, scarious, villose, from one sixteenth to one eighth of an inch long, and caducous. The flowers appear before the leaves late in February or early in March, the staminate in dense cylindrical aments usually from an inch to an inch and a half in length, the pistillate in slender many-flowered aments from an inch and a half to two inches long. The ovary is ovate, rounded at the apex, slightly three or four-angled, short-pedicellate, and nearly inclosed in the cup-shaped membranaceous disk. The fruiting aments are three or four inches long, and the capsules are borne on short stout pedicels thickly placed on the rachis, and are round-ovoid, buff color, slightly three or four-lobed, deeply pitted, thin-walled, about one third of an inch long, and surrounded at the base by the much enlarged disk.’ 1 Populus Mexicana is very closely related to the California may be found desirable to treat this north Mexican tree as a variety Populus Fremontii, differing chiefly from that species in the larger _ of the California species. : disk of the pistillate flowers, in the rhombic leaves which are com- Populus Mexicana is the common Cottonwood of northern Mex- mon on young plants, and appear frequently on the same branch ico, and it is this tree which is planted in the streets of Mexican with broad deltoid leaves, and in its distribution; and when the cities. (See Pringle, Garden and Forest, i.105 f.) It is also the Poplars of the southwest are better known than they are now it common Cottonwood of the valleys of southern Arizona and south- 74 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SALICACEA, Populus Mexicana inhabits the banks of mountain streams in southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico, and is widely distributed through northern Mexico. Populus Mexicana appears to have been first collected by Berlandier in northern Mexico. western New Mexico. In eastern New Mexico it appears to be eastern New Mexico, and western Texas, and which Professor Tre- replaced by Populus Wislizeni and by the Rocky Mountain form of lease has called var. intermedia in his unpublished notes on the Populus deltoidea, which in the ninth volume of this work was genus Populus. confounded with Populus Fremontii so far as relates to Colorado, EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puare DCCXXXIII. Porvnus Mexicana. A flowering branch of a staminate tree, natural size. A staminate flower, enlarged. A flowering branch of a pistillate tree, natural size. A pistillate flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. A fruit, enlarged. Se ee Leaf of a shoot, natural size. Tab. DOU AAR IG Silva of North America. CLE. Fascory det, Lartaud ste, POPULUS MEXICANA, Wesm. A Riocreus: direse © imp. J. Taneur, Faris. PALM. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 75 SERENOA. Fiowers perfect; calyx cupular, unequally 3-lobed ; corolla 3-parted, the lobes valvate in wxstivation; stamens 6, their filaments triangular, joined at the base; car- pels 3, united above into an elongated style; ovule basilar, erect. Fruit drupaceous, l-seeded. Spadix interfoliar, elongated. Leaves alternate, orbicular or truncate, petiolate, their petioles dentate. Serenoa, Hooker f. Bentham & Hooker, Gen. iii. 926, 1228 (1883). — Drude, Engler & Prantl Pflanzenfam. ii. pt. iii. 37. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. xiii. 314. Unarmed trees or shrubs, with tall arborescent and often clustered or short or elongated subter- ranean endogenous stems clothed above for many years with the sheathing bases of the petioles of the fallen leaves, and stout tough deep -descending roots. Leaves terminal, induplicate in vernation, semiorbicular, truncate at the base, coriaceous, green, or pale and glaucous on the lower surface, divided from the apex to below the middle into numerous two-parted segments plicately folded at the base ; rachis short, acute ; ligule thin, concave, obtusely short-pointed, furnished with a broad membranaceous dark red-brown deciduous border ; petioles slender, flat above, rounded and ribbed on the lower surface, dentate on the margins; vaginas thin and firm, bright mahogany red, lustrous, closely infolding the stem, their fibres thin and brittle. Spadix paniculate, interfoliar, elongated, its rachis slender, com- pressed ; branches numerous, slender, elongated, gracefully drooping, coated with hoary tomentum, the primary panicled at the base and simple toward the apex of the spadix, flattened, the secondary terete from the axils of ovate acute chestnut brown bracts; spathes flattened, thick and firm, deeply two-cleft and furnished at the apex with a broad or narrow red-brown membranaceous border, inclosing the rachis of the panicle, each primary branch with its spathe and the node of the rachis below it inclosed in a separate spathe, the whole surrounded by the larger spathe of the node next below. Flowers perfect, small or minute, sessile on the ultimate branches of the spadix in the axils of ovate acute chestnut-brown bracts, solitary toward the ends of the branchlets, and in two or three-flowered clusters toward their base, bibracteolate, the bractlets minute, caducous. Calyx truncate at the base, unequally three-lobed, the lobes valvate in estivation, thickened and persistent under the fruit. Corolla three- parted nearly to the base, its divisions valvate in sestivation, oblong-ovate, thick, concave, acute and thickened at the apex, grooved on the inner surface with two or three deep depressions, deciduous. Stamens six, included; filaments nearly triangular, united below into a cup adnate to the short tube of the corolla; anthers short-oblong, attached on the back below the middle, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally ; ovary oblong-obovate, of three carpels free below, united above into a slender elongated style; stigma minute, terminal on the fruit; ovule solitary, erect from the bottom of the cell, anatropous. Fruit drupaceous, oblong-ovoid or globose, one-seeded, black, and lustrous, usually bearing at the base the two minute abortive carpels; exocarp thin and fleshy ; mesocarp thin and fibrous, orange-brown, resinous and strong - smelling, closely investing the pale brown crustaceous putamen. Seed erect, free, oblong, or subglobose ; testa hard, chestnut-brown, and Iustrous, lighter colored on the ventral side with a conspicuous oblong or circular mark; hilum small, subbasilar ; raphe ventral, elongated, undivided ; albumen homogeneous. Embryo lateral. Serenoa with two species is confined to the coast region of the south Atlantic and Gulf region of 76 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. PALM. North America. One species! is a slender tree found only in the swamps and low hummocks adjacent to the Chockoliskee River in southwestern Florida, and the other, which is the type of the genus, is a low plant generally scattered over sandy barrens from South Carolina to Louisiana, often covering great areas almost to the exclusion of other plants. Serenoa is not known to suffer from the attacks of insects or serious fungal diseases.’ The generic name commemorates the distinguished botanical services of Sereno Watson.’ 1 Serenoa serrulata, Hooker f£. Bentham § Hooker Gen. iii. 926 (1888). — Langlois, Cat. Pl. Basse-Louisiane, 17.— Chapman, Fl. ed. 3, 462. — Mohr, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. vi. 424 (Plant Life of Alabama). Chamerops serrulata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 206 (1803). — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. ii. 1155.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 489. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 239. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 231.— Elliott, Sk. i. 481. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 137. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2532. Sabal serrulata, Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vii. pt. ii. 1486 (1830). — Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1201. — Kunth, Enum. iii. 246. — Chapman, Fi. 438. Brahea serrulata, H. Wendland, Kerchove Les Palmiers, 235 (1878). Serenoa serrulata, the Saw-Palmetto, produces a horizontal stem which is sometimes six or eight inches in diameter, and frequently extends for ten or twelve feet at a distance of from two to four feet below the surface of the ground. From this stem, which under spe- cially f bl diti feet above the ground, numerous stout roots penetrate deep into lly rises to the height of a few the soil, and short secondary stems rise to the surface and bear heads of numerous leaves which are supported on slender rigid petioles, and are thick and firm, about a foot in diameter, and pale on the lower surface, especially while young. From April to June it produces irregularly its flowers in ample panicles, remarkable for the long thin membranaceous red-brown boat-shaped tips of the spathes; and in the autumn the oblong-ovoid fruit, which is often an inch in length, covers the now drooping panicles, and affords abundant food for birds and many animals. The fruit of Serenoa serrulata possesses remarkable fattening pro- perties, and the domestic animals which feed on it soon become sleek and fat. In medicine it has been found sedative, nutrient, and diuretic, and about two hundred and fifty tons of Saw-Palmetto ber- ries are now consumed in the United States in the manufacture of fluid extracts used to improve digestion, increase weight and strength, to induce sleep, to relieve irritation of the mucous mem- brane of the throat, nose, and larynx, and to strengthen enfeebled sexual organs, and in the treatment of the enlarged prostate gland. (See Dupore, Medical Brief, 1877, 123. — Goss, Therapeutic Gazette, n. ser. i. 243. — Parke, Davis & Co., Organic Mat. Med. ed. 2, 159 ; Pharmacology of the Newer Mat. Med. No. 52, 1141 [Therapeutic Properties of Saw Palmetto]. — Rusby, Bastedo & Coblentz, Alumni Jour. N. Y. College of Pharmacy, ii. 169 [The Pharmacology of Saw Palmetto].) The stem of Serenoa serrulata contains tannin in considerable quantities, and excellent leather has been prepared from it, al- though the large amount of red coloring matter associated with the tannin has a tendency to make a dark leather, and the manu- facture of “syrup of tannin,” an extract made from Serenoa serru- lata and sold a few years ago in northern markets, has been aban- doned. (See Trimble, Garden and Forest, ix. 182 [The Tannins of the Palmettos] ; Am. Jour. Pharm. |xviii. 397.) The flowers pro- duce a large amount of nectar, which is an important bee-food, and the superior honey made from them is sold as Palmetto honey. (See Rusby, Bastedo & Coblentz, J. c.171.) The collection and shipment to the northern states of the crowns of fresh leaves of the Saw-Palmetto for the decoration of churches and dwelling-houses has recently become a Florida industry of some importance. 2 Most of the fungi which have been recorded as occurring on Of the seventeen They Meliola palmicola, Winter, Serenoa are found on the petioles of the leaves. species recorded some are found also on Sabal Palmetto. are all small, and do not cause disease. infests the leaves, covering them with a sooty black web. 3 See vii. 108. : PALMA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 17 SERENOA ARBORESCENS. Fruit globose. Leaves green on both surfaces. Serenoa arborescens, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxvii. 90 (1899). A tree, from thirty to forty feet in height, with one or several clustered erect inclining or occasionally semiprostrate stems three or four inches in diameter, and covered almost to the ground with the closely clasping bases of -the leaf-stalks and below with a thick pale gray rind. The leaves are thin and firm, bright yellow-green on the upper surface, blue-green on the lower surface, about two feet in diameter, and divided nearly to the base into numerous lobes which are half an inch wide near the middle of the leaf and are only slightly thickened at the pale yellow midribs and margins; their petioles, at first erect, soon become spreading and are from eighteen inches to two feet in length, one third of an inch wide at the apex and an inch wide at the base, and are armed with stout flattened curved orange-colored teeth. The spadix is from three to four feet long, with a slender much flattened stalk, panicled lower branches eighteen or twenty inches in length, and six or eight thick firm pale green conspicuously ribbed spathes deeply divided at the apex, which terminates in a narrow membrana- ceous border.. The flowers, which are about one twentieth of an inch long, are solitary toward the ends of the branches and in two or three-flowered clusters at their base; their calyx is light chestnut-brown The fruit is globose and a third of an inch in diameter, with thin dry flesh covering the dark orange-colored fibrous strong-smelling resinous inner coat which closely invests the pale brown crustaceous nut. The seed is subglobose, somewhat flattened below, with a pale vertical mark on the lower side, a minute hilum joined to the micropyle by a pale band, and an obscure oblong acute raphe. and the corolla is pale yellow-green. Serenoa arborescens inhabits the great Cypress swamps and low hummocks adjacent to the Chockoliskee River and its tributaries in southwestern Florida which, south of Cape Romano, extend from the neighborhood of the coast to the borders of the Everglades. undrained soil, it stands for many months of every year in water from one to eighteen inches deep. Growing always in low Occasionally occupying almost exclusively areas several acres in extent, it is more often scattered among Cypress-trees or southward among Royal Palms. Serenoa arborescens was discovered’ in the spring of 1887 in the Royal Palm Hummock near the town of Everglade on the Chockoliskee River by Mr. Pliny W. Reasoner.’ 1 At the time of its discovery neither flowers nor fruit were col- lected, but in October, 1888, Mr. E. N. Reasoner visited the Chockoliskee River and obtained a few seeds, a stem for the Jesup Collection of North American Woods in the American Mu- One of these has been grown in my garden in Brookline, Massachu- setts, and is now about eight feet high. In the spring of 1898 Dr. Robert Ridgway, the distinguished ornithologist, informed me that his guide on a recent journey which he had made to the southeast of Fort Myers on the Caloosahatchee River, Mr. R. G. Corbett of Immockalee, had told him of a tall slender Palm in the Cypress swamps thirty or forty miles to the southeast of Lake Trafford and. near the head of the Chockoliskee ; and through Mr. Corbett I obtained in 1898 leaves, flowers, and ripe fruits of this interesting Palm, which proved identical with the one discovered by Mr. Rea- seum of Natural History, New York, and a few small plants. soner, and a second species of Serenoa. 2 Pliny Ward Reasoner (May 6, 1863-September 17, 1888) was born in Princeton, Illinois, and was the son of Henry C. Reasoner, who moved in 1848 from South Egremont, Massachusetts, to Illi- nois, where he married and engaged in farming. Young Reasoner was educated in the high school at Princeton, and in 1881 went to Florida, where he established at Oneco near the Manitee River a commercial nursery in which he gathered together a large collec- tion of tropical and subtropical plants and where he died of yellow fever just when his intelligence, industry, and energy had made him widely and favorably known and the usefulness and success of his career seemed assured. it to the horticultural journals of the country, writing principally on exotic plants suit- Mr. Reasoner was a constant able for cultivation in southern Florida, and he was the author of a report on Tropical and Semitropical Fruits in Florida and the Gulf States, published in 1887 by the Department of Agriculture of the United States in Bulletin No. 1, Division of Pomology. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pratt DCCXXXIV. SzRENOA ARBORESCENS. Portion of a flowering spadix, natural size. A cluster of flowers, enlarged. A flower, enlarged. A flower laid open, showing petals and stamens, enlarged. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. An anther, rear and front views, enlarged. A pistil, enlarged. Vertical section of a carpel, enlarged. Portion of a fruiting spadix, natural size. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. . A fruit, the pericarp removed, showing the fibrous mesocarp, enlarged. . A seed, enlarged. . A seed, showing the hilum, enlarged. . A leaf, much reduced. A ligule with its membranaceous border, enlarged. Tab. DCCKXXIV Silva of North America. Lim.Llimety SC, CLE. Facwon det. w) i ENOA ARBORESCENS, Saré. SER pes Lip. S Taneur, Paris. A. Biocreuce cirete © PALME. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 79 THRINAX. FLowers perfect ; calyx and corolla confluent into a short cup, 6-lobed on the margin; stamens usually 6; ovary 1-celled; ovule basalar, erect. Fruit drupaceous, globose, ivory-white; exocarp fleshy; putamen crustaceous. Spadix interfoliar, elon- gated, paniculate. Leaves orbicular, or truncate at the base, petiolate, their petioles unarmed. Thrinax, Swartz, Prodr.57 (1788). —Schreber, Gen. 772. — fam. ii. pt. iti. 34 (sect. Porothrinax). — Sargent, Silva Martius, Palm. Fam. Gen. 8.— Endlicher, Gen. 253. — NV. Am. x. 49 (sect. Porothrinax) ; Bot. Gazette, xxvii. Meisner, Gen. 357. — Drude, Engler & Prantl Pflanzen- 83. Small unarmed trees, with simple endogenous stems marked below with the ring-like scars of fallen leaves and clothed above with the long-persistent sheaths of the leaf-stalks, and long tough wiry roots covered with thick orange-brown loosely attached rind. Leaves terminal, induplicate in vernation, alternate, orbicular, or truncate at the base, thick and firm, usually silvery white on the lower surface, more or less deeply divided into narrow acute two-parted obliquely folded lobes, with thickened margins and midribs; rachis reduced to a narrow border, with a thin usually undulate reflexed margin ; ligule thick, concave, pointed, often lined while young with hoary tomentum; petioles stout, elongated, flat- tened, rounded above and below, their margins thin and smooth, concave toward the base, and gradually enlarged into vaginas composed of coarse netted fibres covered with thick hoary tomentum. Spadix paniculate, interfoliar, pedunculate, elongated, its primary branches short, alternate, flattened, incurved, furnished with numerous slender terete alternate pendant secondary flower-bearing branchlets produced in the axils of ovate acute scarious deciduous bracts; spathes numerous, tubular, coriaceous, two-cleft, and more or less tomentose toward the apex, each primary branch of the panicle with its spathe and the node of the rachis below it included in a separate spathe, the whole surrounded by the larger spathe of the node next below. Flowers solitary, minute, articulate on elongated, or short thick disk-like pedicels in the axils of ovate acute deciduous bracts. Perianth truncate at the base, six-lobed, the lobes obscure or broadly ovate and acute, persistent under the fruit. Stamens six or nine,' inserted on the base of the perianth ; filaments subulate, thickened and scarcely united at the base, or nearly triangular and united below into a cup adnate to the perianth; anthers oblong, two-celled, opening longitudinally, inserted on the back below the middle, introrse, becoming reflexed and extrorse at maturity. Ovary superior, ovoid, one-celled, gradually narrowed into a stout columnar style crowned by a broad funnel- formed flat or oblique stigma; ovule solitary, basalar, erect, semianatropous; micropyle lateral. Fruit drupaceous, globose, marked at the apex by the remnants of the style and bearing at the base the slightly thickened perianth of the flower ; sarcocarp thin, green, crustaceous, ultimately becoming thick- ened, ivory-white, juicy, bitter, easily separable from the thin putamen of two closely adherent coats, the outer crustaceous, pale tawny brown and slightly tuberculate, the inner membranaceous, silvery white, and lustrous. Seed free, erect, nearly globose, slightly flattened at the two ends, depressed at the base; hilum subbasilar, oblong, pale, conspicuous; raphe short, unbranched, inconspicuous; testa thin, pale or dark chestnut-brown, and lustrous; albumen uniform, more or less deeply penetrated by a broad basal cavity. Embryo lateral. 1 In all the Florida species of Thrinax and in Thrinaz parviflora, Brit. W. Ind. 515 [1864].— Hooker f. Bot. Mag. exv. t. 7088) of Swartz (FV. Ind. Occ. i, 614, t. 13 [1797]), the type of the genus,the Jamaica the number is said to be nine. number of stamens is six, but in Thrinax excelsa, Grisebach (Fl. 80 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. PALMA, Thrinax is confined to the New World. Three species inhabit southern Florida ;* and five or six species, still imperfectly known, are scattered through the Antilles and on the shores of Central America.” The wood of the Florida species of Thrinax is light and soft, and contains numerous small fibro- vascular bundles, the exterior of the stem being much harder than the spongy interior. The stems are used for the piles of small wharves and for turtle crawls, and the leaves are employed as thatch and are manufactured into hats and baskets, and coarse ropes. The generic name from Opiva€ is in allusion to the form of the leaves. 1 For the third Florida species, Thrinax microcarpa, see x. 58, t. 2 See Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vii. pt. ii. 1300. — Martius, Nat. 511, where the fruit is described as orange-brown in color with a Hist. Palm. iii. 254.— Grisebach, Fl. W. Ind. 515 ; Cat. Pl. Cub. erustaceous pericarp, the true characters of the fully ripe fruit 221. being then unknown to me (see Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxvii. 87). SYNOPSIS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. Flowers long-pedicellate; perianth obscurely lobed or nearly truncate; filaments subulate, hardly united atgtbesbasc-sstioma Obiiqueljes: sss) irre a ge es eee er a ee eer eee ee ee LOR ED ANTS Flowers short-pedicellate; perianth lobes broadly ovate, acute; filaments nearly triangular, united below into a cup adnate to the perianth; stigma flat. Seeds three sixteenths of an inch in diameter, pale chestnut-brown; leaves from three to four feet in diameter . Ma Se Se a eer ge Ug Pa yey ON aes ae ee cea Ee ne 2. T. Keyvensts. Seeds from one sixteenth to one eighth of an inch in di ter, dark chestnut-brown; leaves two feet TH CIBC er Ob Weds ee ee ee a eee ee bw ene ae a eo MOC ee PALM. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 81 THRINAX FLORIDANA. Thatch. Fiowers long-pedicellate ; perianth obscurely lobed or nearly truncate; filaments subulate, hardly united at the base; stigma oblique. Thrinax Floridana, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxvii. 84 Chapman, Bot. Gazette, iii. 12; FT. ed. 2, Suppl. 651; ed. (1899). 3, 462. — Sargent, Silva N. Am. x. 51 (in part), t. 510 as Thrinax parviflora, Vasey, Rep. U. S. Dept. Agric. 187. 5, to the leaf. 186 (Cat. Forest Trees U. 8.) (not Swartz) (1876). — A tree, with a slightly tapering stem, from twenty to thirty feet in height and from four to six inches in diameter, covered with a smooth pale blue-gray rind and generally clothed to the middle and occasionally almost to the ground with the long-persistent clasping bases of the leaf-stalks. The leaves are thick and firm, nearly orbicular, or truncate at the base, from two and a half to three feet in diameter, rather longer than they are broad, yellow-green and lustrous on the upper surface, silvery white on the lower surface, and divided to below the middle into numerous lobes which vary from an inch to an inch and a half in width near the middle of the leaf; the rachis of the leaf is a narrow reflexed undulate orange-colored border and the ligule is long-pointed, bright orange-colored, and three quarters of an inch long and broad; the petioles vary from four feet to four feet and a half in length and are pale yellow-green or orange-colored toward the apex, which is three quarters of an inch wide and coated at first with hoary deciduous tomentum, and much thickened and tomentose and from two inches to two inches and a half wide at the base. The flower-panicles, which in all the Florida species of Thrinax appear two or three months before the flowers open and lengthen very slowly, are when fully grown from three feet to three feet and a half in length, with primary branches from six to eight inches long and secondary branches from an inch and a half to two inches in length ; these are ivory-white at the time the flowers open, turning light yellow-green before the fruit ripens, and orange-brown in drying. The flowers are raised on slender pedicels nearly an eighth of an inch long and are ivory-white and very fragrant, with a pungent aromatic odor; their perianth is almost truncate or obscurely six-lobed ; the filaments of the six much exserted stamens are subulate and barely united at the base, and the stigma is very oblique; they open in June and sometimes also irregularly in October and November, and the fruit ripens six months later. The fruit is from one quarter to three eighths of an inch in diam- eter, somewhat depressed above and below, with ivory-white and lustrous juicy bitter flesh, and the seed, which varies from one eighth to nearly one quarter of an inch in diameter, is dark chestnut-brown and penetrated almost to the apex by the broad basal cavity? In Florida Thrinax Floridana inhabits dry coral ridges and sandy shores, and is distributed from Long Key to Torch Key and the islands in its neighborhood, and on the mainland ranges from Cape Romano to Cape Sable. Thrinax Floridana was discovered by Dr. A. W. Chapman,? who found it near Cape Romano in the autumn of 1875, and in October, 1879, it was found by Dr. A. P. Garber® on Cape Sable. It is now cultivated in gardens at Miami, Florida.* > It is the leaf of this species which was figured on the plate of now established in the garden of the hotel at Miami; and from Thrinax parviflora in the tenth volume of this work (t. 510). flowers and fruits gathered from them Mr. Faxon has made the 2 See vii. 110. : plate of this species. It is the Thrinax excelsa of some Florida 5 See i. 65. nurserymen, but not of Grisebach. 4 A number of trees of this Palm brought from Long Key are WMA A To Po bh par > EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puare DCCXXXYV. Turinax Fiorimana. Portion of a flowering spadix, natural size. A flower, enlarged. Perianth of a flower with its stamens, laid open, enlarged. A stamen, enlarged. A pistil, enlarged. Portion of a fruiting spadix, natural size. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. A seed, enlarged. . A leaf, much reduced. A ligule, natural size. Silva of North America. Th DCC ao CLE. Fanon det. LADEN! SO. THRINAX FEORIDANS. Sarg A. Riocreus dipea! tip. J Taner £ aris. PALMA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 83 THRINAX KEYENSIS. FLowers short-pedicellate ; perianth-lobes broadly ovate, acute; filaments nearly triangular, united below; stigma flat. Seeds pale chestnut-brown. Thrinax Keyensis, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxvii. 86 (1899). A tree, with an ashy gray stem, often twenty-five feet in height and from ten to fourteen inches in diameter, raised on a base of thick matted roots from two to three feet high and eighteen or twenty inches wide, and surmounted by a broad head of leaves, the upper erect, the lower, both living and dead, pendulous and closely pressed against the stem. The leaves are nearly orbicular, or truncate at the base, but rather longer than they are broad, from three to four feet long, and divided for two thirds of their length into lobes which are often two and a half inches wide near the middle of the leaf, the lowest lobes being parallel with the petiole or spreading from it nearly at right angles; they are thick and firm, light yellow-green and very lustrous on the upper surface, with bright orange-colored midribs and much thickened orange-colored margins to the lobes, and on the lower surface they are coated when they unfold with hoary deciduous tomentum and at maturity are pale blue-green and more or less covered with loosely attached silvery white pubescence; the rachis of the leaf is a thin undulate border and the ligule is thick, pointed, an inch in length and in width, and lined at first with hoary tomentum ; the leaves are borne on stout petioles flattened above, obscurely ridged on the lower surface, tomentose while young, pale blue-green, from three to four feet long, an inch wide at the apex and from three to four inches wide at the much thickened concave base, which is coated with a thick silvery white felt-like tomentum which also covers the broad vaginas composed of thick loosely woven coarse tough fibres. The flower-panicles are usually about six feet in length and are stout, spreading, and gracefully incurved, with firm thick spathes more or less coated with hoary tomentum ; their primary branches are much compressed and vary in length from three or four inches at the base of the panicle to an inch and a half at its apex and, like the short secondary branches, are bright orange color. The flowers, which open in June and occasionally also irregularly in November and are white and slightly fragrant, are raised on short thick disk-like pedicels and are about an eighth of an inch long; they consist of a cupular six-lobed perianth with broadly ovate acute lobes, six stamens with nearly triangular filaments united at the base, and oblong versatile anthers, and an ovate ovary gradually narrowed into a stout thick style dilated into a broad funnel-shaped flat stigma. The fruit, which ripens in October and also irregularly late in the spring or in early summer, is lustrous, ivory-white, and from one sixteenth to nearly one quarter of an inch in diameter, with thin flesh and a pale chestnut-brown seed three sixteenths of an inch in diameter, penetrated only to the middle by the basal cavity. Thrinax Keyensis, which is the largest and handsomest of the fan-leaved Palms of tropical Florida, grows in dry sandy soil close to the beach on the north side of the largest of the Marquesas keys, where, mingled with Coccothrinax jucunda, it lifts its broad and stately head of massive foliage above the low shrubby undergrowth of Rhus Metopium, Conocarpus erecta, Jacquinia armillaris, and Hugenia buai- folia. It grows also on Crab Key, a small island to the westward of Torch Key, one of the Bahia Honda group.’ 1 This Palm was first seen by me on the Marquesas keys in 50) in the belief that the thick fleshy black fruit of Coccothrinax November, 1886, without flowers or fruit and was incorrectly re- _jucunda belonged to it. ferred to Euthrinax (Garden and Forest, ix. 162 ; Silua N. Am. x. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pruare DCCXXXVI. Turinax Kevensis. A portion of a flowering spadix, natural size. A flower, enlarged. Perianth of a flower laid open, with its stamens, enlarged. A pistil, enlarged. A portion of a fruiting spadix, natural size. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. A seed, enlarged. . A seed, enlarged. . A leaf, much reduced. © ON ote oo br i i= . A ligule, natural size. ssh Silva of North America. Tab DCCAXAVI: CE, Faxor del. § THRINAX KEYENSIS. Sarg. oe : A, PRiocreux aires! limp. J. Taneur, Paris. PALMA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 85 COCCOTHRINAX. Fiowers perfect ; calyx and corolla confluent into a six-toothed perianth ; stamens 9; ovary 1-celled; ovule basilar, erect. Fruit baceate, globose, black, and lustrous. Spadix interfoliar, paniculate. Leaves orbicular, or truncate at the base, petiolate, their petioles unarmed. Coccothrinax, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxvii. 87 (1899). 34 (sect. Huthrinax).— Baillon, Hist. Pl. xiii. 817 (excel. Thrinax, Endlicher, Gen. 253 (in part) (1836). — Meissner, sect. Hemithrinax). — Sargent, Silva N. Am. x. 49 (sect. Gen. 357 (in part).— Bentham & Hooker, Gen. iii. Euthrinaz). 930. — Drude, Engler & Prantl Pflanzenfum. ii. pt. iii. Small unarmed trees, with simple or clustered endogenous stems marked below by the ring-like sears of fallen leaves and clothed above with the long persistent petiole-sheaths, or rarely stemless. Leaves terminal, induplicate in vernation, alternate, orbicular, or truncate at the base, pale or silvery white on the lower surface, more or less deeply divided into narrow acute two-parted plicately folded lobes; rachis short; ligule thin, free, erect, concave, rounded or long-pointed at the apex; petioles compressed, slightly rounded and ridged on both sides, their margins thin and smooth, gradually enlarged below into elongated vaginas of coarse fibres, often forming an open conspicuous network, generally clothed while young with thick hoary tomentum. Spadix interfoliar, paniculate, shorter than the petioles, its primary branches furnished with numerous short slender pendulous flower-bearing secondary branchlets from the axils of scarious acute bracts; spathes numerous, tubular, papyraceous, two-cleft at the apex, inserted on the rachis of the panicle, each primary branch with its spathe and the node of the rachis below it inclosed in a separate spathe, the whole surrounded by the larger spathe of the node next below. Flowers perfect, solitary, minute, articulate on slender elongated pedicels in the axils of caducous bracts. Perianth cupular, truncate at the base, obscurely six-lobed, deciduous. Stamens nine, inserted on the base of the perianth, exserted ; filaments subulate, enlarged and barely united at the base; anthers oblong, attached on the back near the middle, introrse, two- celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary superior, ovoid, one-celled, narrowed above into a slender columnar style crowned by a funnel-formed oblique stigma ; ovule solitary, basilar, anatropous ; micropyle sublateral. Fruit subglobose, buccate, one-seeded, crowned by the remnants of the style, raised on the thickened torus of the flower; exocarp at first thin, of two closely united coats, the outer crustaceous, bright green, the inner membranaceous, silvery white; in ripening becoming thick, sweet, juicy, homogeneous, black, and lustrous. Seed erect, free, depressed-globose ; testa thick and hard, vertically grooved, deeply infolded in the ruminate albumen; hilum subbasilar, minute, and obscure ; raphe hidden in the folds of the testa. Embryo lateral. Coccothrinax is confined to southern Florida and to the Bahama and West Indian islands. Two species occur in Florida; one of them is a small tree, and the other a low nearly stemless plant.! Cocco- thrinaz radiata? inhabits Cuba, Antigua, San Domingo, and Trinidad, and Coccothrinax argentea® 1 Coccothrinaz Garberi, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxvii. 90 (1899). Thrinax radiata, Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vii. pt. ii. 1301 Thrinax Garberi, Chapman, Bot. Gazette, iii. 12 (1878); Fl. ed. (1830).— Martius, Nat. Hist. Palm. iii. 257.— Grisebach, Fl. 2, Suppl. 651. — Sargent, Silva N. Am. x. 50. Brit. W. Ind. 515 ; Cat. Pl. Cub. 221. Thrinax argentea, var. Garberi, Chapman, Fl. ed. 3, 462 5 Sargent, J. c. (1899). (1897). Thrinax argentea, Roemer & Schultes, 1. c. (1830). — Mar- 2 Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxvii. 89 (1899). tius, 1. c. 256. — Grisebach, J. c.; 1. c. 86 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. PALMA. the Bahamas, San Domingo, and Cuba, where there appear also to be other little known or undescribed species. The stems of Coccothrinax are used for wharf-piles and the sides of turtle crawls, and the tough coriaceous leaves are made into hats, baskets, and coarse ropes, and are used for the thatch of buildings. The generic name from xéxxos and Thrinax is in allusion to the berry-like fruit. PALMA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 87 COCCOTHRINAX JUCUNDA. Brittle Thatch. PEDICELS stout, elongated ; filaments subulate, barely united. Fruit black, with thick juicy succulent flesh ; seeds light tawny brown, conspicuously sulcate. Coccothrinax jucunda, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxvii. 89 Silva N. Am. x. 51 (in part), t. 510 (exel. figure of the (1899). leaf). Thrinax parviflora, Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Thrinax argentea, Chapman, FZ. ed. 3, 462 (not Roemer Census U. S. ix. 217 (not Swartz nor Chapman) (1884) ; & Schultes) (1897). A tree, with a stem slightly enlarged from the ground upward, and from fifteen to twenty-five feet in height, from four to six inches in thickness, and covered with a pale blue-gray rind. The leaves are nearly orbicular, the lower lobes being usually parallel with the petiole, but are rather longer than they are broad, thin and brittle, from eighteen to twenty-four inches in diameter, and divided below the middle of the leaf or towards its base nearly to the ligule into narrow lobes which in their widest part are an inch across, and are furnished with much thickened bright orange-colored midribs and margins; the leaves are pale yellow-green and very lustrous on the upper surface and bright silvery white on the lower surface, which is at first coated with hoary deciduous pubescence ; the rachis of the leaf is thin, undulate, obtusely short-pointed, and dark orange-colored, and the ligule is thin, concave, crescent-shaped, often oblique, slightly undulate, occasionally obtusely short-pointed, three quarters of an inch wide, one third of an inch deep, and light or dark orange-colored ; the petioles are slender, flexible, at first erect but soon spreading and then pendant, rounded on the upper side, obscurely ribbed on the lower side, with a low rounded rib, from two feet and a half to three feet long, pale yellow-green, an inch and a half wide at the base, and coated at first with silvery white deciduous tomentum toward the dark orange-colored apex which is about five eighths of an inch in width. The panicles are from eighteen to twenty-four inches in length, with flattened peduncles, slender much flattened primary branches from eight to ten inches long, and light orange-colored like the slender terete secondary branches which are from an inch and a half to three inches long ; their spathes are thin, fibrous, and pale reddish brown, and are coated towards the ends with pale pubescence. The flowers, which expand in June and irregularly also in the autumn, are raised on ridged spreading pedicels an eighth of an inch in length and consist of a cup-like six-lobed perianth, nine stamens with slender exserted filaments slightly united below, and large oblong light yellow anthers, and a subglobose orange-colored ovary surmounted by an elongated style dilated into a broad rose-colored stigma. The fruit, which ripens in about six months, is from one half to three quarters of an inch in diameter, and bright green at first when fully grown; it then turns deep violet color, and the flesh becomes very succulent and filled with violet-colored juice ; ultimately it is nearly black and very lustrous, the whole pericarp becoming sweet with an agreeable flavor, and then shriveling it grows leathery in drying. The seed is light tawny brown, with a thick hard dull testa which is deeply infolded in the ruminate albumen. Coccothrinax jucunda is now known only in Florida, where it inhabits dry coral ridges and sandy flats from the shores of Bay Biscayne, along many of the southern keys, to the Marquesas group west of Key West. The stems are used for the piles of small wharves and for turtle crawls, and the soft tough young leaves are made into hats and baskets. 88 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. PALMA. Coccothrinax jucunda was discovered in 1880 by Mr. A. H. Curtiss* on Bahia Honda Key. The specific name is in allusion to the sweet edible flesh of the fruit. 1 See ii. 50. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puatzr DCCXXXVII. Coccormrinax sucunDA. 1. A portion of a fruiting spadix, natural size. 2. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 3. A seed, enlarged. 4. A leaf, much reduced. 5. A ligule, natural size. Tab, DOCXXXVIL. Silva of North America. Enero, aoe 2 CL Fawvon del. j Lim.Himely SL COCCOTHRINAX JUCUNDA, Sag. | Aluocreue direa® Lmp. J Taneur, Paris. CONIFER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 89 JUNIPERUS BARBADENSIS. Red Cedar. STAMINATE flowers elongated. Fruit small, subglobose ; seeds usually two. Leaves opposite, acute or acuminate, glandular. Juniperus Barbadensis, Linnzus, Spec. 1039 (1753). — Lamarck, Dict. ii. 627. — Michaux, FV. Bor.-Am. ii. 245. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. ii. 851. — Pursh. FU. Am. Sept. ii. 647. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 245; Sylva, iii. 96. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. 909. —Maycock, F7. Barb. 394. — Loudon, Ard. Brit. iv. 2504. — Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 592.— Mohr, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. vi. 326 (Plant Life of Alabama); Bull. No. 31 Div. Forestry U. 8. Dept. Agric. 37, t. 2. Juniperus Bermudiana, Lunan, Hort. Jam. i. 84 (not Lin- nus) (1814). — Rafinesque, Med. FI. ii. 13 (in part). — Gordon, Pinetwm, 101 (in part). — Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadeth. 328 (in part). — Carritre, Traité Conif. ed. 2, 49 (in part). — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 490. — Sargent, Silva N. Am. x. 70 (in part). Juniperus Virginiana, B australis, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. Branchlets slender, pendulous. 28 (1847).— Carritre, Traité Conif. 44. — Courtin, Fam. Conif. 131. Juniperus Virginiana, Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. v. 202 (in part) (not Linnzus) (1850). — Courtin, Fam. Conif. 130 (in part). — Chapman, FU. 435 (in part). — Carritre, Zraité Conif. ed. 2, 43 (in part). — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 182 (in part); Silva N. Am. x. 93 (in part). — Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc, xiv. 215 (in part); Jour. Bot. xxxvii. 10. — Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 298 (Pinetum Danicum) (in part). Juniperus Virginiana Barbadensis, Gordon, Pinetwm, 114 (1858). — Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 337.— Hoopes, Lvergreens, 293. Juniperus Virginiana, var. Bermudiana, Vasey, Rep. U.S. Dept. Agric. 1875, 185 (Cat. Forest Trees U. 8.) (1876). Since the tenth volume of this work was published in 1896 I have had several opportunities to restudy in the field the Red Cedars of North America, and it now seems necessary to separate Juniperus Virginiana as there described into three species : — First, the Juniperus Virginiana of Linneus, the Red Cedar of the north, with comparatively stout branchlets, erect branches which usually make a narrow compact pyramidal head, or sometimes in old age become more horizontal and form an open round-topped crown, and fruit which ripens at the end of the first season.’ Second, the Red Cedar of the Florida peninsula with more slender pendulous branchlets and long often pendulous branches which spread into a broad open head and smaller fruit ripening at the end of the first season. Third, the Red Cedar of western America with rather stouter branchlets, fruit which does not ripen until the end of the second season, and lighter colored usually reddish brown wood. Tn Florida the Red Cedar, which is not distinguishable from Juniperus Barbadensis? of the West Indies, is a tree sometimes fifty feet in height, with a trunk occasionally two feet in diameter covered with thin light red-brown bark which separates into long thin scales and small branches which are erect when the tree is crowded in the forest, but in open ground are ascending and spreading and form a 1 As thus limited the range of Juniperus Virginiana is from southern Nova Scotia and New Brunswick westward to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian Territory, and southward to the coast of South Carolina or Georgia, the limestone hills of the inte- rior of southern Alabama and Mississippi and eastern Texas. 2 Linneus’s specimen of Juniperus Barbadensis preserved in his Honk + at London a thin-branched species which is not distinguishable from the West Indian and Florida tree, and this specimen may properly be considered the type of Juniperus Barba- densis in spite of the fact that Linneus evidently confounded the West Indian and Bermuda species, both of which he described, for he refers to his Juniperus Barbadensis the “ Juniperus Barbadensis, Cupressi foliis, ramulis quadratis” of Plukenet (Alm. Bot. 201, t. 197, f. 4) and the Juniperus Bermudiana of Miller (Cat. Pl. Hort. Angi. t. 1, f. 1), which are both shown by these figures to be thick- branched species. Of the identity of the former there is some doubt, but the figure in the Cat. Pl. Hort. Angl. admirably repre- sents the Bermuda Juniper. Hermann’s Juniperus Bermudiana (Cat. Hort. Lugd. Bat. 345, t.), which Linneus referred to his species of that name, is probably some other species. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFERZ. 90 broad flat-topped head often thirty or forty feet in diameter. slender, and are erect at the top of the tree and pendulous on the lower branches. The staminate trees are of open habit, with light-colored yellow-green foliage, and the pistillate trees are of more compact habit, with dark green foliage. The branchlets are slender, four-angled, pendulous, and at the end of four or five years, when the leaves disappear, are light reddish brown or ashy gray. The leaves are opposite in pairs, closely impressed, narrow, acute or gradually narrowed above the middle and acumi- nate, and marked on the back by a conspicuous oblong gland. The flowers are dicecious and in Florida open early in March. The staminate flowers are oblong, elongated, and from an eighth to nearly a quarter of an inch in length, with rounded entire anther-scales which bear usually three pollen sacs. The scales of the pistillate flowers are gradually narrowed above the middle and acute at the apex, and The secondary branches are long and become obliterated from the fruit. This is subglobose, dark blue, and covered when ripe with a glaucous bloom, and is usually only about an eighth of an inch in diameter, with sweet resinuous flesh and usually two seeds. In the United States Juniperus Barbadensis is distributed along the Atlantic coast from southern Georgia to the shores of the Indian River, Florida, and on the Gulf coast from the northern shores of Charlotte Harbor, Florida, to the valley of the Appalachicola, growing usually in inundated river-swamps and formmg great thickets in forests of Taxodium, Red Maple, Gordonia, Loblolly Pine, Swamp Oaks, Palmetto, and Liquidambar ;* and in the West Indies it grows on the Bahamas,” San Domingo,’ the Mountains of Jamaica,* and on Antigua.® The wood, which resembles that of the Red Cedar of the north in color and fragrance, is straighter- grained and more easily worked, and for many years and until the supply begun to become exhausted it was exclusively used by the German manufacturers of pencils, who have established large factories for cutting this wood at Cedar Keys and other places on the Florida coast. Juniperus Barbadensis, with its long spreading branches and elongated gracefully drooping branchlets, is one of the most beautiful of all Junipers, and it has been largely used for the decoration of the squares and cemeteries of the cities and towns in the neighborhood of the coast from Florida to western Louisiana.