FAVOURITE FLOWERS oa

GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

B.HERINCQ
LAELIA PURPURATA
Flower Nat. size

VOL. IV.—Front.

FAVOURITE FLOWERS |

OF

GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

BY

EDWARD STEP, F.LS.

THE CULTURAL DIRECTIONS
EDITED BY
WILLIAM WATSON, F.R.H.S.

ASSISTANT CURATOR, ROYAL GARDENS, KEW

ILLUSTRATED WITH
Three Hundred and Sixteen Coloured Plates
SELECTED AND ARRANGED BY
D. BOIS

ASSISTANT DE LA CHAIRE DE CULTURE AU MUSEUM D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE DE PARIS
L:)
VOL. £yV

Mo. Bot. Garder
1897.

LONDON
FREDERICK WARNE & CO.
AND NEW YORK
1897

[All Rights Reserved]

CONAN LS
VOLUME IV

—_—_—_4>——_-
OrpeR CONIFERA— PAGE
Norrotk IspaAnp Pine . Genus Araucaria ' ‘ ; «et
OrpeR CYCADACEA—
Fern PAs ‘ yy -Cyeat ; ; : ie ad
Orper ORCHIDEA—
: ORcHIDS . . : : , : yO
MaspEVALLIAS.. : rr Masdevallia : é . . OR
D . » Dendrobium : an 2 OOF :
CALANTH 5, Calanthe : , hee e
Caio »» Ceelogyne : -
& ce Crocus. ‘i es sub-genus Pleione . ee)
PI z » Lpidendru : «6
Danas » Diacrium : : j Se ay.
CATTLEYAS », Cattleya . mee. i
; ‘ ‘ 5 hehe : : . 620
LYCASTES i j » Lycaste . : ; : | oe.
OpowToGLoTs oe » Odontoglossum . : . . 523
ONncIDS. ; : » Oncidium : ; . 526 .
Morn ORCHIDS. : » Phalenopsis . : : . 529
Ais . : i eri 3 : : . 532
Va : J ‘ ». Vande . ; ; : . > oo
Lapy’s SLIPPERS . ; » Cypripedium . ; : < ies
Orper SCITAMINEA— ae
RRow Roots”. ; » Maranta : : . . 539
; InpIAN SHor. ; » Canna . : ‘ : 4 BAL
OrpER BROMELIACEA—
KaRATAS . e : » Aaratas : : : . 542
CHMEAS . : : » Atchmea : piece CMR ae
BILLBERGIAS | 3 : », Billbergia : : ; : ee
TILLANDSIAS ; oa , Tillandsia : : ; . 546
Orper IRIDEZ—
g . ; : are é ‘ : : :
| TIGER FLOWERS . : » Ligridia : oan : me
— SES . . : >» Crocus . F : .
| Ixta A ‘ : ‘ é
: ce caineees or CorN Fiac |, Gladiolus . : . .

' ORDER sins aeearmes ec
8
a

x TOLIRIO:

i

: bs i

vi CONTENTS OF VOLUME IV i
‘Onis AMARYLLIDE ats gen d) PAGE q

Tu : ; Genus Hippeutn : : : . 569

Kyieur’s Star LILies . % eastrum ; : ce Ae

GUERNSEY Liny . ty on : 572,

SNOWDROPS » Galanthus 672
NOWFLAKES » Leucoium 573

EvucHaRis . pee Ge seen zs uchara. : é : = B18 f

PANCRATIUMS i 4, Pancratiwm : : j Ris i

Orper LILIACEX—
iat TRAS ‘ ; » Aspidistra p ; a meas 70 f

New ZEALAND FLAX ‘ » Phormium , ; : Beas y ts,

PLANTAIN LILigs. . » Funkia . : ; ; - 576

FLAME FLOWERS . Se » Kniphofia : ‘ : ees th:

GASTERIAS. : : 3 asteria Z ; POL

; yee gg to Ve ee ee

Yuce : ee Cae : : ‘ a Dae

Sancnis ‘DRACHENAS » Cordyline 4 . . . = 685

Dragon TREE : » Dracena ! : : it ton OG

‘ » Agapanthus . : ptie nes’ - BBT

SoLoMon’s SEAL . : » Polygonatum . . : Reyes ete%

Lity oF THE VALLEY. » Convallaria : E : som DOO

“Triptet Lites . : -y Brodiea. i : ; i889

Grapre HyacintHs 4 a USCart : : : er BOL

HYAcINTHS : » Hyacinthus ee : ; yen hOS

SQUILLS : : ct ea ‘ : j obo]

i ; : ; » Lthum . : ; pense ria Be
ROWN MPERIAL AND Rete, :
SNAKE’S-HEAD Litizs . } » Hritilaria aie ean SS

TULIPS rue >» . Lulapa-. : 2 é oe COL. Ti

Doe’s-Toorn VioLers. » LErythronium . : : oe egLS |

BurrerFLy Tuips ‘ » Calochortus " 5 : wo 61S

Day LILIEs : » Hemerocalli 613

GaRLICS . » Allium 614 i

CAMASSIA , » Camassia aC : : <> ee

STaR OF Berane : » Ornithogalum . : : Fame) £3;

GLORY OF THE SNO A » Chionodoxa : : , Pee 265

ASPHODEL. : » Asphodelus eu yg 2 ee OED

ANTHERICUMS . f » Anthericum : : : OL

OrvpER PONTEDERIACEXZ—
EIcHHORNIAS. ; » Hichhornia 616
OrpER PALM A—

KENTIAS . ‘ » Howea . eT

Date P. : » Phenic. 618 {

CH ops PALMS » Chamerops = 619 h
RACHYCARPUS PALMS . » Trachycarpus . : ; iy pee : Y

LivistoNA PALMS ‘ » Livistona : : i a OBI -

Cocos PALMS : Se ge ag : os : eee |

OrpeR PANDANEXZ— .
ScREW PI ‘: » Pandanus <= 684 -.
“
ORDER itor ? a

Cau ‘: » Caladium ; ‘ : + O26 a

ery Liss : » Richardia ; 3 : oo Gee |

FLAMINGO FLOWERS i » Anthuriwm : ‘ : + . 30 ;

4

CONTENTS OF VOLUME IV

ORDER NAIADACEA— : ee. : re pack =
Care PONDWEED . Genus Aponogeton : ‘ te aa
OrpER CYPERACEXH— - setee Re ee a
ie! a] rs thee ; Yperus Bie Sy . . a r
CLuB RUSHES . ; ‘ Scirpus . é : j + BBS oe
ORDER a ee :
pests Gassns : Pennisetum. : . s
Pampas GRA 5 Gynertm = _ : tate"
RipsBon Geass AND Canary) oe oe : ;
- QUAKING Grass . as ea 3

aRw’s-Tal L Grass
Gra sale ‘

pot GP COLOURED: PLATES

VOLUMEcIV

PLATE

235,

236.

Frontispiece. Lelia purpurata
Norrotk Isnanp PINE, Araucaria ue
Masdevallia coccinea
MaspEVALLias 4 B. Masdevallia rata
C. Masdevallia chimera

. DENDROBIUM NOBILE

. DENDROBIUM FARMERI, var, ‘ melnel foams
9. CarrLEyYA Mossi™

. LycastE SKINNERI

. ODONTOGLOSSUM CRISPUM

. Oncrp1umM ForBEsII .

PHALANOPSIS SCHILLERIANA
VANDA TRICOLO
A®RIDE palin

. Lapy’s Suiivs ER, Crit vum inabite

. MARANTA BICOLOR, V:

. Inpian Sor, Canna hybrids
5 EME

r. Kerchoviana

. BILLBERGIA

escapee SPLENDENS
Nerrep Iris, Iris viiealian

. Dwar Iris, Iris pumila

PEACOCK Texi-rowst, Tigridia Sanbhia:
A. YELLow Crocus, Crocus aureus
B. Sprina Crocus, Crocus vernus

. IXIA MACULATA

GHENT Corn FLac, ‘Gladolas pee eae
f A. Jonquin, Narcissus Jonqual
UB. Darropit, Narcissus pseudo-na

. PoryantHus Narcissus, Narcissus wanie vars.

.

To face Title
_To face page 498

500

LIST OF COLOURED PLATES 1X

PLATE
261. ScarBorouGH Lixny, Vallota purpurea ; P : . To face page 559
262. JacoBEAN Lity, Sprekelia formosissima : ; : i 552
263. CLIVIA MINIATA : i : : : : i s 554
264. IXIOLIRON MONTANUM ; : : ‘ ‘ ss 556
265. 'TUBEROSE, Poaaathe Nieteas F : ; : ; rf 558
266. ASPIDISTRA LURIDA : : ; ; Pe 560
267. New ZEALAND FLAX, Phoraeie: sia : : : 2 - 562
268. Puantain Lity, Funkia ovata : ; : ; 564
269, Fiame FLower, Kniphofia aloides . 5 ; ; . ” 566
270. GASTERIA VERRUCOSA : : : : : s 568
271. TREE ALOE, Aloe TREES : ; : ; : > 570
272. Suk Grass, Yucca filamentosa ‘ : : ; : ” 572
273. CORDYLINE TERMINALIS : ; . ef e 574
274. Arrican Lity, Agapanthus Gaibelichas ; tes : : ms 576
275. Trirtet Lity, Brodiwa (Triteleia) uniflora : : ‘ ‘5 578
A. Muscari comosum
276. Grave HyacinTH |» B. Muscart comoswm, var. monatron | : ‘ 580
C. Muscari comosum, var. ages
277. Garpen Hyacinru, Hyacinthus orientalis . ‘ : » 982
278, SIBERIAN SQuliLt, Scilla stbirica : : s 4 584
279, GOLD-RAYED Liny oF JAPAN, tise dibaton : 5 ; “, 586
2 280. Sarrron Liny, Liliwm crocewm ; ; ‘ et 588
281. WHITE OR St. JOSEPH’S are sheen castien d ; : 5 590
282. SHowy Lixy, Liliwm spec : 7 : : ‘5 592
283. SNAKE'S ica Fritillaria ae gris : : : : » 594
284, Garpen TuLip, Tulipa gesneriana . : : 5 ee
285. Parror Tune, Z'ulipa gesneriana var. saeealts : : 2 BSS
286. TuLipA SUAVEOLENS ; ; : ; : os ye
287. EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES ; ; ; ? j ee 602
288, CurLty Pam, Howea belecireatin ‘ : : : . + oe
289. Spiny Dare PauM, Phenix spinosa . : : . no OOG
290. TRACHYCARPUS EXCELSA i : ; ; = 608
291. Bourson Pam, Livistona cea : ; : ' # 610
292. Cocos WEDDELIANA : ; : : oe
293. VeitcH’s ScREW- sa Poadunns Vettcht : : es a Oe
294, CALADIUM BICOLOR, ; : . Le are
295. TRuMpET OR ARUM tie Richiirtés Sana : : : x, S18
296. Fuaminco Fiowsr, Anthurium scherzertanum ; ts : soe Oe
297. CapE PONDWEED. Pei distachyum . < . . n S22
298, CYPERUS ALTERNIFOLIUS . eee : : y ee
299, SCIRPUS RIPARIUS ees ; 6 5» oe
Stipa pennata 628
oe iC Pennisetum longistylus J” sa aes
301. Rippon Grass, Phalaris arundinacea, var. variegata : : 2 9 G8
| _ ¢ A. Quaxine Grass, Briza maxima : Ae
302. - B. Hare’s-rait Grass, Lagurus rut Pe 634
Hair Grass, Aira pulchella ‘i oe

303. SELAGINELLA MARTENSIIL . ‘ : ee pee eae

an LIST OF COLOURED PLATES

PLATE
A. Aspidium aculeatum
304. PrickLY SHIELD-FERN { B. Aspidium aculeatum,
var, subtripinnatum

305. AsprpiuM FaLcaTuM

306. Brrp’s Nest Fern, eles pep te

307. OstRicH FERN, Onoclea germanica
308. Preris QUADRIAURITA, var. argyr@a

309. SprpeR Fern, Pteris serrulata

310. MameNnHAIR, Adiantum cuneatum

311. ADIANTUM TRAPEZIFORME .

312. GoLp Fern, Gymnogramme ha putchyylte

. To face page 638

TT Pee ee ENN ONE Ne NS Bee RE SET TE 5 See, ee ie eR CUE aes ue Fa yg Eee EE OS

FAVOURITE FLOWERS

OF

GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

NORFOLK ISLAND PINE
Natural Order CoNIFERZ. Genus Araucaria

ARAUCARIA (from Araucanos, the native name of A. imbricata in Chili).
A small genus of noble evergreen trees, with small persistent scale-like
leaves, which are flattened, pointed, stiff, and usually overlapping. The
spreading branches are arranged in whorls. The sexes are in separate
flowers: the males in terminal cylindrical spikes, each anther divided
into a number of cells; the females in cones. The latter when ripe are
large and globular, covered with overlapping woody scales, some barren,
others bearing a single seed. There are about seven species, natives of
South America and Australasia.

With Conifers as trees we have little concern in this
work, but Araucarias more than any other genus of the
group lend themselves to pot or tub cultivation in greenhouses and
conservatories, in a young condition. They are all of modern discovery
and introduction. A. imbricata was introduced from Chili in 1792 by
A. Menzies, to whom the nuts were offered as dessert. He put a
few of them into his pocket and brought them to Kew. A. ercelsa,
the Norfolk Island Pine, was sent to Kew by Governor Phillips, of New
South Wales, in the year 1793. In 1819 A. brasiliana was introduced
from mountain districts of Southern Brazil. About 1826 Allan Cunning-

v.35 :

History.

498 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

ham discovered the Moreton Bay Pine in Queensland, and sent specimens
to Kew, where one of the batch may still be seen; Aiton named it A.
Cunninghamii in honour of the discoverer. Another Queensland
species, the Bunya Bunya, was brought to England in 1846 by Mr. T.
Bidwill of the Sydney Botanic Gardens, and named A. Bidwilli by
Hooker. In 1851 A. Cookii was introduced from New Caledonia, and
from the same island came A. Balanse in 1875.

AraucaRIA BALANS& (Balansa’s). Trunk 130 to 160
feet high, with plumy branches, and overlapping oval-
triangular, curved leaves. Small specimens make beautiful pot-plants for
the greenhouse.

A. Brpwitin (Bidwill’s). Bunya Bunya. Trunk 150 feet high.
Leaves leathery, oval-lance-shaped, curved, in two nearly horizontal
rows. Cone as large as a man’s head. Greenhouse plant of very
symmetrical habit.

A. Cooxit (Cook’s). Trunk about 200 feet high. Leaves awl
shaped, densely overlapping the branches. This species has the habit
of shedding its lower branches when they have attained to a fair size,
and replacing them by a smaller, more bushy growth. Also known as
A. columnaris. Greenhouse.

A. CUNNINGHAMIL (Cunningham’s). Moreton Bay Pine. Trunk

about 100 feet high. Lower branches spreading horizontally, upper ones
taking an upward direction. Leaves needle-shaped, somewhat square,
rigid. There is a var. glauca, with silvery glaucous leaves. These are
greenhouse plants, but the type is hardy near the south-west coasts of
England.
A. EXCELSA (lofty). Norfolk Island Pine. Trunk 150 feet high
and 20 feet in circumference. Branches frond-like, horizontal or drooping.
Leaves curved, needle-shaped, sharp-pointed, densely packed. This is
the most desirable of the genus in a young state. There are several
good varieties, of which the best are goldieana and sanderiana. Green-
house or conservatory. Plate 235.

A. IMBRICATA (overlapping). Monkey Puzzle, or Chili Pine. Trunk
50 to 100 feet high. Branches spreading with downward tendency, but
the tips ascending. Leaves oval-lance-shaped, leathery, stiff, somewhat
keeled, sharp-pointed, concave, shining; in whorls, closely overlapping.
Hardy.

cs Young Araucarias are among the most graceful of
those greenhouse plants that are cultivated for beauty of

form apart from flowers. For this purpose it is best to keep up a
succession of small plants in pots, which will also allow of their occasional

Principal Species.

a

bea, |
6 tm .

ah

NORFOLK-ISLAND PINE
(ARAUCARIA EXCELSA)

Reduced
- PL. 236

FERN PALMS 499

use for table decoration. They should be potted in a compost of fibrous
loam, leaf-mould, and sand. Propagation is effected by cuttings and
seeds. Seeds should be sown in sandy soil and subjected to slight heat.
Patience is required for this method of propagation, as the seeds may be
very tardy in germinating. Cuttings are made from lateral shoots, the
produetion of which is induced by stopping the main shoot. These are
inserted firmly in pots of sandy soil, and placed in a close frame kept at
a temperature of about 60°. Cuttings made from the horizontal branches
never make symmetrical plants. They must be watered with care, and
the pots must be efficiently drained. Seeds of A. excelsa are now often
imported in large quantities, so that cuttings are rarely resorted to.
This species is grown by tens of thousands by the Ghent nurserymen,
who supply nearly the whole of Europe with healthy young plants at a
cheap rate. A. imbricata is also raised from seeds. The others are not
much grown in this country. When grown in rooms the plants are apt to
get covered with dust ; this can be removed by syringing them vigorously
with soapy water. Care must be taken not to bruise any of the shoots,
more especially the leader, as parts so affected rapidly perish.

Description of Araucaria excelsa, the Norfolk Island Pine, greatly

Plate 235. reduced.

FERN PALMS
Natural Order CycaADAcE&. Genus Cycas

Cycas (the classical Greek name for some species of Palm). A genus of
about fifteen species of stove herbaceous perennials, which agree with
Conifers in possessing no ovary, the ovules being naked and receiving
the pollen directly without the pollen-tube having to penetrate stigma
and style. Cycads differ from Conifers chiefly in the fact that
branching of the stem is a very rare occurrence with them, and in having
large frond-like leaves. The stem is thick and succulent, except in very
old plants. The leaves of Cycas are of two kinds: small, dry, brown,
hairy, leathery, stalkless scales, and large, stalked, pinnate foliage-leaves.
The two kinds alternate periodically. An individual produces at its
summit either male or female flowers; not both. The female flower is _
a rosette of foliage-leaves which have undergone slight modification in
development, the lower leaflets (pinne) being replaced by ovules as large
as a moderate-sized plum, coloured orange-red when mature. These grow
to full size whether fertilised or not. In the male the sumeaigaieasi = is

500 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

cone-like, the staminal leaves are much smaller, undivided and furnished
on the under-side with a number of densely-crowded pollen-sacs. The
species are natives of Tropical Asia and Australia.
ycads are of comparatively recent introduction, Cycas
circinalis having been introduced from the East Indies in
the year 1700. The name of Sago Palm, sometimes applied to these
plants, is somewhat misleading, as they do not produce real Sago of
commerce, which is obtained from species of true Palms, viz. Metroxylon.
The name arises from the fact that from the seeds of C. circinalis in the
Moluceas, and the stem of C. revoluta in Japan, a starchy substance is
derived which is used as food; sago or sagw being the Papuan word for
bread. ©. revoluta was introduced from China in the year 1737. These
are the species principally cultivated in this country, but other good
forms have been introduced, and may occasionally be seen in our stoves,
such as C. media from Northern Australia, 1874, C. normanbyana from
New South Wales in 1875, and C. siamensis from Cochin China, 1878.
C, CIRCINALIS (curved-leaved). Trunk 6 to 20 feet
ee ha sometimes branched. Leaves smooth, paler beneath,
6 to 9 feet long; leaflets sickle-shaped, 6 to 12 inches long. Ceylon, ete.

C. MEDIA (medium-sized). Trunk stout, becoming tall when very
old. Leaves large, pinnate, 3 to 6 feet long; leaflets very numerous and
very slender, the lower ones passing into spines.

C. NORMANBYANA (Normanby’s). Trunk slender, base of leaf-stalks
covered with scurfy down. Leaves 2 to 4 feet long; leaflets very
slender and numerous, touching each other, about 6 inches long.

C. REVOLUTA (rolled back). Trunk very stout; in old specimens
sometimes branched at top, 6 to 9 feet high. Leaves 2 to 6 feet long,
dark green; leaflets numerous, narrow, the margins rolled back.

C. SIAMENSIS (Siamese). Trunk stout. Leaves 2 to 4 feet Jong,
pinnate; leaflets narrow-lanced-shaped, with an abrupt spiny point.
Closely resembling C. circinalis.

Other genera of Cycads grown in stoves are Macrozamia and
Bowenia from Australia, Zamia and Dioon from South and Central
America, Hncephalartos and Stangeria from Africa. Many of these are
excellent subjects for large conservatories. Bowenia is remarkable for
its tuberous stem and bipinnate leaves, and Stangeria for its close
resemblance to a fern. The cones of Macrozumia and Encephalartos

History.

are very large and handsome. There is a fine collection of these plants

in the large Palm-House at Kew.
- Cyeads should be planted in pots or tubs of rich loam

Cultivation. ° . . . .
to which river sand has been added in sufficient quantity to

ee ee

Re

B.HERINCQ

MASDEVALLIAS
(4,1) M. COCCINEA (B) M. GEMMATA (C) M. CHIMAERA
Plant: Nat. size Nat. size 1/, Nat. size

PL. 236

a a aa a i rea

N So See ea ee aa ears) | ee en
an : :

ORCHIDS 501

render the soil fairly open. It is necessary that these receptacles should
be efficiently drained, as the plants are impatient of stagnant moisture.
They are raised from seeds germinated in the stove; but occasionally
suckers are thrown up round the base of the old plants, and these may
be removed and potted separately, affording vigorous young plants.
There is no very great difference in the habit and appearance of the
species, and either of them will be found a distinct addition to the stove,
and to the conservatory when removed thither in summer. C. revoluta
is sufficiently hardy to be turned out about May, and the pot or tub sunk
in the border in a sheltered, sunny position. The stems of all Cycads will
strike root readily, so that plants that have grown too tall may be
lowered by cutting off their heads at the desired height, and inserting —
them in sandy soil in a stove.

ORCHIDS
Natural Order ORCHIDE

A LARGE Natural Order, compr ising three hundred and thirty-four genera
and about five thousand species of herbs, with roots in bunches from the
base or tuberous. Many of the tropical species grow upon the trunks of
trees, and are hence called epiphytes. They have true stems (Vanda), or
modified stems (Dendrobium), or pseudo-bulbs (Odontoglossum), or

~ rhizomes (Piazus), or the leaves are sessile on a tuft of fleshy roots or

tubers (Cypripedium, Orchis). The flowers are either solitary or clustered
in spikes, racemes, or panicles ; and of singular shapes and structure. The
perianth consists of six irregular, coloured segments, of which the three
outer are sepals, nearly alike, as also are the two lateral members of the
inner series (petals), but the central one of this series is dissimilar, usually
larger, and often ends in a spur. By the twisting of the ovary, the flower
is turned upside down, and this large central petal, which should be at the
upper side of the flower, becomes a lower lip (labellum). The stamens and
the style are welded into an unsymmetrical mass, the column. The upper
part of this column supports the single anther (in the genus Cypripedium
there are two anthers), which is two-celled. The ovary is usually long,
and one-celled, the style often ending in a thickened process called the
rostellum or beak, below and in front of the anther or between its cells,
and the stigma is a sticky surface below the rostellum. The pollen-
grains are each attached by an elastic thread to a stalk (cwudicle) which
ends in a basal gland. In this way two, four, or eight pear-shaped

IV.—-2

502 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

masses (pollinia) of pollen are formed. With very few exceptions the
essential organs are so placed as to prevent fertilisation unless assisted
by some agency such as bees, birds, ete. The fruit is three-valved ; the
seeds exceedingly numerous, spindle-shaped, but minute. To facilitate .
reference to so large a number of genera, they are grouped into five tribes
according to their affinities: I. Epidendreee, H. Vandez, III. Neottiex,
IV. Ophrydex, V. Cypripediez ; and these are each divided into sub-tribes.

It will be understood that so vast an Order, with its hundreds of
genera and thousands of species, of which it is reckoned one-half have
been brought under the care of the gardener, cannot be dealt with in a
work like the present in any but the most superficial manner. We can
only hope to take representative species from a few of the principal
genera, and with the aid of the plates give a slight notion of their beauty
of form and colour, and the wide variation of structure based upon the
general characters enumerated above.

Orchid- culture must be reckoned among the most
modern developments of the horticultural art. The first
exotic species grown in Britain was probably Bletia verecunda, intro-
duced to Kew from the Bahamas by Mr. Peter Collinson in 1731,
succeeded at a distance of forty-seven years by Dr. Fothergill’s importa-
tion of Phaius grandifolius from China. Between these dates, however,
Vanilla planifolia was introduced (some years prior to 1739), lost, and
reintroduced early in the nineteenth century. When Aiton published
the first edition of the Hortus Kewensis in 1789 he could only enumerate
fifteen foreign species of Orchids as in cultivation at Kew; the Hand-list
of Orchids cultivated at Kew, issued in 1896, enumerates 1800 species,
belonging to 190 genera. A century ago the prevailing notion
concerning the epiphytal species was that they were parasites requiring
each its special species of tree for successful growth, and that all, or
most, foreign orchids were natives of tropical jungles requiring a hot,
humid atmosphere, with absence of ventilation. Mr. H. J. Veitch, F.LS.,
a few years ago contributed to the proceedings of the Royal Horticul-
tural Society a most interesting paper on “Orchid Culture, Past and
Present” (Jowrnal R. H. S., vol. xi. p. 115), in which he describes the
struggle with error the Orchid-grower has had to fight until recently.
Collectors sent home plants without taking care to describe the conditions
under which they found them growing naturally; eminent traders and
others abroad gave information based on insufficient data or a lack of
data, and so fixed the wrong kind of treatment for half a century,
during which period great numbers of plants were imported, and as
regularly killed with the best intentions. Mr. Veitch says: “The usual

History.

: emer { MSRNMONTERIE ET 6

=e

se NONE A me

DENDROBIUM NOBILE

—_

. size

Nat

PL. 237

eit ia

ORCHIDS 503

treatment of Orchids at this period was to pot them in a mixture of
loam and peat, and keep them constantly plunged in the tan-bed of the
stove.” No particular allowance seems to have been made for differences
in the genera or species, or the altitudes at which they grew in nature.
Early in the nineteenth century Messrs. Loddiges of Hackney began
to grow Orchids in earnest, and soon after,in the year 1812, they had
brought to them a specimen of Oncidium bifolium by the gentleman
who had brought it from Monte Video; but when he told them it had
been hung up in his cabin without earth and had flowered during the

-greater part of the voyage, he was considered to have relationship with

Munchausen and Mandeville. However, the epiphytal Orchids, as the
known species became more numerous, got the general title of “air
plants,” and the scientific appellation of Hpidendrums; but they were
regarded merely as curiosities, and it was only here and there that a
specimen was induced to flower. The gardeners who accomplished this
were clever men, and one of the first was Mr. Fairbairn at Claremont,
who in 1813 flowered Aérides odoratum by placing it in a basket of
spent tan and moss, hung in the Pinery, and dipped in a bucket of water
half a dozen times a day. About fifteen years later Sir Joseph Banks
suspended epiphytes in cylindrical wicker-baskets with a little vegetable
mould and moss, and thus may be said to have invented the idea of the
modern Orchid-basket. Mr. Veitch’s account of the Messrs. Loddige’s
method at that date will be of interest to Orchid-amateurs of to-day:
“ Loddiges at this time made their compost of rotten wood and moss, with
a small quantity of sand. Their orchid-stove was heated by brick flues
to as high a temperature as could be obtained by that means, and by a tan-
bed in the middle kept constantly moist by watering, and from which
a steamy evaporation was rising at all times without any ventilation from
without. Their method was, of course, imitated by probably all cultiva-
tors. To these hot steamy places Orchids were consigned as soon as
received, and into which, it was occasionally remarked, it was as
dangerous to health and comfort to enter as it was into the damp, close
Jungle in which all tropical Orchids were then supposed to have their
home.”

Except that he stipulated for good drainage, this was practically
the system prescribed by Dr. Lindley, who was for many years the high
priest of horticulture, and whose precepts and practice dominated almost
every garden throughout the country, with the result that, as Sir Joseph
Hooker has remarked, England was for half a century the grave of
tropical Orchids. For the stream of imports still continued, and wealthy
amateurs and trade-growers sent out their own collectors, who not only

}

504 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

sent home Orchids, but also remonstrances against growing (or attempt-
ing to grow) them under conditions so different from those under which
they were found. These remonstrances, joined to an increasing know-
ledge and intelligence in the gardeners, gradually led to the abandonment
of the old system. Hot-water pipes were substituted for the brick flues,
a lower temperature was maintained, fresh air was admitted, more
perfect drainage ensured, and a moist atmosphere obtained by sprinkling
the paths and staging. This was the treatment adopted by Paxton at
Chatsworth, and which gradually, after many years of clinging more
or less fully to the “orthodox” teaching of Lindley, found its way into
the Orchid-houses of the land, with the result that most epiphytes can
now be flowered with perfect success. Some still puzzle the most suc-
cessful growers, such as Cattleya citrina, Diacrium bicornutum, some
Dendrobiums, Catasetums, and Mexican Oncidiwms, yet in certain
establishments one or other of these is flowered successfully. Thus
Diacrium bicornutum gives little difficulty at Kew, and Sir Charles
Strickland has grown sins citrina successfully for fifteen or sixteen
years in an ordinary greenhou

Among the firms that followed the lead of the Loddiges in growing
Orchids for sale were: Rollison, Veitch, Low, Williams, and >~ll, in
London; Maule of Bristol, Backhouse of York, and Sander of St. .lbans,
—the last-named with three acres of greenhouses devoted exclusively to
Orchids. Perhaps the most striking testimony to the knowledge brought
to bear upon Orchid-culture in the last fifty years is to be found in the
fact that hybrids “made in Britain” are becoming plentiful. As early
as the year 1852 Mr. John Dominy entered upon a course of experiments
in hybridising in the Exeter nurseries of Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons.
His first hybrid, Calanthe Dominii had C. masuca and C. veratrifolia
for parents, and was raised in the following year, but did not flower
until 1858. Among other good things associated with Mr. Dominy’s
name are Calanthe Veitchii, Cattleya exoniensis, and Lelia Dominit.
Mr. Seden, a pupil of Dominy’s, has carried out similar work with success
in Messrs., Veitch’s Chelsea nurseries, and there are now numerous
ostablinhnselite in which the breeding of Orchids artificially is an
important industry. Hundreds of hybrid Cypripediwms, Cattleyas
and Dendrobiwms have already been raised, and numerous other genera
have been operated upon by the hybridiser with success. The bulk of
the plants, however, are imported direct from their native habitats.

Much more might be said relating to the history of Orchids as
cultivated plants, but exigencies of space forbid. We must content
ourselves with a glance at a few typical genera.

B.HERINCO

DENDROBIUM FARMERI, var. aureoflavum

Nat. size
PL. 238

MASDEVALLIAS 505

MASDEVALLIAS
Natural Order ORCHIDE%. Genus Jlasdevallia

MASDEVALLIA (named in honour of Dr. Masdevall, a Spanish botanist).
A genus of about one hundred and fifty species, mostly small, growing
in moss on the trunks of trees, or in crevices of the rocks, in the cool
mountain forests of Tropical America, chiefly from Peru to Mexico, and
at elevations between 6000 and 9000 feet. They have creeping root-
stocks with spoon-shaped or strap-shaped leathery leaves, and large or
medium-sized flowers of singular form, borne singly or several together
on a tall slender scape. The sepals are united to form a tube, except at
their upper ends, which are prolonged into slender tails, in some species
of great length. The petals are small and hidden in the sepal-tube, the
labellum hinged to the half-rounded column.

The growing of Masdevallias in this country is a thing
of yesterday and to-day. Botanists were acquainted with
herbarium specimens of a number of species long before a living plant
was brought to Britain. This was due to the difficulty of transporting
them to the coast without destroying them. Growing in a moderate
temperature at so great an altitude, their long journey down would
subject them to an increasingly higher temperature, so that the bulk of
a consignment would be worthless before it reached this country. It
was therefore necessary that some amount of cultivation and propagation
should be practised here before many plants could be obtained. But,
only quite recently, the demand was even smaller than the supply, because
those first introduced were by no means the most attractive members of
the genus. Among these were: J/. infracta, introduced from Brazil,
1835; M. triangularis, from Columbia, 1842; and A. floribunda, from
Mexico, 1843; MW. tovarensis came from Venezuela, 1865; M. veitchiana,
from Peru, in 1867; J. ignea, from Columbia, in 1871: and the principal
species now cultivated have been introduced since that date. MM. muscosa
is so Sensitive that upon a fly or other insect, however small, alighting
upon the labellum or column, the labellum shuts up over the column and
compels the insect to pass first over the stigmas and be made sticky on
its lower surface, then over the pollinia, when pollen-grains adhere to it.
On the fly visiting another flower, these are detached by the stigma, and

so effect cross-fertilisation.

In the following descriptions only the flowers are
described, except where the leaves appear to depart suffici-

History.

Principal Species,

1V.—3

506 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

ently from the general type prevailing in the genus. The height refers
to the flower-scapes.

MASDEVALLIA AMABILIS (lovely). Free-flowering, orange-scarlet, 6
inches high. Introduced from Columbia, 1874.

M. BELLA (charming). Flowers large ; upper sepal spotted with dark
purple-brown, its base ochre-yellow ; inner half of lower sepals yellow,
outer half and long tails dark purplish brown. Introduced from
Columbia, 1878.

M. caupaTA (tailed). Flowers long-tailed, streaked with purple,
green, and yellow; 4 inches high. Introduced from Columbia, 1874.
Also known as M. Shuttleworthii. The var. xanthocorys has the upper
sepal almost yellow, streaked with brown.

M. CHELSONI (Chelsea). Flowers white, the fiddle-shaped labellum
marked with brown and mauve. <A garden hybrid, raised 1880 from
M. veitchiana and M. amabilis; believed to have been the first raised
from seed in Europe.

-M. Cummra (Chimeera-like). Leaves narrow-lance-shaped, 6 to 9
inches long. Sepals yellow with close mottling of dark red, and clothed
with hairs; triangular, each tapering to a very slender and very long
tail; total length of sepal, 10 or 12 inches. Native of Columbia. Plate
236c. Several good varieties are in cultivation, among them back-
houseana (1879), with larger flowers of brighter tints; Roezlii (1880), a
handsome plant with blackish purple sepals, and light mauve petals and
lip.

M. coccINEA (scarlet). Sepals yellow without, bright scarlet within ;
upper one narrow. Winter-flowering. Introduced from Columbia. Plate
236A, fig. 1. Several good varieties are grown, including Linden (also
known as Harryana), in which the sepals vary from brilliant violet to
rose and magenta. Introduced 1869.

M. GEMMATA (adorned). Leaves obscurely three-toothed at apex.
Upper sepal ochreous, triangular, with a tail of equal length; lower sepals
purple with ochreous base and orange tails. Lip heart-shaped, purple.
Introduced from Columbia, 1883. Plate 236n.

M. IGNEA (fiery). Leaves oblong on long foot-stalks. Flowers ex-
ceedingly brilliant, of a dazzling fiery red, sometimes shaded with crimson
or violet-rose ; upper sepal narrow, tapering gradually to a long tail, and
bent close over remainder of flower. Height 6 inches. Introduced from
Columbia, 1871. The var. marshalliana has yellow flowers.

M. MELANOPUS (black-stalked). Flowers white with purple dots
and yellow tails; 6 inches high. Introduced from Peru, 1874.

M. MuscosaA (mossy). Flowers yellowish, with reddish nerves; lip

CATTLEYA MOSSI4

Nat. size

PL. 239

See eer ee eros

DENDROBES 507

deep violet, bearded, and irritable; stalks bristly. Introduced from
Columbia, 1885.

M. POLYSTICTA (many-dotted). Flowers white, spotted with dark
crimson ; scapes six- to eight-flowered, 6 inches high. Introduced from
Northern Peru, 1874.

M. RosEA (rosy). Flowers rosy-purple, 2 inches long. Introduced
from Peru, 1880.

M. Scum (Schlim’s). Flowers yellow, mottled with brownish
red; scape three- to six-flowered. Leaves 6 to 12 inches long; scapes as
long again. Introduced from Venezuela, 1884.

M. TOVARENSIS (native of Tovar, Columbia). Flowers pure white,
usually in pairs; scape 6 inches high. Introduced from Columbia, 1865.

M. VEITCHIANA (Veitch’s). Flowers; outside tawny-yellow, inner
surface rich orange-scarlet, studded with purple-tipped woolly glands.
Introduced from Peru, 1867. The var. grandiflora has much larger
flowers.

Masdevallias are among the most easily accommodated
of Orchids. Owing to their natural habitat being at so
high an elevation they require to be grown in a cool, moist atmosphere
in small pots, with a compost of peat and sphagnum, and a good depth
of drainage. During the summer they must be kept shaded from the
sun, and as cool as possible; in winter they require a temperature not
lower than 50°. Air should be admitted at all times, avoiding cold
draughts, and they must have plenty of water during the growing period ;
less when at rest. They should be repotted in February. Thrips and
red spider often disfigure the leaves, and slugs eat the young leaves and
flower-stems ; they must be kept under.

Description of Masdevallias. A, M. coccinea, much reduced. The

Plate Fig. 1 shows the flower of the natural size; 2 is the column;

and 3 the pollinia. B, Mf. gemmata, about one-third less than the natural
size. C, M. Chimera, half the natural size.

Culture,

DENDROBES
Natural Order OrncHIDEH. Genus Dendrobiwm

DeEnpRobIuM (Greek dendvon, a tree, and bios, life: in allusion to their
epiphytal habit). An extensive genus (three hundred species) of stove

_and greenhouse plants. There is considerable difference among the

species, some having wiry creeping rhizomes, some with small conical

508 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

pseudo-bulbs, others club-shaped, horny stems, leafy only at the summit;
but the majority produce long leafy branches. The majority, again, have

ordinary flat leaves, but in some they are two-edged, like those of Jris,

and in others they are round and tapering. Some of the species are
minute, others are among the largest of the Orchids. The flowers are
purple, rosy, green, or yellow; solitary or in clusters or racemes. The
lip is more or less contracted at the base, and lies upon or grows to the
foot of the column. The anther is two-celled, with four pollinia of pretty
uniform breadth at either end. They are natives chiefly of India and the
Malay Peninsula, but a few are found in Australasia and the Pacific Islands.

The cultivation of Dendrobiums dates from the
beginning of the century—or rather, we should say, the
first Denrobe was introduced then, Roxburgh having sent several species
to Kew from India, followed by Pierard and Wallich; but owing to the
mistaken notions then prevailing, and to which we have already referred
at some length, these cannot be said to have been cultivated. And yet
the plants tried their best to explain how they should be treated, for Mr.
John Smith, in his Records of Kew, tells how, in the year 1822, he found
these plants of Roxburgh’s “on a shelf above a flue against the back-
wall in what was then called the propagating-house. . .. There were
also plants of Dendrobium Pierardi and D. cucullatum, flowering freely,
which had recently been brought home from Caleutta by Mr. Pierard.”
The roots of some of these had attached themselves to the wall. Among
the early introductions were the two species named, which came about
1815 from India, whence also came D. Calceolaria in 1820, as also
D. crumentatum and D. fimbriatum in 1823. The beautiful D. nobile
was introduced from China in 1836, and D. devonianum from India in
1837. D. Farmeri, introduced 1847, we also owe to India. Many fine
species have been brought into cultivation quite recently, and the
country of their origin, with the date, will be found marked against
these species below.

DENDROBIUM AGGREGATUM (assembled _ together).
Pseudo-bulb, thick, bearing a single leaf. Flowers deep
yellow in arching racemes, 6 inches long; March to May. Introduced
from North India, 1837. The var. majus has larger flowers. Green-
house ; best grown on block.

D. CRASSINODE (thick-noded), Like D. Wa vdian um, except that the
stems are swollen at the nodes; spring. Stove. ‘

D. CALCEOLARIA Glin ile Pseudo-bulbs 4 feet en Flowers
large, bright yellow, about twelve in a raceme. Summer. Stove, or
warm greenhouse. Also known as D. moschatum.

History.

Principal Species.

LYCASTE SKINNERI

1/, Nat. size

PL. 240

DENDROBES 509

D. DALHOUSIEANUM (Dalhousie’s). Stems 2 to 5 feet, stout. Flowers
in drooping racemes ; the largest in the genus, pale yellow, with two large
crimson blotches on the labellum; spring. Stove. Birma, 1828. _

D. DEVONIANUM (Duke of D hire’s). Pseudo-bulbs 1 to 3 feet
long. Flowers 2 inches across, creamy-white, tinged with pink; petals
tipped with magenta; lips margined with purple, spotted with orange,
and frilled at the edge: March and April. Stove. Should be grown in
basket or on block.

D. FALCONERI (Falconer’s). Stems slender, knotted. Floweis
solitary from the nodes, 3 inches wide, white tinged with rose, the lip
blotched with purple; spring. Stove. Assam, 1856.

D. FarMERI (Farmer's). Leafy stems club-shaped, 1 foot high.
Flowers pale straw-colour tinged with pink; lip golden-yellow; in long
pendulous racemes; May. Stove. Introduced from India, 1847, The
var. albiflorwm has white flowers with downy, orange lip. The var.
aureoflavum, shown in our Plate 238, has yellow flowers with a golden
lip. Introduced from Moulmein, 1864.

D. FIMBRIATUM (fringed). Stems 4 to 5 feet long. Flowers in
loose pendent raceme, each two inches across, bright yellow, the lip
deeply fringed and blotched with orange; spring. Stove. Birma,
1820. The variety oculatwm has a maroon-red blotch on the lip.

D. NoBILE (noble). Stems 2 to 3 feet high. Flowers large, purplish
rose, lip deep maroon; January to April. Greenhouse evergreen.
Introduced from China, 1836. There are a number of varieties, showing
considerable range of tint; the plant figured in Plate 237 is one of these.
One of the most easily grown Orchids. Small specimens do well in
baskets; larger ones require pots. Numerous hybrids between this and
other species have been raised.

D. PHAL@NopsIS (moth - orchid -like). Stems 1 to 3 feet long.
Flowers in elegant racemes 2 to 3 inches across, white tinged with rosy-
mauye, the lip deep maroon. A recently popularised species from New
Guinea. It is nearly always in flower. Stove.

D. Prerarpil (Pierard’s). Stems 2 to 4 feet long. Flowers white
or pale pink, the lip primrose streaked with purple; in long racemes;
winter. Greenhouse species of pendulous habit, best grown on a block
or in a basket.

D. THYRSIFLORUM (thyrse-flowered). Stems 1 to 2 feet long. Raceme
pendulous, 6 to 12 inches long, composed of many large flowers sym-
metrically arranged, sepals and petals white, lip fringed, orange yellow.
One of the most beautiful; spring. Stove. Birma, 1864.

D. WARDIANUM (Ward’s). Stems 2 to 4 feet long, 1 inch thick,

IV.—4

510 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

pendulous. Flowers 34 inches across, thirty or forty in a raceme; sepals
and petals broad, thick, lower part white, upper part magenta ; lip large,
upper part white, lower rich orange with two magenta spots; May.
Stove plant. Introduced from Assam, 1863. Must be grown in basket
or on block.

There are numerous beautiful neha Dendrobiums of garden origin ;
the best are: Ainsworthii (aureum x nobile), 1874; leechianum (nobile
x aureum), 1882; splendidissimum (aureum X stile), 1879; Venus
(Faleoneri x nobile), 1890.

