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BRETSCHNEIDER, M.D. Late Physician to the Russian Legation at Peking Membre corresp. de l Institut de France ( Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres ) Part Hil BOTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE, SHANGHAI, HONGKONG, YOKOHAMA & SINGAPORE KELLY & WALSH, LIMITED es 1895 “CONTENTS. cacineenrnne th TU ie ree weet Abbreviated References to Chinese, Japanese and European Books ... 9 Medicinal Plants of the Shen nung Pen ts‘ao hing and the Pielu =... 13 Appendix :— Chinese Geographical Names... be nS see eee 8) ewe SORE Alphabetical Index of Chinese Names of Plants .. ... .. 606 Alphabetical Index of Genus Names of Plants ... .. .. 616 eeninSaiitemiencie tncaneeneinn BOTANICON SINICUM. BOTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE, = fl INTRODUCTION. In connection with a former paper dealing with the economic plants known to the Chinese in the classical period, and forming the second part of the Botanicon sinicum,' the author of those notes now attempts to examine and identify the drugs of vegetable origin noticed in the earliest Chinese works on Materia Medica,—the Shen nung Pen ts‘ao king and the Ming i pie lu. The first of these works, the ji §8 7x Bf #2 Shen nung Pen ts‘ao king, or Herbal of the Emperor SHex Nung, of | which a detailed notice has been given in Part I of the Botanicon sinieum [p. 27 seqq.| has, as the word king (classic) in the title indicates, always been and is still considered by Chinese practitioners a book of the highest authority and a model of pharmacological wisdom. Therefore most of the drugs mentioned in this ancient pharmacopeeia are still kept in store and sold for medical use, and are still known by the same names as they appear in that ancient book. "See Journ, China Br, Asiat. Soe., Vol, XXV. Co oe BOTANICON SINICUM. Although the authorship of this work has always been ascribed to the legendary Emperor Suen Nuna [ B.C, in the 28th century], there is internal evidence in it, at least in that which was current with the above title in the 5th century, that it had been compiled in the Han period [ B.C. 202- A.D.. 221], but presumably from earlier traditions on the subject. The Shen nung Pen ts‘ao king or Pen ts‘ao king (Herbal Classic), also simply termed Pen king, was originally a book treating of 3865 different drugs, in accordance with the number of days in the year, arranged in three classes according to their medical virtues. Li Sui-cuen in his Pen ts‘ao kang mu [Chap. IV] gives the Index of the original work, in which appear 252 names of vegetable drugs. These are nearly all spoken of and commented upon in the Pen ts‘uo kang mu, and all that is known regarding the drugs of the Pen ts‘ao king is from the quotations found in Li Sui- CHEN’s Materia Medica, from which it appears that the Pen ‘s'ao king gives only particulars regarding the mode of preparing the officinal parts of the plants for medical use, their specific virtues and their therapeutic use, It is quite excep- tional to find in this ancient book uny descriptive details with respect to the plants from which the drugs are derived. The % BS py $k Ming i pie lu, called also simply Pre lu, is a supplement to the Shen nung Pen ts‘ao, adding to the original Materia Medica 865 more drugs, employed by eminent physicians in the Han and Wei periods. [The Wei dynasty reigned A.]). 221-264.] In the first part of the Botanicon sinieum [p. 421; 2 have said that this work, as is indeed stated by Lit Sat-cuey in his account of it, was compiled by Bg) 2 Ee T‘ao Hune-kina, who lived A.D. 452- 536. But the frequent quotations from it in the Pen ts‘ao kang mu, together with Téa prove that the Pie Jy Was an independent treatise which Hune-kixg’s commentaries thereupon, — MATERTA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. om existed before his day, not a work of his compilation. He as well as other ancient authors when referring to the Pie lu call it sometimes Pen ts‘ao king, and thus seem to comprise both the Shen nung Pen ts‘ao and the Pie lu under this general appellation of Herbal Classic. In the History of the Sui dynasty [A.D. 589-618], Chap. 36, section on Literature, we find the title of a work Bi 22 SE Ac BER AE YR. i.e. the Pen ts‘ao king, collected and explained by T‘ao Hune-kina. This work contained probably the Shen nung Pen ts‘ao and the Pie lu with the commentary of T‘ao Huna-K1nc. ~The Pre lu is an enlargement of the Herbal of SHen Nunc. We meet in it with notices of all the plants mentioned in the earlier work to which an account of the drugs used in. the Han and Wei periods is added. These accounts are very short, giving only in a few cases descriptive details of the respective drugs (plants). But the provinces or districts where the drug in question is produced are generally indicated. Nearly all these geographical names refer to the Ts‘in [3rd cent. B.C.] or Han periods, although some of them can be traced to the Chou dynasty [B.C. 1122 -249]. In a few cases they cannot be ascertained. The part of the plant which is used in medicine and the time of gathering it are also noticed. The Pie Iv uses generally four phrases to distinguish the localities in which the plants grow, viz. :— ZE [ly & it grows in mountain valleys (in the mountains). AE JI & it grows in river be ba (the plain is probably meant, meadows). HA: FA BF it grows in fields. AE 2B 32 it grows in level marshes (low marshy land). As detailed accounts of the Pen ts‘ao kang mu, the great repertory of Chinese Materia Medica, published by Li Snr- CHEN in the second half of the 16th century, and of the authors and books quoted in this important work have been given 4 BOTANICON SINICUM, in the first part of the Botanicon sinicum, 1 shall therefore confine myself here to an enumeration of such books and authors’ names as appear more frequently in the following pages. There are first two ancient treatises on Materia Medica 1, (2)’ the 98 #8 $e Tsai yao lu and 2. (3) the 4? A 44 BP Lei kung Yao tui, the compilation of which tradition refers to the time of the legendary Emperor Huang 11 [B.C. 27th cent.]. The Ts‘ai yao lu, or directions for gathering drugs, is ascribed to fj # Tune Kiix, one of the ministers of Huana tr, the other, the Materia Medica of Let Kuna, to one of the sages who assisted the emperor in his investigations into the Art of Healing. The next in order are two works on the same subject :— 8. (4) the 2s FE 4 GE Li shi Yao lu, by 38 m2 a TANG-CHI, and 4, (5) the FRE AR EE Wu shi Pen ts‘uo, by 5& #§ Wo Pv, both written in the first half of the third century. 5. (6).—The Hd $2 2% Psao chi lun the medical virtues of thé 5th century, by 7 Thao. 6. (9).—The FE BIS Tsien bin shi chi, by F& Fa ag Sun Sz-mo [beginning of 7th cent. |, 7. (10).—The 6 VE AR ES Vo sing pen ts‘ao and the 2 PE BR Yao sing lun, two wor ‘3, both by i HE Cuen Kuay [6th and 7th cent. |. 8. (11).—The Kune [7th cent. | » & work explaining drugs, written about the middle of % Unt Kune or properly By Ler BS AK Be Tang Fen ts‘ao, by #E FE Su 9. (12).—The BRAKE Shi Liao pen ts‘ao, by & Menc Suen [second half of 7th ecent.], : : : The figures in parentheses refer to Botanicon siniewm, I, p. 40-54, id MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE, a) 10. (13).—The 7X Bt #8 38 Pen ts‘ao shi i, by BR 3 25 . Ca‘en Ts‘anc-K‘t [first half of 8th cent. |. Il. (14).—The jg 3 7x BL Tai yao pen ts‘ao, by 2S Fy Li Siw [second half of 8th cent. |. 12. (15).—The py 8% 7K FE Sx sheng pen ts‘ao, by HE FR Srao Pina. [T‘ang period, 7th to 9th cent.]. 13. (18).—The 7X GE BE BE BA Pen ts‘a0 sing shi lei, by tk 2% Fj Tu SHAN-FANG [T‘ang period]. 14. (19).—The # f AR EE Shi sing pen ts‘ao, by fi +e FS Cu‘en Sar-rrane [10th cent. ]. 15, (20).—The 3] 7 EX Shu pen ts‘ao, hy it (RFR Han Pao-sHenc [10th cent. |. 16. (21).—The afi 5 Be AR BE Ti hina Chu kia pen ts‘ao, by X% BA Ta Mine [A.D. 970]. 17. (22),—The Ba PE AR HE Aa? pao Pen ts‘ao, by HR Ma Car [second half of 10th cent. |. ‘18. (23).—The 5a iW MH ak AR BR Aa yu Pu chu Pen ts‘ao, hy 3¢ 35 BW} Cuanc Yo-st and pf f% Lin I (A.D. 1057]. 19. (24).—The fel 8 AR RE Tu king pen ts‘ao, by fe LE Su Sune [end of 11th cent. |. 20. (26).—The 34 8] AR BL Cheng lei pen ts‘ao, called also A HA BL Ta kuan Pen ts‘ao, by Hg hit # Tsanc Suey- wer [A.D, 1108]. 21. (27).—The AR BE RT HE Pen ts‘ao yen 7, by HF VE K‘ou Tsune-sar [A.D. 1115]. 22. (29).—The JA Be ti Fe Vung yao fu siang, by AR Lt Kao, called also BAY A Mixa cnr-rsz‘ and 3% 44 Tune yUan [12th and 13th cent.]. 6 BOTANICON SINICUM. 23. (30).—The 33 We AC BL Tang i pen ts‘ao, by FE RF ht Wane Hao-xu, called also $i yg Har Ts‘ana and #6 Z% Tsin cat [first half of 13th cent. ]. 24. (31).—The 9 FA ARE Ji yung pen ts‘ao, by Fe Fi We Savt. [Mongol period, 13th and 14th cent. |. 25, (33).—The 7X HE fit 3 RUB Pen ts‘ao yen i pu i, by Ae BB F Cav Cuey-nene [second half of 14th cent. |. 26. (40).—The AX BS & HB Pen tstao hui pien, by FE RR Wane Ki [16th cent.). In the subsequent account of the vegetable drugs men- tioned in the Shen nung Pen ts‘ao and the Pie In the reader will find them treated of in the same order as in the text of the Pen ts‘ao kang mu, where the names of drugs first given in the Shen nung Pen ts‘ao are always placed at the head of the respective articles, The principal object kept in view by the author in extracting the following notes from Li Sat-cuen’s work, is the botanical identification of the drugs of vegetable origin mentioned in the ancient Chinese works on Materia Medica, Notice is therefore taken only of such details in the ancient descriptions of drugs and plants as may be serviceable to this end. Statements of no interest for European readers have generally been omitted, The style used by plants is generally of the expressions great difficulty, described be un Which means “ the ancient Chinese authors in describing very simple, but owing to the vagueness and terms, the translator often meets with and is constrained to guess should the plant known to him. Thus the character Ff tsz‘, seed,” is frequently used in ancient books for $€ shi, fruit, and the latter character again often occurs there with the meaning “ solid,” opposed to hollow. # heng is the stem of herbaceous plants, .but it is also used for petiole and for ®& kan, the trunk of a tree, BH nZa0, which MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 7 originally means “tender blade of herbs and grass, sprouts,” is more generally used in the sense of herb (stem and leaves together), ff su? is properly a spike of flowers, an ear of corn, but the ancient authors use this term also to designate a panicle, raceme, etc. Great confusion and yagueness prevail in these ancient descriptions of plants with respect to colours. Jy ts‘ing originally means “blue.” The dictionaries say it is the colour of indigo. But when applied to plants it always means “ green,” the character # /%, now the common term for green, being but rarely used in the Pen ts‘ao kang mu. The character #4 pi [Witurams’ Dict., 691] means green or blue jade. It is occasionally used in the Pen ts‘ao to indieate the colour of flowers, and I think blue is meant. 4 tsz‘ is originally a purple colour, but frequently it must be translated by violet or brown. 3% ch% and $E hung are used for red in the Pen ts‘ao, the first being the older term. The term 7 4, wu se, the five primary colours, occurring in the classics [see Shu king, p. 80], is defined by the com- mentators by #} blue, #¥ yellow, FF red, Ey white, FH black. When meeting in the Pen ts‘ao with a term like #0 E476 we are, if the plant described be unknown to us, left in doubt whether we have to translate red and [or] white flowers or reddish white flowers. Chinese pharmacy and therapeutics with complicated pre- scriptions, which fill up the greater part of the text of the Pen ts‘ao kang mu, do not lie within the compass of our investigations, and the medical uses of the drugs are only oceasionally noticed. In our opinion European science can learn nothing in this department of Chinese knowledge. We do not mean to deny that there are in China — drugs possessed of powérful medical virtues, but the Chinese Faculty in employing them in their practice of medicine 8 BOTANICON SINICUM. are seldom guided by experience, but rather by fanciful suppositions regarding the virtues of drugs. The Chinese are much addicted to the doctrine of “ signatures,” which prevailed also in Kurope centuries ago and which is based upon a belief that an external mark or character on a plant indicates its suitableness to cure particular diseases. Thus they employ internally a decoction of thorns of Gleditschia or Zizyphus to accelerate the bursting of abscesses. The pods of a Gleditschia, which resemble in shape the tusk of a boar, are administered in toothache ; the yellow bark, or wood, of Berberry in jaundice ; emmenagogue properties are ascribed to the red coloured root of Rubia cordifolia. The reader interested in the Chinese views with respect to the medical virtues of drugs may find information on the subject in Dr. F. Porrer Surra’s Contribution towards the Materia Medica, ete. of China, 1871. We constantly meet in the ancient Chine plants and drugs with names tricts, ete, se accounts of of provinces, prefectures, dis- where the drugs were produced. ‘The author has bestowed a peculiar attention upon the correct identification of the geographical names of various periods appearing in the Pen ts‘ao kang mu. This is by no means an easy task. As has already been pointed out in the first part of my Botanicon sinicum [p. 67-69] the same names at different times were applied to quite different localities of the empire.* Tao Hune-king, in speaking of the localities where me- dicinal plants are produced, frequently employs the terms WE kin tao and 32 3B pien tao, adjoining and border provinces. The first we understand to mean the provinces not far distant from the capital and transhite it by Central China. Comp. eg. in the Appendix: 160, 4 Bie ae Liang chin ; 228, Nan hats 889, War vag and hoe 5 284, Ning chow ; 18%, Nan hang, : : ; "4 King chou ; 124, Kiang nan ; 229, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 9 To avoid complicated and frequently repeated explana- tions in the text of our translations from the Pen is‘ao kang mu, and to save space, it has been considered advisable to omit all Chinese characters referring to geographical names and to consign the geographical identifications to the Appendix. TITLES OF SOME CHINESE, JAPANESE AND BUROPEAN BOOKS QUOTED IN MY RESEARCHES BY ABBREVIATED REFERENCES. P.= Pen ts‘ao kang mu, the great Chinese Materia Medica and Natural History by Lr Sui-cugy [second half of the 16th century. See Botanicon sinicum, I, p, 54). L.= Tu shu tsi ch‘eng, the great Chinese Cyclopedia, published in 1726. [See Botanicon sinicum. Ip 71.) “My quotations refer to the chapters of the Botanical Section. Ch.==Chi wu ming shi tu kao, a Chinese Botany illustrated by woodcuts, published in 1848, [See Botanicon sinicum, I, p. 73.] My quotations refer to the drawings. The quotations from the Ah ya and the Classivs refer to Botunicon sinicum, Part UL. Kiu huang = Kin huang Pen ts‘ao, a treatise on plants which can be used for food ; accompanied with woodcuts dating from the end of the 14th century. [See Botanicon sinicum, I, p. 49-53.] App. = Appendix fo the present volume on ancient Chinese geographical names. 9 a 10 BOTANICON SINICUM, KD. = K‘ane urs Dictionary, the K‘ang hi Tsz* ten or Chinese Dictionary, published in 1716 by order of the — Emperor K‘anG at. WD. = Wittams’ Syllabie Dictionary of the Chinese Language, 1874. Amen. exot. =F. Kaprer’s Amnitates Lvoticw, 1712, in which a great number of Japanese plants are described, sometimes also figured. The Chinese names in Chinese characters are generally added. [See Botunicon sinicum, I, p. 126.) Kwa wi, a Japanese Botany, illustrated by woodcuts, published in the middle of the last century and translated into French by Dr. L. Savatier in 1873. [See Botanicon senicum, I, 99]. Phon z0= Phon +o dey Ju, a large Japanese work on Botany with nearly 1,800 coloured drawings illustrating the Chinese Pen ts‘ao kang mu, and published in 1828. [See Botanicon sinicum, I, p. 100, Hon zo dzu Ju.| So moku = So moku dzu setsu, another Japanese Botany _ with 1,215 excellent drawings Tepresenting herbaceous plants. [See Botanicon sinicum, P- 101.] I quote these drawings in preference to those of the Phon zo. To the latter I generally — refer only in the cases in which the plant in question is not mentioned in the So molky as eg. trees, THpe, Fil. jap.=C, Pp. THUNBERG’s Flora JSuponted, 1784. [See | Botanicon sinicum, I, p. 126.] Sigs. Icon. = Dr, Pu. Fr. ings representing Japanese plant [See Botanicon sin SIEBOLD’s Coloured draw- 8, about 600, unpublished. ‘cum, T, p. 127.) Stes. Zuco, 7, Jap.=Dr. Pr, Fr. Stesoip et Dr. ZUCCARINI, Flora Japonica, 1835~ RNI0s dlotorithed: ana : pietured 150 plants, [See Botanicon stuicum, p, 127.] MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 11 SrEB. weon.—SrEBoip’s Synopsis Plantarum C2cono- micarum Universi Regni Japonic’, 1827. Horr. Scurt.—J. Horrmayn et H. Scuutres, Noms indigenes @un choiv de Plantes du Japon et de la Chine. 2nd edition 1864. [See Botanicon sinicum, I, 127.] The botanical identifications of Japanese and Chinese names of plants are based upon SreBoun’s statements. Mia. Prol. Fl. Jap. =F. A. G. Miquen, Prolusio Flore Juponica, 1866. Franca. Sav. Pl. Jap. = A. Francuet et L. Savatier, Enumeratio plantarum in Japonia sponte crescentium, 1874- 1876. J. Matsumura, Nomenclature of Japanese Plants, in Latin, Japanese and Chinese, 1884, GaucER=G. GavuGer, Chinesische Roharzneiwaaren, 1848. Descriptions of Peking drugs, with drawings, [See Botanicon sinienm, 1, p. 122.) Tatar. Cat. =A. Tavarinoy, Catalogus Medicamentorum Sinensium, 1856. [See Botanicon sinieum, I, p. 122.) Han. Se. pap. =D. Hansury’s Seience Papers, 1875. P. 209-277 his Notes on Chinese Materia Medica are reprinted, which originally appeared in 1860, 1861. [See Botanicon sinicum, 1, p. 128.] P, Surru = Dr. Fr. Porrer Suiru, Contribution towards the Materia Medica and Natural Ilistory of China, 1871. [See Botanicon sinicum, I, p. 128.] Cust. Med. = List of Chinese Medicines passing through the Chinese Maritime Customs, 1889. Hank, Med.=R. Braun, List of Medicines exported Jrom Hankow and the other Yangtze Ports, 1888.4 * Both the last-named books were published by order of the Inspector- General of the Chinese Maritime Customs. The first comprises the Chinese names of all the drugs appearing in the Chinese Customs tariff and which from the first of November 1884 to the 31st October 1885 passed inwards and outwards through the Customs of the 19 principal Chinese ports opened to European trade. Quantity and value and the places of production of 12 BOTANICON SINICUM. Parker, Sz ch‘uan plants = Chinese Names of Plants collected by FE. H. Parker in Sz ch‘uan 1880 and 1881, and determined by Dr. Hance. [See China Review, XI, 1883, _ ~p. 839.) - Parker, Canton plants Chinese Names of Canton Plants, by E. H. Parker. [See China Review, 1886, p- 104-119.] (FARDNER, Ichang plants = Vegetable Products of the Consular District of Ichang, in the Province of the Ilupeh, by C. T. Garpner. [See Journ. Ch. Br. Asiat. Soe., XIX, (1884), p. 6-26.] Henry, Chin, plants = Chinese Names of Plants, by AUGUSTINE Henry, M.A-L.R.C.P. [See Journ. Ch. Br. Asiat. Soe., XXII, 1887, p 283 seqq.] These names refer to plants of the province of Hupeh, Ind. Fl. sin. = Index Flore sinensis, by I’. B. Founes, F.LS., and W. B. Hemstey, A.L.8,, 1888. Now in course of publication. the drugs are noticed. These two books would have been very useful compilations had the compilers confined themselves to giving only such particulars as could be derived from the official documents of the Customs, adding occasionally a short popular description of the drug from their own observation, But unhappily they attempted to identify the drags from the Chinese names only, without examining them, They satisfy themselves with relying almost entirely npon the ide Ntifications of Chinese drugs * put forth in Dr, F, Porrer SMITH'S Contributions towards the Materia Medica of China, ete., a work full of : 1 Alphab. Index, But unhappily his name does not a : k, and the reader is unable to decide publication of « List of Chinese ., Wa8 sent to me for revision : but Tam y X as it stands, as additions and “ corrections ” Were made after it left my hands. My peyis} isted i itting j i reyj ry r mitting rs t grave wrong identifications, 4 oe cee SS The ek Co Chinese names which often exist for a single drug. — free from an eal aborious piece of work. Part I of this work is entirely be dix ¥ editing and is full of “rors. The scientific names are not to depended ‘on. The classificati: no! are entered under MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 13 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE SHEN NUNG PEN TS‘AO KING AND THE PIF LU. 1.— ff Kans‘. P., XIla,1. T. CLX. Comp. also Rh ya, 199, Class‘es, 425, Pen king :—NKan ts‘ao (sweet herb). The root is sweet of a uniform nature, non-poisonous. Pie lu :—Kan ts‘ao, also BH mi kan (honey sweet), | ¥i mi ts‘ao (honey herb), Fz Fl mei ts‘ao (excellent herb), ie Glu ts‘ao [this name occurs in the ancient dictionary AG tsiu pien and in Tung fang so, second century B.C.], BYE kuo lao. The latter name, old man of the Empire, which properly is a title given to meritorious statesmen, according to Tao Hune-xrna is applied to the plant on account of its eminent virtues as a remedy. The Pie lu says:—The kan ‘s‘ao grows in the river valleys (plains) of Ho si [west of the Yellow River, +. App. 79] and on sand-hills. It is also found in Shang kiin [north-eastern part of Shen si, x. App. 273]. The people gather the root towards the end of the 8th month and dry it in the sun during 10 days. T‘ao Hone-k1xa considers the kan ts‘ao to be one of the most important of medicines, which takes the same place among drugs as the Ch‘en hiang [Aloewood, see 307] among fragrances. It enters into almost all prescriptions, Besides this it has the property of neutralizing the effect of poison, He says that in his time the drug was not brought from Ho si and Shang kiin, but the places of production were Shn [Sz‘ ch‘uan, x. App. 292], Han chung [Southern Shen si, v. App. 54] and especially it was supplied by the 14 BOTANICON SINICUM. barbarian tribes who dwelt in or about the district of Wen shan [in N, Sz‘ ch‘uan, v. App. 388]. The root has a red rind, is of a hard solid structure. The best sort is called tid 32 HE Pao han ts‘ao, from a place in the country of the Si K‘iang barbarians [Kukonor, N.E. Tibet, App. 800— Ancient Pao han is now Ho chou in Kan su, v. App. 242]. It is not advisable to dry the root by means of artificial heat, for it then becomes fissured. Another kind of kan ts‘ao 4 resembles fish-bowels. It js not advisable to eut it with a knife. A drug of an inferior quality is produced in Tsing chou [East Shan tung, ». App. 363}. There is also the tse‘ (purplish or violet) kan ts‘ao. Tt is slender, but for fault ofa better drug it may also he used, Su Sune [11th century }:—The kan ts‘ prefectures of Shen si [modern Shensi and E. Kansu, *. App. 284] and Ho tung [present Shan si, «, App. 80]. It is a plant from one to two feet high. those of the Ana’ (Sophora). In the violet flowers, resembling those of the nai tung [unknown to me] which are followed by pods like pea-pods. The root - has a red rind, is from 38 to 4 f eet long, coarse or slender. Tn its upper part the principal root emits horizontal branches (runners) which are beset with rootlets, After the crown and the red rind ha i ye been removed, the root is dried in the shade. ao grows in all the The leaves resemble 7th month it produces Kan ts‘ao is stil] the common Chinese n Y : EG . or Glycyrrhiza, A good drawing of a G ts‘ao, roots, flowers Ch. [VIL 6}. Comp. Phon zo, ‘, ame for Liquorice lycyrrhiza sub kan and echinate legumes, is found in the 1, ff ee Glycyrrhiza, SIEB, @con., 305, Glycyrrhiza, introducta, rarius et quidem in provinei Tarar. Cat, 25.—P, Surry, 136, kan soo, BK. China is insulee Sikok culta. Liquorice root, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 15 Cust. Med., p. 4 (22). New chwang exported in 1885 Liquorice to other Chinese ports 1,767 piculs,—p. 80 (100), Tientsin exported 4,576. piculs,—p. 46 (18), Chefoo exported 8,690,—p. 68 (34), Hankow exported 1,148,—p. 455 (587). Liquorice, places of production :—Chili, Shan tung, Shen si, KKan su. In 1882 I sent some specimens of Chinese Liquorice root from Shan si to Prof. Dr. Friicxicer, who in the 2nd edition of his Pharmacognosie [p. 855] writes that he is not able to distinguish it from Spanish Liquorice of the first quality. The Liquorice root used in medicine in Europe is derived from Glycyrrhiza glabra, L., indigenous in Southern Kurope. The typical form of this supplies the Spanish Liquorice, which is considered to be the best. The variety glandulijera, which grows in Hungary, South Russia, yields the Russian Liquorice, which is likewise derived from Gi. echinata, Li. Loureiro [ Fl. cochin., 543] states that Chinese Li- quorice root is yielded by Gl. echinata and glabra of the northern provinces of China, [See my Larly Europ. Les. Fl. China, p. 145.] Bunce [Lnum. pl. Chine bor., 97] records Gl. glanduli- Jera from the neighbourhood of Peking and the Great Wall. Przevatsky (Mongolia, Tangut, etc., Engl. edition, 1, 191] states that the root of Gl. uralensis, Fischer, one of the characteristic plants of the Ordos, is dug up there by the Mongols, hired by the Chinese, who despatch the drug down the Huang ho to supply the Chinese markets. The same plant is recorded by Father Davip [Francuet, Plante David. Mongol., 93] from the Peking plain and Southern Mongolia. {t grows also in the Altai and Ural mountains. 16 BOTANICON SINICUM. 2. Be huang Mi. P.. XW a, 6. T. CLIL Pen hing :— Huang (yellow) 2+, WE FB tar san. i used in medicine. Taste sweet, nature slightly warm. Non poisonous. ae Pie lu:—Other names - BA HE tai shen, BL hi ts Bs: B A po pen (a hundred roots), FB} | tu shen, ¥y AR Shu chi q The huang ki grows in the mountain valleys of Shu [W. 4 Sz‘ ch‘uan, v, App. 292], in Pai shui [in Mid Shen si, v. App. : 239], in Han chung [S. Shen si, v. App. 54]. It is gathered in the second and tenth months, and dried in the shade. @ T‘so Hung Kine :—Now the drug brought from Lung si 1 and T*ao yang [both in Mid Kansu, v. App. 216, 336], — which is of a yellowish white colour and sweet, is considered — the best, but it is searce, and more generally an inferior sort q of a white colour and coarse-grained, which comes from Hei shui [r, App. 60] and Tang ch‘ang [in Mid Kan ee App. 330] is used. There is also a red kind which is employed for making plasters, The Yao sing lun [7th century} calls this plant £ 4 Wang sun, Su Kune [7th cent ury ]:—Now the best sort comes from Yiian chou in B. Kan su, App. 414] and Hua yiian [in E. Shensi, App. 88]. That from Shu and Han chung y not much employed. That from I chou fin Kuang sh App. 103] and Ning chou [in N.R. Kan su, App. 234] is also of a superior quality, Su Sung [11th century ]:—This drug is abundantly pe the prefectures of Ho tung [Shan si, App. 80] and Shen si (modern Shen gj and E. Kan su). There are several sorts of it, The rind of one of them furnishes textile fibres, Li SHI-cury :—The common name of the plant now days is te HE huang ks, The original name (r.s.) is MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 17 sometimes erroneously written ¥ 3¥ huang shi. The leaves of the huang ki resemble those of the huai (Sophora japonica) but are smaller and pointed. They resemble also the leaves of the tsi li ( Tribulus terrestris) but are broader and larger, and of a whitish green colour. The flowers are of a yellowish purple colour, as large as those of the ua’. The fruit is a pointed pod, one inch and more long. The root is from 2 to 3 feet long. That which is tight and _ solid, like the shaft of an arrow, is the best. The young leaves are edible, and therefore the plant is also cultivated as a vegetable. The Aiu huang [XLVI, 13] and the Ch. [VII, 3] represent sub Auang k% a leguminous plant. Tatar. Cat., 10: huang ki, Radix Sophore flavescentis. The latter is a common plant in North China. Gaucer [8], who describes and depicts this Chinese drug, is of opinion that it is the root of an Astragalus. This view is confirmed by Father Davip, who in the account of his journey in 8. Mongolia speaks of a large herbaceous plant hoang tchy, of the order Leguminosw, the root of which js dug up there and sent to China as a medicine. FrANcner [Plante David. Mongol., 86] described it as Astragalus hoang tchy. In Hupeh the drug hvang ki (ch) is derived from Astragalus Henryi, Oliv. [See Hewry’s memorandum in _ Hooxer’s Leones. Plant., tab. 1959. | Comp. also my Early Europ. Res. Bot. Chin. [p. 147], Lovnetro’s Robinia fava and infra 7 sub. huang tsing. P. Smrn, 202: huang ki. Sophora tomentosa. But — > 6 » NO} [p. 180] he identifies erroneously the same Chinese name with Ptarmica sibirica, Cust. Med. p. 24 (25), huang ki exported from Tien tsin 3,945 piculs,—p. 58 (10) I chang 224 piculs,—p. 68 (26) Han kow 1,450.—P. 451 (510): Places of production : ‘18 BOTANICON SINICUM. Manchuria, Chi li, Shan tung, Sz ch‘uan, Shen si. Several sorts are distinguished on the Port lists and are probably yielded by different plants. There are the hung (red) Ki, 451 (510) exported from I chang, ihe pai (white) ki and other kinds. So moku, XIV, 3:—# #€E Hed ysarum esculentum, Ledeb. (edible root), Kwa wi, 30:—Same Chinese name, Astragalus lototdes, Lam. (same as Ast. sinicus, L.). So moku, XIV, 4 -—J7R 7 GE (the first character means Woody). Astragalus reflevistipulus, Mig. Sitmpoxp states that it was introduced into Japan from China. 3.—\, B jen shen, the famous Ginseng root. P., XIa, bh Up OR: Pen king:—\. B, also written A jen shen, A jen hien, 9%, 38 kui kai. The root used officinally.’ Taste — sweet, nature slightly cold, Non-poisonous. 4 Pie lu :—Other names : Wh, ZB hie shen, Fi BE shen ts‘ao 4 (divine herb), +. Wi tu tsing (terrestrial essence). The jem shen grows in the mountain valleys of Shang tang [S.B. Shan si, App. 275] and Liao tung [S. Manchuria, App. 191]- The root is dug up during the first decade of the 2nd, 4th 4 and 8th months. It is scraped with a bamboo knife and 4 dried in the sun, protected from the wind. This root in its : shape resembles a man CA. jen, whence the name) and is — possessed of Divine power. 4 Wu Pw [3rd cent.]:—The plant is also called #{ B huang (yellow) shen. It grows in Han tan [S. Chili, App. - 56]. In the 3rd month it shoots forth leaves which are | ° The eee of the Giapeng, BE shen Zu, ave also employed in : MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 19 dentated. The branches (petioles?) are black, the stem is covered with hair. The root is dug up in the 3rd and 9th months. It is hairy, has hands, feet, a face and eyes like a man possessed of a god. T‘ao Huna-Kive :—Shang tang (the locality mentioned in the Pie lu) is south-west of Ki chou [Northern part of present Chi li, App. 119]. The drug which now comes from that locality is a long root of a yellow colour resembling the fang feng {an umbelliferous plant. See below, 31]. It is succulent and sweet, and highly valued. The drug brought from Po tsi [in the present Corea, App. 261] is slender and hard, of a white colour. In taste it is weaker than the Shang tang drug. There is a third sort produced in Kao li [Corea, App. 116]. This is the same as the Liao tung drug [mentioned in the Pie lu]. It is of large size but devoid of juice, soft and inferior to that from Po tsi. But the best of all is the Shang tang drug.* The plant sends up only one straight stalk. Its leaves are four or five together (ze. four or five leaflets at the top of a common petiole). The flowers are of a purple colour, There is a Corean song in praise of the Ginseng (5 BE A fE A B& 3) saying: the branches (petioles) which grow from my stalk are three in number, and my leaves are five by five. The back part of the leaves is turned to the sky, the upper side downwards. Whoever would find me must look for the # kia tree. Tso Hunc- KING explains that the kia tree resembles the tung (Paulownia), growing very high and casting a large shade.’ In this kind of place the Ginseng is found in great abundance. The gathering and preparing of the drug require a great deal of experience. There is some Ginseng found at present * Nowadays, on the contrary, the Ginseng from Liao tung, Manchuria and the northern part of Corea is considered the best, No Ginseng is now produced in §,E. Shan si or ancient Shang tang. * Regarding the hia tree, see Bot. sin., II, 226, Rot aboy 20 BOTANICON SINICUM. in the mountains not far distant [the author lived, it seems, in Kien k‘ang, the present Nan king], but it is not good. Su Kone [7th cent.]:—The Ginseng which is now used comes chiefly from Kao li and Po tsi [v. supra}. That which grows on the Tsz‘ t‘uan shen mountain of the Kit Trai hang range [App. 823] in Lu chou [in 8.6. Shan si, App. 204] is ealled 3 Bl B 7s t'uan shen. Han Pao-sHeye [10th cent. |: —Now Ginseng is produced in Ts‘in chou [in S.E. Shan si, App. 362], in Liao chote [in 8.E. Shan si, App. 190], in Tse chou [in S.E. Shan si, App. 345], in P‘ing chou [in Chi li, App. 255], in I chow [in Chi li, App. 101], in Tan chou [in Chi li, App. 329], in Yu chou [present Peking, App. 411], in Kui chou [in N. Chi li, App. 168], in Ping chou [App. 253]. All these prefectures are situated near the T & Li Siw [8th cent. |:—The Ginseng with which the king dom of Sin lo [in S. Corea, App. 811] pays tribute has hands and feet and resembles a man. It is above a foot long. It is kept pressed between boards of shan mu [see Bot. sity HT, 228), bound and wrapped up with red silk. The Ginseng of Sha chou [App. 266] has a small short root and ai hang range. is not of any practical value, V, supra}. The plant begins to shoot : und in the depths of the mountains in Srowing beneath the kia tree [r. supra] (varnish) tree. When the plant is young and con oS inolee high it shoots forth a branch with in the spring. It is fo shady, moist places, and the ts‘ MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 21 five leaves (five leaflets at the top of a common petiole) and after four or five years it sends out a second with the same number of leaves; it has, however, neither stalk nor flowers as yet. At the end of ten years it shoots forth a third branch, and many years after a fourth, each of them having five leaves. It then begins to produce from the middle of the heart a stalk which is commonly called 7 RF po chi chu (pestle of a hundred feet). In the third and fourth months it bears small pale violet flowers about the size of a grain of millet, the filaments of which are like untwisted silk. The fruits (berries) which ripen at the end of autumn are of the size of a ta tow (Soy bean) and from 7 to 8 together. They are at first green but become red as they ripen. When they are quite ripe they fall off of themselyes. The root is in figure like a man. The Ginseng which is found on the Tai shan mountain [v. supra] has a green stalk and green leaves and a white root. Another kind of Ginseng grows in Kiang Huai [An hui, Kiang su, App. 124, 89]. 1t is called tu jen shen (native Ginseng), grows two feet high. Its leaves are opposite, resemble a small spoon, like the leaves of the kie keng [Platycodon. See 6]. The root, which shows five joints, bears likewise a resemblance to the kie keng root but is more tender and of a sweeter, more pleasant taste. Its flowers appear in the autumn. They are of a purple colour tinged with green. The root is dug up in spring and in autumn.—It is said that in order to know the true Gin- seng of Shang tang, two persons walk together, one going with Ginseng in his mouth and the other with his mouth empty. At the end of three or five l/ he who has the Ginseng in his mouth does not find himself at all out of breath, whilst the other on the contrary is tired and breathless. This is a mark of the goodness of the drug. K‘ou Tsuna-sur [12th cent.]:—The Ginseng of Shang tang has a long thin root which sometimes reaches above a 22 BOTANICON SINICUM. foot deep in the earth and often divides itself ite branches. It is sold for near its weight in silver and obtainable with difficulty. = Lt Sur-cuey :—Ancient Shang tang is what is called Lu chou [in 8.E, Shan si, App. 204]. The look upon the Ginseng as a calamity for the country wl it grows (for the drug must be delivered to the emp without compensation). That which is made use of present comes from Liao tung (Manchuria). The th kingdoms Kao li, Po tsi and Sin lo authors as producing of Chao sien [Corea, carried to China, (mentioned by the ane Ginseng) now constitute the kingd App. 9]. Corean Ginseng is ~ The people there cultivate it also li . vegetable. The seeds are sown in the 10th month. Th (root) which is dug up in autumn and in winter is firm and full of juice; on the contrary that taken in the spring a: summer seasons is soft and devoid of juice, which differenc? does not proceed from the good or bad quality of the ground where it grows. The Ginseng root of Liao tung when tt has its rind on is of a smooth yellow colour like the Jang Jeng [v. supra], bu e white like starch, Other roots are frequently substituted for the true Ginseng, Namely the sha shen [ Adenophora, “ _ the next), the és: ni [Adenophora, see 5] and the hie keng | Platycodon, ‘See 6]. The sha shen and the tsi ni ” entirely devoid of juice, have no heart ( SE py withou energy?) and are of an insipid taste. The root of the keng is hard, has a heart (4y IB) has active properties ?) and is of a bitter taste. But the root of the true Ginseng is 0 . Juicy substance, has a heart and an agreeable sweet taste with a spice of bittern kin tsing ya lan. That w ess. It is commonly called 4 # a mg yi hich is in the shape of a mani called GAB hai op, shen (infant’s Ginseng). It is fre- — quently adulterated, gy ‘Su Suwe [in the Tw king Pen ts'00 7 MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 23 —11th cent.] figures the Ginseng from Lu chou [v. supra] with three branches and five leaves [/.e. five leaflets at the top of a common petiole, v. supra]. This is the true Ginseng. But his figure of the Ginseng from Ch‘u chou {in An hui, App. 25] is, judging from the form of the leaves, the sha shen, and his Ginseng from Ts‘in chou [in $.E. Shan si, App. 862] and Yen chou [in Shan tung, App. 404] and likewise his native Ginseng from Kiang Huai [v. supra] must all be referred to the plant tsi ni. These drugs are frequently confounded with the true Ginseng. At present [Lit Sui-cnen says] the true Ginseng is no more met with in the prefecture of Lu chou [in S.E. Shan si]. Compare also tnfra 4, at the end. T‘ao Hune-K1ne and other ancient authors say that the Ginseng root is very apt to breed worms, especially when exposed to the sun or the wind. Lit Yen-weEN (an author of the Ming period, who wrote a treatise on Ginseng) says that Ginseng grows in such a manner that the back part of its leaves is turned towards the sky, and therefore it does not like either the wind or the sun, Taken as a medicine it is generally chewed crude without any other preparation, or it is dried before the fire on a sheet of paper for medical use. Sometimes it is also steeped in a kind of wine called ¥ 3. shun tsiv. Ginseng must neither be kept in an iron vessel nor prepared with any instrument made of that metal. The drawing given in the Ch. [VII, i] of the jen shen plant is bad and incorrect. Tatar. Catal., 64: jen shen, Radix Panacis Ginseng.— P. Surrx, 103. Cust. Med., p. 4 (21):—Ginseng exported from New chwang in 1885 about 180,000 piculs to other ports of China. The list enumerates several sorts. The wild Ginseng from Manchuria is the highest in price = 6,400 Taels per * 24 BOTANICON sINICUM, picul ; next in order stands the first quality Corea. = 1,000 Taels, The best cultivated Manchurian Ginse 200 Taels per picul, It is well known of Ginseng are the come onl that the most highly valued specim Property of the Chinese Emperor ¥ occasionally to the market, anchurian root is the te experiments made repeatedly by Euroa physicians with genuine Ginseng proved that it does not Possess any importa mM ancient times it grew in the moun- tains of Shan sj and Chi li. The Shan si drug was considered At present it is met with in a wild state only in Manchuria and Corea - As the wild plant even in these Countries jg very rare, Manchuria, Corea and Ja _ About 50 years ago Dr, P, KrriLiov, then physician to the Russian Eccles. Mission pan. Ger the name of Panar Ginseng. The — Manchurian N. American a Panax Quinquefolium. Both have palmate leaves with five- : Sts, minute flowers, 4rranged in an umbellate : manner, and red berry-like fruits. The difference between — them is principally in the shape, and according to the Chinese _ also in the medical Properties, of the roots, * In Japan te anax Ginseng occurs only in a cultivated 4 | state, : < n ‘y % extol, 818 > AB su sjin, vulgo nisji, nindsin, — a eae MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 25 sinice som. Sisarum montanum Corwense. On the annexed plate [fig. 4] Kamprer correctly depicts the Ginseng root, but the plant he figures on the same plate as the true Ginseng is Sum Nins?, L., an umbelliferous plant, in Japanese mukago mincin, Phon zo (V, 4, 5] and So moku [IV, 46]:—A BE Panar. Ginseng, japonice ninzin. According to the ancient Chinese authors the best sort of the true Ginseng was considered the RB Shang Tangy shen or Ginseng from Shang Tang in 8.E. Shan si. But nowadays this Chinese name is applied to the root of Codo- nopsis tang shen, Oliy., a Campanulacea. See Dr. Henry’s memorandum in Hooxer’s Icon. Plant. [tab. 1966]. The Tang shen is figured in Ch. [VIL 49] as a climbing Campanulacea. 4.—7) B sha shen (Sand Ginseng). P., XIle, 23.— 25 ACSL, Pen king:—Sha shen. Root officinal. Taste bitter. Nature slightly cold. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—Synonyms: @ 58 BL ling rh ts‘ao (bellwort, campanula), $l PE chi mu [this name is properly applied to another plant. V. 9], 3, yang ju (goat's teat), Fe 3 hu sit (tiger’s beard), J Py ku sin (bitter heart). The sha shen grows in the river valleys (meadows) of Ho nei [S8.E. Shan si, N. Honan, App. 77], in Yiian kii [in S.W. Shan tung, App. 415] and jy BB Pan yang [in N.W. Shan tung, App. 241], in the mountains. The root is dug up in the 2nd and 8th months and dried in the sun. : Wu Pu [3rd cent.]:—The shu shen is also called Ae pai (white) shen. In the second month, when the plant first begins to grow, it resembles the kui (Malva). The root is white, juicy, like the root of the mustard plant and as large as the wu tsing (turnip). 4 26 BOTANICON sINIcUM. T‘ao Hune-Kinc :—There are five drugs to which the i name shen (Ginseng) is applied,* wiz. the jen shen (true : Ginseng), the sha shen (the plant under review), the FB ’ hiian (black) shen [v. anfra 18], the Ff | tan on shen ; [v. 20], the B | kw (bitter) shen [v. 34]. These oro termed the “five shen.” There is also a drug called R l tse shen [purple shen, vr. 21]. The sha shen grows in ed central provinces. Its leaves resemble those of the how ki (Lycium). The root is white, juicy. :, Su Kune [7th cent.|:—The best drug comes from the q Hua shan mountain [in 8.E. Shen si, App. 86]. Su Sone [11th cent.]:—The sha shen is common in the central provinces. The plant grows in the mountains, ina — bushy manner, two feet high. The leaves resemble the kou Mt Le. supra], vary in size, are pronged (or lobed). In the 7th month it Opens its violet flowers. The root resembles the mallow root and is about the size of a finger, of a reddish yellow colour outside, white within, juicy. Ia Sui-cuen:—The name sha shen (Sand Ginseng) refers to its growing in a sandy soil. The name pai shen (white Ginseng) is applied to it on account of the white juice contained in the r mountain plant, month, the youn (water oot. The sha shen is a common When it first begins to grow, in the second 3 g leaves resemble those of the shui k‘ut — mallow, Limnanthemum), but are thinner, not shining. In the 8th or 9th month it is from 1 to 2 feet high. ¢ leaves are collected around the stem; they are long, pointed, resemble those of the how ks; but are smaller in size and toothed. In wutumn small violet flowers appear between the leaves ; they resemble a bell in shape, the corolla is tive- lobed. The filaments are white, Sometimes the corolla is also white. The fruit is as large as that of the tung ts‘ing ; re * Comp, infra, 20, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE, 27 (Jlex) ; it contains small seeds. When the plant grows in a sandy soil its root is large and becomes more than a foot long, but when produced in a loamy soil it has a small short root. The root as well as the stem contain a white juice. The root is more juicy when dug up in autumn. The sha jen plant with root, leaves and flowers is figured in the Kin huang [Ul, i] and Ch. [VIL, ii]. The drawings represent a Campanulacea, probably an Adenophora. GaveER, 31:—Description of the sha shen root.-— TaTar., Cat., 50: sha shen, Radix Adenophore seu Cam- pande.—P. Suira, 4. Cust. Med., p. 46 (25) :—Sha shen exported in 1885 from Chefoo to other Chinese ports, 2,894 piculs.—P, 474 (1078). Place of production Shan tung, An hui. Henry, Chin. pl., 405 :—Sha shen in Hu pei is Adeno- phora polymorpha, Ledeb., and other species. Kiu huang, LI, 17, and Ch., VIII, 68 :-— yy # | l st ye sha shen (sha shen with small leaves), bad drawings, roots and leaves. Amen. exot., 822 :—yy BB sadsin. Lychnis sylvestris, foliis Leucoji lanuginosis, flosculis albis pentapetalis .... radice Pastinace, ab impostoribus pro radice ninsin (Ginseng) supponi solita.—KaMPreR seems to be mistaken. The description of the flowers does not agree with a Campanu- lacea. In the So moku [III, 6, 7] 7B is Adenophora verticillata, Fischer. Ibid., 5 :—$iy 8 | | Wahlenbergia marginata, A. DC. (Campanulacea). Both these species are known also from China. There is a plant Bf 3B Tang shen figured and described in the Ch, [VII, 49]. Large root, bluish white bell-shaped flowers, Creeping plant, frequent in Shan si, It is said 28 BOTANICON SINICUM. there that the full name should be Rt BB Shang 7 ang shen (Ginseng from Shang Tang in S.E. Shan si), which name in ancient times was applied to the best sort of the true Ginseng. But as this latter has long disappeared in that locality [v. supra, 3] the people have applied the above name _ to the plant substituted for the genuine drug. GavceEr [14] figures and describes the drug Tang shen cylindrical roots. The plant has a square stem. He conjec~ Comp. also P, Surra, 104, 48, Cust. Med., N Franch. Cust. Med., p. 70 (64) :— Tung shen exported in 1885 from Hankow to other Chinese ports, 8,830 piculs. Zhid., 60 (24), from I chang 197 piculs.—Thid., p. 481 (1251), places of produetion : Shan si, Shen si, Sz ch‘uan, Hu peh,—See also Hank, Med., p. 43. 0.1251 :— Tung shen, Campanumea pilosula, 5, — He FE tsi ni. ts Xia, 25.—T., CXLIII. Comp. Rh ya, 45, 7 In the Pen king this name is given as a synonym for hie keng [see the next], but the Pie lu, which is followed by Li Sut-cuen, keeps these drugs apart, According to the Pie ln the medicine. Its It counteracts the effects of poi root of the ts né is used in ; MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 99 App. 111], Shen chou [in Ho nan, App. 283]. The root is dug up in the 2nd and 8th months and dried in the sun. It is of a pleasant sweet taste. The people use it also for food. According to Li Sui-cuen the 7 BB hing shen (apricot [leaved] Ginseng) mentioned by Su Suna is the same as tsi ni. Li SHI-cHEn says :—The tsi ni in its leaves resembles the kie keng (Platycodon), in its roots the Ginseng, for which it is fraudulently substituted. The Kiu huang pen ts‘ao calls it AF Be pb BB hing ye sha shen (sha shen with apricot leaves),’ also F§ ij HE pai mien hen (white flour root). Another name is fff #5 BR tien hie heng (sweet kie keng, see the next), Its leaves resemble apricot leaves, but they are smaller, slightly pointed, toothed and white underneath. The corolla of the flower is bowl shaped, 5 clett, white, sometimes blue. The root is like a wild carrot, gray outside, and with white hairs (filaments) within. The leaves as well as the root are used for food. The leaves are also known under the name f& 2 yin yen and employed to destroy intestinal worms. This name is found in the Rh ya [84]. The Aiu huang [LI, 6] and Ch. [VIU, 69] figure sub hing ye sha shen a Campanula or Adenophora. Blue flowers. So moku (III, 10] :—3¥ F¥% Adenophora remotifiora, Miq. Thid. (11, 9] :—Fy BE ph Bs Adenophora latifolia, Fischer. 6.— 4K BB kie kheng. P., XIla, 28.—T7., CLI. The Pen king makes the kie keng and the tsi ni [see the _ preceding] to be the same, but the Pie lu and all subsequent writers agree in keeping them apart. Of both of these plants the root is officinal. That of the hie keng is of a pungent taste ; nature somewhat warm and slightly poisonous. The stem and the leaves (ji $F) are also used in medicine. 30° BOTANICON SINICUM. Pie lu:—The hie keng, which is also called Ai pai | yao (white drug), #fi EL heny ts‘ao, grows in the mountain 7 valleys of Sung kao [in Ho nan, App. 317] and in Yiian pipiens ‘it [in §.W. Shan tung, App. 415]. The root is dug up in the second month and dried in the sun. ¢ Wo Pv [3rd cent. ]:—The hie keng is also called A li ju, FE Ig fu hu, 5} Il fang tu. Its leaves resemble those of the tsi ni [r. 5]. The stem is like a pencil of a purple — colour. It begins to grow in the second month. q T’ao Hune-Kine :—The hie keng is a common plant q in Mid China. The young plant can be eaten boiled. It | is also used as a vermifuge. The root is fraudulently substituted for the true Ginseng. | Su Sune [11th cent. |:—Its root is as thick as a finger, of a yellowish white colour. The plant grows one foot and : more high. Its leaves resemble apricot leaves but are longer, ’ and stand opposite, four together. Can be eaten boiled. In summer it opens its small blue fi of the Mien niu (Pharbitis). The root is dug up in the 8th month. It has a heart [comp, above, sub, 3]. The root of the tsi né has no heart : ta BEI-OREN—The ie eng and the tei ni aro planl q of the same order. The difference is that the tsi ni is sweet and the kie keng is bitter. Therefore the tsi ni is also called : AH 5 HB tien (sweet) hie keng, ‘ 4 _ _ the plant kie keng represented in the Ch. [VIII, 11] ~ 1s Platycodon grandiflorum, A, DC.—See also Kin huang [XLVIL, 1}. Baa drawing, é' { ee drag hie keng is described and depicted in GAUGER — [49]. 4 owers resembling those — 2 Tatar, Cat., 58, hie keng. Radix Platycodonis grandi- Jlori—P, Saarn, 173, i se | MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 31 Henry, Chin. pl., 52 :-—Kie keng, Platycodon grandiflorum. Common in Hu peh. Cust. Med., p. 120 (7) :— Kie keng in 1885 exported from Chin kiang 2,162 piculs,x—p. 44 (5) from Che foo 138,— p. 96 (5), from Wu hu 60,—p. 22 (7), from Tien tsin 10.— Hank. Med., 3: Exported from Han kow. Places of pro- duction: An hui, Chi li, Hu nan, Hu peh, Sz ch‘uan. Amen, exot., 822 HE Hi hekko, vulgo kikjo and kirakoo. Rapunculus medicamentosus, foliis oblongis denticulatis, Radice palmari, pingui, lactescente, multiplicis virtutis, & secundum in usu medico locum obtinente a radice nindsin (Ginseng) ; flore campanule, coeruleo,—Tapc. [Fl. jap. 88] identifies Kamprer’s plant with Campanula glauca, which is the same as Platycodon grandijlovrum. [See China Review, XV, p. 846.] So moku, Ill, 4:—Same Chinese name, Platycodon grandijtorum. EA huang tsing. P., Xia, 32.—T., CLIL. The above name appears first in the Pie lu. Synonyms given in the same work : 3 Af tw chu, BE Wr lu chu (deer bamboo), 9 g8 BE kin k‘tung ts‘ao (poor man’s reliet), HE PE chung lou, SE #& ki ko. The huang tsing is a mountain plant. The root is dug up in the second month and dried jn the shade, Its taste is sweet, its nature is uniform. N on-poisonous, T‘so Hung-Kine :—It is a common plant luxurious in foliage. The leaves resemble bamboo-leaves, but are shorter, The root resembles that of the wei jut (Polygonatum, see the next) and also the root of the #K t (a rush) and the ch‘any piu [Acorus, see 194]. It has large joints, is sue- culent. It is not commonly used in medicine, but the root is highly valued by Taoists. Root, leaves, flowers, fruit, 32 BOTANICON SINICUM. all are eaten. For medical use the root is steeped in | or administered in powder. The leaves much resemble leaves of the poisonous plant hou wen [see 162], and frequently confound this plant with the huang tsing. Taoist books the huang ising is also called fl A. BR Re 8 jen yit Liang (extra ration of the immortals). The Taoists consider the huang tsing to be a kind chi (plant of immortality) and therefore call it alo Be = huang (yellow) chi, JE B SF wu hi chi. Let Hrao [5th cent.]: —The kou wen [v. supra], whi is injurious to life, resembles the huang tsing. , Su Kune [7th cent. ]:— When growing in a fat soll the root of the huang tsing attains the size of a fist, but in poor soil it is not larger than the thumb, It is akin to the we ) The kou wen is quite a different plant. CH‘Een Ts‘ana x4 (8th cent.J:—The true huang teing has opposite leaves, There is one kind of it in which the leaves are all inclined on one side. This is called fi Bi prien tsing ( p‘en = inclined on one side). T‘ao HunG-KING | is incorrect in stating that the hou tsing. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The huang ising is as common in North China as in the South. The best drug comes from Sung shan (in Honan, App. 317] and Mao shan Li Kiang su, App. 218). Th feet high, shorter. They stand opposite, wen resembles the huang two and two together. The — > its lower part is red. In the 4 flowers of small beans. The seed is 3 ellow root, which has some : S ginger-root, is very sweet and of a — Pleasant taste, It ig dug up in the second month, boiled, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 33 and dried in the sun. The mountain people make a preserve of it for sale which is very sweet and pleasant. They gather also the young plants to use them for food. It is a very palatable dish ; they call it H& 38 pe ts‘at, Lr Suat-cuen :—The huung tsing grows wild in the mountains. It is also cultivated. Its leaves resemble bam- boo-leaves but are not pointed. They are arranged in a whorl from three to five around the joints of the stem. The root grows in a horizontal direction, resembles that of the wed jue. The people gather the plant (stem and leaves) to use it for food. The bitter taste disappears after macerating and cooking. This is the 4 "% ZB pi kuan ts‘ai (pencil-holder vegetable). The Po wu-chi [3rd cent.] relates the following legend :—Emperor Huane t1 once asked one of his sages whether he knew a plant which when eaten gives im- mortality. The sage replied: There is the plant of the great male (or bright) principle (J¢ BB) which is called nt Ay huang tsing (yellow ethereal essence). When eaten it pro- longs life. There is also the plant of the great female (or dark) principle (3¢ BE) which is called $y Wy kou wen. When it enters the mouth, it kills man. The huang tsing is also called HE PE ch‘ni chu (beads hanging down), which name refers to its drooping flowers and berries. An author of the 16th century states that its root resembles young ginger, whence the popular name #F 4E 3 ye sheng kiang (wild ginger). By partly steaming and drying it is prepared for food and used as a substitute for corn. Another name is 3 #R mé pu. Kiu huang [ LUI, 2] and Ch. [VIII, 18-21, also X, 43] sub huang tsing, representations of various species of Polygonatum. The above Chinese descriptions of the huang tsing agree in a general way. | 5 34 BOTANICON SINICUM. At Peking the name huang tsing is applied to Poly-— gonatum macropodum, Turez., and P. chinense, Kth., both wild and cultivated. The roots are eaten. In the Peking — mountains these plants are more generally known by the “name BH HE RE tien ts‘ao ken (sweet root) and distinguished — as large-leaved and small-leaved. Loureiro [F. cochin., 99] applies the Chinese name — hoam cim (huang tsing) to Galium tuberosum (a dubious — plant) and states that the root of this plant is eaten boiled. Tarar. [ Cat., 10] identifies erroneously the drug huang tsing with Radix Caragane Jlave. He refers it evidently to Louruiro’s Robinia flava, sinice hoam khin [ FI. cochin., 556). P. Smiru, 51, has the same erroneous identification, but the — sweet mucilaginous drug huang tstng which he describes is Polygonatum. The drug huang tsing I obtained from a Peking — apothecary shop, was the root of a Polygonatum. Cust. Med., p, 342 (52) :—HHuang tsing exported 1885 — from Canton to other ports of China 64 piculs,—p, 210 (22) — from Wen chou 64,—p. 186 (39) from Ningpo 12.—Small _ quantities also exported from Amoy and Swatow. SIEB., CEcon., 76 :— Convallaria multiflora, var. odora (Polygonatum), Japonice narukojuri ; sinice Hf PR Radices rarius eduntur. So moku, V1, 6 —e Ibid., VI, 7, Fe liculatum, Pursh Hi Polygonatum multijlorum, All.— Bt Hi (large-leaved huang tsing) P. cana- . racter means pendent — [comp. R/ ya, 52]. The root 1s officinal. Taste sweet, Nature uniform, Non-poisonous. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 35 Pie lu:—The wei juéi is also called 3 A vit chu (jade bamboo) and Hy Qf ti tsie (earth nodes). It grows in the valleys of the T‘ai shan mountain [in Shan tung, App. 322]. The root is dug up in the beginning of spring and dried in the sun. In the dictionary Shuo wen [A.D. 100] the plant is called 38 ¥% wei i, in the Wu Pu [3rd cent.] it is fx FE wel Jur. Tao Hune-KinG:—The wei jué is a common plant. Its root resembles that of the huang tsing [v. 7] but is smaller, The people eat it. Su Sone [11th cent.]:—The plant is common in Ch‘n chou [in An hui, App. 25], in Shu chou [in An hui, App. 294], in Han chung [S. Shen si], in Kiin chou [in Hu pei, App. 172]. The stem is straight like a bamboo arrow-shaft ; the leaves are narrow and long, white on the upper side, green below. It is a kind of huang tsing. The root is of the thickness of a finger, covered with radical fibres, one or two feet long, edible. The flowers appear in the third month, and are of a green colour. The fruit is globular (berry). Li Sai-cHen :—It is a common plant in the mountains. - Its root grows in a horizontal direction like that of the huang tsing, but is smaller, of a yellowish white colour, soft, covered with many radical fibres. It is very difficult to dry. The leaves grow two and two together, resemble bamboo- leaves. The plant is very easily propagated from the roots. The leaves and the root both are eaten boiled. Kiu huang [LI, 3] and Ch. [VII, 14] sub wei jui, representations of a Polygonatum. Han., Se. pap. 255, examined and described the drug received from Shanghai under the name of yi chu 36 BOTANICON SINICUM. (jade bamboo). . It seems what Hansury had before him — were the rhizomes of a Polygonatum, but, having been misled by the Chinese name, he believed they belonged to a bambov. — P. Sarr identifies it chu and wei jw erroneously [p. 31] with bamboo rhizomes and (p. 175] with Polygonatum ( aviculare, Cust. Med., p. 48 (36) :-— Ya chu, exported 1885 from Chefoo to other Chinese ports 367 piculs,—p. 352 (169) — from Canton 160 piculs,—p. 26 (71) Tientsin 86,—p. 8 (68) New chwang 66,—p. 102 (73) Wu hu 41.—Smaller qua tities exported from Kiu kiang, Ning po.—P. 492 (1 547). ; Places of production : Manchuria, Chi li, Shan tung, An hui, — Che kiang, Sz ch‘uan, Kuang si. Step., (von, 75 ‘—Convallaria latifolia. Japonice hanemumasu. Sinice Be HE. So moku (VI, 3] same Chin, name, Polygonatum vulgare, All. Polygonatum culgare is of Northern China. eaten by the natives, is probably derived fro ’ common plant in the mountains The starchy mucilaginous root of it is The Chinese drug wei jui or yi chu m this species, 9K BE chi mu, P., XMa, 39. 7, OXXIX. Pen king :—Chi mu, also written BE BE ch‘i mu, Other — names FF fi huo mu, Hy BB ti shen, 3ft PE len mu. Accord- ing to Lt Sut-cuey the second name (ch‘i mu) means, mother of the eggs of ants, and is derived from the resemblance of the seeds, when they first begin to germinate, to ant’s eggs. The root is officinal. Taste bitter. Nature cold. Non- Poisonons, For other ancient names see Rh ya, 94, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 37 Pie lu:—The chi mu is also called #4 Py k‘u sin (bitter heart), 5a HL rh ts‘ao. It grows in the river valleys (plains) of Ho nei [S.E. Shan si, App. 77]. The root is dug up in the 2nd and 8th months and dried in the sun. T‘ao Hune-Kinc:—Now the chi mu is met with in Peng ch‘eng [in Kiang su, App. 247]. It (the root) resembles the ch‘ang p‘u [Acorus, see 195]. The leaves are succulent and have a great vitality, and even when dried by fire the plant survives. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The plant is found in the pre- fectures of Pin chou [in Shan tung, App. 251], Ho chou [in Kan su, App. 73], in Huai chou [in Ho nan, App. 93], in Wei chou [in Ho nan, App. 381], Chang te [in Ho nan, App. 5], likewise in Kie chou [in Shan si, App. 135], Chtn chou [in An hui, App. 25]. In the 4th month it opens its green. flowers resembling those of Allium. In the 8th month its fruit is formed. Under the name of chi mu the Ch. (VII, 41] figures three different plants, all bad drawings. One of them represents a plant with lanceolate leaves and may perhaps be intended for Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Bge., which plant in the Peking mountains, where it is common, is known as chi mu. ! Taran, Cat., 16:—Chi mu, Radix Anemarrhenw aspho- deloides et Ditiicias. —GavuceEr [42] describes and figures the chi mu, He says: Rhizomes of a monocoty] plant, havi ing the appearance of the root of Acorus Calamus. Comp. also Han., Se. pap., 259. P,. Swrrn [57] identifies the ch’ mu erroneously with Chelidonium. Cust. Med., p. 22 (9):—Chi mu exported 1885 from Tientsin to other Chinese ports 2,490 piculs.—A small quantity is also exported from Chefoo, p. 44 (6).—P. 436 (186) :—Place of production : Chi li. 38 BOTANICON SINICUM, The plant figured in the So moku [Il, 14] sub ¥ is, according to Francuet, Aletris japonica, Lamb. I shoul rather think that the Japanese drawing represents Ane marrhena, The plant represented under the same Chinese name in the Phon zo [V, 20, 21] has been identified }y FRancuer with Anemarrhena asphodeloides. 10.— Py HE BE jou istung yung. P., Xia, 41.—7., CLXXL Pen king :—Jou ts‘ung yung. The root and the ste are officinal. Taste sweet, Nature slightly warm. Non- poisonous. Pie lu:—The jou ts*ung yung grows in Ho si [ west the Yellow River, App. 79], in mountain valleys, also i Tai [in N. Shan si, App. 821] and Yen men [in N. Shan si It is gathered on the 5th day of the 5th month, and dri in the shade. _ We Pv [3rd cent.]:—This plant, which is also cal PS HE ZE jou sung yung and Ft Fl Bz hei sz‘ ling, gro in the mountains of Ho si, in shady places. It is gathered from the 2nd to the 8th month, Tao Hune-Kine :—The localities Tai and Yen me (mentioned in the Pie lu) are in the province of Ping eh [N. Shan si, App. 253] and are rich in horses. Peop say that the jou ts‘ung yung plant is produced from the sem! of the wild horses dropping on the ground. The growil plant has the appearance of flesh. It is cooked with mutto broth and is very restorative, It may also be eaten raw It is also common in Ho nan. The best drug comes from Lung si [Mid Kan su, App, 216]. It is flat [having been Pressed], of a yellow colour, succulent, has many flowe Its taste is Sweet. That brought from the northern countries 18 Considered of * second quality, It is short and has : es flowers, ‘That from Pa tung (EB. Sz‘ ch‘uan, App. 237] © iw MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 39 and Kien p‘ing [B. Sz‘ chtuan and W. Hu pei, App. 139] is of an inferior quality. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The drug spoken of by T‘so Honc-K1ne is the BE [| ts‘ao ( herbaceous) ts‘wng yung, he had not seen the fleshy sort or jou ts‘ung yung. The drug now commonly used in China is the first, of which the flowers have been scraped off. It is less potent than the fleshy kind. Han Pao-sHenc [10th cent.]:—The jou ts‘ung yung grows in the Fu lu hien district in Su chou [in Kan su, App. 47, 312], in a sandy soil. In the 3rd and 4th months the people dig up the root, which is more than a foot long, cut out from the centre three or four inches, pass a string through it and dry it in the sun. In the 8th month it is ready for use. The skin (of the plant) is scaly like the cone of a fir. As to the ts‘ao (herbaceous) ts‘ung yung it is gathered in the middle of the 4th month. It is from five or six inches to one foot long, has a round stem of a purple (violet) colour. Sou Sune [11th cent.]:—The plant is found in all pre- fectures of the province of Shen si {modern Shen si and E. Kan su, App. 284] but this is inferior to the drug brought from the border of Si Kiang [N.E. Tibet, App. 300] which is fleshy, thick and more potent. Ancient writers -say that it is produced from the semen of the wild horse. Ch. (VII, 17]:—Jou ts‘ung yung. A rade drawing. No inference can be drawn from it. Tatar., Cat., 13:—T: stung yung and [64] jou is‘ung yung, Orobanche preparata—The same drug figured and described in Gavucer [51]. He says it is a large tongue-shaped fleshy root covered with scales, in a salted condition. In 1879 I procured the same drug at Peking. It was said to be brought from Mongolia. It proved to be Phelipea salsa, 40 BOTANICON SINICUM. CU. A. Meyer, order Orobanchacew. It consisted of the whole plant, salted, the stem about three inches thick and a | This plant is common in §. Siberia, Dsungaria, inne : It has been gathered in 1874 by Dr. PIASSETSKY in ee (ind. Fl. sin, WU, 222]. The name ts‘ung yung in Chinat probably applied to several plants of the order Orobanchace Cust. Med., p. 70 (71) :—Ts‘ung yung exported 13 from Hankow to other Chinese ports 78 piculs, The drug is referred there, it is unknown to me on what authority, to Ruta angustiflora [sic !], which is most probably a mistake. | Braun [ Hankow Med., 46] states that ts‘ung yung in Hankow is Eyinetia Japonica, and gives K ZF ta yin as a synony 7 According’ to the Cust, Med., p. 26 (54) of the drug ta ytin, in 1885, 562 piculs were exported. Jhid., p. = (1859) :—Ts‘ung yung, 3% shao sin. Pie w:—The si sin grows in the mountain valleys of Hua yin [in Shen si, App. 87]. Root dug up in the 2nd and 8th months and dried in the shade. T‘ao Hune-xine :—Now the drags from Tung yang and Lin hai [both in Che kiang, App. 376, 192] are used, but they are inferior to the si stn from Hua yin. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The true si sin from Hua chou [in Shen si, App. 85] is slender (fine rootlets) and of a very pungent taste, whence the name. It is frequently substituted for the tu heng [v. infra}. Lit Swi-coen:—The ancient Po wu chi [3rd cent. | observes that the si sin is frequently confounded with the tu heng. The difference between these two plants is that the si stv has tender leaves resembling those of a small _ mallow. The stem is slender, the root is straight, of a purple colour and very pungent in taste. The tu Jeng has leaves resembling a horse’s hoof, a coarser stem, a contorted root of a yellowish white colour and a pungent taste. For identification see the next. 41.—#E $j tu heng. P., XT, 54. 7., OXLVIIL The Pen king gives this name as a synonym for tw ju [v. énfra, 55), but the Pie lu applies it to another plant, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 93 Comp. also Bot. sin., I, 156, 414. Pie lu:—The tu heng is a mountain plant. The root is dug up on the 3rd day of the 3rd month and dried in the sun. T‘ao Hunea-Kinc:—In its root and leaves it much resembles the s/ sin, but it is less potent, It is not much used in medicine. The Taoists employ it for scenting clothes. The Tang Pen ts‘ao [7th cent.] calls it 5 Be ma t? héang (horse’s-hoof fragrance). Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is a common plant in Mid China. Perennial root. A small branchless plant, two to three inches high. Leaves like a horse’s hoof in shape. Purple flowers. Fruit of the size of a pea, contains small _ Seeds, The si sin and the tu heng are both species of Asarum. See Bot. sin., I, lee. Tarar., Cat., 44:—Si sin. Folia Heterotrope asaroides (= Asarum Thunbergii, Al. Br.).—P. Smrra, 112. The drug si sin received from an apothecary’s shop in P eking consisted of the tender, fibrous roots with some leaves of an Asarum. Cust. Med., p. 2 (14):—Si sin exported 1885 from New chwang 2,044 piculs,—p. 44 (13), from Che foo 20 piculs,—p. 68 (37), ma sin (ma ti hiang) from Han kow 132 piculs,—p. 362 (407), from Amoy the same exported in & small quantity. 42.—% Dkiki. P., XIU 55. T., CKXXIV. The Pie iu has only the name (hi £2), no details. St Kune [7th cent.]:—The ki ki grows in the moun- tains, in shady valleys. The plant has only one stem, at the top of which are four leaves, The flowers are white, issue 94 BOTANICON SINICUM. between the leaves. The root resembles that of the si sin [Asarum. See 40] but is of a black colour, bitter and poisonous. It is dug up in the 2nd month and dried in the sun. It Sut-cen adds that the plant is also called #% il 3 chang rh si sin. Chang rh (—=deer’s ear) refers to the shape of the leaves. Ch., VIII, 29 :—Ki ki. Representation of a plant with leaves in accordance with the above description. So moku, If, 49 :—J&% B, Chloranthus serratus, Roem. & Sch.—DC. Prodr. [XVI, 1, 475]. Caule simplici ultra- pedali herbaceo . .. . foliis 4 approximatis . . . . See also — Kwa wi, 12. Sres., Jeon. ined., VII —Je GB Tricercandra quadrifolia, A. Gray. (Same as Chloranthus japonicus, Sieb.), known also from China. 43.—R Fe YE) st ch‘ang king. P., XU, 57. 7., CLXX1L Pen king :—Sii ch‘ang King, YB, 2% BR kui tu yu. The root is officinal. Taste pungent and bitter. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. As Ii Sut-cuen explains, Si Chiang k‘ing is properly the name of a man, a physician in whose memory the plant was named. In the Index of the Pen king we find besides sit ch‘ang king also a name of a plant 4 PF ££ Ja) shi lua ch‘ang king, which name seems to refer to its growing beneath (among) stones. Some ancient authors consider 1t identical with the sa ch‘ang king, others say it is a distinct plant. Pie lu:—The sii ch‘ang k‘ing grows on the T‘ai shan mountain [in Shan tung, App. 322], also in Lung si [in Kan su, App. 216]. It is dug up in the 3rd month. The shi hia ch‘ang king grows likewise in Lung si, in marshes. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 95 The description given of the si ch‘ang king by the ancient authors is not characteristic. A rude drawing of the plant is found in the Ch. [VI], 21]. Comp. Henry, Chin. pl., 154. So moku, IV, 30 :—# $ Vel Pyenostelma chinensis, Bge.—See also Kwa wi, 3d. The i Hl kui tu yu, which name in the Pen king is given as a synonym for the sd chiang king and also for the ch% tsien [wide 11], is considered by the authors who commented upon the ancient Materia Medica, to be a distinct plant which resembles the former only in its root. See P., XIII, 56. Su Kune [7th cent.| describes the hud tu yu as a plant with a single always moving stem, at the top of which the leaves are inserted like an umbrella.—Another author says that the flowers come out between the leaves and are of a yellowish white colour. It is figured in the Ch. [ VIII, 30] in accordance with the above description. So moku, XVI, 2:—¥ #6 Macroclinidium verticil- ——_ latum, Franchet, a Composita. The leaves are arranged in whorl at the top of the stem. White flowers. 44 — Fy ih pai wei. P., XU, 58 7, CLVIL Pen king :—Pai (white) wei, $f BE ch‘un ts‘ao (spring herb), The root is officinal. Taste bitter, saltish. Nature — Uniform, Non-poisonous. 2 It Sai-cuen refers this plant to RA ya, 147. It has been rroneously identified by the commentators of the Rh ya | with the mang ts‘ao [see 158]. 96 BOTANICON SINICUM. Pie lu:—Other names : #% BE wei ts‘ao, Fy RE par mo, F FE ku mei. The pai wei grows in the river valleys of P‘ing yiian [in Shan tung, App. 258]. The root is dug up on the 8rd day of the 3rd month and dried in the shade. T‘ao Hunc-Kine says it is a common plant in Mid China. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It grows in Mid and North China. Its leaves resemble willow-leaves. Red _ flowers. Root yellowish white. Kiu huang, UII, 26, and Ch., VII, 39, sub pai wet, rude drawings showing large follicles. An Asclep/adea seems to be intended. Cust. Med., p. 346 (113) :—Pai wei exported 1885 from Canton 18 piculs,—p, 188 (71), from Ning po 1.75 picul. So moku, IV, 26 —Fy #& Vincetoxicum acuminatum, Morr. & Den. (Maxim.),—[27] same Chinese name, V. atratum, Morr. & Den. and [28] V. macrophyllum, 8. & Z. 49.— Eq Bil pai ts‘ien. P., ATL 60. 7. CLYIL This is mentioned in the Pie lu as a drug (root) useful in cough. Taste sweet, : ery Nature slightly warm. Non: poisonous. Tao Huna-Kine :—The pai ts‘ien grows in Mid China. The root resembles that of the si sin (Asarum) but is large, of a white colour, not soft, breaks easily. It is much used in curing cough. : Su Kune [7th cent. ]:—The plant grows a foot and more high. Leaves like willow-leaves, also like the leaves of the yuan hua | Daphne. a 156]. The root is longer than the si sin root, white. It grows on islets and on sandy ground. It is commonly called 7G BE shi lan also 4 sou yao (cough medicine) MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 97 Ch, VIII, 26:—Pai ts‘ien. The plant represented shows only leaves. Cust. Med., p. 346 (105):—Pai ts‘ien exported 1885 from Canton 9 piculs. So moku, 1V, 82:—Eq Fj Vincetozicum purpurascens, Morr. & Den. 46.—% BS tang kui. P., X1Va, 1.—T., OXXXIL at Pen king:—Tang kui, RZ BR kan ku. The root is officinal. Taste bitter. Nature warm. Non-poisonous. For other ancient names see Bot. sin., IL, 5, 48. Pie lu:—The tang kui grows in Lung si [in Kan su, App. 216] in river valleys. The root is dug up in the 2nd and 8th months and dried in the shade. In the Ku kin chu [4th cent.] the plant is called 3 Hi Wen wu, Tso Hune-Kina:—The tang kui which comes ei Lung si [in Kan su, App. 216], Si yang ae a fm App. 302], Hei shui [in Kan su and Sz ch‘uan, a 60] is very fleshy, not much branched, and ave : It is called Br | [| mawe (horse’s-tail) tang ue : . drug from Si ch‘uan [in Kan su, App. 296] and Pei a ets Maan or Kan su, App. 244] has many branches and is smaller. That from Li yang [in An hui, App. is of a white colour and has but little taste ane — It is called EE | [| ts‘ao (herbaceous) tang kui. It 1s Sometimes substituted for the true tangy kuz. fe oe Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The tang kui 1s a Tang chou [in Sz ch‘uan, App. 332], in Tang - sous lity su or Sz ch‘uan, App. 331], this is of a superior a? he in I chou {in Sz ch‘uan, App. 102], in Sung c ace Sz ch‘uan, App. 318]. ‘There are two kinds, One pan led the large-leayed kung k*iung [ Angelica. See 47] an . a «MG wei tang kui [v. supra]. This is now much use 13 98 BOTANICON SINICUM. other resembles the small-leaved kung kung. It is called 2 | ol ts‘an tou (silk-worm’s-head) tang kuc. This is — the drug from Li yang spoken of by T‘ao Hune-xine. It is | not much used. Su Suye [11th cent.]:—-The tang kut grows in Ch‘uan i Shu [Sz ch‘uan, App. 26], Shen si [App. 284], also it Kiang ning fu [Nan king, App. 129], Ch‘u chou [in An hui, — App. 284]. The best drug comes from Shu (Sz ch‘uan). The leaf is divided into three segments. It flowers in the 7th or 8th months. The flowers resemble those of the shi lo (Anethum ?), and are of a pale purple colour. The drug — which is thick and fleshy, of a dark yellow colour and not rotten, is the best. Li Sai-cuey :—The drug is now much cultivated is sale by the people of Sz ch‘uan, Shen si, Ts‘in chou [in Kan su, App. 358] and Wen chou [in Sz ch‘uan, App. 387]: The ma wet tang kui from Ts‘in chou is the best. Ch. XXV, 14:—Tang kui. Rude drawing representing, it seems, an umbelliferous plant. The aromatic root tang kui brought from Sz ch‘uan, and much valued by the Chinese, was sent to Paris, in 1723 by the Jesuit Father Parennin, [See my Kurl. Eur. Res — Fl. Ch., p. 31]. D’Ixcarvinir [Peking Plants] says it is kind of “ Ache” (Celery), Tatar., Cat., 19 :—T7 ang kui. Rad. Levistici chinensis ? —Gaucer [13] describes and figures the root. He thinks that it belongs to an umbelliferous plant,—Hans., Se. pap» 260:—Tang kwei, described as a fleshy branchy root . - + - approaching in odour that of Celery or Angelica. HanBurY identifies it erroneously with Aralia edulis, as does also P. Sarre [20], but [p. 133] the latter refers the name tang kui to Levisticum, Cust. Med., p. 70 (63):—Tang kui exported 1885 from Han kow 11,700 piculs,—p. 60 (23), from I chang 650 MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 99 pieuls,—p, 26 (57), from Tien tsin 441 piculs,—p. 46 (31), from Che foo 80 piculs. Cust. Med., No. 1,250:—The Sz ch‘uan tang kui is the root of an Umbellifer not yet determined. So moku, V, 5:—&% 8 japonice toki, Legusticum acutilobum, 8. & Z. Stes., Geon., 246:—Apium ternatum, japonice toki, Sinice $8 $F Herba edulis ac medici usus. SrEBoLD’s Apium fernatum is Ligusticum acutilobum.—This identification is hot in contradiction with the Chinese description of the tang kui. L. acutilobum is known from Japan, Corea, Formosa. According to Dr. Henry, Angelica polymorpha, var. sinensis, Oliv., is the source of the drug tang ku’ exported from I chang and Han kow. See Hooxer’s Icones. Plant, tab. 1999, There is a plant - we Be ty, (native) tang kui noticed in the P. (XIII, 28], but the plant is not described. Drawings of it are given in the Kiu huang, XLIX, 27, and Ch., XXV, 5. From these drawings and the descriptions there it may be concluded that it is an umbelliferous plant. It is said to grow wild in the mountains of Kiang si and Hu nan. So moku, V, 53:—- 3% Bif japonice xudo, Aralia tordata, Thbg. This is the same as A. edulis, 8. & Z., Flora Japon, [I, p- 57, tab, 25] and Stes. [con., 242]. Accord- ding to Steponp the udo is universally cultivated in Japan, in fields and gardens, and valued chiefly on account of its toot, which is eaten like Scorzonera. The young stalks are also a delicious vegetable. §. thinks that the plant has-been Introduced into Japan from China. It is, however, not mentioned in the Ind. Fl. sin. Whether the Chinese ¢‘w tang hui is Aralia edulis is doubtful, 100 BOTANICON SINICUM. The udo is described by Kamprer, Amen. exot, [826] but the Chinese characters there and the names doku quatz, do sjen are erroneous, for they are applied to an Angelica [see 32]. 47.—F5 88 hung Kiung. P., A1Va, 5. Fo Cx Pen king :—Kung kung. The root is officinal. Taste pungent. Nature warm. N on-poisonous. The plant kung k‘iung is repeatedly mentioned in the Shan hai king. Pie lu:—Other names : BY | hu kiung, FH Fe hiang kuo. Name of the leaves Bi AE mi wu. The kung kiung grows in the river valleys of Wu kung, also in Sie ku and Si ling [all in Shen si, App. 393, 309, 301]. The root is dug up in the 3rd and 4th months and dried in the sun. T‘ao Hune-xine :—The localities Wu kung, Sie ku Si ling are all near Ch‘ang an [in Shen si, App. 393, 309, 301, 3]. The drug is now produced in Li yang [in An hui, App. 186]. The plant is also much cultivated. It has fragrant leaves which resemble those of the she ch‘uang [ Cnidium. See 49]. Large joints. The stem is slender, looks like a horse’s bit, whence the name §& #y | | ma en (horse’s - bit) kung kiung. That found in Shu (Sz ch‘uan) is smaller, Su Kune [7th cent. |:—-The drug kung k‘tung is now produced in Ts‘in chou [in Kan su, App. 358]. That from Li yang is no longer in use. The kung kiung is also cultivated. This drug (the root) represents large fleshy masses which contain much resin, That brought from the mountains is smaller in size, poor, and of a bitter, pungent taste. The best time for digging it up are the 9th and 10th months, : MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 101 Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The plant grows in Shen si [App. 284], Ch‘uan Shu [Sz ch‘uan. App. 26] and in the mountains of Kiang tung [An hui, Kiang su, etce., App. 124], the best is that from Shu Ch‘uan (Sz ch‘uan). Its leaves resemble those of the shui kin [Ginanthe. See 250], the hu sui (Coriandrum), the she ch‘uang (Cnidium). They grow in a bushy manner, but the stem is slender. The leaves are very fragrant. The people of Kiang tung and Shu gather them for preparing a beverage. It flowers in the 7th or 8th month. Small white flowers like those of the she ch‘uang. The root is hard and poor, of a yellowish black colour. The drug which comes from Kuan chung [Shen si, App. 158] consists of compact masses resembling the brain of a bird, whence the name § Fy tsio nao (bird’s-brain) kung. This is very potent. | Lit Sui-cuey :—The best sort comes from Hu Jung [N.E. Tibet, App. 82]. Ancient authors call it ma hien kung k‘iung, from the resemblance of the root with its joints to a horse’s bit. Another kind is called tsio nao kung. That from Kuan chung [Shen si, App. 158] is called Fg | king kung, also fj | si kung, that produced in Shu (Sz . ch‘uan) is Jj| | ch‘uan kung, that brought from T‘ien t‘ai lin Che kiang, App. 340] is called & | tai kung, that from Kiang nan [App. 124] is it | fu kung. In Shu (Sz ch‘uan) the kung k‘iung is much cultivated. The leaves continue without withering till late in autumn. The root is perennial. The mM | ch‘uan kung is figured in the Kiu huang [XLVI, 31], only leaves and the root, a nodular roundish mass. Evidently an umbelliferous plant. See also Ch., XXV, 4, Tarar., Cat. 18:—K Ji] #3, the great kung from Sz ch‘uan, Rad. tuberosa Levistici?.—GAuaER [ 12]:—The same 102 BOTANICON SINICUM. drug figured and described: the thick, globular, nodose rhizome of an umbelliferous plant resembling in taste and odour that of Parsley. Tavar., Cat., 24 :—#R EF fu kung [1 suspect the first character is a mistake for HE fu (v. supra) |, Rad. tuberosa _ Levistici—Gavuaer [19]:—The drug fu kung figured and described as resembling the ch-uan kung, but smaller. Hans., Sc. pap., 260 :—Ch*uan kung. Nodular masses consisting apparently of the root stock of some umbelliferous plant allied to Angelica, ete. The odour of the drug resembles that of the tang kui [see 46]. Cust. Med., No. 247 :—Jj] #$ ch‘uan kung, Pleuro- spermum, sp., or Conioselinum univittatum, Turez. (Umbellif.) Cust. Med., p. 66 (13):—Ch‘uan kung exported 1885 from Han kow 7,180 piculs,—p, 58 (6), from I chang 1,368 piculs.—Ibid., p. 66 (21), si kung exported from Han kow 17 piculs,—p. 342 (62), from Canton 50 piculs. So moku, V, 2 :—F3 3 or jij #¥ umbelliferous plant not identified by Francuer. The Phon =o [ LX, 4] represents the large nodose roots of the same plant. See also Kwa wi, BL, JI FF, sen hin, So moku, ae 2, 3 —K BE Jy ca (large-leaved), Angelica refracta, Fr. Schm. —Bres., Pl. weon., 254:—Selinea? Sinice FS BE, jap. sen kjo. Colitur in usum officinarum. SrEpoxp’s senkjo is, according FRaNcHET, Angelica decursiva, Miq. 48.— Be iE mi wu. P., X1Va, 9, en 8) QARAe Pen king:—Mi wu. Leaves officinal. Taste pungent. Nature warm. Non-poisonous, For other ancient names see Bot, sin., I, 89, 412. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 103 Pie lw:—Other names: #&% BE wei wu, YL HE hiang li. The leaves of the kung k‘tung plant are the mi wu [v. 47). The mi wu is brought from the marshes of Yung chou [Mid Shen si, App. 424] and Yiian kii [in Shan tung, App. 415]. The leaves are gathered in the 4th and 5th months and dried in the sun, T‘ao Huna-Kine :—The plant is produced in Li yang [in An hui, App. 186] where it is much cultivated by the people. The leaves are fragrant, resemble those of the she ch‘uang (Cridium). The plant is frequently mentioned by poets but seldom used in medicine. | Su Kune [7th cent.]:—There are two sorts, both fra- grant. One has the leaves of the kin (Celery), the other tesembles the she ch‘wang (Cnidium). Lt Sai-cuen quotes an ancient author who states that the name kiang li is derived from the name of the provinces situated on the (lower) Kiang (Yang tsz‘ kiang), where the Plant grows. The Pie lu gives kiang li as a synonym for me wu, but Sz‘ ma SranG JU (the celebrated poet, who lived in the 2nd cent. B.C.) in one of his poems keeps them apart. The tender young leaves of the plant are called mi wu. The same plant, after the roots have developed, is called kung k‘iung. The mi wu has small leaves resembling the she ch‘uang. The kiang li is a variety of it. It has large leaves resembling the k‘in (Celery). 49.—E We she ch‘uang. P., XIVa, 10. 1, CLXVIL. Pen king :—She ch‘uang (serpent’s bed), BE 3% she su \Serpent’s millet), RE 3K she mi (serpent’s rice). The seeds ‘re officinal. Taste bitter. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. For other ancient names see Bot. sin., I, 157. 104 BOTANICON SINICUM. Pie lw:—Other names: $3 RE tstang mi, BA fe sz‘ 3, HE 3H sheng tu, BE WR tsao ki. The she ch‘uang grows in Lin tsz‘ [in Shan tung, App. 194] in river valleys and fields. The fruit (seeds) is gathered in the 5th month and dried in the shade. T‘ao Hune-King :—It is common in fields. Flowers and leaves resemble those of the mé wu [see 48]. Han Pao-sHene [10th cent.]:—The leaves resemble those of the small-leaved kung ktiung [see 47]. White flowers. Seed like millet, yellowish white. The plant grows in low, moist places. The best kinds are produced in Yang chou [Kiang su and Che kiang, App. 400] and Siang chou [in Hu pei, App. 305]. Su Sune [11th cent. ]:—The plant grows two or three feet high. Fine leaves, like those of the hao (Artemisia). Flowers white, arranged at the end of the stalks like an umbrella, more than a hundred together, forming a nest [the author means to describe an umbelliferous inflorescence] like the ma k‘in [see Bot. sin., II, 38]. The seeds are light, of a grayish yellow colour, like millet, The she ch‘uany is Cnidium Monnierit. For further particulars see Bot. sin., LF 157. Cust. Med., p. 372 (419):—Seeds of she ch‘uang ex ported from Canton 7 piculs,—p, 296 (334), from Amoy 0.3 picul. 90.—3E AK kao pen. P., X1Va, 12. T., OXLIX. Pen king :—Kao pen, Si, Sal bus king, O44 2 kui sin. The root is officinal, Taste pungent. Nature warm. Non- poisonous. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 105 Pie lu:—It is also called $k ¥ wei heng. The kao pen grows in the mountain valleys of Sung shan [in Ho nan, App. 317]. The root is dug up in the Ist and 2nd months and dried in the sun. The fruit (seeds) are likewise used in medicine. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The kao pen in its stem, leaves and root, and also in taste, is very much like the kung k‘iung. The best is produced in Tang chou {in Kan su, App. 831]. Su Sune [11th cent.j:—The plant grows in Si ch‘uan [in Kan su, App. 296], Ho tung [Shan si, App. 80], Yen chou [in Shan tung, App. 404], Hang chou [in Che kiang, App. 58]. The leaves resemble those of the pai chi hiang [see 51] and the kung k‘iung, but are smaller. In the 5th month it bears white flowers, in the 7th or 8th month it produces seed. The root is of a purple colour. Li Sut-cuen:—The kao pen grows in the mountain recesses of Kiang nan [Kiang su, An hui, App. 124]. The root resembles that of the kung k‘iung, but is lighter and Tess juicy. It is unfit for making a beverage (decoction, for which purpose the kuny kiuny is used). In ancient times it was used as a perfume and called kao pen hiang. Tarar., Cat., 26:—Kao pen. Rad. Conii seu Cicutw? Erroneous identification. —P. Smira, 62. In Japan the above Chinese name is applied to Notho- — smyrnium japonicum, Migq. (Umbellifera). For further _ Particulars see Bot. sin., I, 413. Cust, Med., p. 842 (62) :—Kao pen exported 1885 from Canton 50 piculs,—p. 168 (417), from Shang hai 0.65,— P. 186 (46), from Ning po 0.53 picul. In Hu peh the drug kao pen is derived from Ligusticum sinense, Oliv. See Dr. Henry’s note in Hooxer’s Leones. Plant. tab, 1958. on 106 BOTANICON SINICUM. — 51.— FA HE pai chi. P., X1Va, 14. T., CLVII. Pen king:—Pai chi, | | # pai chi hang, A ie par chi, 35 FH fang hiang (fragrance). The root is officinal. Taste pungent. Nature warm. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—Other names: }# 3f tse fen (marshes’ fra- grance), 4F HE fu li. The pai chi grows in Ho tung [S.W. Shan si, App. 80], in river valleys and marshes. The root is dug up in the 2nd and 8th months. The leaves are likewise used in medicine. T‘ao Hune-xixe :—It is a common plant in Kastern China. The leaves are used as a perfume. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is common in the country of Wu [Kiang su, App. 389]. Root more than one foot long, coarse or slender, of a white colour. Leaves opposite as broad as three fingers. Yellowish white flewers. The best is produced in Huang tse [unknown. App. 96]. Tarar., Cat.,4:—Pai chi. Radix Umbellifera (Angelica): —GavceER, 4:—Same drug figured and described. Um- bellifera—P. Surra [120] identifies it erroneously with Ins florentina. Lovretro, Fl. cochin., 114:— Dorstenia chinensis (a dubious plant unknown to botanists), sinice pe chi. Habitat in provinciis borealibus imperii Sinensis. Radix aromatica in usum medicum. It seems that Lourgrro described the plant partly from a Chinese drawing. Cust. Med., No. 940:—Pai chi. Root of Angelica anomala, Pall. Cust. Med., p. 68 (45):—Pai chi exported 1885 from Han kow 1,825 piculs—p. 142 (78), from Shang hai 550 piculs,—p. 58 (16), from I chang 337 piculs. i For further particulars regarding the pai chi, umbelliferous plant, see Bot. sin., II, 410. 2 MATERIA MEDICA. OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 107 52.—Ry shao yo. P., X1Va, 18. T., CXV. Pen king :—Shao yo. The root is officinal. Taste bitter. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—Other names: $2 Be li shi, BRA yi yung, BE yen. The shao yo grows on the Chung yo mountain [in Ho nan, App. 33] in river valleys. The root is dug up in the 2nd and 8th months and dried in the sun. Other ancient names : Hf fff tsiang li, PE He Ud ts‘ao. T‘ao Hune-Kincg :—The best sorts are found on the Pai shan and Tsiang shan mountains [both unknown. App. 238, 851] and on the Mao shan [in Kiang su, App. 218]. The root is white and about a foot long. The plant is also found in other localities, but that is for the greater part the red sort, which is of an inferior quality. Ma Cut [10th cent.]:—There is a white and a red sort (according to the colour of the root), The flowers are also white or red. Su Sone [11th cent.]:—It is a common plant. The best drug comes from Huai nan [An hui, Kiang su, App. 90]. The young sprouts are of a red colour. Leaves on the top of the stem, three branches, five leaves (the author means biternate leaves) resembling the leaves of the mou tan [Peonia mou tan. See 53], but they are longer and narrower. The plant is from one to two feet high. Its flowers are white, red or purple. The fruit resembles that of the mow tan, but is smaller. “According to the Ku kin chu [4th cent.] there are two kinds of shao yo, the mm -vl ts‘ao (herbaceous) shao yo and the 7 [| | mu (tree) shao yo. The latter has large flowers of a deep (red) colour and 1s commonly called HE: Ff mou tan [see 53]. According to other authors the mu shao yo is a name for the purple 108 BOTANICON SINICUM, shao yo, (the root of which) is poor and fibrous, whilst the shao yo with a white, fat root is called 4 | | Ain (gold) a shao yo. : Cu‘en Cu‘enc [11th cent.] says, that the shao yo, mentioned as a wild plant by the ancient authors, is now much cultivated by the people. : Li Sar-cuen :—In ancient times Lo yang [the ancient capital of China, in Ho nan, App. 201] for the cultivation of its mow tan flowers and Yang chou [in Kiang su, App. 400] for its shao yo. For medical use now the drug J obtained from the shao yo cultivated in Yang chou is _ j generally employed. There are more than thirty varieties of the cultivated shao yo, single and double flowered. The root of the single flowered is used in medicine. It is white or red according to the colour of the flowers. The shao yo is Pwonia albiflora, Pall. For farther particulars see Bot. sin., 11, 403. Lour., Fl. cochin., 419 :—Pwonia oficinal’s [ LOUREIRO : describes under this name P. albiflora], sinice wo yo (sho yo). q Varietates flore albo et rubro (radice rubescente). Habitat culta spontaneagque per totum imperium Sinense, maxime in provinciis borealibus, Virtus radicis, imprimis rabre, nervina, cephalica, emmenagoga, “ Tatar. Cat., 15 Fe | | chi (red) shao yo, Rad. Peonie rubre.—P, Smiry, 169. : Paonia albiflora, Pall., is common in the mountains of a North China and also much cultivated in gardens under the name of shao yo. It has the same Chinese name in Hu pe [see Henry, Chin. pl., 393] and in Japan. | Cust. Med., p. 122 (44) :— Pai (white) shao yo exported — 1885 from Chin kiang 7,388 piculs,—p. 68 (46), from Het @ - aa. Pieuls,—p, 58 (17), from I chang 327 piculs,— gid: (48), from Tien tsin 5 piculs, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 109 Ibid., p. 22 (10):—Ch% (red) shao yo exported from Tien tsin 2,075 piculs,—p. 2 (6), from New chwang 211 piculs,—p. 44 (7), from Che foo 2 piculs. 53.—4E FF mou tan. P., X1Va, 22, T., CCLXXXVUL to COXCIL. Pen king:—Mou tan (the male red) Hi shu ku, BE SE lu kiu. The bark of the root is officinal. Taste pungent. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—The mou tan grows in the mountain valleys of Pa [E. Sz ch‘uan, App. 235] and in Han chung [S. Shen si, App. 54]. Root dug up in the 2nd and 8th months, and dried in the shade. T‘ao Honc-xine :—Now this plant is also found in the eastern provinces of China. The red sort is good. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—It grows in Han chung and Kien nan [W. Sz ch‘uan, App. 136]. The plant has the appearance of the yang t‘ao [see Bot. sin., Il, 493]. In summer it puts forth white flowers, followed in autumn by roundish green fruit which becomes red in winter and does not fall off. The root resembles that of the shao yo [see 52]. It has white flesh and a red rind. The local name is BW & po Vang kin (hundred taels gold). In Ch‘ang an [in Shen si, App. 6] it is known under the name Beit wu mou tan (mou tan from Wu), which is the true mou tan. Su Sune [11th cent.]:~-Now the drug from Ho chou [in Sz ch‘nan, App. 69, 5.] is considered the best. Those from Ho chou and Siian chou [both in An hui, App. 71, 315] are also of a good quality. The mou tan grows in & wild state in the mountains of Tan chou and Yen chou [both in Shen si, App. 327, 403], in Ts‘ing chou [in Shan tung, App. 363], Yiie chou [in Che kiang, App. 418], in 110 BOTANICON SINICUM. Ch‘u chou and Ho chou [both in An hui, App. 25, 71]. Its flowers are of different colours—yellow, purple, red, white—and appear in the 3rd month. The flowers and leaves of the wild-growing plant are the same as in the cultivated sorts, but the wild mou tan produces only single flowers. In the 5th month it produces fruit of a black. colour, resembling a cock’s head, with large seeds. The root is of a yellowish white colour, from five to seven inches long, of the thickness of a pencil-holder. K‘ou Tsune-sur [Sung dynasty |:—The rind of the root of the mountain mow tan is that which is used in medicine. The cultivated plant produces also dark red and pale blue flowers. Li Sar-cuen :—From ancient times the mou tan flower has been called 7E E hua wang (king of flowers). Ou Yang- stu | Sung dynasty] enumerates more than thirty cultivated varieties of it. The Hua pu (a treatise on flowers, Sung dynasty) records that to the west of Tan chou and Yen chou [in Shen si, v. supra] the mow tan is so common that the country people use its wood for fuel like the king (Vitex) and ki (Zizyphus). The mou tan is the China Tree Peony, Peonia Moutan, Sims., a favorite garden-flower of the Chinese, which they have cultivated from a remote period. In ancient times Lo yang, the old capital of China, in Ho nan, was famed for its mou tan flowers [see sub 52]. A good drawing of the plant is found in the Ch. [XXV, 18]. Tatar. Cat. 39 :—Mow tan p'i (rind). Radix Pwoniw moutan.