° 1 Near Tallahassee, Florida, and along the coast of Alabama, Mississippi, and eastern Louisiana Juniperus Barbadensis is common in the neighborbood of towns and appears to be thoroughly natural- ized and to be gradually spreading into adjacent woodlands. The fact, however, that west of the Appalachicola it does not grow in swamps or remote from human habitations seems to indicate that the Junipers now in this region have sprung from trees which were planted there not very long ago. Juniperus Barbadensis is the most universally planted coniferous tree in New Orleans and in the towns of western Louisiana, but there is even less evidence that it is indi- genous in the region beyond the Mississippi. 2 Eggers, No. 4358 in herb. Kew. 8 Eggers, No. 2320 in herb. Kew. 4 «Juniperus Barbadensis is now somewhat rare on the Blue Mountains, but it is evident that it was confined to an elevation ranging between thirty-five hundred and six thousand feet in later years. Formerly it may have ranged much lower, as it grows well The wood is valued so much that all the trees that were easily reached have been cut down. I think the height may be put down from forty to fifty feet and the girth of the trunk at from two to four feet.” (W. Faweett, in litt.) 5 Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 503. ® The Bedford Juniper which is occasionally cultivated in Euro- pean collections is possibly of this species. (For the synonymy of this plant see x. 96 ; see, also, Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2, 193.) even near the sea-level if it gets plenty of water. Be —_— PHAM HY EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prats DCCXXXVIII. Juniperus BARBADENSIS. . A flowering branch of a staminate tree, natural size. A staminate flower, enlarged. A stamen, front view, enlarged. A branch of a pistillate tree, natural size. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. A scale of a pistillate flower with its ovules, front view, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. . A seed, enlarged. . The end of a branchlet, enlarged. . A leaf, enlarged. Silva of North America. Tab. DCCXXXVIIL. 3 Lp SD JUNIPERUS BARBADENSIS 1. ae avec © Llmp. J lTaneur, Paris CONIFER A. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 93 JUNIPERUS SCOPULORUM. Red Cedar. Fruit subglobose, ripening at the end of the second season, usually 2-seeded. Leaves opposite, acute, glandular. Branchlets slender. Juniperus scopulorum, Sargent, Garden and Forest, x. 420, £. 54 (1897). — Nelson, Bull. No. 40, Wyoming Exper. Stat. 86, £.16, 17 (Trees of Wyoming). — Ryd- berg, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. i. 13 (Fl. Montana). — Bessey, Rep. Nebraska State Board Agric. 1897, 83. Juniperus excelsa, Pursh, 77. Am. Sept. ii. 647 (not Mar- schall von Bieberstein) (1814). — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 245. Juniperus Virginiana, Torrey, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 250 (not Linnzeus) (1838); Hmory’s Rep. Appx. No. 6, 412; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. pt. v. 142; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 211.— Lyall, Jour. Linn. Soe. vii. 144. — Cooper, Am. Nat. iii. 413. — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii, 488 (in part). — Engelmann, Zrans. St. Lowis Acad. iii. 591 (in part); Rothrock Wheeler’s Rep. vi. 263. — Watson, King’s Rep. v. 335. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden’s Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 132. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 182 (in part) ; Silva N. Am. x. 93 (in part). —Tweedy, Flora of the Yellowstone National Park, 74. — Macoun, Garden and Forest, i. 47 (Lhe Forests of Vancouver Island). — Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. viii. 74. — Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 215 (in part). — Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 298 (Pinetum Danicum) (in part). — Britton & Kearney, Trans. N. Y. Acad. xiv. 22.— Lei- berg, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. v. 55. Juniperus occidentalis, Porter, Hayden U. S. Geolog. Surv. Montana (5th Ann. Rep. of Progress), 494 (not Hooker) (1872). — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 461. Juniperus Virginiana, var. montana, Vasey, Rep. U. S. Dept. Agric. 1875, 185 (Cat. Forest Trees U. 8.) (not J. communis, y montana, Aiton) (1876). A tree, thirty or forty feet in height, with a short stout trunk sometimes three feet in diameter, and often divided near the ground into a number of slightly spreading stems, and stout spreading and ascending branches covered with scaly bark which form an open irregularly round-topped head! The bark of the trunk is dark reddish brown or gray tinged with red, and is divided by shallow fissures into narrow flat connected ridges which break up on the surface into persistent shredded scales. The branchlets are slender and four-angled, becoming terete at the end of three or four years, when they are covered with smooth pale bark which a few years later begins to seperate into thin scales. The leaves are opposite in pairs, closely appressed, acute or acuminate, marked on the back by an obscure elongated gland, and dark green, or on trees in the southern Rocky Mountains often pale and very The staminate flowers are oblong and about one sixteenth of an inch in length, and their anther-scales are rounded and entire, with four or five anther-sacs. The scales of the pistillate flower are spreading and acute or acuminate, and become obliterated on the mature fruit. At the end of the first season the fruit is about one sixteenth of an inch in length and blue or rose color, and beginning to grow the following spring it becomes before autumn from one quarter to one third of an inch in diameter, bright blue, and covered with a glaucous bloom, and has sweet resinous flesh, and one or generally two seeds. The seeds are ovate, acute, prominently grooved and angled, light chestnut- brown, about three sixteenths of an inch long, and lustrous, with a small two-lobed hilum. Juniperus scopulorum is distributed through the eastern foothill region of the Rocky Mountains from Alberta to western Texas, and westward to the coast of British Columbia” and Washington, and glaucous. 1 At Manitou at the base of Pike’s Peak Juniperus scopulorum in sheltered positions develops long slightly pendulous branches, and is a handsome tree of open habit, while on the more arid wind- swept slopes the branches are short and rigid and form a compact round-topped head. 2 In 1876 Juniperus scopulorum was collected by Dawson on the gravelly margin of Francois Lake in British Columbia in latitude 54° north, This is the most northern station from which I have (See G. M. Dawson, Garden and Forest, i. 59, as Juniperus Virginiana.) specimens of this tree. 94 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFER 2. to eastern Oregon, Nevada, and northern Arizona.’ Nowhere very common, it grows on dry rocky ridges, and except near the coast usually at elevations of more than five thousand feet above the level of the sea. Juniperus scopulorum was discovered. in October, 1804, by Lewis and Clark during their journey across the continent.’ 1 In 1846 Juniperus scopulorum was found by Wislizenus in New 2 Lewis and Clark’s specimen preserved by the American Philo- Mexico (No. 503 in herb. Engelmann) ; and the following year by _ sophical Society shows that the tree called by Pursh and by Nuttall Fendler at Santa Fé (No. 835), where this Juniper is compara- Juniperus excelsa was Juniperus scopulorum, and not, as has usually tively common. In April, 1874, it was collected by Dr. J.B. Ge- been supposed, the Juniperus occidentalis of Hooker. rard near Fort Apache, Arizona. (Teste herb. Engelmann.) EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prare DCCXXXIX. Jvunirervus scopuLorum. A branch with staminate flowers, natural size. A staminate flower, enlarged. An anther, rear view, enlarged. A branch with pistillate flowers, natural size. A pistillate flower, enlarged. A scale of a pistillate flower, upper side, with its ovules, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. A fruit divided transversely, enlarged. $2. SE en Ca SY ST A seed, enlarged. End of a branchlet, enlarged. oe oS . Tip of a leaf, enlarged. Silva of North America. a pede re Bie es 2 2a) a NO ae ee ue i CE Faxon del. PAPE LC. JUNIPERUS SCOPULORUM Sarg. A lrocreun direw= lmp. J laneur, Paris, CONIFER &, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. : 95 CUPRESSUS PYGMZHA. Cypress. Scauzs of the fruit 6 to 10; seeds compressed, black. Branchlets stout. Leaves dark green, eglandular. Cupressus pygmea, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 239 Cupressus Goveniana, Sargent, Silua N. Am. x. 107 (in (391). part) (not Gordon) (1896). Cupressus Goveniana, var. pygmza, Lemmon, Handb. West American Cone-Bearers, 77 (1895). A tree, sometimes thirty or forty feet in height, with a trunk rarely more than a foot in diameter, and ascending branches. The bark of the trunk is bright reddish brown, about a quarter of an inch in thickness, and divided by shallow fissures into flat ridges which separate on the surface into long thread-like scales. The branchlets, which are comparatively stout, are bright orange color when they first appear, bright reddish brown during one or two seasons, and then turning purple become dark reddish brown at the end of several years. The leaves are ovate, acute, or acuminate on vigorous shoots, dark green, and eglandular. The staminate flowers are obscurely four-angled, with broadly ovate peltate connectives, and the fertile scales of the pistillate flowers, which vary from six to ten in number, are acute and spreading. The fruit is short-oblong, usually sessile, and from three quarters to seven eighths of an inch in length, with from six to ten scales terminating in small bosses. The seeds are compressed, only about one eighth of an inch long, and black. Cupressus pygmea inhabits the high barren region near the coast of Mendocino County, California, which extends from Ten Mile Run on the north to the Navarro on the south. Here it grows on deposits of sand and a thin coat of peat, overlaying a heavy yellow clay in a narrow belt which, beginning about three quarters of a mile from the ocean, extends inland for three or four miles.’ The wood of Cupressus pygmea is soft, very coarse-grained, and pale reddish brown? 1 On this poor soil the plants begin to bear cones when only a foot or two high, but on the borders of the barrens and of the deep gullies which penetrate them, where the plants occasionally escape for several years the fires which almost annually sweep over this region, they often grow in better soil to a height of thirty or forty feet, although from overcrowding they rarely develop the spread- ing branches which are peculiar to Cupressus growing in abundant space. The name pygmea used by Lemmon to distinguish the dwarf plant stunted by ding and ient isk t unfortunate as a specific name, for there is no difference between * fe is the smallest and the largest plants except in size; and it is proba- ble that individuals on the borders of the barrens, if they could be protected from fire, would in time grow to a large size, for the oldest plants now standing show no signs of maturity and none of them are thought to be more than fifty years old. (Teste Purdy, in litt.) 2 The log specimen in the Jesup Collection of North American Woods in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, is eleven and one half inches in diameter inside the bark, and is thirty-six years old. The sapwood is two inches thick, with thir- teen layers of annual growth. WCONATE ONE EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puare DCCXL. Cupressus PYemma. . A branch with staminate flowers, natural size. . A staminate flower, enlarged. A scale of a staminate flower with its anthers, enlarged. A branch of a pistillate tree with flowers and fruit, natural size. A pistillate flower, enlarged. A scale of a pistillate flower, upper surface, with its ovules, enlarged. . A scale of a cone, side view, with its seeds, enlarged. . Seeds, enlarged. . Tip of a branch, enlarged. Silva of North America. Tab. DCCAL. Se . | CE Faxon del. taping se. COPRE SS US PYGMAGA Sard. A Riocreux direx” lip. J Taneur, Paris. CORRECTIONS. Ivvestications made since the earlier volumes of this Silva were published have shown the necessity of correcting the descriptions of several species. A few of these corrections have already been printed ; the others will be found in the following notes: — Magnolia fostida, i. 3. Magnolia grandiflora was first published by Linnzus in 1759 in the tenth edition of the Systema (ii. 1082). Magnolia glauca, i.5. Magnolia glauca was first used by Linnzeus as a name of a species in 1759 in the tenth edition of the Systema (ii. 1082). Extend range westward in Pennsylvania to swamps on the South Mountain at the head of the east fork of the Conococheague River, Franklin County. (Teste Miss M. L. Dock, Garden and Forest, x. 402. See, also, Garden and Forest, vii. 398 ; viii. 7 o))) Magnolia acuminata, i.7. This name was first published by Linnzus in 1759 in the tenth edition of the Systema (ii. 1082). Magnolia tripetala, i.13. This name was first published by Linneus in 1759 in the tenth edition of the Systema (ii. 1082). Extend range to the valley of the Susquehanna River in York County, Pennsylvania, where it has been found near York Furnace and at Reed’s Run by Professor T. C. Porter, and where it is rare and local. (See Porter, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxv. 489.) Liriodendron Tulipifera, i. 19. Add to the synonyms Tulipifera Liriodendron, Miller, Dict. ed. 8 (1768). Asimina triloba, i. 28. Extend range to western New Jersey and to southeastern Nebraska, where it has been found in Pawnee, Richardson, Nemaha, Otoe, and Saunders counties. (See Bessey, Rep. Nebraska State Board Agric. 1899, 84.) “Tn eastern Pennsylvania Asimina triloba is common along the lower Susquehanna and its tributaries, and on the Juniata in Mifflin and Huntingdon counties, where I found it at the head of a mountain stream sixteen hundred feet above the level of the sea.” (Professor T. C. Porter, in litt. See Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxv. 489.) Canella alba, i. 87. This tree was described by Linnzus in the first edition of the Species Plantarum, published in 1758 as Laurus Winterana, while the name Canella alba of Murray was not published until 1784, and, under the rules of nomenclature adopted in this work, Canella Winterana of Geertner, published in 1788 and already adopted by Sudworth, must be taken up for it. (See Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xx. 46; Bull. No. 14 Div. Forestry U. S. Dept. Agric. 213 [Nomenclature of the Arborescent Flora of the United States.) Fremontia, i. 47. Fremontia having been a synonym when it was used in 1858 by Torrey as the name of his genus in Cheiranthodendrew, the name cannot be retained for this California tree under the rules of nomenclature followed in this work ; and Fremontodendron of Coville is adopted. (See Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. TA [ Bot. Death Valley Hxped.| [1893].) Fremontodendron Californicum. Extend range northward to Siskiyou County, California, where it was collected by Miss A. M. Huntley in June, 1896, near Sisson, at the western base of Mt. Shasta.. In August, 1892, it was found by Mrs. T. S. Brandegee on Snow Mountain in Lake County, one of the highest peaks of the California coast ranges. : Tilia heterophylla, i.57. The northern limits of the range of this species in Pennsylvania are, according to Professor T. C. Porter, Huntingdon County, where it grows on the banks of the Juniata River; it also grows in Franklin County on the Conococheague. (Porter, in litt.) Xanthoxylum, i. 65. The author of Fagara is Linneus, Syst. ed. 10 (i. 897), published in 1759, and not Adanson, Fam. Pl. published in 1763. 98 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. Xanthoxylum Fagara, i. 73. Magara Pterota was first published by Linneus in 1759 in the tenth edition of the Systema (ii. 897). Xanthoxylum cribrosum, i. 71. According to Urban (Bot. Jahrb. xi. 571) an older name for this tree is that of Vahl, Xanthoaylum flavum. The synonymy as corrected is as follows: — Xanthowylum flavum, Vahl, Helog. iii. 48 (1807); Skrivt. Nat. Selsk. Kjobenh. vi. 188. — Eggers, Bull. U. S. Nat. Herd. No. 18, 88 (27. St. Croix and the Virgin Islands). — Robinson, Gray Syn. Fl. N. Am. i. pt. i. 875. Xanthowylum Clava-Herculis, De Candolle, Prodr. i. 127 (excl. syn.) (not Linneus) (teste Urban, J. co) (1824). Xanthoxylum cribrosum, Sprengel, Syst. i. 946 (1825). — Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. 616; Silva N. Am. i. T1, t. 30, 31. Xanthoxylum Florid Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 14, t. 85 (1854). — Chapman, 7. 66. Xanthoxylum Sumach, Grisebach, Abhand. Konig. Gesell. Wiss. Gottingen, 190 (Veg. Karaib.) (not Macfadyen) (1857); #7. Brit. W. Ind. 188. — Walpers, Ann. vii. 528. — Eggers, Vidensk. Medd. fra Nat. For. Kjobenh. 1876, 108 (#7. St. Croiw). Xanthoxylum Caribeum, Watson, Ind. 155 (not Lambert) (1878). Xanthoxylum Caribeeum, var. Floridanum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. n. ser. xxiii. 225 (1888). Fagara flava, Urban, Bot. Jahrb. xxi. 571 (1896). Ptelea trifoliata, i. 76. Extend range southward in Florida to the neighborhood of Eustis, Lake County, where it was collected in June, 1894, by Mr. George B. Nash. Amyris maritima, i. 85. In the first volume of this work the name of Amyris maritima of Jacquin was adopted. for this Florida tree. This name was first published in 1760; and the fact was overlooked that Linneus had used for it the name of Amyris Hlemifera in the tenth edition of his Systema, published three years earlier than the second edition of the Species Plantarum. Amyris Elemifera should therefore be adopted for the Florida plant, although Urban (Bot. Jahrb. xxi. 601) would separate the Amyris maritima of Jacquin from the Amyris Elemifera of Linneus on the strength of the presence of a disk in the flower of the former and of the minute and variable pubescence of the latter, — differences which Robinson has pointed out are of little value. The two species being united, the synonymy of our south Florida tree becomes, — Amyris Elemifera, Linneus, Syst. ed. 10, ii. 1000 (1759); Spec. ed. 2, i. 495; Amen. Acad. vii. 65. — Descourtilz, #7. Med. Antill. iii. 279, t. 212.— Triana & Planchon, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 5, xiv. 824. — Urban, Bot. Jahrb. xxi. 601. — Robinson, Gray Syn. Fl. N. Am. i. pt. i. 876. Amyris maritima, Jacquin, Enum. Pl. Carib. 19 (1760) ; Hist. Stirp. Am. 10T. — Linnzus, Spec. ed. 2, i. 496 (excl. syn. P. Browne). — Swartz, Obs. 148.— Sprengel, Syst. ii. 218.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 81. — Macfadyen, #7. Jam. i. 231.— Grisebach, £7. Brit. W. Ind. 174. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. iv. 897, £. 447— 451; Dict. i. 159, £.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 226. — Sargent, Silva N. Am. i. 85, t. 86. Amyris Floridana, Nuttall, Am. Jour. Sci. v. 294 (1822); Sylva, ii. 114, t. 78.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. WV. Am. i. 221. — Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii. 561. — Chapman, F7. 68. Amyris sylvatica, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 81 (1825).— Grisebach, FU. Brit. W. Ind. 174 (in part). — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. 8. ix. 33. Amyris Plumieri, Grisebach, Cat. Pl. Cub. 66 (1866).— Sauvalle, FZ. Cud. 20. Amyris maritima, var. angustifolia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. n. ser. xxiii. 226 (1888). Amyris sylvatica, var. Plumieri, Maza, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. xix. 229 (1890). Elemifera maritima, Otto Kuntze, Rev. Gen. i. 100 (1891). Keeberlinia spinosa, i. 93. Extend range westward through southern New Mexico and Arizona to the foot- hills and mesas in the neighborhood of Tucson, where it is very abundant as a broad low shrub. Ilex Paraguariensis, i. 104. For the synonymy of the different species of Ilex and other plants from which Maté or Paraguay Tea is obtained, see N. E. Brown, Kew Bull. Miscellaneous Information, May and June, 1892, 182. Tlex decidua, i. 118. Extend range to southeastern Kansas (Hitchcock, Flora of Kansas, xii. a). Evonymus atropurpureus, ii. 11. This tree occurs occasionally in woods in the valley of the Sioux River in the extreme southeastern part of South Dakota and ranges up the valley of the Missouri River into Charles Mix County (see Saunders, Bull. No. 64 South Dakota Agric. College, 169 [Ferns and Flowering Plants of South Dakota)) ; extend range also to central Kansas (Hitchcock, Flora of Kansas, xii. a). SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 99 Rhamnus Caroliniana, ii. 35. The range of this species from Long Island, New York, should be emended to read from Virginia. The northern station was admitted on the authority of the Catalogues of New York and of New Jersey Plants (Britton, Stearns & Poggenburg, Cat. Pl. N. ¥. 11 [1888]; Britton, Cat. Pl. WV. J. 76 [1889] ; but it now appears that the Rhamnus of Long Island and New Jersey referred to this species is Rham- nus Frangula, Linneus, which has escaped from cultivation and become naturalized. (See Britton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxi. 184, 233. — Britton & Brown, Jil. Fi. ii. 406.) Rhamnus Purshiana, ii. 27. It was not in Siberia, but at Grossenhain in Saxony, that Frederick Pursh was born on February 4, 1774. (See C. A. Pursch, Mora, 1827, ii. 491.) Zisculus glabra, ii.55. Extend range westward to Pawnee, Richardson, and Nemaha counties, southeastern Nebraska (Bessey, Rep. Nebraska State Board Agric. 1899, 89), and to eastern Texas. The Texas form is, — Zisculus glabra. var. Buckleyi. isculus arguta, Buckley, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1860, 443 (not Zsculus Pavia, var. arguta, Lindley). — Britton & Brown, Jil. F7. ii. 401, £. 2383. isculus glabra, vax. arguta, Robinson, Gray Syn. Fl. N. Am. i. pt. i. 447 (1897). This variety, which ranges from Iowa to Kansas and eastern Texas, may be distinguished by its six to seven- foliolate leaves, with narrower lanceolate more acuminate and usually more sharply and generally doubly serrate leaflets than are usually found on #sculus glabra. It was first distinguished at Larissa, Cherokee County, Texas, by S. B. Buckley. Hypelate trifoliata, ii. 77. Add specific gravity of absolutely dry wood 0.9102; and weight per cubic foot 56.72 pounds. Acer glabrum, ii. 95. Extend range northwestward along the Pacific coast to the passes at the head of the Lynn Canal, Alaska, or nearly to latitude 60° north. This plant is not rare on the coast of southeastern Alaska, although probably it is always shrubby. (See Meehan, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1884, 81, as Acer rubrum ; see, also, F. Kurtz, Bot. Jahrb. xix. 369 [#1. Chileatgebietes].) Near Esquimo, Vancouver Island, on rocky sea cliffs this Maple grows to the height of forty feet and forms a trunk eighteen inches in diameter; and I have seen it of nearly the same size on the banks of streams among the Blue Mountains of Washington at an elevation of about four thousand feet above the sea. Extend range southward along the Sierra Nevada to the eastern fork of the Kaweah River, where in September, 1896, I found it as a bush five or six feet high at elevations of from eight thousand to nine thousand feet above the sea-level; and eastward to the elevated regions of Sioux and Scott’s Bluff counties, northwestern Nebraska. (See Bessey, Rep. Nebraska State Board Agric. 1899, 89.) Acer Negundo, ii. 111. “Iam not certain if this tree is native in Pennsylvania. Around Easton it is spread everywhere over fields from the seeds of trees planted along the streets of the city.” (T. C. Porter, in litt.) Cotinus Americanus, iii. 3. Extend range to southwestern Missouri where it is common on the bluffs and rocky banks of streams tributary to the White River, and was first found during the summer of 1897 by Professor William Trelease on Swan Creek in the neighborhood of Taney City. It is still common on the low limestone ridges about three miles east of Huntsville, Alabama. Rhus Metopium, iii. 13. This name was first published by Linnzus in 1759 in the tenth edition of the Systema (ii. 964). Rhus typhina, iii. 15. The Staghorn Sumach was described by Linnzeus in the first edition of the Species Plantarum under the name of Datisca hirta, and it appears only in one of his later works as Rhus typhina. According to the rules of nomenclature followed in this work the first Linnean specific name must be used and Rhus hirta, Sudworth, is therefore adopted for the Staghorn Sumach. The synonymy of this species as amended is as follows : — Rhus hirta, Sudworth, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xix. 81 (1892). — Britton & Brown, Jil. FT. ii. 386, £. 2848. — Britton, Wan. 600. Datisca hirta, Linneus, Spec. 1087 (1753). Rhus typhina, Linneus, Syst. ed. 10, ii. 963 (1759) ; Ameen. iv. 311. Towicodendron typhi O. Kuntze, Rev. Gren. i. 154 (1891). To this species were referred by Watson (Index), on what authority I do not know, and by some later authors, Rhus Canadense, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 5 (1768), Rhus hypselodendron, Moench, Meth. 73 (1794), and Rhus viridiflorum, Nouveau Duhamel, ii. 163 (1808 ?). — Poiret, Lamarck Dict. vii. 504. To his Rhus typhina, B viridiflora, Engler, De Candolle Monog. Phaner. iv. 878 (1888), refers the Rhus viridiflora of Poiret. 100 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. Rhus copailina, iii. 19. Extend range to Richardson County, southeastern Nebraska (Bessey, [ep. Nebraska State Board Agric. 1899, 90) ; and to eastern and southeastern Kansas (Hitchcock, Flora of Kansas, xii. @). Cladrastis, iii. 55. It has usually been supposed that this genus was first published by Rafinesque in 1825 in his Neogenyton, or Indication of Siaty-sia New Species of Plants of North America ; but it was really published by him on February 21, 1824, on page 60 of the first volume of the Cincinnati Literary Gazette (Neophyton No. 1). The buds of Cladrastis are naked and are not as described, ‘‘ covered individually with thin lanceolate scales,” and it is the young leaves and not bud-scales which are coated with lustrous tomentum. Cladrastis lutea, iii. 57. Extend range to northern Alabama, where it was found in 1892 on the bluffs of the Tennessee River near Florence by Dr. C. Mohr as a shrub from six to eight feet high, and to Eagle Rock, Barry County, southwestern Missouri, where it was collected in June, 1897, by Mr. B. F. Bush. Add to the synonymy of this species : — ? Sophora Kentuckea, Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 56 (1811). Cladrastis fragrans, Rafinesque, Cincinnati Literary Gazette, i. 60 (Feb. 21, 1824). Gleditsia triacanthos, iii. 75. Extend range to Houston County in the extreme southeastern part of Min- nesota. (See Wheeler, Minnesota Botanical Studies, ser. 2, pt. iv. 392.) Gleditsia aquatica, iii. 79. Extend range to western Illinois, where it is common on the bottoms of the Mississippi River opposite St. Louis, and where it was found near Cahokia in 1877 by Henry Eggert; and to La Pointe, St. Charles County, Missouri, where it was found in October, 1882, by Mr. Eggert. Cercis Canadensis, iii. 95. Extend range to southern Ontario, where it was found on July 27, 1892, on Pelee Island in Lake Erie by Mr. John Macoun; and to eastern and southeastern Nebraska. (Zeste Herb. University of Nebraska.) Cercis Texensis, iii. 97. In the first line of the description of this tree “ twenty or nearly forty feet in height ” should read, — rarely forty feet in height, —and in the eighth line it should read that the petioles are abruptly enlarged and not contracted at both ends. Pithecolobium, iii. 131. An older name for this genus is Zygia of Patrick Browne, Wat. Hist. Jam. 279 (1756) ; and as Ichthyomethia (iii. 51) of Browne has been adopted in this work instead of the more commonly used Piscidium of Linnzus, the same rule must be applied in the case of Zygia, and the three North American arborescent species become Zygia Unguis-cati, Sudworth, Zygia brevifolia, Sudworth, and Zygia flewicaulis, Sudworth. (See Bull. No. 14 Div. Forestry U. 8. Dept. Agric. 248 [Nomenclature of the Arborescent Flora of the United States ].) Prunus nigra, iv. 15. Extend range to southeastern Minnesota, where it grows in Houston County on the bottoms of the north and south forks of Crooked Creek and on Winnebago Creek, and in East Burns Valley, Winona County. (See Wheeler, Minnesota Botanical Studies, ser. 2, pt. iv. 392.) Prunus hortulana, iv. 28. Extend range to eastern and southeastern Kansas (Hitchcock, The Industrialist, 383 [Flora of Kansas]). Prunus subcordata, iv. 31. Extend range to the dry plains north of upper Klamath Lake in southern Oregon east of the Cascade Mountains, where I found it in August, 1896, as a stunted shrub only three or four feet in height. Prunus emarginata, iv. 87. Extend range southward along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada to the head of Kern River. (See Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 90 [ Bot. Death Valley Euped.].) On the middle fork of the Kaweah River I found it in September, 1896, growing abundantly in dense thickets from four to six fect in height at an elevation of about eight thousand feet above the sea-level; extend range also to the San Rafael Mountains in Santa Barbara County, California, where it was found by Dr. F. Franceschi in May, 1894, and to the neighborhood of Flagstaff and the San Francisco Peaks in northern Arizona, where it was collected in June and July, 1891, by Mr. D. T. McDougal. Prunus Caroliniana, iv. 49. In the second paragraph of the description of this tree Mississippi should be substituted for Missouri. Cercocarpus ledifolius, iv. 63. Extend range to Snow Lake Valley, Klamath County, Oregon, where it was collected on June 9, 1896, by Mr. Elmer I. Applegate ; and to the Blue Mountains of Washington, where, on July 31, 1896, I found a single tree on the Touchet River at an elevation of about five thousand feet above the sea-level. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 101 Pyrus sambucifolia, iv. 81. In the fourth volume of this work published in 1892 two species of Pyrus of the section Sorbus were admitted, Pyrus Americana, De Candolle, a widely distributed eastern species, and a tree of the northeast, referred to Pyrus sambucifolia, Chamisso & Schlechtendal, which is a species of northeastern Asia and which was believed to be widely scattered also through western North America and to cross the continent to the shores of Labrador. An examination of the type specimen of Pyrus sambucifolia preserved in the herba- rium of the Imperial Botanic Garden at St. Petersburg shows that that species differs from the plant which was figured in this Silva as Pyrus sambucifolia and from the different shrubby species of Sorbus of western North America. From these the eastern tree may be distinguished by its abruptly acuminate leaves and larger fruits usually in broader and more numerously fruited clusters. The tree of the northeast, the Pyrus sambucifolia of the fourth volume of The Silva, in its typical form is easily distinguished from Pyrus Americana by its broader abruptly acuminate blue-green leaflets, by its larger flowers which usually open eight or ten days later, and by its much larger fruits; but there are forms which appear intermediate between the two or are possibly hybrids between them, and the best observers are still in doubt whether this tree should be considered a species or a variety of Pyrus Americana. For the present, therefore, it may be well to consider it a variety, for which I suggest the name of decora in allusion to its handsome fruit. The synonymy of this tree would then be : — Pyrus Americana, var. decora. Sorbus aucuparia, B Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 290 (1808). Pyrus aucuparia, Meyer, Pl. Lab. 81 (in part) (not Linneus) (1830). Pyrus sambucifolia, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 161 Gn part) (not Chamisso & Schlechtendal) (1868).— Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 146 (in part).—Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. T4 (in part) ; Silva LV. Am. iv. 81 Gn part), t. 178, 174.—Maemillan, Metasperme of the Minnesota Valley, 288 (in part). — Rand & Redfield, #7. Mt. Desert Island, 98. Sorbus sambucifolia, Britton & Brown, Ili. F7. ii. 283 Gin part), £. 1976 (not Roemer) (1897). — Brit- ton, Man. 515. Pyrus Americana, var. decora ranges from the coast of Labrador to the northern shores of Lake Superior and to Minnesota, and southward to the elevated regions of northern New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. Lyonothamnus floribundus, iv. 135. Extend range to San Clemente Island, California, where it was dis- covered in 1896 by Mrs. Blanche Trask. (See Hrythea, v. 30.) Hamamelis Virginiana, v. 3. This name was first published by Linnzus in 1759 in the tenth edition of the Systema (ii. 90). Rhizophora Mangle, v.15. The Mangrove grows in the United States probably only in Florida, and the previous statements that it grows on the delta of the Mississippi River and on the coast of Texas are, I now believe, erroneous. Eugenia procera, v.47. Add specific gravity of absolutely dry wood 0.9458 ; and weight per cubic foot 58.91 pounds. Cornus florida, v. 66. Extend range to southeastern Kansas (Hitchcock, Flora of Kansas, xiii.). Nyssa Ogeche, v. 79. Extend range to the basin of the lower Appalachicola River, where it is very abundant on the borders of Cypress swamps down to within a few miles of the Gulf coast, and where it grows to the height of sixty or seventy feet, and usually forms several stems which are sometimes a foot and a half in diameter. The excellent quality of the honey made from the abundant nectar of the flowers of this tree is recognized, and bee farms have been established on the lower Appalachicola River in the neighborhood of the swamps where it grows. Nyssa aquatica, v. 83. Add to the bibliography of Vyssa aquatica of Linnzus, Linneus, Syst. ed. 10, ii, 1813 (1759). Sambucus glauca, v. 91. Extend range eastward through northern Idaho to northern Montana, where in July, 1896, I found it growing as a shrub from four to six feet in height near Columbia Falls, north of Flathead Lake. Viburnum Lentago, v. 96. Extend range to South Dakota, where it is common in the valley of the Minnesota River and in the valleys of the Black Hills, and occurs near Sioux Falls in the Sioux River valley (see Saunders, Bull. No. 64 South Dakota Agric. College, 196 [Ferns and Flowering Plants of South Dakota]) ; to the Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming, where it was found in August, 1900, by Mr. J. G. Jack, at an elevation of forty-three hundred feet above the level of the sea; and to eastern Kansas (Hitchcock, Flora of Kansas, xvii.). 102 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. Vaccinium arboreum, v. 119. Extend range to southeastern Kansas, where it has been found by E. N. Plank near Galena, Cherokee County. Arbutus Andrachne, v. 122. This name was first published by Linnzus in 1759 in the tenth edition of the Systema (ii. 1024). Andromeda ferruginea, v. 131. Extend range to Tampa, Florida, where it was collected March 29, 1898, by C. S. Sargent; to Appalachicola, where it was collected in low sandy Pine barrens March 10, 1888, by Dr. A. W. Chapman; and to Mary Esther, Santa Rosa County, Florida, where it was found by Dr. C. Mohr in October, 1880. ‘ Oxydendrum arboreum, v. 135. Extend range to Exmore, Hampton, and Old Point Comfort on the east coast of Virginia, where it is abundant. (Zeste W. M. Canby.) Chrysophyllum oliviforme, v. 161. What is probably the Florida tree, judging from Plumier’s figure (Pl. Am. ed. Burmann, t. 69), was first described by Linnzus as Chrysophyllum oliviforme in the tenth edition of the Systema (p. 937), published in 1759, and not by Lamarck. Add to the synonyms : — Chrysophyllum Cainito B, Linneus, Spec. 192 (1753). Bumelia lanuginosa, v. 171. Extend range to Eustis, Lake County, Florida, where it was found in July, 1895, by Mr. G. B. Nash; to the neighborhood of Appalachicola, Florida, where it was collected in June, 1897, by Dr. A. W. Chapman ; and to southeastern Kansas (Hitchcock, Flora of Kansas, xiii.). Fraxinus quadrangulata, vi. 35. Extend range to southeastern Kansas (Hitchcock, Flora of Kansas, xiii.). Fraxinus anomala, vi. 39. Extend range to the cafion of the Gunnison River at Grand Junction, western Colorado, where it has been found by Miss Alice Eastwood (see Zoé, ii. 232), to the banks of Grand River in Utah, where it has also been collected by Miss Alice Eastwood (see Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, vi. 805) ; to the southern rim of the Grand Cajion of the Colorado River, where it was found at Talfrey, Arizona, in September, 1894, by Toumey and Sargent; and to the Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, where it was collected in April, 1881, by Professor E. L. Greene. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, vi. 49. Extend range to central Kansas (Hitchcock, Flora of Kansas, xiii.). Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata, vi. 50. Extend range southward in Florida to the deep river- swamps of the lower Appalachicola River basin, where it is very abundant and grows probably to its largest size, often forming trunks three feet in diameter; and to Assiniboin, where it was collected by Mr. John Macoun on the shores of Old Wives’ Lakes in 1895 and south of Moose Jaw in 1896. (See Canadian Record of Science, vii. 281.) Large quantities of lumber manufactured from this tree in the sawmills of Appalachicola are sent to the north, where it is used in the interior finish of houses and in cabinet-making. Catalpa Catalpa, vi. 86. Catalpa communis was first published in 1802 in the first edition of Du Mont de Courset’s Bot. Cult. Gi. 189). Crescentia cucurbitina, vi. 99. Remove from the synonyms Crescentia ovata, Burmann, an East Indian species, and add Crescentia ovata, Sudworth (Bull. No. 14 Div. Forestry U. S. Dept. Agric. 886 [Nomen- clature of the Arborescent Species of the United States] [not Urban] [1887]). Sassafras Sassafras, vii.17. Extend range to the neighborhood of Wells, York County, Maine, where it was found September 16, 1895, by Mr. Walter Deane; and to the neighborhood of Sarnia, Lambton County, Ontario. (See Canadian Record of Science, vii. 285.) Ulmus campestris, vii. 40. Add to the synonyms : — Ulmus nitens, Moench, Meth. 333 (1794). Ulmus surculosa, Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. ii. 85 (1812). Ulmus scabra, vii. 40. An older name for this tree is Ulmus glabra, Hudson, Fl. Angl. 95 (1762). Add to the synonyms : — Uimus latifolia, Moench, Meth. 333 (1794). Ulmus levis, vii. 40. Add to the synonyms : — Ulmus racemosa, Borkhausen, Handb. Forstbot. i. 851 (1800). Ulmus racemosa, vii. 48. This name was used by Borkhausen in 1800 for a European species of Elm (Handb. Forstbot. i. 851), and therefore was not applicable to the American tree, for which the name Ulmus Thomasi is proposed. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 103 Extend range to Woodruff’s Gap, Sussex County, New Jersey, where it was found by Porter & Britton September 17, 1867; and to Marathon, Langlade, and Shawano counties, central Wisconsin, where it is still sufficiently abundant to be of commercial importance. (Teste G. B. Sudworth.) In western Missouri Ulmus Zhomasi is not rare in the valley of the Missouri River near Courtney, where it was found by Mr. B. F. Bush in April, 1894, and near Kansas City, where it was found the following year by Mr. William Mackenzie. It is not known to me to grow naturally in Tennessee, where it is replaced by Ulmus serotina. (See xiv. 41.) Ulmus fulva, vii. 538. Extend range to western and northern Kansas (Hitchcock, Zhe Industrialist, xxiv. $23 [Flora of Kansas]). Celtis occidentalis, vii. 67. Extend range to the extreme western part of Kansas (Hitchcock, Zhe Industrialist, xxiv. 823 [Flora of Kansas]). Celtis Mississippiensis, vii. 71. Extend range into southwestern Kansas (Hitchcock, The Industrialist xxiv. 823 [Flora of Kansas]). Morus rubra, vii. 79. Extend range to Pownal in sutlivareen ‘Vermont, where there are a few small plants which were first noticed about 1830 by William Oakes (see Thompson, History of Vermont, Natural, Civil, and Statistical, pt. i. 196), and rediscovered in August, 1898, by Mr. W. W. Eggleston (see Clark, Bull. No. 73 Vermont Agric. Exper. Stat. 64. — Brainerd, Jones & Eggleston, F7. Vermont, 35); and to the valley of the Sioux River in the southeastern county of South Dakota. (See Saunders, Bull. No. 64 8. Dakota Agric. College, 184 [Ferns and Flowering Plants of South Dakota].) : Juglans cinerea, vii. 118. This name was first published by Linnzus in 1759 in the tenth edition of the Systema (ii. 1272). Juglans nigra, vii. 121. Extend range westward in Kansas to the latitude of the ninety-ninth meridian (Hitcheock, The Industrialist, xxiv. 823 [Flora of Kansas]). Hicoria minima, vii. 141. The statement on page 148 that “north of the coast Pine belt of Alabama and Mississippi it is the most multiplied species on the poor dry gravelly soil of the uplands” should refer to Hicoria villosa. (See xiv. 47.) In this region and in central Georgia Hicoria minima appears to be confined to river- banks, and, although it grows in this region to its largest size, it is not common. ‘The most southern points from which I have seen specimens are the banks of the Appalachicola River below Chattahoochee, Florida, where it was found by Dr. Charles Mohr in June, 1880, and Cullman, Alabama, where it was collected by Dr. Mohr in March, 1884. Hicoria laciniosa, vii. 157. Extend range to southeastern Michigan, where it is abundant on Belle Isle in the Detroit River, and where it was found by C. S. Sargent in May, 1899, and to Ontario adjacent to the Detroit River; to Richardson County, southeastern Nebraska, where it was first found in 1890 (teste Herb. University of Nebraska) ; to the bottoms of Chattanooga Creek, Chattanooga, Tennessee, where it grows to a large size, and was found on October 6, 1898, by John Muir, W. M. Canby, and C. S. Sargent; and to the neighborhood of Farmington, Davis County, North Carolina, where it was found on the flats of Dutchman’s Creek in 1895 by Mr. F. E. Boynton. Large trees of this species, some of them probably planted more than a hundred years ago are growing at Clairmont, Brandon, Shirley, and other estates on the James River, Virginia, where this tree is called Gloucester Broad-nut. Quercus alba, viii. 16. Extend range westward in Canada to the shores of Rainy Lake, Ontario, where it was found in 1896 by Mr. W. McInness. (See Canadian Record of Science, vii. 285.) Quercus macrocarpa, viii. 43. Extend range to Winslow and Waterville, Kennebec County, Maine, where it is abundant in dry woods and where it was found in September, 1898, by Mr. M. L. Fernald; to the southern borders of Berkshire County, Massachusetts, where it is rare and local (see Averill, Rhodora, ii. 86); and to the neighborhood of Wilmington, Delaware, where a single large tree growing in the woods was first noticed in 1890 by Mr. W. M. Canby. Quercus Douglasii, viii. 79. Quercus Girstediana (R. Brown Campst. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vii. 250 [1871]), doubtfully referred to Quercus Garryana (viii. 29), is shown to be Quercus Douglasii by Mr. Brown’s specimens recently presented by his son to the Royal Gardens at Kew. Quercus chrysolepis, viii. 105. Quercus oblongifolia (R. Brown Campst. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vii. 252 [not Torrey] [1871]), doubtfully referred to Q. Douglasii (viii. T9), is shown to be Quercus chrysolepis sub-species vacciniifolia, by Mr. Brown’s specimens recently presented by his son to the Royal Gardens at Kew. Quercus tomentella, viii. 109. Extend range to San Clemente Island, California, where it was discovered in 1896 by Mrs. Blanche Trask. (See Hrythea, v. 30.) 104 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. Quercus myrtifolia, viii. 123. On the sandy shores of St. George’s Sound, near Carribel, to the eastward of the mouth of the Appalachicola River in Florida, Quercus myrtifolia sometimes assumes a treelike habit, rising to a height of twenty-five feet and forming a straight trunk from four to six inches in diameter. Quercus Texana, viii. 129. Extend range through northern Alabama, southeastern Tennessee, and northern Georgia to the banks of the Congaree River near Columbia, South Carolina, where it grows to a very large size and where it was found in May, 1897, by W. M. Canby and C. S. Sargent, to the Piedmont plateau of North Carolina (Ashe, Bot. Gazette, xxiv. 376), and to the Atlantic coast plain in Onslow County, North Carolina (Ashe, Bot. Glazette, xxviii. 