Dendrobiums as a genus are among the most beautiful
of Orchids, and therefore well worthy the attention of the
amateur. The erect-growing species may be potted in a mixture of
equal parts fibrous peat and sphagnum-moss, with the addition of
charcoal, but the pot should be first filled to two-thirds of its height with
drainage material, upon which the compost should be raised in a cone
above the rim and pressed firmly around the base of the plant. During
the period of growth they require a very hot house and plenty of
sunshine; water must be given abundantly, but it is advisable not to
syringe the plants, as mischief sometimes results from water remaining
stagnant in the axils and leaf-sheaths. Species of pendulous habit should
be grown in baskets or on blocks. If planted in the ordinary Orchid-
basket the latter should be lined with sphagnum-moss and roughly
broken peat, and the plants fixed firmly by some more of the same
-material. Blocks must be covered with the sphagnum, secured in
position by fine copper wire, a few turns of which should be so made
around the plant as to fix it firmly. This is a point of considerable
importance, as any looseness will result in injury to the plant. The
syringe must be used two or three times a day to Dendrobes in baskets
or on blocks. In the former case the spray should be confined to the
roots and the sphagnum; in the case of blocks it is not of such great
importance, as the blocks are hung nearer the glass, where drying is more
rapid. Two or three times a week these must be dipped into a pail of
water. Care must be taken to use only clean water that is also as warm
as the temperature of the house; it should, in fact, have stood in the
house for a few hours before using it. Fresh growth usually commences
with or after development of flowers; the plants must be re-potted at
this time.

When growth has almost ceased, the water-supply must be cut off, and
a lower temperature and drier atmosphere obtained for the plants, where
they can receive all the available sunshine, and so ripen their stems or
pseudo-bulbs. If they now show any tendency towards withering, give

Cultivation.

aie

DOr ie ee

INeh
iNUYU

oc
te

8
CO

ODONTOGLOSSUM CRISPUM

a

size

Nat.

PL. 241

CALANTHES Str

water, but very sparingly. The period of necessary rest has arrived,
and all that would stimulate the plant to growth must be avoided.
D. nobile, though naturally flowering in spring, may be flowered in
winter, if introduced to the stove in the autumn.

Description of Plate 237. Dendrobiwm nobile, var. Upper portions
Plates237 and 238. of two stems with leaves and flowers. Fig. 1 is a section
of the flower; 2, the four parallely-compressed pollen-masses; 3, two of
the pollen-masses separated from the cell.

Plate 238. D. Farmeri, var. awreoflavum. Fig. 1, plant greatly
reduced; 2, raceme of flowers, natural size; 3, the column enlarged ;
4, the pollen-masses, natural size.

CALANTHES
Natural Order ORcHIDEH. Genus Calanthe

CALANTHE (Greek, kalos, beautiful, anthos, flower). A genus of about
forty species of handsome stove Orchids of terrestrial habit. The stems
are reduced to pseudo-bulbs, and the leaves are broad and many-ribbed,
usually evergreen. The flowers, which are produced in long, showy
spikes, are distinguished by the production of the lip into a kind of spur,
and its attachment to the column. The anther is two-celled, and contains
eight distinct pollen-masses tapering into points, the sticky secretion
which connects them afterwards hardening into a disk-like gland adjoin-
ing the beak. The species are chiefly from the Indo-Malayan Region,
but extend also to the South Pacific Islands and to Tropical and South
East Africa, whilst a few species occur in Central America and the West
Indies.

The first Calanthes introduced appear to have been
C. veratrifolia from India in 1819, and C. sylvestris from
Madagascar in 1823. C. fwrcata came from the Luzon Isles in 1836,
C. striata (better known as C. Sieboldii) from Japan in 1837, C. Masuca
from India in 1838. C. Dominii is a hybrid produced by crossing
C. Masuca and C. veratrifolia. C. Veitchit is the result of a cross
between C. vestita and C. rosea.

ALANTHE FURCATA (forked). Flowers creamy-white,

abundant, in erect spikes 3 feet long.

C. Masuca (native name). Flowers deep violet with a more intense
violet-purple lip; spikes 2 feet long; June to August. The var. grandi-
flora produces much larger flowers in spikes 3 or 5 feet high.

History.

Principal Species.

512 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

C. sTRIATA (streaked). Flowers large, yellow, in erect spikes 1 foot
high. Evergreen.

. VERATRIFOLIA (Veratrum-leaved). Leaves with many margins,
2 feet long. Flowers pure white, the sepals green-tipped, and the disk
of labellum studded with golden papille; in erect spikes 2 to 3 feet high:
May to July.

C. vEsTITA (clothed). Flowers pure white, numerous, in a nodding
spike. Introduced from India. There are many varieties; among them
var. igneo-oculata, which has the lip and the base of column blotched
with fiery red (Borneo, 1876); var. luteo-oculata has a blotch of yellow
in the middle of the lip; var. oculata-gigantea (Borneo, 1886), flowers
3 inches across with fiery-red blotch on the base of the lip; var. rubro-
oculata, flowers 2 inches across with a blotch of rich crimson; var.
Turneri has larger flowers with rose-coloured eye.

C. Domintt (Dominy’s). Flowers lilac with deep
purple lip.

C. VeEIrcuit (Veitch’s). Flowers bright rose with white throat,
numerously produced in erect spikes 3 feet high ; winter.

Calanthes are most beautiful Orchids when properly
managed. After the flowers have faded the pseudo-bulbs
should be kept dry on a shelf until new growth pushes at the base.
They should then be shaken out of the old soil, the roots cut to a length
of about 2 inches, and then potted singly in 3-inch pots, or in threes in
5-inch pots, ina compost of loam, leaf-mould, roughly-broken peat, a little
silver-sand, and some dried cow manure. They should then be placed
near the glass in a warm house. Until they are well rooted they require
very little water, but when they are well started they require both
heat and water in plenty. When the flowers appear they should be
removed to a cooler situation, where the flowers will last for a long
period. When these have passed, the evergreen species must still be
supplied with plenty of water, and allowed to grow. They are propa-
gated by division, and by separating the suckers. This genus is
specially worthy of attention from the amateur.

Hybrids.

Cultivation.

CH@LOGYNES
Natural Order OrcHIDEX. Genus Celogyne

Ca@LOGYNE (Greek koilos, hollow, and gyne, a female: in allusion to
the deeply hollowed-out stigma. A genus of about fifty handsome stove

ONCIDIUM FORBESII

—

Nat. size

PL. 242

CCELOGYNES 513

epiphytes with pseudo-bulbs and large flowers. In some species the
leaves are not produced until after flowering. The petals are narrower
than the sepals, and the hood-shaped lip has fringed veins. The column
is broad and membranous, and there are four waxy pollen-masses
which cohere by means of a granular substance. The hollowed stigma
is prominent and two-lipped. The species are natives of India and
the Malay Archipelago, one extending to South China.

C@LOGYNE BARBATA (bearded). Flowers large, pure
white, the lip eut into three, its edges fringed with sepia
hairs; in erect spikes. Introduced from Northern India, 1837.

C. CORRUGATA (wrinkled). Pseudo-bulbs much wrinkled. Flowers
pure white, lip veined with orange and with a yellow plate in front ; in ereet
racemes; autumn. Introduced from Southern India, 1866. Cool house.

C. cRIsTATA (crested). Pseudo-bulbs oblong, smooth, shining.
Leaves narrow, leathery,twin. Flowers 3 to 4 inches across, fragrant,
pure white, the lip with a central blotch of rich yellow, and the veins
crested with a golden fringe; in many-flowered, slightly drooping
racemes ; December to March. Introduced from Himalaya, 1837. This
does not require a high temperature, even when growing; whilst when
grown it must be kept quite cool, and is best removed when flowering
to the conservatory or drawing-room; returning it to a warm house
before growth recommences. There are several named varieties.

C. Cumineit (Cuming’s). Flowers white, lip bright yellow with
white down the centre. Introduced from Singapore, 1840.

C. DAYANA (Day’s). Pseudo-bulbs cylindric, 6 inches long; leaves
lanceolate, 2 feet long. Flowers on long pendulous scapes, 2 feet or
more, each 2 inches across, yellow, lip streaked with white and fringed
with brown; June. Stove. Borneo, 1884.

C. MASSANGEANA (Massange’s). Pseudo-bulbs pear-shaped, 4 inches
long; leaves plicate, 18 inches by 6 inches ; racemes and flowers as in C.
dayana, but petals wider and lip longer. Malaya, 1878.

C. OCELLATA (eyed). Pseudo-bulbs oval; leaves long and narrow.
Flowers pure white, lip fringed or crested, streaked and spotted with
yellow and brown at the base, and with two yellow spots on each side
lobe ; column bordered with orange; in erect racemes; March and April.
Introduced from Northern India, 1822. Suited for block culture.

C. spEcrosa (showy). Pseudo-bulbs somewhat oblong ; leaves oblong-
lance-shaped, thin, solitary. Flowers over 3 inches across, usually in
pairs; sepals and petals brownish or olive-green; lip yellow, marked
With dark red, dark brown, and pure white, crests and margins fringed ;
blooming almost continuously. Introduced from Malaya, 1845.

IV.—5

Principal Species.

514 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

C. ToMENTOSA (hairy). Like C. dayana, but pseudo-bulbs and
leaves smaller, and flowers coloured pale orange-red, with light streaks
on the lip; summer. Stove. Borneo, 1854.

With the exception of the species indicated as suitable
for block-culture, Calogynes should be grown in pots or
pans. After attending very particularly to the drainage of these, fill
up in a conical mound above the rim with a mixture of fibrous peat and
living sphagnum in equal portions, to which a little silver sand has been
added. Upon this cone the Celogynes should be planted and pressed
in firmly, then placed in a dry temperature ranging from 75° to 85° in
summer, and from 65° to 70° in winter. During the flowering and
resting periods, however, they will be much better off in a cool house.
During growth these do not require so much moisture as most Orchids,
and during the rest they need only sufficient to prevent shrivelling.
Water should at all times be given to Calogynes with a fine-rosed can,
and care taken that it does not lodge in the axils, ete.

Cultivation.

INDIAN CROCUSES

Natural Order ORCHIDEZ. Genus Coelogyne
Sub-genus Pleione

PLEIONE (Greek, pleion, a year, in allusion to the annual duration of
the pseudo-bulbs). For garden purposes it is better to keep these
separate from Calogynes, although botanists have united them. Pleiones
are alpine plants growing on moss-covered tree-trunks or rocks at an
elevation of from 3000 to 10,000 feet on the Himalaya. They have
annual fleshy pseudo-bulbs, more or less flask-shaped and mottled.
The leaves, which are lance-shaped, plaited, and from 6 to 9 inches long,
fall off before the flowers develop. The flowers spring singly or in pairs
from the base of the pseudo-bulb; they are large, with long spreading
petals and sepals, and an oblong many-keeled fringed lip.

PLEIONE HUMILIS (dwarf). With bottle-green ribbed
pseudo-bulbs, and flowers 3 inches across, white, with
lines and blotches of amethyst purple on the lip; January. Intro-
duced from Nepaul, 1866.

P. LAGENARIA (bottle-shaped). With depressed irregular pseudo-
bulbs, dull green mottled with brown, and flowers 3 inches across, rosy
lilac, the lip striped and blotched with PaEwie margin white ; Noveroet-
Introduced from Khasia, 1856.

Principal Species,

wis

fs
f

Sian 1S Salinas

PHAL-AENOPSIS SCHILLERIANA
Nat. size
PL. 243

EPIDENDRUMS 515

P. MACULATA (spotted). Pseudo-bulbs as in the last; flowers 2
inches across, white, the lip striped and blotched with purple; November.
Introduced from Khasia, 1837.

P. PR&COX (early). Pseudo-bulbs as in the last; flowers 3 inches
across, light rose-purple, lip with a bright yellow disk and a few red spots ;
fragrant, usually solitary. Var. wallichiana has flowers of a darker
shade of purple; November. Introduced from Khasia, 1837.

Pleiones require treatment somewhat similar to that
advised for Calanthes, with the following modifications :—
They should be grown in a sunny greenhouse ; they require a compost
of fibrous peat, sphagnum, leaf-mould, and sand; they should be repotted
about a week after the flowers fade; and they are best grown in 9-inch
pans, planting them about 2 inches apart.

Cultivation.

EPIDENDRUMS
Natural Order ORCHIDEZ. Genus Hpidendrum

EPIDENDRUM (Greek, epi, upon, and dendron, a tree). <A genus of about
four hundred species of stove and greenhouse plants, of which, however,
comparatively few are cultivated, on account of the smallness and
dinginess of their flowers when contrasted with those of some other
genera. Most of the species are epiphytes, as the name suggests,
though many of them grow in the ground. In some the stems are long
and leafy, in others reduced to pseudo-bulbs. The leaves are strap-
_ shaped and leathery, and the flowers are solitary or in spikes, racemes,
or panicles. The characteristic feature is found in the partial union of
the fleshy base of the lip with the edges of the elongated column. The
base of the lip is traversed by a passage closed at one end. There are
four equal pollen-masses. They are natives of Tropical America.

EPIDENDRUM CILIARE (fringed). Pseudo-bulbs oblong ;
leaves in pairs. Flowers fragrant, several in a raceme,
greenish yellow, except the three-lobed lip, which is white and fringed ;
winter. Native of Tropical America. Introduced from West Indies,
1790. Stove.

E. NEMORALE (woodland). Pseudo-bulbs oval, 3 to 5 inches high;
leaves in pairs. Flowers 3. inches across, in large drooping panicles,
delicate mauve or rosy-lilac, lip striped with violet; sepals and petals
lance-shaped. Introduced from Mexico, 1840. Should be grown in
stove, with full exposure to sun.

Principal Species.

516 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

E. PANICULATUM (panicled). Stems tall, reed-like, 2 to 4 feet high.
Leaves lance-shaped, in two rows. Flowers purple or lilac-purple, the
column tipped with yellow ; very numerous, in a long drooping branched
panicle, a foot or more in length. Greenhouse species. Introduced from
Tropical America, 1868.

E. PRISMATOCARPUM (prism-fruited). | Pseudo-bulbs, flask-shaped,
a foot high, dark green; leaves evergreen. Flowers fragrant, yellow-
green spotted with black or dark purple, lip lilac-purple with white
border ; raceme erect, ten- or twelve-flowered ; June. Greenhouse species.
Introduced from Central America, 1862.

K. VITELLINUM (yolk-of-egg-like). Pseudo-bulbs and leaves glaucous.
Flowers orange-scarlet, 2 inches across, with bright yellow lip; in erect
spike, ten- to fifteen-flowered; summer. Stove plant. Introduced from
Guatemala, 1840. The var. majus from Mexico has larger flowers with
broader petals. Requires a warm moist atmosphere, but often difficult
to flower several years in succession.

For cultural purposes Hpidendrums may be treated
as though they were Cattleyas, except that the former do
not require so high a temperature as the latter. As want of space
precludes one traversing the ground, we ask readers to kindly turn to the
Cultural Directions on page 519.

Culture.

DIACRIUMS
Natural Order OrcHIDEX. Genus Diacriwn

Dracrium (Greek, di, two, and akris, a summit: in allusion to the two
extremities of the column). A genus of about four species, differing from
Epidendrum in the double prolongation of the column. Diacriwm
bicornutum (two-horned) is the principal species horticulturally, and it
has generally been found very difficult to grow. Its pseudo-bulbs are
stout, 1 foot to 1} foot high, hollowed in the centre and inhabited by a
small species of ant. Leaves short and leathery, produced at summit of
pseudo-bulbs, as also are the ten- or twelve-flowered spikes. The flowers
are white, the lip spotted with crimson. It grows on rocks near Trinidad,
so close to the sea that it is frequently bathed in sea-spray. It should
be grown on a block suspended in a moist atmosphere of high temper-
ature, with full exposure to the sun; and after flowering, the pseudo-
bulbs should be well ripened by full sunlight in lower temperature with
less moisture.

B.HERINC Qe

VANDA TRICOLOR

Flower Nat. size

PL. 244

CATTLEYAS 817

CATTLEYAS
Naturai Order ORCHIDEZ. Genus Cattleya

CarrLEyA (named in honour of William Cattley, a “ patron of
botany” and collector of rare plants). A genus of about twenty-five
species of evergreen pseudo-bulbous Orchids, with usually a solitary
leathery leaf from the apex of the pseudo-bulb; in some species there
are two or even three leaves. The flowers are often 7 or 8 inches across,
of rich colours, and are borne in a raceme from the top of the pseudo-
bulb. They have a single series of four pollen-masses. They are
natives of the warmer parts of America, from Brazil to Mexico, and
grow at an altitude between 4000 and 6000 feet.
ee The introduction of living Cattleyas began in the
"year 1815, when C. Loddigesii came from Brazil. This
was followed three years later by C. labiata, the prototype of many
beautiful varieties, of which one of the best is figured in our Plate 239.
Yet another three years and C. Forbesit was introduced, followed by
C. intermedia (1824), and C. guttata (1827). Thus the first five members
of this magnificent genus all came from Brazil. In 1836 La Guayra
yielded the var. Mossiw of C. labiata, and in the same year came
C. Skinneri from Guatemala. Three years later Brazil showed that
her good things had not been exhausted, by sending C. Aclandic, and
two years later still C. granulosa. All these are fine plants, that hold
favoured positions in public esteem to-day in spite of many more recent
introductions, and the home production of many splendid hybrids.
The var. Triane of C. laubiata came from the Cordilleras in 1856,
C. schilleriana from Brazil in 1857, and the var. Warscewiezii from
Columbia in 1867. The genus holds the first place in the estimation
of growers, and some of the species and varieties have realised high
prices at public auction. Perhaps this has been more especially the case
with varieties and secondary varieties of C. labiata; for instance, £250
has been paid for a fine form of the var. Triane, and Triane
Dodgsonii has realised £194, 5s., Triune Osmanii £225, 15s., and the
var. percivaliana £231. These prices do not continue when a stock
has been obtained, and the last-mentioned variety may to-day be
found offered in dealers’ catalogues for half a guinea. There are also
many hybrids of garden origin.
: CATTLEYA ACLANDLE (Acland’s). Pseudo-bulbs slender,
ee ae inches high; leaves oval, leathery. Flowers in

1vV.—6

518 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

pairs, chocolate-brown, streaked and barred with yellow; lip large,
varying from rose to purple; July.

. BOWRINGIANA (Bowring’s). Stems club-shaped, 12 inches long,
two-leaved. Flowers in erect racemes, crowded, like those of C. Skinneri,
but flowers smaller and coloured rose-purple ; lip deep purple and white ;
October. British Honduras, 1884.

C. CITRINA (citron). Pseudo-bulbs oval, small, two- or three-leaved.
Flowers solitary, fragrant, waxy-looking, of a bright lemon tint; May
to August. Introduced from Mexico, 1838. Should be grown on the
underside of a block, and hung in greenhouse till end of summer, then
removed to the vinery.

C. DOMINIANA (Dominy’s). Flowers 6 inches across, white shaded
with pink; lip rosy-purple edged with white, and orange at base.
Hybrid. There is a var. alba, in which the lip also is white, except
for a lilac blotch in centre. The var. /utea has blush-coloured flowers,
with rose-streaked yellow lip, paling almost to white in front.

C. EXONIENSIS (Exeter). Flowers soft rosy-lilac, with large, white-
margined, purple lip. Hybrid, obtained by crossing C. labiata Mossi,
and Lelia purpurata.

C. GuTTATA (spotted). Leaves leathery, twin, at summit of -pseudo-
bulbs. Flowers green, tinted with yellow and spotted with crimson ; lip
white, stained with purple; raceme five- to ten-flowered; October and
November. The var. Leopoldii has more numerous and fragrant flowers,
of a deep chocolate colour spotted with dark red; the lip rich red-purple.
The var. wmethystoglossa has taller stems and larger flowers, spotted
with purple.

_ C. INTERMEDIA (intermediate). Stems 1 foot high, jointed, two-
leaved. Flowers three to five on erect racemes, rosy or rosy-purple ; lip
blotched with deep violet-purple; May to July. Among the varieties of
this species is var. superba, with delicate rosy flowers and broad
purple lip.

C. LABIATA (lipped). Stems 5 to 10 inches long, club-shaped, com-
pressed, wrinkled when old, one-leaved; leaf oblong, leathery, 6 to 10
inches long, 2 inches wide. Flowers 6 or 7 inches across, three or four
in a raceme, deep rose-coloured, the petals broad and waved ; lip large and
somewhat hooded, the front portion deep velvety-crimson ; late autumn.
The varieties are numerous and very beautiful; among them are: Vat.
dowiana, with very large, bright nankeen-coloured flowers, and rich purple
lip shaded with violet-rose and streaked with yellow. From Costa Rica,
1866. Should be grown in basket, near the glass, and, with more heat
than other Cuttleyas require. Var. Eldorado, pale pink with purplish

ee eee

AERIDES LAWRENCE

2/, Nat. size

PL. 245

CATTLEYAS 519

crimson and orange lip. Brazil, 1869. Var. guskelliuna, flowers 7 inches
across, similar to var. Mossi, but paler. Venezuela. Var. Mendelii,
sepals and petals large and broad, varying from white to pale pink; lip
rich magenta. Columbia. Var. Mossiw, flowers 6 inches or more
across, varying from blush to deep rose; lip beautifully fringed or
crisped at the edges. Venezuela (Plate 239). Var. percivaliana, similar
to var. Mossie but smaller, and more intensely coloured. Columbia.
Var. Triane, blush, with purple-fronted lip and yellow throat. Ex-
ceedingly variable, with numerous sub-varieties. Var. Warneri, flowers
6 to 8 inches across, rose-purple ; lip veined with dark purple; disk yellow,
streaked with white. Brazil, 1860. Var. Warscewiezii (gigas), flowers
7 to 9 inches, rosy-mauve; lip deep purple with a yellow disk and
radiating lines, and two eye-like blotches of white. Columbia, 1848.
There are numerous sub-varieties of this last; hardyana is supposed to
be a natural hybrid between this and dowiana.

C. LAWRENCIANA (Lawrence’s). Stems and leaves as in C. labiata,
but tinged with purple. Flowers five to seven on an erect scape, each 4
inches across, rosy-lilac, the lip folded almost to the apex, where it is
purple, shaded with dark maroon and lined with white; spring. British
Guiana, 1884.

C. LoppicEst (Loddiges’). Stems and leaves as in C. intermedia;
flowers 4 inches across, rosy-lilac; lip amethyst-purple and white ; August.
Rio de Janeiro, 1822. Var. Harrisoniew has an orange-yellow disk, and
flowers in spring.

C. SKINNERI (Skinner’s). Pseudo-bulbs 12 to 18 inches high; leaves
fleshy, twin. Flowers rosy-purple with deeper shadings; base of lip
white; April and May.

C. WALKERIANA (Walker’s). Stems spindle-shaped, 2 to 5 inches
long; leaves oblong, 4 inches long. Flowers one or two on a short
scape, 4 inches across, flat, bright rose-purple; lip amethyst-purple
with a white disk; spring. Brazil, 1840. There are several named
varieties.

Small specimens of Cattleyas may be grown on blocks
with sphagnum-moss, but larger individuals will blossom
better and give less trouble if potted. A good depth of open drainage
material is essential, upon which a cone of soil should be built up above
the rim of the pot. This should consist of a compost of peat (free from
grit) and sphagnum chopped up whilst living, to which some sharp silver
sand should be added. Upon this mound the plant should be pressed
into the surface, and the soil made very firm around the roots. The
same care as previously recommended in the case of other genera must

Cultivation.

520 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

be taken in watering Cuttleyus, to prevent moisture lodging about the
base of the leaves, ete. Block-culture as prescribed for Dendrobiwms
applies equally to Cattleyas grown in that fashion. A long season of rest
must be allowed after flowering, to ensure a good display next season.
Abundant water is essential when growing, and at this period the plants
should be in a temperature ranging from 75° to 85°. During the resting
period this may be reduced to from 65° to 70°, and water given only

when necessary to keep the pseudo-bulbs fairly plump. Many hybrid

Cattleyas have been raised, and with few exceptions they are all
beautiful additions to the genus. They are, however, very rare, and as
yet too expensive for most collectors.
Description of Cattleya labiata, var. Mossic, about one-third less than
Plate 239. the natural size.

LALIAS
Natural Order ORCHIDEH. Genus Lelia

L&LIA (named after a Vesta Virgin). A genus of about thirty species
of Orchids, closely allied to Cattleya, from which, in fact, they are
‘separated chiefly on account of the pollen-masses being eight in a
double series instead of a single group of four. It was thought when
the genus was established that there were other differences, but this
distinction has broken down with the knowledge of a larger number
- of species. They are natives of the warmer parts of America, from
Brazil to Mexico.

Lelias are of more recent introduction than Cattleyas,
for L. Perrinii, which appears to have been the first species
to reach England in a living state, did not arrive from Brazil until 1831,
followed about 1834 by L. anceps from Mexico. L. cinnabarina, from
Brazil, was introduced in 1836. ZL. majalis, the beautiful May-flower of
the Mexicans, arrived in 1838, in which year also came L. albida, L.
autumnalis and L. furfwracea, from the same country. The magnificent
L. purpurata, whose portrait forms the Frontispiece to the present volume,
was introduced from Brazil in 1852. Some fine hybrids have been pro-
duced, which are included in this genus. L. flammea is the result of a
cross between L. cinnabarina and L. Pilcheriana, the last a hybrid
between L. Perrinii and Cattleya crispa; L. philbrickiana had origin in
an alliance between L. elegans and Cattleya Aclandiw; L. callistoglossa
is a hybrid between L. purpuwrata and Cattleya labiata, var. Warscewicz1.

History.

LADY'S SLIPPER

(CYPRIPEDIUM INSIGNE)

Nat. size
PL. 246

LALIAS ; 521

LA&LIA ANCEPS (double). Pseudo-bulbs oval, somewhat
quadrangular; leaves broad-lance-shaped, singly or in
pairs. Flowers 3 or 4 inches across, fragrant rosy lilac; lip deep purple;
racemes 1 to 2 feet long, three- to six-flowered, and large plants producing
as many as twenty racemes; December and January. There are numer-
ous good varieties, including alba and its forms, which have pure white
sepals and petals, and variously tinted and blotched labellum.

L. AUTUMNALIS (autumnal). Pseudo-bulbs oval, ribbed; leaves
slender, oblong, leathery. Flowers fragrant, soft rose colour; the lip
three-lobed, rosy white, with yellow centre; racemes 2 to 3 feet long,
three- to six-flowered; December and January. Var. atrorubens has
flowers of a rich magenta or crimson shade.

L. CINNABARINA (cinnabar). Pseudo-bulbs 5 to 10 inches long,
somewhat flask-shaped. Flowers orange-scarlet, three to five on stem
nearly 2 feet long; March.

L. DOMINIANA (Dominy’s). Pseudo-bulbs spindle-shaped; leaves
oblong-strap-shaped, solitary. Flowers light purple, with black-purple
lip; autumn. Hybrid. 1878,

L. ELEGANS (elegant). Pseudo-bulbs slender, stem-like, a foot or
more long; leaves leathery, in pairs. Flowers three to five on a stout
stem, each 5 inches across, varying from white or rose to carmine; lip
deep purple. Introduced from Brazil, 1865. There are a number of
good varieties. |

L. FLAVA (yellow). Pseudo-bulb 6 inches high, swollen at the base ;
leaves narrow, 6 inches long; stem a foot or more long, bearing about six
flowers, about 2 inches across, orange-yellow; autumn. Brazil, 1839.

L. GRANDIS (grand). Pseudo-bulbs elub-shaped, 6 to 12 inches long,
one-leaved; leaves 9 inches long. Stems erect, bearing three to five
flowers, which are 4 to 6 inches across, nankeen-yellow ; the lip white,
veined with purple. A very variable species, but all the forms are
beautiful; that called tenebrosa, with plum-coloured segments, being
perhaps the best. Brazil, 1849.

L. HARPOPHYLLA (sickle-leaved). Stems tufted, thin, 6 to 9 inches
long; leaves 6 inches. Stems slender, 5 inches long, bearing about
six flowers 2 inches across, cinnabar-red, the small lip white; April.
Brazil, 1865.

L. PUMILA (small). Pseudo-bulbs ovate, 2 inches long; leaves same
length. Stem short, bearing a flower 5 inches across, rose-purple; lip
maroon-purple, with a pale margin; summer. Brazil, 1838. There are
several distinct varieties. :

L. purPURATA (purplish). Pseudo-bulbs large, stout; leaves solitary,

Iv.—7

Principal Species.

522 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

broad, leathery. Flowers 5 or 6 inches across, varying from white to
rose ; lip as much as 3 inches long, rich purplish crimson. Frontispiece
to vol. iv. There are many beautiful varieties of this, the finest, member
of the genus.

The instructions given under this head in relation to
Cattleya apply equally to the present genus. L. purpwrata
requires a tropical temperature, and Z. grandis likes extra warmth
when growing. There are numerous garden hybrid Lelias, but what is
said of the hybrid Cattleyas applies also to these.

Description of Lelia purpurata. Fig. 1, entire plant greatly reduced;
Frontispiece. 2 4 single flower, natural size; 3, the column; 4, the eight
pollen-masses in a double series.

Cultivation.

LYCASTES
Natural Order OncHIDEH. Genus Lycaste

LycasTE (named after Lycaste, the daughter of Priam). A genus of
about thirty species of stove or greenhouse Orchids, distinguished by
having the lip furnished with a transverse fleshy appendage, in some
species notched, in others entire. The anther is two-celled, producing
four pollen-masses, which do not lie parallel to each other, as in Cattleya
and others. Leaves plaited lengthwise. They are natives of Tropical
America, extending from Peru to Mexico, and the West Indies.

The earliest Lycastes introduced were then included
in the genus Mawillaria. The series began with Lycaste
Barrvngtonie, which was brought from the West Indies in 1790. Then
there was a long break till 1824, when ZL. aromatica came from Mexico,
whence also came L. Deppei in 1828. L. tetragona was introduced from
Brazil in 1830, and JL. cristata from British Guiana in 1834 J.
macrophylla, a Peruvian species, dates from 1837, L. eruenta (Guatemala)
from 1841, and from the same country came the splendid L. Skinneri a
year later. L. gigantea and L. lanipes came from Columbia and Ecuador
respectively in 1848. LZ. jugosa (1867) and ZL. grandis (1884) are
Brazilian plants ; and L. rugosa was introduced from Columbia in 1876.
About half a dozen hybrids have been artificially raised.

LYCASTE AROMATICA (aromatic). Flowers yellow, lip
hairy; free-flowering ; winter and spring. Warm house.

History.

Principal Species.

Mexico, 1826.
L. (Paphinia) cristata (crested), Leaves oblong - lance - shaped.

MARANTA BICOLOR, var. Kerchoviana

Flower and Leaf Nat. size

PL. 247

ODONTOGLOTS 523

Sepals white, interruptedly banded with purple; petals purple with
whitish base. Scapes pendulous, few-flowered ; June to August. Stove.
British Guiana.

L. CRUENTA (bloody). Sepals fulvous green, petals deep yellow;
lip deep orange, with crimson blotches like splashes of blood; March and
April. Greenhouse or Vinery.

L. Deppet (Deppe’s). Flowers pale greenish yellow, blotched with
brown ; lip white, spas with crimson ; crest golden-yellow ; winter and
spring. Warm hou

L (Colax) JUGOSA (ridged). Pseudo-bulbs oval, smooth; leaves in
pairs, 2 inches broad. Flowers 2 inches across; sepals cream colour ;
petals white, irregularly barred with rich dark purple; lip white,
irregularly striped and veined with purple; scape two- or three-flowered,
erect; April and May. Greenhouse.

L. (Paphinia) RuUGOSA (wrinkled). Pseudo-bulbs very small, eylin-
drical, furrowed ; leaves thin and slender. Flowers large, waxy-looking,
creamy white, povercd with red spots, some of which run together i in two-
flowered pendulous racemes. Stove.

L. SKINNERI (Skinner’s). Pseudo-bulbs large; each bearing two or
three broad plaited leaves. Flowers solitary, 4 to 6 inches across; sepals
pale pink, petals rosy; lip rosy lilac, blotched with crimson; November
to March. Intermediate house. Plate 240. There are numerous beauti-
ful varieties, including one with pure white flowers.

All the Lycastes, except those of the section Paphinia,
may be grown in a warm greenhouse. Some growers plant
them in a mixture of fibrous loam, peat, and sand; others prefer to use
a mixture of peat and sphagnum. They like a sunny, airy position and
plenty of moisture when growing; less when at rest. They may be
propagated by division. As a rule, however, they are imported in
sufficient quantity to keep them cheap.

Description of Lycaste Skinneri. Plant about one-third of the natural
Plate 240. size, Fig. 1,a flower of the natural size, or a little less ;
2, a section through the same; 3, the column removed.

Cultivation.

ODONTOGLOTS
Natural Order OrncHIDEH. Genus Odontoglosswim

ODONTOGLOSSUM (Greek, odontos, a tooth, and glossa, a tongue : tooth-

like processes on the lip). A genus of over a hundred species of ae - |

524 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

house Orchids, furnishing many of the most beautiful of what are
popularly known as “cool” Orchids. The group to which this and the
following genus belong are characterised by a usually short, stout rhizome,
bearing more or less crowded pseudo-bulbs, crowned by one or two leaves,
and from four to six leaves about the base. These leaves are sword-
shaped or lance-shaped, leathery, and are not plaited lengthways, as in
some earlier genera. The flowers have the sepals separate and spreading,
the petals nearly equal, the lip crested and its base parallel with the
column, which is usually long, narrow at the base and with wings or
ears at the summit. Pollen-masses two, with a slender caudicle attached
to an oval gland. They are natives of the Andes of Tropical America,
from Bolivia to Mexico, at an altitude of 5000 to 10,000 feet.

The first living Odontoglot to be introduced was 0.
bictonrense, which came from Guatemala in the year 1835 ;
it was long a favourite among growers, and is still to be seen in most
collections. O. cordatwm arrived from Mexico a couple of years later,
whence also came O. maculatum in 1838, and O. Insleay? and O. citrosmum
in 1840. 0. grande, which appeared in 1839, was from Guatemala, and
in the same year came O. Rossii from Mexico. Two other good species
—0. citrosmum and 0. Insleayi—were introduced from Mexico in 1840,
and the next year came OV. lewve and O. pulchellum from Guatemala.
Other well-known sorts we may mention are O. mawillare, from Mexico
in 1846, O. Pescatoret from Columbia in 1851, 0. Lindeni from Columbia
in 1852, O. Hallii from Peru in 1865, O. cristatum from Ecuador in 1869,
and 0. blandwm from Columbia in 1870. The date of 0. erispwm—as
of some others—is not recorded. An Odontoglot was introduced from
Columbia in the sixties and named O. Alexandre out of compliment to
the Princess of Wales, and known by that name until quite recently ; but
it proved to be the species which Lindley had previously described as O.
crispum, and O. erispwm it is to-day, though the name of Alexandre
still lingers in Orchid-houses and trade lists. Hitherto the genus
has not yielded many hybrids, notwithstanding the persistency of
breeders. Three have been recorded, and others are known to be
maturing.

History.

ODONTOGLOSSUM BLANDUM (fair). Flowers yellowish
white, with narrow sepals and petals; lip crisped.

O. cirRHosUM (curled or fringed). Pseudo-bulbs strap-shaped.
Flowers white, spotted with dark purplish violet; lip wedge-shaped,
with radiating lines and a few spots of purplish violet. Racemes many-
flowered. Introduced from Ecuador, 1876.

O. cirRosMUM (Lemon-scented). Flowers numerous on drooping

Principal Species.

INDIAN SHOT

(CANNA HYBRIDS)
1/, Nat. size
PL. 248

ye
ae
Seth ee Ss
Sis at
in. 2

c ERS

ODONTOGLOTS 525

racemes, white or rose, delicately scented as with lemon; lip crescent-
shaped, i tat a

O. CORONARIUM Lemond Flowers reddish brown, edged with
yellow ; lip golden-yellow. Raceme erect, 1 foot high, bearing thirty
- or forty flowers. Introduced from Columbia, 1868.

O. CRISPUM (crumpled). Flowers white or blotched with red-brown,
the edges of petals and sepals waved and toothed to an extent that
differs in almost every individual; lip more or less yellow, spotted
with reddish brown. One of the finest, as it is perhaps the most
variable, of Orchids. Many of the most distinct of these variations are
named. Plate 241.

O. GRANDE (magnificent). Flowers 4 to 7 inches across, orange-
yellow, marked with chestnut-brown ; lip creamy white, freckled with
brown; racemes erect, four- to nine-flowered ; autumn and winter.

~O. Hatt (Hall’s). Flowers 4 inches across, pale yellow, with
irregular patches of chocolate-brown; lip white, stained with yellow,
fringed, blotched with brown and purple. Raceme many-flowered.

OQ. HARRYANUM (Harry Veitch’s). Flowers numerous on erect scapes
3 or 4 inches across, deep red-brown banded and margined with yellow;
petals whitish at the base with purple lines; lip white, striped with purple ;
crest yellow. One of the handsomest. Autumn.

O. HASTILABIUM (halbert-lipped). Flowers fragrant, 1} inch across,
creamy white, with transverse streaks of whitish hick n; lip spear-shaped,
white, with dark rosy base; raceme many-flowered, 2 or 3 feet high;
summer

O. INSLEAY! (Insleay’s). Flowers 2 to 4 inches across, yellow or
yellowish green, with transverse bands of dull reddish brown ; lip narrow,
bright yellow, dotted with cinnamon; raceme tall, five- to ten-flowered ;
winter.

O. LUTEO-PURPUREUM (yellow-purple). Flowers 3 to 4 inches wide,
numerous on arched scapes; sepals and petals chestnut-brown and yellow;
lip large, toothed or fringed, white or yellow, with a large brown-red
spot in front. A most variable species. There are numerous named
varieties.

O. MACULATUM (spotted). Flowers 3 to 4 inches across, soft deep
yellow, spotted or barred with brownish crimson; lip heart-shaped,
spotted with brown; racemes drooping, about six-flowered ; spring.

O. PescaTorE! (Pescatore’s). Habit of 0. crispum. Flowers white;
sometimes spotted ; sepals and petals broad, spreading; lip fiddle-shaped,
with purplish and yellow blotches at the base; panicles 1 to 2 feet long,
erect or arched, bearing from ten to one hundred flowers. There are

Iv.— 8

526 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

numerous named varieties, and some of them are among the most
valuable Orchids known. Spring.

O. Rosstt (Ross’). Flowers 1 to 2 inches across, white, spotted and
barred with brown ; lip with a lemon-yellow crest ; two- to five-flowered.
There are numerous named varieties; winter.

O. TRIUMPHANS (triumphant). Habit of O. crispum. Scape tall,
arching, many-flowered ; flowers 3 inches across, yellow, with large brown
blotches; lip white or yellow, with a large chestnut-brown blotch in
front; spring.

All the Odontoglossums known may be grown in a
cool greenhouse, where the temperature is never lower
than 45° Fahr. The range of temperature for the whole year most
suitable for these plants is from 70° to 45°, the former being the maxi-

Cultivation.

mum to be aimed at in the hottest weather. Fire-heat should never be —

used for them, except to prevent the temperature from falling below
45°. Asa rule they continue to grow more or less all the year round, so
that they must not be allowed to get dry, although in preceding genera
a dry resting period is necessary. Where possible, they should pass the
summer in a house having a northern aspect, or even be hung up under
trees outside, where they will enjoy good light whilst being protected
from the direct rays of the sun. In the winter they should be placed in
a house having a southern aspect, and given all the sunshine possible.
In summer they should be syringed in the evening after a hot day and
allowed to lave plenty of air whenever the temperature admits of it.
O. citrosmum requires slightly warmer treatment, and should be wintered
almost without water, until the new shoots and flower spikes appear, when
water may be given. They should be grown in pots two-thirds filled
with drainage, the other part with a mixture of peat-fibre and living
sphagnum in equal proportions. September is the best time to repot
them. They like to be kept moderately moist at the roots at all times.
Description of Odontoglossum erispum. Fig. 1, a plant greatly
Plate 241. reduced; 2, flowers, natural size; 3, the column, detached ;
4, the same, side view: 5, 5, pollen-masses, natural size and enlarged.

ONCIDS

Natural Order OrncHIDER. Genus Oncidium

Oncrpium (Greek, ogkos,a tumour: referring to the warty crest at base of
lip). A genus of about two hundred and fifty species, in many respects

KARATAS SCHEREMETIEWI

1/; Nat. size

PL. 249

ONCIDS 527

agreeing with Odontoglossum, but with the two lateral sepals sometimes
united beneath the lip,and the lip itself continuous with the column,and with
tubercles or a crest at its base. The column is shorter and not narrowed
at the base, as in Odontoglossum. They are natives of Tropical America
and the West Indies, their vertical distribution ranging from the hot moist
valleys to the tops of mountains 12,000 or 14,000 feet above sea-level.

Oncidiums were discovered sufficiently early to suffer
from that general stewing process of cultivation(!) to
which we have already referred. The first species introduced as living
plants were O. carthaginense, from the West Indies, in 1791, and
flowered for the first time in a garden in Vauxhall in 1804, 0. altis-
sumum and 0. triquetrum were brought from the West Indies in
1793 by Admiral Bligh, and presented to the Royal Gardens, Kew. In
1818 0. barbatum and O. flecuwoswm came from Brazil; 0. lwridum
from the West Indies in 1822; 0. Cebolleta from Brazil in 1823. 0.
Papilio, perhaps the most remarkable of all Orchids, was introduced
from Trinidad in 1824; the allied O. kramerianum from Ecuador in
1852, was flowered in a garden in Hamburg, where it was named in com-
pliment to the gardener, Kramer. It may be said that amateur Orchid-
growing, as a fashionable cult, owes its origin to O. Papilio, for at a
horticultural show in the year 1830 the Duke of Devonshire saw a
specimen in flower, and was so struck by it that he desired to grow such
magnificent plants himself. He built special houses for their accommoda-
tion, and sent out his own collectors ; and his example was followed by a
few other wealthy men. O. or nithorh yncum was introduced from
Mexico in 1826, and O. pulchellum in the same year from the West Indies.
0. anvpliatum was brought from Central Amercia in 1832, O. lanceanwm
from Guiana in 1834, and the rich-flowered O. Forbesii from Brazil in
1837. 0. splendidwm came from Guatemala in 1862, 0. macranthum
from Tropical America in 1867, and the beautiful dwarf 0. Phalenopsis
from Ecuador in 1869.

ONCIDIUM AMPLIATUM (enlarged). Pseudo-bulbs large,
‘compressed, spotted and streaked with reddish brown.
Flowers large, clear yellow, in a much-branched panicle ; April to June.
Stove. Costa Rica.

O. BATEMANNIANUM (Bateman’s). ~Pseudo-bulbs ovoid, 4 inches long,
two-leaved ; panicles tall, branched ; flowers 1} inch across, bright yellow,
barred and blotched with brown. Greenhouse. Brazil.

O. CONCOLOR (one-coloured). A dwarf plant with ovate two-leaved
pseudo-bulbs and drooping crowded stems of bright canary yellow flowers,
2 inches across. One of the most popular. Greenhouse. May. Brazil.

History.

Peinaives Species,

528 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

QO. CRISPUM (curled). Flowers 2 to 3 inches across, wavy, bright
copper colour; centre of lip blotched with golden yellow; in many-
flowered erect raceme. Intermediate house. Winter. Brazil.

O. FLEXUOSUM (waved). Pseudo-bulbs flat. Flowers rather small,
yellow, spotted with brown, in a branched panicle, 3 or 4 feet high. Of
easy culture in the Intermediate house. An old favourite in gardens.
Brazil.