— GAUGER [28] figures and describes the drug. In the drug-shops it is simply called FF FE tan pi.—P, SMITA, 169. | Ss Cust. Med., p. 104 (87) :—Tan pi ex orted 1885 from Wu hu 1,606 piculs, Ya P MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 111 Amen. exot., 862 :—H F}- bo tan. Peonia major stirpe ligneo surrecto, folio ramoso, laciniis ineequaliter divisis. Phon zo, 1X, 13, 14:—Same Chinese name, Peonia Moutan. 34.—7e FH mu hiany. P., X1Va, 24. T., OXVIL. Pen king:—Mu hiang (wood perfume). The root is officinal. Taste pungent. Nature warm. Non-poisonous. | Pie lw:—Other name 3% # mi hiang (honey perfume). ~The mu hiang grows in the mountain valleys of Yung ch‘ang [in W. Yiin nan, App. 426]. a Tao Hune-xing :—This d rug (spoken of in the Pie lu) 7B the ry A ts‘ing (green) mu luang, which now how- ever is not brought from Yung ch‘ang. The mu hang now _ employed in China is all brought by foreign ships. People _ Say that it is produced in Ta Ts‘in [the Roman Empire in Asia and Europe]. It is not used as a medicine, but only 48a perfume, Su Kune [7th cent.]:—There are two kinds of mu Mang. The best comes from K‘un lun [see App. 171]. That from Si hu [see App. 299] is of an inferior quality. leaves of the mu hiang resemble those of the yang tt — Rumex. See 193] but are longer and larger. The flowers _ Tesemble those of the kit hua (Chrysanthemum). The leat 's_ yellowish black and likewise officinal, The mu hang is much used in medicine. T‘so HuNcG-KING is wrong 1n Stating that it is only employed as a perfume. Chen Kuan [7th cent.]:—According to the Man a 2 oe chi [3rd cent.] the ts‘ing mu hiang comes from Tsien chu Undia), It is the root of an herbaceous plant and has the ° : “Ppearance of the kan ts‘ao (Liquorice). 112 BOTANICON SINICUM. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The drug mw hiang is brought in ships from Kuang chou (Canton), but is not produced there. Large wrinkled root like that of the ke ts: (Solanum melongena). The leaves resemble those of the yang tt [v. supra] but are longer and larger. They are also like those of the shan yao (Dioscorea). Large root. Purple flowers. The buds of the root used in medicine. The mu hiang root looks like a rotten bone. That which is of a bitter taste and sticks to the teeth is of a good quality. There is a sort of mu hiang which grows in Kiang and Huai [Kiang su and An hui, App. 124, 89], and is called + ARF tu (native) ts‘ing mu hiang, which is not much used in medicine. The Shu pen ts‘ao [10th cent.] states that in the garden of the prince Mena Cu‘ana the mu hiang was cultivated. It was a plant from three to five feet high, leaves eight or nine inches long, wrinkled, soft, and covered — with hair. Yellow flowers, This was probably the tu mu hiang. In Buddhist books the mu hiang is called ke 1G ka-se-t‘o (probably kush tam is intended, Costus). K‘ou Tsuna-sur [12th cent.]:—The ts‘ing mu hiang is found beyond the frontier [west of] Min chou [in Kan st, App. 223]. The plant has leaves like the niu p‘ang [ Arctium Lappa. See 91] but they are narrower and longer. The stem is from two to three feet high and bears one yellow flower resembling the kin tstien (Inula). The fresh root is fragrant and has a pungent taste, | CHEN Cu‘enG [11th cent.]:—The mu hiang is brought to China from foreign countries, as has already been stated by T‘ao Howe-kixe and Sy Sune. But the mu Mang | which is produced in Ch‘u chou [in An hui, App. 25] an d . Hai chou [in Kiang su, App. 48] is the root of a plant called Be FE GS ma tou ling (horse’s bell), which is also used in medicine, : MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 113 Lt Sut-cuen notices that the above name mi hiang is also applied to the ch‘en hiang [Aloewood. See 807] and AK | mu hiang to a kind of Rose [the fragrant Rosa Banksia. Comp. 171). ; Ch., XX, 21:—Mza tou ling or tu ts‘ing mu hiang, and [XXI, 2] tu ts‘ing mu hiang, good drawings representing an Aristolochia. See also Kiu huang, XLV1, 15 :—Ma tou ling. The latter name (horse’s bell) refers to the shape of the fruit—Ch., XXV, 11:—Three miserable drawings of the ts‘ing mu hiang, produced in Ch‘u chou and Hai chou, and of the mu hiang from Canton. Tatar., Cat., 40 :—Mu hiang, and [27] kuang (Canton) mu hiang, Costus amarus.—GAvGER, 23 :—Kuang mu hiang described and figured. The root has a violet-like smell. It seems to belong to a plant of the Composite order and Tesembles the root of Inula Helenium. Hans., Se. pap., 257:—Root mu hiang received from Shang hai. It was the root of Aucklandia Costus, Fale. (Aplotawis Lappa, Dene. Composita). Costus root or et utchuk.— Witttams, Chin. Commerc. Guide, p. 100.— P. Surra, 29. In Dymock’s Vegetable Mat. Med. of W. India [p. 872] this plant is called A plotaxis auriculata, DC., in Sanscrit kushta, in Arabic and Persian kust, in Bengal patchak. The Toot is collected in large quantities in the highlands of Kashmeer and exported to Punjab. It is much shipped to China. =P. Sari is wrong in stating that putchuk is a Canton name for the drug.—Ganrcias aB ORTO [middle of the 16th cent.] in his Indian Pharmacopeeia [Clusius, Exot. 204] says :—Costus in Malacca, ubi ejus plurimus est usus pu cho dictus et inde yehitur in Sinarum regionem. As to the mu hiang or ts‘ing mu hiang produced in China and called there also ¢‘w ts‘ing mu hiang or ma tou ling, 15 114 BOTANICON SINICUM. this is, according to Tatar. [ Cat., 12] Rad. Aristolochie. See also Hans., Sc. pap., 259.—Tarar., Cat., 38 ‘Ma tou ling. Fructus Aristolochia contorte (a Peking species). Hans, Lc, 239 :—Ma tou ling. Fruits of Aristolochia Kempferi.—P. Surru, 22. According to the Customs’ Report on Trade for es [p. 42] and 1868 [p. 51], the native puchuk grown in the neighbourhood of Ning po is a common garden creeper, - Aristolochia. Some years later Dr. Hance examined this plant. It proved to be a new species—A. recurvilabra, See Journ. Bot., 1873, p. 72. Huyry, Chin. pl. 294:—T, s‘ing mu hiang in Hu pe, Aristolochia, sp. It is not quite clear whether the ts‘ing mu hiang in the Cust. Med. is the foreign or the native drug. It is stated to have been exported 1885 from Han kow [p. 66 (9)] to the extent of 34 piculs,—and [p. 338 (20)] imported into Canton 24 piculs. Ibid, p. 28 (88):—Ma tow ling exported from Tien tsin 27 piculs, ‘ Dr. Heyry states [in Hooxer’s Zeones. Plant., tab. 1975] that Inula racemosa, Hook. fil., is cultivated in the mountains of Hu peh as a substitute for putchuk, FRANcHEr refers the drawings in the Phon zo [IX, 14, = J sub 7x, and in the So moky (XVII, 3, 4] sub EA® to Inula Helenium, L.—Phon. zo, XXVI, 4-6:—h fu St Aristolochia Kempferi, Willd. "Ht Btu jo. Py X1Va, 30, T., OXLVIIL Pen king :—Ty jo, tik: iy tu heng. The root is officinal. Taste pungent. Nature slightly warm, Non-poisonous. —™ Regarding this synonym sec 41, MATERIA MEDICA OF TIE ANCIENT CHINESE, 115 Pie Iu:—Other names: $£ Pi tu Vien, HH jo chi, EY AE pai kin, fy Hi pat Lien. The tu jo grows in the marshes of Wu ling [in Hu nan, App. 394] and in Yiian kii [in Shan tung, App. 415]. The root is dug up in the 2nd and 8th months and dried in the sun. In the Kuang ya it is called AE RF ch‘u heng. T‘ao Huna-K1ne :—It is a common plant. Its leaves resemble kiang (ginger) leaves and are veined. The root resembles the hao liang kiang (Galanga), but is smaller, of 4 pungent taste and fragrant. It is also very much like the toot of the sian fu [ Calystegia. See 169] and is confounded With it, but the leaves are different. The tu jo is mentioned as a fragrant plant in the Elegies of Ts‘u [4th cent. B.C. ]. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The plant is common in Kiang and Hu [Mid China, App. 124, 83]. It grows in shady places. The plant resembles the lien kiang [a Zingiberacea. P., X1Va, 29], the root the kao liang kiang. Han Pao-Suena [10th cent.]:—The plant resembles the shan kiang [Alpinia. See 56]. Yellow flowers, red fruit, as large as small jujubes. Inside the fruit resembles the tow hou [Cardamom. See 58]. That produced in Ling nan [8. China, App. 197] and Hia chou [in Hu pei, App. 64) is the best. The Fun tsz‘ ki jan says that the tu heng and the tw jo are produced in the southern prefectures and in Han chung [S. Shen si, App. 54]. : It Sut-cuzn:—There is in the mountains of Ch‘u (Hu kuang, App. 24] a plant which the people call FS 3 BE liang kiang ken (root). It resembles ginger and is of a pun- gent taste. This is the plant which Coen Kuan [7th cent. ] notices under the name Rt HE chao isz kiang.° Su SUNG [11th cent.] calls it [lj # shan kiang (mountain ginger) and states that it is produced in Wei chou fin Ho nan, ®” Chao tsz‘ a barbarian trib? in the S.W, of China, 116 BOTANICON SINICUM. App. 391], that it has purple flowers and no seeds. The root used in medicine. All these names according to Li SH- CHEN refer to the tu jo. The larger sort is called hao liang kiang, the smaller tu jo. In the T'ang period the tu jo was brought as tribute from Hia chou [v. supra]. Ch. XXV, 9:—Tu jo. Representation of a Zingi= beracea, probably an Alpinia, FE #¥ liang hiang is given as & synonym, So moku, VII, 13:—#k 3 Pollia japonica, Hornst, (Commelinacec). 56.—Il] ¥€ shan kiang. P., X1Va, 31. 7., XLIIL As we have seen, Li Sai-cuen takes the shan kiang or mountain ginger to be the same as the tu jo, but in the next _ article he describes it as a distinct plant, of which the root, the flowers and the seed are officinal. T‘ao Hune-xKinc :—The eastern people (Hast China) call it shan kiang. In the south it is called Sf Hi mei ts‘ao (beautiful plant). Caen Kuan [7th cent. ]:—The root and the whole plant of the shan kiang much resemble ginger, but it (the root) is larger, has the smell of camphor-wood. The southern people eat it. There is one sort which is called chao ts: kiang. It is of a yellow colour, very pungent, acrid and strong [compare above, 55]. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The shan kiang is produced in Kiu chen [in Cochinchina, App. 154] and Kiao chi [Cochin- china, App. 133], but it is also found in Min [Fu kien, App. 222] and Kuang [Kuang tung and Kuang si, App- 160]. The Ling piao lu i [Trang dynasty] says, regard- ing this plant :—The stem and the leaves all resemble — : the ginger-plant, but the root is not much eaten. The flowers resemble those of the tou kon (Cardamom. See 58], MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 117 but are smaller. The flowers are arranged in spikes and appear between the leaves. The flower-buds (?) are like wheat-grains, small and of a red colour. In the south the unopened flowers are called @ ff} 7G han t‘ai hua. They are prepared with salt water and mixed with sweet dregs. In winter they then become like amber in colour and are of a pleasant, fragrant and pungent taste. Ia Sur-cnen:—The shan kiang grows in the south (of China). Its leaves resemble those of ginger. The flowers are red, very pungent. The fruit (or seeds) is like Cardamom [ts‘ao tou Kou, see 58]. The root resembles the tu jo [see 55] and the hao liang kiang [see 57}. The seeds are substituted for the ts‘ao tou k‘ou, but are very hot and strong, Ch, XXV, 53:—Shan kiang. Rude drawing, perhaps Alpinia. Lovrn., Fl. cochin., 13:—Canna indica, 1, sinice san kiam (shan kiang).?* So moku, I, 11 :—]j BE Alpinia japonica, Mig. Cust. Med., p. 872 (416):—Shan kiang seeds exported 1885 from Canton 116 piculs.—The same exported also from Han kow. See Hank. Med., p. 35. o7.— BS ER kao liang kiang. P., X1Va, 32. f., CLXXVIIL. Pie lu:—Kao liang kiang. The root and the fruit officinal. Taste pungent. Nature very hot. Non-poisonous. It is produced in the district of Kao liang [in Kuang tung, App. 117]. The root is dug up in the 2nd and 3rd months. ™ Canna indica is cultivated at Peking under the name of E 23 XK A thie aa tsiao, It does not seem that the shea kiang in the #, refers to plant, 118 BOTANICON SINICUM, It resembles in shape and in odour the tu jo [see 55], but the leaves are like those of the shan hkiang [see 56]. T‘ao Hune-Kive :—This is a kind of ginger produced in the district of Kao liang, whence the name. It Sin [8th cent.]:—27 F ie hung tor k‘ou (red : nutmeg) is the name for the fruit of the sao Liang kiang. It is a common plant in Nan hai [Kuang chou fu, App. 228). It looks like a reed. The leaves resemble ginger - leaves. The flowers are veined with red and arranged in a spike which is at first enclosed in a spathe. The young flowers are prepared with salt, Su Sone [11th cent.]:—The kao liang kiang is a common plant in Ling nan (South China), also in K‘ien and Shu [N. Kui chou and Sz ch‘uan, App. 141, 292]. It is also found in Central China, but this sort is not much used in medicine. The plant grows from one to two feet high. The leaves resemble ginger-leaves, Purplish red flowers like those of the shan kiang. Fan Cu‘ena-ra [12th cent.] in his description of the southern provinces of China, says that the hung tou Kou 1s _a plant with leaves like a reed. It shoots forth one stem. bearing a large spathe which bursts and then a drooping — spike of beautiful pale red flowers appears. The flowers resemble peach or apricot flowers. : Lt Sut-cuen states that the plant is also known under the name of 4 FE man kiang (ginger of the Southern — Barbarians), : Ch, XXV, 39 :—Kao liang kiang. The drawing seems — to represent a Zingiberacea. The plant is said to grow it Yiin nan. Yellow flowers. Lovr. [Fl. cochin., 7] gives cao leam kiam as te Chinese name for Amomum Galanga, L., the Galanga major MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 119 of Rumphius, Galanga root, = Alpinia Galanga, Sw. Pale yellow flowers. Root and seeds used in medicine by the Chinese. Tavar., Cat., 26, 34:—Kao liang kiang or liang kiang, Galanga, Wu114Ms (Chin. Commerc. Guide 120] has BE lang kiang, Galangal, the root of Alpinia Galanga. The seeds of the same plant are used as aromatic medicine under the name of hung tou Kou. Ibid. [p. 84] the same seeds are called kao Liang kiang tsz‘.—Hans. [Se. pap., 107, 252] describes and figures the fruit capsules received from Shanghai under the name of kao liang kiang tsz* or hung fou Kou. They proved to belong to Alpinia Galanga.— P. Sars, 9, 10. Another kind of Galanga, the lesser or Chinese Galanga of commerce, the Galanga minor of Rumphius, is referred in the Flora Hongk. [849] to Alpinia chinensis, Rose., a Plant of smaller stature than the A. Galanga, known from Canton more than one hundred years ago. But in 1873 Dr. Hanon described [in the Journ. Linn. Soc, XII] a plant which had been presented to him by Tarnror as growing Wild and cultivated in the island of Hai nan and called liang kiang by the Chinese. Hance named it Alpinia off- cinarum, and believes that this yields the true Chinese Galanga. It has white flowers, veined with dull red. It would seem from the ancient Chinese accounts above translated regarding the tu jo and the kao liang kiang, that the first is the Galanga minor, the second the Galanga major. But probably the above names were applied to different Species of Alpinia in various parts of China. Marco Poto [Yune’s 2nd ‘edition; Il, 207, 208] mentions the galingale produced in immense quantities in the kingdom of Fu ju (province of Fu kien), and also in Java [II, 254]. Dr. Fr. Hinvn thinks [ China Review, I1, 97] that the name Galanga 120 BOTANICON SINICUM. has been derived from the Chinese hao lang kiang. It seems however more naturally to trace it in kulanjana, the Sanscrit name for Galangal. So moku; I, 10 >i BE # Alpinia allied to A. chi- nensis.—Phon zo, 1X, 20, 21:—Same Chinese name, same identification. 98.— tH tou Mou. P., A1Va,. 35. 7, OXLViL Pie lw:—The tou kou grows in Nan hai [Southern Sea, App. 228]. Seeds and flowers used in medicine. In the Wan fang i wu chi it is called Hai [| lou Kou. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The plant resembles the shan kiang [see 56]. The flowers are yellowish white. The root and the seeds resemble the tu jo [see 55]. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The #% # ts‘ao (herbaceous) tow Kou is a common plant in Ling nan [S. China, App. 197]. It grows like a reed. The leaves resemble those of the shan kiang. The root is like the root of the kao liang kiang [see 57]. The flowers” open in the 2nd month, they are in spikes at the bottom of the stem. The young leaves are rolled up. The flowers are of a reddish colour, darker at the end of the spike. Gradually the leaves become larger and the flowers paler. The flowers are sometimes of a yellowish white colour. The southern people collect the flowers and salt them. The fruit resembles the Jung yer those of the pomegranate. They ripen in summer and are then gathered and dried in the sun. The root and all parts of the plant exhale an odour which recalls camphor-wood and are of a pungent taste, . ™ This account is taken from an 17, ‘ang tsao mit chuang [3rd cent:], ton Rou hea, tatlier work, the Nan fang MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 121 It Sut-cuen :—The ts‘ao tou kou and the EE 3 ts‘ao kuo are not the same, as some believe. There are differences. Now the tou Kou produced in Kien ning [in Fu kien, App. 138] has a fruit as large as the lung yen, but a little longer. It (the capsule) has a yellowish white thin rind with prominent ridges. The seeds are as large as the su sha (Amomum villosum, Lour.), pungent and fragrant. But the fs‘ao kuo which grows in Tien [Yiin nan, App. 838] and in Kuang [Kuang tung and Kuang si, App. 160] has a large oblong fruit resembling the ho tsz‘ (Terminalia chebula). The rind (of the capsule) is black and thick, the ridges are close together. The seed is coarse, pungent and of an unpleasant odour recalling that of Cantharides. The people use it as tea or in various other ways as a spice. The people of Kuang take the fresh ts‘ao kuo and steep it in the juice of the me fruit (Prunus mume) mixed with salt. After it has become red it is dried in the sun and offered with Wine. This is called hung yen (red salt) ts‘ao kuo. The small unripe fruit is called M8 ¥¢ 7 ying ko she (parrot’s tongue). In the time of the Mongol dynasty the ts‘ao kuo Was much valued as a spice. Lt Sut-cuEn quotes from Buddhist books the Sanscrit name of the tou kou, being B & PK MM su-ki-mi-lo-st.— Sukmil is the Tibetan name for Cardamom (see further on]. Ch, XXV, 30:—Tou Kou. Representation of an Amomum with large leaves and small, wrinkled capsules. Lour., Fl. cochin., 6 :—Amomum globosum. Sinice tsao keu (ts‘ao tow k‘ou). Corolla supera, albo-rubra...- - P ericarpium globosum .. . . cortice tenui fragili. Tatar., Cat., 5 :—T's‘ao tou k‘ou, Cardamomum. This is the Large Round Chinese Cardamom figured and described sub ts‘ao (tou) k‘ou in Hans., Se. pap. 95, 96, tee Smirg, 14. | 122 BOTANICON SINICUM. Lovur., Fl. cochin., 5:—Amomum medium, sinice tsao quo (%2 92). Pericarpium oblongum, striatum, crassum, coriaceum.—Tarar., Cat., 5:—Ts‘ao kuo. Fructus Amomi medit.—-This is the Ovoid China Cardamom figured and described in Hans., Se. pap., 105, 106, 250:—P. Smits, 14, Cust. Med., p. 872 (433):—Ts‘ao (tow) k‘ou exported 1885 from Canton 0.2 picul. Ibid., p. 372 (434) :—Ts‘ao kuo exported from Canton 653 piculs,—p. 406 (164), from Kiung chow 428 piculs,— p- 424 (182), from Pak hoi 402 piculs. The drawing in the Phon zo [IX, 21, 22] sub Bi Wi represents, it seems, LourErro’s Amomum globosum, of which only the fruits are known to European botanists, FA SEH pai tou k‘ou (white Cardamom) is the Chinese name for the Cardamom imported from foreign countries. P., X1Va, 37. 7£., CXLVII. The seeds are used in medicine. It does not seem to be mentioned in Chinese works before the 8th cent. Caen Ts‘anc-x‘I [8th cent.]:—The pai tou Kou is produced in the country of Ka-ku-lo, and is called there 3 8 to ku. The plant resembles the pa tsiao (Musa, Banana). The leaves resemble those of the tu jo [Alpinia. See 55]. They are from eight to nine feet long, shining, evergreen. Flowers of a pale yellow colour. The fruit is produced in clusters, hanging down like grapes. They are at first green but become white when ripe. They are gathered in the 7th month. Su Suye [11th cent.|:—This plant is now grown i Kuang chou (Kuang chou fu) and in I chou [in Kuang $1, - App. 103], but the drug is inferior in value ‘to that brought by foreign ships. | MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. ‘123 Ii Sut-cuen :-—The fruit (capsule) of the pai tou k‘ou is globular, as large as that of the ken niu [Pharbitis. See 168]. Its outer skin is thick and of a white colour. The seeds are like the sw sha [v. supra]. To prepare it for medical use the skin is taken off and the seeds are roasted. Ch., XXV, 64:—Pai tou k‘ou. Rude drawing. The Cardamom plant seems to be intended. Lour., Fl. cochin., 4:—Amomum Cardamomum, L. Sinice pe teu keu. Flores albo-lutei. Capsula 3 gona rotunda. Semina cortice laevi, albicante. The Amomum Cardamomum of Linneeus is the Round or Cluster Cardamom, a native of Cambodja, Siam, Java. The pai tou kow is still much imported into China from Cochin- china, Siam and Malabar. It seems that the Malabar Carda- mom, Elettaria Cardamomum, the seeds of which are very similar in odour and taste to those of the Cluster Cardamom, go also under the name of pai tou k‘ou. The pat tou k‘ou which I obtained from a Tibetan apothecary’s shop at Peking was Malabar Cardamom. The Tibetans call it sukmil [comp. above the Sanscrit name su-ki-mi-lo-s?]. Raeepe [ Malab., XI, p. 10], in describing the Elettaria, Says:—In aprico fructus exsiccatur solo, ubi cortex, qui Primo crassus, viridisque, extenuatur et ex ruffo albescit. The country Kakulo, mentioned in the above Chinese ccount as producing the pai tou k‘ou, is unknown to me. I may however observe, that kakula is the Arabic name for Cardamom [Roxpa., Fl. ind., 1874, p. 24]: The Round or Cluster Cardamom is also known under the name of He ye | | Tung p‘o tou k‘ou, probably after the celebrated poet Su Tuna-p‘o, who, towards the end of the 11th century, lived for some years in the island of Hai.nan 124 BOTANICON SINICUM. and wrote notices of useful plants. Comp. Hays., Se. pap, 253.—See also Winttams, Commerc. Guide, p. 84.— P. Surra, 14. FS WR jou (Heshy) tou k‘ou is the Chinese name for Nutmegs, the nuts of Myristica moschata. Mace, the arillus of the nutmeg, is called A FTE jou tou hua (Hower) It seems improbable that nutmegs were known to the Chinese before the 8th century. P., XIV), 45. 7., OXLVIIL. ‘n‘eN Ts‘anc-K1, the first Chinese author who mentions the jou tow kou, states that it is brought by ships from foreign countries, where it is called ha-hi-le (probably intended for kakula, which, however, as we have seen, is Cardamom), Su Sune [11th cent.| reports that the jou tou k‘ou is also cultivated in South China. : Li Sui-cHEn :—The jou tou ou in its flowers and fruit resembles the ts‘ao tow k‘ou. The difference is that & latter (is a capsule) in which the seeds are contained, whilst the jou tou k‘ou is solid (a solid nut), the outer skin of which is covered with wrinkled lines, and the inner substance is reticulated and mottled like the betelnut. ; Ch. ARV, 68 :— Jou tou k‘ou. Rude, incorrect drawing: But the Phon zo [IX, 27, 28] sub py Ff BE gives a good figure of Myristica moschata, ‘ Wituams [in his Commercial Guide, 98, 95] gives (erroneously, it Seems] BF 5 tou hou as the Chinese a for nutmegs. As we have seen above, the original meaning of tou k‘ou is Cardamom. Tatar., Cat., 64:—P, Smirg, 156, 141. 59.—¥5 Ei 30 ts‘a0, Git F hiang fu tse. Py XIV), 58. 7T., CVI. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 125 For other ancient names compare Ih ya, 97. Pie lu:—The so ts‘ao grows wild. It (evidently the root) is gathered in the 2nd and 8th months. Taste sweet. Nature slightly cold. Non-poisonous. The leaves and the flowers are likewise officinal. T‘ao Huna-xing:—This plant is mentioned in the Shi king. It is no longer used as a medicine. There is a medicinal plant fi | shu so, but that is different. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The root of the so is called Mang fu tsz* [hiang = fragrant, fu tsz‘ properly the small tubers of Aconite. See 143] also 4B BAF tsio tou hiang (sparrow-head fragrance). The stem and the leaves of the Plant resemble the san leng (triangular grass, Seirpus, Cyperus). It (the root, tubers) is used as a perfume. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is a common plant, which in its leaves resembles the hiai [ Allium. See 242] but is weaker. The root resembles the head of a chopstick. Ina topographical work of the T‘ang period the 7k $e shu: hiang leng (cornered fragrant water-plant) is spoken of as 8towing in the ponds and marshes of Po p‘ing [in Shan tung, App. 260]. Its root is called $b $§ so hie (so knot) also Ei if F ts‘ao fu ts: In Ho nan and Huai nan [An hui, Kiang su, App. 90] it is known by the name of 7K | shui so, in Lung si {in Kan su, App. 216] they call it HY HY HE ti Lai ken, in Shtu (Sz ch‘uan) it is HI PE su hen (attached root tubers) also 7k P43 aR shui pa ki. The plant now grows abundantly in Fou tu [in Sz ch‘uan, App, 42] and is called there = fe BL san leng ts‘ao (triangular Stass). It is used for making shoes. The whole plant, and especially the root (tubers), is used in medicine. ‘Kou Tsune-sH1 [12th cent. ] :—Hiang fu tsz* is the name for the tubers which are frequently found attached to ‘126 ‘BOTANICON SINICUM. the root of the so plant. These tubers have a thin, chapped skin of a purplish black colour and are very hairy. After the skin has been removed the white flesh becomes apparent. It Sut-cHen :—The leaves of the so plant are like Allium leaves—hard, shining, sharp on the margins. The stem is hollow, triquetrous. Green flowers in spikes. The roots are fibrous. Beneath the radical fibres small tubers are produced. These are of the size of a small jujube, pointed at both ends, and covered with fine black hair. They “ much used in medicine. In Sanscrit books the plant is called Re 2E WY mu ts‘ui chie (or ta). Ch.,; RXV BS 280 ts‘a0. Representation of a Cyperus with oblong tubers, As has been stated in Bot. sin., II, 97, the names so ts‘ao and hiang fu tsz‘, given in the P. as synonyms, were applied in ancient times to two distinct cyperaceous plants,— so to a Scirpus, the culms of which were used for making shoes, umbrellas, rain-cloaks, hats, and hiany fu tsz‘ to the fragrant tubers of a Cyperus. Lour., Fl. cochin., 53 :— Cyperus rotundus, L. Uhigae - in Cochinchina et China. Radix tuberibus ovatis, parvis, odoratis, pilosis. Sinice hiam phu cu. Tatar. Cat. 45:—Hiang fu tsc'. Radix Cones Gaveer [39] describes and figures these tubers, which he refers to-C. rotundus, : | P. Surra, 81 :—So ts‘ao, hiang fu tsz‘, Cyperus esculentus, and [51] so ts‘ao, Carex hirta [arbitrary identification]. Comp. also Henry, Chin, pl., 144. c Cust. Med., p. 210 (15) :—Hiang fu tse‘ exported ee from Wen chow 76 piculs,—p. 340 (41), from Canton piculs,—p, 186 (31), from Ning po 58 piculs, — Smaller quantities exported also from Shang hai, Amoy, Swatow. ~ MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 127 I may observe, regarding the name mw ts‘wi ta, as given in Chinese Buddhist books, that musta or mustuka is a Sanscrit name for Cyperus rotundus, IL. Regarding the Japanese cyperaceous plants, to which the above Chinese names are applied, see Bot. sin., I, 97. There is another cyperaceous plant with officinal tubers which is described in the P. [XIVd, 55] under the name Hi] = BF san leng, from the country of King (Hu pei). San leng (triquetrous) is a general name for several Cyperaceous plants. See the drawing Ch., XXV, 55.— Y., CLXXVII. -Tarar.,. Cat., 44:—-San leng ts‘ao. Rad. Cypert seu Scirpi.—Gaucer [37] describes and figures the san leng. Tuber about one inch in diameter.—P. Smrru, 82 :—King ao leng, Cyperus rotundus. ae Cust. Med., p. 70 (53) :—San leng exported 1885 from Han kow 109 piculs,—p. 130 (147), from Chin Kiang. 60 piculs,—p, 188 (76), from Ning po 29 piculs,—p. 92 (70), from Kiu kiang 5 piculs. Comp. Phon zo, IX, 33 :— Fp] = BE Cyperacea. 60.—3& BE hun ts‘ac. P., XIVb, 72. T., CVIL. Pie lu:—The han ts‘ao, which is also called 9 GE hw 's‘a0, grows in low, marshy places. It is gathered in the 8rd month and dried in the shade. That with the joints taken off is good.—The same Pie lu says also:—The | # hin shi (fruit) grows in marshes in Lu shan [in Ho nan, App. 203]. The whole plant is officinal. Taste sweet. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. T’ao Hune-Kina :—According to the Yao lu [attributed to T‘ung Kin, a minister of Emperor Huane 1], the Adin ts‘ao has leaves resembling those of the ma (hemp) and each two 128 BOTANICON SINICUM. standing opposite. The Shan hai king states :—On the Fou shan (mountain) there grows a plant with leaves like the ma. It has a square stem, red flowers, black fruit. It smells like the mi wu [see Rh ya, 89] and is called hin ts‘ao. Itis good for curing ulcers. Now it is commonly called ii yen ts‘ao, Some say it has the appearance of the mao (Jmperata) and is fragrant, but that is not the hin ts‘w which the people cultivate. The plant hui [Bot. sin., U, 406], frequently mentioned by poets in ancient times, is unknown to T‘ao Hung-K1ne, as he says. Cu‘en Ts‘anc-K1 [8th cent.]:—The hin ts‘ao is the same as the 2 BE % ling ling hiang (fragrance). Hin is the name for the root of the hui plant. Ma Cur [10th cent. ]:—The ling ling hiang grows in the mountain valleys of Ling ling [in Hu nan, App. 196]. Its — leaves resemble those of the lo le (Ocimum basilicum). The Nan yiie chi [5th cent.] says that the local name of the plant is yen ts‘ao [v. supra]. It is also called hin ts‘ao or hiang ts‘ao (fragrant herb). This is the hin ts‘ao of the Shan hai king. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The ling ling hiang is oer = common plant in Hu kuang [App. 83] where it grows i marshy places. Its leaves resemble those of hemp, each two standing opposite. Square stem. In the 7th month it produces very fragrant flowers. In ancient times it was called hén eden The people of Southern China dry it by artificial heat till ‘it assumes a yellow colour, It is also found in Kiang and Huai [An hui and Che kiang, App. 124, 89] and used as a perfume. But this is less valued than that from Hu kuang and Ling nan. The fragrance increases when the plant decays. In ancient times the hin ts‘ao was used ci medicine, and the name ling ling hiang was unknown. But now the people use it only as a perfume added to cosmetics. 3 : teas 4% $k > oe ¥ Ht) MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 2 Fan Cu‘enc-ra, in his account of the southern provinces [end of the 12th century], states that the ling ling fest’ 1s ? common plant in I chou and in Yung chou [both in pie si, App. 103, 430] and other places. The plant ae making mats, pillows and matresses. The locality Ing tia [spoken of by earlier authors as producing ope so is see called Yung chou [in Hu nan, App. 425], but this p does not grow there. Lt ee :—In ancient times this plant was aa to make the spirits descend. Now the people of Wu ; ak su, App. 3889] cultivate it for sale. It is os e sth met 4 kuang ling ling hiang and 3X BE Ht huang ts‘ao, Regarding the identification of the hin ts‘ao or ling ling a. ts‘ao, which seems to be Ocimum basilicum, see Bot. sin., 406, 467, F d 61.—4 BE lan ts‘ao. P., XIV), 75. T.. LXXXI an LXXXIL wish Pen king :—Lan ts‘ao, 7K %& shui hiang (water per - * orm. The leaves are officinal, Taste pungent. Nature uni Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—The lan ts‘ao grows in the ponds mH aso of Tai Wu. It (the leaves) is gathered in the 4th an months, Nie T‘ao Huno-xina:—It is not used now in Se on w Tai Wu is the kingdom of Wu [Kiang su, App. aed :, to Tai Po® lived. There is now in Tung men arn a Unknown to me] a plant used for making ee oa and which is called BA 2 lan hiang. This is the lan + Chi d, Man., 243, * The founder of the state of Wu. See Mayers’ Chin. Rea ) "Hil FE GE. 17. 130 BOTANICON siNictiat. Lt Tane-cut [3rd cent.]:—The lan ts‘ao is the same plant as that which the people now cultivate under the name of Ab 22 FH tu liang iang [Fragrance from Tu liang, in Hu nan, App. 870]. The tse lan [see the next] is also called _ tu lang hiang. Su Kone [7th cent.]:—The lan, a fragrant plant, is the same as the tse lan. It has a round stem, a purple receptacle of flowers. In the 8th month the flowers are white. It is commonly called lan hiang (fragrance) and grows by the sides of rivulets. It is also much cultivated as an ornamental plant. Han Pao-suenc :—The lan ts‘ao grows in low, damp places. Its leaves resemble those of the tse lan, but are longer, pointed and coarsely toothed. Flowers red and white, fragrant. Cu‘en Ts‘ana-x't:—The lan ts‘ao and the tse lan are two distinct plants. The lan ts‘ao grows by the sides of marshes, its leaves are glabrous, succulent. The root is small and of a purple colour. It is gathered in the 5th and 6th months and dried in the shade. This is the tu lang hiang. Women mix it (it seems the leayes) with oil to dress their hair.—The tse lan has pointed, slightly hairy leaves, not glabrous, and is succulent, Square stem, purple joints. This is the plant regarding which Su Kune states that it bears white flowers in the 8th month. Lt Sat-comn :—The lan ts‘ao and the tse lan are two Species of the same genus. Both grow on the borders of water-courses or in swamps. They have perennial roots; — ‘ purple, branched stems with red joints, opposite leaves issuing from the joints, slightly serrated. But the lan tsa has a round stem, long joints (internodes), glabrous leaves whilst the tse lan has a nearly square stem, short joints and leaves covered with hair, The young leaves of both are MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 131 gathered and worn (in satchels) on girdles. In the 8th or %th month the plants are from three to four feet high. The flowers are in spikes like those of the ki su (a Labiata). The flowers are red and white (or perhaps reddish white). Small seeds. The plant which in the P‘ao chi lun is called ta (great) tse lan is the same as the Jan ts‘ao, and the sao (small) tae Zan, there is what we call ¢se lan. For the identification of the lan ts‘ao see the next. 62.38 BY EX tse lan ts‘ao. P., XIVb, 78. T., UXXXI. Pen hing ;—Tse lan ts‘ao (marsh lan), FR | hu (tiger) lan, a 3g lung tsao (dragon jujube). The leaves are officinal, Taste bitter. Nature slightly warm. Non- poisonous. Pie lu:—The tse lan grows on the margins of all the great lakes or swamps in Ju nan [in Ho nan, App. 110]. Tt (the leaves) is gathered on the 3rd day of the 3rd month, and dried in the shade. The descriptions of the tse lan as given by the authors quoted in the P. are not characteristic and much confused. Some compare it to plants of the Labiate order, from other descriptions it would seem that it is a Composita. According to Li Sut-cuen the roots are eaten and called }j GF # sun. : The seeds are also used in medicine. I have already pointed out [ Bot. sin, II, 405] that the fragrant plant BA Jan mentioned in the Classics, and by early Chinese poets, was most probably a fragrant orchid. The figure in the J’. [J.c.] under the name of lan is without doubt Intended for a plant of this order. L1 Sai-cHen observes that this Jan of the Classics and poets is probably called lan hua (lan flower). It has leaves like the ma? men tung (Ophiopogon) and is not to be confounded with the Jan ts‘ao, Which is quite different. 132 BOTANICON SINICUM, China is very rich in orchids. In our days one of the most favorite of them among the Chinese in the south is the His BA 7 tao (suspended) lan hua, called also jm | feng (air) lan, the Aérides odorata of Loureiro, Fl. cochin, 642.—Bripem., Chin. Chrest., p- 452 (5).—Amen. evot., 864 :—Fu ran, cum icone. [V. tnfra, sub 202]. The Cust. Med. [p. 160 (319)] notices 30 piculs of BA 7E 2K lan hua mi, classed among seeds, as imported to Shang hai. Ibid., p. 152 (201) :—ffi, BH BE pet lan ye (lan leaves worn on the girdle) exported from Shang hai 1.15 picul. Said to come from Sz ch‘uan. Ibid., p. 194 (163) :—The same imported to Ning po 1.10 picul. Lbid., 860 (283) :— Tse lan exported 1885 from Canton 22 piculs,—p. 288 (222), from Amoy 5 piculs. The figures of the lan ts‘ao and the tse lan ts‘ao, in the - Ch. [XV, i and 13], seem both to be intended for species of a Eupatorium, order of Composite. Dr. Hance states that in 8. China Eupatorium stechadosmum is cultivated on account of the fragrance of its flowers. See Ind. Fl. sity I, 405. . In Japan the Chinese names BA Be and }# By HE are both applied to Lupatorium. For particulars see Bot. SiMe II, 405. 63.—3 HE hiang ju. fe RIve, OL 7, Ok Pie lu :—Only the name hiang (fragrant) ju and medical : properties noticed. It seems the leaves are officinal. T‘ao Hune-x1ne :—It is commonly eaten raw as vegetable. It is also gathered in the 10th month and dried. The Shi liao Pen ts‘ao [7th cent.] calls it SE hiang jm and # EF hiang jung, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 133 Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The plant is cultivated but rarely in the north. It resembles the pai su [Perilla. Sce 67] but the leaves are smaller. It is produced in Shou chun and Sin an [both in Che kiang, App. 291, 310]. There is one kind which is called H [| | shi hiang ju It grows on rocks, is slender, of a yellow colour, pungent and fragrant and much valued. K‘ou Tsune-sut [12th cent.]:—The hiang ju grows Wild in the mountains of North and South King Hu [Hu nan, App. 147]. In Pien and Lo [both in Ho nan, App. 248, 201] the people cultivate it in gardens and eat it asa vegetable during the hot season. Li Sut-cuen:—There are the wild-growing hiang ju and the cultivated one. The latter is called % Z& hiang ts‘ai (fragrant vegetable). There is a large-leaved and a small- leayed sort, the first is the best. The plant has a square stem, incised leaves like the huang hing (Vitex) but smaller. In the 9th month purple flowers in spikes, followed by small seeds. There is one sort with more slender leaves like those of the lo chou (Kochia) and which grows only a few inches high. This is the shi hiang ju. Another name for the hiang Juis B ye B mi feng ts‘ao (bee plant). Ch, XXV, 82:—Hiang ju. Representation of a Labiata, probably Elsholtzia. Tavar., Cat., 46:—Hiang ju, Elsholtzia cristata. This is a common plant in the Peking mountains. DsBEaux [ Flor, Shang hai, 48, Tien tsin, 36] saw it cultivated in _ Chinese gardens.—P. Sarr, 94. Cust. Med., p. 80 (202) :—Hiang ju exported 1885 from Han kow 173 piculs,—p. 374 (464), from Canton 31 Piculs,—p, 92 (84), from Kiu kiang 31 piculs,—p. 300 (390), from Amoy 8 piculs. So moku, XI, 16 :- -# HE Elsholtzia cristata, Willd. 134 BOTANICON SINICUM, 64.—BF WK tsio chuang. P., X1Vb, 84. 7, CLXVIL Pen king:—Tsio chuang. eaves and stem officinal, Taste saltish. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—Other name: e fk Aiang su (fragrant sv). The tsio chuang grows in Han chung [S. Shen si, App. 54], in river-valleys and fields. Wu Pu [8rd cent.] calls it $F jit ts’o ma. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—This plant grows in marshes and corn-fields and by way sides. It resembles the hiang ju [Elsholtzia. See 63], but the leaves are longer and larger. They resemble the jen [Perilla. See 67] but are smaller. Its vulgar name is De WR EAE BE chi yen lao mu ts‘ao (red-eyed old mother’s herb). Lr Sar-cuen :—It is a common plant in the plain and in waste places. Square stem with joints. It resembles the large-leaved hiang ju [see 63]. But when rubbed [the leaves] between the fingers the latter is fragrant, whilst the tsio chuang exhales a somewhat unpleasant odour. Cha RAN. 862-75 chuang. The drawing represents a labiate plant. , So moku, XI, 17:—BE YR Mosla punctata, Maxim. a Same as Ocymum punctatum, Tuse., Fl. japon., 249.—Order Labiate. 65.—fBi Be kia eu. P., XIVb, 85, T., LVI. 4 Pen king :-—Kia sy (Pseudo-Perilla), J SE shu meng The whole plant, especially the flower-spikes, used medicine. Taste pungent. Nature warm. Non-poisonous. Pie lu :—Other name : FE FE kiang hie (hiai) or ginge™ mustard, The kia su grows in the marshes of Han chung [S. Shen si, App. 54]. _ MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 135 Wu Pv [8rd cent.] calls the plant also $i] 3¢ king hie oe (fia?) and states that it has leaves like those of the lo li (Chenopodium) but smaller. The plant is eaten in Shu (Sz ch‘uan, App. 292]. Tso Hune-xina:—The kia su is not used now in medical prescriptions. Su Kune [7th cent.] classes it among the vegetables. Ii Sut-cuen :—The king kie grows wild and is also much cultivated. The young plants are fried and eaten. The taste is pungent and fragrant. The plant has a square _ Stem, small leaves resembling those of the tu chou [Kochia. See 111] but narrower and smaller, of a pale yellowish éreen colour. In the 8th month it opens its small flowers, atranged in spikes like those of the su [Perilla, See 67]. The seeds are small like those of the ¢“ing li [see 114]. Ch., XXV, 22 :—Kia su or king kie. It seems Salvia - plebeja, R. Br., is intended by the drawing. This plant at Peking is called king kie, but the same name is also applied to Nepeta tenuifolia, Bth. 2 igs Tavar., Cat., 58 :—King kie, Salvia plebeja.—P. Saitu, : Parker, Canton pl., king kie= Salvia plebeja, also : Moslea lanceolata, Maxim. But Louretro (Fl. cochin., 453] —«Bives quam tum kim kiai (king kie of Canton) as the Chinese 2 name for Origanum creticum, L. [O. vulgare. See Ind. Fl. | = II, 289), | Henry, Chin. pl., 70:—The name king hie applied in _ “pei to various plants: Pihtheirospermum, Mosla, Elsholt- + Melampyrum. Cust. Med. p. 182 (172):—King kie exported 1885 ; from Chin kiang 463 piculs,—p. 202 (264), from Ning po . ~ Piculs,—p, 92 (80), from Kiu kiang 123 piculs.—The- Hank. Med. [p. 6] mentions it also as exported from Han kow, | ‘ 2g 136 BOTANICON SINICUM. So moku, XI, 31:—(R BE or Fij FF Nepeta japonica, Maxim., and [32] same Chinese names, 1. tenvifolia, Benth. 66.— ft SE BE tsi ste ts‘a0. P., XIV0, 92. T, CXXXVL Pen king: —Tsi sie ts‘ao (snow plant). Stem and leaves officinal. Taste bitter. Nature cold. N on-poisonous. Pie lu:—The tsi sie ts‘ao grows in the river-valleys of King chou [Hu kuang, App. 146]. T‘ao Huna-xine explains the name (snow plant) by the cooling properties of the plant. But it was then not used in medical prescriptions. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—This plant has leaves resembling the round Chinese copper coins, and therefore the people of King Ch‘u [Hu kuang, App. 145] call it sp QB 2 ti tstien ts‘ao (ground coin herb). It has a slender but strong stem, creeps on the ground. It grows near rivulets, Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is a common plant, which is also called if $= Ge lien ts‘ien (connected coins) ts‘a0 According to the collection of prescriptions of the T‘ien pao period [9th cent.] it grows in Hien yang [Shen si, App- 65] in low, marshy places, also in Lin tsz‘ [in Shan tung, App. 194] and Tsi yang [in Shan tung, App. 346] in ponds and marshes. It is very fragrant, has round leaves, resembles the po ho (Mentha) and is also called BH i Hf hu po ho. It is very common in Kiang tung, Wu Yiie and Tan yang [all in An hui and Kiang su, App. 124, 389, 328], where the people eat it. In Lin ch‘eng situated in the province of Ho pei [Chi li, App. 198] it is called YE BE hai su. It Sut-cuen:—In An hyj and Che kiang, where the people used to drink an infusion of the leaves, the plant hee called $f #2 1 | sin lo po ho [Sin lo—8. Corea, App e 611], It is also found in Hu kuang and in Min (Fu kien)- 4 MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 137 Ch. XXV, 24:—Tsi sie tsao. The figure shows only leaves. Probably Nepeta Glechoma, Benth. (Gléchoma he- deracea, L.), our Ground Ivy, which is a common plant in China, is intended. The above descriptions in the P. agree in a general way. Amen. exot., 887 :—i BE sakusetz, kakidoro, tsubogusa. Herba repens Hedere terrestris facie ac folio, flosculis hexapetalis, purpureis, ete. According to Tusa. [Fl. japon., 116] this is Hydrocotyle asiatica, L. But in the So moku (XI, 2] hii & is Nepeta Glechoma. 67.—#E su. P., XIVO, 94. 7., LVIIL Pie lu:—Su. Stem, leaves and seeds used in medicine. Taste pungent. Nature warm. Non-poisonous. The su is mentioned in the Rh ya [64]. T‘ao Huna-King :—The sw has its leaves purple under- neath, They are very fragrant. Another sort, the leaves of which are not purple coloured, and which resembles the jen, is called BF Bk ye (wild) su. It is not much used. The same author says, in another work quoted in the Ry ya t:— The #€ jen resembles the su, but it grows higher, is white (downy, not purple-coloured leaves), and not very fragrant. The seeds are oily, and by pressure oil is obtained from them. In Kiang tung [An hui, App. 124] the people call it FA yi. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The su is the 3% i ¢s2* (purple) su. The best sort has the leaves purple coloured on both sides. The stem and the leaves are gathered in summer, the seeds in autumn. ‘There are several kinds of su, the shui (water) su (see 68], the yd (fish) su, ete. All these are kinds of jen [v. supra]. 18 138 BOTANICON SINICUM. Ii Sai-cuen :—There is the 4 [| tse‘ (purple) su and the FY | pai (white) sw. The seeds of both are sown in the 2nd and 8rd months. They grow also spontaneously from seeds left on the ground. Square stem, roundish, pointed, toothed and serrated leaves. In a rich soil it (the tsz* su) has leaves of a purple colour on both sides, but in a poor soil they are green on the upper side, purple only underneath. The pai or white su has its leaves white (downy) on both sides. This is the #£ jen. The young leaves of the purple su are eaten as vegetable food salted or pickled together with the mei fruit [Prunus Mume. See 272]. In summer they make a beverage of the leaves, which are very fragrant. The root is also used. In the 8th month it opens its small purple flowers, arranged in spikes, and afterwards capsules are formed like those of the king kie (Salvia. See 65]. In the 9th month, when the plant is half withered, the seeds are gathered. These are small, like mustard seeds, of a yellowish red colour. They yield an oil like the oil obtained from the jen. The sw and the jen are species of Perilla. For farther particulars, see Bot. sin., II, 64. Cust. Med., p. 373 (422):—Su tsz* (seeds) exported 1885 from Canton 24 piculs,—p. 164 (360), from Shang hai 3 piculs,—p. 200 (241), from N ing po 2 piculs. Ibid., p. 298 (360) :—Tsz* su from Amoy 2.5 piculs. Ibid., p. 180 (142):—Pai su tsz* from Chin kiang 9.7 piculs,—p. 110 (164), from Wu hu 6 piculs. Lbid., p. 360 (275, 276):—Su stalks and leaves, from Canton 24 piculs. . 68.—2K BR shut su. P., XIVb, 97. 7., LVI. Pen king :—Shui (water) sw. The stem and the leaves are officinal. Taste pungent. Nature slightly warm. Non- poisonous. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 139 Pie lu:—Other names: $f Hi Me tsu, FE EL Me tsi. The shw’ su grows in Kiu chen [App. 154], in ponds and marshes. It is gathered in the 7th month. Wu P‘u [38rd cent.] calls it SE BE &é su (chicken sw). Tao Hune-xine :—It is not used in medical prescrip- tions, Kiu chen is a distant place which has not been identified, Su Kune [7th cent.]:—This kind of su grows in marshes and by the sides of water-courses. It resembles the sian fu (Inula. See 81]. The leaves stand in twos opposite and are very fragrant. In Ts‘ing, Ts‘i [both in Shan tung, App. 363, 348], and in Ho kien [in Chi li, App. 75] the people call this plant shud su [as above], in Kiang tso [S. An hui, App. 124] it is known by the name # BE ts ning, in Wu Hui [in Kiang su, Che kiang, App. 391] it is called ki su [as above]. Han Pao Sueve [10th cent.]:—Leaves like those of the pai wei [ Vincetoxtcum. See 44], in twos opposite. Violet flowers coming out between the joints. Taste pungent, aromatic, Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The shuz su is a common plant by the sides of water-courses. It is much eaten in the South as a vegetable. It is also frequent north of the Kiang, but the people there do not eat it. In Kiang tso [v. supra] ki su is not the same as the shui su. The tsi ning [v. supra] is also a different plant. The leaves of the shu a are toothed, fragrant, of a pungent taste, those of the ts? ning are narrow and longer, covered with hair, and exhale an unpleasant odour. Wu Saut [Mongol period] says that the shui su is also ‘called BG BS 28 Fi Jung nao po ho (Camphor mint), but from an earlier account, quoted by Su Suna, it would seem that this plant resembles an Artemisia, 140 BOTANICON SINICUM. Ch. XXV, 20 :—Shui su. Figure of a Labiata, as* also under the same Chinese name in the Phon zo, XII, 14. The 3% #8 tsi ning is described in the P. [XIVé, 99] as a distinct plant, called also 5% BE ch‘ou (stinking) su Judging from the drawings in the Ch. [XXV, 51] and in the Phon zo [ XII, 15] it is a Labiata. The drawing under the above Chinese name in Sres., Zeon. ined., VI, is Calamintha? 69.—38 ki. P., XV, i. T., UXXXVII-IX. Pen king :—Kii, in the Index By SH kai hua, also ij # tsie hua. Flowers and other parts of the plant officinal. Taste bitter. Nature uniform. N on-poisonous. For other ancient names see Bot, sin., II, 180, 404. Pie lu:—Other names : Ke Bi nit tsie, He HE nii Ina, RE nit heng, AWG ji tsing, BE AE heng sheng, th HE # Ju yen nien, BE WG yin ch‘eng, JF Ft, chou ying. The ki hua grows in river-valleys and fields in Yung chou [in Shen $1, App. 424]. The root is dug up in the 1st month, the leaves are gathered in the 8rd, the stem in the 5th, the flowers in the 9th, the seeds in the 11th month, and dried in the shade. According to Ts‘ur Snr (Han period] the names ni tsie, nit hua refer to the flowers. In the Pao p‘o tsz‘ [3rd and 4th cent.] it is stated that the above names ji tsing, keng sheng, and chou ying in Taoist prescriptions to promote longevity, ate applied to the root, stem, flower and seeds of the ki plant. Tao Hona-kixe :—There are two kinds of ki. One has a purple stem, is fragrant and of a sweet taste. The leaves are used in soups. This is the genuine ka. The other with a green stem, is larger and has the smell of the hao and ai (both Artemisia). It is of a bitter taste and not MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 141 ‘much eaten. This is the pseudo ki called also @f # ku (bitter) *, The leaves in both are about the same. The ki grows plentifully in Li hien, in the prefecture of Nan yang [in Ho nan, App. 183, 231] and is also common in other Places. It is much cultivated. There is also a variety called pai kit with white flowers. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The kw is a common plant. That produced in Nan yang [v. supra] is the best. It flowers in autumn and bears seed in winter. There are many varie- ties, with large and small flowers. Some have flowers with a yellow disk and white ray flowers, others are entirely yellow. Wu Sxur [Mongol period]:—That with large, fragrant flowers is the +f Ay kan (sweet) ki, that with small yellow flowers is the % | huang ki, that with small flowers of ‘n unpleasant odour is the BF | ye (wild) ku. Lt Sut-cuen :—There are a hundred varieties of the hi. The flowers are of various colours, single or double. The kan (sweet) ki is used in medicine. It is much cultivated, and grows also wild in the mountains. Its leaves are eaten. Kis a general name for many plants of the order Composite : Chrysanthemum, Aster, ete.—but the ka par ¢xcellence, and which the ancient Chinese authors above quoted call the true or sweet kit, is the Chrysanthemum sinense, Sab., the favourite winter-flower of the Chinese, who have cultivated it from time immemorial, it seems, in numerous varieties. It is also common in a wild state in the mountains of North China and also in other parts of the empire. The wild Plant is about one foot high, and blossoms late in autumn. Small flower-heads. Florets of the disk yellow, those of the circumference rose coloured. I suspect that the huang (yellow) kit of the ancient authors is the Chrysanthemum indicum, L., likewise a common wild plant all over China, 142 ¥ BOTANICON SINICUM. It has small flower-heads, yellow florets in the disk as well as in the circumference. At Peking it is called siao ye ki hua (small, wild Chrysanthemum). Kiu huang, LI, 20:—Ku. Rude drawing. Small flower-heads. Ch. XI, i:—Ka hua. Two figures. One represents a Chrysanthemum with large double flowers, the other a plant with small flower-heads ; probably the wild form is intended. Lour., Fl. cochin., 610 :—Chrysanthemum indicum, I. Late cultum ob pulchritudinem floris in Cochinchina et China. Sinice ta kio hua (large ki hua). Louretro’s Chr. indicum is the Chr. sinense. Ibid.:—Chr. procumbens [Lour. describes under this name Chr. indicum]. Spontaneum, cultumque in Cochin- china et China. Inveniuntur multe varietates :—(1) flore pleno, integre ligulato, flavo,—(2) flore radiato, disco et radio flavis,—(3) disco flavo, radio albo,—(4) flosculis omnibus albis. [Comp. above the varieties according to the Chinese authors. ] _P. Surrn [62] erroneously identifies the pai ki hua with Chrysanthemum album, and [145] ye kit hua with Matricaria Chamomilla. Both these plants have not been recorded from China, Jbid., 19 :—Huang kit, Anthems. Cust. Med., p. 74 (113) :—Ku hua exported 1885 from Han kow 315 piculs,—p. 30 (108), from Tien tsin 270 piculs,—p. 196 (178), from Ning po 210 piculs. Ibid., p. 362 (293):—Kan ku exported from Canton 45 piculs, Ibid., p. 128 (102) :—Huang kit hua exported from Chin kiang 20 piculs,—p, 324 ( 150), from Swatow 2.3 piculs. Lbid., p. 324 (155) :—Pai ki hua exported from Swatow 147 piculs,—p. 128 (107), from Chin kiang 42 piculs, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 143 Amen. exot., 875 :—BR kik, kikf vel kikku, i.e. Matri- carta. Cujus cum sylvestris tum preecipue hortensis, plurime sunt varietates. So moku, XVII, 18 :—8y 7 Pyrethrum (Chrysan- themum) sinense. Tbid., 21:—2& BF (Winter Chrysanthemum) Pyr. ( Chrys.) indicum. Lbid., 22 :— BF By 7 Pyretrum seticuspe, Maxim. Small, yellow flower-heads. 10.—4§ Ej an lt. P., XV,5. 7., OXLVI. Pen king:—An li. Seeds used in medicine. Taste bitter. Nature slightly cold. Non-poisonous. Pie li:—The an la seed is produced in Yung chou [in Shen si, App. 424] in river-valleys, also in Shang tang (S.E. Shan si, App. 275] by waysides. The seeds are gathered in the 10th month and dried in the shade. T‘ao Hune-x1ne :—It has the appearance of the hao and the aj (both Artemisia), and is a common plant in Middle China, The Taoists use it. People cultivate it. Snakes dislike it, Su Sune :—It grows in Kiang and Huai pats An hui, App. 124, 89], from two to three feet high, resem es Artemisia in its leaves, flowers in the 7th and bears seed in the 8th month. It Sat-cHen :—The leaves of the an ii do not — the ai (Artemisia vulgaris) but rather the kit (Chrysant 2 mum), and are thinner and much divided into set Segments. Leaves green on both sides. The stem gro : from four to five feet high, is white, like that of the a, an tough, In the 8th or 9th month it opens its small, pale 144 BOTANICON sINICUM. yellow flowers. Fruit (seed) like that of the aé, small. The old plant is used for thatching roofs, whence it is also called $F BY fou la. Ch., XI, 3:—An li. Representation of an Artemisia. So moku, XVI, 21 :—¥§ Ef Artemisia Keiskiana, Miq. (known only from Japan, E. Manchuria and Corea).— Horrm. & Scuur. [548] identify the same Chinese name with Siphonostegia chinensis, Benth., but this seems to bea mistake. Comp. infra, 86. hoa ee ee, eV, OT. 0: Pen king:—Shi. Fruit receptacles with the achenes used in medicine. Taste bitter and acid. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. This is the Chinese divining plant, about which see j Bot. sin., II, 428, Achillea sibirica. Comp. Lecas’s Yi king, 4 Appendix, V, p. 422 :—« Anciently when the sages made the | “Yi in order to give mysterious assistance to the spiritual “intelligences, they produced the rules for the use of the “divining plant shi.” : Pie lu:—The shi fruit is produced in the mountain valleys of Shao shi {in Ho nan, App. 281]. It is gathered in the 8th and 9th months, and is dried in the sun. Su Kune [7th cent.|:—-The stem of this plant is used in divination (3%). Su Sune [11th cent. |:—The shi is found growing mee the sacrificial hall of the white tortoise at Shang ts‘ai hie — in the prefecture of Ts‘ai chou [in Ho nan, App. 276, 342]: It has the appearance of the hao (Artemisia), grows from five to six feet high. From thirty to fifty stems spring UP from one root. Late in autumn purple flowers appear - the end of the branches, They resemble the ki hua (Chry- santhemum, Aster). Fruit like those of the ai (Artemisia). MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 145 Li Sui-cHen says that the shi is a kind of hao (Artemisia), a divine plant. For further particulars see Bot. sin., II, 428. Cust. Med., p. 8 (54, 55):—Shi exported 1885 from New chwang 760 piculs.® -wa, F., XV, 8. 7. OF. Comp. also Bot. sin., Il, 77, 429. Pie lu:—The ai is also called Ez © 7 ¢ts‘ao (vulnerary herb). The plant which yields the az leaves [used for cauterizing] grows in the fields. The leaves are gathered on the 8rd day of the 3rd month, and dried in the sun. Taste bitter. Nature slightly warm. Non-poisonous. Su Sune [11th cent. ]:—The ai is a common plant. The best sorts are produced in #8 3% Fu tao (elevated road) and PY BY Sz‘ ming (name of a monastery in Che kiang). The ai leaves are used for cauterizing, and therefore the plant is also called He EH hiu ts‘ao (moxa). It is a kind of hao (Artemisia). The leaves are white ( downy) underneath. The leaves must be gathered on the 3rd day of the 3rd month ron the 5th of the 5th month. Lt Sut-cnen :—In the Sung period that from Fu tao in Tang yin [in Ho nan, App. 335] and Sz‘ ming was Considered the best. The first was called 4& 3€ pei (northern) a, the other Ye | hai (sea) ai. Since the Ch‘eng hua Period (1465-1488) the drug from K4 chou [in Hu pei, App. 121] is much valued and known under the name of Bi SE kt ai. This plant is common on mountain plateaux. Perennial root, straight, white stem, four or five feet high. The leaves resemble those of the hao, are five-lobed with *A mistake: the drug exported from New chwang is a kind of duans- _ hi-shih; in the Customs List = is a misprint for @ chit (ce. without the 140th radical)—A. Henry. 19 146 BOTANICON SINICUM. small points, green on the upper side, white and downy underneath, soft and thick. In the 7th or 8th month flower-spikes like those of the ch‘e ts‘ien [Plantago. See 115] with small flowers come out between the leaves, Small seeds, The at is the Artemisia vulgaris, L., very common in N. China, both wild and cultivated. Good figure sub ai in the Ch. [X, 81] also in the Kiu huang [XLVIL, 25] sub BF SE EE ye (wild) az hao. Ch., XIV, 65 :—F- 4B XX ts‘ien nien ai (a thousand years’ at) or if 3 ki ai. It is said there that this plan grows wild on the To ho shan mountains in Hu pei. This 1s Tanacetum chinense, A. Gray. It is cultivated under the name of k% ai at Peking and its downy leaves are used for moxa. Lovr., Fl. cochin., 600 :—Artemisia vulgaris. Sinice ngat ye (ai leaves). Ibidem Artemisia chinensis. Sa khi ngai. Ex plante hujus foliis exsiccatis et contusis fit mowa seu cauterium actuale. It seems that the plant Lous. describes as A. chinensis is Tanacetum chinense. AAPA Und 1 A; tse‘, Artemisia indica.—P. SMITH, 25. Henry, Chin. pl., 7:—Ai hao in Hu pei is A. indica (a variety of A. vulgaris), Cust. Med., p. 360 (278):—Ai (large-leaved) exported 1885 from Canton 3 piculs,—p. 378 (511), ai jung (moxa punk) from Canton 8 piculs, Ibid, p. 856 (224):—K4 ai exported from Canton 22 piculs,—p. 286 (181) from Amoy 3 piculs. The Chinese mode of cauterizing by burning the aon : of Artemisia vulgaris or Tanacetum chinense upon the skin, a Seems to be of very ancient date. Its invention is ascribed MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 147 to the Emperor Huang tr. In the History of the Sui dynasty, in the section on Literature, there is the title of a work FY 77 Gi BH ME Huang ti chen kiu king or Emperor Hvane tr’s work on Acupuncture and Cauterizing. The Rh ya [77] gives yk = ping tai (ice turret) as a synonym for a. The Po wu chi [8rd cent.] explains the character ping (ice) in the name by the fact that the ai leaves (or moxa) were ignited by means of a piece of ice cut into a roundish form which collected the sun-beams. Amen. exot., 897 :—3E gai, vulgo jamogi. Artemisia vulgaris major ; que junior vocatur futz, ex qua fit Mowa, celebris stupa pro cauterio actuali. Step., Gicon., 218 :—Artemisia chinensis, Moksa japon. XX. Ex herba preparantur moksa celebrata.—Zbid., 376 :— Artemisia ibuki jomogi (A. vulgaris). Ad preparandam moksam, So moku, XVI, 16 :—3 Artemisia vulgaris. Japonice yomogi, ibukt yamogi.—Gutsourt, in his Hist. naturelle des drogues [III, 52], says, as many other authors did before him, that mowa is a Chinese and Japanese word. But this is an error which has already been refuted, 200 years ago, by Rumputvs, who, in his Herbartum Ambotnense [V, 261, 262, sub Artemisia latifolia, baru tschina], writes :—H.e Sinensis fomes igniarius. Hic fomes vulgo mova vocatur, per longum autem tempus detegere non potui quenam vox Moxa esset, quumque animadvertebam a Sinensibus hic habitantibus non intelligi, hine concludi, Portugallicam esse Corruptam vocem, derivatam a mocho h.e. muco, cum quo forte Portugalli siccatam hujus herbs fomitem comparant. BaILurbhre [ Dict. de Médecine, etc., 1873] suggests that Moxa may be derived from the Greek Mims, a fungus Which in a dried state was used by the ancient Greeks to burn the skin, and which is mentioned by Hippocrates, 148 BOTANICON SINICUM. 73,— BY BH EE yin ch'en hao. P.. XV, 14. T., OXLIV. Pen king:—Yin ch‘en hao. Leaves and stem used in medicine. Taste bitter. Nature uniform, slightly cold. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—The yin ch‘en grows in T‘ai shan [in Shan tung, App. 822] on mountain slopes. It is gathered from the 5th month to the beginning of autumn, and dried in the shade.. In the Kuang ya [8rd cent.] it is called [xj BB yin ch‘en. T‘ao Hune-xine :—It is a common plant and resembles the p‘eng hao [see Bot. sin., II, 436] but the leaves are smaller and denser. The stem does not die in winter and in spring thrives again. Han Pao-snene [10th cent.]:—Its leaves resemble those of the ts‘ing hao [see 74] but are white (downy) underneath, Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is a common plant in Mid China. The best sort comes from T‘ai shan [in Shan tung, App. 322]. It resembles the p‘eng hao, but the leaves are smaller (finer). It has neither flowers nor seed. One kind, the shan (mountain) yin ch‘en is used like the ai hao. It 1s different from the cultivated yin chen. Li SHI-cHEen :—The yin ch‘en hao was much cultivated in ancient times as a vegetable. The shan (mountain) yi” ch‘en, which is used in medicine, is different. Now the people of Huai and Yang [An hui and Kiang su, App: 8%: 400] on the 2nd day of the 2nd month gather the leaves of the wild yin ch‘en, mix them with flour, and prepare cakes which they call | | Jf yin ch‘en ping. Ch., XI, 22:—Yin chen hao. Representation of am Artemisia. Lour., Fl. cochin., 598 :— Artemisia abrotanum [the plant Lougeimo describes is not this species, See DC, Prodts MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 149 VI, 108: certe diversa]. Sinice yin chin hao. Habitat incultum, cultumque in Cochinchina, China. Tatar., Cat., 30 :—Yin ch‘en hao. Flores Artemisia.— P. Smrrg, 25 :—Ape. abrotanum. Cust. Med., p. 74 (112) :— Yin ch‘en exported 1885 from Han kow 135 piculs,—p. 90 (52), from Kiu kiang 103 Piculs,—p. 126 (99), from Chin kiang 1.7 picul,—p. 324 (145), from Swatow 3 piculs,—p. 30 (107), from Tien tsin a small quantity. ' Amon. exot., 897 :—PY PR intsjin, vulgo fki jamogi § kawara jamogi. Abrotanum campestre. Tura. [Fl jap., 309] refers this to his Artemisia capillaris (with capillary leaves).— So moku, XVI, 28:—Same Chinese name A. capillaris. 14.—35 EE ts‘ing hao. P., XV, 16. T., LXII. Pen king:—Ts‘ing hao (green Artemisia), BE | ts‘ao (herbaceous) hao, Fi} fang hui. Leaves, stem, root and seed used in medicine. ‘Taste bitter. Nature cold. Non- Poisonous. For other ancient names see Bot. sin., II, 13. Pie lu:—The ts‘ao hao grows in the marshes of Hua yin [in Shen si, App. 87]. Tao Hune-xing:—This is a common plant, now Senerally called ts‘ing hao. The people eat it mixed with fragrant vegetables. Hawn Pao-sHeng [10th cent.]:—The ts‘ao hao in Kiang tung [ App. 124] is called 3Q | sin hao, for its smell resembles that of the beast called sin. In the north it is called ts‘ing hao. The young leaves are pickled in vinegar. The leaves resemble those of the yin ch‘en [see 73] but are not white underneath [whence the name ¢s‘ing or green hao}. ‘The plant grows more than four fect high. The leaves are 150 BOTANICON SINICUM. used in medicine. This plant is mentioned in the Shi king [the author refers to Shi king, 246, hao. See Bot. sin., Il, 431]. | Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The ts‘ing hao has very fine (small) leaves, which are eaten. Late in autumn it bears pale, yellow flowers. The seeds are like millet and are gathered in the 9th month. Root, stem, leaves and seeds are all used in medicine. K‘ou Tsuna-snr [12th cent.]:—The ts‘ing hao is also called # | hiang hao (fragrant Artemisia). It has a red root and fragrant leaves. Li Sut-cnen :—The ts‘ing hao has a coarse, succulent stem of the thickness of a finger. The stem and the leaves are of a dark green colour. The leaves resemble those of the yin ch‘en but are dark green on both sides. The root is white and firm. The flowers appear in the 7th or 8th month. They are small, yellow and slightly fragrant. The fruit resembles that of hemp and contains small seeds. Ch., XI, 93, sub ts‘ing hao or ts‘ao hao, representation of an Artemisia with capillary leaves. Tatar., Cat., 12:—Ts‘ing hao, Artemisia.—P. SMITH, 25:—Ts‘ing hao, Artemisia Dracunculus. He says it 38 abundant in Hu peh, and sometimes eaten as a vegetable. Depeavux, Fl. de Shang hai, 38, Fl. de Tien tsin, 28 :— Artemisia Dracunculus, sinice tsin kao, cultivated a3 ® vegetable. Cust. Med., p- 356 (231) :—Ts‘ing hao exported 1885 from Canton 18 piculs, Hank. Med., 6, 7:—The same mentioned as exported from Han kow, So moku, XVI, 25:—5§ 3 Artemisia apiacea, Hance (A. abrotanum, Thhg.). MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 151 15.—F} $F pai hao. P., AN, 200. Ta dani Pen king :—Pai hao (white Artemisia). Leaves, root and seeds used in medicine. Taste sweet. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous, Pie lu:—The pat hao grows in the marshes of Chung shan [in Chi li, App. 31]. It is gathered in the 2nd month. T‘ao Hune-xina states that the pai hao is not used in medicine, Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The $€ fan or & # pai hao of the Rh ya [12] is the Fy | paz hao. The leaves are covered with a white down, whence the name. Sv Sune [11th cent.]:—In ancient times the people used the leaves of the pai hao for food. Now they employ for this purpose the B& #$ lou hao, which some authors have *rroneously identified with the pai hao. Li Sui-cuey :—The pai hao isa common plant. There are two kinds of it, one growing in water, the other in dry land. The first is the pai hao of the Pie lu. It is fragrant and pleasant, whilst the dry land plant is pungent and unpleasant. The pai hao of the Pie lu is without doubt the Same as the lou hao. The pai hao as well as the low hao are species of Artemisia. For farther particulars see Bot. six., I, 438, 430, 16.—35 5e 3 ma sien hao. P., XV, 22. T., LXII. Pen king :—Ma sien hao, 5 5 # ma shi hao. Taste bitter. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. Pie lu :—Other names: $f #a 3S lien shi ts‘ao, i Hy lan shi ts‘a0, The ma sien hao grows in Nan yang [W. Ho nan, App. 281), in marshes. 152 BOTANICON SINICUM. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—Leaves as large as those of the ch‘ung wei [Leonurus. See 78}. The flowers are red and white. Stem and leaves gathered in the 2nd and 8th months, the seed ripens in the 8th and 9th months. This plant is also called 3 jit hu ma or F& 3p BE ma sin hao. | This is the Jncarvillea sinensis, Juss. For farther particulars see Bot. sin., II, 432. : 1—F BE mou hao. P., XV, 23. T., LXIL. ; © Comp. Bot. sin., II, 14, 432. Lu x1 confounds it with. _ the ma sien hao [76]. , Pie lu:—Mou hao (male Artemisia). Leaves used i medicine. Taste bitter, slightly sweet. Nature warm. Non- poisonous. This plant grows in the fields. It is gathered 2 in the 5th and 8th months. T‘ao Hune-Kine :—It is not used in medicine. = Su Kune [7th cent.]:—It is also called 7 HAH 7 tYou hao. It has leaves resembling those of the fang feng 3 [Stenocelium. See 31] but finer and thinner, not glaucous. . Li Sut-cuen :—Its leaves are flat, narrow at the base, Z broad and lobed at the end. The young leaves can be —_ - Deer are fond of the plant. In autumn it bears small, “ yellow flowers. The fruit is as large as that of nae ch'e ts‘ten [Plantago. See 115] and contains minute seeds a hardly distinguishable, wherefore the ancients asserted that : the plant has no seeds, and called it the male southernwool. The mou hao is an Artemisia. In Japan this Chines? E name is applied to Art. japonica. See Bot. sin., II, 482. 18.—E BBG ch‘ung wei. P., KV, 24. 7., OXXIX. : Pen king :—Cl'ung wei, $% i i mu, $3 WA i ming, X K huo hien. The seeds are officinal. ‘Taste sweet. ea : slightly warm. ‘Non-poisonous. oo MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 153 For other ancient names see Bot. sin., II, 25, 444. Pie lu:—Other name: § BF chen wei. The ch‘ung wei grows near the seashore and on the margins of pools and marshes. It (the seeds) is gathered in the 5th month. T‘ao Hune-xina:-—This plant is found everywhere. Its leaves resemble those of the jen [Perilla. See 67]. The stem is square. Small, oblong triangular seeds. Seldom used in medicine. Cu‘en Ts‘anc-K‘ [8th cent.]:—The popular name of the ch‘ung wei is 5% EX ch‘ou ts‘ao (stinking plant). Ta Mine [10th cent.]:—Stem, leaves and root likewise used in medicine. 2 Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The plant is common in gardens and in waste places. It is mentioned in the Rh ya [25]. The seeds are black and resemble those of the ki kuan (Celosia cristata). Square stem. K‘ou Tsuna-sut [12th cent.]:—The young plant can be used for food. Ia Sut-cHen :—The ch‘ung wei grows abundantly near water-courses, in damp places. The young plant in spring resembles a young hao (Artemisia). In summer it is from three to four feet high. It has as quare stem. The leaves resemble ai leaves (Artemisia vulgaris) but are green (not downy) underneath. They are trilobed with long points. The small flowers are arranged (in a whorl) around the joints, and are of a red colour tinged with white. Each calyx contains four seeds as large as those of the t‘ung hao (Chrysanthemum Roxburghii), triangular and of a gray colour. The living plant has an unpleasant odour. The root is white. The descriptions given by ancient authors—as, for instance, that the leaves resemble Perilla leaves, that the seeds are black, ete.—are incorrect. There are two kinds of ch‘ung 20 154 BOTANICON SINICUM. we?, one with purple and the other with white flowers. The last is the ¢ mu, the purple-flowered is called BY OK Mii ve tien ma. Other authors say that the purple-flowered is the true 2 mu. The name z mu (mother’s help) is explained by its seeds being useful in women’s diseases, Chi, Bab, 25 :—Ch‘ung wei or i mu ts‘ao. Good drawing representing Leonurus sibiricus, L. This plant has red flowers and a disagreeable odour. Tatan., Cat., 29:—J mau ts‘ao, Leonurus sibiricus— According to Parker, the same Chinese name is applied to the same plant in Sz ch‘uan [ China Review, X, 169] and at Canton Leonurus sibiricus is i mu ai.—P, Smiry, 182 :— Ch'ung wei or i mu, Leonurus sinensis [the species name is purely imaginary on his part]. ; Cust. Med., p. 376 (470):—I mu ts‘ao exported 1885 from Canton 18 piculs,—p. 300 (398), from Amoy 2 piculs,— p- 40 (281), from Tien tsin 7 mu plaster 0.4 picul. So moku, XI, 41 :— fr BE and JE BF Leonurus sibiricus. 19.—& i wei hien. P., XV, 30. T,, CLI. Pen king :— Wei hien, |§E #} mi hien. Stem and leaves officinal. Taste bitter. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—Other names # ¥E ch‘eng kao. The wet hien grows in Han chung [S. Shen si, App. 54], in marshes, also in Yiian kit [in Shan tung, App. 415] and Han tan [in Chi li, App. 56]. In the 7th month the stem andthe leaves are gathered and dried in the shade. Other names noticed by Wu P‘u [3rd cent.]:—4g 2) # wu sin ts‘ao (plant without a heart), 49 HE wu tien, 7K HR ch‘eng ki. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The southern people call the plant 5& Ji, RE wu feng ts‘ao. In Ch‘u [Hu kuang, App- 24] MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 155 they distinguish two sorts, the greater and the smaller wu feng. Another name is fi yf BE lu (deer) hien ts‘ao. People say that deer, when sick, have recourse to this plant and then recover. This plant grows in a bushy manner, resembles the ch‘wng wei [Leonurus. See 78] and also the pai tow weng [see 24]. Its leaves are covered with hair. The stem is red. Hay Pao-suene [10th cent.] adds that it has yellow flowers and a reddish black root. Li Sut-curn :—The Shui hing chu [5th cent.] states that the wei hien plant grows plentifully in the Si shan mountains in Wei hing [in Shen si, App. 384]. The plant is said not to move by wind. It moves only when the air is still. In the Phon zo [XIV, 12, 13] #&% #% is given as the Chinese name for various species of Senecio, viz.: S. nikoensis, Mig., 8. palmatus, Pall., S. nemorensis, L. 80.—35 FG EX hia ku ts‘ao. P., XV, 31. T., OXXXVI. Pen king :—Hia ku ts‘ao (plant withering in summer), Y fay si ha, J4 HE nai tung. Stem and leaves officinal. Taste bitter and pungent. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—Other names: Zc iy yen mien. The hia ku _ !'a0 grows in the river-valleys of Shu [Sz ch‘uan, App. 292]. It is gathered in the 4th month. = Su Kune [7th cent.]:—It is found everywhere in _ Marshes, and grows till late in winter. Its leaves resemble : those of the stan fu [Znula. See 81]. In the 3rd or 4th month 2 t bears purplish white flowers, in spikes, resembling those Ve i the tan shen [Salvia. See 20], then produces seed, and o withers in the 5th month. | It Sui-cney :—It is a common wild plant, grows from ‘She to two feet and higher. Its stem is nearly square. 156 BOTANICON SINICUM. Leaves opposite on the joints, resembling those of the sian Ju, but longer, serrated on the margin, downy underneath, and finely veined. Small pale purple flowers in spikes which issue from the top of the stem. Small seeds, four together. It is also called $8 f% ¥8 tie se ts‘ao (plant of the colour of iron), Ch. XI, 66:—Ilia ku ts‘ao. The figure seems to represent Prunella vulgaris, I... our common self-heal. The drawing under the same name in the Kiu huang [XLVU, 23] is indistinct. It is said there that the hia ku ts‘ao grows in Ho nan, Che kiang, An hui, especially in Ch‘u chou [App. 25]. D’INcarvitiz, Peking plants (MS.):—Hia kou tsao, Brunelle. On en voit chez les droguistes 4 Pékin. Elle vient des provinces méridionales, Lovr., Fl. cochin., 203 :—Celosia margaritacea, Sinice: hia khu ts‘ao. Tarar., Cat., 45 :—Hia ku ts‘ao, Lophanthus.—P. Suita [138] Lophanthus. | : Parker [China Rev., X, 162] :—Prunella vulgaris, hia ku ts‘ao, a common roadside plant in Sz ch‘uan. : Henry, Chin. pl, 161:—The name hia ku ts'ao in Hu pei is applied to Prunella vulgaris, also to Ajuga decumbens, Thbg. The drug (dried leaves and flowers) hia ku ts‘ao which I received from Wen chou seemed to belong to Prunella. — The Chinese name “iron coloured plant” refers probably to : the brown coloured bracts and calyces of Prunella. a Cust. Med., p. 202 (266) :—Hia ku ts‘ao exported 1885 from Ning po 157 piculs,—p. 374 (463), from Canton 85 piculs. a Amen, evot., 897 :—¥ #8 vulgo utsu bogusa et wrulhir Brunella major, folio non dissecto. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 157 So moku, XI, 4:—Same Chinese name, Ajuga genevensis, L.—Ibid., 8 :—}R§ Ip] BF AE BE [ie hia ku ts‘ao from Ch‘u chou, ». supra], Prunella vulgaris. 81.— fe FF 7E siian fi hua. PV AV, 65 Ti, ORs Pen king :—Siian fu hua, Sr ¥ BE kin fu ts‘ao. Flowers officinal. Taste saltish. Nature warm. Slightly poisonous. For other ancient names see Bot. sin., II, 139. Pie lw:—Other name: BY HE tat shen. The sian fu grows in low marshes and valleys. The flowers are gathered in the 5th month and dried 20 days. The root is also used in medicine. T‘ao Hune-xine :—It grows in Mid China in low, damp Places, and resembles the ku hua (Chrysanthemum) but is larger. It must not be confounded with the i H stan fu, the root of which plant is used in medicine. [{ Kalystegia. See 169.] | Su Sune [11th cent.]:—This plant grows along the edge of the water. It resembles the hung lan (Carthamus tinctorius), but is not prickly. It grows from one to two feet high. Leaves like willow-leaves. Stem slender. In the 6th month it opens its flowers, which resemble the Chrysan- themum, They are as large as a small copper coin, and of a deep yellow colour. The people of Shang tang [S.E. Shan si, App. 275], where it grows in fields, call it @ $3 7€ kin ts%en hua (gold coin flower). In Mid China it is much cultivated in gardens. Lt Sut-cuen :—The wild plant, which grows on the Margins of water-courses, has small single flowers resembling the kw. But when cultivated the flowers become large. The root is small and white. It is also called Bf 3M fia ka eg Chrysanthemum) and 39 #5 @& ti ti kin (dripping *§old), ‘ 158 BOTANICON SINICUM. Ch., XI, 68 :—Sian fu hua. Good drawing of an Inula, See also Kiu huang, XLVI, 16. TaTaR., Cat., 48 :—Saan Ju hua. Flores Inula chinensis. P. Smrru [119] states that Inula chinensis was introduced into China in the 6th century. His assertion is evidently based upon a statement in the Yu yang tsa tsu, reproduced — in the P., that a plant kin ts‘en hua (gold coin flower) was introduced into China during the Liang dynasty, from a foreign country where its original name was pii-shi-sha. But this plant was certainly not Jnula chinensis, which is a common indigenous plant in N. China. It has beautiful yellow flowers. Cust. Med., p. 362 (801) :—Sian fu hua exported 1885 from Canton 11 piculs,—p, 154 (218), from Shang hai 1.3 picul,—p. 290 (234), from Amoy 1.3 picul,—p. 214 (64), from Wen chou 1 picul. Amen. exot., 877 :—fe sen fuki, vulgo oguruma, Aster luteus. Figured in Kampr., Icon. sel., 30. This is Inula japonica, Thhg. So moku, XVII, 5 :—Same Chinese name, Jnula japonica. 82.—FF Fi ts‘ing siang. P., AV, 3i2° Ty CLVL Pen king :—Ts‘ing siang, Bi EF ts‘ao hao, BE ts? hao. Name of the seeds: 3% i WY ts‘ao kue ming.” The leaves, the stem and the seeds officinal. Taste bitter. Nature slightly cold. Non-poisonous, Pie lu:—The ts‘ing siang grows in the plains, by road- sides. Stem and leaves gathered in the 3rd month, the seeds in the 5th and 6th months. : * Comp, also 74 Artemisia, ® Comp, 110 Cassia, — MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 159 T‘ao Huna-Kine :—It is a common plant. It resembles a flowering wheat-ear. The seeds are very small. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—This plant is about one foot high. It has small, soft leaves. Flowers whitish purple. The fruit forms a horn. The seeds are black, flat, shining, and look like the seeds of the hien [Amarantus Blitum. See 256] but are larger. The plant grows in low, damp places. The people of King and Siang [both in Hu pei, App. 146, 305] call it BY BS EX kun lun ts‘ao. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The plant is common in Kiang and Huai [Kiang su and An hui, App. 124, 89] and in Mid China. It grows from three to four feet high. The leaves are broad, resemble willow-leaves, but are softer. The stem is like that of the hao (Artemisia), greenish red. Its flowers appear in the 6th or 7th month, they are red in the upper part (of the ear), white in the lower part. Seeds black, shining and flat, resembling those of the lang tang [Scopolia. See 139]. The root is like Artemisia root. It Sui-cnen:—The ts‘ing siang grows wild. The young plant resembles the Azen [v. supra], and can be eaten. In its leaves, flowers and seeds the ts‘ing siang resembles the ki kuan (Celosia cristata, cockscomb), only the flower- spikes of the latter are larger and flat. The ts‘ing sang is therefore also called WE Se EF ki kuan hien or ye (wild) ki. kwan. Su Kuna is wrong in saying that the fruit has the shape of a horn. Kiu huang [XLVII, 18] and Ch. [XI, 46] sub ts‘ing siang, representations of Celosia argentea, L. The description in the P, agrees. Lour., Fl. cochin., 203 :—Celosia argentea. Sinice tsem stam tsu, Tarar., Cat., 13 :—Ts‘ing siang tsz‘. Semina Celosie argentee.—P, Sura, 57.—I have also seen seeds received 160 BOTANICON SINICUM. under the above Chinese name from Wen chou. They were small, black, shining and undoubtedly belonged to the above-mentioned plant. : Cust. Med., p, 366 (343) :— T's‘ing siang exported 1885 from Canton 5.68 piculs,—p, 292 (272), from Amoy 0,85 picul. : So moku, III, 61 :—FF FH, japonice nokeito, Celosia argentea, Sres., Qcon., 127 :—Same Chinese and Japanese names, Celosia argentea. Herba tenera edulis. 83.—K Hj ta ki and py Ay siao ki. P., XV, 43. T., CVI. Pie lu:—The ta ki and the siao ki (the great and little kt or thistle) are gathered in the 5th month. Of both the leaves and the root are officinal. ‘Taste sweet. Nature warm. Non-poisonous. Fan Wane [4th cent.] uses the name §§ | ma ki (horse thistle). T‘ao Hune-King :—The great ki is also called J | hu (tiger) ki, the little one $ti | mao (cat) ki. These plants resemble each other in their leaves, which are very apres They grow abundantly in a wild state. Not much used in medicine. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The great and the little # _ resemble each other, but the medical virtues of the drags ah different. The great ki grows in the mountains, the rook beneficial in ulcers and abscesses,—the little 42 grows 10 low marshes, it does not accelerate the bursting of abscesses, but it breaks the blood. In the Ji hua Pen ts‘ao [10th cent.] we met with the names [lj 4 3% shan niu p‘ang (mountain burdock) and Rl) Bi ts‘c* ki (spiny thistle) applied to these plants. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 161 Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The siao ki is a common plant. Its vulgar name is }f Wl] #if ts‘ing ts‘c’ ké (green spiny thistle). The young leaves together with the roots, in spring, when the plant is from two to three inches high, are used for food and considered very palatable. In the 4th month the plant is about one foot high and very spiny. The flower- heads issue from the heart of the plant and resemble those of the hung lan (Carthamus tinct.). They are of a greenish purple colour. The people in the north call it F- fF ts‘ien chen ts‘ao (thousand needles plant). For medical use the stem and the leaves are gathered in the 4th month, the root in the 9th, and dried in the shade.—The greater ki in its leaves and root resembles the lesser, but the plant is fatter and larger. K‘ou Tsune-sur [12th cent.]:—The greater and the lesser ki resemble each other. Flowers like tufts of hair. The greater grows from four to five feet high, has wrinkled leaves, the lesser is only one foot high. Leaves not wrinkled. It is used as a vegetable. It Sui-cuen gives as synonyms the names ¥E JA Hi ki ting ts‘ao (cockscrown), BF ¥0 76 ye hung hua (wild Carthamus). Some authors refer the ta ki to Rh ya, 187, ki or kou tu. Ch., XI, 86 :—Ta ki. Two drawings, apparently Cnicus is intended. One of the plants figured shows a tuberous toot. It is said there that the root of the ¢a ki in Kiang si is known to the native physicians under the name of t*u jen shen (native ginseng).—Comp. also Kiu huang, XLVI, 3, taki. Leaves eaten. Root said to be poisonous. Lour., 589:—Carduus tuberosus, Canton. Sinice thu gin sen. The tuberous root is officinal. Tavar., Cat.,19:—Ta ki. Radix Cardui seu Dipsaci.— In the Peking mountains the people apply the name ta ki to 21 162 BOTANICON SINICUM. Cnicus pendulus, a thistle-like Composita, from five to six feet high, very spiny, with enormous purple flower-heads. Henry, Chin. plants, 515:—Ta ki in Hu pei, Cnicus Japonicus, DC. var. So moku, XV, 37 -—K FY) Cnricus spicatus, Maxim. Ch., XI, 85 :—Siao ki. The drawing represents a Cricus ; with small spiny leaves, small flower-heads. See also Kiu huang, XLVI, 2. | Lour., Fl. cochin., 588 :—Carduus lanceolatus, L. [= C. chinensis, DC. Prodr., VI, 629], sinice siao ky or la di ts‘ao. TatagosQat..° 47 +—Sian ki, Carduus seu Dipsacus.— Comp. P. Surru, 51, 64, sub Carduus and Cirsium. Henry, l.c., siao ki = Cnicus segetum, Bge. Aman. exot., 897 :—#i hei, vulgo asami. Carduus pra- tensis latifolius, | So moku, XV, 36 A Rij Cricus japonicus, DC. (vide Maxim.). Phon zo, XV, 13:—Same Chinese name, Cnicus pur- puratus, Maxim., and Cn. Hilgendorfii, Franch. But in the So moku [XV, 42]; the latter appears with the Chinese name ZB YA FE [v. supra, Li SuI-cHEn]. Stmp., Geon., 210:—Carduus acaulis, sinice Ay fi) — Japonice noa sami. Radix atque herba edules. According — | to Maxmowicz this is Cnicus japonicus. : Cust. Med., p. 350 (139) :—Ta ki exported 1885 from Canton 0.2 picul.—Ibid., p. 344 (44), siao ki exported from Canton 1.68 picul,—p. 276 (36), from Amoy 0.07 picul. 84.— #8 BA su tuan. P., XV, 45. T., CXXXUL. Pen king :—Su tuan, Kg, TF su che. (Both these _ a mean: to join together what is broken). The root is official. Taste bitter. Nature slightly warm. Non-poisonous. : MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 163 Pie lu:—Other names: $% ff tsie ku (join together broken bones), #§ $F lung tou. The su tuan grows in the mountain-valleys of Ch‘ang shan [in Chi li, App. 8]. It is gathered in the 7th and 8th months and dried in the shade. Wu P‘v [8rd cent.]:—It is produced in Liang chou [in Ho nan, App. 187]. The descriptions of the su tuan given by authors of _ various times are confused and contradictory, and no conclu- sion can be drawn from them; some compare it to the chu ma (Boehmeria), others to a thistle. The drawing in the Ch. [XI, 33] sub su twan may be intended for Dipsacus. Tatar., Cat., 49:—Su tuan. Rad. Cardui seu Dipsact. In the Peking mountains su twan is Dipsacus japonicus, Miq. P. Smira, 64 :—Su twan or Jj] Bf Chuan tuan, Cirsium lanceolatum, an imaginary identification. Henry, Chin. pl., 164 :—In Hu pei su tuan = Dipsacus asper, Wall. | Cust. Med., p. 340 (46) :—Su tuan exported 1885 from Canton 240 piculs—The Cust. Med. mentions the Ch‘uan [Sz ch‘uan] su tuan as imported into several Chinese ports.” a In Japan 3 BR is Lamium album, L. So moku, XI, Comp. also Bot. sin., II, 118. _ “The Hankow list of medicines.— Customs Med., p. 66 (14) mentions it (1,610 piculs) as Ch‘uan tan J\| IH. See Alphabetical Indew of Customs BAe), No. 474, for the various popular names given to Hsii-tuan.— A. Henry, It is stated there that it comes from Han kow and Shang hai, but ‘Neither the Ch'uan su tuan or the su tuan are mentioned as articles of *xport in the Han kow list, and in the Shang hai list we find, P. 138 (21), that 1,810 piculs of Ch‘uan su tuan were imported to Shang hai from Han Kow and other ports, 164 BOTANICON SINICUM. 85.—#F FE k'u yao, P.. XV, 47. T., CLXI. Pie lu:—K'‘u (bitter) yao. Leaves used in medicine. Taste bitter. Nature slightly cold. Non-poisonous. It can also be eaten. T‘ao Hune-Kine:—The k‘u yao is a common plant. The people of Ch‘eng [Ho nan, App. 17] eat the stem raw. Han Pao-sHena:—It grows in low, damp places. The stem is round, not spiny, and can be eaten raw. Seeds like those of the mao ki [cat’s thistle. See sub 83]. Ii Sui-cnen :—This is the plant hou or yao of the Eth ya [62]. It (the stem) is of the thickness of a finger, and hollow inside. At the top of the stem is a flower-head like that of the k (thistle). The young plant can be eaten. The people of Che tung [Che kiang, App. 10] at the ts‘ing ming feast (in spring) gather the young plants and eat them. It is believed that then they will not be afflicted with sores for a year. The juice of the plant is mixed with rice for food. In the Tsao hua chi nan (an alchemistic work) the plant is called ## PR k‘w pan, the larger kind # #i ku tsie. Its leaves resemble those of the ti huang [Reh- mannia. See 100], and are of a bitter taste. When young they are downy. In summer the stem developes. It is covered with hair. The flowers are white and numerous, the fruit 1s small. That kind which bears neither flowers nor fruit 18 called Hj W@ HE tz tan ts‘ao (ground gall plant). Its juice is bitter, like gall. This plant is common in damp places. Ch. XIV, 6:—K‘u yao. The drawing represents leaves of a spiny plant. So moku, XV, 41 :—# 3E Cnicus nipponicus, Maxim. 86.— Hg It lou lu. P.. XV,47. 7T., CXXXIIL Pen king :—Lou lu, EF BA ye lan. Root and ame officinal. Taste saltish. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 165 Pie lu:—The low lu grows in the valleys of the K‘iao shan mountain [in Shen si, App. 134]. The root is dug up in the 8th month and dried in the shade. T‘ao Hune-xive :—The K‘iao shan is Emperor Huana TI's burial-place. It lies in Shang kiin [in Shen si, App. 273]. The leaves and the root are used in medicine. The latter is commonly called J HG HE lu li ken. Ground with bitter wine it is useful in curing itch-sores. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The popular name of this drug is JE FF hia hao (Artemisia with pods). The stem and the leaves resemble those of the pai hao [ Artemisia. See 75}. Yellow flowers. The pod is as long as that of the si ma (small hemp, unknown to me, perhaps Sesam) and as thick as a quill. It has four or five divisions (cells) and becomes black in the 7th or 8th month. By this (é.e. by producing a pod) it is distinguished from all the hao (Artemisia) plants. The stem and the leaves, also the seeds, are used in medicine, but not the root. The name low lu is also applied to several other plants. Ma Cut [10th cent.]:—The low lu has a stem like a quill, from four to five feet high. The fruit is a capsule, like that of the yw ma (oil-hemp or Sesamum) but smaller. The people of Kiang ‘tung [Kiang su, etc., App. 124] use the leaves in preference to the root. The drug from Kiang ning [Nan king, App. 129] and Shang tang [S.E. Shan si, App. 275] is considered the best. Cu‘en Ts‘anc-«‘1 [8th cent.]:—The people in the south use the leaves, the people in the north the root. Han Pao-snene [10th cent.]:—Its leaves resemble those of the kie hao Cncarvillea). It is a common plant in the marshes of T's‘ao chou and Yen chou [both in Shan tung, App. 344, 404]. In the 6th and 7th months the stem is gathered and dried in the sun. It then becomes blacker than any other dried plant. 166 BOTANICON SINICUM. The Ji hua Pen ts‘ao [10th cent.] calls this plant Yh, TH Wot he yu ma (devil’s Sesam). There are descriptions of the plant by several other Chinese authors, but they are confused and contradictory. Evidently they confound several plants. Li Sar-cHen observes, that there is in Min [Fu kien, App. 222] a plant called low lu. It has a stem six or seven feet high resembling that of the Sesam plant. In autumn, when it withers, it becomes black, like varnish. This is the true low lu. This latter name means “ black.” Ch., XI, 36:—Lou lu. Rude drawing. Comp. also Kiu huang, XLVI, 26. Cust. Med., No. 756 :—Lou lu, root of an herb (Serra- tula sp. ?) Cust. Med., p. 122 (34):—Lou Iu exported 1885 from Chin kiang 1.38 picul,—p. 344 (82), from Canton 0.1 picul. Phon 20, XV, 16 :—3fj HF Siphonostegia chinensis, Benth. (Serophularinew).—The So moku [XI, 62] figures the same plant under the Chinese name § jp} Jig. This plant, which is common in China, becomes indeed black in autumn when dried, but it is certainly not the plant figured in Chinese works sub low Iu. Siphonostegia chinensis seems to be intended by the & 43 HE yin hing ts‘ao figured 1 Cho A 25 Tatar. [Cat., 35] gives Bi] ZF mM lu ki nu as the Chinese name for Siphonostegia chinensis. See also P. SMITH, 198. But judging by the description of the liu ke in the P. [XV, 382] and 7. [OLXX1] this is a plant of the order Composite. It is first spoken of by Suv Kore [8th cent.], and vaguely described. Lx Sut-cHEn says that it has yellow flowers resembling those of a small kw (Chrys MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 167 anthemum). The Ch. [XIV, 20, 21] has sub liu ki nu two rude figures, one of them seems to refer to a Composita. According to the Cust. Med., p. 874 (452), 202 (275), 286 (183), this drug is exported from Canton, Ning po, Amoy, resp. 7, 2, 1 piculs. So moku, XVII, 40 :—Bl] ZF HR Solidago virgo aurea, L. (our common Golden Rod) and ibid, 48, same Chinese name, Senecio palmatus, Pall. 87.— FRR Hie fei lien. P., XV, 50. 7., CXXXIV. Pen king :—Fei lien. Root and flowers officinal. Taste bitter. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—Other names: low lu [see 86], AR AR mu ho, We HE fei ki (flying cock), | We fei Ming (to fly and not heavy), (R HG fu tu, TRE fu chu, FH tien tsi. The fei lien grows in Ho nei [in Ho nan, App. 77]. In the Ist month the root is dug up, and in the 7th and 8th months the flowers are gathered and dried in the shade. T’ao Hune-x1ng :—It is a common plant and much Tesembles the ku yao [Cnicus. See 85], but its leaves are much incised (or sinuated or laciniated). The stem has skins (raised lines) which issue from the base of the : leaves and continue down the stem, resembling the wings of _ ® arrow. Purple flowers. This drug is not used now in Medicine, only Taoists consider the stem and the branches as Securing longevity. Sv Kune [7th cent.]:—There are two kinds of this plant. One grows in low marshes and is the plant described by Tao Huwne-Kinc. The other grows on the summits of ‘Mountains. Its leaves resemble those of the first but are hot sinuated, and very downy. Its stem is red, not winged. The Toot goes straight down, has no lateral branches, the 168 BOTANICON SINICUM. rind (of the root) is black, the flesh white with black veins. When dried in the sun it becomes black, like the root of the ytian shen [see 18]. Ch., XI, 387:—Fet lien. The drawing is probably intended for Carduus crispus, L., with which the above Chinese description of the fe lien agrees. Carduus crispus is a common plant in the Peking mountains. So moku, XV, 40 :—Ff€ é Carduus crispus. See also Kwa wi, p. 9. 