271). It is common but of small size on dry limestone hills near Hunts- ville, Alabama, on Orchard Knob and other limestone hills near Chattanooga, Tennessee, on the dry banks of the Coosa River at Rome, Georgia, and near Atlanta, Georgia. Extend range also to Starkville, Oktibbeha County, Mississippi, where it was found in October, 1894, by Professor M.S. Tracy; to Post Oak, Lowndes County, Mississippi, where it was collected by Dr. Charles Mohr in October, 1894; and to southeastern Kansas (Hitch- cock, The Industrialist, xxiv. 823 [Flora of Kansas]). Quercus velutina, viii. 137. Extend range to southeastern Nebraska, where it was collected near Nebraska City in 1894 by Mr. J. H. Masters. (este Herb. University of Nebraska.) Quercus palustris, viii. 151. Extend range to southwestern Tennessee, where it is common on bottom- lands in the neighborhood of Memphis. Quercus imbricaria, viii. 175. It was probably an error to consider this tree an inhabitant of Wisconsin. The neighborhood of Muscatine in southeastern Iowa is now believed to be the most northern station, where it grows in the Mississippi valley. (Teste L. H. Pammel.) Fagus Americana, ix. 27. The range of this tree in Wisconsin is confined to the eastern counties, where it is common, especially near the shores of Lake Michigan. Ostrya Virginiana, ix. 34. Extend range southward in Florida to Lake City, Columbia County, where it was collected in July, 1895, by Mr. G. B. Nash. During the summer of 1899 Mr. C. G. Pringle found this tree in the neighborhood of Jalapa in southern Mexico. Carpinus Caroliniana, ix. 42. During the summer of 1899 Mr. C. G. Pringle found in Mexico Carpinus Caroliniana on the mountains near Jalapa and Orizaba at an elevation of about four thousand feet above the level of the sea and at an elevation of six thousand feet above the sea near Cuernavaca, where in the deep rich cafions of the mountains which form the southern rim of the valley of Mexico this tree, surpassing in size all the known Horn- beams of the world, reaches a height of one hundred feet and forms a trunk from three to four feet in diameter. Betula lenta, ix. 50. Extend range to central Iowa, where it was found in 1900 at Steamboat Rock near the banks of the Iowa River by L. H. Pammel. Betula papyrifera, ix. 57. Extend range to central Iowa, where it was found in June, 1900, at Steamboat Rock near the banks of the Iowa River by L. H. Pammel. Alnus, ix. 67. Betula and Alnus were first united by Linnezus in the tenth edition of the Systema (ii. 1265), published in 1759, and subsequently in the sixth edition of the Genera, published in 1764. Alnus glutinosa, ix. 69. Betula glutinosa was first published in 1759 by Linneus in the tenth edition of the Systema (ii. 1265), and subsequently by Lamarck in 1783. Alnus tenuifolia, ix. 75. Extend range northward in British Columbia to latitude 61, where it was found on the shores of Francis Lake on July 16, 1887, by Dr. G. M. Dawson; and eastward along the Saskatchewan to the neighborhood of Prince Albert, where it was found in July, 1896, by Mr. John Macoun. (See, also, xiv. 62.) Myrica cerifera, ix. 87. Extend range northward to Millsborough, Sussex County, Delaware, where it is common in sandy barrens as a low broad shrub, and where it was found on October 12, 1898, by John Muir, W. M. Canby, and C. S. Sargent; and to Cape May, New Jersey, where it was found March 30, 1899, by Mr. W. M. Canby, and where in sandy soil close to the sea it is a tree from twenty-five to thirty feet in height. Salix Wardi, ix. 107. This is the common Willow of the Ozark mountain region of southwestern Missouri and northwestern and western Arkansas, where it is very abundant on rocky banks of all streams, often growing to the height of thirty feet, and forming a trunk from twelve to eighteen inches in diameter. Salix Bebbiana, ix. 131. Extend range to the shores of Cook Inlet, Alaska. (See Coville, Proc. Wash- ington Acad. Sci. ii. 283 ; iii. 806.) Salix Missouriensis, ix. 137. Extend range eastward to Iowa, where this tree grows in the Mississippi River valley near Sioux City in the extreme northwestern part of Lyon County, and in the Mississippi River valley in the neighborhood of Davenport and Muscatine (see Ball, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. vii. 152) ; and through northeastern Kansas to Riley County, Kansas (Hitchcock, The Industrialist, xxiv. 823 [Flora of Kansas]). SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 105 Salix Sitchensis, ix. 149. In Alaska Salix Sitchensis ranges northward and westward to the shores of Cook Inlet and Kadiak Island, ascending to elevations of at least fourteen hundred feet above the sea-level. The wood is sometimes used by the coast Indians of southern Alaska for frying salmon, as the smoke does not give a bad taste to the fish. The pounded bark is employed to heal the flesh of cuts and wounds. (See Coville, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci. ii. 278; iii. 807.) Populus tremuloides, ix. 158. Change range from southern Nebraska to Pine Ridge, northwestern Ne- braska. (Teste Professor C. E. Bessey.) “In the valley of the Yukon and its tributaries Populus tremuloides is abundant on old river levels and dry hillsides, but rarely occurs on the rich bottom-lands. It seldom exceeds twelve inches in diameter or fifty or sixty feet in height. Populus balsamifera is much less common, although it is fairly abundant on all bottom-lands and creeks and river banks. It is a much larger tree than Populus tremu- loides, sometimes reaching sixteen or eighteen inches in diameter and about seventy feet or more in height when growing on rich alluvial soil.” (M. W. Gorman, in Jitt.) Populus grandidentata, ix. 161. Extend range to northeastern Iowa and southward along the Mississippi River to the neighborhood of Muscatine, to Steamboat Rock on the Iowa River, in Hardin County, and to the Ledges, Boone County, in the central part of Iowa. (este L. H. Pammel.) Populus heterophylla, ix. 163. Extend range in Connecticut northward to Southington, where it was found during the summer of 1901 by Mr. C. H. Bissell. Populus angustifolia, ix. 171. Extend range to the Chiricahua Mountains in the extreme southern part of Arizona, where it was found in 1897 by Professor J. W. Toumey. Oreodoxa regia, x. 81. In 1774 William Bartram visited the upper St. John River, Florida, and noticed Palm-trees which seemed to him “to be of a different species from the Cabbage-tree; their strait trunks are sixty, eighty, or ninety feet high, with a beautiful taper of a bright ash colour, until within six or seven feet of the top, where it is a fine green colour, crowned with an orb of rich green plumed leaves: I have measured the stem of these plumes fifteen feet in length, besides the plume, which is nearly of the same length.” (Zravels, 115.) Of the Palms of Florida this description can apply only to Oreodoxa regia, although I cannot learn that it now grows anywhere near the St. John River or that it has been seen there by any later traveler. It is possible that it is these trees to which Nuttall alludes in the preface of his Sylva of North America @. viii.). Juniperus Utahensis, x. 81. Add to the synonymy : — Juniperus Knighti, Nelson, Bot. Gazette, xxv. 198, f. 1, 2 (1898); Bull. No. 40 Wyoming Exp. Stat. 88, £. 18, 19 (Trees of Wyoming) ; and extend range into southern Wyoming, where it is common in the Red Desert region from the Seminole Mountains to Green River. Juniperus sabinoides, x. 91. This name as applied to this tree was first published by Nees von Esenbeck in Linnea, xix. 706, in 1847. The great Cedar Brake on the San Bernard River in Brazoria County, Texas, is composed of this species, which sometimes attains a height of a hundred feet here. (este B. F. Bush, who visited it in 1900.) Cupressus Macnabiana, x. 109. Extend range from central Napa County, California, where it has been found by Mr. Carl Purdy on Mt. Aitna, northward through Lake County, where it is now known to abound on the tributaries of the Lake, and on the slopes of Mt. Raynor, and to Red Mountain on the eastern side of Ukiah valley in Mendocino County, where it has been found by Mr. Purdy. In July, 1901, Miss Alice Eastwood found Cupressus Macnabiana on the road between Shasta and Whiskeytown, Trinity County, California, probably near the place where it was originally discovered by Jeffrey. (See Bull. Sierra Club, iv. 41.) Cupressus Nootkatensis, x. 115. Extend range eastward to Stevens’ Pass in northeastern Washington, where it was found by J. H. Sandberg and J. P. Leiberg at elevations of from four thousand to six thousand feet above the sea in August, 1893; and northwestward to Khantaak Island in Yakutat Bay, where a single tree was seen by Frederick Funston in 1892. (See Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. iii. 828.) Thuya occidentalis, x. 126. Extend range to northeastern Tennessee, where it was found on the Holston River at Fishdam, Sullivan County, on June 10, 1897, by Mr. G. B. Sudworth. Thuya gigantea, x.129. Yas Bay is the extreme northwestern station from which I have seen specimens of this tree. Southeast of Yas Bay it is not rare on the Alaska coast, growing from the sea-level up to elevations of fifteen hundred feet and surpassed only by the Tideland Spruce in size. . Masters has shown that the oldest name for this tree is Thuya plicata, which should be adopted for it. (See Gard. Chron. ser. 8, xxi. 101, 218, 258.) Thuya plicata was first used by James Donn in the fourth edition of the Hortus Cantabrigiensis, published in 1807, but as the name was unaccompanied by any description it becomes 106 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. a nomen nudum, and the author of the species is David Don, who described this tree in the second volume of Lam- bert’s Genus Pinus, published in 1824, his description being based on a specimen collected by Née (see viii. 25) and preserved in the British Museum. Née’s specimen is ascribed to New Spain, but, as Dr. Masters points out, this is clearly an error in the inscription on the label as there is no Thuya in Mexico, and Née in his voyage with Malaspina also visited different parts of the northwest coast. Malaspina’s voyage extended from 1789 to 1794, when he arrived on his return in Cadiz, so that it is Née who discovered this tree and not Menzies, who was not at Nootka Sound until 1796. The Zhuya plicata of northwestern America discovered by Née and subsequently by Menzies must not be confounded with the Thuya plicata of gardens, which is a form of Thuya occidentalis of eastern America. Libocedrus decurrens, x. 135. Extend range eastward in southern Oregon to the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains, where it is common above the shores of Upper Klamath Lake at elevations of about twenty- two hundred feet and where it does not grow to a large size. On the Warner Range still farther east it grows in the Yellow Pine belt, but it is not common and rarely forms a trunk exceeding two feet in diameter (C. Hart Merriam, in Jitt.). Extend range in California to the Santa Lucia Mountains, to Mt. San Carlos near New Idria in San Benito County, and to the San Rafael Mountains in Santa Barbara County, where it was found in May, 1894, at elevations of five thousand feet above the sea by Dr. F. Franceschi. Sequoia, x. 139. Emend description of the fruit to read “ maturing during its first or second season.” The fruit of Sequoia sempervirens appears always to ripen during one season, but in the case of Sequoia Wellingtoma, which flowers early in the year, the young cone grows during the first season to about half its full size and, beginning to grow again late in the winter or in very early spring, attains its full size in May, when the seeds are ready to germinate, although the cones do not open naturally until August or September after the hot dry season. (See Sargent, Garden and Forest, x. 514, f. 66.) Pinus quadrifolia, xi. 43. Extend range in California to the desert slopes of the Santa Rosa Mountains, Riverside County, where it is abundant at an elevation of five thousand feet above the level of the sea and where it has been found by Mr. H. M. Hall. (See Erythea, vii. 89.) Pinus clausa, xi. 127. Extend range southward along the east coast of Florida to five or six miles south of New River or Fort Lauderdale. Pinus glabra, xi. 181. Extend range to central Mississippi, where it is common on the low wooded borders of streams and swamps, and to the swamps adjacent to Bayou Phalia, eastern Louisiana. Pinus divaricata, xi. 147. Extend range to the eastern slope of Green Mountain, Mount Desert Island, Maine, where it was found by Mr. E. L. Rand in July, 1898. (See Rhodora, i. 135.) Larix Americana, xii. 7. Extend range southward to Preston County, West Virginia, where in May, 1897, it was found by Professor A. D. Hopkins near Cranesville at an elevation of about twenty-three hundred and sixty feet above the level of the sea growing in a sphagnum-covered swamp. (See 10th Ann. Rep. West Virginia Agric. Exp. Stat. 50.) Larix Lyallii, xii. 15. Extend range southward in the United States along the continental divide, where it has been found to extend in many scattered colonies, to the neighborhood of Camp Creek Pass at the head of the middle fork of Sun River. Here it forms a pure forest of considerable extent at an elevation of from seven thousand to eight thousand feet above the sea-level, and was found by Mr. H. B. Ayres in August, 1899; and to Pend d’Oreille Pass between the waters of the Clearwater River and those of the west fork of the south fork of the Flathead River, where it was found at an elevation of seven thousand feet by Mr. Ayres in September, 1899. Picea Mariana, xii. 28. Extend range as far north as least at the valley of the Klondike in the Yukon Territory, where it is very common from the Yukon valley as far west as the west bank of White River at a point two hundred and twelve miles above the mouth of that stream, and where it was first noticed in 1899 by Mr. Mar- tin W. Gorman. “ West of the Yukon it occurs in all wet marshy localities and is to be found growing over buried glaciers wherever they occur in that region, but I did not observe it anywhere on the rich bottom-lands along the immediate banks of the Yukon. It is a much smaller tree than the White Spruce, seldom reaching eighty feet in height or producing a trunk exceeding twelve inches in diameter. Owing to the scarcity of timber it is sometimes cut and makes better lumber and fuel than the White Spruce, as it is darker, harder, and closer-grained.” (Gorman, in litt.) Picea Canadensis, xii. 87. Extend range southward in Wisconsin through the northern part of the state. (Teste L. S. Cheney.) Tsuga Canadensis, xii. 63. In Wisconsin the southern station of the Hemlock is in Iowa County in the SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 107 southwestern part of the state, where there is a grove of this tree on a bluff on the east bank of the Pecatonica River about six miles north of Blanchardville, Lafayette County, and two miles east of Hollondale, Iowa County. (1. §. Cheney in Jitt.) Tsuga Mertensiana, xii. 77. Extend range northwestward along the Alaska coast to the shores of Prince William Sound, where, during the summer of 1899, at the head of an icy ford, John Muir found trees of this species from eighty to one hundred feet in height with trunks from two to three feet in diameter forming a pure forest ; and eastward in Montana to the pass between the head of Sun River and the head of the Clearwater, and about fifteen miles east of McDonald’s Peak, where at an elevation of five thousand feet above the sea-level a small grove of stunted trees was seen during the summer of 1899 by Mr. H. B. Ayres. Pseudotsuga Japonica, xii. 84. This name was first used by Beissner (Mité. Deutsche Dendr. Gesell. Nr. 5, 62 [1896]). Abies balsamea, xii.107. In Wisconsin this tree occurs only in the northern and central parts of the state, where it is common, and is entirely unknown in the southern counties, the station in northeastern Iowa being an isolated one. GENERAL INDEX. Names of Orders are in SMALL capPrTats ; of admitted Genera and Species and other proper names, in roman type ; Abele, ix. 154. Abies, xii. 95. Abies, xii. 1, 19, 59, 83. Abies Ajanensis, xii. 21. Abies Ajanensis, var. microsperma, xti. 21. Abies alba, xii. 33, 37, 99. Abies alba cerulea, xii. 40. Abies Albertiana, xii. 73. Abies Alcockiana, xii. 21. Abies Alcoquiana, xii. 21. Abies amabilis, xii. 125. Abies amabilis, xii. 117, 137. Abies Americana, xii. 33, 37, 63, 107. Abies Americana cerulea, xii. 40. Abies Apollinis, xii. 99. Abies Apollinis, 8 Panachaica, xii. 99. Abies Apollinis, y Regine Amalie, xii. 99. Abies Araragi, xii. 60. Abies arctica, xii. 39. Abies argentea, xii. 100. Abies Arizonica, xii. 113. ? Abies aromatica, xii. 117. Abies Baborensis, xii. 96, 100. Abies balsamea, xii. 107 ; xiv. 106. Abies balsamea, xii. 118, 121. Abies balsamea, 6 Fraseri, xii. 105. Abies balsamea Hudsonia, xii. 109. Abies balsamifera, xii. 107. Abies bicolor, xii. 21. Abies bifida, xii. 101. Abies bifolia, xii. 113. Abies brachyphylla, xii. 102. Abies bracteata, xii. 129. Abies Bridgesii, xii. 73. Abies Brunoniana, xii. 61. Abies Canadensis, xii. 37, 63. Abies Canadensis ? xii. 73. Abies Caroliniana, xii. 69. Abies Cephalonica, xii. 96, 99. Abies Cephalonica, a Parnassica, xii. 99. Abies Cephalonica, B Arcadica, xii. 99. Abies Cephalonica robusta, xii. 99. Abies Cephalonica, var. Apollinis, xii. 99. Abies Cephalonica, var. Regine Amalie, xii. 99. Abies Cilicica, xii. 96, 98. Abies coerulea, xii. 40. Abies commutata, xii. 43. Abies concolor, xii. 121. Abies concolor, xii. 117. Abies concolor, var. lasiocarpa, xii. 121. Abies concolor, var. Lowiana, xii. 121. Abies curvifolia, xii. 37. Abies denticulata, xii. 28. Abies diversifolia, xii. 60. Abies Douglasii, xii. 87. Abies Douglasii, var. macrocarpa, xii. 93. Abies Douglasii, var. taxifolia, xii. 87. Abies dumosa, xii. 61. Abies, economic properties of, xii. 96. Abies Eichleri, xii. 101. Abies Engelmanni, xii. 43. of synonyms, in italics. Abies Engelmanni glauca, xii. 47. Abies excelsa, xii. 23, 25, 99. Abies excelsa denudata, xii. 24. Abies excelsa, var. medioxima, xii. 24. Abies excelsa, var. virgata, xii. 24. Abies falcata, xii. 55. Abies firma, xii. 101, 102. Abies firma, var. bifida, xii. 101. Abies Fraseri, xii. 105. Abies Fraseri, xii. 107. Abies Fraseri (B) nana, xii. 109. Abies Fraseri, var. Hudsoni, xii. 109. Abies, fungal diseases of, xii. 101. Abies Glehni, xii. 21. Abies Gmelini, xii. 4. Abies Gordoniana, xii. 117. Abies grandis, xii. 117. Abies grandis, xii. 118, 121, 125. Abies grandis, a Oregona, xii. 117. Abies grandis, var. concolor, xii. 121. Abies grandis, var. densiflora, xii, 125. Abies grandis, var. Lowiana, xii. 121, Abies heterophylla, xii. 73. Abies hirtella, xii. 97. Abies Hispanica, xii. 100. Abies homolepis, xii. 96, 102. Abies Hookeriana, xii. 77. Abies, hybrid, xii. 97. Abies, insect enemies of, xii. 101. Abies insignis, xii. 97. Abies Japonica, xii. 102. Abies Jezoensis, xii. 21. Abies Kempferi, xii. 2. Abies Khutrow, xii. 22. Abies Larix, xii. 3. Abies lasiocarpa, xii. 113. Abies lasiocarpa, xii. 125. Abies lasiocarpa, var. Arizonica, xii. 113. Abies laxa, xii. 37. Abies leptolepis, xii. 2. Abies Lowiana, xii. 121. Abies macrocarpa, xii. 93. Abies magnifica, xii. 137. Abies magnifica, var. Shastensis, xii. 138. Abies magnifica, var. xanthocarpa, xii. 188. Abies Mariana, xii. 28. Abies medioxima, xii. 24. Abies Menziesii, xii. 21, 47, 55. Abies Menziesii Parryana, xii. 47. Abies Mertensia, xii. 77. Abies Mertensiana, xii. 73, 77. Abies microcarpa, xii. 7. Abies microphylla, xii. 73. Abies microsperma, xii. 21. Abies minor, xii. 99. Abies Momi, xii. 96, 101. Abies Morinda, xii. 22. _ Abies mucronata, xii. 87. Abies mucronata, var. palustris, xii. 87. Abies nephrolepsis, xii. 101. Abies nigra, xii. 28, 33, 43. Abies nigra, B rubra, xii. 33. Abies nobilis, xii. 133. Abies nobilis, xii. 137. ? Abies nobilis robusta, xii. 138. Abies nobilis, var. glauca, xii. 138. Abies nobilis, var. magnifica, xii. 137. Abies Nordmanniana, xii. 96, 98. Abies Nordmanniana speciosa, xii. 97. Abies Numidica, xii. 100. Abies obovata, xii. 24. Abies Omorika, xii. 22. Abies orientalis, xii. 22, 23. Abies Pattoniana, xii. 77. Abies Pattonii, xii. 78, 77, 80. Abies pectinata, xii. 23, 63, 99. Abies pectinata, 8 Apollinis, xii. 99. Abies pendula, xii. 7. Abies Picea, xii. 96, 99. Abies Picea, xii. 23. Abies Picea (B) Appollinis, xii. 99. Abies Picea, economic properties of, xii. 100. Abies Pichta, xii. 98. Abies Pindrow, xii. 98. Abies Pinsapo, xii. 96, 100. Abies Pinsapo, var. Baborensis, xii. 100. Abies polita, xii. 21. Abies procera viminalis, xii. 24. Abies Regine Amalic, xii. 99. Abies religiosa, xii. 97. Abies religiosa, x. 141, Abies religiosa glaucescens, xii. 91. Abies rubra, xii. 33, 37. Abies rubra ceerulea, xii. 40. Abies Sachalinensis, xii. 97. Abies Schrenckiana, xii. 25. Abies selinusia, xii. 98. Abies Shastensis, xii. 138. Abies Sibirica, xii. 96, 97. Abies Sibirica, var. alba, xii. 98. Abies Sibirica, var. nephrolepis, xii. 101. Abies Sitchensis, xii. 21, 55. Abies Smithiana, xii. 21, 22. Abies species, xii. 61. Abies spectabilis, xii. 98. Abies spinulosa, xii. 22. Abies subalpina, xii. 113. Abies subalpina, var. fallax, xii. 118. Abies taxifolia, xii. 63, 87, 99. Abies taxifolia, var. patula, xii. 63. 2 Abies Thunbergit, xii. 21. Abies Torano, xii. 21. Abies trigona, xii. 55. Abies Tsuga, xii. 60. Abies Tsuga nana, xii. 60. Abies umbeilata, xii. 101. Abies Veitchi, xii. 96, 101. Abies Veitchi, var. Sachalinensis, xii. 97. Abies venusta, xii. 129. Abies vulgaris, xii. 99. Abies Webbiana, xii. 96, 98. Abies Webbiana, B Pindrow, xii. 98. Abies Williamsonii, xii. 77. Abietene, xi. 96. 110 GENERAL INDEX. Acacia, iii. 39, 115. Acer Drummondii, ii. 109. Acer hari var. t ii. 105. Acacia esculenta, iii. 113. Acer ertocarpum, ii. 103. Acer art var. dissectum, ii. 105. Acacia aibida, xii. 19, Acer Floridanum, ii. 100, 105. Acer saccharinum, var. Floridanum, ii. 100. Acacia Arabica, iii. 116. Acer Floridanum, var. acuminatum, xiii. 7. Acer saccharinum, var. glaucum, ii. 99 5) xii. Acacia Bahamensis, iii. 129. Acer Floridum, ii. 105. 8, 9. Acacia biceps, iii. 111. Acer glabrum, ii. 95; xiv. 99. Acer saccharinum, var. laciniatum, ii. 105. Acacia Catechu, iii. 116. Acer glabrum, var. tripartitum, ii. 95. Acer saccharinum, var. nigrum, ii. 99 ; xiii. 8, Acacia Cumanensis, iii. 101. Acer glaucum, ii. 107. : Acacia diptera, iii. 101. Acer grandidentatum, ii. 100. Acer saccharinum, var. normale, ii. 104. Acacia edulis, iii. 119. Acer heterophyllum, ii. 105. Acer saccharinum, var. pseudo-platanoides, ii. Acacia Farnesiana, ili. 119. = Acer hybridum, ii. 105. 99. Acacia Farnesiana, var. pedunculata, iii. 119, Acer Japonicum, ii. 80. . Acer saccharinum, var. Rugelii, ii. 99. Acacia Farnesiana, var. sempervirens, iii. 121. Acer laciniatum Wierii, ii. 105. Acer saccharophorum, ii. 97. Acacia flexicaulis, iii. 137. Acer leucoderme, xiii. 7. Acer Saccharum, xiii. 7. Acacia flexuosa, iii. 101. Acer longifolium, ii. 105. Acer Saccharum, ii. 97, 103. Acacia formosa, iii. 127. Acer lutescens, ii. 105. : Acer Saccharum, var. barbatum, xiii. 8. Acacia frondosa, iii. 111. Acer macrocarpum, ii. 105. Acer Saccharum, var. Floridanum, xiii. 7. Acacia furcata, iii. 101. ‘ Acer macrophyllum, ii. 89. Acer Saccharum, var. grandidentat xiii. 8. Acacia glandulosa, iii. 109. Acer macrophyllum, ii. 104. Acer Sacck , var. | d patie Te Acacia glauca, iii. 111. Acer Mexicanum, ii. 100. Acer Saccharum, var. nigrum, xiii. 9. Acacia, Green-barked, iii. 83, 85. Acer microphyllum, ii. 107 ; xiii. 11. Acer Saccharum, var. Rugelii, xiii. 8. Acacia Greggii, iii. 125. Acer montanum, ii. 83. Acer Saira, ii. 105. Acacia horrida, iii. 116. Acer Negundo, ii. 111; xiv. 99. Acer sanguineum, ii. 105, 107. Acacia juliflora, iii. 101. Acer Negundo, var. Californicum, ii. 112. Acer semiorbiculatum, ii. 107 ; xiii. 11. Acacia levigata, iii. 101. Acer Negundo, var. Texanum, ii. 111. Acer spicatum, ii. 83. Acacia latisiliqua, iii. 129. Acer Negundo, var. vulgare, ii. 113. Acer spicatum, ii. 104. Acacia lenticellata, iii. 119. Acer Negundo, var. vulgare, a. bicolor, ii.113. Acer picat var. Ukurund , ii. 84, Acacia ? leptophylla, iii. 119. Acer Negundo, var. vulgare, b. angustissi- Acer striatum, ii. 85. Acacia leucacantha, xiii. 19. mum, ii. 113. Acer tomentosum, ii. 105. Acacia leucocephala, iii. 111. Acer nigrum, xiii, 9. Acer tripartitum, ii. 95. Acacia Melanoxylon, iii. 116. Acer nigrum, ii. 99. Acer Ukurunduense, ii. 84. Acacia nostras, iv. 10. 2 Acer nigrum, xiii. 8. Acer versicolor, ii. 113. Acacia pallida, iii. 101. Acer niveum, ii. 80. Acer violaceum, ii. 113. Acacia, Parasol, iii. 41. Acer palmatum, ii. 80. Acer virgatum, ii. 93. Acacia pedunculata, iii. 119, Acer palmatum, ii. 89, 104. Acer Virginicum rubrum, ii. 105. Acacia polyphylla, iii. 127. Acer palmifolium, var. concolor, xiii. 9. Achras Bahamensis, v. 183. Acacia pulverulenta, iii. 113. > Acer palmifolium, var. nigrum, xiii. 8. Achras Balata, v. 182. Acacia pyenantha, iii. 116. Acer parviflorum, ii. 83. Achras costata, v. 163. Acacia ? salinarum, iii. 101. Acer Pavia, ii. 104. Achras pallida, v. 165. Acacia Senegal, iii. 116. Acer pendulum, ii. 105. Achras salicifolia, v. 179. Acacia Seyal, iii. 116. Acer Pennsylvanicum, ii. 85. Achras serrata, iv. 49. Acacia Siliquastrum, iii. 101. Acer Pennsylvanicum, ii. 83. Achras Zapotilla, vax. parviflora, v. 183. Acacia stenocarpa, iii. 116, Acer pictum, ii. 80. Acmena, v. 39. Acacia Suma, iii. 116. Acer platanoides, ii. 80. Acmophylla, ix. 96. Acacia, Three-thorned, iii. 75. Acer polymorphum, ii. 80. Acoptus suturalis, ix. 41. Acacia tortuosa, xiii. 19. Acer Pseudo-Platanus, ii. 80. Acrobasis Juglandis, vii. 118. Acacia Wrightii, iii. 123. Acer pulverulentum, ii. 105. Acronycta Populi, ix. 156. Acanthoderes quadrigibbus, vii. 133. Acer rubrum, ii. 107. Acronycta rubricoma, vii. 64. Acer, ii. 79. Acer rubrum, ii. 108 ; xiii. 11. Actias Luna, vii. 116. Acer albo-variegatum, ii. 105. Acer rubrum, B, xii. 11. Adamaran, v. 19. Acer album, ii. 105. Acer rubrum, distribution of, xiii. 11. Adelges abieticolens, xii. 25. Acer argenteo-variegatum, ii. 118. Acer rubrum mas, ii. 103. Adelges Abietis, xii. 25. Acer aureo-variegatum, ii. 113. Acer rubrum, subspec. microphyllum, xiii. 11. 2? Adnaria, v. 115. Acer barbatum, ii. 97. Acer rubrum, subspec. semiorbiculatum, xiii, Hcidium Aiseuli, ii. 54. Acer barbatum, xiii. 7. 11. AXeidium elatinum, xii. 101. Acer barbatum, var. Floridanum, ii. 100. Acer rubrum, var. clausum, ii. 107. Kcidium Fraxini, vi. 27. Acer barbatum, var. Floridanum, xiii. 7. Acer rubrum, var. Drummondii, ii. 109. ZEcidium myricatum, ix. 86. Acer barbatum, var. grandidentatum, ii. 100. Acer rubrum, var. eurubrum, ii. 107. Aicidium pyratum, x. 73. Acer barbatum, var. grandidentatum, xiii. 8. Acer rubrum, var. microphyllum, ii. 107. Ecidium Sambuci, v. 87. Acer barbatum, var. nigrum, ii. 99. Acer rubrum, var. pallidiflorum, ii. 107. Ageria acerni, ii. 81. Acer barbatum, var. nigrum, xiii. 8, 9. Acer rubrum, var. pallidum, ii. 103. Zégeria exitiosa, iv. 11. Acer Californicum, ii. 112, 113. Acer rubrum, var. sanguineum, ii. 107. Aigeria Pinorum, xi. 11. Acer Campbellii, ii. 80. Acer rubrum, var. semiorbiculatum, ii. 107. ZEgeria prosopis, iii. 100. Acer Canadense, ii. 85. Acer rubrum, var. tomentosum, ii. 107. ? Zgialea, v. 129. Acer Carolinianum, ii. 107. Acer rubrum, var. tridens, xiii. 11. ZEsculus, ii. 51. Acer circinatum, ii. 98. Acer rufinerve, ii. 85. 4isculus alba, ii. 55. Acer coccineum, ii. 105, 107. Acer Rugelii, ii. 99 ; xiii. 8. ZEsculus arguta, ii. 55 ; xiv. 99. Acer crategifolium, ii. 80, Acer saccharinum, ii. 103. Gisculus Asamica, ii. 52. Acer crispum, ii. 113. Acer saccharinum, ii. 97 ; xiii, 8. &sculus austrina, xiii. 3. Acer dasycarpum, ii. 103. Acer saccharinum, subspec. Rugelii, xiii. 8. sculus Californica, ii. 61. Acer dasycarpum monospermum, ii. 105. Acer saccharinum, subspec. saccharinum, var. Esculus carnea, ii. 53. Acer diabolicum, ii. 80. glaucum, xiii. 8. ZEsculus Chinensis, ii. 52, 53. Acer dissectum Wagneri, ii. 105. Acer saccharinum, var. albo-maculatum, ii. Msculus Columbiana, ii. 52. Acer Douglasii, ii. 95. 105. 4isculus discolor, ii. 60. Zisculus dissimilis, ii. 52. Aisculus echinata, ii. 55. ZEsculus flava, ii. 59. 4Esculus flava, var. purpurascens, ii. 60. ZEseulus glabra, ii. 55 ; xiv. 99. Aesculus glabra, var. arguta, xiv. 99. ZEsculus glabra, var. Buckleyi, xiv. 99. Esculus Hippocastanum, ii. 52, 53. 4Esculus hybrida, ii. 60. ZXseulus Indica, ii. 52. isculus lutea, ii. 59. 4Esculus macrostachya, ii. 52. Hsculus Mexicana, ii. 52. 4esculus muricata, ii. 55. 4isculus neglecta, ii. 59. Zisculus ochroleuca, ii. 55. Zesculus octandra, ii. 59. isculus octandra, var. hybrida, ii. 60. 4isculus octandra, var. hybrida, xiii. 3. 4isculus Ohioensis, ii. 55. 4Esculus pallida, ii. 55. sculus Parryi, ii. 52. Zsculus parviflora, ii. 52. ZBsculus Pavia, ii. 52. Aisculus Pavia, ii. 52. 4ésculus Pavia, B discolor, xiii. 3. 4ésculus Pavia, var. discolor, ii. 60. sculus Punduana, ii. 52. Zisculus rubicunda, ii. 53. ZEsculus turbinata, ii. 52, 53. 4Esculus verrucosa, ii. 55. sculus Watsoniana, ii. 53. Agaricus adiposus, ix. 25. Agaricus Campanella, x. 101. Agaricus salignus, ix. 101. Agaricus ulmarius, vii. 42. A gastianis, iii. 59. A gastianis secundiflora, iii. 63. Agathisanthes, v. 73. Agathisanthes Javanica, v. 73. Agathophyllum, vii. 9. Ageria, i. 103. Ageria Cassena, i. 111. Ageria heterophylla, i. 109. Ageria obovata, i. 109. Ageria opaca, i. 107. Ageria palustris, i. 109. Aglaospora profusa, iii. 38. Aigeiros, ix. 152. Aigiros, ix. 151. Aka-matsu, xi. 7. Alder, ix. 73, 75, 77, 79° xiv. 61. Alder Blight, ix. 70. Alder, Seaside, ix. 81. Alders, European, wood. of, ix. 70. Aldina, iii. 115. Aleppo Pine, xi. 9. Alerse, x. 134. Algarobia, iii. 99. Algarobia dulcis, iii. 101. Algarobia glandulosa, iii. 101 ; xiii. 15. Algerian Fir, xii. 100. Alligator Pear, vii. 2. Almond, the, iv. 8, 9. Almond Willow, ix. 111. Almond-oil, iv. 9. Almond-tree, Indian, v. 20. Almonds, Bitter, iv. 9. Almonds, Sweet, iv. 9. Alnaster, ix. 68. Alnaster Alnobetula, xiv. 61. Alnaster fruticosus, ix. 68 ; xiv. 61. Alnaster viridis, ix. 68. Alnobetula, ix. 67. GENERAL INDEX. Alnus, ix. 67, 68 ; xiv. 104. Alnus acuminata, ix. 79. Alnus acuminata, a genuina, ix. 79. Alnus Alnobetula, ix. 68. Alnus Alnobetula, xiv. 61. Alnus alpina, ix. 68. Alnus barbata, ix. 69. Alnus Brembana, ix. 68. Alnus communis, ix. 69. Alnus crispa, ix. 68. Alnus denticulata, ix. 69. Alnus, economic uses of, ix. 69. Alnus elliptica, ix. 69. Alnus Februaria, ix. 69. Alnus fruticosa, ix. 68. Alnus, fungal diseases of, ix. 70. Alnus glauca, ix. 69. Alnus glutinosa, ix. 69 ; xiv. 104. Alnus glutinosa in the United States, ix. 70. Alnus glutinosa (vulgaris), ix. 69. Alnus glutinosa, y Sibirica, ix. 68. Alnus glutinosa, 6 serrulata, ix. 69. Alnus glutinosa, vay. rugosa, ix. 69. Alnus, hybrids of, ix. 68. Alnus incana, ix. 68. Alnus incana, ix. 68. Alnus incana, a glauca, ix. 75. Alnus incana, B, ix. 69, 75. Alnus incana, 4 rubra, ix. 73. Alnus incana, var. glauca, ix. 69. Alnus incana, vax. virescens, ix. 75 ; xiv. 61. Alnus, insect enemies of, ix. 70. Alnus Japonica, ix. 69. ? Alnus Jorullensis, var. ix. 79, 111 Amelanchier Asiatica, iv. 126. Amelanchier Bartramiana, iv. 127. Amelanchier Botryapium, iv. 127. Amelanchier Canadensis, iv. 127. Amelanchier Canadensis, iv. 131. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. alnifolia, iv. 131. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. Botryapium, iv. 127. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. Japonica, iv. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia, iv. 128, 131. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. obovalis, iv. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oligocarpa, iv. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. prunifolia, iv. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. iit iv. 131. l ie is, var. 7 di, iy. 129. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. spicata, iv. Amelanchier diversifolia, var. alnifolia, iv. Amelanchier florida, iv. 131. Amelanchier, fungal enemies of, iv. 126. Amelanchier glabra, iv. 181. Amelanchier, insect enemies of, iv. 126, Amelanchier intermedia, iv. 128. Amelanchier oblongifolia, iv. 128. Amelanchier oligocarpa, iv. 126. ee Neclasig ovalis, iv. 127, 129. Alnus lanuginosa, ix. 69. Alnus maritima, ix. 81. Alnus maritima, a typica, ix. 81. Alnus, medical properties of, ix. 69. Alnus Morisiana, ix. 69. Alnus Nepalensis, ix. 70. Alnus nigra, ix. 69. Alnus nitida, ix. 70. Alnus oblongata, ix. 81. Alnus oblongifolia, ix. 77, 79. Alnus occidentalis, xiv. 61. ? Alnus occidentalis, ix. 75. Alnus Oregona, ix. 73. Alnus ovata, ix. 68. Alnus pubescens, ix. 68. Alnus rhombifolia, ix. 77. Alnus rhombifolia, ix. 75, 79. Alnus rotundifolia, ix. 69. Alnus rubra, ix. 69, 73 ; xiv. 61. Alnus rugosa, ix. 69. Alnus serrulata, ix. 69. ? Alnus serrulata, B rugosa, ix. 75. Alnus serrulata, y oblongifolia, ix. 79. Alnus sinuata, xiv. 61. Alnus Sitchensis, xiv. 61. Alnus tenuifolia, ix. 75 ; xiv. 104. Alnus tenuifolia, xiv. 61. Alnus undulata, ix. 68. Alnus viridis, ix. 68, 75 ; xiv. 61. Alnus viridis, 8, xiv. 61. Alnus viridis, 8 Sibirica, ix. 68 ; xiv. 61. Alnus viridis, 8 Sibirica, b Sitchensis, xiv. 61. Alnus viridis, 5 sinuata, xiv. 61. Alstonia, vi. 13. Alstonia theeeformis, vi. 14. Altingia Chinensis, medical uses of, v. 8. Amelanchier, iv. 125. Amelanchier alnifolia, iv. 131. Amelanchier Amelanchier, iv. 125. hier ovalis, var. semiintegrifolia, iv. 131. Amelanchier pallida, iv. 131. Amelanchier parviflora, iv. 125. Amelanchier pumila, iv. 131. Amelanchier rotundifolia, iv. 125, 129. Amelanchier sanguinea, iv. 126, 127. Amelanchier spicata, iv. 128. Amelanchier vulgaris, iv. 125. ier We heimi iv. 127. American Elm, vii. 45. Amerina, ix. 95. yen: Ssumstten, vill. 12. Wel x. 140. ae Catalpee, vi. ba. Amygdaline, ix. 96. Amygdalophora, iv. 7. Amygdalopsis, iv. 7. Amygdalus, iv. 7, 8. Amygdalus, iv. 7. Amyris, i. 83. Amyris balsamifera, i. 83. Amyris dyatripa, i. 85. Amyris Elemifera, xiv. 98. Amyris Elemifera, i. 85. Amyris Floridana, i. 85 ; xiv. 98. Amyris Hypelate, ii. 78. Amyris maritima, i. 83, 85 ; xiv. 98. Amyris maritima, xiv. 98. Amyris maritima, var. angustifolia, i. 85 ; xiv. Amyris parvifolia, i. 83. Amyris Plumieri, xiv. 98. Amyris sylvatica, i. 83. Amyris sylvatica, i. 85 ; xiv. 98. Amyris sylvatica, var. Plumieri, xiv. 98. Amyris toxifera, i. 83. Anacahuita, vi. 73. Anacahuita wood, medical properties of, vi. 74. ANACARDIACES, iii. 1. 112 Anamomis, v. 31. Anamomis dichotoma, v. 32. Anamomis esculenta, v. 31. Anamomis punctata, v. 32. Anaqua, vi. 81. Andersson, Nils Johan, ix. 138. Androgyne, viii. 4. Androgynous flowers of Picea, xii. 20. Androgynous flowers of Pinus, xi. 4. Andromeda, v. 129. Andromeda, v. 133. Andromeda arborea, v. 135. Andromeda arborescens, v. 135. Andromeda elliptica, v. 130. Andromeda ferruginea, v. 131 ; xiv. 102. Andromeda ferruginea, var. arborescens, v. 132. Andromeda ferruginea, var. fruticosa, v. 132. Andromeda, fungal enemies of, v. 130. Andromeda glaucophylla, v. 130. Andromeda Mariana, v. 130. Andromeda ovalifolia, v. 130. Andromeda plumata, ii. 3. Andromeda polifolia, v. 130. Andromeda pulchella, v. 130. Andromeda rhomboidalis, v. 132. Andromeda rigida, v. 132. Andromeda rosmarinifolia, v. 130. Anisota pellucida, viii. 12. Anisota senatoria, viii. 12. Anisota Stigma, viii. 12. Annona, i. 28. Anona, i. 27. Anona, i. 21. Anona Cherimolia, i. 28. Anona glabra, i. 29. Anona laurifolia, i. 29. Anona muricata, i. 28. Anona palustris, i. 23. Anona pendula, i. 23. Anona reticulata, i. 28. Anona squamosa, i. 27. Anona triloba, i. 23. ANONACE, i, 21. Anonymos aquatica, vii. 61. Antheischima, i. 49. Antherza Roylei, viii. 10. Anthodendron, v. 143. Anthodendron flavum, v. 145, 146. Anthomeles, iv. 83. Anthomeles estivalis, iv. 119. Anthomeles Douglasii, iv. 86. Anthomeles flava, iv. 113. Anthomeles glandulosa, iv. 113. Anthomeles rotundifolia, iv. 95. Anthomeles turbinata, iv. 1138. Anthonomus Crategi, iv. 84. Anthonomus quadrigibbus, iv. 11, 70. Anthost tropunctata, viii. 12. Anthost Oreodapl vii. 20. Anthostomella brachystoma, xii. 61. Anthostomella nig lati Bo Antispila cornifoliella, v. 65. Antispila nyssefoliella, v. 74. Ants’ Wood, v. 175. Apate basilaris, vii. 133. Apatura Celtis, vii. 64. Apatura Clyton, vii. 64. Aphania, ii. 67. Aphis Diospyri, vi. 4. Aphis Viburni, v. 94. Apinus, xi. 1. Apirophorum, iv. 67. Aplilia, vi. 25. Apocarya, vii. 132. GENERAL INDEX. Apple, Crab, iv. 71, 75. Apple Haw, iv. 119. Apple, Rose, v. 41. Apple-tree Borer, iv. 70. Apricot, the, iv. 8, 9. Aquifolium, i. 103. Aquifolium, i. 103, 105. Aralia, v. 57. Aralia Californieca, v. 57. Aralia canescens, v. 60. Aralia Chinensis, v. 60. Aralia cordata, v. 58. Aralia Decaisneana, v. 60. Aralia edulis, v. 58. Aralia elata, v. 60. Aralia hispida, v. 58. Aralia humilis, v. 57. Aralia hypoleuca, v. 58, Aralia Leroana, v. 60. Aralia Mandshurica, v. 60. Aralia nudicaulis, v. 58. Aralia Planchoniana, v. 60. Aralia quinquefolia, v. 58. Aralia racemosa, v. 58. Aralia racemosa, v. 57. Aralia racemosa, var. occidentalis, v. 57. Aralia spinosa, v. 59. Aralia spinosa, v. 60. Aralia spinosa, B, v. 59. Aralia spinosa, var. canescens, v. 60. Aralia spinosa, var. Chinensis, v. 60. Aralia spinosa, var. elata, v. 60. Aralia spinosa, var. glabrescens, v. 60. ARALIACE®, v. 57. Arbol de Hierro, iii. 49. Arbor Vite, x. 126. Arbor-vite, Japanese, x. 124. Arbutus, v. 121. Arbutus Andrachne, v. 122 ; xiv. 102. Arbutus Andrachne, fruit of, v. 121. Arbutus Arizonica, v. 127. Arbutus integrifolia, v. 122. Arbutus laurifolia, v. 123, 125. ? Arbutus macrophylla, v. 125. Arbutus Menziesii, v. 123. Arbutus Menziesii, v. 125, 127. Arbutus mollis, v. 125. ? Arbutus obtusifolius, v. 119. Arbutus procera, v. 123. Arbutus prunifolia, v. 125. Arbutus serratifolia, v. 122. Arbutus Texana, v. 125. Arbutus Unedo, v. 121. Arbutus Unedo, fruit of, v. 121. Arbutus varians, v. 125. Arbutus Xalapensis, v. 125. Arbutus Xalapensis, v. 127. Arbutus Xalapensis, var. Arizonica, v. 127. Arbutus Xalapensis, var. Texana, v. 125. Arceuthos, x. 69. Arceuthos drupacea, x. 72. Arceuthos drupacea, var. a acerosa, x. 72. Arceuthos drupacea, var. B obtusiuscula, x. 72. Ardisia, v. 151. Ardisia Pickeringia, v. 153. Areca oleracea, x. 30. Argentez, ix. 96. Argorips, ix. 95. Argyll, Duke of, i. 108. Argyresthia cupressella, x. 100. Arhopalus fulminans, ix. 10. Aria, iv. 67, 68. Aria, iv. 67. Armeniaca, iv. 7, 8. Armenaica, iv. 7. Arnold, James, xiii. 104. Aronia, iv. 67, 68. Aronia, iv. 67, 125. Aronia alnifolia, iv. 181. Aronia arborea, iv. 127: Aronia arbutifolia, iv. 123. Aronia Asiatica, iv. 126. Aronia Botryapium, iv. 127. Aronia cordata, iv. 127. Aronia ovalis, iv. 128, 129. Aronia rotundifolia, iv. 125. Arrow-wood, ii. 12. Arthrosprion, iii. 115. Asacara, iii. 73. Asacara aquatica, iii. 79. Asagrea, iii. 33. Asagrea spinosa, iii. 35. Asemum mestum, xi. 11. Ash, vi. 29, 83, 39, 41, 58, 57 ; xiv. 33, 37. Ash, Black, vi. 37. Ash, Blue, vi. 35. Ash, Fringe-flowered, vi. 31. Ash, Mountain, iv. 69, 79, 81; vi. 47. Ash, Pumpkin, xiv. 35. Ash, Red, vi. 49. Ash, Swamp, vi. 55. Ash, Water, vi. 55 ; xiv. 39. Ash, White, vi. 43. Ash-leaved Maple, ii. 111. Ashe, William Willard, xiii. 149. Asimina, i. 21. Asimina angustifolia, i. 22. Asimina campaniflora, i. 23. Asimina cuneata, i. 22. Asimina grandiflora, i. 21, 22. Asimina parviflora, i. 21, 22. Asimina pygmea, i. 21, 22. Asimina triloba, i. 21, 22, 23 ; xiv. 97. Asimine, i, 24. Asiminier, i. 22. Asp, Quaking, ix. 158. Aspen, ix. 155, 158. Aspidiotus Abietis, xii. 61. Aspidiotus Juglandis, vii. 116. Aspidiotus rapax, vii. 20. Aspidisea diospyriella, vi. 4. Aspidisca juglandiella, vii. 116. Aspidisca ostryzfoliella, ix. 32. Asterina nuda, xii. 101. Athrotazis, x. 139. Athysanus variabilis, ix. 48. Attacus Promethea, vi. 20 ; vii. 15 ; x. 124. Aucuparia, iv. 67. Australes, xi. 4. Australian Black-wood, iii. 116. Australian Ladybird Beetle, vii. 20. Australian Myrtle, ix. 23. Austrian Pine, xi. 6. Avicenna, vi. 106. Avicennia, vi. 105. Avicennia Africana, vi. 105, 106. Avicennia alba, vi. 106. Avicennia, economic uses of, vi. 106. Avicennia elliptica, vi. 106. Avicennia Floridana, vi. 107. Avicennia intermedia, vi. 106. Avicennia Lamarkiana, vi. 106. Avicennia Meyeri, vi. 107. Avicennia nitida, vi. 107. Avicennia oblongifolia, vi. 107. Avicennia officinalis, vi. 105, 106. Avicennia officinalis, var. alba, vi. 106. Avicennia resinifera, vi. 106. Avicennia tomentosa, vi. 105, 106, 107. Avocado Pear, vii. 2. Aylmeria, xi. 30.° Azalea, v. 144. Azalea, v. 143. Azalea arborescens, v. 146, Azalea bicolor, v. 146. Azalea calendulacea, v. 146. Azalea canescens, v. 146. Azalea fragrans, v. 146. Azalea Indica, v. 146. Azalea Japonica, v. 146. Azalea Lapponica, v. 144. ? Azalea lutea, v. 146. Azalea mollis, v. 146. Azalea nudiflora, v. 146. Azalea occidentalis, v. 146. Azalea periclymenoides, v. 146. Azalea Pontica, v. 145. Azalea Pontica, var. Sinensis, v. 146. Azalea Sinensis, v. 146. Azalea viscosa, v. 146. Azaleas, Ghent, v. 146. Azaleas, Indian, v. 146. Azaleastrum, v. 144. Azarolus, iv. 67. Badamia, v. 19. Bag-worm, x. 73. Bailey, Liberty Hyde, iv. 24. Balaninus caryatrypes, ix. 10. Balaninus nasicus, vii. 134 ; viii. 12. Balaninus Quercus, viii. 12. Balaninus rectus, vii. 134 ; ix. 10. Balaninus uniformis, viii. 12. Balata, v. 182. Balata-gum, v. 182. Bald Cypress, x. 151. Bald Cypress, Mexican, x. 150. Balfour, John Hutton, xi. 60. Balfourodendron, xi. 60. Balm, copalm, v. 8. Balm of Fir, xii. 109. Balm of Gilead Fir, xii. 107. Balsam, ix. 167. Balsam, Canada, xii. 109. Balsam, Carpathian, xi. 10. Balsam Cottonwood, ix. 175. Balsam Fir, xii. 105, 107, 113. Balsamee, xii. 97. Banister, John, i. 6. Barbarina, vi. 13. Baretta, i. 81. Barney, Eliam Eliakim, vi. 90. Barratt, Joseph, xiv. 64. Bartram, John, i. 8. Bartram, William, i. 16. Basket Oak, viii. 67. Basswood, i. 52. Bastard Cedar, x. 136. Batodendron, v. 115. Batodendron, v. 115. Batodendron arboreum, v. 119. Bay, i. 41. Bay, Red, vii. 4. Bay, Rose, v. 148. Bay shillings, xi. 20. Bay, Swamp, vii. 7. Bayonet, Spanish, x. 6, 9. Bay-tree, vii. 21. Beadle, Chauncey Delos, xiii. 66. Beam-tree, White, iv. 69. Bean, Coral, iii. 63. Bean, Horse, iii. 89. GENERAL INDEX. Bean, Indian, vi. 86. Bean, Screw, iii. 107. Bearberry, ii. 37. Bear Grass, x. 4. Bear Oak, viii. 155. Bear-wood, ii. 38. Beaufort, Duchess of, ix. 19. Beaufortia, ix. 19. Beaver-tree, i. 6. Bebb, Michael Schuck, ix. 182. Bedford Juniper, x. 96 ; xiv. 90. Bedford Willow, ix. 99. Beech, ix. 27. Beech, Blue, ix. 42. Beech, Bull, ix. 23. Beech, Copper, ix. 24. Beech, Cut-leaved, ix. 24. Beech, Evergreen, ix. 23. Beech, Fern-leaved, ix. 24. Beech, Japanese, ix. 22. Beech, New Zealand Black, ix. 23. Beech, New Zealand Silver, ix. 23. Beech, Purple, ix. 24. Beech, Red, ix. 23. Beech, Water, vii. 103. Beech, Weeping, ix. 24. ipeechenut 4 +p properties of, ix. 23. Beech-oil, ix. 24. Beech-tar, ix. 24. Beef Wood, vi. 111. Beer, Spruce, xii. 31. Bee-tree, i. 53, 57. Beleric myrobalans, v. 20. Belluccia, i. 75. Bembecia Sequoie, x. 140 ; xi. 11. Benthamia, v. 68. Benthamia fragifera, v. 64. Benthamia Japonica, v. 64. Benthamidia, v. 63. Benthamidia florida, v. 66. Berberina, i. 66. Berlandier, Jean Louis, i. 82. Berry, Miraculous, v. 164. Bessera, vi. 109. Bessera spinosa, vii. 27. Betula, ix. 45. Betula, ix. 67. Betula acuminata, ix. 46, 55. Betula Alaskana, xiv. 59. Betula alba, ix. 47. Betula alba, ix. 47. Betula alba, economic properties oh ix. 47. Betula alba in Japan, ix. 48. Betula alba odorata, ix. 47. Betula alba, a vulgaris, ix. 47. Betula alba, 8 populifolia, ix. 55. Betula alba, ¢ papyrifera, ix. 57. Betula alba, subspec. 5 occidentalis, a typica, ix. 65. Betula alba, subspec. 5 occidentalis, x typica, xiv. 57. Betula alba, subspee. 5, B commutata, ix. 57. Betula alba, subspec. 6 cordifolia, xiv. 55. Betula alba, subspec. 6, « communis, ix. 57. Betula alba, subspec. 6, 8 cordifolia, ix. 57. Betula alba, subspec. populifolia, ix. 55. Betula alba, subspec. pubescens, ix. 47. Betula alba, subspec. verrucosa, a vulgaris, ix. Betula alba, subspec. verrucosa, var. resinifera, xiv. 59 Betula alba, var. populifolia, ix. 57. Betula Alnobetula, ix. 68. Betula alnoides, ix. 46. 113 Betula Alnus (rugosa), ix. 69. Betula Alnus, B glutinosa, ix. 69. Betula Alnus, B incana, ix. 69. Betula-Alnus glauca, ix. 69. Betula-Alnus maritima, ix. 81. Betula-Alnus rubra, ix. 69. Betula carpinifolia, ix. 50. Betula cordifolia, ix. 57 ; xiv. 55. Betula crispa, ix. 68. Betula cylindrostachys, ix. 46. Betula, economic properties of, ix. 48. Betula Ermani, ix. 48. Betula Ermani, ix. 57. Betula excelsa, ix. 53, 57. Betula excelsa Canadensis, ix. 55. Betula fontinalis, xiv. 58. Betula, fungal diseases of, ix. 49. Betula glandulosa, ix. 47. Betula glutinosa, ix. 47, 69 ; xiv. 104. Betula Gray, ix. 46. Betula hybrida, ix. 46. Betula, hybrids of, ix. 46. Betula incana, ix. 69. Betula, insect enemies of, ix. 48. Betula intermedia, ix. 46. Betula Kenaica, xiv. 53. Betula lanulosa, ix. 61. Betula lenta, ix. 50 ; xiv. 104. Betula lenta, ix. 55, 57. Betula lenta, a genuina, ix. 58. Betula lenta, p lutea, ix. 53. Betula Litielliana, ix. 47. Betula lutea, ix. 53. Betula Maximowicziana, ix. 48. Betula Maximowiczii, ix. 48. Betula, medical properties of, ix. 48. Betula microphylla, xiv. 58. Betula nana, ix. 45, 47. Betula nana, ix. 47. Betula nana, inflorescence of, ix. 45. Betula nana, var. flabellifolia, ix. 47. Betula nana x pubescens, ix. 46. Betula nigra, ix. 61. Betula nigra, ix. 50. Betula occidentalis, ix. 65 ; xiv. 57. Betula occidentalis, ix. 57 ; xiv. 58. Betula odorata, ix. 47. Betula odorata, var. tortuosa, xiv. 55. Betula ovata, ix. 68. Betula papyracea, ix. 57. Betula papyracea, a cordifolia, i ix. 57. Betula papyracea, B minor, ix. 57. * Betula papyracea, g occidentalis, ix. 57. Betula papyracea, x cordifolia, xiv. 55 Betula papyrifera, ix. 57 ; xiv. 104. Betula papyrifera, xiv. 57. Betula papyrifera, B minor, xiv. 55. Betula papyrifera, var. cordifolia, xiv. 55. Betula papyrifera, var minor, ix. 57. Betula papyrifera, var. minor, xiv. 55. Betula populifolia, ix. 55. Betula pubescens, ix. 47. Betula pumila, ix. 45, 46. Betula pumila, ix. 47. Betula pumila, inflorescence of, ix. 45. Betula pumila x lenta, ix. 46. Betula resinifera, xiv. 59. Betula rhombifolia, xiv. 58. Betula rubra, ix. 61. Betula serrulata, ix. 69. . Betula torfacea, ix. 47. Betula viridis, ix. 68. BETULACEA, ix. 45 ; xiv. 53. Betulaster, ix. 46. 114 Betulaster, ix. 45, Betulin, ix. 47. Beurreria, vi. 75. Bewick, Benjamin, i. 42. Bhotan Pine, xi. 6. Big Bud Hickory, vii. 161. Big Shellbark, vii. 157. Big Tree, x. 145. Bigarreau Cherries, iv. 9. Bigelow, John Milton, i. 88. Biggina, ix. 95. Bignonia Catalpa, vi. 84, 86. Bignonia linearis, vi. 95. Bignonia longissima, vi. 84. Bignonia Quercus, vi. 84. BIGNONIACEA, vi. 83. Bilberries, v. 116. Billia, ii. 51. Billia Columbiana, ii. 52. Billia Hippocastanum, ii. 52. Bilsted, v. 10. Binectaria, v. 181. Biographical Notes. Andersson, Nils Johan, ix. 138. Argyll, Duke of, i. 108. Arnold, James, xiii. 104. Ashe, William Willard, xiii. 149. Bailey, Liberty Hyde, iv. 24. Balfour, John Hutton, xi. 60. Banister, John, i. 6. Barney, Eliam Eliakim, vi. 90. Barratt, Joseph, xiv. 64. Bartram, John, i. 8, Bartram, William, i. 16. GENERAL INDEX. Curtiss, Allen Hiram, ii. 50. Dale, Samuel, iii. 34. Douglas, David, ii. 94. Douglas, Robert, vi. 90. Drummond, Thomas, ii. 25. Dunbar, John, xiii. 121. Dunbar, William, vii. 86. Du Pont de Nemours, Eleuthéare-Irene, ix, 9. Eggert, Heinrich Karl Daniel, xiii. 51. Ehret, Georg Dionysus, vi. 80. Elliott, Stephen, xi. 159. Ellis, John, i. 40. Ellwanger, George, xiii. 109. Emory, William Hemsley, iv. 60. Engelmann, George, viii. 84. Eschscholtz, Johann Friedrich, ii. 39. Evans, Walter Harrison, xiv. 53. Eysenhardt, Karl Wilhelm, iii. 30. Fairchild, Thomas, v. 68. Farnese, Odoardo, iii. 121. Fendler, August, xii. 123. Fothergill, John, vi. 16. Fraser, John, i. 8. Gambel, William, viii. 35. Garber, Abraham Pascal, i. 65. Garden, Alexander, i. 40. Gibbes, Lewis Reeve, xii. 70. Gleditsch, Johann Gottlieb, iii. 74. Gordon, James, i. 40. Gowen, James Robert, x. 108. Gray, Christopher, iv. 76. Greene, Edward Lee, viii. 84. MacMahon, Bernard, vii. 86. MacNab, James, x. 110. Magnol, Pierre, i. 2. Marggraf, Georg, v. 24, Marshall, Humphrey, viii. 39. Marshall, Moses, i. 46. Maximilian, Alexander Philipp, Prinz von Neuwied, ix. 138. Meehan, Thomas, ix. 82. Mellichamp, Joseph Hinson, viii. 144, Menzies, Archibald, ii. 90. Mertens, Karl Heinrich, xii. 80. Michaux, André, i. 58. Michaux, Frangois André, xi. 155. Miller, Philip, i. 38. Mohr, Charles, iv. 90 ; xiii. 25. Mueblenberg, Gotthilf Heinrich, ii. 56. Murray, Andrew, xi. 93. Née, Louis, viii. 25. Newberry, John Strong, vi. 39. Nuttall, Thomas, ii. 34, Olney, Stephen Thayer, iii. 47. Palmer, Edward, viii. 106. Parkinson, John, iii. 16. Parry, Charles Christopher, vii. 130. Patterson, Harry Norton, iv. 24. Petre, Robert James, Lord, i. 8. Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, v. 108. Piper, Charles Vancouver, ix. 145. Piso, Willem, vi. 110. Planer, Johann Jakob, vii. 60. Plank, Elisha Newton, xiii. 13. Poiteau, Alexandre, ii. 75. Gregg, Josiah, iii. 126 ; vi. 33. Porter, Thomas Conrad, iv. 28. Grisebach, Heinrich Rudolph August, ii.18. Pratz, Le Page du, v. 17. Guess, George, x. 140. Pringle, Cyrus Guernsey, ix. 129. Guettard, Jean Etienne, v. 112. Pursh, Frederick, ii. 117; xiv. 100. Harbison, Thomas Grant, xiii. 152. Ravenel, Henry William, viii. 160. Hartweg, Karl Theodor, ii. 34, Reasoner, Pliny Ward, xiv. 77. Havard, Valery, i. 81. Reverchon, Julien, xiii. 175. Hélie, Louis Théodore, i. 79. Reynoso, Alvaro, ii. 19. Hill, Ellsworth Jerome, xiii. 99. Robin, Jean, iii. 38. Hinds, Richard Brinsley, ii. 44. Robin, Vespasien, iii. 38. Holmes, Joseph Austin, xiii. 120, Romans, Bernard, iv. 5. Howell, Thomas, xii. 52. Rothrock, Joseph Trimble, viii. 92. Jack, John George, xiii. 105. Rugel, Ferdinand, ix. 110. Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph, v. 155. Rydberg, Per Axel, xiv. 69. James, Edwin, ii. 96. Sabine, Joseph, xi. 97. Jeffrey, John, xi. 41. Sadler, John, viii. 62. Jones, Beatrix, xiii. 186. Schaeffer, Jakob Christian, ii. 15. Kalm, Peter, ii. 86. Schott, Arthur Carl Victor, x. 18. Karwinsky, Wilhelm Freiherr, i. 94. Scouler, John, ix. 66. Kellogg, Albert, viii. 120. Sequoyah, x. 140. Kennedy, Louis, iv. 16. Sherard, James, i. 77. Knowlton, Frank Hall, ix. 38. Sieber, Franz Wilhelm, v. 184. Koeberlin, C. L., i. 93. Small, John Kunkel, xiii. 21. Lambert, Aylmer Bourke, xi. 30. Swartz, Olof, v. 44. Landreth, David, vii. 87. Swieten, Gerard von, i. 99. Lawson, Charles, x. 120. Thomas, David, vii. 48. Leavenworth, Mellins C., iii. 66. Thurber, George, iii. 36. Le Conte, John Eatton, xiv. 44. Torrey, John, xi. 72. Lee, James, iv. 16. Toumey, James William, viii. 93. Lee & Kennedy, iv. 16. Tradescant, John, i. 20. Lemmonier, Louis Guillaume, iii. 46. Trask, Luella Blanche, xiii. 29. Le Page du Pratz, v. 17. Trécul, Auguste Adolph Lucien, x. 10. Letterman, George Washington, xiii. 79. Vahl, Martin, v. 33. Beadle, Chauncey Delos, xiii. 66. Beaufort, Duchess of, ix. 19. Bebb, Michael: Schuck, ix. 132. Berlandier, Jean Louis, i. 82. Bewick, Benjamin, i. 42. Bigelow, John Milton, i. 88. Bligh, William, ii. 18. Blodgett, John Loomis, i. 33. Boissier, Pierre-Edmond, vi. 74. Boynton, Frank Ellis, xiii. 66. Brainerd, Ezra, xiii. 112. Brewer, William Henry, viii. 28. Brown, Robert, viii. 62. Buckley, Samuel Botsford, iii. 3. Burke, Joseph, ix. 4. Burser, Joachim, i. 95. Bush, Benjamin Franklin, vii. 110. Cabanis, Jean, xiv. 39. Campbell, Archibald, i. 108. Canby, William Mariott, xiii. 41. Capel, Mary, ix. 19. Carey, John, i. 115. Carpenter, William M., iv. 93. Catesby, Mark, vi. 16. Cels, Jacques Martin, ii. 4. Chapman, Alvan Wentworth, vii. 110. Chase, Virginius Heber, xiii. 46. Chouteau, P. L., vii. 86. Cirillo, Domenico, ii. 2. Clayton, John, i. 8. Clifton, Francis, ii. 5. Colden, Cadwallader, i. 66. Collinson, Peter, i. 8. Compton, Henry, i. 6. Condal, Antonio, ii. 28. Cooper, J. G., i. 30. Cordus, Valerus, vi. 69. Coulter, Thomas, iii. 84. Coville, Frederick Vernon, xiv. 67. Crescenzi, Pietro de’, vi. 98. Croom, Hardy B., x. 58. Lindheimer, Ferdinand, i. 74. Little, Henry, xiv. 64. Lobb, William, x. 60. Lowrie, Jonathan Roberts, iv. 28. Lyall, David, xii. 16. Lyon, John, v. 80. Lyon, William Serugham, iv. 133. Macfadyen, James, ii. 73. Mackenzie, Alexander, xii. 75. Vail, Anna Murray, xiii. 154. Vauquelin, Louis Nicolas, iv. 57. Ventenat, Etienne Pierre, i. 58. Walter, Thomas, xi. 132. Ward, Lester Frank, ix. 108. Warder, John Aston, vi. 90. Ware, Nathaniel A., i. 86. Watson, Sereno, vii. 108. Wislizenus, Friedrich Adolf, vi. 94. Woodhouse, Samuel Washington, viii. 88. Wright, Charles, i. 94. Biota, x. 124. Biota, x. 123. Biota Meldensis, x. 70. Biota orientalis, x. 124. Biota orientalis, B pendula, x. 124, Biota orientalis filiformis, x. 124. Biota pendula, x. 124. Birch, xiv. 57. Birch, Black, ix. 50, 65 ; xiv. 53. Birch, Canoe, ix. 57 ; xiv. 55. Birch, Cherry, ix. 50. Birch, Fragrant, ix. 47. Birch, Gray, ix. 53, 55. Birch, Mahogany, ix. 52. Birch, Moor, ix. 47. Birch, Old Field, ix. 56. Birch, Paper, ix. 57. Birch, Red, ix. 61; xiv. 53. Birch, River, ix. 61. Birch, Sweet, ix. 52. Birch, White, ix. 47, 55; xiv. 59. Birch wine, ix. 47. Birch, Yellow, ix. 53. Birch-bark canoes, ix. 59. Birch-bark oil, ix. 47. Birch-oil, manufacture of, in the United States, ix. 51. Birches in China, ix. 48. Birches in Japan, ix. 48. Bird Cherry, iv. 35. Bitter Bark, ii. 38. Bitter Pecan, vii. 149 ; xiv. 43. Bitternut, vii. 141. Black Ash, vi. 37. Black Birch, ix. 50, 65 ; xiv. 53. Black Calabash, vi. 99. Black Cottonwood, ix. 163, 175. Black Cypress, x. 153, 154. Black Gum, v. 77. Black Haw, v. 99; xiv. 23. Black Hickory, vii. 163, 167. Black Iron-wood, ii. 29. Black Jack, viii. 145, 161. Black Jack, Fork-leaved, viii. 145. Black Knot, iv. 12. Black Locust, iii. 77. Black Mangrove, vi. 107. Black Maple, xiii. 9. Black Mulberry, vii. 77. Black Oak, viii. 103, 137, 141. Black Olive Tree, v. 21. Black Persimmon, vi. 11. Black Pine of Japan, xi. 7. Black Plum-tree, v. 41. Black Sloe, iv. 33. Black Spruce, xii. 28. Black Tree, vi. 108. Black Walnut, vii. 121. Black Willow, ix. 103, 107, 113, 115, 141. Black Wood, vi. 108. Blackburnia, i. 65. Blackman Plum, iv. 24. Blackthorn, iv. 10. Blackthorn canes, iv. 11. Black-wood, Australian, iii. 116. Bladhia, v. 151. Bladhia paniculata, v. 153. Blastophaga grossorum, vii. 93. Blepharida rhois, iii. 10. Bligh, William, ii, 18. Blighia, ii. 18. GENERAL INDEX. Blight, Alder, ix. 70. Blodgett, John Loomis, i. 33. Blolly, i. 42; vi. 111. Blue Ash, vi. 35. Blue Beech, ix. 42. Blue Jack, viii. 171. Blue Myrtle, ii. 43. Blue Oak, viii. 79. Blue Spruce, xii. 47. Blue-wood, ii. 25. Blueberries, v. 116. Blueberry, High-bush, v. 117. Blytridium signatum, xii. 61. Bobu, vi. 13. Bobua, vi. 13. Bogus Yucca Moth, x. 3. Bois de St. Lucie, iv. 11. Bois Fidéle, vi. 101. Boissier, Pierre-Edmond, vi. 74. Boissiera, vi. 74. Bonellia, v. 155. Bontia, vi. 105. Bontia germinans, vi. 106. Borellia, vi. 67. Borer, Apple-tree, iv. 70. Borer, Flat-headed, iv. 70 ; viii. 11. Borers, Oak, viii. 11. BorRAGINACES, vi. 67. Botryospheria Gleditschiz, iii. 74. Botryospheria Persimmons, vi. 4. Botrytis cinerea, xii. 84. Botrytis Douglasii, xii. 84. Bottom Shellbark, vii. 157. Bourreria, vi. 75. Bourreria glabra, vi. 68. Bourreria Havanensis, vi. 77. Bourreria Havanensis, var. radula, vi. 77. Bourreria ovata, vi. 77. Bourreria radula, vi. 77. Bourreria recurva, vi. 77, 78. Bourreria tomentosa, Havanensis, vi. 77. Bourreria virgata, vi. 77. Bow Wood, vii. 89. Box Elder, ii. 111. Box-wood, ii. 17. Boynton, Frank Ellis, xiii. 66. Bracteates, xii. 97. Brahea dulcis (2), x. 47. Brahea serrulata, xiv. 76. Brainerd, Ezra, xiii. 112. Bread from bark of Hemlock, xi. 93. Bread from bark of Pinus contorta, xi. 93. Brewer, William Henry, viii. 28. Brewerina, viii. 28. Briangon manna, xii. 4. Brittle Thatch, x. 53 ; xiv. 87. Broad-leaved Maple, ii. 89. Broad-nut, Gloucester, xiv. 103. Broom Hickory, vii. 167. Broussonetia, iii. 59. Broussonetia secundiflora, iii. 63. Broussonetia tinctoria, vii. 89. Brown Hickory, vii. 167. Brown, Robert, viii. 62. Bruchus desertorum, iii. 100. Bruchus prosopis, iii. 100. Brushes, Palmetto, x. 41. Buceulatrix thuiella, x. 124. Bucida, v. 19. Bucida angustifolia, v. 21. Bucida Buceras, v. 21, 29. Bucida Buceras, var. angustifolia, v. 21. Buckeye, ii. 61 ; xiii. 3. Buckley, Samuel Botsford, iii. 3. Buckleya, iii. 4. Buckthorn, v. 173. Buckwheat-tree, ii. 7. Bull Bay, i. 3. Bull Beech, ix. 23. Bull Nut, vii. 163. Bull Pine, xi. 77, 95, 146. Bullock’s heart, i. 28. Bully Tree, v. 182. Bum Wood, iii. 14. Bumelia, v. 167. Bumelia, y.177. - Bumelia angustifolia, v. 175. Bumelia arachnoidea, v. 171. Bumelia arborea, v. 171. Bumelia chrysophylloides, v. 169. Bumelia cuneata, vy. 175. Bumelia dulcifica, v. 164. Bumelia ferruginea, v. 171. Bumelia feetidissima, v. 165. Bumelia lanuginosa, v. 171 ; xiv. 102. Bumelia lanuginosa, var. rigida, v. 172. Bumelia lycioides, v. 173. Bumelia lycioides, var. reclinata, v. 168. Bumelia Mastichodendron, v. 165. ? Bumelia oblongifolia, v. 171. Bumelia pallida, v. 165. Bumelia parvifolia, v. 175. Bumelia reclinata, v. 168. Bumelia reclinata, v. 175. Bumelia salicifolia, v. 165, 179. Bumelia serrata, iv. 49. Bumelia spinosa, v. 172. Bumelia tenax, y. 169. Bumelia tomentosa, v. 171. Bur Oak, viii. 43. Burgundy pitch, xii. 23. Burke, Joseph, ix. 4. Burkea, ix. 4. Burless Chestnut, ix. 14. Burning Bush, ii. 11. Burser, Joachim, i. 95. Bursera, i. 95. Bursera gummifera, i. 97. Bursera Simaruba, i. 97. BuRSERACEA, i. 95. Bush, Benjamin Franklin, vii. 110. Bush, Button, xiv. 26. Bustie, v. 179. Butternut, vii. 118. Button Bush, xiv. 26. Button-ball tree, vii. 103. Buttonwood, v. 24; vii. 102. Buttonwood, White, v. 29. Cabanis, Jean, xiv. 39. Cabbage Palm, x. 30. Cabbage Palmetto, x. 41. Cabbage Tree, x. 41. Cacrace&, v. 51; xiv. 9. Cactus Bonplandii, xiv. 12. Cactus cochenillifer, xiv. 11. Cactus Dillenii, xiv. 13. Cactus Ficus-Indica, xiv. 12. Cactus hexagonus, v. 52. Cactus Indicus, xiv. 13. Cactus nana, xiv. 12. Cactus Opuntia, xiv. 12. Cactus Opuntia inermis, xiv. 12. Cactus Opuntia Tuna, xiv. 12. Cactus Opuntia vulgaris, xiv. 12. Cactus Peruvianus, v. 52. Cactus Tuna, xiv. 12. Cadamba, v. 111. 115 116 GENERAL INDEX. Cadamba jasminiflora, v. 112. Caddo Chief Plum, iv. 26. Cade, huile de, x. 72. Czoma Abietis-Canadensis, xii. 61. Czoma, Abietis-pectinate, xii. 61. Czoma Laricis, xii. 5. Cainito, v. 159. Cainito pomiferum, v. 160. Cajeput, vii. 21. Calabash, Black, vi. 99. Calabash-tree, vi. 97. Calamander wood, vi. 3. Caliciopsis Pinea, xi. 12. Calico Bush, v. 140. Calico Wood, vi. 22. California Holly, iv. 124. California Laurel, vii. 21. California Lilae, ii. 43. California Nutmeg, x. 59. California Olive, vii. 21. Caligula Japonica, ix. 9. Calleocarpus, ix. 2. Capel, Mary, ix. 19. CAPPARIDACEA, i. 31. Capparis, i. 31. Capparis aphylla, i. 32. Capparis Breynia, i. 32. Capparis cynophallophora, i. 31. Capparis Dahi, i. 32. Capparis emarginata, i. 33. Capparis frondosa, i. 32. Carpinus Virginica, ix. 34. Capparis Jamaicensis, i. 32, 33. Carpinus Yedoensis, ix. 41. Capparis Jamaicensis, var. emarginata, i. 88. Carria, i. 39. Capparis Mithridatica, i. 32. Carya, vii. 131. Capparis pulcherrima, i. 32. Carya alba, vii. 158, 161. Capparis sepiaria, i. 32. Carya amara, vii. 141. Capparis spinosa, i. 31. Carya amara, var. myristiceformis, vii. 145. Capparis Yeo, i. 32. Carya amara, var. porcina, vii. 165. Caprea, ix. 95. Carya angustifolia, vii. 137. Capree, ix. 96. Carya aquatica, vii. 149. Caprification, vii. 93. Carya cathartica, vii. 118. Caprificus, vii. 91. Carya cordiformis, vii. 157. Caprificus insectifera, vii. 93. Carya glabra, vii. 165. Caprifig, vii. 93. Carya Illinoénsis, vii. 137. Carpinus laxiflora, ix. 40, 41. Carpinus orientalis, ix. 40. Carpinus Ostrya, ix. 32, 34. Carpinus Ostrya: Americana, ix. 34. Carpinus Tschonoskii, ix. 41. Carpinus Turezaninovii, ix. 40, Carpinus viminea, ix. 40, 41. Carpinus Virginiana, ix. 34. Calleocar pus, ix. 1. Callaphis betulella, ix. 48. Callidium zreum, ix. 10. Callidium antennatum, x. 72; xi. 11. Calligrapha scalaris, ix. 70. Callipterus Castanez, ix. 10. Calloides nobilis, ix. 10. Calocedrus, x. 133. Calocedrus macrolepis, x. 184. Calonche, xiv. 12. Calothyrsus, ii. 51. Calothyrsus Californica, ii. 61. Calpidia, vi. 109. Calyptospora Geeppertiana, xii. 61. CAPRIFOLIACEA, v. 85 ; xiv. 23. Capulin, ii. 28. Capulinos, iv. 47. Carden, v. 52. Cardiolepis, ii. 31. Cardiolepis obtusa, ii. 37. Carey, John, i. 115. Cargiilia, vi. 1. Carica, xiv. 1. Carica Candamarcensis, xiv. 3. Carica caudata, xiv. 1, 2. Carica, digestive properties of, xiv. 2. Carica erythrocarpa, xiv. 2. Carica, fungal diseases of, xiv. 3. Carya integrifolia, vii. 149. Carya Mexicana, vii. 132. Carya microcarpa, vii. 167. Carya myristiceformis, vii. 145. Carya obcordata, vii. 165. Carya oliveformis, vii. 137. Carya porcina, vii. 165. Carya pubescens, vii. 157. Carya sulcata, vii. 157. Carya tetraptera, vii. 137. Carya Texana, vii. 137 ; xiy. 43. Carya tomentosa, vii. 161. Carya tomentosa, var. maxima, vii. 161. Caryca maamya, xiv. 5. Calyptranthes, v. 35. Carica hastata, xiv. 3. Calyptranthes aromatica, v. 35. Carica hermafrodita, xiv. 5. Calyptranthes Chytraculia, v. 36. Carica, hybrids of, xiv. 2. Calyptranthes Chytraculia, ¢ genuina, v. 36. Carica, medical properties of, xiv. 3. Calyptranthes Chytraculia, g ovalis, v.36. Carica Papaya, xiv. 5. Calyptranthes Chytraculia, y trichotoma,v.36. Carica quercifolia, xiv. 2, 3. Calyptranthes Chytraculia, 3 pauciflora, v. 36. Cartcacna, xiy. 1. Calyptranthes Chytraculia, « Zuzygium, v.36. Carlea, vi. 13. Calyptranthes Jambolana, v. 41. Carlomohria, vi. 19. Calyptranthes obscura, v. 35. Carlomohria Carolina, vi. 21. Calyptranthes paniculata, v. 35. Carlomohria diptera, vi. 23. Calyptranthes Schiedeana, v. 35. Carlomohria parviflora, vi. 19. Calyptranthes Schlechtendali v. 35. Carmenta Fraxini, vi. 27. Calyptranthes Zuzygium, v. 36. Carmona, vi. 79. Calyptranthus, v. 35 Carpathian balsam, xi. 10. Camellia axillaris, i. 39. Carpenter, William M., iv. 93. Campbell, Archibald, i. 108. Carpenteria, iv. 93. Campderia, vi. 113. Carpinus, ix. 39. Campderia, vi. 113. Carpinus, ix. 31. Camphoromea, vii. 9. Carpinus Americana, ix. 42. Canada balsam, xii. 109. Carpinus Americana, vax. tropicalis, ix. 43. Canada pitch, xii. 65. Carpinus Betulus, ix. 40. Castanea Americana, ix. 13. Canada Plum, iv. 15. Carpinus Betulus, ix. 42. Castanea Americana, var. angustifolia, ix. 13, Canby, William Mariott, xiii. 41. Carpinus Betulus, horticultural forms of, ix. Castanea Americana, var. latifolia, ix. 18. Canbya, xiii. 41. Castanea Bungeana, ix. 9. Canel, i. 36. Castanea Castanea, ix. 8. Canella, i. 35. Castanea Castanea, var. laciniata, ix. 9. Canella alba, i. 37 ; xiv. 97. Castanea Castanea, var. pubinervis, ix. 9, Canella laurifolia, i. 37. Castanea Castanea, var. variegata, ix. 9. Canella obtusifolia, i. 35. Castanea chrysophylla, ix. 3. Canella Winterana, i. 37 ; xiv. 97. Castanea chrysophylla, var. minor, ix. 3. CANELLACEA, i. 35. Castanea crenata, ix. 9. Canker of Larch, xii. 5. Castanea dentata, ix. 18. Canoe Birch, ix. 57 ; xiv. 55. Castanea, economic properties of, ix. 10, Canoe Cedar, x. 129. Castanea Fagus, ix. 22. Canoes, Birch-bark, ix. 59. Castanea, fertilization of, ix. 7. Canotia, i. 87. Castanea, fungal diseases of, ix. 10. Canotia holacantha, i. 88. Castanea, insect enemies of, ix. 10. Caryocedrus, x. 70. Caryophylius, v. 39. Caryophyllus aromaticus, v. 40. Caryotaaus, x. 55. Caryotaxus grandis, x. 56. Caryotaxus Myristica, x. 59. Caryotaxus nucifera, x. 56. Caryotaxus taxifolia, x. 57. Casanophorum, ix. 7. Cascara Sagrada, ii. 39. Cassada, v. 179. Cassena, i. 111. Cassie, iii. 119. Cassie, culture of, iii. 120. Cassine Caroliniana, i. 111. Cassine Peragua, i. 111. Cassine ramulosa, i. 111. Castagno dei Centi Cavalli, ix. 8. Castanea, ix. 7. Castanea, ix. 1. Castanea alnifolia, ix. 10. Carpinus Betulus Virginiana, ix. 42. Carpinus Caroliniana, ix. 42 ; xiv. 104. Carpinus Carpinizea, ix. 40. Carpinus Carpinus, ix. 41. Carpinus, Chinese, ix. 40. Carpinus cordata, ix. 40, 41. Carpinus Duinensis, ix. 40. Carpinus, economic properties of, ix. 41. Carpinus erosa, ix. 41. Carpinus, fungal diseases of, ix. 41. Carpinus, insect enemies of, ix. 41. Carpinus intermedia, ix. 40, Carpinus Japonica, ix. 41. Castanea Japonica, ix. 9. Castanea, medical properties of, ix. 10. Castanea nana, ix. 10. Castanea pumila, ix. 17. Castanea pumila, B nana, ix. 10. Castanea sativa, ix. 8. Castanea sativa, var. Americana, ix. 13. Castanea sempervirens, ix. 3. Castanea stricta, ix. 9. Castanea Ungeri, ix. 10. Castanea vesca, ix. 8, 9, 13. Castanea vesca: Americana, ix. 13. Castanea vesca, B pubinervis, ix. 9. Castanea vulgaris, ix. 8. Castanea vulgaris, y Americana, ix. 13. Castanea vulgaris, ¢ Japonica, ix. 9. Castaneopsis, viii. 4, Castanopsis, ix. 1. Castanopsis chrysophylla, ix. 3. Castanopsis chrysophylla, 8 minor, ix. 3. Castanopsis chrysophylla, var. pumila, ix. 3. Castanopsis, economic properties of, ix. 2. Castanopsis, fungal diseases of, ix. 2. Catalpa, vi. 83, 86. Catalpa bignonioides, vi. 86, 89. Catalpa bignonioides, var. Kempferi, vi. 84. Catalpa Bungei, vi. 84. Catalpa Bungei, vi. 88. Catalpa Catalpa, vi. 86 ; xiv. 102. Catalpa Catalpa, garden forms of, vi. 88. Catalpa communis, vi. 86 ; xiv. 102. Catalpa cordifolia, vi. 86, 89. Catalpa crassifolia, vi. 84. Catalpa, fertilization of the flowers of, vi. 83. Catalpa, fungal enemies of, vi. 84. Catalpa, insect enemies of, vi. 84. Catalpa Kempferi, vi. 84. Catalpa longisiliqua, vi. 84. Catalpa longissima, vi. 84. Catalpa longissima, wood of, vi. 84. Catalpa, medical properties of, vi. 84. Catalpa, nectariferous glands of the leaves of, vi. 87. . Catalpa ovata, vi. 84. Catalpa speciosa, vi. 89. Catalpa syringifolia, vi. 84, 86. Catalpa, Teas’ hybrid, vi. 84. Catalpa, Western, vi. 89. Catalpium, vi. 83. Catappa, v. 19. Catastega hamameliella, v. 2. Catawbiense Rhododendrons, v. 146, 147. Catechu, iii. 116. Catesbea, vi. 16. Catesby, Mark, vi. 16. Cathormion, iii. 131. Catinga, v. 39. Cat’s Claw, iii. 123, 125, 133. Cattle in southern pineries, xi. 156. Cavanillea, vi. 1. Cavinium, v. 115. Ceanothus, ii. 41. Ceanothus, ii. 47. Ceanothus Americanus, ii. 42. Ceanothus arboreus, ii. 45. Ceanothus Asiaticus, ii. 47. Ceanothus azureus, ii. 42. Ceanothus colubrinus, ii. 47. Ceanothus ferreus, ii. 29. Ceanothus Gloire de Versailles, ii. 42. Ceanothus, hybrids, ii. 42. Ceanothus levigatus, ii. 21. Ceanothus Lobbianus, ii. 43. Ceanothus reclinatus, ii. 49. GENERAL INDEX. Ceanothus sorediatus, ii. 45. Ceanothus spinosus, xiii. 1. Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, ii. 43. Ceanothus Veitchianus, ii. 43. Ceanothus velutinus, ii. 45. Ceanothus velutinus, var. arboreus, ii. 45. Cecidomyia Cupressi-ananassa, x. 150. Cecidomyia gleditschie, iii. 74. Cecidomyia liriodendri, i. 18. Cecidomyia Salicis-siliqua, ix. 101. Cecidomyia Salicis-strobiliscus, ix. 101. Cecidomyia Salicis-triticoides, ix. 101. Cecropia moth, v. 9. Cedar, x. 91. Cedar-apples, x. 73. Cedar, Bastard, x. 136. Cedar, Canoe, x. 129. Cedar Elm, vii. 57. Cedar, Ground, x. 75. Cedar, Incense, x. 135. Cedar of Goa, x. 100. Cedar, Oregon, x. 120. Cedar Pine, xi. 131. Cedar, Port Orford, x. 119. Cedar, Post, x. 136. Cedar, Red, x. 93, 129 ; xiv. 89, 93. Cedar, Rock, x. 91. Cedar, Stinking, x. 57. Cedar, White, x. 111, 120, 126, 135. Cedrella odorata, i. 101. Cedrus Mahogoni, i. 100. CELASTRACER, ii. 9. Cels, Jacques Martin, ii. 4 Celtis, vii. 63. Celtis Acata, vii. 64. Celtis aculeata, vii. 64. Celtis alba, vii. 71. Celtis Audibertiana, vii. 67. Celtis Audibertiana, var. oblongata, vii. 67. Celtis Audibertiana, var. ovata, vii. 67. Celtis australis, vii. 64. Celtis Berlandieri, vii. 71. Celtis brevipes, vii. 72. Celtis canina, vii. 67. Celtis Caucasica, vii. 64. Celtis cordata, vii. 67. Celtis crassifolia, vii. 67. Celtis crassifolia, var. eucalyptifolia, vii. 67. Celtis crassifolia, var. morifolia, vii. 67. Celtis crassifolia, vax. tilicefolia, vii. 67. Celtis Douglasii, vii. 67. Celtis Ehrenbergiana, vii. 64. Celtis eriocarpa, vii. 64. Celtis Floridana, vii. 67. Celtis, fungal diseases of, vii. 64. Celtis fuscata, vii. 71. 2 Celtis grandidentata, vii. 67. Celtis heterophylla, vii. 67. Celtis iguanzeus, vii. 64. Celtis, insect enemies of, vii. 64. Celtis integrifolia, vii. 71. Celtis levigata, vii. 71. Celtis Lindheimeri, vii. 71. Celtis longifolia, vii. 71. Celtis maritima, vii. 67. Celtis Mississippiensis, vii. 71; xiv. 103. Celtis Mississippiensis, var. reti vii. 72. Celtis morifolia, vii. 67. Celtis obliqua, vii. 67. Celtis occidentalis, vii. 67; xiv. 103. Celtis occidentalis, vii. 71. Celtis occidentalis, var. Audibertiana, vii. 68. Celtis occidentalis, var. cordata, vii. 67. Celtis occidentalis, var. crassifolia, vii. 68. 117 2 Celtis occidentalis, ¢ grandidentata, vii. 68. 2 Celtis occidentalis, var. grandid vii. 67. Celtis occidentalis, var. integrifolia, vii. T1. Celtis occidentalis, var. pumila, vii. 69. Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata, vii. 72. Celtis occidentalis, var. scabriuscula, vii. 67. Celtis occidentalis, var. serrulata, vii. 67. Celtis occidentalis, var. tenuifolia, vii. 67. Celtis pallida, vii. 64. Celtis patula, vii. 67. Celtis procera, vii. 67. Celtis pumila, vii. 69. Celtis reticulata, vii. 68, 72. Celtis rhamnoides, vii. 64. Celtis Tala, ¢ pallida, vii. 64. Celtis tenuifolia, vii. 67. Celtis Texana, vii. 71. Cembra, xi. 1. Cembre, xi. 4. Cenangium Abietis, xi. 12. Cenangium deformatum, x. 73. Cenangium ferruginosum, xi. 12. Cenangium seriatum, ix. 49. Centrodera decolorata, vi. 27. Cephalanthus, xiv. 25. Cephalanthus aralioides, xiv. 25. Cephalanthus naucleoides, xiv. 25. Cephalanthus occidentalis, xiv. 26. Cephalanthus occidentalis, xiv. 25. Cephalanthus occidentalis, medical properties of, xiv. 27. Ceph lanth OE 7 var. br 7 ih eP , xiv. 26. Cephalanth eeu ophyllus, xiv. 26. ephalanth lis, var. ob lius, xiv. 26. Cephalanthus occidentalis, var. pubescens, xiv. Ci wth 1 th: > E tals. var. hie xiv. 27. Cephalanthus oppositifolius, xiv. 26. Cephalanthus salicifolius, xiv. 27. Cephalanthus tetrandrus, xiy. 25. Cephalocereus, v. 51. Cephalonian Fir, xii. 99. Cephalophorus, v. 51. Cephalotomandra, vi. 109. Ceraseidos, iv. 7, 8. Cerasin, iv. 11. Cerasophora, iv. 7, 8. Cerasus, iv. 8. Cerasus, iv. 7, 8. Cerasus Americana, iv. 19. Cerasus borealis, iv. 35. Cerasus Brasiliensis, iv. 51. Cerasus Californica, iv. 38. Cerasus Capollin, iv. 46. Cerasus Capuli, iv. 46. Cerasus Caroliniana, iv. 49. Cerasus Chicasa, iv. 25. Cerasus demissa, iv. 42. Cerasus densiflora, iv. 41. Cerasus Duerinckii, iv. 41. Cerasus emarginata, iv. 37. Cerasus erecta, iv. 37. Cerasus fimbriata, iv. 41. Cerasus glandulosa, iv. 37. Cerasus hiemalis, iv. 19. Cerasus hirsuta, iv. 41. Cerasus ilicifolia, iv. 53. Cerasus Laurocerasus, iv. 10. Cérasus Lusitanica, iv. 11. Cerasus Mahaleb, iv. 10. 118 Cerasus micrantha, iv. 41. Cerasus mollis, iv. 38. Cerasus nigra, iv. 15, 19. Cerasus obovata, iv. 41. Cerasus Padus, iv. 10. Cerasus Pattoniana, iv. 37, 38. Cerasus Pennsylvanica, iv. 35. Cerasus persicifolia, iv. 35. Cerasus reflexa, iv. 51. Cerasus salicifolia, iv. 46. Cerasus serotina, iv. 41, 42, 45. Cerasus spherocarpa, iv. 51. Cerasus umbellata, iv. 33. Cerasus Virginiana, iv. 41, 45. Cerasus Virginiana, var. B, iv. 41. Ceratostachys, v. 73. Ceratostachys arborea, v. 73. Cercidium, iii. 81. Cercidium floridum, iii. 83. Cercidium floridum, iii. 85. Cercidium Texanum, iii. 81. Cercidium Torreyanum, iii. 85. Cercis, iii. 93. Cercis Canadensis, iii. 95 ; xiv. 100. Cercis Canadensis, var. pubescens, iii. 95. Cercis Chinensis, iii. 93. Cercis occidentalis, iii. 94. Cercis occidentalis, iii. 97. Cercis occidentalis, var. iii. 97. Cercis occidentalis, var. Texensis, iii. 97. Cercis racemosa, iii. 93. Cercis reniformis, iii. 97. Cercis Siliquastrum, iii. 93. Cercis Siliquastrum, var. iii. 94. Cercis Texensis, iii. 97 ; xiv. 100. Cercocarpus, iv. 61. Cercocarpus Arizonicus, iv. 64. Cercocarpus betulefolius, iv. 66. Cercocarpus betuloides, iv. 66. Cercocarpus breviflorus, xiii. 27. Cercocarpus breviflorus, iv. 64, 66. Cercocarpus fothergilloides, xiii. 29. Cercocarpus fothergilloides, iv. 61, 65. Cercocarpus intricatus, iv. 64. Cercocarpus ledifolius, iv. 63 ; xiv. 100. Cercocarpus ledifolius, var. intricatus, iv. 64. Cercocarpus parvifolius, iv. 65. Cercocarpus parvifolius, xiii. 27. Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. betuloides, iv. 66. Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. breviflorus, iv. Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. breviflorus, xiii. 27. Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. glaber, iv. 66. Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. paucidentatus, iv. 66 Cercocarpus paucidentatus, xiii. 27. Cercocarpus Traskie, xiii. 29. Cercospora, acerina, ii. 81. Cercospora Catalp, vi. 84. Cercospora Diospyri, vi. 4. Cercospora fuliginosa, vi. 4. Cercospora Hamamelidis, v. 2. Cercospora Juglandis, vii. 117. Cercospora Kaki, vi. 4. Cereospora Moricola, vii. 77. Cereospora purpurea, vii. 2. Cercospora Yucew, x. 5. Cercosporella Persicz, iv. 12. Cerdana, vi. 67. Cerdana alliodora, vi. 68. Cereus, v. 51. Cereus giganteus, v. 53. GENERAL INDEX. Cereus Pecten-aboriginum, y. 52. Cereus Peruvianus, v. 52. Cereus Pringlei, v. 52. Cerocarpus, v. 39. Cerophora, ix. 83. Cerophora angustifolia, ix. 84. Cerophora inodora, ix. 91. Cerophora lanceolata, ix. 87. Cerophora spicans, ix. 84. Cerris, viii. 4. Cerroides, viii. 4. Cheenoyucca, x. 3. ? Cherophyllum arborescens, v. 59. Cheetoptelea, vii. 39. : Chetoptelea Mexicana, vii. 40. Chalcophora campestris, vii. 101. Chaleophora Virginiensis, xi. 11. Chamecyparis, x. 98. Chamecyparis, x. 97, 98. Chamecyparis breviramea, x. 98. Chamecyparis ericoides, x. 112. Ch jparis L i oz, 1D), Chamecyparis Lawsonii, x. 119. Chamecyparis Nutkeensis, B glauca, x. 115. Chamecyparis Nutkatensis, x. 115. Chameecyparis obtusa, x. 98. Chamecyparis pendula, x. 98. Chamecyparis pisifera, x. 99. Chamecyparis pisifera filifera, x. 99. Chamecyparis pisifera squarrosa, x. 99. Chameecyparis spheeroidea, x. 111. Chameecyparis squarrosa, x. 98. Chamecyparis thyoides, x. 111. Chamemespilus, iv. 67. Chameerops acaulis, x. 38. Chamerops glabra, x. 38. Chamerops Palmetto, x. 41, 43. Chameerops serrulata, xiv. 76. Chapman, Alvan Wentworth, vii. 110. Chapmannia, vii. 100. Chapote, vi. 11. Chase, Virginius Heber, xiii. 46. Chasseloupia, vi. 13. Chebulie myrobalans, v. 20. Checkered-barked Juniper, x. 85. CHEIRANTHODENDREA, i. 47. Chetranthodendron, i. 47. Chetranthodendron Californicum, i. 47. thodendron platanoides, i. 47. Cheney Plum, iv. 20. Cherimoia, i. 28. Chermes laricifolia, xii. 5. Chermes pinifoliz, xi. 11. Cherries, Bigarreau, iv. 9. Cherries, Duke, iv. 9. Cherries, Heart, iv. 9. Cherries, Morello, iv. 9. Cherry, v. 153. Cherry Birch, ix. 50. Cherry, Bird, iv. 35. Cherry, Choke, iv. 41. Cherry Cordial-water, iv. 10. Cherry, cultivation of, iv. 9. Cherry, Dog, vii. 69. Cherry, Marasca, iv. 10. Cherry, Mountain, iv. 26. Cherry, Mountain Evergreen, iv. 54. Cherry, Pigeon, iv. 36. Cherry, Pin, iv. 36. Cherry, Rum, iv. 45. Cherry, Spanish Wild, iv. 54. Cherry, Surinam, v. 41. Cherry, Wild, iv. 37, 41; xiii. 25. Cherry, Wild Black, iv. 45. Fatt heir Cherry, Wild Red, iv. 35. Cherry-gum, iv. 10. Cherry-oil, iv. 10. Cherry-tree, Mexican, iv. 46. Cherry-tree, New Mexican, iv. 46. Chestnut, ix. 18. Chestnut, American, cultivation of, ix. 14. Chestnut, Burless, ix. 14. Chestnut, Golden-leaved, ix. 3. Chestnut Oak, viii. 51, 55, 183. Chestnut Spinner, ix. 9. Chestnut-tree, Chinese, ix. 9.! Chestnut-tree, European, cultivation of, ix. 8. Chestnut-tree, European, introduction into the United States, ix. 9. Chestnut-tree, Japanese, ix. 9. Chestnut-tree, the Tortworth, ix. 8. Chestnut-trees of Mt. Etna, ix. 8. Chestnut-wood, extract of, ix. 10. Chestnuts, Spanish, ix. 9. Chicharronia, v. 19. Chickasaw Plum, iv. 25. Chickasaw Plum, origin of, iv. 26. Chicot, iii. 70. Chilonectria cucurbitula, xi. 12. Chilopsis, vi. 93. Chilopsis glutinosa, vi. 95. Chilopsis linearis, vi. 95. Chilopsis saligna, vi. 95. Chimanthus, iv. 7. Chimanthus amygdalina, iv. 49, Chinese Carpinus, ix. 40. Chinese Chestnut-tree, ix. 9. Chinese galls, iii. 9. Chinese Hemlock, xii. 60. Chinese Liquidambar, v. 8. Chinese white wax, vi. 26. Chinquapin, ix. 3, 17. Chinquapin Oak, viii. 56, 59. Chion cinctus, vii. 133. Chionanthus, vi. 59. Chionanthus angustifolia, vi. 60. Chionanthus Chinensis, vi. 59. Chionanthus cotinifolia, vi. 60, 61. Chionanthus fraxinifolia, vi. 31. Chionanthus heterophylla, vi. 60. Chionanthus longifolia, vi. 60. Chionanthus maritima, vi. 60. Chionanthus, medical properties of, vi. 59. Chionanthus montana, vi. 60. Chionanthus retusa, vi. 59. Chionanthus trifida, vi. 60. Chionanthus triflora, vi. 60. Chionanthus vernalis, vi. 60. Chionanthus Virginica, vi. 60. Chionanthus Virginica, var. angustifolia, vi. 0. Chionanthus Virginica, var. latifolia, vi. 60. Chionanthus Virginica, var. maritima, vi. 60. Chionanthus Virginica, var. montana, vi. 60. Chionanthus Zeylonica, vi. 60. Chionaspis furfurus, iv. 70. Chionaspis Nyssa, v. 74. Chionaspis pinifoliz, xi. 11. Chionaspis Quercus, viii. 11. Chithonanthus, iii. 115. Chittam Wood, iii. 3. Chittim Wood, v. 171. ‘ Chlamydobalanus, viii. 4. Chloromeles, iv. 67. Chioromeles sempervirens, iv. 75. Choke Cherry, iv. 41. Cholla, xiv. 15. Chomellia, i. 103. Choniastrum, v. 144. Chouteau, Pierre, vii. 86. Chramesus Icoriz, vii. 133. Christmas Berry, iv. 124. Chrysobalanus, iv. 1. Chrysobalanus ellipticus, iv. 4. Chrysobalanus Icaco, iv. 3. Chrysobalanus Icaco, a genuinus, iv. 4. GENERAL INDEX. Cliff Elm, vii. 48. Clifton, Francis, ii. 5. Cliftonia, ii. 5. Cliftonia ligustrina, ii. 7. Cliftonia monophylla, ii. 7. Cliftonia nitida, ii. 7. Clisiocampa, ii. 36. ore Californica, viii. 11. bh: bal. 11, ‘hry Icaco, B p re iv. 4. Chrysobalanus Icaco, B purpureus, iv. 3. Chrysobalanus Icaco, + ellipticus, iv. 4. Chrysobalanus luteus, iv. 4. Chrysobalanus oblongifolius, iv. 1. Chrysobalanus orbicularis, iv. 4. Chrysobalanus pellocarpus, iv. 4. Chrysobothris femorata, ii. 81; iv. 11, 70; viii. 11. Chrysobothris octocola, iii. 100. Chrysobothris 6-signata, ix. 48. Chrysomela pallida, ix. 156. Chrysomela sealaris, i. 51. Chrysomyxa Abietis, xii. 61. Chrysomyxa Ledi, xii. 26. Chrysomyxa Rhododendri, xii. 26. Chrysophyllum, v. 159. Chrysophyllum Cainito, v. 160. Chrysophyllum Cainito, v. 161. Chrysophyllum Cainito, B, xiv. 102. Chrysophyllum Carolinense, v. 169. Chagriaaleg tia aR ia v. 161. Chr vy. 171. Chrysophyllum ana WeslGie Chrysophyllum monopyrenum, v. 161. Chrysophyllum oliviforme, y. 161 ; xiv. 102. Chrysophyllum oliviforme, var. monopyrenum, v. 161. Chrysophyllum Roxburghii, v. 160. Chii-ling, v. 8. Chuncoa, v. 19. Chytralia, v. 35. Cicada septendecim, viii. 11. Cicada, The Seventeen-year, viii. 11. Cider, manufacture of, iv. 68. Ciderkin, iv. 68. Cilician Fir, xii. 99. Cimbex Americana, ix. 101. Cinchona Caribea, v. 105. Cinchona Caroliniana, v. 109. Cinchona floribunda, v. 103. Cinchona Jamaicensis, v. 105. Cinchona Luciana, v. 103. Cinchona montana, v. 103. Cinctosandra, v. 116. Ci i i. 37, Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, i. 36. Cinnamon Bark, i. 37. Ciponima, vi. 13. Cirillo, Domenico, ii. 2. Cirrha platanella, vii. 101. Citharexylon, vi. 101. Citharexylon villosum, vi. 103. Citheronia regalis, vii. 116. Cladrastis, iii. 55 ; xiv. 100. Cladrastis Sragrans, xiv. 100. Cladrastis lutea, iii. 57 ; xiv. 100. Cladrastis tinctoria, iii. BT. Clammy Locust, iii. 45. Clavimyrtus, v. 39. Clayton, John, i. 8. Cleistocalyz, v. 39. Clethropsis, ix. 68. Clethropsis, ix. 67. Clethropsis Nepalensis, ix. 70. Clethropsis nitida, ix. 70. stricta, viii. 11. ae disstria, viii. 11; ix. 84, Clisiocampa sylvatica, i. 51. Clistoyucea, x. 3. Cloves, v. 40. Cloves, oil of, v. 41. Clove-stalks, v. 41. Clove-tree, v. 40. Cloye-tree, cultivation of, v. 40. Cluster-cups, iv. 70. Coccifera, viii. 4. Coccoloba, vi. 113. Coccolobis, vi. 113. Coccolobis Curtissii, vi. 119. Coccolobis Floridana, vi. 119. Coceolobis laurifolia, vi. 119. Coccolobis Leoganensis, vi. 115, 119. Coceolobis, medical properties of, vi. 114. Coccolobis parvifolia, vi. 119. Coccolobis tenuifolia, vi. 119. Coceolobis Uvifera, vi. 115. Coccolobis Uvifera, var. Leoganensis, vi. 115. Coccolobis Uvifera, var. ovalifolia, vi. 115. Coccomyces triangularis, viii. 13, Coccothrinax, xiv. 85. Coccothrinax argentea, xiv. 85. Coccothrinax Garberi, xiv. 85. Coccothrinax jucunda, xiv. 87. Coccothrinax radiata, xiv. 85. Coceus Cacti, xiv. 11. Coceus Mlicis, viii. 10. Coccus Pe-la, vi. 26. Cochineal, xiv. 11. Cockscomb Gall-louse, vii. 41. Cockspur Thorn, iv. 91 ; xiii. 39. Cocoa Plum, iv. 3. Codlin-moth, iv. 70. Codonocrinum, x. 1. Coffee-tree, ii. 37. Coffee-tree, Kentucky, iii. 69, Colden, Cadwallader, i. 66. Coleophora, caryzfoliella, vii. 133. Coleophora cornella, v. 65. Coleophora laricella, xii. 5. Coleophora Ostryz, ix. 32. Coleophora viburniella, v. 94. Coleosporium Pini, xi. 12. Coleosporium Senecionis, xi. 12. Coleosporium Viburni, v. 94. Colleta Plum, iv. 26. Collinson, Peter, i. 8. Collospheria corticata, vii. 87. Colopha Ulmicola, vii. 41. Colorado Spruce, xii. 47. Colpoma morbidum, xii. 26. Colubrina, ii. 47. Colubrina Americana, ii. 47. Colubrina Asiatica, ii. 47. Colubrina Colubrina, ii. 47. Colubrina Fermentum, ii. 47. Colubrina ferruginosa, ii. 47. Colubrina Greggii, ii. 47. Colubrina reclinata, ii. 49. Colubrina Texensis, ii. 47. Columella, vi. 109. ComBRETACEZ, v. 19. 119 Compton, Henry, i. 6. Comptonia, ix. 84, Comptonia, ix. 83. Comptonia asplenifolia, ix. 84. Condal, Antonio, ii. 23. Condalia, ii. 23. Condalia, ii. 19. Condalia ferrea, ii. 29. Condalia infectoria, ii. 23. Condalia Mexicana, ii. 23. Condalia microphylla, ii. 23. Condalia obovata, ii. 25. Condalia spathulata, ii. 23. Conrrers, x. 69 ; xi. 1; xii. 1; xiv. 89. Conocarpus, v. 23. Conocarpus acutifolia, v. 24. Conocarpus erecta, y. 24, Conocarpus erecta, var. arborea, v. 24. Conocarpus erecta, var. procumbens, v. 24. Conocarpus erecta, var. sericea, v. 24. Conocarpus procumbens, v. 24. Conocarpus racemosa, v. 29. Conotrachelus Juglandis, vii. 116. Conotrachelus Naso, iv. 84. Conotrachelus Nenuphar, iv. 11. Conotrachelus posticatus, iv. 84. Consolea, xiv. 9. Cooper, J. G., i. 30. Copalillo, ii. 74. Copalm balm, v. 8. Copper Beech, ix. 24, Coral Bean, iii. 63. Coral Sumach, iii. 14, Cordia, vi. 67. Cordia Africana, vi. 68. Cordia alliodora, vi. 68. Cordia alliodora, wood of, vi. 69, Cordia angustifolia, vi. 68. Cordia Boissieri, vi. 73. Cordia Brownii, vi. 68. Cordia bullata, vi. 68. Cordia campanulata, vi. 68. Cordia Cerdana, vi. 68. Cordia dichotoma, vi. 68. Cordia, economic uses of, yi, 68. Cordia Floridana, vi. 77. Cordia Gerascanthus, vi. 68. Cordia globosa, vi. 68. Cordia hexandra, vi. 68. Cordia Indica, vi. 68. 2 Cordia juglandifolia, vi. 71. Cordia latifolia, vi. 68. Cordia Myxa, vi. 68. Cordia Myxa, uses of, vi. 68. Cordia officinalis, vi. 68. Cordia orientalis, vi. 68. Cordia paniculata, vi. 68. Cordia podocephala, vi. 68. Cordia reticulata, vi. 68. Cordia Rhumphii, vi. 68. Cordia Rothii, vi. 68. Cordia Sebestena, vi. 71. Cordia Sebestena, vi. 68. Cordia Sebestena, var. rubra, vi. 71. Cordia speciosa, vi. 71. Cordia subcordata, vi. 68. Cordia subopposita, vi. 68. Cordia thyrsiflora, vi. 79. Cordia vestita, vi. 68. Cordial-water, Cherry, iv. 10 Cordus, Valerius, vi. 69. Cordyloblaste, vi. 13. Cork Elm, vii. 47. Cork, harvesting of, viii. 8. 120 Cork Oak, viii. 8. Cork Wood, vii. 111. CorNaAcEa, v. 63 ; xiv. 21. Cornularia Persice, iv. 12, Cornus, v. 63. Cornus, iv. 67. Cornus alba, xiv. 21. ? Cornus alba, v. 64. Cornus alterna, v. 71. Cornus alternifolia, v. 71. Cornus Amomum, v. 64. Cornus asperifolia, xiv. 21. Cornus asperifolia, var. Drummondi, xiv. 21. Cornus australis, v. 64. Cornus brachypoda, v. 64. Cornus capitata, v. 64. ? Cornus cerulea, v. 64. Cornus crispula, v. 64. Cornus cyanocarpa, v. 64. Cornus Drummondi, xiv. 21. Cornus florida, v. 66 ; xiv. 101. Cornus florida, v. 69. Cornus florida, pendulous variety, v. 68. Cornus florida, red-bracted variety, v. 68. Cornus, fungal enemies of, v. 65. Cornus, insect enemies of, v. 65. Cornus Kousa, v. 64. Cornus lanuginosa, v. 64. Cornus macrophylla, v. 64. Cornus mas, v. 64. Cornus Nuttallii, v. 69. Cornus obliqua, v. 64. Cornus officinalis, v. 64. 2 Cornus polygama, v. 64. Cornus punctata, v. 71. Cornus riparia, v. 71. Cornus riparia, var. rugosa, v. 71. Cornus rotundifolia, v.71. ? Cornus rubiginosa, v. 64. Cornus sanguinea, v. 64, Cornus sericea, v. 64. Cornus sericea, y asperifolia, xiv. 21. Cornus undulata, v. 71. Coromandel wood, vi. 3. Corrections, xiv. 97. Corsican Pine, xi. 6. Cortex Canelle albe, i. 35. Cortex thymiamatis, v. 8. Corticium acerinum, var. niveum, x. 73. Corticium cruentum, ix. 101. Corticium Oakesii, ix. 101. Corticium pezizoideum, ix. 156. Corypha minor, x. 38. Corypha Palmetto, x. 41. Corypha pumila, x. 38. Cossula magnifica, viii. 11. Cossus Centerensis, ix. 156. Cossus ligniperda, i. 50. Cossus Querciperda, viii. 11. Cossus reticulatus, viii. 11. Cossus robinia, iii. 38. Costza, ii. 2. Cotinus, iii. 1. Cotinus Americanus, iii. 3; xiv. 99. Cotinus Coggygria, iii. 2, 3. Cotinus Cotinus, iii. 2. Cotoneaster spathulata, iv. 105. Cotton Gum, v. 83. Cottonwood, ix. 179, 183 ; xiv. 69, 71, 73. Cottonwood, Balsam, ix. 175. Cottonwood, Black, ix. 163, 175. Cottonwood, Narrow-leaved, ix. 171. Cottonwood, Swamp, ix. 163. Coulter, Thomas, iii. 84. GENERAL INDEX. Covellia, vii. 92. Covellia, vii. 91. Coville, Frederick Vernon, xiv. 67. Cow Oak, viii. 67. Crab, Fragrant, iv. 71. Crab, Soulard, iv. 72. Crab Wood, vii. 30. Crab-apple, iv. 71, 75. Crab-apple, Oregon, iv. 77. Cranberries, v. 116. Cranberry, cultivation of the, v. 116. Crategus, iv. 83 ; xiii. 31. Crategus acerifolia, iv. 107. Crategus acutifolia, xiii. 51. Crategus estivalis, iv. 119. Crategus Amelanchier, iv. 125. Crategus anomala, xiii. 107. Crategus apiifolia, iv. 111. Crategus apiifolia minor, iv. 111. Crategus aprica, xiii. 169. Cratcgus arborescens, iv. 109. Crategus arbutifolia, iv. 123. Crategus Arkansana, xiii. 85. Crategus Arnoldiana, xiii. 103. Crategus Ashei, xiii. 149. Crategus atrorubens, xiii. 181. Crategus badiata, iv. 92. Crategus berberifolia, xiii. 39. Crategus berberifolia, iv. 93 ; xiii. 43, Crategus Berlandieri, xiii. 91. Crategus blanda, xiii. 177. Crategus Bosciana, iv. 92. Crategus Boyntoni, xiii. 65. Cratzgus brachyacantha, iv. 89. Crategus Brazoria, xiii. 77. Crategus Busbii, xiii. 55. Crategus Canadensis, xiii. 89. Crategus Canbyi, xiii. 41. Crategus candida, xiii. 95. Crategus Caroliniana, iv. 113. Crategus Carrierei, iv. 91. Crategus Champlainensis, xiii. 105. ? Crategus chlorocarpa, xiii. 61. Crategus coccinea, iv. 95 ; xiii. 133. Crateegus coccinea, iv. 96 ; xiii. 134. Cratcegus coccinea macracantha, xiii. 135. Crategus coccinea pruinosa, xiii. 61. Crategus coccinea rotundifolia, xiii. 134. Crateegus coccinea subvillosa, xiii. 101. Cratcgus coccinea, « ? mollis, xiii. 83. Crategus coccinea, var. macracantha, iv. 96. Crategus coccinea, var. macracantha, xiii. 134, 139, 147. Crateegus coccinea, var. mollis, iv. 99; xiii. 101. Crateegus coccinea, var. oligandra, iv. 95. Cratzgus coccinea, var. populifolia, iv. 97. Crateegus coccinea, var. typica, iv. 97. Cratcegus coccinea, var. viridis, iv. 95, 96. Crategus coccinioides, xiii. 115. Crategus collicola, xiii. 73. Crategus collina, xiii. 73. Crateegus Columbiana, xiii. 95. Crategus consanguinea, xiii. 157. Crategus cardata, iv. 107. Crategus cordata, distribution of, xiii. 35. Crategus coronaria, iv. 71. Crategus corusea, xiii. 99. Crategus Coursetiana, iv. 92. Crategus Crus-galli, iv. 91. Crategus Crus-galli,.iv. 103. Crategus Crus-galli, distribution of, xiii. 39. Crategus Crus-galli, var. berberifolia, iv. 93. Crataegus Crus-gaili, var. berberifolia, xiii. 53. Crategus Crus-galli, var. Fontanesiana, iv. 92. Crategus Crus-galli, var. linearis, iv. 92. Crategus Crus-galli, var. ovalifolia, iv. 92. Crategus Crus-galli, var. prunifolia, iv. 92. Crategus Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia, iv. 92; xiii. 39, ae Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia, iv. 9. Cratzgus Crus-galli, var. salicifolia, xiii. 39. Crategus Crus-galli, var. salicifolia, iv. 92. Crategus Crus-galli, var. splendens, iv. 91. Cratcegus cuneifolia, iv. 103. Crategus dilatata, xiii. 113. Cratzgus dispar, xiii. 165. Crategus Douglasii, iv. 86. Crategus Douglasii, iv. 96. Crateegus Douglasii, distribution of, xiii. 35. Crategus Douglasii, var. rivularis, iv. 87. Crategus Douglasii, var. rivularis, distribu- tion of, xiii. 35. Crategus Downingii, xiii. 140. Crategus edita, xiii. 57. Crategus Eggertii, xiii. 115. Crategus elliptica, iv. 114, 119 ; xiii. 58, 167. Crategus Ellwangeriana, xiii. 109. Cratzgus Engelmanni, xiii. 43. Crategus erecta, xiii. 49. Crategus fecunda, xiii. 47. Crategus flava, iv. 113 ; xiii. 155. Crateegus flava, iv. 103, 114 ; xiii. 156, 159. Crateegus flava, var. elliptica, iv. 114. Crategus flava, var. elliptica, xiii. 165. Crategus flava, var. lobata, iv. 113 ; xiii. 156. Crategus flava, var. pubescens, iv. 114. Crategus flexuosa, iv. 117. Cratzgus Floridana, xiii. 159, Crategus, fungal enemies of, iv. 84. Crategus gemmosa, xiii. 141. Crategus Georgiana, xiii. 63, Crategus glabriuseula, xiii. 175. Crategus glandulosa, iv. 96, 113, 114 ; xiii. 134. Crategus glandulosa, d succulenta, xiii. 139, Cratcegus glandulosa, 8 macracantha, xiii. 147. ? Crataegus glandulosa, 8 rotundifolia, xiii. 134. Crategus glandulosa, var. macracantha, iv. 96. Ar aT Crategus , var. rotundifolia, iv. 95. Crategus Harbisoni, xiii. 151. Crategus Holmesiana, xiii. 119. Crataegus Holmesiana villipes, xiii. 119. Crategus horrida, xiii. 134. Cratzegus Illinoiensis, xiii. 143. Crataegus, insect enemies of, iv. 84. Crategus integriloba, xiii. 145. Crategus Jonese, xiii. 135. Crategus lacera, xiii. 127. Crataegus lacrimata, xiii. 161. Crataegus latifolia, iv. 101, 103. Crategus laurifolia, iv. 91. Crategus Lavallei, iv. 91. Cratzeus Lettermani, xiii. 79. Crategus leucophleos, iv. 101. Cratcegus linearis, iv. 92. Cratcegus lobata, iv. 113. Crategus lobulata, xiii. 117. Crateegus lucida, iv. 91, 119. Crategus lucorum, xiii. 125. Crategus macracantha, xiii. 147. Crategus macracantha, iv. 96. ? Crategus macracantha, xiii. 139. Crategus macracantha, var. minor, xiii. 147. Crategus Margaretta, xiii. 137. Crategus Michauzii, iv. 114. Cratcgus microcarpa, iv. 105. Crategus Mohri, xiii. 59. Crategus mollis, iv. 99 ; xiii. 83, 84. Crategus mollis, xiii. 93, 101. Crategus nitida, xiii. 179. Crateegus obovatifolia, iv. 103. Crategus opaca, iv. 119. Crategus opima, xiii. 171. Crategus ovalifolia, iv. 92. Crateegus Oxyacantha, iv. 84. Crategus Oxyacantha, iv. 111. Crategus Oxyacantha, var. Americana, iy. 111. Crategus Oxyacantha, var. apiifolia, iv. 111. Crategus parvifolia, iv. 117. Crategus pastorum, xiii. 134. Crataegus pedicellata, xii. 121. Crategus pentandra, xiii. 129. Cratzgus Peoriensis, xiii. 45. Crategus pinnatifida, iv. 84. Crataegus populifolia, iv. 97, 107. Crategus pratensis, xiii. 81. Cratzgus Pringlei, xiii. 111. Crategus, properties of, iv. 84. Cratzgus pruinosa, xii. 61. Crategus prunellifolia, iv. 92. Crategus prunifolia, iv. 92. Crategus punctata, iv. 103. Crategus punctata, distribution of, xiii. 35. Crategus punctata, var. aurea, iv. 103. Cratcgus punctata, var. brevispina, iv. 86. Crategus punctata, var. rubra, iv. 103. Crategus punctata, var. xanthocarpa, iv. 103. Crategus pyrifolia, iv. 101. Crategus pyriformis, xiii. 97. Crategus quercina, xiii. 95. Crateegus racemosa, iv. 127. Crategus Ravenelii, xiii. 163. Crategus rivularis, iv. 86, 87. Crategus rotundifolia, iv. 95, 125 ; xiii. 65, 134. Crateegus rotundifolia, a minor, xiii. 147. Crategus rotundifolia, b succulenta, xiii. 139. Crategus salicifolia, iv. 92. Crategus saligna, xiii. 37. Crategus sanguinea, iv. 86, 96. Crategus sanguinea, var. Douglasii, iv. 86. Crategus Sargenti, xiii. 69. Crategus scabrida, xiii. 123. Crategus senta, xiii. 167. Crategus sera, xiii. 87. Crategus signata, xiii. 53. Crategus silvicola, xiii. 131. Crategus sinistra, xiii. 43. Crategus sordida, xiii. 75. Crategus spathulata, iv. 105. Crategus spathulata, iv. 89, 114. Crategus spicata, iv. 129. Cratgus stipulosa, iv. 84. Crategus submollis, xiii. 101. Crategus suborbiculata, xiii. 71. Crategus subvillosa, iv. 99. Crategus subvillosa 2, xiii. 83. Crategus succulenta, xiii. 139. Crategus Texana, xiii. 93. Crategus Texana, iv. 99. Crategus tilicefolia, xiii. 84. Crategus tomentosa, iv. 101. Crataegus tomentosa, iv. 99, 117 ; xiii. 101. Crategus tomentosa, distribution of, xiii. 35. Crategus tomentosa, var. mollis, iv. 99 ; xiii. Cratcegus tomentosa, var. plicata, iv. 103. GENERAL INDEX. Crategus tomentosa, var. punctata, iv. 103. Crategus tomentosa, var. pyrifolia, iv. 101. Crategus turbinata, iv. 113. Cratzgus uniflora, iv. 117. Crategus unilateralis, iv. 117. Crategus Vailie, xiii. 153. Crategus venusta, xiii. 67. Crategus Virginica, iv. 114. Crategus viridis, iv. 109. Crategus viridis, iv. 95, 114 ; xiii, 61, 179. Crategus viridis, var. nitida, xiii. 179. Crategus vulsa, xiii. 173. Crategus Watsoniana, iy. 91. Crematomia, vi. 75. Crepidodera Helxines, ix. 101, 156. Crescentia, vi. 97. Crescentia acuminata, vi. 97. Crescentia alata, vi. 98. ? Crescentia coriacea, vi. 99. Crescentia cucurbitina, vi. 99 ; xiv. 102. Crescentia Cujete, vi. 97. Crescentia Cujete, uses of, vi. 97. Crescentia cuneifolia, vi. 97. Crescentia latifolia, vi. 99. Crescentia lethifera, vi. 99. Crescentia obovata, vi. 99. Crescentia ovata, vi. 99 ; xiv. 102. Crescentia, species, vi. 99. Crescenzi, Pietro de’, vi. 98. Criocephalus agrestis, xi. 11. Creesus latitarsus, ix. 48. Cronartium asclepiateum, ix. 86. Cronartium ribicolum, xi. 12. Croom, Hardy B., x. 58. Croomia, x. 58. Cryptolechia cryptolechiella, i. 108. Cryptolechia faginella, ix. 24. Cryptolechia quercicella, viii. 12. Cryptolechia Schlagenella, viii. 12. Cryptorhynchus Lapathi, ix. 100, 155. Cryptosporium epiphyllum, ix. 10. Cucumber-tree, i. 7. tree, leaved, i. 11. Cucumber-tree, Long-leaved, i. 15. Cuiete, vi. 97, 98. Cumberland Plum, iv. 24. Cupania glabra, i. 42. Cuprespinnata, x. 149. Cuprespinnata disticha, x. 151. Cupressus, x. 97. Cupressus Americana, x. 115. Cupressus Arbor-vite, x. 126. Cupressus Arizonica, x. 105. Cupressus Arizonica, var. bonita, x. 105. Cupressus attenuata, x. 119. Cupressus Balfouriana, x. 119. Cupressus Benthami, var. Arizonica, x. 105. Cupressus Boursierii, x. 119. Cupressus Californica, x. 107. Cupressus Californica gracilis, x. 107, 109. Cupressus conoidea, x. 99. Cupressus cornuta, x. 107. Cupressus disticha, x. 151. Cupressus disticha, B imbricaria, x. 152. Cupressus disticha, var. nutans, x. 153. Cupressus disticha, var. patens, x. 151. Cupressus, economic properties of, x. 98. Cupressus elongata, x. 100. Cupressus fastigiata, x. 99. Cupressus fragrans, x. 119. Cupressus funebris, x. 100. Cupressus, fungal diseases of, x. 100. Cupressus glandulosa, x. 109. Cupressus glauca, x. 100. 121 Cupressus globulifera, x. 100. Cupressus Goveniana, x. 107 ; xiv. 95. Cupressus Goveniana, var, pygmced, xiv. 95. Cupressus Guadalupensis, x. 98. Cupressus Guadalupensis, x. 105. Cupressus Hartwegii, x. 103. Cupressus Hartwegii, var. fastigiata, x. 103. Cupressus horizontalis, x. 100. Cupressus horizontalis, 8 pendula, x. 100. Cupressus, insect enemies of, x. 100. Cupressus Lambertiana, x. 103, 104. Cupressus Lambertiana, var. fastigiata, x. 103. Cupressus Lawsoniana, x. 119. Cupressus lugubris, x. 99. Cupressus Lusitanica, x. 100. Cupressus Maenabiana, x. 109 ; xiv. 105. Cupressus macrocarpa, x. 103. Cupressus macrocarpa Crippsi, x. 104. Cupressus macrocarpa flagelliformis, x. 104. Cupressus macrocarpa, ? var. Farallonensis, x. 107. Cupressus macrocarpa, var. fastigiata, x. 103. Cupressus macrocarpa, var. Guadaloupensis, x. 98 Cupressus macrocarpa, var. Lambertiana, x. 103. Cupressus Nabiana, x. 109. Cupressus Nootkatensis, x. 115 ; xiv. 105. Cupressus Nutkana, x. 119. Cupressus Nutkatensis, x. 115. Cupressus obtusa, x. 98. Cupressus obtusa, economic properties of, x. Cupressus obtusa, var. breviramea, x. 98. Cupressus palustris, x. 111. Cupressus patula, x. 100, 124. Cupressus pendula, x. 100, 124. Cupressus pisifera, x. 98. Cupressus pisifera, var. a squarrosa, x. 99. Cupressus pisifera, var. ¢ filifera, x. 99. Cupressus pygmea, xiv. 95. Cupressus pyramidalis, x. 99. Cupressus Reinwardtiz, x. 104. Cupressus sabinoides, x. 91. Cupressus sempervirens, x. 99. Cupressus sempervirens horizontalis, x. 100. Cupressus sempervirens stricta, x. 99. Cupressus sempervirens, a, x. 99. Cupressus sempervirens, a fastigiata, x. 99. Cupressus sempervirens, 8, x. 100. Cupressus sempervirens, y spherocarpa, x. 100. Cupressus sempervirens, y umbilicata, x. 99. Cupressus sempervirens, 8 globulifera, x. 100. Cupressus sempervirens, ¢ Indica, x. 99. Cupressus spherocarpa, x. 100. Cupressus squarrosa, x. 99. Cupressus Thuya, x. 124. Cupressus thyoides, x. 111. Cupressus thyoides, x. 71. Cupressus thyoides aurea, x. 112. Cupressus thyoides ericoides, x. 112. Cupressus torulosa, x. 99. Cupressus torulosa, x. 103. Cupressus Tournefortii, x. 99. Cupressus umbilicata, x. 99. Cupressus Whitleyana, x. 99. CuPuULIFERA, viii. 1 ; ix. 1; xiv. 49. Curtisia, i. 65. Curtiss, Allen Hiram, ii. 50. Custard apple, i. 28. Cutch, iii. 116. Cut-leaved Beech, ix. 24. Cyanococeus, v. 115. Cyclobalanopsis, viii. 4. 