O. Forest (Forbes’). Flowers large, reddish brown, the sepals and
petals broad, and margined with golden yellow; disk pale ; November.
Intermediate house. Plate 242.

O. KRAMERIANUM (Kramer’s). Similar to 0. Papilio, but with more
yellow in the flowers; spring. Stove. Ecuador.

O,. LANCEANUM (Lance’s). Leaves thick and leathery, spotted with
reddish brown. Flowers large and fleshy, with a delicate vanilla-like
fragrance, greenish yellow, barred and blotched with brown that more
or less approaches to crimson in different individuals; lip violet and
rose ; in many-flowered erect racemes. Stove.

O. MACRANTHUM (large-flowered). Flowers 3 to 4 inches across,
tough and leathery, golden-yellow, tinged with purple and sometimes
streaked with crimson; the lip yellow, with purplish brown side-lobes
and a white crest; panicle long, many-flowered; a superb Orchid:
April to June. Intermediate house. Ecuador.

QO. MARSHALLIANUM (Marshall’s). Similar to O. crispwm, which 1s
often sold for it, but the flowers are yellow, with bars of red-brown
on the sepals and petals; a magnificent species; May. Intermediate
house. Brazil.

. ORNITHORHYNCUM (bird’s-bill). Dwarf. Pseudo-bulbs 1 or 2
inches high. Flowers small, fragrant, rose-purple, in many-flowered
drooping panicles; October to February. Cool house.

O. Papriio (butterfly). Butterfly Orchid. Pseudo-bulbs oval, flat ;
leaves spotted and streaked with reddish brown. Scapes 2 feet or more
long, bearing each one flower at a time; dorsal sepal and petals erect, 4
inches long, red-brown petals wing-like ; lip heart-shaped, chestnut-red
and yellow. The flower resembles a large butterfly. Should be grown
on a block, with a sunny position in the stove.

O. sPLENDIDUM (splendid). Pseudo-bulbs and leaves succulent,
purple-brown when old. Flowers 2 inches across, green, heavily barred
with brown; lip large, golden-yellow ; raceme 2 feet long. Intermediate
house. Winter.

O. TIGRINUM (tiger-marked). Pseudo-bulbs roundish, leaves a foot
long. Scapes 2 to 3 feet long, branched, and bearing many fragrant

et

AZECHMEA FULGENS
Nat. size
PL. 250

rae

‘ ie . ei .
A ee Se eh
ee py ie anne

MOTH ORCHIDS = 529

flowers 3 inches across; the sepals and petals wavy, yellow and brown;
the lip large, heart-shaped, bright yellow; winter. Intermediate house.
Mexico, where it is known as the “ Flower of the Dead” (Flor de Muertos).
We have already referred to the very great vertical
range of Oncidiums in their natural habitat, and it will
have beer inferred by the reader that a corresponding difference in the
treatment of species must be adopted in cultivation. Against some of
the species described above we have written “stove”; these must be grown
in a hot, moist atmosphere, with a summer-day temperature between 75°
and 90°. These conditions, however, must only be maintained during
the growing period. In winter such plants require less moisture, and the
temperature should be much lowered—may indeed fall on a winter day to
arge specimens should be grown in pots or baskets in a mixture
of fibrous peat, sphagnum, and charcoal; smaller ones may be fastened
to blocks. Those marked “Intermediate house” require the same treat-
ment as that prescribed for Cattleyas, whilst those marked “Cool house”
may be grown successfully in a greenhouse along with Odontoglossums.
Most of this section succeed best as pot-plants, using the compost of
peat-fibre and sphagnum with a little charcoal, and not allowing them
to get dry at the roots even in winter. Propagation is effected by division.
Description of Oncidium Forbesii. Plant greatly reduced; flowers
Plate 242. natural size. Fig. 1 is a front view of the column; 2, side
view of the same; 3, the pollen-masses.

Cultivation.

MOTH ORCHIDS
Natural Order ORCHIDEH. Genus Phalenopsis

PHAL&NOpSIS (Greek, phalaina, a moth, and opsis, resemblance). A
genus of about twenty-one species of stove epiphytes, with very short
stems, and fleshy leaves in place of the pseudo-bulbs of foregoing genera.
The flowers are usually showy, with flat, spreading sepals and petals,
borne in a loose raceme or panicle. In one section of the genus the petals
are much broader than the sepals, whilst in the other section the petals
are only of equal width with the sepals, or even narrower. The lip is
three-lobed, and in some species the middle lobe is more or less distinetly
divided into two horns or slender lobes, which help materially to give ne
moth-like appearance upon which the names of the genus are founded ;

is spurless, and is connected by a short neck-with the base of the woe
cylindrical column. There is a one-celled anther containing two pollen-

IV.—9

530 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

masses, which are attached by a strap-shaped caudicle to a heart-shaped
gland. The thick leathery leaves are as a rule two-ranked, and in some
species—P. Lowii for instance—are shed in the dry season when growing
naturally. Under certain conditions the flower spikes and roots of some
species are proliferous. The plants are natives of the Indo-Malayan
Region, where they grow upon rocks and tree-trunks.

The first living Phalenopsis introduced was P.
Aphrodite from the Philippines in 1836. It was long
known as P. amabilis, Dr. Lindley believing it to be the same species
as that to which Blume had attached that name, and which was for years
thought to be the only species. Eleven years later the true P. amabilis
of Blume was introduced from Java, and the first species was re-named
Aphrodite by Reichenbach. The two species appear to be closely allied,
but the real amabilis has flowers often two-thirds larger than those of
Aphrodite. P. rosea came from the Philippines in 1848 ; and from the
same locality, in 1860, P. schilleriana, the finest yet known, was intro-
duced. In addition to its lovely flowers, this species possesses the
attraction of richly-marbled leaves. All the others are of more recent
introduction, of which the dates are indicated below. A number of
garden hybrids have been raised.

PHALANOPSIS AMABILIS (lovely) of Blume. Leaves

light green. Flowers variable, as much as 5 inches across,
pure white, the lip streaked with yellow; autumn. Also known as P.
grandiflora, The var. awrea has the yellow of the lip more pronounced.

P. APHRODITE (Venus). Leaves shorter and darker than those of
P. amabilis, Flowers 3 inches across, pure white; lip streaked with
crimson, orange, and yellow; in long racemes; flowering almost con-
tinuously. There are several named varieties.

P. ESMERALDA (Esmeralda’s), Leaves broad, two-ranked, somewhat
marbled. Flowers 1 inch across, rose-coloured; raceme erect, few-
flowered. Introduced from Cochin-China, 1877.

P. LUDDEMANNIANA (Luddemann’s). Leaves oval, 6 to 9 inches long ;
peduncles as long as the leaves, and bearing about six yellow and brown
zebra-marked flowers, 2 inches across; lip purple. Philippines. March.

P. SANDERIANA (Sander’s). Leaves dark green, sometimes mottled.
Flowers large, rosy; lip white, marked with brown, purple, and yellow.
Introduced from Philippines, 1882.

P. SCHILLERIANA (Schiller’s). Leaves dull green, richly mottled
with grey ; 1 foot to 20 inches long, and 3 to 5 inches broad. Flowers
21 or 3 inches across, delicate rosy pink, of varying intensity ; lip three-
lobed, white and rose, with a couple of yellow protuberances at the base ;

History.

PrincipalSpecies.

BILLBERGIA NUTANS

3/, Nat. size

PL. 251

MOTH ORCHIDS 531

in panicles sometimes 3 feet long, containing as many as forty, sixty, or
nearly a hundred blossoms, and lasting nearly two months; April to June.
Philippines.

P. SPECIOSA (showy). Flowers amethyst-purple, with pale margin ;
lip club-shaped, rosy purple, with yellow spots on the side lobes.
Introduced from the Andamans, 1883.

P. STUARTIANA (Stuart Low’s). Habit and leaves like P. schilleriana.
Flowers white or pale sulphur, with cinnamon blotches; in a many-
flowered panicle. Introduced from Philippines, 1881.

P. VIOLACEA (violet). Leaves obovate, 6 to 10 inches long, of a light
green colour, without mottling. Scapes short, bearing from two to five
flowers 2 inches across; white, faintly tinted with rose; the lower half
of the dorsal sepals and the lip coloured intense violet-purple. Introduced
from Malaya, 1861. The var. schrederiana has larger purple flowers.

The best hybrids are:—P. intermedia (Aphrodite x rosea),
F. L. Ames (amabilis x intermedia), Harriette (amabilis x violacea),
John Seden (amabilis x luddemanniana), Rothschildiana (amabilis x
schilleriana). ;

Phalenopsids require a hot, moist atmosphere in the
stove; and from March till October, which is the growing
period, a day temperature not lower than 70° must be maintained.
During the summer the addition of sun-heat in the middle of the day
will probably bring this up to 80° or more, and in the night it may drop
to 70°. In winter it should not be allowed to fall below 65° at any time.
They should be grown either in teak-baskets or on blocks, according to
size of specimens, the smaller ones being more suitable for block-culture.
Living sphagnum, clean crocks, and charcoal must be used, and the moss
should form only a thin layer at the top. The roots cling to the basket
and crocks, so that great care must be taken when overhauling them and
giving fresh sphagnum, which should be done in March. When in
active growth the plants should be kept moist at the root, but they must
never be wetted overhead. In winter only sufficient water should be
given to keep the moss from perishing. A shaded position in the hottest
and moistest part of the stove is essential. These plants tax the skill of
the most expert cultivators, and many fail with them entirely. A well-
grown plant of P. amabilis, P. schilleriana, or P. stwartiana, is a
magnificent picture when in flower, and a source of pride to the grower.

Description of Phalenopsis schilleriana. Fig. 1, entire plant, greatly

Plate 243. reduced; 2, detached flower, about average size; 3 and 4,

side and front views of the column (enlarged), showing the extended
base ; 5, the pollen-masses and heart-shaped gland.

Cultivation.

532 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

AERIDES
Natural Order ORCHIDEH. Genus Aérides

A#RIDES (Greek, qer, air: in allusion to their mode of growth). A
genus of about forty species of epiphytal Orchids, mostly with handsome
showy flowers. They have erect stems, and long strap-shaped, leathery
leaves, regularly disposed in two opposite rows; mostly ending abruptly,
and deeply channeled down the centre, though some are nearly
cylindrical. Most of them throw out large fleshy roots from various
heights up the stem, and by means of these moisture is absorbed from
the atmosphere. The flowers, which are frequently fragrant, are
distinguished by having a tail or foot to the column, and the lip spurred.
They are produced in long, many-flowered racemes. The species are
confined to the Tropics of the Old World.

This genus has long been popular with cultivators on
account of the beauty and fragrance of its flowers and its
good behaviour under cultural treatment. It was founded in 1790 by a
Portuguese botanist on A. odoratwm, which was introduced from Cochin-
China to Kew in 1800. Many of the so-called species are of recent
introduction, and some of them are very much alike.

AERIDES CRASSIFOLIUM (thick-leaved). Leaves broad
and thick, obliquely two-lobed, purple-dotted. Flowers
white, segments tipped with rich purple ; lip three-lobed; spur bent under ;
in long drooping racemes. Plant dwarf. Introduced from Burma, 1877.

A. cRISPUM (curled). Leaves 8 inches by 2 inches, flat, two-lobed.
Flowers very fragrant, white, tinged with purplish rose, nearly 2 inches
across ; lip three-lobed, middle lobe large-toothed and fringed ; horn-like
spur, somewhat incurved; in ascending racemes nearly a foot long.
Introduced from South India, 1840. The var. Warneri has the flowers
quite white, except the lip, which is rose-coloured ; the leaves are smaller
and more slender.

A. FALCATUM (sickle-leaved). Leaves closely-set, leathery, blue-
green. Flowers white, dotted with crimson, and rosy-tipped; lip with
rosy centre; spur short; in many-flowered drooping racemes. Intro-
duced from India. Also known as A. Larpente, houlletianwm, Leonie.

A. Fretpinau (Fielding’s). The popular “Fox Brush” Orchid.
Leaves 9 inches by 14 inch; spike 1 to 2 feet long, densely clothed
with flowers 14 inch across, white, suffused and dotted with bright
purple; lip trowel-shaped. Introduced from Himalaya in 1850.

Hist

Principal Species.

TILLANDSIA SPLENDENS
"~ 4/, Nat. size

PL. 252

.

VANDAS 533

A. LAWRENCE (Lady Lawrence’s). Leaves a foot long, and slender.
Flowers large, wax-like, white, changing to yellowish, tipped with rosy
purple; lip rosy purple in centre; spur conical, green; racemes 2 feet
long, about thirty-flowered. May be called a glorified A. odoratum.
Introduced from the Philippines, 1882. Syn. A. sanderianum. Plate 245.

A. MULTIFLORUM (many-flowered). Flowers white, spotted with
violet, and rose-tinted towards edges; lip deep violet, with a whitish
central bar; in long, dense, drooping racemes. Introduced from
Moulmein, 1868. Also known as A. affine, A. Veitchii, A. godefroyanumn,
A. Lobbii.

A. opORATUM (fragrant). Leaves oblique, with a hard point at the

apex. Flowers very fragrant, white and creamy, tipped with pink; lip

hood-shaped; spur conical, incurved; in many-flowered pendulous
racemes. Introduced from India, 1800.

A. QUINQUEVULNERA (five wounds), A. SUAVISSIMUM (very sweet),
and A. VIRENS (green). ‘These three, which are very similar to
A. odoratum, are other popular garden Orchids of easy culture.

Aérides require tropical conditions such as are afforded
by a stove, the summer temperature in which ranges from
70° to 75°, and the winter temperature from 60° to 65°, with plenty of
fresh air and a liberal allowance of sunlight. They require plenty of
atmospheric moisture from March to October, and a fairly dry air in
winter. Small individuals may be grown in baskets, but large plants
thrive best in pots. These must be three-fourths filled with large pieces
of clean, broken crocks and charcoal, and the remainder with living
sphagnum pressed firmly about the roots, so that they may absorb
moisture from it to supplement that obtained from the air by the upper
roots. From spring till autumn—that is, during the period of growth,
—water must be given freely.

Description of Aérides Lawrencee. Fig. 1, entire plant, greatly
Plate 245. reduced; 2, upper part of column; 3, portion of raceme,
the flowers one-third less than natural size; 4, the pollinia.

Cultivation.

VANDAS
Natural Order OncHIDEZ. Genus Vanda

VANDA (the Hindoo name for one of the species). A genus of about

thirty species of epiphytal Orchids of similar habit to Aérides, but

differing in the structure of the flowers. The column is short, thick,
IV.—Io0

534 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

wingless, and footless, and the lip is continuous with the column, the
side lobes reduced to ears, and the base swollen or spurred. They are
natives of Tropical Asia, one species extending its range to Tropical
Australia.
paditees This genus includes some of the handsomest Orchids
known. Their flowers are generally large, varied, and
brilliant in colours, and they remain fresh for two or three months.
Considerable variety in leaf-characters is also a peculiarity in this genus.
V. teres, one of the handsomest when in flower, but somewhat refractory
under cultivation, appears to have been the first introduced, having been
brought by Dr. Wallich from Sylhet in 1829, and flowered at Syon House,
Brentford, in 1836. V. cwrulea, the queen of blue Orchids, was first
introduced and flowered by Veitch in 1850. Probably more money has
been spent on V. sanderiana, introduced in 1882 from Mindanao, and
now reckoned among the most magnificent of all Orchids, than on any
other of recent introduction.
doin eeadans VANDA AMESIANA (Ames’). Stems a few inches high,
leaves nearly rounded. Flowers fragrant, creamy white,
tinged with rose, more intense on the lip; spur conical; raceme one- to
twelve-flowered. Introduced from Burma, 1887.

V. CHRULEA (blue). Flowers as much as 5 inches across, pale blue ;
lip deep blue, leathery, the tip two-lobed ; in erect racemes, ten- or more-
flowered; autumn. Introduced from Khasia, 1849

V. HOOKERIANA (Hooker's). Stems slender, tall; leaves short,
rounded. Flowers thin-textured, 2} inches across, white, rosy tinged, the
petals spotted with magenta ; the broad lip with magenta-purple spots and
lines ; in two- to five-flowered racemes; September. Native of Malaya.

V. INSIGNIS (remarkable). Flowers 24 inches across, light brown,
spotted with chocolate; lip somewhat fiddle-shaped, white and rose; in
five- to seven-flowered racemes; May and June.
1846.

V. ParisHit (Parish’s). Flowers large, strongly scented, greenish
yellow, dotted with reddish brown; lip magenta, with white border ;
raceme several-flowered, erect ; Juneand July. Plant dwarf. Introduced
from Burma, 1870.

V. Roxpureuit (Roxburgh’s). Flowers pale green, checkered with
olive-brown lines ; lip violet-purple and white, with short pinkish spur;
racemes erect, six- to twelve-flowered; June and July. Plant dwarfish.
Introduced from Bengal, 1850.

V. SANDERIANA (Sander’s). Flowers about 4 inches across, pink
and yellow, with a network of dull crimson lines ; lip small, purple-brown

Introduced from Timor,

NETTED IRIS
(IRIS RETICULATA)
The large flower Nat. size

PL. 253

LADY’S SLIPPERS 535

at tip, pale purplish red at base; three-keeled; in many-flowered racemes ;
September and October. Introduced from the Philippines, 1881.

V. SUAVIS (sweet). Flowers fragrant, large, white, spotted and
barred with purple-red; lip rosy purple. Probably only a variety of
V. tricolor. Introduced from Java, 1847. 5

V. TERES (tapering). Plant straggling or climbing; leaves terete.
Flowers large, the sepals white, tinged with rose; petals and lip rosy
magenta; throat orange, marked with crimson; racemes about two-
flowered; June to August. Requires bright sunshine all the year round.

V. TRICOLOR (three-coloured). Flowers large, fragrant, pale yellow,
spotted with brownish red; lip rose-magenta, basal lobes and short spur
white; in dense, short racemes. Introduced from Java, 1846. Plate

The directions given for the cultivation of Aérides,
with temperatures, etc., apply equally to Vanda. We may
add that they may be grown in baskets, as well as pots, using the same”
materials in similar fashion. In the event of specimens growing too tall,
the upper part of the stem may be cut off in February below one or
more roots, and potted separately. These plants like plenty of light, and
little shading is necessary. V. hookeriana and V. sanderiana require
great heat and moisture.

Description of Vanda tricolor. Fig. 1, entire plant, reduced to about
Plate 244. = one-sixth of the natural size; 2, flower, natural size; 3 and
4, front and side views of the column; 5, the pollen-masses.

Cultivation.

LADY’S SLIPPERS
Natural Order ORCHIDEH. Genus Cypripedium

CypRIPEDIUM (from Kypris, the Greek name for Venus, andpodion, a
slipper). A genus of about forty species of terrestrial Orchids with un-
branched leafy stems arising from a creeping rootstock, without either
tubers or pseudo-bulbs. The characteristics of the flower are a large
inflated lip with turned-down edges, and a column that curves over,
nearly closing the orifice of the lip and bearing at its extremity a
deformed stamen, which takes the form of a dilated lobe, and has upon
each side an anther-bearing process and the stalked stigma below.
Instead of the solitary anther of the previously described genera, we
here get two anthers, each with two cells. The flowers are either
solitary or two or three in a raceme. The species are natives of

536 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

Europe, Temperate and Tropical Asia, and. North America, including
Mexico.

The Cypripediums were among the first of the Orchids
to be brought into cultivation, and this was accomplished
with a far greater measure of success than fell to the lot of early growers
of Epiphytes. The first species introduced were from North-Eastern
America, and began with C. spectabile in 1731, followed by C. parviflorum
(1759), C. acaule (1786), C. pubescens (1790), C. arietinum (1808), C.
_ candidum (1826). All these have the recommendation of being hardy
in this country. In the year 1816 came the first of the Indian species,
C. venustum from Himalaya, and three years later C. insigne from
Khasia, whilst C. villoswm came from Moulmein in 1833. Many others
have since been introduced, whose dates will be found below, as near as
they are known. From the natural species, growers have succeeded in
raising a large number of hybrid forms, which considerations of space
prevent our inclusion here. One of the more recent introductions we
must mention, because there is a little story attached to it which explains
how a rapid change may occur in the market value of a new Orchid. In
the year 1878 Mr. Spicer, a tea-planter of Cachar, sent home to his
mother in England a box of Orchids, among them some specimens of C.
insigne, represented in our Plate 246. When these flowered there was
one, which was judged by the similarity of habit and foliage to be C.
imsigne, that differed from the others, and feeling that there was the
possibility of its being a new variety of that species, Mrs. Spicer sub-
mitted it to an expert, who at once offered her £70 for her treasure, and
earried it away with him. Reichenbach, the late great authority on
Orchids, named the new species (as it proved to be) C. spicerianwm, and
for some time the progeny of this plant produced large sums of money.
About twelve years ago as much as £170 was paid for a small specimen,
and more recently £100 and £60 have been ordinary prices. But Mr. F.
Sander, of St. Albans, ascertaining that it came from somewhere in
Assam, sent his collector, Mr. Forstermann, to find it if possible; and this
gentleman, guided by the name, thought it good policy to make for Messrs.
Spicer’s tea-gardens, without explaining his real business. The story
goes that, having been offered the hospitality which is a characteristic of
the planters, he went on a shooting expedition with Mr. Spicer, who
pointed out, among other things, where grew those Orchids concerning
which folks were making so much fuss at home. Forstermann brought
his visit to a close and set about his real work, found the spot where C.
spicervanwm grew, though at that moment, unfortunately, a tiger was
in possession, and his native helpers turned tail and left him. So much

History.

DWARF IRIS
(IRIS PUMILA)
2/, Nat. size
PL. 254

gn eS ne a eae a ee a ee eel ee ets ee nL ye

LADY’S SLIPPERS 537

the worse for the tiger, however, for Mr. Forstermann not only returned
with a large number of specimens of C. spicerianwm, but with a very
nice tiger-skin also, which became an ornament of Mrs. Sander’s drawing-
room. “Thus it happened that on a certain Thursday a small pot of
C. spicercanum was sold, as usual, for sixty guineas, at Stevens’ auction
rooms; on the Thursday following all the world could buy fine plants at
a guinea.” ‘To-day the amateur can possess a spécimen at one-half or
one-quarter that sum.

CYPRIPEDIUM ARGUS (Argus). Height 1 foot. Leaves
yellowish grey, variegated with dark green. Flowers 5 or
6 inches across, white, striped with green and purple, the petals also
studded with purple eye-like spots ; pouch (or lip) broad, purple-brown;
March and April. Stove. Introduced from the Philippines, 1873.

C, BARBATUM (bearded). Height 1 foot. Leaves irregularly blotched
with darker green. Flowers solitary, white, flecked with purple; the
petals with a series of shining warts along the upper edge, giving rise to
tufts of black hairs; pouch blackish purple, large ; spring and summer.
Stove. Introduced from Malay Peninsula, 1840.

C. Boxa.it (Boxall’s). Flowers one or two on a scape, greenish
yellow, marked with white, and spotted with purple-brown ; pouch conical,
with channeled upright horns. Stove. Introduced from Burma, 1877.

C. CALCEOLUS (little shoe). Common Lady’s Slipper. Height 12 to
18 inches. Flowers usually solitary, reddish brown or maroon; pouch
pale yellow; May. Rare hardy native. Should be grown in compost of
loam and peat.

C. CANDIDUM (white). Height 1 foot. Flowers greenish brown;
pouch white; June. Hardy. Should be grown in boggy peat.

C. CHAMBERLAINIANUM (Chamberlain’s). “Scapes tall with hood-like
bracts and numerous flowers of a dull rose colour, flushed with brown
and yellow ; the petals are spirally twisted, like a corkscrew. Sumatra,
1892.

C. CHARLESWORTHII (Charlesworth’s). Resembles C. spicerianum,
but the flowers are of a soft rosy mauve colour, and the upper sepal is
large and flat. Burma, 1892.

C. CONCOLOR (one colour), Like C. nivewm, but the flowers are
coloured pale yellow. Stove. Moulmein.

C. GoDEFROY (Mrs. Godefroy’s) and C. BELLATULUM (somewhat
pretty) belong to the same group as C. concolor, but have numerous large
spots.of brown-purple on the white or yellow flowers.

C. HIRSUTISSIMUM (most hairy). Height 1 foot. Flowers solitary
or in pairs ; often 6 inches across; green, tinged with purple, and dotted

IV.——-Ii

Principal Species.

538 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

with brown; pouch greenish, dotted with brown; April and May. Stove.
Introduced from Khasia, 1857.

C. Hooker# (Lady Hooker's). Leaves broad, very dark green,
beautifully blotched with white. Flowers solitary on long scapes,
yellowish brown, tipped with rosy purple; pouch small, brown, tinged
with green; summer. Stove. Introduced from Borneo, 1862.

C. INSIGNE (remarkable). Flowers about 4 inches across; yellow-
green, streaked and spotted with reddish brown, shining; pouch large ;
December and January. Introduced from Khasia, 1819. One of the
cheapest and most easily cultivated of Orchids, growing well in a cool
greenhouse or dwelling-room window. Plate 246.

C, LAWRENCIANUM (Lawrence’s). Height 1 foot. Leaves mottled
or tesselated with dark green and yellow. Flowers usually solitary,
greenish white, marked with purple veins and spots; pouch very large,
purplish brown and yellow; summer. Stove. Introduced from Borneo,
1878.

C. NIVEUM (snow white). A small plant with short dark green
marbled leaves and erect scapes 3 to 6 inches long, bearing one or two
elegant, wax-like, pure white flowers, sometimes slightly dotted with
purple. Stove. Moulmein. 1858. |

C. PUBESCENS (downy). Height 14 to 2 ik Stem downy.
Flowers large, yellowish brown, marked with darker lines; pouch pale
yellow, flattened from sides; May and June. Hardy, Should be grown
in light loam or leaf-mould.

C. ROTHSCHILDIANUM (Rothschild’s). Scape about three-flowered,
1} foot high. Flowers yellowish, with dark purple stripes and blotches ;
pouch crimson-coloured, with reddish mouth. Stove. Introduced from
New Guinea, 1888.

C. SPECTABILE (showy). Moccasin flower. Leaves covered with
white downy hairs. Flowers large, white; pouch much inflated, soft
rich rose; June. Hardy. Should be grown in deep peat soil.

C. SPICERIANUM (Spicer’s). Flowers usually solitary, 24 inches
across, white, striped with purple; pouch open, dull purple; October to
December. Stove. Introduced from Assam, 1878. Can be grown Ww ith
fair success in intermediate house.

C. STONEI (Stone’s). Scape usually three-flowered, 2 feet high.
Flowers large, white, tinged with yellow, and striped with reddish purple ;
pouch large, dull red, veined with purple; autumn. Stove. Introduced
from Borneo, 1860. It is worthy of note that for a small plant of the
var. platyteniwm Baron Schroeder paid the large sum of £325, which is
believed to be the largest sum ever paid for a single Orchid.

Be |
|
|
.

ie 2 =: =

PEACOCK TIGER-FLOWER

(TIGRIDIA PAVONIA)
3/, Nat. size
PL. 255

ARROW ROOTS 539

C. VILLOSUM (shaggy). Flowers solitary, often 5 inches across, on
hairy scapes 1 foot high; glossy, as though varnished, orange-red, varied
with light green and dark purple; pouch large, light brown; May;
Stove. Introduced from Burma, 1833.

Cypripediwms are divided into three groups for pur-
poses of cultivation. 1. The hardy species. These require
a boggy, or at anyrate moist, somewhat shaded position, and they prefer
peat soil. 2. The greenhouse species, viz. C. insigne, ete. These grow
well when potted in a mixture of turfy loam and peat, and kept moist
except for a few weeks in October and November. 3. The tropical species.
Some of these are happy only when planted in peat and sphagnum, but
the coarse-growing sorts thrive in loam and peat. They like plenty of
water and a shaded position in a hot, moist house. The small C. nivewm
and its allies do best when some nodules of limestone are mixed with the
soil. They also prefer a position near the roof-glass. In potting the
plants the lower fourth of the pot’s depth should be filled with clean,
broken crocks, to ensure perfect open drainage. The roots of the plant
should be spread out as widely as possible on the soil, and more pressed
down upon them. Care should be taken that water does not lodge in
the bases of the leaves, and that there is no° danger of stagnant water
at the roots. These plants are all propagated by division. Hundreds
of named garden hybrids have been raised within the last twenty
years, no genus having proved so plastic in the hands of the breeder as
this. The plants grow to flowering size from seeds in about three years.

Description of Cypripedium insigne. A, upper portion of plant, with
Plate 245. flowers of the average natural size, though they occur
larger. Figs. 2 and 3 are front and side views of the column.

Cultivation.

ARROW ROOTS
Natural Order ScITAMINEZ. Genus Muranta

MARANTA (named in honour of B. Maranti, a Venetian botanist and
physician, who died in 1554). A genus of about ten species of tuberous-
or creeping-rooted herbs, with large sheathing leaves. The flowers have
a calyx of three sepals, a corolla of six segments in two series, one of the
inner series being much larger than the others. There is a single stamen,
which is petal-like, and a similar but barren body, to which a hood-like
style is attached. The species are natives of Tropical America, but they _
are widely cultivated in the East and West Indies, West Africa, ete.

540 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

Certain species of Maranta, especially WM. arundinucea,
produce the Arrow-root of commerce. ‘This is a very
pure form of starch, obtained by taking the tubers when they are about
ten months old, macerating them with water, allowing the starchy
matter to settle, then again washing it and allowing it to dry. The
name is said to be derived from the fact that the Indians used the roots
as a curative application to the wounds caused by poisoned arrows. This
species appears to have been introduced from Tropical America at some
date anterior to 1732; M. bicolor from Brazil in 1823, M. porteana from
Bahia in 1859, M. sagoriana from South America, 1862, M. smaragdina
from Eeuador in 1870, and M. concinna from South America in 1874.
They are grown chiefly as foliage plants.

MARANTA BICOLOR (two-coloured). Leaves roundish
oval, glaucous green, with irregular dark shiny marks
between the midrib and the margin. Flowers white and violet ; April to
November. Plant 1 foot high. Plate 247.

M. CONCINNA (neat). Dwarf and tufted. Leaves oblique-oval, pale
green, with oblong blotches of darker green at base of the principal veins.

M. poRTEANA (Porte’s). Erect-growing, 3 feet high. Leaves bright
green, striped with white ; under-side purple.

M. saGoRIANA (Sagorian). Dwarf. Leaves oblong, very pale green,
with darker bars.

M. SMARAGDINA (emerald). - Leaves emerald-green, with dark stripe.

arantas require stove treatment, with plenty of
moisture and a light, open, well-drained soil, such as a
mixture of loam, peat, sand, and leaf-mould in equal parts, or peat and
chopped sphagnum with dried cow-manure. They are best grown in
ans. There are, however, several large-growing kinds in cultivation,
and these like a strong soil and a liberal allowance of pot-room. They
are propagated by division. The house should be shaded from the direct
rays of the sun whilst the plants are growing. The genus Calathea is
very closely allied, and requires similar treatment. Among the most
desirable species may be mentioned C. arrecta (erect) from Ecuador,
C. kerchoviana (Kerchove’s) from Brazil, C. Lindeni (Linden’s) from
Peru, C. massangeana (Massange’s) from Brazil, C. princeps (magnificent)
from Peru, C. tubispatha (tube-spathed) from Tropical America, C. Vanden
Heckii (Van den Heck’s) from Brazil, C. Veitchii (Veitch’s) from Western
Tropical America, C. Warscewiczvt (Warscewicz's) from Tropical America,
and (. zebrina (zebra-striped) from Brazil.
Description of Maranta bicolor, var. kerchoviana. Fig. 1, a detached
Plate 247. flower; 2, a section of the same.

History.

Principal Species.

Cultivation.

(4) YELLOW CROCUS (CROCUS AUREUS)
1/, Nat. size
(B) SPRING CROCUS (CROCUS VERNUS)

ot

Nat. size

PL. 256

Ee
;

Weare aia
barra
cane

Ny
BNA

INDIAN SHOT 541

INDIAN BHOT
Natural Order ScITAMINEZ. Genus Canna

CANNA (said to be Celtic, canna, a cane). A genus of about thirty
species of perennial herbs with large ornamental foliage, and panicles of
—in many cases—brightly coloured flowers, in which the calyx consists
of three small green leaf-like growths that remain on the top of the
capsule; the corolla is represented by three similar but longer, green,
leaf-like organs; whilst the showy parts of the flower, misnamed the
petals, are really the stamens, which assume the appearance of petals,
and upon only one of them is the one-celled anther. The style is
also petal-like, ending in a slender stigma. The fruit is covered
with rough tubercles, and when ripe splits into three divisions,
setting free the hard, black, round shot-like seeds which have earned
for these plants their popular name. They are natives of Tropical
countries.

Some of these plants are important on account of the
starch stored in their fleshy underground stems, and certain
of these are in consequence used as vegetables. They have been in
cultivation in English stoves for centuries, and are planted-out during
the hottest part of the summer for sub-tropical gardening. Canna
indica was introduced from India about 1570, C. lutea from the West
Indies in 1629, C. coccinea and C. glauca from South America in 1731
and 1732 respectively. In 1778 C. flaccida was introduced from South
Carolina, and C. patens from Rio. In 1820 C. edulis, which furnishes
Tous les mois, came from Peru, and C. speciosa from South America. C.
Warscewiczii came from Costa Rica in 1849. From the best of these
species a considerable number of hybrids have been produced, which are
horticulturally much finer than the original species; they are con-
sequently in greater demand as garden plants. They are principally the
product of C. discolor, C. wridiflora, and C. Warscewiczii.

CANNA DISCOLOR (two-coloured). Stems stout, reddish,
6 feet high. Leaves large, broad, oval-oblong; upper
streaked with purple, lower tinged blood-red. Flowers red. Introduced
from Peete 1829.

pica (India). Indian Shot, or Indian Reed. Stems 3 to 6 feet
high. ae large, oval-lance-shaped. Flowers large, light yollow and
carmine-red.

C. IRIDIFLORA (Iris-flowered). Stems 6 to 8 feet high. ie

IV.—12

History.

Principal Species.

542 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

broad-oval. Flowers in drooping panicles, large, rosy, with a yellow
spot on the recurved petal. Introduced from Peru, 1816.

C. WarscEwiczit (Warscewiez’s). Stem 3 feet high, claret-purple.
Leaves oval-elliptic, tinged with dark purple. Flowers: inner segments
scarlet, outer purplish.

As already indicated, the hybrids, of which any good
firm of nurserymen will furnish a long list, will be found
more brilliant and varied for the flower-garden; or seeds of the finer
species may be obtained. These should be sown in March in light soil,
in heat, and kept moist. They germinate in about a month, after which
the plantlets grow rapidly if encouraged by liberal treatment and a stove
temperature. If the weather is warm at the beginning of June, they
may be planted-out in a sheltered bed or border, where the soil has been
previously made very rich for their reception. Or they may be trans-
ferred to large pots—8 to 12 inches—of rich soil, and used for conservatory
or dwelling-room decoration, taking care that they have frequent doses
of manure-water. Seeds are rarely used except in botanical collec-
tions, as the improved varieties can only be multiplied by division. The
plants grown in the open should be lifted in October and placed ina
dry shed, or under a greenhouse stage out of the reach of frost: in fact,
treating them as if they were Dahlias. In the following spring pro-
pagation may be effected by cutting the thick rootstock into as
many portions as there are buds, and planting these separately in
3-inch pots. The best potting compost for Cannas consists of equal
portions of well-rotted manure, loam, and sand, to which a little peat is
then added.

Description of Indian Shot; flowers of some hybrid forms, one-half
Plate 248. the natural size. Fig. 1 is the fruit.

Cultivation.

KARATAS
Natural Order Bromeniacex. Genus Karatas

KaRATAS (name unexplained; probably the native name). A genus
of about forty species, including Nidulariwm, of perennial stove herbs,
stemless, with long spiny-toothed leaves, forming a rosette, within which
the flowers are borne in a dense stalkless head. The individual flower
is invested by an overlapping bract, and consists of a persistent three-
parted calyx and a tubular three-parted corolla. There are six stamens
inserted in the mouth of the corolla, and a long slender style. The fruit is

IXIA MACULATA

Nat. size

PL. 257

KARATAS 543

three-celled and many-seeded. The species are natives of Tropical
America and the West Indies.

KARATAS FULGENS (glowing). Leaves about twenty,
strap-shaped, spreading, a foot long, green, mottled with
darker green. Flowers in a large head, violet and red, surrounded by
bract-leaves of a brilliant scarlet colour. The commonest and most
showy species. Introduced from Brazil in 1849.

K. HUMILIS (lowly). Leaves slender lance-shaped, strongly toothed,
recurved, bright green; the lower ones mealy. Flowers and bract-leaves
crimson. Introduced from Mexico about 1850.

K. INNOCENT (St. Innocent’s). Leaves a foot long, strap-shaped,
with toothed margins; under-side reddish purple. Flowers bright
orange-red. Introduced from Brazil, 1854.

K. PLumieRrI (Plumier’s). Leaves 4 to 8 feet long, slender, awl-
shaped, spiny-edged. Flowers pink. Introduced from West Indies,
1739.

Principal Species.

K. SCHEREMETIEWI (Scheremetiew’s). Leaves about 1 foot long,
strap-shaped, finely toothed. Flowers with white tube and violet-blue
segments. The flower-cluster is surrounded by a few short leaves
of a bright red colour. Introduced from Southern Brazil, 1858.
Plate 249.

K. SPECTABILIS (remarkable). Leaves about twenty, strap-shaped, a
foot or more long, green, tinged and banded with red-brown. Flowers ina
dense head, purple and red. A popular garden plant. Introduced from
Brazil in 1872.

Karatas require stove treatment and plenty of moisture
with sunshine. When in flower they may be removed to a
warm greenhouse, or into a dwelling-room, with safety, and they will
maintain their flowers in good condition for a longer period. In their
native habitats they chiefly grow in the decayed vegetable matter that
accumulates in the forks of the trees. It will therefore be found con-
ducive to success if they are potted in a mixture of leaf-mould, peat, and
loam, in equal parts, with the addition of a little sharp sand. The
drainage must be perfect; and in order to prevent its clogging with the
finer particles of soil, the layers of broken crock should be covered with
moss before the compost is put in. They may be grown from seeds,
treated as if they were Gloxinias, and potting them singly into small

ts as soon as they can be handled. Each growth flowers but once,
afterwards developing one or two basal suckers, which should be removed
and grown on separately. All the strong-growing Bromeliads are best
treated in this way. The old growth may be thrown away. _

Cultivation.

544 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

Description of Karatas Scheremetiewi, one-third of the natural size.

te249. Fig. 1 is an enlarged flower removed from the cluster,

showing the overlapping bracts ; 2, the same with bracts removed, show-
ing the calyx ; 3, a section of the same.

ACHMEAS
Natural Order BROMELIACEH. Genus A’chmea

AXcuMEa (Greek aichme, the point of a spear: in allusion to the lobes of
the calyx). A genus of about one hundred and thirty species of stove per-
ennials with sword-shaped, or strap-shaped, leaves, and spikes or panicles
of flowers supported on tall scapes. These flowers consist of a six-parted
perianth, of which the outer three are sepaloid, much shorter than the
inner petaloid three. Stamens six; ovary three-celled, becoming a some-
what globular berry. The general disposition of leaves is like that of
Karatas, rosette-like, the flower-scape rising from the centre. ‘Some of
the species are epiphytal on the trunks of trees in the dense forests of
South America, to which region the genus is confined.

ARCHMEA CALYCULATA (having calyx). Leaves strap-
shaped, 2 feet long, marginal prickles minute, pale green.
Flowers bright yellow, with a false calyx of red bracts ; in roundish heads
on a tall scape. Introduced from Brazil, 1862.

i. CHLESTIS (sky-blue). Leaves strap-shaped, 2 feet long, spiny-
edged. Flowers sky-blue, in pyramidal panicles 14 foot long; winter.
Introduced from Brazil, 1870.

“E.. DISCOLOR (two-coloured). Leaves broad, with toothed edges and
purple under-side. Flowers scarlet, in branching panicle; June. Intro-
duced from Brazil, 1842.

4B. DISTICHANTHA (flowers two-ranked). Leaves glaucous, armed
with reddish brown spines, and ending in a sharp point. Flowers in
panicles, with bright red bracts ; sepals rose, petals purple. Introduced
from South Brazil, 1852.

AR. FASCIATA (banded). Leaves broad, banded with white ; recurved.
Flowers rosy pink, each with a similarly coloured spiny-edged bract ; in
a dense head. Introduced from Rio Janeiro, 1826.

4. FULGENS (glowing). Leaves somewhat sword-shaped. Flowers
rich red and pink, the sepals tipped with purple-blue ; panicle branching ;
scape deep red, with a few large membranous bracts; August and
September. Introduced from Cayenne, 1842. Plate 250

Principal Species.

GHENT CORN-FLAG
(GLADIOLUS GANDAVENSIS)
Sats 2/, Nat. size
PL. 258

BILLBERGIAS 545

i. LALINDE! (Lalinde’s), Leaves 3 or 4 feet long, broad, concave,
finely toothed. Calyx green, with pink tips, the petals not showing; ©
bracts large, crimson. Introduced from Columbia, 1867.
ARIE-REGINA (Queen Mary’s). Leaves tufted, 2 to 3 feet long.
Flowers tipped with blue, changing to salmon-pink ; scape with many
large, rose-pink, boat-shaped bracts; June and July. Introduced from
Costa Rica, 1863.
ZB. SPECTABILIS (showy). Leaves strap-shaped, channeled, 2} feet
long. Flowers rosy crimson, large. Introduced from Guatemala, 1875.
A. Verrcum (Veitch’s). Leaves strap-shaped, leathery, tufted.
Flowers scarlet, closely invested by bracts with scarlet teeth. Introduced
from Columbia, 1877.
There are many other beautiful Achmeas ; but as the genus is not
well represented in gardens, more space need not be devoted to them here.
he instructions given for growing Karatas apply to
Aichneas.
Description of Aichmea fulgens, upper portion of plant, natural size.
Plate 250. Fig, 1 is a separated flower; 2, a section of the same.

Cultivation.

BILLBERGIAS
Natural Order BROMELIACEH. Genus Billbergia

BILLBERGIA (named in honour of J. G. Billberg, a Swedish botanist). A
genus of thirty-six species of stove perennials with strap-shaped, spiny,
rigid leaves, and flowers with three-parted calyx and corolla, borne in
racemes or panicles, the peduncle being usually clothed with conspicuous
brightly coloured bract-leaves. They are natives of Tropical America.
Some of the species are exceedingly handsome both in leaf and flower.
They are not popular with British cultivators.

BILLBERGIA IRIDIFOLIA (Iris-leaved). Leaves sword-
shaped, grey beneath. Flowers red and yellow, tipped
with blue; scape and bracts crimson; March. Introduced from Rio
Janeiro, 1825.

B, MARMORATA (marbled). Leaves broad strap-shaped, edges toothed,
green-blotched, and barred with reddish brown. Flowers deep blue;
calyx green, tipped with blue; bracts large, leafy, bright scarlet.

B. NUTANS (nodding). Leaves narrow, almost grass-like, dark green,
with distant spines. Flower-spike arched and bearing a loose raceme of
drooping flowers. Sepals reddish, edged with blue; petals yellowish

iVi-—i3

Principal Species.