88.— ES Joe chiu ma. P.,XV,51. 7., XXXIX. This is the grass-cloth plant, Boehmeria nivea. See Bot. sin., U1, 391. The Pie lu gives only the name ch‘u ma, and specifies its medical virtues. Root and leaves used in medicine. Taste sweet. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. T‘ao Huna-x1ne says, the ch‘u is a kind of hemp, used for spinning thread. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The ancient authors do not record where the ch‘u ma is produced. Now it grows plentifully in Min [Fu kien, App. 222], Shu [Sz ch‘uan, App. 292], Kiang [Kiang su, etc., App. 124] and Che [Che kiang, App. 10]. From its fibres cloth is woven. The plant grows from seven to eight feet high. Its leaves resemble the leaves of the ch‘u [Broussonetia papy” ifera. See 333], but are not lobed. They are green on the uppeF side, white underneath, covered with short hairs. In summer and autumn the plant bears spikes of small green flowers. Root yellowish white, not heavy. Li Sut-cuen :—The ch‘w occurs wild and is also much cultivated. The people distinguish the 3% | tse (purple) ch‘u, with purple leaves, and the Fy | pai (white) oh MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 169 with its leaves green on the upper side and white underneath. The leaves can be prepared for food. The seeds are of a brownish gray colour. Perennial root. The plant has the same Chinese name in Japan. For further particulars see Bot. sin., LI, 391. 89.—K FF ta ts‘ing. P., XV, 54. T., CV. Pie lu:—Ta ts‘ing (great green). Its stem is gathered in the 8rd or 4th month and dried in the shade. T‘ao Hune-Kine :—This plant is found in East China and in the border provinces. It has a purple stem about one foot high. Stem and leaves officinal. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is produced in all the pre- -fectures of Kiang tung [E. of the Kiang, App 124], in : King nan [Hu nan, App. 148], in Mei, Shu [Sz ch‘uan, App. 219, 292] and in Hao [in An hui, App. 59]. Stem purplish green, resembling the shi chu (Dianthus). Flowers purplish red, resemble those of the ma liao (Polygonum) and ‘the yaan hua [ Daphne. See 156]. The root'is yellow. . It Sut-cuen :—It is a common plant, and grows from two to three feet high. Stem round. Leaves from three to four inches long, green on the upper side, paler underneath, Placed in pairs at the joints. In the 8th month small red flowers in corymbs. Fruit at first green, of the size of the tsiao (Zanthoxylon) fruit. In the 9th month it becomes red. "pees SHI-cHEN explains the name ta ts‘ing (great green) by the dark green colour of the stem. mw A, XE 88 -— 7a ts‘ing. A plant figured which is Unknown to me, ce Tar AR., Cat., {8 =. Th ts‘ing. Caules et folia Polygont oe. Suaru, 175. 170 BOTANICON SINICUM. Cust. Med., 360 (277) :—Ta ts‘ing leaves exported 1885 from Canton 1.15 picul,—p. 350 (140), ta ts‘ing root 0.1 picul. But ta ts‘ing is identified there with Indigofera tinctoria, whether correctly, I am not prepared to say. Horrm. & Scuur., 312 :—K ¥F Justicia crinata, Thbg. (Acanthacee). This is, according to DC. Prodr., XI, 493= Peristrophe tinctoria, Nees. = Justicia purpurea, Lour., Fl. cochin., 31.—But, strange to say, [in DC. Prodr., XI, 485] Taunsene’s Just. crinata is identified with another acantha- ceous plant, the Dicliptera crinita. This latter is the same as Dianthera japonica, Thhg. [ Fl. jap., 21, tab. 4]. I may observe that Lourntro describes also a Justicia tinctoria: Folia viridi colore saturata, eodem telas pulchre imbuunt. The ta ts‘ing in Chinese works does not seem to refer to one of these acanthaceous plants. The P. [XV, 55} notices also a plant called Jv Fy sao ts‘ing (little green). The Tu king Pen ts‘ao [11th cent.] says only a few words regarding this plant. It is said to grow in Fu chou [in Fu kien, App. 46]. It flowers in the 3rd month. The people there employ the leaves. Ch., IX, 16:—Siao ts‘ing. Figure of a plant with pinnate leaves and a large root. Unknown to me. bid., XIV, 48 :—Siao ts‘ing. This figure seems to represent Ardisia japonica, Bl. Comp. Henry, Chin. pl., 18. 90.—#& FE li shi. P., XV, 57. 7, CLXV. Pen king:—Li shi, BY BLL te'ao, HE BG shi shou (pig’s head). The fruit is officinal. Taste sweet. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. For other ancient names see Bot. sin., II, 36, 467. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 171 Pie lu :—Other name: #5 # li shi. The Ui shi grows in Ho tung [in Shan si, App. 80] in river-valleys. The fruit is gathered in the 5th month and dried in the shade. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The Ui shi is also called §% WH ma lin tsz‘, and mentioned in the Yue ling (Li ki) under the name of ZF I. : Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The plant is common in Shen si [App. 284]. It is found also in Ting chou and Li chou [both in Hu nan, App. 341, 185] and frequent near Pien [in Ho nan, App. 248]. Its leaves resemble those of the Mai [Allium. _ See 242] but are longer and thicker. In the 8rd month it opens its blue flowers. The fruit is formed in the 5th month. It is a horn (capsule). The seeds are as large as hemp seed, red and angulous. The root is fibrous and long, of a yellow colour. The people use it for brushes. Kao Yu, of the Han dynasty, says that it grows in the marshes of Ho pei [in Shan si, App. 78]. The people of Kiang tung used to cultivate it in front of their houses and called it OR han piu. Li Sut-cnen refers to the Rh ya [36] and states that the People south and north of the Yellow River call the plant Bh fit RE te sao chou (iron besom). Another name for it is = FR san kien. Ch., XI, 42 :—Li shi. The drawing represents an Iris. At Peking ma lin is a common name for Iris oxypetala, Bge. The name is sometimes erroneously written }% BY ma lan. Tarar., Cat., 38, has ma lan hua. Flores Iridis oxrypetale. Amen. exot., 872:—R% PA farin, valgo buran. Iris hortensis, alba, germanica.—According to Tune. [FU. jap., _ 83) this is Iris sibirica. gg “Ma lan is an Aster, See P., XIVb, 80, and Ch, XXV, 60— > Br mekn, XVI, 44--— Aster trincroius; Roxb. 172 BOTANICON SINICUM. So moku, II, 8 :—Same Chinese name, Irs ensata, Thbg. —Phon zo, XVI, 2 :—# FE, japonice haran, Iris ensata. The same Chinese name is applied there to J. sibérica. EX tie ie te sao chou, which in the P. is given as a synonym for li shé or Iris, appears in the So moku [XIV, 22] as the Chinese name for Lespedeza juncea, a leguminous plant, and the drawings under the same name, in the Kiu huang [L, 20] and Ch. [ XII, 45], although rude figures, seem to refer to the same plant. 91.—3 FF wu shi. P., XV, 60. T., CLXVI. Pie lu:—Wau shi (evil fruit), FR FG shu nien, 4 Be niu pang. The wu shi grows in Lu shan {in Ho nan, App. 203], in marshes. The seeds, the stem and the root are officinal. Taste of the seeds pungent. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous.—Taste of the root and the stem bitter. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—Lu shan [also the name of a mountain] lies to the north-éast of Teng chou [in Ho nan, App. 337]. The leaves of the wu shi plant are as large as those of the yi [Colocasia. See 261]. The involucrum of the fruit has the appearance of the (spiny husk] of the chestnut. The seeds are small and long like those of the ch‘ung wei [Leonurus. See 78). Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The wu shi, also called niu p‘ang, is a common plant. It has large leaves like the y@ [v. supra], but longer. The seeds resemble the seeds of ae grape, and are of a gray colour. The involucrum of the fruit is like the husk of the chestnut, but smaller, of the size of the end of a finger. It is covered with spines. The root, which is sometimes very large, is used for food. ‘The seeds MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 173 are officinal. The spines of the involucrum of the fruit lay hold of the rats who pass near it and stick to them, whence the name shu nien (rat and to stick). Lt Sut-cuen :—In ancient times the people cultivated the niu p‘ang plant in a rich soil, and the leaves were eaten asa vegetable. The root was likewise prepared for food. It is very nourishing, but is now seldom eaten. The plant grows from three to four feet high. In the 4th month it opens its pale purple flowers, which are crowded together. - The fruit resembles that of the feng tree (Liguidambar formosana) but is smaller. The calyces of the flowers have small spines. More than a hundred flowers form a globular head. The root is of the thickness of an arm, nearly a foot long and of a gray colour. The seeds are gathered in the ith month, the root is taken up in the 10th. The plant (flower-head) is provided with hooked spines, whence the name wu shi (evil fruit). Other vulgar names are 4F 3B mu ts‘ai (ox-vegetable), KI] F ta li ts2', Pi A A pien Mien niu, % MZ Wi ye chia tou, tig He Hl] pien fu ts‘z‘ (bat spine), aE pang weng ts‘ar. Kiu huang [LIII, 4] and Ch. [XI, 84], sub niu p‘ang tsz*, ood drawings of Arctium Lappa, L., which is a common Plant in North and Central China. In Peking it is called niu p‘ang tsz. It is known under the same name or as ta li tse‘, in Sz ch‘uan and Hu pei [ParKkER in China Rev., XI, “ Names of Sz ch‘uan Plants,” and Henry, /.c., 312]. Tarar., Cat., 41:—Niu p‘ang tse‘. Semina Lappe. Cust. Med., p. 78 (182):—Ta li tsz‘ exported 1885 from Han kow 636 piculs,—p. 16 (129), from New chwang 520 piculs,—p. 34 (174), from Tien tsin 5.50 piculs. Ibid., p. 34, (160), niw p‘ang tsz‘ from Tien tsin 1.89 picul. Amen. exot., 828 :—4 88 yobo, umma bufuki. Bardana major: que hic in terra pulla colitur, ob radicem, ante _ Caulium eruptionem, culinis destinandam. : 174 BOTANICON SINICUM. So moku, XV, 34:—Same Chinese name, Lappa major Gert. Japonice gobo. Stes., Qcon., 211 :—Aretium Lappa, sin. “f+ 88, japon. koboo. Radices obsonium vulgatum. ‘ 92.—ie Ff si rh. P., XV, 64. ?., URE Pen king :—Si rh, $3} EZ hu si, HY BE te hut (ground — mallow). The fruit, the stem and the leaves are officinal. _ Taste of the fruit bitter. Nature warm, Slightly poisonous. The stem and the leaves are bitter and pungent. Nature slightly cold. Slightly poisonous. For other ancient names of the plant in the Classics — see Bot. sin., II, 184, 438. 4 Pie lu:—The si rh grows in the river-valleys of An lu [in Hu pei, App. 1] and in Ta an [in Shan si, App. 320] in neglected places. The ripe fruit is gathered. | T‘ao Hune-xie :—The people of Ch‘eng [Ho nan, — App. 17] eat it and call it Ph RAZR ch‘ang sz‘ ts‘ai. The = leaves are used for dyeing clothes a yellow colour. The - plant is seldom employed in medicine. oe Su Sune [11th cent.]:—In the Shi hing it is called = 4= Hf kuan rh, in the Rh ya the name reads FF Ef ts‘ang rh. [This is an error. The character ts‘ang was not used in the .. classical period to designate this plant.] The Po wu chi a (3rd cent.] reports that in Lo [in Ho nan, App. 201] there J was a man who drove sheep to Shu (Sz ch‘uan). The . fruit of the $f] 3 hu si plant, being covered with prickles, adhered to the fleeces of the sheep, and when they returned s they brought the seeds of the plant to China, whence it 15 - also called 3& £¢§ ge yang fu lai (it came carried on the . back of sheep). Another popular name is 34% A, pei Zao J t‘ou (Taoist head). : eh MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 175 Kiu huang, LI, 22 :—#F Ff ts‘ang rh (green ear). Rude drawing representing Xanthium strumarium, L. It is said there that the fruit resembles a mulberry and is covered with prickles. The leaves are eaten. Ch., XI, 50:—Si rh. Good drawing of Xanthium strumarium. This is a very common weed all over China, called ts‘ang rh at Peking. , Tatar., Cat., 5:—Ts‘ang rh. Fructus Xanthit stru- marit.— Hans., Sc. pap., 233.—P. Smiru, 233. According to Parker [ Canton Plants] ts‘ang rh is also the Chinese name for this plant at Canton. Cust. Med., p. 372 (427):—Ts‘ang rh exported 1885 from Canton 9.7 piculs,—p. 298 (353), from Amoy 1.23 picul, — p. 350 (156), from Canton 0.25 picul of the root. Amen. exot., 892 :—#F HE soon, namome. Xanthium. Lappa minor. So moku, XX, 25:—Same Chinese name, Xanthium strumarium. But 4% HE [So moku, VIII, 71] is Cerastium glutinosum, Fries. 93.—K 4 ij t'ien ming tsing. P., XV, 68. T., CLXXIV. Pen king:—Tien ming tsing, 2%] FE mai kit kiang, re 2 BE hia ma lan (frog blue), AR FA shi shou [pig’s head. Comp. 90]. Leaves and root officinal. Taste sweet. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. Comp. also Bot. sin., Il, 35. | Pie lu:—Other names: FE #8 FE tien man ts‘ing, A FL RF ten men tsing, Yk HR ti sung, EP HE ye men tsing, WE I BA shan chu lan (toad lan), # BR cht lu (pig's head). The ten ming tsing grows in marshes in the plain. _ It is gathered in the 5th month. 176 BOTANICON sINICUM. The accounts given by the ancient authors of this plant, which has so many names, are confused and not charac- teristic. Probably several plants are confounded. Su Kune [7th cent.] says, that the ¢ien ming tsing is also called i BE Gt huo lu ts‘ao. The people in the south call it Jb F& t2 sung (ground cabbage), also t’en man tsing (heavenly rape), for the leaves resemble cabbage or rape-leaves, and are of a sweet, pungent taste. Li Sut-cuEen :—The young leaves of the t‘ien men tsing are wrinkled like cabbage-leaves or leaves of the mustard plant. They smell somewhat of foxes, but can be eaten when cooked. The plant has small yellow flowers like small = Asters. The fruit resembles that of the t‘ung hao (Chrysan- themum Roxburghiz). _ The seeds stick to people’s clothes. — i They have at first an unpleasant, fox-like smell, but after heating become fragrant. The root is white. Other names Z of the plant: {j% jij HA tsou mien ts‘ao (wrinkled leaf), EE RG ZF mu chu kie (sow mustard), The fruit (seed) is called #3 Hi 4o shi (crane’s louse), the root - 4+ JR tu niu si. ’ The ho shi (crane’s louse) or seed of the tien ming tsing, according to the authors of the T‘ang and Sung periods, is an important medicine. It is of a bitter and pungent taste, slightly poisonous, and reputed to destroy insects. Cust. Med., p. 366 (358):— Zo shi exported 1885 from Canton 12 piculs,—p. 158 (296), from Shang hai 5.49 piculs,—p. 198 (204), from Ning po 1.15 picul. Ch. XI, 16:—T en ming tsing. The drawing may . perhaps be intended for Carpesium [v. infra]. Tavar., Cat., 56:—T%en ming tsing. Semen Amaran- thacee.—P. Suirn, 12, In Japan the name KK % fH is applied to Carpesum abrotanoides, L. See So moku, XV, 62. This plant, of the MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 177 order Composite, yellow flowers, is common in South and Mid China. Three other species of Carpesium are known from China. 94.— MF lu. P., XV, 76. T., CIX. This is the common reed, Arundo phragmites, L. (Phragmites communis), also called BE wei and PX kia. Comp. Bot. sin., I, 210, 211, 213, 455. Pie lu:—Lu. The root, the young sprouts, the stem and the leaves are officinal. Taste of the root, the stem and the leaves, sweet. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. The sprouts are slightly bitter. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The lw root is produced in low marshes. The stem and the leaves of the lu resemble the bamboo, the flowers are like those of the ti [a smaller reed. See Bot. sin., U, 455] and are called 3& #¥ peng nung. The root is dug up in the 2nd and 8th months and dried in the sun, Su Suye [11th cent.]:—The Ju resembles the bamboo, its leaves clasp the stem, which is not branched. White flowers in panicles resembling those of the mao [ Jmperata. See 37]. The root is also like that of the bamboo, but the joints are at a greater distance apart. That part of the toot which is below the water (in the mud) is sweet and pungent, that which is in the water is not good for use. The tender sprouts of the Ju are much ‘used for food, like bamboo-sprouts. Kiu huang, LIU, 18:—ZLu sun (lu sprouts), and Ch., XIV, 10 :—Lu or wei, figures of Arundo phragmites.— P. Surrs, 171. Heyry, Chin, pl., 253 :—jgg 38 lu ch‘ai (fuel) in Hu pei = Phragmites Roxburghii, Kt. 23 178 BOTANICON SINICUM. Cust. Med., p. 344 (83):—Lu ken (root) exported 1885 from Canton 3.43 piculs. Amen, exot. :—3¥ 2, vulgo asst, jussi. Arundo palustris — vulgaris, foliis latioribus, calamis firmis, éx quibus puto — penicilla scriptoria confici. According to Miqugn [Prol. Fl. jap., 166] jost is the Japanese name for Phragmites Roxburghit, Nees. The common reed Phr. communis is also found in J: apan. MIQuEL does not mention its Japanese name. One of these two species is figured in the Phon zo, XVI, 9, 10, sub i. 95.—Ff #8 han tsiao. P., XV, 59. T., CLXXXY. Pie lu:—Only the name is given and the medical properties of the root are noticed. Kan tsiao is the plantain or Banana (Musa), of which detailed and good descriptions by ancient authors are given in the P. I defer the translation of these accounts to another part of the Botanicon sintcum. 96.—3B fof jang ho. P., XV, 81. T., OXLIII. ‘ Pie lu :—Jang ho, te AA fu tsii, | Bt jang ts‘ao. he grows in the mountain valleys of Huai nan [in An hui, — Kiang su, App. 90]. The root is officinal. Taste pungent. — Nature warm, slightly poisonous. It is used as a vermifuge. a The leaves also are employed. : The Shuo wen: [beginning of 2nd cent.] says that the jang ho is also called #§ 3H fu tsu. According to the Sou shen ki [4th cent.], quoted in the T's min yao shu, the — : jang ho is the plant mentioned under the name of 3 H : kia ts‘ao (excellent herb) in the Chou li. Comp. Bror’s translation, II, 386 :—“ Le cuiseur d’herbes chargé d’expulser les animaux vénimeux ... . il les attaque par des pons eacellentes, qu’il fait cuire.” MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 179 In the poems of Sz‘ Ma Srana gu [}B.0. 120] this plant is called 8 ff po tsi. The Ku kin chu [4th cent.] says, the jang ho resembles the fu tsu [v. supra. Other reading pa tsiao, Banana] but is white. The flowers issue from the root. Its unopened flowers are eaten. The leayes and the root are like ginger. T‘ao Huna-xine :—There are two sorts. The red sort (I suppose red root) is now called jang ho, whilst the white is fu tsi. The first is good to eat, the white is used in medicine. The leaves in both sorts are the same. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The jang ho is much cultivated in King and Siang [both in Hu pei, App. 145, 805] and in Kiang and Hu [Mid China, App. 124, 83]. It is also found in the northern provinces. The leaves resemble those of the banana. The root is like ginger-shoots but more succulent. The leaves wither in winter. The root is much pickled. The best is that grown in the shade of trees. Ch., III, 68 :—Jang ho. Henny [ Chin. pl., 359] refers this drawing to Lilium giganteum, Wall. But the descriptions of the jang ho in the P. seem rather to point to Zingiber. Amen, exot.. 826:—i% #f Dasjooka vulgo Mfjoga. Zingiber edule, sapore molli, ..~. .. bulbo florigero ex _ Tadice circa caulem in terre superficie nascente..... This is the Amomum mioga, Thbg. [ Fl. jap., 14] figured in Banks’ icon. sel. K-mrr., tab. 1.—Same Chinese name [So moku, I, 9] Zingiber Mioga, Rose. Sms., CGicon., 101:—Zingiber Mioga, same Chinese " Mame. Soboles juniores queesitum obsonium. The above Chinese descriptions of the jang ho seem to agree with Zingiber Mioga. This plant however has not been recorded from China. Hance [in Journ. Bot., 1882, P- 80] described Z. integriloba, a new species from Hong Kong, which is allied to Z. Mioga, 180 BOTANICON SINICUM. 97.— Sit FE ma huang. P., XV, 83. T., CLIV. Pen king :—Ma huang (hemp yellow), #ff yb lung sha. The stem is officinal, Taste bitter, Nature warm. Non- poisonous. Pie lu:—Other names: #1 #4 pei siang, Ba BB pei yen. The ma huang grows in Tsin [Shan si, App. 353] and Ho tung [S.W. Shan si, App. 80]. The stem is gathered . in the beginning of spring and dried in the shade until it assumes a green colour. T‘ao Hune-Kine :—This plant now grows in Ts‘ing chou [E. Shan tung, App. 363], in P‘eng ch‘eng [in Kiang su, App. 247]. In Yung yang and Chung mou [both in Ho nan, App. 427, 30] the best sorts are produced. It is of a dark green colour and has much foam (2). The drug from Shu (Sz ch‘uan) is of an inferior quality. Sv Kune [7th cent.]:—It grows plentifully in Cheng chou [in Ho nan, App. 15], Lu t‘ai [unknown, App. 205], in Kuan chung [Shen si, App. 158], in Sha yiian [in Shen si, App. 267], on the banks of the Yellow River and on sandy islets. The Yu yang tsa tsu [8th cent.] states that the small yellow flowers of the ma huang appear in cymes at the top of the stem. Its fruit resembles the Su pren tsz [raspberry See 166] and is edible. Su Suva [11th cent. ]:—The ma huang is common near Pien king [Kai feng fu, App. 248]. The best drug comes . from Yung yang and Chung mou [v. supra]. The plant Sata about one foot high. Yellow flowers at the top. The fruit is small, resembles the scaly bulb of a lily, and is of a sweet taste. Its smell recalls the ma huang (hemp yellow, pollen * % I S KR. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 181 of hemp?). The outer skin of the fruit is red. It contains black seeds. The root is purplish red. The people dis- tinguish the female and the male ma huang plant. The male produces neither flowers nor fruit. Lt Sut-cuEen :—Its root, which is about one foot long, has a yellowish red skin. Ch.y XI, 51:—Ma huang. The drawing seems to be intended for Hquisetum. Lovr., Fl. cochin., 823 :—Equisetum arvense. Sin. ma huam. Tatar., Cat., 37:—Ma huang, Ephedra.—P. Smita,’ 93 :—Ephedra flava.—The drug which I received under the name of ma huang from an apothecary’s shop in Peking— slender yellow or green stems or branches of a plant, cut into small pieces—proved to belong, on microscopical examination, to Lphedra. E. vulgaris is a common plant in N. China and Mongolia. The description of the ma huang in the P. agrees with Ephedra. Phon zo, XVI, 18 :—)if $§ Equisetum arvense. Ephedra (order Gnetacee), with its leafless branches, has a slight resemblance to Equisetum, which is a eryptogamous Plant. Zphedra has yellow flowers, male and female flowers on different plants, and produces red, edible berries. Cust. Med., p. 12 (91) :—Ma huang exported 1885 from New chwang 966 piculs,—p. 36 (199), from Tien tsin 213 piculs,—p. 74 (107), from Han kow 66 piculs,—p. 194 (161), from Ning po 31 piculs. Cust, Med., No. 801:—Ma huang, Ephedra vulgaris, Rich. var, helvetica, Hook. & Thom. 98.—F fit $3 shi lung chu. P.,XV,90. T., CLXXVI. — Pen king :—Shi lung ch‘u (stone dragon grass), #8 2g lung sii (dragon’s moustaches), §§ HK lung chu, Ge Hi BR ts‘ao 182 BOTANICON SINICUM. su tuan. Stem and root officinal. Taste sweet: Nature uniform, Non-poisonous. The Shan hai king mentions a plant # 4% lung siu. Kuo P‘o comments that this is the plant #8 2] lung sit which grows in rock-holes, and the stem of which is used for making mats. _ The Ku kin chu [4th cent.] relates that when Emperor Hvana@ TI soared up to Heaven on a dragon, his ministers seized the dragon’s moustaches, which dropped to the earth and produced the plant so called. Other legends are found in the Shu ¢ ki [6th cent.] in which this plant is mentioned in connection with Mu wang’s eight famous horses and the fabulous Si wang mu or western royal mother. The plant is also called pq = ff #F Si wang mu’s hair-pin. In Kiang tung the mats woven of this plant were known under the name of mats of Si wang mu. Some ancient authors refer the lung si grass to Rh ya, 16. Pie lw:—Other names: fj £ lung hua, HR $B haan huan, Fj RH fang pin. The shi lung ch‘u grows in Liang chou [in Ho nan, App. 187] in mountain valleys and marshes. The stem is gathered in the 5th and 7th months and dried in the sun. That with nine joints, and which has a strong taste, is the best. T‘ao Hune-xine :—It has a slender green stem with joints, red fruits. It is found in Mid China, growing i water between stones, and is employed for making mats. Cu‘en Ts‘anc-K‘1t:—It grows in Fen chou, Ts‘in chou, Shi chou [all in Shan si, App. 38, 362, 286]. Lr Sui-cuen :—The lung si grass grows in tufts. be resembles the tsung sin ts‘ao [see the next] and the fu ise [Zleocharis. See Rh ya, 59]. The plant rises straight, has MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 183 _ neither branches nor leaves. In summer there appear on the op of the stem small flowers in spikes, followed by small fruits (seeds). The people of Wu [Kiang su, App. 389] cultivate it much and use it for matting. It is rarely met with there in a wild state. It is also known under the name Of EE EE Tein yun ts‘ao. L1 Sur-cuen observes that Tsin Yin is the name of a district in the prefecture of Ch‘u chou in Che kiang, where this grass is produced on the Sien tu shan mountain. [See Bot. sin., I, p- 226 (42).] . |... have already noticed [Bot. sin., II, 455] that the - fine Mats made of the lung si grass are still known in China and Mauch prized. But the grass which furnishes the material unknown to botanists. Ch., XI, 39 :—Shi lung ch‘u or lung sit ts‘ao, and Pion #0, XVI, 29 :—#W fie 2 representations of fine-leaved 99.— 88 HE EX lung chang ts‘ao. P., XV, 91. T» CLXIV. Pie tu :—It grows by the sides of rivers in summer as Well 48 in winter, and resembles the lung chu [see 98]. we stem is used in medicine. ‘Taste saltish. Nature warm. | Non-poisonous, . li SHI-cuen thinks that this is the plant mentioned in : the 2h y4[16]. It is also called $s Py BE tsung sin ts‘ao. ‘ Ch, XIV, 13 :—Lung shang ts‘ao.—Phon 20, XVI, eC 21 Hs 3S Et figure of a Graminea. ee PE ti huang.” P., XVI, i 7, COXXXVIL pg et hing :—Ti huang (earth yellow), 3 Hi st (earth ie "row), The root is officinal. Taste sweet. Nature cold. _ “0-poisonous, "hed other ancient names of the plant see Bot. sin., a, . 184 BOTANICON SINICUM. Pie lu:—The ti huang grows in the marshes of Hien yang [in Shen si, App. 65]. That which is produced ina loamy soil is the best. The root is dug up in the 2nd and 9th months and dried in the shade. The drug is used in this dried state, & Hy 3 kan (dry) t¢ huan, or the fresh root is used, AB Hh sheng (fresh) ti huang. T‘ao Hune-xine :—Hien yang is the same as Ch‘ang an [the ancient capital of China, in Shen si, App. 6]. The tt huang grows in Wei ch‘eng [same as Hien yang, App. 382]. The fruit looks like a wheat-grain. Now the dried ti huang from Peng ch‘eng [in Kiang su, App. 247] is the best. That from Li yang [in An hui, App. 186] is of second quality. The drug from Pan k‘iao in Kiang ning [Nan king, App. 240] is also prized. The juice, pressed from the root, is likewise used in medicine, Su Suye [11th cent.]:—It is a common plant. The best drug comes from T‘ung chou [in Shen si, App. 378). The leaves of the ¢ huang appear in the 2nd month. They resemble the leaves of the ch‘e ts‘ien [Plantago. See 115] and are all on the ground (radical leaves). They are wrinkled, rough, and veined. The scapes are from three or four inches to one foot high, They bear flowers resembling those of the yu ma (Sesamum), of a purple colour. Sometimes the flowers are yellow. The fruit is a capsule, like that of the lien kiao (Hypericum. See 120]. Small grayish brown seeds. The root is like a man’s hand with fingers, varies as to size, and is yellow throughout. The plant is not always raised from seed, frequently it is propagated from the réot. In a fat soil the root attains considerable dimensions and becomes very Juicy. The extract obtained by pressing and steaming the root is called FA MW TG shu ti huang. Li Sai-cuen gives a similar description of the plant. 4 Leaves and scapes covered with hair. Flowers red and i. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 185 yellow. The young leaves can be eaten. The drug from Huai k‘ing fu (in Ho nan) is considered the best. The P. [XVI, 10] notices after the ti huang a plant called J jij 38 hu mien mang, regarding which the Pen ts‘ao shi ¢ [8th cent.] says, that it grows in Ling nan [S. China, App. 197]. Leaves like those of the ti huang. It (the root) is of a sweet taste and used in medicine. The above descriptions of the t huang agree well with Rehmannia glutinosa, Libosch., a common plant in N. China. At Peking, where it is not cultivated, it is called ¢ huang. Four more species of Rehmannia are known from other parts of China. Ch., X, 8:—Ti huang, two good drawings of Rehmannia, one of them represents a plant with a very large fleshy toot. See also Kiw huang, LILI, 3. According to Father Crsor [Mém. cone. Chin., V, 498] the root of the # huang furnishes a yellow dye. The P. says nothing about its being employed for tinctorial purposes. Tarar., Cat., 20:—Ti huang. Radix Rehmannie chinensis.— GAUGER [15, 16] figures and describes the root of the ti huang.—P. Smiru, 184, 69, 99. Cust. Med., p. 26 (52) :—Sheng (fresh) ti huang exported 1885 from Tien tsin 22,549 piculs,—p. 70 (58), from Han Kow 8,365 piculs,—p. 46 (28), from Chefoo 638 piculs,— p. 124 (52), from Chin kiang 96 piculs. Ibid., p. 280, 318, 348 :—Shu ti huang (extract) exported in small quantities from Amoy, Swatow and Canton. So moku, XI, 64, and Phon zo, XVII, 2:—3h # ——— Rehmannia lutea, Maxim., a Japanese species.—Rehmannia glutinosa is depicted in the So moku [XI, 63] and Phon zo > (XVI, 3] under the Chinese names 3 # and #4 ZF Ly. Supra, hu mien mang]. See also Kwa wi, 50. Both species are depicted in Sres., Jeon. ined. [VI], R. Jlutinosa with purple flowers and brownish root,—R. lutea ee flowers and yellow root. 186 _ BOTANICON SINICUM. 101.—4F JE niu si. P., ANVI2I. Tbe Pen king :—WNiu si (ox knee), & #2 po pet. The root is officinal. Taste bitter and acid. Nature uniform. Non- poisonous. Pie lu:—The niu si grows in Ho nei [S.E. Shan si, App. 77] in river-valleys, also in Lin k‘ti {in Shan tung, App. 193]. The root is dug up in the 2nd and 8th months and dried in the shade. In the Kuang ya [3rd cent.] it is called “FX niu heng. Wu P'u [8rd cent.]:—Its leaves resemble those of the hia lan (summer blue. Unknown to me). The stem at its beginning is red. Tao Huna-K1ne :—It is produced in Mid China. The drug from Ts‘ai chou [in Ho nan, App. 342] is the best, it is large, long and succulent. The stem has joints like the. knee of an ox, whence the name. That with large purple Joints is the male, that with small green joints is the female plant. The male is the best. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is found in Kiang and in Huai (Kiang su and An hui), in Min [Fu kien, App. 222) and Yiie [S. China, App. 419], also in Kuan chung [in Shen si, App. 158]. The genuine drug comes from Huai K‘ing [in Ho nan, App. 94] and is considered the best. The stem grows from two to three feet high, is of a greenish purple colour, and has joints like the knee of a crane or an 0X- The leaves are pointed, round, resemble a spoon in shape, and come out from the joints in pairs opposite. Flowers spikes. In autumn it produces very small fruits (or seeds). The root attains a length of three feet and is succulent. Stem and leaves also used in medicine. Li Sai-cuen :—The niu si is a common plant. The wild-growing is not so much used for food as that cultivated MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 187 in N. China and in Sz ch‘uan, which is of a superior quality. It has a square stem with large joints. Leaves opposite, resembling those of the hien [ Amarantus blitum. See 256], whence the plant is also called hy $i ZR shan hien ts‘ai. The seeds resemble the small vermin found on rats, and are hirsute. They are attached along the stem and hang down. Root, leaves and stem used in medicine, the leaves are eaten, Ch, XI, 20:—WNiu si. Two drawings. Achyranthes probably intended. — Kin huang, XLVI, 4:—Shan hien ts‘at Or niu si. Lovr., Fl. cochin., 124:—Cyathula geniculata. Caulis : herbaceus . . geniculatus. Cochinchina. Sinice: new sz. th Sinis inveniuntur dux planta, quae eodem nomine dignos- cuntur. Has ego non vidi, nisi pictas in herbario sinensi. Una illarum similem habitum portat, videturque tam genere, quam specie cum cochinchinensi convenire. Gavcer [30] describes and figures the root of the niu si. He means that it belongs to Achyranthes aspera, L. (allied to Cyathula. Order Amarantacee). ‘ Tatar., Cat., 41:—Miu si. Radix Pupalie (Cyathule) geniculate ?—P, Surrn, 180. Henry, Chin. pl. 314, 315:—Niu si in Hu pei, Achyranthes bidentata, Bl. The same name also applied to Polygonum Jjiliforme, Thbg. The description of the niu si in the P. agrees in a -Seneral way with Achyranthes. : Cust. Med., p. 24 (39):—Niu si.exported 1885 from _ Tien tsin 1,954 piculs,—p. 68 (41), 66 (12), from Han kow ‘612 Piculs, besides this 1,030 piculs of Ch‘uan (Sz ch‘uan) mu s,—p, 46 (23), from Che foo 42 piculs,—p. 58 (14), from | chang 12 piculs. 188 BOTANICON SINICUM. Amen. exot., 863 :—2s K& goositz, vulgo ino hadsite. Amarantus siculus spicatus Bocconi, flosculis pentapetaloidibus albis ; semine fusco.—The Amar. sicul, spic. Bocconi is Achyranthes argentea, Lam., not Celosia argentea, to which Tuunsrre [Fl. jap., 106] refers the plant noticed by Kamprer. But [ Amen. exot., 911] the same Chinese name is [probably erroneously | referred to a Thlaspi. So moku, IV, 2:—4 IE Achyranthes bidentata, Bl. (= A. aspera, Thhg., non L.). Phon zo, XVII, 4 :—2F JE Achyranthes bidentata and [3] Jil 4 BE [from gz ch‘uan] A. lactea.—See also Kwa wi, 43, 102.—3% BE tse‘ yuan. P., AVI; 16, 7, Cita. Pen hing :—Tsz (purple) yian. The root is officinal. Taste bitter. Nature warm. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—Other names : Fy | ts‘ing yian, BB FR ts2‘ ts‘ten. The tsz‘ yiian grows in Han chung (S. Shen si) and in Fang ling [in Hu pei, App. 36], in mountain -valleys, also in Chen ting [in Chi li, App. 11] and Han tan [S. Chi li, App. 56]. The root is dug up on the 3rd day of the 2nd month and dried in the shade. T‘ao Hunc-x1ne :—It is a common plant in Mid China. It covers the ground. Purple flowers. Lower part covered with white hair. Fibrous, pliable root. The white sort is called F§ [ pai yuan [see the next]. : Su Sune [11th cent.]:—This plant is found in Yao chou [in Shen si, App. 401], in Ch‘eng chou [in Kan su, App. 18], in Sz‘ chon and Shou chou [both in An hui, App. 319, 290], in Tai chou [in Che kiang, App. 326], in Meng chou [in Ho nan, App. 220], in Hing kuo [in Hu pei, App. 67]. Leaves two or four together. Flowers MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 189 yellow, white and purple [probably the author has in view an Aster with a yellow disk and purple or white radiate florets]. The seed is black. Cx‘en Tsz‘-mine [18th cent.]:—The best tsz‘ yian comes from Lao shan [App. 179]. The root resembles that of the northern si sin [Asarum. See 40]. It is also met with in I chou and Yen chou [both in Shan tung, App. 106, 404] and eastward. — Li Sut-caen :—The Shuo wen writes the name of the Plant i J& ts‘ct yan. Another ancient name [Taoist ?] is 3 Sh HE fan hun ts‘ao. It is also called 7% 38 4 ye Kien niu [comp. 168]. Cust. Med., p. 124 (66):—Tsz‘ yuan exported 1885 from Chin kiang 347 piculs,—p. 282 (140), from Amoy 0.24 picul. | In the So moku [XVI, 59] 3 HE is Aster trinervius, Roxbg.—Ch., XI, 53 :—Tsz yuan. Only leaves represented. It does not seem that an Aster is intended. P. Smrra [71] identifies the tsz‘ ydan arbitrarily with Convolvulus. 103.—2e 3H na yuan. P., XVI,14. 7. CXXX. Pen king:—Na yuan. Root officinal. Taste pungent. Nature warm. N. on-poisonous. Pie lu :—Other names: Fy | pai (white) yaan, $F | chi nit yiian. The ni ytan grows in Han chung [S. Shen si, App. 54], in mountain-valleys, also in Shan yang [in Shan tung, App. 270]. It (the root) is gathered in the 1st and 2nd months and dried in the shade. In the Kuang ya [3rd cent.] it is called H $f nu fu. The Chinese authors do not describe the ni ytan, but ‘Lt Sarcuey says that it is allied to the tse‘ yuan [102]. 190 BOTANICON SINICUM. The Ch. (XI, 54] figures sub ni wan a Labiata. In the Peking mountains this name is applied to Plectranthus glaucocalyx, Maxim. (Labiate). So moku, XVI, 61:—2¢ PR Aster Jastigiatus, Fish & Mey. 104.—ZE PY A mai men tung. P., XVI,16. 7., OLXXIV. Pen king:—Mai men tung. The root (tubers) is officinal. Taste sweet. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. For other ancient names see Bot. sin., II, 108. Pie lu:—Other names : 32 3 yang kiu (sheep Allium), Bs @R Mt Ya yit liang [Emperor Yi’s extra ration. See also 179]. The leaves of the mai men tung resemble those of the kiu [ Allium odorum. See 240] and are green the whole — year round. The plant grows in Han ku [v. infra] in river-valleys, on declivities, in a fat soil, between stones. The root is dug up in the 2nd, 8th and 10th months and dried in the shade. Wu P‘v [8rd cent.]:—It is known also under the names: §§ 3E Yn kiu (Emperor Yi's Allium), #3, BE jen ling, AN FG Bi pu sz‘ ts‘ao (undying plant). T‘ao Hune-xixe :—Han ku [mentioned in the Pie li] is the same as Ts‘in kuan [the barrier of Ts‘in. In N.W. Ho nan, App. 55, 359]. The mai men tung is a common plant. It bears green (or blue) globular fruits in winter. The root (tubers) resembles the kung mai (barley), whence the name mai men tung (mai = wheat). Cu‘en Ts‘anc-K‘r [8th cent.]:—The drug produced in Kiang ning [Nan king, App. 129] is small but succulent, that from Sin an [in Che kiang, App. 310] is large and white. The larger sort has leaves like the lu ts‘ung (stag onion), the smaller like the kin [v. supra, Allium]. There MATERIA MEDIGA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 191 are three or four species. All these have nearly the same medical properties. The fruit is globular and blue. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The mai men tung has green, persistent leaves resembling those of the so ts‘ao [Cyperus. ‘See 59] and about a foot long. The root is yellowish white, fibrous, with roundish tubers. In the 4th month the plant opens pale red flowers, resembling those of the hung liao Polygonum). The fruits are globular, blue. That sort which grows in Kiang nan [South of the Yang ts, App. 124] has large leaves. The best drug is produced in Wu [Kiang su, App. 389]. a Li Sui-cueyx :—In ancient times the people used [the called PZ men tung. Other names $M pu lei, BH TG At Pekin jopogon spicatus, Ker., is cultivated Under the i men tung. Under the same Chinese ‘Mame this plant is represented in the Ch. [XI, 10]. The ‘description in the P. agrees. See also Kiu huang, LI, 6. Lour., Fl. cochin., 50:—Commelina medica (Aneilema : medicum, R. Br., an obscure plant). Sinice : me muen tum. Tubera in frequenti usu medico. Sapor subdulcis, odor ‘Tarar, Cat., 38:—Mai men tung. Radix Aneilematis - Gavorn [27] describes and figures the oblong tubers of ‘the mai men tung.—Hans. [Se. pap» 257] figures the same tubers, and identifies the mai men tung with Ophiopogon J@ponicus, Ker.—P. Swrru, 162, 17, 194. a In the Rep. on Trade, Chin. M. Cust., for 1880 [p. 141], there are interesting details regarding the cultivation of the mai men tung near Ning po and other places. 192 BOTANICON SINICUM. Cust. Med., p. 186, 188 (49-53):—Mai men tung exported 1885 from Ning po 2,431 piculs,—p. 58 (12), from I chang 482 piculs,—p. 78 (161), from Han kow 454 piculs. Amen. exot., 823 :—[] 2 mondo, biakf mondo, vulgo rjuno fige. Gramen flore hexapetaloide spicato, radice fibrosa et tuberosa. Cum icone, p. 824. Detailed description of the plant, which is Ophiopoyon japonicus, Ker. KaMPFER adds: Usus radicum in medicina familiaris est; tubera saccharo condita Sinensis xgrotis commendant.—Altera datur species, literatis temondo dicta, in prov. Satzuma frequens, quze quod radicem et tubera habeat pinguiora, priori antiferri solet. So moku, VI, 46:—/)y # BE PY 4 (small-leaved), Ophiopogon japonicus. TIbid., 44, 45:—Je #2 BE PI = (large-leaved), Oph. spicatus. Both these species—the larger, O. spicatus, and the smaller, O. japonicus—are recorded from China by our botanists, and, as we have seen, they are correctly dis- tinguished by the ancient Chinese authors. 105.—88 kui. P., XVI, 22. 7. LXXXV. Pen king :-—K'ui, & 3 =F: tung k‘ui tsz‘ [this name is in the Index of the Pen king]. Leaves, root and seeds officinal. Taste of the leaves sweet. Nature cold and mucilaginous. Non-poisonous. The root is sweet and cold. The seeds are _ sweet, cold and mucilaginous. : Regarding the k‘ui, or Mallow of the Classics, see Bot. sin., I], 368. Pie lu:—The tung k'ui tsz* grows on the Shao shi shan mountain [in Ho nan, App. 281]. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 193 T’ao Huna-xing :—The fui which is sown in autumn Stows during the winter and bears seed in spring. It is therefore called tung kui (winter kuz). It is used in medicine and is very mucilaginous. The # | ch‘un (spring) Kui is likewise mucilaginous, but not much used. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—This is the kui which is com- monly used for food. There are many sorts of it. They are not employed as medicines. Su Suna [11th cent.]:—The ku is a common plant. 4 The young plants and the leaves are used as a vegetable, Which is sweet and palatable. In ancient times the seeds of the tung k‘uéd were commonly used in medicine. There are many sorts of kui: the Hy | Shu kui (Althea rosea), the $i | kin kui (Malva sylvestris), the $ | huang (yellow) ee (ibiseus Manihot, also II. Abelmoschus), the & | chung kui [Basella. See Rh ya, 148], the $i | tu kur [ Anemone. See Rh ya, 115]. All these plants are useful. Li Sut-cuen :—The &‘ui was a common food in ancient times and was considered the first of the five vegetables, = but nowadays it is not much eaten. It was also called “ BRE lu (dew) kui. Now the people call it also yp ZR hua at (mucilaginous vegetable), but it is rarely cultivated. Two sorts are distinguished, according to the colour of the stem, which is purple or white. The latter is preferred. It _ has large leaves, small purple and yellow flowers. That sort with very small flowers is called me Hl | ya kio kus (duck’s-foot mallow). The fruit (of the kui) is of the size of the end of a finger and flattened. Its skin is thin. The Seeds within are light and resemble the seed-vessels of the elm. From that sown in the 4th or 5th month seed may be left, That sown in the 6th or 7th month is called ARR tstiv (autumn) Kui, that sown in the 8th and 9th _ Months is 4& | tung (winter) k‘wi, that sown in the Ist - 194 BOTANICON SINICUM. month is % | ch‘wn (spring) k‘ué. Thus the plant can be utilized all the year. Ch., HI, 1:—Tung kui. The figure represents Malva verticllata, L. (M. pulchella, Bernh.). See also Kiu huang LVIII, 32. Lour., Fl. cochin., 514:—Malva verticillata. Sinice: tung quet tsu. Habitat culta Cantone Sinarum. TATAR., Cat., 22 :—T; ung kui tse’. Semina Hibisez.— P. Smirn, 112:—Tung kui tsz‘, Hibiscus Abelmoschus.— According to Ford & Crow [* Notes on Chin. Mat. Med.,” in China. Rev., XVI, p. 8] tung kui tse’ at Hong kong is Abutilon indicum, G. Don. But what I obtained under this Chinese name in an apothecary’s shop in Peking were the seeds of Malva, Comp. also Henry, Chin. pl., 156. Cust. Med., p. 80 (192) :—Tung k‘ué tsz‘ exported 1885 from Han kow 6.40 piculs,—p. 298 (359), from Amoy 0.1 picul. Amen. exot., 858 :—8€ ki vulgo awoi, in specie Kara awot (Kara—China) Malva hortensis sive rosea, Malva arborescens. Tusa. [FT. jap., 271] identifies this with Malva mauritiana. So moku, XII, 56 :—4& 8E Malva pulchella. 106.—fB HE suan tsiang. P., XVI, 33. T., CLX. Pen king:—Suan tsiang (sweet juice), BE HE ts (vinegar) tsiang. The leaves, the stem and the root are officinal. Taste bitter. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. The fruit is also used in medicine. Taste acid. Non-poisonous. Comp. also Rh ya, 55. Pie lu:—The suan tsiang grows in King Ch‘u [Hu kuang, App. 145] in marshes, also in fields and gardens. Gathered in the 5th month and dried in the shade. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 195 T‘ao Hune-Kina :—The swan tsiang is a common plant. It resembles the shui (water) ke (Solanum nigrum) but is smaller. The leaves are edible. The fruit is of the size of a plum, of a yellowish red colour, and is enclosed within a capsule (bladder, inflated calyx). Children eat it. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—This plant is also called 9 $@ #4 teng lung ts‘ao (lantern plant). The stem is branchy and from three to four feet high. The red fruit is contained within a red flower (bag) which has the appearance of a lantern; It is very handsome. All parts of the plant are used in medicine. Han Pao-sHene [10th cent.]:—The swan tsiang is the same as the 7& PE k‘u chen [see Rh ya, 55]. The root resembles the tsi k‘in (pickled celery), is of a white colour and very bitter. Cuana Yi-n1 [11th cent.]:—The # MM ku tan grows in neglected places from two to three feet high. The fruit is globular, red when ripe, and enclosed within a kind of bag. The people of Kuan chung [in Shen si, App. 158] call it Y& iil BE lo shen chu. Other names are = PE RR wang mu chu, J Fp BX pi pien ts‘ao (skin bonnet plant). There is a small variety which is called 2 9 ‘wu chi. The author refers to Rh ya, 144. Comp. also supra, 34. K‘o Tsune-sut [12th cent.]:—The suan tsiang or k*u tan resembles the t‘ien k‘ie tsz‘ (Solanum nigrum). Small white flowers, Fruit like a cherry, red, and enclosed in a bladder. It contains small seeds like those of the lo su (Solanum melongena). Its taste is like green grass. Li Sui-cuey gives a similar description of the plant: White flowers, five cleft corolla, fruit a pentagone pendent bladder like a lantern. Other name K fg BE tien pao ts‘ao (Heaven bladder). 196 BOTANICON SINICUM. The plant thus described by the Chinese authors is the Physalis Alkekengi, L., our common winter cherry, which is also very common in China. The Chinese descriptions are quite correct. Ch., XI, 48:—Suan tsiang. A rude drawing, but recognizable ; Physalis. The same plant is figured in the Kiu huang [LII, 23] s.n. $F Hi Hh hung ku niang (red girl), which is also the vulgar name for Ph. Alkekengi at Peking. Also | | tou ku niang. Lour., Fl. cochin., 164 :—Physalis Alkekengi. Sin.: soan tsiam. Henry, Chin. pl., 465, 466 :—The name t*ien p‘ao ts‘ao is applied in Hu pei to two of species of Physalis—Ph. minima, L.? and Ph. aff. Ph. angulate—but also to several species of Solanum. Amen. exot., 785 :—PR AF san sjo vulgo foo dsukki. Solanum vesicarium, vulgo Alkekengi. So moku, III, 43 :—jip 4 Physalis Alkekengi. The 74 Hm in the So moku [III, 45] and ’hon zo [XVII, 25] — is Physalis angulata, L. Stup., Ccon., 196:—Physalis Alkekenyi. Japonice hoosuki, sinice fi Hf. Fructus edulis ac pro nugis habetur -venalis. The drawing in the Ch. (XI, 80] sub 32 A RY FF wang pu liu hing agrees exactly with that of Physalis angulata in the Japanese works. The Chinese name wang pu liu hing here is, I suspect, a mistake for k‘x chi, for wang pu liu hing is a Silene, and such a plant is figured in the Ch, [XI, 76] sub wang pu liu hing. The confusion arose probably from Silene having likewise a persistent, inflated calyx which encloses the fruit, — MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 197 107.— 3 SE FR Shu yang ts‘uan. P., XVI, 36. f., CLXXVI. Pen king :—Shu (Sz ch‘uan) yang ts‘iian. The leaves are officinal. Taste bitter. Nature slightly cold. Non- poisonous. Pie lu :—Other names : 36 i yang ts‘ian, 32 $8 yang i. This plant grows in Shu (Sz ch‘uan) in mountain-valleys. T‘so Huna-x1ne :—It is not employed in medicine now. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The vulgar name of this plant is 28 45 ts% ku. Its leaves resemble those of the hi (Chry- santhemum, Aster). Purple flowers. The fruit resembles that of the kow ki [Lycium. See 345]. The root is like that of the yian chi [Polygala. See 16]. 1t grows in shady moist places. The leaves are gathered in the 5rd and 4th months and dried in the shade. Ii Sut-cuen states that the name ts‘i ku is also applied to another plant. Ch. XI, 26:—Shu yang ts‘ian. Rude drawing. Perhaps a Solanum is intended. The drawing is taken from the Kiu huang [XLVII, 2], where this plant is figured under the names of $f #B ts‘ing ki or Shu yang ts‘iian. P. Smrrx, 200 :—Shw yang ts‘ian, Solanum dulcamara [arbitrary identification]. So moku, III, 51 :—3qy 342 5% Solanum lyratum. Thbg.— Ibid., Vill Sz :— jE hh BE Sagina maxima, A. Gray ( Caryophyllacee). 108.— ff 28 pai tsiang. P., XVI, 37. T., CLXI. Pen king:—Pai tsiang. The root is officinal. Taste bitter. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous, It is also called BE BB lu ch‘ang. 198 BOTANICON SINICUM. Pie Iu:—Other names: 38 Hy tse pai, HB lu shou, Ra i ma ts‘ao. The pai tsiang grows in the river-valleys of Kiang hia [in Hu pei, App. 126]. The root is gathered in the 8th month and dried in the shade. T‘ao Hune-Kina:—The root has the smell of old, spoiled tou tsiang (soy), whence the name pai tsiang (spoiled soy). It is a common plant in Mid China. Its leaves resemble those of the hi lien (Stegesbeckia orientalis). The root resembles the ch‘ai hu [Bupleurum. See 29]. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—It is a mountain plant. Yellow flowers, purplish (brown) root, having the colour of old soy. The leaves do not resemble those of the hi lien. Lr Sui-cHen :—It is a common wild plant. Its vulgar name is 7H 28 k‘w ts‘ai (bitter vegetable). The savages eat it. The people of Kiang tung [Kiang su, Che kiang, App. 124] gather it. In spring, when the plant begins to grow, the leaves cover the ground. They resemble cabbage- leaves but are narrower and longer, serrated and toothed. The leaves are dark green on the upper side, paler underneath. The stem attains a height of from two to three feet, and has joints. The leaves are four in a whorl like an umbrella. The flowers are white, and appear on the top in umbels like those of the kin (Celery) or the she ch'uang [Cnidium. See 49]. Small fruits. The root is purplish white, ae sembling that of the ch‘ai hu [v. supra]. The plant is ‘sometimes also called k‘w chi, which is properly a name for the suan tsiang [see 106]. The people in the south eat the young plants steamed, as a vegetable. It has a slightly bitter taste and the smell of spoiled soy. From the above description it would seem that the pa? tstang is an umbelliferous plant. The drawing of it in the Ch. [XI, 47] shows only leaves, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 199 So moku, II, 21, 22 :—e 3 Patrinia villosa, Juss., and P. scabiosefolia, Link. Order Valerianee.—See also Kwa wi, 56. 109.—B 4& 7E k‘uan tung hua. P., XVI, 38. T., CXIX. Pen king:—K‘uan tung hua (flowers which like the winter), 3% #$ t‘o wu, BR Hg hu su (tiger’s moustaches). The flowers are officinal. Taste pungent. Nature warm. Non-poisonous. Comp. Rh ya, 160. Pie lu:—Other name: JG & shi tung. The k‘uan tung grows in Ch‘ang shan [in Chi li, App. 8], in mountain- valleys, also in Shang tan [in S.E. Shan si, App. 275] by tiver-sides. The flowers are gathered in the 11th month and dried in the shade. T‘ao Huna-K1na :—The best is produced in Ho pei {in Shan si, App. 78]. It resembles the shun [ Brasenia. See 199]. The best is that with its flowers not yet opened. The next in quality comes from Kao li [Corea, App. 116] and Po tsi [S. Corea, App. 261]. Its flowers resemble the great ku (Chrysanthemum). A third sort is produced in Pei pu, in Shu [Sz ch‘uan, App. 244], and in Tang ch‘ang [in Kan su, App. 330]. The author says it is unknown to him that this plant grows in winter under the ice. [He seems to refer to a statement found in the Shu cheng ki [5th cent.] that the swan tung blossoms in the depth of winter in the ice of the Lo river [in Ho nan] whence the name k‘wan tung]. It is gathered in the 12th and Ist months. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—It is found in Yung chou [in Shen si, App. 424], in the Nan shan mountains [S. Shen si, App. 230], also in the mountain-valleys of Hua chou 200 BOTANICON SINICUM. S.E. Shen si, App. 85]. Leaves like those of the k‘ué (Mallow) but larger. The flowers issue directly from the root. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—Now it is also found in Kuan chung [in Shen si, App. 158]. The root is of a purple colour. The leaves resemble those of the pei hiai [ Dioscorea. See 178]. It blossoms in the 12th month. Yellow flowers. Greenish purple receptacle (¢nvolucrum ?). These flowers are from one to two inches above the ground. There is one kind with red flowers and large leaves like those of Melumbium speciosum, | K‘ou Tsuna-sar [12th cent.]:—The k‘uan tung is the only plant that is independent of frost and snow, for it flowers long before spring, wherefore it is also called $f tsuan tung (piercing the cold). Ch. XI, 44 :—K‘uan tung hua. Flowers and leaves figured. Perhaps 7 ussilago. See also Kiu huang [XLVI, 5]. Only leaves figured. The above Chinese descriptions of the k‘wan tung hua agree in a general way with Tussilago Farfara, L.,—Colt’s foot, which sets forth, early in spring, its short flower-stalks ; each bearing at its summit a single large yellow radiated flower-head. Lour., F7. cochin., 614 :—Tussilago Farfara, L. Habitat inculta in China boreali. Sinice koan tum hoa. Ibidem Luss. anandria, sin.: Lu chau koan tum hoa. China borealis [perhaps ancient Lu chou in Shan si. See App. 204]. MATA AOE OF oe Bhan tung hua. Flores Farfare.— P. Surra, 68, sub Colt’s foot. In Wiutams’ Chin. Dict. [477] we read that suan tung hua are the flowers of Eriobotrya japonica. HENRY _ [ Chin. pl., 124] states that at I chang the dried flowers of — Eriobotrya japonica are called k‘uan tung hua. : MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 201 About ten years ago I sent to my late friend Maximowicz the drug k‘wan tung hua obtained from a Peking drug-shop. He found that it was the flower-buds of a Tussilago, and observed that no species of this genus has hitherto been gathered in China, but an allied genus—Petasites—is repre- sented in Japan and China by P. japonicus, Mig. ( Tussilago _ petasites, Thbg.),! Cust. Med., 74 (122):—K‘uan tung hua exported 1885 from Han kow 540 piculs,—p. 30 (115), from Tien tsin 99 piculs,—p, 62 (48), from I chang 37 piculs. Amen. exot., 831 :—¥ & ro vulgo fuki sabuki. Petasites vulgaris. Caules hic inter olera recipiuntur. So moku, XVII, 25, 26 :—Same Chinese name, Petasites japonicus, Miq. 3 Hf To wu, given in the P. asa synonym for k‘uan tung hua, is in Japan applied to another Composita. Amen. exot., 827:—Tswa [no Chinese characters]. Doronicum radice tuberoso, folia Petasitidis, floribus luteis Chrysanthemi. Caules et pediculi inter olera recipiuntur.— This plant, figured in the Icones Kempf. [sel. 27, 28] is the Tussilago japonica, L., and Tusa., Fl. jap., 318, = Senecio Kempferi, DC. Prod., VI, 363, = Ligularia Kampferi, 8. & Z. Fi, jap., I, p. 77, tab. 35. Nomen japonicum ‘swa, nomen sinicum takgo. In Stes., Icon. ined., the Chinese characters 3% iF are given. It flowers late in autumn and ma Winter. It is the Farfugium Kempferi, Benth., Fl. hongk., i. H "1 obtained specimens of tung-hua growing wild in T‘ang district, tupeh, whence the drug is sent to Hankow for sale, and these were iden- ed at Kew as Tussilago Farfara,L. This is an excellent example of the oy and extent of knowledge of LOUREIRO, who found out the correct — “cts 100 years ago.—A, HENRY, 26 : 202 BOTANICON sINICUM. The Ligularia gigantea, 8. & Z. [ Fl. jap., I, 79, tab. 36] sinice 7 #E Be Fe (the large-leaved) is the Farfugium grande, Lindl., introduced from China into Hurope by R. Fortunr. This is probably only a variety of F. Kempferi. See also So moku, XVII, 27. 110.— 3 HA hie ming, P., XVI, 41. 7, OXXXL Pen king :—Kiie ming. The seeds are officinal and are — employed in diseases of the eye. Taste saltish. Nature uniform, Non-poisonous. Comp. Rh ya, 56. Pie lu:—The kite ming grows in Lung men [v. infra], in marshes. The seeds are gathered on the 10th day of the. | 10th month and dried in the shade for a hundred days. T‘ao Hune-x1ng :—Lung men lies north of Ch‘ang an [the ancient capital of China, in Shen si, App. 211]. The kite ming is a common plant. Its leaves resemble those of the kiang mang [ Cassia? See further on], the seeds resemble a horse’s hoof, hence the name Ka it Be HA ma ti (horse's hoof) hie ming. A different plant is the ts‘ao hie ming which is the ts‘i hao [Celosia. See 82]. Su Suxe [11th cent.]:—This plant is now much cultivated in gardens. It grows from three to four feet high. The root is tinged with a purple colour. The leaves resemble those of the mu su [ Medicago. See 255] but are larger. It blossoms in the 7th month. Yellow flowers. The fruit is a pod resembling that of the la tou (green bean, Phaseolus Mungo) but pointed, The seeds are gathered in the 10th month. This plant is mentioned in the Rh ya [56]. There is another kind which is called ma t% kue ming. Its leaves resemble those of the kiang tou [v. infra], the seeds — resemble a horse’s hoof, MATERIA MEDIGA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 203 Li Sxi-cHEn :—There are two sorts of hie ming. One is the ma t% kie ming. It grows from three to four feet high. The leaves (leaflets) are larger than those of the mu su [v. supra], narrow at the base, broader at the top. They stand in pairs opposite (pinnate leaves). In daytime they are open, at night (the leaflets) all fold together. It blossoms in autumn. Flowers of a pale yellow colour with five petals. The fruit looks like a young pod of the kiang tou (Dolichos sinensis), is from five to six inches long, and contains a number of irregularly shaped, dark green seeds resembling a horse’s hoof. They are very useful in diseases of the eye.—The other sort is called ¥#¢ TE PR WA kang mang kite ming. In the Kiu huang Pen ts‘ao [LVII, 3] it is called [lj ij GF shan pien tou. It resembles the ma t% kiie ming, only the leaves (leaflets) are pointed at the top. These leaves resemble very much the leaves of the huai _ [Sophora japonica. See 322]. They do not fold together at night. It blossoms in autumn. Dark yellow flowers with five petals. The pod is of the size of a little finger, two inches or more in length. The seeds within are in rows, and resemble the seeds of the huang k‘ui [ Hibiscus. See sub 105], but flattened, of a gray colour, sweet taste and mucilaginous. From the leaves of both kinds yeast can be prepared. The leaves of the kiang mang as well as its flowers and seeds can be eaten boiled, but the ma t%i kie ming is bitter and not edible. There is also one sort which is called # | | shi (stone) hie ming. _ P., XVI, 43 :—The kiang mang is again spoken of in a special article, where a short account of the plant by CH‘EN Ts‘ang-x‘r [8th cent.] is given. A fragrant beverage is prepared from the leaves. Ch., XI, 80 :—Kie ming, also 3 J FA wang kiang nan. — The drawing represents a Cassia, as also the figure sub wang kiang nan in the Kiu huang (LILI, 22]. The above 204 BOTANICON SsINICUM. descriptions in the P. likewise refer doubtlessly to Casata. At Peking wang kiang nan [I suspect the same as kiang man in ancient works] is the common name for Cassia Sophera, L. Lour., Fl. cochin., 324 :—Cassta sophera. Sinice xy tsi tau, kiue mim tsu. Tarar., Cat.. 5:—Ts‘ao kue ming. Semina Cassie Tore. [As we have seen, the P. admits ts‘ao kile ming only as a name for Celosia].—Hanz., Sc. pap., 231 :—Kiie ming tsz‘. Received from Shang hai. Seeds of Cassia Tora. They are of a cylindrical form, from two to three lines long, pointed at one extremity, rounded at the other, of a dark brown colour, ete.—P. Smrru, 54. Parker, Chinese Names of Canton Plants, 54 :—Cassia occidentalis, Fy | | shi hite ming, also ye (wild) pien tou. The shan pien tou given by Li Sut-cHeEn as a synonym for the kiang mang hile ming is figured in the Kiu huang [LVII, 3]. A rude drawing. It seems Cassia mimosoides, L., is intended. Comp. also Ch., II, 10. Cust. Med., p. 372 (429):—Ts‘ao hie ming exported 1885 from Canton 17 piculs,—p. 164 (370), from Shang hai 7.72 piculs,—p. 302 (433), from Amoy 0.35 picul. So moku, VIII, 2:—ye WY Cassia Tora, L. Leaflets broadest at the top. According to Miqurt [resp. S1eBoLD] introduced into Japan from China. Ibid.. 3:—2E yt RB Cassia occidentalis, L. Leaflets pointed at the top. Ibid., TI, 39 :—IL] fig Cassia mimosoides, L. Japonice kawara kets mei.—SIEB., Gcon., 297 :—Sooja nomame, oF jawara kets mai. Sinice {Ij jig 42. Plante sponte crescentis folia adhue tenera pro potu Thex colliguntur, The first Japanese name seems to be a mistake, for it means the Soy-bean, but jawara kets mai is the Japanese name for Cassia mimosoides, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 205 111.— Hh if ti fu. P., XVI, 44. 7, OXXXVIM.: Pen king :—Ti fu, Hy BE ti kui. The seeds are officinal. Taste bitter. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. Comp. Rh ya, 9. Pie lu:—Other name: Hy BE ti mai. The ti fu grows in King chou [Hu pei, App. 146] in marshes and fields. The seeds are gathered in the 8th and 10th months and dried in the shade. The leaves are also used in medicine. T‘ao Hune-xina :—It is a common plant in fields, and is employed for making besoms. Seeds very small and used in medicine. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The peasants call it ti mai ts‘ao [v. supra]. In the north it is known under the name of HE K EL tsien i ts‘ao (plant which spits on clothes). Small leaves, red stem, very pliable and prostrate. The plant is used for besoms. The Yao sing Pen ts‘ao [7th cent.] calls it #% HA i ming. Seeds useful in the treatment of diseases of the eye. Ta Mine [10th cent.]:—The ti fu is also called a lo chou tsz‘. The seeds are green and very small. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is common in Shu ch‘uan (Sz ch‘uan, App. 292] and Kuan chung [in Shen si, App. 158] and the adjoining provinces. It is also called 3%} i tu chou and WE FF BX ya she ts‘ao (duck’s-tongue weed, from the form of the leaves). Li Sut-cxen :—The young tender leaves of the ti fu are eaten. It grows in a bushy manner, and is much cultivated in gardens. The old plant is good for besoms. Other names: Ey db Be pai ti ts‘ao, =F IP) RE XH ts‘ien sin ki ni (thousand hearts’ courtesan), Ch., XI, 31:—Ti fu. The figure represents Kochia _ $oparia, Schr. (Chenopodium scoparia, L.). See also Kiu _— Atuang [XLVIL, 7] sub 9% § tu chou. Rude drawing, 206 BOTANICON SINICUM. The common Chinese name at Peking for Kochia scoparia is Fig iF BR sao chou ts‘ai (besom vegetable). Tavar., Cat., 20:—Ti fu tsz‘, Semina Kochie?— P. Surra, 128. Cust. Med., p. 298 (348):—Ti fu seeds exported 1885 from Amoy 3.84 piculs,—p. 372 (425), from Canton 8 piculs. Amen. exot., 885 :—Hy Bf tsisu, fawa kingi, fookigusa, ete. Scoparia sive Belvedere Italorum. Insigne Japonibus medicamentum preestat. So moku, IV, 41 :—Kochia scoparia, same Chinese name. Srzs., CGcon., 117:— Kochia scoparia. Hookigusa, Hit ff Pro scopis caules adhibentur. Herba tenera edulis ac adulta medico agricolis usui. 112.— A 35 ka mai. P.. XVI, 46. T., CXX. Pen king :—K*i mai, EB 4y BE ka ki mai. It seems the whole plant is officinal. Taste bitter. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. Comp. Rh ya, 125. Pie lu:—Other name: K BA ta lan. The kia mat grows in the mountain-valleys of T‘ai shan [in Shan tung, App. 322]. It is gathered in the beginning of autumn. T‘ao Hune-k1ne :—It is a common plant in Mid China. Small leaves, handsome purplish red flowers. The plant is cut [for medical use] together with leaves and fruits (capsules). The seed resembles wheat (mai), whence the name. There are two sorts. One has rather large flowers and the margin of the petals incised. The other, with smaller flowers, is more generally used. The leaves are covered with hair, the flowers are late and of a reddish carnation colour. The Ji hua Pen ts‘ao [10th cent.] gives G 7 shi chi : (stone bamboo) as a synonym for ‘a mai, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 207 Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is a common plant, and grows about one foot high. Leaves small, narrow and pointed. Root of a purplish black colour, and resembles a small rape. The flower is purplish red and resembles the ying shan hung [Rhododendron. See 155]. It blossoms from the 2nd to the 5th month, and in the 7th it produces fruit in racemes (or fascicles). The seed has a slight resemblance to wheat. The plant produced in Ho yang {in Ho nan, App. 81] and Ho chung fu [S.W. Shan si, App. 74] is good for [medical] use. There is one kind grown in Huai [An hui, App. 89] with a slender (fibrous) root. The country people use it (the root) for making brushes. The k‘é mai is mentioned in the Rh ya [125]. It Sur-cuun :—The F ff shi chu (stone bamboo) has leaves resembling those of the ti fu [Kochia. See 111]. They are small and narrow like young bamboo-leaves, whence the name. The stem is one foot and more in height and has joints. That which grows wild in the fields has purplish red flowers as large as a copper coin. That sort which the people cultivate in gardens has smaller flowers of a red or pink colour, sometimes striped, and very handsome. It is commonly called ¥ % 7E Lo yang hua [Lo yang, the ancient capital of China, in Ho nan]. The fruit (capsule) resembles that of the yen mai (swallow wheat. Avena?). It contains small black seeds. The young plant is eaten cooked. Kiu huang, XLVI, 8 :—Shi chu and Ch. XI, 55 :—K‘a mat, representations of Dianthus. Shi chu in N. China is a vulgar name for Dianthus chinensis, L., and D. superbus, L., both common plants. Tarar., Cat.. 18:—K‘u mai, Dianthus Fischeri (same as D. chinensis). Ibid., 54:—Shi chu, Dianthus et Commelyna [Commelyna is chu ye ts‘az, or vegetable with bamboo- leaves].—P. Surru, 86. 208 BOTANICON SINICUM. The Cust. Med. mentions the ki mai as imported into several ports, but it is not stated there from what place it is exported. In the Hank. Med. [12] it is noticed as a drug exported from Han kow. Amen. exot., 910 :—%q Wf seki tsiku, vulgo nadesko et tokunatz. Caryophyllus hortensis simplex, flore majore. So moku, VIII, 20 :—#2 BE Dianthus superbus.—Ihid., 21 :-—¥§ BB 7E [comp. same name in P.j, a large double Dianthus.—Ibid., 22 :-—7G %{~ Dianthus Seguieri (same as D. chinensis), 113.—E HR FF wang pu liu hing. P., XVI, 48. T., CLXXX. Pen king, Index :— Wang pu liu hing. Pie lu:—The wang pu liu hing grows in the mountain- valleys of T‘ai shan [in Shan tung App. 822]. It is gathered in the 2nd and 8th months. ‘The leaves and the seed officinal. Taste bitter. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. Wu P‘u [8rd cent.] writes the name Ay A FT pu eu hing. In the Ji hua Pen ts‘ao [10th cent.] it is called BY & tt tsien kin hua and #8 Bf 4E kin kung hua. The meaning of the latter name is “ forbidden in the palace,” and the original name wang pu liu hing means, as Li SHI-CHEN explains, about the same. The descriptions of the plant given by the ancient authors are confused and incorrect, for they confound it with Physalis [see 106]. Li Sar-cuen says :—The wang pu liu hing is frequently met with in corn-fields, it grows from one to two feet high. In the 3rd or 4th month it opens its small flowers resembling little bells, of a reddish white colour. The fruit (capsule), MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 209 of the size of a bean, and is within a bladder like a lantern ~ with five angles. Small globular seeds like cabbage-seeds, at first white, when ripe black. Kiu huang [LII, 25] and Ch. [XI, 76], sub wang pu liu hing, rude drawings, but it seems Silene is intended. The description given by Li Sat-cHENn agrees with Silene, which genus is characterized by a persistent inflated calyx which encloses the capsule. But Saponaria, another genus of Caryophyllacee, has also an inflated calyx. Tarar., Cat., 62:—Wang pu liu hing, Silene.— P. Suir, 197. At Peking Silene aprica, Turcz., is called wang pu liu hing. Four species of Silene are known from China. See Ind. Fl. sin., 1, 64. Cust. Med., p. 282 (141):—Wang pu liu hing exported 1885 from Amoy 2.33 piculs,—p. 368 (387), from Canton 4 piculs. So moku, VIL, 27 :—>2 FY FF Saponaria vaccaria, L. —Phon zo, XVIII, 19 :—The same Chinese name applied to Saponaria vaccaria, [fol. 20, 21] to Melandrium ce and Polemonium coeruleum, L. 114. fm ting i. ~P., XVI, 51. T., CXLL Pen king :—T'ing li, Fe 3 ta shi, K jG ta shi. Seeds used in medicine. Taste pungent. Nature cold. Non- poisonous. Comp. Rh ya, 78. Pie lu:—Other names: J f& ting li, Hi] FH hou tse (dog shepherd’s purse), grows in Kao ch‘eng [in Chi li, App. 115], in marshes and fields. The seeds are gathered in summer. 27 210 BOTANICON SINICUM. T‘ao Huna-x1na:—The best is produced in P‘eng ch‘eng [in Kiang su, App. 247]. This is the ZS #8 kung (male) ¢st. The mu (female) ts: grows in Mid China. Small yellow seeds and:very bitter. They are boiled for use. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is common in all the pre- fectures of Pien tung [Ho nan, App. 250], Shen si [App. 284] and Ho pei [S. Chi li and W. Shan tung, App. 78]. The drug from Ts‘ao chou [in Shan tung, App. 344] is the best. The plant grows from six to seven inches high and resembles the tsi [Capsella. See 251]. The root is white. It flowers in the 38rd month. Yellowish flowers. The fruit is a horn (capsule, silique). The seeds are small, slightly oblong, flattened, yellow, and resemble millet. The plant is mentioned in the Yiie ling of the Li ki under the name of BE Gt mei ts‘ao. [Lecen, Li ki, I, 271, translates “ delicate herbs.” The Chinese commentator Cuenca Hijan says that it is a kind of tsi (Capsella) or t‘ing li.] Lr Sui-cuen :—There are two sorts of ting li—the sweet and the bitter. The first is also called ¥y 3¢ kou kiai (dog mustard). Cust. Med., p. 164 (367):—T'ing li tse exported 1885 from Shang hai 0.78 picul,—p. 130 (156), from Chin kiang 0.69 picul.— Hank. Med., 45 :—Exported also from Han kow. Ch. XI, 63: pales i ki. The figure represents a cru- ciferous plant. For the identification of the t‘ing li, see Bot. sin., 78, Sisymbrium, Draba, ete. 115.—3fi filj ch‘e ts‘ien. P., XVI, 54. T., CLXIL Pen king: —Ch'e ts‘ien (cart-track plant), #§ 38 4479 tao. The seeds are officinal. Taste sweet. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 211 For other ancient names comp. Rh ya, 200, Classics, 439. Pie lu:—Other names: 4f #€ niu i (ox track), Hy wR Ze hia ma i (frog’s cloak). The ch‘e ts‘ien grows in Chen ting [in Chi li, App. 11] in marshes, also in the mountains and on roads. It is gathered on the 5th day of the 5th month and dried in the shade. T‘ao Huna-kiye :—It is a common plant about houses and by waysides. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—Now the best comes from K‘ai chou [in Sz ch‘uan, App. 113]. Su Sune [11th cent.]—It is a common plant in Kiang, Hu and Huai [Mid China, App. 124, 83, 89] near cultivated land, also in Pien [in Ho nan, App. 248] and in North China. The leaves are all on the surface of the ground (radical leaves), grow the whole year, attain the length of one foot and more and are ladle-shaped. Several stems rise from the centre of the leaves, each bearing at the top a spike of small green flowers tinged with red, like a rat’s tail. Brown seeds resembling those of the t‘ing li [see 114]. It is also cultivated in gardens for its seeds. That from Shu (Sz ch‘uan) is much valued. The leaves are gathered in the 5th month, the seeds in the 7th and 8th. In North China the people sell the root as a substitute for the tsz‘ yiian [Aster. See 102]. The Kiu huang [XLVI, 11] figures the plant under the name of Hf #% 2K ch‘e lun ts‘ai (cart-wheel vegetable). This figure and that in the Ch. [XI, 28] sub ch‘e ts‘ien represent Plantago. _Ch'e tsien is the common name of Plantago major, L., at Peking. Lour., Fl. cochin., 90 :—Plantago major. Sinice: che tsien teao. Decocto seminum maxime atuntur indigene at diuresim promovendam. Succo foliorum expresso, melle apum condito medentur tenesmo et fluxui sanguineo, 212 BOTANICON SINICUM. TaTar., Cat., 14 :—Ch‘e ts‘ien tsz‘. Semina Plantaginis, —P. Surra, 14. Hunry, Chin. pl., 20:—Ch‘e ts‘ien ts‘ao, in Hu pei Plantago major. The seeds enter into the composition of liang fen, a jelly used in summer. Cust. Med., p. 12 (98) :—Ch*e ts‘ien seeds exported 1885 from New chwang 366 piculs,—p. 74 (125), from Han kow 254 piculs,—p. 90 (58), from Kiu kiang 98 piculs,—p. 30 (118), from Tien tsin 57 piculs,—p. 198 (193), from Ning po 3.84 piculs,—p. 374 (450), trom Canton 1.7 picul. Amen. exot., 912 :—¥fi Aj sjaden, vulgo obacko. Plan- tago major vulgaris, latifolia. So moku, II, 27:—Same Chinese name, Plantago asiatica, L. 116.— 5 Hi BE ma pien ts‘ao. P., XVI,57. T., CLXV. Pie lu:—Ma pien ts‘ao (whip herb). Only the name given and the medical virtues explained. The leaves are officinal. Taste bitter. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. Also the root, which is said to be pungent and harsh. T‘ao Hune-K1ne :—It is a common plant near villages, on burial wastes and on pathways. The stem is like the st sin [Asarum. See 40]; purple flowers somewhat resem- bling those of the p‘eng hao [given in the P., XXVI, 54, as a synonym for t‘ung hao which is Chrysanthemum Roxburgh. Comp. also Bot. sin., I, 436]. Su Kune [7th cent. |:—The leaves of this plant resemble those of the lang ya [Potentilla? See 134] and also those of the ch‘ung wei [Leonurus. See 78]. It sends up three or four spikes of small flowers like those of the ch‘e ts‘en [Plantago. See 115]. This spike resembles a whip, whence the name. It does not resemble the p‘eng hao, Another . name is fj 34 HE feng king ts‘ao, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 213 Han Pao-sHenc [10th omnes says that the flowers are white. Su Suna [11th cent.]:—It is common in Heng shan {in Hu nan, App. 61], in Lii shan [in Kiang si, App. 209] and in Kiang and Huai [Kiang su and An hui, App. 124, 89]. It resembles the z mu [Leonurus. See 78], but the stem is round, from two to three feet high.—Regarding the #8 3F Bi lung ya ts‘ao (dragon’s tooth, which some believe to be the same as the ma pien ts‘ao), Su Sune says that it grows in Shi chou [in Hu pei, App. 288] and that the root is used in medicine. Lt Sut-cnen:—The ma pien is a common plant in low places. It has a square stem, leayes resembling those of the 7 mu (Leonurus) and standing opposite. In autumn small purple flowers in spikes like those of Plantago. The seeds resemble those of the p‘eng hao [v. supra] and are small. The root is small and white. ‘ao Hune-xrne and Su Sune describe the plant incorrectly. Ch., XIV, 8:—Ma pien ts‘ao. By the plant figured Verbena may be Jntended. The description in the P. agrees ina general way. Lour., Fl. cochin., 33 :— Verbena officinalis, L. Sinice : ma pien tsao. Parker, Canton pl., 266 :—Verbena officinalis, ma pien ts‘ao. In Sz ch‘uan the same plant is called te ma pien [ Parker in litt.]. See also Henry, Chin. pl., 457.— P. Suir, 226. Cust. Med., p. 376 (481):—Ma pien ts‘ao exported 1885, from Canton 481 piculs,—p. 424 (141), from Pakhoi 0.56 picul,—p. 288 (218), t‘ie ma pien from Amoy 1.3 picul.— In the Hank. Med. the ma pien ts‘ao is mentioned as exported from Hankow,. 214 BOTANICON SINICUM. So moku, XI, 42:—B Mf #8 Verbena offcinalis— Ibid., 1X, 9:—H§ fF EE Agrimonia viscidula, Bge. This drawing agrees with that sub lung ya ts‘ao in Ch., XII, 29. See also Kiu huang, LII, 17. 117.—§E She han. P., XVI, 59. T., CLXVIL. Pen king :—She han, tie $f she hien (snake’s bridle). The leaves are officinal. Taste bitter. Nature slightly cold. Non- poisonous. Pie lu :—The she han grows in I chou [Yiin nan, App. 102] in mountain-valleys. It is gathered in the 8th month and dried in the shade. T‘ao Hune-K1ne :—The she hien is a common plant. There are two kinds, both grow on stony ground also in loamy soil, That generally used has small leaves and yellow flowers. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It grows in Hing chou [in Shen si, App. 66] and in other places. It grows on stony ground, also in damp places. In Shu (Sz ch‘uan) the people cultivate this plant. Snakes dislike it. There are two kinds of this plant, one with 5 leaves, the other with 7, on the same footstalk. The root is gathered in the 8th month and dried in the shade. . Cx‘en Jr-nva [author of the Sung dynasty] and Su ies [11th cent.]:—The stem and the leaves used in medicine. There is one kind in Shu (Sz ch‘uan) which is called “26 Hi F tsz‘ pet lung ya [leaves purple underneath]. Lz Sui-cHEn :—There are two kinds of this plant. That with small leaves is the she hien, that with large leaves 8 Be fi ung hien (dragon’s bridle). It is used for plasters. The purple she hien, which is smaller and has the back (of the leaf) of a purple colour is called the Jy $f 3F siao (small) lung y% MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 215 This is the tsz‘ pei lung ya of Su Sune. [Regarding lung ya see 116. ] Ch., XI, 65:—She han. Rude drawing, only leaves. Perhaps Potentilla is intended. — So moku, [X, 35 :—wké @ Potentilla inelinata, Vill. Phon zo, XIX, 7:—#E 2 Geum dryadoides, 8. & Z. Lbid., 7, 8:34 78 §8 3 BE Geum strictum, Ait. 118.—& FH na ts‘ing. P., XVI, 60. T., CRXX. Pen king:—Na ts‘ing, 4 Bh tsio p‘iao (sparrow’s calabash). The root is officinal. Taste pungent. Poisonous. Pie lu:—The ni ts‘ing is the root of the she hien [see 117]. It grows in Chu yai [App. 22], is gathered in the 8th month and dried in the shade. T‘ao Hune-Kine objects to the statement of the Pe: lu that the ni ts‘ing is the root of the she hien. He considers it to be a distinct plant which has a root like the sw twan [see 84] and very bitter leaves. The nit ts‘ing root is produced in King chou [Hu pei, App. 146]. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The ni ts‘ing or tsio p‘iao grows in marshes. Its leaves resemble those of the lo mo (Metaplexis Stauntoni) and are opposite. The fruit has the appearance of a calabash, whence the name. It is about the size of a jujube. The root. resembles the pai wei [Vincetoxicum. See 44]. The stem and the leaves have an offensive odour. The she /ien is a different plant. The name nd ts‘ing is not found in the Ch., but [Ch., V, 7] tsto p%ao is given as another name for ti shao kua, which is Vincetoxicum sibiricum, a small plant with linear lanceolate leaves and a large edible fruit. So moku, 1V, 39 :—# # Pederia fetida, L. This may be the ni ts‘ing described by Su Kune. 216 BOTANICON SINICUM. In South China, however, Pederia fetida is known by the name 36 ft HE hi shi t’eng (chicken’s excrement creeper). See Lour., Fl. cochin., 213, sub Glentiana scandens, PARKER, Canton plants, 189. It has, according to Parker, the same name in Sz ch‘uan. The drawing of the ki shi t‘eng [Ch., XIX, 55] is very rude. 119.— Ef Fe St shu wei ts‘ao. P.,XVI,62. T.,CLXVIL. Comp. RA ya, 17. ; Pie lu:—The shu wei ts‘ao (rat’s-tail herb) grows in marshes. In the 4th month the leaves are gathered, and in the 7th the flowers. Taste bitter. Nature slightly cold. Non- poisonous, Wo Pu [8rd cent.] calls this plant [I] BE 3 shan ling kao. T‘ao Huna-x1ne :—It is a common wild-growing plant. The people use its juice for dyeing a black colour. In the Pen ts‘ao shi i [8th cent.] the synonyms § wu ts‘ao (black herb) and 7k FF shui ts‘ing. The plant has purple flowers. The stem and the leaves are used for dyeing black. Han Pao-snene [10th cent.]:—It grows in damp places. In K‘ien chung [Kui chow, App. 142] the people collect the plant for medical use. The leaves resemble those of the hao (Artemisia). In the summer four or five flower- spikes, like those of the ch‘e ts‘ien [ Plantago. See 115], spring from the top of the stem. The flowers are red or white. This is probably a Salvia. For further particulars see Bot. sin., II, 17. Cust. Med., p. 288 (215):—Shu wei exported 1885 from Amoy 0.1 picul. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 217 120.— iff 9 lien k‘iao. ~P., XVI, 65. T., OXXXI. Comp. Rh ya, 120, Pen king :—Lien kiao. The Index of the Pen king has 31 BE k‘iao ken (kiao root). Taste of the root sweet. Nature cold and uniform. Slightly poisonous. Cuane Caunc-Kine [2nd cent.] calls the root of this plant 322 87 lien yao. Pie lu:—Other names: = Hf€ san lien, $f Pk chu hen (bamboo-root). The dien k‘iao grows in the mountain-valleys of T‘ai shan [in Shan tung, App. 322]. It is gathered in the 8th month and dried in the shade. Wo Pu [8rd cent.] calls it $4 38 lan hua [which is properly a name applied to several orchideous plants, see 62]. T‘ao Huno-Kine :—It is a common plant. Now the stem, together with the flowers and fruit, is used in medicine. The Yao sing Pen ts‘ao [7th cent.] calls it & $i + han lien tsz*.3? Su Kune [7th cent.]:--There are two kinds of this plant, the large k‘iao and the small kiao. The larger grows in low, damp places. Leaves narrow and long. Handsome yellow flowers. The fruit is a peculiarly opening capsule resembling that of the ch‘un tree (Cedrela). The small k‘iao grows on elevated plains. It resembles the first in its leaves, flowers and capsules, but is smaller. In Shan nan [S. Shen si, App. 268] both drugs are used, but in Ch‘ang an [ancient capital of China, App. 6] they use only the fruit of the larger sort and do not employ the stem and the flowers, ; = In the P. [XVI, 63] p= § jit i. han lien ts‘ao is given as a synonym for Hed BB i ch‘ang, which in Japan is Eclipta, Cust. Med., 374 (461), han lien ts‘ao exported 1885 from Canton 3.89 piculs. Braun [Hank, Med., 14] 3 identifies han lien ts'ao with dried lilies. 218 BOTANICON SINICUM. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is now common in Pien king [in Ho nan, App. 248], in Ho chung [S.W. Shan si, App. 74], in Kiang ning [Nan king, App. 129] and many other places in North and Mid China. After this follows a descrip- tion of the plant similar to that given by Su Kune. The name len k‘iao, in China as well as in Japan, is applied to Forsythia and Hypericum. For further particulars see Bot. sin., II, 120. . Tatar., Cat., 34:—Lien k‘iao, Fructus Forsythie. P. Smrra, 98. Cust. Med., p. 72 (95):—Lien k‘iao exported from Hankow 2,864 piculs,—p. 32 (150), from Tien tsin 789 piculs,—p. 48 (44), from Chefoo 35 piculs. 121.— fe BE lu ying. P., XVI, 67. 7., CXLVII. Pie lu:—The lu ying grows in Hiung rh [in N.W. Ho nan, App. 69], in river-valleys, also in Yiian kii [in Shan tung, App. 415]. It is gathered in the beginning of autumn. Taste bitter. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. Su Kune [7th cent.] states that the lu ying is the same as the so t‘iao [see the next]. But later authors [MA Cui, Su Sune, Li Sui-cHen] keep them apart, proving that the so tao is a different plant, and is poisonous. The description of the lu ying is vague. Su Sune refers to Rh ya, 222. The flowers are officinal. For identification see the next. 122.—9f Wi so ttiao. P., XVI, 68. 7, OXLVIL Pie lu:—So tac, E BE kin ts‘ao, 3€ ki. The so t‘1ao grows in fields. The leaves are gathered in spring and summer, the stem and the root in autumn and winter. Taste _ sour. Nature warm. Poisonous. = MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 219 T‘ao Hune-xine :—It is a common plant near fields, in burial wastes and near villages. Su Kune [7th cent.] says, the so ¢%ao is the same as the lu ying, and refers to Rh ya, 134. K‘ou Tsune-sat [12th cent.]:—The so ¢‘ao has white flowers. The fruit is at first green, like the la tow (green bean, Phaseolus Mungo), arranged in clusters, several hundreds together, like a shallow cup. In the 10th month these berries become red. Lt Sat-cuEn adds :—Every leaf consists of 5 leaflets. It is also known by the name of $$ ff He tsie ku ts‘ao (plant which joins together [broken] bones). Ch., XI, 75 :—Lu ying or so tao. Representation of a plant with pinnate leaves, berry-like fruits. Hxznry [ Chin. pl., 80] means that it is Sambucus Chinensis, Lindl. There is in the P. [XX XVI, 74] a short account, from the Tang Pen ts‘ao [7th cent.], of the &% Ff 7K tsie ku mu or #8 EF 7K su ku mu [both these names mean wood (tree) which joins broken bones] also called 7x ¥j ZA mu (tree) so tao. Su Kuna says, the leaves and the flowers of the sie ku mu resemble those of the lw ying, but the tsie ku mu is a tree from 10 to 20 feet high [the lu ying is herbaceous]. Its wood is very light and empty, it has no heart. It is much cultivated. The tsie ku mu has the property of healing broken bones, whence the name. [It seems a decoction of the leaves is administered internally to that effect.) The skin of the root is also employed in medicine.—Cu‘sn Ts‘anc-K‘I [8th cent.] says that the tsie ku mu is slightly poisonous. The tste ku mu is figured in the Ch. [XXXVIII, 35], only leaves, rude drawing, and again XXXV, 15. HeEnay (Chin. pl., 81] means that it may be Sambucus Sieboldiana, Bl. (8. racemosa, L.). Cust. Med., p. 298 (374): -—Tsie ku ts‘ao exported 1885 from ee! 1.45 Pay 220 BOTANICON SINICUM. So moku, V, 45 :—}#j #4 Sambucus Thunbergiana, Bl. (shrub). ; Phon zo, XCII, 23, 24 :—#% FF 7 Sambucus racemosa, L. (tree). Kwa wi, 93, tatzu noki. Stes., Gcon., 239:—Sambucus pubescens (a variety of S. racemosa), japonice: tadsu; sinice: $% FF 7K Folia adhibentur in vulneribus. 123.—$2 lan. P., XVI, 70. T., CV. Comp. Rh ya, 178, Classics, 392. Pen king:—Lan. The Index of the Pen king has & lan shi (fruit). The fruit (seed) used in medicine. Taste bitter. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—The lan shi grows in Ho nei (S.B. Shan si, App. 77] in marshes. Stem and leaves used for dyeing blue. T‘ao Hunu-Kixe :—This is the plant now employed for dyeing a dark blue (#f #4) colour. That with pointed leaves _is the best. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—There are two kinds of Jan. One has round leaves, 2 inches in diameter and 2 to 4 fen thick. It yields a dark blue colour. It grows in Ling nan [S. China, App. 197] and in the Court of Sacrifices® it is called AEF mu (tree) lan tsz*. The plant of which T‘ao Hunc-KING speaks is the #£ | sung (Cabbage) lan. From the juice [of its leaves] the J tien (Indigo) is prepared. The lan referred to in the Pen king are the seeds of the BE | lao (P olygonum) lan. From this plant also Indigo is prepared. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The Jan is a common plant which is much cultivated in gardens. It grows from 2 to 3 fect high, and has leaves like the shui liao [Water Polygonum. See Rh “Kis MATERIA MEDIGA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 221 ya, 65], rose-coloured flowers. Seeds also like those of the liao (Polygonum) but larger and black. It is used for dyeing a blue colour, but it is not fit preparing tien (Indigo). It is called liao lan [v. supra}. This is the plant used in medicine. Another kind is termed mu lan (v.s). It grows in Ling nan [S. China], is not officinal. The tien or Indigo is also prepared from the sung lan (v. s). The J | ma lan is mentioned in the Rh ya [178]. In Yang chou [in Kiang su, App. 400] there is one kind of ma lan the leaves of which resemble those of the k‘w (bitter) mai [Lactuca or Sonchus. See 257]. The people there use the root in medicine. The §% | Wu lan which is produced in Kiang ning [Nan king, App. 129] resembles the hao (Artemisia) and has white flowers. For further particulars and the identification of the Chinese Indigo plants see Bot. sin., Il, 392. The mu lan is Indigofera tinctoria, L., and other species yielding the true Indigo.— The sung lan is Isatis tinctoria, L.—The liao lan is Polygonum tinctorium. 124.—38 liao. P., XVI,76. T., LVIIL. Pen king :—Tiao. The Index of the Pen king has 3 we liao shi (fruit, seeds). The seeds are officinal. Taste pungent. Nature warm. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—The liao shi is produced in Lei tse [App. 182], in marshes. The leaves also used in medicine. T‘ao Huna-Kinc :—There are many kinds of liao. Three of them are used for food. The first is the #F | ts‘ing (green) liao, which is much employed by the people. Its leaves are round or pointed. The round-leaved is the best. The second is the 3% [ tsz‘ (purple) liao. It resembles the first but is of a purple colour. The third is the # [ Aiang (fragrant) liao. All these sorts are not very pungent in taste and are good to eat, 222 BOTANICON SINICUM. Han Pao-sHene [10th cent.] enumerates seven kinds of liao, viz. :— . ip — these two have thin leaves. 2. hiang liao r Both have large, broad leaves covered with black spots. The flowers of the ta liao are 4 red and white. The seeds resemble Sesam-seeds, are of a brown colour, flattened and Lpointed. [Comp. 125.] both have small, narrow leaves. 3. 7K | shut (water) liao. 4. § | ma (horse) liao, also called K [ ta (large) liao. 5, tsz‘ (purple) liao 6. AR | cht (red) liao J 7. AC | mu (tree) liao, also called FE | tien liao. A creeper or twiner. Its leaves resemble the leaves of the che (Cudrania triloba). Flowers yellowish white. The above names refer to various species of Polygonum. For further particulars see Bot. sin., II, 366.. The 3 liao seems to be Polygonum hydropiper.. Ch. XI, 57.—Amen. exot., 891.—So moku, VII, 57. But accord- — ing to Lour. [Fl. cochin., 296], leao wi (shi) at Cantonis Pol. barbatum, L.—Stes., Qcon., 104:— Polygonum barbatum, sa sinice 38 Herba edulis. a The 7k | shui liao is represented Ch., XIV, 19. So moku, VII, 62:—Polygonum, not determined. Horr™. i Scutr., 451 (resp. Smppoup), refer the above Chinese name to Polygonum perfoliatum, L.—Lovr., Fl. cochin., 295 :— Polygonum hydropiper. Sinice: auei leao (shui liao). Virtus acris, stimulans, urens. Habitat in paludibus et infra ripas fluminum in Cochinchina et China, ubi ex illo formantur sepes ad olera aquatica continenda. a FB | ma liao, Ch., XI, 59. So moku, VIL, 63, under this Chinese name, Polygonum persicaria, L. | MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 223 The # | hiang liao (fragrant Polygonum) is perhaps the Polygonum odoratum. Lour., Fl. cochin., 299. The Polygonum figured under the above Chinese name in the Phon zo [XX, 3] has not been determined. The 4 | mao (hairy) liao is noticed by Cu‘zn Ts‘ane- KI [8th cent.], P., XVI, 80, and figured Ch, XIV, 30, Phon 20, XX, 6 [not identified].—Phon zo, XX, 2:—ZR | and 38 | Polygonum [not identified]. Comp. also Tarar., Cat., 34, liao,—P. Suir, 175,— Henry, Chin., pl., 239. 125.—#E Bi hung ts‘ao. P., XVI, 79. T., LVIIL. Comp. Rh ya, 102, Classics, 426. Pie lu:—Other names: # fff shi lung, K B ten (heavenly) liao, FE [| ta (great) liao [for the last two names comp. 124]. The hung grows on the banks of water-courses, and resembles the ma liao [see 124] but is larger. In the 5th month the seeds are gathered. Taste salty. Nature slightly cold. Non-poisonous. T‘ao Hune-K1ne :—It grows abundantly in damp places, and much resembles the ma liao, but grows very high. It is mentioned in the Shi king and in the Rh ya. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The hung is also called 7K | shui (water) hung. It resembles the liao [ Polygonum. See 124]. Large leaves, red and white [flowers]. It attains a height of 10 feet and more. Lr Sui-cHen :—It has a coarse stem as thick as a finger, covered with hair. Its leaves are as large as those of the shang _ lu (Phytolacea. See 131). Pale red flowers in spikes. Seeds flat, brown, and resemble the kernels of the swan tsao (small Jujube. See 336] but are smaller. The flesh within is white, Rot very pungent in taste. The seeds are cooked for food. 224 BOTANICON SINICUM. The seeds and the flowers used in medicine. The plant is also known by the name JB #8 hung kie. The hung is the Polygonum orientale, L. See Bot. sin., II, 426. Ch. XI, 90.—Hewry, Chin., pl., 239.—So moku, VII, 76. S1es., Ccon., 105:—Polygonum orientale. Japon. : oketade; sinice: $F, Herba edulis. 126.—}% il hu chang. P., XVI, 83. T., CLXIV. Comp. Rh ya, 19. The Pie lu gives only the name, hu chang (tiger’s staff), and notices the medical virtues of the drug. The root is used. T‘ao Hune-K1ne :—It grows abundantly in fields. It resembles the ta ma liao [ Polygonum. See 124]. The stem is variegated, the leaves are round. In the Yao sing Pen ts‘ao [6th and 7th cent.] it is called K BB ta chung chang,—in the Pen ts‘ao shi i [8th cent.]J it is 7 BE ku chang. Han Pao-snenea [10th cent.]:—It grows in low, damp places, like a tree, ten feet and more high. Red stem. Yellow root. The root is gathered in the 2nd and 3rd months and dried in the sun. In the Ji hua Pen ts‘ao [10th cent.] it is called BE we pan chang (variegated staff). Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It now grows in Fen chou 2 [in Shan si, App. 38], in Yiie chou [in Che kiang, ApP- 418], in Ch‘u chou [in An hui, App. 25], where it 18 4 : common plant. The young plants resemble bamboo-sprouts- — : It is covered with red spots. Leaves like small apricot-leavess It flowers in the 7th month, and bears seed in the 9th. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 225 The skin of the root is black, but the root is yellow within, like the root of the willow. The plant is more than ten feet high. According to Li Sai-cuen the plant is also called 7% # suan chang. Ch., XI, 91:—Hu chang. Rude drawing. Perhaps a Polygonum is intended. So moku, VII, 78:—y BE Polygonum cuspidatum, S. & Z. 127.— Fi B pien chu. P., XVI, 85. T., CXLIV. Comp. Rh ya, 54. Pen king:—Pien ch‘u. It seems the whole plant is used in medicine. Taste bitter. Nature uniform. Non- poisonous. . Pie lu:—The pien ch‘u grows in Tung lai [in Shan tung, App. 373] in mountain-valleys. It is gathered in the 5th month and dried in the shade. Wu Pu [3rd cent.] calls it Jif HR pien pien and fig & pien man. T‘ao Hung-K1ne :—It is a common plant which covers the ground. White flowers between (around) the joints. Small green leaves. Its vulgar name is fag f pien chu. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It grows by roadsides, cover- ing the ground. The young plant resembles the ki mai (Dianthus. See 112]. Leaves small, green, like bamboo- leaves. Red stem. Very small greenish yellow flowers. The root looks like Artemisia root. The leaves and the stems are gathered in the 4th or 5th month, according to others in the 2nd month. Mentioned in the Rh ya. Li Sui-cuen :—The plant has small leaves like those of the lo chou [Kochia. See 111], but they are not pointed. Slender stem which lies on the ground with the joints near oo ; 226 BOTANICON SINICUM. each other. It flowers in the 8rd month. Small red flowers like those of the liao lan [Polygonum tinctorium. See 123). The plant is also called #} fj BE fen tsie ts‘ao (flour joint plant), for the stem is covered witha [white] powder. As the plant grows by waysides it is also called SB AE He tao. sheng ts‘ao (way plant). This is probably a small Polygonum. According to Tatar. [Cat., 3], pien ch‘u is Polygonum hydropiper, L. P. Smirn [175] means that it is P. aviculare, L. For Chinese and Japanese drawings see Bot. sin., II, 54. : Cust. Med., p. 832 (253):—Pien ch‘u exported 1885 - from Swatow 1.72 picul. es. 128.— 3 GE tsin ts‘ao. P., XVI, 86. 7., OVII. Comp. Fh ya, 10, Classics, 461. Pen king:—Tsin ts‘ao. It seems the whole plant is officinal. Taste bitter. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—The tsin ts‘ao grows in Ts‘ing i [in Sz ch‘uan, App. 364] in river-valleys. It is gathered in the 9th and 10th months. The plant is fit for dyeing a gold-yellow i colour. Wu P‘v [8rd cent.] calls it $# #£ huang ts‘ao (yellow herb) and states that it grows in the mountain-valleys of T‘ai shan [Shan tung, App. 322]. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The locality Ts‘ing i [mentioned in the Pie lu] lies west of I chou [See App. 102]. ‘The tsin ts‘ao is a common plant in marshes and on the banks of rivulets. The leaves resemble bamboo-leaves but are small and tender. Stem slender and round. The people of King and Siang [both in Hu pei, App. 146, 305], by boiling the plant, prepare an excellent yellow dye. The vulgar name — of the plant is # 2g la ju or | 4p lu chu. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 227 Li Sat-cuen :—This plant is green, but it can be used for dyeing a yellow colour. The ancient dictionary Shuo wen notices a plant J li (le’) which dyes a sort of yellow. This is the plant under review. In the History of the Farlier Han it is stated that the feudal princes had a golden seal with a green ribbon (#& #%). A commentator of the 4th century says that the plant which yielded this colour is called #b GE Ui ts‘ao and grows in Lang ye and P‘ing ch‘ang [both in Shan tung, App. 178]. It resembles the ai [Artemisia. See 72] and is used for dyeing. This is also the tsin ts‘ao. For the identification of this plant see Bot. sin., 11, 461 (Phalaris). The Phon zo [XX, 15] figures sub # BS a. Graminea. But two other figures with the same Chinese name, on the same plate, seem to be intended for Polygonum. 129.—ye Hi tsili. P., XVI, 86. T., CXL Comp. Rh ya, 90, Classics, 427. Pen king:—Tsi li, 33 3% pang tung, fi A ka jen, Jk fF chi hing, He AA hiu yi. The fruit (seed) is officinal. Taste bitter. Nature warm. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—The tsi li grows in Feng i [in Shen si, App. 40] in marshes and by roadsides. The fruit is gathered in the 7th and 8th months and dried in the sun. T‘ao Huna-xina:—The plant grows abundantly on roads and walls. The leaves cover the ground. The fruit resembles the ling [Trapa. See 296], but is smaller. It is provided with spines. The plant is very common in Ch‘ang an [the ancient capital of China in Shen si]. When the : people walk it sticks to their wooden shoes. In war tsi li made of iron are used to defend a passage. [It seems a King: of chevaua de frise is meant]. The tsi li is mentioned 228 BOTANICON SINICUM. in the I king [Leacn’s Yi king, p. 162 (3). He translates _ tsi l¢ by thorns] and in the Shi king. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It (the fruit) is gathered in winter. It is of a yellowish white colour. The plant is mentioned in the Rh ya. There is a peculiar kind which is called FR | | pai (white) tsi li and which is produced in the district of Yb Hf, Sha yuan in the prefecture of Téung chou [in Shen si, App. 267, 378] on pasture grounds. It is also found in Mid China. It creeps over the sand, and flowers in the 7th month. The flowers are yellow and purple, and resemble pea-flowers but are smaller. In the 9th month it is in fruit. The fruit is a pod. The seeds are grayish green, of a sweet taste and a somewhat strong smell. K‘ou Tsune-sui [12th cent.]:—There are two kinds of ist li. One is called #£ ] | tu tsi li. This is the common plant which covers the ground by waysides. It has small yellow flowers and a spiny fruit. The other is the pai tsi li, which grows in Sha yiian [v. supra]. It has reniform seeds of the size of millet, and is used in complaints of the kidneys. The common tsi li is the Tribulus terrestris, L. For ancient Chinese names and further particulars see Bot. sin., II, 427. Lovur., Fl. cochin., 831:—Tribulus terrestris. Sinice Cie li tsu. Tatar., Cat., 57 :—Tsi li, Tribulus terrestris.—P. SMITH [221] is wrong in identifying the pai tsi li with Tribulus, for this Chinese name seems to refer to a legumincus plant. Cust. Med., p. 80 (190):—Tsi li exported 1885 from Han kow 20 piculs,—p. 34 (45), sha yuan tsi li, from Tien tsin 45 piculs. oa The Phon zo [XX, 16] represents sub yb 76 HB ee leguminous plant, Vicia? MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 229 130.—K F§ ta huang. P., XVIlla, 1. 7, CLV. Pen king:—Ta huang (great yellow), $E JS huang liang (yellow excellent), 4% TE tsiang kin (captain general). The root is officinal. Taste bitter. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—The ta huang grows in Ho si [west of the Yellow River. See App. 79] in mountain -yalleys, also in Lung si [in Kan su, App. 216]. The root is taken up in the 2nd and 8th months and dried by fire. Wu P‘u [8rd cent,}:—Other names: 4¢ BB huo shen (fire Ginseng) and if A fu ju. The ta huang grows in Shu [Western Sz ch‘uan, App. 292], in Pei pu [in Sz ch‘uan, App. 244], also in Lung si. In the 2nd month the young leaves are rolled up and are of a yellowish red colour. The plant grows three feet and more high. The leaves are arranged four together opposite around the stem. In the 3rd month it opens its yellow flowers, in the 5th it bears black fruits (seeds). In the 8th month the root, which contains a yellow juice, is dug up, cut up in slices and dried ‘in the shade. Emperor Suen nune and Let Kune [the latter is said to have lived in the days of Emperor Huane _ TI] considered the ta huang to have poisonous properties. Other ancient authors say it is not poisonous. [The P. classes it among the poisonous drugs. ] T‘ao Hune-Kina :—The name ta huang refers to the yellow colour of the root, the name tsiang kin to the excellent and prompt effect of the drag. The drug which is now brought from I chou [Sz ch‘uan, App. 102], namely from Pei pu [v. supra] and Wen shan [in Sz ch‘uan, App. 383] and the western mountains, is not equal in quality to that from Ho si and Lung si [v. supra], it is darker in colour and of a very bitter and harsh taste. That from Si ch‘uan [in Kan su, App. 296], which is dried in the shade, is of a 230 BOTANICON SINICUM. good quality. In Pei pu they dry it in the sun. That dried by fire appears slightly charred and is not eaten by worms. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—This plant in its stem, leaves and seeds resembles the yang ti [Rumex. See 193], but its stem grows from six to seven feet high. It is easily broken and of a sour taste. The stalks are much eaten in a raw state. The leaves are coarse, long and thick. The root is red and resembles that of an old yang ti (Rumez) root. In shape it is like a bowl, two feet long. Its nature is soft and moist, and it is easily destroyed by worms. That — : dried by artificial heat is durable. It is dried by means of heated stones on which are placed the roots cut in slices. | Being thus heated for a day, a hole is made in each piece, through which they are strung together. Now the best drug comes from Tang chou [in Sz ch‘uan or Kan su, App. 381], Liang chou [in Kan su, App. 189], Si Kiang [Kukonor, App. 300], Shu [Sz ch‘uan, 292]. It is also found north of Yu [present Peking, App. 411], but this is smaller in size, and in point of strength inferior to that a from Shu. What T‘ao Hune-Kina says about the ta huang from Shu being inferior to that of Lung si is incorrect. Su Sone [11th cent.]:—The ta huang is now produced — in all the prefectures of Shu ch‘uan [Sz ch‘uan, App. 292], Ho tung [Shan si, App. 80] and Shen si [present Shen le and Kan su, App. 284]. But the drug from Shu, with fine veins, is the best. Next comes that from Ts‘in [in — Kan su, App. 358] and Lung [in Shen si, App. 215], ih : perhaps Lung si [in Kan su, App. 216] is meant. This is called +: 7K HH Tu fan (Tibetan) ta huang. The ta huang plant begins to grow in the Ist month. Its leaves resemble those of the pi ma (Ricinus) and are as large a5 4 fan. The root resembles that of the ya [Colocasia. See 261], the largest is of the size of a bowl and one or two feet MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 231 long. It flowers in the 4th month. The flowers are yellow, green and red, resembling those of buck-wheat. The stem is like a bamboo, of a green and purple colour. The root is taken up in the 2nd and 8th months and, the black skin which covers it being taken off, it is cut in slices and dried by fire. The ¢a huang from Shu is flattened like the tongue of an ox and is therefore called 4+ FF K PE niu she (ox tongue) ta huang. There is a sort of ta huang produced in Kiang and Huai [Kiang su and An hui, App. 124, 89] which is called $+ KK 7& t‘u (native) ta huang. It flowers in the 2nd month and produces small fruits. Sune K4% [11th cent.], in his description of I chou {Sz ch‘uan, App. 102], states that the fa huang grows abundantly in the high mountains of Shu. 1t has a red stem and large leaves. The root is so large that in the drug markets they use it as a pillow. The interior is beautifully veined with purple or brown. In the days of Lr Sui-cxen the best ta huang was brought from Chuang lang [in Kan su, App. 27], and the author observes that this agrees with the localities noticed in the Pie lu as producing this drag. Ta huang is still the common name in China for Rhubarb. The drawing of the plant in the Ch. [XXIV, i] is rude and incorrect. Of the species of Rhewm which furnish this Chinese drug two are known to our botanists. Seeds of the true Rhubarb plant, procured from China by way of Kiakhta, were first received in St. Petersburg, in 1750, and distributed by the Russian government to the Horticular Societies of England, Scotland and Germany, and from that time the plant was much cultivated in Europe. Linnzvs named it Rheum palmatum. It was for a long time doubted whether this was really the genuine Rhubarb, till the late General [then Captain] PrzewaLsky, in 1872, 232 BOTANICON SINICUM. ei visited the province of Kan su, where he observed the plant which yields the much-valued Kiakhta Rhubarb, so called because it was imported through Kiakhta. The plants raised in the Botanic Gardens, St. Petersburg, from the seeds he had brought home, proved to be the well-known Rheum palmatum. Another species from Sz ch‘uan and §.E. Tibet, from which a great part of the best Chinese Rhubarb is derived, was obtained in 1867 by the French missionaries, and sent to Paris, where it was cultivated and described by — BaILion as Rheum officinale. That which the natives in North China call ‘wu ta huang (native Rhubarb) is the root of Rheum rhaponticum, L, and the variety compactum, frequently seen in the Peking mountains. P. Smiru, 185.—Hewry, Chin. pl., 438. Cust. Med., p. 70 (61) :—Ta huang exported 1885 from Han kow [probably Sz ch‘uan Rhubarb] 5,650 piculs,— p- 58 (22), from I chang 2,123 piculs,—p. 26 (53), from Tien tsin 1,093 piculs [probably Kan su Rhubarb]. So moku, VII, 91, 92 :—3 #& Ke FE (Chinese Rhubarb, cultivated), Rheum undulatum, L.—Ibid., 28:—+- XK ti Rumex aquaticus. S1es., Gicon., 111 :—Rheum tataricum. Japonice: Too dat woo. Colitur in usum medicum, Chinensi vero longe inferior radice. Lbid., 112 :—Rheum palmatum. Rarius cultum. 131.— Rj EE shang lu. P., XVIla, 8 T., CXXXIL Comp. Rh ya, 112. _ Pen king :—Shang lu, 3% WF ye hu. The root is officinal. Taste pungent. Nature uniform. Poisonous. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 233 In the Kuang ya [8rd cent.] it is called F& Fe ma wee (horse’s tail), ‘Pie lw:—The shang Iv grows in Hien yang [in Shen si, App. 65] in mountain-valleys. It (the root) has the shape of a man and has spiritual (divine) power (ji). Let Hrao [5th cent.]:—There are two kinds of this plant which resemble each other in their leaves. One is called #§ BB cht (red) ch‘ang. It is not edible, but is injurious to man. The other has white flowers [and is called the white ch‘ang. See further on]. It is cultivated, and the sien jen (immortals, Taoists) use it for food. | Su Kune [7th cent.]:—There are two sorts—the red and the white. The white is used in medicine, the red is possessed of evil power and is very poisonous. Hawn Pao-suenc [10th cent.]:—The plant has large, thick, succulent leaves resembling in shape the tongue of an ox. That with red flowers has also a red root. The root of the white flowered is white. The root is dug wi in the 2nd and 8th months and dried in the sun. Sv Sune [11th cent.]:—The popular name of the plant is $F PM) HE chang liu ken. It is much cultivated in gardens. It grows from three to four feet high. The leaves resemble the tongue of an ox, but are longer. Stem green and red and soft. It flowers in summer and in autumn. Purplish red flowers in clusters. The root resembles a radish, but is longer. It is mentioned in the Rh ya. The flowers are also used in medicine. In the K‘ai Pao Pen ts‘ao ve cent.| the plant is also called nee Be tang lu and Fy & pai (white) chang [v. supra]. Lr Sui-cnen:—In ancient times the shang lu was cultivated as a vegetable. The sort with a white root as _ Well as the purple sort are propagated by planting the root _ cut in pieces. It can also be raised from seeds. The root, as oe | | 234 BOTANICON SLNICUM. well as the leaves and the stem [of the white sort] can be. eaten when cooked. But that of a red and yellow colour is not edible, for it is poisonous. Ch., XXIV, 3:—Shang lu. Phytolacca. Good drawing. See also Kiu huang, LI, 5, sub chang liu ken. Tarar., Cat., 51:—Shang lu. Rad. Phytolaccee octandre. —Gaverr [33] describes and figures the root of the shang lu.—P. Suiru, 171. Cust. Med., p. 348 (130):—Shang lu exported 1885 from Canton 1 picul,—p. 280 (103), from Amoy 1.25 picul.— According to Hank. Med., p. 36, exported also from Hankow. The plant cultivated in Peking under the name of shang lu, and which is found also wild in the mountains, is Phytolacea acinosa, Roxbg. | It has the same Chinese name in Japan. See Bot. sin, 112. Sres., Gicon., 128 :—Phytolacca octandra (Ph. acinosa). Japonice: jama goboo; sinice : Pf, Radix habetur venenata. Herba agricolis remedium diureticum, ac adhuc tenera inter obsonia posita. 132.—3i FE lang tu. P., XVIla, 11. 7., CLXV. . Pen king :—-Lang tu (wolf poison). The root is officinal. — Taste pungent. Nature uniform. It is very poisonous. * *The Po wu chi [8rd cent.] quotes a passage from the Shen nung Pen ts‘ao in which it is stated that among medicines there are five poisonous drugs, viz. :-— 1, The # a lang tu. Counter poison the chan sz‘ [see 356]. 2. The F4 & pa tow [ Croton Tiglium. See 331]. Counter poison the Te huo chi [the juice expressed from the leaves of the soy- bean]. ; 3. Bo Via li lu (Veratrum. See 142], Counter poison w tang (broth). 4, The ze Le tien hiung and the EB DEL wu t'ou [ Aconite. See 144, 146]. Counter poison the soy-bean. 5. DE Fi pan mao [Cantharides}. Counter poison stone salt. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 235 Pie lu:—The lang tu grows in Ts‘in ting [in Kan su, App. 361] in mountain-valleys, also in Feng kao [in Shan _ tung, App. 41]. The root is gathered in the 2nd and 8th months and dried in the shade. That which is old and heavy and sinks in water is good. T‘ao Hune-Krve :—This drug is also produced in Tang ch‘ang [in Kan su, App. 330], but it is rare there, for certain vipers are said to eat the root. That from T‘ai shan [in Shan tung, App. 322] is more generally used. The drug from Han chung [S. Shen si, App. 54] and Kien ping [in W. Hu pei, App. 139] resembles very much the root of the Jang kui [an umbelliferous plant. See 133], but the latter does not sink in water. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—This drug is now produced in Ts‘in chou and Ch‘eng chou [both in Kan su, App. 358, 18]. The plateau of Ts‘in t‘ing [mentioned in the Pie lu] lies on the border of these two prefectures. Su Kune refutes T‘so Hune-K1e’s statements regarding the lang tu. Ma Cat [10th cent.]:—The leaves of the lang tu resemble those of the shang lu and the ta huang [Phytolacca and Rhubarb. See 131, 130]. Leaves and stem covered with hair. The skin of the root is yellow, the flesh is white. The drug of a good quality must be succulent and heavy. Ts‘in ting [v. supra] lies in Lung si [in Kan su, App. 216]; Feng kao [likewise mentioned in the Pie lu] is a district at the foot of the T‘ai shan mountain [in Shan tung]. There are six drugs which are called the 4 fi liu ch‘en or six old drugs, wz. the lang tu, the ma huang [Ephedra. See 97], the ka pt Lorange-peel. See 281], the pan hia [Pinellia tuberifera. See 150], the chi shi [fruit of Citrus trifoliata. See 334] and the Wu chu ya [Boymia. See 291]. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The Jang tw is now found in all prefectures of Shen si [modern Shen si and Eastern Kan su], 236 BOTANICON SINICUM. also in Liao chou and Shi chou [both in Shan si, App. 190, 286]. Ma Cut’s description is correct. Li Sar-cuEen :—The lang tu is produced in [ancient] Ts‘in and Tsin [Kan su, Shen si and Shan si, App. 358, 353). The people frequently confound this drug with the la ju [ Euphorbia. See 135]. | Ch., XXIV, 6 :—Langtu. Figure of a plant with a large root. Solanea? P. Smirn, 232 :—Lang tu, Wolf’s bane. ~ Cust. Med., p. 344 (74):—Lang tu t‘ou exported 1885 from Canton 2.29 piculs. Phon zo, XXI, 7, 8 :—4fi 3. The drawing is perhaps intended for Mandragora. 133.—Bj BE fang kui. P., XV1la, 13. 7., LXXXV. Pen king :—Fang k'ui, F438 li kai. The root is officinal. Taste pungent. Nature cold. N on-poisonous, Pie lu:—Other name IB 3 fang yiian. The fang ku grows in Lin tsz* [in Shan tung, App. 194] in river-valleys. It is likewise found in Sung kao [in Ho nan, App. 317], in T‘ai shan [in Shan tung, App. 322] and in Shao shi [see App. 281]. The root is dug up on the 3rd day [probably of the 3rd month] and dried in the sun. Wu P‘u [83rd cent.]:—Other names Hil aie iu, OF BE tsio li, Fy 83 fang hai, J HL nung kuo. The stem and the leaves resemble the k‘wi [Malva. See 105]. It is dark yellow in its upper part. The root is of the size of the hie keng root [Platycodon. See 6]. The flesh is of a reddish white colour. It flowers in the 6th month, white flowers, and bears a white fruit in the 8th month. The root is dug up in the 3rd month. Cuen Kuan [6th cent.] says that the root is slightly poisonous. On account of this statement, probably, Li SHI- MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 237 CHEN classes the fung k‘ui with the poisonous drugs. The other ancient authors consider it non-poisonous. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The root and the leaves resemble those of the kui (Malva). Flowers, seeds and root are ' fragrant. The odour [or taste] resembles that of the fang Jeng [Siler or Peucedanum, See 81], hence the name Fang kui, The plant is found east of the Wang ch‘u shan mountain, which lies in the prefecture’ of Siang yang [in Hu pei. App. _ 880, 3806], but sparsely. It grows also in Hing chou [in Shen si, App. 66] and westward and southward in the country of Shu [Sz ch‘uan]. The drug from Hing chou is the best. — Su Sune [11th cent.]:—Now this plant is found in Siang yang. The author knows nothing about its growing in the other localities [mentioned by Su Kune]. The leaves of the fang k‘ui resemble mallow-leaves. Three leaves are on the same stalk (petiole). A number of branches spring from the same point. Between them a stalk pushes upward which at the top bears flowers in the mode of the onion and the king tien [Sedum. See 205]. These flowers are white and open in the 6th month. Afterwards the fruit is produced. The root resembles that of the fang feng [v. supra] in its fragrance and taste. When it is dug up in the proper season it sinks in water. Only the rotten root floats on the surface. T‘ao Huno-Kine’s statement regarding the resemblance of the fang k‘ui root to the lang tu [see 132] is wrong. Li Sni-cHen agrees with Su Sune. In the time of the _ Trang dynasty the fang k‘ui was an article of tribute brought from Lung si and Ch‘eng chou [both in Kan su, App. 216, 18]. Ch., VII, 34:—Fang kui. Rude drawing. Perhaps 4 _umbelliferous plant is intended. The description of the Plant there seems to refer to an umbelliferous plant, 238 BOTANICON SINICUM, “So moku, V, 13 :—B BE, Peucedanum japonicum, Thbg. Comp. also supra, 31, sub Jang feng. Sres., Ccon., 250 :— Peucedanum japonicum. —Thbg. Japonice : bookd; sinice : By 2. Herba tenera edulis. 134.9 HF lang ya. P.. XVUla, 15. 7, CLXV. Pen king :—Lang ya (wolf's tooth). 3F FF ya tsz. The Toot is officinal. ‘Taste bitter. Nature cold, Poisonous. [Other ancient authors say non-poisonous, | Pie lu:—Other names: ff #y lang chi (wolf’s tooth), IR F lany tsz. The lang ya grows in Huai nan [An hui, Kiang su, App. 90] in river-valleys, also in Yiian kii [in Shan tung, App. 415]. The root is dug up in the 8th month and dried in the sun. When moist and rotten internally and mouldy it is a deadly poison, Wu P‘u [8rd cent.]:—Other names : K F ta ya (great tooth), Hf] 3F pao ya. The root is yellowish red. The plant flowers in the 6th or 7th month, in the 8th it produces black : fruit [or seed]. Root dug up in the 1st and 8th months. S Lt Tane-crt [8rd cent.] calls it XE BA chi lan. T‘ao Hune-Kine :—It (the root) resembles the tooth of an animal, hence the above names. - Hay Pao-sneng [10th cent.]:—The leaves of this plant resemble those of the she mei [¥ragaria. See 167] but are thicker, larger, and dark green. The root is black and has the shape of an animal’s tooth. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—This plant is common in all the prefectures of Kiang tung [Kiang su, ete. App. 124] and Pien tung [in Ho nan, App. 250]. | Ch. XXIV, 7 :—Lang ya. Rude drawing representing a plant with a large root, a ca 3 MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 239 So moku, IX, 86:—3Ri IF, Potentilla ecryptotenia, Maxim. 135. Hi la ju. P. XVIla, 16. 7., CXLV. Pen king :—Li ju.. The root is officinal. Taste pungent. Nature cold. Slightly poisonous. Pie lu:—Other name fi SE li lou. The la ju grows in Tai [in Shan si, App. 321] in river-valleys. The root is dug up in the 5th month and dried in the shade. That with a black head is the best. Wu Fv [8rd cent.]:—It is an herbaceous plant from 4 to 5 feet high. Round, yellow leaves standing four together and opposite. It flowers in the 4th-month and bears black fruit in the 5th month. Root yellow and contains a yellow sap. The leaves and the stem are gathered in the 3rd month, the root is dug up in the 5th. T‘ao Hune-K1ne@ :—Now the best sort comes from Kao li (Corea, App. 116]. It is of a yellow colour. When broken it discharges a yellow sap which after hardening becomes black like varnish, whence it is called ¥ §ff és‘ t‘ow (varnish head). An inferior sort is produced in Mid China. This is called #F | | ts‘ao (herbaceous) la ju. Itis white, but by heating it on iron the head becomes black. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—Now this plant grows also in Ho yang [in Ho nan, App. 81], in Tsz‘ chou and Ts‘i chou [both in Shan tung, App. 367, 348]. Leaves like those of the ta ki [ Euphorbia. See 136]. Yellow flowers. The root resembles a radish, its skin is reddish yellow, the flesh white. When broken it discharges a sap which in hardening becomes black like varnish. Flowers, pale red or yellow, appear in _. the 8rd month. It does not bear fruit. 240 BOTANICON SINICUM. Lt Sai-cumy :—The name was originally written F¥ Hf lit ju. Another name is Hit $3 hae ki, also pronounced kie ki. An ancient work says that the la ju is produced in Wu tu [in Kan su, App. 395]. The yellow is the best. The ts‘ao lil ju grows in Kien k‘ang [Nan king, App. 137]. It is white. La SHI-CHEN says it is a common mountain plant, it grows from 2 to 3 feet high and has a large long root like a radish or a rape, sometimes forked, with a yellowish red skin and white flesh, containing a yellow sap. Stem and leaves resemble those of the ta ki [v. supra], but the leaves are longer and broader and not very pointed. When broken they discharge a white sap. There are shorter stems clasping leaves (floral leaves) standing opposite. From the midst of the leaves spring dichotomous or trichotomous small branches (umbels) which in the 3rd month bear small purple flowers. The fruit is of the size of a pea. It consists of three parts united into one body, is at first green and becomes black when ripe. The kernels within are white like the seeds of the su sui tsz‘ [Euphorbia lathyris. So moku, IX, 23]. The root of the lit ju is frequently confounded with that of the lang tu [see 132]. But the latter has leaves resembling those of the shang lw (Phytolacca) and Rhubarb, and the root is not replete with sap. Chy XXIV, 12:—La ju. The drawing undoubtedly represents an Luphorbia with a large root. The description in the P. agrees. So moku, 1X, 11 :—¥e py Hf, Euphorbia palustris, L.— : Tbid.,. 12 :—%E Wi WY Gf, Euphorbia adenochlora, Morr. & Den. In the Phon zo [XXI, 11, 12] we have jij qj, Euphorbia Sieboldiana, Morr. & Den.,—12, 13 :-—Ke FS a, the wepate? species [ this is also depicted in Sres., Icon. ined., VII, with a peculiar root],—-13 :-— 4 fj HF. Not identified by FRancHET- MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 241 136.—K BR ta ki, P., XVla, 17. 7., OLXIL Pen king:—Ta ki (great lance). The root is officinal. Taste bitter. Nature cold. Slightly poisonous. (Other ancient authors say “very poisonous.” Comp. Rh ya, 186. Pie lu:—The ta ki grows in Ch‘ang shan [in Chi li, App. 8]. The root is dug up in the 12th month and dried in the shade. Hawn Paso-suene [10th cent.]:—The plant in its leaves resembles the kan sui [Euphorbia or Passerina. See 138], but it grows higher. The leaves contain a white juice. Yellow flowers. The root resembles a small k‘u shen root [Sophora angustifolia. See 34]. Its skin is yellow, the flesh yellowish white. The leaves and the stem are gathered in the 2nd month, the root is dug up in the 8th month. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is a common plant in Mid China. The sprouts which appear in spring are of a red colour. The plant grows to the height of one foot. Leaves like young willow-leaves but smaller and crowded. Yellowish purple flowers in the 3rd or 4th month, agglomerated, resembling apricot flowers or the wu i [see Rh ya, 57]. ere are several sorts. Lit Sut-cuen :—The ta ki is a common plant in marshes. Tt has an upright stem, from two to three feet high, hollow inside. When broken it discharges a white juice. Leaves long and narrow like willow-leaves, the upper leaves in « whorl. The purple ta ki of Hang chou [in Che kiang, App. 58] is the best. The + | | tu (native) ta ki of Kiang nan is inferior in quality. There is in the northern _Tegions a sort called #4 7 HR mien (floss-like) ta ki, which is of a white colour. The skin of the root is soft like floss. >) : 242 BOTANICON SINICUM. It is very dangerous, and injurious to life. The root of the ta ki is of a bitter, acrid taste, causes scratching in the throat. A popular name for it is FF FS fil Aza ma sien. Ch. XXIV, 13:—Ta ki. An Euphorbia figured. In the Cust. Med. the drug ta ki is noticed as imported into several ports,—p. 342 (55), hung ya ta ki (ta ki with red sprouts) exported 1885 from Canton 6 piculs. So moku, IX, 17-20:— FE BR Euphorbia lasiocaula, Boiss.— Kwa wi, 40. 107.— 3 3H tse tsi. P., XVila, 20. 7., CAL. Pen king:—Tse ts (marsh varnish), #8 ¥€ ts heng (varnish stalk), The stem and the leaves are officinal. Taste bitter. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. [Later authors say “slightly poisonous.””] Pie lu:—Tse ts‘ is a name applied to the stem and the leaves of the ta ki [see 136]. The plant grows in T‘ai shan [in Shan tung, App. 322]. in marshes. Its stem and leaves are gathered on the 3rd day of the 3rd month or on the 7th day of the 7th month and dried in the shade. T‘ao Hunc-Kine :— Tse ts‘? is a name for the leaves and the stem of the plant ta ki. The fresh plant is of a purple colour and replete with a white, acrid juice. Ta Mine [10th cent.]:— Tse ts‘ consists of the flowers of the ta ki. It grows in marshes. Small yellow flowers. The young leaves eaten as a vegetable. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—This plant grows in Ki chou [in Chi li, App. 119], in Ting chou [in Hu nan, App. 341]; in Ming chou [in Che kiang, App. 224] and other localities in Mid China. Li Sxi-cHen :—All the above-quoted authors are wrong in stating that the names tse tsi and ta ki refer to the : same plant. The leaves of the ta ki are not edible. In the ie MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 243 T‘u su Pen ts‘ao [a Taoist Materia Medica] and in other works the tse ts is called 33% G2 Wi [if BX mao rh yen tsing ts‘ao (cat’s pupil [iris] herb), also #% 85 2% 7E HE la ye la hua ts‘ao (herb with green leaves and green flowers) and Fi JEL HE wu feng ts‘ao. It is a common plant in the plains and marshes of Kiang and Hu [Mid China, App. 124, 83]. The leaves (floral leaves) are round and yellow, resembling the pupil of a cat’s eye. Flower-stalks five-branched. Small green flowers. The whole plant contains a white viscid juice. The root is of a white colour and hard like a bone. The ta ki root is not the same as some have asserted. In the 5th month the juice is collected and prepared for medical use. This preparation is called tse ts‘? (marsh varnish). Ch. XXIV, 15:—Tse ts‘. The plant figured seems to be Euphorbia helioscopia, L. But the tse ts‘i figured in the Kiu huang [XLVI, 19] is another plant, which is stated there to be used as a vegetable. Tatar, Cat., 38 :—3j He BE mao yen ts‘ao. Caules et folia Euphorbice lunulate, Bge., and [57] tse tsi, Lequminosa? —P. Sura, 95. Amen. exot., 896:—32 ¥§ takusitzu, vulgo tota‘gusa. Esula vulgaris minor. Tithymalus arvensis latifolius Germanicus C. Bauh. P.—K amprer means Euphorbia platyphyllos, L. So moku, IX, 16 :—}% ¥ Euphorbia helioscopia, L. 138.—tf 3% kan sui. P., XVIla, 22. T., CLX. Pen king:—Kan sui. The root is officinal. Taste bitter. Nature cold. Poisonous. Pie lu:—Other names: $f #& han kao, BE HE ling tse, HE PE chung tse, = Fj chu t'ien. The kan sui grows in the river-valleys of Chung shan [in Chili, App. 31]. The root __ is gathered in the 2nd month and dried in the shade, 244 BOTANICON SINICUM. Wu Pv [8rd cent.] says it is gathered in the 8th month, and gives the following synonyms : Ge EE ling kao, HY kan tse, Fy #2 pai tse, FE BR kui chou, 7 3Z k‘u tse. T‘ao Hone-Kine explains that Chung shan lies in Tai kiin [in Shan si. Comp. App. 321]. The best drug is brought from T‘ai shan [in Shan tung, App. 322] and Kiang tung [Kiang su, ete, App. 124]. That with a red skin is of a good quality. The white-skinned is inferior in quality. It is also called BX | [ ts‘ao (herbaceous) kan sué. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The kan sui in its stem and leaves resembles the tse ts‘i [137]. The root has a red skin and white flesh. It forms tubers. The ts‘ao kan sui [v. supra] is a quite different plant and the same as the tsao hiu [ Paris. See 151], which is commonly called ch‘ung t‘ai and which has leaves resembling those of the kui kiu [see 152] and the pi ma (2icinus) and its root has a white skin. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—This plant (the kan sui) now grows in Shen si [App. 284] and Kiang tung [Kiang su, | etc., App. 124] and resembles the tse ts‘ [137], but the stem is shorter, more slender, the leaves contain a juice, the root has a red skin and a white flesh forms tubers of the size of the end of a finger. Ch.. XXIV, 31:—Kan sui. Henry [Chin. pl. 282] means that the figure is intended for a Wickstremia (order Thymelacee). Tarar., Cat., 25:—Kan sui. Radix Passerine? (Thyme- lacew).— GAauGER [22] describes and figures the kan sut root. Cylindrical or elliptical tubers which smell like ginger. —P. Smiru, 168. Cust. Med., p. 68 (33):—Kan sui exported 1885 from Han kow 3.30 piculs,—p. 278 (54), from Amoy 0.07 picul. So moku, IX, 13:—tf 3 Euphorbia Sieboldii, Morr. & Den. [E. corraloides, Thbg., £1. jap., 197]. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 245 139.—#€ 38 lang tang. P., XVUa, 26. 7T., CXLVL Pen king:—Lang tang, Bi BE heng t'ang. The seeds and the root are officinal. Taste of the seeds bitter. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. ‘Taste of the root bitter and acrid. Poisonous. Pie lu:—The lang tang grows in the river-valleys of Hai pin [in Chi li, App. 49], also in Yung chou [in Shen si, App. 424]. The seeds are gathered in the 5th month. T‘ao Huna-Kine :—It is a common plant. The seeds somewhat resemble the kernels of the wu wet [Sehizandra. See 164], but are very small. Han Pao-snene [10th cent.]:—Its leaves resemble those of the sung lan [Isatis. See 123]. The whole plant is covered with fine hairs, White flowers. The covering of the seed (fruit) looks like a jar [perhaps a persistent calyx]. The seeds are small, flattened, as large as a millet- grain, of a greenish yellow colour. The seeds are gathered in the 6th and 7th months and dried in the sun. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—This plant is also called K lis t‘ien sien tsz*. It is common and grows from two to three feet high. Leaves like those of the & huang [Rehmannia. See 100], the wang pu liu hing (Silene, also Physalis. See 113] ete., as broad as three fingers. Its purple flowers open in the 4th month, in the 5th the fruit is formed. The eovering of the fruit is like a jar, the fruit is like a small pomegranate, it is a capsule and contains very small greenish white seeds, like millet. The plant is covered with white hairs. Li Sart-cnen :—The name of the plant is also written TH YS lang tang. It is also called FF fF hing tang. The seeds when eaten cause one to become mad. Ch., XXIV, 49:—Lang tang. Rude drawing which does not permit of identification, 246 BOTANICON SINICUM. So moku, III, 18 :—Ei 22 Scopolia japonica, Maxim. Order Solanacee. Fruit unknown. This plant hitherto not observed in China. The lang tang of the Chinese authors may perhaps be Hyoscyamus niger ® or H. physaloides, both common plants in North China. The calyx enlarges as the fruit ripens. 140.—32 F&F yan shi. P., XVIIa, 30. 7T., CKXXVI. Pen king:—Yiin shi (cloud fruit). The fruit (seeds) and the flowers are officinal. Taste of the fruit pungent. Nature warm. Non-poisonous. [In the P., however, this plant is classed with the poisonous plants. ] Pie lu:—Other names: BF yuan shi, EB BE yin ying. The yin shi grows in Ho kien [in Chi li, App. 75] in river- valleys. It is gathered in the 10th month and dried in the sun. Wu P‘u [8rd cent.]:—Other name: FEW tien tou ° (heavenly bean). The plant grows from four to five feet high, stem hollow inside, large leaves like hemp-leaves standing in pairs opposite. It flowers in the 6th month, and bears fruit in the 9th. Fruit gathered in the 10th month. T‘ao Hune-K1Nne@ :—It is a common plant. The seeds are small and black, like those of the ting li [Sisymbrium. See 114]. The fruit resembles that of the lang tang [see 139]. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The yin shé is of the size of the shu (Panicum) and hemp-seed, of a yellowish black colour. It resembles also a bean, whence the name t‘ien tou (heavenly bean). It grows on the borders of marshes, from five to six feet high. The leaves are like small huai (Sophora) leaves or like those of the mu su [ Medicago. See 255]. Spines in the axils of the twigs. Popular name ¥& 3% ff ts‘ao yin *% Lang-tang cultivated in a mountain garden in Hupeh proved to be Hyoscyamus niger, L.—A, HENRY, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 247 mu. T‘so Hune-Kine is wrong in saying that it resembles the ting li [Su Kune is himself wrong in likening the seeds to millet or hemp seed]. Han Pao-suene [10th cent.]:—Similar description of the plant as above given. He adds: Yellowish white flowers. The fruit isa pod. Seed greenish yellow, and resembles hemp-seed. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—Its leaves are like those of the huai (Sophora) but narrower and longer. The branches are spiny. The stem with the leaves are also called JL Fi ch‘ou ts‘ao (stinking plant), also 26 7% Ff EA yang shi tse‘ ts‘ao [probably meaning sheep’s-dung plant]. The fruit [or seed] is F& F ma tow (horse bean), Li Sai-cuen :—This plant is common in the mountains. Popular name #7 Hil] nien ts‘z* (viscid spines). The stem is red, hollow inside, scandent and prickly. Leaves like Sophora leaves. Its flowers are yellow, in racemes, and open in the _ 8rd month. The pod is three inches long, and resembles that of the fet tsao [Cesalpinia. See 325]. It contains five or six seeds of the size of the ts‘io tou (magpie bean), slightly pointed at both ends, very hard, with a thick, dark coloured, variegated skin, white flesh and of an unpleasant odour. The root is also used in medicine. : Ch., XXIV, 17:—Yian shi. The figure seems to repre- sent a Cwsalpinia. According to Henry [Chin. pl., 501), Cesalpinia sepiaria, Roxb. Phon zo, XXI, 22, 23:—2 & Cesalpinia sepiaria, Roxb. (C. japonica, 8. & Z.). This climbing shrub is found in Japan as well as in Central China. Li Sxi-cuen’s description of the yun shi agrees well. 141.—# Il} ch‘ang shan. P., XVIUla,36. T., CXXXVIII. Pen king:—Ch‘ang shan, 3 #§ Shu tsi (Sz ch‘uan varnish), Ff 2% hu ts‘ao. The root is officinal. Taste bitter. Nature cold. Poisonous. 248 BOTANICON SINICUM. Pie lu:—The ch‘ang shan grows in the river-valleys of I chou [Yiin nan or Sz ch‘uan, App. 102], also in Han chung [S. Shen si, App. 54]. The root is gathered in the 2nd and 8th months and dried in the shade. The Shu ts% grows in the valleys of the Kiang lin mountains [App. 127]. The above name in Shu Han [Sz ch‘uan, App. 293] is applied to the stem and the leaves of the ch‘ang shan. T‘ao Huna-King :—The ch‘ang shan is produced in I tu and in Kien p‘ing [both in Hu pei, App. 104, 139]. That with a small fruit and yellow is the best. It is called KE FF FE lyk ku (chicken’s bones) ch‘ang shan. Shu ts‘ is the name for the stem and the leaves of the ch‘ang shan [according to the Pie lu]. The Kiang lin mountains | Lv. supra] are the same as the Kiang yang mountains in I chou [Sz ch‘uan, App. 130]. So Kune [7th cent.]: —The ch‘ang shan grows in mountain-valleys. It has a round stem with joints, not higher than three or four feet. Leaves like ming (tea) leaves, but longer, narrower, standing opposite, and in pairs. It flowers in the 2nd month. White flowers, green in the centre. In the 5th month it bears fruit, green, round capsules with three seeds. This plant when dried in the sun keeps a pale green colour. It is much used. When dried in the shade it becomes black and is easily spoiled. | Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is a common plant in Mid China and has been correctly described by [the above nee tioned] previous authors. There is one sort produced in Hai chou [in Kiang su, App. 48] which has leaves like those of the tsiao [Zanthoaylon. See 280], reddish white flowers in the 8th month, green [or blue] fruits resembling the shan lien tsz‘ [ Melia. See 321], but smaller. Another kind, which grows on the Tien t‘ai shan mountain [in Che kiang, App. 340], is called + # [ly tu (native) ch‘ang shan. The MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 249 leaves, which are very sweet, are used for preparing a sweet beverage, Lit Sai-cHEn observes that ch‘ang shan is properly the name of a mountain which is also called Heng shan, ch‘ang and heng having the same meaning (perpetual). It was also the name of a prefecture in Chi li [see App. 8] where this drug is produced. Ch, XXIV, 10:—Ch‘ang shan. Rude drawing.— Ch., X, 7, 8, 9, sub tu ch‘ang shan, three drawings, one of them [8] seems to represent a Hydrangea. Lour., Fl. cochin., 3869:—Dichroa febrifuga (order Hydrangee). Sinice: cham chan (ch‘ang shan). Frutex arboreus. Corolla exterius alba, intus coerulea, sicut etiam Stamina. Virtus foliorum et radicis febrifuga. Tatar., Cat., 14:—Ch‘ang shan. Radix Lysimachia.— P. Swrra [141] says that Tarartnov’s identification is doubtful. The drug, shoots and coarse roots are used in the treatment of ague. : Cust. Med., p. 66 (2):—Ch‘ang shan [root] exported 1885 from Han kow 450 ‘piculs,—p. 184 (3), from Ning po 17 piculs,—p. 210 (1), from Wen chow 2 piculs,—p. 356 (223), from Canton ch‘ang shan leaves 8.67 piculs. Horr. & Scut., 126:—Celastrus orira, 8. & Z. (Oriva japonica, Thbg.). Nom chinois de la racine #f lj, nom des feuilles 7 YB. Comp. the drawing under the same Chinese names, Phon zo, XX, 2. Not identified by Francuzr. Ibid., 3:—-f BF ly, a Hydrangea. 142 :— 35 #E liu. P., XVUla, 41. 7., CXLVI. Pen king:—Li lu. The root is officinal. Taste acrid. Nature cold. Poisonous. 32 250 BOTANICON SINICUM. Pie lu:—Other names: [lj A shan ts‘ung (mountain onion), 74 PF ts‘ung jan, BR HE ts‘ung t'an. The li lu grows in T’ai shan [in Shan tung, App. 322] in mountain-valleys. The root is dug up in the 3rd month. Wu Pu [8rd cent.]:—The plant has large leaves and a small root. Lr Tanc-cut [38rd cent. ] _ it is very poisonous. It is also called 2g BE ts‘ung kui, MH JH Li lu. T‘ao Hune-x1ve :—It is a common plant in Mid China. The root in its lower part resembles very much the root of the ts‘ung (Allium fistulosum). It is covered with hairs — (radical fibres) which are scraped off before use, and then the root is slightly roasted. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is common in Shen si [App. 284] and in North and Mid China. The best sort is produced in Liao chou, Kie chou [both in Shan si, App. 190, 185] and in Kiin chou [in Hu pei, App. 172]. The plant first begins to grow in the 3rd month and the leaves then resemble the opening heart of the tsung [Chamerops. The author seems to have in view the spathe which incloses the flowers as a sheath]. The [developed] leaf resembles that of the ch‘e ts‘ien [Plantayo. See 115], the stem that of the onion. The stem is of a pale green colour tinged with purple, from five to six inches high. There is a black skin (sheath) like a palm spathe which envelops the stem. Flesh-coloured flowers. The root resembles the ma ch‘ang ken [horse’s bowels root. P. , XVIIa, 43. Unknown to me]. It is from four to five kins and more long, of a yellowish — white colour. It is dug up in the 2nd and 8rd months and dried in the shade. There are two kinds of Ui lu. One is called 7 [| | shui (water) li lu. It grows on stones near water-courses. The root has many rootlets. More — than a hundred stems (?) It is not used in medicine. The other sort, which is officinal, is called A FAA | | tug pat li lu [Onion i lu. Comp. ae. ts‘ung pat, 24 < MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 251 The root has but few rootlets. From twenty to thirty stems (?) That growing on elevated mountains is the best. In Kiin chou [v. supra] it is called JE 2 lu ts‘ung (deer onion). ; Li Sui-cnen says that the name li lu means “black stem” and refers to the black sheath which envelops the stem. In North China it is also called 3& A han ts‘ung (silly onion, ¢.e. which causes insanity), in the south they call it lu ts‘ung [v. supra]. ‘In the Cust. Med. the li lu is mentioned as a drug imported to Shanghai and Canton [p. 142, 344], and exported - [p. 294 (313)] only from Amoy in a small quantity. Accord- ing to the Hank. Med. [24] the li lu is an article of export in Hankow. Ch, XXIV, 8:—Li lu. The drawing seems to be intended for Veratrum (order Liliace). Tarar., Cat., 35:—Li lu. Folia et Radix Veratri nigri.—P, Suir 226. Veratrum nigrum, L., is common in the Peking moun- tains and known there under the name of li lu. The descrip- tions in the P. agree in a general way. In Loupon’s Encyel. of plants it is stated :— Veratrum is said by Lemmry to be so called because its root is vere-atrum (truly black). That which Kaemprer [ Amen. exot., 785] describes under the Chinese name 3% ji, japonice: kiro, rirjo, vulgo omotto, comp. also Karmpr., Icon. sel., 12,—is Rhodea japonica, Roth., (Liliacez). In the So moku [ VII, 17], however, this plant is figured under the Chinese name By 4 Fy, and the figure agrees with that under the same Chinese name in the Ch. [XV, 24}. The drawings sub #% ji in the So moku [XX, 64] and Phon zo [XXII, 6-8] and Kwa wi [24] represent Veratrum nigrum and album, : 252 BOTANICON SINICUM. 143.— Pt FF fu tse. P., XVIIa, 44. 7., CXXVIL Pen king :—Fu tsz‘. The root is officinal. Taste acrid. Nature warm. Very poisonous. Pie lu:—The fu tsz‘ is produced in Kien wei [in Sz ch‘uan, App. 140] in mountain-valleys, also in Kuang Han [in Sz ch‘uan, App. 161]. That root which is dug up in the winter months is called fu tsz‘, that taken up in the spring is & YE wu tou (crow’s head). It is of a sweetish taste. T‘ao Hune-K1na explains that fu itsz‘ and wu t‘ou are names applied to the root of the same plant. That taken up in the 8th month is called fu tsz‘, and that with eight horns is the best. The root dug up in spring, when the stem begins to rise up, is called wu ¢‘ou, from its resembling a crow’s head in shape. It shows two protuberances (or branches). That with a pedicle like an ox-horn [ perhaps he means the tail into ~ which the root tapers] is called Fs 1 wu hui (crow’s beak). The inspissated juice is called Hf Ff she wang. The J iff tien hiung [comp. 144] resembles the fu tsz‘ but is more slender, from three to four inches long. The {iJ } tse ts‘ [comp. 145] is a large lateral horn of the fw tsz‘. All these names refer to the root of the same plant. The Pen king [he means the Pie lu], however, considers them to be applied to different plants, each of them growing in a different locality [see further on, 144-146]. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The drugs ten hiung, fu tsz* and wu t‘ou all come from the province of Shu [Sz ch‘uan], the best sorts from Mien chou and Lung chou [both in Sz ch‘uan, App. 221, 210]. The drugs produced in Kiang nan [Fu kien, Kiang su, Che kiang, App. 124] are not much used. Ta Mine [10th cent.]:—The ¢‘ien hiung is of a large siz and long. It has but few pointed horns, and is of a solid structure,—the fu tsz‘ is large and short, solid, its horns are a MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 253 rounded.—The wu hui resembles the ¢t‘ien hiung.—The wu t‘ou stands near to the fu tsz‘:—The tse tsz‘ is smaller than the wu tou. That drug which consists of agglomerated masses is called & 2 hu chang [tiger’s paw. This name is properly applied to an Arisema. See 148]. All these drugs are various forms of the root produced by the same plant. Li Sui-cHEn explains that wu tou is the mother of the Ju tse [ fu properly means an appendix. Here we have to understand “ younger tubers appended to the old root”}. There are two kinds of wu t‘ow. That which grows in Chang ming [in Sz ch‘uan, Lung an fu, Chang ming hien] is commonly called Jj] & 3H Ch‘uan (Sz ch‘uan) wu t‘ou. The root which is dug up in the spring, and which then has not yet produced the small lateral tuber (-), is called wu tou: that taken up in the winter, with a small lateral tuber, is /u tsz‘. The names tien hiung, wu hui, tse tsz‘, all refer to the variously shaped root with small tubers. The drug produced in Kiang tso [An hui and Kiang su], Shan nan [in Shen si and Ho nan, App. 268] is the wu t‘ow of the Pen king [see 146]. It is now commonly called # SE ts‘ao (herbaceous) wu é‘ou. All the above Chinese names refer to Aconite. For further particulars, see 146. 144.—FE ff tien hiung. P., XVIII, 1. T., CXXVIII. Comp. 143. Pen king: —Ttien hiung, Eq 3 pat mo (mu). Root. Taste acrid. Nature warm. Very poisonous. Pie lu :—The t‘ien hiung grows in Shao shi [ App. 281] in mountain-valleys. The root is dug up in the 2nd month and dried in the shade. T‘ao Hung-K1ng :—Now the drug for medical use is dug up in the 8th month. The ¢‘ien hiung resembles the fu tse‘ but is more slender, from three to four inches and more long. As 254 BOTANICON SINICUM. the tien hiung with the fu tsz‘ and wu t‘ou form three sorts of the same drug, which is produced in Kien p‘ing [in Sz ch‘uan and Hu pei, App. 139], they are also known under the name = Ht san kien (the three kien). Now the drug from Lang | shan in I tu [in Hu pei, App. 177, 104} is much valued and called Pi HF si (western) kien. That from Ts‘ien t‘ang [in _ Che kiang, App. 352] is called # RE tung (eastern) kien. This is less potent. Li Sui-cuen :—There are two kinds of tien hiung. One is produced by the fu tsz‘ tubers. planted by the people of Shu (Sz ch‘uan). It (the root) grows very long and sometimes assumes the shape of the cultivated ya [ Colocasia. See 261]. The other kind grows wild in the same country and is a kind of ts‘ao wu t‘ou [see 146]. The ten hiung is likewise Aconite. See 146. 145. F tse tec. P., XVI, 3. 7., CARVER Comp. above 143, Pie lu:—Tse tsz‘ [this name means “lateral tuber”). Taste acrid. Nature very hot. Very poisonous. The Shuo wen [1st cent.] writes fj J tse tse‘, and gives as synonym & I wu hui [v. supra]. T‘ao Hunu-Kine :—Tse tse‘ are large lateral horns com- ing out from the fu tse‘. They are cut off and used in the treatment of rheumatism of the legs. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—From the principal root of the wu tfou spring lateral tubers. The smaller ones are called tse tsz‘, the larger are fu tsz‘. Li Sui-cuen adds that the smallest lateral tubers are called hg BE fF low lan tsz‘. 146.— & DA wu tou. P., XVII, 4, T., OXXVIIL Comp. aboye 143, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 255 Pen king :— Wu t‘ou (crow’s head), 1% wu hui (crow’s beak), pd UH 3 Viang t'ou tsien [means “pointed at both ends”), SB FE hi tu. Taste acrid. Nature warm. Very poisonous. In the Kuang ya [3rd cent.] we find hi tu [v. supra] and RE cho given as synonyms for fu tsz‘. Pie lu: —The wu t‘ou or wu hui grows in Lang ling [in Ho nan, App. 176], in mountain-valleys. The root is dug up in the first and second months and dried in the shade. It is three inches long. The best is the t'’en hiung [see 144]. Woe P*u [8rd cent.] gives the following synonyms : HK -F keng tsz‘, HE A tu kung (respectable poison), Pk tt ts‘tu (Emperor’s autumn). , Ta Miva [10th cent.] notices the +: Bf F t‘u [native] fu tsz‘, the inspissated juice of which, called $f fA she wang, is used by archers to poison their arrows. Lr Sat-cuen :—This wu t‘ou [mentioned in the Pen king. Comp. also above 143] is a wild-growing species and is commonly called EX F Ej ts‘ao (herbaceous) wu t‘ou, also W Bi DA chu tsie (bamboo-joint) wu tfou. That which grows in Kiang pei (north of the Yang tsz‘) is called }#é [ | Huai wu t‘ou. This is the tu fu tsz* mentioned by Jz Hua (Ta Mina). The EI ww hui is that with two protuberances. It is now commonly called ffj Hi Gz Vang tou tsien (pointed at both ends). The ts‘ao wu t‘ou is a common plant. Its root, leaves, fruit, all resemble those of the Ch‘uan wu t‘ou [see 143]. It grows wild [the other is cultivated]. The root has a black skin, is white within, shrivelled. It is very poisonous. The Chinese drugs noticed from 143 to 146 are the roots of several species of Aconitum, and the above descriptions by the ancient authors are quite correct. The root of the European Aconitum napellus, as described in FLicKIGER and 956 BOTANICON SINICUM. Hanpury’s Pharmacographia, is more or less conical or tapering, enlarged and knotting at the summit, which is crowned with the base of the stem, Numerous branched root- lets spring from its sides. If dug up in the summer it will be found that a second or younger root [occasionally a third] is attached to it near its summit by a very short branch, and is growing out of it on one side. This second root (fu tsz* of the Chinese) has a bud at the top which is destined to produce the stem of the next season. Ch., XXIV, 21:—Fu tsz‘. Good drawing of an Aconite. Tatar., Cat., 24:—Fu tsz‘, Radix Aconiti chinensis.— Ibid., 52:—Sheng fu tsz‘, Radix Aconiti chinensis eruda— Lbid., 63:—Wu tou, Radix Aconiti?i—Ibid., 5:—Ts‘ao wu tou, Radix Aconitz. Hanpury, Se. pap. 258:—Jj] ¥3 Ch‘uan wu (tou), described and figured. Root of Aconitum. This figure may serve to explain the Chinese name “crow’s head” for the root of Aconite and the “horns” in the ancient Chinese descriptions of the drug. Ibid. :—-Ei BS ts‘ao wu (tow), figured and described. Tubers of Aconitum japonicum, Thbg. (=A. Lycoctonum, L., floribus ochroleucis). P. Smirx, 2, 3.— The Index Fl. sin. [I, 20] enumerates eight ier of Aconitum recorded from China. Father Davin [ Journ. Trois. voy., 1, 8367] mentions an Aconitum (Napellus?) cultivated for medical use in Southern Shen si and Sz ch‘uan. Henry, Chin. pl., 534 :—¥2 9% wu tu, Aconitum Fischer?. Rich,? This species occurs wild in the mountains (of Hu pei) and is used as a drug. Henry’s native collector er plained that the tuberous root of the first year’s growth Is known as wu tu ; a secondary tuber, which comes in the second year, is called Pf = fu tsz‘; and a smaller tuber, which it is rare to find, appearing in the third year, is 7M MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 257 ten hiung.—Large quantities of Aconite are exported from Sz ch‘uan under the names JJ| fff Ch‘wan fu and iif He fu p‘ien (slices). Cust. Med., p. 58 (5, 7):—Ch‘uan fu and fu p*ien exported 1885 from Ichang 6,341 piculs.—According to the Hank. _ Med. [9] the same drug also exported from Hankow. Comp. also Rep. on Trade, Ch. Mar. Customs, for 1879, pi, Hankow. The tien hiung, according to the Cust. Med., imported to many ports, but it is not clear from which port the drug is brought. Cust. Med., p. 8 (60):—Ts‘ao wu exported 1885 from New chwang 76 piculs,—p. 70 (70), from Hankow 62 piculs. So moku, X, 24:—2% KE GA, Aconitum uncinatum, L. Blue flowers. Known also from the Peking mountains. Phon 20, XXIT, 10 :—f F, Aconitum Fischeri. Reich. Blue flowers. [Japan, North and Mid China}.—ZJbid., 11, 12 :-— Jil &} GA, Aconitum [not identified by Francuet]. Blue flowers. Root with lateral tubers as described by the Chinese authors.—Jbid., 12:—E 98, Aconitum, violet flowers and [13], same Chinese name, A. with rose-coloured flowers and [13], A. with green flowers, A. Lycoctonum (Franchet). Ibid., 14, 15:—Same Chinese name, various species of Aconitum with blue or yellow flowers. Stes., Icon. ined., 1:—¥< 3 HA, Aconitum chinense. Sep, (=Aconitum Fischeri, Reich.). 147. Pf] pai fu tsz. P., XVII, 11. T., CXXVIL. Pie lu:—Pai (white) fu tse‘. It grows in Shu (Sz ch‘uan). Root officinal, dug up in the third month. Taste acrid and sweet. Nature very warm. Slightly poisonous. 33 258 BOTANICON SINICUM. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—This drug came originally from Kao li [Corea, App. 116]. Now it is produced west of Liang chou [in Kansu, App. 189]. It is not met with in Shu. It grows on sand-hills and in low damp places. A solitary stem resembling that of the shu wei ts‘ao [Salvia. See 119]. Small leaves in a whorl between the flower spikes. The root resembles the tien hiung [ Aconite. See 144]. Li Sty [8th cent.]:—The Nan chow i wu chi [earlier than the 6th cent.] says that the pai fu tse‘ grows in the e: : Eastern Sea, in the kingdom of Sin lo [S. Corea, App. 311] and Liao tung [S. Manchuria, App. 191]. Ii Sui-cxEen :—Its root looks exactly like that of the ts‘ao wu t‘ou | Aconite. See 146] but is smaller, about one inch long. The dried drug is shrivelled and knobby. Lour., Fl., cochin, 718 :—Jatropha janipha, L. [Manihot Loureiri, DC. Prodr.. XV, 2, 1073]. Sinice: pe fu ts. Planta fruticosa, caule recto simplicissimo. Folia palmata. Radix tuberosa, fasciculata, tuberibus ovato-oblongis, carnosis, intus et extra albis, sapore subdulci, subardente. Tatar., Cat., 2:—Pai fu tsz‘, Radix Aroidew.—GAUGER [1] describes and figures these tubers.—P. Smiru, 23.— Cust. Med., No. 944 :—Pai fu, Arisema, sp. Cust. Med., p. 6 (36):—Pai fu tsz‘ exported 1885 from Newchwang 130 piculs,—p. 280 (87), from Amoy 0.03 picul.—According to Hank. Med. [31] the pai fu tse‘ is also exported from Hankow.—-Lourgiro’s pai fu tsz‘ is hardly the same drug as that exported under this name from Manchuria. 148.— jf 3& hu chang. P., XV1Ib,13. T., CLXXIIL Pen king :—Hu chang (tiger’s paw). The root is officinal. Taste bitter. Nature warm. Very poisonous. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 259 Pie lu:—The hu chang grows in Han chung [S. Shen si, App. 54] in mountain-valleys, and in Yiian kii [in Shan tung, App. 415]. It is dug up in the 2nd and 8th months and dried in the shade. T‘ao Hune-K1na :—It is also found in Mid China. It (the root) resembles the pan hia [Pinellia. See 150] but is _ larger and has four lateral tubers which make it resemble a -tiger’s paw. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—This is the old root of the Fy BR yu po [see 149]. The plant has one stem (stalk) with a forked leaf at the end. The root varies in size from that of a fist to that of a hen’s egg. In shape it resembles a flattened persimmon. On the four sides are round protuberances which give the root the appearance of a tiger’s paw. The young root is called yu po. It is twice or thrice as large as the pan lia and has no lateral protuberances. Han Pao-sHene [10th cent.]:—At the top of the (common) stalk are from 8 to 9 leaves (pedate leaves). The flowers come out between the stalks. In the Ji hua Pen ts‘ao [10th cent.] this plant is called 58, By BA kui hai jo. Ca‘en Ts‘anc-K‘I [8th cent.] notices a plant Fe pg tien nan sing (southern cross of heaven) which grows in the mountain-valleys of An tung [in Kiang su, App. 2]. Its leaves resemble those of the ho [Nelumbium speciosum. See 295]. Solitary stem. Root used [in medicine]. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The é‘en nan sing is the same as the hu chang of the ancient authors. The smaller kind is called yu po [v. supra]. The hu chang is now found in Ho pei [S. Chili and W. Shan tung, App. 78]. The root when it first begins to grow is not larger than a bean; afterwards, when developing itself, it resembles the pan hia [see 150], but 260 BOTANICON SINICUM. is flattened [the tubers of the pan hai are globular]. After a year the root becomes spherical and is then as large as a hen’s egg and shows from 3 to 6 protuberances. The leaves shoot forth in the 8rd or 4th month. ‘The plant grows about one foot high. The leaf is at the top of the stalk from 5 to 6 cleft. The stalk which bears the flower-spike is like a rat's tail and is enclosed in a spathe which resembles a ladle. The flowers are of a greenish gray colour, the seeds as large as hemp-seed. The people in Ki chou [in Chi li, App. 119] cultivate it in gardens under the name of ten nan sing. Another account says :—The ¢‘ien nan sing is also a common wild plant in marshes, it grows about one foot high. The leaves resemble those of the k‘i jo.** They stand opposite and clasp the stem. It flowers in the 5th month. The flowers — are yellow and resemble [the spadix] the head of a snake. The seeds are produced in the 7th month, they are of a red colour, resemble pomegranate seeds, and are arranged in 2 spike (spadix). The root which is gathered in the 2nd and 8th months resembles the ya [Colocasia. See 261], is spherical, flattened, and resembles the root of the hi jo [v. supra] with which it is frequently confounded. But the ki jo plant is distinguished by having a spotted stem and purple flowers. The root of the ¢t‘ien nan sing is small, soft and succulent. When roasted it bursts and splits. The nan sing (or southern cross) is the hu ch‘ang of the Pen king. The larger roots have on the margin protuberances (secondary tubers) which are generally cut off from the fresh root. Li Sxi-cHen :—The larger root is called hu ch‘ang oF nan sing, the smaller is yu po. Both belong to the same species. The larger kind is sometimes erroneously called BY ku kiu. But this is a different plant [see 152} Another name for the hu ch‘ang is pe FE hu kao. “$4 BE In Japan this Chinese name is applied to Conophallus konjak, Schott, Order Aroidee, Comp. P,, XVII, 17, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 261 The Ch. [XXIV, 23-26] figures sub ten nan sing four aroidaceous plants with variously shaped leaves: palmate, pedatisect, peltatosect. Lour., Fl. cochin., 652:—Arum pentaphyllum, L. Sinice : tien nan sin. Tarar., Cat., 40, 56:—Nan sing or ten nan sing, Radix Ari pentaphylliicGaucer [29] describes and figures this root. It has indeed a resemblance to a star or a tiger’s paw.—Han., Se. pap., 263.—P. Smiru, 26. In the Peking mountains the name fen nan sing is applied to Arisaema Tatarinowii, Schott. Peltatosect leaves. Amen. exot., 786:—}R i nan soo, vulgo jamma konjakf, item osomi, Medicis ten nan sio dictus, Dracunculus minor trifolius, ete.—This is Arum triphyllum, Thbg. [ Fl. Jjap., 233] and Arisema ringens, Schott. So moku, XLX, 16, and Phon zo, XXII, 18, 19 :—K Hi 2, Arisema japonicum, Bl. Comp. also Kwa wi, 58. Cust. Med., p. 78 (165) :— Tien nan sing exported 1885 from Han kow 220 piculs,—p. 34 (159), from Tien tsin 10 piculs,—p. 130 (154), from Chin kiang 6.8 piculs. 149.—Hy BR yu po. P., XVI, 14. 7, CXXXII. Pen king:—Yu po. The root is officinal. Taste acrid and bitter. Nature warm. Poisonous. Su Kone [7th cent.]:—The yu po is the young root of the hu chang [see 148]. It is double the size of the pan hia tuber [see 150]. There are no secondary lateral tubers. The old root is the hu chang. The plant mentioned by T*ao Hune-xine under the name of yu po as cultivated in Shi hing [App. 289] is not this plant but the yuan wei [an Iris, ‘See 154]. 262 BOTANICON SINICUM. Ca‘gene Ts‘ana-Kt [8th cent.]:—The yu po grows in forests. It is from one to two feet high and resembles the kit jo [see sub 148]. Root of the size of a hen’s ege. Haw Pao-suene [10th cent.]:—It sends up in spring one stem (petiole) at the top of which are eight or nine leaves (pedatisect leaf ). The root is round and flattened, and its flesh is white. Lr Sui-cuen :—The yu po is asmall t%en nan sing. It is seldom used in medicine. Chey RRLV,. 27: Yu po. The drawing represents @ plant with peltatosect leaves, Arisema. 150.—— FE FR foo sen, it. kin fo qua, vulgo- ibara, it. igi, i.e. spina, igino fanna, i.e. flos spine, vel mutuato a Lusitanis vocabulo : Rosa. Rosa frutex spinosus nostras— _ Tuse. [ Fl. jap., 214] means that this is Rosa canina, L. Phon zo, XXVII, 2:—8% #€ Rose, not determined by F RANCHET.—Tbid., 2 :— #4 F% Rosa multiflora, Thhg., and 3-6 [under the same Chinese name] several varieties of the same. — [hid,, 7 :—- Hi FE Ay, a yellow Rose.—Jbid., 8:— AK FF Rosa Banksiv, 172.—48 #B kua lou. fe wy 84 7. CLL Comp. Rh y4, 23, Classics, 385. ; Pen king :— Kua lou, Hp #E ti lou. The fruit andthe — root are officinal. Taste of the fruit bitter. Nature cold. Non-poisonous, Pie lu:—Other names : KH Ih tien kua (heavenly gourd), BE Ml huang (yellow) kua, and 38 4 tse ku. The kua lou grows in Hung nung [in Ho nan, App. 99] in river-valleys and shaded places in the mountains. The best sort is that with a root penetrating deep into the ground. That which grows in a saliferous soil is poisonous. The root is gathered in the 2nd and 8th months and dried in the sun during 30 days. T‘so Hunc-ning :—It is a climbing plant of Mid China It resembles the tu hug [see the next], but its leaves are MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 305 lobed. The root penetrates from 6 to 7 feet into the ground, grows very large, and is used for food. The fruit is employed in the preparation of ointments. The P*ao chi lun [5th cent.] states that the round sort [apparently the root is referred to] is called #§ kua, the long one is BE lou. They ave also distinguished as female and male [root]. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—That which is produced in Shen chou [in Ho nan, App. 283] and has a white fruit is con- sidered the best. ; , Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is a climbing plant. Leaves like those of the tien kua (melon), but narrower, lobed, and covered with fine hair. In the 7th month it blossoms. The flowers resemble the hu lu flowers {Lagenaria| and are of a pale yellow colour. The fruit is produced beneath the flower. It is as large as a fist, at first green but in the 9th month it ripens and then assumes an orange colour. It is globular in shape, sometimes also pointed or oblong. The medical virtues in all sorts are the same. The root is known under the name of EY 3% pai yao (white drug). It has a yellow skin and white flesh. Lt Sut-cuen :—The name is also written JX BE hua lou. The root penetrates perpendicularly into the ground, and after Some years it is several feet long. When dug up after ‘utumn, when the plant bears fruit, the root contains a white flour like snow. This is called FE FE HP tien hua fen (heavenly flower starch), also Hi} S} shui sie. In the summer no starch is found in the root, it then shows only tendons (coarse fibres). The fruit is globular or oblong, resembles a gourd ‘or a persimmon, and is of a yellow colour. In the mountains children eat it. It contains flat seeds as large as the seeds of the sz‘ hua (Luffa). The outer skin of these seeds is of a grayish colour; the kernel is green and contains much oil, which is expressed and can be used as lamp-oil. 39 : 306 BOTANICON SINICUM. Ch, XXII, 27:—Kua lou. Two figures. Both seem a to represent T'richosanthes. See also Kiu huang, LIT, 18— — Ch., XX, 59 :—Tien hua fen. Rude drawing of a plant said . to grow in Ming chou [in Che kiang, App. 224]. It is bitter and poisonous, and not the same as the kuo lou. Lour., Fl. cochin., 629 :—Solena heterophylla [Bryona, — see D.C. Prodr., II, 306]. Sinice: khu leu, tien hoa fuen. — Bacea coccinea, seminibus nigricantibus. Radix tuberosa, a fasciculata, tuberibus farinaceis, albicantibus, edulibus. 7 Tatar., Cat., 27 :—Kua lou, Fructus globosus T’richosan- thes palmate, and [p. 56] tien hua fen, Radix Trichosanthes palmate, and [p. 9] hua fen, Radix Bryonie.—P. SmitH, 43, 221. Kua lou at Peking is the common name for Trichosanthes Kirilowii, Maxim. [See Bot. sin., LU, 385.] But the drug t‘ten hua fen obtained from a Chinese apothecary’s shop there had cylindrical roots, four inches long, one inch in diameter, and contained a white flour ; it did not seem to be the root of the above plant. . Henry, Chin. pl, 198:—Hua ku hua, ten hua jams kua lou t'eng in Hu pei names for Trichosanthes multiloba, Miq., and 7. Kirilowii. = Cust. Med., p. 72 (96):—Hankow exported 1885 hua =: lou p't (skin of the fruit) 220 piculs,—p. 76 (157), Awa low Jen (seeds) 65 piculs,—p. 66 (24), t'ien hua fen 54 piculs. Lbid., p. 126 (77):—Chin kiang exported kua lou ps il : piculs,—p. 130 (182), kua lou jen, 38 piculs,—p. 124 (59), tien hua fen, 21 piculs, . Lbid., p. 368 (378):—Canton kua lou 23. piculs,— 4 p. 368 (37), kua low jen 40 piculs. 3 So moku, XX, 35 :—& HE Trichosanthes japonica, Regel. s Ses., con. 235 :— Trichosanthes cucumerina, Miq. — Japon.: tenk ha Jun. Sinice: K EH}, Adhibetur radix ab 4 MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE, B07 agricolis in exanthematibus. In a MS. note [St. Petersburg] SIEBOLD says that the root of this plant sometimes weighs several pounds, and that starch is extracted from it. 173.—=E J wang kua. P., XVUlIa, 40. 7, XLV. Comp. Rh ya, 84, 152,— Classics, 386. Pen king:—Wang kua (royal gourd), - J tu kua. Root and fruit officinal. Taste of the root bitter.. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. The fruit is sour and bitter. Pie lu:—It grows in the country of Lu [Shan tung, App. 202] in marshes and fields, near dwellings and on walls. The root is dug up in the 8rd month and dried in the shade. T‘so Hune-xinc :—The t‘u kua grows on fences and walls. The fruit when ripe represents a red ball. Su Kone [7th cent.]:—It is a climbing plant. The leaves resemble those of the kua lou [ Trichosanthes. See 172] but are not lobed. They are hispid. It blossoms in the 5th month. Yellow flowers. The fruit is produced beneath the flower. It is of a red colour when ripe and of a globular shape. The root resembles that of the ko [Pachyrhizus. See 174] but is smaller and contains much starch. It is called t‘u kua root. In that sort which grows in the north the root has tubers (=) as large as a jujube with a yellow skin and white flesh. The leaves and the fruit are similar [to the southern plant] but the root is different. For medical use the southern drug is preferable. Su Sune [11th cent.] states that in Kiin and in Fang [both in Hu pei, App. 172, 35] the plant is called € 5 Ih lao ya kua (crow melon), for crows are fond of the fruit. Another name is Be I tiu hua. ‘ K‘ou Tsune-sut [12th cent.]:—The fruit of the wang kua is one inch thick and two inches long, the upper end is round the lower end pointed, It ripens in the 7th and 8th months, 308 BOTANICON sINICUM. and is then of a scarlet colour. The seeds within resemble the head ‘of a Mantis. Its common name is #¢ ZH chi pao (red hailstone). The root is called 4: J # tu kua hen. It is fibrous, and produces from three to five pale yellow tubers — of the size of a finger. The seeds as well as the fruit are used in medicine. ; Li SHI-cHEen :—The wang kua is a climbing plant. It is hispid. The young plant is eaten. The leaves are roundish and resemble a horse’s hoof in shape, but are pointed, green on the upper side, and paler and rough underneath. It blossoms & : in the 6th or 7th month. Small yellow flowers with a 5-cleft corolla, in racemes. The ripe fruit is red or yellow witha rough skin. The root does not resemble the ko root [as Su Kone asserts] but is rather like a small Lua lou root. The flour contained in the root is very white and fat. To obtain the real root it must be dug up to the depth of from 2 to 3 feet. The people of Kiang si cultivate it in a rich soil, and use the — a root for food, as they use the shan yao (Dioscorea).—Other — names of the plant: J fw JIN ma pao kua, SF Fit I ye tien : hua, Fil ii HE shi ku ts‘ao, XS DS FG kung kung sit. tes Ch., XXII, 30 :—Wang kua or chi pao. Thladiantha dubia, Bee. [order Cucurbitacew].—See also Kiu huang, LI, é 15, ma pao rh, ea Tavar., Cat. 15:—Chi pao. Fructus Thladianthie — dubie.—This plant is much cultivated at Peking under the name of ch‘i pao rh, The description in the P. agrees in@ — general way. In Japan, where no species of Thladiantha is met with, the Chinese name E Wis applied to Trichosanthes cucumeroilles, Ser. See So moku, XX, 34, 114.— TS ko. P.. mV lie, 22 7 ORT: Cemp. Classics, 39, Pen king i Bik ko hen, name of the root, ¥3 ie ko ku MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 809 name of the fruit, 8 7 hi tsi. The root, fruit (seeds) and the flowers are officinal. Taste of the root sweet and pungent. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. Taste of the seeds sweet. Non-poisonous, Pie lu:—Other names FE 2 lu huo,” BE FR huang kin. The ko ken grows in Wen shan [in Sz ch‘uan, App. 388] in mountain-valleys. The root is dug up in the 5th month and dried in the sun. Tao Hune-Kixa :— Now the people use the ho fen root for food, and eat it steamed. It is a large root which penetrates deep into the earth. It is broken to pieces and dried in the sun. The best comes from Nan k‘ang and Lii ling [both in Kiang si, App. 229, 208]. It has much flesh and but few fibres, is of a sweet pleasant taste, but as a medicine it is unimportant. Su Kuya [7th cent.]:—The ko root penetrates into the ground from 5 to 6 inches. The upper part is called #3 fig ko tou (neck of the ko). It has emetic power and is somewhat poisonons. For further particulars regarding the ko, which is the Pachyrhizus Thundergianus, 8 & Z. (Pueraria Thunbergiana, Benth.), a plant much cultivated in China and Japan for its textile fibres and for its edible root [see Bot. sin., Il, 390] T defer a more detailed account of this plant to another part of my Botanicon sinicum. Tavar., Cat., 26 :—¥% Pk ko ken. Lignum griseum, and 4s) UE TE ho t'ia0 hua, Flores Pachyrh'si trilobi.—Ko t*iao at Peking is a common name for the wild- growing creeper Pachyrhizus Thunbergianus, — P. Surru, 88, sub Dolichos trilubus, Henny, Chin. pl., 176 :—$§ RB ho t’eng, Pueraria Thun- bergiana. The root is made into ko jen, an arrowroot-like preparation. ® This name is properly applied to another plant, See 260, 310 BOTANICON SINICUM. Cust. Med., No. 601:—Ko ken, Pachyrhizus angulatus, Rich. SOO ae: Med., p. 342 (58):— Kan ko (dried ko root) exported 1885 from Canton 215 piculs,—p. 276 (53), from Amoy 3.34 piculs,—p. 142 (51), from Shanghai [ko ken] 1.71 picul.— Hank. Med., 13:—Fen ko (ko starch) exported | from Hankow. Cust. Med., p. 344 (65):—From Canton exported ¥ Vil ko tou (head) 64 piculs.—Toid., p. 862 (304):—Ko lua (flowers) from Canton 5 piculs,—p. 196 (182):—From Ning po 4.30 piculs,—p, 290 (241):—From Amoy 0.10.— 175.— 3G HB huang huan. P., XVIIIa, 46. 7, CLIV. Pen king :—Huang huan (yellow ring or circle), X ta tsiu, BE He ling ts‘ian. The root is officinal. Taste bitter. Nature uniform. Poisonous. Pie lu:—The huang huan grows in Shu [Sz ch‘uan] in mountain-yalleys. The root is dug up in the 3rd month and : dried in the shade. The fruit (seed) of the huang huan 1s called 3% BR F lang po tsz* (wolf step. Lr Sni-cHen explains that the pod resembles a wolf's foot). It is of a bitter taste and slightly poisonous, Wu Pu [3rd cent.]:—The huang huan of Shu is also called AE 3% sheng ch‘u and BE SE ken kiu. The plant begins to grow in the 2nd month and then is of a red colour. It attains a height of 2 feet. The leaves are round and large. The King [Pen king] states that the leaves contain a yellowish white juice. In the 5th month the plant produces round fruits. The root is dug up in the 3rd month, It has veins like the radiating spoke of a wheel [probably seen on 4 transverse section], MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. S11 T‘so Hunc-Ktne@ :—It resembles the fang hi [Cocculus ? See 183]. It (the root) shows veins like a radiating spoke of a wheel, is seldom used in medicine and little known.—The lang po tsz‘ is produced in Kiao and Kuang [Kuang tung and Kuang si, App. 112, 160]. The seeds are flat. They are bruised and thrown into the water to kill fish. Su Keng [7th cent.]:-—The huang huan abounds in Siang yang [in Hu pei, App. 306]. The people of Pa si [N. Sz ch‘uan, App. 236] call it it Ey ts’u ko. It is cultivated in gardens. It is a climber. Large specimens (the stem) measure from 6 to 7 inches in diameter. The root resembles the ko root [see 174], but when eaten it provokes violent vomiting. Rice-water is used to stop it. This is the true huang huan. Now that produced in Kien nan [Sz ch‘uan, App. 136], which is kept in store in the Sacrificial Court,‘ and known also under the name of ZB BR] | he shi ko ken, isnot the true huang huan. The latter has purple flowers. Its fruit, which is called lang po tsz‘, is a pod like that of the tsao kia [ Gleditschia. See 325]. Now a drug from Kiao and Kuang [v. supra] is also received in the Sacrificial Court. This is the true fruit of the huang huan. Another name for the huang huan is RE Be tu ku. Lr Sut-cuen says that Wu P‘u’s account of the huang huan is correct, but he does not understand what plant Su Kune means. Ch., XXII, 40 :—TIuang huan. he figure seems to be intended for a leguminous plant. Phon zo, XXVIII, 17, 18:—% B. J BF. The figure represents a leguminous plant. Not identified by Francuer, 176.—R Fl 4& tien men tung. P., RV aie, Of. F., CLXXIII. , “kif 312 BOTANICON SINICUM. Comp. Rh ya, 92, 108, and above, 104. Pen king:—Tien men tung, Ny tien le. The root (tubers) is officinal. Taste bitter. Nature uniform. Non- poisonous. Pie lu:—The tien men tuny grows in F eng kao [in Shan tung, App. 41] in mountain-valleys. The root is gathered in the 2nd, 8rd, 7th and 8th months, and dried in the sun. T‘ao Hune-xina:—Feng kao is the name of a Mien (district) near the T‘ai shan mountain [in Shan tung]. Now the ten men tung is found everywhere on elevated places. That with a large root and of a sweet taste is the best. The | ancient Ts‘ai yao lu says that it is a creeping plant with — prickly leaves. It blossoms in the 5th month. White flowers. — In the 10th month it bears black fruits. The root consists of : twenty and more pieces (tubers). The Po wu chi [8rd cent.) sys :—The t‘’en men tung has prickles on its stem, and smooth : leaves. It is also called $5 HE ch? ¢% and HR if tien ki. The root, when steeped in hot water, yields very white textile fibres like those of the ch‘n (Behmeria). The people of Yue — [Che kiang, App. 418] call it 2 #X Anan ts‘ao (clean herb). But it is dubious whether this is the ¢¢en men tung. Voy Su Kune [7th cent.]:—There are two sorts of ¢‘’en men tung. One is prickly and rough, the other has no prickles and is smooth (glabrous). The plant has many names. Huan ts‘ao is the name for the root when cleaned [for the use of the — textile fibres]. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is a common creeping pi more than 10 feet high (long). The stem is as thick as a hait- pin. The leaves resemble those of the hui hiang [ Funiculun], are linear and glabrous, Sometimes the plant is provided “e - prickles, or it has no prickles but is rough. It blossoms 1 the summer. Small white flowers, in some varieties they wad yellow or purple coloured. In the autumn it produces black MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 313 fruits. After summer, when the plant has ceased flowering, it produces tubers which are attached to the fibrous root. These tubers are white or yellow or of a purplish colour, of the size of a finger, oblong, 2 or 3 inches long and from 10 to 20 in number, They somewhat resemble the tubers of the po pu [see 177]. That kind of tien men tung which is produced in Lo [Lo yang, in Ho nan] has large leaves, a coarse root, and is different. Another kind in Ling nan [S. China, App. 197] does not produce flowers. Caana Yit-u1 [11th cent.]:—The ¢‘ien men tung is the ts‘iang mei or men tung of the Rh ya [108]. Pao P‘o-rsz‘ [3rd or 4th cent.] calls it tien ki [v. supra] also Hy FY 4 ti men tung, $8 FY 4 yen men tung. He states also that on each of the five sacred mountains [wu Yo. See Bot. sin., I, p. 223] it has a different name, viz.: On the Eastern Yo [T‘ai shan in Shan tung] it is called 4 >F BE yin yang huo,— on the Central Yo [Sung shan in Ho nan] it is ten men tung,—on the Western Yo [ Hua shan in Shen si] it is A kien sung,—on the Northern Yo [Heng shan in Shan si] it is ae A AT wu pu yi,—on the Southern Yo [Heng shan in Hu nan] it is %% po pu. Cnene YU-HI observes that the po pu is not identical with the t‘ien men tung as Pao P‘o-rsz‘ asserts [see the next]. The yin yang huo is likewise another plant [Aceranthus. See 18]. Li Sui-cuen identifies the tien men tung with Fh ya, 92, #2 mao or Wi ia tien ki, which according to the commentator is a plant with fine (linear) leaves and prickles. But other authors refer Rh ya, 108, to t‘ien men tung. According to _ Li Sut-cuen it is much cultivated. Ch., XXII, 9:—T‘ien men tung. The figure represents a plant with linear leaves and tuberous roots, probably Asparagus lucidus, Lindl., for at Peking the latter plant is 40 314 BOTANICON SINICUM. cultivated under the above Chinese name.—See also Kiu — huang (LI, 4], tien men tung. Synonyms: By BE PR wan sui t‘eng and other names. Lour., Fl. cochin., 268:— Melanthium cochinchinense. Sin. : ten muen tum. Caulis tenuis, procumbens, aculeatus, aculeis brevibus, sparses. Folia linearia, triquetra, minuscula, — Radix fasciculata, tuberibus oblongis, carnosis, fuscorufis, — Flos albus. Tuber humectans, expectorans. Prodest in — phthysi, siti et calore febrili. In usum etiam venit et jucunde sapit saccharo conditum. Hance suggests that LourEiRo’s plant may be Asparagus lucidus. [Flora hongk., 371.] Tavar., Cat., 56 :—T'ien men tung. Radix Asparagee, Melanthii cochinchinensis, LouR.—GAUGER [43] describes and depicts the tubers of the tien men tung.— Hansury, Se. pap» 257.—P. Smiru, 145. | Henry, Chin. pl., 463:—Tien men tung in Hu pei is Asparagus lucidus. x Cust. Med., p- 78 (184):— Tien men tung exported 1885 from Han kow 920 piculs,—p. 60 (26), from I chang 139 Piculs,—p. 212 (37), from Wen chow 52 piculs,—p. 190 é (96), from Ning po 13 piculs,—p. 226 (92), from Fu chow 2 13 piculs,— e: So moku, VII, 7 :—R FY &, Asparagus lucidus. | Sies., Econ., 80 :— Asparagus japonicus. Ten montloo : A FY 4%. Radices. non vero caules juniores inter fercula ponuntur, | MiqugL, Prol. Fl, Jap., 815 :— Asparagus lucidus. Radix ! (haud soboles) edulis statuitur, et prostant specimina juvenilia fe humilia radicis fibris in tubera oblonga stipitata tumentibus. M1. $B po pu. P., XVIla, 52. 7, CXXXU Pie lu:—Po pu. The root is officinal. ‘Taste sweeh Nature slightly warm. Non-poisonous, 2 MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 815 T‘ao Hune-xine :—It is a common wild plant in the mountains. Its root has twenty and more tubers attached to the root, similar to those of the ¢‘ien men tung [see 176], and is of a bitter taste. Cu‘en Ts‘ana-x‘r [ 8th cent.]:—The tien men tung [see 176] has ten and more short, roundish, fleshy tubers, of a sweet taste, attached to its root. The tubers of the po pu are 50 or 60 in number, stem-like, long, pointed, hollow in the centre, bitter. .The Ji hua Pen ts‘ao [10th cent.] calls this plant BE hit EE po fu ts‘ao. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is a common plant in Kiang [Kiang su, An hui ete., App. 124], Hu [Hu kuang, App. 83], Shen [Shen si, App. 284], Ts‘i and Lu [Shan tung, App. 348, 202]. Twining plant. Large, long, pointed, glabrous leaves, somewhat resembling bamboo-leaves. Beneath the root about 15 or 16 tubers are produced, of a white colour. They are used in medicine. The Cheng T‘siao tung chi [12th cent.] states: —The po pu, also called po Ju ts‘ao, is used for destroying worms, insects and flies. Its leaves resemble those of the shu yii [Dioscorea. See 262]. The root is similar to that of the tien men tung. Li Sat-cuen :—The po pu has fine leaves like the hui hiang (Fennel). It has a green, fat stem, which when young is eaten boiled. The root is nearly a foot long. The fresh root is fleshy and sueculent, when dried it becomes hollow and poor within. It is also called ye (wild) t‘ien men tung. Ch., XXII, 32 :—Po pu. ‘The figure represents a plant with oblong tubers. It seems Roxburghia is intended. The descriptions of the ancient Chinese authors agree, with the exception of Li Su1-cnEn’s statement regarding the leaves. Lovr., Fl. cochin., 490 :—Stemona tuberosa [Roxburghia gloriosoides, Kth.]. Sinice: pe pu tsao, Caule scandente, 316 ene BOTANICON SINICUM. foliis ovatis, septemnerviis, radice tuberosa, fasciculata, tuberibus longis, teretibus, utrinque attenuatis, albicantibus, edulibus., SO0kE. Cet £ Py pu. Radix ?—P. Sirs, 145. a Melanthium ? The drug which I obtained, under the name of po pt, : from a Peking drug-shop, were white cylindrical tubers, — somewhat resembling stalks, hollow inside, and of a sweetish - taste, Henry, Chin. pl., 860 :—Po pu ken in Hu pei, the rools of Stemona tuberosa, Lour., which are used in medicine. Cust. Med., p. 122 (43):—Po pu exported 1885. from : Chin kiang 64 piculs,—p, 348 (122), from Canton 37 . piculs,—p, 188 (66), from Ning po 3.38 piculs,—p. 280 (95). from Amoy 1.65 piculs.— Exported also from Han kow. See Hank. Med., 32. The plant described by Kamprsr [ Amun. evrot., 784, i . P Bam Sackubukon, vulgo fekuso kadsura] is Paderia fatida, : L. See also Banxs, Icon. sel. Kemph., tab. 9. But accord: ing to Japanese botanists the above Chinese and the first Japanese name belong to Stemona, only the second Japanese name is applied to Prederia, So moku, II, 56 :— Ay Hn fi. Stemona (Roxburghia) sessilifolia, Miq.— Ibid, 57 :— HE AE AT 2B AE [the first — characters mean « climbing ”], Stemona japonica, Mig. “ same Chinese name applied in Srep., Icon. ined., VII, Roxb, phyllantha.—Same identifications in F’-hon 20, XXVIII, 3-5.—Kwa wi, 61,— 118.— BE 8B pei (pi) hiai, P., XVIIIb, 1. T., CXLVE Pen king : — Pej hiat. Root officinal. ‘Taste bitter Non-poisonous, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 317 Pie lu:—Pei hiai, FR Bi cht (red) tsie (joint). The pet hiai grows in Chen ting [in Chi li, App. 11] in mountain- valleys. The root is gathered in the 2nd and 8th months and dried in the sun. ‘Taste sweet. Wu Pu [3rd cent.) calls it FR #e po chi [a name likewise applied to the kou tsi, v. 18]; in the Ptao chi lun [5th cent.] it is termed 4f Ze chu mu. T‘ao Hune-Kixe: —It is a common plant. The root re- sembles that of the pa k‘ia [Smilav. See 179] but it is larger, has but few excrescences and joints, and the colour is paler. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—There are two kinds. One has a prickly stem and a white fleshy root; the other, which has no prickles, has a hollow, weak root. Climbing plant. Leaves like those of the shu yi [Dioscorea. See 262]. The Ji hia Pen ts‘ao [10th cent.] says that the popular name of this plant is Fy #2 #4 pai (white) pa kia [comp. 179]. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—This plant is common in all the prefectures of Ho [Shan si and Chih li, App. 72], Shen [Shen si, App. 284], Pien tung [in Ho nan, App. 250], King [Hu pei, App. 145] and Shu [Sz ch‘uan]. Climbing plant, trilobed leaves like those of the shan shu (Dioscorea), or the la tou (Phaseolus Mungo). The flowers are yellow, red or white. Sometimes the plant does not flower, but produces white seeds or frufts [axillar bulbils?]. The root is yellowish white, as thick as three fingers, and has many joints. It is dug up in spring and in autumn and dried in the sun, The sort produced in Ch‘eng te kiin [not ascertained. App. 19] has a hard root like the shan shu. It climbs. The leaves are like those of buckwheat. Seeds three-edged. Li Sur-cuen :—The pei hiat is a climbing plant. Large leaves resembling those of the pa kia [v. 179]. The root is long and hard, resembling in size the shang lu root [ Phytolacea. See 131]. The people confound it sometimes with the t‘u fu ling [Smilax pseudo-china. See 179], but that is a quite 318 BOTANICON SINICUM. different plant. Wu P‘u confounds it with the Zou tsi Fe supra}. In the Sung period the pei hia was brought asa tribute from Huai k‘ing [in Ho nan, App. 94]. Ch., XXII, 52:—Pei hiai. The figure seems to re- present a Smilax, Another name given there, Mi fe B ying fan tuan (hardened lumps of cooked rice). Cust. Med., p. 68 (51):—Pei hiai exported 1885 from Han kow 185 piculs,—p. 58 (20), from I chang 146. piculs,—p. 212 (30), from Wen chow 64 piculs,—p. 188 (74), from Ning po 8 piculs,—p. 280 (92), from Amoy 0.25 picul.— ‘ Amen. ewot., 827 :—#¥ [the first character of the name is omitted] kai, vulgo tokoro. Herba syly. scandens, Bryonie albze affinis, radice Zingiberis facie, eduli, ete, The plant is figured in Banxs, Icon, Kampf. sel. [15]. 1t is Dioscorea quinquelova, Thbg. Phon zo, XXVIII, 9, 10 :— BE RE, Dioscorea. So moku, XX, 55, 57 :—[]} Bi AZ, Dioscorea sativa, Ls and D. quingueloba, Thbg. 179.—# 44 pa kia, Ff, AVE, 3. 7,, CX LV 3 Pie lu:—Pa ia, The name is also written EF ae pa kia. The root is officinal. Taste sweet and sour. Nature uniform, warm. Non-poisonous, It grows in the mountains. The root is gathered in the 2nd and 8th months and dried in the sun. T‘ao Hung-kixe :—The pa ka has a short purple stem covered with prickles, It (the root) is smaller than that ro _ the pei hiai [v. 178] and of a darker colour. The people use it for making a beverage, Su Kuye [7th cent.]:—The pei hiai has a thin, long, white root, but the root of the pa kia consists of nodular masses of a yellowish red colour. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 819 Su Sune [11th cent.]:—This plant is common in Mid China, in Kiang [Kiang su, An hui, ete., App. 124] and Che [Che kiang, App. 101. It is a prickly climbing plant, from 8 to 4 feet long. The leaves resemble those of the tung ts‘ing [Ligustrum. See 342] and the wu yao (Daphnidium) but are larger. It flowers in the autumn. Yellow flowers and black fruits of the size of a cherry. The root is massive. _ The people call it 4 fA] Hb kin kang ken (diamond root). Li Sui-cuen :—The pa kia is a common mountain plant. It sometimes climbs, but the stem is strong, hard and covered with prickles. The leaves are large, round, like a horse’s hoof, shining, and resemble the leaves of the shi (Diospyros), but not those of the tung ts‘ing [v. supra]. In autumn it produces yellow flowers, followed by red fruits. The root is very hard and is covered with strong hairs like prickles. A decoction is made of the leaves. It is sour and harsh. The Savages gather the leaves and the root and use them as a dye. It is also called $ 38 fy t‘ie ling kite (iron-water caltrop). Wu Pu [8rd cent.] erroneously identifies the pa k%a with the hou tsi [v. supra]. Ch, XXII, 55:—Pa kia. The figure represents pro- bably Smilax China, L. The descriptions in the P. agree. ' The stem is prickly.—Comp. Henry, Chin. pl., 65, 478. The plant from which China-root is obtained has been supposed to be Smilax China. But this is certainly not the source of the drug. Amen. exot., 782 :—j#R Hi. The drawing under this Chinese name is Smilaw China. In the description [p. 781, sankira, etc.] another Chinese name is given, which is probably erroneous. Phon z0, XXVIII, 14:—Chinese name as above. | Smilax China. Sms., Geon., 71:—Smilax China, kakubara $§ Zi. Radix antisyphilitica, agricolis laudata, folia hine ac inde pro tabaco fumantur. 320 BOTANICON SINICUM. KF tu fu ling. P., XVIII, 4. 7., CLXXVI. Tu [=native] fu ling = Pachyma Cocos. See 350]. This is a more modern name for another sort of China-root which is known also by many other names, viz. 4+ BL 9 tu (native) pei hia, Will FR AH ts‘z* (prickly) chu ling [pig tubers. See 352], Il] 7 BE shan chu fen (mountain-pig’s dung), 4 i A leng fan t‘uan [comp. Witttams’ Chinese Commercial Guide, 114], fill 38 HEE sien i Liang (food left by the immortals), HE ying fan (hard food), and [Ij Hb BE shan ti li (mountain 7 ground chestnut). Li Sui-cuen says that this is the plant noticed by ; T‘ao Hune-xrno under the name of 3% §R kt Yi ya Uiang™ in " This name (Yi yii liang) is properly that of a minera’. [See P., X, 9.] As my friend Professor A. BILLEQUIN informed me, it is the so-called eagle- stone, a kind of argillaceous oxide of iron. But the same name is applied in the P. to three different plants, viz. Smilax, Ophiopogon [see 104] and the plant ai uf shi ts‘ao, P., XXII, 17.—7., CV [without figure]. The shi ts‘ao is first noticed in the Po wu chi [3rd cent. ], where pele stated that in the islands of the Hastern Sea there grows a plant which is called shi. It has an edible grain-fruit, like barley, which ripens in the 7th month, acd is gathered by the people till the beginning of winter. It is also called H PR ayy tsz‘ jan ku (spontaneous grain) and Yi yi liang, not to be confounded with the mineral of the same name. = Li Sty [8th cent.] says:—The fruit of the shi is like a ball. y bsg gathered in the 8th month and eaten by those [eastern] people, but in China it is unknown. WILLIAMS [Dict., 758] understands that the shi is a floating plant probably Zostera, but the Chinese text above translated does not say that it fluats on the sea, : Ameen, exot., 900 :—Fiff setz, vulgo suge, Herba palustris, foliis arundi- naceis brevioribus tensis, ex quibus ad albedinem redactis construuntut e‘egantissimi pilei, quibus teguntur deambulantes foemine. Phon zo, XLII, 3:—Same Chinese name, Carex pumiia, Thbg. J® ponice : gobo mugi, SIEB., (con., 9 :—Same Chinese name. Japonice: futegusa, Caricea! Radices fibrose adhibentur pro penicellis scriptoriis. MATSUMURA, 41:—Same Chinese name. Japonice: kobo-mugi, Care macrocephala, Willd. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 321 the following terms :—In Southern China, in marshes, there grows a climbing plant with leaves resembling those of the pa kia [v. supra]. The root forms nodular, jointed masses like the pa kia root, of a red colour. It tastes like the shu yt [ Dioscorea. See 262]. It is called Ya yi Uiany (Yi’s extra food). When Emperor Yi once travelled in the mountains it occurred that there was no food. Then this root was gathered, whence the name. Ca‘en Ts‘anc-K‘I [8th cent.]:—The ts‘ao (herbaceous) Yu yi liang grows near the seashore and in mountain-valleys. The root is like a cup, a conglomerate of nodular masses, one- half of it above the ground. The skin of the root is like that of the fu ling [Pachyma Cocos. See 350]. The flesh is red and of a harsh taste. The people use it for food as a substitute for grain in times of scarcity. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—In Shi chou [in Hu pei, App. 288] there grows one sort of this plant which is called ts‘z‘ chu ling [v. supra]. It is a climber. In spring and in summer the people dig up the root and, having taken off the skin, dry it by artificial heat. It is used for curing con- tagious ulcers. Lr Sat-cuen :—The t‘u fu ling grows plentifully in the mountain-forests of Ch‘u [Hu kuang, App. 24] and Shu (Sz ch‘uan). It is a climber, resembles the shun,‘* and has a spotted stem. The leaves are not opposite, somewhat re- semble large bamboo-leaves, but are thicker, shining and from » to 6 inches long. The root resembles that of the pa kia, is roundish, consists of a conglomeration of tubers of the size of a hen’s or duck’s egg, more or less deep in the ground, one foot or but a few inches. The flesh is tender and can be eaten raw. There are two sorts, a red anda white. The latter is used in medicine. “= probably an erroneous letter, for this is a water-plant. See 199. 41 3822 BOTANICON SINICUM. Tu fu ling is the Chinese name of the drug which we eall China-root. As has been stated above, this is not yielded by Smilax C, Zina, as has been supposed in former times, but by one or several other species of Smilax. One of them is Smilax glabra, Roxb. See Hanon, on the source of the China-root of commerce (Journ. Bot., 187 2, p. 102]. “Ties Seems to be the plant represented in the Ch. [XX, 1] sub : t'u fu ling, _ A. Ciryer, Specimen Medicine sinice, 1682, 1387:—Tufo lim, Pao de China (China-wood ), uti vocant Lusitani, rabei coloris fere est. Est et aliud preestantius, coloris albi, pe fo a lim dictum.—Comp. infra, 350. : Lovr., F1. cochin., 763, 710:—Smilax China, 1. Sinice: 4g thu fu lin. Radix sinensis rubra. Radix horizontalis, longis- 4 sima Serpens: tuberibus oblongis, nodoso-verrucosis, interdum ramosis, intus pallidis, vel rubescentibus, semipedalibus, sub teretibus, sparsis. — Maximow1cz [Dec X, 410] doubts: whether Lourzrro’s plant is really Smilax China. Du Hatpe, la Chine, I, 30, LI, 647.—Groster, la Chine, III, 324, 398. Tarar., Cat., 61:—T%y Ju ling. Radix Smilacis. — ae Gaucer [44] describes and figures the same drug.—P. SMITH, 198 :—T'u fy ling, Smilax chinensis. Henry, Chin, pl., 478 :—Tu fu ling, Smilaw sp. from which China-root 18 obtained. It has often. been supposed that China-root is obtained from Smilax China, but this is very common at [ chang and Pa tung, and certainly is not the source of the drug, It is to be noted that the drug exported from Sz ch‘uan as China-root is quite a different substance, viz. Pachyma Cocos [see 350]. Both this and Smilax root pass through the Customs under the same name. In Chines? books the Pachyma is Ju ling or pai (white) fu ling, while the : Smilax is distinguished as t6 Ee u fu ling. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 323 Cust. Med., p. 86 (8):—T‘u fu ling exported 1885 from Kiu kiang 4,831 piculs,—p. 60 (28), from I chang 94 piculs,— p. 416 (50), from Pakhoi 61 piculs. Horrm. & Scarr., 553 :—-k 7 2$ Smilax pseudo-China, Thbg.—Phon zo, XXVIII, 17, 18:—Same Chinese name, Smilax, not determined by FRANCHET. 180.—F4 3% pai lien. P., XVII, 6. 7, CLVIIL. Comp. Classics, 453. Pen hing :—Pai (white) lien, {j Bt pai ts‘ao, The root is officinal. Taste bitter. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—Other names : Ff Bi pai ken (white root), i 1% tuhoand ER # kun lun. The pai lien grows in Heng shan [in Hu nan, App. 61] in mountain-valleys. The root is dug up in the 2nd and 8th months and dried in the sun. Taste sweet. T‘ao Huno-Kinc :—It is a common plant in Mid China, a climber, with a root like that of the pat chi [ Angelica. See 51]. ? : Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The root resembles the t‘ien men tung [ Asparagus. See 176]. It consists of more than 10 tubers. Its skin is reddish black, and the flesh white, similar to that of the shao yo [Paonia. See 52]. It does not resemble the pai chi. It is a climber with digitate leaves. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—This plant now grows in King chou, Siang chou [both in Hu pei, App. 146, 305], Huai chou, Meng chou [both in Ho nan, App. 93, 220], Shang chou [in Shen si, App. 278] and Ts‘i chou [in Shan tung, App. 348]. A common climber in forests. Red stem. Leaves like small mulberry-leaves. It blossoms in the 5th month and afterwards produces fruit. The root consists of from 3 to 5 oblong tubers, like duck’s eggs, collected together, 324 BOTANICON SINICUM. The skin is black and the flesh white. One sort is called bi chi (ved) lien, for it (the root) has a red skin. But flowers, the fruit and the medical virtues are the same. Lit Sut-cuey :—Another name for this drug is Jy 5 mR mao rh luan (cat’s testicles). Ch., XXII, 46 :—Pat lien. Rude drawing which does not permit of identification. Henry, Chin, pl., 275 :—Mao rh luan, Vitis sevianeefoliay Bge.—This plant is figured in the Ch. [XIX, 47] under the — name of $8 fi 42 46 pao tan (goose sitting on eggs). Ee Cust. Med., p. 346 (108):—Pai lien exported 1885 oe Canton, 3.75 piculs,—p, 280 (88), from Amoy 0.45 picul. ie Vitis serianefolia is 2 common plant in North and Mid — China and Japan. It has palmately 5-parted leaves andl tuberous roots, So moku, IV, 17 [—E4 $&, Vitis seriancefolia.—Comp- ; also Kwa wi, 45, 181.8 I che k'ui. P., XVII, 8. 7, CLVL Pen king :—Che kui, The root is officinal. Taste 1 Nature uniform, Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—It is a mountain plant. The root is dug up the 2nd month. Tao Huna-xing :—The root resembles a small es [ Colocasia. See 261]. The flesh is white and the skin i yellow. Tt grows in Mid China, Ve Su Kune [7th cent.]:—This drug is slightly poisonous: — Large specimens of the root are as large as a sheng,” and trees, as large as a tou, the ere The plant climbs on herbaceous plants” on Leaves like those of the tu heng [ Asaru ® Chinese dry measures, See W.D., p. 771, 874, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 325 See 41]. The plant noticed by Tso Huna-k1ne is not the che kui but rather the +b 9) t‘w Iwan (ground testicle); which is also called ¥ FR} huang tu. It is seldom used in medicine, but the people of Liang Han [probably Sz ch‘uan, App. 188 | eat it (the root) steamed. Haw Pao-suene [10th cent.]:—It is a climbing plant. The leaves resemble those of the lo mo (Metaplezis) and the root is like the pa kia root [Smilax. See 179], with a purplish black skin and orange-coloured flesh. Larger specimens are contorted and as large as a sheng, the smaller are of the size of a fist. Li Sut-coen :—The name che k‘ui means “ brown wine vessel.” It refers to the shape of the root, which contains a brown juice. The people of Min (Fu kien) use the plant for giving the inner surface of jars a blue colour. *° ; Ch. XXII, 47 :—Che k‘ui. Figure of a plant unknown to me, _ 182.—FF BE ts‘ien ts‘ao. P., XVIIb, 19. T7., CIV. Comp. Rh ya, 22, Classics, 393. Pen king :—Ts‘ien ts‘ao, #§ Wi ts‘ien ken [root]. The root is officinal. Taste bitter. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—Other name: 3 [if ti hie (earth blood). The ts‘ien ken grows in K‘iao shan [in Shen si, App. 134] in mountain-valleys. The root is taken up in the 2nd and 3rd months and dried in the sun. The plant grows in shady mountain-valleys. It twines around herbaceous plants and trees. The stem is prickly. The fruit is like that of the tsiao (Zanthoaylon). , T‘ao Huna-Kine :—The és‘ien ts‘ao is used for dyeing a dark red colour. It is more common in the western 3 PBA A 2055 Wi BE fe, Not quite intelligible, 326 BOTANICON SINICUM. provinces than in Eastern China. The Chinese character applied to the plant is derived from Pi (west). Hay Pao-snene [10th cent.]:—This plant is also called é Yu PE BL jang fei ts‘ao (plant which dyes a dark red colour), : Its leaves resemble jujube-leaves, are pointed and have a broad : base (heart-shaped). Stem and leaves scabrous. The leaves issue from the joints, 5 together. It climbs on herbaceous plants and trees. The root is purplish red. It is taken up a in the 8th month, ; Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is now much cultivated in e gardens. The Shi ki (Historical Records) state, that a man — who plants a thousand mou (acres) with the ¢s‘ien and the — chi*' plants, is considered to equal in wealth a nobleman who — possesses thousand families, This proves the great importance i of these plants. Li Sut-cen :—The ts‘ien ts‘ao begins to grow in the 12th month [in January]. It is a twining plant several feet long, with a square stem, hollow inside, covered with small prickles, It has joints several inches apart. Five leaves issue from every joint. The leaves, which resemble the wu y@ leaves (Daphnidium myrrha), are scabrous, and darker on ed ; upper side. It blossoms in the 7th or 8th month, ‘The fruit is like that of the tsiao (Zanthoxylon), with small seeds within. The plant has many names, viz. Jil FA, Rg hie kien to iil Hi Jeng chée ts‘ao, DU KK FE BE sz‘ tien wang chang, - WY Hk HE BG BE 82 yo kin yang tsao, YQ #h BL se pulse — $i HE AL tie t'a ts‘ao and 38 IL) BH kuo shan lung. These — names are from Taoist books, Ch., XXII, 20 :—Ts‘ien ts‘ao. The figure represents ‘ Rubia cordifolia, L.—See also Kiu huang, LII, 24 sub So By BG i‘u tstien miao. * Another tinctorial plant, Gardenia, See 335, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 327 TaTar., Cat., 12:—Ts‘ten ts‘ao ken. Radix Rubiea.— P. Smiru, 188. Henry., Chin. pl., 57 :—Ts‘ien ts‘ao, Rubia cordifolia, L. Cust. Med., p. 80 (199):—Ts‘ien ts‘ao exported 1885 from Han kow 134 piculs,—p. 132 (170), from Chin kiang 5) piculs,—p. 168 (412), from Shang hai, hie kien ts‘ou [v. supra] 0.01 picul. Ameen. exot., 912 :—P& sen, vulgo akanni. Herba spitha- malis vel pedalis, ramosa, procumbens, radice fibrosa densa, foliis Nummularize, infectoribus pro colore serviens. So moku, 11, 64, 65 :—Same Chinese name, in Japanese akane, Rubia cordifolia. Sres., Gcon., 332 :—Queria trichotoma, Thbg.” Japonice: akane ; Sinice: #¥. Adhibetur Rubie nostratis ad instar tinc- — toria. 183.—Rj i, fang ki. P., XVIII, 23. 7., CXXX. Pen king: —Fang ki, f& We kiai li. Root officinal. Taste pungent. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—The fang ki grows in Han chung [S. Shen si, App. 54] in river-valleys. The root is dug up in the 2nd and 8th months and dried in the shade. ; Li Tane-cut [3rd cent.]:—It has a twining stem like the ko [Pachyrhizus. See 174]. The root is white externally and yellow internally, like the hie keng [Platycodon. See 6]. It shows black veins in the substance, radiating like the spokes of a wheel. 3 T‘ao Hune-xinc :—-Now the drug which is produced in I tu and Kien p‘ing [both in Hu pei, App. 104, 139] is large, of a greenish white colour, empty and soft. This is * SIEBOLD is evidently mistaken, Queria trichotoma, Same as THUN- BERG'S Rubia spicis ternis, is Wickstramia japonica, Miq., which is not a tinctorial plant, - 328 BOTANICON SINICUM. considered the best. Another sort, with black spots and ofa — ligneous structure, is not valued. The root is also used for food. Cu‘sn Ts‘ane-xr [8th cent.]:—The two sorts spoken of by T‘ao Hune-Kina are the # BF, Han fang ki and the mu (ligneous) fang ki. , . oy aes cent.]:—Now this drug is produced im KYen [N. Kui chou, App. 141]. That from Han chung (S. Shen si, App. 54] when broken (or rather cut transversely) shows radiating veins. It is yellow, solid and fragrant. — Slender, weak stem, small leaves having some resemblanee to the kien niu [Pharbitis. See 168]. If a section of the stem be taken and air be blown at one end it passes through 4 it, the same as in the mu t‘ung [see the next]. yee : drug of a greenish white colour, empty and soft [noticed by . T‘ao Hune-xtne]. There is another kind, which “a a unpleasant odour. The skin of the drug is wrinkled : - covered with warts.*> This is called AR BG CL mu fang ed; Su Kone says that it is not used in medicine. This — however, is met with in the prescriptions of CHANG CHUNG 3 KING [2nd cent.] and others. +h : Ch., XXII, 38 :—Fang ki. Rude drawing. Plant wit — berries. ee Tatar. Cat. 23:— Fang ki. Radix Convolvuli.—— P. Surra, 70, : Cust. Med., 340 (28) —Fang ki exported 1885 gi : Canton 268 piculs.— Exported also from Han kow. | Hank. Med., 12, Amen. exot., 909: —B BA boi, vulgo awu kadsura. | Hedera major sterilis. ©, Pauh. P. : Horr. & Scutr., 160 2 BR G, Cocculus japome DC. Ibid., 161 -—AR BG, C. Thunbergii, DC. "MEE MEP itseidy snil-toct MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 329 Phon zo, XXX, 4:—R B, Cocculus Thunbergit, DC.— 4,5 :— pe BR, Cocculus Thunbergii. Japonice: awa kadsura, female plant ; kampe, male plant. Phon zo, 6, 7:—[¥j EG. This Chinese name applied to Cocculus diversifolias, Menispermum dauricum and Stephania hernandifolia. All these plants belong to the order Meni- spermacece. From the Chinese descriptions of the fang ki [the authors describe only the root] it cannot be decided what plant is meant. According to Henry [Chin. pl., 71, 186], Cocculus Thunbergii is known by other Chinese names in Hu pei. 184.—3 B.t‘ung ts‘ao. P., XVII), 25. T., CXI. Pen king:—T*ung ts‘ao, Bf SZ fu chi. The twigs and the fruit are officinal. Taste pungent. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. Pie lu :—The t‘ung ts‘ao grows in Shi ch‘eng [in An hui, — App. 285] in mountain-valleys, also in Shan yang [in Shan tung, App. 270]. The twigs are gathered in the Ist and 2nd months and dried in the shade. | T‘ao Hune-Kinc :—It is now produced in Mid China. The plant climbs on trees and contains a white juice. The stem shows [on a transverse section] small holes (or rather longitudinal tubes). If air be blown at one end of a section of it, it passes through it, whence the name [¢‘ung means “permeable”’]. Some say that it is the Zi J&R ¥ fu teng heng. " Wu Pu [83rd cent.] calls it J 3 téng weng. : Su Kune [7th cent.]:—It is, when full grown, 3 inches in diameter. 3 or 4 twigs (stalks) spring from each joint, each with 5 leaves (leaflets) at the end. The fruit is from 3 to 4 inches long. It has a white pulp with black kernels, is edible and of an agreeable, sweet taste. The southern people : ss 42 : 330 BOTANICON SINICUM. call this fruit 3 HEF yen fu ts also — | | wu (black) — Ju tse. It is gathered in the 7th and 8th months. Caen Kuan [7th cent.] calls it By SF BE wan nien teng, and says that the root is used in medicine. Cu‘en Ts‘anc-K‘I [ 8th cent.]:—The people of Kiang tung [Kiang su, An hui, ete., App. 124] call it B3BRF chu fu tsz, in Kiang si [App. 124] it is 42 Ff na tsz', It looks like an abacus-bag (?).* The pulp is yellow and the seeds black. It is eaten after the skin has been removed. Su Kung, in stating that the pulp is white, means the #R hou fu (fruit). Su Sune [11th cent. ]:—The plant is now found in Tse chou, Lu chou [both in Shan si, App. 845, 204], in Han chung [S. Shen si, App 54], in Kiang and Huai [Kiang su and An hui, App. 124, 89] and in Hu nan. It isa climber [the twigs] as thick as a finger, but the stem is — sometimes 3 inches in diameter. The leaves are five at the — end of acommon petiole, somewhat resemblin g the leaves of the shi wei [Niphobolus lingua. See 205]. They have also some — resemblance to Pwonia leaves. They stand in pairs opposite. It blossoms in summer and autumn, The flowers are purple or white. The fruit resembles a small quince, is edible and of an agreeable taste. CHen SuHI-LIANG [10th cent.] calls it FE ER fou yen tsz. Its twigs are now known under the name of 7 3B mu tung also 3% Fe t‘uny ts‘ao, which Lee name is also applied to the 38 HE 7K t‘ung to mu [ Aralia papyrifera. See Bot. sin., IT, 82]. 2 Lr Sui-curn :—There are two sorts of mu t'und, the : purple and the white. The [fruit of the] purple has a thick skin and is of a pungent taste, the white has a thin skin and is insipid. Ch, XXIL. 37 :—Rude drawing. Conrolvulacea? "St &. ‘MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 381 Lovr., Fl. cochin., 422 :—Clematis sinensis. Sinice : mu ees 7 Tavar., Cat., 40:—Mu ttung. Radix Clematidis ?— P. Surrn, 66.— The drug mu t‘ung obtained from a Peking drug shop was in thin slices, transverse sections of a ligneous stem, half-an- inch in diameter, the marrow showing small holes like a siéve (longitudinal canals) and was examined at Kew. It proved to belong to Akebia quinata. The description in the P. agrees. The Ind. Fl. sin. [1, 30] notices for China Akebia quinata, Dene., and A. lobata, Dene. ° The name ¢‘ung ts‘ao is nowadays, it seems, more generally applied to Aralia papyrifera, in China. Henry, Chin. pl., 299 :—Mu t‘ung at Pa tung is the name for several species of Clematis, and [488], t‘ung ts‘ao, Fatsia (Aralia) papyrifera. Cust. Med., p. 12 (92):—Mu t‘ung exported 1885 from New chwang 688 piculs,—p. 74 (109), from Han kow 291 piculs, p. 194 (162),—from Ning po 112 piculs. Stes., Icon. ined., I, and Stes. & Zuec., Flora japon., I, 143, 145, tab., 77, 78, the Chinese names fx jf and 3 Ft applied both to Akebia quinata and A. lobata—Same in Phon zo, XXX, 8, 9, and Horrm. & Scutr., 33. 185.—$4y BS hou t'eng. P., XVIII, 29. 7, CXIL Pie lu:—Kou t‘eng (hooky climber). Only the name given and medical virtues explained. It seems the thorns of the stem used in medicine. T‘so Hune-Kixc :—It is produced in Kien p‘ing [in Hu pei, App. 139]. It is also called FR BR téao “eng (suspended climber) and employed in the treatment of diseases of children, 332 BOTANICON SINICUM. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The hou t‘eng grows in Liang chou [Sz ch‘uan, ete., App. 187]. Small, long leaves. The stem is provided with hooked thorns. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is found in Hing yiian fu in Ts‘in [in Shen si, App. 68, 358]. The drug is gathered in the 3rd month. 3 © K‘ou Tsune-sat [12th cent.]:—It is common in the 3 mountains of Hu nan, Hu pei and Kiang si. It is a climber — : from 8 to 20 feet long, of the thickness of a finger and [the stem] hollow. Thieves employ this hollow stem to suck out wine from a closed jar without damagin g the latter. Li Sui-cuen :—It is a climber, like the vine, with purple coloured recurved thorns like hooks. In ancient times at first the bark was used in medicine, afterwards the hooks : : became officinal. Ch. XX, 57 s:—Kou t‘eng. The figure represents & a plant with hooked spines, probably an Uncaria. The test a says that it grows in Yiin nan, Chen hiung chou. TAPAR Cab 87s Rou t‘eng. Rami scissi Unearie Gambir.—P, Surrn, 224.—The drug hou t‘eng received from Wen chow consisted of recurved spines. Cust. Med., p- 898 (248):— Kou t'eng exported 1885 from Canton 58 piculs,—p. 214 (59), from Wen chow 35 piculs,—p. 228 (128), from Fu chow 1.80 picul,—p. 74 (108), 9K] mi how [stated in Hank. Med. (27) to be the same as kou t‘eng] from Han kow 340 piculs. In the Kwa wi [111] $y BE or K BH Fis Unearia rhynchophylla, Miq. Comp. also the drawing in Phon 20 (XXX, 13, 14]. The genus Uncaria (order Rubiacec, tribus Naneleew) 8 characterised by its climbing habit and by the old or barren flower-stalks being converted into hard, woody spines, directed MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 533 downwards so as to form hooks. No Chinese Uncaria appears in the Index Fl. sin. Taranrtnov’s identification of the fou t‘eng with Uncaria Gambir is very doubtful. In Hu peh the drug kou t‘eng is yielded by Nauelea sinensis, Oliv. See Dr. Henry’s Note in Hook Icon. plant., tab., 1956. : Unearia Gambir, Roxb. (Nauclea Gambir, Hunt.), is the plant which affords the ad-tringent, earthy-looking, mas- ticatory and tanning substance called Gambir or Terra japonica. This is the Rf fk ZF pin lang kao (betel-nut extract) of the Chinese. See Ronpor, Commerce d’Export de la Chine, p. 198; Witttams, Chin. Comm, Guide, p. 92; P. Suir, 100 [Pale Catechu of Commerce]. This drug has frequently been confounded with another drug—very similar in composition but widely diverse in botanical origin—the Cutch or Catechu, the extract of the wood of Acacia Catechu, Willd., which in Chinese is Ki 38 rh ch‘a. See Ronvor, L.c., and P. Surra, 55, sub Catechu. The 2. [VII, 15], which includes this foreign drug among the earths, calls it B 2 ye wu tie ni or F¥% GR AE hai rh ch‘a [meaning “ infants’ tea.” But as the Bengal name of the drug is khaiar, this name may perhaps be rendered by the above Chinese characters]. The Chinesé also, it seems, sometimes confound Gamlir and Catechu, —:186.— Fy BRE pai ttuhuo. P., XVII, 30, 7., CLXXIX. Pen king:—Pai t‘u huo. The root is officinal. Taste bitter. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. Pie lu :—It grows in Kiao chou [Kuang tung, App. 132] in mountain-valleys, 334 BOTANICON SINICUM. Wo P‘u [8rd cent.] calls it Fy ES pai ko. T‘ao HunG-Kine says that it is a counter-poison. Su Keye [7th cent.]:—It grows in the mountains of — King and Siang [both in Hu pei, App. 145, 305], and isa — climber. The people of Shan nan [S. Shen si, App. 268] — call it pai ko. It resembles the lo ma (Metaplevis), and has — round, thick leaves, The stem is covered with white hair. Ch, XXII, 23 :—Pui t‘u huo. Phon zo, XXX, 15, 16 :— fy RR Ze, Aselepiadea. 187.—Fy BE pai ying. P., XVI, 31. 7, CLVIIL Comp. Ri yay 79. Pen king:—Pai (white) ying. Root, leaves and frait officinal. Non-poisonous. The root is sweet and the fruit a 4 sour. Pie lu:—Other names #4 2K hu ts‘ai and fy BE pai ts'ao. The pai ying grows in I chou [Yiin nan or Sz ch‘uan, App. — 102] in mountain-valleys, The leaves are gathered in spring, the stem in summer, the flowers in autumn and the root im — winter. The same Pie lu says :—The a BH kui mu (devil's eye) or He HP lai kan has a red fruit like the wu wei ts [ Schizandra. See 164]. It is gathered in the 10th month. — PAO HUNG-Kine Kun mu is the popular name for the — fruit of the pai ts‘ao. - Su Kune [7th cent. |:—The pai ying or kui mu is & : climbing plant. Its leaves resemble those of the wang hud [ Thladiantha. See 173] but are smaller, longer, and five lobed. ‘The fruit is globular, like that of the lung kui ts (Solanum nigrum), and is at first green but purplish black when ripe. The people of Eastern China eal it pai ts‘ao. Caen Ts‘anc-K‘t :—The pai ying or kui mu isa ves® table mentioned in the Rh ya [79]. In Kiang tung [Kiang MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 339 su, An hui, ete., App. 124] the people in summer gather the leaves and the stem and boil them with rice for food. It is a counter-poison. Other names for the plant: FA 4 pai mu, PE fi, F p‘ai Jeng tsz'. Li Sui-cHEen :—The young leaves are white and can be eaten. It blossoms in autumn. Sinall, white flowers. Fruit like the lung k‘ui tsz‘ [v. supra]. It is dark red when ripe. The name kui mu is also applied to several other plants. Ch. XXII, 18:—Pai ying. The figure represents a Solanum with hastate or lobed leaves, flowers and berries. So moku, II, 52 :— fy BE, Solanum dulcamara, L. Phon zo, XXX, 17, 18 :—Same Chinese name, Solanum lyratum, Thbg. This plant has downy leaves. 188.—2% Wk yang tao. P., XVII, 37. 7, CLI. Comp. Rh ya, 198, Classics, 493. Pen king:--Yang t*ao (goat’s peach), Hy Bk kui t‘ao (devil’s peach), 2 ES yang ch‘ang (goat’s bowels). The stem and the root are officinal. Taste bitter. Nature cold. Poisonous. [Subsequent writers say “ non-poisonous.” | Pie lu:—The yang tao grows in mountain-forests, in river-valleys and in fields. It is gathered in the 2nd month and dried in the shade. Tao Hune-Kine :—It is a common mountain-plant. It - Tesembles the cultivated peach but is not what is called the mountain-peach. The flowers are deep red. The fruit is small, bitter, and not much eaten. Not used in medicine now. In the Shi king it is called ch‘ang ch‘u. Han Pao-suenxe [10th cent.]:—It is a common plant in marshes. The stem is long and weak, never tree- like (woody). Leaves and flowers resemble those of the peach. 536 BOTANICO SINICUM. Small fruit of the size of a jujube-stone. It is commonly called #] si tsz‘ (small fruit). - be root resembles that of . Piwonia moutan, The lower portio of the stem is placed in hot ashes, when the bark becomes loose and can be worked — into pencil-holders. Ch., XXII, 42, 43 :— Yung tao. Two figures represent ing herbaceous plants. ae Lr Sui-cury :—The yang t'ao has a stem of the thicknes of a finger, is tree-like but weak and creeping. Leaves as large as the palm of the hand, green on the upper side, white and downy underneath, resembling the ch‘u md — (Behmeria nivea) leaves but round. The branches when — steeped in water become viscid. “0 Cust. Med., p. 364 (320) :— Yang tao hua (flowers) — exported 1885 from Canton 9 piculs,—p. 326 (159), from — Swatow 4 piculs,—~p, 362 (286), from Canton yang tao ye s (leaves) 0.10 picul.—'The compilers of the Cust. fed. identify yang t‘ao with Averrhoa Carambola, but this is 3 mistake, which has already been pointed out in Bot. sins II, 3 493, | Phon zo, XXXI, 8 :—3% bk. The drawing represents # creeper with large red flowers. Not identified by FraNcu®t. 189.—§ F lo shi. P., XVI), 38. 1, COXXXIX. Pen king :—Lo shi. The stem and the leaves are officinal. Taste bitter. Nature warm, Non-poisonous. me — Pie lu:—Other names: AG fh WR shi lung teng, Bi a hitan shi, 3 BR yin chu, We Ay lio shi, GR A ling shi, Wy A oe shi, Fy $F shi te'o. The lo shi grows in T’ai shart [in Shan tung, App. 822] in river-yalleys, also on rocks tc . i C os the high mountains, in shady places, and near dwelling (cultivated). It is gathered in the Sth month. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 337 Wu P‘u [8rd cent.] gives the following synonyms: A FB shi ling, BE BE yin ying, BE FE yin hua and EE FF yin tan. T‘ao Huna-Kine considers it a dubious plant. Some say it is a stone. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—This plant grows in shady, damp places. It is an evergreen with a round black fruit. It climbs upon trees and rocks. That found on rocks has small, thick, round leaves, and that which climbs on trees has large thin leaves. The people cultivate it also as an orna- mental plant. Its popular name is iit nai tung (enduring the winter). The name lo shi (entangling rocks) refers to its climbing on rocks. The people of Shan nan [S. Shen si, App. 268] call it # Mil shi hue (stone blood). It is useful in hemorrhage after childbirth. Hay Pao-sueng [10th cent. ]:—It is an evergreen climber on trees and rocks. Its leaves, which proceed from the joints of the stem, resemble small orange-leaves. It clings to the rocks by the fibres of its root. White flowers and large black fruit, Li Sui-cHen :—The lo shi climbs on rocks. Its stem contains a white juice. The leaves are small, of the size of a finger-nail, thick, firm, green on the upper side, and paler, scabrous, not shining, underneath. There are two kinds, one with pointed and the other with round leaves. The medical Virtues in both are the same. Su Kuna’s account is not incorrect but it is incomplete. Ch. XXII, 22:—Lo shi. Rude drawing. Twining plant, Only leaves. Phon zo, XXXI, 11:—£% FH Rhynchospermum jasmin- oides, Lindl. (Nerium divaricatum, Thbhg., Malouetia asiatica, 2) dk Z.). Order Apocynee.—ILbid., 8-10, four other plants = ee with the above Chinese name. 338 BOTANICON SINICUM. 190.—-> Be He ts‘ten sui lei. P., XVILIb, 42. T., CLXXVII. Comp. Classics, 452. 5 Pie lu:—Ts‘ien sui lei (thousand years’ creeper), Re lei wu. The ts‘en sui lei grows in T‘ai shan [in Shan tung, ; App. 322] in mountain-valleys. The root is officinal. Taste sweet. Nature uniform, Non-poisonous. T‘ao Huna-xine:—It is a climber which grows like | the vine. The leaves resemble those of the kué t‘ao [see 188]. It climbs on trees, and contains a white juice. . Cuen Ts‘anc-K‘I [8th cent.]:—It is a twining plant similar to the ko [Pachyrhizus. See 174]. The leaves are white underneath. It has a red fruit. The branches contaia a white juice. It is mentioned in the Shi king. ; Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is a common plant which climbs on trees. Leaves like those of the vine but smaller. — The stem when broken discharges a white juice of a sweet taste. It flowers in the 5th and produces fruit in the 7th month. The fruit is greenish black with a tinge of red. Ch. XXII, 50:—Ts‘ien sui lei. The figure represents a vine or Vitis, ; Phon z0, XXXII, 3 —F BE BA Vitis flevuosa, Thbg- 191.—2% & jen tung. P., XVII, 43. 7, CXIX Pie lu :—Jen tung (enduring the winter). It [not — what part of the plant] is gathered in the 12th month an” dried in the shade. Taste sweet, Nature warm. Nom poisonous. y Tao Hune-Kine :—The jen tung is a common climbing 2 plant. It does not wither in winter, whence the name MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 839 Su Kuna [7th cent.]:—It twines around herbaceous plants and trees. The stem and the leaves are of a purplish red colour. The old stem has a thin epidermis, and the young stem is covered with hair. The leaves resemble those of the ku tow (pea), tomentose on both sides. Flowers white with purple filaments (anthers). This plant is sometimes confounded with the lo shi [see 189], but that is another plant. Li Sut-cHen :—The jen tung is a climber. Its stem has a tinge of purple. The leaves proceed in pairs from the joints. They resemble the leaves of the pi li [see Bot. sin., Il, 415] but are hirsute. It blossoms in the 4th month. The flower is more than an inch long. One peduncle pro- duces two flowers. The corolla has two lips, one large and one small. It looks like one-half of a flower. Long filaments. The flowers when they first open are all white, but after two or three days they become yellow. Owing to the plants producing yellow and white flowers at the same time it is also called & $8 4 kin yin hua (gold and silver flowers). The flowers are very fragrant. They are gathered for medical use in the 4th month and dried in the shade. The leaves are gathered at all times of the year. Other names for the plant are ZF #¥ RE yaan yang t'eng, BE HE | lu te! teng, 3% BH lao weng si, MH | ch‘ant'eng, & W BY kin ch‘a ku. In Taoist books it is 38 Hj | mi tung teng, RB EE yin ts‘ao and 38 ee BE tung ling ts‘ao. Ch., XXII, 48 :—Jen tung. Good drawing. Lonicera Japonica, Thhg. (L. chinensis, Wats.). The description in the P. agrees well. See also Kiu huang, LIIL, 21. —— Lour., Fl. cochin., 185 :—Lonicera pereelymenum [pro- bably Z, japonica is meant]. Sinice: gin tum. Flos albo Tuteus. Flores ad usum medicum adhibentur, 340 BOTANICON SINICUM. Tatar., Cat., 58:—Kin yin hua. Flores: Lonicere chinensis—P,. Surra, 138, 50, 114.—Kin yin hua is the common name for the plant at Peking, where it is much cultivated. See also Huyry, Chin. pl., 66. Cust. Med., p. 128 (100):—Kin yin flowers exported — 1885 from Chin kiang 153 piculs,—p. 30 (117), from Tien — tsin 40 piculs,—p. 356 (227, 228), from Canton flowers and — leaves 0.7 picul,—p. 276 (48), jen tung from Amoy 0.45 — picul.—Exported also from Han kow. See [Hunk Med., 5. Amen. exot., 785 :—2, 4 nin too, it. sin too, vulgo sui kadsura et ex floris colore kin gin qua, i.e. auri et argenti flos appellata, Periclymenum vulgare, sive Caprifolium ngp perfoliatum, baccis atro-purpureis vel nigris. ; Phon zo, XXXII, 8, 4 :— 72 4, Lonicera japonica and ; other species, : Stes., Ccon., 238 :— Lonicera japonica, Japomiee: 2 ninde. Sinice: ZL 2, Stipites ab agricolis in syphile — inveterata optimum preedicantur remedium. . 192.-—3% 37 tee sie, Faget OTS Foren We ap 0 Fe Comp. Rh ya, 95, Classics, 437. a Pen king :—Tse sie, 7K YE shui sie, #4 | ku sie. The leaves, the root and the fruit are officinal. Taste of the root sweet. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. Taste of the leave saltish and of the fruit sweet, Pie lu:—Other names : Me ity ki sie and TG HH mag ; ts‘ao. The tse sie grows in Ju nan [in Ho nan, App. 110] ™ | ponds and swamps. The leayes are gathered in the Sth, the | root in the 8th, the fruit in the 9th month, and dried 1 the shade, ss T‘ao Hone-xine :—Ju nan is in the province of er chou [Ho nan, See App. 413]. This plant occurs in Mid MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 341 China but is not much used. The drug from Han chung [S. Shen si, App. 54], Nan cheng [in Shen si, App. 226], Tsing chou [in Shan tung, App. 363] and Tai chou [in N. Shan si, App. 821] is more generally employed. It (the root) is large, with a long tail, and has two protuberances [perhaps branches]. The sort which grows in shallow water has long, narrow leaves. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—Now the drug is not gathered inJu nan. That from King chou [in Kan su, App. 153] and Hua chou [in Shen si, App. 85] is considered the best. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—This plant is now found in Shan tung and Ho [provinces near the Yellow River, App. 72], Shen [Shen si, App. 284], Kiang and Huai [Kiang su and An hui, App. 124, 89], but the best drug comes from Han chung. It is a common plant in shallow water. The leaves resemble an ox- -tongue. It has a long single stem. It blossoms in autumn. Numerous white flowers like the ku tsing ts‘ao (Androsace). At the end of autumn the root is dug up and dried in the sun. Lt Sut-cuey :—The plant is also called BR #% Yu sun. Ch., XVIII, 1, and Kiu huang, XLVI, 5, sub tse sie, good drawings of Alisma plantago, L. Tarar., Cat., 57:—Tse sie. Radix Alisme plantaginis. —P. Surg, 7. —The drug obtained under the name tse sie from a Peking drug-shop consisted of hard, fragrant, white tubers, one inch in diameter. Cust. Med., p. 80 (188):—Tse sie exported 1885 from Han kow 1, 207 piculs,—p. 226 (96), from Foo chow 640 Piculs,—p. 320 (91), from Swatow 235 piculs,—p. 60 (27), from I chang 56 piculs,—p. 190 (100), from Ning po 28 _ Pleuls,—p, 92 (77), from Kiu kiang 26 piculs. So moku, VIL, 35 :—}B jt, Alisma plantago.—Ibid., 35, 36 :—7k | |. the samé, with lanceolate leaves. 342 BOTANICON SINICUM,. 193.—2% Be yang ti. P., XIX, 4. 7., LXIV. Comp. Rh ya, 117, Classics, 440. Pen king: —Yang t% (sheep’s hoof), ch‘u, ¥% B kui mu, Ye Fi A tung fang su, 3 Bk Be lien chung lu The root is officinal. Taste bitter. Nature cold. Non- poisonous, Pie lu:—The yang ti grows in Ch‘en liu [in Ho naa, App. 13] in river-valleys. T‘ao Huna-kine :—It is now also called Ag AE tw ts‘ai. Han Pao-suene [10th cent.]:—It grows in low, damp places. The plant is from three to four feet high. The leaves are narrow and long, somewhat resembling those of the. = wo ki (Lactuca), but they are of a darker green colour. The stem and the joints are of a purplish red colour. Greenish white flowers in racemes. The seeds are three-edged. The plant begins to wither in summer. The root resembles that — of the niu p‘ang [burdock. See 91]. It is hard and solid. K‘ou Tsune-sat [12th cent.]:—The leaves resemble those of the po ling (spinage) but are not hastate and are thicker. The flowers resemble the seeds. The leaves are used for polishing (or cleaning) certain stones. The fruit is called & & B kin Kiao mai (golden buckwheat). Artificers us¢ it in the working of lead. Lt Sat-cHEy :—This plant grows abundantly by rivet sides and in moist places. The leaves are more than a foot - long and resemble an ox-tongue but have no resemblance es spinage-leaves. The stem rises in the beginning of summer, and the plant produces flowers and seeds. The flowers _ of the same colour as the leaves. At the end of summer it a withers, but thrives again late in autumn and then does ne wither in winter. The root is nearly a foot long, of 4 reddish : MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 343 yellow colour and resembles the Rhubarb root and also a carrot. Other names: = fi Je EF yang t% ta huang (sheep’s- hoof Rhubarb), Ak 3 28 pai tu ts‘ai, 4G ZR niu she ts‘ai (ox-tongue vegetable), and 7k BE FE shui huang kin. Ch, XVIII, 8:—Yang ti. Rude drawing. Probably Rumew is intended. Also Kiu huang, LI, 21. At Peking yang t% or niu she is Rumex crispus, L., and other species. A Rumex in the Peking mountains is called ck X& FF tu (native) ta huang (Rhubarb). Its root resemble a cloven hoof. P. Smirn, 87:—Dock, yang t‘i.—Henry, Chin. pl., 308 :—4 7G DA niu she t‘ou, in Hu pei, Rumex acetosa, L. Amen. evot., 911 :—2 $ jote’, communiter si. Thlaspi majus, foliis Lapathi, caulibus in spicas excurrentibus, capsulis Burse pastoris, intermixtis foliolis, confertas. [It does not seem that a Rumex is meant. ] So moku, VII, 27 :—2e 34 Rumex japonicus, Meisn. Stes., Gcon., 108 :—Rumex crispus. Japonice: gist gist. Sinice : == fi. Remedium agricolis in exanthematibus. 194.—3¥ YH ch‘ang pu. P., XIX,8. T., LXVIIL. Comp. Classics, 376. Pen king:—Ch‘ang p‘u. The root is officinal. Taste _ pungent. Nature warm. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—Other names: & BR ch‘ang yang. The ch‘ang pu grows in Shang lo [in Shen si, App. 274] in ponds and Swamps, also in Yen tao, belonging to Shu [Sz ch‘uan, App. 406, 292]. The best drug is that which contains nine joints within a space of an inch of the root. The bedewed Toot (?)* cannot be used. The root is dug up in the 5th and 12th months and dried in the shade. ” oe RR. 344 BOTANICON SINICUM. Wu Pu [8rd cent. ] calls it $2 SE yao hiv. T‘ao Hune-Kine :—One kind, which is a common plant, — grows on stones. That with numerous joints is the best. — That with a large root, which grows in low, damp places, is called & By ch‘ang yang. It is not much used for food. The true ch‘ang p‘u has a leaf which shows a ridge (an elevated line) like a sword. In the 4th and 5th months it — produces minute flowers. There is one kind found in Eastern China, in rivulets and swamps, which is called ¥A #R k% sun. In odour and colour its root is much like the ch‘ang pu — which grows on stones, but its leaves are very like the leaves | of the p‘u (Typha) and have no ridge (elevated line). It — is frequently confounded with the stone ch‘ang piu. It is : not eaten, but is employed as an expectorant, and is also — useful in destroying fleas and lice. Ta Mine [10th cent.]:—The root of the ch‘ang p‘u which — grows in stony rivulets is small and hard. The best is that — with nine joints within one inch of the root. It is produced — ; in Siian chou [in An hui, App. 315]. — Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is a common plant. The — best sort is produced in Ch‘i chou [in An hui, App. 21] and " in Jung chou [in Sz ch‘uan, App. 112]. The leaf is from — one foot to two feet long, has an elevated middle ridge like me. sword. It has neither flowers nor fruit. Its root is contorted, — creeping, has joints, and resembles a switch. The principal : root sends out three or four lateral roots with joints close : together, 12 within an inch. The fresh root is soft and hollow, but after having been dried in the sun it becomes — hard and solid. When broken the heart shows a reddish — tinge. Its taste is acrid and aromatic. The plant is much : cultivated for medical use, but the best is that brought by . the savages (Man) of K‘ien [N. Kui chow, App. 141] and = Shu (Sz ch‘uan). This is the shi (stony) ch‘ang p‘u. Another MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 345 sort is called Ze [| [| shw (water) ch‘ang p‘u. It grows in rivulets and swamps, and is seldom used in medicine. These two sorts are frequently mixed together by the druggists and wre not easily distinguished. Li Sui-cuen :—There are five kinds of ch‘ang p‘u:— 1,—That which grows in ponds and marshes and has a leaf like the p‘u, a fat (succulent) root, and is from two to three feet high, is the J~ | | w ch‘ang p‘u (vw = mud) or Fy *§ pai ch‘ang [see 195]. 2.—That which grows in rivulets, has a p‘u leat, a meagre root, and is from two to three feet high, is the Fe | | shui (water) ch‘ang pu or kt sun [v. supra]. It is also called 7K gi] HE shui tsien ts‘ao (water sword-plant). 3.—That which grows in the water among stones, and the leaves of which show an elevated ridge like that of a sword, root meagre, joints close together, and the plant about one foot high, is the A | | sh (stone) ch‘ang p‘u. 4.—One kind of shi ch‘ang p‘u is cultivated by the people in coarse sand. It is only from four to five inches high, and has fine leaves like the kw (Allium odorum). Root like the handle of a spoon. 5.—The smallest kind, the root of which measures but two or three tenths of an inch, with leaves one inch long, is called gB jf ts‘ten p‘u. For food and for medical use only the two sorts of shz ch‘ang p‘u can be employed. The other sorts are worthless. Su Sune is erroneous in stating that the ch‘ang p‘u has neither flowers nor fruit. It produces in the 2nd or 3rd Month a spike of small yellow flowers. For botanical identification see the next. 44 346 BOTANICON SINICUM. 195.—F4 B pai ch‘ang. P., XIX, 13, 7, LXVIL. Pie lu:—Other names: 7k PF HF shui ch‘ang pu, IK fa : shut su and ¥ | heng p‘u. The pai (white) ch‘ang is dug up in the 10th month. The root is officinal. Taste sweet — and pungent. Non-poisonous. i: Tao Hunc-x1ne gives the synonym ij # lan sun. Cu‘en Ts‘ane-K'‘t [8th cent.]:—This is the plant which is now called ki sun [see 194] and also ©; BB ch‘ang yang. It grows by the sides of water. It is different from the ch‘ang pu which grows among stones [see 194]. It hasa large, very white root, of a disagreeable smell. Su Sune {11th cent.]:—The shui ch‘ang psu grows abundantly in rivulets and marshes, It perishes when the water dries up. The leaves resemble those of the shi (stone) a ch‘ang p‘u but they have not the elevated rib [v. supra, 194]. — The root atter drying becomes light, shrunken, and of a dirty. e appearance. It is not fit for medical use. | _ Lit Sui-cuen :—There are two sorts. One has a large, white succulent root with the joints wide apart. This is the pai (white) ch‘ang, commonly called Yeé {| [ 2 (mud) ch‘ang pu [comp. 194]. ‘The other kind has a meagre root of a red colour, and the joints close together. This is the sun, commonly called shui (water) ch‘ang p‘u. Both these sorts do not show that [above-mentioned] elevated ridge on their leaves. The taste and the smell of the &% sun are superior. Both drugs are useful in destroying vermin, but are not fit for being eaten, 5 Ch., XVIII, 2:—Ch‘ang p‘u or shi chung p'ue The figure seems to represent an Acorus. Linear leaves. Root not represented. — Avy huang, Li, 9 :— Chiang pu. ‘The drawing shows only young leaves and a ringed rhizome. _ MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 347 Lovr., Fl. cochin., 259:—Acorus Calamus, L. [ LourEIRo’s plant is, according to Kunru, Enum. pl., ILI, 87, not the com- mon sweet flag but the Acorus terrestris of Rumputvs, Amb., V, tab. 72]. Sinice: xe cham pu (shi ch‘ang p‘u). In montibus et locis petrosis Cochinchine et Chine, Radix utitur in medicina, Tatar., Cat., 14, 53 :—Ch‘ang p‘u and shi ch‘ang p‘u. Rad. Acori terrestris.—P, Smrra, 4. Lour., le, 258:— Orontium cochinchinense [this is Acorus cochinchinensis, Schott. See Keyra, Enum. pl, IT, 87]. Sinice: aui cham pu (shu ch‘ang pu). Habitat in paludibus et locis aquosis Cochinchinze et Chine. At Peking the common Acorus Calamus is called ch‘ang pu. lt has the same Chinese name in Hu pei. See Henry, Chin. pl., 18. The pai ch‘ang or shui ch‘ang p‘u of the Pen ts‘ao is probably Acorus Calamus. Cust. Med., p. 338 (2):—Ch‘ang p‘u exported 1885 from Canton 47 piculs.—Exported also from Han kow. See Hank, Med., p. 1.—The shi ch‘ang p‘u is mentioned in the Cust. Med. as imported to New chwang, Shang hai and Tamsui, and said to come from Ning po and Amoy, but it is not noticed in these ports among the exports. Amen. exot., 900 :— 2% sju, vulgo soobu, Herba arun- dinacea palustris, foliis liliaceis, ob pulchritudinem in hortis et cisternis recepta ; cujus tres habentur species foliorum magnitudine differentes: sco foliis longissimis,—ajami medi- ocribus,—et sikisoha parvulis, que in fictilibus asservatur.— Tuunzere identifies this with his Iris versicolor [ Flora jap., 34], but from the Japanese names it would seem that Kzuprrr’s description refers to Acorus. : Phon zo, XXXIII, 16, 17, and So moku, VII, 10 :— Be, Japonice sjobu, is Acorus spurius, Schott. [= A. Calamus, Thbg., Fl., jap. 144]. In aquosis Japonize (Buerger). 348 BOTANICON sINICUM. So moku, VII, 11:—%q B, Acorus gramineus, Ait. ’ Comp. also Phon zo, XXXIII, 13-14, s. nom. sin. Acorus, — . only leaves figured. : Sres., Icon. ined., VILI, and Sres., Gcon., 4 :—Acorus Calamus, L., var. asiatica. Japonice: sjoobu; sinice: JE Be Usus pro ceremoniis. Stes., Jeon. ined., VIII, and S1es., Gicon., 5 :—Acorus gramineus. Japonice : sek’ sjoo ; sinice: #y Ey FH- Sres., Jeon. ined., VIL, and Step., Gicon., 6 :—Acorus pusillus. Japonice: biroodo seki sjo; sinice: $8 f- Utra- que planta [i.e. A. gramineus et pusillus] pro septis lacuum artificialium in hortis, nee non ob virtutem in contusionibus colitur. MigueL, Prol. Fl. jap., 135, 3856 :—Acorus pusillus. | Acoro gramineo valde affinis, omnibus partibus minor ; folia = angustissima, ete. 3 Matsumura, 4 :—Acorus Calamus, 7k BS Hie 196.—% Hf hiang pu. P., XIX, 13. T., LXVIIL Comp. Classics, 375. Pen king :— Hiang (fragrant) p‘u, B pu jee / (yellow), name of the yellow pollen of the flowers, which 1s used in medicine. Taste sweet. Nature uniform. Not poisonous. : Pie lu:—The hiang p‘u is produced in Nan hai [Kuang ; ‘ tung, App. 228] in pools and swamps, and the p‘u — " Ho tung [in Shan si, App. 80] in pools and swamps. }#¥ gathered in the 4th month. Wu P‘v [8rd cent.] gives the synonym ff # (34° shi. : Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The hiang p'w is also oer 3) | kan (sweet) p‘u, It is fit for making mats. fa MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 549 spring the white sprouts of this plant are collected and pickled. They may also be eaten when steamed. The people of Shan nan [S. Shen si, App. 268] call it héang (fragrant) pu, whilst by 5% | ch‘ou (stinking) p‘u they understand the ch‘ang pu [Acorus. See 195]. P*u huang is the name of the flowers of the hiang p‘u. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The hiang p‘u is the name of the plant which produces the p‘w huang. It is a common plant. The best comes from Ts‘in chou [in Kan su, App. 358]. The young plant, in the spring, when rising from the bottom of the water is of a reddish white colour. The heart of the tender plant which enters the mud, and which is called § $3 pai jo, is of the size of the handle of a spoon, and can be eaten raw. It is sweet and delicate. It is also very palatable when steeped in vinegar, like bamboo-sprouts. This is mentioned in the Chou li. Nowadays it is rarely used for food. In the beginning of summer the stem shoots upwards from the midst of the leaves. It bears at the top a kind of mace which contains the flowers. It is called HH BE p‘u ch‘ui (club, mace) and { #& p‘u o (receptacle). P‘u huang is the name for the powder of the filaments of the flowers (pollen). It is fine, like golden dust. The people collect it at the proper time, mix it with honey and sell it as a sweetmeat. Ia Sut-cuen :—The p‘u grows in a bushy manner by the sides of the water, like the kuan [a rush. See Bot. sin., IT, 455], but it is smaller and [the leaf] has a ridge. In the 2nd and 3rd months the young roots are taken out and prepared with a condiment of fish. The old root is also edible when boiled in fat or steamed. Or it is dried in the sun and reduced to powder, of which cakes are made. In the 8th or 9th month the leaves are gathered and woven into mats. Fans can also be made of the leaves. They are pliable, smooth and keep warm, 350 - _BOTANICON sINICUM. Ch., XVIII, 4:—Hiang p‘u. Rude drawing. T; ypha is evidently intended. The figure in the Aiu huang [LIII, 4 12, sub p‘w sun (sprouts) } is also Typha. ; : Lour., Fl. cockin., 675 :—Typha latifolia, L. In paludi- bus Chinze et Cochinchinee. Sinice: pu hoam. 3 Tatar., Cat., 46:—Jliang p‘u, Typha Bungeana— > P. Swiru, 223. 4 Typha angustifolia, 1.., is a common plant in the marshes near Peking. Popular name p‘u tsz‘. Cust. Med., p. 128 (109) :—P*‘u huang exported 1885 from Chin kiang 4 piculs,—p. 204 (282), from Ning po 0.47 picul_—p. 374 (466), from Canton hiang p'u ts‘ao 0.05 picul.—P*u huang is also exported from Han kow. See Hank, Med., 34. Amen exot., 900 :—3§ fo, vulgo kamma, gramen cypeti- num palustre.—It does not seem that KaMprer means _ — Typha, although gamma is the Japanese name for Typha. : Phon zo, XXXIV, 18-20 :—3# F#¥, Typha japonica, Miqy — and 7. angustifolia, I, a Smes., Ccon., 7 :— Typha angustifolia, L. Japonice: gama. Sinice: ¥f§. Usus pro fomite. = 197.— $k ku. P., XIX, 16. 2; aes Comp. Classics, 350. if Pie lu:—Ku. Only the name. The root, the sprouts” y and the leaves are used in medicine. ; a Han Pao-sugne [10th cent. ]:—The ku ken (root) ae: in water. The leaves of the plant resemble those of the : : sugar-cane, The old root is contorted and thick. In te a summer a fungus (( kan) is produced in it, which edible and is called ¥— JE ku ts‘ai (vegetable). In the MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 351 third year a white stalk appears in the heart of the plant like Nelumbium root, resembling the forearm of a child. It is white and delicate and has black veins. It is likewise edible and is called | PY ku shou (head of the ku). Cu‘en Ts‘anc-xK‘1 [8th cent.]:—The small ku shou when broken shows a black dust inside. It is called Bw wu yi and is eaten by the people. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The ku hen (root) is common in rivers, lakes and swamps. Its leaves resemble those of the pu (Typha) and the wei (common reed). They are cut for feeding horses, which it fattens. At the end of spring the root sends up white sprouts resembling bamboo- sprouts. They are called ku ts‘ai [v. supra], also 3 £4 kiao pai, and are used for food, both raw and cooked. They are of an agreeable sweet taste. In the heart of these sprouts is a central mass which resembles the forearm of a child. This isealled [| 5 hu shou (arm) not ku shou (FA head). This plant is mentioned in the Rh ya [88], and the commentator speaks of the fungus produced in it. Since that time the people in the south use the character fi ku as a synonym for Tat kitn (mushroom). The root of the ku is like that of the common reed. It is common in the marshes of the two Che [Che kiang, App. 10]. When the stem of this plant has become hard it is called | H% BE ku tsiang ts‘co. In autumn it bears fruit. The seeds are called hi BK tao hu mi and in times of scarcity are used as a substitute for corn. K‘ou Tsune-sut [12th cent.] says:—The ku is a kind of reed. The people on the northern border of China use it for feeding horses and for making mats. It flowers in the 8th month. The flowers resemble those of the common reed, This plant, first mentioned in the P. [l.c.] as a water- _ Plant, is there spoken of for a second time (XXIII, 15] 352 BOTANICON SINICUM. among the cereals, under the name of $f K ku mi (grain). Comp. Rh ya, 88, Classics, 350. T’ao Hune-xina:—The ku mi, also called tiao hin [v. supra] is employed for making cakes used as food. 4 Ca‘en Ts‘ang-xK‘r [8th cent. ]:—The tiao hu is the grain from the hu tsiang [v. supra] plant. It is mentioned in the : Classics and is used as food. Su Sune [11th cent.]: :—In ancient times the hu ms was much valued as food, but nowadays the people gather it ; only i in times of scarcity. 3 K‘ou Tsuna-sut [12th cent.]:—The seeds are green and about an inch long. The savages gather them and cook : them mixed with millet as food. : Lr Sui-cuen :—The flowers of the tiao hu resemble ie : of the wei (common reed). The seeds are nearly an inch long. They are gathered after hoar-frost. They are as large : as the mao chen [sprouts of Imperata. See 37). To outer skin is gray, but the flour within is very white, a mucilaginous, and can be used for food. The young stalks i this plant are likewise eaten and are known under the mane of 32 Fi kiao sun. : This plant is figured in the Ch. [XVIII, 13] under the names ku or kiao pai, and in the Kiu huang [{LIII, 27] sub kiao sun. It is the Ih ‘ydropyrum latifolium, Griseb. Fo further particulars see Bot. sin. 5 POU. ; 198.—7& ¥f shui ping. P., XIX,18. 7., LXVIL Comp. Rh ya, 113, Classics, 400. Pen king :—Shui (water) ping. The whole nd used in medicine. Taste pungent. Nature cold. +? a poisonous, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 353 Pie lu:—The shui p‘ing grows in Lei tse [in Shan tung, App. 182] in ponds and swamps. It is gathered in the 3rd month and dried in the sun. T‘ao Huna-x1ne :—This is the water-plant called Fe $f ta (large) p‘ing, not that plant now called #R 3 fF fou (floating) p‘ing tse. The Lei kung yao tui says that it has white flowers in the 5th month, but this does not agree with the ta p‘ing which is now common in ditches and canals. The ta p‘ing is the fruit of the water-plant which the king of Chu fell in with when crossing the Kiang (Yang tsz‘).™ Ca‘en Ts‘anc-K‘t [8th cent.]:—There are two kinds of shui p‘ing. The larger one is called #4 p‘in. It has round leaves more than an inch in diameter. The small p‘ing tsz‘ is that which is commonly met with in ditches and canals, and this latter is the shui p‘ing mentioned in the Pen king. Su Sune [11th cent.] refers to Rh ya, 113, and notices that Su Kune [7th cent.] distinguishes three kinds of shui p‘ing,—the larger or pin, an intermediate sort which is called 4% hang [Limnanthemum. See Classics, 399] and a small Kind, 7 $f fou (floating) p‘ing, which floats on the surface of the water. Now the p‘in is seldom used in medicine, but the fou p‘ing is commonly employed. Li Sut-cuen :—The shui p‘ing used in the ancient pre- scriptions was the small fou p‘ing not, as T‘ao Huna-Kine asserts, the large p‘ing. The fou p‘ing is common in standing pools, where it appears at the end of spring. It is believed * T‘ao HuNG-King alludes to a tradition related at length in the Kia yw (Family Sayings of Confucius): 7 Hj FE, the prince Chao of the state of Ch‘u (B.C. 515-489], when once crossing the Kiang ina boat, met with a curious water-plant having a large fruit. It was sent to Confucius, who declared it to be the fruit of the p'izg plant, which appears ae princes destined to become leaders of the empire. 854 BOTANICON SINICUM. that it is produced by a metamorphosis of poplar flowers. The fou p‘ing consists of numerous small leaves floating on the water. Its tender, hair-like roots proceed from the — underside of the leaves. One kind has its leaves green — on both sides, the leaves of another kind are green above and reddish purple, like blood, beneath. The latter is called — 3 | tse‘ (purple) p‘ing. It is much valued as a medicine. : Ch., XVIII, 5 :—Shui ping or fou ping. The figure represents Lemna (Duckweed). Lour., Fl. cochin., 492:—Zala asiatica [according to Roxsurex, Lovreimo’s plant is Pistia stratioides, Li]: Sinice: fou peng. Habitat fluctuans in fluminibus lenti cursus in Cochinchina et China. TAPAR.. Cat... 55:— Shut ping, Lemna gibba. [The name fou p‘ing tsz* has been confounded by Tarartnoy [24] with fu p‘en tse‘, Rubus. See 166.] The Peking Duck- weed is Lemna minor, L., is very common there and known ~ under the Chinese name fou ping tsz‘.—P. Smiru, 181, Lemna. Cust. Med., p. 358 (238):—Fou ping exported 1885 - from Canton 3.89 piculs,—p. 306 (480), from Amoy 0.02 picul.®7 : Aman. exot., 900 :—PR fe, vulgo ukingusa, i.e. herba — natans. Lenticula palustris vulgaris. Phon zo, XXXIV, 1 :—Jk YK Spirodela (Lemna) poly- rhiza, Schleid.— Ibid, :--BF YF (green duckweed) Lemna minor, L.—Ibid., 3:—3& 4g (purple duckweed) Salvinia natans, Hoffm. * Fou-pting FF YE. [ Customs Med., export from Canton.) A sample of this drug [in the Pharmaceutical Museum, London] from Hongkong is Pistia stratiotes, L.—A, HEnry, ; 1 ae MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 855 The p‘in or larger shui p‘ing has a special article in the 7 AIX, 21, Li ki [Lrace], I, p. 432 (10) :—Marriage ceremony : the young lady offers a sacrifice to the ancestors, using fish for the victim, and soups made of duckweed and pondweed, ZY i HB. Wu P'u [8rd cent.]:—The #4 p‘in or shui pting, also called 7k }ffé shui lien, floats wpon the surface of the water. The leaves are round and small. Each stalk bears one leaf. The roots are at the bottom of the water, in the mud. The plant produces a white flower in the 5th month. It is gathered in the 3rd month and dried in the sun. Cu‘en Ts‘ana-K'‘t [8th cent.]:—The leaves of the p‘in are round, and about one inch in diameter. Beneath the leaves there is a speck-like foam. It is also called 3 ZR fou ts‘ai. It is dried in the sun and used as a medicine. The smaller sort, the stao p‘ing, grows in ditches and canals [LZemna, v. supra]. Cuane Yi-ar [11th cent.] quotes the Rh ya [114], and says that the p‘in is little used in medicine, the small sort (Lemna) being preferred for medical use. Lr Sui-cnen:—The p'‘in is the PY BE 2B sz ye ts‘ai (four-leaved vegetable) which floats on the surface of the water. The root is at the bottom of the water. The stalks (petioles) are more slender than those of the shun [ see the newt] and the hang [Limnanthemum, v. supra]. The leaf is as large as a finger-nail, green on the upper side, purple underneath and finely veined, somewhat resembling the leaflets of the ma t% hue ming [Cassia. See 110]. Properly its leaf consists of four leaves (leaflets) united to form a cross. It is therefore also called HH *# EX ten tsz‘ ts‘ao [plant the leaves of which resemble the character fq]. In summer 356 BOTANICON SINICUM. and autumn it produces small white flowers and is therefore also called FX [| pad (white) p‘in. The Ch, [XVIII, 6] figures sub p‘in or pai pin, Marsilea quadrifolia, L, The descriptions in the P. agree so far as the leaves are concerned. But Marsilea is a pseudo-fern and has no flowers. Phon zo, XXXIV, 3:—¥4, Mydrocharis morsus rane. Probably this may be the p‘in with white flowers of the P. Comp. Ch., XVIII, 2. Lbid., 3 :-— * BE, Marsilea quadrifolia. 190. We shun, P.. XIX, 24. T., LXV. Comp. Classics, 398. Pie lu:—Shun. The whole plant used in medicine. Taste sweet. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. Han Pao-suenc [10th cent.]:—The leaves of the shun resemble those of the fu k‘ui [Limnanthemum. See Classics, 399]. They float on the water. The stem is edible. Flowers yellowish white. Seeds (or fruit) of a purple colour. The stem, which from the 3rd to the 8th month is as thick as a hair-pin, is yellowish red, and short or long according t the depth of the water. It is then called #% | sz‘ (floss silk) shun and is sweet and soft. In the 9th and 10th months it gradually becomes coarse and hard. In the 11th month the sprouts appear in the mud, They are coarse and short, and known under the name of HE | kwai (piece) sm — They are bitter and harsh. The people press out the Juice : and use it with other vegetables for soup. . Lt Sai-chen:—The name is also written $§ shun, : : in the Ts% min yao shu [5th cent.]. The plant grows » South China in lakes and ponds. The people of Wu ee MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE, 357 [Kiang su, and An hui, App. 389] like it as food. The leaves resemble those of the hang ts‘at [Limnanthemum, v. supra] but are more round, and resemble in their outlines a horse’s hoof. The stem is purple, resembles a tendon, is mucil- aginous, tender, and can be boiled into soups. It blossoms in summer. Yellow flowers. The fruit is greenish purple, of the size of a small crab-apple. It contains small seeds. The young stems, before the leaves appear on them, are known under the name of HE | chi (young) shun, the plant with expanded leaves is #% | sz‘ shun. In autumn the old plant is called $F | kui (mallow) shun. It is also called #§ | chu (pig) shun, for it is good for feeding pigs. It is the UR mao of the Shi hing. Ch. XVIII, 14 :—Shun. The figure represents a water- Plant with peltate leaves, P. Swrra erroneously identifies it with Scirpus. See also W.D., 783. Amen. exot., 828 :—3E sjun, vulgo nonava. Sagitta aquatica minor latifolia. ©, BAvu. radice eduli. Although it appears from KaMprer’s quotations of Bavumy that he means Sagittaria sagittifolia, THuysere [ Fl. Jap., 82], relying upon the Chinese and J. apanese names quoted, identifies it with Menyanthes nymphoides, L. Subsequently he describes it as a new plant (Mf. peltata) which is Villarsia peltata, Roem. & Sch., and Limnanthemum peltatum, Griseb. But according to Francuer this is Brasenia peliata, Pursh. For further particulars see Bot. sin., IL, 398. 200.— yg YE hai tsao. Pip hia th Ta lev Comp. Rh ya, 197, 129, Pen king :—Hai tsao (seaweed), ¥ # lo shou. The whole plant is officinal. Taste bitter and salt. Nature cold. Non-poisonous, 358 BOTANICON SINICUM, Pie lu:—The hai tsao grows in Tung hai [in Shan tung, — App. 372. But Tung hai also means “ Eastern Sea "i ponds and marshes. It is gathered on the 7th day of the © 7th month and dried in the sun. T‘ao Huna-xina :—It grows on islands in the sea, is of a black colour and has the appearance of flowing hair. The leaves are large and resemble those of the tsao [Pota- mogeton and other water-plants. See Classics, 401}. Cute Ts‘anc-K'1 [8th cent.]:—There are two kinds of — tsa, The § FE | ma wei (horse’s tail) tsao grows in 7 shallow water. It looks like a short horse ~ tail, is fine leaved and black. Before use it must be steeped in water to_ remove the brackish taste. The other kind has large leaves and grows in the deep sea near the kingdom of Sin lo — [S. Corea, App. 311]. The leaves are like those of the shu tsao [Potamogeton and other sweet water-plants] but larger. . The sea people, having attached a rope to their waists, glide down to the bottom of the sea and so secure the seaweed. au Owing to the appearance of a large fish, dangerous to mer it cannot be gathered after the 5th month. This plant 3 mentioned in the Rh ya [201]. : 2 Su Suye [11th cent. ]:—This seaweed now grows in the = sea near Teng chou and Lai chou [both on the north coast of Shan tung], Lt Sut-cnen :—The hai tsao is gathered on the sea-coast. The Ye 2B hai ts‘ai (sea vegetable) is prepared from it. Oh RVG, 7 Had: tea oF ii BZ ZR ttow fa - (hair-of-the-head vegetable). The figure represents an - with verticillate leaves, Teen. Cat, 6 Had ts‘ai. Sargassum, ete. Alge.— a P. Situ, 5, Agar agar. : The hai tsao procured from Tien tsin, and exa — by Professor Agarpa in Sweden and Professor GOs! a MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 359 St. Petersburg, proved to be Sargassum siliquastrum, and the hai ts‘a’, extensively used for food in China and brought from the coast of Manchuria, is Laminaria saccharina, L. [comp. 201]. Cust. Med., p. 202 (265):—Hai tsao exported from Ning po 107 piculs,—p. 374 (459), from Canton 0.18 picul. Amen. ewxot., 831 :—J#R soo, vulgo momubah. Herba marina sive Alga in genere. Phon z0, XXXIV, 17 :—Ye HE or FH EE BW and [19] X #E YE (large-leaved), Alga, not determined. 201.— FB Ai kun pu. P., XIX, 29. 7., LXXIV. Comp. Fh ya, 201. Pie lu:—The kun pu is produced in the Eastern Sea [Tung hai, App. 372]. Taste salt. Nature cold. Non- poisonous. Wu P‘u [8rd cent.]:—The kun pu is also called #4 7 lun pu. T’ao Hune-xine :—The kun pu is produced in Kao li [Corea, App. 116]. It is twisted into ropes like hemp. It is of a yellowish black colour, soft but tough and edible. The Rh ya calls it lun. Cu‘en Ts‘anc-K‘t [8th cent]:—The hun pu is produced in the Southern Sea. The leaves are like a hand, large and of a purplish red colour. The sort with fine (capillary) leaves is called hai tsao [see 200]. Li Siw [8th cent.]:—This plant undulates [in the sea]. That produced in [the sea of] Sin lo [S. Corea, App. 311] has fine (capillary) leaves of a yellowish black colour. The foreigners (Coreans) twist it into ropes, dry it in the shade and carry it by ship to China. 360 BOTANICON SINICUM. It Sut-cuen :—The kun pu produced in [the sea of] - Teng chou and Lai chou {northern coast of Shan tung] : has the appearance of twisted ropes. The sort which is a brought from Min [Fu kien, App. 222] and Che [Che kiang] 7 has large leaves and is used for food. All the different : Sorts of hai ts‘ai (seaweed) resemble each other in quality and taste, and their medical virtues also are much alike. Cust. Med., p- 202 (273):—Kun pu exported 1885 from Ning po 114 piculs,—p. 216 (97), from Wen chow 41 piculs,— p- 800 (402), from Amoy 7 piculs,—p. 33d (285), from Swatow 1.87 picul. The kun pu is Laminaria saccharina, L. For farther — particulars see Bot, sin., Il, 201. Comp. also supra, 200. 202.—F5 fh shi hu. P., aa i. 7, OSA. Pen king :—Shi hu, BE HE kin sheng and pk BM lin lan [lan of the forests, Regarding lan (orchid) see 62]. “the stem is used in medicine. Taste sweet. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous, Pie lu:—Other names: 47 3% shi chu, FEM tu i The shi hu grows in Lin an [in An hui, App. 220] ™ mountain-valleys, along the edge of the water and on er (rocks). The stem is gathered in the 7th and 8th moult and dried in the shade. m T‘ao Hune-xixg :— The drug now used comes er Shi hing [in Kuang tung, App. 289], where it grows stones. It (the stem) is gold coloured, resembles the leg of ® . rt. locust, and is met with also in Mid China. Another ae inferior in quality, is produced in Siian ch‘eng [in An i App. 315]. It grows on oak trees (Ji) and is called 7s paler mu (tree) Au. It has a long, hollow stem of a colour, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 361 Su Kune [7th cent.]:—It is now produced in King and Siang [both in Hu pei, App. 145, 305], in Han chung [S. Shen si, App. 5417 and in Kiang tso [An hui and Kiang su, App. 124]. There are two kinds. One resembles barley. It (the stem) consists of a series of joints. At the top is one leaf. This is called 3 | mai (barley) hu. The other sort has a stem like the thigh-bone of a bird. The leaves are at the summit of the stem. It is called yn tsio pi (bird’s thigh) Au. There is another kind of hu, which resembles a bamboo. The leaves proceed from the joints. The shi hu is dried for use or it is steeped in wine. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The shi hu now grows also in King chou {in Hu pei, App. 146], in Kuang chou [in Ho nan, App. 163], in Shou chou and Lii chou [both in An hui, App. 290, 206], in Kiang chou [in Kiang si, App. 125], in Wen chou and Tai chou {both in Che kiang, App. 885, 826]. But the best comes from Kuang nan [Kuang tung, App. 162]. It is a mountain plant. The stem looks like a small bamboo. Small leaves proceed from the joints of the stem. It blossoms in the 7th month and bears fruit in the 10th. The root is slender, long and of a yellow colour. That growing on rocks is the best. Lit Sui-cuen :—The shi hu grows in bunches on rocks. Its root consists of numerous knots (bulbs). When dried it becomes white and delicate. The fresh stem and the leaves are green, but when dried they become yellow. It has red flowers. The rootlets which are produced upon the joints are broken off by the people and planted in coarse sand among stones. They suspend this plant in their houses, and When sprinkled with water it will not die for years. It is therefore called F- 46 YA tsien nien jun (thousand-years Moist). The shi hu, which grows on rocks, is a short plant and has a solid stem, but the mu hu, which grows upon trees, is long and has a hollow stem. They are very easily 46 362 BOTANICON SsINICUM. distinguished. These are common plants in China. The — best sorts are produced in Shu (Sz ch‘uan). As the shi hu has a slender stem like a [Chinese] hair-pin it is also called BM AL | hin ch‘ai (gold hair-pin) shi hu. y Although the descriptions of the shi hu in the P. are vague and unsatisfactory, I agree with WILLIAMS [Did., 233] that this name and the other synonyms are applied to orchidaceous plants. be Ch, XVI, 1, 2:—Shi hu. Two figures. The first seems to represent Dendrobium moniliforme, Swartz, and the other is a larger Orchid, with a jointed stem. Lour., Fl. cochin., 633 :—Ceraja simplicissima [Dendro- : bium, Benth. & Hook., Gen pl., III, 498]. Caule simplicissimo, ~ parasitico, erecto. Habitat in sylvis Cochinchine et Chine — rupibus ac arboribus inhwrens. Sinice: xe (shi) du In medicina sinensi utitur. OS ee EMAR., Cat,,.53:—Shi hu. Dendrobium Ceraja et sa be : ac lichenes variii—Gavarr [384] describes and figures Bere drug. He suggests that it may be the subterraneous ge : of a Graminea.—P, Smita, 85. a Henry, Chin, pl., 424, 539:—Shi hu. Dendrobium - nobile, Lindl. Exported from Sz ch‘uan as a drug unde: . the name of Ff 3}- ya tou, both the plants with still living : ; flowers and the young stems in a dried state. a Cust. Med., p. 80 (208, 200, 213):—Han kow expo rted cs 1885 fresh #} 2} 121 piculs, & fp 2f 30 piculs, HEF 4 8 piculs,—p. 60 (44), I chang HE 2} 14 piculs,—p- ee a (453), 3876 (487), Canton exported 4 3% fi} 30. piculs . Aa fi} 20 piculs,—p, 424 (145), shi hu exported from Pak = : hoi 18 piculs,—from Kiung chou 4 piculs. a The JK ff} was exported: p. 202 (279), from wee 99 piculs,—p. 268 (141), from Takow 4.25 piculs,—p- a - (96), from Wen chow 2 piculs,—p, 288 (208), from Amey 4 0.04 picul. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 363 So moku, XVIII, 17:— fi} and [18] 7G BH [yellow-flowered] Dendrobium moniliforme—See also Phon 20, AXKV, 2, 3. So moku, XVIII, 20, and Phon zo, XXXV, 3 :—3E fh. A small orchid, not determined by Francart. Pseudo-bulbs (?). One leaf on the summit as described in the P. So moku, XVIII, 19 :—2B Bi fi}, Dendrobium reptans, Franchet. b/d. 32, and Phon zo, VIII, 21:—@X ¥ PS, Lnisia teres, Bl. [Epidendron teres, Thbg.]. Kamprer [ Amen. evot., 864-867] describes and depicts the Dendrobium moniliforme under the Chinese name al BA. in Japanese fu ran. But in Chinese as well as in Japanese botanical works these names are applied to another Orchid. , So moku, XVIII, 25 :—Jil B¥, Ceaoclades falcata, Regel. [ Orchis falcata, Thbg., Fl. jap., 26; Limodorum _faleatum, Thhg., Icon. pl. jap., 6; Aérides Thunbergii, Miq., Aérides japonicum, Lindl. & Reich., Bot. Mag. (1869) tab. 9798]. The genus G2ceoclades is now included under Sacco- labium, Benth. & Hook., Gen. pl., ILL, 578. The above Chinese name is not found in the P. But the Ch. [XVI, 37] gives a figure of the [mt Bj feng lan (wind or air Orchid). The drawing agrees well with that of the So moku. The Chinese text says that the feng lan, also called FB BY tiao (suspended) lan, is a parasitic plant on rocks, found in Fu kien, Kuang tung and Kiang si. It re- sembles the shi iu and the lan. Stem and leaves drooping. The leaves are flat, two or more inches long. They roll Up and do not open again. It flowers in the 5th month. The people place this plant in a bamboo basket and _ Suspend it from the eaves of their houses, where it thrives and blossoms, subsisting only on the air, 364 BOTANICON SINICU™M. This Chinese plant was first noticed by Semepo 250 years ago [see my Early Europ. Res. Fl. Chin, p. 7). Lour. [ Fl. cochin., 642] describes it under the name of el sian tou, P., XIV, 9. T, SERVE Pen king: — Chi siao- toy (red small bean )- Seeds germs and leaves are used in medicine. 2 This is a red variety of Phaseolus Mungo. See Bot. si Il, 356. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 387 Cust Med., p. 366 (335):—Ch% siao tou exported 1885 from Canton 7 piculs. Exported also from Han kow. See Hank. Med., 16. Identified there with Abrus precatorius, L. At Peking also the name ch‘i siao tou is applied to the seeds of Abrus precatorius. But in Chinese botanical works it is Phaseolus. Comp. P. Surru, 1; Tarar., Cat., 15. 232.—H6F jak fu pi. P., XXIV, 13. 7, XXXVI. Pen king:—Fu pi. Flowers. Taste pungent. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—The fu pi is produced in Han chung (S. Shen si). It is the flower of the siao tou [see 281]. It is gathered in the 7th month and dried in the sun during 40 days. — T‘so Hune-King :—The medical virtues of the seeds and the flowers of the ch‘i siao tou are not the same. Therefore the Pen king notices these drugs separately. Not used in medicine. T‘ao Hunc-K1nG observes that there grows near the sea-shore a small tree resembling the chi tsz‘ [ Gardenia. See 335]. Its stem and leaves are very crooked. It has a fetid smell. The people call it fu pi. Su Kune [7th cent.] means that the name fu pi refers _ to the flowers of the ko plant [Pachyrhizus. See 174]. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The name fu pi is applied to three different plants, viz. the small tree near the sea-shore [noticed by Tao Hung-k1na], the ko flower and the flower of the chi siao tou. Phon zo, XLII, 13 :—}Eg jt. The figure represents a plant with yellow flowers. Sig., Icon. ined., VI:—Same Chinese name applied to Premna japonica, Mig. Order Verbenacee. According to Maximowtoz [ Diagn. Pl. asiat., VI, 510) this is P. microphylla, Turez. Shrub with yellow flowers. See also Ind. Fl. sin., 388 BOTANICON SINICUM. Il, 256. In Hu pei this plant is called F& Yb F ch'ou (stinking) Liang tsz‘. See Henry, Chin., pl., 86. 233.— i DB pien tou. P., XXIV, 21. 7, XXXVI. p Pie lu:—Pien tou. Seeds, leaves and flowers officinal. Taste of the seeds sweet. Nature slightly warm. Non- — poisonous. eae T‘ao Huna-Kinc :—The pien tou is much cultivated. It climbs on fences and walls. The pods are eaten steamed and E are very palatable. E Su Sune [11th cent. ]:—lIt is a climbing plant with large leaves and small flowers. The latter are purple or white. — The pods are produced beneath the flowers, The seeds are black or white. The white seeds are of a warm nature, and os the black, which are smaller, are cold. The white are used in medicine. The black-seeded sort is also called iH EF ts‘zo tow 2 (magpie bean), for it (the seed) has a white road (rib) like that ’ seen on the wing of a magpie [evidently the hélwm is meant]. = Lr Sa-cxEen :—The name pien tou is derived from i c pien (flat) and refers to the flat pods. It is a twining” 5 plant with large, roundish, pointed leaves. The flowers — resemble a small butterfly with its wings and tail. There ae numerous varieties, according to the shape of the legume, which is long or round, sometimes shaped like a dragon’s or tiger’s claw, or like a pig’s ear or a sickle. The young pods are eaten as a vegetable. The ripe seeds are eaten boiled. . The seeds are, according to the varieties, black, white, red and variegated. There is one sort with hard legumes, non-edible, with coarse, round seeds of a white colour. These seeds si used in medicine, Other popular names are: HB w. eh ie (silkworm-moth’s eyebrows soem a TID of the seed or hilum) and } F yen li tou (tence climber bean). i es * MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 389 Lour., Fl. cochin., 534 :—Dolichos purpureus. Sinice : tsu (tsz‘= purple) pien teu. Legumina tenera et recentia sapida sunt et salubria; and D. albus. Sinice : pe (white) pien teu. Tenerior et sapidior precedente, nec forma valde differens. Tarar., Cat., 3:—Pien tou, Semina Lablab vulgaris— P. Smiru, 128. ‘ At Peking Lablab vulgaris is much cultivated under th name of pien tou, especially the purple flowered, which has also a purple coloured legume; also the white flowered, pai (white) pen tou, which has greenish white seeds that are used in medicine. Henry, Chin. pl., 471 :—Pien tou, Dolichos Lablab. Cust. Med., p. 162 (840):—Pai pien tou exported 1885 from Shang hai 306 piculs,—p. 200 (231), Ning po 72.82 piculs,—p. 130 (145), Chin kiang 2.08 piculs.—Exported also from Han kow. See Hank., Med., 34. Amen. exot., 836 :—#¥%, vulgo adsi mame, it. kaadsi mame. Phaseolus arvensis, longis sarmentis repens, flore exili purpureo, siliquis brevibus latioribus caudatis ; semine ciceris rotundo, rubente.—This is evidently not Lablab. Not identi- fied by Tuunnerc. ; Phon zo, XLII, 25 :—# FH, Dolichos Lablab. So moku, XU, 14 :—#2 GH, Dolichos cultratus, Thbg. 234.—J, BB ta tou shi. P., XXV, 2. Comp. Bot. sin., II, 355:—Soy. It is noticed in the Pielu. Lz Sut-cuen says it is prepared from the black soy bean. In the Cust. Med. the BH BE tow shi is mentioned as an article of import, p. 110 (183) Wu hu,—p. 164 (368) Shang hai,—p. 216 (89) Wen chou. It is said to come from Han kow and Ning po, and is identified there with salted black beans,—See also Hank. Med., 45. 390 BOTANICON SINICUM, 235,.— BE HK ye mi. P., XXV, 24, : Mentioned in the Pie lu, According to the definitions — given by the ancient Chinese authors, this is grain which has sprouted, rice-wheat, barley, millet, also beans, ete. Thus — ye mi may be translated by “ Malt.” Comp. also 219. 236.—ie pi 7 tang. P., XXV, 25. Mentioned in the Pie lu, Taste sweet. Witttams [ Dict., 275] translates z t‘ang (t‘ang= sugar) by “sugar-plums, Sweetmeats.” According to T‘ao HunG-KING it is a preparation of sugar, called also JB £4 kiao (gum glue) é One sort, which is tough and of a white colour, is called PE OR sing tang. Not used in medicine. Haw Pao-sueng [10th cent.]:—The $4 i is soft sugar. : In North China it is called fh sing (Comp. W.D., 809]. Its — made from glutinous and common rice, glutinous millet and Sorgho, Hemp-seed, the peduncles of J/ovenia dulcis and some drugs, are sometimes added. That prepared of glutinous rice is used in medicine, a ( Lt Sat-cuey :— For the preparation of the @ or sg — malt of barley is used, or the sprouts of other grain. an At Peking comfits, bonbons, ete. made of the sugat Prepared from glutinous rice are sold in the streets. Comp. ; > Hn mire also Stay. Junin ot P. Cuampron, Industries de V Empi chinois, p. 210, 237.— 38 tsiang. P., XXV, 98, Comp. Bot. sin., I, 355, and W.D., 968. Mentioned in the Pie lu. According to Li SHI-CHEE this is the name for various sauces made of wheat or barley flour, or of the soy-bean and other beans with salt, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 591 238.— i ts‘u, Vinegar. P., XXV, 30. Comp. Bot. sin., II, 349. Mentioned in the Pie lu. According to Su Kune the ts‘u is made of various grains, also of sugar, grapes and other fruits. . 239.—}pj isiu. Wine. P., XXV, 43. Pie lu. Comp. Bot., sin., I, 349. wee EE Riu... PY LA ee Comp. Classics, 359. Allium odorum, L. Mentioned in the Pie lu, but only the name and medical properties are noticed. Root, leaves, flowers and seeds are used in medicine. Cust. Med., p. 74 (130):—3E 2& | kiu-seeds exported 1885 from Han kow 7.60 piculs. Further particulars regarding this plant will be given in another part. 241.—# ts‘ung. P., XXVI,7. T., LVI. Comp. Classics, 357 :—Allium fistulosum, L. Pen king, Index :—Zi #¥ ts‘ung shi (fruit). All parts of the plant are used in medicine. The lower, white part of the Scape is called Zi BE FY ts‘ung heng pat. Further particulars in another part. 242.3 hiai. P., XXVI,15. T., LV. Comp. Classics, 360; Rh ya, 63, 3. Allium. Pen king, Index :—3f $€ hiai shi (fruit). The scape, or rather the lower white part of it, is called | Ej Aiai pai. 392 BOTANICON SINICUM. Pie lu: —The hiai grows in Lu shan [in Ho al App. 203] in swamps. | Cust. Med., p. 276 (38):--Hiai pai exported 1885 from Amoy 2.52 piculs. * 948.8 suan. P, XXVI,18. 1. LVIL Comp. Classics, 358. Garlic. : Pie lu:—The suan or Ay Fe siao (small) suan is gathered sy on the 5th day of the 5th month [apparently the bulb is meant]. Taste pungent. Nature warm. Slightly poisonous. The:leaves are likewise used in medicine. T‘ao Huna-x1ne :-—The fresh leaves of the siao swan can be eaten mixed with boiled food. In the 5th month the leaves wither. The root is called i, F- luan tsz. It is much used as food and has a very strong smell. Han Pao-sHene :—The small suan is frequently met : with in a wild state. It is also called @{, which character is to be pronounced luan. [The above character is properly pronounced wan, and means a kind of reed. See Rh ya, 214. The old dictionaries [see K.D.] say that it also means garlic, and is then pro- nounced luan. It stands evidently for J luan (testicle), a0 ancient name for garlic, referring to the bulbs, which resemble _ testicles.) : The Ku kin choy [4th cent.] states:—The ff suan OF OM Fé luan suan is commonly called sfy #2 siao (small) ae The X | ta (great) swan, also called HA | Au suan, 8 4 native of the western countries [see the next ]. Further particulars will be given in another part. 244. Iu. P., XXVI, 21. 7, LVIL Pie lu:—The hu is the ta (great) suan. It is taken out MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 393 on the 5th day of the 5th month. That witha single seed (fruit) is preferred for medical use. Taste pungent. Nature warm. It is poisonous. When constantly eaten it is injurious to the eyes. T‘ao Huna-Kinc :—Now the people call the large suan, or Garlic, hu, and the common (Chinese) garlic stao (small) suan. The smell is the same in both kinds. The Tang yin Dictionary [7th cent.] says that the hu garlic was first brought from the Western countries by Chang Kien [in the 2nd cent. B.C. See Bot. sin. 1, p. 241. The hu is probably the Rocambole, Allium scorodoprasum. Further particulars in another part. 245.—4& sung. P., XXVI, 30. T., LIX. Pie lu:—Sung. Leaves and seeds are used in medicine. Tao Hung-Kixeg :—The sung is a common vegetable, much used as food. An oil is expressed from the seeds. Lt Sui-cuen says that sung is the vegetable that is commonly called 4 28 pai (white) ts‘aé (vegetable). Pai ts‘ai is the Chinese cabbage, Brassica chinensis, L., extensively cultivated in the north of China for its leaves as well as for the oil expressed from the seeds. Further particulars will be given in another part. 246.—3FE hie. P., XXVI, 31. 7., LX. Comp. Classics, II, 362. Mustard plant. Pie lu:—Kie. The stem, the leaves and the seeds are used in medicine. “Bi FH AB Fé te. Perhaps the bulb is meant. As we have “een, the character =F is sometimes used for tuber. 50 394 BOTANICON SINICUM. T‘ao Huna-xine :—The hie resembles the sung [see 245] but the leaves are covered with hair and have a pungent taste. They are eaten raw or pickled. The seeds are used for preserving the tung kua [Benincasa. See 265]. Cust. Med., p. 50 (59):—Kie tsz‘ (mustard seeds) ex- ported 1885 from Chefoo 2,070 piculs,—p. 292 (263), from Amoy 1.82 picul,—p. 162 (3839), from Shang hai, pa (white) kie tsz* 1.20 picul.—Exported also from Han kow. See Hank. Med., 3. More details regarding the Chinese mustard plants will be found in another part. 247.—HE 3 wu tsing. P., AXVI, 36... 7., LAG Comp. Classics, 361. Rape. Pie lu:—Wu tsing. The root, the leaves and the seeds | are officinal, also the flowers. T’ao Hune-Kie :—The wu tsing is akin to the Iu fu [radish. See Rh ya, 39]. The latter is nowadays also called im Fs wen sung. Its root is eaten but not the leaf. The root of the wu tsing is smaller than that of the wen sung. The leaves of the wx tsing resemble those of the sung [see 245] and are good as food. It is cultivated in Si ch‘uan [in Kan su, App. 296]. The seeds of the wu tsing are ver like those of the wen sung. They are not used now medicine, but are eaten. The root is much used as food, steamed or pickled. Su Kone [7th cent.]:—The wu tsing is called is man tsing in the northern provinces. In its root, ee and seeds it resembles the sung (Brassica chinensis) ¥a than the ly Ju (Radish), Further particulars in another part. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 895 248.—4B EF sheng kiang. P., XXVI,45. T., XLIL. Comp. Classics, 381. Ginger. 3 Pie lu:—Sheng kiang (fresh ginger). Fresh ginger as well as the kan kiang [dried ginger. See the next] are produced in Kien wei [in Sz ch‘uan, App. 140], in mountain- valleys, also in King chou [Hu pei, Hu nan, App. 146] and Yang chou [Kiang su, Che kiang, App. 400]. It (the rhizome) is taken up in the 9th month. ‘Taste pungent. Nature slightly warm. Non-poisonous. The leaves also are used in medicine. In my Bot. sin., II, p. 195, Dr. Faper states that at Kew it has been found out that Chinese ginger is not Zingiber but Alpinia. But this is a mistake, for which neither Dr. Faper nor the botanists of Kew are responsible. See Mr. Cu. Forp’s Report of the Hong kong Botan., etc. Department for 1890, 18 and 19. Further particulars in another part. 249.—8% 3 han hiang. P., XXVI, 51. Pen king :—Kan kiang (dried ginger). T‘ao Hune-xuxa:—Dry ginger is prepared in many villages of the district of Chang an in the prefecture of Lin hai [in Che kiang, App. 3, 192]. The ginger of Shu Han [Sz ch‘uan, App. 293] is famed since ancient times, that from King chou [Hu pei, App. 146] is also good, but it is not fit for preparing dry ginger. Dry ginger is made by macerating the root in water for many days, scraping off the skin, and then drying the root in the sun. Tarar., Cat., 53:—Sheng kiang. Radix Zingiberes _ Cruda,—26 :— Kan kiang, Rad. Zingiberis—P. Sure, 102, 396 BOTANICON SINICUM. Hank, Med., 36 :—Sheng kiang exported from Han kow. — —Cust. Med., p. 68 (32):—Kan kiang exported 1885 from — Han kow, 853 piculs,—p. 58 (11), from I chang 3.15 piculs, — Further particulars in another part. 250.—J By shui kin. P., XXVI, 58. T., LXY. Comp. 2h ya, 116, Classics, 370. Pen king :—Shui (water) kin and 7 HE shui ying. The stem is officinal. Taste sweet. Nature uniform. Nom — poisonous. - Pie lu:—Other name: f# 28 kin ts‘ai. The shui Kin grows in Nan hai [in Kuang tung, App. 228] in ponds and — marshes, T‘ao Hune-K1nc :—The name is more commonly written AK FF shui kin. In the 2nd and 3rd months, when the : plant has put forth buds, it is pickled or eaten boiled. : Su Kune [7th cent.]—The shui k‘in is the same as the : Kin ts‘ai [v. supra]. There are two kinds. The it 2 ti kin is white. Its root is used. The He | chit (red) ee 2 of which the stem and the leaves are eaten, pickled or ™ : a fresh state, is red. Han Pao-snene [10th cent.]:—The Ff Kin ge water. Its leaves resemble those of the kung k‘tung [ Angelica. : See 47]. It has white flowers but no fruit. The root aed : white. : Lr Sut-cuzn :—The character #f [in the above name] a is more correctly written # kin, and this character bind : subsequently considered to be the same as JF kin, 2 : Rh ya [116] says that another name for the FE Kin is ER - Chu kui [mallow of the country of Ch‘u or Hu Keuangs . App. 24). The La shi Chun ts‘iu [3rd cent. B.C.] speaks MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 397 of the Ain in Yiin meng [in Hu pei, App. 423]. Yiin meng was in the country of Ch‘u. In the same country lies also Bf J] K& chou [App. 121]. The Rh yai [12th cent.] states that the ## k‘in plant is very common there, and suggests that the name of that place may be derived from the kn plant, for the character #& in ancient times was pro- nounced FF kin, as is expressly stated hy Kuo P*‘o [sce Rh ya, 5]. Lat Sut-cuen says there are two kinds of k*in— the 7K FE shui kin, which grows in water, and the # | han Kin, which grows in dry soil. The first is common on the margins of rivers and lakes and in marshes, the other is met with on the plain. There is a red and a white sort [the author apparently refers to the shui kin]. The leaves spring from the joints of the stem and stand opposite, resembling those of the kung k‘iung [v. supra]. The stem has ridges (is channelled) and is hollow. The plant is very fragrant. It blossoms in the 5th month. Small white flowers like those of the she ch‘uang [Cnidium. See 49]. The people of Chu [Hu kuang] gather the plant in times of scarcity. It is very nourishing. It is mentioned in the Shi king. The shui kin is an umbelliferous plant, the Gnanthe stolonifera, DC. For further particulars see Bot. sin., UH, 370, The & FF han (dry soil) kin, or simply FF kin or LR kin ts‘ai, is Celery, Apium graveolens. It is much cultivated at Peking. It is not clear whether by han Kin Lt Sut-cury means celery. In the P. [XXVI, 59], after the thu kin, the plant #8 kin is treated of, and han kn given “$4 synonym. But the character kin in the Rh ya and ae seems rather to refer to a Viola, See Bot. sin. HU, 71, 3898 BOTANICON SINICUM. The drawing sub han k‘in, in the Ch. [III, 40) seoms to represent Celery. Parker [Canton plants, 18] has han kin ts‘at, Apium graveolens. See also P. Smirn, 57. Amen. exot., 825:—FE kin, vulgo seri. Petroselinum folio Alsines, Morsus Gallinee dicte.—Taunpere [Fl. jap, 120] identifies this with Apium petroselinum, L. But seri is the Japanese name for C2nanthe stolonifera, and in Sm, Cicon. [252] inondo is given as the Japanese name of Anethum yraveolens. Rarius pro condimento in hortis cultum. wore tet. Pj XXVIL, 5. 7. LX. Comp. Rh ya, 103, Classics, 367. 2 Pie lu:—Tsi. Leaves, flowers and fruit used in medicine, Taste sweet. Non-poisonous. _ Wu P‘u [8rd cent.]:—The tsi grows in waste places. Its fruit, which is called 38 $F ts‘o shi [comp. Lh ya, 103}, is gathered on the 3rd day of the 8rd month and dried in the shade, | T‘ao Hune-Kinc :—There are many sorts of tsi. Of the common sort, which the people now use for food, the leave are pickled, and also boiled into soup. It is mentioned in the Shi king. Ii Sut-coen :—There are several sorts of tsi —the lags : the small and others. The small tsi has the stem, the Jeane and the flowers flat (thin, tender) and is very palatal The smallest sort is called PS | sha (sand) tsi. eae tst has a less agreeable taste and its stem is hard. One s0* which is covered with hair, is called si ming [see the we and is not good as food. All these kinds begin to eon the winter solstice. In the 2nd or 3rd month the ® sends up a stem from five to six inches high, and § White flowers appear. The fruit is a small pod (sl MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 399 resembling the p‘ing (Lemna, duckweed) and is three-horned (triangular). It contains small seeds like those of the ting li [see 114]. The fruit is called ts‘o [v. supra] and is gathered in the 4th month. The stem of the plant is used for making staves for carrying lanterns® (?). The plant is said to drive away musquitoes and nocturnal moths, and is therefore called 2 AE #& hu sheng ts‘ao (plant protecting living beings). At Peking the name tsi ts‘ai is applied to Capsella bursa pastoris, Moench. It is cultivated as a pot-herb and is also a common wild plant. Comp. also P. Smrru, 196. A good drawing of it, sub ¢si, is found in the Ch. [III, 46]. See also Kiu huang, LIX, 27. Under the same Chinese name it is figured in the So mokw [XII, 2]. Japonice: nadzuna, Amen. exot.. 897 :—FR sei, vulgo nadsuna. Bursa pastoris major, folio sinuato. (C. Bauh. P. S1EB., Zcon., 284. :—Capsella Bursa pastoris. Japonice : natsna ; sinice: 3%. Herba edulis. 252.—# EF si ming: Ff .5 RAVG, bs Dy ies Comp. Rh ya, 18. Pen king :—Si ming, Ke #% ta ts‘. The leaves with the stem and the seeds are officinal. Taste pungent. Non- poisonous, ee las Other nama: K #B ta (large) tst. The s ming grows in Hien yang [in Shen si, App. 65] in mountain- marshes and by road-sides. It is gathered in the 4th or 5th month and dried in the sun. “i S fe bh M.- 400 BOTANICON SINICUM. Wu Pu [8rd cent.] gives the synonyms #f A si mu, A yung mu and F EF ma ki.—In the Kuang ya itis” KB 2B ma sin, T‘ao Hune-xixa :—It is a common plant. It is also called ta tsi tsz. Little used in medicine. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The names si ming and ta tsi are from the Rh ya. Another name is 3% 3#§ lao (old) tw. . Its taste is sweet, not pungent. Li Sui-cuen :—The si ming and the tsi [v. 251] areakin, — the smaller being the tsi and the larger the sé ming. The latter is covered with hair. The medical virtues of the seeds : are the same in both. The ting li [Sisymbrium. See 114) is likewise akin to the si ming, but the seeds of the latter — are sweet and it has white flowers, whilst the ¢‘ing Ui has : yellow flowers and bitter seeds. The si ming is sometimes : called tien (sweet) ting Li be The si ming or ta tsi described in the P. is probally Thlaspi arvense, L. For further particulars see Bot. My — II, 18. 253.—9K HR fan la. P., XXVII, 6. 7, CXLIV. Comp. Rh ya, 81. oS Pie lu:—Fan li (entangled floss). It is gathered the 5th day of the 5th month at mid-day. Taste we Nature uniform. N. on-poisonous. Apparently the whole a6 is used in medicine, oe Su Kune [7th cent.]:—This is the #6 B * ies (chicken’s bowels), The plant is common in damp we and on the margins of ditches and canals. : the : Han Pao-suene [10th cent.]:—White flowers ~~ Whole plant is officinal, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 401 Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is also called ki chang. It is a common plant in the fields, near the water and in damp places. Its leaves resemble those of the hang ts‘ai [ Limnan- themum. Bot. sin., I, 399] but are smaller. In summer and autumn it bears small white flowers. The stem is twin- ing, and when broken it shows fibres like floss. It is hollow, whence the name &i ch‘ang [v. supra]. The Pie lu considers that the ki ch‘ang and the Jan li are not identical. Lt Sut-cuen :~—-The fan lu is also called 2G HB 6 ch‘ang (goose’s bowels), but it is not the same as the ki ch‘ang. Another name for it is #% Fe tsz‘ ts‘ao (plant drawn out in length). It is very common in damp places. Leaves as large as the end of a finger. Tender, twining stem, hollow in the centre. When broken it shows a filament like floss.® It is a sweet, tender, palatable pot-herb. After the 3rd month it opens its flowers with small white petals. The fruit is also small, not larger than a grain of the pai (Echinochloa). It contains minute seeds resembling those of the ting li [Sisymbrium. See 114]. Wo Suur [an author of the Mongol period] says, that with yellow flowers is the fan lit and the white flowered is the ki ch‘ang. These two are certainly distinct plants, although they resemble each other. Only the 6 chang (or fan li) is of a sweet taste, has a hollow stem with a filament and white flowers, whilst the sz ch‘ang is bitter and viscid, the stem has no filament within and is of a slightly purplish colour. The flowers are purple coloured. Ch, IV, 7:—Fan la. The figure seems to represent & Stellaria, See also Kiu huang, XLVII, 7, 6 ch‘ang.— Henry, Chin, pl., 524:—2B GA BE 6 rh ch‘ang, Stellaria aquatica, Fries, “R22 -BMR- 402 BOTANICON SINICUM. Amen. exot., 896 :—$k #4 [the second character is i decipherable, but evidently du is meant] fun ru, vulgo fa koli, it. fagu jera. Morsus Galline. Alsine vulg. I, Tabern- According to Maximowicz [ Decad., XIV, 42] this is Stellaria media, Vill. a So moku, VIII, 66:—Same Chinese name, Stellar media, and [65] St. neglecta, Weih. Phon zo, XLVIII, 11 :—#e HB, Dlalachium. | 254.— 98 BB ki ch‘ang ts‘ao. P., XXVIII. T., CLXVIIL. ae Pie lu :—Ki ch‘ang ts‘ao (chicken-bowels plant). Aim rently the whole plant is officinal. Taste slightly pungent and bitter. Non-poisonous. c T'ao Hunc-x1va:—It grows in gardens and court-yards Children knead the juice of this plant with spider's we when this very sticky substance is good for catching cicadas Ii Sat-cuey :—The hi ch‘ang grows in low damp pie The leaves resemble those of the é ch‘ang [Stellaria. © 253] but are of a darker colour. The stem is slender, tinged with purple, not hollow, and does not show the p filament [as in the 6 ch‘ang}]. It blossoms in the 4thn Small purple [or violet] flowers with a five-cleft ca The fruit is likewise small and contains minute seeds. me Plant is used as a pot-herb. It is not to be confout with the 6 ch‘ang. These two plants are already separated the Pie lu, but Su Kone says that they are identical. ! The ki ch‘ang when chewed becomes viscous ; the juice 1s - catching cicadas. The 6 chang does not possess this pre e Ch., IV, fol. 8 :—~—Ki ch‘ang. Wude drawing, only leaves represented. fe So moku, UI, 25 :—¥e , Evitrichium. peduncus ' A.DC. Order Boraginew. pete: in the P. seem to agree, on MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 403 255.—FY #F mu su. P., XXVIL,8. 7, LXXIL Pie lu:—Mu su. The leaves and the root are used in medicine. Taste bitter and harsh. Non-poisonous. T‘ao Huna-xine :—In Chang an [in Shen si, App. 6] the mw su is cultivated in gardens. It is much valued by the people in the north. In Kiang nan [Kiang su, An hui, ete., App. 124] it is not much eaten, because it is tasteless. There is a plant named mu su, growing in foreign countries, which is used in diseases of the eye, but that is a different plant. Mene Suen [7th cent.]:—Where the mu su grows the people use the root [as a medicine] and call this drug rh iG EE tu huang ki [native huang ki. See above, 2]. K‘ou Tsune-sut [12th cent.]:—It abounds in Shen si [App. 284], where it is used for feeding cattle and horses. The young leaves are also eaten by man. The plant has a 4 perennial root, and when cut off it thrives again. Lt Sui-cuen:—The ancient authors write the name also By 44 mou su and Ae HE mu su. The Si king tsu kt [written about our era] reports that the mu su was originally brought to China by Caane K4en [in the 2nd cent. B.C. See Bot. sin., I, p. 24] from Ta wan (Ferghana) and soon became a common wild plant. The people of Shen and Lung [Shen si and Kan su, App. 284, 216] cultivate it. It is cut thrice a year and grows again from the root. The leaves are used as food. One plant has twenty or more stems like the hui t%tao [Chenopodium. See Bot. sin., II, 446]. Three leaves at the top of a common petiole (trifoliate leaves). The leaflets resemble. those of the Ade ming [ Cassia. See 110], but are smaller, of the size of a finger-nail. It flowers from summer until autumn. Small yellow flowers and small, roundish, thin pods, curved, twisted, 404. BOTANICON SINICUM. prickly and black when ripe. The seeds resemble millet, are edible and also fit for fermenting wine. This plant is also called #3 JB Auai feng and 3; ji) kuang feng. The people of Mou ling [in Shen si, App. 225] call it jifi # BH Lien chi ts‘ao. In the Kin kuang ming king (a Buddhist book) itis termed 3€ #4 FJ 3 sa-bi-li-ka. Ch. III, 56, and Kiuw huang, LVIII, 34:—Mu m Rude drawings, but probably Medicago sativa is intended. The description in the P. agrees in a general way. M. sativa, the common Lucerne in Europe, has generally purple or violet flowers, but sometimes they are yellow. At Peking mu % is M. sativa, with violet flowers ; it is not cultivated there, but is common in the neighbourhood. Father Davip [ Journ, I, 64] saw it cultivated in Southern Chi li. : Tatar., Cat., 40 :—Mu su. Medicago sativa.—P. Smit, 145:—Mu su, M. radiata. But this species is not known from China, Mu su is not Chinese but most probably a foreign name. As to the Sanscrit name, sa-bi-li-ka [v. supra], I may observe that Burnes mentions, among the grasses cultivated for cattle in Kabul, the Trifolium giganteum, called sibargs, and the Medicago sativa, called vishka [Baurour, Cyclop. gq | India}. ee So moku, XIV, 14 :— BF 38, Medicago denticulata, Willd. Yellow flowers. Known also from China. 3 Phon zo, XLVIL1, 16 :—Same Chinese name applied © M. denticulata and M. lupulina, | 256.—%a; hien. P., XXVII,9. 7., LXI. Comp. Rh ya, 107. Pen king:— | %& hien shi (fruit). Seeds, leaves and root officinal. Taste of the seeds sweet. Nature cold. Non- poisonous. The leayes are a nourishing vegetable, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 405 Pie lu:—The hien shi, which is also called BE | mu (mo) shi and #f] | sé (small) shi, grows in Huai yang [in Ho nan, App. 91] in marshes and fields. Its leaves resemble the lan leaves [ Polygonum. See123]. They are gathered in the 11th month. risa Lt Tane-cur [3rd cent.]:—Jlien shi is the same as the vegetable ] 28 hien ts‘ai. J T‘ao Hune-Kine :—The hien shi, which according to the Pie lu is the same as the’ si hien, and the leaves of which resemble the Jan, is the Fy ] pad (white) hien. The si hien is the same as the BK | k‘ang hien, and is the best sort for food. All the sorts of hien are valuable in the cold season. They ripen after hoar-frost, wherefore the Pie lu states that the hien shi is gathered in the 11th month. There is also the Ie | chi (red) hien, with a purple stem, not fit for being used as food. Another kind is the & ] ma (horse) Aien. It grows along the ground and has very small fruits (seeds). Its popular name is F% ff ] ma chi (horse’s teeth) Aien.. But this is not akin to the hien shi [it is the Portulaca oleracea, L.]. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The ch‘t (red) hien is also called BE kui. Mu shi, in the Pie lu, is a misnomer. Han Pao-snune [10th cent.]:—There are six sorts of hien, viz. the chi (red) hien, the pai (white) hien, the ,, | jem (man) hien, the Ze | ts‘ (purple) Aven, the Fr t& | wu sé (five colours) Aven and the ma (horse) hien. Only the fruits (seeds) of the jen hien and the pai hien are used in medicine. The ch‘i (red) hien is of a pungent taste and has a different effect, Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The jen hien and the pai hien have great cooling properties. There are other sorts, such as the Mang hien, the #] | hu hien and the si hien. They all have the same seeds. The largest sort is the pai hien and the smallest the jen hien. The seeds ripen after hoar-frost, and are small 406 BOTANICON SINICUM. and black. The purple Aien has a purple stem and lea The people of Wu [Kiang su, App. 389] use it for dy their nails. The red hien is also called 76 ] Aua ( or coloured) hien. Stem and leaves are of a dark red colour. The root and the stem are preserved for food and are. agreeable pungent taste. The wu se (five colours) hienis no rarely used. The si (small) Aien is also called BF | ye (wild) hien or $f | chu (pig) hien. It is good for feeding pigs. Ii Sui-cnen :—All sorts of hien are sown in the month. After the 6th month the plant cannot be eaten. i old plants attain the height of a man. The small flowers appear in spikes. The seeds are small, black and shinin as the seeds of the ts‘ing siang tsz‘ [ Celosia argentea. See 8 and the ki kuan ts‘ [ Celosia cristata]. The seeds are gather in the 9th month. The si hien is the wild Aien. The north people call it k‘ang hien. It has a soft, weak stem an leaves. The taste is more pleasant than that of the cu hien. Ch., III, 9:—Hien, hien ts* al, Amarantus Blitum, Good drawing. See also Kiu huang, LVIL, 25. 3 At Pebiins hien ts‘ai is Amarantus Blitum, a C n weed, also cnltivated as a pot-herb. : Ch., III, 11 :—Jen hien, and [9] verso, ye hiem, sp of Dovetunias: : Lour., Fi, cochin., 685 :—Amarantus tricolor, is hum (i.e. hung, red) hien. Ibid.:—A. polygamus, L. ®! pe (pai, white) hien. Habitat in Cochinchina et China cultus quam spontaneus. Ex omnibus Amaranti ' que in India edi solent, heec est salubrior et suaviors P que pre aliis usitatior.—P, Smirn, 59, sub Chenopoiliur. ParkeEr., Canton pl. 12, 107 :—f | J kia (ps hien ts‘ai, Amarantus spinosus, also [usolus vir dis, Tend. This plant is common in N. China, and in its ae *ppearance bears a strong resemblance to A, Blitum ™ MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 407 Francuet refers the figures sub # in the So moku [XX, 22], Japonice shiov, and likewise [XX, 19] sub Jf ae XT, to Amarantus melancholicus, and Phon zo [XLVIILI, 17, 18] sub Hf to Am. mangostanus, L.— Mee BE EL yen lai hung in China is Am. melancholicus, also «lm. tricolor. As to the identification of the Japanese drawing in the So moku [XX, 22:—#¢], Francuer seems to be mistaken. I think it is A. Blitum, which is not found in Francuer’s Enum. Jap., but which has been reported from Japan [Journ. Bot., 1877, 297]. Stez., Gcon., 124 :—Amarantus oleraceus, $f (a.)—hiju caule foliisque viridibus ; (b.)—aka Jiju, caule foliisque pur- purascentibus. So moku [XX, 23]:—Bf Hi, Luzolus viridis. [Amarantus Blitum in Tuuns., Fl. jap., 57]. Japonice: no hiju. Stes., Zcon., 123. Amarantus japonicus, BF Fj. Japonice: no biju. Phon zo, XLVI, 20 :—3R Hj, Amarantus melancho- licus, also A. tricolor. 257.7: 2B ku ts‘ai. P., XXVII, 14. 7, LIX. Comp. Rh ya, 24, Classics, 365. Pen king :—K‘u ts‘ai (bitter vegetable), 3 t‘u. Leaves, root and flowers used in medicine. ‘Taste of the leaves bitter. Nature cold. N on-poisonous. Pie lu:—Other name: #4 yu tung. The ku ts‘ae grows in I chou [Yiin nan, Sz ch‘uan, App. 102] in river- valleys, in the mountains and by waysides. It does not die in winter. Gathered on the 3rd day of the 3rd month and dried in the shade. The ancient Ts‘ai yao lu says :—The h*u ts‘ai begins to grow in the 3rd month, in the 6th month it has yellow 408 BOTANICON SINICUM. flowers, and in the 8th month black seeds. Pe It does not die in winter. ; Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The ku ts‘ai or tu is me in the 2h ya. It is also called yu tung [v. supra] like those of the k‘u ki (Lactuca) but smaller. The broken discharges a white juice. Yellow flowers the ki (Chrysanthemum), Han Pao-suene [10th cent.]:—It blossoms in and the seeds are produced in summer, in autumn it b again but does not produce seeds. It does not w winter, te K‘ou Tsuna-sut [12th cent.]:—It is mentioned Yue ling (Li ki). It is found in all parts of China. north its leaves fall off in winter, but in the south t green in summer as well as in winter. The leaves those of the k‘u ki [v. infra] but are narrower, oF § green colour, and contain a white, milky juice of taste. The flowers are like those of the wild Chrysa It blossoms from spring till autumn. : Li Sut-cnen :—The k‘u ts‘ai is the same as th ku mai. When cultivated in gardens it is called There are two varieties—one with a red, the other white stem—when the plant begins to grow. The hollow in the centre and soft. When broken it d _ White juice. The callous leaves resemble those of th ‘They are of a green colour with a bluish tinge. ‘The clasp the stem, the upper leaves being like the beak of Each leaf has irregular lobes on the margin as if lacerated. Flowers yellow, resembling those of a wild themum when beginning to expand. Seeds many like those of the tung hao (Chrysanthemum Hoe They are known under the name of ire ml, kuan shi bs lice). After the plant has ceased blooming the sedis MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 409 collected. These are provided with white soft hairs (pappus) and are carried away by the wind to distant places where they fall down and germinate. In the Ji yung Pen ts‘ao [Mongol period] this plant is called #@ EY pien ki. Another name is KR FE SK tien hiang tsai. Ch., III, 15 :-—## 3% hu ts‘ai, Lactuca versicolor, Schit. Bip. Good drawing. Kiu huang, LVAII, 28 :—3 8 ku mai or HE K lao kuan ts‘ai, Lactuca, perhaps denticulata. Ch., I, 18:—3 BE] | kwang ye (glabrous leaves) Ku mai, Lactuca, perhaps denticulata. Ch. IT, 21:—B¥ ] | ye (wild) ku mai, Lactuca denticulata, var. sonchifolia. Ch., III, 19 :— jf 4% 3€ Tien (Yiin nan) k‘u ts‘ai. The figure seems to represent Sonchus oleraceus, L. Ch., III, 20:— PE 3€ ku mai ts‘ai, Sonchus, and [22] 5 EE YW hia (domestic) ki maz, resembles the figure on fol. 20. Kiu huang, LVIII, 26:—2 BE 3 k‘u ka ts‘ai, also SFE ye ki and #™ | pien ki, Rude drawing, probably Lactuca intended. There are at Peking four wild-growing species of Lactuca and their varieties, the leaves of which are eaten by the natives. Some of them are also cultivated. 1.—Lactuca squarrosa, Miq. FAYE ch‘un “ae lao. It grows to the height of 6 feet. Leaves very irregu- larly shaped. Yellow flowers. 2.—L. tatarica, C. A. Mey. Blue flowers. 3.—L. denticulata, Max. Typical form. Common. Yellow flowers. var. sonchifolia. Common. Sinice: k‘u dia rh (popular name). ; var. ramosissima. Common in the mountains. 410 BOTANICON SINICUM. 4.—L. versicolor, Schl. Bip, Small plant yellow flowers. Wild and cultivated. Sinice: ty shan k‘u mai. The Chinese at Peking cultivate the Sonchus arvensis, under the names 4 #3 3¢ k‘w mai ts‘ai or EE | | hit mai The leaves are eaten. It is also a common wild plant. The genera Lactuca and Sonchus are closely allied. belong to the group Cichoracew of compound flowers. resemble each other in the flower-heads, involueres, ete. species of both contain a milky sap. : Lour., Fl. cochin., 583 :—Cichorium endivia, L. khu tsai. Habitat in locis borealibus imperii sinensis. Tavar., Cat., 33:—K‘u mai ts‘ai, Cichorium.—P. 60, 62, Chicory and Cichorium.—Bunex [Enum. pl. ( bor.| mentions Cichorium intybus as cultivated in Ch gardens at Peking. I never met with this plant the Henry, Chin. pl., 189 :—K‘u ts‘ai in Hu pei is squarrosa, Hank. Med., 22 :—K'u ts‘ai exported from Han kow. So moku, XV, 6 :—3E 3%, Sonchus oleraceus, L. Stzs., Zeon., 219 :—Sonchus oleraceus. Japonice asami. Sinice: Yb 3. Phon zo, XLIX, 2, 3:—% 2. 2k HAR. Gd ' arvensis, L.—Ibid., 9 : :—Jk 74 BY, Lactuca denticulata. So moku, XV, 20 :— ly 24 BH, Lactuca Raddeant 258.—¥e BE lo kui. P., XXVUI, 23. T., Comp. Rh ya, 148. Pie lu:—Lo kui. Other names : K ¥ t'ven bi $4 HR fan lu. The leaves and the fruit are officinal. 4% the leaves sour and mucilaginous. Non-poisonous. "The name tien iwi in the P. is likewise applied to an Hui, See Bot, sin,, 11, 115. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 411 T‘ao Hune-xina:—The lo k‘ui is also called HK HR ch‘eng lu. It is largely cultivated. The leaves are prepared into a condiment with fish. They are cooling and mucilag- inous. The fruit (berry) is of a purple colour. Ladies use it asa cosmetic. It is little used in medicine. Han Pao-suene [10th cent.]:—It is a twining plant. The leaves in shape resemble apricot-leaves, and are roundish and thick. The fruit resembles that of the wu wei tsz‘ [Schizandra. See 164], is at first green and becomes black when ripe. Ma Cut [10th cent.]:—The lo k‘ui is also called ji ¥€ eng k‘ui (twining mallow). Popular name #4 [Rt AR hu yen chi. Lt Sur-coen :—The lo k‘wi is planted (sown) in the 3rd month. The young leaves are eaten. It is a twiner. The leaves resemble apricot-leaves but are thick, succulent and mucilaginous. They are eaten as a vegetable together with meat. In the 8th or 9th month it opens its small purple flowers, which are arranged in spikes. Fruit (berry) as large as that of the wu wei tsz‘ [v. supra] and of a purplish black colour when ripe. The juice of these berries is red like the HY AS yen chi (cosmetics, rouge). Ladies employ it for painting their faces and lips, it is also used for dyeing cloth. It is called hu yen chi [v. supra] and Ye #f fF jang kiang tsz‘ (berry which dyes a red colour). But this colour is changeable. The plant is also called 1 1 2B yen chi ts‘ai and AAR yi ts‘ai (imperial vegetable). Ch., IV, 6 :—Lo kui. Good drawing of Basella. The description in the P. agrees. At Peking Basella rubra, L., Order Chenopodiace, is cultivated under the name of Js % yen chi fou (cosmetic pea). The berries are used as a cosmetic, Lour., Fl. cochin., 229 :—Basella nigra (=B. rubra). Sinice ; lo guei, Usus esculentus, 412 BOTANICON SINICUM. The Cust, Med. [ p. 146 (121) and 376 (493) ] notices a drug tien kui ts‘ as exported in small quantities from Shang hai and Canton, and in the Wank. Med. [44] it appears also as an article of export from Han kow. It is there arbitrarily identified with Pyrola. As has been stated above, tien k‘ui in the P. is given as a name for Basella and likewise for an Anemone. Not having seen the drug tien k‘ui of the Cust. Med., 1 am unable to say to what plant it may belong. So moku, 11, 70 :-—y¥ ¥¥, Basella rubra, L. Sres., Gcon., 119 :—Basella rubra. Japonice : Tsuru murasaki. Sinice : ¥ 3E. Baccee tinctoriw. 259.— Fk ts‘. P., XXVII, 24. y ye 99.8 3 Pie lu:—Ts‘i. Leaves used in medicine. They are slightly poisonous. Taste pungent. When eaten to excess they cause shortness of breath. Su Kone [7th cent.]:—The ts‘i ts‘ai (vegetable) grows in damp, shady places in the mountains. Sometimes it creeps. Leaves like those of buckwheat, but fat (succulent). The stem is of a purplish red colour. The people of Shan nan [S. Shen si, App. 268] and Kiang tso [An hui and Kiang 76 App. 124] eat it raw as a salad. In Kuan chung [Shen $1, App. 158] they call it BH 2E tsi ts‘ai (pickled or salted vegetable).—The Kuang ya [ard cent.] gives $f ¢su as a synonym for ts‘i, Han Pao-suene (10th cent.]:—Stem and leaves are ofa purplish red colour. When in flower the plant has a fetid smell. The Cheng Tstiao T’ung chi [12th cent.J, with respect to the ts‘, refers to Rh ya, 144 [this is an error. Comp. above, 106], and states that it is a twining plant with leaves like the hu tsiang (Betel pepper leaf’]. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 413 Lt Surt-cHen :—The ts‘i has a frouzy ® smell, and is therefore also called #% JE EX yit sing ts‘ao (plant having the odour of fish). The leaves resemble those of the hang [Limnanthemum. See Classics, 399], are three-horned (heart- shaped), red on one side and green on the other. The plant is good for feeding pigs. Ch. IV, 9:—Ts% ts‘ai or ya sing ts‘ai. The drawing represents Lfouttuynia cordata, Thbg. Henry, Chin. ply 560 :-—YVii sing ts‘ai in Hu pei is Houtiuynia cordata. So moku, Il, 17:—#€E 28, Llouttuynia cordata, Thbg. Fi. jap., 234, tab. 26. Order of Piperacee. A common plant in China and Japan. It it the H. fwtida of Loupon and the Polypara cochinchinensis, Lour., Fl. cochin., 78. In- ter olera in acetariis edulis. The plant is figured under the above Chinese name in Sten. Zcon. ined. (VIEL SIEB, (£con., 8 :— Houtiuynia cordata. Japonice : dokudame. Sinice: i 28. Pro fomentatione in doloribus rheumaticis. In the Gardener’s Chron. [1882, II, p. 438] it is stated that the flowers of this plant exhale a “boiled snake-” like perfume, 260.—}§ BF lu huo. P., XXVII, 27. T., XXXVIL Comp. Rh ya, 96. Pen king :—ILu huo (deer bean):—Apparently the leaves ind the seeds are officinal. Taste bitter. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous, Pie lu :—The lu huo grows in Wen shan [in Sz ch‘uan, App. 388] in mountain-valleys. : Tao Hune-K1no :—This drug is not used now in medicine. Lu luo is also another name for the ko plant [ Pachyrhizus. See 174). « i 414 BOTANICON SINICUM. Su Kone [7th cent.]:—This plant resembles the wan tou (common pea) but it is longer and coarser. It is gathered as food, and has the smell of beans. The mountain people call it BEF lu tou (deer bean). Han Pao-suena [10th cent.]:—The Ju tow can be eaten raw. The leaves are gathered in the 5th and 6th months and dried in the sun. Mentioned in the RA ya. [i Sut-cuen :—The lu tou is the same as the BF ee TL ye (wild) la tow ' Phaseolus Mungo. Bot. sin., 11, 356}. It is also called X8 GF lao tou. It is frequently met with in wheat- fields. In its leaves it resembles the lit tou [v. supra] but is smaller and a twining plant. It is eaten both raw and cooked. It blossoms in the third month. Flowers pale purple. The fruit is a small pod with seeds as large as the tsiao [ Zanthoaylon Bungeanum] and black. T hey can be eaten boiled, or they are ground into meal from which cakes are made. On, Ab eT Faro, The drawing represents a leguminous plant with trifoliate leaves, So moku, XTII, 33 :—#E ¥, Rhynchosia volubilis, Lour., Fl. cochin., 562, a leguminous plant. 261.—3E yi. P., AAV, 91... 7. LIL Pie lu:— Ya or +E & tu chi. The seeds and the leaves with the stem are officinal. The seeds are said to be slightly poisonous. Ya or Ui yt t‘ou are names applied to several tnd of Colocasia cultivated for their edible roots, viz. Colocasia antiquorum, Schott. (Arum Colocasia, L.), Colocasia esculenta, Schott. (Arwm esculentum, L.), Colocasia indica, Kth. (Arum indicum, 1.) and others. In the Shuo wen the character yu is written yi.—In the Kuang ya [8rd cent.] it is said that the stalks of the MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 415 ya are called #% keng [W.D., 323.—K.D.].—The yi is frequently spoken of by authors of the Han period. Further details regarding these plants will be given in another part. 262.—33 F9 shu yi. P., XXVII, 33. T., LIV. Comp. Classics, 379. _ Pen king :—Shu yii. The root is officinal. Taste sweet. Nature warm. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—The shu yii grows in Sung kao [in Ho nan, App. 317], in mountain-valleys. The root is gathered in the 2nd and 8th months and dried in the sun. By the shu yit of the ancient authors we have to understand various species of Dioscorea, as D. japonica and D. Batatas and others, cultivated for their edible roots and found also in a wild state in China. The popular name is [Ij $% shan yao. Comp. Henry, Chin. pl., 412. * Tarar., Cat., 51, 55.—P. Suara, 86. For medical use the roots of wild species of Dioscorea are employed. Several sorts of this drug are mentioned in the Cust. Med.,—p. 46, (27), shan yao exported 1885 from Chefoo 250.66 piculs,—p. 24 (24), 36 IL #8 huai shan yao from Tien tsin 4,365 piculs,—p. 68 (25), the same from Han kow 1,858 piculs,—p. 26 (49), WL 34 HA shan yao tou from Tien tsin 843 piculs. _ Further particulars regarding Dioscorea will be given in another part. 263.— & po ho. P., XXVII, 39. 7., CXXII. Pen king:—Po ho. The root is officinal. Taste sweet. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. Flowers and seeds also used in medicine. 416 BOTANICON SINICUM. Pie lu:—Other names : Ji ¥2 mo lo, He FA chung siang, HS 348 45 chung feng hua, Hit YE kiang ki and 3% J swan nao. The po ho grows in King chou {Hu kuang, App. 146] in mountain-valleys. The root is gathered in the 2nd and 8th months and dried in the shade. Wu Pu [ard cent. |:—Other names: FE UB chung mu and Ht fé chung t‘ing. T‘ao Hune-Kine@ :—The po ho is also called Bit ff, kang ch‘ou. It is a common plant in Mid China. ‘The root resembles the hu suan [foreign or great garlic. See 244). It consists of a great number of flat pieces collected together. It is much used as food by the people, steamed or boiled. It is believed that the po ho is produced by the metamorphosis of a conglomeration of earth-worms. Po ho [the Chinese name means “a hundred pieces together ”] is the name applied in China and Japan to several lilies, the bulbs of which, formed by large, fleshy scales, are used as food. At Peking Lilium tigrinum, Ker., is called po ho. SACHS, Cok. 1 Po ho, Bulbus Lilit tégrin’. -GAUGER [7] describes and figures these scales.—P. Surru, 134, sub Lilium candidum.—Henry, Chin. pl., 857, 58 :—At I chang the cultivated po ho is L, tigrinum, the wild-growing po /o is L. Brownii and other species, Cust. Med., p. 78 (169) :—Po ho exported 1885 from Han kow 1,491 piculs,—p. 280 (93), from Amoy 4.66 piculs, —p- 348 (121), 386 (625), from Canton, fresh or dried bulbs, or bulbs ground into powder, about 80 piculs. Further particulars in another part. 264.— 25 Bf ku hu. P., XXVIII, 6. 7, XLVIL Comp. Classics, 384, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 417 Pen king:—K*‘u hu (bitter bottle gourd). The pulpa with the seeds are officinal. ‘Taste bitter. Nature cold. Poisonous. Flowers and leaves likewise used in medicine. In the Kuo ya [5th cent. B.C. See Bot. sin., I, 408] it is called BF Hy k‘w (bitter) p‘ao. Pie lu:—The k‘u hu grows in the country of Tsin [Shan si, App. 353]. T‘ao Hune-Kine :—The k‘u hu is bitter like gall, not edible. It is not a distinct species of hu, but it happens that among the [sweet] hu there are some fruits which have a bitter taste. The hu or p‘ao is the Lagenaria or Bottle gourd. Further details in another part. 265.—2& JI tung kua. P., XXVIIL 7., XLIV. Pen king:—Tung kua (winter gourd), Fy JK pai kua (white gourd) and 7k 3 shui chi. In the Index of the Pen king we have fy & | pai tung tse‘ (tung kuz seeds). The pulpa of the fruit and the seeds are officinal. Taste sweet. Nature slightly cold. Non-poisonous. [Subsequently the rind of the fruit and the leaves were also used in medicine. ] Pie lu:—The pai kua tsz‘, or the kernels (f=) of the tung kua, are produced in Sung kao [in Ho nan, App. 317}. The plant grows in marshes. ‘The seeds are gathered in the 8th month. In the Kuang ya [3rd cent. ] it is called Hy 3% ti che. Tung kua is now the common name for Benincasa cervfera, Say., the White Gourd of India, much cultivated all over China, * » Tatar., Cat., 22 :—-Tung kua tsz‘. Semina Benincase cerifere.—P, Smiruy, 36. 53 418 _ BOTANICON SINICUM. Cust. Med., p. 80 (191):— Tung kua jen (seeds) exported 1885 from Han kow 12.45 piculs,—p. 200 (251), from Ning po 11 piculs,—p. 372 (437), from Canton 0.75 picul. : Tbid., p. 194 (151):—Tung hua pi (rind of the fruit) from Ning po 6.47 piculs,—p. 356 (216), from Canton 1.45 picul. 266.—% chi. P., XXVIII, 22. 7, XLVIII. Comp. Rh ya, 41, Classics, 380. According to some ancient (especially Taoist) works the chi is a felicitous plant, the plant of immortality. The Pen king and the Pie lu apply the name chi to various mushrooms, of which six sorts are enumerated. They are distinguished according to their colour and called the Mu (six) chi :— \ 1.—The FF [ ts‘ing (green) chi, also called 8 | lung (dragon) chi in the Pie lu, is said to grow on the T‘ai shan mountain [in Shan tung, App. 322]. Taste sour. Non-poisonous. 2.—The 3h | chi (red) chi, called Ff tan (cinnabar) chi in the Pen king, grows on the Huo shan mountain [according to Ttao Huna-xK1e the Same as the Heng shan mountain in Hu nan, App- 100]. Taste bitter, Non-poisonous. 3.—The # | huang (yellow) chi, which 1s called & | kin (gold) chi in the Pen hing, grows on the Sung shan [in Ho nan, App. 317]. Taste sweet. Non-poisonous, 4.—The Ft | pai (white) chi, called E | y@ chi in the Pen king, grows on the Hua shan [in Shen si, App. 86]. Taste pungent. Non-poisonous. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 419 5.—The ™ | hei (black) chi, called YF | haan (dark) chi in the Pen king—it is also called $$ | su — chi—grows on the Ch‘ang shan mountain [in Chi li, App. 8]. Taste saltish. Non-poisonous. 6.—The 3& | tse‘ (purple) cht, which is called As | mu (wood) chi in the Pen king, grows on the Kao hia shan [mountain, unknown to Tao Hunc- KING]. Taste sweet. Non-poisonous. It is believed that the felicitous plant chi, or plant of immortality of the ancient Chinese, is the 9 3 ling chi (divine ch?), a branched Agaricus which is now sold in Chinese drug-shops [see Bot. sin., Il, 41]. In the P. [XXVIIL, 35] ling chi is given as a synonym of #4 FH shi rh (mush- room which grows on stones). The name ling chi appears first in the Ling yuan fang [11th cent.] In the Cust. Med. the drug ling chi is twice mentioned, [p. 206 (324)] as imported to Ning po from Han kow and [p. 808 (502)] as imported to Amoy. It is identified there with bird’s excrement. Further particulars regarding the ché in another part. 267.— Ff mu rh. P., XXVIII, 26. 7., LU. Pen king :—Mu rh (woody ears,—mushrooms produced on trees), Taste sweet. Nature uniform. Slightly poisonous. Pie lu:—There are five kinds of mw rh, which grow in Kien wei [in Sz ch‘uan, App. 140]. They are gathered in the rainy season, in the 6th month, and dried in the sun. T‘so Hune-xing :—The Pie Iu does not say on what trees these mushrooms grow. The 3 FH sang (mulberry tree) rh grows on old mulberry trees and is of a green, yellow, red or white colour. The mushrooms called mu rh are gathered by the people and pickled for food, but not used in medicine. 420 BOTANICON SINICUM. Sv Kone [7th cent.]:—The five kinds of mu rh grow on five different trees, viz. the 3% sang (mulberry tree), the Wi huat (Sophora japonica), the #¥ ch‘u (Broussonetia papyrifera), the fy yi (elm tree), and the #J Lu (willow tree).—The mulberry mushroom is stated to be poisonous. Comp. P. Smrru, 99, Fungus and, 152, Mushrooms. The mu rh sold at Peking in the markets are Evidia (irneola) auricula Jude or Jew’s ear. Further particulars in another part. 268.—%8 TH /uan kin. Mushroom. P., XXVIII, 34. Fs dall, Pen king :—Huan kin and #§ jG huan lu. Taste saltish. Nature uniform, Slightly poisonous. Pie lu:—The huan kin mushroom grows in Tung hai [in Shan tung, App. 372], in ponds and marshes, also in Chang wu (hien) belonging to Pu hai (kiin) [in Chi li, App. 4, 262]. It is gathered in the 8th month and dried in the shade. T‘ao Hune-xing :—It is a mushroom (kin) which is brought from the north. It has no shape. It is believed that the excrement of herons is metamorphosed into this mushroom, wherefore it is also called #2 Pe kuan kiin (heron mushroom). Eaten in a soup of pork it has the property of expelling — intestinal worms, Su Kune [7th cent.|:—The huan kiin is produced om Pu hai (v. supra] in swamps among reeds and on brackish ground. T‘ao Hune-kina’s statement that it originates from heron’s excrement is incorrect, for this mushroom grows of itself. It is white, light, empty, of the same texture outside and inside, and quite different from other mushrooms. It is a2 excellent vermifuge, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 421 Haw Pao-snene [10th cent. ]:—It is produced in Ts‘ang chou [in Chi li, App. 343]. It appears in autumn after the ordinary rains, but it is scarce in time of drought or of heavy rains. It ought to be dried in the sun. See the Japanese drawing of the #% ff in the Phon zo [LX, 23]. 269.—}) Hf tirh. P., XXVILL 35. 7, LI. Pie lu:—Ti rh (mushrooms which grow on the ground). Taste sweet. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. Li Sui-cnen says that the popular name of these mushrooms is Hy Pa Fie tf ta ku. See P. Surra, 99, Fungus and, 152, Mushrooms. Comp. the Japanese drawing sub 4 Ff in the Phon zo [LX, 24). 270.—3§ li, The Plum. Prunus domestica, L. P.,XX1X, 1. 4, OOXX: Pie lu:—The fruit, kernels of the stones, rind of the root, leaves, flowers, and the gum exuding from the tree ( BB li kiao) are all officinal. Comp. 2h ya, 269-271, Classics, 472. P. Swirn, 174:—Plum. Cust. Med., p- 76 (156) :—38 {= li jen, plum kernels, exported 1885 from Han kow 13.25 piculs,—p. 32 (149), from Tien tsin 5 piculs,—p. 160 (822), from Shang hai 1.36 picul, Further particulars in another part. _ 271.—§ hing, the Apricot. P., XXIX,3. 7. CCXIIL. Comp. Classics, 471. 422 BOTANICON SINICUM. Index of the Pen king F 4% {5 hing ho jen (kernels — of apricot-stones). : Pie lu:—The hing grows in Tsin [Shan si, App. 353] _ on the plain and in mountain-valleys. Gathered in the 5th month. The fruit, kernels of the stones [which are said to be — slightly poisonous and of which an emulsion is made], flowers, leaves, twigs and root are all officinal. P. Surru [8] erroneously identifies hing with the almond, — as do also the Customs reports. : Cust. Med., p. 50 (66):—Hing jen (apricot-kernels) — exported 1885 from Chefoo 792 piculs.—Exported also from Han kow. See Hank. Med., 16. Further particulars in another part. 272.—4 mei, Prunus Mume, 8. & Z. P., X31 oe Hp CCV. Comp. Rh ya, 227, Classics, 473. The character was originally written $£ mei. Pen king :-—4bj %E mei shi (fruit). : Pie lu:—The mei fruit is produced in Han chung [S. Shen si, App. 54] in mountain-valleys. The fruit gathered in the 5th month and dried by fire.—The sour fruit, be pellicle of the stone, kernel, Howers, leaves and root are all officinal. P. Surg, 8, 174, sub Almond and Plum. ae Cust. Med., p. 372 (439) :— Wu (black) mei exported 1889 from Canton 1,520 piculs,—p. 368 (361), medicated (salted) 3 mei from Canton 0.10 picul,—p. 330 (231), wu mei from Swatow 362 piculs,—p. 216 (92), from Wen chow 4.40 piculs,—p. 202 (254), from Ning po 1.75 picul. Further particulars in another part, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 423 273.— Bk t‘ao. The Peach. Py REREXPAIB- FECOXY, Comp. Rh ya, 266-268, 170, Classics, 470. Pen king, Index :—hk 1% {= tao ho jen (peach-stone kernels), Pie lu:—The t‘ao grows in T‘ai shan [in Shan tung, App. 322]. The fruit and the kernels of the stones are both officinal. The latter are said to be bitter and sweet and non-poisonous. The $k = tao mao (the down which covers the fruit) is said to be slightly poisonous. EHS t‘ao hiao, mentioned in the Pen king, is the peach- fruit which has remained on the tree during the whole winter. [t is gathered in the 1st month. The Pie lu calls it BEM tao nu, also Bk EE tao king and jf Pk shen tao. It is bitter. Somewhat poisonous. The flowers, leaves, bark of the trunk, bark of the root, pk FB tao kiao, or gum exuding from the tree, are also used in medicine, Mena Suen [7th cent.] mentions the bk FF tao fu, slips of peach-wood used as a charm. Comp. Bot. sin., LI, 456, peach-wand used in ancient times to expel evil spirits. Bk BR t‘ao kie (poles of peach-wood) are used for the same purpose, P. Surrn, 168, 169 :—Peach. Cust. Med., p. 52 (82) :—ik {= tao jen (peach-kernels) ®xported 1885 from Chefoo 91.43 piculs,—p. 62 (60), from I chang 33.65 piculs,—p. 130 (153), from Chin kiang 13.47 Piculs. The same exported also from Han kow. See Hank. Med, 43,— Cust. Med., p. 360 (280) :—Peach-leaves exported from Canton 0,21 picul,—p. 356 (212), bark of the peach tree from Canton 0.40 picul. Further particulars in another part. 424 BOTANICON SINICUM, 274.—¥R li. The Chestnut. P., XXIX, 28. 7., CCXXIL Comp. Classics, 494. Pie lu:—The li grows in Shan yin [in Che kiang, App. 271]. It is gathered in the 9th month. The 38 #% Ui fu, or thin inner skin of the nut, the 3 # li k‘o, or involucre of the fruit, the flowers, bark of the tree, and root are all officinal. P. Smirs, 60:—Chestnut.— Hank. Med., 24, li Ko, exported from Han kow. 275.—FE tsao. The Jujube. Zizyphus vulgaris, Lam. MiB, 31. 7. COXXIL Comp. Rh ya, 272-282, 331, Classics, 484. Pen king :—¥é tsao. Index of the Pen hing KF ta (large) tsao, Pie lu:—The tsao grows in Ho tung [in Shan si, App 80}. The ta tsao (or large Jujube) is also called # ] han (dried) tsao, 32 | mei tsao and Fz [ Liang tsao (excellent jujube). It is gathered in the 8th month and dried in ie sun. [Probably the large jujubes of the Shan tung province are meant. | The raw, fresh fruit, dried fruit, kernels of the stones, especially those which are three years’ old, leaves, centre ¢ the wood, bark and root are all used in medicine. P. Smarx, 125 :—Jujube. Cust. Med., p. 84 (177):—~—Tsao jen (jujube kernels) exported 1885 from Tien tsin 826 pieuls,—p. 78 (185), — Han kow 200 piculs,—p, 132 (157), from Chin kiang 48.56 piculs,—p. 52 (84), from Chefoo 9 piculs. 3 Thid., p. 194 (147) :—-T'sao _p'i (date-peel) exported from Ning po 15.60 piculs,-—p. 104 (89), from Wu hu 203 piculs. Further particulars in another part. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 425 276.4 li. The Pear. P., XXX,1. T., COXXXI. Comp. Rh ya, 801, 831, Classics, 481. Pie lu:—-Li, Fruit, flowers and bark of the tree used in medicine. P. Surry, 169 :—Pear. Cust. Med., p. 294 (312) :—4Y #% li kan (translated by “dried pears”) exported 1885 from Amoy 1.05 picul,—p. 368 (385), from Canton 0.49 picul. [I do not think that pears are produced in Amoy or Canton.]—ZJbid., p. 354 (198) :— ah li p't (translated by “peel of Chinese pears”’ ) exported from Canton 2.60 piculs. Further particulars in another part. 277. I mu hua. Quince. Cydonia sinensis, Thouin. f., SXX. 6. 15, CUbRAS: Comp. Rh ya, 231, Classics, 478. “Pie lu:—Mu kua. Only the name. The fruit, seeds, twigs with the leaves, bark and root are all officinal. P. Surru, 181 :— Pyrus Cydonia. Cust. Med., p. 78 (164):—Mu kua exported 1835 from Han kow 536 piculs. bid., 178 (552):—AMfu kua tseu (wine) from Shang hai 3.25 piculs. Further particulars in another part. 278.—3 nai. P., XXX, 15. T., OCXXI. Pie lu:—WNai. Only the name. The fruit is used in medicine, The Shuo wen [1st cent.] says the nai is a fruit. The name is still in use and is applied to a Chinese fruit not yet a4 426 BOTANICON SINICUM. identified. Wrtttams [Dict., 613] states that it is a kind of bullace, a large yellow plum. Cust. Med., p. 370 (399, 400) :—2= {= nai jen (kernels) imported to Canton from Ning po, Shang hai and Han kow. 279.— fii she. Persimmon. Diospyros Schitze, Bge. D. chinensis, Bl. P., XXX, 17. T., COXXXIV. Comp. Classics, 491. Pie lu:—Only the name. The fruit, peduncle, bark and root are all officinal. P. Smrru, 86 :-—Diospyros Kaki. Cust. Med., p. 8388 (652):—Shi t% (peduncles) exported from Canton 2.88 piculs,—p. 810 (537), from Amoy 1.58 picul,—p. 296 (338) and 310 (536), the dried fruit and cakes (shi shuang) made of it 3.70 piculs, from Amoy. Further particulars in another part. 280.—2 Hf an shi liu. The Pomegranate. P., XX%, 22. T., CCLXXXII. Pie lu:—An shi liu. Only the name. The pulp, rind of the fruit, root and flowers are all officinal. The pomegranate (Punica granatum, L.) is not indigenous in China. It was introduced to China by the famous general Cuane K‘tew about B.C. 120. [See Bot. sin., I, p. 24] P. Surru, 176 :—Pomegranate. Cust. Med., p. 354 (207):— Shi liu p't (pomegranate-peel) exported 1885 from Canton 7.22 piculs,—p. 150 (171), anf a Shang hai 3.40 piculs,—p. 284 (166), from Amoy 1.74 picul. Farther particulars in another part. | MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 497 281.—f hi. The Orange. P., XXX, 25, 7.,CCXXVIL Comp. Classies, 486. Pie lu:—The #7 ki and the fi] yu (Citrus decumana) grow in Kiang nan [Kiang si, App. 124] and Shan nan [S. Shen si, App. 268]. They are gathered in the 10th month, The pulp of the fruit, peel,—known under the name of BR BE chen p% [ the peel of the unripe fruit is FR j¥ ts‘ing p‘i |—seeds and leaves are all officinal. Tarar., Cat., 12 :— RF FR ts‘ing pt. Fructus Citri microcarpe.—Hanp, Se. pap., 239. P. Surra, 164 :—Orange. Cust. Med., p. 284 (159):—#% J ka p't (orange-peel) exported 1885 from Amoy 1.52 picul.—Jbid., 192 (123) :-— a #0 ku hung (orange-peel) exported from Ning po 27.19 Piculs. The same exported from Han kow. See Hank. Med., 11, Ibid., p. 214 (71):—B} He ts‘ing pi exported from Wen chow 18.40 piculs,—p. 284 (158), from Amoy 10.22 piculs,— P. 192 (121, 122), from Ning po 36 piculs,—p. 366 (344), from Canton 8.43 piculs. Ibid., p. 852 (176):—Bie He ch‘en p% exported from Canton 1,987 piculs,—p. 72 (81), from Han kow 895 piculs, —P- 822 (108), from Swatow 721 piculs,—p. 226 (107), from Foo chow 720 piculs. Lbid., p. 192 (125):—§ Fy hit pat (inner white skin of oranges) exported from Ning po 3.38 piculs. Lbid., p- 76 (132):—#¥§ ¥ hu lo (orange fibres around the flesh) exported from Han kow 91.14 piculs,—p. 62 (50), from T chang 4.83 piculs, 428 BOTANICON SINICUM. Tbid., p. 198 (197) :— FR # hit. ho (orange-seeds) exported from Ning po 11.7 piculs,—p, 216 (72), from Wen chow 2 piculs.—Exported also from Hankow. See Hank. Med., 11. Further particulars in another part. 282.—HL AE p p‘a, Eviobotrya japonica, Lindl. P., XXX, 38. T., CCLXXVIII. Pie lu:—P% p‘a. Only the name. The fruit, leaves, flower and bark are all officinal. P. Sura, 93 :—Lriobotrya japonica. Cust. Med., p. 360 (265):—P% p‘a leaves exported 1885 from Canton 49.39 piculs,—p. 152 (202), from Shang hai 20.12 piculs,—p. 288 (208 ), from Amoy 2.40 piculs.— Exported also from Han kow. See Hank. Med., 33. Farther particulars in another part. 283.— BB Pk ying tao. Prunus pseudocerasus, Lindl. Chinese Cherry. P., XXX, 41. T., CCLXXIX. Comp. Rh ya, 266, Classics, 477. Pie lu :— Ying t‘ao. Only the name and medical virtues. The fruit, leaves, twigs and flowers are all officinal. P. Smira, 58 :—Cerasus pseudo-cerasus. Further particulars in another part. 284.—[1] FB BK shan ying tao, Mountain Cherry. Prunus — tomentosa, Thhg. P., XXX, 43. 7, COLXXIX. Comp. Classics, 477, Pie lu:—Shan ying t'ao, 3 Pk chu tao, HE FH ying tow. This cherry is of the size of a wheat-grain, It is cover with hair. Gathered in the 4th month and dried in the shade. Wu Pv calls it 3 PB mai ying (wheat cherry). Further particulars in another part, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 429 285.— Hib lung yen. Nephelium longan, Camb. P., XXXI, 4, 7., CCLXXVIIL. Pie lu :—Lung yen, also # MT chi. Tt grows in Nan hai [Kuang tung, App. 228] in the mountains. The fruit of the larger kind resembles the pin lang { Betel-nut. See 287], Wu Pu calls it #§ A lung mu (dragon’s eye). The fruit and the seed are used in medicine.—P. SMrrn, 155. Nowadays the leaves and the flowers of the Lungan are officinal and exported in small quantities from Canton. See Cust. Med., p. 358 (256), 364 (311). 286.—}pE BE jtishi.. P SRB 1). TGC Ve In the Index of the Pen king there is the name 7% pi tsz* or BEF pi tsz‘, which the ancient Chinese authors believe to be identical with the fei shi (fruit). Pie lu:—The fei shi grows in Yung ch‘ang [ W. Yiin nan, App. 426]. The pt tsz* grows in Yung ch‘ang, in mountain- valleys. Taste sweet. Poisonous. Besides this the Pie lu notices the #f 3€ pai lina (flower). Taste bitter. CH‘ey Ts‘Anc-K‘I [8th cent.] says that it means the flowers of the fei shi. ME fei is now the Torreya nucifera, 8. & Z., order Taxacer, the fruit (nut) of which is edible. But #§ p2, according to the Rh ya [228] is another name for the shan or Cunninghamia sinensis, ® The Kuang ya gives likewise i chi as a synonym for dung yen. The authors of the Sung period, however, apply the name fit ai = a i chi text to the bitter-seeded Cardamom, See P., XIVa,40.—HANB., Se. pap. p. 252, 430 BOTANICON SINICUM. Cust. Med., p. 158 (289):—Fei tsz* exported 1885 from Shang hai 28,62 piculs,—p. 3866 (353), from Canton 1.30 picul. — Further particulars in another part. 287.— Hf FR pin lang. The Betel-nut, Areca Catechu, L. ia Amend, 14, —7R OBA, Magnolia obovata, and 3 P) Hi, Magnolia compressa, Maxim. 806.—3F # sini. P.. XXXIV, 25. 7. COXCII Pen king :—Sin i, 36 Mé sin chi, $8 hk how t'ao and FB fang mu. The flower-buds are used in medicine. MATERIA MEDIGA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 457 Pie lu :—The sin i grows in Han chung, Wei hing [both in Shen si, App. 54, 384] and Liang chou [App. 187]. The tree resembles the tu chung [see 317] and is more than 10 feet high. The fruit [the unopened flower-buds are meant, v. infra] is like the tung t‘ao (winter peach) but smaller. It is gathered in the 9th month. The heart and the outer hairs (the down) are removed [before use], for they are injurious to the lungs and excite coughing. Tso Hune-Kina :—It is now produced in Tan yang {in An hui, App. 328] and in Mid China. It resembles a small peach, is of a pungent taste and aromatic. Su Kone [7th cent.]:—T‘ao Hung-K1nc does not mean the fruit of the sin é¢ tree, but its unopened flower-buds, which are gathered in the first and second months. The Pie lu is mistaken in stating that the fruit is gathered in the 9th month. Cu‘En Ts‘anc-K‘t [8th cent.]:—The unopened flower of the sin i forms a globe, not unlike a small peach. It is covered with hair. It is also called HE Pk hou t‘ao (monkey peach). When the flower first opens it resembles a hair- pencil (the pencil-like tuft of stamens), whence the name AS SE mu pi (tree pencil). As the flowers appear very early in the year the people in the south call them 2 FH yin ch‘un (welcoming the spring). Han Pao-suena [10th cent.]:—It is a tree of great dimensions. Its leaves resemble those of the shi (Diospyros), but are narrower and longer. It blossoms in the first and second months. The unopened flower resembles a small downy peach. The flowers are white, tinged with purple. The tree does not produce seeds, but at the end of summer It flowers again. There is one kind which has leaves and flowers like the common sin i, but its flowers appear in the 3rd month and fall off in the 4th. This tree produces red ae 458 BOTANICON SINICUM. seeds like those of the siang sz‘ tsz* (Abrus precatorius). Both kinds are common in the mountains, Cuanea Yt-nr [11th cent.] gives a similar description of the tree and states that it is much cultivated in gardens. — The leaves appear after the flowers have fallen off. It very seldom produces fruit. K‘ou Tsune-sur [12th cent.]:—The sin ¢ is a common — tree, much cultivated. The unopened flowers are used in medicine. The opened flowers have no medical virtues. Li Sui-cHEn gives a good description of the flower-buds (if, pao) and then says:—The opened flowers resemble the Lotus-flower but are smaller and very fragrant. Their fragrance resembles that of the lan (an orchid). The white- — flowered sin 7 is commonly called Fe BY ya (jade) lan. There is also a double-fowered variety. GA, ARMA, 16 Sin 3 or yt lan. The figure seems to represent Magnolia conspicua, Salish. (M. Yalan, Desf.). Good drawing, This tree is cultivated at Peking under the name of yii lan. Tarar., Cat., 47 :—Sin i, gemmze Magnolie.—P, Smits, 142, Henry, Chin. pl., 297 :—7e 4 mu pi in Hu pei= Magnolia Yilan. Cust. Med., p. 74 ( 115) :—Sin 7 flowers exported 1885 from Han kow 145 piculs,—p. 90 (55), from Kiu kiang 25 piculs. Amen. exot., 845 :-—3% FF sin’ et confusi, vulgo kobus. Arbor sylvestris tulpifera. . . . . folio Mespili; floribus primo vere ex lanuginoso folliculo ante folia nascentibus singulis .. . , Figured in Banks’ Icon. Kempy. sel. tab. [42]. This is Magnolia Kobus, DC. Phon zo, LXXX, 16, 17 :—% Hg, Magnolia Kobus. Kwa wi, 96 :—=E By, Magnolia Kobus. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 459 307.— fi FF ch‘en hiang. P., XXXIV, 26. T., CCCXVL The name means “ fragrant [wood] that sinks [in water].” This is the Lign aloes, prized for its fragrance. According to Louretro [ 1. cochin., 327] it is the produce of Aloéxylon agallochum, a tree of Cochinchina. It is mentioned in the Pie lu. | Tatar., Cat., 14.—P. Suir, 183.—Hans., Se. pap. 263. | Further particulars in another part. 308.—¥5 FH ki she hiang (fowl’s-tongue spice). This drug is mentioned in the Pie lu. Taste pungent. Nature warm. Non-poisonous. In the P. [XXXIV, 30] ki she hiang is given as a synonym for J %§ ting hiang (cloves, which have been long known to the Chinese). But according to the Nan fang ts‘ao mu chuang [8rd cent.] the name si she hiang was also applied to the fragrant fruits of the tree 3% mi: hiang, which seems to be a kind of Aloewood. Further particulars in another part. 309.—fi§ 3H t‘an hiang. Sandalwood. Mentioned in the Pielu. P., XXXIV, 35. 7., CCOXVI The ancient Chinese authors state that this tree does not grow in China. Its fragrant wood is brought from the countries of the Southern Sea, where it is called fff Hi chan tan or FA [| | pad (white) chan tan. The Sandalwood is yielded by Santalum album, L., a tree of Malabar. Its Sanscrit name is chandana. Further particulars in another [part, 460 BOTANICON SINICUM. 310.—qj nan. Mentioned in the Pre lu. P., XXXIV, 37, 7, CCLIX. Comp. Bot. sin., Il, 512 :—Persea nanmu, Oliv. Wood and bark used in medicine. Further particulars in another part. 311.—$] #% tiao chang. Mentioned in the Pie lu : P., XXXIV, 39. 7, CCLIX. Comp. Bot. sin., I, 513:— A tree of the order Lauracee. The bark of the root, leaves and flowers are used in medicine. 312.—3t Be F Iain lu hiang or FL & ju hiang. P., XXXIV, 49. T., CCCXVI. The Pie lu notices the drug under the above names and speaks of its use in medicine. Su Kune [7th cent. ]:—The drag hiin lu hiang resembles the pai kiao hiang® That produced in T‘ien chu (India) is of a white colour. The drug from Tan yii” is of a greenish colour and not very aromatic. ’ Li Sin [8th cent.]:—It is also called ~ # ma wet hiang. The Kuang chi [6th cent.] states that the hin ee hiang exudes from a tree with a scaly bark. The 7, Wit ju tou hiang (nipple fragrance) is brought from the Southern Sea. It is the resin of a kind of fir tree which grows as Po sz‘ (Persia). It is red like a cherry. That which 1 pellucid is the best. Cu‘en Ts‘anc-K‘t [8th cent.] says:—The ju hiang 184 kind of hin lu, . | BE &, the white fragrant gum of the mitt Seng tree, Liquidamba Sormosana, Hee, es bE) F. Unknown to me, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 461 Cuane Yi-n1:—The Nan Jang t wu chi [4th or 5th cent.] states that the hin lu is produced in the kingdom Ta tein (the Roman Empire in Europe and Asia) by a large tree which is found near the seashore, and in its leaves and branches resembles an old fir tree. It grows plentifully in a sandy soil. In summer the resin flows out from the trunk into the sand. It resembles the gum of the peach tree. It is collected by the natives and sold to the traders, The natives eat the inferior soris.® K‘ou Ts‘una-sut [12th cent.]:—The hain lu is also called ju hiang, for it runs down [from the trunk] in drops which have the form of a nipple. It is fragrant. There is in Nan Hin tu (Southern India), in the country of O-ch‘a li, a tree called Aiin lu, which in its leaves resembles the tfang li (a pear tree).*! This tree yields the pi FF si hiang (western perfume). The ju hiang, which is brought from the southern countries, is of a higher quality. Cuey Cu‘ene [11th cent. }:—That which is called the “western perfume” comes from Ten chu (India). The southern drug is produced in Po sz‘ (Persia) and other coun- tries. The first is of a yellowish white colour and the second is purplish red. The resin taken fresh from the tree is more ‘highly valued than that [collected from the ground and] mixed with sand. Huan lu is a general name. The name ju hiang (nipple perfume) is applied to the nipple-shaped drug. resin from firs and from the feng tree (Liquidambar) Sometimes shows pieces of the same shape. Lr Sat-cuen :—The ju hiang is frequently adulterated with the feng hiang or Liguidambar resin. But the drags can be distinguished by burning them. There are various Sorts of ju hiang distinguished in commerce by peculiar © This account is partly borrowed from the Wan fang ts‘ao mu chuang. » This is taken from HUAN TSANG’S travels, Sce BEAL’s Buddh, Rec, of the Western World, I, 265, 462 BOTANICON SINICUM. names. In Buddhist books the ju hiang is called Ky t‘ien tse hiang (heavenly, shining fragrance), also 2 {i #2 & to-ka-lo perfume, $f HS 3 tw-lu perfume and BE 8 FH mo-le perfume. : The drug ju hiang has been correctly identified by A. Cinyer in his Specimen Medicine sinicw (1682), 210:— Ju hiam est Thus, acrodulce, ulceribus medetur, creat carnem, — sistit dolores, eximitur illi oleum. Witiams, Chin. Commercial Guide, 93:—Olibanum, — ju hiang (é.e. milk perfume). Article of import. 3 Taran. [ Cat., 65] identifies ju hiang with Resina San- : darac, but the drug ju hiang which I procured from a — Chinese drug-shop, and which has been examined ee Professor Friicxicer, was Olibanum or Frankincense. The . ancient Chinese descriptions agree.—See also P, Surra, 161. According to Fiiicxicrr and Haneury [ Pharmacographia, : 120] Olibanum is obtained from the stem of several species of Boswellia growing in Eastern Africa and Southern Arabia. Re Other species from India are used in the country as incense. — Comp. also my Knowl, Ane. Chin. of the Arabs, p. 1 — Marco Poo (II, 442), speaking of Dufar on the Arabian coast, says that the white Incense. (Frankincense) grows there. It resembles a small fir tree. Comp. on the subject Yuxe’s note, J.c. 446, Regarding the Sanscrit names for Olibanum as giveti >) the P., I may observe that Dr. Erren [in his Handb. of os Chin. Buddhism] identifies the Chinese to-ka-lo with - . Sanserit tagara, meaning “ perfume”. Olibanum in Sansorits kunduru [comp. above tu lu perfume] and luban in Hindustan, by which name it is also known to the Arabs. It is Jebonah in Hebrew, signifying “ milk.” Modern travellers who eis seen the frankincense trees state that the fresh juice is milky and hardens when exposed to the air. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 463 313.—8R & FH su ho hiang. P., XXXIV, 53. 7., CCCXVI Pie lu:—The su ho hiang (perfume) is produced in Chung t‘ai [see App. 32] in river-valleys. T‘ao Huna-K1nc :—People say that the sw ho hiang is the excrement of lions, but the foreigners assert that this is not true. Now this drug is brought to China from the western countries. It is not used as a medicine, but rather as a perfume. The Kuang chi [6th cent.] says:—This fragrant sub- stance is produced in the country of Su ho, whence the name. Tn Sanserit books it is #E # ZE i] tu lu se kien. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—Now this drug is brought from Si yi (Western Asia) and K‘un lun [Pu lu Condore. See App. 171}. It is of a purplish red colour, resembles the true ¢sz* ¢‘an,® is hard, very fragrant, and heavy like a stone. When of a good quality the ashes left after burning it are ofa white colour. [The author seems to speak of a wood. ] Su Sune [11th cent.]:—There is now in Kuang chou a su ho hiang which is a kind of su mu, not fragrant at all, But the su ho hiang which is used in medicine is a substance of the consistence of an ointment, very fragrant and hot. Regarding this T‘ao Hune-Kkine states that it is the excrement of lions. According to the History of the Liang dynasty [A.D. 502-557] the su ho hiang comes from Chung T‘ien chu (Mid India), and is not an original product but is prepared by mixing together and boiling several fragrant things. Others say that it is a natural drug collected by the people of Ta Ts‘in, who by boiling the sap prepare a fragrant substance like an ointment : =< ig. Now the name of a precious wood—Dailbergia? = BK > Sapan-wood. 464 BOTANICON SINICUM. and sell it to the traders from all countries.®! When this drug reaches China it is not very fragrant. Lr Sui-cuey:—The Huan yii chi [10th cent.] mentions the @& 4} ji sw ho yu (oil) as produced in An nan (Annam) — and San fo ts‘i (Eastern Sumatra), by a tree which exudes this substance. It is used in medicine. The best sort is a thick liquid without sediment. The Liang pu [a treatise on perfumes, 11th cent.] says that the su ho yu is producedin the country of the Ta shi (Arabs) and is a kind of tu now a hiang. The Meng ki pi t‘an [11th cent. ] says:—The su ho hiang is of a red colour like a hard wood, whilst the su ho yu is a viscid resin which is commonly used. As to the etymology of the term su ho yu, su isa fragrant Labiate plant—the Perilla ocimoides [see 67], ho= to unite, to mix, yu = oil. Witurams [ Chin. Commercial Guide, 101] states :—Rose- oe maloes, sw ho yu, is a thick, scented, gummous oil of the consistence of tar, obtained by pressure from beans, and called gurmala in Bombay ; it is brought from Persia and . Upper India to Bombay, and when good has a pearly — appearance. It is used in making plasters among the Chines, and frequently also as a purge.—WILL1aMs is correct mn identifying the su ho yu with rose-maloes, but he is mistaken — as to the origin of the drug gurmala, which, according - Dymock [Veget. Mat. Med. of W. India, 209] is Cassia Jistula, eo Rassamala is the Javanese and Malay name for Liguid- ambar altingiana, Bl., a lofty and most valuable tree of Java with a fragrant wood which yields from incisions in the * This passage is taken from the History of the Later Han [article 0” j Ta Ts‘in (Roman Empire)] and refers to the end of the first century, WM the name sw ho first appears, See Dr. F. HirtH, China and the Roman Orient, p. 42. 85 . : 5 . Noticed P,, XXXIV, 55, as a Styraw, like resin of Camboe) MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 465 bark a honey-like, sweet-scented resin, which hardens by exposure to the air. The term rose-maloes is probably derived from the above name, but the drug so called is, as the late D. Hanpury has conclusively shown [ Se. pap., 143), im- ported into Bombay from Aden, the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, being probably brought thither from Alexandria. He has also established by comparison its identity with the substance known as Liquid Storax, obtained from Liquid- ambar orientalis, L., in Asia minor.—The sw ho yu procured from a Chinese drug-shop at Peking was of the consistence of tar, of a light gray colour and scentless. It was sent to Professor Fuiicxrcer and proved to be Liquid Storax. Garcia aB Orra [writing at Goa, 1534-63] says that Roga matha is the Chinese name for Liquid Storax. Very probably the Javanese name rossamala (rose-maloes) was originally, and is still, applied to the Storax obtained from Liquidambar _ altingiana and other trees of S.E. Asia. See Friox. & Hans., Pharmacographia, 247. Manrtisi [ Atlas sinensis, P- 25, written 200 years ago] states:—Regnum Annam, oleum illud seu liquor suavissimus quam Lusitani rosamaliam vocant, hie stillet ex arboribus. This may be the Amyris ambrosiaca in Lourniro’s Fl. cochin. [283 ]:—Cochinchinese balsamum quod ex arbore agresti modice stillat, colore cinereo et fragrantia eximia non multum differt a styrace liquida, qu Liquidambar a Linnzeo vocatur. I can make nothing of the name given in the P. asa Sanscrit name of the sw ho yu. Comp. also P. Surry, 187 :—Rose-maloes. There is another kind of Storax, mentioned in ancient Chinese records on foreign countries as a product of Southern and Western Asia, termed 2 7 An sihiang. P., XXXIV, 82 T., COCXVL The name An si was applied in the 2nd cent. to the 59 466 BOTANICON SINICUM. kingdom of the Parthians in W. Asia. An si properly means “tranquility,” and, as this perfume is reputed for : expelling evil spirits, Lr Sur-cHen tries to explain the — name in this way. He adds that the Sanscrit name of the drug is i El #2 7 cho (ku) pei lo hiang. It seems that — in the accounts of foreign countries, as found in the Histories — of the Chinese Dynasties, the An si hiang is not mentioned . before the 7th century. It is frequently noticed as a product — of Western Asia and Arabia, as well as of Siam, Sumatra — and Cochinchina, in the Ming period [15th cent.]. See my — article on the Arabs, pp. 19, 20. on Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The An si hiang comes from the country of the western barbarians. It resembles the sung chi : (common resin), is of a yellowish black colour and appears — : in lumps. The fresh resin is soft. a Lr Siw [8th cent.]:—It is produced in the countries of the Southern Sea and in Po sz‘ [Persia]. It is the resin of.a tree, resembles the gum of the peach tree and is collected e at the end of autumn. os Coane Yii-u1 [11th cent.]:—The Yu yang tsa male [8th cent.] states:—The tree which yields the An st Muang” grows in Po sz‘ [Persia]. It is also called BE FB Bf pt shu (tree which drives away evil). It grows from twenty to thirty feet high. Its bark is yellowish black. The leaves spread out into four corners and do not fall off in the cold. It blossoms.in the 2nd. month. Yellow flowers. The heart of the flower is green. It does not produce fruit.’ When : the bark of the tree is scraped off the resin appears, like sugar. It is called An si hiang. In the 6th or 7th month, — when it has become hard, it is fit for being burned ae incense. It has the property of expelling all sorts of evil . things. : Li Sui-cuey :—This drug is found in An nap, San 0 : tsi (Eastern Sumatra), and other foreign countries, and MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 467 is much used in China as a perfume. There is’a preparation called Bj An si yu, a mixture of various fragrant substances. Wan Kr [16th cent. ]:—By burning the true An si hiang incense rats can be allured % (?). Wituiams, Chin. Commercial Guide, 93 :--# BF ngan si-hiang, ie. the quieting perfume, Benzoin or Benjamin, the concrete juice of the Styrax benzoin, which is cultivated in Borneo and Sumatra. It is almost tasteless, but when rubbed or heated gives off an extremely agreeable odour. The drug An si hiang which I procured from 8. China was Benzoin, but that which is sold at Peking under the above name in the perfume-shops is a composition of various perfumes. 314,.— #2 PE B chan t‘ane hiang. P.. XXXIV, 55. f., OCOXVI. This drug is mentioned in the Pie lu, but only the name. T‘ao Huna-xinc :—It is produced in Tsin an [in Fu kien, App. 354] and Ch’en chou [App. 12]. Itis difficult to procure this drug in a pure state, for it generally contains particles of the bark and the dirt of the wood grub. The soft drug is the best. It is used as a perfume but not employed in medicine. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The chan t'ang tree resembles an orange tree. The twigs and the leaves when burnt emit a fragrant smell. The drug resembles sand sugar and Is black.” Jt is produced in Kiao and Kuang [in Kuang tung, App. 132, 160] and farther south. It grows also in Tsin an [v, supra] and is commonly used. : “2 HRA Be. "REM UBM RES SUS Bim. 468 BOTANICON SINICUM. It Sat-caen:—The name chan t‘ang hiang means “viscid sugar perfume.” Its flowers are also fragrant. The smell resembles that of the mo Ui hua (Jasminum grandiflorum). : The Ch. [XXXIII, 56] figures, sub chan t‘ang hiang, a tree with oblong, pointed leaves and berries [red]. It is” said to grow in Hu nan and to be a kind of camphor tree with fragrant leaves, > 315.—38 7K po mu. P., XXXVa, 1. T., CCCV. Pen king:—Po mu. The root is called 18 fH tan huan. Taste bitter. Nature cold. Non- poisonous. — Subsequent writers say that the bark of the tree is officinal. Pie lu:—Other name: iq BE huang (yellow) po. The po mu grows in Han chung [S. Shen si, App. 54], in mountain-valleys, also in Yung ch‘ang [ W. Yiin nan, App. 426]. Tao Huna-xina :—The drug produced in Shao ling [in Hu nan, App. 280], which is light, thin and of a dark colour, is the best. That from Tung shan [see App. 375] is thick and of a pale colour. The t‘an huan [said to be the root of the po mu] is, according to the Taoists, a mushroom. There is one kind of po mu, a small tree resembling the pomegranate, with a bitter yellow bark. It is called F HE tse‘ po. mm bark is useful in curing a sore mouth. Another sort, likewise a small tree, is covered with spines. Its bark is also yellow and used for the same purpose as the ¢sz‘ po bark. Su Kune [7th cent.]:-—The tsz! po is also called (1 Zata shan shi liu (mountain pomegranate). It resembles the ni ; cheng [Ligustrum. See 342]. Its bark is white, not yellow. This is the sy BY siao (small) po [see further on]. The spiny ¢sz* po [mentioned by T‘ao Huna-xive] is called fll ts‘e‘ (spiny) po. It is different from the siao po, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 469 Cu‘en Ts‘anc-x1 [8th cent.]:—The #§ #4 t‘an huan is the root of a hundred years’ old po tree. It resembles the Hien men tung [see 176], is 8 or 4 feet long and has on one side small lateral roots (tubers ?) called 1 1 & tan huan chi (fungus ). Cuana Yi-st [11th cent.]:—In the illustrated Herbal of Shu (Sz ch‘uan) it is stated :—The Wt BE huang (yellow) po tree is 30 and more feet high. Leaves resembling those of the Wu chu yi [Boymia or Evodia. See 291] and the tsz* chun (Cedrela?). They do not fall off in winter. The outer bark is white, the inner dark yellow. Its root produces nodular masses resembling the fu ling which grows beneath fir trees [Pachyma. See 350]. This tree now grows in Fang chou [in Hu pei, App. 35], Shang chou [in Shen si, App. 278] and Ho chou [in Sz ch‘uan, App. 695] in mountain-valleys. The bark is tight, two-tenths or three- tenths of an inch thick, and of a bright yellow colour. It is gathered in the 2nd and 5th months and dried in the sun. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is a common tree. The best drug comes from Shu (Sz ch‘uan). The flesh [of the bark) is ’ of a dark [yellow] colour. Lt Sat-cuey:—The name huang po is commonly but erroneously written 7 #4 huang po (yellow Thuja). The lateral tubers, which according to Cu‘zn Ts‘ANG-K‘I grow on the root (tan huan), are a kind of fungus. Ch. XXXII, 20 :—Po mu or huang po. Rude drawing of a tree with pinnate Jeayes. It grows in Hu nan and is used for dyeing. Lour., Fl. cochin., 525:—Pterocarpus flavus. Sinice : hoam pe mo. Arbor magna, in sylvis Sinensibus, cortioe glabro, intus suceoso, flavo, amaro. Folia umpari-pranats. Flos flavus papilionaceus. Florem non vidi, nisi pictum. Legumen breve, compressum, seminibus 2-3. Virtus corticis: 470 gay BOTANICON SINICUM. resolvens, vulneraria. Decocto corticis tinguntur serica colore— flavo permanente, nec injucundo. Louretro refers to RuMPH. Amb. tab., 117. Malaparius. Tavar., Cat., 9:—#E fi huang po. Cortex Pterocarpi Jlavi [Tarartyov evidently relies upon Lourero].—P. Sura, — : 180.—Hans., Se. pap., 266. The drag huang po of the Peking drug-shops is a yellow bark and very bitter. | i Cust. Med., p. 10 (75):—Huang po bark exported 1885 from New chwang 322.81 piculs,—p. 192 (181), from Ning 2 : po 125.87 piculs. : oe Dr. A. Henry writes me :—The Te i huang po of which the bark is used here (at I chang) as a drug is Phellodendron amurense, Rupr. The northern huang po is probably the same. . Phellodendron amurense has a yellow inner bark. See Ruprecur’s original description of this tree [first discovered by R. Maacg, on the Amur river] in Mél. biolog. Acad. (1857), p. 526. The #8 7X figured in the Phon zo [LXXXII, 2, 3] and the santo or kivada, sinice : ii HE, in the Kwa wi [100] have not been identified by Francuer. According to the late Dr. Geers [see my paper, Bot. quest. conn. Export Trade China, p. 4] the latter Chinese name in J apan is applied to Evodia glawea, Miq. The bark of this tree is used there for tinctorial purposes. This identification has been confirmed at London, where authentic herbarium specimens of the tree with the bark has been received from J apan. See Pharmac. Journ. (1888), p. 785.88 ® Evodia glauca is not the source of the yellow bark in China or Japan: and the observations of GrErrs, of the Japanese, and of the Pharmac, Journal are wrong. The mistake arose from the fact that Boodia glauca and Phellodendron amurense are trees with very similar foliage [ the fruit is very different]. Mr, E. M. Houmes, of the Pharmeceutical Museum, London, was convinced, by comparing specimens of the commercial with herbarium specimens of Hvodia and Phellodendron at Kew, that the bark of China and Japan is the product of one tree only, namely dron amurense, Rupr.—A, HENRY, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 471 Phon 20, LXXXU, 4, 5:—G fa. A yellow root figured. Sres., Qeon., 260 :—Zanthoxylon kibada. Sinice : WE 7K. Lignum ad luteum tingendum maxime estimatum. Cortex habetur febrifugus.—According to Ivo KRISKE [ Franon. & Sav., Enum. Jap., II, 693] kiwada is the Japanese name for Phellodendron amurense. ; Thus, it seems, the Chinese names po mu and huang po, in China as well as in J apan, are applied to both the Evodia glauca and the Phellodendron amurense. Both belong to the same order Rutacew. The /y HY siao (small) po [v. supra} has a special article in the P. [XXXVa, 6]. T‘ao Huna-x1n¢ calls it F— HE tsz‘ po and says it is a small tree resembling the shi lix (pomegranate). Bitter yellow bark. Another kind, which is provided with spines, has likewise a yellow bark. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The siao po grows between rocks in the mountains. That which grows in Siang yang [in Hu pel, App. 306], east of the Hien shan® moun tae, yields the best drug. It is also called [lj Hy #§ shan shi liu (mountain pomegranate), for its branches and leaves are not unlike those of the pomegranate, but the flowers are different. The fruit is small, black and globular like that of the 1s li tsz* [Rhamnus. See 341] or the ni cheng tsz* [ Ligustrum. See 342]. But the bark of the tree is white, not yellow as Tso Hunc-Kina asserts. It is now kept in store in the Court Of Bacrifices © The spiny tsz‘ po, noticed by the same author, is the ji} BE ts‘s‘ yo (spiny po). It has small leaves and differs from the siao po- ” DRE IL} to the $.H. of Siang yang fa. * eB 472 BOTANICON SINICUM. Cu‘en Ts‘anc-K‘t [8th cent.]:-—All the various sorts of the po tree have a yellow bark, and likewise the siao po which resembles the pomegranate. It has red fruits like those of the kou k% [Lycium. See 345], pointed at both ends. The people cut off the branches and use them for dyeing yellow. Su Kune is wrong in stating that the berries of the siao po are black and round. He had probably another plant in view. Lt Sut-cen :—The siao po is a small mountain-tree. Its outer bark is white and the inner bark yellow like that of the po, but thinner. The name shan shi liu is also applied to the kin ying tsz‘ (a Rose) and the tu yiian hua [Rhododendron. See 155]. The siao po is not figured in the Ch.—The name ill BE is given there [XXXVII, 43] as a synonym for 7% i& 7 huang lu mu. The figure, a spiny tree, is possibly intended for a Berberis, . Sres., Icon. tned., | :—Berberis chinensis, Desf. Sinice: A te Phon zo, LXXXII, 5, 6:—Same Chinese name. F igure not identified by Francurr. Horrm. & Scuxt., 85 :—Same Chinese name. Berberis Thunbergii, DC. I may observe that the inner bark of the European Berberis vulgaris, and also the root, afford a bright yellow dye. 316.—]3 $f hou p'o. P., XXXVa,7. T., COCVIIL Pen king :—HHou (thick) p‘o. The bark of a tree. Taste bitter. Nature warm. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—The hou p'o is also called Jif je hou p' (i bark) and 9% B& ch‘i pi (red bark). The tree is called #8 chen, ” This is properly the name for the hazel-nut. See Classics, 496. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE, 473 the fruit is 3 Pf chu che [see further on]. The how p‘o is produced in Kiao chi (Cochinchina) and Yian ki [in Shan tung, App. 415]. The bark is gathered in the 3rd, 9th and 10th months, In the Kuang ya it is called a J¥ chung p% (heavy bark). Tao Hune-xina :—Now the drug produced in Kien p‘ing and I tu [both in Hu pei, App. 139, 104] is considered the best. It (the bark) is very thick and the flesh is of a purple cclour. That with a thin, white outer coat is not valued. It is much used in common prescriptions. The Taoists do not employ it. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is common in the mountains of Lo yang [in Ho nan, App. 201], in Shen si [App. 284], Kiang and Huai [Kiang su and An hui, App. 124, 89], Hu nan [App. 83] and Shu ch‘uan [Sz ch‘uan, App. 292]. That from Tsz‘ chou and Lung chou [both in Sz ch‘uan, App. 366, 210] is also good. The tree is from 30 to 40 feet high, and from 1 to 2 feet in diameter. Leaves like those of the hu (Quercus obovata, large leaves) and persistent. Flowers red, fruit green. The bark is very scaly and shrivelled, thick, of a purple colour and succulent. That which is thin and white is not fit for use. K‘ou Tsune-saz [12th cent.]:—It grows also in I yang hien {in Ho nan, App. 108] and in Shang chou [in Shen si, App. 278], but the drug there is thin, of a pale colour and far inferior to that from Tsz‘ chou [v. supra], which is thick, of a purple colour and oily (resinous). Li Sut-cuen:—The p‘o tree has the outer bark white and the flesh purple-coloured. The leayes resemble those 4 the hu [v. supra]. It blossoms in the 5th or 6th — : Small flowers. The fruit resembles that of the tung és‘ing [Llex. See 342], is green at first, and red when ripe. It 60 474. BOTANICON SINICUM. has kernels. The fruit is gathered in the 7th or 8th month and is of a sweet pleasant taste. Ch. XXXII, 30:— Hou p‘o. The figure represents only leaves. A Magnolia may be intended.—See also XXXVITI, 4, tu (native) how p‘o. Tatar., Cat., 8:—Hou p‘o. Cortex ? Hans., Sc. pap., 266 :—How puh, a rough, thick bark of a bitterish pungent aromatic taste. Magnolia hypoleuca, 8. & Z—For this identification Hanpory relies upon Horrm. & Scuxr., 355. He does not mention the colour of the bark. The drug how p‘o obtained from a Peking druggist’s shop was of a reddish brown colour.—-P, Smirx, 142. Father A. Davin [1869] states [ Nouv. Arch. Mus. d Hist. nat., IX, Bull. 28] that the Chinese in Sz ch‘uan cultivate Magnolias not for the flowers but for the bark of the trees, which is much prized by the Chinese as a medicine. They call it ho po. In his Journ. trois. voyage Emp. Chin. (LU, 360] the same author notices that in. 1873 he saw in Kiang si a splendid plantation of a Magnolia with very large leaves, the same as he had previously met with in Sz ch‘uan. It much - resembled the American M. macrophylla. The bark is soldat very high prices as a medicine, o. Panker [Chin. Rev., XI, 22] mentions the drug hou p® in Sz ch‘uan. Henry, Chin. pl., 120 :—Hou po, Magnolia sp. nova,” the bark of which is a famous Chinese drug, largely exported from Sz ch‘uan. Two varieties, one with red and the other with white flowers, are cultivated in the mountains of the Pa tung district. The leaves are very large. This seems to be the tree figured in Ch. [XX XVIII, 4] with the name ” The LHou-p'o tree of Hupeh iusbad out at Kew to be Magnolia ee, S. & Z., and not a new species, as was at first supposed.— MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 475 tu hou p‘o. The description in Ch. [XXXIII, 30], hou p'o, Seems to point to another tree. Cust. Med., p. 72 (90):--Hou p‘o (bark) exported 1885 from Han kow 117.52 piculs,—p. 60 (86), from I chang 8.15 piculs, and p. 62 (45), of hou p‘o flowers 8.30 piculs. Kwa wi, 86 :—JB fp Japonice: tan pa cou, fonoki. Magnolia hypoleuca, 8. & Z.—Same identification in Sres., Icon. ined., I, and Phon zo, UXXXII, 7, 8.—M. hypoleuca has not been recorded from China. S1es., Gcon., 272 :— Magnolia hoo noki (i.e. M. hypoleuca]. Sinice: ZB itd #2 #}. © ligno conficiuntur gladiorum vagine, carbones ad levigandum lignum sesque adhibentur. The above name is pronounced in Chinese fou lan lo le. In the P. [XXXVa, 11] there is a short note by Ca‘sn Ts‘ane-K‘t [8th cent.] regarding this tree. The author states that it grows in the kingdom of K‘ang.* Its bark resembles the hou p‘o bark. Taste sour. Non-poisonous. It is used a medicine. The Pie lu first says that the fruit of the hou p‘o tree is called KPT chu che [v. supra] but afterwards the same work gives the following short and obscure account of the same drug:—The chu che cures ulcers, strengthens the breath and clears the eyes. It is also called ff # po ho [properly a name for lilies] and JB % how shi. It a bdial between trees and has a yellow stem. In the 7th month it bears a black fruit like the Soy-bean. T‘ao Hune-xrxa says:—The name chu che is also Applied to the fruit of the tu chung [see 317]. coy 2 4 HE fy, an ancient name for Samarkand. 476 - BOTANICON SINICUM. 317.—#E fift tu chung. P., AXXVa, 11. 7, CCOGVER Pen king:—Tu chung, Fe fil) sz‘ sen. The bark of the tree is officinal. Taste pungent. Nature uniform. Non- poisonous. Pie lu:—Other name: FB fift sz‘ chung. The tu chung grows in Shang yii [v. infra] in mountain-valleys and in Shang tang [in Shan si, App. 275] and Han chung [S. Shen si, App. 54]. The bark is gathered in the 2nd, 5th, 6th and Sth months. Wu Pu [8rd cent.] calls it 7 MH} mu mien (properly a name of the Cotton tree). T‘ao Huna-x1ne :—The Shang yii mentioned in the Pie lu is not the district of this name in Hui ki [Che kiang, App. 98] but the Yi situated near Kuo% in Yii chou [Ho nan, App. 413]. The drug which is now used comes from Kien p‘ing and I tu [both in Hu pei, App. 139, 104]. It resembles the bark of the hou p'o [Magnolia. See 316]. When broken it shows white filaments like floss silk. Han Pao-sueng [10th cent.]:—It grows in mountain recesses. It is a tree about 30 feet high. Leaves like those of the sin 7 (Magnolia. See 306). Su Sune [11th cent. ]:—-It is now produced in Shang chou [in Shen si, App. 278], in Ch‘eng chou [in Kan su, App: 18] and in Hia chou [in Hu pei, App. 64], on high mountains. In its leaves it is akin to the che (Cudrania triloba). Its bark when broken shows numerous fibres like white floss silk. Ip Kiang nan they call it {@ mien. The young leaves are eaten and are known under the name of ae mien ya. The flowers and the fruit are of a bitter 4 F 4 Yi and $e Kuo, near the Yellow River, mentioned in the Chiun tain, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 477 and harsh taste. They are used in medicine, The wood is fit for making pattens. . Ch., XXXIII, 18:—Tu chung. Rude drawing. Tarar., Cat., 21:--Tu chung. Cortex tenuis arboris.— Ihave seen the drug tu chung. It is a bark. As P. Smira [94, sub Zvonymus] correctly describes, on breaking it, and drawing the fractured edges asunder, a delicate, silvery, silky fibre is seen, which may be drawn out to the length of almost an inch without breaking. Henry (Chin. pl., 477] states that tu chung in Hu pei is a new species of Ulmus. But subsequently he informed me that he had sent fruits of the tu chung to Kew, where the botanists considered it to bean euphorbiaceous plant.® Cust. Med., p. 72 (101):—Tu chung exported 1885 from Han kow 1,707 piculs,—p. 60 (39), from I chang 7 piculs. Phon zo, UXXXII, 14,15 :— fk fit. Japonice : totchiou. Evonymus Sieboldianus, Bl.—Horru. & Scaur., 238, same Chinese name, Evonymus japonicus, Thbg.—Srxs., Icon. ined., IIT, same Chinese name, Evonymus totsju (i.e. Sieboldianus). Sies., Beon., 269 :—Evonymus japonicus, Thbg. # ff. Japonice : masaki. Pro sepibus vivis. The plant which yields the drug tu chung has been described and figured in Hooxer’s Icones. Plant. [tab. 1950] under the name of Eucommia ulmoides [a new genus]. The Most singular feature about the plant is the extraordinary abundance of an elastic gum in the bark, the leaves, the Petioles and the pericarp; any of these snapped across, and the parts drawn asunder, exhibit the silvery sheen of innumerable threads of this gum. 318.—% tsi. Varnish yielded by the Chinese Lacquer Highs. +h tree, i.e. the one “pecimens sent from Hu peh of the true Tu chung _ affording the peculiar bark eb as a drug, were at first yee ester e toate! abecles of Uimus, but OLIVER now thinks differently and ae Pheutarion Sured the tree as Eucommia ulmoides, Oliv. HooKxer, Le. . table 1950,~A, Tlewry. 478 BOTANICON SINICUM. tree, Rhus vernicifera, L. P., XXXVa,17. T., CCLVIL Comp. Classics, 517. Pen king :—Ts‘i. The Index of the Pen hing has 8% kan is% (dried varnish). It is stated to be non-poisonous, : But subsequent writers say it is poisonous. The leaves and fruit of the tree are also used in medicine. i Pie lu:—The kan ts% grows in Han chung [S. Shen si, App. 54] in mountain - valleys, It is collected after mid- summer and dried. ae Cust. Med., p. 380 (523):—38 WG ts‘i han exported 1885 : from Canton 0.72 picul. E Further particulars in another part. 319.— 4 tse, P., XXXVa, 20. 7., COXL. ; Comp. Rh ya, 293, Classics, 508. eS Pen king: —Tsz‘.. The white’ rind of the trec, FEA : tsz’ pat p‘i, is officinal. Taste bitter. Nature cold. Non- poisonous. Pie lu:—The tsz pai p% (white rind of the tse‘) 8 produced in Ho nei [S.E. Shan si, App. 77] in mountain valleys, | T‘ao Hune-Kine :—This drug is the rind of the tse‘ tree There are three sorts. That employed for medical use ought to be firm, not rotten. e The Ts‘ ming yao shu [5th cent.], Chap. V, under the head of PK-#%, states:—That of a white colour (white bark : or timber) and with horns (long slender capsules) is called ; RE tsz4—that which resembles the ts‘iv, and likewise a horns is the fq #K kio (horn) ts‘iu, also called F- #K 8% — 3 (?.e. which bears fruits),—that of a yellow colour, and which : does not bear fruit, is the #) Hk liu (willow) ts‘iu. As it ie 2 a yellow wood it is also called Hi) RE A King huang ines yellow ts‘tu from King chou [Hu pei]. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 479 Ta Mine [10th cent.]:—There are many sorts of tsz‘. Only the bark of the ff 4% ts‘iu tsz‘ is used in medicine. Su Suna [11th cent]:—This tree is common in Mid China. Its timber is much used for building palaces, temples, and pavilions in gardens. It is also much cultivated. It re- sembles the t‘ung [Paulownia. See 320], but the leaves are smaller. Purple flowers. The Rh ya [293] identifies the tsz‘ with the ## 7 Kuo P‘ says it is the same as the Hk ts‘iu ( Catalpa). It is also mentioned in the Shi hing. One kind is called Bf, ] shu tse‘ or FR yt [v. injra, 341, and Rh ya, 260}. This is also a kind of ts‘iu. Wane x1 [16th cent.] :—The ancient dictionary Shuo wen says:—The #% ¢ and the #¥# tsz‘ are the same. It also says that the #% is the same as the #fk ts‘iu, and further on that the HK is identical with the }G kia. We may therefore assume that fH i, #E tsz‘, Pk ts‘in and ff kia are four names designating the same tree. The ész‘ tree has long slender horns (capsules) like quills. Late in winter, when the leaves have fallen off, the horns are still seen hanging on the tree. The fruit is called }& BE yi chang. [This latter statement is from the Ku kin chu, 4th cent. ]. Li Sut-cuen :—The tsz‘ tree is common in China. There are three sorts. That with a white wood is called ¥ tsz‘, that with a red wood is #f és‘iu, that with a beautifully grained wood is #§ 7. There is a small sort of és‘tw which is called #8 kia [see Rh ya, 292]. The names ¢sz‘ and ts‘iu are now applied to Catalpa, ot which two Chinese species are known from China, viz. C. Bunge’, ©. A. Mey., and C. Kampjeri, 8. & Z For further particulars see Bot. sin., U1, 508. ae ics, 513. * This is properly an old name for the Camphor tree. See Cat: 5 480 BOTANICON SINICUM. After the tsz‘ the P. [XXXVa, 21] notices the ff — ts‘tu tree. Lr Sui-cHen says that there are two kinds—the comnion ts‘tw, which yields an excellent timber, and for which — he refers to the ész‘, and the iil] fk ts‘ (thorny) ¢s‘u, which — Is described and figured in the Kiu huang Pen ts‘ao (LIV, 31]. A large tree. Its bark is greenish white with yellowish — white spots. The trunk and the branches are covered with — large thorns. The leaves resemble those of the common ts‘tu but are thinner and of a sweet taste. In their young : state they can be eaten when boiled.—The drawing of the 4 Kiu huang is reproduced in the Ch. [ XXXIV, 16]. ‘ Kwa wi, 89 :—Acanthopanaa ricinifolium, Seem. Ja- ; ponice: favodara; sinice: pl] Xk. The Japanese drawing — agrees with the drawing in the Ch. re Henry, Chin. pl. 79:—Ts‘es ts‘tu. Acanthopanaz ricinifolium, a large, very thorny tree with leaves resembling somewhat the Catalpa, whence the Chinese name. $20.—fil tung. P., XXXVa, 23. 1, CCXXXVIL Comp. Rh ya, 309, Classics, 515. a Pen king:—T*ung. In the Index of the Pen king 4 tid 8 Tung ye (leaves), The leaves, bark and the flowers ae used in medicine. Taste of the leaves bitter. Nature cold) — Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—T ‘ung ye. Produced in T‘ung po [in Ho nam, 3 App. 379] in mountain-valleys, The t‘ung is the Paulownia imperialis, 8. & Z. ee further particulars see Bot. sin., 11, 515. ; Cust. Med., p. 150 (180):—T'ung pi (bark) exported 1885 from Shang hai 0.33 picul, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 481 321.— fifi lien. P., XXXVa, 28. 7., OCLXL Pen king:—Lien. In the Index of the Pen king:— | # lien shi (fruit). The fruit, root, bark, flowers and leaves are officinal. The taste of the fruit, root and bark is bitter. Nature cold. Slightly poisonous. Pie lu:—The lien shi grows in King shan [in Hu pei, App. 149] in mountain-valleys. The character lien is explained in the Shuo wen by “name of a wood.” Tao Hune-Kinc :—The lien is a common tree. On the Sth day of the 5th month the people gather the leaves and wear them in their girdles. These leaves are said to avert evil. Su Kuye [7th cent.]—There are two sorts—the female and the male Jien; the male does not bear fruit. The root is of a red colour, poisonous, and when taken internally it provokes intensive vomiting and even causes death. The female, fruit-bearing lien has a white root which has only slightly poisonous properties. Only the female root is used in medicine. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The best lien shi (frait) comes from Shu ch‘uan [Sz ch‘uan, App. 292]. The tree is more than 10 feet high. ‘The leaves (leaflets) are close together like those of the huai (Sophora) but longer. It flowers in the 8rd and 4th months. The flowers are reddish purple and very fragrant, The fruit is a small ball, green at first and yellow when ripe. It is gathered in the 12th month. There is no fixed time for taking out the root. The Rh ya i [12th cent.] gives a similar account of the Wen, and adds :—The fruit is like a little bell. tas 1s yellow when ripe. Its popular name is 7 Be Ku cesounla lien tsz* and also & BF kin ling tsz‘ (golden bell). It is 61 482 BOTANICON SINICUM. mentioned in Huai nan tsz‘,—lien, the tree of the 7th month. a The people of Ch‘u [Hu kuang, App. 24] are accustomed to hold a festival on the 5th day of the 5th month in ‘ commemoration of K*ii Yiian’s suicide [B.C. 314]. Bamboo- sprouts and rice-cakes enveloped in the leaves of the lien, < with silken thread of five colours tied around, are cast into the river to propitiate the water-spirits. The women put — len leaves in their hair, ete.’ According to the Feng su “ung [2nd cent.] the phoenix and the unicorn eat the lien, but the dragon abhors it. Li Sut-cuen :—The lien tree grows very rapidly. In three or four years it is fit for beams. The fruit resembles around jujube. The best is produced in Sz ch‘uan. Ch, XXXII, 45 :—Lien. Good drawing representing | a Melia. The description in the P. agrees. Lour., Fl. cochin., 329 :—Melia azedarach, L. Sinice: wun (shun) lien, Briam., Chrest., 441 (44) :—Melia, Pride of India, at Canton #% 7 shen mu or Ty Be k'u lien. Same identification - in ParKer’s Canton plants [169]. Tarvar., Cat., 34 :—i Hit Ven shu. Arbor ?—Ibid., 15 :—J]] RF Chuan lien tse (lien from Sz ch‘uan) and | [59] :-— Hk F hin lin tse’ [the second character is a mistake : for $R ling]. Both drugs are identified with Fructus Mespilt japonice.—Gavcnr, 54 :—Chuan lien tsz‘. The fruit figured and described. Gavaer means it is a Diospyros. The drugs which ] obtained under the names of Ch‘uan— lien tsz* and kin ling tse‘ from a Chinese drug-shop : Peking were, undoubtedly, the dried fruits of a Mela, yellowish brown ; five-celled stony endocarp. But the Ch‘uan lien [in Thibetan barura] sold in the Thibetan -™ This is taken from the 144 hiai ki or Record of Marvels, 5th cent. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 483 drug-shop at Peking was Terminalia belerica [determined at Kew]. Hans. [ Sc. pap., 244] figures and describes the Chinese drug Ch‘uan lien tsz* from Shang hai. He is not sure whether it is Melia, for the stony endocarp was from six to eight celled. P. Smrru, 145, 146, sub Melia and Medlar. According to Parker [ China Rev., X, 169] k‘u lien tsz* in Sz ch‘uan is Melia azedarach, L. Henry, Chin. pl., 240:—Lien shu. Melia azedarach.— Ibid., 241:—K‘u lien tse. At I chang this name is applied to Melia azedarach and also sometimes to Picrasma quas- sioides, Benn.—The k‘u lien tsz‘ or Ch‘uan lien tsz‘, a drag largely exported from Sz ch‘uan, is the fruit of a species - of Melia not yet identified. [Comp. Cust. Med., No. 251:— Ch‘uan lien tz‘. Melia Toosendan, S. & Z.] Melia azedarach is a common tree in Mid and South China. See Ind. Fi. sin., I, 113. It is known from India, where the root, bark and fruit of the tree are used medicinally, that the fruit has poisonous properties. It has very fragrant flowers. It is a highly valued timber at Canton. Cust. Med., p. 76 (184) :—Ch‘uan lien tse* (fruit) exported 1885 from Han kow 527 piculs.—Ibid., 368 (375) :—K‘u lien tsz‘ exported from Canton 3.11 piculs.—Z0id., p. 344 (67):—K‘u lien ken (root) exported from Canton 0.17 Picul,—p. 278 (59), from Amoy 0.03 picul.—Zbid., p. 354 (193):— K‘w lien pi (bark) exported from Canton 0.27 picul, « Amen. exot., 788 :— Iii den, it. ootz, vulgo sendam, altis kindeis. Azadarach Avicenne. . Kwa wi, 122 :—Same Chinese name. Melia azedarac * Now determined as Melia Toosendan, 8. & Z—A. HENBY. 484 BOTANICON SINICUM. Phon zo, LXXXIIL, 7, 8 :—Apfi, Melia japonica, G. Don. This species is reduced to M. azedarach in the Ind. Fl. sin, SreB., Gicon., 274:— Melia azedarach. Sendan. th E fructibus exprimitur oleum (TuBa.), id quod ignoro, sed fructus in variolis, ac corticem in vermibus esse remediam mihi relatum. 322.—#ii huai. P.. XXXVa, 31. T., COLV. Comp. Classics, 546. Pen king:—Huai. In the Index of the Pen hing: | FH Auai shi (fruit). Taste of the fruit bitter. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. The flowers, leaves, bark of the trunk, root, and the gum exuded by the tree are all used in medicine. ; Pie lu:—The huai shi is produced in Ho nan [App. 76) in marshes. It is fit for making sacrificial candles. Tatar, Cat., 10:—#f 7E huai hua. Flores Sophort Jjaponicw, ii, | f& huai kio. Fructus Sophore japonica. x Hans., Se. pap., 237:— | %E huai shi. Legumes of Sophora japonica,—P. Surru, 201. ‘ Cust. Med. p. 154 (227):— | 3 huai mi (unof flower-buds) exported 1885 from Shang hai 599 pict ibid. (226) :—-] ZE huai hua (flowers) exported 87 piculs, p- 196 (178), from Ning po 10.80 piculs.—Jbid., P- — (865) :— | fe huai io (pods) exported from Canton 8.52 piculs,—p. 276 (42), from Amoy 0.47 picul.—Zhid, P. 82 (141):— | ¥ huai tsz‘ (seeds) exported from Tien 899 piculs, | Further particulars in another part. * * jt ay « MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 485 323.— Fe J ts‘in pt. P., XXXVb,1. T.,, CCCVI. Pen king :—Ts‘in p% (bark), #% J% isin pd and IK sim mu. The bark of the tree is officinal. Taste bitter. Nature slightly cold. Non-poisonous. The Shuo wen [see K.D.] explains the character #8 by FF FZ Ax (a tree with a green bark). Huat wan ‘sz° says it is of a green colour and is used as a medicine for the eyes. Kao Yu, of the Han dynasty, in commenting upon Hua wan sz‘, identifies the tsin with the 74 HE ku (bitter) li, The Ui is said by some ancient authors [see K.D., and W.D., 537] to be the same as BE lé (an oak).—Regarding the #% the Zang yin dictionary says that it resembles the huai (Sophora). ; Pie lu:—Other name: ¥ ff shi t‘an. The ts‘in p% is produced in Lii kiang [in An hui, App. 207] in river-valleys - and in Yiian kii [in Shan tung, App. 415] by river-sides. The bark is gathered in the 2nd and 8th months and dried in the shade. T‘ao Huna-xrxe :—The popular name of the drug is Se Be Jan kui p%. When steeped in water it yields a bluish indelible ink. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The leaves of this tree are like those of the tan (Cwsalpinia) but smaller, wherefore it is also called shi t*an [v. supra]. As the bark is of a bitter taste the tree is also called 4 HY iu shu (bitter tree). The bark shows white spots and is not coarsely veined.” By steeping the bark in water an indelible blue ink is prepared. Su Suye [11th cent.]:—This tree grows . all pre- fectures of Shen si [App. 284] and in Ho yang [in Ho nen, App. 81]. It isa tall tree resembling the t‘an ( Cesalpinia). ”* Be A Bi i Hl ia - 486 BOTANICON SINICUM. Trank and branches are all of a green colour. Leaves like the head of a spoon, large and not shining. It bears neither flowers nor seed. The root resembles that of the hua (Sophora). The popular name of this tree is EY 4% 7K pai (white) sin mu. Lit Sat-cuey explains that the name # KK isin pt refers to the country of Ts‘in [Shen si], where the tree grows. Ch., XXXIIT, 31:—7s‘in pd. The figure represents a tree, but the drawing is not characteristic. Tatar., Cat., 138:— Ts‘in pi. Cortex. This drag, obtained from a Peking druggist’s shop, was sent to Professor Fiickicer for examination. An infusion of the bark mixed with iron produced indeed an ink, but it was not blue. The name k‘u li is applied in the Peking mountains to Fraxinus Bungeana, DC., upon which the wax insect lives. Cust. Med., p- 284 (186) :—T7stin pt exported 1885 from Amoy 0.22 picul,—p. 148 (151), imported to Shang hai 145 piculs,—p. 352 (180), to Canton 118 piculs. Said to be shipped from Han kow, Ning po and Tien tsin.—In the Hank. Med. the drug ts‘in p‘t is not mentioned. Horrm. & Scutr., 250:—# HE til, Frazinus longicuspis, 3 8S. & Z. According to Grerrs the same Chinese name is e also applied to Fr, Sieboldii, Bl. : : Phon zo, UXXXIII, 17, 18:—Same Chinese name Tree not identified by Francner. Marsumura, 82 —#S, Pravinus pubinervis, Bl. 324.—2 fix ho huan. P., AeA, 3. Ty COXCVL Pen king:—Ho huan. This tree grows in Yii chou : [Ho nan, App. 413] in mountain-valleys. It resembles the MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 487 kou ku tree [which is an Ilex. See 342]. The bark is used inmedicine. Taste sweet. Nature uniform, Non-poisonous. The leaves and the flowers likewise are officinal. Pie lu:—It grows in I chou [in Yiin nan, App. 102]. TATAR., Cat., 6:—Hohuan. Acacia Nemu.—P. Surts, 2. Cust. Med., p. 154 (223):—He huan (flowers) exported 1885 from Shang hai 0.18 picul. Further particulars regarding this well-known tree will be given in another part. ; 825.— Ht. HE tsao kia. P., RXXVb, 4, Ti CGY, Pen king:—Tsao kia (black pod), The pod is officinal. Taste pungent and salt. Nature warm. Slightly poisonous. The seeds, thorns, bark of the trunk and of the root, and leaves are likewise used in medicine. Pie lu:—The tsao kia grows in Yung chou [Shen si, App. 424] and in the district Tsou hien in Lu [Shan tung, App. 365, 202]. The pod looks like the tusk of a boar. It is gathered in the 9th and 10th months and dried in the shade, The Kuang chi [5th cent] calls it AE ARF A st tse" (cock’s perch), T‘so Hune-Kine :—It is a common tree. The pod which is two feet long is the best. It is frequently worm-eaten, and then is injurious to man. Su Kung [7th cent. ]:—There are three kinds of isao kia. One is called Fie IF KA. BYE chu ya (boar’s tusk) tsao kia. It 18 an inferior sort. The pod is crooked, thin, uncomely and not suceulent. When used for washing it does not remove the dirt. ‘That which is two feet long [v. supra] is Coarse and dry. The best is that which is only from six to 488 BOTANICON SINICUM. seven inches long. It is round, thick, jointed (t.e. con- tracted between the seeds), has a thin skin and much flesh and is of a strong taste. Su Sone [11th cent.]:—Now the best is produced in Huai chou and Meng chou [both in Ho nan, App. 93, 220]. The tree is tall. The Pen king recommends the chu ya tsao kia, T‘ao Hune-Kine the pods which are two feet long, and Su Kune those which are only six inches long, All these sorts are used in medicine ; the boar-tusk pods are useful in tooth-ache. The young sprouts (leaves) are eaten as a vegetable. : Lt Sut-cnen:—The tsao is a tall tree. The leaves “ resemble those of the huaz (Sophora). They are thin, long ee and pointed. Many thorns in the axils of the branches. oe It blossoms in summer. Small yellow flowers. There are as three kinds, distinguished according to the pods. One kindhas small pods resembling the tusk of a boar, another has long, thick and fleshy pods containing much fat and viscid matter. The third sort is long, thin, dry and meagre. It does not = contain any viscid matter. The fat and fleshy sort is the best. As the tree is beset with thorns it is difficult to ascend. The people therefore at the proper time surround it with bamboo baskets. Then during one night all [it is not a clear whether the thorns or the ripe pods] will drop. A — strange thing! When sometimes a tree does not produce — fruit, the people bore a hole in the trunk, fill it with three or five pounds of cast iron, and cover it with mud. Then it will produce fruit. Other names for the tree: & FE wu st (black rhinoceros) and We JJ hiian tao (suspended sword). The thorns are known under the name KJ {‘ié ting (clayus ceelestis). Ch., XXXII, 33:—Tsao kia. Good drawing, Leaves and long pods. Gleditschia sinensis, Lam.—See also Kt huang, LVI, 3. 3 MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 489 This beautiful tree is called 5 f& tsao kio (black horn) at Peking. The trunk [of old trees] where the branches begin is surrounded with a formidable crown of enormous branched thorns. Small, greenish yellow scented flowers, and large flat, fleshy, black pods about one foot long. These pods are used as soap. Lour., Fl. cochin., 801 :—Mimosa fera [very probably he means Gleditschia]. Sinice : tsao ke. Tavar., Cat., 57 :—¥A ff isao kio, Legumen Gleditschie chinensis.—Ibid., 56 :— EL il] tsao ts‘z’. Spine Gleditschie.— Ibid., 29 : 3p 3%. Legumen Gleditschia. Hans, Sc. pap., 248:—3F 34 ya ts‘ao (tusk pod). Legumes of Prosopis! Legumes of the same Chinese name which I obtained from the Thibetan drug-shop at Peking, consisting of small, curved pods about three inches long and one-third inch broad, and which were examined at Kew, proved to belong to a Prosopis. P. Smrra, 105, 179 :—Gleditschia and Prosopis. Comp. also Henry, Chin. pl., 499, 500. ‘The tree, with leaves, flowers and pods, is figured in Hooxer’s Icones, Plant., tab, 1412. Cust. Med, p. 296:—Ta (great) tsao exported 1885 from Amoy 0.55 picul,—p. 294 (291), siao (small) tsao from Amoy 0.30 picul.—Ibid., p. 372 (430) :—Tsao seeds exported from Canton 19 piculs.— Jbéd., 126 (96):— Tsao thorns 7 ported from Chin kiang 57.23 piculs,—p. 856 (226), from Canton 11.62 piculs,—p. 288 (220), from Amoy 0.55 picul. Ibid., p. 62 (61) :—Ya tsao exported from I chang 28.79 piculs,—p., 80 (196), from Han kow 42 piculs,— p- 182 (166), from Chin kiang 7.80 piculs,—p. 166 (389), from Shang hai 0.70 picul. 2 Specimens of ya-tsao from Szechuan sent to Kew, ie flowers, leaves and pods, have been described as @leditechia officinalis, Kewenses, I, Kew Bulletin, No. 64, p. 82-—A. HENBY. 62 490 BOTANICON SINICUM. Amen, exot., 841 :—¥1 JE sokio, vulgo kawara Judsi. Arbor vasta, foliis impariter pinnatis ; siliquis (quas non vidi) longis, multisque, quod dicunt, interstitiis intus dis- — tinctis. Ex Sina adducta arbor, rara hic est, fructu imperfecto vel nullo. An arbor Cassis fistulee ? Kwa wi, 88 :—Same Chinese name. Gleditschia japonica, Mig. Phon zo, UXXXIII, 23, 24:—Same Chinese name. Gl. heterophylla, Bge., and Gil. japonica.—lbid., 25 :— F 4 BE. Only pods figured. After the tsao kia the P. describes [XXXV2, 13] the WE i 3 fei (fat) tsao kia. No: ancient author. quoted. Li Sut-cuen states :—The Jet tsao kia grows on high moun- tains. It is a tall tree. Leaves like those of the éan (Cesalpinia) and the common tsao kia. It blossoms in the 5th or 6th month. White flowers. The pods are from three to four inches long and resemble those of the yin she [Cesalpinia. See 140] but are thick, fleshy and fat. Each pod contains several black seeds as large as the end of a finger, not exactly globular. They are black like varnish, very hard, with a white kernel within like a chestnut, which can be eaten when roasted. The tree is also cultivated. The pods are gathered in the 10th month, boiled and roasted, p then pounded to powder and mixed with wheaten flour and oa perfumes. This composition, formed into balls, is used [instead of soap] for Washing the body and the face, to cleanse ther : of dirt. It is richer in fat than the pods of the tsao Mt It is said that the water from the fei tsao kia kills gold- fish and drives away ants. a The large black, hard seeds of this tree are brought t 2 Peking from Mid China and used by women in washing the head and hair, They are called fei tsao. The same MATERIA MEDICA. OF THE ANCIENT CHINESR. 491 have been described and figured in Hans. Se. pap., 238. Hanpury means that they belong to a Dialium (Leguminose). It seems to me that this is the same tree as that of which Baton in 1875 described [ Journ. Soc. cent. Mhortic., p. 164-168] the pods received from Shang hai, and upon which he established the new species Gymnocladus chinensis. These pods are stated there to be used as soap by the Chinese. Leaves and ripe pods of the fei tsao tree were procured for me from Wu hu by Mr. T. L. Buxtock, in 1881, and sent to the Botan. Garden, St. Petersburg. The late Maximowicz considered them to belong to a Cesalpinia. But in the Ind. FI. sin. [I, 203] the Chinese soap tree, fei tsao, is said to be Gymnocladus chinensis. Mr. Hemsiey determined it probably from complete specimens in flower and in fruit. Comp. also Henry, Chin. pl., 500. P. Suir, 1 :—Acacia concinna. Fei tsao kia. Cust. Med., p. 198 (200):—Fei tsao exported 1885 from Ning po 56.20 piculs,—p. 366 (352), from Canton 0.50 Picul.—Exported also from Han kow. See Hank. Med., 13. 