122 GENERAL INDEX. Dendrodaphne, vii. 9. ? Dendrodaphne, vii. 9. Depressaria robiniella, iii. 38. Dermatophyllum, iii. 59. Dermatophyllum speciosum, iii, 63. Desert Palm, x. 47. Desert Willow, vi. 95. Desmanthus salinarum, iii. 101. De Soto Plum, iv. 20. Devil Wood, vi. 65. Diamarips, ix. 95. Diamond Willow, ix. 136. Diandre, ix. 96. Diaporthe Carpini, ix. 41. Diaspis Carueli, x. 73. Diospyros Virginiana, vi. 7. Diatrype disciformis, ix. 49. Diospyros Virginiana, medical properties of, Diatrypella Toccizana, ix. 70. vi. 9. Dicalyz, vi. 13. Diospyros Virginiana, var. concolor, vi. 7. Dicerca divaricata, iv. 11. Diospyros Virginiana, var. macrocarpa, vi. 7. Didymococcus, ii. 67. Diospyros Virginiana, vax. microcarpa, vi. 7. Digger Pine, xi. 95. Diospyros Virginiana, var. pubescens, vi. 7. Dilly, Wild, v. 183. Diospyros Wightiana, vi. 3. Dimerosporium pulchrum, v. 65. Dipholis, v. 177. Dimorphanthus, v. 57. Dipholis salicifolia, v. 179. Dimorphanthus elatus, v. 60. Diplima, ix. 95. Dimorphanthus Mandshuricus, v. 60. Diplisca, ii. 47. Diospyros, vi. 1. Diplisca elliptica, ii. 49. Diospyros Brasiliensis, vi. 3. Diplodea Taxi, x. 63. Diospyros Caroliniana, vi. 7. Diplosis Catalpe, vi. 84. Diospyros, character of the wood of, vi. 2. Diplosis Pini-rigide, xi. 11. 2 Diospyros Chinensis, vi. 4. Diplusion, ix. 95. Diospyros ciliata, vi. 7. Dipterospermum, i. 39. Diospyros concolor, vi. 7. Dissemination of Yucca, x. 3. ? Diospyros costata, vi. 4. Distegocarpus, ix. 40. Diospyros Cunalon, vi. 3. Distegocarpus, ix. 39. Diospyros decandra, vi. 3. Distegocarpus Carpinus, ix. 41. Diospyros Dendo, vi. 3. Distegocarpus ? cordata, ix. 41. Diospyros digyna, vi. 3. Distegocarpus laxiflora, ix. 41. Diospyros dubia, vi. 3. Disterigma, v. 116. ifera, ii. 2. Diospyros Ebenaster, vi. 3. Doctor Gum, iii. 14. Diospyros Ebenaster, vi. 2. Dog Cherry, vii. 69. Diospyros Ebenaster, fruit of, vi. 3. Dogwood, v. 69, 71 ; xiv. 21. Diospyros Ebenum, vi. 2. Dogwood, Flowering, v. 66. Diospyros Ebenum, vi. 3. Dogwood, Jamaica, iii. 53. Diospyros Embryopteris, vi. 3. Dogwood, Poison, iii. 23. Diospyros ferruginea, vi. 3. Donatia, vi. 105. Diospyros, fungal enemies of, vi. 4. Donkelaaria, v. 111. Diospyros glaberrima, vi. 2. Dorchaschema. Wildii, vii. 87. Diospyros glutinosa, vi. 3. Dothidea Pringlei, x. 5. Diospyros Guajacana, vi. 7. Douglas, David, ii. 94. Diospyros, insect enemies of, vi. 4. Douglas, Robert, vi. 90. Diospyros Japonica, vi. 2. Douglas Spruce, xii. 87. 2? Diospyros Kempferi, vi. 4. Downward Plum, v. 175. Diospyros Kaki, vi. 4. Drepnodes varus, x. 73. Diospyros Persimon, vi. 7. Diospyros Pseudo-Lotus, vi. 2. Diospyros pubescens, vi. 7. Diospyros quesita, vi. 3. Diospyros reticulata, vi. 3. Diospyros revoluta, vi. 3. Diospyros Roxburghii, vi. 4. Diospyros Sapota, vi. 8. 2? Diospyros Schi-Tse, vi. 4. ? Diospyros Sinensis, vi. 4. Diospyros tessellaria, vi. 3. Diospyros Texana, vi. 11. Diospyros toxicaria, vi. 3. Diospyros, uses of, vi. 3. Cyclobalanopsis, viii. 1. Cyclobalanus, viii. 4. Cyclobalanus, viii. 1. Cylindropuntia, xiv. 10. Cylindrosporium eastanicolum, ix. 10. Cylipogon, iii. 33. Cyllene antennatus, iii. 100. Cyllene pictus, vii. 116, 133. Cyllene robiniz, iii. 38. Cynips Galle tinctoriz, viii. 9. Cynoxylon, v. 63. Cyphella fulva, ix. 70. Cypress, x. 105, 107, 109 ; xiv. 95. Cypress, Bald, x. 151. Cypress, Black, x. 153, 154. Cypress, Deciduous, x. 151. Cypress knees, x. 151. Cypress, Lawson’s, x. 119. Cypress, Mexican Bald, x. 150. Cypress, Monterey, x. 103. Cypress of Montezuma, x. 150. Cypress of Peopatella, x. 150. Cypress of Tule, x. 150. Cypress, Pyramidal, x. 100. Cypress, Red, x. 154. Cypress, Sitka, x. 115. Cypress, White, x. 153, 154. Cypress, Yellow, x. 115. Cypresses, Mexican, x. 98. Cyrilla, ii, 1. Cyrilla Antillana, ii. 2. Cyrilla Caroliniana, ii. 3. Cyrilla fuscata, ii. 3. Cyrilla paniculata, v. 153. Cyrilla parvifolia, ii. 3. Cyrilla polystachia, ii. 3. Cyrilla racemifera, ti. 2. Cyrilla racemiflora, ii. 3. Cyrilla racemosa, ii. 3. Cyrilla var. CyRILLACEA, ii, 1. Cyrtophorus verrucosus, iv. 11, Cystogyne, vii. 91. Dacrydium plumosum, x. 134. Dactylus, vi. 1. Dactylus Trapezuntinus, vi. 2. Dedalia quercina, viii. 12. Deedalia vorax, x. 134. Dagger, Spanish, x. 9, 13, 15, 17, 23, 27. Dahoon, i. 109. Dale, Samuel, iii. 34. Dalea, iii. 33. Dalea arborescens, iii. 33. Dalea spinosa, iii. 35. Daphniphyllopsis capitata, v. 73. Dapsilia rutilana, x. 73. Darling Plum, ii. 21. Dasyseypha Agassizii, xii. 5, 101. Dasyscypha calycina, xii. 5. Dasyscypha Willkommii, xii. 5. Datana integerrima, vii. 116. Datana ministra, iv. 70 ; vii. 116, 133. Datisca hirta, xiv. 99. David’s Oak, viii. 10. ? Decadia, vi. 13. Deciduous Cypress, x. 151. Deep Creek Plum, iv. 20. Deerberry, v. 117. Deilinia variolaria, ix. 101. Delastrea, v. 181. Dendroctonus frontalis, xi. 25. Dendroctonus rufipennis, xii. 25. Dendroctonus terebrans, xi. 11. Diospyros Kaki, var. B, vi. 2. ? Diospyros Kaki, var. costata, vi. 4. Diospyros Kaki, wood of, vi. 4. Diospyros laurifolia, vi. 3. Diospyros longifolia, vi. 3. Diospyros Lotus, vi. 2. Diospyros Malabarica, vi. 3. Diospyros Mazeli, vi. 4. Diospyros, medical properties of, vi. 3. Diospyros melanoxylon, vi. 3. Diospyros melanoxylon, vi. 2. Diospyros melanoxylon, wood of, vi. 3. Diospyros membranacea, vi. 3. Diospyros microcarpa, vi. 2. Diospyros nigra, vi. 3. Diospyros nigricans, vi. 3. Diospyros obtusifolia, vi. 3. Diospyros oppositifolia, vi. 3. Diospyros Paralea, vi. 3. Diospyros peregrina, vi. 3. Drimophyllum, vii. 19. Drimophyllum pauciflorum, vii. 21. Drummond, Thomas, ii. 25. Drummondia, ii. 25. ? Drupatris, vi. 13. Dryocampa rubicunda, ii. 81. Dryocheetes affaber, xii. 25. Dryoptelea, vii. 40. Drypetes, vii. 23. Drypetes alba, var. latifolia, vii. 27. Drypetes crocea, vii. 27. Drypetes crocea, B longipes, vii. 27. Drypetes crocea, y latifolia, vii. 27. Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia, vii. 25. Drypetes glauca, vii. 25, 27. Drypetes Keyensis, vii. 25. Drypetes lateriflora, vii. 27. Drypetes latifolia, vii. 27. Drypetes sessiliflora, vii. 27. Dry rot of Taxodium, x. 150. Duck Oak, viii. 166. Duke Cherry, iv. 9. Dunbar, John, xiii. 121. Dunbar, William, vii. 86. Du Pont de Nemours, Eleuthére-Irene, ix. 9. Dutch Elm, vii. 40. Dwarf Maple, ii. 95. Dynastes Tityus, vi. 27. Eacles imperialis, x. 150. Early Red Plum, iv. 26. EBENACEA, vi. 1. Ebony, iii. 137 ; vi. 2. Ebony, Indian, vi. 3. Eburia quadrigeminata, iii. 74. Eccopsis fagigemmeana, ix. 24. Echenopa binotata, i. 77. Echinocereus, y. 51. Echinocereus, v. 51. Echinonyctanthus, v. 51. KEchinopsis, v. 51. Echinopsis, v. 51. Edible seeds of Pinus, xi. 3. Edwardsia, iii. 59. Edwardsia chrysophylla, iii. 60. Eggert, Heinrich Karl Daniel, xiii. 51. Ehret, Georg Dionysius, vi. 80. Ehretia, vi. 79. Ehretia acuminata, vi. 79. Ehretia acuminata, uses of, vi. 79. Ehretia Bourreria, vi. 17, 78. Ehretia ciliata, vi. 81. Ehretia elliptica, vi. 81. Ehretia exasperata, vi. 81. Ehretia glabra, vi. 68. Ehretia Havanensis, vi. T7. Ehretia ovalifolia, vi. 79. Ehretia pyrifolia, vi. 79. Ehretia radula, vi. 77. ? Ehretia scabra, vi. 81. Ehretia serrata, vi. 79. Eichleria, v. 181. Elaphidion villosum, vii. 133 ; viii. 11. Elaphrium, i. 95. Elaphrium integerrimum, i. 97. Elder, v. 88, 91. Elder, Box, ii. 111. Elder, Poison, iii. 24. Elemifera maritima, xiv. 98. Elk-wood, i. 13. Elliott, Stephen, xi. 159. Elliottia, ii. 2; xi. 159 ; xiv. 29. Elliottia bracteata, xiv. 29. Elliottia paniculata, xiy. 29. Elliottia racemosa, xiv. 31. Ellis, John, i. 40. Ellwanger, George, xiii. 109. Elm, American, vii. 45. Elm, Cedar, vii. 57. Elm, Cliff, vii. 48. Elm, Cork, vii. 47. Elm, Dutch, vii. 40. Eln, English, vii. 40. Elm, False, vii. 69. Eln, Hickory, vii. 48. Elm, Mountain, vii. 52. Elm, Red, vii. 52, 53 ; xiv. 41. Elm, Rock, vii. 45, 47. Elm, Slippery, vii. 53. Elm, Swamp, vii. 45. Elm, Water, vii. 43, 61. Elm, White, vii. 43, 48. Elm, Winged, vii. 51. Elm, Wych, vii. 40. GENERAL INDEX. Elm-leaf Beetle, vii. 41. Ematurga Faxonii, x. 124. Embryopteris, vi. 1. Embryopteris gelatinifera, vi. 3. Embryopteris glutinifera, vi. 3. Embryopteris Kaki, vi. 4. Embryopteris peregrina, vi. 3. Emetila ramulosa, i. 111. Emory, William Hemsley, iv. 60. Emorya, iv. 60. Emplectocladus, iv. 7, 8. Emplectocladus, iv. 7. Enallagma, vi. 97. Encina, viii. 111. Encleistocarpon, viii. 4. Endotropis cleifolia, ii. 37. Engelmann, George, viii. 84. Engelmann Spruce, xii. 43. Engelmannia, viii. 84. English Elm, vii. 40. English Laurel, iv. 11. English Walnuts, vii. 115. E i latum, iv. 70, 84. Epigynium, v. 116. Epigynium, v. 115. ERIcacEs#, v. 115 ; xiv. 29. Eriosma Carye, vii. 133. Eriosma Querci, viii. 11. Erysiphe aggregata, ix. 71. Erythrina Piscipula, iii. 53. Erythrobalanos, viii. 4. Erythrogyne, vii. 91. Eschscholtz, Johann Friedrich, ii. 39. Eschscholtzia, ii. 39. Esculus, ii. 54 ; viii. 4. Euabies, xii. 97. Euandromeda, yv. 129. Euaralia, v. 57. Eubetula, ix. 46. Eucarpinus, ix. 40. Euearya, vii. 132. Eucastanopsis, ix. 2. Euceltis, vii. 63. Eucereus, v. 51. Eucoccoloba, vi. 1138. Eucrescentia, vi. 97. Eucupressus, x. 97. Eudamus tityrus, iii. 38. Eufagus, ix. 22. Eugenia, v. 39. Eugenia aromatica, v. 40. Eugenia axillaris, v. 45. Eugenia Baruensis, v. 47. Eugenia buxifolia, v. 43. Eugenia caryophyllata, v. 40. Eugenia ? dichotoma, v. 32. Eugenia esculenta, v. 31. Eugenia fragrans, v. 32. Eugenia Garberi, v. 49. Eugenia Jambolana, v. 41. Eugenia Jambos, v. 41. Eugenia longipes, v. 40. Eugenia Michelii, v. 41. Eugenia Monticola, v. 45. Eugenia Moore, v. 41. Eugenia myrtoides, v. 43. Eugenia pallens, v. 36. Eugenia Parkeriana, v. 41. Eugenia procera, v. 47 ; xiv. 101. Eugenia procera, v. 49. Eugenia triplinervia, v. 45. Eugenia triplinervia, y buzifolia, v. 43. Eugenia uniflora, v. Eugenia ? Willdenowii, v. 41. Eugenia Zeylanica, v. 41. Eugenioides, vi. 13. Eugenioides tinctorium, vi. 15. Eugonia subsignaria, vii. 41 ; ix. 10. Eugordonia, i. 39. Eukrania, v. 63. ‘Euonie acid, ii. 10. Eupapaya, xiv. 2. Eupersea, vii. 1. EUPHORBIACE®, vii. 23. Eupicea, xii. 20. Eupithecia miserulata, x. 124. Eupsalis minuta, viii. 11. Eurhododendron, vy. 143. European Hop Hornbeam, ix. 32, 40. European Larch, xii. 3. European Spruce, xii. 23. Eustrobi, xi. 4. Eusyee, vii. 92. Euterpe Caribea, x. 30. Euthrinax, x. 49. Euthrinaz, xiv. 85. Euthuya, x. 123. Eutsuga, xii. 60. Euvaccinium, v. 115. Enuyucca, x. 3. Evans, Walter Harrison, xiv. 53. Evergreen Beech, ix. 23. Evergreen White Oak, viii. 83. Everyx cherilus, v. 74. Evonymus, ii. 9. Evonymus atropurpureus, ii. 11; xiv. 98. Eyonymus Australianus, ii. 10. Evonymus Carolinensis, ii. 11. Evonymus Europeus, ii. 9, 10. Evonymus Japonicus, ii. 10. Evonymus Japonicus, var. radicans, ii. 10. Evonymus Javanicus, ii. 9. Eyonymus latifolius, ii. 10. Evonymus latifolius, ii. 11. Evyonymus radicans, ii. 10. Eyonymus tingens, ii. 10. Evonymus verrucosus, ii. 10. Excecaria, vii. 29. Excecaria lucida, vii. 30. Exoascus amentorum, ix. 71. Exoascus flavus, ix. 49. Exobasidium Andromede, v. 180. Exobasidium Azalez, v. 147. Exobasidium discoideum, v. 147. Exobasidium Symploci, vi. 14. Exobasidium Vaccinii, v. 117. Exostema, v. 103. Exostema Caribeum, v. 105. Exostema floribundum, y. 103. Exothea, ii. 73. Exothea Copalillo, ii. 74. Exothea oblongifolia, ii. 75. Exothea paniculata, ii. 75. Extract of Chestnut-wood, ix. 10. Eysenhardt, Karl Wilhelm, iii. 30. Eysenhardtia, iii. 29. Eysenhardtia adenostylis, ili. 29. Eysenhardtia amorphoides, iti. 29, 31. Eysenhardtia amorphoides, var. orthocarpa, iii. 31. Eysenhardtia orthocarpa, iii. 31. Eysenhardtia polystachya, iii. 29. Fagara, i. 65 ; xiv. 97. Fagara flava, xiv. 98. Fagara fraxinifolia, i. 67. Fagara lentiscifolia, i. 73. Fagara Pterota, i. 73 ; xiv. 98. 124 Fagara tragodes, i. 73. Fagus, ix. 21. Fagus, ix. 7. Fagus alba, ix. 27. Fagus Americana, ix. 27 ; xiv. 104. Fagus Americana latifolia, ix. 27. Fagus antarctica, ix. 22, 23. Fagus atropunicea, ix. 27. Fagus betuloides, ix. 22. Fagus Castanea, ix. 8, 9, 13. Fagus Castanea dentata, ix. 13. Fagus Castanea pumila, ix. 17. Fagus crenata, ix. 22. Fagus Cunninghamii, ix. 23. Fagus echinata, ix. 22. Fagus, economic properties of, ix. 23. Fagus ferruginea, ix. 22, 27. Fagus ferruginea, Caroliniana, ix. 27. Fagus ferruginea, latifolia, ix. 27. Fagus, fungal diseases of, ix. 24. Fagus fusea, ix. 23. Fagus heterophylla, ix. 27. Fagus, insect enemies of, ix. 24, Fagus Japonica, ix. 22. Fagus, medical properties of, ix. 24. Fagus Menziesii, ix. 23. Fagus nigra, ix. 27. Fagus obliqua, ix. 23. Fagus procera, ix. 23. Fagus pumila, ix. 17. ? Fagus pumila, var. precoz, ix. 10. Fagus pumila, var. serotina, ix. 17. Fagus pygmea, ix. 23. Fagus rotundifolia, ix. 27. Fagus Sieboldi, ix. 22. Fagus Solandri, ix. 23. Fagus sylvatica, ix. 22. Fagus sylvatica, ix. 27. Fagus sylvatica, atro-punicea, ix. 27. Fagus sylvatica foliis atrorubentibus, ix. 24. Fagus sylvatica, heterophylla, ix. 24. Fagus sylvatica, ¢ Americana, latifolia, ix. 27. Fagus sylvatica, 8 Americana, ix. 27. Fagus sylvatica, 8 purpurea, ix. 24. Fagus sylvatica, y Asiatica, ix. 22. Fagus sylvatica, var. 5 Sieboldi, ix. 22. Fagus sylvestris, ix. 22, 27. Fairchild, Thomas, v. 68. Fall Web-worm, v. 9; vii. 41, 77, 116; ix. 10, 24, 32, 41, 48, 101. False Elm, vii. 69. Fan Palm, x. 47. Farkleberry, v. 119. Farnese, Odoardo, iii. 121. Farnesia, iti. 115. Farnesia odora, iii. 119. Fat Pork-tree, iv. 4. Fatrea, v. 19. Fatua denudata, vi. 27 ; ix. 70. Faya, ix. 83. Faya fagifera, ix. 85. Fayana, ix. 83. Fayana Azorica, ix. 85. Feltleaf Willow, xiv. 65. Fendler, August, xii, 123. Fendlera, xii. 124. Fenusa varipes, ix. 70. Fern-leaved Beech, ix. 24. Fern, Sweet, ix. 84. Fetid Buckeye, ii. 55. Ficindica, xiv. 9. Ficus, vii. 91. Ficus affinior, vii. 94. GENERAL INDEX. Ficus aurea, vii: 95. Ficus aurea, var. latifolia, vii. 95. Ficus brevifolia, vii. 97. Ficus Carica, vii. 93. Ficus Carica, cultivation of, vii. 93. Ficus caudata, vii. 94. Ficus elastica, vii. 93. Ficus, fertilization of, by insects, vii. 93. Ficus, gall-flowers of, vii. 92. Ficus pedunculata, vii. 97. Ficus populnea, vii. 97. Ficus religiosa, vii. 94. Ficus Roxburghii, fertilization of, vii. 93. Ficus Sycomorus, vii. 93. Fiddle Wood, vi. 101, 103. Fig, vii. 93. Fig, Indian, xiv. 12. Fig-tree, vii. 93. Figs, vii. 93. Fir, Algerian, xii. 100. Fir, Balm of Gilead, xii. 107. Fir, Balsam, xii. 105, 107, 113. Fir, Cephalonian, xii. 99. Fir, Cilician, xii. 99. Fir, Greek, xii. 99. Fir, Himalayan, xii. 98. Fir, Mexican, xii. 97. Fir, Nordmann, xii. 98. Fir, Red, xii. 87, 183, 187. Fir, Seotch, xi. 5. Fir, Silver, xii. 129. Fir, White, xii. 117, 121, 125. Firensia, vi. 67. Fires in southern pineries, xi. 156. Fistulina Hepatica, viii. 18. Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer, iv. 13. Flat-headed Borer, iv. 11, 70 ; viii. 11. Florence Court Yew, x. 62. Flowering Dogwood, v. 66. Floyd nut, the, vii. 157. Fluted Seale, vii. 20. Feitatazus, x. 55. ‘etataxus montana, x. 57. Fetatarus Myristica, x. 59. Fetataxus nucifera, x. 56. Forest Garden Plum, iy. 20. Forest Rose Plum, iv. 20, 24. Forest Tent-caterpillar, ix. 24. Fork-leaved Black Jack, viii. 145. Forrestia, ii. 41. Fothergill, John, vi. 16. Fothergilla, vi. 16. Foxtail Pine, xi. 59, 63. Fracchiea callista, ix. 41. Fragiles, ix. 96. Fragrant Birch, ix. 47. Fragrant Crab, iv. 71, 75. Frangula, ii. 31. Frangula Californica, ii. 87. Frangula Californica, var. tomentella, ii. 39. Frangula Caroliniana, ii. 35. Frangula fragilis, ii. 35. Frangula Purshiana, ii. 37. Franklinia, i. 39, 45. Franklinia, i. 39. Franklinia Altamaha, i. 45. Fraser, John, i. 8. Fraxinastrum, vi. 26. Fraxinus, vi. 25. Fraxinus acuminata, vi. 48. Frazinus alba, vi. 26, 43. Fraxinus albicans, vi. 44, 47. Fraxinus Americana, vi. 43. Fraxinus Americana, vi. 50, 55. Fraxinus Americana, subspec. Nove-Anglie, vi. 50. Fraxinus Americana, subspec. Oregona, vi. 57. Fraxinus Americana, var. acuminata, vi. 43. Fraxinus Americana, var. Berlandieriana, vi. 53. Fraxinus Americana, var. Caroliniana, vi. 55. Fraxinus Americana, var. epiptera, vi. 43. Fraxinus Americana, var. juglandifolia, vi. 50. Fraxinus Americana, var. latifolia, vi. 43. Fraxinus Americana, var. microcarpa, vi. 44, Fraxinus Americana, var. normale, vi. 43. Fraxinus Americana, var. pistacieefolia, vi. 41. Fraxinus Americana, var. profunda, xiy. 35. Fraxinus Americana, var. pubescens, vi. 49. Fraxinus Americana, var. quadrangulata, vi. 35. Fraxinus Americana, var. quadrangulata ner- vos, Vi. 35. Fraxinus Americana, var. sambucifolia, vi. 37. Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis, vi. 47. Fraxinus Americana, var. triptera, vi. 55. Fraxinus anomala, vi. 39 ; xiv. 102. Fraxinus Berlandieriana, vi. 53. Fraxinus Biltmoreana, xiv. 37. Fraxinus Canadensis, vi. 43. Fraxinus Caroliniana, vi. 55. Fraxinus Caroliniana, vi. 50 ; xiv. 39. Fraxinus Caroliniana, 8 latifolia, vi. 50. Frazinus Caroliniensis, vi. 43. Fraxinus Chinensis, vi. 26. Fraxinus Chinensis, var. rhynchophylla, vi. 26. Fraxinus cinerea, vi. 26. Fraxinus coriacea, xiv. 33. Fraxinus coriacea, vi. 41, 47. Fraxinus Cubensis, vi. 55, 56. Fraxinus Curtissii, vi. 44. Fraxinus curvidens, vi. 55. Fraxinus cuspidata, vi. 29. Fraxinus dipetala, vi. 31. Fraxinus dipetala, var. brachyptera, vi. 31. Fraxinus dipetala, var. trifoliata, vi. 31. ? Fraxinus discolor, vi. 49. Fraxinus, economic uses of, vi. 26. Fraxinus elliptica, vi. 26. Fraxinus epiptera, vi. 48. Fraxinus excelsior, vi. 26, 27. Fraxinus excelsior, vi. 55. Fraxinus expansa, vi. 50. Fraxinus floribunda, vi. 27. Fraxinus Floridana, xiv. 39. Fraxinus florifera, vi. 26. Fraxinus, fungal enemies of, vi. 27. Fraxinus fusca, vi. 26. Fraxinus Greggii, vi. 33. Fraxinus, insect enemies of, vi. 27. Fraxinus juglandifolia, vi. 50. ? Fraxinus juglandifolia, vi. 43, 55. Fraxinus juglandifolia, B subintegerrima, vi. 50. Fraxinus lanceolata, vi. 50. Fraxinus latifolia, vi. 57. Fraxinus longifolia, vi. 49. Fraxinus Mandshuriea, vi. 26. Fraxinus Mariesii, vi. 25. Fraxinus, medical properties of, vi. 26. Frazxinus mizta, vi. 26. Fraxinus nigra, vi. 37. Fraxinus nigra, vi. 26. Frazinus nigra, subspee. Caroliniana, vi. 55. Fraxinus nigra, subspec. nigra, vi. 37. Frazxinus nigrescens, vi. 55. ? Fraxinus Nova Anglia, vi. 43. Frazinus Nove-Anglie, vi. 37, 50. Fraxinus Nuttallii, vi. 55. Fraxinus oblongocarpa, vi. 49. Fraxinus Oregona, vi. 57. Fraxinus Oregona, 8, vi. 57. Fraxinus Oregona, var. riparia, vi. 57. Fraxinus Ornus, vi. 26, 27. Fraxinus ovata, vi. 26. Frasinus pallida, vi. 55. Fraxinus pannosa, vi. 26. Fraxinus pauciflora, vi. 55. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, vi. 49 ; xiv. 102. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata, vi. 50; xiv. 102. Fraxinus pistacicefolia, vi. 41 ; xiv. 33. Fraxinus pistaciefolia, var. coriacea, vi. 41; xiv. Frazinus platycarpa, vi. 55. Fraxinus platycarpa, var. Floridana, vi. 55 ; xiv. 39. Fraxinus profunda, xiv. 35. Fraxinus pubescens, vi. 49, 50, 55. Fraxinus pubescens, 8 longifolia, vi. 49. Fraxinus pubescens, y latifolia, vi. 49. Fraxinus pubescens, var. Berlandieriana, vi. 53. Fraxinus pubescens, var. Lindheimeri, vi. 53. Fraxinus pubescens, var. subpubescens, vi. 49. Frazxinus pubescens, var. p, vi. 57. Fraxinus pulverulenta, vi. 26. Fraxinus quadrangulata, vi. 35 ; xiv. 102. Fraxinus quadrangulata, var. nervosa, vi. 35. GENERAL INDEX. Serenoa, xiv. 76. Toxylon, vii. 87. Tsuga, xii. 61. Ulmus, vii. 42. Umbellularia, vii. 20. Fungal enemies of Amelanchier, iy. 126. Andromeda, v. 180. Catalpa, vi. 84. Cornus, v. 65. Crategus, iv. 84, Diospyros, vi. 4. Fraxinus, vi. 27. Hamamelis, v. 2. Liquidambar Styraciflua, v. 9. Mohrodendron, vi. 20. Nyssa, v. 74. Prunus, iv. 11. Pyrus, iv. 70. Rhododendron, y. 147. Sambucus, v. 86. Symplocos, vi. 14. Vaccinium, y. 117. Viburnum, v. 94. Fusicladium Tremule, ix. 156. Fusisporium Berenice, xii. 101. Gale, ix. 83. Gale, ix. 83. Gale Beigica, ix. 84. bpub vi. Gale Californica, ix. 98. Fraxinus quadrangulata, var. 35. Fraxinus rhyncophylla, vi. 26. Frazxinus Richardi, vi. 26. Fraxinus rotundifolia, vi. 26. Frazxinus rubicunda, vi. 26. Fraxinus rufa, vi. 26. Fraxinus sambucifolia, vi. 37. Fraxinus Schiediana, var. parvifolia, vi. 33. Fraxinus subvillosa, vi. 49. Fraxinus tetragona, vi. 35. Fraxinus Texensis, vi. 47. ’ Fraxinus tomentosa, vi. 49. Fraxinus trialata, vi. 53. Fraxinus triptera, vi. 55. Fraxinus urophylla, vi. 27. Fraxinus velutina, vi. 41 ; xiv. 33. Frazinus viridis, vi. 50. Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandieriana, vi. 53. Fraxinus viridis, var. pubescens, vi. 49. Freireodendron, vii. 23. Fremontia, i. 47 ; xiv. 97. Fremontia Californica, i. 47. Fremontodendron, xiv. 97. f Californi xiv. 97. Frijolito, iii. 63. Fringe-flowered Ash, vi. 31. Fringe Tree, vi. 60. Fruit of Opuntia as food, xiv. 12. Fulham Oak, the, viii. 7. Fungal diseases of Abies, xii. 101. Carica, xiv. 3. Celtis, vii. 64. Hicoria, vii. 134. Juglans, vii. 116. Larix, xii. 5. Morus, vii. 77. Persea, vii. 2. Picea, xii. 25. Pinus, xi. 11. Platanus, vii. 101. Pseudotsuga, xii. 84. Sassafras, vii. 15. Gale-oil, ix. 84. Gale uliginosa, ix. 84. Galeruca decora, ix. 101. Galeruca xanthomelena, vii. 41. Gall-flowers of Ficus, vii. 92. Gallifera, viii. 4. Gall insects on Quercus, viii. 12. Galls, Chinese, iii. 9. Galls, Nut, viii. 9. Galls, Oak, viii. 9. Galls on Betula, ix. 48. Galls on Populus, ix. 156. Galls on Willow, ix. 101. Galoglychia, vii. 91. Gambel, William, viii. 35. Gambelia, viii. 35. Garber, Abraham Pascal, i. 65. Garcinia Malabarica, vi. 3. Garden, Alexander, i. 40. Garfield Plum, iv. 24. Geiger Tree, vi. 71. Gelechia abietisella, xii. 61. Gelechia caryevorella, vii. 133. Gelechia cercerisella, iii. 94. Gelechia obliquistrigella, xii. 25. Gelechia pinifoliella, xi. 11. Gelpkea, v. 39. Georgia Bark, v. 109. Georgia Pine, xi. 156. Gerascanthus, vi. 67. Germination of Pinus, xi. 4. Germination of Quercus, viii. 4. Germination of Yucca, x. 3. Ghent Azaleas, v. 146. Gibbes, Lewis Reeve, xii. 70. Gigantabies, x. 139. Gigantabies taxifolia, x. 141. Gigantabies Wellingtonia, x. 145. Gimbernatia, v. 19. Gin, flavoring of, x. 72, 78. Ginger Pine, x. 120. Ginseng, v. 57. Ginseng, American, v. 58. 125 Ginseng, Chinese, v. 58. Ginseng quinquefolium, v. 58. Glaucous Willow, ix. 133. Gleditsch, Johann Gottlieb, iii. 74. Gleditsia, iii. 73. Gleditsia Africana, iii. 73. Gleditsia aquatica, iii. 79 ; xiv. 100. Gleditsia brachycarpa, iii. 76. Gleditsia Carolinensis, iti. 79. Gleditsia Caspica, iii. 73. Gleditsia elegans, iii. 75. Gleditsia feroz, iti. 75. Gleditsia heterophylla, iii. 75. Gleditsia inermis, iii. 75, 79. Gleditsia Japonica, iii. 73. Gleditsia Japonica, economic uses of, iii. 74. Gleditsia Meliloba, iii. 75. Gleditsia monosperma, iii. 79. Gleditsia spinosa, iii. 75. Gleditsia Texana, xiii. 13. Gleditsia triacantha, iii. 79. Gleditsia triacanthos, iii. 75; xiv. 100. Gleditsia triacanthos, B, 79. Gleditsia triacanthos, B aquatica, iii. 79. Gleditsia triacanthos, economic uses of, iii. 74. Gleditsia triacanthos, var. inermis, iii. 75. Gilleditsia triacanthos, var. B brachycarpos, iii. m6) Glenospora Curtisii, v. 74. Glcosporium acerinum, ii. 81. Gleosporium Canadense, viii. 12. Gleosporium Celtidis, vii. 65. Gleosporium nervisequum, vii. 101. Gleosporium Opuntiz, xiv. 13. Glcosporium Populi, ix. 156. Gloucester Broad-nut, xiv. 103. Glycobius speciosus, ii. 81. Glyptostrobus pendulus, x. 152. Guathotrichus asperulus, xi. 11. Guathotrichus materiarius, xi. 11. Gnomoniella tubiformis, ix. 70. Goa, Cedar of, x. 100. Gebelia, iii. 59. Goes pulverulentus, ix. 24. Goes tigrinus, vii. 133. Golden Beauty Plum, iv. 24. Golden-leaved Chestnut, ix, 3. Gonosuke, vii. 91. Gopher Wood, iii. 57. Gordon, James, i. 40. Gordonia, i. 39. Gordonia acuminata, i. 39. Gordonia Altamaha, i. 40, 45. Gordonia anomala, i. 39, 40. Gordonia excelsa, i. 39. Gordonia Franklina, i. 45. Gordonia Lasianthus, i. 39, 41. Gordonia obtusa, i. 39. Gordonia pubescens, i. 45. Gordonia pyramidalis, i. 41. Gossyparia Ulmi, vii. 41. Gowen, James Robert, x. 108. Gracilaria juglandinigreella, vii. 116. Gracilaria ostryeella, ix. 32. Gracilaria sassafrasella, vii. 15. Gracilaria superbifrontella, v. 2. Grandes, xii. 97. Grape, Sea, vi. 115. Graphiola congesta, x. 38. Graphisurus triangulifer, vii. 64. Grapholitha bracteatana, xii. 84. Grapholithea caryana, vii. 134. 126 Gray Birch, ix. 53, 55. Gray, Christopher, iv. 76. Gray Pine, xi. 147. Gray Poplar, ix. 154. Great Laurel, v. 148. Great Swamp Pine, xi. 113. Greek Fir, xii. 99. Green-barked Acacia, iii. 83, 85. Greene, Edward Lee, viii. 84. Greenella, viii. 84. Gregg, Josiah, iii. 126 ; vi. 33. Greggia, vi. 34. Greggia, v. 39. Grisebach, Heinrich Rudolph August, ii. 13. Grisebachia, ii. 13. Ground Cedar, x. 75. Gruenera, ix. 95. Guaiacana, vi. 4. Guaiacidium, i. 60. Guaiaco, i. 61. Guaiacum, i. 59. Guaiacum angustifolium, i. 59, 60. Guaiacum arboreum, i. 60. Guaiacum Coulteri, i. 60. Guaiacum hygrometricum, i. 60. Guaiacum officinale, i. 59, 60. Guaiacum parviflorum, i. 59. Guaiacum resin, i. 60. Guaiacum sanctum, i. 59, 60, 63. Guaiacum sanctum, var. parvifolium, i. 68. Guaiacum verticale, i. 63. Guaiacum wood, i. 60. Guanabanus, i. 28. Guapurium, v. 39. Guayacan, i. 61. Guess, George, x. 140. Guettard, Jean Etienne, v. 112. Guettarda, v. 111. Guettarda, v. 111. Guettarda ambigua, v. 112. Gueitarda Blodgettii, v. 113. Guettarda elliptica, v. 113. Guettarda Havanensis, v. 112. Guettarda hirsuta, v. 111. Guettarda rugosa, v. 112. Guettarda scabra, v. 112. Guetiarda speciosa, vy. 111. Guiabara, vi. 113. Guiana Plum, vii. 27. Guilandina, iii. 67. Guilandina dioica, iti. 69. Gum, Black, y. 77. Gum, Cherry, iv. 10. Gum, Cotton, v. 83. Gum, Doctor, iii. 14. Gum, Elastic, v. 171. Gum, Hog, iii. 13, 14. Gum, Red, v. 12. Gum, Sour, v. 77. Gum, Spruce, xii. 31. Gum, Star-leaved, v. 12. Gum, Sweet, v. 10. Gum-tree, Hog, iii. 14. Gum, Tupelo, v. 83. Gumbo filet, vii. 14. Gumbo Limbo, i. 97. Gunisanthus, vi. 1. Gurgeon Stopper, v. 43. Gyminda, ii. 13. Gyminda Gump ¢ ii. 14. Gyminda Gri var. gil 14. di Gymnanthes, vii. 29. Gymnanthes lucida, vii. 30. ee GENERAL INDEX. Gymnobalanus, vii. 9. 2G bal Catesb vil. 11. Gymnocladus, iii. 67. Gymnocladus Canadensis, iii. 69. Gymnocladus Chinensis, iii. 67. Giyeinnisdlstins dioicus, iii. 69. Gy ladus dioicus, 67. Gymnosporangium Bermudianum, x. 73. Gymnosporangium biseptatum, x. 101, 134. Gymnosporangium clavarieforme, x. 73. Gymnosporangium clavipes, x. 73. Gymnosporangium Ellisii, x. 101. Cypaouenigananggt globosum, x. 73. pus, x. 73. Gymnosporangium iNfubeersa, x. 73. Gymnosporangium speciosum, x. 73. Gymnothyrsus, ix. 68. Gynaion, vi. 67. Gynaion vestitum, vi. 68. Gyroceras Celtidis, vii. 65. Gyrolecana, viii. 4. Gy ngium Hackberry, vii. 67, 71. Hahnia, iv. 67. Halepenses, xi. 4. Halesia, vy. 111 ; vi. 19. Halesia Carolina, vi. 21. Halesia diptera, vi. 23. Halesia parviflora, vi. 19. Halesia reticulata, vi. 23. Halesia stenocarpa, vi. 21. Halesia tetraptera, vi. 21. Halesia tetraptera Meehani, vi. 22. Halesidota Carye, v. 2; vii. 183. Hales’ paper-shell Hickory nut, vii. 154. Halmia, iv. 83. Halmia cornifolia, iv. 108. Halmia flabellata, iv. 95. Halmia lobata, iv. 101. Halmia punctata, iv. 108. Halmia tomentosa, iv. 101. Halmia tomentosa, 8 pyrifolia, iv. 101. Halmia tomentosa, 8 leucophlea, iv. 101. Halmia tomentosa, ¢ Calpodendron, iv. 101. Halodendrum, vi. 105. Halodendrum Thouarsii, vi. 106. Haltica bimarginata, ix. 70. HAMAMELIDES, v. 1. Hamamelis, v. 1. Hamamelis androgyna, v. 3. Hamamelis arborea, v. 2. Hamamelis corylifolia, v. 3. Hamamelis dioica, v. 3. Hamamelis, fungal enemies of, v. 2. Hamamelis, insect enemies of, v. 2. Hamamelis Japonica, v. 2. Hamamelis macrophylla, v. 8. Hamamelis mollis, v. 2. Hamamelis parvifolia, v. 8. Hamamelis Virginiana, v.3; xiv. 101. Hamamelis Virginiana, discharge of seeds of, v. 2 Hamamelis Virginiana, var. Japonica, v. 2. Hamamelis Viryiniana, var. parvifolia, v. 3. Hamamelis Zuccariniana, v. 2. Hanon, i. 28. Harbison, Thomas Grant, xiii. 152. Hard Pine, xi. 156. Harmonia Pini, xi. 11. Harpiphorus varianus, v. 65. Hartweg, Karl Theodor, ii. 34. Hartwegia, ii. 34. Havard, Valéry, i. 81. uses of, ill. Haw, iv. 86, 101, 103, 109, 117 ; xiii. 37, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 63, 65, 67, 69, 73, 75, 77, 79, 87, 89, 91, 95, 97, 99, 105, 107, 111, 121, 123, 127, 131, 35, 187, 141, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 163, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179. Haw, Apple, iv. 119. Haw, Black, v. 99 ; xiv. 23. Haw, Hog’s, iv. 89. Haw, May, iv. 119. Haw, Parsley, iv. 111. Haw, Red, xiii. 71, 81, 83, 85, 101, 113, 115, 117, 119, 125, 129, 183, 145, 181. Haw, Sandhill, xiii. 161. Haw, Scarlet, iv. 95, 99; xiii. 61, 93, 103, 109, 139, 143, 147. Haw, Small-fruited, iv. 105. Haw, Summer, iv. 113, 114; xiii. 165. Haw, Yellow, iv. 113 ; xiii. 161. Hazel, Witch, v. 3. Heart Cherries, iv. 9. Hélie, Louis Théodore, i. 79. Helietta, i. 79. Helietta apiculata, i. 79. Helietta multiflora, i. 79. Helietta parvifolia, i. 79, 81. Helietta Plana, i. 79. Helminthosporium Palmetto, x. 38. Hemigymnia, vi. 67. Hemileuca Maia, viii. 12. Hemileuca yavapai, iii. 100. Hemiocotea, vii. 9. Hemipapaya, xiv. 2. Hemipersea, vii. 1. Hemithrinax, x. 49. Hemithrinaz, x. 49. Hemlock, xii. 63, 69, 73, 93. Hemlock, Chinese, xii. 60. Hemlock, Himalayan, xii. 61, Hemlock, Mountain, xii. 77. Hemlock, oil of, xii. 65. Hemlock resin, xii. 65. Hemlock, Sargent’s, xii. 66. Hemlocks, Japanese, xii. 60. Hepialus argenteomaculatus, ix. 70. Hercules’ Club, v. 59.” Hesperopeuce, xii. 59, 60. Hesperopeuce Pattoniana, xii. 77. Hesperoyucca, x. Heterandra, vii. 1. Heteromeles, iv. 121. Heteromeles arbutifolia, iv. 123. FHeteromeles Fremontiana, iv. 128. Hexachlamys, v. 39. Hexanthera, vii. 1. ‘Heyderia, x. 133. Heyderia decurrens, x. 135. Hibernia tiliaria, i. 51. Hicacos, iv. 5. Hickory, xiv. 47. Hickory, Big Bud, vii. 161. Hickory, Black, vii. 163, 167. Hickory Borer, vii. 116. Hickory, Broom, vii. 167. Hickory, Brown, vii. 167. Hickory Elm, vii. 48. Hickory, Nutmeg, vii. 145. Hickory Oak, viii. 107. Hickory, origin of the name of, vii. 134. Hickory Pine, xi. 63, 135. Hickory, Shagbark, vii. 153 ; xiv. 45. Hickory, Shellbark, vii. 153. Hickory, Swamp, vii. 141. Hickory, Water, vii. 149. GENERAL INDEX. 127 Hickory, White Heart, vii. 163. Hicoria, vii. 131. Hicoria acuminata, vii. 157. Hicoria alba, vii. 161. Hicoria alba, vay. maxima, vii. 161. Hicoria aquatica, vii. 149. Hicoria Carolinz-Septentrionalis, xiv. 45. Hicoria Fernowiana, vii. 145. Hicoria, fungal diseases of, vii. 134, Hicoria glabra, vii. 165. Hicoria glabra, var. odorata, vii. 167. Honey Shucks, iii. 77. Hop Hornbeam, ix. 34. Hop Hornbeam, European, ix. 32, 40. Hop Hornbeam, Japanese, ix. 32. Hopea, vi. 13. Hopea tinctoria, vi. 15. Hop-tree, i. 76. ? Horau, v. 27. Hormaphis Hamamelidis, v. 2. Hormaphis papyracea, ix. 48. Hormaphis spinosus, v. 2. Ilex Dahoon, i. 109. Hicoria glabra, var. villosa, vii. 167. Hornbeam, ix. 42. Ilex Dahoon, var. angustifolia, i. 110. Hicoria glabra, var. villosa, xiv. 47. Hornbeam, European, horticultural forms of, Ilex Dahoon, var. myrtifolia, i. 110. Hicoria, insect enemies of, vii. 133. ix. 40. Ilex daphnephylloides, v. 73. Hicoria laciniosa, vii. 157 ; xiv. 103. Tlex decidua, i. 113 ; xiy. 98. Hicoria laciniosa, hybrids of, vii. 158. Ilex Floridana, i. 111. Hicoria maxima, vii. 161. lex laurifolia, i. 109. Hicoria, medical properties of, vii. 133. Horse-chestnut, oil of, ii. 52. Tlex laxiflora, i. 107. Hicoria Mexicana, vii. 132. Horse-chestnut, the history of, ii. 53. Tlea ligustrifolia, i. 110. Hicoria microcarpa, vii. 167. Horse-chestnuts, fungal diseases of, ii. 54, Ilex ligustrina, i. 110, 111. Tlex Aquifolium, i. 107. Lex A quifolium, vi. 63. Ilex Cassena, i. 111. Tlex Cassine, i. 109. Ilex Cassine, i. 111. Llex Cassine, B, i. 111. Tlex Cassine, var. angustifolia, i. 110. Ilex Cassine, var. latifolia, i. 109. Tlex Cassine, var. myrtifolia, i. 110. Ilex cassinoides, i. 109. Hornbeam, Hop, ix. 34. Horse Bean, iii. 89. Horse Sugar, vi. 15. Hicoria minima, vii. 141 ; xiv. 103. Hicoria myristiczeformis, vii. 145. Hicoria odorata, vii. 167. Hicoria ovata, vii. 153. Hicoria pallida, xiv. 47. Hicoria Pecan, vii. 137. Hicoria Pecan, cultivated varieties of, vii. 139. Hicoria Pecan, cultivation of, vii. 139. Hicoria Pecan, hybrids of, vii. 138. Hicoria sulcata, vii. 157. Hicoria Texana, xiv. 43. Hicoria Texana, vii. 137. Hicoria villosa, xiv. 47, 103. Hicoria villosa pallida, xiv. 47. Hicoria, wood of, vii. 182. Hicorius albus, vii. 161. Hicorius amara, vii. 141. Hicorius aquaticus, vii. 149. Hicorius glaber, vii. 165. Hicorius integrifolia, vii. 149. Hicorius minimus, vii. 141. Hicorius myristiceformis, vii. 145. Hicorius odoratus, vii. 167. Hicorius ovatus, vii. 153. Hicorius Pecan, vii. 187. Hicorius sulcatus, vii. 157. Hickory-trees in Europe, vii. 159, Hierophyllus Cassine, i. 111. High-bush Blueberry, v. 117. Hill, Ellsworth Jerome, xiii. 99. Hilsenbergia, vi. 79. Himalayan Fir, xii. 98. Himalayan Hemlock, xii. 61. Himalayan Larch, xii. 3. Himalayan Spruce, xii. 22. Hinds, Richard Brinsley, ii. 44. Hindsia, ii. 44. Hi-no-ki, x. 98. Hippocastanum, ii. 51. Hippomane, vii. 33. Hippomane Mancinella, vii. 35. = ; H perties of, vii. 34, Hippomane, wood of, vii. 34, Hogberry, vii. 69. Hog Gum, iii. 13, 14. Hog Gum-tree, iii. 14. Hog’s Haw, iv. 89. Holly, i. 107. Holly, California, iv. 124. Holmes, Joseph Austin, xiii. 120. Holts, Osier, ix. 100. Honey-drop Plum, iv. 24. Honey Locust, iii, 75, 101. Horseflesh Mahogany, iii. 127. Howell, Thomas, xii. 52. Huajillo, iii. 135. Hudsonia, v. 19. Huile de cade, x. 72. Huisache, iii. 119. Humboldtianzy, ix. 96. Hybrid Abies, xii. 97. Hybrid Walnuts, vii. 114. Hybrid Yuceas, x. 4. Hybrids of Pinus, xi. 4. Hybrids of Quereus, viii. 5. Hydnum coralloides, ix. 25. Hylesinus sericeus, xii. 25. Hylobius Pales, xi. 11. Hylotoma dulciaria, ix. 48. Hylotrupes ligneus, x. 72. Hylurgops pinifex, xi. 11. Hymenesthes, vi. 67. Hypelate, ii. 77. Hypelate, ii. 73. Hypelate paniculata, ii. 75. Hypelate trifoliata, ii. 78 ; xiv. 99. Hyperanthera, iii. 67. Hyperanthera dioica, iii. 69. Hypericum Easianthus, i. 41. Hyphantria cunea, i. 51, 108 ; ii. 12, 36 ; iv. 70; v. 9, 94; vii. 41, 77, 116; viii. 11; ix, 48, 184. Hypocrea rufa, x. 140. Hypoderma brachysporum, xi. 12. Hypodermella Laricis, xii. 5. Hyponomeuta euonymella, ii. 12. Hypopogon, vi. 13. Hypoxylon multiforme, ix. 49. Hypoxylon pruinatum, ix. 156. Hypoxylon Sassafras, vii. 2. Hypoxylon transversum, ix. 49. Hypoxylon turbinulatum, ix. 24, Icaco, iv. 1. Ieacorea, v. 151. Icacorea paniculata, y. 153. Icaque, Prunier de, iv. 4. Icaques, Prunes de, iv. 4. Icaquier, iv. 4. Icerya Purchasi, vii. 20. Icthyomethia, iii. 51. Icthyomethia Piscipula, iii. 53. Tlex, i. 103. Ilex, viii. 4. Ilex, estivalis, i. 113. Tlex ambiguus, i. 118, 115. Ilex angustifolia, i. 110. Ilex montana, i. 115. Tlex Monticola, i. 115. Lle« myrtifolia, i. 110. Tlex opaca, i. 107. Tlex Paraguariensis, i. 104 ; xiv. 98. Ilex prinoides, i. 118. Ilex prionitis, i. 118, Ilex quercifolia, i. 107. Ilex religiosa, i. 111. Llex rosmarifolia, i. 110. Tlex spinescens, i. 104. Ilex stenophylla, i. 104. Tlex vomitoria, i. 111. Ilex Watsonia, i. 110. Tricine”, i. 103. Imbricaria, v. 181. Incane, ix. 97. Incense Cedar, x. 135. India Rubber from Ficus elastica, vii. 93. Indian Almond-tree, v. 20. Indian Azaleas, v. 146. Indian Bean, vi. 86. Indian Cherry, ii. 35. Indian Chief Plum, iy. 24. Indian Fig, xiv. 12. Indiana Chief Plum, iv. 24. Indiana Red Plum, iy. 24. Inga forfea, iti. 133. Inga Guadalupensis, iii. 182, Inga microphylla, iii. 183. Inga rosea, iii. 183. Inga Unguis-cati, iii. 133. Ink-wood, ii. 75. Insect enemies of Abies, xii. 101. Amelanchier, iv. 126. Catalpa, vi. 84. Celtis, vii. 64. Cornus, v. 65. Crataegus, iv. 84. Diospyros, vi. 4. Fraxinus, vi. 27. Hamamelis, v. 2. Hicoria, vii. 133. Juglans, vii. 116. Larix, xii. 5. ; Liquidambar Styraciflua, y. 9. Mohrodendron, vi. 20. Morus, vii. 77. Nyssa, v. 74. Picea, xii. 25. Pinus, xi. 11. Platanus, vii. 101. Prunus, iv. 11. 128 GENERAL INDEX. Pseudotsuga, xii. 84, Pyrus, iv. 70. Sassafras, vii. 15. Juglans Californica, vii. 125. Juniperus Barbadensis, xiv. 89. Juglans cathartica, vii. 118. Juniperus Barbadensis, x. 70, 93. Juglans cinerea, vii. 118 ; xiv. 103. Juniperus Bedfordiana, x. 96. Toxylon, vii. 87. Juglans cinerea, vii. 115. Juniperus Bermudiana, x. 70. Tsuga, xii. 61. Juglans cinerea, medical properties of, vii. Juniperus Bermudiana, x. 93 ; xiv. 89. Ulmus, vii. 41. 120. Juniperus borealis, x. 75. Umbellularia, vii. 20. Juglans cinereo-nigra, vii. 114. Juniperus Californica, x. 79. Viburnum, v. 94. Juglans compressa, vii. 153. Juniperus Californica, var. osteosperma, x. 70. Integrifoliz, xi. 4. Juglans cordiformis, vii. 116, 141. Juniperus Californica, var. Utahensis, x. 81. Toxylon, vii. 85. Juglans cylindrica, vii. 137. Juniperus Canadensis, x. 76. Trish Yew, x. 62. Juglans, fungal diseases of, vii. 116. Juniperus Caroliniana, x. 93. Ironwood, v. 169, 173 ; ix. 34, 37. Juglans glabra, vii. 165. Juniperus Cerrosiana, x. 70. Iron-wood, ii. 3, 7, 75. Juglans, hybrids of, vii. 114. Juniperus communis, x. 75. Tron Wood, iii. 49 ; iv. 135. Juglans Iilinoiensis, vii. 137. Juniperus communis nana, x. 76. Islay, iv. 53. Juglans, insect enemies of, vii. 116. Juniperus communis oblonga-pendula, x. 78. Itaska Plum, iv. 20. Itea Cyrilla, ii. 3. Itea racemiflora, ii. 2. Juglans in South America, vii. 115. Juglans insularis, vii. 115. ? Juglans intermedia alata, vii. 115. Juniperus communis pyramidalis, x. 78. Juniperus communis Suecica, x. 78. Juniperus communis vulgaris, x. 76. Ivy, v. 140. Juglans intermedia pyriformis, vii. 114. Ivy, Poison, iii. 9. ? Juglans intermedia quadrangulata, vii. 115. Juglans intermedia Vilmoriniana, vii. 114. Juniperus communis, a erecta, x. 75. Juniperus communis, B refleca, 8 pendula, x. Jack, Black, viii. 145, 161. Jack, Blue, viii. 171. Jack, John George, xiii. 105. Jack Oak, viii. 161. Jack Pine, xi. 147. Jack Pine plains, xi. 148. Jack, Sand, viii. 172. Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph, v. 155. Jacquinia, v. 155. F Jacquinia arborea, v. 157. Jacquinia armillaris, v. 157. Jacquinia armillaris, 8 arborea, v. 157. Jacquinia armillaris, fruits of, v. 155. Jamaica Dogwood, iii. 53. Jambos, v. 39. Jambosa, v. 39. Jambosa vulgaris, v. 41. James, Edwin, ii. 96. Jamesia, ii. 96. Japan, cultivation of Pines in, xi. 11. Japanese Arbor-vite, x. 124. Japanese Beech, ix. 22. Japanese Birch, ix. 48. Japanese Chestnut-tree, ix. 9. Japanese Hemlocks, xii. 60. Japanese Hop Hornbeam, ix. 32. Japanese Larch, xii. 2. Japanese Persimmon, vi. 4. Japanese Pseudotsuga, xii. 84. Japanese Walnut, vii. 116. Jasminum hirsutum, v..112. Javanese Rhododendrons, v. 146, 147. Jeffrey, John, xi. 41. Jennie Lucas Plum, iv. 26. Jersey Pine, xi. 123. Joe Wood, v. 157. Jones, Beatrix, xiii. 136. Joshua Tree, x. 19. Jossinia, v. 39. Judas-tree, iii. 95. JUGLANDACEA, Vii. 113 ; xiv. 43. Juglans, vii. 113. Juglans ailantifolia, vii. 116. Juglans alba, vii. 153, 161. Juglans alba acuminata, vii. 165. Juglans alba minima, vii. 141. Juglans alba odorata, vii. 167. Juglans alba ovata, vii. 153. Juglans alba, ¢ pacana, vii. 137. Juglans amara, vii. 141. Juglans angustifolia, vii. 187, 141. Juglans aquatica, vii. 149. Juglans Californica, vii. 129. Juglans laciniosa, vii. 157. Juglans macrophylla, vii. 116. Juglans Mandshurica, vii. 115. Juglans Mandshurica, vii. 116, Juglans Mexicana, vii. 115. Juglans minima, vii. 141. Juglans mollis, vii. 115. Juglans mucronata, vii. 141. Juglans myristiceformis, vii. 145. Juglans nigra, vii. 121 ; xiv. 103. Juglans nigra, vii. 116. Juglans nigra oblonga, vii. 121. Juglans nigra, B, vii. 118. Juglans nigra, var. Boliviana, vii. 115. Juglans obcordata, vii. 153, 165. Juglans oblonga, vii. 118. Juglans oblonga alba, vii. 118. Juglans oliveformis, vii. 137. Juglans ovalis, vii. 153. Juglans ovata, vii. 153. Juglans Pecan, vii. 137. Juglans Pitteursii, vii. 121. Juglans porcina, vii. 165. Juglans porcina, a obcordata, vii. 165. Juglans porcina, B ficiformis, vii. 165. 2 Juglans pubescens, vii. 161. Juglans pyriformis, vii. 115. Juglans regia, vii. 115. Juglans regia, cultivation and uses of, vii. Juglans regia gibbosa, vii. 114. Juglans regia intermedia, vii. 114. Juglans regia octogona, vi. 116. Juglans regia, var. Kamaonia, vii. 115. Juglans regia, var. Sinensis, vii. 115. Juglans rubra, vii. 161. Juglans rupestris, vii. 125. Juglans rupestris, var. major, vil. 125. Juglans Sieboldiana, vii. 116. Juglans squamosa, vii. 153, 165. Juglans squamosa, 8 microcarpa, vii. 167. 2? Juglans stenocarpa, vii. 115. Juglans sulcata, vii. 141, 157. Juglans tomentosa, vii. 161. Juniper, x. 75, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89. Juniper, Bedford, x. 96 ; xiv. 90. Juniper, Checkered-barked, x. 85. Juniper, Swedish, x. 78. Juniper, tar of, x. 72. Juniperus, x. 69. Juniperus alpina, x. 76. Juniperus Andina, x. 87. Juniperus arborescens, x. 93. Juniperus communis, « vulgaris, x. 75. Juniperus communis, B, x. 76. Juniperus communis, gp alpina, x. 76. Juniperus communis, B depressa, x. 76. Juniperus communis, B fastigiata, x. 78. Juniperus communis, B hemispherica, x. 75. Juniperus communis, B Hispanica, x. 75, 78. Juniperus communis, B reflexa, x. 78. Juniperus communis, y, x. 76. Juniperus communis, y Caucasica, x. 75. Juniperus communis, yy montana, x. 76. Juniperus communis, 8 arborescens, x. 75. Juniperus communis, 8 oblonga, x. 75. Juniperus communis, var. Sibirica, x. 75. Juniperus dealbata, x. 75. Juniperus deformis, x. 75. Juniperus densa, x. 71. Juniperus depressa, x. 75. Juniperus drupacea, x. 72. Juniperus, economic properties of, x. 71. Juniperus, essential oil of, x. 72. Juniperus excelsa, x. 71. Juniperus eacelsa, x. 87 ; xiv. 93, 94. Juniperus excelsa, B nana, x. 71. Juniperus flaccida, x. 83. Juniperus fetida, ¢ excelsa, x. 71. Juniperus fetida, » Virginiana, x. 93. Juniperus foetida, 0 flaccida, x. 83. Juniperus fragrans, x. 93. Juniperus, fungal diseases of, x. 73. . Juniperus gigantea, x. 70. Juniperus glauca, x. 96. Juniperus Gossainthanea, x. 96. Juniperus gracilis, x. 83, 96. Juniperus hemispherica, x. 75. Juniperus Hermanni, x. 87, 93. Juniperus Hudsonica, x. 71. Juniperus, insect enemies of, x. 72. Juniperus isophylla, x. 71. Juniperus Knighti, xiv. 105. Juniperus macrocarpa, x. 72. Juniperus macropoda, x. 71. Juniperus Mexicana, x. 70, 91. Juniperus monosperma, x. 89. Juniperus nana, x. 76. Juniperus nana, A montana, x. 76. Juniperus nana, B alpina, x. 76. Juniperus oblonga, x. 75, 78. Juniperus oblonga pendula, x.'78. Juniperus occidentalis, x. 87. Juniperus occidentalis, x. 79, 81, 89, 93 ; xiv. 93. Juniperus occidentalis, a pleiosperma, x. 87. Juniperus occidentalis, 8 monosperma, x. 89. Juniperus occidentalis, var. gymnocarpa, x. 89. Juniperus occidentalis, var. Texana, x. 91. Juniperus occidentalis, var. Utahensis, x. 81. Juniperus occidentalis, var. ? y conjungens, Juniperus Olivieri, x. 71. Juniperus oppositifolia, x. 70. Juniperus Oxycedrus, x. 72. Juniperus Oxycedrus, a gibbosa, x. 72. Juniperus pachyphlea, x. 85. Juniperus pendula, x. 86. Juniperus plochyderma, x. 85. Juniperus polycarpos, x. 71. Juniperus procera, x. 70. Juniperus prostrata, x. 71. Juniperus pygmea, x. 76. Juniperus pyramidalis, x. 70. Juniperus pyriformis, x. 79, 80. Juniperus recurva, x. 70. Juniperus recurva, var. squamata, x. 71. Juniperus repens, x. 71, 75. Juniperus rufescens, x. 72. Juniperus rufescens, var. a Noéi, x. 72. Juniperus Sabina, x. 71. Juniperus Sabina, x. 71. Juniperus Sabina prostrata, x. 71. Juniperus Sabina, 6 humilis, x. 71. Juniperus Sabina, var. excelsa, x. 71. Juniperus Sabina, var. procumbens, x. 71. Juniperus sabinoides, x. 91 ; xiv. 105. Juniperus scopulorum, xiv. 93. Juniperus Sibirica, x. 76. Juniperus squamata, x. 71. Juniperus Suecica, x. 78. Juniperus tetragona, x. 79, 91. Juniperus tetragona, var. oligosperma, x. 91. Juniperus tetragona, var. osteosperma, x. 79. Juniperus Utahensis, x. 81 ; xiv. 105. Juniperus Virginiana, x. 93. Juniperus Virginiana, x. 89 ; xiv. 89, 93. Juniperus Virginiana Barbadensis, x. 96 ; xiv. Juniperus Virginiana Caroliniana, x. 96. Juniperus Virginiana gracilis, x. 95. Juniperus Virginiana Hermanni, x. 93. Juniperus Virginiana prostrata, x. 71. Juniperus Virginiana, B australis, x. 93 ; xiv. Juniperus Virginiana, a vulgaris, x. 93. Juniperus Virginiana, B Caroliniana, x. 93. Juniperus Virginiana, B glauca, x. 96. Juniperus Virginiana, y Bedfordiana, x. 96. Juniperus Virginiana, distribution of, xiv. 89. Juniperus Virginiana, var. Bermudiana, x. 93 ; xiv. 89. Juniperus Virginiana, var. humilis, x. 71. Juniperus Virginiana, var. montana, x. 93 ; xiv. 93. Kelera laurifolia, vii. 27. Kaki, vi. 4. Kakis, origin of the cultivated, vi. 4. Kakis, uses of, vi. 4. Kalm, Peter, ii. 86. Kalmia, v. 137. Kalmia angustifolia, v. 138. Kalmia ericoides, v. 137. Kalmia glauca, v. 137. Kalmia latifolia, v. 139. Kalmia latifolia, fertilization of, v. 137. Kalmia latifolia, monstrous form of, v. 140. Kalmia polifolia, vy. 137. Kampmania frawinifolia, i. 67. GENERAL INDEX. Karwinsky, Wilhelm Freiherr, i. 94. Kaya, x. 56. Kaya-no-abura, x. 56. Kellermannia yuccegena, x. 5. x. Kellogg, Albert, viii. 120. Kelloggia, viii. 120. Kennedy, Louis, iv. 16. Kennedya, iv. 16. Kentucky Coffee-tree, iii. 69. Kermes, the Oak, viii. 10. Keyserlingia, iii. 59. Keysia, v. 144. Khaya Senegalensis, i. 101. Kickapoo Plum, iv. 20. King nuts, vii. 157. Kinnikinnie, v. 64. Kirschwasser, manufacture of, iv. 10. Kiskythomas nut, vii, 184, Knackaway, vi. 81. Knafia, ix. 95. Knees, Cypress, x. 151. Kniphofia, v. 19. Knob-cone Pine, xi. 107. Knowlton, Frank Hall, ix. 38. Keeberlin, C. L., i. 93. Keeberlinia, i. 93. Keberlinia, i. 88. Keberlinia spinosa, i. 93 ; xiv. 98. Kura-matsu, xi. 7. Labramia, v. 181. Lacathea, i. 39. Lacathea florida, i. 45. Lachnea Sequoiz, x. 140. Lachnus Abietis, xii. 25. Lachnus australis, xi. 11. Lachnus Carya, vii. 133. Lachnus laricifex, xii. 5. Lachnus Platanicola, vii. 101. Lachnus Strobi, xi. 11. Lacistema alternum, ix. 87. Lacistema Berterianum, ix. 87. Lacquer, manufacture of, iii. 8. Lacquer-tree, cultivation of, iii. 8. Ladybird Beetle, Australian, vii. 20. Lestadia consociata, x. 140. Laguncularia, v. 27. Laguneularia glabrifolia, v. 29. Laguncularia racemosa, v. 29. Lakh, iii. 116. Lambert, Aylmer Bourke, xi. 30. Lamp-black from Pinus Pinaster, xi. 8. Landreth, David, vii. 87. Langsdorfia, i. 65. Laplacea Hematoxylon, i. 42. Larch, xii. 7, 127, 133. Larch, Canker of, xii. 5. Larch, European, xii. 3. Larch, Himalayan, xii. 3. Larch, Japanese, xii. 2. Larch Sack-bearer, xii. 5. Larch, Saw-fly, xii. 5. L g lj, d Cc bi 4; Larix, xii. 1. Larix Altaica, xii. 4. Larix Americana, xii. 7 ; xiv. 106. Larix Americana pendula, xii. 7. Lariz Americana prolifera, xii. 7. Larix Americana rubra, xii. 7. Larix Archangelica, xii. 4. Larix caducifolia, xii. 3. Lariz communis, y Rossica, xii. 4. Larix communis, var. B Sibirica, xii. 4. pb Laks Larix communis, var. 8 pendulina, xii. 3. Larix Dahurica, xii. 4. Larix Dahurica, a typica, xii. 4. Larix Dahurica, B prostrata, xii. 4. Larix Daburica, var. Kurilensis, xii. 4. Lariz Dahurica, var. y Japonica, xii. 4. Larix decidua, xii. 3. Larix decidua, a communis, xii. 3. Larix decidua, y Americana, xii. 7. Larix decidua, ¢ pendula, xii. 3. Larix, economic properties of, xii. 2. Larix Europea, xii. 3, 4. Larix Europea communis, xii. 3. Larix Europea compacta, xii. 3. Larix Europea lazxa, xii. 3. Lari« Europea pendula, xii. 3. Larix Europea, a typica, xii. 3. Larix Europea, vax. Dahurica, xii. 4. Larix Europea, var. Sibirica, xii, 4. Larix, fungal diseases of, xii. 5. Larix Griffithiana, xii. 2. Larix Griffithii, xii. 2. Larix, insect enemies of, xii. 5. Larix intermedia, xii. 4, 7. Larix Japonica, xii. 2. Larix Japonica macrocarpa, xii. 2. Larix Kempferi, xii. 2. Larix Kempferi, var. minor, xii. 2. Larix Kamtschatika, xii. 4. Larix Kurilensis, xii. 4. Larix laricina, xii. 7. Larix laricina, var. microcarpa, xii. 8. Lariz laricina, var. pendula, xii. 8. Larix Larix, xii. 3. Larix Larix, economic properties of, xii. 3, 4. Lari Ledebourii, xii. 4. Larix leptolepis, xii. 2. Larix leptolepis, 8, Murrayana, xii. 2. Larix leptolepis, var. minor, xii. 2. Larix Lyallii, xii. 15 ; xiv. 106. Larix microcarpa, sai, th Larix occidentalis, xii. 11. Larix pendula, xii. 7. Larix pyramidalis, xii. 3. Larix Rossica, xii. 4. Larix Sibirica, xii. 3. Larix tenuifolia, xii. 7. Larix vulgaris, xii. 3. Lasianthus, i. 42. Lasiospheria stuppea, xii. 61. Laugeria, v. 111. Laugieria, v. 111. Laugieria hirsuta, v. 112. Lavrace&, vii. 1. Laurel, v. 139. Laurel, California, vii. 21. Laurel, English, iv. 11. Laurel, Great, v. 148. Laurel, Mountain, v. 139 ; vii. 21. Laurel Oak, viii. 175. Laurel, Portugal, iv. 11. Laurocerasus, iv. 8. Laurocerasus, iv. 7, 8. Laurocerasus Caroliniana, iv. 49. Laurocerasus ilicifolia, iv. 53. Laurocerasus salicifolia, iv. 46. Laurocerasus spheerocarpa, iv. 51. i yi BB on iv. 51. Laurus, vii. 1. Laurus albida, vii. 17. Laurus Borbonia, vii. 4. Laurus bullata, vii. 10. Laurus Carolinensis, vii. 4, 7. Laurus Carolinensis, « glabra, vii. 4. 