546 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

green, with blue margin; winter. Introduced from Brazil, 1868.
ate 251.

B. PORTEANA (Porte’s). A stout plant, often a yard high, with broad,
folding, brown-green leaves, and arching spikes of large red bracts and
green flowers. One of the most showy. Brazil, 1849.

B. SANDERIANA (Sander’s). Leaves broad, leathery, armed with
stout spines. Flowers green, tipped with blue; bracts rosy. Introduced
from Brazil, 1885.

B. ZEBRINA (zebra-striped). Leaves brownish green, zoned and
spotted with grey, forming an urn-shaped cluster 2 to 3 feet high.
Flower-spike stout, nodding, clothed with large boat-shaped, rose-pink
bracts, and bearing numerous greenish flowers; March and April.
Introduced from South America, 1826.

About a dozen hybrids have been raised in Continental gardens,
where, by the way, Bromeliads are much more popular than they are here.

he reader is again referred back to Karatas for

particulars as to the cultivation of these plants.
Description of Billbergia nutans, one-fourth less than the natural
te 251. dimensions. Fig. 1 is a section through a detached flower.

Cultivation.

TILLANDSIAS
Natural Order BRoMELIACE&. Genus Tillandsia

TILLANDSIA (named in honour of Elias Tillands, a Swedish botanist). A
genus of over three hundred species of stove perennials, mostly growing
upon trees or rocks, a few only terrestrial. They have narrow, undivided,
spineless leaves. The flowers are borne on single or branched spikes ; they
are white, yellow, or purple, and consist of three erect, usually large,
sepals, and three deciduous petals. The sepals are spirally twisted, the
petals rolled into a tube below. The fruit is a three-valved capsule, and
the seeds are surrounded by fine hairs, which assist in their dispersal.
They are natives of Tropical America, a few only extending into North
America.

TILLANDSIA CARINATA (keeled). Leaves broad, strap-
shaped, with sheathing base, spreading and curved back.
Flowers pale yellow, the sepals keeled; bracts green above, scarlet
below; scape stout, scarlet; November. Introduced from South
Brazil, 1866.

T. LrypENI (Linden’s). Leaves slender, recurved ; forming a rosette.

Principal Species.

(4) JONQUIL (NARCISSUS JONQUILLA}

size
(B) DAFFODIL (N. PSEUDO-NARCISSUS)
3/4 Nat. size
PL. 259

IRISES 547

Flowers with reddish-tipped green sepals, and bluish purple petals ;
bracts carmine. Introduced from the Peruvian Andes, 1867.

T. psirractNa (parrot-like). Leaves thin, slender, strap-shaped, in-
flated and recurved, yellowish. Flowers green-tipped, bracts bright red
below and deep yellow above; July. Introduced from Rio Janeiro, 1828.

T. REGINA (queen). Leaves about 4 feet long, broadly sheathing at
base, and recurved at the points. Flowers white, perfumed like Jasmine ;
bracts rose-coloured, in a branching panicle; scape about 7 feet high.
Introduced from South Brazil, 1867.

T. SPLENDENS (splendid). Leaves strap-shaped, concave at base, 2
feet long, green above, paler beneath, zoned with dark fuscous irregular
bands. Flowers yellow; bracts bright red, keeled. Introduced from
French Guiana. Plate 252. Other genera of BROMELIACE sometimes
represented in gardens are: Ananas, to which belongs the Pine-apple ;
Bromelia, Caraguata, Cryptanthus, Dyckia, Piteairnea, and Puya.

Generally speaking, the cultural directions given for
Karatas apply to Tillandsias, though the stronger-growing
species, like 7. regina and T. splendens, require a richer soil than there
prescribed. For these substitute a compost of fibrous loam, rotted
manure, and a little peat. 7. carinata, T. Lindeni, and T. psittacina
do better in loam, peat, and leaf-mould, with the addition of a few
crushed bones. Plenty of heat and sunlight, good drainage, abundant
water in the growing period, with syringing twice a day, are main points
in the successful growing of these plants. In botanical collections—at
Kew, for instance—the genus is largely represented, and some of the
species are widely different from those here described, the whole plant
in some instances being only an inch or two high. The plant known as
“Spanish Moss,” or “ Old Man’s Beard,” is a Tillandsia, ie. T. usneoides.
The small species are grown in baskets along with tropical Orchids.

Description of Tillandsia splendens, reduced to one-eighth of the
Plate 252. natural size. Fig. 1 is a detached flower and bract; 2, a
section through the flower; 3, a cross-section of the ovary, showing the
divisions; 4, a few of the seeds (enlarged) in their natural position in the
ovary.

Cultivation.

IRISES
Natural Order Irn1pE&. Genus /ris

Irts (Greek name for the rainbow: in allusion to the diverse colouring).
A genus of about two hundred species of mostly hardy herbaceous

548 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

perennials, with creeping or tuberous rootstocks, leaves chiefly radical
and sword-shaped, or grass-like, and flowers of peculiar structure and
splendid colours, borne on a scape and at first enclosed in a sheath
(spathe). The flower is a six-parted perianth with a short tube. The
sepals are large, turned back, and supported on a short channeled foot-
stalk ; the petals smaller, more erect, also stalked, the edges of the
footstalk turned in. The stamens are attached to the sepals. The
ovary is three-angled and supports a stout style, which divides into three
broad petal-like stigmas. These arch over the sepals, and bear a plate
along the centre of the inner surface, against which the anther lies; the
stigmatic surface is a point just below this surface. The fruit is a
leathery three-celled capsule, containing many large flat or globular
seeds. In horticultural literature, trade lists, ete, it is customary to
speak of the petals as “Standards,” of the sepals as “Falls,” and the
expansion of the stigma is the “Limb.” The species are natives of the
Temperate Regions of the Northern Hemisphere; two British.

The native species of Jris are the Yellow Water-flag
I. pseudacorus, so plentiful in marshy ground, by river-
sides, ete., and the Gladdon or Roast-beef plant, J. fetidissima. Both
these are used as garden plants; but, not content with these, we have for
centuries been growing several exotic species, and in recent years we
have seen the introduction of many new species and the rising up of
the Iris amateur, who makes a specialty of growing all the finest Irises
the world produces, just as his brother amateur makes a specialty of
Orchid-growing. The consequence is this: Irises, like Orchids, though
of course in a minor degree, require a volume to themselves; we cannot
pretend here to give a full list of even the most desirable species. It is
interesting to note that the exotic species first introduced to Britain,
three hundred years and more since, are still held in high favour by
growers. Of these, the commonly cultivated J. germanica was intro-
duced from the Continent at some date prior to 1573. Professor Michael
Foster says truly of it: “The plant is one that appears to be—and to have
long been—a favourite of man. You will find it in the gardens of nearly
all civilised nations along the Temperate Zone; it adorns the cottage of
the English labourer and the walls of the Persian town. It has been
brought to the English garden from abroad, but the French or Italian
peasant has often transferred it from the mountain rock to his house-
side.” In addition, there were growing in English gardens three
centuries ago the following species that will be found in any good
collection to-day :—J. biflora, I. florentina, I. graminea, I. pallida, I.
pumila, I. sibirica, I. susiana, I. variegata, I. Xiphion. The genus is

History.

—_ —

PL. 260

Nat. size

POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS
(NARCISSUS TAZETTA vars.)

IRISES 549

divided into two sections: Ist, Irises proper, with rhizomes; 2nd, Spanish
Irises, or Xiphions, with bulbous roots. They will be so separated below.

Section I. IRISES PROPER:

TRIS BIFLORA (twice-flowering). Leaves sword-shaped,
somewhat glaucous. Flowers violet-purple; sepals egg-
shaped, with yellow beard; twice flowering, spring and autumn. Intro-
duced from Portugal, 1596.

I. FLORENTINA (native of Florence). Leaves few, glaucous, sword-
shaped, tufted. Flowers fragrant; sepals white, tinged with lavender,
the claw veined with green and brown, beard bright yellow; petals
white; May; 2 to 3 feet high. Native of South and Central Europe.
The scented rhizome is known in pharmacy as Orris-root = Iris-root.

I. F@TIDISSIMA (most feetid). Stinking Gladdon or Gladwyn.
Leaves firm, sword-shaped.. Flowers variable in colour and form, but
normally 3 inches across, with blue-purple sepals and yellow petals and
stigmas; May to July. Scape leafy, 1 or 2 feet. Native of Britain.

I. GERMANICA (German). Common Iris (of gardens). Leaves few,
tufted, sword-shaped, glaucous. Flowers fragrant, sepals bright
purple, claw white, brown-veined, beard bright yellow; petals deep lilac;
four or five flowers in a cluster; May. Scape 2 or 3 feet high;
glaucous. Native of South and Central Europe.

I, GRAMINEA (grass-like). Leaves very slender, about four or five
in a tuft, much longer than the scapes. Flowers slightly fragrant, sepals
dull yellow, claw white, purple- -veined; stigmas lilac-purple; petals
purple; two or three flowers in a cluster ; May. Scape about 9 inches
high. Native of Central and South Europe.

I. IBERICA (Iberian). Leaves few, slender, sickle-shaped, sada
tufted. Flowers solitary ; sepals lilac-purple, closely veined with purple-
brown ; petals satiny white or lilac; summer. Scape 3 to 6 inches high.
Native of the Caucasus.

I. L&VIGATA (smooth). Japanese Iris. Leaves thin, narrow, sword-
shaped, pale. Flowers in single clusters, opening one at a time, purple ;
sepals with bright yellow blotch at the throat; June. Stem firm and
solid, 1} to 2 feet high. Native of Siberia and Japan. Also known as
I. Kempferi.

I. Lorrerit (Lortet’s). Leaves few, sword-shaped. Flowers solitary,
very large; sepals creamy yellow, heavily spotted with crimson; petals pale
rose, delicately veined with violet; very beautiful ; May. Native of Lebanon.

I. NEGLECTA (neglected). Leaves sword-shaped, slightly glaucous,
purple at the base, 12 to 15 inches long. Sepals pure white, with many

IV.—14

Principal Species.

550 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

lilac stripes, beard yellow; petals bright lilac; June. Stem about 2
feet high. Native country unknown. Many varieties.

I. PsruDAcoRUs (bastard Acorus). Yellow Iris. Leaves sword-
shaped, glaucous. Flowers orange-yellow; sepals with deeper patch in
the throat, from which radiate brown veins; April and May. Stem 2
or 3 feet high.. Native.

I. puminA (dwarf). Leaves about four, sword-shaped, slightly
glaucous. Flowers solitary, bright lilac-purple; sepals deeper purple,
with a dense white beard; April. Scape very short. Native of Europe
and Asia Minor. Plate 254,

I. stprrica (Siberia). Leaves slender, ribbed, tufted, 1 foot to 2 feet
long. Flowers in twos or threes; sepals extensively veined with violet
on a paler ground; petals slioetes than sepals; stigma lilac-blue; May
and June. Native af Siberia.

I. susIANA (native of Susa). Leaves sword-shaped, stem-clasping.
Flowers solitary, grey, or white, delicately tinged with lilac; sepals and
petals of similar size and shape, but petals of somewhat brighter tint,
both spotted and veined with purple-brown; April. Native of the Levant.

I. VARIEGATA (variegated), Leaves sword-shaped, purple-based,
tufted, 12 to 18 inches long. Flowers in clusters; sepals deep claret-
brown, above paling to yellow in the middle, veined with brown and
bearded with yellow; petals PERE SOROW May. Native of Eastern
Europe. Many varieties.

Section II. XIPHIoNns.

I. ALATA (winged). Leaves lance-shaped, about 10 inches long.
Flowers fragrant, pale blue; sepals with yellow throat; October to
December. Introduced from the Mediterranean Region, 1801.

I. HistTRIO (actor). Leaves slender, grass-like, in pairs, a foot long.
Flowers solitary, from between the pair of leaves, lilac; sepals with spots
and streaks of deeper colour and central line of yellow; petals without
markings ; February. Introduced from Palestine, 1873.

I. persica (Persian). Leaves slender, recurved, 2 or 3 inches long,
four or five in a tuft. Flowers with the fragrance of violets, yellowish
lilac; sepals with wavy edges and a central stripe of bright yellow;
February and March. Native of Persia and Asia Minor.

I. RETICULATA (netted). Leaves very slender, four-angled, hollow,
about 6 inches, as long again after flowering ; about two ina tuft. Flower
solitary, fragrant, deep violet-purple ; sepals with a central yellow stripe
and darker markings; February and March. Native of Asia Minor,
ete. Plate 253. There are several varieties.

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pie ba ie ries gh se

IRISES 551

I. XtpHium (Spurge-wort). Spanish Iris. Leaves slender, half
round, deeply channeled. Flowers solitary, or twin; purple; June. Intro-
duced from Portugal prior to 1596. Also known as J. vulgare. The
var. lusitanicum has yellow flowers suffused with brown.

I. XIPHIOIDES (Xiphium-like). English Iris. Leaves half-round,
deeply channeled. Flowers deep lilac-purple; July. Native of
Pyrenees. Also known as /. anglica and Xiphion latifoliwm.

Most species of Jris in general cultivation may be
own without special care beyond what is usual in the
treatment of hardy perennials. They will be found to do best on a well-
drained rockery. Irises proper must be planted with their rhizomes
merely pressed into the soil, and the roots only spread out and buried in
light rich (not too rich) loam. The situation must be a sunny one, and
where in winter they may be protected from the too abundant rains by
frame-lights being propped on four stakes up over them, so that the
rain is thrown off, and the air allowed free play. J. Pseudacorus and
I. subvrica need moister conditions, and the ground may be made boggy
for them. J. levigata is cultivated by the Japanese as a sub-aquatic,
and here it is frequently grown with success in pans which are stood in
an inch or two of water. J. susiana is a bit sensitive, and in colder
parts of the country will demand winter protection ; it should be wintered
in a frame with well-drained light soil, and with sharp river sand in
immediate contact with the rhizome. J. fwtidissima is an exceptional
species in that it thrives in shade. The bulbous section, or Xiphions,
should be planted in a shrubbery border, fully exposed to as much sun as
shines in Britain, but protected from cold winds. The soil should be a
light sandy loam, and the tuberous roots should be inserted with the
crown about three inches below the surface. Some of them lend them-
selves well to pot culture.

Propagation is usually effected by dividing the roots in the
rhizomatous section; or by separating the offsets from the bulbs of the
other section, when they have got large enough. Or they may be
reared by sowing the seed in pans of sandy soil, as soon as ripe, and
germinating in a cold frame.

Description of Plate 253. Iris reticulata, or Netted Iris. The plant,
Plates 253and 254. etc, reduced about one-half; the separate flower the
natural size. Fig. 1 is a detached sepal; 2, the len or “limb,” with
the stamen lying against it.

Plate 254. Jris pumila, or Dwarf Iris. Fig. 1, ‘eaetaced flower,
is about two-thirds of the natural size; 2 is the “ limb” with a

Cultivation.

; ing stamen.

552 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

TIGER FLOWERS
Natural Order In1pEx. Genus Tigridia

Ticrm1a (Greek, tigris, a tiger, and eidos, likeness: from the spotted
flowers). A genus of about eight species of half-hardy perennial herbs
with Crocus-like rootstalk, and plaited sword-shaped leaves. The flower
is at first enclosed in a spathe as in Jris. The three outer segments are
much larger than the inner three. The filaments of the three stamens
are united throughout their length to form a tube, through which passes
the style; the anthers are free at the summit of the tube. The ovary 1s
three-celled, and develops into a thin-textured capsule. Each flower
lasts a very short time. The species are natives of Mexico, Central
America, Chili, and Peru, at high altitudes.

The names of these plants have been suggested by
the plentiful spots and streaks on the flowers, especially
those of Tigridia Pavonia, which was the first species to be introduced
—from Mexico, in 1796. T. violacea came next, from Southern Mexico,
in 1838, and five years later three new species arrived—T. atrata from
South Mexico, 7. curvata from Real del Monte, and 7. lutea from Peru.
T. Van Houwttei was introduced from South Mexico in 1875, and 7.
Pringlei from Peru in 1888.

TIGRIDIA ATRATA (black). Stem 2 feet high; leaves
plaited, 12 to 18 inches long. Flower dark purple; sepals
with green-spotted claw and dark brown blade; April.

T. PAvONIA (peacock). Peacock Tiger Flower, or Flower of Tigris.
Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves plaited, sheathing at base. Flowers three
to a spathe, scarlet spotted with orange; June to September. There are
several good varieties. The var. conchiflora (Plate 255) is orange, spotted
with scarlet; var. grandiflora is bright crimson; grandiflora alba is
creamy white, spotted with rich lake; canariense, bright yellow, spotted
with scarlet ; speciosa, dark scarlet, spotted with yellow.

AN Hourrer (Van Houtte’s). Stem branched, 1 foot high.
Leaves plaited, few. Flowers, 2 inches across, blotched and veined with
purple; ground-colour of sepals yellow, of petals lilac; spring

Tigridias being half-hardy perennials, require to be
lifted and kept in a frost-proof shed or under the stage in
a greenhouse during winter. They are grown at Kew as follows :—
In March the corms are planted in sunny borders of light rich soil, in
which they are set 3 inches deep and about 3 inches apart. In very

History.

Principal Species.

Cultivation.

Pa eae ee ee,

Rome:

Se ee ari

> Pte

‘ree

te

JACOBEAN LILY
| (SPREKELIA FORMOSISSIMA)
i. a 4), Nat. size

4
PL. 262

CROCUSES 553

dry weather they receive water. In October they are lifted and slowly
dried in baskets in the sun, and afterwards buried in boxes of sand,
which are then placed under a stage in a cool-house. Seedlings are
easily raised from spring-sown seeds in a little warmth, and pricked out
in a sunny frame. They flower when two years old. For pot culture
the bulbs should be planted: early in the year, and the pots placed in a
cold frame, giving no water until the leaves begin to appear, when it
may be given in small quantities, to be gradually increased with the
growth of roots and development of the plant.
Description of Tigridia Pavonia. The plant depicted is the var.
Plate 255. conchiflora. The partially open flower shows the early
condition of the stamens, the stigmas not having yet pushed through
the staminal tube. Fig. 1 is a vertical, and 2 a transverse, section
through the ovary ; 3 is the bulbous root.

CROCUSES
Natural Order IRIpDE&. Genus Crocus
Crocus (the ancient Latin and Greek name for Saffron). A genus of

about seventy species of perennial herbs with rootstalks in the form of
a corm; no stem; leaves radical, long, slender, grass-like, channeled

- above, white beneath, the edges turned back, and the lower portion of

the leaf-bundle surrounded by sheaths of thin, translucent, whitish
tissue. Flowers solitary or in bundles, enclosed in a spathe; perianth
large, tube very long; the six segments equal in form and almost in
size, but the inner ones are invariably somewhat shorter than the outer ;
concave, narrow-oblong. The stamens are attached to the bases of the
outer segments, the filaments free. The ovary is hidden between the
bases of the leaves, underground, and is egg-shaped; the style thread-
like, branching into the three stigmas, which are again variously divided
according to species. Capsule spindle-shaped, seeds roundish. The
species are natives of Europe, North Africa, and North and West
Asia.
aren Three species of Crocus have been cultivated in
gardens for so many centuries that we have lost all
record of their introduction. These are C. nudiflorus, C. sativus, and
C. vernus—all occurring naturally in Europe, and now found naturali
locally in England. C. susianus, the very early and brilliant Cloth of
Gold Crocus, was introduced from the Crimea in 1605. C. awreus, the —
IV.—I5

554 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

parent of the “Dutch Yellow” garden Crocus and several well-known
varieties, was cultivated here as long ago as 1629, about which time it was
introduced from South-Eastern Europe. About the same period C. biflorus
was introduced from the Crimea, C. minimus from Corsica, C. serotinus
—whose native country is unknown—from Europe, and C. versicolor
from Southern Europe. The species that have chiefly produced the fine
florists’ varieties of Crocus, so extensively used for spring decoration of
beds and borders, are C. awreus, C. biflorus, C. susianus, C. vernus, and
C. versicolor. Many of these varieties are hybrids, which, by the
natural process of corm-multiplication, come true year after year. The
principal autumn-flowering species are C. Boryi, from the Ionian
Isles, C. iridiflorus, from Eastern Europe, C. nudiflorus, C. sativus, and
C. speciosus, the latter from Asia Minor. With few exceptions the
so-called species of the dealers’ catalogues are mere garden varieties. C.
sativus produces the Saffron of commerce, which consists of the pressed
anthers.

Crocus AUREUS (golden). Leaves very slender, with
whitish line, from wide basal sheaths. Flowers bright
orange; February and March. Also known as C. luteus, C. lagenw-
florus, and C. mesiacus. Plate 256a.

C. BIFLORUS (two-flowered). Leaves slender, short, with distinct
white line. Flowers variable, from white to pale lavender; outer

Principal Species.

segments feathered with purple outside, yellow within; February and —

arch. Several good varieties.

C. Boryt (Bory’s). Leaves narrow, smooth. Flowers creamy
white, with orange throat; base outside streaked with purple; late
autumn, leaves appearing a little earlier.

C. IMpERATI (Imperato’s). Leaves thick, with distinct ‘white line.
Flowers fragrant, lilac-purple, the outer segments marked with three
dark purple lines; March. Native of Southern Italy.

C. IRIDIFLORUS (Iris-flowered). Corm small, somewhat flattened.
Leaves rather broad, appearing in spring. Outer segments of flower,
rich purple; inner ones much smaller, pale lilac; stigmas purple;
September and October. Native of Eastern Europe.

C. NUDIFLORUS (naked-flowered). Leaves appearing in spring.
Flowers appearing in autumn; pale purple or violet. Corm sends out
thick lateral shoots, which ultimately develop into new corms. Also
known as C. fimbriatus, C. multifidus, and C. pyrenceus.

C. sativus (cultivated). Saffron Crocus. Corm large, globular,
depressed. Leaves fringed along margins and keel. Flowers fragrant,
violet marked with lighter or deeper tints; throat hairy; autumn.

MINIATA
PL. 263

3/, Nat. size

CLIVIA

sa ome a SALSA ISB E

CROCUSES 588

C. spEcIosus (showy). Corms nearly round. Leaves broad, keel
prominent, appearing about same time as flowers. Flowers large, bright
lilac, striped within with deep purple; autumn. The finest of the
autumnal species.

C. susIANUs (Susian). Cloth of Gold Crocus. Leaves fringed
along margins and keel. Flowers deep orange, outer segments usually
feathered with deep brown; February. One of the earliest to appear.
Also known as C. revolutus.

C. VERNUS (spring). Leaves } inch broad, appearing with flowers.
Flowers ranging in colour from pure white to deep purple (never
yellow), throat always hairy; spring. Plate 256.

C. VERSICOLOR (various colours). Leavessmooth. Flowers varying
from purple to white; self-coloured or jcanciaaeerd spring. Also
known as C. fragrans.
; hese are very numerous; this following very brief
Named Varieties. F ;
selection includes the best known and most popular :—
Cloth of Silver, white, striped with lilac, | Mont Blane, large, pure white, fine form.

early. Prince Albert, dark blue-violet
Golden Yellow, abundant-flowered, large. Purpurea Grandifiora, rich deep purple,
John Bright, large, dark purple, early. very large.
King of the Blues, very large, rich purple- | Queen Victoria, pure white, large
e. Sir Walter Scott, large, white striped

La Majestueuse, large, white, striped with lilac.

ith lilac. :

Crocus corms having sufficient material for a season’s
flowering stored within them, will flower successfully
almost anywhere; but to enable them to recuperate and increase after
flowering, instead of dwindling, they should be planted in a well-drained
light soil, with a warm, sunny aspect. Where it is desired to utilise
the corms in successive years, the leaves should be allowed to ripen and
wither before taking them up. Some amateurs, annoyed by their —
unsightly appearance in summer, cut them off, thereby causing the corms
to deteriorate. The unsightliness of the long yellowing leaves may be
minimised by lightly twisting them into a loose knot. The corms should
be planted between September and November at a depth of 3 inches,
the distance apart depending on taste. They may be in single lines,
several parallel rows, small clumps or large masses. Some of the strong-
growing kinds, such as the Yellow Dutch, King of the Blues, and Mont
Blane, may be planted on lawn slopes or banksides, where they have a
charming effect when in flower. They should be planted irregularly by
means of a pointed iron crow-bar, making the hole 6 inches deep

Cultivation.

556 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

dropping a corm in each, and filling up with fine soil. Thus treated,
they take care of themselves, and flower regularly for years. If grown
in pots, the corms should be in contact to get the best effect, and the
soil should be light and rich. Where the corms are not required to be
saved, they may be flowered in pots or vases of moss, or cocoanut-fibre ;
and for table decoration they may be grown in shallow saucers of water,
a large number of corms being placed closely together. If planted in
beds or borders at a distance of a couple of inches apart, it will not
be necessary to take them up for several years—in fact, not until they
have obviously become crowded. They propagate themselves by
the production of several corms in place of the one that flowered; but
many of them produce abundant seed in this country, which should be
sown thinly in beds or pans of light sandy loam. They will not
germinate until the season for the sprouting of the old corms; and they
should be left until they have completed two seasons’ growth before
being used as flowering corms.
Description of A, Crocus awreus, the Yellow Crocus. B, Crocus
Plate 256. = vernus, the Spring Crocus. Fig. 1, stamens, back and
front aspects; 2, the ovary and stigmas of C. vernus.

IXIAS
Natural Order In1IpDE&. Genus Jaxia

Ix1a (Greek iwxios, bird-lime: in allusion to the sticky juice). A
genus of about twenty-five species of greenhouse bulbous perennials
with sword-shaped leaves, and salver-shaped flowers in simple or branched
spikes. There is a long slender perianth-tube and six-parted limb, three
stamens inserted in the throat, a three-celled ovary terminating in a
thread-like style, with three slender recurved stigmas. They are
exclusively South African plants, whence most of them were first introduced
in the latter half of the 18th century. They have been crossed and
considerably improved by the Dutch growers, with whom they are
still a speciality.

IxIA MACULATA (spotted). Flower stems 1 foot high,
Flowers orange with purple-violet centre; April and May.
Introduced 1757. Plate 257. The var. ochroleuca, shown to the left of the
plate, has cream-coloured flowers in a shorter,denser, more head-like spike.

I. oporata (fragrant). Height, 1 foot. Flowers strongly scented,
yellow, in many-flowered spike; May and June. Introduced 1757.

Principal Species.

’
|
1

IXIOLIRION MONTANUM

Nat. size

PL. 264

GLADIOLUS OR CORN FLAG 557

I. PATENS (spreading). Height, 1 foot. Flowers pink, somewhat
bell-shaped, the segments spreading; April. Introduced 1779.

I. sPECIOSA (showy). Height, 6 inches. Flowers dark red, bell-
shaped; May and June. Introduced 1778.

I. VIRIDIFLORA (green-flowered). Height, 1 foot. Flowers green,
with blue centre; May and June. Introduced 1780.

In the most southern portions of England, and in
sheltered spots, Jvvas are hardy, and may be grown outside.
Given a well-drained, warm, sunny border in a sheltered position, in many
other parts they may be grown successfully, if during the winter they
are protected from frost by piling fern or cocoanut-fibre thickly above
them. The bulbs should be planted in October, at a depth of 4 or 6
inches, and the soil should be light and sandy. Except in warm sheltered
gardens, it is best to lift the bulbs after they have flowered, and ripen
them by exposure to air and sunshine. For pot-culture the soil should
be a mixture of leaf-mould and sandy loam. A 5-inch pot is the most
suitable size, and in this from eight to twelve bulbs may be placed, with
the crowns an inch below the surface. Stand on or plunge in ashes in
a cool frame, and merely keep the soil from drying until the flower-
spikes appear. Then give more water, and remove the plants to a cool
greenhouse or conservatory where they will get abundant light and air.
After flowering, ripen gradually by placing them outside and watering
moderately till the leaves have died away; then keep soil dry and store
away till October, when they should be repotted. Propagation is effected
by separating the bulbous offsets when large enough, or by sowing seeds
in sandy soil about September, germinating them in a cool frame. The
seedlings are not of rapid growth, and they will not be fit for removal
for a year, when they may be potted singly, but they will not flower
until three or four years old.

ption of Ixia maculata, natural size. The short spike figured
Plate 25% at the left of the plate is the var. ochroleuca.

Cultivation.

GLADIOLUS OR CORN FLAG
Natural Order IRIpE&. Genus Gladiolus

GLADIOLUS (Latin, a dagger or sedge: in allusion to shape of leaves). A

genus of about one hundred and thirty species of perennial herbs with

corms, and linear or sword-shaped leaves. The flowers are borne in a

two-rowed spike on a tall scape, and consist of a six-parted, somewhat
Iv.—16

.

553 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

two-lipped perianth, with short, curved tube and oval unequal segments.
The three stamens are inserted on the perianth tube; the ovary is egg-
shaped, the style thread-like, with three stigmas. The fipeatei is leathery,
three-celled, containing many seeds. Fifteen species are natives of
Europe and Western Asia, the others being natives of the Cape and
Tropical Africa.

Three hundred years ago only the European species
’ of Gladiolus were known here, including G. communis (of
which our Hampshire G. illyricus is regarded by Hooker as a variety)
and G. segetum. In 1629 G. byzantinus was introduced from Turkey,
but most of the others came from the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good
Hope, as witness this list of South African species, with the dates of
introduction: G. tristis, 1745; G. recurvus, 1758; G. vittatus, 1760;
G. blandus, 1774; G@. floribundus, 1788; G. cardinalis, 1789; G. grandis,
1794; G. cuspidatus, 1795; G. papilio, 1866; G. cruentus, 1868; G.
purpurea-auratus, 1872. G. brachyandrus came from Tropical Africa
in 1879. But these species, though beautiful in themselves, are little
grown compared with the favour accorded to their hybrid progeny, for
which we were indebted in the first instance to the Belgian, Dutch, and
French growers. The most important of these in size and brilliance of
its flower-spikes, as well as in the endless list of variations constantly
being produced from it, is the G. gandavensis, or Ghent Gladiolus,
produced about sixty years ago by crossing—it is said—G. cardinalis
with G. psittacinus. The credit of this production is given to M.
Bedinghaus, gardener to the Duke of Arenberg, and its introduction to
the larger world of gardeners was due to the well-known house of Van
Houtte. G. brenchleyensis is of similar origin, and has also produced
many varieties. G. Colvillei is another hybrid, the result of the union
of G. cardinalis and G. tristis; its var. alba, well known as The Bride,
is very popular for pot-culture and cut flowers. More recently M.
Lemoine of Nancy produced a hybrid between G. gandavensis and G.
purpurea-auratus, which is known as G. Lemoinei, and from which a
race has arisen with more brilliantly coloured flowers, and a purplish
brown blotch on the lower segments. Yet more recently the same
hybridiser has produced the race called G. nancieanus by crossing G.
Saundersit with G. Lemoine; these produce flowers of great size, surpass-
ing all earlier sorts in this respect. The principal grower and breeder of
the large-flowered Gandavensis section is Mr. James Kelway of Lang-
port.

Principal §
saepaaarande ight scarlet; July and August. Height, 4 or 5 feet.

GLADIOLUS BRENCHLEYENSIS (Brenchley’s). Flowers

a
e)
&

ww
em
OF
Ww “
om 4
ee
BE
=
e)
oo

3
Fs

wee

8
a

=<}

ey
Mi

i lab a ae a eI aa Ba si Sarl ane ie ce carte tata ih ay ek mt tbe Mota ch ck may ll eae NA Ri ce aah ra a a ee eRe AM he cee es ne ema a

GLADIOLUS OR CORN FLAG 559

G. BYZANTINUS (Byzantine). Leaves slender, deep green. Flowers
red, nodding, i in many-flowered spikes, 2 feet high; June.

G. CARDINALIS (cardinal colour). Leaves many-nerved. Flowers
somewhat bell-shaped, fine scarlet, with large white spots; flower stems
3 to 4 feet high; July and August.

G. COLVILLE! (Colville’s). Leaves slender, strongly nerved down
centre of each side. Flowers bright red, with pale purple markings;
July. Stem somewhat zigzag and angular, leafy, 14 foot high. Garden
hybrid, 1824. The var. alba has white flowers, and is known as The
Bride.

G. GANDAVENSIS (Ghent). Flowers of many shades of scarlet and
crimson, from the deepest tones to pure white, marked and streaked with
lilac, pink, yellowish, and other tints; July. Flower stem 4 feet high.
Hybrid. Plate 258

G. PSITTACINUS (parrot-like). Flowers rich scarlet, streaked and
spotted with yellow; August to October. Flower stem 3 feet high.

G. PURPUREA-AURATUS (purple and gold). Flowers golden yellow,
with a large purple blotch on the two lower segments; August. Height,
2 or 5 feet

G. SAUNDERSII (Saunders’). Flowers crimson, spotted with white;
autumn. Height, 2 or 3 feet.

These are now so numerous—hundreds of them being
catalogued by nurserymen—and so generally excellent, that
it would serve no useful purpose to give a list of them. So good has
the general quality of these become, that many amateurs prefer to buy
unnamed seedlings from reliable houses, and probably secure better
results than purchasing named varieties from very brief descriptions.

Gladioli like a deep, light, loamy soil, made rich by the
addition of manure four or five months before the corms
are planted. Planting commences in March, and batches may be put in
at intervals until May, to secure a succession of flowers. The corms
should be put at least 3 inches below the surface and a foot apart. In
so doing, care should be taken that no fresh manure comes in contact
with the corm, or decay will probably result. It is a good plan to place
the corms on a layer of mixed sand and wood ashes. | During hot, dry
weather in summer, a mulching of well-rotted manure will be of great
assistance. After flowering, if there is no desire to save seed, the stem
should be cut off just below the lowest flower, and before the approach
of frosts the entire plants of the South Africans and the tender hybrids
should be taken up and laid in a dry, airy place until the stems and
leaves die off. Then these should be cut off about an inch above the

Garden Varieties.

Cultivation,

560 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

corm, and the latter, if quite dry, stored away in paper bags, or boxes of
dry sand, in a dry shed. Numerous little corms are produced around the
old one, and these should be separated when the old ones are put away,
and the following year they should be grown in pans. In their second
year they may be planted-out, and will probably flower. The stock may
also be increased by means of seed, sown in pans in March, started in
heat, the seedlings gradually given more air and less heat until they can
be turned outside for the summer. Ripen and dry off in autumn, and
plant out the following March. Gladioli may also be grown in pots.
Use a 6-inch pot, and place corms in according to the usual size of the
species when grown. Thusa single corm of G. Lemoinei or G. nancieanus
will be sufficient, but the same size pot will take half a dozen corms of
The Bride. The soil for potting should have been made rich well in
advance.
Description of Ghent Cornflag, Gladiolus gandavensis, about one-
Plate third less than the actual size; showing corms, leaves, and
flowers.
Other genera of IRIDEX which are represented among garden plants
are: Babiana, something like Ixia, but with hairy leaves and short
flower-spikes ; Freesia, with the habit of Ixia, and slender spikes of
tubular fragrant flowers ; Morwa, very similar to Iris; Schizostylis, an
autumn-flowering Ixia-like plant with bright crimson flowers; Sparawis,
with tall spikes of elegant tubular flowers; T’ritonia, another Ixia-like
genus, of which 7. Pottsii, crossed with the allied Crocosma awrea, has
produced a most useful race of summer-flowering, easily-grown, half-
hardy plants; Watsonza, a near ally of Gladiolus. These genera are all
natives of South Africa,

NARCISSI
Natural Order AMARYLLIDEH. Genus Narcissus

Narcissus (the old Greek name). A genus of (according to Bentham
and Hooker) about twenty species of bulbous perennial herbs, mostly
hardy. They have narrow strap-shaped or Rush-like leaves, and flowers
solitary or in umbels, at first included in a membranous spathe, and
always white or yellow. The perianth forms a tube below, with six
spreading segments above, the mouth of the tube surmounted by a
circular crown. There are six stamens inserted in the tube, and not
protruding beyond the crown. The ovary is three-sided, below the

ASPIDISTRA LURIDA

1/, Nat. size

PL. 266

NARCISSI 561

perianth, and the thread-like style ends in a blunt stigma. The seed
vessel is a leathery capsule, containing numerous globose seeds. The
species are natives of Europe and Northern and Western Asia; one
British.

Our native Daffodil, or Lent Lily, Narcissus Pseudo-
narcissus, has always been a favourite garden flower.
Theophrastus of Eresus, who lived B.c. 371-286, describes the Narkissos,
and speaks of its seed being gathered by some persons “ for sowing.”
The Poet’s Narcissus, V. poeticus, from South Europe, appears to have
been the first of the foreign species to be introduced, but so long ago that
the date is not recorded. The Jonquil, V. Jonquilla, was introduced
from Spain some time previous to 1596. The Hoop-petticoat Narcissus,
N. Bulbocodium, and the N. triandrus, both from Portugal, had both
been introduced before 1629, for Parkinson refers to them as growing
here, in his Paradisus, published at that date. The Polyanthus
Narcissus, V. Tazetta, came from Spain in 1759. Many others have been
introduced ; but we pause here to remark that, in the opinion of Mr. F.
W. Burbidge, F.L.S., who has devoted great attention to the study and
cultivation of the genus, these six are the only real species that are
known to science, and that the other forms that rank as species in most
works are natural hybrids, or natural varieties of them. He says: “ All
these are known to exist as plants undubitably wild in Europe, and they
all vary more or less widely as collected from different localities. All
come true from seed if fertilised with pollen of another individual of the
same species, and they hybridise so freely with each other, that given
these six wild species alone in sufficient quantity and variety, and from
them the hybridist and cultivator could stock our gardens with every
garden variety of Narcissus now known and worth growing” (Jowrnal

Hort. Soc., xi. 79). In the true species the stamens are attached
either at the base of the tube (WV. Pseudo-narcissus and N. Bulbocodiwm),
or near its mouth in two series (WV. poeticus, N. Tazetta, N. Jonquilla
and NV. triandrus). In the hybrid forms the stamens are attached more
or less half-way down the tube.

Narcissus BuLgocopium (Bulboeodium- like). Bulb
about two-thirds of an inch thick. Leaves slender,
half-round, two or three to each scape. Flowers bright yellow, funnel-
shaped, gradually enlarging from base of perianth to mouth of crown,
divisions of perianth very narrow; margin of crown slightly crisped ;
scape one-flowered, round, 4 to 8 inches high; April and May. Several
varieties.

N. JONQUILLA (Jonquil). Bulb somewhat less than 1 inch thick.

IV.—17

History.

Principal Species.

562 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

Leaves channeled, one or two to each scape. Flowers bright yellow,
very fragrant; divisions of perianth spreading and slightly overlapping ;
crown very shallow, saucer-shaped, the edge faintly round-toothed ; scape
almost round, slender, 8 to 12 inches high, two- to six-flowered ; April.
Plate 259a. Queen Anne’s Jonquil is a double variety of this. Several
varieties.

N. POETICUS (Poet’s). Bulb about 1 inch thick. Leaves flat, bluntly
keeled, somewhat glaucous, three or four to a scape. Flowers 2
inches across, agreeably scented; perianth white; crown saucer-shaped,
the margin crisped and coloured a bright red; scape two-edged,
one- (rarely two-) flowered, 12 or 14 inches high; April. Several
varieties.

N. PsEuDO-NaARCIssuS (False or Bastard Narcissus). Bulb about
1} inch thick. Leaves glaucous, nearly flat, five or six toascape. Flowers
at first erect,then drooping ; perianth pale yellow ; segments lance-shaped ;
crown as long as perianth-segments, but deeper yellow, an inch across,
the margin slightly crisped and boldly toothed ; scape two-edged, 1 foot
high, one-flowered; February or March. Plate 2598. Varieties very
numerous.

N. Tazerra (Tazetta). Bulb 14 to 2 inches thick. Leaves somewhat
flat and glaucous, bluntly keeled, four or six to a scape. Flowers four to
eight from each scape, powerfully fragrant, a little over an inch across ;

segments spreading; crown bright yellow, the edge slightly
lobed or toothed ; scape 1 foot high; March. Plate 260. Varieties
numerous.

N. TRIANDRUS (three-stamened). Bulb not more than } inch thick.
Leaves rush-like, very slender, three or four to a scape. Flowers white,
horizontal or drooping; tube very slender, cylindrical, perianth
segments turned back over it; crown conical-bell-shaped; scape
very slender, one- or ax towennd 6 to 12 inches long; April. Several
varieties.

Somewhere about a thousand named varieties are
grown in gardens, and these are classified in three
divisions, according to the character of the crown, thus—

Group I. Maenicoronati, offspring of V. Pseudo-narecissus or N.
Bulbocodium, with crowns as long as the perianth divisions.

Group IJ. Meptocoronati, resembling N. triandrus, with inter-
mediate crowns.

Group III. Parvicoronatt, descendants of NV. Jonquilla, N. Tazetta,
and NV. poeticus, with crowns not half as long as the perianth
divisions.

Garden Varieties.

NEW ZEALAND FLAX
(PHORMIUM TENAX)
oe Nat. size
PL. 267

NARCISSI

563

I. MAGNICORONATI

Ard Righ, Yellow es ; sas large yellow
trumpet with yellow perianth ;

distinct ;
Emperor ; ie nals yellow, large and
robust.

P pee i gia nearly white, crown
deep yelloy

Grandis; pure white large perianth,

trumpet full yellow ; late.
— similar ee 7 press, but bloom-
ing a night earlier

Obvallaris, “« Whitby
size, distinct Pad all others
deeper yellow than peria

Ti — plenus ; the ae fori of the

mon yellow Daffodi

Daffodil ” ” s medium
crown

II. MEDIOCORONATI

Barri conspicuus; perianth
crown fringed, margined with orange-

scarlet ; fragrant.

segments
broad, nated paling towards tips;

Leedsi C. J. Backhouse; perianth golden
yellow ; crown orange-red.

Sir Watkin, ‘* Great Welsh Daffodil ” ;
perianth primrose ; crown golden.

III. PARVICORONATI

(a) Poeticus.
Poeticus ornatus ; large and fine shape;
perianth pure white, with broad

Poetious plenus, the ‘‘ Gardenia-flowered
Narcissus”; very double and fragrant;

(6) Polyanthus
major; perianth large, pure

Gloriosus; perianth white ; crown orange.
peed Soleil sae ; perianth rich yellow;
wn deep 0

ange.
pure white; much finer than a Tons cies : pacar yellow; crown
Gardenia.
Poeticus recurvus; very similar to ornatus,
ut more robust, more prolific, and a

fortnight later.

ate Tens perianth white; crown

yellow.
Scilly White ; white; crown creamy.

The soils most suitable for Narcissus-culture are those
that are light, well-drained, and not very rich. Those
whose natural habitat is the warmer parts of Europe succeed best on
poor gravelly soils with plenty of sunshine; others do well in partial
shade. Ordinary manures should not be used, as they tend to disease
and failure. This remark, indeed, applies to all bulbous plants. The only
stimulants allowed should be wood-ashes, road-scrapings, and fresh
meadow-loam mixed in equal proportions and applied as a top-dressing ;
or a small quantity of bone-dust may be mixed with the soil before
planting, using about 14 ounce to the square yard of land. Where there
isa bank, as of an enclosing hedge, it should by utilised for Narcissi. In
some districts it is quite a common thing to see these plants growing in
great clumps on the hedge-banks, where they have escaped from gardens
and orchards and gradually made their way to the summit. They may
also be planted among grass in any position where their leaves will not
be in danger from the lawn-mower, the retention of the foliage until it
naturally withers being essential for the ripening of the bulb. When the

Cultivation.