326,—8% BE luan hua. P., XXXV,15. T., CCOVILL See Classics, 550. Pen king :—Luan hua. The flowers are officinal. Taste bitter. Nature cold. N on-poisonous. ; Pie lu:—The lwan hua grows in Han chung [S. Shen Sl, App. 54] in river-valleys. The flowers are gathered in the 5th month, Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The leaves of this tree ee, those of the mu kin [Hibiscus syriacus. Bee Pree ‘} oy are thinner and smaller, Yellow flowers resembling the hua 492 BOTANICON SINIOUM. flowers (Sophora) but larger. The seeds are enclosed in a bladder like the suan tsiang [Physalis. See 106]. They are black, round like peas, and hard. The people use them much as beads. The flowers are gathered in the 5th or 6th month. The people in the south use them for dyeing a bright yellow colour. They are also employed for curing sore eyes, Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The tree is cultivated in gardens in the south as well as in Pien [in Ho nan, App. 248]. K‘ou Tsuna-sut [12th cent.]:—This tree is found in the mountains of Ch‘ang an [in Shen si, App. 6]. The seeds are called 7Q 8% F mu luan tse‘, They are brought to the capital, where they are used as beads. They are not employed in medicine. This is the Kelreuteria paniculata, Laxm. For further particulars see Bot. sin., I, 550. 327.—f ka. P., XXXVb, 20. 7., CCLXIII. Comp. Rh ya, 238. Pie w:—Ku. The bark is used in medicine. Taste bitter. Nature very cold. Non-poisonous. Tao Hune-xine :—The hi is a common tree in the mountains. Its bark resembles the bark of the ¢‘an é (Cesalpinia) and the huai (Sophora). Leaves like those of » the Zé and the hu (oaks). It is well known. res Su Kone [7th cent. ]:—It grows by the sides of rivale : The leaves resemble those of the ch‘u [ Ailantus. See Rh ya 3 224] but are narrower and longer. It is a large tree, several — fathoms in girth. The bark is very coarse and thick and > does not resemble the t‘an bark. . K‘ou Tsuna-sur [12th cent.]:—The hw tree is now more 2 commonly called #& PM kit liu (willow), for its leaves resemble MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 493 the willow. Large specimens are from 50 to 60 feet high and from 2 to 3 fathoms in girth. It is frequently met with in Hu nan and Hu pei, but is not used for timber and is not fit for making utensils. The young bark is employed for making buckets and hoops for sieves. Lt Sut-cuen:—The wood of the yi is reddish purple. It is highly valued for making boxes and tables. Cuzna Ts‘tao [12th cent.] says :—The ka is a kind of yt (elm). Its branches are more hardy. Its fruits are like elm-fruits, which look _ like small coins. The villagers gather the leaves and prepare 2 sweet tea therefrom. Ch., XXXIII, 63 :—Ka. According to Henry [Chin . pl, 247] this is the Pterocarya stenoptera, Cas. (Order Juglandew), a common tree in Hu pei. But it seems that in other parts of China the name ki is applied to an elm-like tree, as also in Japan where it is Ulmus keaki. For further particulars see Bot. sin., I, 238. 328.—#f] liu. Salix babylonica, L. P., XXXVb, 21. f., CCLXIII. Comp. Classics, 524. _ Pen king:—Liu. In the Index of the Pen king: —f) # liu hua (flowers). The Pen king explains the latter term by PDB lin siz (willow-wool, i.e. the cottony down of the seeds), Taste bitter, N. ature cold. Non- poisonous. The leaves, branches, white bark of the root, and the gum exuding from the tree are all used in medicine. Pie lu:—The liu hua is produced in Lang ye [in Shan tung, App. 178] in marshes. P, Smrru, 231 :— Willows, 494 BOTANICON SINICUM. Cust. Med., p. 288 (202):—Liu, twigs and leaves, exported 1885 from Amoy 4 piculs,—p. 858 (252), from Canton 0.53 — picul,—p. 844 (80), willow-root exported from Canton 0.01 picul. Further particulars in another part. - 829.—iq ya. Ulmus. Elm tree. P.. XXXVb, we T., CCLXIX. Comp. Ph ya, 304, Classics, 528. : Pen king :—hiy yt, FE Ky ling ya. ~The white bark of the | tree is officinal. Taste sweet. Nature uniform. Mucilaginows and nourishing. Non-poisonous. The leaves, flowers and fruit [see the next] are all used in medicine. : Pie lu :—The iy J yt pi (bark) is produced in Ying = ch‘uan [S.E. Ho nan, App. 408] in mountain-yalleys. The . white, inner bark is gathered in the 2nd month and dried in — ‘ the sun. The fruits are gathered in the 8th month. Both it drugs (the bark and the fruit) should be kept dry, otherwise . they become poisonous. P. Surrn, 92 :—Elm-bark. Cust. Med., p. 212 (49):—Hiang yi pt (fragrant elm- bark) exported 1885 from Wen chow 502 piculs. Further particulars in another part. 330.—HE Hj wui. P., XXXVb, 33. 7., COLXIX. Comp. Rh ya, 263. Pen king :—4nt Hj wu ku, in the Index of the Pen ” : HE HE wui. It is a fruit (fruit of an elm). Taste punger» Nature uniform, Non-poisonous, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 495 Pie lu:—The wu ¢ grows in Tsin shan [App. 356] in river-yalleys. The fruit is gathered in the 3rd month and dried in the shade. T‘ao Hune@-xina:—This drug is now brought from Kao li (Corea, App. 116]. It resembles the fruit of the common elm,” and has a fetid odour. The people there prepare it in sauces for food. It is a vermifuge and is also used to drive away moths. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—Now the best drug comes from Yen chou and Tung chou [both in Shen si, App. 403, 378]. Cu‘en Ts‘aAnG-K‘r [8th cent.]:—The wu i has a strong, fetid smell. It is the fruit of the mountain-elm. Ma Cut [10th cent.]:—It is common in Ho tung and Ho si [Shan si, App. 80, 79]. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is produced in Mid China. The best comes from T‘ai yiian [in Shan si, App. 325]. It is a kind of small elm, the frait of which ripens earlier than that of the common elm, and has a fetid odour. Mentioned in the Rh ya. The fruit is dried for use. The people pound it also and cook it as food. It is also preserved with salt. The salt destroys the disagreeable odour. It is not used as a medicine, Lt Sui-cuey :—There are two kinds of wu ?, the large and the small. The latter is the same as the fi Je Y# kia, or fruit of the common elm, which the people prepare into Sauces for food. The larger wu é is that used in medicine. ae , ce. . The large wu 7 is probably Ulmus macrocarpa, Han " hit Be 496 BOTANICON sINICUM. Hank. Med.. 7:—5& 2& YE ch‘ou (stinking) wu i. Exported from Han kow. Mr. Braun says:—A small, lentil-shaped seed of a very disagreeable and strong odour. The flesh of the berry generally adheres to the seed. The Cust. Med., p. 489 (1457) calls the wu ¢ a medicine- cake.—Ibid., p. 74 (123), wu ¢ exported 1885 from Han kow 5.12 piculs, 331.—E§ B Patou. P., XXXVb, 43. 7., CCCVI. Pen king :—F3 & Pa tou, P5 #e¥ Pa shu. The seed is officinal. Taste acrid. Nature warm. Poisonous. This is one of the five principal poisons mentioned by SHEN NUNG. See above, sub 132. Pie lu:—The Pa tou grows in Pa [E. Sz ch‘uan, App. 235], whence the name, in river-valleys. Gathered in the 8th month. Before use the heart and the skin are removed. Very poisonous. T‘ao Hune-xine :—The Pa tou is a violent purgative. It should be taken in a fresh state. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is now found in Kia chou, Mei chou and Jung chou [all in Sz ch‘uan, App. 122, 219; 112]. It is a tree from 10 to 20 feet high. Leaves like those of the ying tao (cherry) tree but thicker and larger. They are green at the beginning but gradually change 0 yellowish red. They wither in the 12th month and shoot again in the 2nd month. In the 4th month the old leaves fall off and are replaced by fresh leaves. Flowers of a yellowish colour and in racemes. In the 5th or 6th month | the fruit (a capsule) is produced, which is green at the — : beginning but yellow when ripe. It resembles the capsule of , the pai tou k‘ou [Amomum Cardamomum. See 58]. Each capsule consists of two divisions (cells), and in each division MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 497 one seed, sometimes three seeds. The seed has an outer coat which is removed before use. The drug from Jung chou has on the outer coat from one to three perpendicular lines (small furrows) like thread. The people there call it Seba kin sien (gold thread) pa tou. This is considered the best sort, but it is rare, _ ‘Lt Sut-cnen :—The Pa tou is produced in Pa [E. Sz ch‘uan], and the seed resembles the soy-bean, whence the above names. Let Hrao [5th cent.] says :—[There are three sorts. ] One [the seed], which is contracted, small and of a yellow colour, is the PS pa, that which is three-edged and black is the Hf tou, and that which is small and pointed on both ends is called fil] =f kang tsz‘. The pa and the tow can be used in medicine, but not the kang tsz‘, which kills man. Lr SHi-omen observes that this account is not clear. He thinks that Let Hrao’s contracted and small sort is the female—the three- edged, and that with pointed ends is the female pa tou. The male is violent and the female has a slow effect. The capsule of the pa tou is like the integument of the ta feng tsz‘' but thinner. The kernel within is like the hai sung tsz‘.* The capsule cannot be compared to the pai tou k‘ou.—One name for the pa tou is EE I F- lao yang tsz*. Besides the seeds and the integument, the oil of the Seeds and the root are used in medicine. Ch. XXXII, 54:—Pa tou. A poor drawing, from which nothing can be determined. : Lour., Fi. cochin., 714:—Croton tiglium, L. Sinice: Pateu, Habitat incultum in Cochinchina et China.—LOouREIRo gives the same Chinese name to Croton congestum. on Tarar., Cat., 1:—Pa tou. Semina Crotonis Tight.— - Se, pap., 230.—P. Surru, 79, 159. "Ke IF, Chautmoogra. See Hane., Se. pap, 244. a UE HEH, the large seeds of Pinus coraénsis. 498 BOTANICON SINICUM. According to Parker [China Rev., IX, 329] the pa tou or Croton-seeds are used in Sz ch‘uan for catching fish. Cust. Med., p. 78 (167):—Pa tou exported 1885 from Han kow 2,039 piculs,—p. 62 (57), from I chang 31.70 piculs,—p. 364 (328), from Canton 10.35 piculs,—p. 292 (261), from Amoy 0.36 picul. Phon zo, LXXXVI, 6, 7 :— B. Croton. Esyw Batrnar [transl. by Sonrnzrmer, I, 427]:—Dend, Croton tiglium. The Chinese drug mentioned.—F. Warsoy, Native § Scient. Names of East. econ. plants, p. 51:— Croton Tiglium, in Arabic ba too [probably derived from the Chinese pa tou].—Scuummmer, Term. med. pharm. franc. persane :—One of the Persian names for Croton Tiglium is bidendjireh khatai (Ricinus from China). 332.— 3% sang. The Mulberry tree. P., XXXVI, 1 T., COXLVI. Comp. Rh ya, 803, Classics, 499. Pen king :—3& sang. The Index of the Pen king has FE HY BE sang ken pai p% (the white bark of the root of — the mulberry tree). It is of a sweet taste. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. The jeaves also are officinal and said to be slightly poisonous. Subsequent writers say, “non-— poisonous.” The ashes of the wood are used in medicine. The fruit also is officinal. The Pie lu asserts that the root of the mulberry tree in its upper part, at the surface of the soil, has poisonous properties. Tarar., Cat., 43 :—Sang pt. Radix Mori.—P. SMITH, 151 :—Mulberry bark. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 499 Cust. Med., p. 354 (205):—Sang pai p', bark of the root, exported 1885 from Canton 157.40 piculs,—p. 72 (98), from Han kow 105 piculs,—p. 284 (168), from Amoy 25.15 piculs,—p. 262 (68), from Ta kow 6.56 piculs, Ibid., p. 860 (271, 284):—Exported from Canton, mulberry leaves 22 piculs, twigs 14 piculs. Ibid., p. 200 (235):—Sang chen, mulberry fruit, exported from Ning po 5.15 piculs,—p. 370 (412), from Canton 0.36 picul, Further particulars in another part. 333.— ch‘u, Broussonetia papyrifera, Vent. The Paper mulberry. P., XXXVI, 10. 7., COLXIL. Comp. Classics, 503. Pie lu:—Ch'u, #% ® ch'u shi (fruit), also BY | hu shi. Itis produced on the Shao shi mountain [App. wih we fruit is gathered in the 8th and 9th months and dried in the sun during 40 days. ‘Taste sweet. Nature cold. Non- poisonous, For other Chinese accounts regarding this tree see another part. Hans. Se. pap., 231 :— fF ch‘u shi tsz‘. the small seed-like nuts or achenes of Broussonetia papyrifera, Vent. (Moree). 5; Suira, 167 :—Paper mulberry. Cust. Med., p. 198 (198):—Ch'n shi tse" sae oF from Ning po 0.47 picul.—Exported also from Han Kow» See Hank, Med., 8, 500 BOTANICON SINICUM. 334.—# chi. P., XXXVI, 13. 7., CCLIV. Classics, 488. Pen king :—#A %F chi shi (fruit). Taste bitter. Nature cold. Non-poisonous.—The bark of the root and the young leaves are likewise used in medicine. Pie lu:—The chi shi grows in Ho nei [in Shan si and Ho nan, App. 77] in marshes. It is gathered in the 9th and 10th months and dried in the shade. In the K‘ai pao Pen ts‘ao [10th cent.] it is called A chi k‘io (k‘to=peel). For Chinese descriptions of this shrub and its fruit, which is an Awrantiacea, see another part. Lour., Fl. cochin., 571 :—Citrus fusca. Sinice: chi kew. Tatar., Cat.. 16:—Chi ko. Fructus Citri decumane [an erroneous identification]. 3 Hans. Se. pap., 238 :—Chi k‘io. The drug described.— : P. Surra. 66 :— Citrus Jusca.—The chi ko is probably Aigle : sepiaria, DO. 4 P. Swira says that chi shi is the unripe fruit, and chi ko the ripe fruit. It has a very thick peel. Cust. Med., p. 232 (175):—Chi shi exported 1885 from Foo chow 94.37 piculs,—p. 74 (129), from Han kow 80 piculs,—p. 62 (49), from I chang 50.17 piculs,—p. 366 (337), from Canton 3.76 piculs. Ibid., p. 72 (85):—Chi kio exported from Han kow 4,309 piculs,—p. 60 (35), from I chang 510.62 piculs. 335.—)& F chi tsz* [the first character is now generally written fi]. P., XXXVI, 21. 7. CCCIL. ! Pen king :—Chi tse‘, 76 F} mu tan (wood red). The fruit is officinal. Taste bitter, Nature cold, Non-poisonous MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 501 Sz mA Srane su [2nd cent. B.C.] in one of his poems calls it fF SF sien (bright) chi. Pie lu:—Other name: @& fk Vue tao. The chi tse‘ grows in Nan yang [in Ho nan, App. 231] in river-valleys, The fruit is gathered in the 9th month and dried in the sun. T’ao Hune-xine :—It is a common plant. There are two or three kinds, which differ slightly one from another. The best drug is the seven-edged [he refers to the edges of the fruit]. It is gathered when hoar-frost first appears. It is more generally used as a dye than for medical purposes. Su Suye [11th cent.]:—It is common in all prefectures of South China and in Western Shu [Sz ch‘uan, App. 292]. It is a tree from 7 to 8 feet high. Leaves resembling those of the li (plum tree) but thick and hard, also similar to the chu p‘u tsz% Tt blossoms in the 2nd and 8rd months, White flowers with six-cleft corolla and very fragrant. Some believe that this is the JE Bj tan p‘u flower produced in Western countries, The fruit, which appears in summer and autumn, resembles the ho tsz‘ ( Terminalia chebula, Myrobalan). It is of a yellow colour when ripe. The kernels within are Were red., li is much. cultivated by the people in the South. _ After this the author repeats the quotation from the Shi kz [182]. For medical purposes the [lf ] | sian (mountain or Wild) chi tse‘ is employed. To physicians it is also known under the name of BE Wk Yue tao [peach of the kingdom of Yiie or Che kiang. See App. 418]. ik (the fruit or capsule) is globular and has a thin skin. It contains small kernels. The best sort is that with a seven-edged or nine-edged fruit. The mo Ee a ‘oned by MA Yune [first cent. J. + Unknown to me. Mentioned by MA al 4 PED, sub 9%, Pattaprun [ Chin, Russ. Dict.] says:—Ch'u p', Kind of game, ” The first character is evident] istake for 124 chan, In Chinese y a mis ‘or fe o™ Buddhist works the above name is intended for Michelia Champaka, 502 BOTANICON SINICUM. large and oblong sort is called (fF FA | | fu shi chi tse‘ in the P‘ao chi lun [5th cent.]. It is not efficacious as a medicine. Li Sui-cuen :—The leaves of the ché tsz‘ resemble a hare’s ear. They are thick, of a dark green colour, and wither in autumn. The flowers are as large as a wine-cup. White petals and yellow stamens. The fruit (berry) has a thin skin. The seeds are small and have a beard. It is collected after hoar-frost. In Shu (Sz ch‘uan) there is a red-flowered sort, The fruit of the chi tse‘ is employed for dyeing an orange colour. Ch., XXXII, 43:—Chi tse’. The drawing seems to be intended for Gardenia florida, L. Lovur., Fl. cochin., 183 :— Gardenia Jlorida, Lh. Sinice: chy tsu. Baccarum recentium pulpa succosa et ruberrima tinguntur eleganter serica. Tarar., Cat., 17:—Chi tsz‘. Fructus Gardeniv florid. —P. Smrrz, 101.—Hanp., Se. pap., 241-242 :—Fruit of the chi tsz‘ figured and described. The berries are six-ribbed. Hansury examined also the shan chi ts‘ with smaller fruits, and the $F | | huang (yellow) chi tsz‘, which latter fruit seemed to be identical with the common chi tsz‘, but had been referred to G. radicans by Prof. Martius. The name huang chi tsz‘ is not found in the P., but it is noticed in the Chung shu shu [8th cent. Bot. sin., I, p. 79]. In Brien. Chin. Chrest. [p. 453 (81)] and in ParKer’s Canton plants [117] huang chi is given as a name for Gardenia florida. ParKeR, Sz ch‘uan plants, 27, and Henry, Chin. pl, 64:— Chi tsz‘ hua in Sz ch‘uan and Hu pei is Gardenia florida. Cust. Med., p. 366 (338) :—Chi tsz‘ exported 1885 from Canton 256 piculs,—p. 232 (176), from Foo chow 13 piculs, —p- 420 (96), from Pak hoi 1.81 picul. Cust. Med., p. 74 (127):—Bt | | kien chi tsz* (kien probably means Fu kien province) exported from Han kow 6.86 piculs, . MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 503 Cust. Med., p. 828 (188):—Huang chi tse‘ exported from Swatow 301.88 piculs,—p. 216 (75), from Wen chow 100.64 piculs,—p. 368 (366), from Canton, where it is also called 7K | | shui (water) chi tsz‘, 15 piculs,—p. 198 (212), from Ning po 7.87 piculs. Cust. Med., p. 200 (239) :—Shan chi tsz‘ exported from Ning po 45.51 piculs,—p. 92 (73), from Kiu kiang 6.95 piculs. — Exported also from Han kow. See Hank. Med., 35. The $f | [| hung (red) chi tsz‘ is noticed in the Hank. Med. [p. 20). Cust. Med., 372 (418) :—[l} E | | shan hung chi tsz* exported from Canton 8 piculs. Cust. Med., 372 (417):—]lj B% | | shan hei chi tsz‘ (black mountain Gardenia) exported from Canton 524 piculs. Amen. exot., 808 :—fe ssi, vulgo kutsjinas, Mespilus, vulgari similis, folio majori, flore suaviter fragrante niveo, tubulato, in sena labia, longa, angusta, ad rose magnitudinem ®xpanso ; fructu turbinato, hexagono, senis striis protuberan- tibus & in alabastra desinentibus conspicuo ; pulpa intus Crocea, infectoribus expetita, saporis ingrati, innumeris referta seminibus Sesamino similimis. ; Phon zo, UXXXVII, 10-12 :—fje F, Gardenia florida. Same Chinese name, G. maruba, 8., and G. radicans, Thhg. Kwa wi, 121 :—Same Chinese name, Gardenia florida. Horr. & Scanr., 254:— Gardenia florida. Same Chinese hame, also #4 fia J. Tlid., 255 :—G. radicans, 7k Be 4- Stes., Icon. ined., V :— Gardenia radicans, | 336 -—~PB FE swan tsao. Zizyphus vulgaris, var- spinosa. P., XXXVI, 24. 7, COXXIIL Comp. Rh ya, 275, Classics, 484, 485. 504 BOTANICON SINICUM. Pen king:—Suan tsao. The fruit is officinal. Taste sour. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—The suan tsao grows in Ho tung [in Shan si, App. 80] in marshes. The fruit is gathered in the 8th month and dried in the shade during 40 days. It is useful in heat of the heart, in sleeplessness and in other complaints. T‘ao Hune-x1ne :—It grows in the eastern mountains, where it is called [Ij #$ shan tsao (mountain-jujube). The fruit is like the tsao from Wu ch‘ang [in Hu pei, App. 392] but it is very sour. The people of Eastern China eat the fruit in order to keep them awake,—not to cause sleep, as the Pie lu states—But Li Sui-cHen agrees with the Pie lu, stating that the kernels of the stones act as a soporific. Lour., Fl. cochin., 196 :—Rhamnus soporifer. Sinice: soan tsao. Habitat in provinciis borealibus Sinarum. Virtus hypnotica, paregorica. Uti solent nucleis excorticatis, et diu coctis. Somnum leniter conciliat, dolores mitigat. Tatar., Cat., 50 :—PR FE {= suan tsao jen. Nuclei Jujube. P. Surry, 44, sub Buckthorn. Further particulars in another part. 337.—E] Wii pai ki. P., XXXVI, 26. T., CCLXXI. Comp. Classics, 485. _ Pen king:—Pai (white) ki. The spines of the tree are officinal. Taste pungent. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. Besides the thorns, the twigs, flowers, fruit and leaves aré used in medicine, - Pie lu:—Other names : oh HE] ki ts‘e* (thorn), # fi ki chen (needle) and #2 3% si ming" ; the flowers are termed “ Properly a name applied te Thlaspi, See 252. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 505 WEIR ki yaan. The pai ki grows in Yung chou [in Shen si, App. 424] in river-valleys. The | | 7 hi ts‘e* hua (Hower) grows by roadsides. It [whether the flower or the thorns it is not clear] is gathered 120 days after the winter solstice. The fruit is gathered in the 4th month. li Tana-cut [8rd cent.]:—Pai ki is the name for the needles (thorns) of the swan tsao (jujube) tree [see 336]. Now the people substitute for this drug the ten men tung [Asparagus lucidus. See 176]. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—There are two kinds of ki—the red and the white. The pai (white) ki has a stem as white as flour, but in its fruits and leaves it resembles the ch'i (red) ki. The thorns of the white kind are valued as a medicine, but it is scarce. There are also two kinds dis- tinguished according to the shape of the thorns. One has straight thorns which have strengthening properties, the other has hooked (recurved) thorns which are useful in the cure of abscesses [causes them to discharge]. The fz ts‘2* hua (fowers) are from the same plant, not, as the Pie lu intimates, a distinct plant. In the south the ¢‘zen men sd 1s substituted for the ki needles, and called therefore tien ki.! Han Pao-suene [10th cent.]:—There are two gg of ki—the red and the white. .The Dictionary ae: a 4 [6th cent. ] says :—The if ki is a 2fy BE siao tsao (small jujabe). : It is a common wild shrub, from two to three feet high, Which grows thickly about and which in its flowers, _— stem and fruit resembles the tsao (jujube). : The white ki of the ancient Chinese authors is perhaps 8 Paliurus, belonging to the same order of ERhamnacew as Zizyphus, Paliurus Aubletia, Roem & Schult., of South China, is straight spines. The young branches and inane? are ‘S HE IR See 176. 64 506 BOTANICON SINICUM. more or less tomentose. See Benruam, /7. hongk., 66. The red ki may be a Zizyphus. The Z. vulgaris, var. spinosa, a very common shrub in North China, has a reddish brown bark. 338.—4E ¥ jui ho. P., XXXVI, 28. 7, CCLI. Comp. Fh ya, 300. Pen king :—Jui ho. The kernel of the fruit is officinal. Taste sweet. Nature warm. N on-poisonous. Pie lu:—The H#€ f% f- jui ho jen (kernel of the fruit- stone) grows in Han ku [in Ho nan, App. 55] in river-valleys, also in Pa si [in Sz ch‘uan, App. 236]. T‘so Hune-xine :—It grows in P‘eng ch‘eng [in Kiang su, App. 247]. It (apparently the fruit-stone) is as large as a black bean, globular, flattened, veined, and resembles a walnut. The people use it (the kernel) together with the shell ; they break the shell and then weigh the kernel. . Han Pao-suene [10th cent. |:—It is produced in Yung chou [in Shen si, App. 424]. It is a tree with small . leaves resembling those of the kou hi [Lycium. See 345], but narrow and long. White flowers. The fruit is produced on the stem, is of a purplish red colour and of the size of the wu wet tsz (Schizandra. See 164]. The stem is covered with small spines. The fruit ripens in the 5th or 6th month and is then gathered and dried in the sun. Su Suye [11th cent.]:—It now grows in Ho tung and Ping chou [both in Shan si, App. 80, 253]. It isa small tree, from four to five feet high. The stem has spines. Li Sui-cuen refers it to Lh ya, 300, Fak yt or Ae pat jui, and observes that the character yit in later times was applied to the tsol tree (oak). The flowers and fruits 3 Be MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 507 are drooping [from the stem], whence the name, for # means drooping leaves or flowers. The drawings sub jui ho in the Kiu huang [LV, 1] and the Ch. [XXXVI, 35, 37] seem to represent Berberis. See also Ch., XXXIII, 29, same Chinese name, representation _ of a quite different plant. Tatar. Cat., 50 :—3#8 {- jut jen, Fructus ?—Under this hame, in the Peking drug-shops, a small fruit-stone is ‘old, identical with Tarartnov’s drug in the Bot. Museum of the Academy. Probably a Prunus. Cust. Med., p. 479 (1206):—Jui jen (also sui jen), Seeds of an unknown shrub. In the Hank. Med. [21] it is ‘Wentified with Bamboo-seeds, apparently on the authority of P. Swirg [32], who states that jui jen consists of the stones ofa bamboo or Polygonum fruit [sic !]. E Cust. Med., p. 78 (179):—Same drug [identified there with Bamboo rhizome (sic !)] exported 1885 from Han kow 98.12 piculs,—p, 62 (59) ], from I chang 13.75 piculs. __ Phon zo, UXXXVII, 14:—38 #& given as a synonym : : of FY if. ‘The figure represents a seed or Kernel. 889. FEW shan chu ya [comp. 291]. P., XXXVI, sag ©, COXLIX. | ae Comp. Classics, 498. Pen hing :—Shan (mountain) chu ya and 2a Ra He he Suan tsao (sour jujube from Sz ch‘uan). The fruit is officinal. — Taste sour, Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. : Pie ly -—Other name: ¥% FE ki shi. The shan ich yt 8's in Han chung [S. Shen si, App. 54], also in te . Yiian ki and Ch‘eng hien, a district in Tung hai [all in - ‘Shan tung, App. 178, 415, 20, 372]. ‘The fruit is gathered — Mthe 9th and 10th months and dried in the shade, 508 BOTANICON SINICUM. Wo Pu [8rd cent.] calls it HE AE hi tsu (cock’s foot) and FR 3e shu shi (rat’s excrement), T‘so Hune-xine :—It grows in all mountains of Mid China. It is a large tree. The fresh ripe fruit is red and resembles the hu t‘ui tse. It is edible. When dried the skin becomes very thin, and the berry is used together with the stone. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—Its leaves are like those of the mei [Prunus Mume. See 272]. The tree has spines. It blossoms in the 2nd month. The flowers resemble apricot- flowers. The fruit is produced in the 4th month. It is red, resembles the suan tsao [small Jujube. See 336] and is gathered in the 5th month. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is now produced in Hai chou [in Kiang su, App. 48] and in Yen chou {in Shan tung, App. 404}. It is a tree about 10 feet high with leaves resembling elm-leaves. White flowers. The P*ao chi lun [oth cent.] says that there is one kind [of the shan chu y#] which strongly resembles the tsio rh su, but it has an eight-edged stone and is not used in medicine. Kou Tsune-sar [12th cent.]:—The shan chu yi differs far from the Wu chu yt [Boymia. See 291]. The medical properties in each are also very different. Why the name chu yit has been applied to each of them is not manifest. Li Sat-cuen :—It is also called Py Z¥ jou tsao (fleshy Jujube), Tarar., Cat., 52:—Shan chu yt. Drupee Cornt.— P. Sura, 74 :— Cornus officinalis, In the Cust. Med. it is called Ae BE PY chu yit jou (fesh), P. 202 (258), exported from Ning po 1,841.11 piculs,—p. 166 ag rit fist F Hle@agnus in Japan. - B 5 ak Same as the hu t‘wi tsz‘ (Hl@agnus) v. supra. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 509 (392), from Shang hai 14.74 piculs. It is also exported from Han kow. See Hank. Med., 52. This seems to be the fruit of Cornus officinalis, 8. & Z. For further particulars see Bot. sin., II, 498. 840.—#K 2B ya li. P., XXXVI, 33. T., CCLXXX, Comp. Rh ya, 306, Classics, 474. Pen king :— Yi li (elegant plum) and fi} 3E tsio li (bird plum). The fruit and the kernel of the fruit are used in medicine. Taste sour. Nature uniform. Non - poisonous. The root also is officinal. Pie lu :—Other names: tt AS yi li and Hi P BE ch‘e hia “i (plum under the cart). The yi li grows in Kao shan [in Kiang su, App. 118] in river-valleys and in the mountains. The root is gathered in the 5th and 6th months. T‘ao Hune-Kina :—It is common in the mountains. The ripe fruit is of a red colour and edible. Han Pao-suung [10th cent.]:—It is a tree from five to six feet high. In its leaves and flowers it resembles the great ly (plum tree), but the fruit is small, like a cherry, of a 8Weetish sour taste, slightly harsh, and aromatic. Cuane Yi-ny [11th cent.] refers it to Rh ya, 306. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The people of Pien and Lo [both in Ho nan, App. 248, 201], cultivate the ya i in Sardens. It has long branches, produces an abundance of small flowers and has a luxuriant foliage. It is not used in Medicine, Kou Tsune-sur [12th cent.]:—The yi resembles the él 3 F yi li tsx (imperial plum). The fruit is red, edible, but Somewhat harsh. It can be prepared as sweetmeats. -Ttabounds in Shen si, 510 BOTANICON SINICUM. Li Sat-coen :—Its flowers are of a pale red colour. The fruit is like a small plum. Tatar., Cat.:—#k 32 {= yi li jen. Nuclei Cerasi.— P, Smirx, 58, sub Cerasus communis. Cust. Med., p. 16 (141) :—Ya li jen exported 1885 from New chwang 68.87 piculs.—Exported also from Han kow. Hank. Med., 24. This is the Prunus japonica, S. & Z. For further particulars see Bot. sin., II, 474. 341.—4 3 shui. P., XXXVI, 35. 7, COXX. Pen king:—Shu li (rat plum). The fruit is officinal. Taste bitter. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. The bark is also used in medicine. Pie lu:—Other names: Fel FE shu tsz*™? and Ae as niu li (ox plum). The shu li grows in the fields. It (the bark) is gathered at all times of the year. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—It is also called Ht BB tsao i (black plum) and i 38 Chao li. Bark and fruit slightly poisonous. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—This is the Fs 9 Ff wu (black) ch‘ao tsz* and also {Ij EF shan li tse‘. It is common in Shu ch‘uan [Sz ch‘uan, App. 292]. Its branches and leaves resemble those of the i (common plum). ‘he fruit is like the wu wei tsz‘ [Schizandra. See 164] and is of a beautiful black colour. It contains a purple juice. The fruit is gathered when ripe and dried in the sun. The bark is gathered at all times of the year. K‘ou Tsuna-sur [12th cent.]:—This is the 42 3 niu li, a tree from seven to eight feet high. Leaves like those of — "? Properly this name is applied to another tree. See Rh ya, 260. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 5ll the common plum tree but narrower and not smooth. The fruits are produced along the branches. They are at first green and become purplish black when ripe. In autumn, after the leaves have fallen off, the fruits are all still on the branches. It is common in Kuan and Shen [Shen si, App. 158, 284], also in Hu nan and in the northern part of Kiang nan. I Sui-cuey :—It grows by roadsides. The fruits are produced on the branches, forming a kind of spike. The — juice of the young fruits is used for dyeing a green colour. Other names : AG SE chu li, 4 F niu tsao tse, BRE wu ts‘o and #& pei. Ch., XXXITI, 52 :—Shu li. Rude drawing. Tree with berry-like fruits, Probably Rhamnus. In the Peking mountains the name 4 Ef niu li ts2* is applied to Rhamnus arguta, Maxim. It has black berries containing a purplish black juice. Branches used for dyeing * green colour. The same Chinese name is applied to Rhamnus virgata, Benth.—Comp. also Henry, Chin. pl., 484, Phon zo, LXXXVILII, 3, 4 :—R 3, Rhamnus japonica, 312. — Je Ej nt cheng. P., XXXVI, 37. T,, CCOVIIL. Shan hai king :—The jf 7K cheng mu (tree) grows on the T’ai shan mountain [in Shan tung, App. 322]. Kuo Pro Comments :—This is the nit cheng, the leaves of which do not fall off in Winter. The x Koni cheny is mentioned by Sz‘ MA Srane ad [2nd cent, B.C.], in his Shang lin yian fu, as growing the Imperial Garden at Ch‘an @ an. ls maceutical Museum, The fruits deposited under this name in the Pharmace! "A, HENRY. London, from Hongkong, are those of Ligustrwm lucidum, Ait. 512 BOTANICON SINICUM. The ancient Dictionary Shuo wen explains the character RL cheng by Fil] 7K solid tree. Pen king:—Ni cheng. In the Index of the Pen king XK HEE nit cheng shi (fruit). Taste bitter. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. The leaves are also used in medicine. Pie lu:—The nt cheng shi is produced in Wu ling [in Hu nan, App. 394] in river-valleys. It is gathered at the beginning of winter. T‘ao Hune-x1ne :—It is a common, handsome evergreen tree with luxuriant foliage. The bark is green, the flesh (inner bark) is white. It is like the Ts‘in p% [see 823]. Itis a handsome evergreen tree. It (the fruit) is recommended in the prescriptions to promote longevity, but commonly it is not used in medicine. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The leaves of the md cheng resemble those of the 4 5% tung ts‘ing tree and also the #3 FF how ku [Jlex, see further on]. The fruit ripens in the © 9th month and is black like the niu li [Rhamnus. See 341]. T‘ao Hune-K1ne is wrong in comparing it to the Ts‘in p%. The latter has small leaves which wither in winter, the ni cheng has large evergreen leaves. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The ni cheng is a common tree. It is mentioned in the Shan hai hing [v. supra]. Evergreen leaves like those of the ou ku and the tung ts‘ing [v. supra]. It blossoms in the 5th month. Small, greenish white flowers. The fruit is produced in the 9th month. When ripe it is black like that of the niu Ii tse‘. Some say that the nu cheng and the tung ts‘ing are identical. Bat the tung ts‘ing is distinguished by its wood being as white as ivory. Its fruit is also used in medicine. In Ling 0% (South China, App. 197] there is one kind of ni cheng which produces red flowers in great profusion. But this is quite different and is not used in medicine. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 513 Lr Sai-cuen :—The ni cheng with its evergreen leaves is an emblem of chastity, whence the name [nd = girl, cheng =chastity]. The niu cheng, the tung ts‘ing and the kou ku [these names are frequently confounded] are three distinct trees. The Ze ky ni cheng is the tree which is now com- monly called Mf HE la shu (wax tree). The people in the Fast call the nz cheng with luxuriant foliage also 4 ¥§ tung fs‘ing. But the name tung ts‘ing is properly applied to another tree. They resemble each other in the facility with which they are raised from seeds and in their having thick, pliable, long leaves, dark green on the upper side and paler underneath ; but the leaves of the nit cheng are oblong, from four to five inches long, and its fruit is black, whilst the tung ts‘ing has toundish leaves and red berries. It (the tung ts‘ing) produces & profusion of flowers, and in autumn the whole tree is Covered with berries of which thrushes are very fond. Its wood is white. N. owadays the name nit cheng is little known. The people more commonly call this tree la shu (wax tree), for in summer the wax insect which produces the pai la, or white wax, lives upon the branches of it. The a tung ts‘ing is treated of in a special article in the P. [XXXVI, 39] and 7. [CCCVILL]. The name means as green in winter, evergreen.” The fruit, leaves and bark are used in medicine. Caen Ts‘ang-K4 [8th cent.]:—The people of Kiang tng [Kiang su, An hui, App. 124] write the name i tung ts‘ing (green in the cold season). ‘The wood of the — tung ts‘ing is white, veined and fit for making ivory-like tablets. ‘The leaves can be used for dyeing a dark red Colour. One author says :—The tung ts‘ing grows in the vila ai shan mountains Pi Shan si] and resembles ied (Cedrela), It has red berries like the ya U [Prunus japoneea, ly fF RR ti Ba» tablets held before the breast by officers at audiences. 514 BOTANICON SINICUM. See 340], of a sourish taste, but smaller. This is another sort. It. Sui-cuen :—The tung ts‘ing is akin to the ni cheng. It isa mountain-tree. The leaves are roundish and the berries red. The xii cheng has oblong leaves and black berries. The Aiu huang Pen ts‘ao [LIV, ii] says :—The tung ts‘ing is a tree about 10 feet high and resembles the hou ku tsz‘ [v. énra]. It has luxuriant foliage. The leaves resemble those of the Ju tsz‘!™ tree but are smaller, also those of the ch'un (Cedrela) but they are rounded, not pointed. It blossoms in the 5th month. Small white flowers. The berry is of the size of a pea and of a red colour. The young shoots are used for food. . FF hou ku. P., XXXVI, 40. 7, CCLI. Caen Ts‘anc-x1 [8th cent.]:—The show ku tree resembles the tu chung [see 317]. Its wood is white like the bones of a dog,° whence the name. It is the kou of the , Shi king [See Classics, 490]. Certain musquitoes are produced in the leaves of this tree. | Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It grows abundantly in Kiang | e and Che [An hui and Che kiang, App. 124, 10]. In South China its wood is highly valued by turners for making boxes: — Ii Sui-cuen :—The kou ku tree resembles the ni cheng. — Its wood is very white. The leaves are several inches long, — of a beautiful green colour, thick, hard (leathery) and evel — green. Each leaf has five horns terminating in spines. blossoms in the 5th month. Small white flowers. ‘The fruit resembles that of the ni cheng, also that of the pa [Smilax. See 179]. When ripe it is of a dark red colour. It has a thin skin and is of a sweet taste. The kernel (seed) iss a Ff, Mespilus, 54 Ki] FF - MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 515 consists of four parts [comp. injra]. The people gather the bark of the tree and by boiling it prepare a bird-lime, The bark and the leaves are used in medicine. Another name for the tree is $f 4 iI] mao rh ts‘s' (cat-thorn), Ch, XXXII, 25 :—zx EX nit cheng or off fit la shu (wax~insect tree), Rude drawing. Probably a Ligustrum _ Ws intended.— 7p, XXXV, 51:—® FH tung ising. Rude drawing, Perhaps an Zlex is meant. The tung ts‘ing de- scribed in the P. is without doubt an Jlee, probably Ilex cornuta, Lindl. See also Kiu huang, LIV, ii. Tarar., Cat., 41 :—# EF} nit cheng. Rhus succedanea. This is an erroneous identification based upon an article on Chinese insect-wax, by Svan. JULIRN [1840], in which it is stated that, according to A. Broantart, the nit cheng is Rhus succedanea. This mistake is perpetuated in P. Surrx, 185. | __ Mist which I received from a Peking drap-shop under the Name of nti cheng consisted of the dried berries of a Ligustrum. In the Thibetan drug-shop at Peking the same berries were sold under the name of 48 5 tung ts‘ing. Under the same mame Ligustrum Ibota is cultivated at Peking. —TarTar., Cat., 22» Tung ts‘ing, Fructus Ligustri vulgaris —P. Suita, | 134, 229: — Tung ts‘ing, Ligustrum luctdum.—Haxs., Be. — Pp, 67,—Father Hrupe, S.J., informed me that m Mid China tung ts‘ing is a common name for Ligustrum | lucidum, Ait.—At New chwang tung ts‘ing is the —_ _ “mmonly given to the Mistletoe [Notes f Quer. on Chin. 5 Jap., 1869, p. 175].—Hunay, Chin. ply 483 Oh FF tit «Hing ising shu in Ho pei is Xylosma racemosum, Miq. (order Biwinew), Cust. Med., p- 870 (404) :—Vii cheng tse‘ exported ie trom Canton 53.51 piculs,—p. 296 (821), from ua 30, Picul, Exported also from Han kow. See Hank. Me vy OUe 516 BOTANICON SINICUM. Ch., XXXVI, 49 :—ihp HY la shu (wax tree). Drawing not characteristic, but from the description of the tree it would seem that a Fravinus is meant. Fruit shaped like flat horns resembling the fruit of Aclantus. The tree is said to be cultivated in Kui chow for feeding the wax insect. But the Ay | | siao la shu’ (small wax tree) [Ch., XXXVII, 18] seems to be a Ligustrum. The description states :—There are two kinds. One is the 7k | | shui la shu (water wax tree). This is also called ni cheng. The other, the #4 | | yt (fish) la shu, is smaller. It is also called 7 4 FR shui tung ts‘ing. The wax insect feeds on both of these trees. Hewry, Chin. pl., 205-208 :—At I chang the names la shu and shui la shu are applied to Ligustrum lucidum, and shan la shu and siao la shu to Ligustrum chinense, Lour— Peh-la shu is Fraxinus. Horrm. & Sour, 325 :—Z¢ ej, Ligustrum japonicum, Thbg.,—[827, 328]:—Same Chinese name, Liy. obtusifolium, 8. & Z., and Lig. ovalifolium, Hassk,—[170]:—Same Chinese name, Cornus alba.—Ibid., 326 :--7k WH Hf, Lig. Ibota, 8. & Z. Phon zo, UXXXVIII, 5, 6:—2 ps. Only leaves represented, SreB., (Heon., 202 :—Ligustrum Ibota. Vivit in hoe frutice insectum ceram proferens. Quoque sub hoe celo hujus cera usitata, Amen. exot., 907 :—2& SH too sei, vulgo mots noki. Arbor mediocris, incondita, ramis tortuosis, foliis integris, asperis, ovatis. Ex cortice tuso Japones viscum conficiunt.— According to Maximowicz this is Ilex integra. Phon zo, LXXXVIII, 7, 8 :—2& FF Japonice: to sel. FRaNncuet identifies this drawing with Olea fragrans. But he seems to be mistaken.!7_ nz Olea fragrans is represented in the Phon zo [LXXX, 8] under the Chinese name : : MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 517 Grerts, Japan woods :—& ¥, Ilex integra, also Ilex Oldhami. Ch., XXXV, 50 :—#iy FR hou ku. Good drawing, Ilex cornuta, with the characteristic spiny leaves. It agrees well with the description in the P.,—white wood, horned spiny leaves and red berries. According to the description in the P., the kernel consists of four parts, which are the four bony seeds of the berry joined together. In Europe Ilex aquifolia is known to have a very white wood. Bird-lime is made of the bark.—P. Smrru, 114, sub Holly. Amen. exot., 781 :— gj FF ojo, vulgo tsuge, Buxus arborescens, folio ovato, majusculo, extremitate cuspidata, ora raris aculeis serrata; flosculis in foliorum sinu plurimis calyculatis tetrapetalis albis, ad seminis Coriandri ambitum patentibus, petalis rotundis, baccis atropurpureis, rotundis, pisi magnitudinis, succo purpureo sylvestri turgidis, seminibus intus in orbem compactis duobus, tribus, vel quatuor, seminis Carvi magnitudinis & figura.—Taunpere [Fl jap. 77] identifies this with Buaus virens.—Maximowticz [de lice, p. 45] means that Kamprer probably describes Ilex subpuberula, Miq. Phon zo, UXXXVIII, 10, 12 :-—#j Ff, Olea aquifolium, 8. & Z, The same identification in Ste., Icon. ined., V. 343, 5 wei mou. P., XXXV140. 7, CCCVL — Pen king: —Wei mou (arrow wing). Apparently the branches are officinal. Taste bitter. Nature cold. Non- poisonous, Pie lu:—Other name: ¥% $F hud tsien (devil's arrow). The wei mou grows on the Huo shan mountain [in Hu nan, | App. 100]. It is gathered in the 8th month and dried in the shade, 518 BOTANICON SINICUM. The Kuang ya [3rd cent.] calls it jah %% shen tsien (divine arrow). T‘ao Hune-Kine:—It is common in the mountains. The bark, which has wings, is stripped off for use. It is seldom used in medicine, Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is found in all the prefectures of Kiang and Huai [Kiang su and An hui, App. 124, 89]. The stem is from four to five feet and more high. It is provided with three wings like the wings of an arrow. The leaves resemble those of the shan ch‘a (mountain tea). The branches and the stem are gathered in the 8th, 11th and 12th months. The wood of the tree is called Jf FP hou ku (dog’s bone), K‘ou Ts‘una-snr [12th cent.]:—It is common in the mountains but not met with in the plain. The leaves are scanty. The stem is of a yellowish gray colour like that of the po tree [Evodia. See 31 5]. The bark has ridges on three sides like the edges of a knife. The people use it freely for fumigating to expel evil spirits. It is seldom employed as a medicine, It Sui-cuen :—The kui tsien grows in the mountains among rocks. It has a small trunk. Along the young branches run three wings. The leaves resemble those of the ye ch‘a (wild tea). They stand opposite and are of a sour, harsh taste. It blossoms in the 3rd or 4th month. Small yellowish green flowers. The fruit is as large as that of the tung ts‘ing [Ilex. See 342]. The mountain people use this tree only for fuel. Ch, XXXII, 42:—Wei mou. The figure represents a tree with leaves and winged branches. Henry [ Chin. pl. 321] may be right in identifying it with Evonymus alatus, Thbg. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 519 Phon zo, LXXXVIII, 11, 12 :— fi Fe, Evonymus alatus, Thbg. Same identification in Sres., Icon. ined., III. Evonymus alatus is a shrub with quadrangular winged branches, frequent in the Peking mountains, where it is known by the name pq #% #f sz‘ leng shu (four-edged tree), also AE #E | cha ye shu. An infusion of the flowers is employed as a substitute for tea. 344.— Fr I) wu kia. P., XXXVI, 44. 7., CCCVIL. Pen king:—Wu kia, | | JE wu kia pt and HH ch'ai ts‘i (wolf varnish). The bark of the root is officinal. Taste pungent. Nature warm. Non-poisonous. ; Pie lu:—3 BR ch‘ai tsie. The five-leaved wu kia p% is the best. It is produced in Han chung [South Shen si, App. 54] and in Yiian kii [in Shan tung, App. 415]. The ' stem is gathered in the 5th and 7th months and the root in the 10th and dried in the shade. T’so Huna-xinc :—It is common in Mid China. In Eastern (hina there is the four-leaved sort. _ It is also good. Let Hrao [5th cent.]:—The wu kia tree is properly the EK Ht pa (white) ts‘iu shu." Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is common in all prefectures of Kiang and Huai [Kiang su and An hui, App. 124, 89] and Hu nan. It is a climbing plant with a red stem, from three to five feet high, and with black spines. The leaves are quinate. This is the best sort. Frequently there are : _ only four or three Icaflets on a common petiole. These are inferior sorts. At the base of every leaf is a spine. It blossoms in the 3rd or 4th month. White flowers. The a - fruits are at first green and become black in the 6th month. a sicinifolium. Comp, sub 319, Hl) ARE HK tex tatin shee, Acanthopanac ricinif 520 BOTANICON SINICUM. The root resembles that of the King [Viter. See 349]. The bark is yellowish black, the flesh (inner bark) is white, and the bone (the centre of the stem) is hard. There are several sorts. The drug from Pien king [in Ho nan, App. 248] and Pei ti [App. 245] is large and flat, resembles the Ts‘in p‘i [see 323] and the huang po [Evodia. See 315], is of a white colour, odourless and tasteless. It is noted as a cure for rheumatic complaints——In Wu [Kiang su, App. 389] the people strip off the bark of the root of the wild ch‘un tree (Cedrela) and call it wu kia. It is soft and tasteless. One sort, which grows in Kiang and Huai, is called 58 il 8 chui feng shi. Steeped in wine it cures rheumatism. In K‘i chou [in Hu pei, App. 121] the wu hia is called Aq PP mu ku (tree bone). Li Sut-cuen :—The name 3 jy wu kia means “five [leaves] united.” The name is also written Ff f§ wu Ma. It is sometimes also called 3 7G wu hua (five flowers). : The people in Shu (Sz ch‘uan) term it £4 il] pai ts‘z‘ (white spine) and also 4 2% BE wen chang ts‘ao. Li SHI-CHEN quotes a memoir in praise of the wine prepared from the wen chang. In the Sien king (a Taoist work) it is called & BB kin yen. The wu kia in spring shoots forth young twigs from the old branches. The mountain people eat them as a vegetable. It is like the kou ki [Lycitum. See 345]. The wu kia which grows in the north, in a sandy soil, is a tree, whilst that produced in South China, in a hard soil, is an herbaceous plant. In the T‘ang period the drug wu ka Was presented as tribute from Hia chou [in Hu pei, App. 64]. Ch. XXXII, 24:—Wu kia pt. Representation of @ spiny climbing plant with digitate leaves and fruits in umbels, Lour., Fl. cochin., 233:—Aralia palmata. (In DC. Prodr. (1V, 264) Lovreino’s plant is referred to Iedera : MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 521 _ seandens.] Sinice: u kia pi. Caule scandente, aculeato, foliis 5 Jobatis. Usus corticis in scabie et in hydrope. Tatar., Cat., 64:—Wu kia p'i. Cortex Aralie palmate. —Gaverr [53]:—The same drug described and figured.— P. Sura, 20. Henry, Chin. pl., 529:—Wu hia pi, Eleutherococeus Henryi, Oliv., and E. leucorrhizus, Oliv. Shrabs which grow on the cliffs at Pa tung. The root-bark is used asa drug, the former being distinguished as the red kind and the latter as the white kind. The drug is exported from Sz ch‘uan. Henry says:—The figure of wu kia p% given in the Ch. may be intended for Eleutherococeus Henryi or may be Acanthopanaa spinosum, Miq., which occurs at I chang and is called by the same native name. Cust. Med., p. 28 (92):—Wu kia pt exported 1885 from Tien tsin 123.86 piculs,—p. 10 (83), from New chwang 9117 piculs,—p. 48 (47), from Chefoo 55 piculs,—p. 72 (82), from Han kow 27.53 piculs,—p. 194 (158), from Ning po 13 piculs. Amen. exot., 177 :—3, Hj kooki, vulgo kuko, aliis num gussuri. Ligustrum spinosum, etc. According to THUNBERG [f. Jap.; 94] this is Lyctum barbarum. But the Uliness hame given by Kxmprer is wrong. The plant to which it belongs is the #219 fio, vulgo dara. Frutex sylvestris _ arborescens spinis horridus, ete. Kwa wi, 89:— Fe fm, Acanthopanax spinosum, Mig. (Aralia pentaphylla, Thbg.).—According to Horr. & Scurr, [403] Panax divaricatum (Acanthopanax divaricatum, 8&2) in Japan is known by the same Chinese name. Phon zo, LXXXIX, 2, 3:—3 MM. Acanthopanaz spinosum, Japonice: koka. Ibid. 1, 2:—H Im, Panae sessilijlorum, Rupr. & Max. i 518. ™ Character erroneously applied to this plant. Comp. Bot. sim, i, 66 522 BOTANICON SINICUM. S1EB., icon., 243 :—Aralia pentaphylla, F, 4. Japonice: wu kogi. Folia tenera edunt. 345.— fej FE hou ki and Hy FPR ti ku pt. P., XXXVI, 47. T., CCLXXXIII. Comp. Rh ya, 257, Classics, 526. Pen king:—Kou ki and ti ku p% (earth bone skin). Ti ku is the name of the root. Taste bitter. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. The leaves and the fruit are also used in medicine. Another name is H) Qf ti tsie. Pie lu:—Other names: ff] H hou ki, $F Kio lao, =E FL yang ju (goat’s nipple) and Ti AV Ak sien jen chang (staff of the immortals). The kow &% grows in Ch‘ang shan [in Chi li, App. 8] in the plain, in marshes, and in the mountains. The root is of a very cold nature. The fruit is slightly cold. Non-poisonous. The root is taken up in winter, the leaves are gathered in spring, and the stem and the fruit in autumn. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The hou hk‘ is a common plant. In its leaves it resembles the shi liu (pomegranate), but they are softer and thinner and can be eaten. They are known by the name of fff 38 ten ts‘ai (sweet vegetable). The stem grows from three to five feet high, in a bushy manner. It blossoms in the 6th or 7th month: Small, reddish purple flowers. The fruit is oblong like the stone of a jujube. The root is called ti ku [v. supra]. It is mentioned in the Shi king. There are two sorts. One has an oblong fruit and the branches are without spines. This is the true fi 72 kouw k%. The other has a globular fruit and the plant is provided with spines. This is the #%j BE fou ki (spine). The former is the larger kind, and this yields the drug for medical use. The other (the spiny) is not used in medicine. The — MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 523 name sien jen chang (staff of the immortals) is sometimes applied to the kouw k%. But the same name is also given to two other plants. One is a vegetable resembling the k‘u kil (Lactuca) and the other a kind of black bamboo. K‘ou Tsonc-sui [12th cent.]:—There is no foundation for the statement that the kow &% and the kou ki are distinct plants. The only difference is that one is the old and the other the young plant. The latter is abundantly provided with spines, whilst the old plant is unarmed or has only few spines. The suan tsao [thorny jujube. See 336] shows the same peculiarity with respect to the Ki [see 837]. Li Sui-cuen :—In aucient times the best kou k% and ti ku were produced in Ch‘ang shan [in Chi li, App. 8], and the plant is still found there. But subsequently the drug from Shen si became famous and that from Kan chou [Kan chou fu in Kan su] was considered the best sort. The kou k% which now grows in Lan chou and Ling chou [both in Kan su] and west of Kiu yiian [north of the Ordos, _ App. 157] is a large tree with thick leaves and a coarse - Yoot. But the kou ki of Ho si [west of the Yellow River, App. 79] and Kan chou [in Kan su] is distinguished by a globular fruit, like a cherry, which shrinks up when dried in the sun. It has but few kernels. The dried berry 1s _ Ted and of a sweet, agreeable taste like raisins. It is used for making sweetmeats. ‘This is quite different from the first- Mentioned hou hk‘. 5 The name kou ki, in China as well as in Japan, is applied to Lycium chinense, 1.., and probably also to other species. _ For further particulars see Bot. sin., II, 526. . Tarar., Cat., 26 :—Kou ii isz. Bacex Tyeit chinensis. : Ibid., a 7F ke pi. Cortex radicis Lyeit—P. eae 81 Kou ki, erroneously identified with Berberts Lyaum. 524 BOTANICON SINICUM. Cust. Med., p. 76 (150):—Kow ki tsz* (fruit) exported 1885 from Han kow 1,262 piculs,—p. 30 (120), from Tien tsin 376 piculs,—p. 130 (131), from Chin kiang 29.83 piculs,—p. 152 (195), from Shang hai 8.80 piculs,—p. 62 (55), from I chang 7.20 piculs. Ibid., p. 72 (93):—Ti ku p% exported from Han kow 435.77 piculs,—p. 28 (87), from Tien tsin 82.40 piculs,— p- 126 (85), from Chin kiang 22.90 piculs,—p. 284 (170), from Amoy 13.43 piculs,—p. 418 (65), from Pakhoi 7.69 piculs. The sort of kow k&% with globular red edible berries, described by Lr Sui-ciEn as produced in Kan su, is, I suspect, Nitravria Schoberi, I, the fruit of which, according to PRCZEWAISKI, forms an important article of food to the natives in Kan su and N.E. Thibet. The fruit of Lycium is not edible. The Phon zo [LXXXIX, 3, 4] figures, sub # fE or 1 A BE, Lycium chinense, forma inermis, and [4, 5], sub 4) BE or Hb FF HZ, the same, forma spinosa. 346.—-¥8 Bit show shu. P., XXXVI, 54. 7., CCCVIIL Pen king: —Shou shu. The bark is officinal. Taste pungent. Nature cold. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—Other name: i FP kit ku. The shou shu grows in Hiung rh [in Ho nan, App. 69] in river-valleys, fields and burial wastes. It is gathered in the 4th month. Lr Tane-cut [8rd cent.]:—The shou shu is also called Ba WE yang lu, HE Hf] mou king and ¥¢ jf kung (hollow) shu. The bark is white, and it [the stem ?] is hollow. It has ™ Properly a name for Vitew, See 348, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 525 _ joints. The fruit resembles the kou kt tsz* [fruit of Lycium, See 345]. It ripens in winter and is then of a red colour and a sweet and bitter taste. It is sometimes confounded with the how k@ tsz*. This is not the yang lu which the people use for forming hedges. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The shou shu resembles the kung - shu [v. supra]. It is a tree above 10 feet high with a white bark. Its fruit ripens in the 8th or 9th month, is of a red colour and resembles the kou ki. The berries grow in pairs, Taste bitter. They do not resemble the fruit of the kung shu. The k‘ung shu is the same as the yang lw. lis fruit is a pod. Ma Cut [ 10th cent. ]:—The show shu resembles the ow k%, but the show shu has spines whilst the kow ki is unarmed. Li Sui-cHen says that the above statements are not clear. The shou shu tree seems to be unknown to him. Ch., XXXIII :—Shou shu. The figure represents a tree or shrub with oblong berries. Amen. evot., 855 :—hB HR. Korei utsugi. Bembecins ramorum facie frutex Coreensis etc. Figured in aralge -Teon, Kempf. sel. [45]. This is Diervilla grandiflora, Sieb. & — Sue. Flora. jap., I, 71, tab. 31. Sresoxp states that _ Kawersr is mistaken in writing Kore! utsugi. s should _ Tead joro utsugi, joro being the Japanese pronunciation of the _ above Chinese characters. Amen. exot., 854 :— #5 BR joro, vulgo utsugi. Reatae : facie frutex etc, According to SI£BOLD, Lex, instead of c u Vulgo utsugi we have to read Korei utsugt. ed nsithahe _ Chinese characters mean Corea. This is Deutzia — 3 Thhg. See Stes. & Zucc., Fl. jap., 1, 20, eo 9 ri . : _ Siven as the Chinese name, «.c. ¥# Hg. But in Stes — Sie ined. (IV ] this Chinese name is applied to Deutza grae 526 BOTANICON SINICUM. and D. erenata and likewise to Diervilla hortensis, whilst 1 Ff 7K" is given as the Chinese name for Deutzia scabra.— Sies., Gicon., 336:—Deutzia scabra. Japonice: utsugi ; sinice : ¥ fj. Folia ad levigandum lignum, In the Phon zo [LXXXIX] the Chinese name 8 Pf is applied [5, 6] to Deutzia gracilis, [8] to Staphylea Bumalda and [9] to Philadelphus coronarius, \. The #3 ## [Japanese pronunciation joro], in Sres. & Zuco, Fl. jap., 1, 74, is Diervilla versicolor (Weigela japonica, Thbg.). In the Phon zo [LXXXIX, 9, 10] the same Chinese name denotes Diervilla floribunda, 8. & Z. 847. Hi shi nan. P., XXXVI, 55. 7, COCVL. Pen king:—Shi nan. The leaves are officinal. Taste acrid and bitter. Poisonous. The fruit also is used in medicine. Pie lu:—The shi nan grows in Hua yin [in Shen si, App. 87] in mountain-valleys. The leaves are gathered in the 8rd and 4th months, the fruit in the 8th month, and dried in the shade. T‘ao Huna-Kixe :—It is common in Hastern China. Its leaves resemble the p‘i pa [Eriobotrya. See 282]. They are rarely used in medicine. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—Its leaves are like the Men -ts‘ao." They do not wither in winter. The fine-leaved sort from Kuan chung [Shen si, App. 158] is the best. In South China the shi nan has long, large leaves like those of the pt p‘a [v. supra]. They are odourless and tasteless, and are not used in medicine. “! Compare above [121], Sambucus, 122 i FA, Cocoon plant. Unknown to me, MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 527 Han Pao-snene [10th cent.]:—It is common in Chung a nan and Sie ku [both in Shen si, App. 28, 309] in rocky _ places. Dealers in drugs sometimes confound it with the shi wei [Polypodium lingua. See 203]. Su Sune [11th cent. ]:—It is now found on rocks in South China as well as in the North, and is sometimes a large tree. _ That which grows in Kiang and Hu [Kiang si and Hu kuang, App. 124, 83] has leaves like the p‘ p‘a with small prickles. They do not fall off in winier. It blossoms in spring. White flowers in clusters. In autumn it bears small red fruits. The sort which is produced in Kuan and Lung [in Shen si and Kan su, App. 158, 216] has leaves like the mang ts‘ao [see 158], of a greenish yellow colour with purple spots underneath. When rain is abundant they grow from 2 to 3 inches long. The slender root is a horizontal creeper and is of a purple colour. The tree has neither flowers nor fruit, but its foliage is luxuriant. In the North as well as in the South it is planted freely in court-yards. It is a handsome tree and affords ample shade. For medical use the small- _Teaved sort from Kuan chung [Shen si, App. 158] is employed. a The Wei wang hua mu chi says -—In South China the - shi nan tree grows wild. It blossoms in the 2nd month. The fruit is like the yen fu tse [Akebia? See 184]. It Mpens in the 8th month. The people gather it, take out the o kernels, boil them together with fish, and so make a soup. It 18 not used now [in medicine]. e K‘ou Tsuna-sut [12th cent.]:—The leaves of the shi nan are like the pi p‘a leaves, but smaller, glabrous, not wae Underneath nor wrinkled. It blossoms in the first or secon — Month. In winter a spathe can be seen consisting of two es leaves, When the spathe bursts, 15 or more larger i - Sualler flowers appear like those of the ch‘un (Cedrela). 528 BOTANICON SINICUM. flowers are with six leaves (petals) of a red colour, in bunches, There are numerous stamens which conceal the flowers. After the tree has shed its flowers, the old leaves fall off and new leaves appear. The shi nan is rarely seen in the northern ‘provinces, but it is common in Hu nan and Hu pei, in Kiang si and in the two Che [Che kiang and Kiang su. App. 10], where it is much employed by the people [asa drug]. Li Sui-cHEn :—-The shi nan grows on the sunny side of rocks, whence the name (shi= rock, nan=south). In Kui — yang chou [in Hu nan, App. 167] it is called Jil, 34 feng yao, and [the leaves] is used as a substitute for tea. Steeped in wine it is useful in curing head-ache. _ It is impossible to decide from the above descriptions what tree is meant. Probably several plants are known by the name shi nan in different parts of China. Ch., XXXIII, 50:—Shi nan. The figure represents a plant with berries, Amen, exot., 877 i—Ay BA sekki nan, vulgo saku nange. Frutex perennis orgyjam altus, ete.—This is Rhododendron Metternichii, 8. & Z. [H. jap., I, 23, tab. 9].—Same identifi- cation in the Phon zo [LXXXIX, 13, 14],—Kuwa wi, 103. Heyry [ Chin. pl., 368] says that in Hu pei Rhododendron Fortune’, Lal, is called SF fit HB ye pti p‘a. Comp. above the statement of the ancient Chinese authors that the leaves — of the shi nan resemble the pi p‘a leaves (Lriobotrya). 348.—Ht Fj mou king. P., XXXVI, 56. 7, CCLXX. Comp. Classics, 521. oe The Pen hing calls it “|. Hj siao (small) king. The fruit — is officinal. Taste bitter. Non-poisonous.—The leaves, root, — and the sap of the tree also are used in medicine. 7 MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 529 Pie lu:—The mou (male) king shi (fruit) is produced in Ho kien [in Chi li, App. 75], Nan yang [in Ho nan, App. 231] and Yiian kit [in Shan tung, App. 415], also in P4ng shou [in Shan tung, App. 256] and Ta hiang [in Chi li, App. 369] in the high mountains, also in the fields. The fruit is gathered in the 8th and 9th months and dried in the shade. T‘ao Hune-xina:—The name siao (small) king is improperly applied to the mou king, for it is a tree and its fruit is larger than that of the man hing [see the neat]. The man king is the sort of king of which staves are made. Its fruit is small, in appearance like that of hemp, and is of a greenish yellow colour. But the fruit of the mou king, which is found in North China, is as large as a pea, globular and of a black colour. It is much used in prescriptions for promoting longevity. The leaves also are used in medicine. The twigs and the leaves of the mou king all stand opposite. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The mou (male) king is improperly so called, for it bears fruit. The name therefore probably refers to its being a tree, whilst the man hing is a creeper. The latter has a large fruit, whilst the mow king has a small fruit and is therefore termed siao king. The mou king is fit for making sticks and lances. The fruit is small and of a yellow colour. It has a strong arborescent stem. In the History of the Han dynasty [chapter on Sacrifices] it is stated that the mou king is used for flag-staves for the funeral banners, not the man hing [as T‘ao Hunc-x1N@ intimates]. There are two sorts of mou king—the green and the red. The former is the best. The mou king is frequently confounded with the man king, but they are quite different. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—The mou king is now found in Mei chou and Shu chou [both in Sz ch‘uan, App. 219, a and in Pien king [in Ho nan, App. 248]. It is commonly 67 530 . BOTANICON.SINICUM. called, 3% jf] wang king. The wood of the stem and the branches is hard. It is upright. ‘he leaves resemble those of the pi ma (Ricinus communis) but are more dissected and thinner. Flowers red and in panicles.. Small yellow fruit of the size of the seed of hemp, whence the name siao (small) king. It Sui-cnen:—The mou king is a common plant, especially in the mountains where it is used for fuel. If not cut for many years it becomes a tree of considerable size. The heart of the wood is square. The leaves are opposite, and each petiole bears five leaflets (digitate leaves), sometimes even seven. The leaflets are like elm-leaves, long and pointed, with the margin serrated and toothed. In the 5th month panicles of reddish purple flowers are produced in the axils. The fruit is as large as that of the hu sui (Coriander). Ithas — a white inner skin. Sv Sung is wrong in asserting that the leaves of the mou king resemble those of the pima, There are two sorts—the green and the red. The green is called 3 king, the red is #% hu [comp. Classics, 543]. The young flexible shoots of both kinds are employed in basket making. In ancient times poor women used the king for hair-pins. ra The mou king is a Vitex. Further particulars sub, 349. 349.—& Fj man king. P., XXXVI, 60. T., OCLXX. = Pen king :—Man (creeping) king. The fruit is officinal. : 2 Taste bitter. Nature slightly cold. Non-poisonous. a Pie lu:—Only the name, Su Kune [7th cent.]:—It is a creeping plant, whence the name. The man king grows along the edge of the water. The stem is about 10 feet long. In spring smal] new leaves shoot forth from the old branches. In the 5th month the ~ 4S ES Wik Be BE MATERIA MEDICA’ OF THE’ ANCIENT CHINESE. “BB1 leaves resemble apricot-leaves. It blossoms in the 6th month. Flowers reddish white with yellow filaments. In the 9th month it bears fruit. This is as large as the seed of the wu (Stereulia platanifolia), has black spots and is light. The leaves fall off in winter. It is frequently confounded with the mou king. Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is common in Pien king [in Ho nan, App. 248], in Ts‘in chou (in Kan su, App. 358], Lung chou [in Shen si, App. 215], and in Ming chou and Yue chou [both in Che kiang, App. 224, 418]. ~The stem is from 4 to 5 feet high. The leaves proceed from the joints and are opposite. It looks like a small lien tree [Melia. See 321]. It blossoms in summer. Flowers of a pale red colour. Filaments yellowish white. Below the flower is the green receptacle of which the fruit is formed. The ancient authors named it man (creeping) king, but it does not creep. Lt Sar-cHen says its branches are slender and weak, whence the name (creeping hing). In the Ch. [XXXIII, 27, sub & jj man king or Fj HE king tao (twigs)] is a good drawing of Viter incisa, Lam. The same is figured in the Kiu huang [LV, 4, sub il F king tsz‘]. The description in the P. agrees. At Peking king t%ao is the common name for Vitex incisa. Lour., Fl. cochin., 474:—Vitex negundo, L. Sinice: muen kim (man king).—Ibid.. 475:—V. spicata, Lour. Sinice: «u chu kim [ probably Fe FR Fl we chi king (five fingers king), which according to PaRrKER is the Canton name for V. negundo]. Tatar., Cat., 59:—3fj (& king t'iao, Vitex inciea.— Ibid., 38, a HH) $F man king tsz*, semina Vetzeis incise,.— P. Surrs, 227. 5382 BOTANICON SINICUM. According to Parker [China Rev., X, 377], in Sz ch‘uan Vitex negundo, a common road shrub, is called #¥ $i huang king.—Same identifiation in Henry’s Chin. pl. [132]. The Ind. Fl. sin. [II, 257] enumerates six species of Vitex for China. Cust. Med., p. 216 (81):—Man king tsz‘ (fruits) exported 1885 from Wen chow 3.10 piculs,—p. 294 (317), from Amoy 0.11 picul. Exported also from Han kow. See Hank. Med., 27. — | Phon zo, UXXXIV, 15, 16 :—H- Fj, Vitex cannabi/olia, 8. & Z. [according to Japanese botanists introduced into Japan from China]. Horru. & Scuur., 622 :—Vitex cannabifolia, H: if or it jf]. Same identification in the Kwa wi [111]. Phon zo, UXXXIX, 17, 18 :—# Hj F, Viter trifolia, L.—Same identification in the Kwa wi [88]. Introduced into Japan. Srez., Jcon. ined., V1:—Same Chinese name, Vitew obovata, Thbg. (same as V. trifolia). 350.—Z 3h fu ling, P., XXXVU,i. 7., CXCVIL Pen king :—Fu ling, {& Hi, fu t‘u. Taste sweet. Nature uniform. Non-poisonous. Pie lu:—The fu ling which clings to the root fof the fir tree] is called £ ji fu shen. The fu ling and the fu shen grow in T'ai shan [in Shan tung, App. 322], in mountain- valleys under large fir trees. It is dug up in the 2nd and 8th months and dried in the shade. | In the ancient Historical Records Shi ki [in the chapte on Divination] the name of this drug is written (& Sau ’g- It is there said to be produced by the divine spirit of the fir tree. MATERIA MEDIGA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 533 The Sten king says that the fu ling is as large as a man’s fist. When worn in the girdle it will discomfit evil spirits. T’ao Huya-xina :—The drug brought from Yii chou [in Kuang si, App. 412] is of a large size, like a vessel with acapacity of three or four sheng. The outer skin is black and has small wrinkles. The inner substance is hard and of a white colour. The best drug is that which has the appearance of a bird or a beast or a tortoise, ete. The red Ju ling is less valued. It does not decay and is not eaten by insects. Even after remaining underneath the ground for thirty years it will not change its colour and texture. Su Kuna [7th cent.]:—Now the fu ling which is produced in T‘ai shan is compact and finely veined. It is not much used. The best comes from Hua shan [in Shen si, App. 86]. This is very coarse in texture and massive. It is also found in the Southern mountains of Yung chou [Shen si, App. 424], but this also is inferior to the Hua shan drug. In the Ki shi chu ['T‘ang period] this drug is called AN FE BS pu sz* mien (undying flour). Han Pao-suene [10th cent.]:—It is found in places wherever large fir trees grow. It abounds in Hua nas, where it is found under dried-up fir trees. It appears in lumps. The drug which has the appearance of a tortoise or a bird is especially valued. Cuane Yii-st [11th cent.]:—The Fan tse‘ ki jan [ Bot. sin., I, p. 145 (104)] says:—The fu ling is produced on the Sung shan [in Ho nan, App. 317] and in San fa [in Shen si, App. 265]. Huarnan 1sz‘ says that the /u ling is found under fir trees a thousand years old. The ¢‘u sz‘ (Cuscuta. Bee 163] grows above. The Tien shu says that after the resin of the fir tree has entered the ground and remained there a thousand years it is changed into fu ling. When you see the fir tree “584 BOTANIOON 'SINICUM. turn red, the fu ling is beneath it. The Kuang chi states that the fu shen [v. supra] is a product of the resin of fir trees and is superior to the fu ling. It is brought from Pu yang hien [in Chi li, App. 263]. ‘Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is found on the mountains Tai shan [in Shan tung, App. 322], Hua shan [in Shen si] and Sung shan [v. supra]. It clings to the roots of large fir trees. It produces neither leaves, flowers nor fruit, and forms underground nodular masses as large as a man’s fist, which sometimes weigh several pounds. ‘There are two sorts—the red and the white. Some say that the fw ling is the metamorphosed resin of the fir trees, and others that it grows from the spurious vapors of the fir tree [?].¥% The largest lumps which do not adhere to the root are called Ju ling. Those which clasp the root, and which are light and of a loose texture are called {f ffi fu shen. They are produced by the spurious vapors of the tree and are of a superior quality. In the chapter on Divination in the Shi ki [v. supra] it is stated that the fu ling grows beneath the t‘u sz‘ [Cuscuta, comp. 163]. In appearance it resembles a bird. ‘The place where the fu ling lies underground, sometimes from 4 to 7 feet deep, is discovered by burning the t‘u sz‘. Lr Sut-cHEn :—The fu ling is also called # jh sung yt (fat). By the ¢‘u sz‘. mentioned by the ancient authors in connexion with the fu ling we are not to understand, _ Li Sar-cuen says, the plant of this name (Cuscuta) but a — kind of subtile vapor hanging above the spot where the . fu ling lies underground. The mountain people know it The best sort is that in large lumps and as hard as a stone. The light sort of a loose texture is not much valued. The heart of the fu shen is called iil 7K shen mu (divine wood). It is likewise used in medicine, as also the bark the fu ling. BAB $8 Wi AE. MATERIA MEDICA,OF ,THEARCIENT CHINESE. 535 Chy XXXII, 6:—Fu ling. The drawing represents large nodular masses, Father Martini, about 240 years ago, mentions the Chinese drug fu Lin produced in Sz ch‘uan [see my Larly Eur, Res. Bot. Chin., pp. 19, 20]. A CuEYER, Specimen Medicine sinice (1682), 189 :—Pe Jo lim (white fu ling), est radix insipida subdulcis temperata etc. . . . Est idem quod Lusitanice dicitur Pao de China (China wood), nisi quod album et multo melius sit rubeo illo, et etiam carius multo.—Crzyer’s red fo ling is Radix Smilacis. Comp. supra, 179. Du Hatpg, la Chine, I, 30, I, 647.—Grosigr, la Chine, Il, 324, 328, Lour., Fl. cochin., 710 :—Ad radices Pinorum sylvestrium magne longsevitatis in provincia boreali Chinensi su chuyen [Sz ch‘uan] gigni solent queedam tubera, subrotunda, magna, Scabra, fusca, intus albissima, que ab Europxis vocantur Radix sinensis alba, ab ipsis vero Sinensibus Pe fu lin. Horum tuberum decocto feliciter utuntur in praxi medi¢a, Precipue in morbis pulmonum et vesicw. Radix Sinensis rubra provenit ex diversa planta, que a Linneo dicitur Smilax Chine. Tarar., Cat., 23, 2:—Fu ling or pai (white) fu’ ling, Pachyma pinetorum. Fungus maximus. Gauger, 18:— Fu ling, described and figured. But Gaucer is mistaken in supposing that it is the root of a Dioscorea or Tamus. Wituiams, Chin. Commerc. Guide, 114, sub China root. In 1859 the Rev. M. J. Berxetey published in the Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot. (LI, 102] an interesting article 536 BOTANICON SINICUM. on some Tuberiform Vegetable Productions from China, in which the pe fu ling is determined as Pachyma Cocos, Fries, a Fungus-like substance. Hanpury, Se. pap., 267:—Good description of the Chinese drug fu ling :—Large, ponderous tuberiform bodies consisting internally of a compact mass of considerable hard- ness, varying in colour from cinnamon-brown to pure white. They are an altered state of the root of the tree, probably occasioned by the presence of a Fungus. It is the Pachyma Cocos, Fries, occurring in N. America, Japan and China. In America it is called “Indian Bread. ?—See also Hans., Se. pap., 200, where this drug is figured. P. Suir, 165 :— Pachyma Cocos.—Hunry, Chin. pl., 478. Cust. Med., p. 66 (18):—Fu ling exported 1885 from Han kow, 13,149.45 piculs.—Jbid., p. 354 (184), fu ling pt (bark) from Canton 27.49 piculs,—p. 212 (48), from Wen chow 1.70 picul.—Ibid., p. 220 (25), fu shen imported to Foo chow 0.05 picul, from Hong kong. Said to be produced in Kuang tung, Amen. exot., 832 :— Sjooro (no Chinese characters ). Tubera esculenta, terrestria, sub abietibus crescentia.— THunserc [FU. jap., 349] identifies this with Lycoperdon Tuber, L. Fungus magnitudine pruni majoris. See in Phon zo [XCIII] the drawings, 2r, sub FY 4 3 (white),—2v, Fe Ar (red),—3r, €K jit. 351.— SE #4 hu p‘o. Amber. P., XXXVI, 7. Pie lu:—The hu p'o is produced in Yung ch'ang [in Yiin nan, App. 426]. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 5387 T‘ao Huna-xine :—The ancients say that the hu p‘o is the resin of the fir tree, which, being embedded in the soil during a thousand years, turns into amber. When burned it emits an odour like that of resin. It sometimes incloses insects. An imitation of the hu p‘o is produced by boiling hen’s-eggs with fish-roe. The genuine hu p‘o, when rubbed between the hands till it becomes hot, will attract straw. Now all the hu p‘o in China is brought from foreign countries, Tarar., Cat., 9:—Hu pio. Succinum. — WILLiaMs, Chin. Comm. Guide, 79 :—Amber, article of import.—P. Suir, 12. 352.—$¥ 3E chu ling. P., XXXVI, 10. 7, CLXVIL Pen king :—Chu ling (pig’s tubers), HZ 4 Pe hia chu shi (boar’s excrement). Taste sweet. Nature uniform. Non- | poisonous. Pie lu:—The chu ling grows on the mountain Heng shan [in Hu nan, App. 61], also in Tsi yin and Yan ki [both in Shan tung, App. 347, 415]. It is gathered in the 2nd and 8th months and dried in the shade. T‘ao Hune-xrg :—This drag appears in black lumps tesembling pig’s excrement, Cavuane sz‘ [4th cent. B.C.] “Mentions the 3g 3¥ shi t‘o, and Sz‘ ua Prao [3rd cent], in commenting upon CuvaNe 182‘, says that it is the 4 ine = Toot of which resembles pig’s excrement. That which is called chu ling consists of the fl IAF, tubers produced on the feng tree — [Liquidambar Formosana. See Bot. sin., U, 261). The best _ sort has a black skin and white flesh. The skin is removed before using the drug. : Su Sune [11th cent.]:—It is now found in Shu age _ [in Sz ch‘uan, App. 292] and in Si chou [App. 304]. 68 538 BOTANICON SINICUM. grows underground, but not always under the root of the feng tree. It is also called Hh E Pk t wu tao (black ground peach). Ii Sut-cuen :—The chu ling are excrescences produced by the superfluous vapors of trees, in the same way as the fu ling is produced by the fir tree. The feng tree produces the chu ling in the greatest abundance. Ch., XXXII, 55 :—Chu ling. The figure represents a plant with pinnate leaves, not tubers. Tavar., Cat., 17 :—Chu ling. Not identified. Hans., Se. pap. 204, 269:—Chu ling. Production similar to the Pachyma Cocos [see 350] but smaller.—See also BerKeExey, l.c. [supra, sub 350]. | Cust. Med., p. 66 (10):—Chu ling exported 1885 from Han kow 1,337 piculs,—p. 22 (13), from Tien tsin 379.91 piculs,—p. 58 (8), from I chang 123.93 piculs. Phon zo, XCIII, 6r, Hi 2. 803.—H FL lei huan (wan). P., XXXVII, 12. T, CXXXVI. Pen king : —Lei huan (thunder-ball). Taste bitter. Nature cold. Slightly poisonous. Pie lu:—Other names: 4 PE lei shi (thunder-fruit), KR lei shi (thunder-dirt). The lei huan is produced im Shi ch‘eng [fin An hui, App. 285] in mountain-valleys, also in Han chung [S. Shen si, App. 54]. Produced underground. The root is gathered in the 8th month. : Tso Huna-Krve :—It is produced in Kien p‘ing and I tu [both in Hu pei, App. 139, 104], and appears as small balls joined together. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 539 Su Kune [7th cent.]:—The lei huan is the ling produced by the bamboo. The balls are not joined together. It is produced in Fang chou [in Hu pei, App. 35] and Kin chou [in Shen si, App. 143}. ; Li Sui-cuen :—The lei huan varies in size. It is like a chestnut and sometimes like the chu ling [see 352]. It is round, has a black skin, white flesh and is very hard and compact. The lei huan, like the 4 #= lei fu (thunder-axe) and the @ #& lez sie (thunder-pile), are productions of the thunder- clap, and metamorphoses of the subtile vapors of plants. It is produced in the ground and is without leaves. It has the power of destroying worms and driving out evil spirits. That produced on the bamboo is called #f 2$ chu ling. Tatar., Cat., 34:—Lei huan, Mylitta lapidescens. Fungus asporus >—GavceEr, 26 :—The lei Juan figured and decribed.— Hans., Se. pap., 205, 269:—The lei huan figured and described :—Small, round nodules of a dark brownish grey colour and very hard. P, Smrrn, 154. Cust. Med., p. 76 (155):—Lei huan exported 1885 baer Han kow 68.43 piculs,—p. 64 (72), from I chang 4.53 piculs. Phon zo, XCILI, 6v, & A, and, 7, Ff 4 ; 354.—3& EE & ZE sang shang ki sheng. P., XXXVUI, 13. 4, CLXXxX. Comp. Rh ya, 262, Classics, 449. : Pen king :—Sang shang ki sheng (lodging on the mulberry tree. Parasite), 8¢ fC yii mu (lodging on trees), FG ki sie, : wan t‘ung. The stem, leaves and fruit are officinal, Taste of the stem and the leaves bitter ; non-poisonous. The fruit is sweet and non-poisonous. a, 2 540 BOTANICON SINICUM. Pie lu:—The sang shang ki sheng grows on mulberry trees in Hung nung [in Ho nan, App 99] in river-valleys. The stem and the leaves are gathered on the 3rd day of the 3rd month and dried in the shade. T‘ao Hune-xina :—This parasitic plant grows upon fir trees, the poplar and the feng tree (Liquidambar Formosana). It is the same kind on all these trees, only the roots differ according to the tree upon which the plant lives. These roots are embedded in the substance of the joints of the branches of the tree. Leaves roundish, greenish red, thick, glossy, easily broken and evergreen. They spring from the joints of the plant. It blossoms in the 4th month. White flowers. The fruit, which is produced in the 5th month, is of a red colour and of the size of a pea. It is common. The best drug comes from P‘eng ch‘eng [in Kiang su, App. 247]. It is commonly called Hi (Af su tuan. But this name in the Pen king is applied to a quite different plant [see 84, Dipsacus}. Su Kune [7th cent.]:—This plant grows upon the feng, the hu (oak) and upon elms, willows and other trees. The leaves are like small willow-leaves, but thick and easily broken. The stem is coarse and short, The fruit is yellow and resembles a small Jujube. There is one kind of this parasitic plant, growing in Kuo chou [in Ho nan, App. 173] on mulberry trees, the fruit of which contains a very viscid juice. — The kernel is of the size of a small pea. The fruit ripens in : the 9th month and is then of a yellow colour. It doesnot ripen in the 5th month, is not red and is not of the size of a small pea, as T‘ao Hunc-K1nq asserts, The people of Kiang nan employ the stem and call it sx twan [v. supra] which 1s properly the name of another plant. Han Pao-sueng [10th cent. ]:—This parasitic plant : grows on various trees. People say that it is propagated by MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 541 birds which eat the fruits and drop their excrement upon irees. The leaves resemble orange-leaves but are thick and soft. The best is that growing upon the mulberry tree. Ta Mina [10th cent. ]:-—The people gather the plant which grows upon the ka tree [see 327] instead of that living upon the mulberry tree, which is very scarce. They resemble each other but are not identical. That grow- ing upon the feng tree is an inferior sort which equals that _. produced on the ku tree. It is of a yellow colour and is gathered in the 6th or 7th month. K‘ou Tsune-sut [12th cent.] :—The sang hi sheng is said _ [by previous authors] to be a common plant. But nowadays It is difficult to obtain, in the north as well as in the south, for the plant is gradually becoming extinct. Cu Cuen-nene [14th cent.]:—The sang ki sheng is an important medicine. Li Sxi-cuEn :—This parasitic plant is from 2 to 3 feet long. Its leaves are round, slightly pointed, thick, soft, green and glossy on the upper side, and of a pale purplish colour and downy underneath. People say that this plant is common in Chuan Shu [Sz ch‘uan, App. 26], where the mulberry tree abounds and where this plant can be taken direct a the tree and employed in a fresh state. It grows plentifully also on other trees, but then its medical virtues are not the same and it is sometimes injurious to life. The Cheng Tsiao Tung cht [12th cent.] says that there are two kinds. One of them, the larger sort, has leaves like the shi liu ( pomegranate). This is the & niao [of the Shi king], The smaller kind has leaves like the ma we [Ephedra See 97}. This is the te FE ni - [of the She king]. The fruits are the same in both kinds. [ Comp. Classics, 449, 450.] 542 BOTANICON SINICUM. Ch. XXXITI, 35 :—Sang shang hi sheng. Rude draw- ing. Probably a Loranthus is intended.—Jbid., XXXVI, 24 :—SR BF AE Ui hi sheng. Rude drawing of a Viscum or Loranthus, said to grow on chestnut trees (22) in Yiin nan. Tatar., Cat., 44 :—Sang ki sheng. Viscum ?—The drug of this Chinese name which I obtained from a Peking drug- shop—yellow stems without leaves—and which was examined at Kew, proved to be the common Viscum album, L. P. Smirn, 150 :—Mistletoe, li hu. Liand hu are names for oaks. Evidently the characters ki sheng (parasites) are omitted in the above name. Lhid., 93:—Epiphytes. Ibid., 282 :—Willow-Epiphyte, liu ki sheng. Heyry [ Chin. pl., 35, 392]:—Sang ki sheng in Hu pei, Loranthus Jadoviki, Sieb., and other species. These parasites, when they occur on the mulberry, are highly valued as drugs. Cust. Med., p. 360 :—Sang ki sheng exported 1885 from Canton 41.13 piculs. Same drug exported from Hankow. See Hank. Med., 35. Ibid., p. 286 (184) :—Ki sheng exported from Amoy 14.23 piculs.—Jbid., 360 (282), tsa ki sheng (Viscum growing on various trees) exported from Canton 2.05 piculs. The Hank. Med. [25, 43] mentions the liu ki sheng [growing on willows] and the t‘ao ké sheng [on peach trees] as exported from Han kow. Both are noticed in the P. ([XXXVIL 16, Lt. The propagation of the mistletoe by birds eating the fruit, as noticed by the Chinese authors, is also mentioned by THEopHRastus [de causis plant, 2, 17}. Phon zo, XCIII, 8, 9 :—%& AE, Viscum album. MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 543 359.—HB HB sung lo. P., XXXVIT 15. W ra oi F Comp. Classics, 450. Pen king :—Sung lo (parasite on fir trees). Taste bitter. Non-poisonous. _ Pie lu:—Other name: $¢ ¥¥ nui lo. The sung lo grows on the Hiung rh mountain [in Ho nan, App. 69] on sung (fir) trees. It is gathered in the 5th month and dried in the shade. T‘so Huna-Kine :—The plant is common in the eastern mountains, where it grows on various trees, but the genuine drug is that produced upon fir trees. In the Shé king the nao, together with the nd lo, is mentioned as growing on the fir tree. The niao is the true ki sheng growing upon mulberry trees. The other parasite growing on the fir tree is different from that found on the mulberry tree [see 354] and is not used in medicine. Li Sui-cuen :—The sung lo is also termed #8 |: 3 AE sung shang ki sheng. The nii lo has been variously identified by the ancient authors. Mao, in commenting upon the Shi king, says it is the t‘u sz‘ [Cuscuta. See 163]. Wu Pu [3rd cent.] says the ¢‘u sz‘ is the same as the sung lo [v. supra]. Tso Huna-Kina suggests that the niao of the Shi king is the plant growing upon the mulberry tree and sung lo the sort which grows upon fir trees. The P% ya [11th cent.] states :—The niao is a parasite ( Viscum) upon fir trees and Thuja, whilst the ni lo is a twining plant which climbs upon the fir tree. Others say :—The plant is called ni lo when it climbs on trees and ¢‘w sz‘ when it twines about herbaceous plants. The Cheng Tsiao T‘ung chi [12th — says :—There are two kinds of ki sheng,—the large is calle _ néao and the small ni lo. 544 BOTANICON SINICUM. The sung lo or sung shang ki sheng of the Chinese authors seems to be a species of Viscum or Loranthus. Phon zo, XCIII, 11, 12 :—48 YE #4 [the third character means creeper], Loranthus Kempferi, Maxim. ( Viscum Kempjeri, DC.). See Francuer & Sav., Lnum. pl. Jap., M406, 1) 482. Tt bas been found on Lariv, Pinus Massoniana, Abies firma.— Amen. exot., 785 :—2e He ksei, vulgo jodoroki. Viscum baccis rubentibus ete. Crescit in Larice. Rusticorum yulgus id appellabat gomi maatz i.e. Viscum lariceum. 396.— 5 Bf chan sz’. P., AXXVII,17.. 7,, COCKE Pie lu:—Chan sz‘, He BE t‘an pt (charcoal skin). It grows in T‘ai shan [in Shan tung, App. 322] in mountain- valleys. Gathered at any time of the year. T‘ao Hune-Kine :—Lr Tanc-ont [3rd cent.] says it isa ki sheng (parasite) which grows upon the chang (Camphor tree). The people now erroneously call the skin (fleshy husk) of the walnut chan sz. According to T’una Kin this drug is produced in Shang lo [in Shen si, App. 274] and is a bark resembling the hou p‘o bark [ Magnolia. See 316]. Li Sx1-cHen :—Other ancient names: f& 4a fi “ang wu ki, A HF mu chan sz‘. 357.—f chu, the Bamboo. P., XXXVII, 18. 7. CLXXXIX. : Comp. Classics, 563, 564. Pen king :-—49f chu, 4p BE chu ye (leaves), if PE chu she (fruit). The Pie lu says the chu shi is produced in 1 chou [App. 102]. It mentions also the %f $f chu sun (bamboo- Sprouts) as a medicine, — MATERIA MEDICA OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE. 545 The Pen king and the Pie lw notice several peculiar kinds of bamboo as officinal. Of the 3 7 kin chu, the leaves, sap (#) and root are used ; of the #8 #f tan chu, the leaves and the root ; of the Pf ku (bitter) chu, the leaves and the sap. In the P. there appears also a drug derived from the bamboo and termed ff Hj chu ju. It is mentioned in the Pie lu and in other ancient works. Tarar. [ Cat., 17] gives the name but does not identify it. P. Smrra [31] says that bamboo-roots are meant. I have seen Tararinov’s drug. It seemed to be bamboo- shavings, probably the scraped tender epidermis of the skin, which in the dictionaries is called $f ju. Cust. Med., p. 194 (156) :—Bamboo -leaves exported 1885 from Ning po 259 piculs,—p. 152 (188), from Shang- hai 181 piculs, Ibid., p. 380 (539):—Chu ju exported from Canton 17.91 piculs,—p. 308 (507), from Amoy 2.42 piculs.— Bamboo-roots are exported from Han kow. See Hank. Med., 8. 358.— HE Je huai mu. P., XXXVI, 26. Pen king:—Huai mu, & Wk ih Ht 7K po sue ch‘eng chung mu. Pie lu:—The huai mu grows in Tsin yang [ia ome App. 357], in marshes. The Ih BE ae FE ch ‘eng li ch’ chu in P ‘ing yang [in Shan si, App. 257]. li Sat-cuen:—Wv P‘u [8rd cent.] says :—The hua mu grows in Pting yang, in the country of Tsin [Shan si, 69 APPENDIX. 547 APPENDIX. CHINESE GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES MENTIONED IN THE PEN TS‘AO KANG MU. As is well known, the modern political division of China proper is into 18 4} sheng or provinces with the subdivisions If /u (prefectures) 181, pA HE IP chi U chou (independent departments) 67, J)] chow (departments, dependent on a fu) 143, and M& hien (districts, the lowest division of a province, dependent on a prefecture or an independent department) 1,279. 3 The meaning of the character Jf] chow has varied greatly in course of time. Originally the nine provinces into which ancient China was divided by Emperor Yao [B.C. 2360] were termed chou. His successor SHuN [B.C. 2255] divided the Empire into twelve chow. Yi, the first Emperor of the BF Hia dynasty which reigned in China B.C. 2205- 1766, re-established the division into nine provinces, and these nine chow continued during the 7 Shang (or Be Yin) [1766-1122] and J3} Chou [1122-249 B.C.]. The China of the {J Chou dynasty lay between the _ 83rd and 88th parallels and occupied only about two-thirds of the present China proper, reaching to the south nearly half- way from the Yellow River to the Yang tsz’. of the royal state held by the kings wang) themselves, It consisted 548 BOTANICON SINICUM. which was situated along the Wei and Ho rivers [in Shen si and Ho nan], and a number of larger and smaller feudal states, surrounding the royal dominions. Wvu-wane, the founder of the Chou dynasty, resided at # Feng and a Hao [both in Shen si, near present Si an fu]. He built also another residence in the east on the river ¥ Lo, which was called ¥§ 6 Lo i (afterwards ¥ [ Lo yang, near present Ho nan fu); but it was not until many centuries later, since Pina wane [770-717], that the royal residence was fixed at Lo yang, The Chou dynasty was overthrown in the middle of the 3rd cent. B.C. by the princes of the powerful state of Ts‘in. One of them, Cheng, who ruled B.C. 249-210, reduced all the petty states to his sway and in 221 took the title Sur Huanxe-r1 (Emperor). His dynasty, which lasted only 20 years, is called Ze Ts‘in, Sar Hvane-t1 sueceeded in establishing his authority over the greater — part of China proper, with the exception of the south-western regions (Kui chou and Yiin nan). He fixed his residence at Jax B Hien yang (now Hien yang hien, N.W. of Si an fa, Shen si) and divided the empire, including the vast exten- - sions he had annexed towards the south, into 40 Bb fain or provinces. The next dynasty was the # Han, which reigned mn China more than four centuries, The Chinese historians distinguish the Earlier and the Later Han. The #ij # Ts‘ien Han or Earlier Han, called also the Western Han [B.C. 202-A.D. 25]. In the reign of Wu Tr [140-86] China, which then had about the same limits as what is now called China proper, was divided into 13 Wl chow or ab pu. The subdivisions were 103 Bp fin or prefectures on which depended 1,314 B% hien (districts) and & ¢ (towns). Besides these, there were scattered over the APPENDIX, 549 empire 241 f%& BR] how kuo (small feudal states). The capital of China was at $2 #% Ch‘ang an, in Shen si, near present Sian fu. A hien comprised in the prefecture of Si an fu still bears the name Ch‘ang an. The #% # Hou Han or Later Han, called also Eastern Han from its capital ¥& Lo yang near present Ho nan fu. This dynasty reigned A.D. 25-220, The political division of the empire was not essentially changed. = Bj San kuo, the Three Kingdoms or Dynasties established in China after the downfall of the house of Han :— 1.—%j Shu or 4 # Shu Han [A.D. 221-264]. This was regarded as the legitimate dynasty from its affinity with the Han. It ruled over Sz ch‘uan (then called Shu), Kui chou and Yiin nan. The capital was at WX #3 Ch‘eng tu (now Ch‘eng tu fu in Sz ch‘uan). The kingdom comprised 22 kin (prefectures) and kuo (feudal states). 2.—3% Wu [A.D. 229-264]. This kingdom occupied the eastern part of Mid China,—Kiang su, Southern An hui, Kiang si, Fu kien, Hu kuang. Political division: 5 chow or provinces, 43 kiin and kuo. Capital at it BR Kien ye (Nan king). 3.—$if Wei [A.D. 221-264]. This dynasty ruled over modern Ho nan, Shen si, Shan si, Shan tung and Chi li. 13 chow or provinces, with 91 kin and kuo, Capital at ¥ [ Lo yang. The # Tsin dynasty [A.D. 265-420] reigned — till 317 at least, over the whole of China. Political rather send : 19 chou or provinces, 173 kan and kuo and 1,109 hien. The capital was at first at Lo yang, but owing to the invasions of Northern China by the Hiung nu and other nian’ and Tungus tribes, it was moved in 317 to #2 Kien k‘ang 550 BOTANICON SINICUM. (present Nan king). 16 small foreign kingdoms or dynasties were then established in the northern provinces. They were all subsequently destroyed by the Pei Wei. The 4 $i Pei (Northern) Wei dynasty [386-558] was of Tungus origin. It swayed Southern Mongolia and the northern part of China, and, encroaching upon the dominions of the Southern Sung and the other Southern Dynasties [v. infra], finally occupied also Mid China as far as the Yang tsz‘. Political division of the empire : 113 4h] chou (corresponding to the present fu or prefectures), 519 PK hin (departments) and 1,352 hien (districts). The capital was at first at ft} Tai (now Ta t‘ung fu in Shan si), In 495 it was moved to Lo yang. In 532 the Pei Wei dynasty split into two branches—the Tung or Eastern Wei [532-550], capital at #8 Ye (present Chang te fu in N. Ho nan) and ie the Si or Western Wei [532-558] with the capital at Ch‘ang = an. These two Wei dynasties wero finally overthrown by two other short-lived dynasties :— The $f #§ Pei (Northern) Ts‘ dynasty [550-577] replaced the Eastern Wei ; the JE Ja] Pei (Northern) — Chou dynasty [558-581] replaced the Western Wei and in 577 overthrew the Pei Ts‘i. The Pei Chou was itself destroyed by the Sui [v. infra]. : The Pei Wei, Pei Ts‘ and Pei Chou are known in Chinese history under the general name of 4] — Pei ch‘ao (Northern Dynasties). In the Southern half of China the Tsin dynasty was — replaced by the RF Sung dynasty, more generally termed — ME Nan (Southern) Sung dynasty, to distinguish it from the Sung dynasty which reigned ix China from the 10th to the 13th century. The dominions of this Nan Sung dynasty at first comprised South and Mid China and present Shan tung. Political division : 22 chow or provinces with 277 kin and 1,857 hien. The capital was at gt fe Kien APPENDIX. 551 k‘ang (Nan king). Gradually the Northern Wei encroached upon the empire of the Nan Sung and drove them back beyond the Huai river, The Nan Sung dynasty was over- thrown by the— . Fa 3 Nan (Southern) Ts dynasty [479-502], and this in turn was replaced by the— Ye Liang dynasty [502-557]. The Pei Wei in the north continued their encroachments upon the southern empire, and finally the Yang tsz‘ formed the boundary between the northern and the southern empire. The domi- nions of the Liang were divided into 23 chou or provinces with 850 kin or prefectures and 1,203 hien or districts. The capital was at Kien kang (Nan king). The Liang dynasty was overthrown by the— fifi Chen dynasty [557-589], which swayed the southern half of China and in turn was destroyed by the Sui [see infra}. The Nan Sung, Nan Ts‘i, Liang and Chen dynasties are known in Chinese history as the jj #J Nan ch‘ao or Southern Dynasties. 