130 : Laurus Carolinensis, p pubescens, vii. 7. Laurus Carolinensis, y obtusa, vii. 4. Laurus Caroliniana, vii. 4. Laurus Catesbei, vii. 11. Laurus Catesbyana, vii. 11. Laurus diversifolia, vii. 17. Laurus fetens, vii. 10. Laurus Indica, vii. 2. Laurus Maderiensis, vii. 10. Laurus Persea, vii. 2. Laurus Sassafras, vii. 17. Laurus Teneriffe, vii. 2. Laurus Till, vii. 10. Laurus variifolia, vii. 17. Laurus Winterana, i. 37 ; xiv. 97. Laurustinus, v. 94. Lawson, Charles, x. 120. Lawson’s Cypress, x. 119. Lazarolus, iv. 67. Leaf-miners on Quercus, viii. 12. Leather-wood, ii. 3. Leavenworth, Mellins C., iii. 66. Leavenworthia, iii. 66. Lecanium Caryz, vii. 133. Lecanium Juglandifex, vii. 116. Lecanium Querecifex, viii. 11. Lecanium Quercitronis, viii. 11. Lecanium Tulipifere, i. 18. Le Conte, John Eatton, xiv. 44. Lee, James, iv. 16. Lee & Kennedy, iv. 16. Leea, iv. 16. Leea spinosa, v. 60. LuGuMInos®, iii. 29 ; xiii, 13. Leitneria, vii. 109. Leitneria Floridana, vii. 111. LEITNERIACEA, vii. 109. A Lemonnier, Louis Guillaume, iii. 46. Lemon-wood, i. 83. Lentago, v. 93. Lentago, v. 93. Le Page du Pratz, v. 17. Lepidobalanus, viii. 4. Lepidobalanus, buds of, viii. 4. Lepidocereus, v. 51. Leptalix, vi. 25. Leptocoris trivittatus, ii. 81. Leptodaphne, vii. 9. Leptospheria filamentosa, x. 5. Leptospheria taxicola, x. 63. Leptostroma hypophyllum, iii. 74, Leptostroma Sequoia, x. 140. Leptothamnia, v. 116. Leptura vagans, ix. 48. titi George Washingt Leuczna, iii. 109. Leucena formosa, iii. 127. Leucena Fosteri, iii. 109. Leucena glandulosa, iii. 109. Leuceena glauca, iii. 111. Leucena glauca, xiii. 17. Leucena Greggii, xiii. 17. Leucena Greggii, stipules of, iii. 109. xiii. 79. Leucena macrophylla, stipules of, iii. 109. Leucena pulverulenta, iii, 113. Leucena retusa, iii. 109. Leuce, ix. 151, 152. Leucobalanus, viii. 4. Leucoides, ix. 152. Leucothoe Mariana, v. 130. Leucoxylum, vi. 1. i anal BG ue ib ledonica, x. 133. sree Peale x. 134, GENERAL INDEX. Libocedrus Chilensis, x. 184. Libocedrus cupressoides, x. 134. Libocedrus decurrens, x. 185 ; xiv. 106. Libocedrus Doniana, x. 134. Libocedrus, economic properties of, x. 134. Libocedrus, fungal diseases of, x. 184. Libocedrus macrolepis, x. 134. Libocedrus Papuana, x. 133. Libocedrus plumosa, x. 134. Libocedrus tetragona, x. 134. Libythea Bachmanni, vii. 64. Light wood, xi. 154. - Lignum-vite, i. 60, 63. Lilac, xiii. 1. Liniacea, x. 1. Limacia laurifolia, vii. 27. Lime, Ogeechee, v. 79. Lime-tree, i. 58. Lin, i. 53. Lina Lapponica, ix. 101. Lina scripta, ix. 101, 156. Lina Tremule, ix. 156. Linden, i. 52, 55, 57. Linden-bast, i. 50. Lindheimer, Ferdinand, i. 74. Linociera cotunifolia, vi. 60. Liopus cinereus, vii. 133. Liopus Querci, viii. 11. Liparena, vii. 23. Liparis monarcha, xii. 24. Liquidambar, v. 7, 8. Liquidambar acerifolia, v. 8. = apt ih asplenifolia, ix. 84, bar Californi Wile ee Chinese, v. 8. Liquidambar Formosana, v. 8. Liquidambar F corky of, v. 8. Liquidambar Formosana, resin of, v. 8. Liquidambar imberbe, v. 7. erly Bs elise v. 10. v. 8. soos Oriental, v. 7. Liquidambar orientalis, v. 7, 8. Liquidambar peregrina, ix. 84. Liquidambar protensium, v. 7. Liquidambar, species, v. 8. Liquidambar Styraciflua, v. 10. Liquidambar Styraciflua, fungal enemies of, v. 9. Liquidambar Styraciflua, insect enemies of, anos Liquidambar Styraciflua, medical uses of, v. 8. Liquidambar Styraciflua, resin of, v. 8. Liquidambar Styraciflua, var. Mexicana, v. 10. Liquidamber, v. 12. Liquid storax, v. 8. Liriodendron, i. 17. Liriodendron Procaccinii, i. 17. Liriodendron procerum, i. 19. Liriodendron Tulipifera, i. 19 ; xiv. 97. Lithocarpus, viii. 4. Lithocarpus, viii. 1. Lithocolletis betulivora, ix. 48. Lithocolletis caryzalbella, vii. 133. Lithocolletis caryzefoliella, vii. 133. Lithocolletis celtifoliella, vii. 64. Lithocolletis celtisella, vii. 64. Lithocolletis crategella, iv. 84. Lithocolletis guttifinitella, var. Lithocolletis populiella, ix. 156. Lithocolletis Umbellularia, vii. 20. Little, Henry, xiv. 64. Live Oak, viii. 99, 105, 111, 119. Live Oak, U. S. reservations of, viii. 101. Lobadium, iii. 7. Lobb, William, x. 60. Loblolly, i. 42. Loblolly Bay, i. 41. Loblolly Pine, xi. 111. Loblolly-wood, i. 42. Lochmeus manteo, viii. 12. Locust, iii, 39, 43 ; xiii. 13, Locust, Black, iii. 77. Locust, Clammy, iii. 45. Locust, Honey, iii. 75, 101. Locust, Sweet, iii. 77. Locust, Water, iii. 79. Locust, Yellow, iii. 39. Lodge Pole Pine, xi. 90, 91. Lodhra, vi. 18. Lodhra crategoides, vi. 14. Log-wood, ii. 25. Lombardy Poplar, ix. 153. Lombardy Poplar in the United States, ix. 154. oy St gee ix. 96. Li ved C ber-tree, i. 15. Tove lenvedl Pine, xi. 151. Lophodermium juniperinum, x. 73. Lophodermium Pinastri, xi. 12. Lophoderus triferanus, vii. 87. Lophozonia, ix. 21. Lophyrus Abietis, x. 124. Louisa Plum, iv. 20. Louro, vi. 68. Lowrie, Jonathan Roberts, iv. 28. Loxostege Maclure, vii. 87. Loxotenia rosaceana, iii. 10. Lucombe Oak, the, viii. 7. Luna moth, v. 9 ; vii. 116. Lusekia, ix. 95. Lyall, David, xii. 16. Lyallia, xii. 16. Lyon, John, v. 80. Lyon, William Scrugham, iv. 133. Lyonetia alniella, ix. 70. Lyonia, v. 80, 180. Lyonia, v. 129. Lyonia arborea, v. 135. Lyonia ferruginea, v. 131. Lyonia Mariana, v. 130. Lyonia rhomboidalis, v. 132. Lyonia rigida, v. 132. Lyonothamnus, i iv. 133. ZL th lius, iv. 135. Lyonothamnus Glovdlioradti, © iv. 135 ; xiv. 101. Lyonothamnus floribundus, var. asplenifolius, iv. 135. Lysiloma, iii. 127. Lysiloma Bahamensis, iii. 129. Lysiloma latisiliqua, iii. 129. Lysiloma polyphylla, iii. 127. Lysiloma Sabicu, iii. 127. Maackia, iii. 56. Mabola, vi. 1. Macfadyen, James, ii. 73. Macfadyena, ii. 73. Macielia, vi. 67. Mackenzie, Alexander, xii. 75. ii. 53. Lithocolletis juglandiella, vii. 116. Lithocolletis ostryzfoliella, ix. 32. Maclura, vii. 85. Maclura aurantiaca, vii. 89. MacMahon, Bernard, vii. 86. MacNab, James, x. 110. Macoucoua, i. 103. Macria, vi. 67. Macromyrtus, v. 39. Macropelma, v. 116. Macropthalma, vii. 91. Macrosporium Catalpe, vi. 84. Macrothuya, x. 123. Macrothyrsus, ii. 51. Madeira mahogany, vii. 2. Madrofia, v. 123, 125, 127. Magnol, Pierre, i. 2. Magnolia, i. 1. Magnolia acuminata, i. 7; xiv. 97. Magnolia acuminata, var. cordata, i. 8. Magnolia auricularis, i. 15. Magnolia auriculata, i. 15. Magnolia Campbellii, i. 2. Magnolia conspicua, i. 2. Magnolia cordata, i. 8. Magnolia De Candoliii, i. 7. Magnolia feetida, i. 3 ; xiv. 97. Magnolia fotida, var. angustifolia, i. 4. Magnolia fetida, var. Exoniensis, i. 4. Magnolia fetida, var. precox, i. 4. Magnolia fragrans, i. 5. Magnolia Fraseri, i. 15. Magnolia frondosa, i. 13. Magnolia fuscata, i.2. Magnolia glauca, i. 5 ; xiv. 97. Magnolia glauca longifolia, i. 6. Magnolia glauca, var. latifolia, i. 5. Magnolia glauca, var. longifolia, i. 5. Magnolia glauca, var. pumila, i. 5. Magnolia grandiflora, i. 3 ; xiv. 97. Magnolia grandiflora, var. elliptica, i. 3. Magnolia grandiflora, var. lanceolata, i. 3. Magnolia grandiflora, var. obovata, i. 3. Magnolia Hartwegus, i. 4. Magnolia hypoleuea, i. 2. Magnolia Inglefieldi, i. 3. Magnolia longifolia, i. 5. Magnolia macrophylla, i. 11. Magnolia, Mountain, i. 7, 15. Magnolia obovata, i. 2. Magnolia pyramidata, i. 15. Magnolia Thompsoniana, i. 6. Magnolia tripetala, i. 13 ; xiv. 97. Magnolia Umbrella, i. 13. Magnolia Virginiana, a glauca, i. 5. Magnolia Virginiana, p fetida, i. 3. Magnolia Virginiana, 8 tripetala, i. 13. Magnolia Virginiana, ¢ acuminata, i. 7. MAGNOLIACEs, i. 1. Mahagoni, i. 99. _ Mahogany, i. 100 ; iii. 27. Mahogany, African, i. 101. Mahogany, Bastard, i. 101. Mahogany Birch, ix. 52. Mahogany, Horseflesh, iii. 127. Mahogany, Madeira, i. 101 ; vii. 2. Mahogany, Mountain, iv. 63, 65 ; xiii. 27. Mahonia, vii. 87. Mallodon melanopus, vii. 64; viii. 11. Malus, iv. 67, 68. Malus, iv. 67. Malus angustifolia, iv. 75. Malus communis, iv. 68. Malus coronaria, iv. 71. Malus diversifolia, iv. 77. Malus microcarpa coronaria, iv. 71. Malus microcarpa sempervirens, iv. 75. Malus rivularis, iv. 77. Malus sempervirens, iy. 75. GENERAL INDEX. Malus subcordata, iv. 77. Malus Toringo, iv. 69. Mancanilla, vii. 33. Manchineel, vii. 35. Manchineel, Mountain, iii. 14. Mancinella, vii. 33. Mancinella venenata, vii. 35. Mangle, y. 13. Mangrove, v. 15. Mangrove, Black, vi. 107. Mangrove, White, v. 29. Manilkara, v. 181. Manna, vi. 26. Manna, Briangon, xii. 4. Mannaphorus, vi. 25. Maple, Ash Leaved, ii. 111. Maple, Black, xiii. 9. Maple, Broad Leaved, ii. 89. Maple, Dwarf, ii. 95. Maple, Mountain, ii. 83. Maple, Red, ii. 107 ; xiii. 11. Maple, Red, distribution of, xiii. 11. Maple, Rock, ii. 97. Maple, Scarlet, ii. 107. Maple, Silver, ii. 103. Maple, Soft, ii. 103. Maple, Striped, ii. 85. Maple, Sugar, ii. 97; xiii. 7. Maple, Vine, ii. 93. Maples, fungal disease of, ii. 81. Maple-sugar, making of, ii. 98. Marasca Cherry, iv. 10. Maraschino, manufacture of, iv. 10. Maregravia, v. 24. Marcorella, ii. 47. Marggraf, Georg, v. 24. Maritime Pine, xi. 7. Maritime Pine-belt, xi. 152. Marlberry, v. 153. Marrons, ix. 9. Marsh Pine, xi. 119. Marshall, Humphrey, viii. 39. Marshall, Moses, i. 46. Marshallia, viii. 39. Massaria Corni, v. 95. Massaria epileuca, vii. 77. Massaria Ulmi, vii. 42. Mastic, v. 165. Mastic, Young, iii. 2. Mastosuke, vii. 91. Matthiola, v. 111. Matthiola scabra, v. 112. Maul Oak, viii. 105. Maximilian Alexander Philipp, Prinz von Neuwied, ix. 138. Maximiliana, ix. 138. May apples, v. 147. May Haw, iv. 119. Meeas inornata, ix. 155. Medical properties of Carica, xiv. 3. Medical properties of Serenoa serrulata, xiv. 6. Medical uses of Opuntia, xiv. 13. Meehan, Thomas, ix. 82. Megathymus Yucca, x. 5. Melampsora betulina, ix. 49. Melampsora Goeppertiana, y. 117. Melampsora Tremule, xii. 5. Melampsora Vacciniorum, v. 117. Melanconis Alni, ix. 70. Melanobalanus, viii. 4. Melanocarya, ii. 9. Melanococca, iii. 7. fe x. 140. 131 Melezitose, xii. 5. MELIACEA, i. 99. Melicocca, ii. 73, 77. Melicocca paniculata, ii. 75. Melilobus, iii. 73. Melilobus heterophylla, iii. 75. Meliola balsamicola, xii. 101. Meliola furcata, x. 38. Meliola palmicola, x. 38 ; xiv. 76. Mellichamp, Joseph Hinson, viii. 144, Mellichampia, viii. 144. Menestrata, vii. 1. Menzies, Archibald, ii. 90. Menziesia, ii. 90. Mertens, Karl Heinrich, xii. 80. Mertensia, xii. 80. Mertensia, vii. 63. Mertensia rhamnoides, vii. 64. Mertensia zizyphoides, vii. 64. Mespilodaphne, vii. 10. Mespilodaphne, vii. 9. Mespilodaphne opifera, vii. 10. Mespilus acerifolia, iv. 107. Mespilus estivalis, iv. 119. Mespilus Amelanchier, iv. 125, 127. Mespilus apiifolia, iv. 111. Mespilus arborea, iv. 127. Mespilus arbutifolia, iv. 68, 123. Mespilus arbutifolia, var. melanocarpa, iv. 68. Mespilus axillaris, iv. 117. Mespilus berberifolia, iv. 93. Mespilus Bosciana, iv. 92. Mespilus Calpodendron, iv. 101. Mespilus Canadensis, iv. 127. Mespilus Canadensis, var. cordata, iv. 127. Mespilus Canadensis, var. obovalis, iv. 128. Mespilus Canadensis, vax. oligocarpa, iv. 126. Mespilus Canadensis, var. rotundifolia, iv. 129. Mespilus Caroliniana, iv. 118. Mespilus coccinea, iv. 95, 99. Mespilus coccinea, B pubescens, iv. 99. Mespilus coccinea, var. viridis, iv. 95. Mespilus corallina, iv. 107. ? Mespilus corallina, xiii. 139. Mespilus cordata, iv. 107. Mespilus cornifolia, iv. 103. Mespilus Crus-galli, iv. 91. Mespilus Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia, iv. 92 ; xiii. 39. Mespilus Crus-galli, var. salicifolia, iv. 92. Mespilus cuneifolia, iv. 91, 103. Mespilus cuneiformis, iv. 103. Mespilus elliptica, iv. 92, 114. Mespilus flabellata, iv. 95. Mespilus flava, iv. 113. Mespilus flexispina, iv. 113, 117. Mespilus flecuosa, iv. 117. Mespilus Fontanesiana, iv. 92. Mespilus glandulosa, iv. 96 ; xiii, 134. Mespilus hyemalis, iv. 114. Mespilus laciniata, iv. 117. Mespilus latifolia, iv. 101. Mespilus linearis, iv. 92. Mespilus lobata, iv. 101. Mespilus lucida, iv. 91. Mespilus lucida, var. angustifolia, iv. 92. Mespilus maxima, iv. 95. Mespilus Michauaii, iv. 114. Mespilus nivea, iv. 127: Mespilus odorata, iv. 95; xiii. 147. Mespilus ovalifolia, iv. 92. Mespilus Oxyacantha aurea, iv. 117. Mespilus parvifolia, iv. 117. Mespilus Phenopyrum, iv. 107. 182 Mespilus populifolia, iv. 97. Mespilus pruinosa, xiii. 61. Mespilus prunellifolia, iv. 92. Mespilus prunifolia, iv. 92. Mespilus pubescens, iv. 99. Mespilus punctata, iv. 103. Mespilus pyrifolia, iv. 101, 103. Mespilus rivularis, iv. 87. Mespilus rotundifolia, iv. 95 ; xiii. 134. Mespilus salicifolia, iv. 92. Mespilus sanguinea, iv. 96. Mespilus spathulata, iv. 105. Mespilus stipulosa, iv. 84. Mespilus succulenta, xiii. 140. Mespilus tilicefolia, iv. 99. Mespilus tomentosa, iv. 101, 117. Mespilus turbinata, iv. 113. Mespilus uniflora, iv. 117. Mespilus unilateralis, iv. 117. Mespilus viridis, xiii. 61. Mespilus Watsoniana, iv. 91. Mespilus Wendlandit, iv. 95. Mespilus xanthocarpa, iv. 117. Mesquite, iii. 101 ; xiii. 15. Mesquite, Serew-pod, iii. 107. Metagonia, v. 115. Metagonia ovata, v. 117. Metaspheria cavernosa, x. 150. Metopium, iii. 11, 14, Metopium, iii. 7. Metopium Linnai, iii. 13. Metopium Linnei, var. Oxymetopium, iti. 13. Mexican Bald Cypress, x. 150. Mexican Cherry-tree, iv. 46. Mexican Fir, xii. 97. Mexican Mulberry, vii. 83. Mexican species of Pinus, xi. 5. Michaux, André, i. 58. Michaux, Francois André, xi. 155. Michausxia sessilis, i. 45. Michelia, i. 2. Micracis hirtella, vii. 20. Microcerasus, iv. 7, 8. Microjambosa, v. 39. Micromeles, iv. 67. Micromeles, iv. 67. Micropeuce, xii. 60. Microptelea, vii. 40. Microptelea, vii. 39. Microptelea parvifolia, vii. 41. Microsphera Alni, v. 65, 95 ; ix. 70. Microsphera elevata, vi. 84. Microsphera erineophila, ix. 25. Microsphera quercina, viii. 13. Microsphera Vaceinii, v. 117. Microstroma Juglandis, vii. 117, 134. Microtinus, v. 93. Microtinus, v. 93. Miller, Philip, i. 38. Mimosa, iii. 113. Mimosa biceps, iii. 111. Mimosa Cumana, iii. 101. Mimosa Farnesiana, iii. 119. Mimosa frondosa, iii. 111. Mimosa furcata, iti. 101. Mimosa glandulosa, iii. 109. Mimosa glauca, iii. 111. Mimosa juliflora, iii. 101. Mimosa levigata, iii. 101. Mimosa latisiliqua, iii. 129. Mimosa leucocephala, iii. 111. Mimosa pallida, iii. 101. Mimosa pedunculata, iii. 119. GHNERAL INDEX. Mimosa rosea, iti. 133. Mimosa salinarum, iii. 101. Mimosa scorpioides, iii. 119. Mimosa tortuosa, xiii. 19. Mimosa Unguis-cati, iii. 183. Mimusops, v. 181. Mimusops Balata, v. 182. Mimusops Balota, v. 182. Mimusops Browniana, v. 182. Mimusops dissecta, v. 182, 183. Mimusops, economic properties of, v. 182. Mimusops Elengi, v. 182. Mimusops Floridana, v. 183. ? Mimusops globosa, v. 182. Mimusops hexandra, v. 182. Mimusops Hookeri, v. 182. Mimusops Indica, v. 182. Mimusops Kauki, v. 182. Mimusops Kauki, var. Browniana, vy. 182. Mimusops parviflora, v. 182. Mimusops Sieberi, v. 183. Miner Plum, iv. 20, 24. Minnetonka Plum, iv. 20. Miraculous Berry, v. 164. Missouri Apricot Plum, iy. 24. Mistletoes on Juniperus, x. 73. Mocinna, xiv. 1. Mock Orange, iv. 49. Mockernut, vii. 161. Mohr, Charles, iv. 90 ; xiii. 25. Mohria, vi. 19. Mohria Carolina, vi. 21. Mohria diptera, vi. 23. Mohria parviflora, vi. 19. Mohrodendron, vi. 19. Mohrodendron Carolinum, vi. 21. Mohrodendron dipterum, vi. 23. Mohrodendron, fungal enemies of, vi. 20. Mohrodendron, insect enemies of, vi. 20. Mohrodendron parviflorum, vi. 19. Moni, xii. 101. Momisia, vii. 63. Momisia, vii. 68. Momisia aculeata, vii. 64. Momisia Ehrenbergiana, vii. 64. Monella caryella, vii. 134. Mongezia, vi. 13. Monilia fructigena, iv. 12. Monilia Linhartiana, iv. 12. Monilistus, ix. 151. Monnieria, iii. 46. Monodaphnus bardus, vi. 27. Monohammus confusor, xi. 11 ; xii. 25. Monohammus dentator, xii. 25. Monohammus marmoratus, xi. 11. Monohammus scutellatus, xi. 11. Monohammus titillator, xi. 11. Monterey Cypress, x. 103. Monterey Pine, xi. 103. Montezuma, Cypress of, x. 150. Moor Birch, ix. 47. Moose-wood, ii. 85. Moracez, vii. 75. Morella, ix. 83. Morella, ix. 83. Morello Cherry, iv. 9. Morelosia, vi. 75. Moronobea coccinea, iii. 14, Morophorum, vii. 75. Morus, vii. 75. Morus alba, vii. 76. Morus alba, introduction into the United States, vii. 76. Morus alba Tatarica, vii. 76. Morus Canadensis, vii. 79. Morus celtidifolia, vii. 83. Morus Constantinopolitana, vii. 76. Morus, fungal diseases of, vii. 77. Morus Indica, vii. 77. Morus, insect enemies of, vii. 7. Morus laevigata, vii. 77. Morus, medical properties of, vii. 77. Morus Mexicana, vii. 83. Morus microphyjla, vii. 83. Morus multicaulis, cultivation of, vii. 76. Morus nigra, vii. 77. Morus nigra, uses of, vii, 77. Morus reticulata, vii. 79. Morus riparia, vii. 79. Morus rubra, vii. 79 ; xiv. 103. Morus rubra, var. heterophylla, vii. 79. Morus rubra, var. incisa, vii. 79. Morus rubra, var. pallida, vii. 79. Morus rubra, var. purpurea, vii. 79. Morus rubra, var. tomentosa, vii. 79. Morus scabra, vii. 79. Morus serrata, vii. 77. Morus Tatarica, vii. 76. Morus tomentosa, vii. 79. Mossy Cup Oak, viii. 43. Moth, Nun, xii. 24. Mother-cloves, v. 41. Mountain Ash, iv. 69, 79, 81; vi. 47. Mountain Cherry, iv. 26. Mountain Elm, vii. 52. Mountain Evergreen Cherry, iv. 54. Mountain Hemlock, xii. 77. Mountain Laurel, v. 189; vii. 21. Mountain Magnolia, i. 7, 15. Mountain Mahogany, iv. 63, 65; xiii. 27. Mountain Manchineel, iii. 14, Mountain Maple, ii. 83. Mountain White Oak, viii. 79. Muehlenberg, Gotthilf Heinrich, ii. 56, Muehlenbergia, ii. 56. Mulberry, vii. 83. Mulberry, Black, vii. 77. Mulberry, Mexican, vii. 83. Mulberry, Red, vii. 79. Mulberry, Russian, vii. 76. Mulberry, White, vii. 76. Muriea, v. 181. Murray, Andrew, xi. 93. Myginda, ii. 13. Myginda integrifolia, ii. 14, 29. Myginda latifolia, ii. 14. Myginda latifolia, var. ii. 14. Myginda pallens, ii. 14. Mylocarium, ii. 5. Mylocarium ligustrinum, ii. 7. Myrcia ? Balbisiana, v. 32. Myrciaria, v. 39. Myrica, ix. 83. Myrica altera, ix. 87. Myrica arguta, ix. 85. Myrica arguta, 8 macrocarpa, ix. 85. Myrica arguta, y tinctoria, ix. 85. Myrica arguta, § Peruviana, ix. 85. Myrica asplenifolia, ix. 84. Myrica Brabantica, ix. 84. Myrica Californica, ix. 93. Myrica Caracasana, ix. 85. Myrica Caroliniensis, ix. 84. Myrica Carolinensis, ix. 87. Myrica cerifera, ix. 87 ; xiv. 104, Myrica cerifera, ix. 84. ? Myrica cerifera humilis, ix. 84, Myrica cerifera, a angustifolia, ix. 87. Myrica cerifera, a arborescens, ix. 87. Myrica cerifera, B, ix. 84, 87, 88. Myrica cerifera, B latifolia, ix. 84. Myrica cerifera, B media, ix. 84. Myrica cerifera,’y pumila, ix. 88. Myrica Comptonia, ix. 84. Myrica cordifolia, ix. 85. Myrica Farquhariana, ix. 86. Myrica Faya, ix. 85. Myrica, fungal diseases of, ix. 86. Myrica Gale, ix. 84. Myrica Gale, ix. 84. Myrica Gale, economic properties of, ix. 84. Myrica Gale, medical properties of, ix. 84. Myrica Gale, B tomentosa, ix. 84. Myrica Gale, y Portugalensis, ix. 84. Myrica Hartwegi, ix. 84. Myrica heterophylla, ix. 87. Myrica, hybrids of, ix. 94. Myrica inodora, ix. 91. Myrica integrifolia, ix. 86. ? Myrica Laureola, ix. 91. Myrica macrocarpa, ix. 85, 87. ? Myrica macrocarpa, B angustifolia, ix. 87. Myrica, medical properties of, ix. 85. Myrica Nagi, ix. 86. Myrica obovata, ix. 91. Myrica palustris, ix. 84. Myrica Pennsylvanica, ix. 84. Myrica peregrina, ix. 84. Myrica peregrina, medical properties of, ix. 84. : Myrica pubescens, ix. 85. Myrica pusilla, ix. 88. Myrica rubra, ix. 86. Myrica sapida, ix. 86. Myrica sessilifolia, ix. 84, 88. Myrica sessilifolia, var. latifolia, ix. 84. Myrica wax, ix. 85. Myricacg&, ix. 83. Myrobalans, v. 20. Myrobalans, beleric, v. 20. Myrobalans, chebulic, v. 20. Myrobalanus, v. 19. MyrsineAce&, v. 151. Myrraces, v. 31. Myrtle, Australian, ix. 23. Myrtle, Wax, ix. 87, 91, 93. Myrtus, v. 31. Myrtus azillaris, v. 43. Myrtus Brasiliana, v. 41. Myrtus buxifolia, v. 43. Myrtus Caryophyllus, v. 40. Myrtus Chytraculia, v. 36. Myrtus dichotoma, v. 32. Myrtus Jambos, v. 41. Myrtus Monticola, v. 45. Myrtus Poireti, v. 43. Myrtus procera, v. 47. Myrtus Willdenowii, v. 41. Myrtus Zuzygium, v. 36. Mytilaspis pinifoli, xi. 11. Mytilaspis pomicorticis, iv. 70. Myxosporium nitidum, v. 65. Nemaspora aurea, ix. 41. Nemaspora chrysosperma, ix. 156. Nemaspora crocea, ix. 24. Naked-wood, ii. 49; v. 32. Nannyberry, v. 96. Narrow-leaved Cottonwood, ix. 171. Nauclea tetrandra, xiv. 25. Naval stores, xi. 154. Naval Timber Pine, xi. 113. GENERAL INDEX. Necalistis, vii. 91. Necklace Poplar, ix. 181. Nectandra coriacea, vii. 11. Nectandra sanguinea, vii. 11. Nectandra Wiildenoviana, vii. 11. Nectar glands of Yucea, x. 3. Nectolis, ix. 95. Nectopiz, ix. 95. Nectria balsamea, xii. 101. Nectria cucurbitula, xi. 12. Nectria depauperata, x. 5. Nectria Umbellulariz, vii. 20. Nectusion, ix. 95. Née, Louis, viii. 25. Neea, viii. 25. Negundium, ii. 79. Negundium fraxinifolium, ii. 111. Negundo, ii. 79. Negundo aceroides, ii. 111, 112. Negundo aceroides, var. Californicum, ii. 112. Negundo Californicum, ii. 111, 112. Negundo fraxinifolium, ii. 111. Negundo lobatum, ii. 111. Negundo Mexicanum, ii. 111. Negundo Negundo, ii. 111. Negundo trifoliatum, ii. 111. Nematus Erichsonii, xii. 5. Nematus similaris, iii. 38. Nematus ventralis, ix. 101. Nemodaphne, vii. 9. Neoclytus Caprea, vi. 27. Neomorphe, vii. 92. Nephoteryx Zimmermanni, xi. 11. Nephritic-tree, iii. 134. Nepticula amelanchierella, iv. 126. Nepticula caryzfoliella, vii. 133. Nepticula Clemensella, vii. 101. Nepticula cratzgifoliella, iv. 84. Nepticula juglandifoliella, vii. 116. Nepticula maximella, vii. 101. Nepticula nysseella, v. 74. Nepticula ostryefoliella, ix. 32. Nepticula platanella, vii. 101. Nepticula ptelezella, i. 77. Nestylia, ix. 95. Nettle-tree, vii. 69. Neurodesia, v. 116. Neuwied, Prinz von, ix. 138. Newberry, John Strong, vi. 39. Newberrya, vi. 40. Neweastle Thorn, iv. 91. New Jersey Tea, ii. 42. New Mexican Cherry-tree, iv. 46. New Zealand Black Beech, ix. 23. New Zealand Silver Beech, ix. 23. Nitidule, ix. 97. Nivee, ix. 97. Nobiles, xii. 97. Noltia, vi. 1. Nopalea cochenillifer, xiv. 11. Nordmann Fir, xii. 98. Norway Pine, xi. 67. Norway Spruce, xii. 24. Nothofagus, ix. 22. Nothofagus, ix. 21. Nummularia Clypeus, viii. 12. Nummularia discreta, iv. 70. Nummularia microplaca, vii. 2. Nummularia punctulata, viii. 12. - Nun moth, xii. 24. Nussbaumer nut, the, vii. 157. Nut Pine, xi. 43, 47, 51, 55. Nut-galls, viii. 9. Nutmeg, California, x. 59. Nutmeg Hickory, vii. 145. Nuttall, Thomas, ii. 34. Nuttallia, ii. 34. Nuz, vii. 117. Nycracinaces, vi. 109. Nyctanthes hirsuta, v. 111. Nycterisition, v. 159. Nyssa, v. 73 Nyssa angulisans, v. 83. Nyssa angulosa, v. 83. Nyssa aquatica, v. 83 ; xiv. 101. Nyssa aquatica, v. 75, 76, 83. Nyssa arborea, v. 73. Nyssa biflora, vy. 76. Nyssa Canadensis, v. 75. Nyssa candicans, v. 79. Nyssa candi var. grandid Nyssa capitata, v. 79. Nyssa Caroliniana, v. 75. Nyssa coccinea, v. 79. Nyssa denticulata, v. 83. Nyssa, fungal enemies of, v. 74. Nyssa grandidentata, v. 83. Nyssa, insect enemies of, v. 74. Nyssa integrifolia, v. 75. Nyssa montana, v. 79. Nyssa multiflora, v. 75. Nyssa multiflora, var. sylvatica, v. 75. Nyssa Ogeche, v. 79 ; xiv. 101. Nyssa palustris, v. 83. Nyssa sessiliflora, v. 73. Nyssa sylvatica, v. 75. Nyssa sylvatica, var. biflora, v. 76. Nyssa tomentosa, v. 79, 83. Nyssa uniflora, v. 83. Nyssa villosa, v. 75. Oak-apple, viii. 12. Oak, Basket, viii. 67. Oak, Bear, viii. 155. Oak, Black, viii. 103, 137, 141. Oak, Blue, viii. 79. Oak, Bur, viii. 43. Oak, Chestnut, viii. 51, 55, 183. Oak, Chinquapin, viii. 56, 59. Oak, Cork, viii. 8. Oak, Cow, viii. 67. Oak, David’s, viii. 10. Oak, Dtick, viii. 166. Oak, Evergreen White, viii. 83. Oak galls, viii. 9. Oak, Hickory, viii. 107. Oak, Jack, viii. 161 Oak kermes, viii Oak, Laurel, vii b Oak, Live, viii. 99, 105, 111, 119. Oak, Maul, viii. 105. Oak, Mossy Cup, viii. 438. Oak, Mountain White, viii. 79. Oak of Mamre, viii. 10. Oak, Overcup, viii. 47. Oak, Pin, viii. 51, 56, 151, 181. Oak, Possum, viii. 166. Oak, Post, viii. 37. Oak, Punk, viii. 166. Oak, Quercitron, viii. 139. Oak, Red, viii. 125, 129 ; xiv. 51. Oak, Rock, viii. 56. Oak, Rock Chestnut, viii. 51. Oak, Running, viii. 115. Oak, Saul’s, viii. 18. Oak, Scarlet, viii. 133. Oak, Scrub, viii. 75, 95, 123, 145, 155. Oak, Shin, viii. 27, 33, 75. 134 Oak, Shingle, viii. 175. Oak, Spanish, viii. 147. Oak, Swamp Spanish, viii. 151 ; xiv. 51. Oak, Swamp White, viii. 47, 63. Oak, Tan Bark, viii. 183. Oak, the Fulham, viii. 7. Oak, the Lucombe, viii. 7. Oak, the Wadsworth, viii. 68. Oak, Turkey, viii. 143. Oak, Upland Willow, viii. 172. Oak, Valley, viii. 23. Oak, Valonia, viii. 8. Oak, Water, viii. 165, 169, 181. Oak, White, viii. 16, 23, 29, 33, 71, 87, 89. Oak, Willow, viii. 179. Oak, Yellow, viii. 55, 127, 189. Oak, Yellow-bark, viii. 137. Oaks, American, cultivated in Europe, viii. dls Ochroxylum, i. 65. Ocneria dispar, i. 51; ii. 54. Ocotea, vii. 9. Ocotea bullata, vii. 10. Ocotea Catesbyana, vii. 11. Ocotea, economic uses of, vii. 10. Ocotea feetens, vii. 10. Ocotea Guianensis, vii. 10. Ocotea opifera, vii. 10. Ocotea sericea, vii. 10. Ocotea splendens, vii. 10. Octandra, ix. 96. Octimia, ix. 151. Odontota dorsalis, iii. 38. (E£demasia concinna, iv. 70. Gnocarpus frigidus, x. 30. Ginocarpus regius, x. 31. Gnocarpus Sancona, x. 30. Ogeechee Lime, v. 79. Ohio Buckeye, ii. 55. Oidium radiosum, ix. 156. Oiketicus Abbotii, x. 150. Oil, Almond, iv. 9, 10. Oil, Apricot, iv. 10. Oil, Birch-bark, ix. 47. Oil of Birch, ix. 51. Oil of cloves, v. 41. Oil of Hemlock, xii. 65. Oil of Red Cedar, x. 95. Oil of Sassafras, vii. 14. Oil of turpentine, xi. 3, 9. Oil of Umbellularia, vii. 20. Oil, savin, x. 72. Oilnut, vii. 118. Oiosodiz, ix. 95. Old Field Birch, ix. 56. Old Field Pine, xi. 111. Old Man’s Beard, vi. 60. Olea Americana, vi. 65. Olea fragrans, vi. 63. Olea ilicifolia, vi. 63. OLEACEA, vi. 25; xiv. 33. Oleum Juniperi, x. 72. Olive, California, vii. 21. Olive-tree, Black, v. 21. Olney, Stephen Thayer, iii. 47. Olneya, iii. 47. Olneya Tesota, iii. 49. Oluntos, vii. 91. Olynthia, v. 39. Omorika, xii. 20, 23. Oncideres cingulatus, vii. 133. Onygena faginea, ix. 25. Oospora Abietum, xii. 84. Opa, v. 39. GENERAL INDEX. Opulus, v. 93. Opulus, v. 93. Opuntia, xiv. 9. Opuntia arborescens, xiv. 17. Opuntia cochinelifera, xiv. 11. Opuntia Dillenii, xiv. 13. Opuntia Dillenii, economic uses of, xiv. 13. Opuntia Ficus-Indieca, xiv. 12. Opuntia, fruit of as food, xiv. 12. Opuntia fulgens, xiv. 15. Opuntia fulgida, xiv. 15. Opuntia fulgida mamillata, xiv. 16. Opuntia Galapageia, xiv. 11. Opuntia horrida, xiv. 12. Opuntia intermedia, xiv. 12. Opuntia Italica, xiv. 12. Opuntia mamillata, xiv. 16. Opuntia maritima, xiv. 12. Opuntia, medical uses of, xiv. 13. Opuntia Opuntia, xiv. 12. Opuntia spinosior, xiv. 17. Opuntia spinosior, var. Ni Opuntia Tuna, xiv. 12. Opuntia Tuna, xiv. 12. Opuntia versicolor, xiv. 19. Opuntia vulgaris, xiv. 12. Opuntia vulgaris, B nana, xiv. 12. Opuntia Whipplei, B spinosior, xiv. 17. Orange, Mock, iv. 49. Orange, Osage, vii. 89. Orange, Wild, iv. 49. Orchidocarpum, i. 21. Orchidocarpum arietinum, i. 28. Oregon Cedar, x. 120. Oregon Crab-apple, iv. 77. Oregon Pine, xii. 90. Oreilles des Indes, iii. 9. Oreinotinus, v. 93. Oreinotinus, v. 93. Oreodaphne, vii. 10. Oreodaphne, vii. 9. Oreodaphne bullata, vii. 10. Oreodaphne Californica, vii. 21. Oreodaphne fotens, vii. 10. Oreodaphne Guianensis, vii. 10. Oreodaphne opifera, vii. 10. Oreodaphne sericea, vii. 10. Oreodaphne splendens, vii. 10. Oreodaphne, subgen. Umbellularia, vii. 19. Oreodoxa, x. 29. Oreodoxa, economic properties of, x. 30. Oreodoxa frigida, x. 30. Oreodoxa oleracea, x. 30. Oreodoxa oleracea (?), x. 81. Oreodoxa regia, x. 31; xiv. 105. Oreodoxa Sancona, x. 30. Oreoptelea, vii. 40. Orgyia inornata, x. 150. Orgyia leucostigma, i. 51; vii. 41. Oriental Liquidambar, v. 7. Ornanthes, vi. 25. Ornix crategifoliella, iv. 84. Ornix quadripunctella, iv. 126. Ornus, vi. 26. Ornus, vi. 25. Ornus dipetala, vi. 31. Ornus Europea, vi. 26. Ornus floribunda, vi. 27. Ornus rotundifolia, vi. 26. Ornus urophylla, vi. 27. Osage Orange, vii. 89. Osier holts, ix. 100. Osmanthus, vi. 63. Osmanthus Americanus, vi. 65. M. xiv. 18. Osmanthus Aquifolium, vi. 63. Osmanthus, economic uses of, vi. 63. Osmanthus fragrans, vi. 63. Osmanthus ilicifolius, vi. 63. Osmothamnus, y. 143. Osmothamnus, v. 143. Ostrya, ix. 31. Ostrya carpinifolia, ix. 32. Ostrya, economic properties of, ix. 32. Ostrya, fungal diseases of, ix. 32. Ostrya, insect enemies of, ix. 32. Ostrya Italica, ix. 32. Ostrya Japonica, ix. 32. Ostrya Knowltoni, ix. 37. Ostrya Mandshurica, ix. 32. Ostrya Ostrya, ix. 32. Ostrya Ostrya, ix. 34. Ostrya Virginiana, ix. 34; xiv. 104, Ostrya Virginica, ix. 82, 34. Ostrya Virginica, a glandulosa, ix. 34, Ostrya Virginica, B eglandulosa, ix. 34. Osirya vulgaris, ix. 32. Overcup Oak, viii. 47. Oxyacantha, iv. 83. Oxycedrus, x. 70. Oxycoccin, v. 117. Oxycoceus, v. 116. Oxycoccus, v. 115. Oxycoccus macrocarpus, v. 116. Oxycoccus palustris, v. 116. Oxycoccus palustris, var. (?) macrocarpus, v. 116. Oxycoccus vulgaris, v. 116. Oxydendrum, v. 133. Oxydendrum arboreum, v. 135 ; xiv. 102. P&can, vii. 134. Pachylobius picivorus, xi. 11. Pachypsylla Celtidis-gemma, vii. 64, Pachypsylla Celtidis-mamma, vii. 64, Pachypsylla Celtidis-vesiculum, vii. 64. Pachypsylla venusta, vii. 64. Padus, iv. 8. Padus, iv. 7, 8. Padus Carolina, iv. 49. Padus Caroliniana, iv. 49. Padus cartilaginea, iv. 45. Padus demissa, iv. 42. Padus densiflora, iv. 41. Padus fimbriata, iv. 41. Padus hirsuta, iv. 41. Padus micrantha, iv. 41. Padus oblonga, iv. 41. Padus obovata, iv. 41. Padus rubra, iv. 41. Padus serotina, iv. 45. Padus Virginiana, iv. 45. Palzomorphe, vii. 92. Paleacrita vernata, vii. 41. Paliurus, ti. 41, 47. Pallavia, vi. 109. Pallavia aculeata, vi. 110. Palm, Cabbage, x. 30. Palm, Desert, x. 47. Palm, Fan, x. 47. Palm, Royal, x. 31. Pama, x. 29; xiv. 75. Palmer, Edward, viii. 106. Palmerella, viii. 106. Palmetto, x. 43. Palmetto brushes, x. 41. Palmetto, Cabbage, x. 41. Palmetto, Silk-top, x. 51. _ Palmetto, Silver-top, x. 53. Palo Verde, iii. 85. Palioria, i. 103. Palura, vi. 13. Pamea, v. 19. Panaz. Americanum, v. 58. Panaz Ginseng, v. 58. Panax quinquefolium, v. 58. Paniculate, vi. 113. Panus conchatus, ix. 25. Panus dealbatus, vii. 42. Panus dorsalis, ix. 25. Pao Judeu, vi. 110. Pao Lepra, vi. 110. Papain, xiv. 2, 3. Papaw, i. 23; xiv. 5. Papaya, xiv. 1. Papaya Carica, xiv. 5. Papaya communis, xiv. 5. Papaya cucumerina, xiv. 5. Papaya edulis, B pyriformis, xiv. 5. Papaya edulis x macrocarpa, xiv. 5. Papaya sativa, xiv. 5. Papaya vulgaris, xiv. 5. Papayolin, xiv. 3. Paper Birch, ix. 57. Paper-pulp manufactured from Yucca arbo- rescens, x. 20. Paper-shell Hickory nut, Hales’, vii. 154. Papilio Eurymedon, ii. 36. Papilio Troilus, vii. 15. Paradigma, vi. 67. Paradise-tree, i. 91. Paralea, vi. 1. Paralea Guianensis, vi. 3. Parasol Acacia, iii. 41. Paria aterrima, vii. 116. Parkinson, John, iii. 16. Parkinsonia, iii. 17, 87. Parkinsonia aculeata, iii. 89. Parkinsonia aculeata, native country of, iii. 87. Parkinsonia Africana, iii. 87. Parkinsonia florida, iii. 83. Parkinsonia microphylla, iii. 91. Parkinsonia microphylla, economic uses of, iii. 88. Parkinsonia Texana, iii. 81. Parkinsonia Torreyana, iii. 83, 85. Parmentiera alata, vi. 98. Parosella, iii. 33. Parry, Charles Christopher, vii. 130. Parryella, vii. 130. Parsley Haw, iv. 111. Parsons Plum, iv. 24. Pasania, viii. 4. Pasania, viii. 1. Pasania, buds of, viii. 4. Pasania densiflora, viii. 183. Patrinia, iii. 59. Patterson, Harry Norton, iv. 24. Patton Spruce, xii. 77. Pavia, ii. 51. Pavia bicolor, ii. 59. Pavia Californica, ii. 61. Pavia carnea, ii. 53. Pavia discolor, ii. 60. Pavia flava, ii. 59. Pavia fulva, ii. 59. Pavia glabra, ii. 55. Pavia hybrida, ii. 60. Pavia Indica, ii. 52. Pavia lutea, ii. 59. Pavia neglecta, ti. 59. Pavia Ohioensis, ii. 55. GENERAL INDEX. Pavia pallida, ii. 55. Pavia rubra, ii. 52. Pavia Waitsoniana, ii. 53. Paviana flava, ii. 59. Paweohiccora, vii. 134. Peach, cultivation of, iv. 9. Peach, properties of, iv. 10. Peach-tree Borer, iv. 11. Peach Willow, ix. 111. Pear, Alligator, vii. 2. Pear, Avocado, vii. 2. Pear-tree, iv. 68. Pecan, vii. 137. Pecan, Bitter, vii. 149 ; xiv. 43. Peireskiopuntia, xiv. 10. Pempelia gleditschiella, iii. 74. Pemphigus fraxinifolii, vi. 27. Pemphigus rhois, iii. 10. Pemphigus ulmifusus, vii. 41. Pentandre, ix. 96. Pentaptera, y. 19. Peopatella, Cypress of, x. 150. Pepperidge, v. 75. Perfonon laurifolium, ii. 37, 39. Peridermium Abietinum, xii. 26. Peridermium Abietinum, var. decolorans, xii. 26. Peridermium balsameum, xii. 101. Peridermium Cerebrum, xi. 12. Peridermium columnare, xii. 61. Peridermium Harknessii, xi. 12. Peridermium oblongisporum, xi. 12. Peridermium Peckii, xii. 61. Peridermium Pini, xi. 12. Peridermium Strobi, xi. 12. Perry, manufacture of, iv. 69. Persea, vii. 1. Persea argentea, vii. 10. Persea Borbonia, vii. 4. Persea Carolinensis, vii. 4. Persea Carolinensis, a, vii. 7. Persea Carolinensis, « glabriuscula, vii. 4. Persea Carolinensis, 8 pubescens, vii. 7. Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris, vii. 7. Persea Catesbyana, vii. 11. Persea feetens, vii. 10. Persea, fungal diseases of, vii. 2. Persea gratissima, vii. 2. Persea Indica, i. 101 ; vii. 2. Persea Lingue, vii. 2. Persea longipeda, iv. 1. Persea Persea, vii. 2. Persea Persea, cultivation and uses of, vii. 2. Persea pubescens, vii. 7.” Persea Sassafras, vii. 17. Persica, iv. 7. Persimmon, vi. 7. Persimmon, Black, vi. 11. Persimmon, Japanese, vi. 4, Persimon, vi. 1. Perula, vii. 91. Pestalozzia funerea, x. 124. Petalanthera, vii. 9. Petre, Robert James, Lord, i. 8. Peuplier suisse, ix. 181. Pezicula carpinea, ix, 41. Peziza crocea, xii. 101. Phacidium crustaceum, xi. 12. Phacidium Pini, xi. 12. Pheenopyrum, iv. 83. Pheenopyrum acerifolium, iv. 107. Pheenopyrum arborescens, iv. 109. Phenopyrum Carolinianum, iv. 113. Pheenopyrum coccineum, iv. 95. 135 2 Phenopyrum corallinum, xiii. 139. Pheenopyrum cordatum, iv. 107. Phenopyrum ellipticum, iv. 114. Phenopyrum parvifolium, iv. 117. Pheenopyrum populifolium, iv. 97. Phenopyrum pruinosum, xiii. 61. Phenopyrum spathulatum, iv. 105. Phenopyrum subvillosum, iv. 99. Pheenopyrum uniflorum, iv. 117. Pheenopyrum Virginicum, iv. 114. Phenopyrum Wendlandii, iv. 95. Phalacros, iv. 83. Phalacros cordatus, iv. 107. Pharmacosycea, vii. 91. Phegos, ix. 21. 2? Phlebolithis, v. 181. Phlehia radiata, ix. 25. Phleospora Aceris, ii. 81. Phleospora Celtidis, vii. 65. Phleospora Mori, vii. 77. Phleospora Ulmi, vii. 42. Phleosinus cristatus, x. 100. Phleosinus dentatus, x. 72. Phoma minima, ii. 81. Phoradendron juniperinum, x. 73. Phorodon Humuli, iy. 11. Photinia arbutifolia, iv. 123. Photinia salicifolia, iv. 123. Phryganidia Californica, viii. 11, 112. Phyeis rubrifasciella, vii. 133, Phylicifoliz, ix. 96. Phyllachora scapincola, x. 5. . Phyllactinia guttata, v. 65. Phyllactinia suffulta, vi. 84; ix. 11. Phyllocalyz, v. 39. Phyllocnistis liquidambarisella, v. 9. Phyllocnistis liriodendrella, i. 18. Phyllocnistis magnolizella, i. 2. Phyllocnistis populiella, ix. 156. Phyllecus integer, ix. 101. Phyllosticta acericola, ii. 81. Phyllosticta Carya, vii. 134. Phyllosticta Celtidis, vii. 65. Phyllosticta Hamamelidis, v. 2. Phyllosticta micropunctata, vii. 2. Phyllosticta Palmetto, x. 38. Phyllosticta Saccardoi, v. 147. Phyllosticta Sassafras, vii. 15. Phyllosticta spheropsoidea, ii. 54. Phyllothyrsus, ix. 68. Phylloxera caryzcaulis, vii. 133. Phylloxera Castanee, ix. 10. Phytewma, v. 85. Phytoptus Fraxini, vi. 27. Phytoptus Thuyz, x. 124. Phytoptus Ulmi, vii. 42. Picea, xii. 19. Picea, xii. 95. Picea Abies, xii. 20, 23. Picea Abies, androgynous flowers of, xii. 20. Picea Abies, economic properties of, xii. 23, 24. Picea Abies medioxima, xii. 23. Picea Abies viminalis, xii. 24. Picea Abies virgata, xii. 24. Picea Abies, var. inverta, xii. 24. Picea Abies, var. monstrosa, xii. 24, Picea Abies, var. pendula, xii. 24. Picea Abies, var. pyramidalis, xii. 24, Picea Abies, var. strigosa, xii. Picea acutissima, xii. 33. Picea Ajanensis, xii. 21, 55. Picea Ajanensis, a genuina, xii. 21. 136 Picea Ajanensis, B subintegerrima, xii. 21. Picea Ajanensis, var. microsperma, xii. 21. Picea alba, xii. 37. Picea alba coerulea, xii. 40. Picea alba, var. arctica, xii. 39. Picea Alcockiana, xii. 21. Picea Alcoquiana, xii. 21. Picea amabilis, xii. 113, 125. Picea Apollinis, xii. 99. Picea balsamea, xii. 107. Picea balsamea, var. longifolia, xii. 107. Picea balsamifera, xii. 107. Picea bicolor, xii. 20, 21. Picea bifolia, xii. 113. Picea brachyphylla, xii. 102. Picea bracteata, xii. 129. Picea brevifolia, xii. 28. Picea brevifolia, var. semiprostrata, xii. 28. Picea Breweriana, xii. 51. ? Picea Californica, xii. 77. Picea Canadensis, xii. 37 ; xiv. 106. Picea Canadensis, xii. 63. Picea Canadensis, androgynous flowers of, xii. 20. Picea Canadensis glauca, xii. 40. Picea Cephalonica, xii. 99. Picea Cilicica, xii. 98. Picea cerulea, xii. 40. Picea Columbiana, xii. 43, 44. Picea concolor, xii. 121. Picea concolor, var. violacea, xii. 121. Picea Douglasii, xii. 87. Picea, economic properties of, xii. 20, 23. Picea Engelmanni, xii. 43. Picea Engel: i, var. Fr Picea eacelsa, xii. 23. Picea excelsa denudata, xii. 24. Picea excelsa, 8 medioxima, xii. 24. Picea excelsa, B viminalis, xii. 24. Picea excelsa, var. strigosa, xii. 24. Picea excelsa, var. virgata, xii. 24. Picea firma, xii. 101. Picea firma, var. A, xii. 102. Picea firma, var. B, xii. 101. Picea Fraseri, xii. 105, 107. Picea Fraseri Hudsonia, xii. 109. Picea Fraseri Hudsonica, xii. 109. Picea, fungal diseases of, xii. 25. Picea glaucescens, xii. 91. Picea Glehni, xii. 20, 21. Picea grandis, xii. 117, 121, 125. Picea hirtella, xii. 97. Picea Hondoénsis, xii. 21. Picea, insect enemies of, xii. 25. Picea Japonica, xii. 102. Picea Jezoensis, xii. 20, 21. Picea Khutrow, xii. 22. Picea kukunaria, xii. 99. Picea lasiocarpa, xii. 113. Picea laxa, xii. 37. Picea Lowiana, xii. 121. Picea Lowti, xii. 121. Picea magnifica, xii, 137. Picea Mariana, xii. 28 ; xiv. 106. Picea Mariana, xii. 33. Picea Mariana, var. Doumetii, xii. 31. Picea Maximowiczii, xii. 25. Picea Menziesti, xii. 47, 55. Picea Menziesii, var. crispa, xii. 55. Picea microsperma, xii. 21. Picea montana, xii. 23. Picea Morinda, xii. 22. Picea nigra, xii. 28, 33. Picea nigra Doumetii, xii. 31. xii. 43. GENERAL INDEX. Picea nigra, a squamea, xii. 28. Picea nigra, var. glauca, xii. 37. Picea nigra, var. grisea, xii. 33. Picea nigra, var. rubra, xii. 33. Picea nobilis, xii. 138. Picea nobilis (balsamea ?), xii. 134. Picea Nordmanniana, xii. 98. Picea Numidica, xii. 100. Picea obovata, xii. 20, 24. Picea obovata, var. 6 Schrenckiana, xii. 25. Picea Omorika, xii. 20, 22. Picea orientalis, xii. 20, 22. Picea Parryana, xii. 47. Picea Parsonsiana, xii. 124. Picea pectinata, xii. 100. Picea Pichta, xii. 98. Picea Pindrow, xii. 98. Picea Pinsapo, xii. 100. Picea polita, xii. 21. Picea (Pseudotsuga) nobilis, xii. 183. Picea pungens, xii. 47. Picea pungens glauca pendula, xii. 48. Picea pungens, a viridis, xii. 47. Picea pungens, 6 glauca, xii. 47. Picea pungens, var. Kénig Albert von Sachsen, xii. 48. Picea religiosa, xii. 97. Picea religiosa glaucescens, xii. 91. Picea rubens, xii. 33. Picea rubra, xii. 28, 33. Picea rubra pusilla, xii. 37. Picea Schrenckiana, xii. 25. Picea Sitchensis, xii. 55. Picea Sitkeensis, xii. 55. Picea Smithiana, xii. 20, 22. ? Picea Tianschanica, xii. 25. Picea Torano, xii. 20, 21. Picea Veitchi, xii. 101. Picea vulgaris, xii. 23. Picea vulgaris, var. Altaica, xii. 25. Picea Webbiana, xii. 98. Picea Withmanniana, xii. 98. Pickeringia paniculata, v. 153. Picrococcus, v. 115. Picrococcus elevatus, v. 117. Picrococcus Floridanus, v. 117. Picrococcus stamineus, v. 117. Pieridia, v. 129. Pieris, v. 130. Pieris, v. 129. Pieris Menapia, xi. 11 ; xii. 5. Pieris ovalifolia, v. 130. Pigeon Cherry, iv. 36. Pigeon Plum, vi. 119. Pigeon Wood, vi. 111. Pignut, vii. 165. Pigs’ tubers, v. 8. Pileolaria effusa, iii. 10. Pileostegia, i. 103. Pilocereus, v. 51. Pilocereus, v. 51. Pilocereus Engelmanni, v. 53. Pilocereus giganteus, v. 53. Pin Cherry, iv. 36. Pin Oak, viii. 51, 56, 151, 181. Pinaster, xi. 4. Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, v. 108. Pinckneya, v. 107. Pinckneya pubens, v. 109. Pinckneya pubescens, v. 109. Pine, Aleppo, xi. 9. Pine, Austrian, xi. 6. Pine, Bhotan, xi. 6. Pine, Black, of Japan, xi, 7. Pine, Bull, xi. 77, 95, 146. . Pine, Cedar, xi. 131. Pine, Corsican, xi. 6. Pine, Digger, xi. 95. Pine, Foxtail, xi. 59, 63. Pine, Georgia, xi. 156. Pine, Ginger, x. 120. Pine, Gray, xi. 147. _ Pine, Great Swamp, xi. 113. Pine, Hard, xi. 156. Pine, Hickory, xi. 63, 135. - Pine, Jack, xi. 147. Pine, Jersey, xi. 123. Pine, Knob-cone, xi. 107. Pine, Loblolly, xi. 111. Pine, Lodge Pole, xi. 90, 91. Pine, Long-leaved, xi. 151. Pine, Maritime, xi. 7. Pine, Marsh, xi. 119. Pine, Monterey, xi. 103. Pine, Norway, xi. 67. Pine, Nut, xi. 48, 47, 51, 55. Pine, Old Field, xi. 111. Pine, Oregon, xii. 90. Pine, Pitch, xi. 99, 115, 146, 156. Pine, Pond, xi. 119. . Pine, Prickle-cone, xi. 139. Pine, Pumpkin, xi. 19. Pine, Red, xi. 67. Pine, Red of Japan, xi. 7. Pine, Riga, xi. 5. Pine, Rosemary, xi. 113. Pine, Sand, xi. 127. Pine, Scotch, xi. 5. Pine, Scrub, xi. 89, 123. Pine, Short-leaved, xi. 143. Pine, Slash, xi. 118, 157. Pine, Soledad, xi. 71. Pine, Southern, xi. 151. Pine, Spruce, xi. 127, 131, 146. Pine, Stone, xi. 9. Pine, Sugar, xi. 27. Pine, Swamp, xi. 157. Pine, Table-Mountain, xi. 135. Pine, Tamarack, xi. 90. Pine, Weymouth, xi. 21. Pine, White, xi. 17, 23, 33, 35, 39. Pine, Yellow, xi. 75, 77, 85, 143, 156. Pine belt, maritime, xi. 152. Pine wool, xi. 3. Pine-bread from bark of Pinus contorta, xi. 93. Pine-tree money, xi. 20. Pineries, southern, cattle in, xi. 156. Pineries, southern, fires in, xi. 156. Pines, cultivation of, in Japan, xi. 11. Pinipestis reniculella, xii. 25. Pifion, xi. 43, 47, 51, 55. Pinsapo, xii. 100. Pinus exile Pinus, xi. 1 ; xii. 1, 19, 59, 83, 95. Pinus Abies, xii. 23, 24, 98, 99. 2 Pinus Abies, xii. 21. 2 Pinus Abies acutissima, xii. 33. Pinus Abies alba, xii. 99. Pinus-Abies Americana, xii. 63. Pinus Abies balsamea, xii. 107. Pinus Abies Canadensis, xii. 28, 63. Pinus Abies laxa, xii. 37. Pinus Abies Picea, xii. 23. Pinus Abies, b Regine Amalie, xii. 99. Pinus Abies, a pectinata, xii. 100. Pinus Abies, B Apollinus, xii. 99. Pinus Abies, § Apollinus, xii. 99. Pinus Abies, 5 Panachaica, xii. 99. Pinus Abies, 8 viminalis, xii. 24, Pinus Abies, « Cephalonica, xii. 99. Pinus Abies, var. medioxima, xii. 24, Pinus adunca, xi. 103. Pinus alba, xii. 33, 37. Pinus alba Canadensis, xi. 17. Pinus alba, B arctica, xii. 39. Pinus albicaulis, xi. 39. Pinus Alcoquiana, xii. 21. Pinus Alepensis, xi. 8. ? Pinus alopecuroides, xi. 119. Pinus amabilis, xii. 118, 125, 187. Pinus Americana, xii. 28, 63. Pinus Americana rubra, xii. 33. Pinus Americana, « alba, xi. 37. Pinus Apacheca, xi. 81. Pinus Apollinis, xii. 99. Pinus Araragi, xi. 60. Pinus aristata, xi. 63. Pinus Arizonica, xi. 75. Pinus Armena, xi. 5. Pinus attenuata, xi. 107. Pinus australis, xi. 151. 2 Pinus australis excelsa, xi. 151. Pinus Austriaca, xi. 6. Pinus Ayacahuite, xi. 33. Pinus Baborensis, xii. 100. Pinus Bahamensis, xi. 157. Pinus Balfouriana, xi. 59. Pinus Balfouriana, xi..63. Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata, xi. 63. Pinus balsamea, xii. 105, 107. Pinus balsamea, var. Fraseri, xii. 105. Pinus balsamea, var. longifolia, xii. 107. Pinus Banksiana, xi. 89, 147. Pinus Beardsley, xi. 77. Pinus Benthamiana, xi. 77. Pinus bifida, xii. 101. Pinus binato-folio, xi. 5. Pinus Bolanderi, xi. 89. Pinus borealis, xi. 5. Pinus Boursieri, xi. 89. Pinus brachyphylla, xii. 102. Pinus brachyptera, xi. 77. Pinus bracteata, xii. 129. Pinus Brunoniana, xi. 61. ? Pinus Californiana, xii. 103. Pinus Californica, xi. 103, 107. Pinus Canadensis, xii. 37, 63, 73. Pinus Canadensis, B ?, xii. 87. Pinus Canadensis, B nigra, xii. 28. Pinus Canariensis, xi. 4. Pinus Cedrus, xi. 10. Pinus Cembra, xi. 3, 10. Pinus Cembra pygmea, xi. 10. Pinus Cembra, b pumila, xi. 10. Pinus Cembra, y Helvetica, xi. 10. Pinus cembroides, xi. 47. Pinus cembroides, xi. 39. Pinus Cephalonica, xii. 99. Pinus Chibuahuana, xi. 85. Pinus Cilicica, xii. 98. Pinus cinerea, xii. 23. Pinus clausa, xi. 127; xiv. 106. Pinus commutata, xii. 43. Pinus concolor, xii. 121. Pinus contorta, xi. 89. Pinus contorta, xi. 91, 139. Pinus contorta, var. Bolanderi, xi. 89. Pinus contorta, var. latifolia, xi. 91. Pinus contorta, var. Murrayana, xi. 90. Pinus contorta, var. (b) Hendersoni, xi. 89. Pinus Coulteri, xi. 99. GENERAL INDEX. Pinus Craigana, xi. 77. Pinus Cubensis, i. 42. Pinus Cubensis, xi. 157. Pinus Cubensis, var. ? terthrocarpa, xi. 157. Pinus cupressoides, x. 134. Pinus Dahurica, xii. 4. Pinus deflexa, xi. 79. Pinus densiflora, xi. 3, 7. Pinus divaricata, xi. 147 ; xiv. 106. Pinus Douglasii, xii. 87. Pinus Douglasii, 8 pendula, xii. 87. Pinus Douglasii, var. brevibracteata, xii. 87. Pinus Douglasii, var. taxifolia, xii. 87. Pinus dumosa, xii. 60. Pinus echinata, xi. 143. Pinus echinata, stump growth of, xi. 4. Pinus echinata, turpentine from, xi. 146. Pinus, economic properties of, xi. 3. Pinus Edgariana, xi. 139. Pinus, edible seeds of, xi. 3. Pinus edulis, xi. 55. Pinus edulis, vax. monophylla, xi. 51. Pinus Elliottit, xi. 157. Pinus Engelmanni, xi. 77, 81. Pinus excelsa, xi. 6 ; xii. 23. Pinus excelsa, areca i xii. 24, Pinus fastuosa, xi. 9. Pinus Finlaysoniana, xi. 5. Pinus firma, xii. 101. Pinus flexilis, xi. 35. Pinus flexilis, xi. 39. Pinus flexilis megalocarpa, xi. 35, 36. Pinus flexilis, 8 macrocarpa, xi. 35, 36. Pinus fleailis, y reflexa, xi. 33. Pinus flexilis, var. albicaulis, xi. 39. Pinus flexilis, var. a serrulata, xi. 35. Pinus Fraseri, xii. 105. Pinus Fremontiana, xi. 51. Pinus Friesiana, xi. 5. Pinus, fungal diseases of, xi. 11. Pinus Gerardiana, xi. 3, 10. Pinus, germination of, xi. 4. Pinus glabra, xi. 131 ; xiv. 106. Pinus glabra, xii. 40. Pinus glomerata, xi. 7. Pinus grandis, xii. 117, 125. Pinus Griffithii, xi. 6 ; xii. 3. Pinus Grozelieri, xi. 23. Pinus Halepensis, xi. 3, 8. Pinus Harryana, xii. 102. Pinus heterophylla, xi. 157. Pinus heterophylla, androgynous flowers of, xi. 4. Pinus hirtella, xii. 97. Pinus homolepis, xii. 102. Pinus Hookeriana, xii. 77. Pinus Hudsonia, xi. 147. Pinus Hudsonica, xi. 147. Pinus humilis, xi. 5. Pinus, hybrids of, xi. 4. Pinus inops, xi. 89, 91, 123. Pinus inops, var. ?, xi. 139. Pinus inops, var. clausa, xi. 127. Pinus, insect enemies of, xi. 11. Pinus insignis, xi. 103. Pinus insignis macrocarpa, xi. 103. Pinus insignis, var. binata, xi. 104. Pinus insignis, var. (a) radiata, xi. 103. Pinus insignis, var. (b) levigata, xi. 103. Pinus insularis, xi. 5. Pinus intermedia, xii. 7. Pinus Japonica, xii. 21. 2 Pinus Japonica, xi. 7. Pinus Jeffreyi, xi. T9. 137 Pinus Jeffreyi, var. nigricans, xi. 79. Pinus Jeffreyi, var. peninsularis, xi. 80. Pinus Jeffreyi, vax. (b) deflexa, xi. 79. Pinus Jeffreyi, var. (ec) montana, xi. 79. Pinus Jezoensis, xii. 21. Pinus Keempferi, xii. 2. Pinus Kamischatika, xii. 4. Pinus Khutrow, xii. 22. Pinus leta, xii. 3. Pinus Lambertiana, xi. 27. Pinus Lambertiana, ? B brevifolia, xi. 35. Pinus Lambertiana, B ?, xi. 35. Pinus Lambertiana, var. minor, xi. 27. Pinus Lambertiana, var. purpurea, xi. 27. Pinus Lambertiana, sugar of, xi. 29. Pinus laricina, xii. 7. Pinus Laricio, xi. 3, 6. Pinus Laricio, xi. 6, 7. Pinus Laricio in the United States, xi. 6. Pinus Laricio Calabrica, xi. 6. Pinus Laricio Cebennensis, xi. 6. Pinus Laricio Pallasiana, xi. 6. Pinus Laricio, 6 Austriaca, xi. 6. Pinus Laricio, gp nigricans, xi. 6. Pinus Laricio, y, xi. 67. Pinus Lariz, xii. 2, 3, 4. Pinus Larix alba, xii. 7. Pinus Lariz Americana nigra, xii. 7. Pinus Larix (Americane), xii. 4. Pinus Lariz Canadensis, xii. 7. Pinus Larix nigra, xii. 7. Pinus Larix rubra, xii. 7. Pinus Larix, a communis, xii. 3. Pinus Larix, p rubra, xii. 7. Pinus Larix, y nigra, xii. 7. Pinus Lariz, 3 alba, xii. 7. Pinus Lariz, 5 laxa, xii. 3. Pinus Larix, « compacta, xii. 3. Pinus Larix, rubra, xii. 3. Pinus Larix, @ rosea, xii. 3. Pinus Larix, 1 alba, xii. 3. Pinus lasiocarpa, xii. 113, 125. Pinus latifolia, xi. 81. Pinus Latteri, xi. 5. Pinus laxa, xii. 37, 70. Pinus Ledebourii, xii. 4. Pinus leptolepis, xii. 2. Pinus Llaveana, xi. 43, 47. Pinus longifolia, xi. 9, 151. Pinus lophosperma, xi. 71. Pinus Lowiana, xii. 121. Pinus lutea, xi. 151. Pinus Lyallii, xii. 15. Pinus macrocarpa, xi. 99. Pinus macrophylla, xi. 80. Pinus Maderiensis, xi. 9. Pinus magnifica, xii. 137. Pinus Mandshurica, xi. 10. Pinus Mariana, xii. 28, 63. Pinus Mariana rubra, xii. 33. Pinus maritima, xi. 6, 7, 8. Pinus Massoniana, xi. 7. Pinus Mayriana, xi. 81. Pinus, medical properties of, xi. 3. Pinus Menziesii, xii. 21, 55. Pinus Menziesti, var. crispa, xii. 55. Pinus Merkusii, xi. 5. Pinus Mertensiana, xii. 73, 77. Pinus, Mexican species of, xi. 5. Pinus microcarpa, xii. 7. Pinus mitis, xi, 143. Pinus mitis, B paupera, xi. 131. Pinus monophylla, xi. 51. Pinus monophylla, var. edulis, xi. 55. 138 Pinus montana, xi. 5, 10, 135. Pinus monticola, xi. 23. Pinus monticola, var. digitata, xi. 23. Pinus monticola, var. minima, xi. 23. Pinus monticola, var. porphyrocarpa, xi. 23. Pinus Mugo, xi. 5. Pinus muricata, xi. 139. Pinus muricata, xi. 89. Pinus muricata, var. Anthonyi, xi. 139. Pinus Murrayana, xi. 91. Pinus Murrayana, var. Sargentii, xi. 91. Pinus Nepalensis, xi. 3, 6. Pinus Nepalensis in the United States, xi. 6. Pinus nigra, xi. 6 ; xii. 28, 33. Pinus nigricans, xi. 6. Pinus nobilis, xii. 133. Pinus Nordmanniana, xii. 98. Pinus Nuttallii, xii. 11. Pinus obovata, xii. 22, 25. Pinus obovata, B Schrenckiana, xii. 25. Pinus Omorika, xii. 22. Pinus orientalis, xii. 22, 25. Pinus orientalis, g longifolia, xii. 25. Pinus osteosperma, xi. 47. Pinus palustris, xi. 151. Pinus palustris, railway ties from, xi. 154. Pinus palustris, turpentine from, xi. 154. Pinus Parryana, xi. 43, T7. Pinus Pattoniana, xii. 73, 77. Pinus pectinata, xii. 99. Pinus pendula, xii. 7, 63. Pinus Picea, xii. 23, 97, 99. Pinus Picea medioxima, xii. 24. Pinus Pichta, xii. 98. Pinus Pinaster, xi. 3, 7. Pinus Pinaster, xi. 6, 7. Pinus Pinaster, cultivation of, xi. 8. Pinus Pinaster, resinous products of, xi. 7. Pinus Pindrow, xii. 98. Pinus Pinea, xi. 3, 9. Pinus Pinea, xi. 7. Pinus Pinsapo, xii. 100. Pinus Pityusa, xi. 8. Pinus polita, xii. 21. Pinus, pollen of, xi. 4. Pinus ponderosa, xi. 77. Pinus ponderosa, xi. 80. Pinus ponderosa (a) Benthamiana, xi. T7. Pinus ponderosa (c) brachyptera, xi. 77. Pinus ponderosa, var. (a) nigricans, xi. 77. Pinus ponderosa, var. Benthamiana, xi. 77. Pinus ponderosa, var. Jeffreyi, xi. 79. Pinus ponderosa, var. Mayriana, xi. 81. Pinus ponderosa, var. scopulorum, xi. 80. Pinus Pontica, xi. 5. Pinus porphyrocarpa, xi. 23, 24. Pinus pumila, xi. 10. Pinus pungens, xi. 135. Pinus quadrifolia, xi. 43 ; xiv. 106. Pinus radiata, xi. 103. Pinus radiata, var. (a) tuberculata, xi. 103. Pinus radiata, var. (b) binata, xi. 104. Pinus reflexa, xi. 33. 2? Pinus reflexa, xi. 35. Pinus religiosa, xii. 97. Pinus resinosa, xi. 67. Pinus resinosa, xi. 5, 77, 80. Pinus rigida, xi. 115. Pinus rigida ?, xi. 103. Pinus rigida, stump growth of, xi. 4. Pinus rigida, var. lutea, xi. 115. Pinus rigida, var. serotina, x. 119. Pinus Roxburghii, xi. 3, 9. Pinus Roxburghii, turpentine from, xi. i. 9. GENERAL INDEX. Pinus rubra, xi. 5, 67; xii. 33. Pinus rubra, B violacea, xii. 40. Pinus rubra, var. arctica, xii. 37. Pinus rubra, var. arctica longifolia, xii. 37. Pinus rubra, var. caerulea, xii. 37. Pinus rupestris, xi. 147. Pinus Sabiniana, xi. 95. Pinus Schrenckiana, xii. 25. Pinus scopifera, xi. 7. Pinus scopulorum, xi. 80. Pinus selenolepis, xii. 101. Pinus serotina, xi. 119. Pinus Shasta, xi. 39. Pinus Sibirica, xii. 97. Pinus Sieboldii, xii. 60. Pinus Sinclairiana, xi. 108. Pinus Sinclairii, xi. 103, 105. Pinus Sitchensis, xii. 55. Pinus Smithiana, xii. 22. Pinus sp., xii. 113. Pinus spectabilis, xii. 98. Pinus squarrosa, xi. 143. Pinus strobiformis, xi. 33. Pinus Strobus, xi. 17. Pinus Strobus nana, xi. 21. Pinus Strobus nivea, xi. 21. Pinus Strobus, B monticola, xi. 23. Pinus sylvestris, xi. 3, 5. Pinus sylvestris, xi. 5, 6, 7, 8 Pinus sylvestris, B, xi. 7. Pinus sylvestris, 8 Norvegica, xi. 67. Pinus sylvestris, y Novo-Cesariensis, xi. 123. Pinus sylvestris, 8 divaricata, xi. 147. Pinus sylvestris, « maritima, xi. 6. Pinus sylvestris in the United States, xi. 5. Pinus Syrtica, xi. 7. Pinus Teeda, xi. 111. Pinus Teeda, xi. 5. Pinus Tada, « tenuifolia, xi. 111. Pinus Teeda, p echinata, xi. 143. Pinus Teeda, g rigida, xi. 115. Pinus Teda, y variabilis, xi. 143. ? Pinus Teda, 8 alopecuroidea, xi. 119. Pinus Teda, & palustris, xi. 151. Pinus Teda, var. A (rigida), xi. 115. Pinus Teda, var. heterophylla, xi. 157. Pinus Tamrac, xi. 91. Pinus Tartarica, xi. 5. Pinus taxifolia, xii. 87, 107. Pinus tenuifolia, xi. 17. Pinus tetragona, xii. 37. Pinus Thunbergii, xi. 3, 7. ? Pinus Thunbergii, xii. 21. Pinus Timoriensis, xi. 5. Pinus Torreyana, xi. 71. Pinus Tschonoskiana, xii. 102. Pinus Tsuga, xii. 60. Pinus Tsuga, B nana, xii. 60. Pinus tuberculata, xi. 103, 107. Pinus tuberculata, var. acuta, xi. 107. Pinus, umbo of the cone-scale of, xi. 4. Pinus variabilis, xi. 143. Pinus Veitchi, xii. 101. Pinus venusta, xii. 129. Pinus viminalis, xii. 24. Pinus Virginiana, xi. 123. Pinus Virginiana, b echinata, xi. 143. Pinus Webbiana, xii. 98. Pipal Tree, vii. 94. Piper, Charles Vancouver, ix. 145. Pirophorum, iv. 67. Pirus, iv. 70. Piscidia, iii. 51. Piscidia Carthagenensis, iii. 53. Piscidia Erythrina, iti. 53. Piscidia Piscipula, iii. 53. Piscidin, iii. 51. Piso, Willem, vi. 110. Pisonia, vi. 109. Pisonia aculeata, vi. 109, 110. Pisonia cuneifolia, vi. 111. Pisonia, economic uses of, vi. 110. Pisonia loranthoides, vi. 110. Pisonia nozia, vi. 110. Pisonia obtusata, i. 42 ; vi. 111. Pisonia rotundata, vi. 110. Pisonia subcordata, i. 42. Pisonia tomentosa, vi. 110. Pisonia villosa, vi. 110. Pissodes Strobi, xi. 11. Pistacia Simaruba, i. 90, 97. Pitch, Burgundy, xii. 23. Pitch, Canada, xii. 65. Pitch Pine, xi. 99, 115, 146, 156. Pithecolobium, iii. 131 ; xiv. 100. Pithecolobium brevifolium, iii. 135. Pithecolobium dulce, iii. 132. Pithecolobium flexicaule, iii. 137 Pithecolobium forfex, iii. 133. Pithecolobium Guadalupense, i iti, 132. Pi re Take mi cro} iii. Pithecolobium Sirmem, 4 iii. 132. Pithecolobium Texense, iii. 137. Pithecolobium Unguis-cati, iii. 133. Pithecolobium Unguis-cati, iii. 182. Pithecolobium Unguis-cati, economic uses of, iii. 132. Pitya Cupressi, x. 101, 125, 140. Pityophthorus puberulus, xii. 25. Pityophthorus pubipennis, viii. 11. Pityophthorus querciperda, viii. 11. Pladera, vi. 18. Plagiostigma, vii. 91. Planer, Johann Jakob, vii. 60. Planera, vii. 59. Planera aquatica, vii. 61. Planera parviflora, vii. 41, Planera Richardi, vii. 61. Planera ulmifolia, vii. 61. Plank, Elisha Newton, xiii. 18. PLATANACEA, vii. 99. Platanus, vii. 99. Platanus Californica, vii. 105. Platanus, fungal diseases of, vii. 101. Platanus hybridus, vii. 102. Platanus, insect enemies of, vii. 101. Platanus lobata, vii. 102. Platanus Mexicana, vii. 101. Platanus Mezxicana, vii. 105, 107. Platanus occidentalis, vii. 102. Platanus occidentalis, vii. 105. Platanus occidentalis, 8 lobata, vii. 102. Platanus occidentalis, var. Hispanica, vii. 102. Platanus identalis, var. Mexic vii. 101. Platanus orientalis, vii. 100. Platanus racemosa, vii. 105. Platanus racemosa, vii. 107. Platanus vulgaris, vii. 100. Platanus vulgaris, ¢ angulosa, vii. 102. Platanus Wrightii, vii. 107. Platopuntia, xiv. 10. Platyacanthe, xiv. 10. Platycladus, x. 97, 123. Platycladus stricta, x. 124. Platysamia Cecropia, iv. 11. Plectrodera scalator, ix. 155. Pleiandre, ix. 96. Pleiarina, ix. 95. 4 oT: Plethostephia, yi. 67. Plinia, v. 39. Plinia pedunculata, v. 41. Plinia rubra, v. 41. Plowrightia morbosa, iv. 12. Plum, Blackman, iv. 24. Plum, Caddo Chief, iv. 26. Plum, Canada, iv. 15. Plum, Chickasaw, iv. 25. Plum, Cocoa, iv. 3. Plum, Colleta, iv. 26. Plum, cultivation of, iv. 9. Plum, Cumberland, iy. 24. Plum, Deep Creek, iv. 20. Plum, De Soto, iv. 20. Plum, Downward, v. 175. Plum, Early Red, iv. 26. Plum, Forest Garden, iv. 20. Plum, Forest Rose, iv. 20, 24. Plum, Garfield, iv. 24. Plum, Golden Beauty, iv. 24. Plum, Guiana, vii. 27. Plum, Indian Chief, iv. 24. Plum, Indiana Chief, iv. 24. Plum, Indiana Red, iv. 24. Plum, Itaska, iv. 20. Plum, Jennie Lucas, iv. 26, Plum, Kickapoo, iv. 20. Plum, Louisa, iv. 20. Plum, Miner, iv. 20, 24. Plum, Minnetonka, iv. 20. Plum, Missouri Apricot, iv. 24. Plum, Pigeon, vi. 119. Plum, Pottawattamie, iv. 26. Plum, Purple Yosemite, iv. 16. Plum, Quaker, iv. 16. Plum, Red, iv. 15. Plum, Sucker City, iv. 24. Plum, Transparent, iv. 26. Plum, Wayland, iv. 24. Plum, Weaver, iv. 16. Plum, Wild, iv. 19, 23, 31. Plum, Wild Goose, iv. 24. Plum-pockets, iv. 12. Plum-tree, Black, v. 41. Pocophorum, iii. 7. Podocarpus (?) nucifera, x. 56. Podosesia Syringe, vi. 27. Podosphera biuncinata, v. 2. Podosphera Oxyacanthe, iv. 12. Pogonotrophe, vii. 91. Pohlana, i. 65. Poison Dogwood, iii. 23. Poison Elder, iii. 24. Poison Ivy, iii. 9, 10. Poison Sumach, iii. 23. Poison Wood, iii. 13, 14. Poison-tree, iii. 24. Poitza, ii. 75. Poiteau, Alexandre, ii. 75. Polita, ix. 9. Pollen of Pinus, xi. 4. Pollination of Yucea, x. 2. PoLyGonaces, vi. 113. Polygonum Uvifera, vi. 115. Polygraphus rufipennis, xii. 25. Polyphemus moth, v. 9. Polyporus amorphus, vi. 20. Polyporus annosus, xi. 11, Polyporus applanatus, ix. 49. Polyporus betulinus, ix. 49. Polyporus cinnabarinus, iv. 12. Polyporus conchifer, vii. 42. Polyporus graveolens, viii. 13. GENERAL INDEX. Polyporus Halesie, vi. 20. Polyporus officinalis, xii. 5. Polyporus piceinus, xii. 26. Polyporus Pilote, xii. 61. Polyporus salicinus, ix. 101. Polyporus Schweintzii, xi. 11. Polyporus volvatus, xi. 12 ; xii. 26, Polyspora, i. 39. Polyspora azillaris, i. 39. Pomette Bleue, iv. 89. Pond Apple, i. 29. Pond Pine, xi. 119. Pond’s Extract, v. 4, Ponderose, xi. 4. Poplar, ix. 161. Poplar, Gray, ix. 154. Poplar, Lombardy, ix. 153. Poplar, Necklace, ix. 181. Poplar, Trembling, ix. 155. Poplar, White, ix. 154. Populin, ix. 155. Populus, ix. 151. Populus acuminata, ix. 172 ; xiv. 69. Populus alba, ix. 154. Populus alba, 8, ix. 154. Populus alba, B pyramidalis, ix. 154, Populus alba, var. Bolleana, ix. 154. Populus alba x tremula, b canescens, ix. 154. Populus albo-tremula, ix. 154, Populus, androgynous aments of, ix. 151. Populus angulata, ix. 179. Populus angulata tortuosa, ix. 179. Populus angulata, a serotina, ix. 179. Populus angulosa, ix. 179. Populus angustifolia, ix. 171 ; xiv. 105. Populus angustifolia, ix. 175. Populus argentea, ix. 163. Populus A theniensis, ix. 158. Populus australis, ix. 155. Populus balsamifera, ix. 167 ; xiv. 105. Populus balsamifera, ix. 152, 163, 175. Populus balsamifera lanceolata, ix. 167. Populus balsamifera suaveolens, ix. 152. Populus balsamifera viminalis, ix. 153. Populus balsamifera, « genuina, ix. 167. Populus balsamifera, g laurifolia, ix. 153. Populus balsamifera, vy, ix. 175. Populus balsami, Populus balsamifera, var. candicans, ix. 169. Populus betulifolia, ix. 153. Populus biformis, ix. 155. Populus Bolleana, ix. 154. Populus Canadensis, ix. 179, 183. Populus Canadensis, 8 discolor, ix. 179. Populus Canadensis, y angustifolia, ix. 171. Populus candicans, ix. 169. Populus canescens, ix. 154. Populus Carolinensis, ix. 179. Populus caudina, ix. 153. Populus Certinensis, ix. 153. Populus ciliata, ix. 152. Populus cordifolia, ix. 163. Populus deltoidea, ix. 179. Populus dilatata, ix. 153. Populus dilatata, 8 Carolinensis, ix. 179. Populus diversifolia, ix. 155. Populus, economic properties of, ix. 155. Populus Euphratensis, ix. 155. Populus Euphratica, ix. 155. Populus fastigiata, ix. 153. Populus Fremontii, ix. 183. Populus Fremontii, xiv. 71, 73. tifolia, ix. 171. Populus balsamifera, var. (?) Californica, ix. 139 Populus Fremontii, var. (?) Wislizeni, ix. 183 ; xiv. 71. Populus, fungal diseases of, ix. 156. Populus glandulosa, ix. 179. Populus Graeca, ix. 154, 158. Populus grandidentata, ix. 161 ; xiv. 105. Populus grandidentata, B pendula, ix. 161. Populus heterophylla, ix. 163 ; xiv. 105. Populus heterophylla, ix. 179. Populus heterophylla, p argentea, ix. 163. Populus Hudsonica, ix. 153. Populus hybrida, ix. 154. Populus, hybrids of, ix. 152. Populus, insect enemies of, ix. 155. Populus Italica, ix. 158. Populus levigata, ix. 179. Populus latifolia, ix. 161, 179. Populus laurifolia, ix. 153. Populus longifolia, ix. 153. Populus major, ix. 154. Populus Marilandica, ix. 179. Populus, medical properties of, ix. 155. Populus Mexicana, xiv. 73. Populus microcarpa, ix. 152. Populus monilifera, ix. 179, 183 ; xiv. 71. Populus monticola, ix. 152. Populus monticola, wood of, ix. 152. Populus Neapolitana, ix. 153. Populus nigra, ix. 153. Populus nigra, ix. 179. Populus nigra Italica, ix. 153. Populus nigra, B Helvetica, ix. 179. Populus nigra, 8 pyramidalis, ix. 153. Populus nigra, B Virginiana, ix. 179. Populus nigra in the United States, ix. 153. Populus nivea, ix. 154. Populus pendula, ix. 155. Populus pseudobalsamifera, ix. 152. Populus pyramidalis, ix. 153. Populus pyramidata, ix. 153. Populus salicifolia, ix. 171. Populus serotina, ix. 179. Populus Sieboldi, ix. 155. Populus suaveolens, ix. 152. Populus tremula, ix. 154. Populus tremula, var. villosa, ix. 155. Populus tremula, var., ix. 158. Populus tremula pendula, ix. 155. Populus tremuliformis, ix. 158. Populus tremuloides, ix. 158 ; xiv. 105. Populus tremuloides, a pendula, ix. 158. Populus trepida, ix. 158. Populus trichocarpa, ix. 175. Populus trichocarpa, var. cupulata, ix. 175. Populus versicolor, ix. 153. Populus villosa, ix. 155. Populus Virginiana, ix. 179. Populus Wislizeni, xiv. 71. Porcelia, i. 21. Porcelia parviflora, i. 29. Porcelia triloba, i. 23. Pork-Tree, Fat, iv. 4. Pork Wood, vi. 111. Porlieria, i. 59. Porlieria hygrometrica, i. 59, 60. Porothrinax, x. 49 ; xiv. 79. Port Orford Cedar, x. 119. Porter, Thomas Conrad, iv. 28. Portugal Laurel, iv. 11. Portuna, v. 130. Portuna, v. 129. Possum Oak, viii. 166. Post Cedar, x. 136. Post Oak, viii. 37. 140 Pottawattamie Plum, iv. 26. Powcohicora, vii. 134. Prealstonia, vi. 13. Prealstonia theceeformis, vi. 14. Pratz, Le Page du, v. 17. Prickle-cone Pine, xi. 139. Prickly Ash, i. 67. Prince Wood, v. 105. Pringle, Cyrus Guernsey, ix. 129, Pringleophytum, ix. 130. Prinoides, i. 103. Prinos, i. 103. Prinos, i. 103. Prinos deciduus, i. 113. Prinos montana, i. 115. Prinz von Neuwied, ix. 138. Prionoxystus Robiniz, viii. 11; ix. 10. Prionus laticollis, viii. 11; ix. 155. Pritchardia, x. 45. Pritchardia jfilamentosa, x. 47. Pritchardia filifera, x. 47. Prodoxus decipiens, x. 3. Promethea moth, v. 9. Pronuba maculata, x. 2. Pronuba synthetica, x. 2. Pronuba yuccasella, x. 2. Propolidium Tsuge, xii. 61. Prosopis, iii. 99. Prosopis affinis, iii. 101. Prosopis bracteolata, iii. 101. Prosopis cinerascens, iii. 99. Prosopis Cumanensis, iii. 101. Prosopis Domingensis, iii. 101. Prosopis dulcis, iii. 101. Prosopis Emoryi, iii. 107. Prosopis flexuosa, iii. 101. Prosopis fruticosa, iii. 101. Prosopis glandulosa, iii. 101 xiii. 15. Prosopis horrida, iii. 101. Prosopis inermis, iti. 101. Prosopis juliflora, iii. 101 ; xiii. 15. Prosopis juliflora, xiii. 15. Prosopis juliflora, var. glandulosa, xiii. 15. Prosopis juliflora, var. velutina, xiii. 15. Prosopis oblonga, iii. 99. Prosopis odorata, iii. 101, 107. Prosopis pallida, iii. 101. Prosopis pubescens, iii. 107. Prosopis Siliquastrum, iii. 101. Prosopis spicigera, iii. 99, 100. Prosopis Stephaniana, iii. 99. Prosopis velutina, xiii. 15. Proteoteras esculana, ii. 53. Protohopea, vi. 13. Protohopea tinctoria, vi. 15. Pruinose, ix. 96. Prune d’ Amérique, iv. 2. Prunes, iv. 9. Prunes d’Ieaques, iv. 4. Prunier d’Ente, iv. 9. Prunier d’Icaque, iv. 4. Prunophora, iv. 7. Prunus, iv. 7, 8. Prunus, iv. 7. Prunus Alabamensis, xiii. 25. Prunus Alleghaniensis, iv. 27. Prunus Americana, iv. 19. Prunus Americana, iv. 15. Prunus Americana, var. (?), 23. Prunus Americana, var. mollis, iv. 19. Prunus Amygdalus, iv. 8. Prunus angustifolia, iv. 25. Prunus Armeniaca, iv. 8. Prunus Avium, iv. 8, 9, 10. GENERAL INDEX. Prunus Avium, var. macrocarpa, iv. 10. Prunus borealis, iv. 35. Prunus Brasiliensis, iv. 51. Prunus Canadensis, iv. 46. Prunus Capuli, iv. 46. Prunus Capulin, iv. 46. Prunus Caroliniana, iv. 49 ; xiv. 100. Prunus Caroliniana, city ordinance on, iv. 9. Prunus cartilaginea, iv. 45. Prunus Cerasus, iv. 8, 10. Prunus-Cerasus Canadensis, iv. 41. Prunus-Cerasus montana, iv. 35. Prunus Chicasa, iv. 28, 25. Prunus demissa, iv. 42. Prunus domestica, iv. 8, 9, 20. Prunus domestica, var. Juliana, iv. 9. Prunus d tica, var. P; li na, iv. 9. Prunus Virginiana, iy. 41. Prunus Virginiana, iv. 45. Prunus Virginiana, var. demissa, iv. 42. Prunus Virginiana, var. leucocarpa, iv. 42. Prunus Virginiana, properties of, iv. 10. Prunus, wood of, iv. 11. Psatherips, ix. 95. Pseudacacia, iii. 38. Pseudacacia odorata, iii. 39. Pseudehretia, i. 103. Pseudopetalon, i. 65. Pseudopetalon glandul i. 67. Pseudopetalon tricarpum, i. 67. Pseudopheenix, x. 33. Pseudopheuix Sargenti, x. 35. Pseudotsuga, xii. 83. PD. 7, Prunus Duerinckit, iv. 41. : Prunus emarginata, iv. 37 ; xiv. 100. Prunus emarginata, var. mollis, iv. 38. Prunus erecta, iv. 37. Prunus, fungal enemies of, iv. 11. Prunus hiemalis, iv. 19. Prunus hirsuta, iv. 41. Prunus hortulana, iv. 23 ; xiv. 100. Prunus ilicifolia, iv. 53. Prunus ilicifolia, var. integrifolia, iv. 54. Prunus ilicifolia, var. occidentalis, iv. 54. Prunus injucunda, xiii. 21. Prunus, insect enemies of, iv. 11. Prunus insititia, iv. 9. Prunus insititia, iv. 25. Prunus lanceolata, iv. 35. Prunus Laurocerasus, iv. 10, 11. Prunus Laurocerasus, properties of, iv. 10. Prunus-Lauro-Cerasus serratifolia, iv. 49. Prunus Lusitanica, iv. 11. Prunus Lusitanica, iv. 49. Prunus Lusitanica, var. serratifolia, iv. 49. Prunus Mahaleb, iv. 10, 11. Prunus maritima, var. 8, iv. 28. Prunus Mississippi, iv. 19. Prunus mollis, iv. 15, 38. Prunus Mume, iv. 8, 9, 11. Prunus nana, iv. 41. Prunus nigra, iv. 15 ; xiv. 100. Prunus nigra, iv. 19. Prunus obovata, iv. 41. Prunus occidentalis, iv. 54. Prunus ceconomica, iv. 9. Prunus Padus, iv. 8, 10. Prunus Pennsylvanica, iv. 35. Prunus Persica, iv. 8. Prunus persicifolia, iv. 35. Prunus pleuradenia, iv. 51. Prunus, properties of, iv. 9. Prunus Pseudo-Cerasus, iv. 11. Prunus pumila, iv. 33, 34. Prunus rubra, iv. 41. Prunus salicifolia, iv. 46. Prunus salicifolia, var. acutifolia, iv. 46. Prunus sempervirens, iv. 49, Prunus serotina, iy. 45. Prunus serotina, iv. 41. Prunus serotina neo-moniana, xiii. 25. Prunus serotina, properties of, iv. 10. Prunus spherocarpa, iv. 51. Prunus spinosa, iv. 10, 11, 20. Prunus spinosa, iv. 19. Prunus subcordata, iv. 31 ; xiv. 100. Prunus subcordata, var. Kelloggii, iv. 31. Prunus tarda, xiii. 23. Prunus umbellata, iv. 33. Prunus umbellata, var. injucunda, xiii. 21. £ ga Douglasii, xii. 87. Pseudotsuga Douglasii denudata, xii. 87. Pseudotsuga Douglasii taxifolia, xii. 87. Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. glauca, xii. 88. Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. macrocarpa, xii. 93. Pseudot; : A Pseudotsuga, fungal diseases of, xii. 84. Pseudotsuga glaucescens, xii. 91. Pseudotsuga, insect enemies of, xii. 84. Pseudotsuga, Japanese, xii. 84. Pseudotsuga Japonica, xii. 84; xiv. 106. Pseudotsuga Lindleyana, xii. 87. Pseudotsuga macrocarpa, xii. 93. Pseudotsuga mucronata, xii. 87. Pseudotsuga taxifolia, var. elongata, xii. 88. Pseudotsuga taxifolia, var. suberosa, xii. 88. Psylla Diospyri, vi. 4. Psylla rhois, iii. 10. Ptelea, i. 75. Ptelea angustifolia, i. 75. Ptelea aptera, i. 75. Ptelea Baldwinii, i. 75. Ptelea mollis, i. 77. Ptelea monophylla, ii. 7. Ptelea parvifolia, i. 81. Ptelea pentaphylla, i. 76. Ptelea trifoliata, i. 75, 76 ; xiv. 98. Ptelea trifoliata, var. mollis, i. 77. Ptelea viticifolia, i. 76. Pterocarya sorbifolia, vii. 116. Pterostyrax, vi. 19. Pterota, i. 65. Pterota subspinosa, i. 73. Ptilinus basalis, vii. 20. Puccinia Linkii, v. 94. Puccinia Pruni-spinose, iv. 12. Pulvinaria innumerabilis, ii. 81; vii. 87. Pumpkin Ash, xiv. 35. Pumpkin Pine, xi. 19. Punk Oak, viii. 166. Purple Beech, ix. 24. Purple Haw, ii. 25. Purple Yosemite Plum, iv. 16. Purpuree, ix. 97. Pursh, Frederick, ii. 39 ; xiv. 100. Putzeysia, ii. 51. Putzeysia rosea, ii. 52. Pyramidal Cypress, x. 100. Pyrgus, v. 151. Pyroleum cadinum, x. 72. Pyrus, iv. 67, 68. Pyrus alnifolia, iv. 181. Pyrus Amelanchier, iv. 125. Pyrus Americana, iv. 79 ; xiv. 101. Pyrus Americana, iv. 81. Pyrus Americana, var. decora, xiv. 101. of, xii. Pyrus Americana, var. microcarpa, iv. 80. Pyrus angustifolia, iv. 75. Pyrus arbutifolia, iv. 68. Pyrus arbutifolia, var. melanocarpa, iv. 68. Pyrus arbutifolia, var. nigra, iv. 68. Pyrus Aria, iv. 69. Pyrus aucuparia, iv. 69. Pyrus aucuparia, iv. 79, 81; xiv. 101. Pyrus baceata, iv. 69. Pyrus Bartramiana, iv. 127. Pyrus Botryapium, iv. 127. Pyrus communis, iv. 68. Pyrus communis, iv. 69. Pyrus coronaria, iv. 71. Pyrus coronaria, iv. 75. Pyrus coronaria, var. angustifolia, iv. 75. Pyrus coronaria, var. Ioensis, iv. 72. Pyrus diversifolia, iv. 77. Pyrus, fungal enemies of, iy. 70. Pyrus fusca, iv. 77. Pyrus glandulosa, iv. 96. Pyrus, insect enemies of, iv. 70. Pyrus Toensis, iv. 72. Pyrus Malus, iv. 68. Pyrus microcarpa, iv. 80. Pyrus nigra, iv. 68. Pyrus nivalis, iv. 68. Pyrus occidentalis, iv. 82. Pyrus ovalis, iv. 128, 129. Pyrus prunifolia, iv. 68. Pyrus rivularis, iv. 77. Pyrus rivularis, B levipes, iv. 77. Pyrus salicifolia, iv. 69. Pyrus sambucifolia, iv. 81 ; xiv. 101. Pyrus sambucifolia, xiv. 101. Pyrus sambucifolia, var. pumila, iv. 82. Pyrus sanguinea, iv. 128, 131. Pyrus Sieboldii, iv. 69. Pyrus Sinensis, iv. 69. Pyrus Soulardi, iv. 72. Pyrus spectabilis, iv. 69. Pyrus subcordata, iv. T7. Pyrus Toringo, iv. 69. Pyrus Ussuriensis, iv. 69. Pyrus Wangenheimiana, iv. 127. Quadrella, i. 33. Quaker Plum, iv. 16. Quaking Asp, ix. 158. Quercitron Oak, viii. 139. Quercus, viii. 1. Quercus acuminata, viii. 55. Quercus acuminata x macrocarpa, viii. 56. Quercus acuta, viii. 4, 11. Quercus acutidens, viii. 95. Quercus Aigilops, viii. 3, 8. Quercus Aigilops, viii. 7. Quercus Aigilops, 8 macrolepis, viii. 8. Quercus agrifolia, viii. 111. Quercus agrifolia, y berberifolia, viii. 111. Quercus agrifolia, var. frutescens, viii. 111. Quercus alba, viii. 16 ; xiv. 103. Quercus alba, hybrids of, viii. 18. Quercus alba, medical properties of, viii. 3. Quercus alba (repanda), viii. 16. Quercus alba minor, viii. 37. Quercus alba palustris, viii. 63. Quercus alba pinnatifida, viii. 16. Quercus alba, a pinnatifido-sinuata, viii. 16. Quercus alba, B 2 Gunnisonii, viii. 33. Quercus alba, B sinuata, viii. 16. Quercus alba, y microcarpa, viii. 16. Quercus alba X macrocarpa, viii. 18. Quercus alba x minor, viii. 18. GENERAL INDEX. Quercus alba x Prinus, viii. 18, 19. ? Quercus aliena, viii. 6. Quercus ambigua, viii. 125. Quercus annulata, viii. 71. Quercus aquatica, viii. 165. Quercus aquatica, a cuneata, viii. 165. Quercus aquatica, a laurifolia, viii. 169. Quercus aquatica, B heterophylla, viii. 180. Quercus aquatica, y elongata, viii. 165. Quercus aquatica, 8 indivisa, viii. 165. Quercus aquatica, ¢ attenuata, viii. 165. Quercus aquatica, ¢ ? myrtifolia, viii. 123. Quercus aquatica, var. hybrida, viii. 165. Quercus arcoglandis, viii. 111. Quereus Arizonica, viii. 89. Quercus Austriaca, viii Quercus Ballota, viii. 7. Quercus Baloot, viii. 7. Quercus Balout, viii. 7. Quercus Banisteri, viii. 155. Quercus berberidifolia, viii. 111. Quercus bicolor, viii. 63, 67. Quercus bicolor, g mollis, viii. 63. Quercus bicolor, B platanoides, viii. 63. Quercus bicolor, subspec. Michauaii, viii. 67. Quercus brevifolia, viii. 171. Quercus brevifolia x Catesbzei, viii. 172. Quercus brevifolia, hybrids of, viii. 172. Quercus breviloba, viii. 71. Quercus Breweri, viii. 27. Quercus Brittoni, viii. 162. Quercus, buds of, viii. 4. Quercus Buergerti, viii. 11. Quercus Bungeana, viii. 3, 10. Quercus calicina, viii. 7. Quercus Californica, viii. 141. Quercus Calliprinos, a arcuata, viii. 10. Quercus Castanea, viii. 51, 55. Quercus Catesbei, viii. 143. Quercus Catesbei x aquatica, viii. 144. Quercus Catesbei x laurifolia, viii. 144. Quercus Catesbei x nigra, viii. 144. Quercus Cerris, viii. 3, 7. Quereus Cerris, buds of, viii. 4. Quercus Cerris denticulata, viii. 7. Quercus Cerris Fulhamensis, viii. 7. Quereus Cerris, hybrids of, viii. 5. Quercus Chapmani, viii. 41. Quercus Chincapin, viii. 59. Quercus Chinensis, viii. 10. Quercus chrysolepis, viii. 105 ; xiv. 103. Quercus chrysolepis, viii. 109. Quercus chrysolepis, subspec. Palmeri, viii. Quercus chrysolepis, subspec. vacciniifolia, vill. 106. Quercus cinerea, viii. 171. Quercus cinerea, 8 dentato-lobata, viii. 171. Quercus cinerea, y humilis, viii. 171. Quercus cinerea, var. pumila, viii. 115. Quercus coccifera, viii. 3, 10. Quercus coccifera, ¢ Palestina, viii. 10. Quercus coccinea, viii. 133. Quercus coccinea, viii. 129. Quercus coccinea, a coccinea, viii. 133. Quercus coccinea B, viii. 125. Quercus coccinea, B nigrescens, viii. 137. Quercus coccinea, vy tinctoria, viii. 137. 2 Quercus coccinea, § Rugelii, viii. 137. Quercus coccinea, var. ambigua, viii. 125. Quercus coccinea var. ? microcarpa, vill. 129. Quercus coccinea x ilicifolia, viii. 156. Quercus confertifolia, viii. 117. Quercus crassipocula, viii. 105. 141 Quercus crinita, viii. 7. Quercus crispula, viii. 6. Quercus Cubana, viii. 99. Quercus cuneata, viii. 147. Quercus cuspidata, viii. 4, 11. Quercus decipiens, viii. 91. Quercus densiflora, viii. 183. Quercus densiflora, viii. 183. Quercus densiflora, var. echinoides, viii. 183. Quercus dentata, viii. 3, 10. Quereus digitata, viii. 147. Quercus digitata pagodefolia, xiv. 51. Quercus dilatata, viii. 3, 6. Quercus discolor, viii. 137, 147. Quercus discolor, y Banisteri, viii. 155. Quercus Douglasii, viii. 79 ; xiv. 103. Quercus Douglasii, 8 ? Gambelii, viii. 33. Quercus Douglasii, » Novomeaicana, viii. 33. Quercus Douglasti, 8? Nei, viii. 29. Quercus Drummondii, viii. 37. Quercus dumosa, viii. 95. Quercus dumosa, vy acutidens, viii. 95. Quercus dumosa, var. bullata, viii. 96. Quercus dumosa, var. munita, viii. 95. Quercus dumosa, vax. polycarpa, viii. 95. Quercus dumosa, var. revoluta, viii. 96. Quercus Dunnii, viii. Quercus Durandii, viii. 71. Quercus echinacea, viii. 183. Quercus echinoides, viii. 183. Quercus, economic properties of, viii. 3. Quercus ellipsoidalis, xiv. 49. Quercus elongata, viii. 147. Quercus Emoryi, viii. 103. Quercus Emoryi, viii. 75, 89. Quercus Engelmanni, viii. 83. Quercus Esculus, ii. 54. Quercus Esculus, viii. 7. Quercus expansa, Vill. 7. . Quercus falcata, viii. 147. Quercus falcata, g Ludoviciana, viii. 147. Quercus falcata, B triloba, viii. 147. Quercus falcata, var. b pagodefolia, viii. 147 ; xiv. 51. Quercus Fendleri, viii Quercus ferruginea, Quercus fulvescens, viii. 105. Quercus, fungal diseases of, viii. 4, 12. Quercus Gambelii, viii. 33. Quercus Gambelii, var. Gunnisonii, viii. 33. Quercus Garryana, viii. 29. Quercus Garryana, dwarf form of, viii. 30. Quercus Georgiana, viii. 159. uercus Georgiana x Marilandica, viii. 159. Quercus Georgiana x nigra, viii. 159. Quercus, germination of, viii. 4. Quercus Gilberti, viii. 29. Quercus glabra, viii. 4, 11. Quercus glauca, viii. 4, 11. Quercus Gramuntia, viii. T. Quercus Griffithii, viii. 3, 6. Quercus grisea, viii. 75, 89. Quercus grosseserrata, viii. 6. Quercus hastata, viii. 103. Quercus hemispheerica, viii. 165. Quercus hemispherica, var. nana, viii. 165. Quercus heterophylla, viii. 180. Quercus Hindsii, viii. 23. Quercus humilis, viii. 171. Quercus, hybrids of, viii. 5. Quercus hypoleuca, viii. 117. Quercus Ilex, viii. 3, 7. Quercus Ilex suberosa, viii. 8. Quercus Ilex, y Ballota, viii. 7. 142 GENERAL INDEX. Quercus Ilex, var. Ballota, viii. 3. Quercus nigra, var., viii. 180. Quercus Prinus, var. discolor, viii. 67. Quercus ilicifolia, viii. 155. Quercus oblongifolia, viii. 87. Quercus Prinus, var. Michausii, viii. 67. Quercus ilicifolia x coccinea, viii. 156. Quercus oblongifolia, viii. 75, 83 ; xiv. 103. Quercus Pryami, viii. 8. Quercus imbricaria, viii. 175 ; xiv. 104 ? Quercus oblongifolia, viii. 79. Quercus pseudo-coccifera, viii. 10. Quercus imbricaria, B spinulosa, viii. 175. Quercus oblongifolia, var. brevilobata, viii. 79. Quercus pubescens, viii. 8. Quercus imbricaria x coccinea, viii. 176. Quercus obovata, viii. 10. Quercus pumila, viii. 115. Quercus imbricaria x Marilandica, viii. 176. Quercus obtusa, viii. 169. Quercus pumila, var. sericea, vili. 115. Quercus imbricaria x nigra, viii. 176. Quercus obtusifolia, var. ? breviloba, viii. 71. Quercus pungens, viii. 75. Quercus imbricaria x palustris, viii. 177. Quercus obtusiloba, viii. 37. Quercus Pyrenaica, viii. 8. Quercus imbricaria x velutina, viii. 176. Quercus obtusiloba, var. parvifolia, viii. 41. Quercus Ransomi, viii. 79. Quercus incana, viii. 3, 10. Quercus occidentalis, viii. 3, 9. Quereus reticulata, viii. 91. Quercus infectoria, viii. 9. Quercus GErstediana, xiv. 103. ? Quercus reticulata, B Greggii, viii. 91. Quercus, insect enemies of, viii. 4, 11. ? Quercus Girstediana, viii. 27, 29. Quercus retusa, viii. 99. Quercus Ithaburensis, viii. 8. Quercus oleoides, viii. 99. Quercus Robur, viii. 3, 6. Quercus, its increase in North America, viii. Quercus oliveeformis, viii. 43. Quercus Robur, viii. 6. 5. Quercus oxyadenia, viii. 111. Quercus Robur pedunculata, viii. 6. Quercus Jacobi, viii. 29. Quercus pagodefolia, xiv. 51. Quereus Robur, subspec. pedunculata, viii. 6, Quercus Kelloggit, viii. 141. Quercus Palestina, viii. 10. Quercus Robur, subspec. sessiliflora, viii. 6. _ Quercus lanata, a incana, viii. 10. Quercus Palmeri, viii. 107. Quercus rotundifolia, viii. 7. Quercus laurifolia, viii. 169. Quercus palustris, viii. 151; xiv. 104. Quercus rubra, viii. 125. Quercus laurifolia hybrida, viii. 169. Quercus palustris, viii. 129. Quercus rubra, viii. 129, 141, 147. Quercus laurifolia, a acuta, viii. 169. Quercus palustris, 8 cucullata, viii. 151. Quercus rubra dissecta, viii. 151. Quercus laurifolia, 8 obtusa, viii. 169. Quercus parvula, viii. 119. Quercus rubra maxima, viii. 125. Quercus Leana, viii. 176. Quercus pedunculata, viii. 6. Quercus rubra montana, viii. 125. Quercus lobata, viii. 23. Quercus Persieca, viii. 8. ? Quercus rubra montana, viii. 147. Quercus lobata, subspec. fruticosa, viii. 27. Quercus Phellos, viii. 179. Quercus rubra nana, viii. 155. Quercus lobata, var. Breweri, viii. 27. Quercus Phellos (maritima), viii. 100. Quercus rubra ramosissima, viii. 151. Quercus lobata, var. Hindsit, viii. 23. Quercus Phellos (pumila), viii. 115. Quercus rubra, a viridis, viii. 125. Quercus longiglanda, viii. 23. Quercus Phellos sempervirens, viii. 99. Quercus rubra, b, viii. 125. Quercus Lusitanica, viii. 3, 6. Quercus Phellos (sylvatica), viii. 179. Quercus rubra, ¢ Schrefeldii, viii. 125. Quercus Lusitanica, a genuina, viii. 9. Quercus Phellos, ¢, viii. 99. Quercus rubra, a latifolia, viii. 125. Quercus Lusitanica, a infectoria, viii. 9. Quercus Phellos, a longifolia, viii. 179. Quercus rubra, B, viii. 125, 147. Quercus Lusitanica, subspec. Betica, a Mir- Quercus Phellos, « viridis, viii. 179. ? Quercus rubra, B coccinea, viii. 133. beckii, viii. 6. Quercus Phellos, B, viii. 99, 171. Quercus rubra, 8 Hispanica, viii. 147. Quercus lyrata, viii. 47. Quercus Phellos, 6 brevifolia, viii. 171. Quercus rubra, B runcinata, viii. 126. Quercus MacDonaldi, viii. 95. Quercus Phellos, 8 humilis, viii. 171. ? Quercus rubra, y Miihlenbergii, viii. 125. Quercus MacDonaldi, var. elegantula, viii. 95. Quercus Phellos, B imbricaria, viii. 175. Quercus rubra, y subserrata, viii. 125. Quercus macrocarpa, viii. 43 ; xiv. 103. Quercus Phellos, p latifolia, viii. 171. Quercus rubra, 8 heterophylla, viii. 125. Quercus macrocarpa, 8 abbreviata, viii. 48. Quercus Phellos, B sericea, viii. 171. Quercus rubra, ¢ aurea, viii. 125. Quercus macrocarpa, y minor, viii. 48. Quercus Phellos, 8 subimbricaria, viii. 181. Quercus rubra, var. Texana, viii. 129. Quercus macrocarpa, var. oliveformis, viii. 43. Quercus Phellos, y obtusifolia, viii. 99. Quercus rubra x digitata, viii. 126. Quercus macrolepis, viii. 8. Quercus Phellos, 8 subrepanda, viii. 179. Quercus rubra x imbricaria, viii. 126. Quercus marginata, viii. 11. Quercus Phellos, « nana, viii. 115. Quercus rubra Xx velutina, viii. 126. Quercus Marilandica, viii. 161. Quercus Phellos, ¢ sublobata, viii. 179. Quercus Rudkini, viii. 181. Quercus Marilandica x nana, viii. 162. Quercus Phellos, var. viii. 180. Quereus, saccharine exudations from, viii. 8. Quercus maritima, viii. 100. Quercus Phellos, var. arenaria, viii. 123. Quercus Sadleriana, viii. 61. Quercus, medical properties of, viii. 3. Quercus Phellos, var. laurifolia, viii. 169. Quercus Sagreana, viii. 99. Quercus Mexicana, y confertifolia, viii. 117. wercus Phellos x coccinea, viii. 180. Quercus San-Sabeana, viii. 71. ay 2 2 a Quercus Michauxii, viii. 67. Quercus Phellos x ilicifolia, viii. 181. Quercus, sections of, viii. 4. Quercus minor, viii. 37. Quercus Phellos x Marilandica, viii. 181. Quercus sempervirens, viii. 99. Juercus minor X alba, viii. 38. uercus Phellos x nana, viii Quercus sericea, viii. 115. ) Quercus Mirbeckit, viii. 6. Quercus Phellos x nigra, vi 181. Quercus serrata, viii. 3, 10. Quereus Mongolica, viii. 3, 6. Quercus Phellos x rubra, viii. 180. Quercus serrata, viii. 10. Quercus montana, viii. 51. Quercus Phellos x tinctoria, viii. 180. Quercus serrata, a Chinensis, viii. 10. Quercus Morehus, viii. 120. Quercus Phellos x velutina, viii. 180. Quercus serrata, 8 Roxburghii, viii. 10. Quercus Muehlenbergii, viii. 55. Quercus pinnatifida, viii. 10. Quercus sessiliflora, viii. 6. Quercus Muehlenbergii, var. humilis, viii. 59. | Quercus platanoides, viii. 63. Quercus sessiliflora, var. Mongpolica, viii. 6. Quercus myrtifolia, viii. 123 ; xiv. 103. Quercus prinoides, viii. 59. Quercus Shumardii, viii. 187. Quercus nana, vill. 155. Quercus prinoides, viii. 55. Quercus sinuata, viii. 144. ? Quercus nana, viii. 165. Quercus Prinus, viii. 51. Quercus Sonomensis, viii. 141. Quercus nana X coccinea, viii. 156. Quercus Prinus, viii. 67. Quercus spicata, viii. 91. Quercus nana xX velutina, viii. 156. Quercus Prinus acuminata, viii. 55. Quercus stellata, viii. 37, 41. Quercus Necei, viii. 29. Quercus Prinus Chincapin, viii. 59. Quercus stellata, 8 Floridana, viii. 37. Quercus nigra, viii. 165. Quercus Prinus discolor, viii. 63. Quercus stellata, y depressa, viii. 45. Quercus nigra, viii. 8, 137, 161. Quercus Prinus humilis, viii. 59. Quercus stellata, 8 Utahensis, viii. 33. Quercus nigra digitata, viii. 147. Quercus Prinus (monticola), viii. 51. Quercus stolonifera, viii. 8. Quercus nigra integrifolia, viii. 161. Quercus Prinus (palustris), viii. 67. Quercus Suber, viii. 3, 8. Quercus nigra trifida, viii. 165. Quercus Prinus (pumila), viii. 59. Quercus Tauzin, viii. 8. Quercus nigra, a aquatica, viii. 165. Quercus Prinus tomentosa, viii. 63. Quercus Texana, viii. 129; xiv. 104. Quercus nigra, B, viii. 161. Quercus Prinus, a, lata, viii. 51. Quercus tinctoria, viii. 137. Quercus nigra, p latifolia, viii. 161. ? Quercus Prinus, a parvifolia, viii. 51. Quercus tinctoria, a angulosa, viii. 137. Quercus nigra, B quinqueloba, viii. 161, Quercus Prinus, g bicolor, viii. 63. Quercus tinctoria, a discolor, viii. 137. Quercus nigra, B tridentata, viii. 176. ? Quercus Prinus, 8 oblongata, viii. 51. Quercus tinctoria, B magnifica, viii. 137. ? Quercus nigra, vy sinuata, viii. 144. Quercus Prinus, p platanoides, viii. 63. Quercus tinctoria, B sinuosa, viii. 137. Quercus tinctoria, y macrophylla, viii. 137. Quercus tinctoria, 8 nobilis, viii. 137. Quercus tinctoria, var. Californica, viii. 141. Quercus tomentella, viii. 109 ; xiv. 103. Quercus Toumeyi, viii. 93. Quercus Tournefortii, viii. 7. Quercus Toza, viii. 3, 7. Quercus triloba, viii. 147. Quercus Trojana, viii. 8. Quercus turbinella, viii. 75, 95. Quercus uliginosa, viii. 165. Quercus undulata, viii. 75. Quercus undulata, viii. 33, 71. Quercus undulata, a Gambelii, viii. 33. Quercus undulata, B obtusifolia, viii. 75. Quercus undulata, y Jamesii, viii. 75. Quercus undulata, y pedunculata, viii. 75. Quercus undulata, 5 grisea, viii. 87. Quercus undulata, § Wrightii, viii. 75. Quercus undulata, var. grisea, viii. 75, 87, 89. Quercus undulata, var. oblongata, viii. 75, 87. Quercus undulata, var. pungens, viii. 75, 95. Quercus Ungeri, viii. 8. Quercus vacciniifolia, viii. 106. Quercus Vallonea, viii. 8. Quercus velutina, viii. 137 ; xiv. 104. Quercus venustula, viii. 33. 2 Quercus villosa, viii. 37. Quercus virens, viii. 99. Quercus virens, var. dentata, viii. 101. Quercus virens, var. maritima, viii. 100. Quercus Virginiana, viii. 99. Quercus Virginiana, var. maritima, viii. 100. Quercus Virginiana, var. minima, viii. 101. Quercus Wislizeni, viii. 119. Quercus Wislizeni, var. frutescens, viii. 119. Quereus Wislizeni x Californica, viii. 120. Quercus Wislizeni x Kelloggii, viii. 120. Quick Beam, iv. 80. Racka, vi. 105. Railway ties from Pinus palustris, xi. 154. Raki, iv. 10. Ramularia albo-maculata, vii. 134. ° Ramularia Celtidis, vii. 65. Ramularia Hamamelidis, v. 2. Ramularia monilioides, ix. 86. Rattle Box, vi. 22. Rauwwolfia, vi. 101. Ravenel, Henry William, viii. 160. Ravyenelia, viii. 160. Reasoner, Pliny Ward, xiv. 77. Red Ash, vi. 49. Red Bay, vii. 4. Red Beech, ix. 23. Red Birch, ix. 61 ; xiv. 53. Redbud, iii. 95, 97. Red Cedar, x. 93, 129 ; xiv. 89, 93. Red Cedar oil, x. 95. Red Cypress, x. 154. Red Elm, vii. 52, 53 ; xiv. 41. Red Fir, xii. 87, 133, 137. Red Gum, v. 12. G Red Haw, xiii. 71, 81, 83, 85, 101, 113, 115, 117, 119, 125, 129, 133, 145, 181. Red Iron-wood, ii. 21. Red Maple, ii. 107 ; xiii. 11. Red Maple, distribution of, xiii. 11. Red Mulberry, vii. 79. Red Oak, viii. 125, 129 ; xiv. 51. Red Pine, xi. 67. Red Pine of Japan, xi. 7. Red Plum, iv. 15. GENERAL INDEX. Red Spruce, xii. 33. Red Stopper, v. 49. Redwood, x. 141. Rephesis, vii. 91. Resin, Hemlock, xii. 65. Resin of Liquidambar Formosan, v. 8. Resin of Liquidambar Styraciflua, v. 8. Resinous products of Pinus Pinaster, xi. 7. Retama, iii. 89. Retinia frustrana, xi. 117. Retinospora, x. 97. Retinospora filicoides, x. 98. Retinospora filifera, x. 99. Retinospora lycopodioides, x. 98. Retinospora obtusa, x. 98. Retinospora pisifera, x. 98. Retinospora squarrosa, x. 99. Retinosporas, Japanese, forms of, x. 99. FPeverchon, Julien, xiii. 175. Reynosia, ii. 19. Reynosia latifolia, ii. 21. Reynoso, Alvaro, ii. 19. Rhagium lineatum, xi. 11 ; xii. 25. RHAMNACEA, ii. 19. Rhamnidium, ii. 27. Rhamnidium ferreum, ii. 29. Rhamnidium revolutum, ii. 21. Rhamnus, ii. 31. Rhamnus alnifolia, ii. 37. Rhamnus Californica, ii. 37, 39. Rhamnus Californica, vax. rubra, ii. 37. Rhamnus Californica, vax. tomentella, ii. 39. Rhamnus Caroliniana, ii. 35; xiv. 99. Rhamnus cathartica, ii. 32. Rhamnus chlorophora, ii. 32. Rhamnus colubrina, ii. 47. Rhamnus crocea, ii. 33. Rhamnus crocea, ii. 34. Rhamnus ecrocea’ var. insularis, ii. 34. Rhamnus crocea, var. pilosa, ii. 33. Rhamnus Davurica, ii. 32. Rhamnus elliptica, i ii. 49. Rhamnus ferrea, ii. 29. Rhamnus Frangula, ii. 32, 36. Rhamnus iguaneus, vii. 64. Rhamnus ilicifolia, ii. 33. Rhamnus infectoria, ii. 32. Rhamnus insularis, ii. 34, Rhamnus levigatus, ii. 21. Rhamnus laurifolia, ii. 37. Rhamnus oleifolia, ii. 37. Rhamnous Purshiana, ii. 37; xiv. 8 Rhamnus Purshiana, var. ii. 39. 143 Rhododendron, y. 143. Rhododendron, v. 143. Rhododendron PALOMA, v. 145. Rhododendron Afghani y. 145. Rhododendron Anthopogon, v. 145. Rhododendron arborescens, y. 146. Rhododendron arboreum, v. 145. Rhododendron aureum, v. 145. Rhododendron azaleoides, v. 146. Rhododendron bicolor, v. 146. Bitedoitousens callonghdbseaia v. 146. Rhod i v. 146. Rhododendron panul y. 145. Rhododendron Camtschati v. 144. Rhododendron canescens, v. 146. Rhododendron Catawbiense, v. 147. Rhododendron chrysanthum, v. 145. Rhododendron cinnabarinum, y. 145. Rhododendron Due de Brabant, v. 150. Rhododendron eloeagnoides, v. 145. Rhododendron ferrugineum, v. 144. Rhododendron flavum, v. 145. Rhododendron, fungal enemies of, v. 147. Rhododendron hybrid, Delicatissimum, v. 150. ae Indicum, v. 146, 147. v. 147. ere Javanicum, v. 147. Rhododend y. 144, Rhododendron ee v. ‘Las. Rhododendron, Madame van Houtte, v. 150. Rhododendron maximum, v. 148. Rhododendron maximum, var. album, v. 149. Rhododendron maximum, var. purpureum, v. 149. Rhododendron maximum, var. roseum, v. 149. d medical p of, v. 145. en molle, v. 146. Rhododendron nudiflorum, v. 146. Rhododendron occidentale, v. 146. Rhododendron odoratum, v. 146. Rhododendron officinale, v. 145. Rhododend g Oh Ve 145. Rhododendron Ponticum, v. 147. Rhododendron Ponticum, v. 145. Rhododendron procerum, v. 148. Rhododendron purpureum, vy. 149. Rhododendron Purshii, v. 149. Rhododendron salignum, v. 145. Rhododendron Sinense, v. 146. bilan eetieee speciosum, vy. 147. RI dron viscosum, v. 146. Rhamnus rubra, ii. 37, 38. Rhamnus tinctoria, ii. 32. Rhamnus tomentella, ii. 39. Rhamnus utilis, ii. 32. Rhapis acaulis, x. 38. Rhetinophleum, iii. 81. Rhigia, vi. 113. Rhizococeus Quereus, viii. 11. Rhizophora, v. 13. Rhizophora Americana, v. 15. Rhizophora apiculata, v. 14. Rhizophora candelaria, v. 14. Rhizophora conjugata, v. 13. Rhizophora macrorrhiza, v. 14. Rhizophora Mangle, v. 15 ; xiv. 101. Rhizophora Mangle, v. 14. Rhizophora Mangle, a, v. 15. Rhizophora Mangle, var. racemosa, v. 15. Rhizophora mucronata, v. 14. Rhizophora racemosa, v. 15. RuIZOPHORACER, v. 13. Rhododendron Wellsianum, v. 150. Rhododendrons, Catawbiense, v. 146, 147. Rhododendrons, cultivated, v. 145. Rhododendrons, hybrid, v. 145. Rhododendrons, Javanese, v. 146, 147. Rhododendros, v. 129, 137. Rhodora, v. 143. Rhodorastrum, v. 144. Rhodoth Ke haticus, v. 144. Rhus, iii. 7. Rhus, iii. 1. Rhus aromatica, iii. 10. Rhus Canadensis, iii. 10 ; xiv. 99. Rhus copallina, iii. 19 ; xiv. 100. Rhus copallina, var. angustialata, iii. 21. Rhus copallina, var. angustifolia, iii. 21. Rhus copallina, var. integrifolia, iti. 21. Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata, iii. 20. Rhus copallina, var. latialata, iii. 21. Rhus copallina, var. latifolia, iii. 21. Rhus copallina, var. leucantha, iii. 21. 