564 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

clumps have become too crowded they should be taken up in July, and
the bulbs separated and replanted before they emit new roots. Imported
bulbs should be planted as soon as purchased, and dibbling should not be
resorted to; instead, a trench should be drawn of sufficient depth to allow
at least 3 inches of soil above the top of the bulb. Many of the ordinary
Narcissi and all the Polyanthus sorts may be grown well in pots, treating
them much after the manner adopted for pot Hyacinths, plunging the
pots in ashes outside and covering thickly with cocoanut-fibre, the object
being to induce plentiful root-growth without stimulating the production
of leaves. When the latter begin to appear the pots should be removed
to a cool pit or greenhouse, and the flowers allowed to develop naturally ;
or, by submitting them to brisk bottom-heat, accompanied with liberal
waterings, force them.

Most of the kinds seed freely, and the seeds may be sown as soon as
ripe, in special beds of well-drained, light, sandy soil, where they need
not be disturbed until they commence to flower. Some of the species
bloom in their third year, some in their fourth, but as a rule the larger
kinds do not flower until the fifth year. No seedling should be destroyed
because its first flowers do not come up to expectation ; it should be given
a couple of years longer to show of what it is really capable. Propaga-
tion is also effected by separating the offshoots.

Description of Plate 259. A, Narcissus Jonquilla, the Jonquil; the
Plates259and 260. natural size. Fig. 1, a section through the flower. B,
N. Pseudo-Narcissus, the Daffodil, or Lent Lily, slightly reduced. Fig.
2,a section of the flower; 3, the bulb. The seed capsule is shown between
the letter B and the figure 2.

Plate 260. Varieties of WN. Tazetta, the Polyanthus Narcissus. A
is the var. dubius; B, the type; C, a double form.

SCARBOROUGH LILY
Natural Order AMARYLLIDEH. Genus Vallota

VALLOTA (named in honour of Pierre Valot, a French botanist of
the 17th century). A genus containing only one species, a beautiful
bulbous plant, with long strap-shaped leaves, and umbels of large
brilliant scarlet flowers, produced at the summit of a tall scape. The
perianth is erect, funnel-shaped, 3 or 4 inches long, with six oblong-oval
divisions; the tube short, with an enlarged throat. The six erect
stamens are equal, the style simple, and the membranous spathe splits

\\ ae

PLANTAIN LILY
(FUNKIA OVATA)

Nat. size

aa fe
Esc erg
te pears

45

JACOBEAN LILIES 565

into two or three divisions. The scape is stout and hollow, about 2 feet
high. It flowers during summer and autumn. It isa native of South
Africa, and was introduced in 1774 by Francis Masson, who was sent
out to collect plants for Kew Gardens. There are several varieties.
Var. eximia is a trifle larger, of the same colour as the type, but with a
white throat which is feathered with crimson. The var. magnifica
appears to differ from the last only in the point of size.

Generally speaking, Vallota must be grown as a
reenhouse plant, although in the extreme South it is
hardy in situations not too exposed. Here the bulbs should be planted
deeply (6 or 8 inches), and surrounded with sand before covering wit
ordinary soil. They should be well and regularly watered during the
period of growth, and should remain undisturbed until there is danger
of crowding. In most gardens, however, they are grown in pots, under
glass. The bulbs may be grown either singly in 4-inch pots, or in
clusters of six or eight, in 10-inch pots, in a loamy soil. They should be
only partially buried. Whilst growing they should be placed near the glass
in a sunny position; and when growth is completed, rest may be induced
by witholding water. If pot-bound, a condition conducive to floriferous-
ness, manure water may be given now and then.

Description of Vallota purpurea, the Searborough Lily. Flowers

Plate 26. about one-third less than the natural size; bulb and leaves
about two-thirds less than nature. Fig 1, a section of flower.

Culture.

JACOBEAN LILIES
Natural Order AMARYLLIDEZ. Genus Sprekelia

SPREKELIA (derived from the name of J. H. Sprekelsen, of Hamburg,
who wrote on Liliaceze, and died 1764). A genus consisting of a single
species. It has a bulbous root, with narrow strap-shaped leaves, six or
seven to a scape. The scape is hollow, somewhat two-edged, and
appears with the leaves. The flower is at first enclosed in a spathe,
afterwards bent downwards (declinate), and has scarcely any tube, the
almost unequal segments free to the base, where they are broader than
above. Thestamens are attached to the segments at the base, and irved
like the style. A native of Mexico and Guatemala; introduced 1593.
SPREKELIA FORMOSISSIMA (most beautiful). Flowers large, showy,
crimson, solitary or (rarely) twin; June. Height, 2 feet. Plate 262.
There are several named varieties.
Iv.—18

566 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

Sprekelia requires a warm, dry and well-drained position
at the foot of a south or south-west wall, when grown out-
side. It may, in fact, be treated as recommended for Vallota, and the
reader is therefore referred back to that genus for details. If grown in
pots, it requires the same treatment as Hippeastrwm, but a cool green-
house temperature.

Description of Sprekelia formosissima, the Jacobean Lily, about one-
Plate 262. half the actual dimensions. Fig. 1 is a section through the

Cultivation.

flower.

BELLADONNA LILY
Natural Order AMARYLLIDEZ. Genus Amaryllis

AMARYLLIS (the name of a country-woman mentioned in Virgil’s
Eclogues). A genus of one species with a bulbous rootstock, and an
autumnal flower scape supporting a many-flowered umbel of large,
stalked, handsome flowers. The numerous strap-shaped leaves do
not appear until spring. The flowers are funnel-shaped with a short
tube, the six segments broad and ribbed, the tips somewhat spreading.

“Three of the stamens are attached to the base of the segments,
‘and three to the mouth of the tube. The scape is tall, solid, and

somewhat flattened. The name Amaryllis is still universally given
in gardens to the species and hybrids of Hippeastrwm, which has
a flower like that of the present plant, but entirely different capsules
and seeds.
eseted _AMARYLLIS BELLADONNA (beautiful lady). Bulb large,
as big as aswan’segg. Flowers three to twelve in an umbel,
fragrant, variable in size and colour, ranging from almost white to a
reddish purple, most frequently a delicate rose colour streaked with red ;
September. Height, 2 feet. Native of South Africa; introduced 1712. .
There are several named varieties.
lanted in a warm, dry position against a wall, the
Belladonna Lily soon becomes thoroughly established and
multiplies. We know cottage gardens in the South of England where it
comes up freely, not merely in beds and borders, but pushing through
hard gravelled paths also. In the neighbourhood of London it does not
flower unless planted against the south wall of a heated building, such
as a plant-stove. The bulbs should be planted in July, 6 inches deep in
a loamy soil and close to the wall. It may be grown in pots along with
Vallota. .

FLAME FLOWER

(KNIPHOFIA ALOIDES )

2/, Nat. size

IMANTOPHYLLUMS 567

IMANTOPHYLLUMS
Natural Order AMARYLLIDEH. Genus Clivia

CiivIA (named in honour of a Duchess of Northumberland, a
member of the Clive family). A genus of three species of evergreen
bulbous plants, with strap-shaped leaves in two rows, from amid which
arises the flattened scape, bearing an umbel of drooping flowers. The
perianth is funnel-shaped and six-parted, the divisions nearly equal.
The six stamens are equal and protrude slightly; the style bears a three-
lobed stigma. The species are South

Clivias are better sive in gardens as Jmanto-
ohyllums, sometimes spelled without an ”. The history
of the genus is chiefly philological. C. nobilis was introduced from
South Africa in 1828, and Sir W. J. Hooker founded the genus
Imatophylium, signifying plants with leaves like leather thongs.
Sprengel corrected this into Himantophyllum, but finally this got
further corrected by dropping the H. Lindley, however, called it
Clivea, since corrected to Clivia, and Sir William Hooker proposed
to restrict his genus to the species depicted in our Plate 263, which
he called Jmantophyllum miniatum. This, however, is now in-
cluded among Clivias, and the specific name has been corrected by
Regel to miniata. Recently many seedling forms of this species have
been raised and named in gardens, but many of them are scarcely
distinguishable from the type. This species was introduced from
Natal in 1854, and C. Gardeni came from the same locality in 1862.
C. cyrtanthiflorwm is a garden hybrid between C. miniata and
C. nobilis.

History.

CLIVIA CYRTANTHIFLORUM (Cyrtanthus - flowered).
Flowers large, salmon-pink or pale flame-coloured, with
white centre and greenish tips, cup-shaped, drooping; umbels many-
flowered ; winter and spring.

C. GarpEnt (Garden’s). Biawilhx reddish orange or yellow, 2 to 3
inches long; umbel ten- to fourteen-flowered; scape from 1 to 2 feet
high ; eketon

C. MINIATA (red). Flowers bright orange, yellowish at base; ten to
twenty in an umbel; scape 1 to 2 feet high; spring and summer. Plate

263. The var. splendens has brighter, deeper-coloured flowers. There
are many garden varieties, three of the finest being es aii Linden,
and splendens.

Species.

568 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

C. NoBILIS (noble). Flowers orange - scarlet, tipped with green;
perianth curved, funnel-shaped; the outer divisions shorter than the
inner ; forty to fifty inan umbel; May. Height, 1 to 2 feet.

Clivias may ie grown either in pots or in borders in
a warm greenhouse. The best soil for them is a compost
of fibrous loam and rotten cow-dung, in the proportion of three
of the former to one of the latter. Whilst mixing up, add a little
charcoal to keep it sweet, for the plants require a great deal of water
during the growing period. A few bones crushed small and mixed
in will also be an advantage, and there should be a good thickness
of drainage material. They are not plants that require frequent
repotting; fair-sized plants may therefore be put in large pots at once.
They will scarcely require anything larger than 10 inches across.
They grow during spring and summer, when they must have a tem-
perature between 50° and 60°, with plenty of air. Water may be
applied freely both to the root and by syringing the leaves; but in
autumn, syringing must be stopped, and during winter only sufficient
water should be given to prevent the soil getting quite dry. At this
season, too, the plant must be kept cool, to induce rest. Instead of
repotting, it will be found more advantageous to the plant to give
it a top-dressing of rich soil in spring. When in bloom the plants
should be removed to a cool, airy conservatory, which will prolong the
blooming period.

Description of Clivia miniata, reduced about one-fourth below the
Plate 263. natural size. Fig. 1 is a section of the flower showing
attachment of the stamens, ete.

Cultivation.

IXIOLIRIONS
Natural Order AMARYLLIDEH. Genus Jxiolirion

TXIOLIRION (from Jaia (see p. 256), and leirion, a lily), A genus of two
species of bulbous plants with erect unbranched stems bearing leafy
bracts, and near the top small clusters of flowers. The leaves are
long, very slender, channeled, glaucous, sheathing at the base. The
flowers are erect, six - parted, funnel-shaped, violet or blue, on long
stalks; the divisions narrow lance-shaped. The six erect stamens are
attached near the base of the tube, and the thread-like style ends in
three slender channeled stigmas. They are natives of Asia Minor and
Northern Asia.

GASTERIA VERRUCOSA

Flowers Nat. size; Plant 7/, Nat. size

PL. 270

=P eee A eee en ape een eines CAME Ge oer te Oa Ce ORION ORES eRe Nn, MERE ST STA TS ee | SME TTI NBME rm ok

TUBEROSE 569

Ix1oLrRION =. KOLPAKOWSKIANUM = (Kolpakowski’s).
Flowers blue or white, somewhat trumpet-shaped ; summer.
Height, 1 foot. Introduced from Lake Sairan, 1878.

J. MONTANUM (mountain). Flowers violet-blue, segments spreading
irregularly; June. Height, 12 to 20 inches. Introduced from Syria,
1844. Plate 264. There are two or three varieties in cultivation,
differing but slightly from the type. :

Ixiolirions should be grown in good, light, well-
drained soil, on a warm, sunny border. It is advisable in
this climate to take up the bulbs in autumn and store them in dry sand
in a cool, but frost-proof, place, and to give them the protection of a
handlight after planting them in spring. Owing to the weakness and
slenderness of the flowering-stems, these should be tied up to a stick as
they grow, or the wind, or the weight of the flowers, will bring them to
the ground.

Description of Ixiolirion montanum; leaves, stem, and flowers,
te 264. natural size. Fig. 1, section of a flower.

Species.

Cultivation.

TUBEROSE
Natural Order AMARYLLIDEH. Genus Polianthes

PoLIANTHES (Greek, polios, white or bright, and anthos, a flower). A
single-species genus, consisting of the well-known Tuberose, Polianthes
tuberosa, which has an erect tuberous rootstock, from which arises a tall,
roundish stem, 3 or 4 feet high, sparsely provided with long, slender,
lance-shaped leaves. The upper part of the stem is rather zigzag, and
bears numerous very fragrant creamy white flowers, borne in pairs from
the axils of membranous bracts. These flowers have a very short
footstalk, the perianth funnel-shaped, with a long, slender, curved tube,
and ‘six incurved, nearly equal, divisions. The six stamens are inserted
in the tube. The Tuberose is a native of Mexico, but has been widely
cultivated in the East for centuries; it was introduced to English
gardens about the year 1629. There are several varieties: “ African,”
“ American,” “Italian,” ete. The best is “The Pearl,” which is of dwarf
habit, with pure white flowers.

It is the prevailing custom to grow Tuberoses only
from newly imported bulbs; these are so greatly im-
poverished by the abundant flowers that they have little chance of
recuperating i in this country sufficiently to make them worth growing a

IV.—19

Cultivation.

570 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

second year. Bulbs of the African varieties arrive here in September
or October; the American and Pearl, in December. Some should be
potted as soon as they can be obtained from the dealers; and if a
succession is desired, others can be kept for months in a perfectly dry
place, where the temperature will not fall below 50°, and a few potted
at intervals up to June. By this means it is possible to have Tuberose
flowers for decorative purposes nearly all the year round. They should
be potted singly in 4-inch pots, or five in an 8-inch pot, in a
compost of rich loam, two parts, and leaf-mould, one part, and placed
in a warm greenhouse or frame. If space is limited, they may be put
under the stage until they come into growth. As soon as the shoots
appear the pots should be placed near the glass and kept there, for,
being naturally inclined to grow tall, everything possible should be
done to keep them dwarf. When they commence to flower they may
be removed to a conservatory or other cool house, if in summer;
or may even be placed out in a sunny border. Good flowers
may be grown in a sheltered border in the open air in warm
localities, if the tubers are planted in sandy soil in May. Readers
will pardon us for reminding them that Tuberose is a word of
three syllables—Tu-ber-ose; we frequently hear it pronounced Tube-
rose.
Description of Polianthes tuberosa, the Tuberose, showing bulb, stem,
Plate 265. and flowers. Fig. 1 is a section through a detached flower.

KNIGHT’S STAR LILIES
Natural Order AMARYLLIDEZ. Genus Hippeastrum

HippeastrumM (Greek, hippeus, a knight, and astron, a star). A genus
of about forty species (including Habranthus and Phycella) of bulbous
plants with showy flowers, usually cultivated under the name of
Amaryllis. These are of striking colours, large, funnel-shaped, and
borne in a small umbel at the top of a hollow scape. The perianth is
six-parted, the divisions irregular, for the upper one of the outer series
is broader than the others, and the lower one of the inner series
narrower. ‘The stamens are unequally inserted in the tube, and the style
is three-lobed. The species are natives of the hotter portions of South
America. Most of those in cultivation are hybrids, which are produced
freely in this genus. The flower-scapes are usually produced a little
earlier than the leaves.

TREE ALOE
(ALOE ARBORESCENS)

——_

Flowers Nat. size; plant greatly reduced

PL. 271

KNIGHT’S STAR LILIES 571

HIPPEASTRUM AULICUM (courtly). Leaves broad, strap-
shaped, closely striate Flowers large, rich crimson,
green at base, and above the green a dark red-purple blotch. Scape
about 14 foot high. Introduced from Rio de Janeiro, 1810. Stove.

H. EQUESTRE (knightly). The Barbados Lily. Flowers bright red,
with a yellowish green star. The species is a native of Tropical
America and the West Indies. It is also cultivated or naturalised in
the Tropics of the Old World. Introduced 1710. Stove

H. Leopoxip1 (Leopold’s). Flowers regular, 7 inches across, with
broad segments coloured red and white, on stout stalks. Introduced
from Peru in 1869. One of the largest and most vigorous, and also one
of the principal, progenitors of the garden race of Hippeastrums.
Greenhouse.

H. PARDINUM (leopard-like). Flowers 6 inches across, cream-
coloured, thickly spotted with crimson. Greenhouse. Introduced from
Peru, 1866. - :

H. PSITTACINUM (parrot-like). Flowers 5 inches across, red, with
crimson streaks and a conspicuous greenish star; on scapes 3 feet
high. Greenhouse. Brazil, 1814.

H. RETICULATUM (netted). Flowers 4 inches across, mauve-red,
barred with crimson; on scapes a foot high. Var. striatifolia has
leaves with a white central band. Stove. Introduced from Brazil in
1777

Principal Species.

H. virrata (striped). Flowers white, each division with two red
stripes. Greenhouse. Introduced from South America, 1819.
Hippeastrums are not difficult plants to grow if they
get the special conditions they require, and they give a
splendid return in a grand show of striking flowers. The bulbs should
potted about February, in strong loamy soil, mixed with charcoal
and crushed bones, on a layer of good drainage, in 5- to 7-inch
pots, and placed in a sunny position in a warm, moist house. Growth
will begin almost immediately, and with it the flower scapes; and if
plenty of air and light are given during the summer, fine leafy plants
will result. Whilst in flower they should be shaded from bright
sunshine, in order to preserve the blossoms. From September to
February they should be kept cool and given little water, to allow a
period of rest. If a top-dressing be given when growth begins each
year, and occasional manure-water during the growing period, established
plants will not require repotting. Some growers, however, prefer to
repot the bulbs annually. When large numbers are grown they are
best accommodated in a bed of spent tan, in which the pots are buried

Cultivation.

572 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

below the rim, so that the roots can grow into the tan. There are now
many named seedling varieties and hybrids which are cultivated in
preference to the species. They are propagated from seed for new
varieties and hybrids, and by means of offsets from the bulbs.

SOME OTHER AMARYLLIDS
Natural Order AMARYLLIDEZ

THERE are a number of genera of this order, too important horti-
culturally to be ignored, but which the plan of the work and exigencies
of space will not allow us to treat at length. Among these are the
genera—

NERINE (the name of a water-nymph). A genus of about ten
species of South African bulbous plants, with strap-shaped leaves
and umbels of flowers, with the perianth divided into slender segments.
The best-known species is Nerine sarniense, the Guernsey Lily, which
was introduced in a singular manner. About the year 1680 a vessel
was wrecked in the Channel, and among the wreckage washed ashore
were a large number of bulbs of this plant. Many of them rooted and
grew, naturalising themselves—though no longer to be found there. It
has pale salmon-coloured flowers, which appear in autumn. WV. curvifolia
(introduced 1788) has bright scarlet flowers, which appear in autumn.
The potting mixture should be good loam and leaf-mould, with the
addition of charcoal and sand. They require bottom-heat, though of a
mild character, with plenty of moisture after growth has well started ;
after completing their growth, which they make between October and
May (they grow all through the winter), they should be allowed to
rest, and when the leaves have died, the bulbs should be kept perfectly
dry and cool until the flower-spikes appear, when they should be
watered. There are many garden hybrids and seedlings.

GALANTHUS (Greek, gala, milk, anthos, flower: milk-white flowers).
A genus of three species of hardy bulbous plants, well known as
Snowdrops, of which our native Galanthus nivalis is the type. There
are only two leaves, and the flowers are solitary, hanging from the
spathe at summit of the scape. The three inner segments of the
perianth are much shorter than the outer three, and are marked
with green. G. Hlwesii, introduced from Asia Minor, 1875, has larger
flowers, but is otherwise similar. The third species is G. plicatus,
introduced from the Crimea, 1818; it is of larger growth than G. nivalis,

Rm 33h LA ae See ke ties

SILK GRASS
(YUCCA FILAMENTOSA)
(Mat size —
PL. 272

SOME OTHER AMARYLLIDS 573

but the flowers often smaller and of a more greenish hue. The bulbs
of all should be planted permanently where they can remain undisturbed.
Any garden soil will suit them. In summer they may have a top-
dressing, and the surface may be sown with annuals without interfering
with the bulbs.

Leucoium (Greek, leukos, white, and ion, a violet). This genus,
which contains nine species, two of which are native, is distinguished
from the last by the leaves being more numerous, the flowers from one
to six to a scape, and the perianth divisions all but equal in length. The
best-known species are the two that are found locally in Britain.
Leucoium cestivum, the Summer Snowflake, with white flowers, each
segment tipped with green; from four to eight to a scape; May and
June. Height, about 18 inches. L. vernum, the Spring Snowflake, is
much smaller, not more than 6 inches high, with solitary or twin
flowers, fragrant, appearing in February and March. They succeed
best under the treatment suggested for Galanthus—to be planted and
left alone.

EucHaris (Greek, ew, well, and charis, grace: very graceful). A
genus of five or six species of South American stove bulbous plants, all
in cultivation, and producing broad oval or elliptic evergreen leaves on
long stalks, and tall scapes bearing clusters of nodding, fragrant, white
flowers, which are tubular, slender, with six broad, spreading segments,
and within these a cup-shaped corona bearing the six stamens on its
edges. Hucharis candida (introduced 1851) has a bulb as large as a
hen’s egg, bearing a solitary leaf, and a six- to ten-flowered umbel on
a 2-feet scape; the flowers 3 inches across. EF. grandiflora (amazonica)
(introduced 1854) has flowers 4 to 5 inches across, the corona tinged with
green, in three- to six-flowered umbels. There are several leaves. JZ.
sanderiana (introduced 1882) is similar to the last, but smaller—about 3
_ inches across—and the corona is suppressed; the inside of the tube and
the filaments of the stamens are yellow. The bulbs should be planted
in large pots, and deeply, putting half a dozen bulbs into a 10-inch pot.
The compost should be rich loam, two parts, to one part of mixed leaf-
mould and manure, to which a little charcoal should be added. They
require a minimum temperature of about 65°, increased to about 80° in
summer. So long as they are growing they require plenty of water,
and when the flower-buds appear, liquid-manure as well. Removal to
a cooler house at this period ensures a longer duration for the flowers.
They are propagated by means of the offsets produced around the bulbs.
There are several good hybrids of garden origin.

PANCRATIUM (Greek, pan, all, and kratys, powerful : ——— to be

IV.—-20

574 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

a potent medicine). A genus containing about a dozen species of
bulbous plants, with strap-shaped leaves, and umbellate white flowers
on tall scapes. The flowers are tubular, with a funnel-shaped perianth of
six narrow lobes and a cup or false corona, which is sometimes produced
into two teeth or lobes. The principal species are those named below.
Pancratium illyriewm (introduced from South Europe, 1615) has
broad, strongly-veined, strap-like leaves, and fragrant flowers, with
somewhat short tube; scapes about 14 foot high. P. maritumum
(introduced from South Europe, 1759) is taller (2 feet), with narrower
persistent leaves, and very fragrant flowers, with exceedingly long tubes,
in large umbels. Both flower in June, and in the West of England
both may be grown out of doors, but in other districts P. maritumum
requires the protection of a frame or cool greenhouse. For pot-culture
they should be grown in a compost consisting of turfy loam, two parts,
peat, one part, and leaf-mould, one part, with the addition of a little
silver sand. They require plenty of water when growing, and a little
even when at rest. Outdoor specimens should be planted deeply, and
the surface covered with protective material in winter.

ASPIDISTRAS
Natural Order LiniacEz. Genus Aspidistra

AspipisTRA (Greek, aspidision, a little shield; the form of the flower).
A small genus of smooth evergreen herbs, with creeping stems, oblong,
lance-shaped leaves, and solitary, stalkless, dull purple flowers. The
perianth is bell-shaped, cleft into six or eight lobes; the stamens are six
or eight, inserted in the broad perianth-tube. There is a small cylindrical
ovary, surmounted by a short, thick style, terminated by a large umbrella-
like rayed stigma, which almost entirely fills the mouth of the perianth.
The species are natives of China and Japan.
ASPIDISTRA ELATIOR (taller). Leaves large, oblong,
sparc leathery, 1} to 2 feet high. Introduced from Japan, 1835.
A. LURIDA (lurid). Leaves leathery, oblong, lance-shaped, 1 to 14
foot high. Flowers purple and yellow. Introduced from China, 1822.
Plate 266. The var. variegata has leaves with alternating stripes of
white and green. It is much grown as a pot foliage-plant.
tack A. LURIDA is very nearly hardy, but it is best used as
tivation. ‘ .
a pot-plant for conservatory, window, and table decoration.
It bears the dust and dry heat of dwelling-rooms better than most

CORDYLINE TERMINALIS’
Reduced
PL. 273

yeas
: eos San rane

NEW ZEALAND FLAX 575

plants, and with occasional spongings the leaves keep wonderfully well.
The best soil for potting is a compost of rich loam and leaf-mould in
equal portions, with a little sand added. The variegated form should
be potted in poor soil, or it soon becomes green. The drainage should
be efficient, as they require a good deal of moisture during the summer.
When repotting is necessary, it should be carried out early in the year,
before the new growth begins. Care should be taken not to damage
the rootstock ; and it is well to keep the plant for a short time under a
closed frame, to enable it to get well established. Propagation is effected
by division.
Description of Aspidistra lwrida, one-fourth less than the natural
Plate 266. size, with leaves and flowers. Fig. 1 is a section through
the singular flower, showing the parts.

NEW ZEALAND FLAX
Natural Order Liniacea. Genus Phormium

PxHorMiuM (Greek, phormos, a basket or plaited mat; from the use
to which the leaves and fibres are put). A genus of two species of
fleshy-rooted perennials, with rigid sword-shaped leaves in opposite rows,
clasping each other at the base. From the centre of the tuft rises
a tall, slightly zigzag flower-stem, with alternate short flower-spikes
from the axils of large bracts. The flowers are tubular, with a
perianth of six erect divisions, the three inner with spreading tips.
The six stamens project beyond the mouth of the flower. ‘There is a
three-celled ovary, a three-sided style ending in a simple stigma;
and the fruit is a three-sided, three-valved capsule, with two rows of
flattened black seeds in each cell. They are natives of New Zealand.
ae Captain Cook, on his first visit to the New Zealanders,
found the fibres of Phormium tenax in general use for the
manufacture of many useful articles, including clothing, baskets, fishing-
nets, mats, ete. Itwas not until 1789 that living specimens reached
this country, and from that date many attempts have been made to
grow it here for commercial purposes, but without success, most of our
winters being too severe for it. In many places in the South of England
it is quite hardy in gardens; but this, of course, is a very different
matter from growing it in open fields, as would be necessary for
commerce. Great quantities of the leaves and fibres are imported
annually for the purpose of manufacturing ropes and twine. The

576 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

leaves are cut when they have attained their full growth, and soaked
in water for several days, to macerate the softer tissues and separate
the fibres. The roots are used as a substitute for sarsaparilla. LP.
cookianum was introduced in 1868.

PHORMIUM COOKIANUM (Cook’s). Small Flax Lily.
Leaves 2 to 3 feet long, rarely split at tip. Flower-scapes
3 to 6 feet high; flowers yellow, sometimes with outer segments greenish,
little more than an inch long; summer. The var. variegatwm has
the leaves decorated with one or two marginal stripes of creamy
white.

Species,

P. TENAX (tough). Leaves very tough, 3 to 6 feet or more long,
usually split at the tip; dark green with reddish brown margin.
Flowers variable, red and yellow, 2 inches long ; flower-scapes as high as
16 feet; August. Entire plant larger and hardier than the foregoing
species. Plate 267. There are several varieties: Var. atro-purpurewm
has reddish purple leaves; var. nigro-pictum is smaller, with very dark
purple margin, becoming broader towards base; var. variegatum 1s
similar to the corresponding var. of P. cookianwm.

These plants succeed best in a rich loamy soil. In the
extreme South of England they are quite hardy in an
ordinary garden. In other places it is well to grow them in tubs,
which can be kept in the cool greenhouse or conservatory in winter,
and placed outside in summer. They may be grown from seeds, or,
when the clumps are large enough, the roots may be divided early in
the year, before growth commences, and kept in the greenhouse until
established.

Description of Phormium tenax, the Common New Zealand Flax,
Plate 267. reduced to about one-sixth of the natural size. The
flowers are not shown.

Cultivation,

PLANTAIN LILIES

Natural Order Lintacee. Genus Funkia

FUNKIA (named in honour of H. Funck, a German botanist, 1771-1839). Pip

A genus of about five species of Japanese herbs with tuberous roots,
broad oval or heart-shaped leaves, and a tall flowering stem, usually
leafless, but furnished with bracts, in the axils of which the flowers are
produced solitarily, the whole cluster constituting a raceme. These
flowers have a tubular, six-parted perianth; the six stamens and the

AFRICAN LILY

‘AGAPANTHUS UMBELLATUS)
ae Nat. size
PL 274

PLANTAIN LILIES oF7

style bent at their extremities. The black membranous coat of the
seeds is produced into a wing at the top.

FUNKIA ForTUNE! (Fortune's). Leaves narrow, heart-
shaped, glaucous, six or eight to each stem. Flower-stem
14 foot high; flowers pale lilac, 1} inch long; July. Introduced from
Japan, 1876.

F. LANCIFOLIA (lance-shaped leaves). Leaves lance-shaped. Flower-
stem 8 or 9 inches high, raceme six- to ten-flowered, scarcely above
the leaves. Flowers white or tinged lilac, 1 inch or 1} inch long;
August. Introduced from Japan, 1829. There are several varieties:
albo-marginata has slightly larger flowers and leaves, the latter
marked with white near the edge; var. wndulata has the leaves
irregularly crisped and frilled, as well as marked with patches and
streaks of white; the var. variegata also has the leaves variegated with
white.

F. ovata (oval). Leaves oval, in some varieties marked with white.
Flower-stem 12 to 18 inches long (twice length of leaves), with a ten- to
fifteen-flowered raceme. Flowers bluish lilac, violet-blue, or white, 14
to 2 inches long; May. Native of Japan and Northern China, introduced
1790. Plate 268. The var. marginata has the leaves broadly bordered
with white.

F’, SIEBOLDIANA (Siebold’s). Leaves dh Si glaucous. Flower-
stem no taller than leaves, ten- to fifteen-flowered. Flowers white,
delicately tinged with lilac, 2 to 2} inches pean ; June. Introduced from
Japan, 1836.

F’, SUBCORDATA (somewhat heart-shaped). Leaves oval, heart-shaped,
pale. Flower-stem 14 to 2 feet high, nine- to fifteen-flowered. Flowers
fragrant, pure white, over 4 inches long; August. Introduced from
Japan, 1830. Also known as F. grandiflora.

Funkias succeed best in a deep, rich soil, the result of
deeply digging in thoroughly rotted manure. The situa-
tion should be rather shady than otherwise, and a good lookout should
be kept for snails and slugs, which are very partial to the leaves, and
therefore very destructive. They make admirable subjects to grow in
pots for the greenhouse and conservatory ; and for this purpose they
should be potted in a compost of rich loam, two parts, leaf-mould, one
part, with a little sand added. Propagation is effected by dividing the
crowns in spring.

Description of Funkia ovata, the Plantain Lily. Flowers about
Plate 268. natural size, but plant greatly reduced. The separate
figure is a section of the flower.

IV.—

Principal Species.

Cultivation.

578 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

FLAME FLOWERS
Natural Order Lintace&. Genus Kniphofia

KNIPHOFIA (named in honour of Prof. J. H. Kniphof, of Erfurt, 1704-
1763). <A genus of about eighteen species of tufted hardy perennial
herbs, better known in gardens under the synonym of Tritoma.
They have long, slender, grass-like radical leaves in a tuft, from the
centre of which a tall scape arises bearing an oval spike of drooping
tubular or bell-shaped flowers. The perianth is six-parted, and from its
mouth protrude the six stamens and the thread-like style. The three-
celled capsule opens by three valves. They are all natives of Africa and
Madagascar.

Kniphofia aloides, the best known species, was intro-
duced from the Cape of Good Hope in 1707. It is often
called in gardens by the name of Red-hot Poker, as wellas Flame Flower.
_K. pumila was introduced in 1774, K. Burchella in 1816, K. Roopert in
1854, K. precox and K. caulescens in 1862, K. Macowani in 1874; all
from South Africa. In 1879 both K. carnosa and K. comosa came from
Abyssinia, and from the same country, a year later, K. Leichtlini. In
the year 1887 K. Kirkit was introduced from South-Eastern Tropical
Africa, and K. pallidiflora from the Ankaratra Mountains of Madagascar.
During the last twenty years gardeners have raised numerous
hybrids and seedling varieties, many of which are superior to the
species.

History.

KNIPHOFIA ALOIDES (Aloe-like). Flame Flower.
Leaves long and slender, keeled and channeled, edges and
keel finely toothed. Flowers on tall scapes 3 to 4 feet high; coral-red,
paling as they fade; August and September. Plate 269. There are
several varieties,

K. BurcHELLI (Burchell’s). Leaves light green. Flowers scarlet
and yellow, tipped with green; August and September. Scape spotted
with black, 14 foot high.

K. Leicutiinu (Leichtlin’s). Leaves three-sided, 3 of an inch thick
and 4 feet long, spreading in all directions, Flowers dull pale vermilion
and yellow; August.

K. Macowant (M°Owan’s). Leaves almost erect, nearly awl-shaped,
channeled, and keeled. Flowers bright orange; seapes 1 to 1} foot long;
August.

K. Rooprert (Rooper’s). Leaves broad, sword-shaped, strongly

Principal Species.

NY as) yey ae eee

TRIPLET LILY
(BRODIAA (TRITELEIA) UNIFLORA)

Nat. size

PL. 275

GASTERIAS 579

keeled, edges finely toothed. Flowers orange-red, turning yellow; scape
1 foot high ; November.

In the South of England Kniphofias are quite hardy
in well-drained soils, but farther north they require some
protection in winter, which may be given in the shape of dry fern or
dead leaves. They succeed best in a light sandy soil, and must have plenty
of water whilst growing. They are also much benefited by top-dress-
ings of well-rotted manure. They may be propagated by separating (in
autumn) the offsets that form round the old root. Seed may be sown in
pans during April and May, germinated in a frame, and kept under glass
for the first year.

Description of Kniphofia aloides, or Flame Flower. Upper portions
269. of leaves and scape of the natural size. Fig. 1, a detached
flower ; 2, a section of the same.

Cultivation.

GASTERIAS
Natural Order LiniAcE&. Genus Gasteria

GASTERIA (Greek, gaster, the belly, suggested by the swollen base
of the flowers). A genus of about fifty succulent-leaved greenhouse
perennials, closely allied to the Aloes. The thick fleshy leaves are
tongue-shaped, usually in two rows or rosette-like, covered with spots
or warts, and clasping each other at the base. The flowers are red
tipped with green, of long, curved, tubular form, with swollen base and
six-parted mouth, in a raceme 1 to 3 feet long, supported on a
slender bracted scape, about a foot long. The six stamens are attached
to the base of the tube, and the capsule is somewhat ribbed. They
are all natives of the Cape of Good Hope.
The first living Gasterias introduced to Britain date
7 from 1731, when G. angustifolia, G. carinata, and G.
verrucosa came hither. These were followed in 1759 by two other species,
G. maculata and G. pulchra, and in 1796 by G. glabra. G. brevifolia
appeared about 1809, G. acinacifolia in 1819, G. disticha in 1820,
and G. variolosa in 1860. Many others have been introduced, but the
most important species have been mentioned above.

GASTERIA BREVIFOLIA (short-leaved). Leaves ten or —
twelve, 3 to 4 inches long, dirty green plentifully spotted
with white. Flowers red, an inch long; July. Height, 2 feet.

G. CARINATA (keeled). Leaves fifteen to twenty, crowded, lance-

Principal Species.

580 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

shaped, concave, with distinct keel at back. Flowers red, 1 inch long ;

June and July. Height, 2 feet.

G. DISTICHA (two-rowed). Leaves ten to twelve, in two rows,

crowded, spreading; face flat; covered with indistinct green spots.
Flowers scarlet, nearly 1 inch long; July and August. Height, 2 feet.

G. MACULATA (spotted). Leaves sixteen to twenty, in two rows,
more loosely disposed, somewhat spreading, bright shining green or

purple with rosy base, and a profusion of white spots. Flowers scarlet,
# inch long ; July and August.

G. PULCHRA (fair). Leaves sixteen to twenty, loosely disposed in
two rows, but all with an upward direction ; concave ; spotted with bright
green or purple. Height, 2 feet.

G. VERRUCOSA (warty). Leaves concave, ten to twelve, in two rows,
outer ones spreading, point sharp, back swollen; covered with raised
whitish spots. Flowers red, 1 inch long; March to November. Height,
1 foot.

Gasterias require greenhouse treatment, and should be
firmly potted in a compost of sandy loam and peat, to
which has been added some old brick and mortar rubbish and sand.
There should be good drainage, to ensure the rapid passage of all super-
fluous water—which should always be given with care. In winter, water
should only be given in sufficient quantity to prevent the leaves wither-
ing. They should be given a position in the greenhouse, where they
will get plenty of light; but they cannot endure bright sunshine, which
blisters the leaves. Otherwise, they will be found to require very little
attention.

Description of Gasterva verrucosa. The figure of entire plant is
Plate 270. reduced to one-half the natural dimensions, but the
separate flower-scape represents the natural size. Fig. 1 is a detached
flower, much enlarged; and fig. 2 is a section of the same. It is pro-
pagated by offshots from the old plants, and by seeds sown in light
sandy soil about February or March, and germinated in heat.

Cultivation.

ALOES
Natural Order Litiacza&. Genus Aloe
ALOE (said to be derived from Alloeh, the Arabic name for some of the

species). A genus of about one hundred species of shrubs or (rarely)
trees, with thick fleshy leaves, often arranged in rosette-fashion, and

Misia ae

(A) GRAPE HYACINTH (Muscari coniosum)
(B) M. COMOSUM, var. monstrosum
(C) ” ” ” plumosa

Nat. size

PL. 276

ALOES 581

flowers in a raceme supported on a tall scape furnished with bracts. The
perianth-tube is straight or slightly curved back, the six segments long
and slender, stamens about same length as perianth. The fruit is
membranous, three-celled, and contains many seeds. The species are
mostly natives of Africa, and chiefly from the Cape of Good Hope.

Aloe vera has. been in cultivation here for at least
three hundred years. It is said to have been introduced
from the Levant under the name of A. vulgaris, but its home is in South
Africa, though it is widely grown throughout the Mediterranean Region
and in the East and West Indies. Many an Aloe that is to be seen
growing in cottage windows and other humble places has been brought
home by sailors returning from the West Indies, who have discovered
that it is easily transported if the juices of the plant are prevented from
evaporating. So they tar the cut end, and tie the stump securely in a
piece of tarred canvas, then hang the plant in the air. In this condition
it will live for several years. Among the earliest species of Aloe to be
introduced was A. humdlis, from the Cape of Good Hope in 1620. A
hundred years later came A. variegata, whose creamy-margined leaves
are familiar as a window plant, and in 1727 A. saponaria; both from
the Cape. A. soccotrina, which is said to supply the finest quality of
the druggists’ Aloes (which is the dried juice), came from the Cape in
1731. In the same year A. arborescens and A. glauca were introduced
from the Cape, and since that date many others have been brought from
the same country. In 1768 there were nine species growing at Kew, and
by 1814 the collection had been increased to twenty-nine species. At
the present time ninety species are represented there. Many species of
Aloe and allied genera were introduced by James Bowie, who was sent
out to the Cape in 1818 to collect for Kew Gardens, and remained there
five years. The material sent home was dealt with by Haworth, who has
described the species. The group has been more recently dealt with by
Mr. J. G. Baker, of Kew, in the Journal of the Linnean Society.

ALOE ARBORESCENS (tree-like). Stem unbranched, 10
or 12 feet high. Leaves forming a dense rosette, 3 or 4 feet
across; somewhat glaucous, channeled above, nearly 2 feet long, with
horny prickles along the margins. Flowers red, in dense racemes a foot
long. Plate 271. .

A. HUMILIS (lowly). Stemless. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long, thirty or
forty in a dense rosette ; slightly concave, glaucous, with a few tubercles
and faint lines ; marginal prickles of paler colour. Flowers brilliant red,
1} inch long ; in loose racemes 6 inches long.

A. NOBILIS (noble). Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Leaves 10 or 12
ie

Iv

History.

Principal Species.

582 FLOWERS. OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

inches long, concave, margins and underside prickly. Flowers red, about
14 inch long, in dense raceme 6 inches long. Introduced from the
Cape, 1800.

A. STRIATULA (striped). Stem 3 feet high, twiggy. Leaves slender,
spreading, 6 to 12 inches long, slightly channeled, marginal prickles
broadly triangular. Flowers yellow, 1 to 14 inch long, in rather dense
raceme 3 to 6 inches long. Introduced from the Cape, 1821.

A. soccoTRINA (Socotrine). Stem often forked, 3 to 5 feet high.
Leaves, thirty to forty in a dense rosette; slightly channeled, somewhat
glaucous, sometimes spotted, 14 to 2 feet long; marginal prickles pale
and small. Flowers reddish, 14 inch long, in dense raceme 1 foot long.

A. TRICOLOR (three-coloured). Stem short. Leaves twelve to
sixteen in a close rosette; lance-shaped, somewhat swollen on upper
side, lower surfacé rounded, spots numerous, marginal prickles crowded
and spreading. Flowers fleshy, coral-red, in a loose raceme ; scape purple.
Introduced from South Africa, 1875.

A. VARIEGATA (variegated). Leaves lance-shaped, 4 or 5 inches long,
face concave, back keeled, spotted with grey on both sides, margin
creamy white, with small teeth. Flowers reddish, 1} inch long, i in loose
raceme 3 or 4 inches long.

A. VERA (true). Stem about 2 feet high. Leaves sword-shaped,
dense, channeled above, marginal prickles triangular, horny. Flowers
yellow, in a dense raceme 6 to 12 inches long.

The cultural directions given under the head of
Gasterva apply equally to Aloes and other succulents of
allied genera.

Description of Aloe arborescens, the Tree Aloe. The raceme and
Plate 271. flowers are shown of the natural dimensions, but the plant
itself has been reduced to one-quarter of the real size, and the stem has
been omitted altogether, in order to give as large a figure of the leaves as
possible. Fig. 1 is a section through a somewhat enlarged flower.

Cultivation.

YUCCAS
Natural Order Lintacem Genus Yucca

Yucca (the native Peruvian name). <A genus of about twenty species of
woody-stemmed plants, with narrow lance-shaped leaves clustered at the
summit of the trunk, which is sometimes dwarf, sometimes tall, branched
and tree-like. These leaves are long, usually thick and rigid, ending in

GARDEN HYACINTH
(HYACINTHUS ORIENTALIS)

ete.

2/, Nat. size

PL.. 77

YUCCAS 583

a spine, the margins devoid of distinct teeth, but frequently furnished
with fine filaments, long and distant. The flowers are rather large and
pendulous, in large many-flowered panicles. The six perianth-segments
are distinct, or slightly connected at their base, more or less oval in
shape, and rather thick in substance. “There are six stamens with
thick filaments, ranged round the fleshy ovary, which develops into the
large, fleshy, spongy, or dry three-valved fruit. They are natives of the
Southern United States, Mexico, and Central America.