3 : The [¥f Sui dynasty [581-619]. All China, after it had been divided more than three centuries and a half, was again re-united and brought under the sway of this dynasty. The old division of China into 9 chow or provinces was again adopted with the old names of the Yi kung. The subdivisions were 190 kin and 1,255 hien. The capital was first at Ch‘ang an ; in 605 the court moved to Lo yang. The f¥ Tang dynasty [618-907]. The second eRe of this celebrated dynasty [in 627] established a new politica division of China. The empire was divided into 10 38% tao = ORAL fu ae tekst srised 360 Jp] chow or (cireuits, or provinces which com] sl - prefectures). The larger chou were termed iit bas x were 1,557 M& hien or districts. During the ruling o T'ang the capital was at Ch‘ang an. 552 BOTANICON SINICUM. In the reign of Mine t1 [713-756] another division of. China proper took place. Some of the larger provinces were divided and there were then 15 tao. The term chou for prefecture was replaced by the older term kin. The 15 provinces comprised 328 kin, of which 49 were termed 4b & WF tu tu fu (seats of a governor-general) and 12 K Bh BF WF ta (great) tu tu fu. There were 1,573 hien or districts. After the downfall of the T'ang dynasty five short- lived dynasties followed in succession. None of them ruled . over the whole of China, for ten smaller independent king- doms had risen in different parts of China, and the Ki tan or Liao penetrated China from the north. This period is known in Chinese history under the name of Hr f{ Wu tai, the Five Dynasties [907-960], viz. :— 1.—The #% 9% Hou (later) Liang [907-923]. The capital was at Yf Pien (now K‘ai feng fu in Ho nan). 2.—The #8 §f Hou Tang [923-936]. Capital at Lo yang. 3.—The # % Hou Tsin [936-946]. Capital at Pien. 4.—The #% jf Hou Han [946-951]. 5.—The #% J§J Hou Chou [951-960]. The 3 Sung dynasty [960-1280]. This dynasty succeeded in destroying all the small kingdoms and reuniting all China into one empire. In 997 China was divided into 15 BE lu (cireuits or provinces). In the beginning of the 12th century there were 22 lu with 10 tw tu fu, 40 fu (larger prefectures), 245 chou (smaller prefectures), 1,221 hien (districts) and 69 Sf hin (military districts). The Sung had - e. their capital at Pi df WF Kai feng fu, also called K# Ta Liang (now K‘ai feng fu in Ho nan). Bat as in 1126 the Sung were forced to abandon the northern part of their APPENDIX. 553 empire, as far south as the Han and Huai rivers, to the Kin, the capital was- moved to At JP] Hang chou, also called hii Zé If Lin an fu (now Hang chou fu in Che kiang), In 1276 the Mongols took Lin an fu, and in 1280 the whole empire of the Sung was in the hands of the Mongols. Since the first half of the 10th century Northern China was detached from native rule and subject to foreign dynas- ties,—first to the $2} Ki tan, a people of Tungus origin who conquered Mongolia and in 936 wrenched from the _ emperor Kao Tsu of the Hou Tsin dynasty the northern part of the present provinces of Chi li and Shan si. The dynasty of the Ki tan, known in Chinese history as the 2 Liao, subsisted from 916 to 1125, when it was dis- placed by another Tartar dynasty, the Churche or 4 Kin [1125-1234], who, having subdued the whole of Mongolia, succeeded also in conquering from the Sung all the pro- vinces of North China as far south as the Han and Huai rivers [1127]. The capital of the Kin was in 4 4% Chung tu (now Peking). The Kin dynasty was destroyed by the Mongols in 1234. The 3g Yiian or Mongol dynasty in China, after the destruction of the Kin and the Sung, ruled over China proper from 1260 (or 1280 when the south had also been subdued) to 1368. China was then divided into 12 provinces or governorships (47 Ht BZ hing chung shu sheng). The capital was at 7 # ‘Ta tu (now Peking). There were 187 }4% lu or prefectures. In some of them were one or several fff fu, altogether 42. There were 381 chou or departments and 1,132 hien. : The I] Ming dynasty [1368-1644]. The political division ~ of China proper in this period was similar to that of nowadays, but there were only 12 provinces. The first two, with the two capitals Peking and Nan king, were termed tt i = Pei chi li and jj jf St Nan chi li (morthera and southern 70 : 554 BOTANICON SINICUM. independent administration), the other provinces 7 i (%# Bi] pu cheng shi sz‘ or governorships. Pei chi li is the present Chi li,—Nan chi li, also called jf j{j Kiang nan, comprised the present provinces Kiang su and An hui. The present Kan su was included in Shen si. The present Hu pei and Hu nan formed the province 3] ¥ Hu kuang. The other names of the provinces were as nowadays. 140 fu, 193 chou and 1,138 hien. The following identifications of ancient geographical names occurring in the Pen ts‘ao kang mu are for the greater part based upon the geographical sections of the Chinese dynastic histories. The Chinese geographical dictionary BE TU $e HB GR Li tai ti li chi [see Bot. sin., I, p. 69] was compiled from the same sources, but it refers only to the prefectures, departments and districts. The names of the ancient provinces of China, so frequently noticed in the Pen ts‘ao kang mu, are not included. Buror in his Dictionnaire des noms anciens et modernes des villes, ete. dans Vempire chinots (1842), translated from the Mi 1 3 Kuang yi he [see Bot. sin., I, p. 69], also does not give the names of the provinces, nor are they given in Puayrair’s Cities and Towns of China (1879). 1— E Anlu. Pie lu. Early Han: hien. Now: Hu pei, Te an fu. 2.—# An tung. Cun‘en Ts‘anc-x‘t. Sung: chou. Now: Kiang su, Huai an fu, An tung hien. 3.—M Chang an. T‘ao Hunc-x1na. Later Han: Aen. Tsin dynasty : /ien, depending 9 Lin hai kiin [see infra, 192]. Now: Che kiang, Tai chou fu. APPENDIX. 555 4.—i FU Chang wu. Pie lu. Later Han: hien, depending on Pu hai kiin [see infra, 262]. Now: Chili, Tien tsin fu, Ts‘ang chou. 5.— 3 7H Chang te. Su Sune. Wu tai: fu. Now: Ho nan, Chang te fu. 6.—Fe HZ Chang an. T‘ao Huna-xine and K‘ou Tsuna-sut, Ancient capital of China during the Han and Tang dynasties. Now; Shen si, Si an fu. 7.— & BH Ch‘ang yang. Pie lu. Early Han: hien. T'ang: hien. Now: Shan tung, Teng chou fu, Lai yang hien. 8.—# [lj Ch‘ang shan. Pie lu. Han and Tsin: kin. Now: Chi li, Cheng ting fu. There is also a mountain of this name. See Medicinal plants, 141, 9.— 8H] fF Chao sien. Pie lu. Ancient name for Corea since the Han dynasty and still in use, 10.—}ff Che. Su Suna and K‘ou Tsune-sat. We meet also with the terms — }f Rh Che or jig $f Liang Che, both meaning “the two Che,” two provinces (lu) of China in the Sung period, wz. }f Py BE Che si lu (Western Che) and jf 3 J Che tung lu (Eastern Che), corresponding to present Che kiang and a part of Kiang su. 11.—if' }# Chen ting. Pie lu. Early Han: kuo. Now: Chi li, Cheng ting fu. 12.—2 Jp} Ch‘en chou. T‘ao Huna-Kinea [ Med. plants, 314]. Not ascertained. 13,.— Ch‘en liu. Pie lu. 5 tia kim, Now: Ho nan, K'ai feng fu, Ch‘en liu hien. 14, Ch‘en ts‘ang. Pie lu. recep hien. Nests Shen si, Feng siang fu, Pao ki hien, 556 BOTANICON SINICUM. 15.—f Ji] Cheng chou. Su Kune and Su Suna. T’ang: chou, Sung: chou. Now: Ho nan, K‘ai feng fu, Cheng chou. 16.—8f Jj Cheng shan. Pie lu. - According to T‘ao Huna-xKina (Med. plants, 12] same as Nan cheng. See 226. 17.—f® Ch‘eng. T‘ao Huno-xrna. Ancient name for Ho nan. See W.D., 31. 18.—]K Jp] Ch‘eng chou. Su Kune and Su Suna, Trang, Sung: chou. Now: Kan su, Kie chou, Cheng hien. 19.—K 7# FE Ch‘eng te kiin. Su Suna. Not ascertained. 20.—AK BR Ch‘eng hien. Pie lu. Early Han: Aien, in Tung hai kiin. See 372. Now: Shan tung, Yen chou fu, I hien. 21.—H5 Ih] Ch‘i chou. Su Suna. T'ang and Sung: chow. Now: An hui, Ch‘i chon fu. 22.—2e FE Chu yai. Pie Iu [ Med. plants, 118), Later Han: hien. Now: Island of Hai nan, K‘iung chou fu. | 23.—& Jp] Ch‘u chou. Su Sune. T‘ang and Sung: chou. Now: Che kiang, Ch‘u chou fu. 24.—78 Chu (Ts‘u) and 4 #44 Ch‘u ti (country). Pie lu. Wu Pv. er A large feudal state in the Chou dynasty occupying — present Hu nan and Hu pei. Same as #fij King. See 145. 25.—3% JP] Chu chon. Sv Sune. T'ang and Sung: chou.. Now: An hui, Ch‘u chou. 26.—Jij Ch‘uan. Sv Sune and Li Satcuen. 7 Su Suna writes also Jj] %} Ch‘aan Shu or % jij Sha Ch‘uan and Jj] pj Ch‘uan si, All these names denote the western part of present Sz ch‘uan. Comp. also 4 Shu [292] and F3 Pa [235], which denotes the eastern part of present APPENDIX. | 557 Sz ch‘uan and is also termed Mi] 3 Ch‘uan tung, Lr Sm CHEN [P., XXXII, 2, article Bj AR] states:—Jj} Ch'van is a general name for Pa and Shu. This country is also called PY Jjj Sz ch‘uan (the four rivers), for four large rivers run through it, wz. the jig AK Min shui, YE 7 T’o shui, 3% 7k Hei (black) shui and FI 7K Pai (white) shui. These are the four principal affluents of the Yang tsz‘ from the north. The Hei shui (otherwise called Kia ling) flows into the great river at Ch‘ung k‘ing fu [or according to modern maps it is an affluent of the Kia ling], the To shui at Lu chou and the Min shui at Sii chou fu.—The Pai shui seems to be the Ya lung kiang. 27.—HE jji Chuang lang. Lt Sut-cuen. Now: Kan su, Liang chou fu, Chuang lang t‘ing. 28.—#&% Hg Chung nan. Han Pao-suena. A famous mountain in Southern Shen si, mentioned in the Shi king. Also Sung: hien. Now: Shen si, Si an fu, Chou chi hien, 29.—$F [lj Chung shan. Wo P‘v. Name of a mountain in Kiang su, Kiang ning fu. Also: Sui, T‘ang: hien. Now: Ho nan, Ju ning fa, Sin yang chou. 30.—H 4. Chung mou. Pie lu and T‘ao Hune-K1Na. Early Han: hien. Now: Ho nan, K‘ai feng fu, Chung mou hien. 31.— Chung shan. Pie lu. ele is inandoued in the Tso ch‘uan.— Early Han: kuo. Now: Chi li, Ting chou.—T‘ao Hune-Kine [ Med. plants, 138] says it was in Tai [321], which was in N. Shan si. 32.—Ft BE Chang t'ai. Pie lu [ Med. plants, 313]. Not ascertained. 33.—Fft HE Chung yo. Pie lu. a “oe fie: Sede mountains, same as Sung shan [énfra, 317]. 558 BOTANICON SINICUM. 34.—Hp Je Chung yiian. Pre lu. A name for Ho nan. See W.D., 1133. 35.— FB Jp] Fang chou. Su Kune, Caane Yi-si and Su Sune. Tang and Sung: chou. Now: Hu pei, Yiin yang fu, Fang hien. 36.—Ph Be Fang ling. Pie lu. Karly Han: hien. Now: Hu pei, Yiin yang fu, Fang hien. 37.—FR B Fei wu. Pie lu. According to the Zi tai, etc. the name appears first in the Sui dynasty: hien. Now: Sz ch‘uan, Tung ch‘uan fu, Chung kiang hien. 38.—¥} HH] Fen chou. Cux‘ew Ts‘anc-K‘t and Su Sune. Tang and Sung: chou. Now: Shan si, Feng chou fu. 39.—]8, Jp] Feng chou. Sv Suna. T'ang: chou. Now: Shen si, Han chung fu, Feng hien. 40.—i8 Wf Fengi. Pie lu. One of the three prefectures of Ch‘ang an, to the N.E. of the capital. See infra, 265, San fu. 41.—#$ BH Feng kao. Pie lu. Early Han: hien. Now: Shan tung, T‘ai an fu. 42.—3% #f Fou tu. Su Suna. Not ascertained. Perhaps }% J}] Fou chou, which name exists since the Wu tai period. Now: Sz ch‘uan, Ch‘ung king fu, Fou chou. 43.—B9 Jp] Fu chou. Su Kuna and Su Sune. T'ang and Sung: chou. Now: Shen si, Fu chou. 44.—% fi, Fu feng. Tso Huna-Kine. One of the three prefectures of Ch‘ang an, to the N.W. of the capital. See infra, 265, San fu. 45.—{ & Fukao. Pie lu. Not ascertained. APPENDIX. 559 46.—}& Jp] Fu chou. Su Suna. Tang and Sung: chou. Now: Fu kien, Fu chou fu. 47.—iis tk BR Fu lu hien. Han Pao-suena. Later Han: hien, Tang: hien. Now: Kan su, Su chou fu, Kao t‘ai hien. 48.—Ye Jp] Hai chou. Su Sune. T'ang and Sung: chou. Now: Kiang su, Hai chou. 49.—#$ Yf Hai pin. Pre lu [ Med. plants, 189]. Hai pin means “sea-shore.” The Pie lu intends a locality. In the Li taé, ete. the name Hia pin appears first in the Liao dynasty: hien. Now: Chi li, Yung p‘ing fu, Fu ning hien. 50.— Yat Pi Hai si. Pre lu. Early Han: hien. Now: Kiang su, Hai chou. 51.— yy Bl Hai yen. Ta Mine [10th cent.]. Early Han, T'ang and Sung: hien. Now: Che kiang, Kia hing fu, Hai yen hien. °2.—y# Han. Su Kune and Su Sune. Han is the name of a river in Shen si and Hu pei, a northern tributary of the Yang tsz‘.—Han was also an ancient name for Sz ch‘uan. Liu Pane, the founder of the Han dynasty [B.C. 202], was prince of #@ Han, which principality comprised % Shu and P§ Pa (Western and Eastern Sz ch‘uan). In the San kuo period [3rd cent.) 4%} Shu Han was one of the three kingdoms and occupied present Sz ch‘uan. 53.— Han chou. Su Sune. oe wh Sung: chou. Now: Sz ch‘uan, Ch‘eng te fu, Han chou. : 54.—3# rs Han chung. Pie lu and T‘ao Hune-Krve. Ts‘in and Han: province occupying the eae of present Shen si (Han chung fu, etc.) and the N.W.o Hu pei. 560 BOTANICON SINICUM. 55.—PR] 4 Han ku. Pie lu. In Han ku Lao 182‘ wrote his Tao te king. See W.D., 168. The name was in use during the Ts‘in dynasty. Now: Ho nan, Shen chou, Ling pao hien. Comp. also infra, 359, Ts‘in kuan. 56.—HB ih Han tan. Pie lu and Wu Pv. Ts‘in: kan, Han: hien. Now: Southern Chi li, Kuang p‘ing fu and Cheng te fu. 57.—#® 4 [lj Han shi shan. Wo Pv. Not ascertained. 58.—Ai, Hang or Fi Ih Hang chou. Su Suna. T'ang and Sung: chow. Now: Che kiang, Hang chou fu. 59.—e Hao. Su Sune. T‘ang and Sung: chou. Now: An hui, Feng yang fu. 60.—3% JK Hei shui. Tso Huxe-xrnc. Name of one of the northern afluents of the Yang tsz‘ LY. supra, 26] in 8. Kan su and N.K. Sz ch‘uan. The Hei shui is mentioned in the Ya kung or Tribute of Emperor Yi. 61.— iy Ly Heng shan, Pie lu and Su Suna. One of the five sacred mountains of China, in Hu nan. —Also name of a district. Tsin, T‘ang and Sung: (ven. Now: Hu nan, Heng chou fu, Heng shan hien. 62.— Gk J] Hi chou. Sv Suna. oe Tang and Sang: chou. Now: An hui, Hui chou fu. | 63.— fF Ri Hia Pei. Pie lu. Early Han: hien. Now: Kiang su, Sii chou fu, P%ei chou. 64.—FK Ih] Hia chou, also written Ibe Jf]. Su Kune and Haw Pao-suenc, T'ang and Sung: chou. Now: Hu pei, I ch‘ang fu. 65.— eR BB Hien yang. P%e lu. Hien yang was the residence of Ts‘tn Sur Hvuano-tl [B.C. 221]. It was situated hear ancient Ch‘ang an. T'ang: jen. Now: Shen si, Sian fu, Hien yang hien. APPENDIX. 561 66.—S& J}] Hing chou. Su Sune. Tang and Sung: chou. Now: Shen si, Han chung fu, Lo yang hien. 67.— Bj Hing kuo. Su Sune. 7 Sung: Hf kun. Now: Hu pei, Wu ch‘ang fu, Hing kuo chou. 68.—A 7c If Hing yiian fu. Su Sune. T'ang and Sung: fu. Now: Shen si, Han chung fu. 69.—HE He Hiung rh. Pie lu. Name of a mountain in Ho nan, 8.W. of Shen chou. Also Sui: hen. Now: Ho nan, Ho nan fu, Yung ning hien. 69b.—4> Jp] Ho chou. Su Kune and Su Sune. T'ang: chou. Now: Sz ch‘uan, Ch‘ung k‘ing fu, Ho chou. 70.— ij Ho p‘u. Nan fang ts‘ao mu chuang. Han: kiin. South-west part of Kuang tung province. There is now Ho p‘u hien in Lien chou fu. 71.—¥] )p] Ho chou. Su Sune. T‘ang and Sung: chou. Now: An hui, Ho chou. 72.— jij Ho. Su Sune. Ho, the Yellow River. The provinces near it, as Ho pei, Ho nan, Ho tung and Ho nei [see 78, 76, 80, 77] are likewise termed Ho. 73.—jiJ Jp] Ho chou. Su Sune. T‘ang and Sung: chow. Now: Kan su, Lan chou fu, Ho chou. 74.—jaJ 4 Ho chung and jaf Ht ff Ho chung fu. Su Kona and Su Sune. T‘ang and Sung: fu. Now: Shan si, Pfu chou fu. 75.—ja] fi] Ho.kien. Pie lu. Han: iin. Now: Chi li, Ho kien fu. 71 562 BOTANICON SINICUM, 76.—¥i] Fj Ho nan. Pie lu. Early Han: kin. Now: Ho nan fu in Ho nan province. The name Ho nan as that of a province dates from the Mongol period. 77.—¥aJ FY Ho nei. 9 Pre lu. Han: kin, occupied South-east Shan si and North Ho nan. —Ho nei hien is now a district dependent on Huai k‘ing fu. 78.—fij 4G Ho pei. T‘ao Hune-xine, Su Kune and Su Suna. Early Han: hien. Now: Shan si, Kie chou, Jui ch‘eng hien. In the Tang and Sung periods Ho pei was the name of a province (tao) and occupied South Chi li and West Shan tung. 79.—fi] PR Ho si. Pie lu. According to the History of the Later Han, Ho si (west of the Yellow River) comprised the districts §R RK Wu wei, ithe 8 Chang i, jj Ht Tsiu ts‘iian, 2% #4 Tun huang and 4 JR Kin ch‘eng, ive. present Kan su from Lan chou fu to An sichou. Tou Yung [t A.D. 62. See Mayers’ Chin. ht. Man., 679] was Viceroy of Ho si. 80.—fif ¥f Ho tung. Pie lu and Su Suna. Ts‘in and Han: kin. South-west corner of present Shan si. The province Ho tung in the T‘ang and Sung periods occupied almost the whole of present Shan si. 81.—jn] BH Ho yang. Sv Suna. Early Han, T‘ang and Sung: kien. Now: Ho nan, Huai k‘ing fu, Meng hien. 82.—#] FB Hu Jung. Lr Sut-cuen. Western Barbarians. North-east Tibet, Kukonor. 83.—3] Hu: Tho lakes, i.e. the lakes in Central China, especially the Tung t‘ing hu, and the provinces south and north of it, 3] #j Hu nan and ff 4& Hu pei or i) BE Hu APPENDIX, 563 kuang. All these appellations occur in the authors of the Sung period. In this period the present Hu kuang was divided into two provinces—Jf] #] fj King Hu nan and # ii) 4é King Hu pei. See infra, 147, 84.—i] Yi] Hu siang. Sv Suna. A name for present Hu nan. See 307, sub Siang. 85.—3é J] Hua chou. Su Kuna. T'ang and Sung: chou. Now: Shen si, T‘ung chon fa, Hua chou. 86.—3 [lj Hua shan. Pie lu. One of the sacred mountains of China, in Shen si, T‘ung chou fu, Hua yin hien. Also Pei Wei: kan. Now: Shen si, Téung chou fu. 87.—3# f Hua yin. Pie lv. Karly Han: hien. Now: Shen si, Tung chou fu, Hua yin hien. 88.—3# Jai Hua yiian. Su Kone. ae Sui, T'ang and Sung: hien. Now: Shen si, Si an fu, Yao chou. 89.—}#@ Huai. Su Suna. Namie of a great river in Mid China, between the Yang tsz‘ and the Yellow River. The name is also applied to the country north and south of it, present An hui and Kiang su. Huai is frequently coupled with Kiang [see 124], H6 7L Huai Kiang or also 77 }#é Kiang Huai. 90.—}£ FR Huai nan. Pre lu and Su Suna. The Huai nan of the Early Han meet —_ i the Yang tsz‘ an part of present Kiang su between ne Se 4 Huai river. It was the Jf BE Hf} Kuang nee a ea the celebrated Liv An or Huai NAN WANG [t B. Ke : the feudal prince. [See Mayurs’ Chin. R. Man., 412. ‘ ; Tsin ; Huai nan kin, Now: An hui, Feng yang tu. 564 BOTANICON SINICUM. T'ang and Sung: Huai nan, name of a province oceupy- ing the southern part of present An hui and Kiang su, ie. the land between the Yang tsz‘ and the Huai. 91.—} B% Huai yang. Pie lu. Early Han: kuo. Now: Ho nan, Ch‘en chou fu. Nan Sung: kin. Now: Kiang su, Huai an fu. 92.—}fé J Huai yiian. Pie lu. In the Li tai, ete. this name is first mentioned in the Sui period: Aven. Now: Ho nan, Ju ning fu, Sin yang chou. 93.—E8 Yh] Huai chou. Su Suna. T‘ang and Sung: chou. Now: Ho nan, Huai k‘ing fa. 94.— Bt Huai k‘ing. Sv Sune [Med. plants, 101]. According to the Li tai, etc. this name appears first in the Yiian period: Ju (prefecture). Now: Ho nan, Huai k‘ing fu. 95.— i HA Huai li. Pie lu. Name of an ancient capital of China. “ Bamboo annals” [Lecer’s Shu king, Proleg., 152]:—King E [ B.C. 934-909] removed to Huai li. In the Later Han Huai li was the chief city in the prefecture of #F # Ja, Yu Fu feng. Now: Shen si, Si an fu, Hing p‘ing hien. 96.—34 #2 Huang tse. Su Sune (Med. plants, 51]. Not ascertained. 97.—44 JP] Hui chou. Wan Ki [16th cent. ]. Now: An hui, Hui chou fu. 98.—€ #H Hui ki. Pie lu and Tao Huna-K1va. Hui ki was originally the name of the capital of the ancient kingdom of Yiie [v. infra, 418}. Ts‘in : province, Eastern Che kiang and Southern Kiang Sou. | Han and Tsin: kun. Now: Che kiang, Shao hing fu, APPENDIX. 565 99.—#f, #2 Hung nung. Pie lu. Early Han: hin. In the North-west part of Ho nan, Ho nan fu and Shen chou, and Shen si, Hua chou. 100.—2@ [lj Huo shan. Pie lu. According to T‘ao Hune-xine [ Med. plants, 266] this is the same ag the Heng shan mountain in Hu nan. See 61. 101.—J J} I chou. Haw Pao-snene. T'ang and Sung: chow. Now: Chi li, I chou. 102.—#z Jp} I chou. Pie lu, Wu P'v and Tao Hune- KING. : In the Han period I chou, name of a province, occupying present Sz ch‘uan, a part of Kuni chon and Yiin nan. I chou was then also the name of a kén = present Yiin nan.—Tsin dynasty: I chou, name of a province = present Sz ch‘uan and part of Kui chon. ! 103.—¢¥¢ Jf] I chou. Su Kuve and Su Sona. Tang and Sung: chou. Now: Kuang si, K‘ing yiian fu. 104.—4¥ # I tu. Tao Hune-x1ve. Tsin: kin. Now: Hu pei, King chou fa, I tu hien and I ch‘ang fu. 105.—&Z Ppf Ichou. Su Kone. T'ang: chou. Now: Sz ch‘uan, Lung an fu. 106.—YFf #p[ I chou. Su Sune. T‘ang and Sung: chou. Now: Shan tung, I chou fu. 107.—3§ BR BR I yang hien. T‘ao Hunc-Kine. Tsin : Aven. Now: Honan, Nan yang fu, Tung po hien. 108.— fF BR BS I yang hien. K‘ou TsuNG-SHI. Tang: hien. Now: Ho nan, Ho nan fu, Sung hien. The present I yang hien lies east of Sung hien. 109.—B# Jp] Jao chou. K‘ou TsUNG-SHI. ; T‘ang and Sung: chou. Now: Kiang 51, Jao chou fa. 566 BOTANICON SINICUM. 110.—7 FR Ju nan. Pie lu. Karly Han: kin. Now: Ho nan, Ju ning fu. 111.—}J J] Jun chou. Su Kune and Su Suna. T’ang and Wu tai: chou. Now: Kiang su, Chen kiang fu, Tan t‘n hien. 112.—3¥ Pf] Jung chou. Su Sune. T'ang and Sung: chou. Now: Sz ch‘nan, Sii chou fu. 113.— qj Jp] K‘ai chou. Su Kune. T'ang : chou. Now: Sz ch‘uan, K‘ui chou fu, K‘ai hien. 114.— Ff #& Kan sung. T‘ao Huna-xrna. Nan Ts‘i: kan. Now: Sz ch‘uan [unknown in what part of it]. 115.—#% YR Kao ch‘eng. Pie lu. Karly Han: jien. Now: Chi li, Cheng ting fa, Kao ch‘eng hien. 116.—¥5 BB Kao li. Tao Huna-xrne. Northern part of present Corea. Mentioned in the Chinese annals since the 5th century. 117.—# F& Kao liang or #% Yi Kao liang. Pie lu. Karly Han: hien. Now: Kuang tung, Ch‘ao king fa, Yang kiang hien. Bror [56] identifies Kao liang with Kao chou fu, which lies west of Yang kiang hien. 118.—55 [lj Kao shan. Pie lu, Early Han: hien. In present Kiang su [unknown in what part of it]. | 119.—¥ Jf] Ki chou. Tao Huna-x1na and Su Sune. Han: province = Northern Chi li—T‘ang and Sung: chou. Now : Ki chou in Chi li, 120.—it Ih] KS chou. Su Kuna. Sui: chou. Now : Shen si, Feng siang fu [see Brot, 23]. ie APPENDIX, 567 121.—i8j Yh} KS chou. Li Sur-onen. Now: Hu pei, Huang chou fu, K4 chou. 122.—$% J}] Kia chou. Su Sune. Tang and Sung: chou. Now: Sz chtuan, Kia ting fu. 123.—%& | Kiang chou. Su Sune. T‘ang and Sung: chou. Now: Shan si, Kiang chou. 124.—yf, Kiang. Su Kune and Su Sune. Kiang is the Chinese name of the great river in Mid China, which Europeans are accustomed to term Yang tsz‘ Kiang. It denotes also the provinces of Mid China, situated south of the Yang tsz‘. Southern Sung and Nan Ts‘i: 7 Kiang or yf Jf] Kiang chou, name of a province, occupying modern Kiang si and a part of Fu kien and Hu pei. The Pie lu, Kuo P‘o and T‘ao Huna-xine use the name 7 fj Kiang nan (South of the Kiang) to designate the regions south of the Kiang. The term 7 3 Kiang tung (East of the Kiang) in the San Kuo period [3rd cent.] referred to the eastern pet of the same regions, ¢.e. Southern An hui, Kiang su, Che kiang. In the T‘ang period 7f fj Kiang nan was a - Province (tao) occupying present Hu nan, Kiang si, Southern An hui and Kiang su, Che kiang, Fu kien. In A.D. 734 Kiang nan was divided into two provinces—7. ig Py a Kiang nan si (western) tao and 3f 2 Hi 3a Kiang nan tung (eastern) tao. The latter occupied present Fu kien, Che Kiang and the southern part of Kiang su.—The some. wanes subsisted during the Sung dynasty, only the provinces of much smaller. jr 7 Pa BH Kiang nan st lu correspon Kiang to to present Kiang si and 7c Hi HK BB Kiang nan tung lu the southern half or An hui. . oe The terms 7¢ Py Kiang si and ZY # Kiang yu (rig hand), frequently used by the authors of the T‘ang and Sung, 568 BOTANICON SINICUM. have the same meaning as jt fj Py Kiang nan si,—and YC 3% Kiang tung or 7¢ # Kiang tso are used for yf Hj # Kiang nan tung. ! Now 7¥. #4 Kiang nan means the provinces of An hui and Kiang su. 125.—jx. Jp] Kiang chou. Su Sune. T'ang and Sung: chou. Now: Kiang si, Kiu kiang fu. 126.—jv. Kiang hia. Pie lu. Karly Han: kin. Now: Hu pei, Te an fu. 127.—¥f. HK Kiang lin mountains. Pie lu. According to T‘ao Hune-xine [Med. plants, 141] same as Kiang yang mountains [see 130]. 128.—Y7. Hf Kiang ling fu. Su Sune. T'ang and Sung: fv. Now: Hu pei, King chou fu. 129.—7f % Kiang ning. T‘so Hune-xine, Cu‘En Ts‘Ane- K‘I and Su Suna. Tsin: hien, Sui: ihren, Sung: ju. Now: Kiang su, Kiang ning fu (Nan king). 130.—3r. Kiang yang. T‘ao Huna-xwwe. Early Han: kien, Tsin: kin. Now: Sz ch‘uan, Lu chou. _ Also Nan Song: fan. Now: Sz ch‘uan, Mei chou, Peng shan hien. 131.—3§ Kiang. Pie lu and T‘ao Huna-Kna. North-east Tibet, Kukonor. ‘See 800, Si K‘iang. 132.—#@_ Kiao or 3% J] Kiao chou. Pie lu, T‘ao Honc- KING and Sv Kone. % WILLIAMS [ Dict., 362] is wrong in translating YL 44 and 21 Zt by south and north sides or right and left banks of the Yang tsa’ river. Right and left (or west and east) are here to be understood as referring t0 Kiang nan or the country south of the Kiang and in the same sense as 10 A Shan yu, the province of Shan si, and [lJ Zé Shan tso, the province of Shan tung. See W.D, 1002, APPENDIX. 569 Han: province = Present province of Kuang tung and part of Kuang si. San kuo, Tsin and Nan si: province = South-west part of Kuang tung. 133.—% fit Kiao chi. Pie Iu and T‘ao Hune-xK1na, Ancient name for Cochinchina. Han period, 134.—# [lj K‘iao shan. Pie lu, A mountain in Shen si. See Med. plants, 86. 135.— ff Jp] Kie chou. Su Sune. Early Han: hien. Wu taiand Sung: chou. Now: Shan si, Kie chou. 136.—gi] f{j Kien nan. Su Kuna. T‘ang: name of a province occupying the greater part of present Sz ch‘uan. 157.—3# fF Kien k‘ang. Li Sui-cuen. Capital of the Tsin dynasty [A.D. 317]. Now: Nan king in Kiang su. 138.—##t 2 Kien ning. L1 Sar-cuey. Yiian: lu, Ming: fu. Now: Kien ning fu, in Fu kien. 139.— xt +f: Kien p‘ing. T‘ao Hune-K1Ne. Tsin: kin. Now: Hu pei, Shi nan fu and a part of Kui chou fu in Sz ch‘uan. In the Han dynasty Kien p‘ing was in Ho nan, now Kui te fu. Nan Ts‘i: Kien p‘ing in Yiin nan. 140.—t #3 Kien wei. Pie lu. Hoe Early Han: han. Part of present Sz eh‘uan : Kia ting fu, Sii chou fu, ete., and north-east corner of Yiin nan. 141.—™4 Kien. Su Suna. - Tfang and Sung: chou. Northern part of prese Province Kui chou [Sz‘ nan fu, ete. ]. 72 570 BOTANICON SINICUM. 142.—34 Hs K‘ien chung. Han Pao-snenc. Ts‘in: province= W. part of present Hu xan and E. Kui chou. T'ang: province. About the same extent. 143.— Ih] Kin chou. Su Kune and Su Sune. T‘ang and Sung: chou. Now: Shen si, Hing an fu. 144.—K J] K‘in chou. Su Sune and La Sar-cuen. Sung: chou. Now: Kuang tung, Lien chou fu, Ling shan hien. Present K‘in chou lies south of Ling shan hien. 145.—3j K‘ing, an ancient feudal state, same as #€ Ch‘u [see above, 24]. The Shi king writes #j # King Ch‘u, as does also the Pie lu. It corresponds to the present provinces Hu nan and Hu pei and to King chou in the Tribute of Yii. 146.—$J Jp] King chou. Pie lu, Su Kuna and Su Sune. King chou was one of the ancient nine provinces, as enumerated in the Tribute of Yu, Hu nan, Hu pei and a part of Ho nan. King chou was a province, of about the same extent, during the Han, Tsin and Sui. Since the Wu tai period King chou name of a prefecture. Now: King chou fu in Hu pei. 147.—3ij ¥} King hu. Su Sune. Name of two provinces in Central China during the Sung dynasty, viz. :— HW 4b King hu pei (northern) = North Hu nan and greater part of Hu pei. HH) 341 Ha King hu nan (southern) = South Hu nan. 148.—3#jf fj King nan. Sv Sune. Probably King hu nan [see 147]. 149.— $j [lj King shan. Pie Lu. Not found in Li tai, ete. Bror [81] says :—King shan, APPENDIX. 571 an old city founded in the Liang dynasty in present An hui, Feng yang fu, north of Huai yiian hien. Su Kuye [Med. plants, 152] mentions A IL) BR King shan hien, a district in Siang chou in Hu pei [see 305). Not in the Li tai, ete. 150.— FF Jk King chao. Pie lu. One of the three prefectures which comprised and surrounded the imperial city Ch‘ang an [Shen si, Si an fu] in the time of the Early Han. Sce 265, San fu. 151.—F [J King k‘ou. According to the Kuang yii ki, 5 1 $i Kin k‘ou chen was an ancient name for Chen kiang fu in Kiang su. 152.—Fy Ye King Lo. K‘ou Tsune-sat. A name for Lo yang, the ancient capital of China, in Honan. See 201. 153.—3 Jp] King chou. Su Kuna. T‘ang and Sung: chou. Now: Kan su, King chou. 154.—Jy if Kin chen. Pie lu. Han: kin. In the northern part of Cochinchina. 155.—Jy EE Kiui. Pie lu. Name of a mountain. Kiang si, Yian chou fu. 156.—Jy A Kiu kii. Pie lu. Not ascertained. 157,— iu yiian. Li SHI-cHEN. ideale née north-west corner of the Ordos. : Han: hien. North of the Ordos in ¥ jf #5 Wu yuan kiin, ; ae 158.— ff] Kuan, B4 At Kuan chung. Sv Kune an Sune 4 ‘ brated defile Kuan =a pass or barrier. Here the celebra >i - iz T‘ung kuan in Shen si, near the ee the os River, is meant. Kuan chung means “within the pass. 572 BOTANICON SINICUM, term was also used in the Ts‘in dynasty to designate Shen si and Kan su. Kuan is frequently used for Kuan chung. 4% pi Kuan si (west of the barrier) has the same meaning. ij A} Kuan nei (within the barrier) was the name of a province during the T‘ang dynasty occupying the greater part of present Shen si and Eastern Kan su. K‘ou Tsune-saz uses the term Y fe Kuan Shen for Shen si. 159.—% Jp] Kuan chou. Su Sune. Sung. chou. Now: Kuang si, K‘ing yiian fu, Nan tan chou. According to Bror [251] Kuan chou, in the Sui dynasty, __ was in Chi li, present Tung kuan hien in Ho kien fu. 160.—§ Kuang or J] Kuang chou. T‘aso Hune-K1ne, Su Sune and Lr Sar-cuen. Tsin : Kuang chou, name of a province comprising the greater part of present Kuang tung and Kuang si. Since the Tang dynasty the name Kuang chon is applied to present Kuang chou fu or Canton. Nowadays J Kuang means the provinces of Kuang tung and Kuang si, also jfj BE Liang (two) Kuang. 161.—}# # Kuang Han. Pie lu. Early Han: kin. In present Sz ch‘uan, occupying Ch‘eng tu fu, Pao ning fu, Lung an fu, T‘ung ch‘uan fu and Mien chou. 162.—}# ij Kuang nan. Sv Sune. Sung: province. Present Kuang tung and part of Kuang si. 163.—JE Jp] Kuang chou. Su Suna. T'ang, Sung, Yiian and Ming: chou. Now; Ho nan, Kuang chou, APPENDIX, 573 164.—## Jp] Kui chou. Tso Hunc-xine and Su Kune, Liang and T'ang: chou. Now: Kuang si, Kui lin fu. 165.—€ $f Kui lin. Pie lu and On‘ew Ts‘anc-xt, Ts‘in: province. North-east part of m of which Kui lin fu is now the capital, 166.—4E 3% Kui ling. 303. ] odern Kuang si, Cu‘en Ts‘anc-K‘t [Med. plants, Mountain chain in Kuang si, On Kuaprorn’s map it is marked east of P‘ing lo fu. 167.—f£ B Kui yang. Pie lu and T‘ao Hune-xrna. Karly Han: hin. South-east part of Hu nan and a part of Kuang tung province. Tsin : Aéen, dependent on Shi hing kiin [see 289]. Now : Hu nan, Kui yang chou. 168.—i5 Ji] Kui chou. Han Pao-suene. Tang and Sung: chou. Now: Chi li, Siian hua fu, Huai lai hien, 169.— $F Jp| Kui chou. Su Sune. T‘ang and Sung: chou. Now: Hu pei, I ch‘ang fu, Kui chou, 170,—3§8 J}h} K‘ui chou. Su Sune. T‘ang and Sung: chou. Now: Sz ch‘uan, K‘ui chou fu. 171.—#3 # Kun lun. Sv Kone. Name of a celebrated mountain chain north of Teh By the same name in ancient times [T‘ang period] & is 6 Pu lu Condor was designated. See my memoir on Arabs | 14]. 172.—35 J] Kiin chou. Su Suna. Bo T‘ang and Sung: chou. Now: Hu pei, Siang yang fu, Kiin chou. 173, — Kuo chou. Sv Kune. hy jie Now : Ho nan, Shen chou, Ling pao hien. 574 BOTANICON SINICUM. \ 174.— fj BB Lan ling. T‘ao Huneg-x1na. Han and Tsin: Aien. Now: Shan tung, Yen chou fu, I hien. Also Nan Sung: hien. Now: Kiang su, Ch‘ang chou fu. 175.—¥E fW Lan tien. Pre lu and Su Kuna. Early Han: hien, T’ang: hien. Now: Shen si, Si an fu, Lan t‘ien hien. 176.—§]§ BE Lang ling. Pie lu. Early Han: hien. Now: Ho nan, Ju ning fu, K‘io shan hien. 177.—%fa [lj Lang shan. T‘ao Hune-x1na. Early Han: hien. In the Tsin period it depended on I tu kiin [see 104]. Now: Hu pei, I ch‘ang fu, Chang yang hien. 178.—j} HR Lang ye. Pie lu. Han authors. Ts‘in: province. South-east part of Shan tung on the sea-shore. Han, Tsin and Sui: kin. Now: Shan tung, I chou fu. 179.—2F [Ij Lao shan. Cu‘en Tsz‘-mine [13th cent. ]. Nan Ts‘i: hien. Now: Hu pei, Te an fu. 180.— {lj Lao shan. Kai pao Pen ts‘ao. There is a mountain of this name in Shan tung, Lai chou fu. 181.— Hh Lei chi. Pie lu. Not ascertained. Probably identical with the next. 182.—H # Lei tse. Pie lu. Probably the marsh 4 BF Lei hia in Shan tung, Ts‘ao chou fu, P‘u chou, which is mentioned in the Tribute of Yii. In the Li tai, ete. we find Lei tse. Sui: hien. Now: Shan tung, Ts‘ao chou fu, P‘u chou. APPENDIX, 575 183.—BR BR Lihien. Tao Hune-xung, The Zi taz, etc. mentions a district of this name in the T‘ang period. Now : Ho nan, Nan yang fu, Nei hiang hien, 184.—Fi] }}| Li chou. K‘ai pao Pen ts‘ao. Tfang and Sung: chou. Now: Sz ch‘uan, Pao ning fu, Kuang yiian hien. Sung dynasty: Li chou, name of province (Ju). It occupied North-east Sz ch‘uan and South Shen si. 185.—{3 Jp| Li chou. Su Kune and Su Suna. T‘ang and Sung: chou. Now: Hu nan, Li chou. 186.— FR Li yang. Tso Hune-xina. Later Han: hien. Now: An hui, Ho chou. 187.—¥#k Liang, YB Jp{ Liang chou. Pie lu, Wu Pw and Su Kune. Liang chou was one of the nine provinces of ancient China mentioned in the Tribute of Yi: present Sz ch‘uan and parts of Hu pei and Shen si. In the Ch‘un ts‘iu period Liang was a small feudal state in present Shen si. Han, Tsin and Sui: Liang suo, subsequently hin. Now: Ho nan, Kui te fu. San kuo period, Tsin, Nan Sung and Sui: Liang chou, name of a province occupying North- east Sz ch‘uan, parts of Shen si and Hu pei. Pei Wei: Liang chou, a prefecture. Now: K‘ai feng fa in Ho nan. 188.—% 9 Liang Han. Ma Cut [ Med. plants, 228]. Probably Sz ch‘uan is meant. See Liang and Han. 189.—¥i Jf] Liang chou. ‘so Hunc-x1ve and Su Kuno. San kuo period: name of a province in the Wei kingdom. Southern Kan su.—T‘ang and Sung: prefecture, chou. Now: Kan su, Liang chou fu. 190.—3#% J] Liao chou. Han Pao-SHENG and Su Sune. T‘ang and Sung: chou. Now: Shan si, Liao chou. 576 BOTANICON SINICUM. 191.—3# Ht Liao tung. Pre lu. Ts‘in and Han: name for the country east of the Liao river, Southern Manchuria. : 192.—R YF Lin hai. T‘ao Huna-xina. Tsin :; kin. Now: Che kiang, T‘ai chou fu, Lin hai hien. 193.—R Hy Lin k‘ii. Pre lu. From the Early Han down to the present dynasty : hien. Now: Shan tung, Ts‘ing chou fu, Lin k‘ii hien. 194.—Pi }§ Lin tsz‘. Pie Iu and Su Kun. Since the Early Han: hAien. Now: Shan tung, Ts‘ing chou fu, Lin tsz‘ hien. 195.—s Ji] Ling chou. Han Pao-sHena. Since the T'ang period: chou. Now: Kan su, Ning hia fu, Ling chou. 196.—Z> (& Ling ling. Pie lu and Ma Cat. Karly Han: kiin, occupying a part of Hu nan, wz. Ch‘ang sha fu, Heng chou fu, Pao k‘ing fu, Yung chou fu and of Kuang si: Kuilin fu. T‘ang: chou. Now: Hu nan, Yung chou fu. 197.—$q fj Ling nan. Haw Pao-suenc and Su Sune. Ling nan means “south of the mountain range,” 1.é. the Mei ling range, etc. which separate the southern provinces (Kuang tung and Kuang si) from Mid China. These regions are sometimes also termed 4 Zé Ling piao, which has a similar meaning. T'ang dynasty: Ling nan, name of a province, éao, occupying present Kuang tung and Kuang si. 198.—] HR Liu ch‘eng. Su Suna. Sung and Yiian: hien. Now: Kuang si, Liu chou fu, Liu ch‘eng hien. Also Han and Tang: hien. Now: Chi li, Yung p‘ing fu. APPENDIX. - 597 199.—f9 Jf] Lia chou. Ca‘en Ts‘ane-nt and Hay Pao- SHENG. ; Tang and Sung: chou. Now: Kuang si, Liu chou fu. 200.—, # Liu an. Pie In. Early Han: kuo. Now: An hui, Liu an chou. 201.—}% Bh} Lo yang or simply ¥% Lo. Su Sue. The ancient (eastern) capital of the Han dynasty, near present Ho nan fu. During the Pei Wei dynasty it was a prefecture, ¥& JH Lo chou. 202.— #& Lu. Pie lu and Su Suna. Name of an ancient feudal state in South-west Shan tung, the native country of Conructus. 203.—#% pf Lu shan. Pie lu. Name of a mountain in Ho nan, Chang te fu. Tang : hien. Now: Ho nan, Ju chou, Lu shan hien. 204.— 9% Hh} Lu chou. Su Kuve and Su Sune. T’ang, Wu tai and Kin: chou. Now: Lu an fu in South-east Shan si. 205.—iB S$ Lu tai. Su Kuna. Not ascertained. 206.—}#¥ J] Lit chou. Su Sune. ee mee and Yiian: chou. Now: An hui, Lii chou fu. 207.— Li kiang. Pie lu. : a Rade nae . kin. Now: An hui, Li chou fu, Li kiang hien. 208.—}if BE Lii ling. Tao HunG-KING. Tsin : kan. Now: Kiang si, Ki an fu, Li: ling hien. 209.—Jag ply Lit shan. Mountain in Kiang 1 73 Su Suna. near Kiu kiang fu. 578 : BOTANICON SINICUM. 210.—ii J}] Lung chou. Su Kune and Su Sune. a T'ang and Sung: chou. Now: Kuang si, Tai ping fu, g Lung chou t‘ing. Also T’ang and Wu tai: chou. Now: Ss ch‘uan, Lung an fu. 211.—§H PY] Lung men. Pie lu. : According to T‘ao Hune-xre [ Med. plants, 110} north of Ch‘ang an or Si an fu in Shen si. | 212.—Hd FY wy Lung men shan. Li Sur-cuen [Med plants, 152]. A mountain in North China. 213.—f [lj Lung shan. Su Kune. Trang: Aven, which was in Chi li near present Peking. 214.— #8 YJ Lung tung. T‘ao Hune-x1na. Not ascertained. 215.—fig | Lung chou. Su Sune. Tang and Sung: chou. Now: Shen si, Feng siang fu, Lung chou. 216.—fij PA Lung si. Pie lu, Tao Huno-xine and Su Kune. : fg Lung was the name of a mountain in West Shen si, in Feng siang fu, Lung chou. Lung si, or West of Lum, was the name of a province in the Ts‘in dynasty. It occupied the middle part of present Kan su, the prefectures of Kung ch‘ang fu and Lan chou fu.—Han and Tsin: kan, T'ang: hien. There is now Lung si hien in Kung ch‘ang fa. 217.— jf] Man tung. Sv Sune. An ancient name for Nan tan chou in K‘ng ye Kuang si. See Bior, 135. 218. —F lj Mao shan. Tao Huwne-x1ne and Su Sune. f A celebrated mountain in Kiang su, south-east of Ki yung hien and Nan king. 219.—]§ Jp] Mei chou. Su Kuno, Su Suye and Lt CHEN. Tang and Sung: chou. Now: Sz ch‘uan, Mei chow: APPENDIX, 579 220.—-& Jf] Meng chou. Su Sune. Tang and Sung: chow. Now: Ho nan, Huai k‘ing fa, Meng hien. 221.—#8 Jp] Mien chou. Su Kone. T’ang: chou. Now: Sz ch‘nan, Mien chou. 222.—f§] Min. So Sune and Li Sut-cuen. Ancient name of the province of Fu kien. In the Ts‘in period it was fj 4 Min chung. 223.—1i8 Jp] Min chou. K‘ou Tsune-sar. Since the Sung period: chou. Now: Kan su, Kung ch‘ang fu, Min chou, | 224.—H Jif Ming chou. Su Suye. T'ang and Sung: chou. Now: Che kiang, Ning po fu. 225.—} BE Mou ling. Li Sar-cHEn. ; Early Han: hien. Now: Shen si, Sian fu, Hing pong hien. 226,—fj &K Nan cheng. Pie lw and T‘so Huna-KING. Early Han: hien. Now: Shen si, Han chung fu, Nan cheng hien. 227,.— By Fy Nan fang. Su Sone. : Nan fang means “Southern Region. By this term South China is generally understood, but sometimes also foreign southern countries. — i oe kin. Now: inre tung, peang chou fu (Canton). Nan hai properly means Southern Sea, and sometimes we have to understand by this ies the Indian Archipelago. [See Med. plants, 58.] ‘ ‘so HUNG-KING. 229,— fj fe Nan k‘ang- T‘ao er Tsin, Nan Sung and Sui: hain. Now: Kiang si, Kan chou fu. Pie lu and Li Sin. 580 BOTANICON SINICUM. Tsin and down to the Ming period: hien. Now: Kiang si, Nan an fu, Nan k‘ang hien. Sung: kin (@#), Yiian: lu, Ming: fu. Now: Kiang si, Nan k‘ang fu. 230.—pq Ij Nan shan. Su Kuna. Tfang: hien. Now: Kuang si, K‘ing yiian fu, Hin ch‘eng hien. It seems, however [ Med. plants, 109] that Su Kune by Nan shan (southern mountains) means a mountain chain in South Shen si, probably the Chung nan shan [supra, 28]. 231.—}ij By Nan yang. Pie lu and T‘ao Huna-K1na. Karly Han: kin. Now: Ho nan, Nan yang fu. 232.—fj BE Nan yao. Pie lu. According to T‘ao Hune-Kisq [Med. plants, 32] a locality in North-east Tibet. 233.—fH PR Nan Yiie. Wu Pv. An ancient name for South China first appearing in the Ts‘in period. Comp. Marquis p’Hervey pe Sr. Denys’ Ethn, d. peuples érang. Méridionaua [p. 807]. 234.—3# Jp] Ning chou. Tso Huna-xina, Su Kune and Han Pao-sHena. Tsin: Ning chou = province, present Ytin nan and part :, of Kui chou. Nan Sung: province, present Yiin nan and 8. Sz ch‘uan. : Tfang and Sung: chow (prefecture). Now: Kan st, — K‘ing yang fu, Ning chou. In the Sung period there was also a Ning chou in Sz ch‘uan. 235.—P4 Pa and FS #f Pa kiin. Pie lu. Ts‘in: iin, province. Eastern part of Sz ch‘uan.— Comp. also 26, Ch‘nan. 236.—B3 Pi Pa si (western). Pie lu and Su Kune. Tsin: kin, oceupied Pao ning fu, Shun king fu and Mien chou in Sz ch‘uan, : APPENDIX, 581 237.—P¥ 3 Pa tung (eastern). Tao Huna-xuva. Tsin : kin, occupied K‘ui chou fa in Bastern Sz ch‘nan and part of Hu pei. There is now in West Hu pei the district Pa tung hien depending on I ch‘ang fu. 238.—F] [lj Pai shan. Taso Hune-x1ne [Med. plants, 1 2]. A mountain near Nan king. 239.—FY 7K Pai shui. Pie lu. One of the four great rivers of Sz ch‘uan. See 26. Pai shui, Early Han: hien. Now: Sz ch‘uan, Pao ning fu, Chao hua hien. There is now a district Pai shui in T‘ung chou fu, Shen si. According to Bror [156] this name dates from the Ts‘in dynasty. 240.—K #& Pan k‘iao. T‘ao Huna-K1ve. From T‘ao Huna-xine [Med. plants, 100] it would appear that this locality was near Nan king. i In the Sung period there was a fort Pan k‘iao in Sz . ch‘uan, in present Lu chou fu. 241.—WY BB Pan yang. Pie lu. Early Han: Aien. Now: Shan tung, Tsi nan fa, Tsz‘ ch‘uan hien. 242,—4fq 22 Pao han. T‘ao Hunc-KINe. Early Han: hien. Now: Kan su, Lan chou fu, Ho . chou, 243,—JE Hn Pei kiin. T‘ao Huna-Kine. Not ascertained. Pv and T‘ao Hunc-kine. 244.— Pei pu. Wu I" : a kuin. Now: Mon chou in Sz ch‘uan. Pei Wei: hen. Now: Kie chou in Kan su. 245.— Pei ti. Su SuNc. oe ; Pei Rs Be « northern country, North China.” But in nasties there was a kin Pei ti which the Ts‘in and Han dynasties : : occupied K‘ing yang !, Ping liang fu, Ning hia fa in Kan su and a part of Shen st, 582 BOTANICON SINICUM. 246.—JE #h Pei tu. T‘ao Hune-x1na. In the T‘ang period Pei tu (northern capital) was a name for T‘ai yiian fu in Shan si. 247.—¥ by Pteng cheng. T‘ao Huna-K1na. Early Han and Trang: hien. Now: Kiang su, Si chou fu. 248.—}f Pien or Yf HF Pien king, also 7{ ¥% Pien liang, Su Sune. Tang and Wu tai: Jf Jf] Pien chou. During the Sung period it had the above names and was the capital of the Sung. Now: K‘ai feng fu in Ho nan. : 249.—}f PR Pien si or }} Hf Pi Pien king si (west of the capital). Su Sune and K‘ou Ts‘una-sut. Sung: name of a province (/u) = Ho nan and parts of Shen si and Hu pei. 250.—Jf Ht Pien tung or Yk Fr HF Pien king tung (east of the capital). Su Suna. Sung: name of a province (Iw) == present Shan tung. 251.—#4 or }f# Pin. Su Suna. Wu tai, Sung: chow. Now: Shan tung, Wu ting ft, Pin chou. 252.—7@ Jf{ Pin chou. Su Sune. T'ang: chou. Now: Kuang si, Sz‘ en fu, Pin chou. 253.—F£ Ji] Ping chou. T‘ao Huna-xinc, Han Pao- SHENG and Su Suna. Ping chou was one of the nine provinces in the Choa : dynasty, occupying North Shan si. Same during the Han and Tsin dynasties. Wu tai: Ping chou, a prefecture, not ascertained, gi : bably in Chi li. 204.—7§ & Ping ch‘ang. Authors of the Han and Te dynasties. Name applied during the Han, Nan Sung and Pei We . various districts in Shan tung, An hui, Chili, Ho nan and Shatit APPENDIX. 583 255.—2Z8 Jp] Ping chou. Hawn Pao-sHenc. T'ang, Wu tai, Sung and Kin: chow. Now: Chi li, Yung p‘ing fu, Lu lung hien. 256.—2£ 28 P‘ing shou. Pie lu. Early Han: hien. Now: Shan tung, Lai chou fu, Wei hien. 257.—28 fF Ping yang in 3H Tsin. Pie lu. Early Han: hien. Now: Shan si, Ping yang fu. 258.—28 J Ping yiian. Pie lu. Early Han: kin. Now: Shan tung, Tsi nan fu, P‘ing yuan hien. 259.—=% Po. Su Sune. Tang and Sung: chou. Now: An hui, Ying chou fu, Po chou. 260.—fif JB Po p‘ing. Su Kune and Su Sune. Early Han: hien, Tang: dien, Sung: hien. Now: Shan tung, Tung ch‘ang fu, Po p‘ing hien. 261.— 7 3 Po tsi. T‘sao Hune-Kie. An ancient kingdom in the south-west of Corea. First mentioned in the History of the Later Han. 52.—} hai, Pie lu. ee ee Now: Chi li, Tien tsin fu, Ts‘ang chou. 263.— je BA BR Pa yang hien. CHANG ota ; From the Early Han down to the Yiian period: /ien. Now: Chi li, Ta ming fa, —a | . Su Kune. ee ae ‘Now : P‘u chow fu in Shan si. 65,-o Fan 1sz‘ KI JAN. mer ueew surrounding and comprising the rial city Ch‘ang an of the Han dynasty :— 1.—#f Jk King chao [see 150]. —-9 HE # Feng i [see 40]. —- 3, fe MA Fa feng (see 44]. impe 584 BOTANICON SINICUM. 266.—yd Pp] Sha chou. Li Siw and Su Kune. T'ang: chou. Now: Kan su, An si chou, Tun huang hien. 267.—y% 3% Sha yiian. Pre lu and Su Sune. In the Li tai, etc. a place Sha yiian first appears in the Sung dynasty. It was in Shen si in T‘ung chou fu. 268.— lj fj Shan nan. Pie lu, K‘ai pao Pen ts‘ao and Li Sxi-cuen. Not found in the Li tai, ete. In the T‘ang period IL) Fi 34 Shan nan tao, name of a province south of the Ts‘ing ling mountains, i.e. Southern Shen si and part of Ho nan. 269.—|l] 3% Shan tung. Su Sune and K‘ou Tsune-sHl. Not ascertained for the Sung period. I do not think that the present province of Shan tung is meant. As applied to these regions, this name first appears in the geography of the Kin, in the 12th century. 270.—|Lj By Shan yang. Pie lu. Early Han: kin. Now: Shan tung, Tsi ning chou, Kin hiang hien. Also Early Han: hien. Now: Ho nan, Huai k‘ing fu, Siu wu hien. ; There is now a district Shan yang hien in Shen S- Shang chou. This name dates from the Ming period. The same name, now applied to a district in Huai an fa, Kiang su, can be traced. to the Nan Sung dynasty. 271.—{]j & Shan yin. Pie lu. Early Han: hien. Now: Che kiang, Shao hing f Shan yin hien. ar The present district Shan yin hien in Ta tung fa, Shan si, dates from the Kin period. 272.—_k # Shang ku. Pie lu. ) Ts‘in, Han, Tsin and Sui: kin. Now: North-west part of Chi li, west of Peking. APPENDIX. 585 273.—_f #§ Shang kiin. Pie Iu and T‘so Hune-Kive. Ts‘in, Han and Sui: kan. North-east part of Shen si, Yen an ‘fu, Yii lin fu. 274.— ¥ Shang lo. Pie lu. Karly Han: hien. Now: Shen si, Shang chou. 275.—_ #& Shang tang. Pie lu. Ts‘in, Han, Tsin and Sui: kan. South-east part of Shan si and Chang te fu in Ho nan. 276,— |. 2 BY Shang ts‘ai hien. Pre lu and Su Sune. Since Early Han: hien. Now: Ho nan, Ju ning fu, Shang ts‘ai hien. 277.—_ J Shang yii. Pie lu. | Karly Han: hien. Now: Che kiang, Shao hing fu, Shang yii hien. But Tao Huna-xiwe [Jfed. plants, 317] thinks that the Shang yii of the Pie lu is a locality near the Yellow River. 278,—pg Ih] Shang chou. So Kuve and Sv Sune. T'ang and Sung: chou. Now: Shen si, Shang chou. 279.—2g Jp] Shao chou. Su Kune and Su Sune. T‘ang and Sung: chou. Now: Kuang tung, Shao chou fu. 280.—2ZR BE Shao ling. T‘ao HUNG-KING. Ts‘in and Nan Sung: Ain. Now: Hu nan, Pao k‘ing fu. Shao shi. Pre lu. Be the Li tai, ete. According to the A.D. Shao shi is one of the peaks of the celebrated Sung kao shan mountain. [See (317.] Bat the Pie lu seems to keep the two names apart. [See Med. plants, 133.] 282.— Hr Jp] Shen chou. Hawn Pao-sHEne. ; T'ang and Wu tai: chou. Now: Ho nan, Ju ning fu, Sin yang chou. 74 586 BOTANICON SINICUM. The feudal state tf Shen of the Ch‘un ts‘in period was present Nan yang fu in Ho nan. 283.—[e JY Shen chou. Su Kune and Su Sune. Early Han: hien, T’ang and Sung: chou. Now: Ho nan, Shen chou. 284.— ie PR Shen si or simply fe Shen. Su Suna. Shen si, name of a province during the Sung dynasty. It comprised present Shen si and Kan su. The name Kan su as that of a province appears first in the Yiian dynasty. 285.—G bR Shi ch‘eng. Fie lu. : Early Han down to Nan Ts‘i: hien. Now: An hui, Ch‘i chou fu. The name Shi ch‘eng was applied in various times to many other districts in China, in Shen king, Shan si, Ho nan, Shen si and Sz ch‘uan. The present Shi ch‘eng hien, in Kiang si, Ning tu fu, dates from the Sung period, as does also the district of the same name in Kuang tung, Kao chou fu. 286.—7G JH Shi chou. Cx‘en Ts‘anc-K‘t and Su Sune. Tang, Sung and Kin: chow. Now: Shan si, Fen chou fu, Yung ning chou. 287.—4q Ij Shi shan. Pie lu. > Later Han: hou kuo (feudal state) in Lang ye kin [see 178] in South-east Shan tung. 288.—ff, JM Shi chou. Su Sune. T‘ang and Sung: chou. Now: Hu pei, Shi nan fu. 289.—#% ® Shi hing. Tso Hune-Kine. Tsin : kin. Now: Kuang tung, Shao chou fu. Nan Sung: hien. Now: Kuang tung, Nan hiung chou, Shi hing bien, Also Nan Sung: hien. Now: Sz ch‘uan, Sui ting fu. — APPENDIX. 587 290.—38 4] Shou chou. Su Suna. T'ang and Wu tai: chou. Now: An hui, Feng yang fu, Shou chou. 291.—3% #€ Shou ch‘un. Su Sune. Early Han : Iien. Tsin, Sui and T‘ang : Aen, Sung : fu, Yiian : hien. Now: An hui, Feng yang fu, Shou chou. 292.5} Shu. Pie lu and T‘ao HunG-KING. Western part of present Sz ch‘uan, Ts‘in : province. : he kingdom of Ch‘eng te fu, ete. In the San kuo period t ; Shu comprised nearly the whole of present Sz ch‘uan. ‘ ‘aan Su Sune uses the term 3g JJ] Shu ch‘uan or Wi Shu for Sz ch‘uan. [V. supra, 26.] _ G] in the T'ang and Sung 4 Pp] Shu chou [Su Son ; period was present Ch‘eng te fu, the capital of Sz ch‘uan. -KING and 293.— 3) 3 Shu Han. Pie lu, Tao Hone Su Suna. : Tn be San kuo period Shu Han was one of the three kingdoms and corresponds to present Sz ch‘van. 294,—2 J Shu chou. Su Sune. Tang and Wu tai: chou. Now: Ts‘ien shan hien. 295.— pq HR Si ch Sui : kan, Tang: An hui, An k‘ing fu, ‘eng. SU Kone. i. Now : Shen si, Hing an fu. 296.—pq Ji] Si ch‘uan. T’a0 Hone-xixe and Su Sexe. ‘an Si ch‘uan comprised ‘od of the Later Han oie fo ie K 7k Tien shui, #& 3e An ting, dt i a Wer Hao [f 33 A.D.] main- * ye ij, where Pei ti and Rif al — = Me independent sovereignty. See Chi 835. Si ch‘uan occupied the Mayers Chen. north-east part of Kan su. 588 BOTANICON SINICUM. Tsin: Aien. Now: Kan su, Ping liang fu, Ku yiian chou. According to Bior [p. 215] Si ch‘uan in the T’ang period was a name for Ch‘eng tu fu in Sz ch‘nan. 297.—P Ff Si fang. Su Kune [ Med. plants, 133}. Si fang means “ Western Regions.” It is not clear — whether Western China or Tibet is meant. | 298.— PW Ye Si hai. Pre lu. Si hai means “ Western Sea.” Name applied in various times to various localities. The famous Chinese general Crane K‘ten, who in the 2nd cent. B.C. first visited the countries of Western Asia, calls the Mediterranean Sea “Si hai.” Later Han, Si hai: Aien. Now: Shan tung, I chou fu, Ji chao hien. Tsin : kin. Now: Kan su, prefecture of Kan chou fu.— Sui: him. Near the Ts‘ing hai or Kukonor lake.—In the T‘ang period there was a district Si hai near present Turfan. 299.— Di i] Sihu. Su Kune [ Med. plants, 54}. Si hu= Western Lake, Probably the lake of this name near Hang chou fu in Che kiang is meant. 300.—p 56 Si (western) Kang or 3 K‘iang. T‘ao Hune-xine, Sc Kune and Li Sur-cuen, Ancient name [Han period] for the Tangut tribes living in North-east Tibet and Kukonor. 301.—Pq 28 Si ling. Pie lu. | Si ling, or Western mountain range, was, according to — T‘ao Hune-Kine [ Med. plants, 47], near ancient Ch‘ang an (Si an fu, Shen si), 302.—pij BH Si yang. T+so Hune-xine. Tsin : kin. Now: Hu pei, Huang chou fu. 303.— GH [ly Si shan. Shui king chou [5th cent. ]. | Si shan mountains in Wei hing [Shen si, Hing an fu. V. infra, 884}. See also Med. plants, 79. pes APPENDIX. 589 304. Jp] Si chou. Su Suva [daed. plants, 852]. Not found either in the Zi tai, ete. or Brot. 305,.—3¥ Siang, 3€ J}{ Siang chou. T‘ao Huye-xrve, Su Kune, Haw Pao-suene and Su Suye. Early Han : Siang hien, in present Ho nan province. Nan Ts‘i: Siang hien. Now: Shen si, Han chung fu. T‘ang and Wu tai: Siang chou. Now: Hu pei, Siang yang fu. 306.—3 BB Siang yang. T‘ao Huna-K1ne and Su Kune. Early Han: hien, Tsin, Nan Sung and Sui: fin, T'ang: hien, Sung t fai Now: Hu pei, Siang yang fu. 307.—}] J Siang chou. T‘ao Huna-KiNe. Nan Sung: Siang chou, name of a province. Present Hu nan. 308.—2 J] Siang chou. Ca‘en Ts‘anc-K‘T. T‘ang: chou. Now: Kuang si, Liu chou fu, Siang chou. 309.—2} 4 Sie ku. Pie lw and Han Pao-sHEnc [ Med. plants, 347]. ; According to T‘ao Hune-xixe [AMed. plants, 47] Sie ku was situated near Ch‘ang an (Si an fu, Shen si). 310.—3f Z Sin an. T’so HunG-K1ne. : Tsin: kin. Now: Che kiang, Yen chou fu, Shun an hien. The name Sin an was applied in different times to a great number of different districts in Ho nan, Hu pei, Sz ch‘uan, Yiin nan, Kuang tung, Shan si, Shan tung, An hui, Chi liand Kuichou. There are still three districts of this name extant, viz. in Chi li, Ho nan and Kuang tung. 311.37 9 Sin lo. Li Sty. Name of a kingdom in Southern Corea mentioned in the Chinese annals since the 4th century. 590 BOTANICON SINICUM. 312.—3f BF Sin ye. T‘ao Hunc-xne. Early Han and the subsequent dynasties, down to the Sui: hien. Now: Ho nan, Nan yang fu, Sin ye hien. 313.—}]f J Su chou. Haw Pao-sHEne. T‘ang: chou. Now: Kan su, Su chou fu. 314.—G§ Pp Sui chou. Su Sune. T'ang, Wu tai and Sung: chou. Now: Hu pei, Te an fu, Sui chou. 315.—¥ DR Siian ch‘eng. T‘ao Hune-Kine and Su Suna. Early Han: hien, Tsin and Sui: kin. In the T'ang and Sung periods it was #% J Siian chou. Now: An hui, Ning kuo fu, Siian ch‘eng hien. 316.—2R Sung. Su Sune. Name of an ancient feudal state in the Chou dynasty. Eastern part of Ho nan and north-western part of An hui. Later Han: kuo, subsequent dynasties down to Sung: hien. Now: An hui, Ying chou fu, T‘ai ho hien. The prefecture 58 Jif Sung chou in the T‘ang, Wu taly: and Sung dynasties is present Kui te fu in Ho nan. Another Sung chou during the same periods was in Sz ch‘uan, present Lu chou. 317.1 } Sung kao, @f jly Sung shan. Pie lu and Ma Cat. Sung kao, the name of one of the sacred mountains of China, in Ho nan, north of present Teng feng hien, Ho nan fu. This district in the time of the Han was called Sung kao. 318.—4% J Sung chou. Su Kuna. T'ang: chou. Now: Sz ch‘uan, Lung an fu, Sung pa? t‘ing. 319.—j] JH Sz‘ chou. Su Sune. T‘ang and Sung: chou. Now; An hui, Sz‘ chou. APPENDIX. 591 320.—F Fe Taan. Pie lu. According to the Li tat, ete., first mentioned in the Pei Wei period = kin, Now: Shan si, P‘ing ting chou, Shou yang hien. 321.—f¥ Tai or ft #§ Tai kiin. Pie lu. Ts‘in and Han: kin. Northern part of Shan si, Ta t‘ung fu. 7 JP] Tai chou. T‘so Hune-x1ne. T'ang, Sung and Kin: Yai chou. Now: Shan si, Tai chou. 322.— [ly T‘ai shan or X [lj T’ai shan. Pre lu, Wu P'v and Su Suna. Name of one of the sacred mountains of China, in Shan tung, T‘ai an fu. Present T‘ai an fa was, in the time of the Han, T‘ai shan kiin. 323.—e 47 I Tiai hang shan. Su Kuve and Su Sune. Name of the range of mountains stretching from north to south and separating Shan si from Chi li and Ho nan. 324.—Fe Ba T'ai Wu. Pie lu. According to T‘ao HunG-KING [ Med. plants, 61] same as Wu [Kiang su. See zn/ra, 389]. 325.—k Ji Tai yiian. Su Sune. Early Han, Tsin and Sui: kan, Tang and Sung: /w. Now : Shan si, T‘ai yuan fu. 326.—& jf Tai chou. Su Sune. T‘ang and Sung: chou. Now: Che kiang, T‘ai chou fu. 327.—F} Jp] Tan chou. Su Suna. Tang, Wu tai and Kin: chou. Now: Shen si, Yen an Po bs fu, I ch‘uan hien. 28.— Tan yang. Tao Hune-k1ve. aS Tsin, ae Ts‘i and Sui: kin. Present Ning kuo fu and T'ai p‘ng fu . An hui. 592 BOTANICON SINICUM. Tang, Sung and Yiian: hien. Now: Kiang su, Chen kiang fu, Tan yang hien. 329.—}¥ J}] T’an chou. Han Pao-sHene. T'ang and Sung: chou. Now: Chi li, Shun t‘ien fu, Mi yiin hien. nae 330.—34 8 Tang ch‘ang. T‘ao Hune-x1ne. Sui: kin. Now: Kan su, Kung ch‘ang fu, Min chou. T'ang : hien. Now: Kuang si, Wu chou fu, Yung hien. 331.—3¢ JW Tang chou. Su Kuna. Tang chou, name applied in the T‘ang period to two different prefectures, viz. one in present Min chou, Kung ch‘ang fu, Kan su, the other in present Mou chou in Sz ch‘uan. 332.— 3 IW Tang chou. Sv Kuna. Tang and Sung: chou. Now: Sz ch‘uan, Lung an fu, Sung p‘an ting. 333.—Ey BB WH Tang yang hien. Su Kuna. Han and Tang: hien. Now: Hu pei, King men chou, Tang yang hien. 334.—fB jj Tang shan. Pie lu. Ts‘in: kin. It was situated where now the provinces Kiang su, Ho nan and Shan tung meet. Later Han: hien. Now: Kiang su, Sii chou fu, Tang shan hien. 335.—¥H % T'ang yin. Su Sune and Li Sat-cuen. Since Sui: Aien. Now: Ho nan, Chang te fu, Tang yin hien. 336.—Pk B T'ao yang. T‘ao Huye-Kra. Karly Han: hien. Now: Kuang si, Kui ling fu, Ts‘tan chou. Sui: hien. Now: Kan su, Kung ch‘ang fu, T‘ao chou APPENDIX, 593 337.— 55 My Teng chou. Su Kune. Since T’ang : chou. Now: Ho nan, Nan yang fu, Teng chou, 338.—3R Tien or it Fa Tien nan, Ut Hs Tien chung. Ly SHI-cugn, Ancient names for present Yin nan, dating from the Han period. 339.—FK yk Teen shui. Fay TSZ‘ KI JAN, Early Han, Tsin, Pei Wei and Sui: hin. Now: Kan su, Kung ch‘ang fu, Ts‘in chou. 340.—K & Tien tai. Cuan Ts‘ane-K‘, Su Suna and Li Sui-cuzn, Since Liang: hien [Bror, 231]. Now: Che kiang, T‘ai chou fu, Tien t‘ai hien.—In the same district is the celebrated Tien t‘ai mountain, the earliest seat of Buddhism in China. 341,—UH Jf] Ting chou. Su Sune. Brot, 202:—Ting chou in the Sung period = present Chang te fu in Hu nan. 342.—B8 J] Ts‘ai chou. T‘ao Huno-Kine and Su Kona. T'ang, Sung and Kin: chow. Now: Ho nan, Ju ning fu.—Here was situated, in the Chou dynasty, the feudal sta BE T's‘ai, 343.—yjp J] Ts‘ang chou. Han Pao-suenc. ae T‘ang, Sung and Kin: chou. Now: Chi li, Ten tsin fu, Ts‘ang chou. 344,—¥Y Jp] Ts‘ao chou. Haw Pao-sene and Su Sune. ; . ; Ts‘ao T'ang, Wu tai and Kin : chou. Now: Shan tung, chou fa. 345.—}z Ih] Tse chou. Su Sune. i i F fu. Since T‘ang: chou. Now: Shan si, Tse chou 346.—}e BB Tsi yang. Su Kune. : Name applied, since the Han dynasty, to various places (kiin, hien) in Ho nan, Kiang su, An hui and Shan tung. 75 594 BOTANICON SINICUM. The name of the present Tsi yang hien in Tsi nan fu, Shan tung, dates from the Kin dynasty. 347.— ye 2: Tsi yin. Pie lu. Karly Han: kin. Now: Shan tung, Ts‘ao chou fu. 348.—3F Ts‘i. Su Sune. An important ancient feudal state in the Chou dynasty, occupying North Shan tung and South Chi li. | Ts‘in and Han down to Sui: Ts‘i kiin, in North-west Shan tung. HE })] Ts‘i chou. Su Kune and Su Suna. Tfang and Wu tai: chou. Now: Shan tung, Tsi nan fu. 349.— yi fg Tsi ksi. § Pie lu. Not ascertained. Probably pf }ff Lin kii in Hie HS Ts‘ kiin [Early Han], which now is Ts‘ing chou fu in Shan tung [see 193]. 350.—R [Ij Ts'i shan. Pie lu. A mountain of this name is in An hui, Chi chou fu. 351.—#¥ [lj Tsiang shan. T*‘ao Huna-xKina. Not ascertained. ; 352.— $8 UE Ts‘ien tang. T‘so Hune-xina. Name of a river in Che kiang which flows into the sea near Hang chou fu. This prefecture comprises the district Ts‘ien t‘ang, which name dates from the Ts‘n dynasty. 353.— Tsin, | Hy Tsin ti (the country of Tsin). Pie lu and Li Sui-cuen. Tsin, an ancient feudal state in the Chou dynasty. It comprised the southern half of Shan si and the north-west of Ho nan along the Yellow River, @ J}] Tsin chou. Su Suna. T'ang and Sung: chow. Now : Shan si, Ping yang fu. 354.— ¥ Tsin an. Tao Hune-xina. Tsin : kin. Now: Fu kien, Fu chou fu. 355.—} Be Tsin k‘ang. ‘ao Huno-xinc. Nan Sung: hin. Now: Kuang tung, Chao k‘ing fu, Te k‘ing chou. Nan Ts‘i: Tsin k‘ang, in Sz ch‘uan, in Ch‘eng tu fa, Ch‘ung k‘ing chou. 356.— [lj Tsin shan. Pie lu. Not ascertained. 357.—} BH Tsin yang. Pie lu. Ts‘in and down to T'ang: fven. Now: Shan si, Tai yiian fu. 358.—Z= Ts‘in, 2 Hh Ts‘in ti (country of Ts‘in). Han Pao-suene and Li Sal-cuen. Name of an ancient feudal state during the Chou dynasty, comprising the eastern part of present Kan su and the middle part of Shen si. Zz Ih] Ts‘in chou. Su Kuve, Su Sune and Li SHI-CHEN. T‘ang, Wu tai and Sung: chou. Now: Kan su, Ts‘in chou. : : 359.—28 BY Ts‘in kuan (the barrier of Ts‘in). According to T‘Ao Hune-xine [Med. plants, 104] same as Han ku [supra, 55] in North-west Ho nan. 360.—# [lj Ts‘in shan. Pie lu. Not ascertained. 361.—3é = Ts‘in ting. Pie Iu. ae According to Su Kune [Med. plants, 132] this aan was between Ts‘in chou and Ch‘eng chou (Kie chou) in su. 362.—3p) J] Ts‘in chou. Ca‘EN Ts‘anc-K‘1 and Han Pao- SHENG. : 5 Since T’ang : chou, Now : Shan si, Ts‘in chou, 596 BOTANICON SINICUM. 363.—¥y Jp] Ts‘ing chou or #F Ts‘ing. T‘ao Hunc-K1Ne and Su Kune. One of the nine ancient provinces of China in the Tribute of Yi. It comprised the greater part of present Shan tung. Han, Tsin and Sui: province occupying the northern part of Shan tung. Since Tang : ff Jp] Ts‘ing chou, a prefecture = present Ts‘ing chou fu in Shan tung. 364.—F8§ 4 Ts‘ing i. Pre lu. Early Han: hien. Now: Sz ch‘uan, Ya chou fu. 365.—@BK B% Tsou hien. Pie lu. A district in the ancient feudal state of Lu [see 202]. Now: Shan tung, Yen chou fu, Tsou hien. 366.—#¥ Ih] Tsz‘ chou. Su Sune. Tang and Wu tai: chou. Now: Sz ch‘uan, Tung ch‘uan fu. 367.—¥f§ Yh] Tsz‘ chou. Su Kuna. T'ang, Wu tai, Sung and Kin: chou. Now: Shan tung, Tsi nan fu, Tsz‘ ch‘uan hien. 368.— hp li Tsz‘ kui. Pre lu. Early Han down to T'ang: hien. Now: Hu pei, I chang fu, Kui chou. 369.—Af FR Tu hiang. Pre lu. Early Han: kuo in # [lj #§ Ch‘ang shan kiin [see 3}. Now: Chi li, Cheng ting fu. 370.—#h YE Tu liang. Li Tane-cut. Early Han: huo kuo (small feudal state). Later Han down to Nan Ts‘i: hien. Now: Hu nan, Pao k‘ing fu, Wu kang chou. 371.— i #4 Tun huang. Pie lu. Early Han and down to Sui: kin, Téang: Aien, Now: Kan su, An si chou, Tun huang hien, APPENDIX. 597 372.—Ht HF Tung hai. Pie lu, Han and Tsin: hin. Now: Shan tung, I chou fu, T’an ch‘eng hien. Tung hai means “Eastern Sea,” and the name is some- times used in this sense. Comp. Med. plants, 147, 200, 201. 373.—3e FE Tung lai. Pie lu. From Han down to Sui: hin. Now: Shan tung, Lai chou fu. 374.—3€ FJ Tung men. Tao Hune-x1na. Not ascertained. The name means “ Eastern Gate.” 375.— i iy Tung shan. T‘ao Huna-xine. Tung shan (Eastern mountains) name of several moun- tains in various provinces. 376.—t [f Tung yang. ‘ao Hunc-xKina. Tsin and Sui: hin. Now: Che kiang, Kin hua fa, Tung yang hien. Early Han: how kuo. Now: Shan tung, Tung ch‘ang fu. Early Han and Tsin: hien. Now: An hui, 82‘ chou. Later Han: hien. Now: in Kiang su. Not ascertained. 377.—¥e Bf Tung ye. Pre lu. Not found either in the Zi tad, ete. or Brot. Probably in Che kiang. See Med. plants, 162. 378.—]Aj Jp] Tung chou. Su Kune and Su Suna. From T‘ang down to Ming: chou. Now: Shen si, Tung chou fu. 379.—fig HF] Ttung po. Pie lu. The T‘ung po mountain is mentioned in the Tribute of Yi. T‘so Hune-Kina [Med. plants, 20] says it is situated in I yang hien [supra, 107] which is now the eet of T‘ung po hien in Nan yang fu, Ho nan. The name of T‘ung po hien dates only from the time of the Sui, 598 BOTANICON SINICUM. 380.— 4% [lj Wang ch‘u shan. Sv Kune. Mountain in Hu pei, Siang yang fu. 381.—fj Jp] Wei chou. Su Sune. T‘ang, Sung and Kin: chou. Now: Ho nan, Wei hui fu. 382.—3§ bk Wei ch‘eng. T*ao Hunc-Kinc. Wei ch‘eng in the Han dynasty was the same as Hien yang [see 65], north-west of Si an fu, Shen si. 383.—Y Pp] Wei chou. Hawn Pao-sHena. T‘ang: chou. Now: Kan su, Kung ch‘ang fu. Tang, Wu tai and Sung: chou. Now: Kan su, P‘ing liang fu. 384.—Fij HM Wei hing. Pie lu, Shui king chu and Li Sui- CHEN. Tsin, Nan Sung and Nan Ts‘i: kin. Now: Shen si, Hing an fu. 385.—i Jp] Wen chou. Su Kune and Su Suna. From Tang down to Ming: chou. Now: Che kiang, Wen chou fu. 386.—X Jp] Wen chou. Su Suna. Tang and Sung: chou. Now: Kan su, Kie chou, Wen hien. Sung: chou. Now: Kuang si, K‘ing yiian fu, Tung lan chou. 387.—}Z Pp] Wen chou. Li SaI-cHen. Tsin: hien. Two districts of this name, in South Man- churia and in An hui [Bior, 267]: districts in Sz ch‘uan in the T‘ang dynasty. 388.—}% Il] Wen shan. Pie lu and Tao Hunc-K1ne. Tsin: kin in the province of 7% Jp| I chou. Now: Mou chou in Northern Sz ch‘uan. 389.—§% Wu, 3% BJ Wu kuo (kingdom) and 3% Hy Wu ti (country of Wu). Frequently mentioned by authors of various periods, The ancient kingdom of Wu, mentioned in the Ch‘un ts‘iu period, occupied present Kiang su and a part of An hui and Che kiang. The capital was near the present Su chou fu, which is still called 3&1 Wu hien. This district has been so named since the Earlier Han. The kingdom Wu of the San kuo period [8rd cent.] occupied Southern Kiang su, South An hui, Hu pei and Hu nan, Kiang su, Che kiang and a part of Fu kien. After the Ch‘un ts‘iu period the kingdom of Wu was conquered by the kingdom of Yiie [see 418, present Che kiang]. The two names are therefore frequently coupled, Be i Wu Yiie. In the Wu tai period Wu Yiie was the name of a province comprising Che kiang and a part of Kiang su. 390.—3&. M Wu hing. T‘so Hune-xK1e. San kuo, Tsin, Nan Sung and Nan Ts‘i: kin. Now: Che kiang, Hu chon fu. 391.—3& & Wu hui. Su Kona. Not ascertained. Probably Wu and Hui ki [see 98] in Che kiang are meant. 392.— gt § Wu ch‘ang. Tso Hunc-KIne. Ts‘in, Nan Sung and Nan Ts‘: Ain, Tang and Sung: hien, Yiian: lu, Ming: fu. Now: Hu pei, Wu ch‘ang fu. — Wu kung. Pie lu. ee to M0 Hune-Kine [Med. plants, 47] this locality was near Ch‘ang an [Si an fa, Shen si]. Earlier Han: fien. Now: Shen si, Feng siang fu, Mei hien. ae . Later Han: Aien. Now: Shen 1, K‘ien chou, Wu kung hien. 394.—gR BE Wu ling. Pre lu. Early Han: hin. Now: Hu nan, ling hien. Ch‘ang te fu, Wu 600 BOTANICON SINICUM. 395.— ER fb Wu tu. Fan vsz‘ xt saw and Li Sui-cuen. ‘Han: kin. Now: Kie chou fu, Ch‘eng hien, in Kan su. 396.—IK BE Wu yang. Pre lu. According to T‘ao Hune-nine [Med. plants, 26] Wu yang was in # 4* Kien p‘ing [see 139]. Wu yang is not found either in the Li tai, etc. or in Biot, but there was a district AK [lj Wu shan in ancient Kien p‘ing, which still bears the same name and is now comprised in K‘ui chou fu, Sz ch‘uan. 397.— Fi, BR Wu yiian. Pre lu. Early and Later Han: kan. It was situated north of the present Ordos in the country of the Oirats. 398.—H€ Jp] Ya chon. Li Sui-cuen. T‘ang and Sung: chou. Now: Sz ch‘uan, Ya chou fu. 399.—P [lj Yang shan. Pie lu. Name of several mountains in North China. 400.—$3 Jp] Yang chou or simply #8. Pie lu, Han Pao- SHENG and Li SHI-cuEn. Yang chou was one of the nine ancient provinces of China as enumerated in the Tribute of Yi. It occupied present An hui, Kiang su, Che kiang and a part of Kiang si. The province Yang chou in the Han dynasty was the same, but included also the whole of Kiang si and Fu kien. . Tt was the same in the Tsin dynasty. The province Yang chou during the Sui was still larger, for it comprised also Kuang tung and Kuang si. In the T‘ang period there was a district Yang hien. : Since the Wu tai period: chou. Now: Yang chou fu in Kiang su. 401.—¥4 Pp] Yao chou. Su Sune. Since Wu tai: chou. Now: Shen si, Si an fu, Yao chou. APPENDIX, 601 402.—#& Fi# J, Yao chuang jen. Lr Sut-cnen, Savages in Southern China. See W.D., 114, 1076. 403.-—HE I] Yen chou. Su Kune and Sv Stn«. T‘ang and Wu tai: chou. Now: Shen si, Yen an fu. 404.—35 Jf] Yen chou. T‘ao Hune-xwe, Su Kune and Su Sune. ‘ One of the nine ancient provinces of China, enumerated in the Tribute of Yi, comprising North-west Shan tung and Hast Chi li. The province Yen chou in the Han, Tsin and Sui dynasties was of about the same extent. Since the T‘ang, Yen chou a prefecture, now Shan tung, Yen chou fu. 405.—}fE FF] Yen men. Pre lu. Ts‘in: kin. In Mid Shan si, between Ta t‘ung fu and T‘ai yiian fu. Eastern Han, Tsin and Sui: kin. Now: Shan si, Tai chou. 406.—fig 34 Yen tao. Pre lu. From the Early Han down to Ytiun: hien. Sz ch‘uan, Ya chou fu. 407.—$fi Jp] Yin chou. Su Sune. T‘ang, Wu tai and Sung: chou. Now: Shen si, Sui te Now: chou, Mi chi hien. 408.—f J\| Ying ch‘uan. Pie lu. Ts‘in : province comprising a part of Ho nan: Hii chou, K‘ai feng fu, Yii chou, Ju ning fu, Ying chou fu. Later Han down to Sui: kan, situated in the same regions. The T‘ang established the prefecture 5] HH Ying chou, the present Ying chou fu, in North-west An hui. 409.—3K Jp| Ying chou. Tao Huno-KING. — Nan Sung and Nan Tsi: Ying chou, province corres- ponding in its extent nearly to present Hu pei. 76 602 BOTANICON SINICUM. T'ang: chou. Now: Hu pei, An In fu. Pei Wei: Ying chou. Now: Ho nan, Ju ning fu. 410.—; Jp] Yo chou. Su Sune. Nince T‘ang: chou. Now: Hu nan, Yo chou fu. 411.—}j Yu. Su Kune and Han Pao-sHEne. Leaer’s Shu king, 21:—Emperor Yao commanded his brother Ho io reside in the northern regions, in what was called the sombre capital Bj #R Yu tu.—The Rh ya says :— kj JP] Yu chou is the same as 3H Yen. It stretches from the river 7k I shui (the river on which I chou in North Chi li is situated) to the land of the 4G J Pei ti (northern barbarians). Yen was an ancient feudal state in the north of China, mentioned in the Shi king and in the Ch‘un ts‘iu. Han period: Yu chou, province, northern part of Chi li. In the San kuo period Yu chou was a province of the kingdom of Wei, in extent as above. T'ang and Wu tai: Yu chou, prefecture, modern Peking. 412.—%% ph] Yii chou. T‘ao Hune-Kina. Not mentioned in the Li tai, etc. According to Bior [291]:—T‘ang: chou. Now: Yiilin chou in Kuang si. 413.—¥# Pp] Yii chou. Pie lu. One of the nine ancient provinces of China mentioned in the Tribute of Yi. It corresponds to the present province of Ho nan. During the Han and Tsin dynasties the province of Yii chou occupied only the eastern part of Ho nan, and parts of An hui and Shan tung belonged to it.—In the Sui dynasty the province of Yii chou comprised almost the whole of present Ho nan, south of the Yellow River, and a small part of An hui. 414, —J& Jf} Yiian chou. Su Kune and Han Pao-sHene. T‘ang, Wu tai and Kin: chou. Now: Kan su, P‘ing liang fu, Ku yiian chou,—and King chou, Chen yiian hien. APPENDIX. 603 415.—%% fy Yiian kit. Pie Iw and Sv Sune. T‘ao Hune-xtna [Med. plants, 16] says that Yiian ki is the same as the prefecture Yi #§ Tsi yin kiin in the province of $ J] Yen chou [see 347, 404]. According to the Li tai, etc. Yiian kii was a hien from the Han down to the T'ang. Now: Shan tung, Ts‘ao chou fu, Ho tse hien. 416.— 3g jl Yiian shan. Pre lu. Not ascertained. 417.— 3g 2 B¥ Viian an hien. Sv Kona. Since Sui: /ien, Now: Hu pei, King men chou, Yiian an hien. 418.—pk Yiie. Po wu chi, Su Kuve and Su Sune. Name of an ancient kingdom of the Ch‘un ts‘iu period, in present Che kiang. Its capital was ¢ 7 Hui ki [see 98]. Yiie is frequently mentioned together with Wu [see 389]. BE J}] Yiie chou, a prefecture noticed by Su Sune, was etablished by the T’ang. Now: Che kiang, Shao nh fu. The kingdom of Yiie in Che kiang is sometimes also called ff Bf Tung (Eastern) Yue, to ne pig Hi BE Nan (Southern) Yiie. The regions called ce" Q (Southern China) were first conquered by ee 8 Sur Huana-r1 [B.C. 246-209]. See Siti ki, chap. 1° | 419,— Yiie. Su Sune. | soa term for Southern China, Kuang tung, st si and Fu kien. The KD. says it 18 the same as [see 418]. ple set The 9 3p Yiie ti (country of 7 pirat in the Chinese annals referring to * é nar th [B.C. 481-221]. In the mene nz Mas You wana 45] there is an account of the i (king of Southern ‘Yiie) and the fj E (king of Fu kien). 604 BOTANICON SINICUM. ¥ 48 Tung (Eastern) Yiie and py & Si (Western) Yiie are terms still used to designate the provinces of Kuang tung and Kuang si. 420.—jB& lj Yiie shan. Pie lu. Not ascertained. 421.—f Jp] Yiin chou. K‘ai pao Pen ts‘ao. : T'ang and Wu tai: chou. Now: Shan tung, T‘ai an fu, Tung p‘ing chou. 422.—52 Hs Yiin chung. Pre lu. Ts‘in and Han: kin. North-eastern part of the Ordos and North-east Shen si. 423,—28 # Yiin meng. Li Sar Ch‘un ts‘iu [3rd cent. B.C]. The marshes of Yiin meng are mentioned in the Tribute of Yii, in the province of King chou (Hu kuang). Lxaan’s Shu king, p. 115. 424,— HE )p] Yung chou. Pie lu, Su Kune and Han Pao- SHENG. Name of one of the nine ancient provinces of China in the Tribute of Yii, situated, as the ancient account says, between the Ho (Yellow River) and the Hei shui [one of the northern affluents of the Yang tsz‘ kiang, see supra, 26. Its sources are in South Kan su]. The Yung chou of the Tribute of Yii corresponds to Northern Shen si and Eastern Kan su. In the San kuo period Yung chou was a province of the kingdom of Wei and comprised Shen si north of the Wei River and Eastern Kan su. Yung chou was also a province in the Tsin and Sui dynasties. In the latter period it extended farther to the west into Kan su. Yung chou in the Wu tai period was a prefecture corresponding to present Si an fu in Shen si. 425.—Jj¢ Jp] Yung chou. Authors of the Sung dynasty. Since T‘ang: chou. Now: Hu nan, Yung chou fu. APPENDIX, 605 426.—7¢ & Yung ch‘ang. Pie lu, Early Han and Tsin: kan. Now: Yiin nan, Yung ch‘ang fu. 427.—&% B Yung yang. T*‘ao Hunc-xine. Early Han: hien, Tsin: kin. Now: Ho nan, K‘ai feng fu, Yung yang hien. 428.—2¢ J Yung chou. Authors of the T‘ang. T'ang: chou. Now: Kuang si, Wu chou fu, Yung hien. 429.—8$ Jp] Yung chou. Authors of the T‘ang. T'ang: chou. Now: Kuang si, Nan ning fu. 430.—Fih J] Yung chou. Su Kuneé and Su Suna. T'ang: chou. Now: Kuang si, Liu chou fu, Yung hien. BOTANICON SINICUM. ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES OF PLANTS. af i Be Fy HR an shi liu Zt BB FH An si hiang AS BB an la ee ee, Be A ch‘ai hu FE BE FH chan t‘ang hiang i 5 By chan sz* a oe EE PM BR chang liu ken ... & BB ch‘ang yang vee ES FR ch‘ang p‘u... so BF Uy ch‘ang shan ove GE WEE che keut Hi Bil ch‘e ts‘ten ... ase Rit JR ch‘en pt... ane YK, F ch‘en hiang ose 3 chi BL chi Ch He chi lh ove ies HB Wh chima we ae SN fk chimu ... He Ff chitsss .. See Hr Be cht hien Dr cht pao... De BS chi shen .., eee eee eee eG cht shu... 12 Ir 4. BF chi siao tou ... 231 Ie fig chi tsten ... pes AL WT Cm oe, dee ee BOT ih AF chu ling ... eee BOQ AR chu... ves «+. 333 BS it chu ma av BS Ji] BE Ch‘uan ku . 228 Jil = Ch‘uan kung 47 Jil ER Ch‘uan tuan 84 Nl & Hi Chuan wu tou a. JS BF chiungwei... ... 78 SER fanli... sue 258 Bj Wil fang feng ... vow OL BE fangk ... vee 188 BA BE fang kui ... -- 133 HE fei shi... 286 WHE HE fet lien... oes Y | RE 3 BE fei tsaokia ... 325 J WA feng lan ... =: 62, 202 Wl feng ... aes, BLS, BOOZ FE fou p'ing ... sca: 198 Rip fu shen... — ., 350 RAS fu ling Bw fpi fs BJU pen aes WF fu tse® YE YE haitsao ... YE ZR hai ts‘ai ... BPE han kin ... FE BE han mei... BH hei ch‘ou ... PSR hei shen 0 Hi liai ... EG hiang hao... BB hiang ju... FF iili hiang p'u v Fi lien ... oes Bhing ... ns PH ho huan ... FB Bho shi... IZ fp how p'o... BH iiluma .. MS a BE Wk hu chang «+ E HF hu chang ss. BEB hu po wn AG HR hua tsiao .. 16 -E hua WARY see BE FE hai rh ch‘a Bae Han fang ki 32 4G Bt hia ku ts‘ao B Mt = hiang fu tsz 2 BS han lien ts‘ao ... 120 APPENDIX. 607 vs B50 | $B frat ue see vos B22 vee 232 | YEH huai mu... 358 165, 166 | 3@ ta huan kin ... soe 268 143, 146 | FIR hiiankt .. 164 . 200 | K B haan shen... 18, 20 --» 200 | HR Gq -F hitan hou tsz‘ 165 --» 185 | FE BB huang huan » 175 oe 185 ) Bye Be huang ki... se 72 -» 250 | BE EE huang ki ... eee | ig A> huang k‘in vor BT we» 165 | BE FAI huang king eve 348 - 168 | BE BE huang k'ui w+ 105 18 | FY SHE huang lien ess 26 + 80 ) Bi Si Auang ma... pee, ae 242 | FE HY (AG) huang po... 315 59 | FE Ee huang ts‘ao ee oo 74 | BE RR huang tsing are | eve 6S | BEB hui ts‘ao . = nen -60 vee 196 | BE ie FH hain lu hiang ... 312 SRS wi | ye ~} shen WA Bf BE hu mien mang eee eee 143, 100 244 126 148 oon 351 eer eee 288 53 BB BS hiin ts‘ao 1s KT AG WE hung ku niang.. 106 40 Gy 5G hung tou kiou... 57 Ht Hi hung ts‘ao oak 138 Ik fi huo maw wi Bid Bei ts'ao | tee 12 fiz BSF i chi ts2* eve 289 fax PEt mu ee ates 40 FFE TK iti jen ww soe 228 BG Pt tang — oe coe 20D ¥E Fag jang how ives, ae BE FE jao hua we sen Lod FE jen aoe eee eee 67 nN BB jen shen ove Hoes. 20 WY, Z& jen tung «+ peswgiat 1 5 608 AY RE jou tou hou Ay HE 3 jou ts‘ung yung FA RE jou kui. FL ty ju hiang ... REG juiho H BE an che... acy Bey kan kit es “HY 3K kan sui... +r Ft han ts‘ao ... HY FE han tsiao ... HZ, FE kan kiang ... tay be YE kao liang kiang Ht AR kao pen... RE or Fi heng Be BE ki ch‘ang *... $B TG FH ki she hiang 3B BR RE ke shi t‘eng ZB DH ki tou RB ki ki Be EE ki shi We BE ks at Re BR kia su WB kiang li... Th To & YY ae Hihig 5.0 SE He BE kiang hie ... Fa HG Kiang huo BE Bj kiao sun ... BE hie #G FR hie keng ... Be PE Kien siti ssn eee see eee Be AE Kien niu tsz* IX Gi Hh hin chéai shi hu 202 kiang mang kiie ming t 110 BOTANICON -SINICUM. oe 38 10 vee 303 vee 312 we 338 woe 294 & $l FE kin yin hua $y BE kin kui Fr RG vc ial HY FE hing kie was Wi PE hing tao ... Be KK hing tien ... a) Seki... bie 95 | $e FE hiu ts‘ao w. 249 | pF hiu tse* Oe Te he 5c es + 90 | By HR hou t'eng ... vee 222 | $5 Wy kou wen ... 253, 254 | fy FF kou tsi... se» 308 | Ry Be hou ku - 118 | fy FE hou ki vee 297 | FR ku woe 42 | BEES FE hu tz Hike - 296 | ea kuhu os 72) BH kuka ... 65 | BE pR F ku lien tse vee 48 | SE BB ku mai 1G Bk‘u shen ... TH BE k'u shi eee 248, 249 | 3 SE ku ts‘ai ve 65 | HH ku yoo ... -- 32 | Fpka ... Be eet | BERG ee vee 246 | ME kG... ius 2025 | Bie then vas vee 297 | FA BELG mai as vee 168 | Hy BE kai jo Wii EE ka ts‘ao o> 8 F- kin ling tsz‘ & $8 FE kin ts‘ien hua .. . 321 . $l oi 191 - 105 Mie kuati on HE HE kua low... RR kuan chung HE il huan shi... A& AE] kiian po : 4m EL kitan rh | BB Kuan shen. — AA hie MING ooo FE kuikiu A kuimu ... 58 AR kui tsien ... Fh ES BRB kui tu yu Fi HHH Wit kui 2 yu ma RE kui o RE Wy kui sin see BE kui ... Wea BA hun pth vee BK hinkui ... BB kung mai ... e BS kung ktiung Elan ... ise Bilan ... wee WA BE lan ts‘ao .. A Rr -f- lang po ts2‘ FR FR langtu ss. 3 I FF lang YR “ves q Fe 3 lang tang ... ; RSG lao tou ss fi AL lei huan «. li vie . Hi i vue see ' ie li toe eee ort BR AE FE k'uan tung hua «AT A BW leng i Suan. APPENDIX. 609 WU te ows) ou NR fi HE li chang ... sob 120 a EE Ui shi ots sod OD We liang ... ses ini 22S Bi lang kiang seb. OD 2B liao... ded oop LOS 33 EB liao lan ... oon 123: Wy Pe lietang ... “20 phi lien ... da poe DOL HH HA lien kao ... eee 120 jedi FB licen ow a ves 295 Ye ling ... os vee 296 Ve FTE ling siao bis «» 170 BE ZR ling tao we -+s 170 Be BE FF ling ling sisi 60. PM lia ve » 328 BW AFM liukiniu .. 86 35 RP OF lo chon tszs we 111 WBE lokui wee 298 Me # lo shi eve «+» 189 Tei tet lou lu une oe 86 Beith a és we 94 HB Bluhuo ... oo 260 WE dustou. cnn .-- 260 Bee elu ying... ove 121 ES ay la ju wae ove 135 it HE luan hua ... oss 326 His fe Be lung chang ts‘ao 99 ies HES BE ag lung nao poho 68 fia Be lung si ix) 98 fis WE lung tan . os BO fie FF FE lung ya ts‘ao ... 116 He AR lung yen «. ees 285 jk BE ma huang .. os 97 610 BOTANICON siNICUM. Kw uvalan ... os 90 | FOB mu lan... Pere 43] Bi malin... - 90) FR meu lan... SOR KB malia ... » 124 | AR RR FE mu len hua... 805 ¥ WE BL ma pien ts‘ao 116 | FAH mnirh ws -- 267 KP mapus.. wee 213 | AG SH mu tiung ... wee 184 Ki FG ma sien hao... 76) FP RE mu su ae sop 20D ma tt kite we nai hs ave Visi 2Is ie Bit OR ming fa 4B nan = vee we» 148 & Ei ry ma t é hiang ee*: 41 #8 nan oo ses 310 Ma 50 Sp ma tou ling ... 54) PY 2 FE nao yang whiia veh 155 Ma FE BR ma wei tsao ... 200 | AE niuli ws - S41 BE fil maihu ... eve 202 4 BE niu psang w.. be SI BE PY E mai men tung ... 104 | ap yg 77 pien ... seg hGL ES HA] man king ... coe SAY | Ae TE SE niu she ts‘ai 1. 198 a HY man tsiao ... -» 290 | 4 niusi oe eee LOL Ss SE man tsing so» wee 247 | EV nit cheng... wee B42 3S BE mang ts‘ao so» 108 | Be FR nil ts‘ing ... ow 118 # Ef mao chen ... oe 37 | Oe PE nd yuan ... +ankOo Sp BE mao ken ... w+ SOT | HE OB 6 ch‘ang 28. 203 mao rh yen) RG Fd 4 6 pao tan aq 180 aie OR i Bl peing ts ‘ao y'8! FE BE pa Kia. ite oie 19 Be met ne nee «165, 166 | PE GE papaorh ... 205 ME mdi eek “wees oak: BRD | BS ORE pa ke tien: as 5 BE A HE mei jen tsiao ... 56 | FE Bpatow ... ar bal SE Hi meits‘ao .. =. 56 | EY BY paichtang... 194, 195 PE Hemi we. ne sie BLE EE pot ch. on ee HE EF mou hao ... ooo 27 | EQ HL pat chiou «. «55 268 RE FA] mou king .. = wee BAS, QE HF pad futszs —... 147 WEE mou kui... «- 363 | FE pathao ... ic tI HE S¥ mou meng... 21,292) ARipak ... =i: at HE FF mou tan .. i DOTA pak... sb AR BG mu fang ki ae 183 | EY pai lien ... vies 20 ARG muhiang ». 54 | EES pai mao ... Sod 180 Te Feo kates eee TTT ER Bipot shen «nn ce eh APPENDIX. Bt pai shu El EE pai sien... ote’. OD Fife pai sus, ogee 107 Fl 28 pai ts‘ai sae 245 Al RE pat tou ktou 4... 58 FS 5A 9S pat tiou weng ... 24 A e Bl pai tsi li s Y29 Al Al pad ts‘ien ... pS FALE BE pai t'uhuo ... 186 Bk pai wei 44 12 FY 8 pai yao 6 BBE pai ying 187 We 28 pai tsiang ... 108 BE Ii Ff p‘ai feng tsz‘ 187 FB panhia ... 150 HE BL pan chang - 126 Fe pao ... 165, 166 — BRE pei mu 36 BRR pei iat... 178 3B i peng lei... 165 TRE pits wee BR pi tsi BE AE pt pta sil: 282 «BY BR pie ki : e215 Wd we pien ch'u ... eee | 7 ae pien tou ws es 283 BE BR pin lang . 3s 287 “Bipin ... sve 198 ere cay BOO 3 Ae po mu os vee B16 fe poho.. sate 268 a=) Me po ps 177 Ti KK piu ones oe vs» 196 = BR pi kuan ts‘ai ... 7. 611 Hil ij p‘w tao be 298 == FS BL san id tsa ik = Re sang ... sang ed ae Ea 7E ke sheng r ant 111 fit FP ZS sao chou ts‘ai ... YS BB sha shen 2 104, 20 [ly BE BY shan chu yi... 339 I Al] shan ki... oe, 12 Ll] # shan kiang 55d, 06 IL) Fy HA shan shi liu... 155 jl} 44 shan yao ... « 262 IL) #B Pk shan ying t'ao... 284 #Z shan (sha) +. 302 RE RE shang lu ... coe 131 Ry 4B shao yo ... ee «52 RE WK she ch‘uang we 49 WE G she han ... oe 117 RE ff she hien .. om: 117 WE Fx she met avs opr LOT BY -F she kan... ve 153 ti 4k shen huo ... eve 205 AE Fx sheng kiang eve 248 Ft ik sheng ma wa «se $33 WE shi ane one vs tl i eee cos eee 279 fit BE shi ts‘ao ... ews 179 AK A shi shou ... 90, 93 Ai Fe A shi ch‘ang sheng 204 Ay Pe ili shi chSang p‘u... 194 Ai Vf shi chu. ow 142 FRE shi fase 206, 210 Ai Fh shih ave ves 202 AG Fh shi lung oe oe 125 612 AG A BH shi lung ch'u ... Ai fig PE she lung jui 98 Ai Wi shinan 4. . 347 Ai AE shi sung « 212 Aa FE shi wei «ox 208 YH GE show shu we 346 Ae shu... wee 224 PR shu... é:937-| te te 5. ak eee 12 Fel ZB shu li : ote. GAL Ft FE BE shu wei ts‘ao ... 119 BE FH shu yit coe 262 tay BE Shu kui... ey YE Shu ts‘i et BY Shu tsiao ve tay 2E HL Shu yang ts‘iian 7k cI it shut ch‘ang pu eos eee . 105 141 289 107 194 195 Th Fe shti te -. 206 Ak WE shat kin ... 20D Ak B shui liao .. 124, 125 Ak HB shui mien .. <6. 206 Ak Hi shui ping... « 198 Ak BE shui su oat, “68 Ak F shui tai. 206 HE shun ... 199 Hit BE si ming ass vee BOOZ = Hf si rh ess 92 Hi] 2 sé sin ese sow. 40 Ay Rj siaoki oe 180 Ay BE siao mai... os. 218 Ay BE siao po... we O15 Aj. Git siao ts‘ao ... 16 Ay FF siao tsing se. ee 189 BOTANICON SINICUM. | FR sini ve 160 YS EE 50 ts‘ao ese . 306 oer «ist 159 Wij AY so tuo... wos 122 SH BB so yang... de PD fie su dei 107 RE A F su ho bong »é4, 318 . 4 sou 226 $i AK su ku mu » 122 A Bj su tuan ... oe ©6884 tk FS Vel sti ch‘ang King 43 BR Suan ... ive «- 243 pas AE suan tsao ... «. 336 PR SE swan tsiang <3! 106 We ES stian fu... oy 169 We HE FE sian fulua ... 81 Wt FE sian hua ... + 169 HE sung .. es» 301 RAR sung ss soe . 245 HA HE sung lan ... eon, 123 WA HE sunglo «ee 855 PU He ZR sz ye ts‘ai ss 198 K EG ta huang ... coe 130 fe BMta bic el BB K BR ta ki vy «be! BBG ATI F ta li tsz* at OL KBtalia ... we 125 K Wiktama ole: 344 KB ta mai. i one Se We ping: 0) ve. 198 K ta tou vis ow 229 K FE ta tou shi 9h 234 Fy HE ta tsi sev ons 252 K FF tats‘ing ... oe 39 Ft #E tankui .,. eee 303 APPENDIX, Fy JE tan 4 ae = 58 Tt YS FF tan sha ts‘ao ... 204 Ft Btan shen ... vee 20 FF tan hiang ... vee 309 tH #8 tan huan ... - dl5 Be BS Tang shen... mPourts | BS Bp tang kui... pee 46 B BF “ang tang ts‘ing 211 FGtao ... vee a 2A Wk tao we aah «a 273 Ne Fi Bl teng lung ts‘ao 106 Hl Je tz fu om rue: 3 | Hb WL tt hie vie 23, 182 Ub BE ti huang ... «» 100 HU fe td hin pas 38, 100 Hb A BE te ku pi eee 345 dy BE ti li whe eos’ 298 HL EL ti rh vas ova 269 Hs HG ti suc ees eit, 100 WW G8 Be ti ts‘ien ts‘ao ... 66 Ub tay te ya aoe wa AD €3 HE tiao chang... eee BLL fis BA tiao lan... 62, 202 $k £4, BE tie sets‘ao ... 80 BY HR FR tie suo chou... 90 Wtien ... ‘ok aki 123 AH UM ten kua ... eee 292 KZ KE Tien chu kui... 304 Ae lif tien hiung 143, 144, 146 KR 4 BF t'ten hua fen ... 172 KK Bi tien liao ... 124, 125 TK Sik tien ma see ly a HK FY] A tien men tung. 176 K % Fj tien ming tsing §— 93 613 A PH HE ten nan sing ... 148 K Yl BE ten pao ts‘aon. 106 DEI tten tou oss . 140 T F ting hiang va BSB we Je ting li one wrod GE | Sete to wu au sen tee GWG WE tou ku niang .. 106 5x tou hou. eee ©6588 BA 32 28 tou fats‘ai ... 200 $7 Hf. ts‘ang rh ... oe ©6992 FF Jit ts‘ang shu... of 42 E tsao os iio os 275 25 TK tsao hiu ... we 151 BORE tsaokia ... . 325 FE Bs ts‘ao hao ... vse 74 He Ge AY ts‘ao hiie ming... 82 Fe HL ts‘ao kuo ss ~ 58 FL 5} FE ts‘ao tou k‘ou ... 58 Fe HE BE ts‘ao ts‘ung yung 10 Bt F Gf ts‘aotszt rh 44. 228 & OB DA ts‘ao wu tou 143, 146 EP BA BE tse lan ts‘ao w.. «(62 YE JEt tse sie ae wu: 192 WE YE tse tsi tee swe 137 ffi] = tse tsz =... = 148-146 Wisi. wn toe vee 223 a ath os 251 ea et as 5 mae Ed tst ning oe. oe 68 We Bl tsi li «ee = eve: 129 Ait SH BE tsi siie ts‘a0 we 66 Hk ts% eee eee oer 259 we tsi eee aoe eee 318 YEG tsi hu ase ave 107 614 YE BA tsi lou oe wep lae eg tsiang pts ob at SS Be ts‘iang mi 1A BE GK ts‘iang wei » 171 FE FP isieku .. 84, 122 HE WG tsie ku ven; 209 Pie He ts*ten ts‘ao... eas BY A] ts‘ien hu oe sed F ff XE ts‘ien nien ai .. F SF HA ts‘ien nien po ... FF we MR ts‘ven sui lei G8 SHE tstien pou... He Hi tsin ts‘ao ... wah ZY Ts‘in kiao... coe BE RE Ts‘in psi... aac # Hy Ts‘in tsiao ose 2 Ff: HS FP tsing chung t‘ai FF es ts‘ing hao... Br AK | ls‘ing mu hiang Fr JE ts‘ing pi... ose FF FE ts‘ing siang fF WK tsio chuang HE HH HL tsio pi hu “ig 46 BM ts’o p‘iao ... #e Fi ts‘io tow ... ee Hk ts‘tu PK BE toSiu k'ui ... oes eee +e. ere 182 105 WE BE fap Bi tso ye ho ts‘ao 209 Be tsu ... eae FE ts‘ung vos Ee BE ts‘ung yung oes HE tsz‘ eee een eee eee 238 241 10 319 3 ES HG HF ts‘ pet lung ya V7 ee EA Bay t3z* ping one 198 BOTANICON SINICUM. Be BB tsz‘ shen .. a 5! Be BK tsetsu ode: 67 Se FF tsz‘ ts‘a0 1. we 28 Be Be tes‘ wei a. «« 170 JR BE iss’ ynan ... «ee 102 Rl) BE tse‘ po wae ove S15 ill BK tsz‘ ts‘iu oe « 319 HE BA ts‘eS hu. 29 BE A ttt ku oe 299 Re fH tu yi eae ees 156 Gh ee tuchou ... obs: E11 Thy FR tuhuo ... ves: Oe Hi} HA) FRE tu kio lien 152 RE fit tu chung ... we Gad Ri Bj tuheng .. 41, 55 Ri FG tu jo ioe os. OO FE GE FE tu htiun hua... 155 ft Ph tulan sw... 202 + PE A thu fuling — ... 179 + Ji tu Fue 3 ome kis “EBS Bi tfu tang kui... 46 +L ARE $i, BE thu kui ne Ge ORK F tu sestse® 4% Wh tung kua ... Ze BEF tung kui tse‘ 2 FF tung tsing es Kil tung see 3 Be t'ung ts‘ao oa FL FE wa sung we ees BS fF FA wan nien sung ... & YL FM wan kiang nan EW wang kua ... hiang eee tee tu ts‘ing mu Y 5A J - 105 163 265 105 342 320 184 209 212 110 173 D Exaa hing TE $4 wang sun . EE wet fei A wei mou BE RE wel jul. ie ER wei hien wa. HS EE wu shi Fe dE wu yu + BEE Wu chu yi ME BE wu 7 “ae aie HR wu ku aie SE wu tsing HU wu kia... Tt Be Fe wu wei tsz B WE wu hui BdEwuhiui... 5 VEL owe tou BH wu ts‘ao ... BF wu yt 3F 3B ya tsao Be Bi yang Lu ees eer see eee ase = $6 PR yang chi chu =F EGE yang fu lai =6 JE yang kiu ... SE Wk yang tao... SE FE yang ts‘tian SE BG yang ti BF OE, ye hien eee eee wang pu liu APPENDIX. onan 99 aes wh eee 209 +. oe eee 300 --» 330 irae 2S | eee J44 eee 164 143, 146 ove, 210 143, 146 eee 119 - 298 ee 329 vee B46 coe 155 oat. Oe - 104 «> 188 eee 107 coe 193 see 256 ts 615 BY Bil ye huai see oo. =A BY a ye hii one oo 69 BE OK ye mi eee Ae HEE FEAT yen lai hung ... 256 HA WB Gh yen chi tou — w0. 258 BA BE EE yin ch‘en hao... 73 Ai yin yi we e158 RE TF EE yin hing ts‘ao w. 86 EB = BE yin yang huo ... 17 PE Wk ying tao. peers BE ying shi veel 7. WR Ly ¥F ying shan a 155 PY. ses eve 281 HH EX yu po add 149 5 PR ta Va yi Vang 104, 179 SF yi, FF WA yt tou... 261 Kit ytt ase oes » 329 Ak 2 ya abe 340 Pf yichw ... 8 ERG yi lan we 306 =E 48 yi po eee coo 212 5 fe yuan hua .. 156 FG B ytian shen vee 18 3 ate yan chi... owe §=16 Es FE yiian wet vee 154 tH Zé yitlani wee . 208 Het ytekui ... we» BOL EE yin shia see 140 616 BOTANICON SINICUM. ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF GENUS NAMES OF PLANTS. Abrus... set --- 231 | Amarantus wie we Se Abutilon ... se «« 105 | Amber ... oe Jed BSE Acacia ... a - 924 | Amomum tes 00, OO, ae Acanthopanax ... 319, 344 Amyris ... vee -- 313 Aceranthus ied « 17] Anchusa... Ke os Oe Achillea ... ued + 7@1 | Anemarrhena ... seo 88 Achyranthes... --» 101 | Anemone ov woe 24 Aconitum 143-146,161 | Anemonopsis ... 2. 33 Acorus.,. se 194,195 | Anetham... Sa eee 250 Adenophora er ++ 4,5 | Angelica... 30, 32, 47, 48, 51 Adiantum Sc --- 204} Apium .., i 46, 250 Aginetia oe se 10 | Aplotaxis ste oo. O4 Figle ... “ee vee 584 | Apricot ... st eee 271 Merides os. ae eh OOS | Arai 45) gp: 46, 184, 344 Mgarions .. ceo: 1908 | Atetom cae eae) | Agrimonia nee ++» 116 | Ardisia .., eee =689 A an Ge »- 80) Areca... obs ~ 287 Akebia ... men eee 154 | Ariseema... eos =. 148-150 Aletris ... fe ee 9 | Aristolochia As wa OE Alga eae eee eee 200 Artemisia oon 70-7 t Alisma .., “ e 192) Arum... os» 148, 150 Allium .., eee =. 240-244 | Arundo ... pee i 84 Alpinia ... Pa 56,57 | Asarum ... vie 40, 41 Aloéxylon Ow Ria 186 Asparagus _ Aster Astilbe ... Astragalus Atractylis Aucklandia Azalea ... Balanophora Bambusa Basella ... Benincasa Benzoin ... Berberis ... Bignonia Bleotia = sii Boehmeria Boymia ... Brasenia ... Brassica .., Broussonetia Bryonia ... Bupleurum Ceesalpinia Calamintha Calystegia Campsis ... Canna ... Cannabis Capsella ... Cardamom Carduus ... Carex, 78 APPENDIX. > 176 | Carpesium ees -ee90, 102, 103 | Cassia ven -- 33 | Castanea... ae eee -- 2/| Catalpa ... evs a eee 12 | Catechu ... ae vo eee =O4 | Celastrus ai 155 | Celery ... ons Celosia oes --- 10) Ceraja ... 140 | Gnicus ... soe -» 68 | Cnidium... ee eee eo» 169 | Cocculus... wee ose one L700 | Cox ree sso a «es 36 | Colocasia... oe oes ee» 217 | Codonopsis ove +> ee 251 | Conophallus ... o 58, 285 | Convallaria ree ++» 83, 84,87 | Convolvulus ... oes 59,179 | Coptis ... and 617 08 116 vee 274. wi BID ws. 185 ee wee 250 80, 82 vee 202 so, 206 ai. Un 283, 284. mT ey ie SC eee 257 618 Coreopsis Cornus ... Costus... Cotyledon Croomia ... Croton Cunninghamia ... Cuscuta ... Cutch ... Cyathula ' Cydonia ... Cynomorium Cyperus ... Daphne ... Dendrobium: Deutzia ... Dianthus Dianthera Diervilla... Dichroa ... Dicliptera Dictamnus Dioscorea Diospyros. Diphylleia Dipsacus... Dolichos ... Dorstenia Dra Dumasia ... Kelipta ... Elettaria ... eee 209 vow 162 we. 831 eos B02 os 163 eee 185 -» LOL coe 277 10 59 wee 156 oe 202 woe 346 ewe 112 oe 89 soe 346 - 141 oe §689 178, 262 eee 279 wee 152 83, 84 eee 2383 oe 51 eo 114 o 260 ese 120 «. «58 BOTANICON SINICUM, Eleutherococeus ... Elsholtzia Ephedra ... Epidendron Epimedium Equisetum Hriobotrya Eritrichium Eupatorium Euphorbia Euryale ... Euxolus ... Evodia .. Evonymus Exidia’ .. Farfugium Fatsia Forsythia Fragaria ... Frankincense Fraxinus... Fritillaria Galanga eee Galium ... Gambir ... Gastrodia Gelsemium Gentiana Geranium Geum... Ginger ... sot as co oi ss ee oe we late we Si bipggee w» 109, 282 vee 254 24, 62 135-138, 205 one le we 256 woe --- 991,346 wo» B19B48 od tga oa Hb a a a. eae wi eee wotttsicmuBell se to eee is ela Ml noo ee Pie irene 5. ee ces eee O00 : ei 8 un Heme — o aR MR LEGS Tb Ginseng ... Glechoma Gleditschia Glycyrrhiza Gymnocladus Hedysarum Herpestis Heterotropa Hibiscus ... Hirneola ... Hordeum Houttuynia Hydrangea Hydrocharis Hydrocotyle Hydropyrum Hyoscyamus Hypericum Tlex i Illicium ... Imperata Incarvillea Indigofera Inula... Ipomeea ... a as pO Isets 3.4 Jatropha... Justicia ... APPENDIX. vos. 18 |( Ufadsura ... «- 66 | Kochia ... ees 3825 | Koelreuteria wee WL BRE TO 349 Lablab ... .02, 19 | Lactuca ... ... 15 | Lagenaria ... 4] | Laminaria ..» 105 | Lamium ... ... 267 | Lappa ow 219, 220 Lemna ... 259 | Leontice ... .-- 141 | Leonurus ... 198 | Lespedeza ee 666 | Levisticum woe 197 Libanotis 139,155 | Ligularia... ... 120 | Ligusticum Ligustrum Lilium ... «+ 342 | Timnanthemum.. > ss 158 | Limodorum + 37 | Tindera ... vee 76 Liquidambar s+ 128 Lithospermum D4, 81 | Litsea nee BDO Tai OU, BOS: | Titre ins bee Lophanthus s+ 216 | Loranthus EE. se eee 147 | Lycium ... 26, 89 | Lycoperdon eer eee eetigce Se to we 46 w.. B42 wee 263 ee we 202 seo” B11 312, 313 es w. 304 oa Ft a 39I one BO 354, 355 w-» 202 we B45 won 818 620 Lycopodium Lysimachia Macroclinidium Magnolia... Malouetia » Male Malva Mandragora Manihot ... Marsilea ... Medicago Melandrium Melanthium Mola = .., Melon... Menispermum Menyanthes Morus .., Mosla MOM. 4, Me a _Mulgedium an. as “Mushroom Mylitta ... Myristica Nauclea ... Nelumbium Nepeta ... Nephelium Nephrodium . BOTANICON SINIGUM. oe’ “291,212 | Nerium ... cv es -» 141) Nigella ... oe Niphobolus Nitraria ... ial el Sate Nothosmyrnium ... 305, 806, 316 Nut utmeg ... a wee LOO an ia eee oe oes 105 | Ocimum 2. wet «+» 132 | Heceoclades aes ais +e» 147 | Ginanthe ak She eee 198 | Olea git set au we 255 | Olibanum as _ «+» 113 ) Onoclea ... ast eee = eee 176 | Ophioglossum vee wee 821 | Ophiopogon jee ve. 292 | Origanam ak --- 183! Orixa ‘ue bei -«» 199 | Orobanchacea ,.. ies »-. 332 | Orontium ose vee Giese, B4) Oryza ine ove ee ove 288 aa 72 : 216 Pachyma ve gs, | Pachyrhizus Peederia ... in see B5Q | FwWOMia 2s sae : ao Oe | Leritteus <2; ps Tees ‘ Panicum ... me aes --» 185 | Pardanthus doe ae eee 295 | Paris ae ee 65, 66 | Passerina ey os ve 285 | Patrinia ... - ue «+ 14) Paulownia fel 13, 14 ... 208 ve 104 31, 65 Brie: ye AG at aoe 221, 222 eee we BBT 3, B44 223, 294 wee 153 22,151 138, 157 ... 108 vee 820 Peach «:...- Pear oe Ferila sey Peristrophe sPersda ss; Petasites... Peucedanum Phalaris ... Pharbitis Phaseolus Phelipzea Phellodendron Philadelphus Phragmites Physalis ... Phytolacca Pinellia ... THs | ena Plantago Platycodon Plectranthus Pleione ... Podophyllum Polemonium Tone ws Polygala Polygonatum Polygonum Polypara... Polypodium Potentilla Poterium APPENDIX. 621 palate UTOMANR 6cc7. ess s00 282 --» 276 | Prosopis ... woe soe 325 sie . 67 | Prunella... a ‘si 80 70, 272, 283, ies ed Prunus ... on 338, 340 a ... lug | Pterocarpus soe we 315 vo 81, 32, 133 Pterocarya eae yee vd an ... 128 | Pueraria... ih peas fy ¢ § : ... 168 | Pulsatilla jon RA .. 931 | Punica ... i“ one. 20 a .. 10 | Pupalia ... ins she. ek Ss 315 Putchuk eee eee aes 54 346 | Pyenostelma ... soe 43 Ss .. 94 | Pyrethrum eat sen BD . 106 EVEGR Sus ‘e see. 316 ose ADL A - OU : +» 301 | Ranunculus oie xs’ 460 = ore tee Tape see woe ET see 115 | Rehmannia "eS os 200 -- 6 ) Rhamnus veo BBG) S41 soo eee 008 F Htheum ccs xcs TBO os 00 F Rhoden wc: se Ys ha tee +++ 152} Rhododendron ... 155, 347 we tee AIO P Rhus cues * ce 168818 vee --+ 95 | Rhynchosia vee evel 200 see 15, 16 Rhynchospermum eee 189 oe 4,0 | Robinia «cc ais 2; 7,64 21, 89,101, | Rosa ots wis 54, 171 123-127 Rose-maloes ... ot 813 ove vee 259 Roxburghia oes 60 197 see 13,203 | Rubia... one veal ABP ose, AE, 134 Us Rubus. «90, cde bO6 ri jw 9 }Rumex~ ... iss wes 193 622 Saccharum Sagina .. Sagittaria Salix ><... Salvia... Salvinia ... Sambucus Sanguisorba Santalum Saponaria Sargassum Schizandra Scirpus ... Scopolia ... Scrophularia Scutellaria Sedum .., Selaginella Senecio .., Septas Sesamum Setaria Silene... Siler: wu. Sinapis ... Siphonostegia Sisymbrium Skimmia ... Smilax Soja eee see Solanum .., Solena ... Solidago ... Sonchus ... BOTANICON SINICUM. ves 294 sas 8OT we 299 — 20, 65, 119 we 198 121, 122 ere vs 809 138 18 . oT vee 205 $i) 79, 86, 109 15 son fPiGh 225-227 see dtd 31 we 246 70, 86 the vee 159 oes 479 229, 230 107, 187 ssc? 872 86 vee 257 eee eee eee Sophora ... Soy ‘Stellaria ... Stellera ... Stemona ... Stenocelium Stephania Tanacetum Tecoma ... Terra japonica Thalictrum Thladiantha Thlaspi ... Thuja Torreya «.. Trapa Tribulus ... Trichomanes - Trichosanthes Tricertandra Trillidiam Trillium ... Triticum ... Tussilago Typha Typhonium eee Ulmus ... Umbilicus Unearia ... Urtica ... Uvularia... 2, 84, 322 we 284 vee 253 157 TT 31 183 eee eee we eae a be ee as MBE ws 218 ee 1D wwe 196 vee 152 327, 329, 330 ose oe 209 eos 185 il 36 Veratrum Verbena ... th. cc Villarsia ... Vincetoxicum Vinegar ... Viscum ... ee UGE Ses Wahlenbergia APPENDIX. sae eo» 142 | Wickstroemia a «> 116 | Woodwardia ie ee 120 es ose 199 oe 44, 45,118 | Xanthium ane ose, 2a0 we 854, 355 w. 848, 349 180, 190, 293 @ee ees 4, 5 Zala ove Zanthoxylon Zingiber ... Zizyphus... 623 138, 156, 182 eee eee 14 eee eee 198 288-291, 315 -+-96, 248, 249 275, 336, 337 COW IN OC ET; Season 1894-95, Meco APO, mae President: N. J. Hayyen, Esq, P. G. von MoLLENDoRFF, Vice-Presidents : : Rev. Josrrn Epxiys, D.D. Hon. Secretary: Z, Vouricentt, Esq. Hon. Treasurer: Taos. Brown, Esq. Hon, Librarian: J. Ritter von Haas. Hon, Curator of Museum: H. Vosy-Bovrsox, Esq. Dr. E. Fazer. Councillors : te Ww: Kiyesmiit, Esq. James Scorr, Esq, ‘PUBLICATIONS: OF THE SOCIETY, —* Old Series : Vol. a Part I, (June 1858)... $2.50 ; ” ” rs 39 oF (May 1859) soo A «. 2.00 , : I, (Dec. ” ) ore iene 1,00 oo 1860) * ase 1,00 eee eee see 1,00. : . . ® . . s . cs ; : : . : : re fe ssssee ae 3B . aaa! Te : : . ° 89 et et ew ss hi sec SORE ” tT ee ee 0.75 — a5 Be : oe cre tr Dee IRs Bet 2 Nos, VE (asin) Nos L-It CMs eee 6 23 3 Z 8 C C As ef oe 3 ges 335%