144 Rhus copallina, var. serrata, iii. 21. Rhus Coriaria, iii. 9. Rhus cotinoides, iii. 3. Rhus Cotinus, iii. 2, 3. Rhus glabra, iii. 9, 16. Rhus hirta, xiv. 99. Rhus hypselodendron, xiv. 99. Rhus integrifolia, iii. 27. Rhus integrifolia, iii. 10. Rhus integrifolia, var. serrata, iii. 27. Rhus leucantha, iii. 21. Rhus lucida, iii. 10. Rhus Metopium, iii. 13 ; xiv. 99. Rhus ovata, iii. 10. Rhus Oxymetopium, iii. 13. Rhus semialata, iii. 9, 10. Rhus succedanea, iii. 8. Rhus Toxicodendron, iii. 9, 10. Rhus Toxicodendron, poisonous properties of, ili. 10. Rhus typhina, iii. 15 ; xiv. 99. Rhus typhina, xiv. 99. Rhus typhina, B viridiflora, xiv. 100. Rhus typhina, var. arborescens, iii. 15. Rhus typhina, var. frutescens, iii. 15. Rhus venenata, iii. 23. Rhus vernicifera, iii. 8. Rhus Vernix, iii. 23. Rhus Verniz, iii. 8. Rhus viridiflorum, xiv. 99, 100. Rhus-tallow, iii. 9. Rhytisma acerinum, ii. 81. Rhytisma punctatum, ii. 81. Rhytisma salicinum, ix. 101. Rhytisma Sassafras, vii. 15. Rhytisma Vaceinii, v. 117. Riga Pine, xi. 5. Rigide, ix. 96. Ringschile, xi. 11. Ripselaxis, ix. 95. Ripsoctis, ix. 95. River Birch, ix. 61. Robertia, v. 163. Robin, Jean, iii. 38. Robin, Vespasien, iii. 38. Robinia, iii. 37. Robinia bella-rosea, iii. 46. Robinia dubia, iii. 46. Robinia fastigiata, iii. 42. Robinia fragilis, iii. 39. Robinia glutinosa, iii. 45. Robinia hispida, iii. 37. Robinia inermis, iii. 41. Robinia Neo-Mexicana, iii. 43. Robinia Pseudacacia, iii. 39. Robinia Pseudacacia, var. erispa, iii. 42. Robinia Pseudacacia, var. Decai i=} 42. Robinia Pseudacacia, var. dissecta, iii. 42. Robinia Pseudacacia, var. inermis, iii. 41. Robinia Pseudacacia, var. latisiliqua, iii. 42. GENERAL INDEX. Robinia Utterharit, iii. 41. Robinia viscosa, iii. 45. Robur, viii. 4. Rock Cedar, x. 91. Rock Chestnut Oak, viii. 51. Rock Elm, vii. 45, 47. Rock Maple, ii. 97. Rock Oak, viii. 56. Restelia aurantiaca, x. 73. Restelia Botryapites, x. 101. Restelia cornuta, iv. 70. Restelia pyrata, iv. 70, 84. Reestelie on Pyrus and Crategus, iv. 70, 84. Romaleum atomarium, vii. 64. Romans, Bernard, iv. 5. Rosace#, iv. 1; xiii. 21. Rose Apple, v. 41. Rose Bay, v. 148. Rosez, ix. 96. Rosemary Pine, xi. 113. Rosin, xi. 3. Rospidios, vi. 1. Rothrock, Joseph Trimble, viii. 92. Roumea coriacea, vii. 27. Rowan-tree, Scottish, iv. 69. Royal Palm, x. 31. Rusraces&, v. 103 ; xiv. 25. Rudbeckia, v. 23. Rugel, Ferdinand, ix. 110. Rugelia, ix. 110. Rugenia, v. 39. Rum Cherry, iv. 45. Running Oak, viii. 115. Russian Mulberry, vii. 76. Rust, Spruce, xii. 26. Rusts on Pyrus, iv. 70. Rutacea, i. 65. Rydberg, Per Axel, xiv. 69. Sabal, x. 37. Sabal Adansoni, x. 38. Sabal, economic properties of, x. 38. Sabal Etonia, x. 38. Sabal, fungal diseases of, x. 38. Sabal, germination of, x. 38. Sabal glabra, x. 38. Sabal Mexicana, x. 43. Sabal minor, x. 38. Sabal Palmetto, x. 41. Sabal Palmetto (?), x. 48. Sabal pumila, x. 38. Sabal serrulata, xiv. 76. Sabict, iii. 127. Sabina, x. 70. Sabina, x. 69. Sabina Bermudiana, x. 70. iii. Sabina Californica, x. 79. Sabina excelsa, x. 71. Sabina flaccida, x. 83. Sabina gigantea, x. 70, 141, 145. Sabina isophyllos, x. T1. Sabina Virginiana, x. 93. Sabine, Joseph, xi. 97. Sabinea, xi. 97. Sacidium Symploci, vi. 14. Sack-bearer, Larch, xii. 5. Sadler, John, viii. 62. SALICACEA, ix. 95. Salicine, ix. 100. Salix, ix. 95. Salix Aigyptiaca, ix. 98. Salix Alaxensis, xiv. 65. Salix alba, ix. 98. Salix alba, economic properties of, ix. 98. Salix alba in the United States, ix. 98. Salix alba, B, ix. 98. Salix alba, B vitellina, ix. 98. Salix alba, vy, ix. 98. Salix alba, subspec. Pameachiana, ix. 97. Salix alba, var. ccerulea, ix. 98." Salix alba x lucida, ix. 97. ? Salix ambigua, ix. 103. Salix amplexicaulis, ix. 100. Salix amplifolia, xiv. 67. Salix amygdaloides, ix. 111. Salix, androgynous aments of, ix. 95. Salix angustata, ix. 136. Salix angustata crassa, ix. 136. Salix arguta, ix. 116. Salix arguta lasiandra, ix. 115. Salix argyrocarpa x phylicifolia, ix. 97. Salix argyrophylla, ix. 124. Salix australis, ix. 98. Salix Austriaca, ix. 100. Salix balsamifera, xiv. 63. Salix balsamifera alpestris, xiv. 63. Salix balsamifera lanceolata, xiv. 63. Salix balsamifera typica, xiv. 63. Salix balsamifera vegeta, xiv. 63. Salix Baumgarteniana, ix. 100. Salix Bebbiana, ix. 131; xiv 104, Salix bifurcata, ix. 100. Salix Bigelovii, ix. 139. Salix Bigelovii, a latifolia, ix. 139. Salix Bigelovii, b angustifolia, ix. 189. Salix Bigelovii, var. fuscior, ix. 189. Salix bigemmis, ix. 99. Salix Bonplandiana, ix. 119. Salix Bonplandiana, B pallida, ix. 119. Salix Bonplandiana, subspec. pallida, ix. 119. Salix brachystachys, ix. 142. Salix brachystachys, 8 Scouleriana crassijulis, ix. 142 Salix brachystachys, subspec. Scouleriana, ix. 142. Salix brachystachys, subspec. Scouleriana tenuijulis, ix. 142. Salix Cantoniensis, ix. 98. Salix Capensis, ix. 98. Salix capreoides, ix. 142. Salix Carniolica, ix. 100. Salix Caroliniana, ix. 103. Salix cinerea, ix. 99. Salix coerulea, ix. 98. Salix concolor, ix. 100. Salix cordata, ix. 135. Salix cordata, 8 angustata, 1° discolor, ix. 107. Salix cordata, y Mackenzieana, ix. 135. Robinia Pseudacacia, var. macrophylla, iii.42. Sabina Mexicana, x. 70. Robinia Pseudacacia, var. microphylla, iii. Sabina occidentalis, x. 87. 42. - Sabina osteosperma, x. 79. Robinia Pseudacacia, var. monophylla, iii. Sabina pachyphlea, x. 85. 42. Sabina plochyderma, x. 85. Robinia Pseudacacia, var. pendula, iii. 42. Sabina polycarpos, x. T1. 5 Robinia Pseudacacia, var. pyramidalis, iii. Sabina procera, x. 70. Salix cordata, subspec. angustata, ix. 136. 42. : Sabina recurva, x. 70. Salix cordata, subspec. angustata discolor, ix. Robinia Pseudacacia, var. tortuosa, iii. 42. Sabina recurva, var. a, tenuifolia, x. 70. 136. ee Robinia Pseudacacia, var. umbraculifera, iii. Sabina recurva, var. B densa, x. 70. Salix cordata, subspec. angustata viridula, ix. 41. Sabina religiosa, x. 70. Robinia spectabilis, iii. 41. Sabina squamata, x. 71. Robinia stricta, iii. 42. Sabina tetragona, x. 91. Salix cordata, subspec. angustata vitellina, ix. Salix cordata, subspec. Mackenzieana, ix. 135. Salix cordata, subspec. rigida, ix. 136. Sali cordata, subspec. rigida, a latifolia, ix. 136. Salix cordata, subspec. rigida, b angustifolia, ix. 136. Salia cordata, subspec. rigida, d vestita, ix. 137. Salix cordata, var. balsamifera, xiv. 63. Salia cordata, var. lutea, ix. 136. Salix cordata, var. Mackenzieana, ix. 135. Salix cordata, var. myricoides, ix. 97. Salix cordata, var. rigida, ix. 136. Salix cordata, var. vestita, ix. 136, 137. Salix cordata x candida, ix. 97. Salix cordata x incana, ix. 97. Salix cordata x petiolaris, ix. 97. Saliz cordata x rostrata, 135. Salix cordata x sericea, ix. 97. Salix cordata x vagans, ix. 135. Salix Coulteri, ix. 149. Saliz crassa, ix. 184. Salix cuneata, ix. 149. Salix daphnoides, ix. 99. Salix daphnoides, economic p Oy), Salix decipiens, ix. 99. Salix discolor, ix. 133. Salix discolor, ix. 100. Salix discolor, subspec. eriocephala, ix. 134. Salix discolor, subspec. eriocephala var. parvi- flora, ix. 134. Salix discolor, subspec. eriocephala, var. rufescens, ix. 134. Salix discolor, subspec. prinoides, ix. 134. Salix discolor, var. eriocephala, ix. 134. Salix discolor, var. prinoides, ix. 134. Salix, economic properties of, ix. 100. Salix Elbrusensis, ix. 100. Salia eriocephala, ix. 134. Salix excelsa, ix. 99. Salix exigua, ix. 124. Salia falcata, ix. 97, 104. Salia Fendleriana, ix. 116. Saliz fissa, ix. 99. Salix flavescens, ix. 141, 142. Salix flavescens, var. capreoides, ix. 142. Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana, ix. 142. Salix flavo-virens, ix. 103. Saliz flexibilis, ix. 98. Salix fluviatilis, ix. 123. Salix fluviatilis, var. argyrophylla, ix. 124. Salix fluviatilis, var. exigua, ix. 124. Salix Forbyana, ix. 99. Saliz fragilior, ix. 99. Salix fragilis, ix. 99. Salix fragilis in the United States, ix. 99. Salix fragillima, ix. 99. Salix, fungal diseases of, ix. 101. Salix Gariepina, ix. 98. Salix Gmelini, ix. 99. Salix Helix, ix. 99. Salix heterophylla, ix. 98. Salix Hindsiana, ix. 127. Salix Hindsiana tenuifolia, ix. 127. Salix hippophaéfolia, ix. 100. Salix hirsuta, ix. 98. Salix Hoffmanniana, ix. 115. Salix Hookeriana, ix. 147. Sali Houstoniana, ix. 103. Salix Humboldtiana, ix. 97. Salix Humboldtiana, subspec. falcata, ix. 98. Salix Humboldtiana, subspec. Martiana, ix. 97. GENERAL INDEX. Salix Humboldtiana, subspee. oxyphylla, ix. Salix, hybrids of, ix. 97. Salix, insect enemies of, ix. 100. Salix Kochiana, ix. 100. Salix levigata, ix. 113. Salix levigata, var. angustifolia, ix. 113. alix levigata, var. congesta, ix. 113. Salix Lambertiana, ix. 99. Salix: lancifolia, ix. 116. Salix lasiandra, ix. 115. Salix lasiandra, var. caudata, ix. 116. Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana, ix. 116. Salia lasiandra, var. lancifolia, ix. 116. Salix lasiandra, var. Lyallii, ix. 116. Salix lasiandra, var. typica, ix. 115. Salix lasiolepis, ix. 139. Saliz lasiolepis, var. Bigelovit, ix. 139, 140. Saliz lasiolepis, var. (?) fallas, ix. 139, 140, Salix Ledebouriana, ix. 100. Salix ligustrina, ix. 103. Salix longifolia, ix. 99, 123. Salix longifolia angustissima, ix. 124. Salia longifolia argyrophylla, ix. 124. . Salix longifolia opaca, ix. 124. Salix longifolia pedicellata, ix. 123. Salix longifolia, var. exigua, ix. 124. Salix longipes, ix. 109. ? Salix longipes pubescens, ix. 103. Salix longistylis, xiv. 65. Salix lucida, ix. 121. Sali lucida angustifolia lasiandra, ix. 116. Salix lucida latifolia, ix. 121. Salix lucida ovatifolia, ix. 121. Salix lucida pilosa, ix. 121. Salia lucida rigida, ix. 121. Salix lucida tenuis, ix. 121. Salix lucida, subspec. macrophylla, ix. 116. Salia lucida, var. angustifolia, forma pilosa, ix, 121. Salix lutea, ix. 136. Salix Madagascariensis, ix. 98. Salix Magellanica, ix. 97. Salix Martiana, ix. 97. Salix, medical properties of, ix. 100. Salix membranacea, ix. 99. Salix microphylla, ix. 129. Salix mirabilis, ix. 100. Salix Missouriensis, ix. 137 ; xiv. 104. Saliz mollissima, ix. 99. Salix monadelpha, ix. 100. Salix monandra, ix. 99. Salix Monspeliensis, ix. 99. Salix mucronata, ix. 98. Salix myricoides, ix. 97, 136. Salia myricoides, a cordata, ix. 136. Salix myricoides, b rigida, ix. 136. Salix myricoides, ¢ angustata, ix. 136. Salix Nevadensis, ix. 123. Salix nigra, ix. 103. Sali nigra amygdaloides, ix. 111. Salix nigra venulosa, ix. 109. Salix nigra, a angustifolia, 8 longifolia, ix. 103. Salix nigra, b latifolia, a brevijulis, ix. 103. Salix nigra, b latifolia, pg longijulis, ix. 103. Salix nigra, b latifolia, y brevifolia, ix. 103. Salix nigra, b latifolia, y brevifolia testacea, ix. 103. Sali nigra, p latifolia, ix. 103. Salix nigra, subspec. longipes, ix. 109. 2 Salix nigra, subspec. longipes gongylocarpa, ix. 103. Salia nigra, subspec. longipes venulosa, ix. 109. 145 Salix nigra, subspec. marginata, ix. 103. Salix nigra, subspec. Wrightii, ix. 109. Salix nigra, var. falcata, ix. 104. Salix nigra, var. Wardi, ix. 107. Salix nigra x alba, ix: 97. Salix nigra x amygdaloides, ix. 97. Salix Nuttallii, ix. 141. Salix Nuttallii, var. brachystachys, ix. 142. Salia Nuttallii, var. capreoides, ix. 142. Salix occidentalis, ix. 109. Salix occidentalis, var. longipes, ix. 109. Saliz olivacea, ix. 99. Salix oppositifolia, ix. 100. Salix oxyphylla, ix. 97. Salix pallida, ix. 98, 100, 119. Salix pendulina, ix. 100. Salix pentandra, (?) ix. 103. Salix pentandra, g caudata, ix. 116. Salix persicifolia, ix. 99. Salix petiolaris x candida, ix. 97. Salix Piperi, ix. 145. Salix Pomeranica, ix. 99. Salix Pontederana, ix. 100. Salia proecoz, ix. 99. Salix pratensis, ix. 99. Salix prinoides, ix. 134. Salix purpurea, ix. 99. Salix purpurea, » Lambertiana, ix. 100. Salia Purshiana, ix. 104. Salix pyrifolia, xiv. 63. Salix Reuter, ix. 99. Salix rigida, ix. 136. Salix rosea, ix. 100. Salix rostrata, ix. 181. Salix rubra, ix. 99, 123. Salix Russelliana, ix. 99. Salix Scouleriana, ix. 142, 149. Salix sensitiva, ix. 133. Salix serotina, ix. 99. Salix sessilifolia, ix. 127. Salia sessilifolia Hindsiana, ix. 127. Salix sessilifolia, B villosa, ix. 127. Salix Sitchenis, ix. 149; xiv. 105. Salix Sitchensis congesta, ix. 149. Salix Sitchensis denudata, ix. 149, Salix speciosa, ix. 116 ; xiv. 65. Salix speciosa, 8 Alaxensis, xiv. 65. Salix splendens, ix. 98. Salix taxifolia, ix. 129. Salix: taxifolia, var. a sericocarpa, ix. 129. Salia taxifolia, var. B leiocarpa, ix. 129. Salia tenuijulis, ix. 100. Salix Torreyana, ix. 136. Salix vagans, b occidentalis, ix. 131. Salix vagans, 8 rostrata, ix. 131. Salix vagans, subspec. rostrata, ix. 131. Salix viminalis, ix. 99. Salix virescens, ix. 99. ? Salia virgata, ix. 103. Sali vitellina, ix. 98. Salix Wardi, ix. 107 ; xiv. 104. Salix Wargiana, ix. 99. Salix Wimmeriana, ix. 100. Salix Woolgariana, ix. 100. Sali« Wrightii, ix. 109. Samarpses, vi. 25. Samarpses triptera, vi. 55. Sambucus, v. Sambucus adnata, v. 86. ? Sambucus australis, v. 86. Sambucus bipinnata, v. 86. Sambucus bipinnata, v. 89. Sambucus Californica, v. 91. 2 Sambucus callicarpa, v. 91. 146 Sambucus Canadensis, v. 88. Sambucus Canadensis, var. Mexicana, v. 88. Sambucus cerulea, v. 91, 92. Sambucus Chinensis, v. 86. Sambucus Ebulus, v. 86. Sambucus, fungal enemies of, v. 86. Samb Gaudichaudi v. 86 Sambucus glauca, v. 91 ; xiv. 101. Sambucus glauca, v. 88, 89. Sambucus graveolens, v. 86. Sambucus humilis, v. 89. Sambucus Javanica, vy. 86. Sambucus Madeirensis, v. 86. Sambucus Mexicana, v. 88, 91. Sambucus nigra, v. 86. Sambucus nigra, v. 85, 89. Sambucus Palmensis, v. 86. Sambucus Peruviana, v. 86. ‘Sambucus pubens, v. 85. Sambucus pubens, var. arborescens, v. 85. Sambucus pubescens, v. 85. Sambucus racemosa, v. 85. Sambucus repens, v. 89. Sambucus Thunbergiana, v. 86. Sambucus velutina, v. 88. Sambucus vulgaris, v. 86. Sambucus Williamsii, v. 85. Sambucus xanthocarpa, v. 86. Sand. Jack, viii. 172. Sand Pine, xi. 127. Sand-bar Willow, ix. 123. Sandhill Haw, xiii. 161. Saperda bivittata, iv. 70. Saperda calcarata, ix. 155. Saperda discoidea, vii. 133. Saperda tridentata, vii. 41. Saperda vestita, i. 50. SAPINDACEA, ii. 51 ; xiii. 3. Sapindus, ii. 67. Sapindus acuminatus, ii. 71 ; xiii. 5, 6. Sapindus Drummondi, xiii. 5. Sapindus Drummondi, ii. 71. Sapindus falcatus, ii. 71 ; xii. 5. Sapindus lucidus, ii. 75. Sapindus Manatensis, ii. 71 ; xiii. 5. Sapindus marginatus, ii. 71 ; xiii. 5. Sapindus marginatus, xiii. 6. Sapindus Mukorossi, ii. 68. Sapindus Saponaria, ii. 69. Sapindus Saponaria, ii. 71 ; xiii. 5, 6. Sapindus Saponaria, detersive properties of, ii. 68. Sapindus trifoliatus, ii. 68. Saporaces, v. 159. Sapota costata, v. 163. Sapota Mulleri, v. 182. Sapota nigra, vi. 3. Sarcomphalus, ii. 31. g, inne (Chain Sarcoyucea, x. 3. Sargentia Aricocca, x. 34. Sargent’s Hemlock, xii. 66. Sariava, vi. 13. Sassafras, vii. 13, 17. Sassafras albidum, vii. 17. Sassafras, fungal diseases of, vii. 15. Sassafras, insect enemies of, vii. 15. Sassafras, medical properties of, vii. 14, 15. Sassafras officinale, vii. 17. Sassafras, oil of, vii. 14. Sassafras Sassafras, vii. 17; xiv. 102. Sassafras variifolium, vii. 17. Satinwood, i. 71. , Hi, 35. sar GENERAL INDEX. Saul’s Oak, viii. 18. Savict, iii. 127. Savin, x. 93. Savin oil, x. 72. Sawara, x. 99. Saw-fly, Larch, xii. 5. SAXIFRAGACEA, iv. 133. Scale, Fluted, vii. 20. Scarlet Haw, iv. 95, 99 ; xiii. 61, 93, 103, 109, 139, 148, 147. Scarlet Maple, ii. 107. Scarlet Oak, viii. 133. Sceura, vi. 105. Sceura marina, vi. 106. Schaeffer, Jakob Christian, ii. 15. Scheefferia, ii. 15. Schefferia buaxtfolia, ii. 17. Scheefferia completa, ii. 17. Schefferia cuneata, ii. 15. Scheefferia frutescens, ii. 17. Scheefferia lateriflora, vii. 27. Schinus Fagara, i. 73. Schizoneura Americana, vii. 41. Schizoneura pinicola, xi. 11. Schizoneura tessellata, ix. 70. Schmalzia, iii. 7. Schollera, v. 115. Schollera Oxycoccus, v. 116. Schott, Arthur Carl Victor, x. 18. Schousboa commutata, v. 29. Schubertia, x. 149. Schubertia disticha, x. 151. Schubertia distichia, B, x. 152. Schubertia disticha, y, x. 152. Schubertia sempervirens, x. 141. Sciadophila, ii. 31. Sciadophyllum Jacquinii, i. 42. Sciapteron robinia, iii. 38. Sclerocladus, v. 167. Sclerocladus tenax, v. 169. Scleroderris Sequoia, x. 140. Sclerozus tenaz, v. 169. Scolytus Fagi, vii. 64. Scolytus 4-spinosus, vii. 133. Scolytus unispinosus, xii. 84. Scopelosoma Moffatiana, v. 2. Scoria, vii. 131, 184. Scorias spongiosa, ix. 124. Scotch Fir, xi. 5. Scotch Pine, xi. 5. Seouler, John, ix. 66. Scouleria, ix. 66. Screw Bean, iii. 107. Screw-pod Mesquite, iii. 107. Scrub Oak, viii. 75, 95, 123, 145, 155. Serub Pine, xi. 89, 123. Scurfy Bark-louse, iv. 70. Scutia ferrea, ii. 21, 29. Sea Grape, vi. 115. Seaside Alder, ix. 81. Sebastiania lucida, vii. 30. Sebesten, vi. 67. Sebestena officinalis, vi. 68. Sebestena scabra, vi. 71. Sebestens, vi. 68. Seiridium Liquidambaris, v. 9. Selandria Cerasi, iv. 11. Selandria Quercus-alba, viii. 12. . Semidopsis, ix. 67. Semiothisa bisignata, xi. 11. Senneberia, vii. 9. Septoria acerina, ii. 81. Septoria cerasina, iv. 12. Septoria cornicola, v. 65. Septoria Liquidambaris, v. 9. Septoria ochroleuea, ix. 10, Septoria Symploci, vi. 14. Septoria Yucew, x. 5. Septospheria Maclure, vii, 87. Sequoia, x. 189 ; xiv. 106. Sequoia, fungal diseases of, x. 140. Sequoia gigantea, x. 141, 145. Sequoia, insect enemies of, x, 140, Sequoia religiosa, x. 141. Sequoia sempervirens, x. 141 5 xiv. 106. Sequoia Wellingtonia, x. 145 ; xiv. 106. Sequoia Wellingtonia, weeping, x. 147. Sequoyah, x. 140. Serenoa, vii. 108 ; xiv. 75. Serenoa arborescens, xiv. 77. Serenoa, fungal diseases of, xiv. 76. Serenoa serrulata, xiv. 76. Serenoa serrulata, economic properties of, xiv. 76. Serenoa serrulata, medical properties of, xiv. 76. Service Berry, iy. 127, 131. Seventeen-year Cicada, viii. 11. Shad Bush, iy. 127. Shagbark Hickory, vii. 153 ; xiv. 45. She Balsam, xii. 105. Sheepberry, v. 96. Shellbark, Big, vii. 157. Shellbark, Bottom, vii. 157. Shellbark Hickory, vii. 153. Sherard, James, i. 77. Shibu, vi. 4. Shii-take, cultivation of, viii. 11. Shillings, bay, xi. 20. Shin Oak, viii. 27, 33, 75. Shingle Oak, viii. 175. Shining Willow, ix. 121. Shittim-wood, ii. 38. Short-leaved Pine, xi. 143. Siberian Spruce, xii. 25. Sideroxylon chrysophylloides, v. 169. Sideroxylon decandrum, -v. 178. Sideroxylon leve, v. 173. Sideroxrylon lanuginosum, v. 171. Sideroxylon lycioides, vy. 173. Sideroxylon reclinatum, v. 168. Sideroxylon salicifolium, v. 179. Sideroxylon sericeum, v. 169. Sideroxylon tenazx, v. 169. 2? Sideroxylon tenaz, v. 171. Sideroxylum, v. 163. Sideroxylum attenuatum, vy. 164. Sideroxylum costatum, v. 163. Sideroxylum dulcificum, v. 164. Sideroxylum inerme, v. 163. Sideroxylum Mastichodendron, y. 165. Sideroxylum Mermulana, v. 163. Sideroxylum pallidum, v. 165. Sieber, Franz Wilhelm, v. 164. Siliquastrum, iii. 93, 94. Siliquastrum cordatum, iii. 95. Silk-culture, vii. 76. Silk-top Palmetto, x. 51. Silk-worms, Oak, viii. 3. Silk-worms on Toxylon, vii. 87. Silver Bell Tree, vi. 21, 23. Silver Fir, xii. 129. Silver Maple, ii. 103. Silver-top Palmetto, x. 53. Simarouba, i. 90. Simaruba, i. 89. Simaruba amara, i. 89. _ Simaruba glauca, i. 89, 91. LEY Simaruba medicinalis, i. 91. Simaruba officinalis, i. 91. Simaruba Tule, i. 89. Simaruba versicolor, i. 89. SIMARUBE, i. 89. Sinoxylon basilare, vii. 133. Sinoxylon decline, vii. 20. Siphoneugena, v. 39. Siphonophora liriodendri, i. 18. Sitka Cypress, x. 115. Sitka Spruce, xii. 55. Slash Pine, xi. 113, 157. Slippery Elm, i. 47 ; vii. 53. Sloe, iv. 10, 27, 33; xiii. 21, 23, Sloe, Black, iv. 33. Small, John Kunkel, xiii. 21. Small-fruited Haw, iv. 105. Smerinthus Juglandis, vii. 116. Smilia Castanez, ix. 10. Smoke-tree, iii. 2. Snake Spruces, xii. 24. Snowdrop Tree, vi. 22, 23. Soapberry, ii. 69, 71 ; xiii. 5. Soft Maple, ii. 103. Sokolofia, ix. 95. Soledad Pine, xi. 71. Solenandra, v. 103. Solenostigma, vii. 63. Solenostigma, vii. 63. Solenotinus, v. 93. Solenotinus, v. 98. Sophora, iii. 59. Sophora affinis, iii. 65. Sophora chrysophylla, iii. 60. Sophora Europea, iii. 60. Sophora glauca, iii. 60. Sophora heptaphylla, iii. 60. Sophora Japonica, iii. 60. ? Sophora Kentuckea, xiv. 100. Sophora secundiflora, iii. 63. Sophora secundiflora, economic uses of, iii. Sophora Sinica, iti. 60. Sophora speciosa, iii. 63. Sophora tetraptera, iii. 60. Sophora tomentosa, iii. 60. Sophora velutina, iii. 60. Sophori, iii. 60. Sorbus, iv. 67 Sorbus, iv. 67. Sorbus Amelanchier, iv. 125. Sorbus Americana, iv. 79. Sorbus Americana, var. microcarpa, iv. 80. Sorbus aucuparia, iv. 69, 79, 81. Sorbus aucuparia, B, xiv. 101. Sorbus aucuparia, var. Americana, iv. 79. Sorbus aucuparia, var. a, 80. Sorbus aucuparia, var. B, 81. Sorbus microcarpa, iv. 80. Sorbus occidentalis, iv. 82. Sorbus pumila, iv. 82. Sorbus riparia, iv. 80. Sorbus sambucifolia, iv. 81. Sorbus Sitchensis, iv. 81. Sorrel Tree, v. 135. Soulard Crab, iv. 72. Sour Gum, v. 77. Sour Tupelo, v. 79. Sour Wood, v. 135. Soursop, i. 27. Southern Pine, xi. 151. Soymida febrifuga, i. 101. Spanish Bayonet, x. 6, 9. Spanish Buckeye, ii. 65. GENERAL INDEX. Spanish Chestnut, ix. 9. Spanish Dagger, x. 9, 18, 15, 17, 23, 27. Spanish Oak, viii. 147. Spanish Oak, Swamp, xiv. 51. Spanish Stopper, v. 43. Spanish Wild Cherry, iv. 54. Sparkleberry, v. 119. Spherella laricina, xii. 5. Spherella Maclure, vii. 87. Spherella sabaligena, x. 38. Spherella Taxodii, x. 150. Spherella Umbellulariz, vii. 20. Spheria Cacti, xiv. 13. Spheria collecta, vii. 87. Spheeria Collinsii, iv. 126. Sphzria morbosa, iv. 12. Sphzronema Robinie, iii. 38. Sphzronema Spina, vi. 27. Spheropsis Gleditschie, iii. 74, Spheropsis mamillaris, iii. 74. Spheeropsis minima, ii. 81. Spheerotheca lanestris, viii. 13, Spherotheca phytoptophylla, vii. 65. Sphenocarpus, v. 27. Sphinx Catalpz, vi. 84. Sphinx drupiferarum, iv. 11. Sphyrapicus varius, ii. 109. Spice Tree, vii. 21. Spindle-tree, ii. 10, 12. Spiniluma, v. 163. Spinner, Chestnut, ix. 9. Spirea Californica, iv. 59. Spirits of turpentine, xi. 9. Sponioceltis, vii. 63. Spoon Wood, v. 140. Sporocybe Robinie, iii. 38. Spruce beer, xii. 31. Spruce, Black, xii. 28. Spruce, Blue, xii. 47. Spruce, Colorado, xii. 47. Spruce, Douglas, xii. 87. Spruce, Engelmann, xii. 43. Spruce, European, xii. 23. Spruce gum, xii. 31. Spruce, Himalayan, xii. 22. Spruce, Norway, xii. 24. Spruce, Patton, xii. 77. Spruce Pine, xi. 127, 131, 146. Spruce, Red, xii. 33. Spruce Rust, xii. 26. Spruce, Siberian, xii. 25. Spruce, Sitka, xii. 55. Spruce, Tideland, xii. 55. Spruce, Weeping, xii. 51. Spruce, White, xii. 37, 43. Spruce-bud Worn, xii. 25. Spruce-cone Worm, xii. 25. Spruces, Snake, xii. 24. Stag Bush, v. 99. Staghorn Sumach, iii. 15. Star-apple, v. 160. Star-leaved Gum, vy. 12. Steganoptycha claypoleana, ii. 53. Steganoptycha pinicolana, xii. 5. Steganoptycha Ratzburgiana, xii. 25. Stemmatosiphum, vi. 13. Stenocalyzx, v. 39. Stenocalyx Michelii, v. 41. Stenosphenus notatus, vii. 133. Stictis versicolor, x. 140. Stink-hout, the, vii. 10. Stinking Cedar, x. 57. Stisseria, v. 181. Stone Pine, xi. 9. 147 Stopper, v. 45, 47. Stopper, Gurgeon, v. 43. Stopper, Red, v. 49. Stopper, Spanish, v. 43. Stopper, White, v. 45. Storax, liquid, v. 8. Strasburg Turpentine, xii. 100. Streptothrix atra, x. 73. Striped Maple, ii. 85. Strobus, xi. 4. Strobus, xi. 1. Strombocarpa cinerascens, iii. 99. Strombocarpa odorata, iii. 107. Strombocarpa pubescens, iii. 107. Strong Back, vi. 77. Strong Bark, vi. 78. Strongylocalyx, v. 39. Strychnodaphne, vii. 9. Stump growth of Pinus, xi. 4. Styphnolobium, iii. 59. Styphnolobium affine, iii. 65. Styphnolobium Japonicum, ii. 60. Styphonia, iii. 11. Styphonia, iti. 7. Styphonia integrifolia, iii. 10, 27. Styphonia serrata, ii. 27. Sryraces#, vi. 13. Styrax liquida folio minore, v. 8. Suber, viii. 4. Sucker City Plum, iv. 24. Sugar Apple, i. 27. Sugarberry, vii. 67, 71. Sugar Maple, ii. 97 ; xiii. 7. ‘ Sugar of Pinus Lambertiana, xi. 29. Sugar Pine, xi. 27. Sumag, iii. 11. Sumach, iii. 19. Sumach, Coral, iii. 14. Sumach of commerce, iii. 9. Sumach, Poison, iii. 23. Sumach, Staghorn, iii. 15. Sumach, Venetian, iii. 2. Sumach-beetle, Jumping, iii. 10. Summer Haw, iv. 113,114 ; xiii. 165. Surinam Cherry, v. 41. Suwarro, v. 53. Swamp Ash, vi. 55. Swamp Bay, i. 5; vii. 7. Swamp Cottonwood, ix. 163. Swamp Elm, vii. 45. Swamp Hickory, vii. 141. Swamp Pine, xi. 157. . Swamp Spanish Oak, viii. 151; xiv. 51. Swamp White Oak, viii. 47, 63. Swartz, Olof, v. 44. Swartzia, v. 44. Swedish Juniper, x. 78. Sweet Bay, i. 5. Sweet Birch, ix. 52. Sweet Buckeye, ii. 59. Sweet Fern, ix. 84. Sweet Fern, medical properties of, ix. 84. Sweet Gum, v. 10. Sweet Leaf, vi. 15. Sweet Locust, iii. 77. Sweetsop, i. 27. Swieten, Gerard von, i. 99. Swietenia, i. 99. Swietenia Angolensis, i. 99. Swietenia humilis, i. 99. Swietenia macrophylla, i. 99, 100. Swietenia Mahagoni, i. 99, 100. Sycamore, vii. 102, 103, 105, 107, 109. Sycidium, vii. 92. 148 Sycomorphe, vii. 91. Sycomorus, vii. 103. Sycomorus, vii. 91. Sycomorus antiquorum, vii. 98. Syllysium, v. 39. Sylvestres, xi. 4. Symplocos, vi. 13. Symplocos, vi. 13. Symplocos Alstonia, vi. 14. Symplocos crategoides, vi. 14. Symplocos, economic uses of, vi. 14. Symplocos, fungal enemies of, vi. 14. Symplocos Hamiltoniana, vi. 14. Symplocos Loha, vi. 14. Symplocos, medical properties of, vi. 14. Symplocos nervosa, vi. 14. Symplocos phyllocalyx, vi. 14. Symplocos polycarpa, vi. 14. Symplocos propinqua, vi. 14. Symplocos racemosa, vi. 14. Symplocos spicata, vi. 14. Symplocos theeformis, vi. 14. Symplocos tinctoria, vi. 15. Syncedris, viii. 1. Synandre, ix. 97. Synarrhena, v. 181. Synchytrium Vaccinii, v. 147. Synecia, vii. 92. Synecia, vii. 91. Syzygium, v. 39. Syzygium Jambolanum, vy. 41. Table-Mountain Pine, xi. 135. Tacamahac, ix. 167. Tacamahaca, ix. 152. Teda, xi. 4. Tallow, Rhus, iii. 9. Tamala, vii. 1. Tamala Borbonia, vii. 4. Tamala palustris, vii. 7. Tamarack, xii. 7, 11, 15. Tamarack Pine, xi. 90. Tamarind, Wild, iii. 129. Tamarinds, Manilla, iii. 132. Tan Bark Oak, viii. 183. Tan-bark, viii. 6. Tanibouca, v.19. Taphrina ccerulescens, viii. 13 ; ix. 2. Taphrina deformans, iv. 12. Taphrina deformans, var. Wiesneri, iv. 12. Taphrina Ostrye, ix. 32. Taphrina Pruni, iv. 12. Taphrina purpurascens, iii. 10, Taphrina rhizophora, ix. 156. War, =a, 3,.9,9. Tar of Juniper, x. 72. Tassajo, xiv. 17. Tauzin, viii. 8. TAXACEA, x. 55. Taxine, x. 63. Taxodium, x. 149. Taxodium ascendens, x. 152. Taxodium, buds of, x. 149. Taxodium, economic properties of, x. 150. Taxodium distichum, x. 151. Taxodium distichum, x. 150. Taxodium distichum Mexicanum, x. 150. Taxodium distichum pendulum, x. 152. Taxodium distich Taxodium distichum, A patens, x.151. Taxodium distichum, var. imbricarium, x. 152. Taxodium, dry rot of, x. 150. Taxodium, fungal diseases of, x. 150. Sinense pendulum, x. 152. GENERAL INDEX. Taxodium giganteum, x. 145. Taxodium, insect enemies of, x. 150. Taxodium Mexicanum, x. 150. Taxodium microphyllum, x. 152. Taxodium mucronulatum, x. 150. Taxodium sempervirens, x. 141. Taxodium sempervirens ?, xii. 129. Taxodium Sinense, x. 152. Taxodium Sinense, y pendulum, x. 152, Taxodium Washingtonianum, x. 145. Taxus, x. 61. Taxus baccata, x. 62. Taxus baccata, x. 63, 65. Taxus baccata adpressa, x. 62. Taxus baccata cuspidata, x. 63. Taxus baceata Dovastonii, x. 62. Taxus baceata, economic properties of, x. 62. Taxus baccata fastigiata, x. 62. Taxus baccata, poisonous properties of, x. 63. Taxus baccata, B, x. 63. Taxus baccata, 8 minor, x. 63. Taxus baccata, var. Canadensis, x. 63, 65. Taxus baccata, var. microcarpa, x. 62. Taxus baccata, var. a brevifolia, x. 65. Taxus Boursieri, x. 65. Taxus brevifolia, x. 65. Taxus Canadensis, x. 63. Taxus Canadensis, x. 65. Taxus cuspidata, x. 62. Taxus, economic properties of, x. 63. Taxus Floridana, x. 67. Taxus, fungal diseases of, x. 63. Taxus globosa, x. 63. Taxus Lindleyana, x. 65. Taxus lugubris, x. 62. Taxus minor, x. 63. Taxus montana, x. 58, 67. Taxus nucifera, x. 56, 62. Taxus orientalis, x. 62. Taxus polyplea, x. 62. Taxus tardiva, x. 63. Taxus Wallichiana, x. 62. Teichospora Opuntiz, xiv. 13. Telea Polyphemus, viii. 12 ; ix. 32, Teleiandra, vii. 9. Telesmia, ix. 95. Tenorea, vii. 91. Tent-caterpillar, Forest, ix. 24. Tephrocactus, xiv. 9. Teras hastiana, vii. 87. Teras variana, xii. 25. Terminalia, y. 19. Terminalia, v. 19, 23. Terminalia Belerica, v. 20. Terminalia Buceras, v. 21. Terminalia Catappa, v. 20. Terminalia Chebula, v. 20. Tesota, iii. 49. Tetracheilos, iii. 115. Tetraneura Ulmi, vii. 41. Tetranthera albida, vii. 17. Tetranthera? Californica, vii. 21. Tetranychus telarius, viii. 12 ; xii. 5. Tetrasperme, ix. 96. Thatch, xiy. 81. Thatch, Brittle, x. 53 ; xiv. 87. Therina fervidaria, vi. 20. Therorhodion, v. 144. Thomas, David, vii. 48. Thorn, Cockspur, iv. 91; xiii. 39. Thorn, Newcastle, iv. 91. Thorn, Washington, iv. 107. Thorn, White, iv. 95. Three-thorned Acacia, iii. 75. Thrinax, x. 49; xiv. 79. Thrinaz, xiv. 85. Thrinax argentea, x. 53; xiy. 85, 87. Thrinaz argentea, var. Garberi, xiv. 85. Thrinax, economic properties of, x. 50. Thrinax excelsa, xiv. 79. Thrinazx excelsa, xiv. 81. Thrinax Floridana, xiv. 81. Thrinax Garberi, x. 50. Thrinax Garberi, xiv. 85. Thrinax Keyensis, xiy. 83. Thrinax microcarpa, x. 53; xiv. 80. Thrinax parviflora, x. 51; xiv. 79. Thrinazx parviflora, xiv. 81, 87. Thrinaz radiata, xiv. 85. Thuia, x. 125. Thuicecarpus, x. 69. Thuiccarpus juniperinus, x. 75. Thuiopsis borealis, x. 115. Thuja, x. 125. Thujin, x. 124. Thujopsis, x. 97. Thujopsis borealis, x. 116. Thujopsis ? Standishii, x. 124. Thujopsis Tchugatskoy, x. 116. Thujopsis Tchugatskoyc, x. 116. Thurber, George, iii. 36. ° Thurberia, iii. 36. Thuya, x. 123. Thuya, x. 97, 183. Thuya acuta, x. 124, Thuya Andina, x. 134. Thuya Chilensis, x. 134. Thuya Craigana, x. 185. Thuya decora, x. 124. Thuya Doniana, x. 184. Thuya, economic uses of, x. 124. Thuya eacelsa, x. 115. Thuya filiformis, x. 124. Thuya, fungal diseases of, x. 124. Thuya gigantea, x. 129 ; xiv. 105. Thuya gigantea, x. 124, 185, 136. Thuya gigantea, var. Japonica, x. 124, Thuya, insect enemies of, x. 124, Thuya Japonica, x. 124. Thuya Lobbiana, x. 130. Thuya Lobbii, x. 130. Thuya Menziesii, x. 129. Thuya obtusa, x. 98, 126. Thuya occidentalis, x. 126 ; xiv. 105. Thuya odorata, x. 126. Thuya orientalis, x. 124. Thuya orientalis, var. 6 pendula, x. 124. Thuya pendula, x. 124. Thuya pisifera, x. 98. Thuya pisifera, var. filifera, x. 99. Thuya pisifera, var. squarrosa, x. 99. Thuya plicata, xiv. 105. Thuya plicata, x. 129, 130 ; xiv. 106. Thuya procera, x. 126. Thuya spheeroidalis, x. 111. Thuya spheroidea, x. 111. Thuya Standishii, x. 124. Thuya tetragona, x. 134. Thuyopsis, x. 98. Thya, x. 125. Thyridopteryx ephemereformis, x. 73, 124, Thyrsosma, v. 93. Tideland Spruce, xii. 55. Tilia, i. 49. Tilia alba, i. 50, 57. Tilia Americana, i. 52. Tilia Americana, i. 55. Tilia Americana Moltke, i. 53. & Tilia Americana, var. heterophylla, i. 57. Tilia Americana, var. pubescens, i. 55. Tilia Americana, var. Walteri, i. 55. Tilia argentea, i. 50. Tilia Canadensis, i. 52. Tilia Caroliniana, i. 52. Tilia dasystyla, i. 50. Tilia euchlora, i. 50. Tilia glabra, i. 52. Tilia grata, i. 55. Tilia heterophylla, i. 50, 57; xiv. 97. Tilia heterophylla-nigra, i. 57. Tilia heterophylla, var. alba, i. 57. Tilia hybrida superba, i. 53, Tilia latifolia, i. 52. Tilia laxiflora, i. 55. Tilia Malmgreni, i. 49, Tilia Mexicana, i. 49. Tilia neglecta, i. 52. Tilia nigra, i. 52. Tilia parvifolia, i. 50. Tilia paucifolia, i. 50. Tilia petiolaris, i. 50. Tilia platyphyllos, i. 50. Tilia pubescens, i. 55. Tilia pubescens, i. 52. Tilia pubescens, var. leptophylla, i. 56. Tilia stenopetala, i. 52. Tilia truncata, i. 55. Tilia ulmifolia, i. 50. Tilia vulgaris, i. 50. TILIACER, i. 49, Timeroya, vi. 109. Tingis Juglandis, vii. 116. Tinus, v. 93. Tinus, v. 93. Titi, ii. 7. Tobinia, i. 65. Tollon, iv. 123. Tomicus cacographus, xi. 11. Tomicus calligraphus, xi. 11. Tomicus Pini, xi. 11 ; xii. 25. Toothache-tree, i. 67. Torch-wood, i. 85. Torminalis, iv. 67. Torminaria, iv. 67. Tornillo, iii. 108. Torrey, John, xi. 72. Torreya, x. 57. Torreya, x. 55. Torreya Californica, x. 59. Torreya (?) grandis, x. 56. Torreya Myristica, x. 59. Torreya nucifera, x. 56. Torreya taxifolia, x. 57. Torrubia, vi. 109. Tortrix fumiferana, xii. 25. Tortrix politana, xi. 11. Tortrix quercifoliana, viii. 12. Tortworth Chestnut-tree, ix. 8. Toumey, James William, viii. 93. Toxicodendron, iii. 11. Toxicodendron pinnatum, iii, 23. Toxicodendron typhinum, xiv. 99. Toxylon, vii. 85. Toxylon aurantiacum, vii. 89. Toxylon, economic uses of, vii. 86. Toxylon, fungal diseases of, vii. 87. Toxylon, insect enemies of, vii. 87. Toxylon Maclura, vii. 89. Toxylon pomiferum, vii. 89. Toyon, iy. 123. Tradescant, John, i. 20. Tragia Alni, ix. 70. GENERAL INDEX. Tragia crispa, ix. 70. Trametes Pini, xi. 11. Trametes suaveolens, ix. 101. Transparent Plum, iv. 26. Trask, Luella Blanche, xiii. 29. Trécul, Auguste Adolph Lucien, x. 10, Tree, Lacquer, iii. 8. Trembling Poplar, ix. 155. Tremex Columba, vii. 133 ; ix. 24. Tremotis, vii. 91. Tremula, ix. 151. Trichocarpus, iv. 7. Trichopodium, iii. 33. Trichospheria parasitica, xii. 101. Trilopus, v. 1. Trilopus dentata, v. 3. Trilopus estivalis, v. 3. Trilopus nigra, v. 3. Trilopus parvifolia, v. 3. Trilopus rotundifolia, v. 3. Trilopus Virginica, v. 3. Trimmatost Ameri Trimmatostroma Salicis, ix. 101. Tripetaleia, xiv. 29. Tripetelus, v. 85. Tripetelus Australasicus, v. 86. Trithrinaz, x. 38. Tsuga, xii. 59. Tsuga, xii. 83. Tsuga Ajanensis, xii. 21. Tsuga Albertiana, xii. 73. Tsuga Araragi, xii. 60. Tsuga Araragi, var. nana, xii. 60. Tsuga Brunoniana, xii. 61. Tsuga Canadensis, xii. 63 ; xiv. 106. Tsuga Caroliniana, xii. 69. Tsuga diversifolia, xii. 60. Tsuga Douglasii, xii. 87. Tsuga Douglasii brevibracteata, xii. 87. Tsuga Douglasii fastigiata, xii. 87. Tsuga Douglasii, var. tazxifolia, xii. 87. Tsuga dumosa, xii. 60. Tsuga, economic properties of, xii. 61. Tsuga, fungal diseases of, xii. 61. Tsuga heterophylla, xii. 73. ~ Tsuga Hookeriana, xii. 77. Tsuga, insect enemies of, xii. 61. Tsuga Lindleyana, xii. 87. Tsuga macrocarpa, xii. 98. Tsuga Mertensiana, xii. 77 ; xiv. 106. Tsuga Mertensiana, xii. 73. Tsuga Pattoniana, xii. 77. Tsuga Pattoniana, var. Hookeriana, xii. 77. Tsuga (Pseudotsuga) Japonica, xii. 84. Tsuga Roeelii, xii. 77. Tsuga Sieboldii, xii. 60. Tsuga Sieboldii, B nana, xii. 60. Tsuga Sitchensis, xii. 55. Tsuga taxifolia, xii. 88. Tsuga Tsuja, xii. 60. Tsusia, v. 144. Tuber brumale, viii. 7. Tuber melanosporum, viii. 7. Tubopadus, iv. 7. Tule, Cypress of, x. 150. Tulipastrum Americanum, i. 7. Tulipastrum Americanum, var. subcordatum, i. 8 10. Tulipifera, i. 17. Tulipifera Liriodendron, xiv. 97. Tulip-tree, i. 19. Tulip-tree, Chinese, i. 17. Tumion, x. 55. Tumion Californicum, x. 59. ix. 101. 149 Tumion Californicum, vax. tittorale, x. 59. Tumion, economic properties of, x. 56. Tumion grande, x. 56. Tumion nuciferum, x. 56. Tumion taxifolium, x. 57. Tupelo, v. 75. Tupelo, v. 73. Tupelo Gum, v. 83. Tupelo, Sour, v. 79. Turkey Oak, viii. 143. Turpentine from Pinus echinata, xi. 146. Turpentine from Pinus palustris, xi. 154. Turpentine from Pinus Roxburghii, xi. 9. Turpentine, oil of, xi. 3, 8, 9. Turpentine, spirits of, xi. 9. Turpentine, Strasburg, xii. 100. Turpentine, Venice, xii. 4, Turpinia, iii. 7. Tussock Moth, ix. 10, 101, 156. Tussock Moth, White-spotted, vii. 41. ULMACER, vii. 39 ; xiv. 41. Ulmuzs, vii. 39. Ulmus alata, vii. 51. Ulmus alba, vii. 43. Ulmus Americana, vii. 43. Ulmus Americana, vii. 47. Ulmus Americana, a glabra, vii. 43. Ulmus Americana, « rubra, vii. 538. Ulmus Americana, B alba, vii. 43. Ulmus Americana, B scabra, vii. 43. Ulmus Americana, vy alata, vii. 51. Ulmus Americana, y ? Bartramii, vii. 43. Ulmus Americana, y pendula, vii. 43. Ulmus Americana, var. ? aspera, vii. 43. Ulmus aquatica, vii. 61. Ulmus campestris, vii. 40 ; xiv. 102. Ulmus campestris, vii. 40, 41. Ulmus campestris Chinensis, vii. 41. Ulmus campestris parvifolia, vii. 41. Ulmus Chinensis, vii. 41. Ulmus ciliata, vii. 41. Ulmus crassifolia, vii. 57. 2 Ulmus crispa, vii. 58. 2 Ulmus dentata, vii. 43. ? Ulmus dimidiata, vii. 51. Ulmus, economic uses of, vii. 41. Ulmus effusa, vii. 41. Ulmus excelsa, vii. 40. Ulmus Floridana, vii. 43. Ulmus foliacea, vii. 40. Ulmus fulva, vii. 53 ; xiv. 103. Ulmus fulva, medical properties of, vii. 54, Ulmus, fungal diseases of, vii. 42. Ulmus glabra, xiv. 102. Ulmus glabra, vii. 40. Ulmus Hollandica, vii. 40. Ulmus Hookeriana, vii. 40. Ulmus, insect enemies of, vii. 41. Ulmus levis, vii. 40, 41 ; xiv. 102. Ulmus lancifolia, vii. 40. Ulmus latifolia, xiv. 102. ? Ulmus longifolia, vii. 51. Ulmus Mexicana, vii. 40. Ulmus mollifolia, vii. 43. Ulmus montana, vii. 40. Uimus nitens, xiv. 102. Ulmus nuda, vii. 40. ? Ulmus obovata, vii. 43. Ulmus octandra, vii. 41. Ulmus opaca, vii. 57. Ulmus parviflora, vii. 41. Ulmus pedunculata, vii. 40, 150 Ulmus pendula, vii. 43. ? Ulmus pinguis, vii. 53. ? Ulmus pubescens ?, 53. Ulmus pumila, vii. 51. Ulmus racemosa, vii. 47 ; xiv. 41, 102. Uimus rubra, vii. 53. Ulmus sativa, vii. 40. Ulmus scabra, vii. 40, 41 ; xiv. 102. Ulmus seabra, var. laciniata, vii. 40. Ulmus serotina, xiv. 41, 102. Ulmus suberosa, vii. 40. Ulmus surculosa, xiv. 102. Ulmus tetrandra, vii. 40. Ulmus Thomasi, xiv. 102. ? Ulmus tomentosa, vii. 43. Ulmus virgata, vii. 41. Ulmus vulgaris, vii. 40. Ulmus Wallichiana, vii. 41. Umbellularia, vii. 19. Umbellularia Californiea, vii. 21. Umbellularia, fungal diseases of, vii. 20. Umbellularia,-insect enemies of, vii. 20. Umbellularia, medical pror Umbellularia, oil of, vii. 20. Umbellulic acid, vii. 20. Umbo of Pinus, xi. 4. Umbrella-tree, i. 13. Ula de Gato, iii. 125. Uncinula Aceris, ii. 81. Uncinula circinata, ii. 81. Uncinula flexuosa, ii. 54, Unceinula geniculata, vii. 77. Uncinula intermedia, vii. 42. Uncinula macrospora, vii. 42. Uncinula polycheta, vii. 64. Uncinula Salicis, ix. 101, 156. Unedo, v. 121. Unedo edulis, v. 122. Ungnadia, ii. 63. Ungnadia heptaphylla, ii. 65. Ungnadia heterophylla, ii. 65. Ungnadia speciosa, ii. 65. Upata, vi. 105. Opaia, vi. 105. Upland Willow Oak, viii. 172. Uredinez on Pyrus, iv. 70. Uredo Citri, vii. 87. Uredo Quercus, viii. 13. Urnectis, ix. 95. Uromyces brevipes, iii. 10. Urostigma, vii. 92. Urostigma, vii. 91. Urostigma affine, vii. 94. Urostigma populneum, vii. 97. Urostigma religiosum, vii. 94. Usionis, ix. 95. Uvaria, i. 21. Uvaria triloba, i. 23. Uvifera, vi. 113. Ovifera Curtissii, vi. 119. Uvifera laurifolia, vi. 119. Uvifera Leoganensis, vi. 115. Vaccinium, v. 115. Vaccinium album, v. 117. Vaccinium arboreum, v. 119 ; xiv. 102. Vaccinium corymbosum, v. 117. Vaccinium diffusum, v. 119. Vaccinium disomorphum, v. 117. Vaccinium elevatum, v. 117. Vaccinium, fungal enemies of, v. 117. Vaccinium hispidulum, v. 116. Vaccinium lanceolatum, v. 117. Vaccinium macrocarpon, v. 116. ties of, vii. 20. GENERAL INDEX. Vaccinium mucronatum, v. 119. Vaccinium Myrtillus, y. 116. Vaccinium occidentale, v. 116. Vaccinium ovatum, v. 117. Vaccinium Oxycoceus, v. 116. Vaccinium Oxycoccos, v. 116. Vaccinium Oxy var. 116. HT, eae Vaccinium Ozxycoccus, var. ovalifolium, v. 116. Vaccinium pubescens, v. 116 Vaccinium punctatum, v. 116. Vaccinium Sednense, v. 116. Vaccinium stamineum, y. 117. Vaccinium uliginosum, y. 116. Vaccinium Vitis Idea, v. 116. Vachellia, iii. 115. Vachellia Farnesiana, iii. 119. Vahl, Martin, v. 33. Vahlia, v. 33. Vail, Anna Murray, xiii. 154. Valley Oak, viii. 23. Valonia, viii. 8. Valonia Oak, viii. 8. Valsa ceratophora, iii. 38. Valsa Liquidambaris, v. 89. Valsa Maclure, vii. 87. Valsa nivea, ix. 156. Valsaria Diospyri, vi. 4. Valsaria Robinia, iii. 38. Vanessa Antiopa, ix. 100. Varach seeds, iv. 4. Varennea, iii. 29. Varennea polystachya, iii. 29, Varinga, vii. 91. Varronia, vi. 67. Varronia bullata, vi. 68. Varronia globosa, vi. 68. Vasconcellea, xiv. 2. Vasconcellea, xiv. 1. Vasconcellea quercifolia, xiv. 8, Vasconcellosia, xiv. 1. Vasconcellosia hastata, xiv. 3. Vauquelin, Louis Nicolas, iy. 57. Vauquelinia, iv. 57. Vauquelinia Californica, iv. 59. Vauquelinia corymbosa, iv. 57. Vauquelinia corymbosa, iv. 59. Vauquelinia Karwinskyi, iv. 57, Vauquelinia Torreyi, iv. 59. Vedalia cardinalis, vii. 20. Vegetable wax, iii. 8. Venetian Sumach, iii. 2. Venice turpentine, xii. 4. Ventenat, Etienne Pierre, i. 58, Venturia Orbicula, viii. 13. Venturia sabalicola, x. 38. Vera de Coyote, xiv. 16. Veratazxus, x. 61. VERBENACEA, vi. 101. Vernia, iii. 7. Vetriz, ix. 95. Viborquia, iii. 29. Viborquia polystachya, iii. 29, Viburnum, v. 93. Viburnum, v. 93. Viburnum amblodes, v. 99. Viburnum Americanum, v. 94. Viburnum edule, v. 94. Viburnum ellipticum, v. 94. Viburnum ferrugineum, xiv. 23. Viburnum, fungal enemies of, v. 94. Viburnum, insect enemies of, v. 94. Viburnum Lantana, v. 94. Viburnum Lentago, v. 96; xiv. 101. g 1) Ve Viburnum Opulus, v. 94. Viburum Opulus Americanum, vy. 94. Viburnum Opulus edule, v. 94, Viburnum Opulus Europeanum, v. 94. Viburnum Opulus Pimina, y. 94. Viburnum Opulus Pimina, yar. subcordatum, v. 94. Viburnum Oxycoccus, v. 94. Viburnum prunifolium, v. 99, Viburnum prunifolium, xiv. 23. Viburnum prunifolium, 8 Jerrugineum, xiv. 23. Viburnum prunifolium, var. la: v. 99. Viburnum pyrifolium, v. 96, 9 Viburnum rufidulum, xiv. 23. Viburnum rufotomentosum, xiv. 23. Viburnum Tinug, v. 94. Viburnum tomentosum, v. 84, Viburnum trilobum, vy. 94. Vieillardia, vi. 109. Vimen, ix. 95. Viminalis, ix. 97. Vinatico, vii. 2. Vine Maple, ii. 93. Vireya, v. 143. Virgilia, iii. 57. Virgilia lutea, iii. 57. Virgilia secundiflora, iii. 63. Visiania, vii. 91. Vitis Idea, v. 116. Vitis Idea, v. 115. Vyenomus, ii. 9, Wadsworth Oak, the, viii. 63. Wafer Ash, i. 76. Wahoo, ii. 11, 38 ; vii. 51. Wallia, vii. 113. Wallia cinerea, vii. 118. Wallia frazxinifolia, vii. 121. Wallia nigra, vii. 121, Wallia nigra macrocarpa, vii. 121. Wallia nigra microcarpa, vii, 121. Wallia pyriformis, vii. 115. Walnut, vii. 125, 129. Walnut, Black, vii. 121. Walnut Case-bearer, the, vii. 116. Walnut, Japanese, vii. 116. Walnuts, English, vii. 115. Walnuts, hybrid, vii. 114. Walter, Thomas, xi. 132. Walteriana Caroliniensis, ii. 7. Ward, Lester Frank, ix. 108. Warder, John Aston, vi. 90. Ware, Nathaniel A., i. 86. ‘Washington Thorn, iv. 107. Washingtonia, x. 45. Washingtonia Californica, x. 145. Washingtonia filamentosa, x. 47. Washingtonia filifera, x. 47. Washingtonia robusta, x. 46. Washingtonia Sonora, x. 45. Watape, xii. 40. Water Ash, vi. 55 ; xiv. 39. Water Beech, vii. 103. Water Elm, vii. 43, 61. Water Hickory, vii. 149. Water Locust, iii. 79. Water Oak, viii. 165, 169, 181. Watson, Sereno, vii. 108. Wax, Chinese white, vi. 26. ‘Wax, Myrica, ix. 85. Wax Myrtle, ix. 87, 91, 93. Wax, vegetable, iii. 8. Wax-tree, cultivation of, iii. 9. Wayland Plum, iv. 24. GENERAL INDEX. 151 Weaver Plum, iv. 16. Xanthopicrite, i. 66. Yucca crenulata, x. 6. Weeping Beech, ix. 24. Xanthoxylum, i. 65 ; xiv. 97. Yucca, dissemination of, x. 3. Weeping Spruce, xii. 51. Xanthoxylum Americanum, i. 65. Yucca Draconis, x. 4, 7. Weevil, White Pine, xi. 11. Xanthorylum aromaticum, i. 67. Yucca Draconis, var. arborescens, x. 19. Wellingtonia, x. 139. Xanthoxylum brachyacanthum, i. 66. Yueca, economic properties of, x. 4. Wellingtonia gigantea, x. 145. Xanthoxylum Caribeum, i. 68, 71 ; xiv. 98. Yucca elata, x. 27. West India Birch, i. 97. Xanthoxylum Caribeeum, var. Floridanum, xiv. Yucca Ellacombei, x. 23, 25. Western Catalpa, vi. 89. 98. Yucca ensifolia, x. 25. Weymouth Pine, xi. 21. Xanthoxylum Carolini i, 67. Yuceea, fertilization of, x. 1. White Ash, vi. 43. Xanthoxylum Catesbianum, i. 67. Yucea fibre, x. 4. White Beam-tree, iy. 69. Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, i. 67. Yucea filamentosa, x. 4. White Birch, ix. 47, 55 ; xiv. 59. Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, xiv. 98. Xucca filamentosa 2, x, 15. White Buttonwood, v. 29. Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, var. frutico- Yucca filifera, x. 4. White Cedar, x. 111, 120, 126, 135. sum, i. 68. Yucca filifera, x. 13. White Cypress, x. 153, 154. Xanthoxylum cribrosum, i. 71; xiv. 98. Yucca, fungal diseases of, x. 5: White Elm, vii. 43, 48. Xanthoxylum cribrosum, xiv. 98. Yucca, germination of, x. 3. White Fir, xii. 117, 121, 125. Xanthoxylum elatum, i. 66. Yucca glauca, x. 25. White Heart Hickory, vii. 163. Xanthoxylum emarginatum, i. 65. Yueea gloriosa, x. 23. White Iron-wood, ii. 77. Xanthoxylum Fagara, i. 73. Yucca gloriosa acuminata, x. 23. White Mangrove, v. 29. Xanthoxylum flavum, xiv. 98. Yueea gloriosa, fructification of, x. 24, White Mulberry, vii. 76. Xanthocylum Floridanum, i. 71 ; xiv. 98. Yucca gloriosa glaucescens, x. 23: White Oak, viii. 16, 23, 29, 33, 71, 87, 89. Xanthoxylum fraxinifolium, i. 67. Yucca gloriosa maculata, x. 23. White Oak, Evergreen, viii. 83. Xanthoxylum hirsutum, i. 68. Yucca gloriosa marginata, x. 25. White Oak, Swamp, viii. 47, 63. Xanthoxylum nitidum, i. 66. Yucca gloriosa medio picta, x. 25. White Pine, xi. 17, 23, 33, 35, 39. Xanthoxylum piperitum, i. 66. Yucca gloriosa minor, x. 23. White Pine Weevil, xi. 11. Xanthoxylum Pierota, i. 78. Yucca gloriosa mollis, x. 23. White Poplar, ix. 154. Xanthoxylum Rhetsa, i. 74. Yucca gloriosa nobilis, x. 23, 24. White-spotted Tussock Moth, vii. 41. Xanthoxylum Sumach, xiv. 98. Yucca gloriosa nobilis parviflora, x. 23. White Spruce, xii. 37, 43. Xanthoxylum tricarpum, i. 67. Yucca gloriosa robusta, x. 23. White Stopper, v. 45. Xyleborus ccelatus, xii. 25. Yucca gloriosa tristis, x. 23. White Thorn, iv. 95. Xylodalea, iii. 33. Yucca gloriosa, var. Ellacombei, x. 23. White Willow, ix. 139. Xylosma nitidum, vii. 27. Yucca gloriosa, var. obliqua, x. 28. White Wood, vii. 25. Xyloterus bivittatus, xi. 11; xii. 25. Yueea gloriosa, var. plicata, x. 24. Whitewood, i. 37, 53. Yucca gloriosa, var. pruinosa, x. 23. Wild Ash, iv. 80. Yaupon, i. 111. Yucca gloriosa, var. superba, x. 24. Wild Black Cherry, iv. 45. Yellow Birch, ix. 53. Yucca gloriosa, var. tortulata, x. 23. Wild Cherry, iv. 37, 41 ; xiii. 25, Yellow Cypress, x. 115. Yueea gloriosa, var. y recurvifolia, x. 24, Wild China Tree, ii. 71. Yellow Haw, iv. 118 ; xiii. 161. Yucca gloriosa, var. 3 planifolia, x. 25. Wild Cinnamon, i. 37. Yellow Locust, iii. 39. Yucca Guatemalensis, x. 4. Wild Dilly, v. 183. Yellow Oak, viii. 55, 127, 139. Yucca Haruckeriana, x. 7. Wild Goose Plum, iv. 24. Yellow Pine, xi. 75, 77, 85, 143,156. ’ Yucca, hybrids of, x. 4. Wild Lime, i. 73. Yellow Poplar, i. 19. Yucca, insect enemies of, x. 5. Wild Orange, iv. 49. Yellow Wood, iii. 57. Yucca integerrima, x. 28. Wild Plum, iv. 19, 23, 31. Yellow-bark Oak, viii. 139. Yucca Japonica, x. 25. Wild Red Cherry, iv. 35. Yellow-wood, ii. 17. Yucca lineata lutea, x. 7. Wild Tamarind, iii. 129. Yew, x. 62, 65, 67. Yucca longifolia, x. 9. Willow, ix. 109, 119, 127, 129, 131, 135, 187, Yew, Florence Court, x. 62. Yueca macrocarpa, x. 13. 145, 147, 149 ; xiv. 63, 67. Yew, Irish, x. 62. Yucca macrocarpa, x. 15, 17. Willow, Almond, ix. 111. Young Mastic, iii. 2. Yucea Mohavensis, x. 15. Willow, Bedford, ix. 99. Yucca, x. 1. Yucca Moth, x. 2. Willow, Black, ix. 103, 107, 113, 115,141. Yucca acuminata, x. 23. Yucca Moth, Bogus, x. 3. Willow, cultivation of, for basket-maki ig, Yucca ides, x. 10. Yucca, nectar glands of, x. 3. ix. 100. Yucca, aloifolia, x. 6. Yucea, nocturnal opening of the flowers of, Willow, Desert, vi. 95. Yucca aloifolia, var. 8 Draconis, x. 7. x. 2. Willow, Diamond, ix. 136. Yucca aloifolia, var. y conspicua, x. 7. Yucca obliqua, x. 23. Willow, Feltleaf, xiv. 65. Yucca angustifolia, B elata, x. 27. Yucca patens, x. 23. Willow, Glaucous, ix. 133. Yucca angustifolia, 8 radiosa, x. 27. Yucca pendula, x. 24. Willow Oak, viii. 179. Yucea arborescens, x. 19. Yucca pendula variegata, x. 25. Willow Oak, Upland, viii. 172. Yucca arcuata, x. 6. Yucca, pollination of, x. 2. Willow, Peach, ix. 111. Yucca aspera, x. 9. Yucca polyphylla, x. 27. Willow, Sand-bar, ix. 123, Yucca Atkinsi, x. 7. Yucca pruinosa, x. 28. Willow, Shining, ix. 121. Yucca australis, x. 4, 18. Yucca puberula, x. 17. Willow, White, ix. 139. Yucca baceata, x. 16. Yucca purpurea, x. 7. Wine, Birch, ix. 47. Yucea baccata, x. 18, 15, 17. Yucca quadricolor, x. 7. Winged Elm, vii. 51. Yucca baccata, B australis, x. 4, 13. Yucca radiosa, x. 28. Winterania, i. 35. Yucca baccata, var. macrocarpa, x. 13. Yucca recurva, x. 24. Winterania Canella, i. 37. Yucca Boerhaavii, x. 23. Yueca r curvifolia, x. 24. Wislizenia, vi. 94. Yucca brevifolia, x. 19. Yueea, zeflexion of the leaves of, x. 1. Wislizenus, Friedrich Adolph, vi. 94. Yucca canaliculata, x. 9. Yucca revoluta, x. 10. Witch Hazel, v. 3. Yucca Carrierei, x. 4. Yucca rufocincta, x. 24. Woodhouse, Samuel Washington, viii. 88. Yucca concava, x. 10. Yucea Schottii, x. 17. Wool, Pine, xi. 3. Yucca conspicua, x. 7. Yucca serrata, y argenteo-marginata, x. 7, Wright, Charles, i. 94. Yucca. constricta, x. 27, Yucca serrata, 8 roseo-marginata, x. 7. Wych Elm, vii. 40. Yucca cornuta, x. 10. Yucca serrulata, x. 6. 4 152 Yucca serrulata, « vera, x. 6. Yucca serrulata, B robusta, x. 6. Yucca superba, x. 24. Yucca tenuifolia, x. 6. Yucca tortulata, x. 23. Yucca Treculeana, x. 9. Yucca tricolor, x. 7. Yucca undulata, x. 10. Yucca Yueatana, x. 4: GENERAL INDEX. Zanthoxylum, i. 66. : Zanthyrsis, iii, 59, Zéen, the Algerian, viii. 6. Zenobia, v. 130. Zenobia, v. 129. « Zeuzera xsculi, i. 50. Zeuzera pyrina, ii. 54 ; vii. 41 ; ix. 10. Zizyphus commutata, vii. 64. Zizyphus Domingensis, ii. 49, Zizyphus emarginatus, ii. 29. Zizyphus iguanea, vii. 64. Zolisma, vy. 129. Zugilus Virginica, ix. 34, Zwetschenwasser, iv. 10. Zygia, xiv. 100. Zygia brevifolia, xiv. 100. Zygia flexicaulis, xiv. 100. Zygia Unguis-cati, xiv. 100. ZYGOPHYLLACEA, i. 59, Zygophyllum arboreum, i. 60.