Yuccas are variously known as Adam’s Needle, Spanish
Bayonet, Bear’s Grass, and some of the species have their
own distinctive popular names, as the one we have figured (Plate 272),
Yucca filamentosa, which is popularly the Silk Grass. Yueca gloriosa,
the Mound Lily, was in cultivation here earlier than the year 1596,
having been brought from North America. Y. filamentosa was intro-
duced from Virginia in 1675, and Y. alozfolia, whose home extends from
North Carolina to the West Indies, was introduced in 1696. The slender-
leaved Y. angustifolia came from Missouri in 1811; Y. glauca from
North America, 1814; Y. treculeana from Mexico, 1858; and Y. gigantea
from the same neighbourhood in the following year. A number of
others have been introduced, but the above selection comprises the best
of those generally grown. ‘There are a number of varieties of each.

Yucca ALOIFOLIA (Aloe-leaved). Stem usually un-
branched in this country, 15 to 20 feet high. Leaves
sword-shaped, 12 to 18 inches long, over an inch broad, slightly glaucous,
ending in a reddish horny tip, the margins rough and whitish. Flowers
white, 1} to 2 inches long, in a dense panicle 1 to 2 feet long; May and

une. Requires greenhouse protection. The variegated form is a
handsome plant.

Y. ANGUSTIFOLIA (slender-leaved). Stem stout, short. Leaves very
slender, rigid, 14 to 2 feet long, and about } inch broad; channeled,
sharp-pointed; margins pale reddish brown, furnished with many
filaments. Flowers greenish, 2 to 2+ inches long, in a terminal panicle
3 or 4 feet long; July. Hardy.

Y. FILAMENTOSA (thready). Silk Grass; Adam’s Needle-and-Thread.
Stemless, or nearly so. Leaves swor d-shaped, Reed-like, slightly glaucous,
1} to 2 feet long, 2 inches broad; margins whitish, clothed with long silky
filaments. Flowers white, with a greenish tinge, 14 to 2 inches long, in
a panicle with zigzag branches 6 inches long; June. Hardy. Plate 272,
The variegated form is usually grown in greenhouses,

. FLEXILIS (flexible). Stem short, unbranched. Leaves very
slender, 2} feet long, slightly plaited, with sharp point and brown horny

History.

Principal Species.

584 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

margins. Flowers white, 3 inches long, in dense panicle; June and
u

Y. GLavca (glaucous). Stemless. Leaves sword-shaped, about 18
inches long, with very narrow brown margins, sometimes sparingly
furnished with filaments. Flowers white, 14 inch long; panicles 2 to 3
feet long; June and July. Half-hardy.

Y. GLORIOSA (glorious). Mound Lily. Stem 4 to 6 feet high in old
specimens. Leaves rigid and erect, 2 to 3 feet long, 2 to 3 inches broad,
sharp-pointed, somewhat concave; margins red brown. Flowers tinged
with red, about 2 inches long, in dense panicles 4 to 6 feet long; July.
Hardy.

Y. RECURVIFOLIA (recurved-leaved). The best and commonest of all
the hardy species. Stems ultimately 6 feet; leaves 2 to 3 feet long, 2 to
3 inches wide, dark green, erect when young, gracefully recurved when
old. Scape erect, branched, 3 to 4 feet high, clothed sheaf-like with
yellowish white flowers. Southern United States. Also known as Y.
pendula.

Y. TRECULEANA (Trecul’s). Stem 20 to 25 feet high, a foot or two
in diameter, much branched. Leaves sword-shaped, leathery, rough,
deeply concave; 2 to 43 feet long, 2 to 34 inches broad. Flowers white,
14 to 24 inches long; bracts white;.in dense panicles, 2 to 4 feet long;
June and July. Greenhouse.

Yuccas are in no sense difficult subjects, provided they
are planted in rich light soil. Where such a description
will not apply to the natural garden soil, a pit must be dug and filled up
with suitable material, in which the Yucca, if a hardy species, may be
planted. If a greenhouse species, it should be planted in a tub, which
can be turned outside in summer and sunk in the ground. Yuccas require
a considerable space to show them off properly. They look well at the
far end of a lawn, or in a shrubbery border with a sunny position. They
are propagated by means of suckers that sometimes shoot up from the
roots, and these require merely separating after they have thrown out
independent fibrous roots, and planting outside. Where these do not
appear, cuttings may be made of the side shoots, and these, inserted in
sandy soil, in gentle heat, will soon root. In some eases the stemless
species may be divided without seriously marring the’ effectiveness of
the tuft. |

Description of YUCCA FILAMENTOSA, the Silk Grass. The Plate shows

Plate 272. only a single leaf, a branch from the panicle, both

natural size; and fig. 1, a detached flower cut through to show the
organs.

Cultivation.

SIBERIAN SQUILL
(SCILLA SIBIRICA)

Nat. size

PL. 278

COLOURED DRACANAS 585

COLOURED DRACANAS
Natural Order Liniackx. Genus Cordyline

CorDYLINE (Greek, kordyle, a club: in allusion to the large fleshy roots
of some species). A genus of about twenty species of stove or green-
house plants, usually with erect and unbranched stems, bearing heads
of long, slender, more or less drooping leaves, and branched panicles of
small white flowers. The perianth is tubular, bell-shaped, with six
slender segments in two series. The six stamens are inserted in the
mouth of the tube. Ovary, three-celled, with a thread-like style, ending
in a three-lobed stigma. The fruit is three-celled, each cell containing
from eight to fourteen seeds. They are natives of Tropical Africa, Asia,
Australia, Madagascar, the Malay Archipelago, ete.

The species of this genus are much confused with
those of Dracena; in gardens they are all known as
Dracenas, and in truth the differences between the genera are not
nearly so striking as the general resemblance, and such as are not likely
to make a deep impression upon horticulturists, however important
the botanist may consider them. In Dracena the cells of the fruit
contain only one seed each. OC. terminalis was introduced from the
East Indies in 1820. It is a native of the South Sea Islands, but is
cultivated almost everywhere in tropical countries, and in our own
land has given origin to nearly all the plants which we grow in our
stove under the name of Dracenas. C. cannefolia came from
Queensland, also in 1820. C. australis was introduced from New
Zealand in 1823, and within a year or two of that date C. indivisa
came from the same islands. These are the principal of the cultivated
species ; most of the others grown being mere garden varieties, originat-
ing as colour sports.

CORDYLINE AUSTRALIS (Southern). Stem stout, branch-
aearetibie: ing, 10 to 40 feet high. Leaves oblong, lance-shaped, 2 to
3 feet long, marked with numerous fine parallel lines. Flowers fragrant,
white, } inch across, in dense panicles. Hardy in South-West ——
and similar parts of Ireland.

C. CANNEFOLIA (Canna-leaved). Stem tall. Leaves oblong, 1 to
2 feet long, with a blunt tip, which is frequently split. Greenhouse.

C. INDIVISA (undivided). Stem 15 to 20 feet high. ‘Leaves dark
green, lance-shaped, 2 to 4 feet long. Greenhouse.

C. TERMINALIS (terminal). Stem branching, 10 to 12 feet ne

IV. aes

History.

586 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

Leaves lance-shaped, green, variegated with crimson and_ bronze.
Plate 273.

Few ornamental foliage plants are so easily grown as
Cordylines. Some of them may be grown out of doors,
except during winter, and all except C. terminalis are easily accommodated
in an ordinary greenhouse. For the decoration of the drawing-room and
the dinner-table, small plants are very suitable. The most suitable soil for
them is a compost of equal parts good loam and peat, the latter not
broken very small; the addition of a little charcoal is desirable. They
require plenty of water (less in winter), and frequent syringings. A
rather small pot in proportion to the size of the plant will suffice.
C. terminalis and all the many forms of it known in gardens as stove
Dracenas require a tropical temperature at all times. Propagation is
effected by cutting up the old plants, the top being struck afresh, and
the stem cut up into pieces an inch or two long. These are placed in a
mixture of cocoanut-fibre and sand, and subjected to bottom-heat in a
propagating house or frame, when almost every eye will yield a new
plant.

Description of Cordyline terminalis, a few of the terminal leaves,
Plate 273. . creatly reduced. ;

Cultivation.

DRAGON TREE
Natural Order Lintace&. Genus Dracena

Draczna (Greek, drakaina, a female dragon). A genus of about
thirty-five species of ornamental foliage plants closely allied to
Cordyline, but with flowers generally larger, and the cells of the ovary
containing usually but one ovule. They are widely distributed in
Tropical Regions.

DrAcH#NA DRACO (Dragon). Stem tree-like; when
old, much branched, 40 to 60 feet high. Leaves slender,
lance-shaped, in a crowded head. Flowers small, greenish white.
Introduced from Canary Islands, 1640.

G. GODSEFFIANA (Godseff’s). A shrubby species with a bamboo-
like stem, branching freely and bearing clusters of oval leaves 4 inches
long; green, mottled with yellow. Recently introduced from West
Tropical Africa.

D. GOLDIEANA (Goldie’s). Leaves oval, heart-shaped, marbled
and banded with dark green, yellowish green, and silvery grey. Flowers

Principal Species.

Sees OR Py se eo ea A

ee
\"
.
\
b
:
\

\"

GOLD-RAYED LILY OF JAPAN
(LILIUM AURATUM)
= 3/, Nat. size
PL. 279

AFRICAN LILY — 587

white, an inch long, in a dense globular head. Introduced from West
Tropical Africa, 1872.

D. SANDERIANA (Sander’s). An erect slender-stemmed species,
with lance-shaped leaves a foot long, coloured grey-green, with creamy
yellow stripes. Recently introduced from West Tropical Africa.

The Dracenas here described are all stove plants which
require a rich soil, and plenty of moisture and heat at all
times. They are propagated from stem-cuttings or divisions.

Cultivation.

AFRICAN. LILY
Natural Order LILIACEZ. Genus Agapanthus

AGAPANTHUS (Greek, agape, love, and anthos, a flower). A small
genus of tuberous-rooted perennial plants, with long, slender, strap-
shaped evergreen leaves, springing from the root and arching. The
flowers are large and showy, borne in an umbel on a tall scape
Individually considered, they have funnel-shaped perianths, the tube
short, the limb divided into six segments. There are six stamens inserted
in the throat of the tube. The ovary is three-celled, with many ovules
in each cell, arranged in two series. They are natives of South Africa.

Agapanthus umbellatus was introduced from the
Cape of Good Hope about the year 1692, and there is good
reason for believing that it is the only species, the others being mere
varieties of it. The only differences are such as are found in variations
of size, breadth of leaf, and shade of colouring.
en AGAPANTHUS UMBELLATUS (umbelled). Leaves some-

what fleshy. Flower-scape, 2 or 3 feet high. Flowers
bright blue, in a many-flowered umbel; July to September.
the varieties we may mention albidus, with smaller white flowers;
aureus, with yellow streaks down the leaves; flore-pleno, with double
flowers ; maaimus, with larger blue or white flowers in immense umbels:
minor, with slender leaves and smaller flowers; mooreanus, of dwarfer
habit, more narrow leaves, and small darker blue flowers; variegatus,
with whitish leaves, banded with green.

In the extreme South and South-West of England
Agapanthus may be regardéd as a hardy plant, but in
other parts it requires winter protection i in greenhouse or conservatory.
The most suitable compost for it is a mixture of turfy loam, well-rotted
manure, leaf-mould, and river sand. If planted in large pots or tubs for

History.

Cultivation.

588 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

convenience of taking inside in ‘de autumn, its growth must be watched,
and the roots divided from time to time, or ‘fie increase of size will
result in the bursting of the pot. This division is best effected in
spring, and will serve for propagating purposes. During the growing
period, and all through the hot, dry weather, they must be very liberally
watered. Where there is a lake or stream in the grounds, it is a good
plan to turn out these plants into the soft soil on its margins, or to
plunge the pots there. The quantity of water given must be greatly
reduced in autumn, and given sparingly in winter. When the flower-
scapes appear, give occasional dozes of clear manure-water, and continue
them until the flowers are all out. They may be wintered in a dry shed
or coach-house.
Description of Agapanthus wmbellatus, the African Lily; umbel of
Plate 274. flowers and upper portion of leaves natural size. Fig. 1
is a section of the flower.

SOLOMON’S SEAL
Natural Order LintacE&. Genus Polygonatum

PotyGonaTuM (Greek, polys, many, and gonw, a knee: in allusion
to the many nodes or joints). A genus of about twenty-three species
of perennial herbs, with fleshy, creeping rootstocks and leafy stems.
The flowers are produced from the axils of the leaves, and are pendulous.
The perianth is funnel-shaped, the mouth cleft into six lobes, and the
stamens attached to the middle of the tube. Fruit a pulpy berry. They
are natives of Europe, Northern Asia, Himalaya, and North America;
three are British.

POLYGONATUM BIFLORUM (two- flowered). Stem
slender, 1 to 3 feet high. Leaves lance-shaped, veins
minutely downy, paler beneath. Flowers greenish, } inch long, mostly
in pairs on one stalk; May. Introduced from North America.

P. MULTIFLORUM (many-flowered). Common Solomon’s Seal. Stem
arched, naked below, 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves oblong, somewhat stem-
clasping. Flowers greenish white, ? inch long, two to five in a raceme
May and June. Native of Britain. There is a double variety (fore
pleno), and another with variegated leaves (striatum).

olygonatums succeed well in any good, loamy soil,
and if planted in a shrubbery or plantation, become quite
naturalised. They are propagated by simply dividing the fleshy

Principal Species.

Cultivation.

SAFFRON LILY
(LILIUM CROCEUM)

ae

Nat. size
PL. 280

3/5

mas

LILY OF THE VALLEY 589

rootstocks. If these are potted after the stems have died down in
autumn, they may be used for forcing at the end of the year.

LILY OF THE VALLE
Natural Order LintaceE&. Genus Convalluria

CONVALLARIA (Latin, convallis, a valley). A genus of one species,
Convallaria majalis, with a creeping rootstock, but no stem. Leaves two
or three, oval, lance-shaped, stalked, and sheathing one another. Flowers
white, fragrant, bell-shaped, with six-lobed mouth, drooping, in a raceme
borne on a slender scape; April to June. This favourite native plant is
also distributed throughout the greater part of Europe, Northern Asia,
and the United States. There are several varieties, including flore
pleno, with double flowers; rosea, with rose-coloured flowers; and varie-
gata, with the leaves variegated with yellow.

If the rootstocks are planted in the front row of a
shrubbery, where they will get shade and moisture, and
their leaves be not too much in evidence in summer-time, it will be
found that the plants will take care of themselves, and rapidly increase.
An annual top-dressing will greatly help them, and be all the care
necessary. They may be grown from seeds, but the simplest plan of
propagation is to take up the rootstocks and separate the crowns. Those
that are to flower the following year may be readily identified by their
greater thickness; and if it is desired to have flowers in December
or January, these may be potted for forcing. The pots or boxes are
filled with cocoanut-fibre, and the crowns pressed in, with their tips
exposed ; then cover lightly with moss, keep moist, and subject them
to a bottom-heat of about 85° in a propagating frame, from which
light is excluded by mats or boards. When they come into flower they
are properly potted with care.

Cultivation.

TRIPLET. LIbPES
Natural Order Lintace®. Genus Brodiva

BropL#A (named in honour of J. J. Brodie, a Scots botamist), A genus

of about thirty species of hardy or half-hardy bulbous plants, with

slender leaves, sheathing at the base, and scapes bearing the flowers in
IV.— 24

590 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

clusters or umbels. The flowers are funnel- or salver-shaped, with six-
parted limb. There are six stamens in two series, but in some species
one series consists only of aborted scales. Certain of the species were
formerly separated under the name Triteleia, by which name they are
still known in gardens. They are natives of America.

ll these plants are modern in relation to gardening.
Brodica congesta and B. grandiflora were introduced from
North America in the year 1806; B. laxa from California in 1832; B.
lactea in 1833, also from California; and B. unzflora from Buenos Ayres
in 1836. B. porrifolia was received from Chili in 1868. From
California, again, came B. coccinea (1870), B. capitata (1871), B. multiflora
(1872), B. gracilis (1876), and B. Howellii (1880).

BRODI4A CAPITATA (headed). Scape 1 to 2 feet high.
Flowers deep violet-blue in a many-flowered umbel; spathe
deep violet; May.

B. cocctNEa (scarlet). Scape 14 foot high. Flowers 14 inch is tube

History.

Principal Species.

blood-red, segments yellowish green ; five to fifteen in an umbel; June.
B. ConGEsTA (crowded). Scape 1 foot high. Flowers blue, pea to
eight in a close umbel; July. The aborted stamens form a kind of

fleshy crown in the mouth of the perianth. _ There is a white var. alba.

B. GRAcILIS (slender). Scape 3 to 4 inches high. Leaf solitary.
Flowers 4 an inch long, deep yellow with fine brown lines, a few in an
umbel; July. Rather tender.

B. GRANDIFLORA (large-flowered). Scape 18 inches high. Flowers
blue-purple ; umbels two- to seven-flowered; July.

Howe tui (Howell’s). Scape 14 to 2 feet high. Flowers purplish
blue, somewhat bell-shaped, ? inch across, in many-flowered umbels;
July and August.

B. LAcTEA (milky). Scape 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers white, with
green veins; saucer-shaped, ? inch across, in many-flowered umbels;
June and July.

B. (TRITELEIA) LAXA (loose). Ithuriel’s Spear. Scapes fragile, 1 to
13 foot high. Flowers funnel-shaped, blue, 14 inch long; umbels eight-
to twenty-flowered ; July.

ULTIFLORA (many-flowered). Scape 1 to 14 foot high. Howes
blue-purple ; flowers crowded in umbel, so that it resembles a somewhat
globular head; May.

B. (TR ieay PORRIFOLIA (Leek-leaved). Scape 6 or 8 inches
high. Flowers funnel-shaped, whitish violet, # inch long; umbels four-
to six-flowered ; July. Also known as Milla porrifolia.

B. (TRITELEIA) UNIFLORA (one- flowered). Spring Starflower.

WHITE, OR ST. JOSEPH’S, LILY

(LILIUM CANDIDUM)
“Mat. sive
PL. 281

GRAPE HYACINTHS 591
Seapes 6 inches high, one-flowered (rarely two). Flowers pale lilac,
i to 14 inch long; May. Also known as Milla uniflora. Plate 275.
Brodicas require little more care than most bulbous
, plants. They succeed best in a light, but rich, well-drained
soil with a sunny aspect. Here they may be left undisturbed for
several years, during which they will increase by offsets from the bulbs.
They may also be propagated by sowing the seeds in sandy soil as soon
as ripe. Brodieas make very pretty pot-plants for spring. decoration.
Description of Brodica (Triteleia) uniflora, the Triplet Lily or Spring
te 275. Starflower. Bulb, leaves, and flowers of the natural size.
Fig. 1 is a section through the flower.

Cultivation.

GRAPE HYACINTHS
‘Natural Order Lin1acea. Genus Muscarz

Muscari (Latin, moschos, musk: suggested by the odour of the flowers).
A genus of about forty species of hardy bulbous plants with slender
radical leaves, and globose flowers in racemes. The mouth of the
perianth is cleft into six lobes, the stamens are attached to the middle of
the tube, and the ovary is egg-shaped, three-lobed, with a short style
and simple stigma. The species are natives of Europe (1 British), North
Africa, and Western Asia.

- Grape Hyacinths have been in our gardens for over
three hundred years—that is, leaving out of account our
own native Muscari racemosum, which was probably not overlooked by
our early gardeners. In the year 1596 there were growing in English
gardens four species from Southern Europe and the Mediterranean
Region: M. botryoides, M. comosum, M. macrocarpum, and M. mos-
chatum. Not only so, but the curious monstrous form of M. comosuwm
had also been introduced. MM. pallens, a white-flowered species, was
introduced from the Caucasus in 1822, M. commutatum from Armenia
in 1836, and M. Heldreichii from Greece in 1869. A number of others
have been introduced, but in some cases the record of their native
country has been lost, in others the date of their introduction.

MUSCARI BOTRYOIDES (like a bunch of grapes). Scapes
to 12 inches high. Leaves glaucous. Flowers deep
sky-blue, the mouth-lobes white ; in a short, dense, globose cluster; April
and May. The var. albwm has white flowers; the var. pallens pale
blue flowers.

History.

Principal Species, 6

° §92 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

M. comosum (rough). Scapes 1 foot high. Leaves fleshy, pale.
Flowers purplish olive, pitcher-shaped, forty to one hundred in a loose
raceme; April. Plate 2764. The var. monstroswm is a much more attrac-
tive plant; in this the flowers are all barren, and each is converted into a
tuft of violet-blue slender filaments. This is a little later than the type
in flowering. See Plate 2768. Then there is the var. plwmosa, the
Feather Hyacinth, Plate 276c, in which the filaments are much longer,
fantastically curled into intricate clusters, and of a more purplish tint.
Both these monstrous forms are well worth growing.

M. conicuM (conical). Seapes erect, 6 inches high. Flowers bright
lilac-blue, fragrant, in an oblong-conical raceme; March. Introduced
from Italy, but native home uncertain.

M. Hetpreicuit (Heldreich’s). Scape 8 inches high. Flowers blue,
similar in shape to those of IM. botryoides, but almost twice the size;
raceme longer; April. Introduced from Greece, 1869.

. MACROCARPUM (large - fruited). Seas fragrant, yellowish,
mouth-lobes purple, in loose racemes ;

M. MOSCHATUM (musky). Musk Hyacinth. Secapes 8 or 10 inches
high. Flowers small, purplish, changing to a greenish yellow later, very
fragrant; raceme dense, globose; April.

M. NEGLECTUM (neglected). Starch Hyacinth. Scape 6 to 9 inches
high. Flowers very dark blue, fragrant, in a dense raceme, thirty- to
forty-flowered ; March. Native of the Mediterranean Region.

M. PARADOXUM (paradoxical). Leaves three, round, erect. Scape
5 or 6 inches high. Flowers blue-black, green within, faintly fragrant,
in a dense conical raceme; April. Introduced from the Caucasus.

M. RACEMOSUM (racemed). Scape 4 to 8 inches high. Flowers

dark blue changing to purple, with white mouth-lobes, in dense racemes; -

odour of Plums; April.
joie In any garden soil Muscaris will do well; but if of a

fairly rich and open character, they will rapidly increase

without any care being bestowed upon them. They succeed in almost
any situation: planted among grass, among rock-work, or as lines or
masses in the flower-border, they will be equally at home. It is best
to place them where they need not be disturbed; and if they are given
a top-dressing of fresh soil before they appear a spring, they will be
greatly benefited. They may be increased by means of their abundant
seeds, or by taking up the bulbs in autumn, at intervals of two or three
years, and separating the numerous offsets. They may be grown in pots,
plunged outside in the summer and placed in a little heat in early
spring, for the decoration of the conservatory.

a rel cael

SHOWY LILY
(LILIUM SPECIOSUM)

ee

2/, Nat. size

PL. 262

HYACINTHS 503

Description of Muscari comosum, the Grape Hyacinth. The bulb

and normal form of the flowers are shown at A. B is

the var. monstrosum, with a portion of a filament enlarged in Fig. 3.

C is the var. plumosa, of which an enlarged fragment is seen in

Fig. 2; and Fig. 1 is an enlarged section of a normal flower. A, B,
and C represent the natural sizes.

HYACINTHS
Natural Order Linttacez. Genus Hyacinthus

HYACINTHUS (a classical name applied to a plant, by some thought
to be Lilium Martagon). <A genus of about thirty species of bulbous
perennials with radical strap-shaped or more slender leaves, and flowers
in a raceme borne upon a juicy, leafless scape. The flowers are funnel-
shaped, or bell-shaped, the perianth with six almost equal segments,
which are erect, spreading, or recurved. There are six equal stamens,
a nearly globose ovary, and a short style with a three-cornered stigma.
The species are natives of the Mediterranean Region, the Orient, and
Tropical and Southern Africa.

The history of the genus as garden flowers is really
the history of one species, Hyacinthus orientalis, the
plant that in the present day is so important an item in gardening
that nearly six hundred English acres of land in Holland are given up
to the preparation of bulbs, for export to Britain and other European
countries. These six hundred acres fully employ five thousand persons
in Hyacinth culture. In a wild state this familiar species extends its
range from Cilicia to Mesopotamia; and without doubt it was in-
troduced from the Levant at a very early date. Matthias de Lobel,
in 1576, mentions H. brumalis as “the best Hyacinth known in
Holland.” This was the variety known later as H. orientalis albus;
but his manner of speaking of it implies that Hyacinth-culture was
already an established fact, and that at least several varieties were in -
existence. It is clear that prior to 1596 several forms had found their
way to England, for at that date Gerard had both single and double
varieties with blue, purple, and white flowers. Some other colours have
arisen as sports, and some from seedlings. The story is extant of the
origin of the first lilac variety as a sport from a red-flowered bulb in the
possession of a Dutch “fancier,” the Rev. Mr. Boekenhoven. He was so
fearful that any untoward event—such as the attack of a mouse or rat

IV,.—25

History.

a oak lo ab ans ts

504 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

upon the bulb—might prevent his perpetuation of the colour, that he
imprisoned it in a bird-cage, and hung this from the ceiling of his room.
He successfully propagated it, and called it L’Unique, a name its
progeny still bears among Dutch growers. There has been no exact
counterpart to the Tulip mania of last century among admirers of
Hyacinths; yet some large prices have been paid for new varieties of
Hyacinths. In most cases these have been investments for trade
purposes, in order that, by skill in propagation, a new sort might be put
upon the market. It is on record that one large and eight small bulbs
of the Non plus ultra double blue realised the sum of £133, 8s. 6d. at
public auction in the year 1734; and at the beginning of the present
century a single bulb of the double red Rouge ébluissante was sold for
£83. It is stated on the authority of Philip Miller, whose Gardener's
Dictionary is well known, that about 1725 the Dutch growers of
Haarlem cultivated about two thousand varieties of Hyacinths.

Although the ordinary garden Hyacinths are the progeny of
H. orientalis, there are several others in cultivation. H. amethystinus,
the Spanish Hyacinth, was introduced from the Pyrenees in 1759,
H. corymbosus from South Africa 1793, and H. spicatus from the
neighbourhood of Greece in 1826. H. romanus, which was introduced
somewhere about 1596 from the Mediterranean Region, must not be
confounded with the Roman Hyacinth of the Dutch growers, which is
the var. albulus of H. orientalis. Attempts have been made to grow
Hyacinth bulbs in England for the market, but the Dutch appear to
produce a better article at the price, natural conditions being more in
their favour, and the experience of two centuries no doubt counting
for a good deal.
pobaakpel pected. HYACINTHUS AMETHYSTINUS (amethyst blue). Spanish

Hyacinths. Leaves slender, as long as, or longer than, the
flower-seape (4 to 12 inches). Flowers bright blue, drooping ; racemes
four- to twelve-flowered, more or less one-sided ; April and May.

H. coryMpBosus (corymbose). Leaves five or six, fleshy, half-round,
pale. Flowers lilac-rose, } inch long; racemes four- to nine-flowered,
forming a corymb; scape 2 to 3 inches long; autumn.

H. ORIENTALIS (Eastern). The Hyacinth. Leaves narrow, lance-
shaped, grooved, erect. Flowers frequent, variable, probably blue in
the wild state, varying to mauve and white; scape 8 to 12 inches high ;
April. The var. albulus, a native of Southern France, is the so-called
Roman Hyacinth of the growers; it has white flowers, with more
slender segments, and the tube scarcely swollen at the base, as in the
type. The var. provincialis, of Southern France, Italy, and Switzer-

RRA a. erin

SNAKE’S HEAD
(FRITILLARIA MELEAGRIS)

—

Nat. size

PL. 283

i i
aietinaael

HYACINTHS 595

land, has smaller flowers in looser racemes, and more slender
leaves.

_H. romanus (Roman). Leaves fleshy, somewhat spreading, four
or five only. Flowers scentless, white or pale blue, twenty to thirty
in a raceme; scape 6 to 12 inches high;

These are so numerous, and the names so often mis-
leading, that we do not propose to give a list. Instead, we
refer our readers to the autumnal catalogue of a reliable house, in
which they will find extensive selections of the best kinds. Varieties
with a particular name may be obtained single or double, and in several
colours; this is a fact that should be borne in mind when ordering ~
bulbs. Further, if this year you have grown Grand Vainqueur white,
and are so pleased with it that you determine next season you will
try the red or the blue form of the same, it does not follow that you
will get a plant similar in all respects except colour. We are told by
Heer J. H. Kersten, of Haarlem, that such varieties have not even a
common descent from the original Grand Vainqueur. He says: “ There

Garden Varieties,

are, for instance, three different varieties of single blue Queen of the

Blues, which are kept distinct in Holland [but not in English catalogues]
by the additional names of Haarlem, Overveen, or Hillegom Queen of
the Blues. Thus we have the pleasure of noting three distinct varieties
which are named alike, and yet which is the true Queen amongst all
these Queens no Dutchman will undertake to decide” (Journal Roy.
Hort. Soc. xi. p. 61). It may be added that for pot- or glass-culture
single varieties should be selected, as giving the more satisfactory
results. A few doubles may be used in pots, but not in glasses.
Imported bulbs contain sufficient food for a season’s
flowering, therefore the soil is a matter not of the greatest
importance—they may be flowered well, as we all know, with their
roots in pure water. But when we look forward to the increase of
the bulbs, and their preparation for flowering next year, the question
of suitable soil is of great moment. A well-dug sandy: soil of great
depth, enriched with thoroughly rotted cow-manure, is the best. Fresh
manure should never be used with bulbous plants. The Dutch
bulb-farmers enrich their ground with cow-manure, and take a crop
of potatoes from it before planting their bulbs. Hyacinths should
be planted out of doors in October, taking care that all are placed
at an equal depth; this should be such that the crowns of large and
small bulbs alike are just three inches below the surface. It is a
good plan to put a little fine sand immediately below the bulb, and a
little more above it. If a bed is to be filled with hyacinths, or lines or

Culture.

596 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

patterns worked with them, there should be equality in the size of the
bulbs, otherwise the results will not be so neat and regular as you
desire. A covering of cocoanut-fibre refuse will keep the leaves and
flowers clean. Before the flowers actually open, each spike should be
supported by tying lightly to a neat stick, which, however, should not
reach to the top of the spike. The bulbs should not be disturbed until
the leaves have turned yellow and begun to shrivel. Then they should
be dug up, dried slowly in the shade, and when the leaves have quite
withered, these should be cut off at the base, and the bulbs placed in
paper bags and stored away in a dry place.

For pot-culture a special compost should be prepared two or three
months before using, and should consist of fibrous loam, two parts,
thoroughly rotted cow-manure, one part, leaf-mould, one part, and river
sand, one part. Clean 5- or 6- inch pots should be used and perfect
drainage ensured. Fill in sufficient of the compost to bring the
crown of the bulb within half an inch of the rim of the pot. Let
the bulb rest on a little clean sand, then fill in the compost firmly
round it, until only the crown just shows, and cover that with a little
more sand. Prepare a hole or pit outside, with a bottom of coal ashes,
and fill with cocoanut-fibre refuse. In this plunge yourpotted Hyacinths,
covering their tops with about four inches of fibre. Under these evnditions
the bulbs will send out roots freely ; and in about six weeks from their
interment the pots may be taken up, and put into a cool greenhouse.
It will be found that the leaves have also started, but are too tender
to bear sudden exposure; therefore, cover each by inverting a smaller-
sized flower-pot over the plant, and leave them covered for a few days.
They may now be placed near the glass and allowed to come on gradually,
or removed to a warmer—but not hot—house for forcing. The tempera-
ture must not be raised suddenly, but graduated according to the date at
which plants in full blossom are required. If the main stock is kept in
a cool house, a few pots may be brought under higher temperatures in
succession, and so the supply of flowers indoors kept up until those
outside are coming on. Bulbs that have been flowered in pots require
careful and very gradual ripening, or they will be of no use for succeeding
years.

To our mind the growth of Hyacinths in water is not a thing to
recommend, for they look unnatural and ungainly; but where it is
desired to grow them in this fashion, the tall, specially-made vases should
be used. Only the best single bulbs should be selected for this purpose.
About the middle of October the glasses should be quite filled with clean
water, and with it a few nibs of charcoal. The base of the bulb must

j

}

&

GARDEN TULIP
(TULIPA GESNERIANA)
; Nat. size

| PL. 284
4

Fi
“a
f

SQUILLS 597

at first be in contact with the water, but after the roots have grown an
inch long the water should be reduced so that it is half an inch below
the bulb. As soon as the bulbs are placed in position, remove glasses and
all to some dark, dry, cool, and airy place: in a close, damp cupboard the
bulbs will probably mildew and the leaves grow long and white. Unless
the water smells offensively it should not be changed ; neither should the
bulb be lifted, except to pour in sufficient water to make up for what the
roots have absorbed. Examine them from time to time to see that all is
right, and in about a month’s time the glasses will be found fairly filled
with roots. Gradually let in light, until the glasses can be placed in
their permanent positions in the window, near the glass. The glasses
selected for this form of culture should be fitted with wire supports for
the long, heavy flower-spikes.
Description of Hyacinthus orientalis, the Garden Hyacinth. The
Plate 277. bulb, leaves, and two forms of the flowers are shown.
Fig. 1 is a section of a single flower; 2, the ovary and style; 3, a
transverse section of the ovary.

SQUILLS
Natural Order LiniacE&®. Genus Scilla

SciLua (the old Greek name for these plants). A genus of about eighty
species of bulbous perennials with slender, radical leaves, and usually
blue flowers, borne in racemes on simple, leafless scapes. The perianth
consists of six segments, nearly equal, free or slightly connected at the
ase. There are six stamens, with flattened filaments and oblong anthers.
The ovary is egg-shaped, with a thread-like style and minute stigma.
The fruit is a triangular, three-valved capsule, containing many black
seeds. The distribution of the species is chiefly European (three British),
Western Asian, and Extra-tropical African. .

f this extensive genus of bright little flowers we have
the good fortune to possess three native species, of which,
however, only one, the familiar Wild Hyacinth or Bluebell, Scilla nutans,
is at all widely distributed. Of the exotic species, S. hyacinthoides has
been longest in our gardens, its introduction from South Europe having
taken place about 1585. Between that date and 1596 S. amena, the Star
Hyacinth, came from the same neighbourhood, as also S. italica in 1605.
The strangely named Cuban Lily, S. peruviana, which is really a native
of Algeria and neighbouring countries, was introduced, vid Spain, in 1607.

1V.—26

History.

598 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

S. hispanica, from Spain and Portugal, came to us first in 1683. The
exceedingly popular Siberian Squill, S. sibirica, which is a native of
Asia Minor, was introduced in 1796. S. chinensis came from China in
1826, and S. pratensis from Dalmatia in the following year. Many others
have been introduced and may occasionally be seen in gardens, but these
are those of chief horticultural interest. The undermentioned are all
hardy, unless otherwise described.

CILLA AMG@NA (pleasing). Leaves four or five, soft,
shiny, 6 to 9 inches long. Flowers blue (rarely whitish),
nearly 4 inch long; raceme three- to six-flowered; scape weak, 4 to 6
inches high; March.

S. AUTUMNALIS (autumn). Leaves produced in autumn after the
flowers, half-round, grooved on upper surface. Flowers reddish purple,
2 inch across; racemes few-flowered ; scapes several, 3 to 6 inches high ;
July to September. Native.

S. BIFOLIA (two-leaved). Leaves usually two only, concave, 4 to 8
inches long. Flowers blue, occasionally reddish or whitish, half an inch
across, three to eight in a raceme; scape solitary, 3 to 6 inches high ;
March. The var. preecox is a more robust form, with larger and more
numerous flowers (ten to fifteen), which appear earlier, and thicker,
broader leaves. One form of this variety has reddish flowers.

S. CHINENSIS (Chinese). Leaves two or three, firm, upper surface
channeled. Flowers very small, rose-purple, twenty to sixty in a raceme ;
scape slender, 1 foot high; June. Half-hardy.

S. HISPANICA (Spanish). Spanish Bluebell; Large Squill. Leaves
five or six, smooth, convex at back. Flowers somewhat globular, bell-
shaped, blue, changing to rosy purple or whitish; six to twelve in a
loose raceme ; scape 6 to 9 inches high; May. Several colour varieties
are catalogued by the dealers.

S. HYACINTHOIDES (Hyacinth-like). Leaves ten to twelve, spreading,
about an inch broad in the middle, narrowing to each end, edges delicately
fringed. Flowers small, bluish lilac, fifty to one hundred and fifty in a
raceme ; scape 1 to 2 feet high; August.

S. NUTANS (nodding). Bluebell (in England); Wild Hyacinth.
Leaves about six, coneave, 1 to 14 foot long. Flowers blue or purple,
occasionally white or pink, drooping; six to twelve in a raceme; scape
solitary, stout, tall; April to June. Native. There are several white
and red garden forms.

S. PERUVIANA (Peruvian). Cuban Lily. Leaves six to nine, about
a foot long, the margins densely fringed with small white bristles.
Flowers lilac, reddish or whitish; the segments green-striped, half an inch

Principal Species.

H
t
2

PARROT TULIP
(TULIPA GESNERIANA, var. dracontia)
< Nat. size
PL. 285

LILIES 599

long ; fifty to one hundred flowers in a broad, dense raceme; scape stout,
6 to 12 inches high; May. There is a var. alba.

S. srprrica (Siberian). Leaves two to four, nearly erect, 4 to 6
inches long. Flowers one to three on a scape, deep blue, 4 inch long,
segments spreading; scapes one to six to a bulb, 3 to 6 inches high;
February. Plate 278.

S. VERNA (spring). Sea Onion. Leaves 3 to 10 inches long, concave,
recurved. Flowers bright pale blue, } inch across, fragrant, six to twelve
in a raceme ; scapes one or two, shorter than leaves; April. Native.

Scillas are among the convenient class of plants that
do well in most garden soils, and only require planting.
This should be done about October, when the bulbs are ripe and dormant.
They should be placed in situations where they may be allowed to remain
for several years without interference. They do well in the rock-garden,
the herbaceous border, where dwarf Saxifrages, Arabis, and plants of
similar dwarf habit may be planted over them; or in the wild garden
amongst grass. S. sibirica and several others will do well in pots, if
these are stood in a cold house. S. peruviana is a greenhouse plant.
Where bulbs can be obtained in quantity, they should be planted along
woodland walks in little clumps, which will soon spread, especially if the
seeds are allowed to sow themselves.

Description of ‘© Scilla sibirica, the Siberian Squill; naturalsize. Fig.
Plate 278. is a section of the bulb; 2, the unexpanded flower-bud ;
and 3, a section through the flower.

Cultivation.

LILIES
Natural Order Lintace®. Genus Lilium

Littum (the old Latin name). A genus of about forty-five species of
perennial bulbous herbs, whose bulbs are composed of many overlapping
fleshy scales. The leaves all originate from the stem, and are either
alternate or in whorls, of variable shape, and sometimes with little
bulbils in the axils. The flowers are large and showy, honeyed, of six
entirely unconnected perianth-segments, which drop off when fertilisa-
tion has been effected. There are six stamens attached round the ovary
or to the base of the segments; the filaments long and awl-shaped, the
anthers large and attached above the base, so that they swing lightly
poised on the tip of the filaments. The ovary is six-grooved, the style
rounded, the stigma blunt, and the cells containing many ovules. The

iad

600 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

fruit is an erect, many-seeded capsule. The species are natives of the
Temperate Regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

We have no species of Lilium indigenous to Britain,
though ZL. Martagon has long been naturalised in a
restricted area of Surrey. This was one of the first species to have been
introduced to this country, for we find that it was growing in English
gardens with L. candidum, L. chaleedonicum, L. croceum, L. bulbiferwm,
and L. pyrenaicum (a sub-species of L. pomponiwm) as far back as 1596.
All these are European species, and they were joined about 1629 by
L. pomponium from Northern Italy, and L. canadense from North
America. In 1745 L. davwricum came from Siberia, L. philadelphicum
from North America in 1757, and L. Catesbei from the same region in
1787. Many species have been introduced during the present century.
Among the most notable of these are several from Japan, beginning
with LZ. japonicum, 1804, L. elegans, 1820, L. longiflorum, 1820, L.
speciosum, 1832, L. cordifolium, 1853, L. auratum, 1862, L. Hansoni,
1865, and L. Leichtlini, 1867. From China came L. tigrinwm, 1804,
and pseudo-tigrinwm, 1867. From Himalaya we received L. rosewm and
L. giganteuwm, 1852; and from California, L. washingtonianum, 1872,
L. pardalinum, 1875, and L. Parryi, 1879.

LintuM AURATUM (golden). The Golden-rayed Lily.
Stems purplish, round, 2 to 5 feet high. Leaves slender,
lance-shaped, 6 to 9 inches long. Flowers 10 to 12 inches across, highly
fragrant, white, with a band of bright yellow down the centre of each
segment, which is also spotted with carmine, and the base thickly
studded with fleshy excrescences; July and August. The racemes are
short, and consist of from three to twenty flowers. This is the most
magnificent of the genus. Plate 279. There are several named varieties
of it.

L. BULBIFERUM (bulb-bearing). Stem furrowed, downy, 2 to 4 feet
high. Leaves slender, numerous; the upper ones with purple-brown
bulbils in their axils. Flowers reddish yellow, erect, the segments
suddenly narrowing below to form a distinct claw; raceme twelve- to
cighteen-flowered ; June and July.

L. CANADENSE (Canadian). Stem round, 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves
lance-shaped, usually in distinct whorls. Flowers 2 to 24 inches long,
varying from bright yellow to pale red, much spotted with purplish red ;
drooping, in few-flowered corymbs; June to August.

L. CANDIDUM (white). St. Joseph’s Lily; Madonna Lily. Stem } to
3 inch thick near base, stiff, 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves slender, much
crowded on the lower half of stem, short and scattered above. Flowers

History.

Principal Species.

=
os .

TULIPA SUAVEOLENS

Nat. size

PL. 286

ete
ae

LILIES 601

pure white, 2 or 3 inches long, lower ones drooping, upper more erect;
racemes five- to twenty-flowered; June. Plate 281.

L. CATESBzI (Catesby’s). Stem 2 to 3 feet high, stout. Leaves
scattered; lower ones lance-shaped, upper ones narrower and shorter.
Flowers solitary, 3 to 4 inches long, bright orange-red, spotted with
purple; July and August.

L. CHALCEDONICUM (Chalcedonian). Stem finely channeled, stiff,
2 to 3 feet high. Leaves slender, scattered, lower ones somewhat
spreading, upper ones erect. Flowers bright scarlet, japamac)
dvaceiite, one to six in a corymb; July and Au

L. CORDIFOLIUM (heart-leaved). Stem 3 oe : feet high. Leaves
heart-shaped on long stalks; lowest ones reddish. Flowers funnel-shaped,
narrow ; white, yellow, or purple, in four- to ten-flowered racemes;
August.

L. cROcEUM (saffron colour). Saffron Lily. Stem cobwebby, purple-
spotted, 3 to 6 feet high. Leaves slender, variously disposed. Flowers
of a brilliant orange- or saffron-colour, with small crimson or purple
spots; August. Similar to LZ. bulbiferum, but easily distinguished by
the cottony hairs on the flower-stalks, and the absence of bulbils in
the axils. Plate 280.

L. pAvuRiIcUM (Dahurian). Stem slender, 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves
slender, three nerved. Flowers bright scarlet, in an umbel-like raceme ;
foot-stalks sometimes slightly cobwebby; July.

L. ELEGANS (elegant). Stem sometimes forking near top, 3 to 4 feet
high. Leaves lance-shaped, an inch broad. Flowers pale scarlet, slightly
spotted, 5 or 6 inches across; July.

L. GIGANTEUM (gigantic). Stem round, erect, 4 to 10 feet high,
and 2 to 4 inches thick at base. Leaves heart-shaped, all except the
uppermost, with long, broad, channeled leaf-stalks, whose bases clasp the
stem. Flowers funnel-shaped, 5 or 6 inches long; white, the throat
tinged with purple; six to twelve in a raceme; July and August.
Except in sheltered parts of the South of England this species must be
grown in the cool greenhouse. It dies after once flowering.

L. HANsonI (Hanson’s). Stem slender, round, smooth, 3 to 4 feet
high. Leaves lance-shaped, smooth, mostly in whorls. Flowers reddish-
orange, spotted with purple, about 14 inch long, four to ten in a raceme ;
June and July.

L. Henry! (Henry’s). Stems 6 to 10 feet, clothed with lance-shaped
leaves, and bearing a loose raceme of from twenty to fifty flowers, like
those of L. speciosum, but coloured lemon-yellow. A recent pai
from Central China. Hardy.

IV.— 27

602 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

L. JAPONICUM (Japanese). Stem rounded, stiff, 1 to 2 feet high.
Leaves lance-shaped, not distinctly stalked; twelve to twenty, scattered.
Flowers funnel-shaped, 5 or 6 inches long, white, purple-tinged outside,
in twos or threes (solitary in the wild plant); July and August. A
rather delicate species.

L. LEIcuTLrni1 (Leichtlin’s). Stem slender, 2 to 3 feet high.
Leaves very slender, broader below the middle, scattered. Flowers
solitary or twin, yellow, thickly spotted with purplish red; 2} to 3
inches long; July and August.

L. LONGIFLORUM (long-flowered). Stem rounded, stiff, 1 to 2 feet
high. Leaves slender; lower ones crowded. Flowers 5 to 7 inches long,
funnel-shaped, pure white, fragrant; solitary or twin; June. The var.
eximium is known in gardens as L. Harrisii, the Bermuda or Easter
Lily, and is in great demand for early forcing.

L. Martacon (the old popular name). Martagon Lily, or Turk’s
Cap Lily. Stem rounded, downy, 2 to3 feet high. Leaves lance-shaped,
usually in whorls of six to nine. Flowers dull purplish red, thickly
dotted with dark purple, the segments curved back around the tube, and
the flower hanging downwards, in a long raceme; July.

L. PARDALINUM (leopard-like). Stem 3 to 7 feet high. Leaves
narrow, lance-shaped, mostly in whorls of from nine to fifteen. Flowers
nodding, bright orange-red, lighter in the centre, which is spotted with

-purple; July and August.

L. Parryi(Parry’s). Stem slender, 2 to 6 feet high. Leaves slender,
lance-shaped, usually scattered, lower ones sometimes in a whorl.
Flowers fragrant, pale yellow, spotted with reddish brown; horizontal ;
July. ;

L. PHILADELPHICUM (Philadelphian). Stem slender, rigid, 1 to 3
feet high. Leaves narrow, lance-shaped, in regular whorls of from six
to eight leaves. Flowers solitary or in umbels, 2 to 3 inches long, not
opening widely; bright orange-red, usually spotted with purple in the
centre; July and August.

L. POMPONIUM (Pompone). Stem finely furrowed, stout, stiff, 14 to
3 feet high. Leaves slender, edges rolled inwards, fringed; very
numerous and scattered. Flowers bright red, sometimes orange-tinged ;
about twenty in a broad raceme; July and August.

L. PSEUDO-TIGRINUM (false tiger-lily). Stem 3 to 4 feet high.
Leaves slender, the edges curled back, scattered. Flowers beautiful
scarlet, plentifully dotted with black; style and stamens red; four to
six in a loose raceme; July.

L. pyRENAICUM (Pyrenean). Very similar to L. pomponiwm, of

Se ae ee ES TT a ee) gee a

Sa!

ORK
oS

epee AA)

rrr,
oP TITY,

EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES
2/, Nat. size

PL. 287

TT a eh haa a Some pa ee ee oe ro is i nt oe er eH

LILIES 603

which it is probably a sub-species. It is, however, taller, and the
flowers are bright yellow, instead of red; about twelve in a raceme.

L. ROSEUM (rose-coloured). Stem rounded, smooth, 18 inches high.
Leaves grass-like, alternate, except at base, where they are crowded,
and more than a foot long. Flowers large, lilac, drooping, in a raceme;
April. A rather tender species, singular in having a dense bulb invested
in a dry membranous coat like that of the Tulip.

L. spEciosuM (showy). Stem rounded, rigid, 1 to 3 feet high.
Leaves lance-shaped, lower ones more oval. Flowers variable in size
and colour, but typically white, spotted and tinged with carmine or rose,
and from 3 to 5 inches long; from three to ten in a raceme; July and
August. Commonly known in gardens as L. lancifolium. Plate 282.

L. TENUIFOLIUM (slender-leaved). Stem slender, 6 to 12 inches
high. Leaves small, needle-like, numerous. Flowers solitary, rarely
twin, somewhat drooping, bright scarlet, 1} inch long; June and July.
Introduced from Siberia, 1820.

L. TIGRINUM (Tiger). Tiger Lily. Stem stout, purplish black,
covered with white down, 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves slender, dark, glossy,
irregularly scattered, usually with round black bulbils in the axils.
Flowers 3 to 4 inches long, deep orange-red, with numerous purple-black
spots; racemes eight- to twenty-flowered; July and August. As in the
case of some of the foregoing species, there are several varieties: among
them flore pleno, with double flowers; Fortunei, of greater stature, with
larger pyramidal racemes; splendens, with fewer and larger spots on
the flowers.

L. WASHINGTONIANUM (Washington’s). Stem rounded, stiff, 3 to 5
feet high. Leaves lance-shaped, 4 or 5 inches long, whorled, about
twelve in each whorl. Flowers fragrant, 24 to 3 inches long, white,
tinged with purple or lilac, in large racemes; July and August.

An open, well-drained soil is the most suitable for
growing Lilies, as, given good drainage, additions of peat,
loam, ete., will make it fit for any species. The bulbs should be planted
at a depth of about 6 inches, a hole of greater depth having been dug
previously and partly filled with specially suitable soil. ZL. candidum,
L. Martagon, and L. washingtonianum should have a good admixture
of heavy loam with the ordinary soil; whilst LZ. awratum, L. Catesbei,
L. Leichtlinii, L. pardalinum, L. philadelphicum, and L. tenucfoliwm
require for their successful culture a proportion of peat. Nearly all
Lilies appreciate peat, even those to which it is not a necessity. Leaf-
mould and well-rotted cow-manure, or the remains of an old hot-bed,
worked up with good loam, will be found helpful. Where there are beds

Cultivation.

604 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

devoted to Rhododendrons or other shrubs of low stature, Lilies may be
planted with advantage in between. In such a position the bulbs will
be perfectly secure from frosts in winter, and the tender shoots from
strong winds in spring, whilst the flowers will show up well against the
bold foliage of the shrubs. The bulk of the Lilies at Kew are grown in
this way, and are a great success. Strong manures should not be allowed
to come near the bulbs, but well-rotted manure, applied as a mulching
as soon as the flower-buds begin to form, is of great value. A plentiful
supply of water at the same period is very important. Lily-bulbs should
remain undisturbed for several years. If their removal is necessary, it
should be done in autumn, when the stems have died down; but they
should be at once replanted, for exposure to the air soon renders them
flabby.

- Most of the species of Liliwm are well adapted for
ot-culture. 5
pot-culture, and an admirable compost for them may be
contrived by mixing loam and peat in equal portions, and adding to it a
little charcoal and some sharp sand. The pots must be adapted to the
size of the bulbs, but a 6-inch pot will be found small enough for any
of them. The bulb should be inserted deeply, but with a good layer of
soil beneath it. Lilies root not merely from the base of the bulb, but as
soon as the stem is formed a circlet of roots emerges from the thick
portion of the stem, and these take possession of the top layer of soil,
which should not be allowed to get dry. When the buds are formed—
but not till then—clear liquid-manure may be given; and after flowering,
the pots should be stood outside, and less water given. When the stems
have died in autumn the bulbs may be shaken out, and at once repotted
in fresh soil. During the winter they should have a cool corner of the
greenhouse where they will be free from frost and not entirely dry.
During this period their roots will be not inactive, therefore the soil,
though not very damp, must be permeable.

Healthy Lilies propagate themselves. The bulb that
sent up one stem last year will send up two or three this
season, and the fleshy scales will rearrange themselves around these
stems ; so that the original bulb becomes two or three. These, of course,
may be separated from time to time. If the flowers are allowed to ripen
their seeds, these may be sown in pans of sandy soil; but as flowering
bulbs cannot be produced from these seeds in less than about five years,
the amateur will probably prefer the more expeditious mode already
mentioned. The bulbils produced in the axils of some species should also
be utilised; and often a vast number of minute bulbs will be formed
among the scales of the old bulb, which they soon break up. A single

Propagation.

6

CURLY PALM

(HOWEA BELMOREANA)
Greatly reduced

PL. 288

Mids

at

PU Ae

ie ble A SN ak EAS La

CROWN IMPERIAL AND SNAKE’S-HEAD LILIES 605

scale of a bulb that may get separated in handling will produce several
of these tiny offsets if placed in soil, though, of course, these small bulbs
will take several years to attain flowering strength. They should be
planted out of doors in a specially prepared bed containing a good
proportion of thoroughly rotted cow-manure, in conjunction with peat

and good loam, where they will make rapid progress.
Description of Plate 279. Lilium auwratum, the Gold-rayed Lily of
Plates 279 to 282. Japan. A flower, about one-third less than the natural size.
Plate 280. Liliwm crocewm, the Saffron Lily, one-third less than

natural size. Fig. 1, section of ovary, with stamens.
late 281. Lilium candiduwm, St. Joseph’s Lily, natural size.

Fig. 1, flower after removing the perianth-segments.
Plate 282. Liliwm speciosum, the Showy Lily. Bulb natural size,
flowers reduced one-third. The stem-roots referred to on page 604 are

well shown here. Fig 1 is a section through the ovary.

CROWN IMPERIAL AND SNAKE’S-HEAD
LILIES

Natural Order LILIACE&. Genus Fritillaria

FRITILLARIA (Latin, fritillus, a dice-box or chess-board, from the
checkered pattern of the flower in some species). A genus of about fifty
species of bulbous perennials. The bulb consists of a few thick scales,
and the stem bears stalkless leaves and drooping flowers. These are
bell-shaped, with the six perianth-segments free to the base, each bear-
ing a hollowed honey-gland at its base. The stamens are attached at
the very base of the segments. Ovary three-sided, style three-grooved,
stigma three-lobed. The species are distributed throughout the Temperate
Regions of the Northern Hemisphere; one British.

Fritilaria Meleagris, the Snake’s-head, is numbered
in the British Flora as a plant of local occurrence in moist
meadows, although there are not wanting those who suspect that its
presence here is due to man’s agency in a forgotten past. It is quite
certain that garden enthusiasts at an early date began to introduce
Fritillarias, for in the year 1596 two species other than F. Meleagris
were in cultivation here. These were F. imperialis, the Crown Imperial,
and F. persica, both from Persia. Among other early introductions were
the var. latifolia of F. lutea, from the Caucasus in 1604, of which the
type was not brought hither until 1812. F. pyrenaica, from the Pyrenees,

Iv.— 28

History.

606 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

was introduced in 1605. The others now in cultivation have all been
introduced within the nineteenth century; including F. lutea, from the
Caucasus, 1812; F. tenella, from the Maritime Alps, 1867; F. recwrva,
from California, 1870; F. tulipifolia, from the Caucasus, 1872; F.
Hookeri, from Sikkim, 1878; and F. pallidiflora, from Siberia, 1880.

FRITILLARIA ARMENA (Armenian). Stem 6 inches high.
Leaves lance-shaped. Flowers solitary, yellow. Introduced
from Asia Minor, 1878.

F. Hooxert (Hooker’s). Stem 6 inches high. Leaves slender, 8
inches long. Flowers about an inch long, pale lilac, in a raceme;
July.

F. IMPERIALIS (imperial). The Crown Imperial. Stem 3 feet high.
Leaves lance-shaped in a series of whorls, about midway up the stem,
which is also terminated by a tuft of leaves above the flowers. Flowers
drooping, varying from yellow to crimson, in a whorl beneath the
terminal leaves; April. There is a double var. flore pleno; var. purpurea,
with purplish flowers; var. variegata, with yellow-bordered leaves; and
several florists’ varieties.

F. LuTEA (yellow). Stem 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves slender,
lance-shaped, alternate. Flowers solitary, drooping, yellow, tinged with
purple; April and May.

F. MELEAGRIS (Guinea-fowl). Snake’s Head; Common Fritillary.
Stem 1 foot high. Leaves alternate, long and slender. Flowers solitary,
rarely twin, 14 inch long, pale and dark purple in a small eheckered
pattern; April. Plate 283. There are white (var. alba) and double-
flowered (var. flore pleno) varieties.

F. PALLIDIFLORA (pale -flowered). Stem 9 inches high. Toares
glaucous, large. Flowers pale yellow, the interior checkered; May.

F. persica (Persian). Stem 3 feet high. Leaves lance-shaped.
Flowers faintly scented, small, deep violet-blue or dull purple, in
racemes; April and May.

F. pupica (chaste). Stem 6 to 9 inches high. Leaves very slender,
glaucous, alternate. Flowers dark yellow, usually solitary, occasionally
twin; May. Native of North-West America.

E. PYRENAICA (Pyrenean). Stem 14 foot high. Flowers large,
plum-coloured, yellow within, netted with brown; Fane.

F. RECURVA (recurved). Stem 2 feet high. . Leaves lance-shaped.
Flowers large, bright scarlet, the perianth-segments curved back ; solitary
in the axils; stem one- to nine-flowered; May.

F. TULIPIFOLIA (Tulip-leaved). ace slender. Lower leaves reduced
to sheaths; upper ones elliptic, lance-shaped, concave. Flowers solitary,

Principal Species,

SPINY DATE PALM

GENIX SPINOSA)

—_

(PH

Greatly reduced
PL. 289

TULIPS : 607

nodding, glaucous blue without, rusty purple within; outer segments
streaked with purple outside ; March.

All the species described are hardy, and they will
succeed in any well-drained border where the soil is of a
fairly rich character. Although less exacting in the matter of soil even
than Lilies, the directions given for the treatment of the latter may be
followed closely in the case of Fritillarias. A similar remark may be
applied to the propagation of the two genera by means of seeds and
offsets. F. Meleagris is an excellent plant for grassy slopes or the wild
garden.

Description of Fritillaria Meleagris, the Snake’s Head; natural size.
Plate 283. Fig | is a vertical section of the flower; 2, a transverse
section of the ovary.

Cultivation.

TULIPS
Natural Order LiniAcEz. Genus Tulipa

TULIPA (said to be the Persian thoulybun, or tulipan, and the Turkish
tulbend, a turban, Latinised). A genus of about sixty species of hardy
bulbous herbs, the bulbs composed of thick scales rolled one in another.
The leaves are narrow, lance-shaped or slender, originating from the bulb
and from the stem, the lower ones sheathing. Flowers usually solitary,
erect or (very rarely) nodding; bell-shaped, the perianth of six segments,
free to the base, with the tips curved back. The six stamens are shorter
than the perianth, and are attached at its base, surrounding the three-
angled ovary and its three-lobed stigma. The seed capsule is erect,
leathery, and many-seeded. The species are natives of Europe (one
British), North Africa, North and West Asia.
ie Tulipa sylvestris, the bright yellow-flowered wild
Tulip occurs naturally in parts of England, but for a period
of three hundred and twenty years we have had Tulipa gesneriana,
from Asia Minor, flourishing in our gardens. This plant had been grown
at Augsburg from seeds introduced from the Levant, and there, in 1559,
it was seen by Conrad Gesner, who forthwith made a drawing and
description of it. Gesner fell a victim to the Plague in 1565, but his
works, containing much that is curious and interesting to the naturalist,
still live. It was a characteristically happy thought of Linneus to
attach Gesner’s name to the species, so that it is still Tulipa gesneriana,
or Gesner’s Tulip. It was in cultivation here in 1577, and from it has
originated, by sports and seed-bed variation and hybridising, such a

608 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

progeny that no man can accurately number. Most of the late-flowering
sorts found in our gardens are in some close fashion related to 7.
gesneriana, whilst the very early Van Thol’s and others are similarly
descended from 7’. suaveolens, a native of the Crimea, which reached us
from Southern Europe about 1603. In 1636 we received T. clusiana,
Clusius’, or the Lady Tulip, also from South Europe. Many have been
introduced since then, but very few have found their place in horti-
culture. Of those that have received the florist’s care, 7. oculus-solis was
introduced in 1816 from the South of Europe, and from the same part
of the Continent came 7. precox in 1825. T. pubescens appeared about
a year earlier; but no one knows whence it came, and it is suspected of
originating in a garden, as the result of a cross between T. gesneriana
and 7. suaveolens; from it, in turn, have come such favourite varieties
as Pottebakker and the Bride of Haarlem. The showy T. Greigi was
introduced only in 1873, from Turkestan, and in the following year came
T. Eichleri, from Georgia, in Asia Minor; but many hybrids and
varieties of these have been produced in our gardens, though not so
many as might be inferred on perusal of the lists of dealers, for it is
well known that some of these are catalogued under several different
names.

Like Orchids and Hyacinths, Tulips have at times been remarkable
for the high prices paid for new varieties. On the appearance of a new
and striking form among flowering seedlings, growers have not hesitated
to invest large sums of money in order to get the control of the market
for a time, so far as that variety is concerned, just as an engineer
will pay for the patent of an improved piece of machiner y, or as @
publisher may invest in a copyright. It is not many years since £100
was offered and refused for a single bulb of Lowis XVI; but, as a rule,
high prices in the present day are fixed, as a deterrent, by those who do
not wish to sell. The so-called Tulipomania of the first half of the
seventeenth century had really but a slight connection with the cultiva-
tion and love of Tulips: it was one of the numerous forms in which the
gambling vice breaks out at different times. To-day it concerns itself
chiefly with the purchase and sale of stocks and shares that often have
no real existence, and in the 1630’s men made and lost fortunes in the
purchase and sale of bulbs that never changed hands, even if they
actually existed. Griffins and Unicorns of the heraldic types might just
as well have been the subjects of the “speculation.” The amateur of
limited means may grow a pretty extensive collection of good Tulips
without running any risk of having to place his affairs in the hands of
the Official Receiver as a consequence.

Racecar it

PTL i Ca

y
i
'

TRACHYCARPUS EXCELSUS

Young plant

PL. 290

ela al a as Sas A eS aa ale a rae Nn SU Rd ie ec eit

TULIPS 609

Principal Species TULIPA AUSTRALIS (southern). Similar to our native

and Hybrids. 7 sylvestris (which see), but smaller in all its parts.
Flowers more funnel-shaped, yellow, tinged outside with bronzy red.
Native of South-Western Europe; also known as 7. celsiana.

T. CLUSIANA (Clusius’). The Lady Tulip. Bulb small, densely
hairy. Stem slender, 1 to 14 foot. Leaves four or five, long and slender,
channeled. Flowers white, the outside flushed with red, and purplish
black at base; stamens black; June.

T. E1tcHieri (Hichler’s). Similar to 7. gesneriana (see below), but
distinguished by the downy flower-stalk. Flowers bright crimson, with
a yellow-bordered black basal blotch; April and May.

T. ELEGANS (elegant). Flower-stalk slightly downy. Flowers
bright red; segments with pointed tips; April or May. Of garden
origin; believed to be a hybrid between 7. acuminata and T. suaveolens.

T, GESNERIANA (Gesner’s). Bulb large, the outer coats with a few
hairs on the inner surface. Leaves broad. Flowers variable, more or
less striped with white, yellow, violet, or red; apex of segments broadly
rounded; flower-stalk tall, and free from down; May and June. Plate
284. The Parrot or Dragon Tulips are considered to be descended from
T. gesneriana, var. dracontia. The flowers of these are brilliantly
coloured, of large size, and the edges of the segments deeply toothed and
slashed. Plate 285.

T. GreEIcI (Greig’s). Stem about 9 inches high. Leaves broad-
oblong, glaucous, blotched with brown. Flowers flame-coloured, nearly
3 inches long, each segment marked with a yellow-bordered, oblong,
black patch ; April.

. OCULUS-SOLIS (sun’s-eye). Stem 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves
slender, lower ones a foot long. Flowers 24 to 3 inches long, bright red,
the segments having at the base a yellow-bordered, lance-shaped, black
patch; April.

T. PR&OCOX (early). Very similar to the last, but of more robust
habit, earlier flowering, and with more oval segments, more overlapping,
and with the basal blotch less clearly defined.

T. PUBESCENS (downy). The flowers are faintly fragrant, but vary
greatly in colour. It is believed to be a hybrid of garden origin. It
has the large stigma and blunt-tipped segments of 7. gesneritana and
the downy flower-stalk of 7. suaveolens.

T. SUAVEOLENS (sweet-smelling). Sweet Tulip; Van Thol’s Tulip.
Stem 6 inches high. Leaves broad. Flowers large, fragrant, red,
yellow, or some combination of these colours; the segments with acute
tips; flower-stalk very downy; March and April. Plate 286.

IV.—29

ORE Sane A

‘
610 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

T. SYLVESTRIS (growing in woods). Bulb small, with brown scales.
Stem 1 to 2 feet long, somewhat zigzag. Leaves few and slender,
glaucous. Flowers fragrant, bright yellow, 2 inches long; segments
broad, lance-shaped; April and May.

A large number of species of Tulipa have been introduced within
the last ten years from Asia Minor, but they are known only to
botanists and a few specialists.

The number of these is so great that they have had to
be organised into classes, and even these classes are increas-
ing in number. Primarily, we may distinguish a division into Early
and Late-flowering Tulips. The Early-flowering are divided into
Singles and Doubles; but the classification of the Late-flowering is not
nearly so simple. First, these are separated under the heads of Bizarres,
Byblcemens, Roses, Parrots, and Darwins; second, they are divided into
Feathered Bizarres, Flamed Bizarres, Feathered Byblcemens, Flamed
Byblcemens, Feathered Roses, Flamed Roses. But where Tulips are
raised from seed, there is an early stage in which the flowers are neither
feathered nor flamed, but are of one uniform (or self-) colour. This first
flowering takes place when the seedling plant is four or five years old,
and its colour may be white, yellow, brown, purple, or red; it is now
termed a Breeder. At some future flowering period—how many seasons
later is quite uncertain—it may “break” into central markings of
another colour, and these may be either flame-like or feather-like. It is
now Rectified, and is placed in the Flamed or the Feathered section of
its class according to the character of this variegation.

In Bizarres the ground colour is either lemon or golden yellow,
and the base of the flower is of clear yellow. Above this clear base is
laid the flame or feather marks of orange, scarlet-crimson, black and
brown. If the base is stained with a tinge of green, then, according to
the rules, all its value as an exhibition plant is gone.

BYBLG@MENS have a clear white ground and white base, above which
the variegations are similarly laid in violet, purple, black, pale lilac,
lavender, and heliotrope.

RosEs also have a clear white base, and a white or rose ground
above it, on which are laid flames or feathers of delicate pink, soft rose,
glowing scarlet, scarlet-cerise, rose-pink, carmine-rose, or the deepest
crimson.

Darwins are really late-flowering English “ Breeders,’ which differ
from the Dutch Breeders in their numerous and striking shades of
colour, ranging from the lightest to the darkest, and in their long flower-
stalks,

Garden Varieties,

PALM

BOURBON
(LIVISTONA CHINE

NSIS)

Young plant

PL. 291

TULIPS 611

. Parrots or DraGons we have already referred to under T.
gesneriand.

We have thought it preferable to give the foregoing clue to these
classes of florists’ varieties, rather than attempt a selection of the
varieties themselves. With this information, the reader will be able to
make the best use of the dealers’ catalogues, for most of the good houses
now classify their varieties under these heads.

ulips succeed best in a well-drained sandy soil with
which leaf-mould has been incorporated. No strong
manure should be allowed to come near them; but if the ground is poor
it may be improved by adding thoroughly rotted cow-manure, or the
remains of an old hot-bed; but even this should be added months before
Tulip-bulbs are planted. These should be put in the ground in October
or the first half of November. The best way is to dig holes with the
trowel, not bore them with a dibber; and these should be sufficiently
deep to allow 4 inches of soil above the tip of the bulb. If the soil is
not naturally of a sandy nature, it is advisable to put a little sand
above and below each bulb as inserted. Where Tulips are planted in
masses, the bulbs should be about 6 inches apart, otherwise they will
have a crowded and less pleasing appearance when in flower.

When the leaves and stems have become quite withered, it is
customary to dig up the bulbs and dry them in a shady place; after-
wards placing the varieties separately in named paper bags, and storing
in a thoroughly dry, cool place until the following autumn. Where
Tulips have been grown in lines or definite patterns, this plan is
absolutely necessary ; but where they are irregularly grouped in borders,
they may be safely left in the ground, if there is no danger of their
being injured in digging. Where they have been used for filling beds
with a view to a brilliant display, that has to be continued by means of
Geraniums and other summer bedders, there is a danger of the bulbs
being removed long before they are ripe, and to guard against this it is
best to remove them soon after flowering, with as little disturbance of
the roots as possible, and transplant them to a spare border where they
can mature properly. If large quantities have to be dealt with, they
should be lifted and laid in coal-ashes in a sunny place. When the
leaves have withered, the bulbs may be cleaned and laid on shelves or in
shallow boxes in a dry shed, where they may remain till planting-
time.

Tulips make admirable pot-plants. They should be potted in a
compost consisting chiefly of loam, with the addition of sand and decayed
hot-bed manure. Five-inch pots should be used, and these will take

Cultivation.

612 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

three, four, or five bulbs, according to the size of the variety potted.
Their after-treatment should be the same as that recommended for
Hyacinths in pots.

Tulips are increased by means of seeds, and offsets from the old
bulbs. These also should be treated as suggested for the propagation of
the Hyacinth. Seedling Tulips do not begin to flower until their fourth
or fifth year.

Description of Plate 284. Tulipa gesneriana, the Garden Tulip.
Plates 284 to 286. Several forms, to show variation in colour. Fig. 1 is a
section of the flower.

Plate 285. T. gesneriana, var. dracontia, the Parrot or Dragon
Tulip. Fig. 1, flower after shedding the perianth.

Plate 286. T. swaveolens, Van Thol’s, or the Sweet Tulip, in several
colours, and showing the double form. Fig. 1 is the bulb, natural
size.

DOG’S-TOOTH VIOLETS
Natural Order Lin1acex%. Genus Erythroniwm

ERYTHRONIUM (Greek, erythros, red: the colour of flowers in original
species). A genus of eight hardy bulbous perennials, of dwarf habit,
with more or less oval, radical leaves, and solitary, nodding, rather large
flowers, on a short scape. The perianth consists of six segments, which
are either erect or turned back over the flower-stalk ; these segments
are free to the base and equal in size, but the inner three are each
provided with two blunt teeth near the base. There are six stamens,
and the fruit is a three-celled capsule. One species—Z. dens-canis—is
a native of Europe (whence it was introduced to England prior to 1596),
and is found throughout Asia from Russia to Japan. The other species
are all North American. ZH. americanum was introduced in 1665, and
E. albidwm in 1824; the others are of recent introduction.

ERYTHRONIUM AMERICANUM (American). Yellow
Adder’s-tongue. Flower scape 3 to six inches high.
Leaves elliptic, lance-shaped, marked with violet and white. Flowers
bright yellow, 1 inch across, the segments blunt-tipped, turned back;
March and April.

E. DENS-CANIS (dog’s-tooth). Common Dog’s-tooth Violet. Flower
scape 6 inches high. Leaves broad-oval, blotched with purple-brown
and white. Flowers 2 inches across, purplish red, rosy, lilac, or nearly
white; segments acute-tipped, turned back; March and April.

Principal Species,

COCOS WEDDELIANA -
Young plant
PL. 292

SOME MINOR GENERA 613

E. HENDERSONI (Henderson’s). Flower-scape 6 to 8 inches high.
Leaves oblong, spotted with purplish brown. Flowers slightly fragrant,
2 inches across, the perianth-segments turned back, pale lilac, the base
spotted with dark purple; April. Introduced from Oregon.

Erythroniums succeed best in a mixture of loam and
peat, or light loam. The most suitable situation for them
is in the rock-garden or the shrubbery borders. If planted in clumps,
with the bulb about 3 inches below the surface, they may be left for
several years, provided they are given an annual top-dressing of fresh
soil, They are propagated by offsets.

Cultivation.

SOME MINOR GENERA
Natural Order LILIACE

CaLocuortus (Greek kalos, beautiful, and chortos, grass: grass-like
leaves). Butterfly Tulips, or Mariposa Lilies. A genus of about thirty-
two species of bulbous plants (natives of North-Western America), with
sword-shaped leaves, and showy flowers on scapes. The outer segments
ot the perianth are sepal-like and much smaller and narrower than the
inner three, which are bearded on the inner surface and delicately and
brightly tinted. The principal species are: Calochortus Bentham, rich
yellow, flowering July and August; C. cwruleus, lilac, with dark blue
lines and dots, July; C. lilacinus, pale pink, July; C. luteus, yellow,
fringed with purple hairs, September; C. Nuttallii, pure white, with
purple spot at base, June; C. pulchellus, bright yellow, July; C. pur-
pureus, purple without, yellow within, August; C. splendens, purple-
lilac, August; C. venustus, white, crimson-blotched, with yellow base,
July. All these are from California, and the colours named have
reference to the ample inner segments only. They should only be
grown outside, in sheltered, well-drained, sunny positions, where they
can be protected from wet from October to March. The most suitable
soil is a compost of fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand in equal pro-
portions. They are grown in pots by many cultivators, who do not
care for the trouble entailed in growing them outside. They should be
potted in autumn and placed in a sunny frame, giving plenty of air in
dry weather at all temperatures, but keeping the lights closed during
wet weather, as excessive moisture is the chief cause of failure. Pro-
pagated by seeds and offsets.
HEMEROCALLIS (Greek, hemero, a day, and kallos, beauty: brief

IV.—30

614 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

splendour). Day Lilies. A genus of five hardy perennial herbs, natives
of Temperate Europe and Asia, with bulbous rhizomes, sword-shaped,
radical leaves, and showy flowers, produced in corymbs on leafless scapes.
The six segments of the perianth are united at the base, and form a
narrow tube in which is the free ovary. The principal species are:
Hemerocallis flava, orange-yellow, fragrant, narrow-leaved; H. fulva,
brownish yellow, not fragrant, broad-leaved; H. Middendorfi, golden
yellow, broad-leaved; H. minor, yellow tinged with green, slightly
fragrant, small, leaves very slender; H. awrantiaca, a recent introduc-
tion, and the largest flowered of all, the flowers being 6 inches across
and of a rich orange colour. All flower through the summer, the flowers
lasting but a short time, but produced abundantly and in succession.
H. flava and H. fulra were in cultivation here prior to 1596, and H.
minor was introduced about 1759. They succeed in any garden soil,
and should be planted in a border where they need not be disturbed ;
they do well in the front of shrubberies.

ALLIUM (the old Latin name for A. sativum, the Garlic). A minor
genus only in the horticultural sense, for it includes about two hundred
and fifty species of hardy bulbous perennials, natives of Europe, Africa,
Extra-tropical Asia, and North America. The leaves are slender (flat
or rounded) or lance-shaped, radical, giving forth a characteristic pungent
odour when bruised. The flowers are in heads or umbels at the top of
a slender scape; at first they are enclosed in a membranous spathe.
The perianth-segments spread widely or assume a bell-shape. Among
the principal species are: Alliwm acuminatum, deep rose, July, leaves
very slender (North America, 1840); A. cwrulewm, intense blue with
dark line down each segment, July, leaves triangular (Siberia, 1830);
A. Moly, bright yellow, May, leaves broad, lance-shaped (South Europe,
1604); A. neapolitanum, white, May, leaves strap-shaped (South Europe,
1823); A. narecissiflorum, rosy purple, bell-shaped, July, leaves lance-
. shaped (South-West Europe, 1817). They grow freely in most garden
soils, and increase rapidly by means of offsets. No special directions are
needed for their cultivation. A. neapolitanwm is a good plant for the
conservatory when grown in pots ina frame. The flowers are fragrant.

CamassIA (from Quamash, the name used by the North American
Indians, by whom the bulbs are eaten). A genus of four or five species,
with grooved slender leaves, about a foot long, and blue or white flowers
in a loose raceme. The perianth-segments are slightly connected at the
base, and when expanded the lowest one stands rather apart from the
others. They are natives of North America. The principal species are:

Se NN i Ne
= ae —
Pe

)

1/, Nat. size
PL. 293

VEITCH’S .SCREW-PINE
(PANDANUS VEITCHI

ame.
. ae ee
° Bea,

-—<<
—<—<
—

SOME MINOR GENERA 615

Camassia esculenta, deep to pale blue, 2 inches across, June (North-West
America, 1837); C. Fraseri, pale blue, smaller than the last (Eastern
United States); C. Leichtlini, creamy white, larger than C. esculenta,
leaves broader, May (California, 1853). Like Alliums, these will do
well in any ordinary garden soil, if planted in a sheltered position and
in partial shade, but they prefer a compost of loam, leaf-mould, and sand,
with an annual top-dressing of rich soil. Propagated by seeds and offsets.

ORNITHOGALUM (Greek, ornithos, a bird, and gala, milk ; significance
doubtful). Star of Bethlehem. A.genus of about seventy species of
- hardy and greenhouse bulbous perennials, natives for the most part of
Europe, Asia Minor, and Africa. The leaves are slender, strap-shaped, or
awl-shaped, and the somewhat small white or yellow flowers are grouped
in racemes. The six segments are free to the base, where each has a
honey-gland, and they spread widely. Among the chief species are:
Ornithogalum montanwm, greenish white, six to twenty in raceme,
May, leaves slender (Boath: Europe, 1824); O. nutans, white inside,
green outside, drooping, in one-sided raceme, April (South Europe);
O. narbonense, white, with green stripe at back of each segment, twenty
to fifty in raceme, May and June, leaves slender (Mediterranean Region,
1752); O. wmbellatum, white striped with green outside, May, leaves
slender with. silvery central stripe (Europe). Will grow readily in the
border or wild garden. O. nutans and O. umbellatum have long been
naturalised in Britain; and in gardens only need planting. O. arabicum
and 0. thyrsoides, both large and handsome in flower, are good green-
house plants.

CuHtonopoxa (Greek, chion, snow, and dozxa, glory; in allusion to
its time of flowering). Glory of the Snow. A genus of several species
of hardy bulbous perennials, natives of Crete and Asia Minor, similar to
‘Scilla sibirica, but differing in the more open flowers, the attachment
of the stamens to the throat of the tube, and the forking of the anthers
at their base. The species chiefly grown are: Chionodoxa Lucilice, with
intense blue, white-centred flowers, an inch across, three to fifteen in a
raceme, March (Asia Minor, 1877); C. nana, a smaller species with white
or lilac flowers, $ inch across (Crete, 1879); C. sardensis, dark blue with
a white eye (Asia Minor, 1885). These plants are very suitable for
planting in the wild garden or the rock-garden, where they can be left
alone to increase. In the rock-garden they may be planted in any kind
of light soil in sunny positions. They do well on sloping banks.

ASPHODELUS (Greek, a, not, and sphallo, to supplant: not to be
beaten). Asphodel. A genus of five species of hardy perennials with

616 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

bunches of fleshy roots, and long, narrow, sometimes three-sided, leaves.
The flowers are showy, yellow or white, in dense racemes on tall scapes.
The perianth-segments are free, equal and spreading; stamens alternately
long and short. They chiefly inhabit the Mediterranean Region, one
extending to Himalaya. The principal species are: Asphodelus albus,
white, May (South Europe, 1596); and A. ereticus, yellow, July, with
thread-like leaves (Crete, 1821). Planted in sandy loam of good depth,
they succeed well in the shrubbery or herbaceous border. They are
increased by dividing the roots in spring.

ANTHERICUM (Greek, anthos, a flower, and herkos, a hedge: in
allusion to height). A genus of about fifty species of perennials, with
clustered fleshy roots, slender radical leaves, and white flowers, borne in
racemes or panicles on tall scapes; natives of Europe, Africa, and America.
Anthericum Liliago, the St. Bernard’s Lily, has a spreading perianth
nearly 14 inch across; leaves slender, channeled (South Europe, 1596).
A. ramosum has smaller flowers with narrower segments, and grass-like
leaves (South Europe, 1570). The St. Bruno’s Lily, usually called A.
Liliastrum, is more correctly Paradisia Liliastrum, constituting a
genus by itself. Its flowers are more bell-shaped, 2 inches across,
fragrant, and with a green spot on the tip of each white segment (South
Europe, 1629). They are all summer bloomers, and are most suitable for
growing in borders, or as pot-plants. The pots must be large (a foot across),
and should be filled with a compost of fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
From the commencement of growth until the withering of the flowers,
water must be given liberally, afterwards sparingly. Propagation by
seeds and division of the roots. Some of the species are stove plants.

EICHHORNIAS
Natural Order PONTEDERIACEH. Genus Lichhornia

EIcHHORNIA (named in honour of J. A. F. Eichhorn, a Prussian botanist).
A small genus of stove aquatics, with creeping rhizomes, roundish
rhomboidal stalked leaves, and blue or violet flowers in a raceme. The
flowers are funnel-shaped, the six unequal segments uniting at their
base to form a tube. The stamens also are unequal, three being longer
than the others. The ovary is three-celled. They are natives of South
America and Tropical Africa. They are sometimes called Water
Hyacinths.

RS
eo, @ a
p< ge,

aie

tye
Th

ak inc ax

Nat. size
PL. 204

=.

CALADIUM BICOLOR, vars.

Fa ee ee

KENTIAS 617

EICHHORNIA AZUREA (blue). Rhizome wavy, floating
and rooting. Leaves variable, from round, heart-shaped to
rhomboid, 3 to 8 inches across, the stalks not swollen. Flowers bright
pale blue, hairy outside; in erect racemes; July. Native of Brazil.

E. cRASSIPES (thick-footed). Rhizome thick. Leaves roundish,
fleshy ; stalk much swollen near the base. Flowers violet, 14 inch long,
in a many-flowered raceme, with a spathe below; July. Native of

Brazil. Also known as Pontederia crassipes. Plate 287.
Kichhornias should be grown in a stove tank, as
they require to be in water that has a temperature of from
60° to 80°. They may be planted in large pots, and these sunk in the
tank ;. but this is not necessary, as the stems float and root. Where
potted, the soil should be of a rich character. They readily increase by
means of stoloniferous growths.

Description of Eichhornia crassipes, reduced about one-third less

Plate 287. than the natural size, showing stems, roots, leaves, spathe,

and flowers.

Principal Species.

Cultivation.

KENTIAS
Natural Order PALM&. Genus Howea

HoweEa (named from Lord Howe's Island, the natural home of the
species). A genus of several species of stove or warm greenhouse Palms,
with fek. stems attaining a height of over 30 feet, and large leaves
—6 to 8 feet long—divided into numerous slender segments. The flowers
are individually small, the sexes separate, but are gathered into branching
spikes. The fruit is one-celled.

OWEA BELMOREANA (Belmore’s). Curly Palm. Leaves
with the segments taking an upward direction. Flower-
spikes nodding, crowded with the flowers. Fruit oblong, over an inch
long. Plate 288. Also known as Kentia belmoreana.

H. FORSTERIANA (Forster's). Thatch-leaf Palm. Similar to the last
in all respects, except that the leaf-segments hang downwards instead
of growing upwards. Also known as Kentia forsteriana.

These Palms require stove treatment throughout the
greater part of the year, but may be used outside for sub-
tropical gardening. They should be planted in pots or tubs, according
to the size of specimens, using a compost of equal parts loam and peat,
or light loam simply, with the addition of a little sand. They must
have plenty of water at the roots during the summer, and frequent

rages

Species.

Cultivation.

618 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

syringings; the drainage must be perfect. When the pots are well-
filled with roots, the plants may be kept healthy, without repotting them,
by giving them liquid manure about once a week. These two Palms
are the most useful and the most popular of the many species grown for
decoration. If used for table decoration, they should be given as much
sunlight as possible, and the leaves should be frequently sponged with
clean tepid water. This is a precaution that must be taken, to ensure
freshness to any Palm used in the dry air of dwelling-rooms.

Description of Howea belmoreana, the Curly Palm; young plant,

te 288. oreatly reduced from the natural size.

DATE PALMS
Natural Order PALM&. Genus Phenix

PHENIX (the old Greek name for the Date Palm). A genus of about a
dozen species of stove or greenhouse Palms. The trunks, which are often
of great height, are covered with the bases of fallen leaves. The new
leaves are produced in a head at the summit of the trunk; they spread
in all directions, and are more or less curved; they are pinnately divided
into a very large number of slender segments, lance-shaped or sword-
shaped, untoothed. Each plant bears flowers of one sex only; but the
flowers are of very similar form, and consist of a three-toothed cup-
shaped calyx, and three petals. The male contains from three to nine
—usually six—stamens, and the female three distinct ovaries, with
hooked stigmas. Only one ovary matures, developing into a one-seeded,
fleshy fruit—the Date of commerce. They are natives of Tropical and
Sub-tropical Asia and Africa.

Phenia« dactylifera, the Common Date Palm, has been
’ in cultivation here ever since 1597, when it was introduced
from the Levant. Great quantities of its edible fruit are imported
annually, and the so-called “stones” contained therein are the seeds.
As a boy, we have often raised young plants from seeds so obtained, and
sown outside in a sunny border; but trusting too much to the hardiness
of plants so raised, have lost them early. In the South of France large
numbers of Phwniz are raised out of doors from seed, afterwards potted
and grown on in a gentle hot-bed. P. sylvestris, one of the hardiest of
_ the genus, was introduced from India in 1763; P. reclinata, from South-
East Africa, in 1792; P. acaulis, from Central India, 1816; P. spinosa,
from Western Tropical Africa, in 1823; and P. rupicola, from India, in

eee take a eae a MC pe ee

Naan atinnmtet tinder nnn

Svaestila

TRUMPET- OR ARUM-LILY
(RICHARDIA AFRICANA)

Nat. size
PL. 295

CHAMAROPS PALMS 619

1873. P. canariensis (syn. P. tenwis), introduced about twenty years
ago from the Canary Islands, is now abundantly planted in gardens and
streets in South Europe and California.

PHGNIX ACAULIS (stemless). Stem short, thick, bulb-
like. Leaves 1 to 3 feet long, the lower pinne reduced to
broad, flat spines

P. DACTYLIFERA (Date-bearing). Trunk 50 feet or more high, but
rarely exceeding 30 feet in this country. Leaves greyish, 12 feet or
more long. Flowers white; male panicles fragrant, 6 to 9 inches long,
female spikes 1 to 2 feet long.

P. RECLINATA (leaning). Stem about 20 to 50 feet high; old
specimens stout. Leaves with somewhat triangular segments, spreading.

P. RUPICOLA (rock-loving). Stem about 15 feet high. Leaf-stalk
dilated at base; leaf arching and spreading, the pinne slender, 6 inches
long, lower ones spine-like.

P. sPINOSA (spiny). Trunk from 6 to 30 feet high. Pinne of leaves
narrow, lance-shaped, finely tapering to a long, sharp point, some scattered,
some clustered; those near the base of the midrib are shorter, rough,
and more like spines.

P. SYLVESTRIS (of woods). East Indian Wine Palm. Stem 40 feet
high. Leaves grey-green, 7 to 12 feet long; pinnz opposite or alternate,
6 to 18 inches long; leaf-stall brown.

The directions given for the cultivation of the Curly
Palm apply equally to this genus and some others. They
are raised from seed sown in sandy soil, and the pots plunged in a hot-bed
of medium temperature. The seedlings are potted separately in small
pots of sandy loam, or loam and lenf-monta: but in successive shifts turfy
loam and peat, to which a little sand has been added, should be used.

Description of Phenix spinosa, the Spiny Date Palm. Young plant
Plate 289. greatly reduced in size.

Principal Species,

Cultivation.

CHAM AROPS PALMS
Natural Order PALMA. Genus Chamerops

CHamM&rops (Greek, chamai, on the ground, and rhops, a bush: in allusion
to their dwarf, bush-like habit). A genus of two species of greenhouse
Palms, with fan-shaped leaves and prickly leaf-stalks. The flowers are
either unisexual or bisexual, panicled, and produced from the axils of
the leaves. They consist of similar parts as in those of Phenix. The

620 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

fruits are one-seeded berries the size of olives. C. hwmilis is a native
of South Europe and North Africa, and was introduced in 1731; C. macro-
carpa is confined to North Africa.

CHAMROPS HUMILIS (dwarf). Stem usually 4 to 6 feet
in Britain, but attaining a height of 20 feet in its native
habitat. Leaves glaucous, on spiny-edged stalks; the margins of the
blade slit into a number of slender, erect segments. The only European
representative of the Palme.

. MACROCARPA (large-fruited). Similar to the last, but more robust
in all respects, more hardy, and with larger fruits.

Other species known as Chameropsarenow referred to Trachycarpus.

These Palms like a rather stronger soil than Howea,
and the potting compost should consist chiefly of rich loam,
with the addition of a little leaf-mould or peat, and sand. Good drainage
is equally essential, as the plants require abundant water throughout
the summer. They require to be grown in the greenhouse, but in
summer they may be planted out in protected situations. In addition
to raising them from seeds, they may be readily propagated by means of
the suckers which they produce.

Species,

Cultivation.

TRACHYCARPUS PALMS
Natural Order Patm&. Genus Trachycarpus

TracHycarPus (Greek, trachys, rough, and carpos, fruit). A genus of
three species of greenhouse Palms formerly included in Chamerops.
They have tall, solitary stems, or dwarf and tufted ones. The leaves are
terminal, more round in general outline; there is no midrib, and the leaf-
stalks are free from spines. The flowers are small and yellowish, withthick
leathery spathes; the fruit is small, yellowish, more or less globular; one-
seeded. The species are natives of North India, Burmah, China, and Japan.

These Palms are of recent introduction, Trachycarpus
excelsa (Fortunet), the longest known, having been intro-
duced from China and Japan only in 1844, and 7. martiana, from
Himalaya, being of still more recent date. JT. excelsa is quite hardy in
the South of England. The coarse brown fibre obtained from the
decaying bases of the old leaves is turned to good account in China

History.

for a variety of purposes—such as making hats, mats, brushes, TOpes, _

and the wet-weather dress (So-e) of the agricultural labourer. On thi
account it is often called the Hemp Palm.

SRE eae en I
Die Set ee ete ee

eee

FLAMINGO FLOWER
(ANTHURIUM SCHERZERIANUM)

2/, Nat. size

PL. 296

Cee anime

’ Principal Species.

LIVISTONA PALMS 621

TRACHYCARPUS EXCELSA (tall). Trunk 8 to 24 feet
high. Leaves in young specimens oblong; in older ones
more orbicular, 14 foot across, split up into a multitude of segments
which are spread out like fingers (digitate), and usually with two teeth.
at the tips. The leaf-stalks are 2 to 3 feet long, finely toothed along the
margins. Plate 290. Also known as Chamerops excelsa and C.
Fortunei.

T. MARTIANA (Martius’). Trunk 9 feet high, about 5 inches thick.
Leaves fan-shaped, general outline kidney-shaped, 34 feet wide and
2 feet long, divided into many narrow segments; the side segments
shorter than the others, but more completely divided; leaf-stalk 14
foot long, the margins finely but irregularly toothed. Also known as
T. khasyana.

Trachycarpus excelsa will resist as much as ten degrees
of frost, and is the hardiest known Palm. In those
Southern localities where low readings of the thermometer occasionally
occur in winter, it should be protected—if planted out—by means of
mats, fern, or straw, bound round the trunk. The soil should be a strong,
rich loam, to which a little leaf-mould and sand have been added. It
should otherwise be treated the same as directed for Chamerops. For
pot-culture, young specimens are best.

Description of Trachycarpus excelsa, a young plant, considerably
Plate 290. reduced in size. The footline is printed excelsus in error.

Cultivation.

LIVISTONA PALMS
Natural Order PatmMa&. Genus Livistona

LIvIstONA (named as a roundabout kind of honour to P. Murray of
Livingstone, near Edinburgh). A genus of about fourteen species,
chiefly stove Palms, with terminal fan-shaped leaves divided into
numerous segments, split at the apex, and frequently having threads
between them. The bases of the leaf-stalks are buried in a mass of
fibrous network. The flowers are three-parted, containing both male
and female organs (complete), and attached to branching spikes with
several leathery spathes. The species are natives of Eastern Tropical
Asia, the Malay Archipelago, New Guinea, and Eastern Australia.
These Palms are very useful to the natives of the
countries in which they grow. The leaves are commonly
used in the manufacture of fans, hats, umbrellas, thatch, ete. Livistona
IV.— 32

622 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND .GREENHOUSE

chinensis (also known as L. mauritiana and Latania borbonica) was
introduced from Southern China in 1818; it is sufficiently hardy to
endure the winter out of doors in South Cornwall, where it attains a
good height. J. australis, from Eastern Australia, and L. humilis, from
Tropical Australia, were both introduced in 1824. The leaves of JL.
jenkinsiana, introduced from Assam in 1845, furnish the material for
the umbrella-like hats worn by the Assamese. L. Hoogendorpiw was
introduced from the Indian Archipelago in 1874.

LIVISTONA AUSTRALIS (southern), Trunk 80 feet
high, swollen at the base. Leaves dark green, with
metallic lustre, nearly round, plaited, divided at the margin into numerous
narrow, plaited segments; leaf-stalks stout, dark brown, armed with
black spines throughout het length.

L. CHINENSIS (Chinese). Bourbon Palm. Trunk 50 feet high.
- Leaves pale green, nearly circular, fan-shaped, 5 feet across, plaited;
margins divided into numerous segments, which hang down; leaf-stalks
4 or 5 feet long, rounded beneath, fiat above, the edges armed with
stout spines. Plate 291 (young specimen).

L. HUMILIS (lowly). Trunk 6 to30 feet high. Leaves nearly cies
somewhat heart-shaped, plaited ; the margins deeply divided into sisal
drooping segments ; leaf-stalks with numerous spiny edges.

L. JENKINSIANA (Jenkins’). Trunk 10 feet high. Leaves fan-
shaped, plaited, 2 to 4 feet across; margins divided into rather broad
segments ; leaf-stalks 2 to 10 feet long, flat above, slightly keeled
beneath, the edges armed with slightly recurved stout spines.

am, with a little sand added, is the most suitable
compost for these Palms. The species named make hand-
some pot-plants when young, and in favourable situations the older
specimens may be planted out, giving them winter protection where
necessary. Where the thermometer has too low a range to permit of
their being permanently planted out, they may at least be used for
sub-tropical effects during the hotter months of the year. In potting
them, have due regard for efficient drainage, and in summer see
that they never want for water, which must be given liberally.
They are propagated by means of imported seeds, which should

sown in sandy soil, and germinated on a hot-bed or in a
stove. :

Description of Livistona chinensis, the Bourbon Palm. A young

Plate 291. specimen in which the leaves have not yet attained the

form usual in adults; young specimens are most frequently grown for
table decoration.

Principal Species.

Cultivation,

a ly ea cl

CAPE POND-WEED
(APONOGETON DISTACHYUM)
iy Nat. size
PL. 297

H
af
g
;

COCOS PALMS 623

COCOS PALMS
Natural Order PALM&. Genus Cocos

Cocos (Portuguese, coco, monkey: in allusion to the end of the nut of
C. nucifera resembling a monkey’s face). A genus of beautiful stove
Palms, with plume-like leaves and trunks of considerable height. The
flowers are similar to those of the genera already described, but the
sexes are separate and borne on different trees. The fruit is either egg-
shaped or elliptical, consisting of a bony shell wrapped in a very thick
fibrous husk, and containing a single seed. The cocoanut is a familiar
example. They are natives of the Tropical Regions of America: one,
however, C. nucifera, being found in Asia and Africa.

Cocos nucifera, the Cocoanut Palm, was introduced to
England in 1690 from the East Indies. Although growing
freely along the coasts of most tropical countries, its native home is not
known; but it is believed to have spread originally from the West coast
of Central America. It does not succeed in this country so weil as
several other species of the genus. It is probably the most generally
useful of all plants, and supplies the natives of some of the countries
where it grows with almost all they require. It is said to have as many
uses as there are days in the year. C. plumosa, a Brazilian species,
was introduced in 1825. C. schizophylla, also from Brazil, dates from
1846. ©. weddeliana, a South American species, is of more recent in-
troduction, and is one of the most graceful of all Palms. The Cocoanut
was fruited in the gardens of the Duke of Northumberland at Syon,
Brentford, about forty years ago.

Cocos pLuMosA (feathery). Stem stout and column-
ne ike. 40 to 50 feet high. Leaves, like enormous ostrich
plumes, from 3 to 15 feet long, pinnate, the pinne clustered, about an
inch broad and 1 to 2 feet long, glaucous beneath. Flowers waxy-
eas in large drooping clusters.

C. ROMANZOFFIANA (Romanzoff’s). Leaves long, gracefully curved,
with ae drooping pinne. Native of Brazil.

C. SCHIZOPHYLLA (cut-leaved). Trunk 8 feet high. Leaves spreading,
arched, 6 feet long; pinnz 2 feet long with a broad terminal lobe; leaf-
stalk with red spines along the red margins

C. WEDDELIANA (Weddel’s). Trunk denier clothed with black,
netted fibres. Leaves 1 to 4 feet long, elegant and arching gracefully ;
pinne long and slender; dark above, glaucous beneath. Plate 292;

‘History.

624 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

young specimen, Also known as Leopoldinia pulchra and Glaziova
elegantissima.

OR These Palms are not so nearly hardy as previously

described genera, and therefore not so suited for placing

outside in summer. In this country their place is more distinctly in
the stove. A mixture of loam and peat should be used for C. weddeliana ;
the others thrive in loam and sand. Good drainage, and abundant water
in summer, to be gradually reduced as winter approaches, is again the
rule. They are in great request for the decoration of dwelling-rooms
and the dinner-table, but where so employed they should be frequently
changed, so that an early return to the stove will enable them to keep
fresh and healthy.

Description of Cocos weddeliana, Weddel’s Palm; a young specimen.

_ The great Palm order comprises about one hundred and
thirty genera and eleven hundred species, chiefly tropical. Many of
them are in cultivation in European gardens, about four hundred
species being represented at Kew. They are usually trees with erect,
unbranched trunks, bearing heads of leaves which are either palmate,
plumose, or simple. Only a few of the best known genera could be
mentioned here, although the value of many of the Palms for decorative
gardening has resulted in their increased popularity.

SCREW PINES
Natural Order PANDANEX. Genus Pandanus

PANDANUs (derived from Pandang, the Malayan name of these plants),
A genus of about eighty species of stove plants, chiefly trees and shrubs,
andafew herbs. Trunk unbranched, forking, or with spreading branches.
Leaves long and slender, sword-shaped, leathery, sheathing at the base;
the edges and midrib armed with innumerable sharp, curved prickles.
These leaves are arranged in three spiral series towards the ends of the
branches, forming dense tufts or crowns. The male and female flowers are
on different plants (diwcious): the males on a clustered, branched spadix,
the females on a simple one. Fruit globular, oblong, or cylindrical. The
headquarters of the genus are in the islands of the Malay Archipelago,
the Mascarenes, and the Seychelles, whilst a few species are scattered
over Asia, Africa, Tropical Australia, Oceania, and the West Indies.
The Screw Pines are so called not because they have
= either relationship or resemblance to the true Pines (Pinus,

SEA seen emp pitt ng iain
= ras z

Nat. size
PL. 298

CYPERUS ALTERNIFOLIUS

SCREW PINES 625

etc.), but because the spiny leaves somewhat resemble those of the
Pine-Apple (Ananassa), and because of their large pine-apple-like
fruits. The prefix Screw has reference to the spiral arrangement
of the leaves on the stem. <A very singular effect is caused by their
production of adventitious roots from various parts of the trunk, which
seek the earth and become stout and stem-like; the trunk thus appears
to have several props to keep it from falling. Pandanus odoratissimus,
whose male flowers yield a fragrance which Dr. Roxburgh declared was
the richest and most powerful perfume that he knew, was introduced
from the East Indies in 1771. Most of the species in cultivation in
British stoves are of recent introduction. Among them we may mention:
P. Candelabrum, from Guinea in 1826; P. glaucescens, from India in
1865; P. heterocarpus, from the Philippines, 1866; P. Houlletii, from
Singapore, 1868; P. Veitchii, from Polynesia, 1868; P. conoideus, from
New Caledonia, 1872; P. minor, from Bengal, 1878; P. Panchert, from
New Caledonia, 1878; ete.

ANDANUS CANDELABRUM. Chandelier Tree. Trunk
30 feet high, sending down numerous branch-like roots,
which give the tree a certain resemblance to a chandelier. Leaves dark
green, 3 feet long and 2 inches wide; edges armed with brown spines.
The var. variegatus is striped with white from base to tip, and the
spines are white. Java, 1875. This is more in request than the type.

P. CONOIDEUS (somewhat conical). Trunk branching freely, about
14 feet high. Leaves tufted, long, arching, dark green, with smooth
keel and spiny margins and ridges.

P. GLAUCESCENS (somewhat glaucous). Plant herbaceous. Leaves
dense, spreading, terminating in a long point; glaucous, edges armed
with white spines.

P. HETEROCARPUS (differing fruit). Leaves broad, 3 to 6 feet long,
dark and shining above, somewhat glaucous beneath; midrib beneath,
and margins armed with short white spines.

P. Houttett (Houllet’s). Leaves two-ranked, greenish red above,
coppery beneath; 4 to 5 feet long and 3 inches wide, with spiny
margin and keel, and ending in a very long, slender point.

P. MINOR (lesser). Stem slender, about 3 feet long, but more or less
prostrate. Leaves inclined to become two-ranked, 14 to 2 feet long,
keeled, and with spiny margins.

P. ODORATISSIMA (most fragrant). Stem slender, 20 feet high.
Leaves bright green, 3 to 5 feet long, edges armed with short white
spines; in drooping tufts at the ends of the short branches.

P. PANCHERI(Pancher’s). Leaves 3 to 5 feet long and 2 inches wide ;

Principal Species.

IV.— 33

626 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

keeled; margins spiny-toothed; lower part of keel reddish and strongly
spiny-toothed. .

P. uTiLis (useful). Stem branched, 60 feet high. Leaves glaucous,
1 to 3 feet long, armed with sharp red spines; more or less erect. In
gardens this is often called P. odoratissimus, but wrongly.

P. VANDERMEESCHII (Vandermeesch’s). Stem light-coloured, 20 feet
high, 5 or 6 inches thick. Leaves glaucous, stiff, erect, 2 to 3 feet long,
nearly 2 inches broad, with prominent, spiny, red midrib, and thick, red,
spiny margins.

P. Verrcut (Veitch’s). Leaves about 2 feet long, arching and bending
over when full grown; longitudinally striped with pure white and deep
bright green; edges armed with soft spiny teeth. Plate 293.

The chief requirement in growing Screw Pines is the
stove temperature: given that, their cultivation is simple
enough. They prefer a compost of about two parts sandy loam with one
part leaf-mould, to which should be added a little charcoal. The pots
must be well-drained, for the plants require much water during the
summer; but in winter they must be kept fairly dry, and not
watered overhead. The pots used should be large, for the roots always
go straight down, and this has the effect of forcing the plant up out of
the pot if small sizes are used. They are propagated from seeds, but
chiefly from the suckers and offsets that grow round the base. These
should be detached with a sharp knife, separately potted, and kept almost
dry in a close propagating frame until well-rooted. These young plants
so obtained make the most ornamental subjects for decorative purposes.

Description of Pandanus Veitchi, Veitch’s Screw Pine, one-half the
Plate 293. natural size.

Cultivation.

CALADIUMS
Natural Order AROIDEZ. Genus Caladium

CaLapium (the meaning of this word has not been explained by its
author, Ventenat). A genus of stove perennials, allied to the Arwm,and .
chiefly remarkable for their ornamental foliage. They have tuberous
rootstocks rich in starch, on which account several species are cultivated
in the Tropics to be used as food. The leaves are borne upon long foot-
stalks, and are somewhat oval, more or less arrow-head-shaped, and often
strikingly and richly coloured. The flowers are borne upon a stout
spadix, which is partly covered by a hood-like spathe. The upper part

SCIRPUS RIPARIUS

oo

Nat. size

PL. 299

CALADIUMS 627

of the spadix is entirely covered with stamens, whose anthers are shield-
shaped; the lower part bears the two-celled ovaries, and the intermediate
portion is covered by blunt glands or sterile stamens. They are natives
of Tropical America.

Several Caladiwms were introduced during the
eighteenth century, but they are not now to be found in
cultivation in this country. Very few species, indeed, of any sort are
now grown, their place being taken by the more beautiful hybrids, of
which there are so many, the list receiving additions every year.
These are principally the progeny of C. bicolor crossed with other
species. C. bicolor was introduced from Brazil in 1773; C. maculatum,
from “South America” in 1820; C. argyrites and C. Chantini, from Para
in 1858. C. devosianum, C. Hardii, C. Kochii, C. macrophyllum, and
C. rubro-venium were all introduced from Para in the same year—1862
—whence also came C. Cannartii, 1863; C. Leopoldi, 1864; C. Rongiert,
1864; and C. Wallisiz, 1864.

CALADIUM ARGYRITES (silvery). One of the smallest
of the genus. Leaves 4 inches long; ground colour
light green, irregularly blotched with white, the centre and margins
white. Also known as C. Humboldtii.

C. BICOLOR (two-coloured). Leaves 14 foot long, green, blotched
with white.

C. CHANTINI (Chantin’s). Leaves bright crimson, blotched with
white and margined with dark green.

C. DEVOSIANUM (Devosie’s). Leaves green, blotched with white
and pink.

C. Kocuit (Koch’s). Leaves green, spotted with white.

C. Leopo.pi (Prince Leopold’s). Leaves green, marbled with red
and pink.

C. MACROPHYLLUM (large-leaved). Leaves large, pale green, blotched
with greenish white.

C. MACULATUM (spotted). Leaves green, spotted with white.

C. RUBRO-VENIUM (red-veined). Leaves green, greyish towards
centre, veins red.

C. SANGUINOLENTUM (bloody). Leaves with white midrib, blotched
with red.

C. VERSCHAFFELTI (Verschaffelt’s). Leaves bright green, spotted
with bright red.

C. Watuisit (Wallis’). Leaves dark olive, with yellowish white
veins, and spotted and blotched with white.

Cultivation. In the exceedingly numerous hybrid varieties all the

History.

Principal Species.

628 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

above-named marblings and blotches will be found repeated with
greater richness of colour and brilliance, the best points of each
species being intensified. In some the green has almost disappeared,
and every shade of red, pink, violet, and yellow is produced in irregular
blotches, small spots, marbling, and sometimes in lines and stripes parallel
with the veins. Caladiwms must be kept in the humid atmosphere of
the stove until the leaves are fully developed; their foliage is of such a
texture that it will not long endure the dry air of living rooms. They
succeed best in a compost of loam, well-rotted manure, sand, and leaf-
mould in equal parts, with a little powdered charcoal added. Good
drainage must be ensured. In February, the tubers should be shaken
out of the old soil, carefully cleaned, and any offsets removed for
purposes of propagation. They should be planted singly in small pots
of light sandy soil, and plunged in a hot-bed with a temperature of about
80°, watering them liberally. When they have developed one or two
leaves, they should be potted into larger pots, or, if large specimens are
not required, several may be planted together in the same pot. They
must be kept in a hot, moist stove, and shaded from bright sunshine.
When the leaves fade, the pots should be placed under a stage in a stove,
but water must be given now and then, as Caladiwms are all swamp
plants, and generally suffer if kept dry.
Description of Caladiwm bicolor, varieties of leaf coloration, together
Plate 294. with the spathe. Fig. 1 is a section through the spathe,
showing the spadix ; 2 is a male flower, and 3 a female enlarged.

ARUM LILIES
Natural Order AROIDEZ. Genus Richardia.

RICHARDIA (named in honour of L. C. Richard, a French botanist, who
lived 1754-1821). A genus of seven species of greenhouse or stove
perennials with Caladiwm-like rhizomes, and arrow-shaped or halbert-
shaped leaves on long, stout stalks, which are sheathing at the base.
The flowers are borne upon a long, thick spadix, the upper part of which
is covered with the yellow anthers; the pitcher-shaped ovaries cluster
round the lower end, and each one is surrounded by barren stamens.
The whole of this column of flowers is closed round by the pure white
spathe, which is flattened and bent backwards above. The fruits are
one-celled, few-seeded berries. The species are natives of South Africa:
their habitat, marshes and river-sides.

eae cots,

b
‘y
:
:
|
7
7

gees
2thre

FEATHER GRASSES

(4) STIPA PENNATA — (B) PENNISETUM LONGISTYLUM
= Nat. size

PL. 300

ARUM LILIES 629

Richardia africana was introduced from the Cape of
Good Hope in the year 1731, under the name of Calla
ethiopica, ander which name it is still known in many gardens and in
trade lists, though it has long been removed from the genus Calla.
Two other species—R. albo-maculata and R. hastata—were introduced
in 1859, and ten years later a fourth—R. melanoleuca. Within the
last seven years three new species have been introduced, viz. ;
R. elliotiana, R. Pentlandvi, and R. Rehmanni; the two first are the
popular yellow Callas, and the third is the rose-coloured Calla. R.
africana is the species most widely grown, though R. albo-maculata
and R. hastata are also coming into favour.
| ICHARDIA AFRICANA (African). Lily of the Nile;
Arum Lily; Trumpet Lily. Leaves arrow-shaped, bright
green, without spots. Spathe white, rolled round below, but fully
expanded and curved back above. Spadix bright yellow, entirely
covered with flowers; spring and summer; 2 feet high. Plate 295.
There is a large-flowered variety called grandiflora, and a form much
smaller than the type in all its parts, called Little Gem.

R. ALBO-MACULATA (white-spotted). Leaves more elongate than in
R. africana, on shorter stalks, and with translucent white blotches, which
run parallel with the veins. Spathe greenish white, less open above
than in R. africana; about 2 feet high; summer.

R. ELLIOTIANA (Elliot’s). Tuber potato-like; leaves large, spear-
shaped, green with silvery blotches; spathes nearly as large as those of
R. africana, but urn-shaped, and coloured a rich canary yellow; spring.
Requires stove treatment.

R. HASTATA (halberd-shaped). Leaves similar to those of RB. africana.
Spathe greenish yellow, with a somewhat bell-shaped tube and long,
pointed blade ; summer.

PENTLANDII (Pentland’s). Tuber potato-like; leaves large, spear-
shaped, deep green, the petioles tinged with purple; spathes like those
of R. africana, but coloured a rich canary yellow, with a purple stain
about the base of the spadix; spring. Requires stove treatment.

R. ReEHMANNI (Rehmann’s). A small species with erect, lance-
shaped leaves, mottled with grey. Spathes small, in Natal said to be
rose-coloured ; in England they are white, with a rosy — spring.
Greenhouse.

History.

Principal Species.

Richardias delight in a rich soil with plenty of moisture.
They are very easy to manage, and, except the two tropical
species, require but slight protection where serious frosts are not the rule.
In Cornwall they are commonly grown outside throughout the year;

IV.-—34

Cultivation.

630 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

but where the thermometer is apt to fall far below 32° they should be
housed before winter comes on. It is not easy to make the soil too rich
for these plants, but equal parts of cow-manure and good loam will be
found to suit them admirably. A little warmth early in the year will
cause them to start growth sooner than in the ordinary course, and this
may be easily maintained, and will give earlier flowers. After flowering,
the plants should be turned outside, into a specially prepared bed that
has been heavily manured. Give water freely during the summer, and
thus allow the plants to feed and ripen; potting them again early in
October, and replacing them in the cool greenhouse, where they should
have a position fully exposed to the light. In repotting them, the offsets
may be separated, if it is desired to increase the stock; but we think a
large clump, well surrounded by leaves of all sizes, is more desirable
than the single-stemmed specimens so common. When a clump has
attained to large proportions, it has a very handsome appearance, and
will furnish a number of offsets from its circumference every year.
Slugs are sometimes very attentive to Richardias, and must be hunted
out ; they attack the tender, rolled-up. young leaves, and entirely spoil
them. R. africana succeeds when planted in shallow water by the side
of a lake or stream. R. Pentlandii and R. elliotiana should be grown
in a warm house at all times.
Description of Richardia africana, the Arum Lily or Trumpet Lily ;
Plate 2 leaves and flowers, natural size, but the leaves are young
ones. The white trumpet is the spathe, the yellow column the spadix,
shown separately and enlarged in Fig. 1, the upper and yellow portion
covered with anthers. One of these, enlarged, is shown in Fig. 2, whilst
one of the green ovaries from the base is figured separately at 3.

FLAMINGO FLOWERS
Natural Order ARomDE&. Genus Anthurium

ANTHURIUM (Greek, anthos, a flower, and owra, a tail: in allusion to the
form of the spadix). A genus containing about a hundred and sixty
species of stove and greenhouse perennials, which differ from Richardia
in the fully expanding spathe, and the perfect character of the flowers
that densely crowd the spadix. These consist of a four-parted perianth,
four stamens, and a two-celled ovary. The leaves are variable in form
in different species: some entire, others with finger-like divisions ; in
some species, too, the leaf-stalks are swollen. The plants often grow as

FLAMINGO FLOWERS : 631

epiphytes in the forks of trees, or clinging to the trunks. They are all
natives of Tropical America.

Anthuriums are a distinctly modern class of cultivated
plants, most of the species to be seen in our planthouses
having been introduced within the last forty years. Anthurium
Hookert was imported from Tropical America as far back as 1840, and
A. acaule, from the West Indies, in 1853. But these may now be
regarded as old-fashioned representatives of the genus. A. subsignatum
was introduced in 1861 from Costa Rica, whence also came the splendid
A. scherzerianum depicted in our plate. In 1866 were introduced
A. lindenianum from Columbia, and A. regale from Peru. A. ornatum,
from Venezuela, came in 1869, and A. Bakeri, from Costa Rica, in 1872.
Up to this period A. scherzerianum had kept the premier position in
the genus for showiness, but in 1876 A. andreanuwm, discovered by Dr. _
José Triana, a native of Columbia, as far back as 1853, was introduced
by M. André into Europe. So like are the turned-back spathe and the
curved spadix to the back and neck of a brilliant-hued bird, that M.
André thought he was looking at a bird of the genus Lowvia, when he
came across the first plant. In one point this species does not excel
A. scherzerianum: it does not flower so freely. Other species have
since been introduced, such as A. Walujewi, from Venezuela in 1880;
A. imsigne, from Columbia in 1881; A. splendidum in 1882. In
addition, a great number of varieties and hybrids have been produced
within the last dozen years, and not a few of these are the partial
offspring of A. andreanum

ANTHURIUM ANDREANUM (André’s). Leaves bright
green, spear-shaped. Spathe heart-shaped, leathery, corru-
gated, orange-red; 3 to 9 inches long. Spadix yellow, with central band
of white ; 3 inches long.

A. LINDENIANUM (Linden’s). Leaves roundish-heart-shaped. Spathe
white, not curved back, as usual, but the tip thrown forward to slightly
protect the white or purplish spadix; fragrant; October.

A. SCHERZERIANUM (Scherzer’s). Leaves oblong-lance-shaped, 12 to
18 inches long; leathery, evergreen. Spathe oval-oblong, 3 to 6 inches
long, brilliant scarlet. Spadix curled, scarlet or orange. The flowers,
with their long scarlet stalks, are in certain aspects strongly suggestive
of Planiineses resting upon one leg, and this has given rise to their
popular name. Plate 296. There are several varieties in cultivation.

A. SPLENDIDUM (splendid). Leaves heart-shaped, the nerves
margined by a band of dark velvety green on each side, whilst the
intervening spaces are of a pale yellowish green, and blistered.

History.

Principal Species,

632 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

A. Wa.uJsEwi (Walujew’s). Leaves broad, heart-shaped, 12 or 14
inches long, bright reddish crimson when young, afterwards changing
to a metallic olive-green.

A. grande, A. magnificum, A. warocqueanum, and A. Veitchii are
magnificent foliage plants. There is a large collection of species of
Anthurium at Kew.

Anthuriums require stove treatment, though very
high temperatures are unnecessary; what would be
called medium stove heat—between 60° and 70°—will suit them, combined
with a humid atmosphere. The best soil in which to pot them is a
miscellaneous mixture of lumps of fibrous peat, sphagnum moss, turfy
loam, silver sand, charcoal, and a few broken ecrocks. These should be
associated in the following proportions: peat 4, sphagnum 1, loam 2,
silver sand $. To these the charcoal and crocks should be added in
small quantity, as a kind of seasoning. The drainage should be of the
best, and the plant should be so inserted that its crown stands on a cone
of earth about 3 inches above the rim of the pot. Give plenty of water
at the roots, and frequently syringe. Propagation is most readily
effected by pulling the crowns carefully apart in January, and separately
potting them. Hybrids are, of course, raised from seed, but it is a long
and tedious process.

Description of Anthurium scherzerianum, the Flamingo Flower.

te 296. Plant and leaves greatly reduced; flowers reduced one-

third. Fig. 1 is a flower separated from the spadix; 2, a section of the
same ; 3, a single stamen.

Cultivation.

CAPE POND-WEED
Natural Order NarapacE&. Genus A ponogeton

APONOGETON (said to be Celtic, apon, water, and geiton, neighbour: in
allusion to the habitat). A genus of about twenty species of stove,
greenhouse, or hardy aquatic herbs, with tuberous roots, oblong or very
narrow, erect or floating leaves. The flowers are borne in spikes,
solitary or twin, on a stout scape; the most conspicuous part of the
inflorescence being a double row of large white, pink, or violet bracts, at
the base of which are the true flowers. These are quite without calyx
or corolla, and consist of from six to eighteen stamens surrounding from
four to six distinct carpels, each with its short curved style and simple
stigma. At first the entire inflorescence is enclosed in a tapering spathe,

ll cc shi ise

GRASS

(PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA, var. variegata)

a =F

ro et
= Se
LL)

— ?

size
PL. 301

RIBBON
Nat.

_

CYPERUSES 633

which is forced off as the bracts develop. After the fertilisation of the
flowers, the bracts assume a deep green tint, grow large, and look like
tufts of leaves, among which the large, beaked carpels will be found.
Each contains about four seeds. The species are natives of Tropical and
Temperate Asia, Africa, and Australia.

APONOGETON DISTACHYUM (two-spiked), The Cape
Principal Specie* Pond-Weed or Water Hawthorn. Leaves oblong, lance-
shaped, long-stalked, floating. Flowers fragrant, like Hawthorn; spikes
forked; bracts white, oval; anthers purplish. Hardy. Introduced from
the Cape of Good Hope, 1788. Plate 297. There is a var. rosewm in
which the bracts are rosy-tinted.

In some parts of the country this beautiful pond-
.weed has been naturalised in lakes and large ponds.
Cultivation is a very simple affair with it. All that is necessary is to
give it a good start until it can get its roots well into the bed of the
pond—that is, if it is to be grown in a pond. For a small tank or
aquarium, it should be potted in a compost of sandy loam and rotted
cow-manure, well mixed, and the whole carefully sunk. If desired to
naturalise it in a larger piece of water, the plant should first be grown
in a tank until quite established, then repotted with the compost men-
tioned, and sunk into the mud, with a clear foot of water above the rim
of the pot. Before immersing the pot, crack it, so that the growth of
the roots may burst it open and allow them free exit to the surrounding
soil. After this is effected the plant will rapidly increase, and the ripe
seeds fall to the bottom and germinate.

Description of Aponogeton distachywm, the Cape Pond-Weed.

Leaves, flowers, and rhizome, natural size. The lower leaf
has the two edges rolled inwards, the usual condition when immature.
Fig. 1 is a separated bract, with its stamens and carpels; 2 is the same
after fertilisation of the carpels and falling off of the stamens; 3 is a
single seed; 4, a vertical section of a fruit, showing a seed within; 5, a
transverse section of the same, showing two seeds cut through.

Cultivation.

CYPERUSES
Natural Order CyPERACcEm. Genus peel

Cyperus (the old Greek name for these plants). A”genus of about seven

hundred species of Rush-like or Grass-like perennial (rarely annual)

herbs, with three-sided, jointless, solid stems. Leaves with basal sheaths,
IV.—35

634 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

which are not split, as in the Grasses. The flowers are somewhat similar
to those of the Grasses. They are arranged in compressed spikelets
which are in turn grouped in heads, umbels, or panicles. The flowers
proper are found in the axils of keeled, concave bracts (glumes),
of which there are always two rows in the spikelet. The perianth
is represented in this Order by a few minute scales or bristles, or may be
entirely absent, which latter is the case in this genus. There are one,
two, or three stamens, a one-celled ovary with two or three stigmas,
which develops into a three-sided nut. The species—of which two occur,
though rarely, in Britain—are distributed over all the warmer parts of
the earth.

Few of the species of Cyperus have any interest for
horticulturists, though in various other ways the genus
has value. The succulent roots yield a mucilage which has been used
medicinally, and that of Cyperus longus, or Galingale, one of the British
species, is said to have tonic properties. Others, such as the C. esculentus
of Southern Europe, yield tubers which are roasted and eaten ; C. alternt-
folius was introduced from Madagascar in 1781; C. Papyrus, the
Egyptian Paper Reed, was introduced from Egypt in 1803. This is the
plant whose pith was used to make the earliest form of paper—papyrus
—which was made in a very simple manner by cutting the pith in slices
and laying a number of them with their edges touching, another layer
was laid upon these, crossing them, and the whole subjected to pressure,
which united it into a compact sheet.

CYPERUS ALTERNIFOLIUS (alternate-leaved). Stems
numerous, erect, dark green, 1 foot to 24 feet high. The
leaves are very long and narrow, their sheaths one in another round the
stem, the blades falling back gracefully from the summit of the stem in
all directions. Perennial. Plate 298. The var. vwriegatus has the leaves
and stems striped with white, or entirely white.

C. LONGUS (long). Galingale. Stem solitary, stiff, and erect, 2 to 3
feet high. Leaves few, flat, keeled, from the lower part of the stem only.
Flowers i in a loose umbellate-cyme; bracts leaf-like; glumes erect, red-
brown, with a green midrib; autumn. Perennial.

C. PAPYRUS (paper). Paper Reed. Stem 10 to 15 feet high, stout,
surmounted by a huge compound umbel of rays and bracts, the lower
series of which fall back and present a very graceful appearance. Also
known as Papyrus antiquorum. Perennial.

These plants are easily grown, and the two first de-
scribed above are useful for conservatory decoration. They
should be potted in a compost of loam and sand to which a little peat has

History.

Principal Species.

Cultivation.

)

)

(C) HAIR GRASS (AIRA PULCHELLA

Nat. size

PL. 302

(4) QUAKING GRASS (BRIZA MAXIMA)
HARE’S-TAIL-GRASS (LAGURUS OVATUS

(B)

ae a

ao
Wf

o

CLUB RUSHES 635

been added. They grow naturally in marshy places and on the margins
of rivers; they consequently require plenty of water in cultivation. C.

alternifolius will do well as an indoor window plant, and is very effective

for table decoration. C. longus would succeed better planted out on the
margin of lake or stream. C. Papyrus should be grown in a large pot
filled with rich loam; the pot then stood in a tub that is ever filled with
water. Where there is a conservatory tank for the growth of aquatics,
the pot should be plunged beneath the water. Or the Papyrus may be
planted in a basket of heavy loam, and about the end of May this can
be immersed in any piece of ornamental water outside where it will get
plenty of sunshine. Sometime in September or early in October, according
to the season, it should be removed indoors and kept free from frost, but
not dry. C. Papyrus is propagated by dividing the thick, creeping,
underground rhizomes. The other species may be increased by dividing
the crowns, or by means of seeds sown in pans of sandy loam, and raised
in gentle heat.
Description of Cyperus alternifolius, the Alternate-leaved Cyperus ;
Plate 298. upper part of stems, natural size. Fig. 1 is a branch of the
inflorescence bearing five spikelets. Fig. 2 is a flower separated from the
spikelet, and consisting of the boat-shaped glume within which, and
attached to its broad end, are the pistil and three stamens.

CLUB RUSHES
Natural Order CYPERACE&. Genus Scirpus

Scirpus (the old Latin name). A genus of about three hundred species
of stove, greenhouse, or hardy annual or perennial aquatics and marsh
plants. They are closely allied to Cyperus, but differ chiefly in the
spikelets being usually clustered into oval heads, which are produced
from the side of the stem. This difference of form (seen by comparing
the Figs. 1 on Plates 298 and 299) is due to the attachment of the glumes
all round the stalk, instead of on two sides only (though this arrangement
will be found in one section of the genus). There is no representation
of the perianth in some species, including S. riparius, but in most cases
it will be found in the shape of from three to eight bristles below the
ovary. There are three stamens, and the style is cleft into two or three
lobes and jointed at the base, so that it falls off when its work is done.
The plants have a creeping rootstock, and the few leaves are at the base
of the stem, or absent altogether; they are either very long, small, and

sateeestcleetah iit dtd ail
yg ar ea a
cba igtiaic. ||

636 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

grass-like, or reduced to mere sheaths closely investing the stem. The
species are of world-wide distribution ; fourteen British.

Scirpus HoLoscuaNnus (whole-cord). Stems stout,
erect, tapering, 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves few, erect, half-
round, channeled, with rough margins. Spikelets minute, crowded
into compact globular cymes. There is a variety variegatus, with
whitish zones around the stem; this is the form chiefly cultivated.

S. LACUSTRIS (inhabiting lakes or pools). Bulrush. Stems 1 to 8
feet high, an inch thick, spongy, nearly round. Leaves usually absent;
but when present, short, flat, and keeled if growing in still water, long
and strap-shaped in streams. Spikelets red-brown, in a spreading terminal
cyme. Native perennial.

S. RIPARIUS (riverside). Stems numerous, rounded, 8 inches long,
drooping ; leafless, except sometimes an imperfect short leaf at the base.
The flowers are terminal, massed in one or two oval spikelets. Plate 299.
It is known in trade lists as Jsolepis gracilis. Australia, 1820.

S. SETACEUS (bristly). Stems thread-like, rounded, rigid, in tufts, 3
to 6 inches high. Leaves short and narrow, bristly, channeled. Spikelets
one to three, oval, one-sided. Whole plant similar to S. riparius. Native
perennial, Also known as [solepis setacea.

abcess These plants grow naturally in a boggy soil, and the
' best substitute for it in cultivation is a mixture of loam
and leaf-mould; or they will do well in peat. They require plenty of
water ; and when grown in hanging baskets or vases, as is frequently the
case with S. riparius, it is advisable to stand the flower-pot in a saucer
in which water may be poured; but this must not be allowed to become
stale. Where there is a tank, or a fountain-basin, the pots may be stood
in the water. S. lacustris is, from its size, more suitable for planting at
the edge of water out of doors.
Description of Scirpus riparius, natural size. Fig. 1, flower-stem with
Plate 299. two spikelets; 2, a single glume detached, with stamens and
pistil; 3, flower-stem, ending in single spikelet.

PrincipalSpecies.

FEATHER GRASSES
Natural Order GRAMINE&. Genus Stipa
Stipa (Greek, stype, flax or tow: in allusion to the inflorescence). A

genus of about a hundred species of perennial grasses, mostly tall, with
the usual grass-like leaves, which, however, are rarely flat, but mostly

Ath Ue
TS
tess

Pern e Py
Wi} if Nays
ee

To

4

size
. 303

Nat.

oo

SELAGINELLA MARTENSII

PENNISETUM GRASSES _ 637

one side rolled within the other (convolute). The flowers are arranged
in terminal panicles, each spikelet containing three narrow, keeled glumes, —
of which the two outer ones are empty, the middle one containing the
flower. They are natives of the Tropical and Temperate Regions, and few
of them have been introduced for horticultural purposes.

tipa pennata, the Feather Grass, has been grown in
English gardens for hundreds of years. It is a continental
species, and therefore likely to have been introduced at a very early date.
It was certainly grown here three hundred years ago, for Gerard tells us
the ladies of his day employed the flowers in lieu of feathers. S. juncea
was introduced from France in 1772, and S. gigantea from Spain, 1823.

STIPA ELEGANTISSIMA (most elegant). Stems numerous,
erect, and branching, 2 or 3 feet high. Leaves slender,
mostly erect. Flowers in a loose, wide-spreading panicle, 6 or 8 inches
long, with long plumose awns from the glumes

S. GIGANTEA (gigantic). Stems, 3 feet high. Flowers in a loose
panicle; glumes awl-shaped; awns slightly zigzag, downy, five times
longer than the glumes.

S. PENNATA (winged or plumed). Feather Grass. Stems numerous,
2 feet high. Leaves rigid, grooved, bristly. Panicle long and slender;
awns about a foot long, feathered to the point. Plate 300A.

The cultivation of this genus scarcely needs any
comment. S. elegantissima makes a graceful pot-plant for
the greenhouse, and the others do well in the border outside in almost
any garden soil; but S. pennata will be found to flourish most in those
that are dry and sandy. There is nothing attractive about this plant
until the long feathered awns are developed. They may be propagated
either by dividing the root, or by sowing seeds in spring.

Description of Feather Grasses. A, Stipa pennata, natural size,

Plate 300. flowers only. Fig. 1, a single spikelet with its awn.

B, Pennisetum longistylum, leaf and spike, natural size. Fig 2, a
spikelet with its awns.

History.

Principal Species.

Cultivation.

PENNISETUM GRASSES
Natural Order GRAMINES. Genus Pennisetum

PENNISETUM (Latin, penna, a feather, and seta, a bristle). A genus of
about forty species of (mostly) greenhouse grasses. The flowers have a
sin involucre consisting of many bristles, the inner ones feathered ;

638. FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

two to four in a spikelet. They are natives of Tropical and Sub-tropical
Regions, chiefly African. Few of them are in cultivation, though
P. cenchroides was introduced from the Cape of Good Hope one hundred
and twenty years ago; P. setoswm,from Brazil, in 1817; P. compresswimn,
from Australia, in 1820; P. latifolium, from Monte Video, in 1869.
P. longistylum is a neisee of Abyssinia.

PENNISETUM LATIFOLIUM (henna leaved). Stems stout,
eane-like, purplish, 9 or 10 feet high. Leaves broad-
lance-shaped, spreading, with a whitish line along the centre. Flowers
in bushy nodding spikes. Perennial.

P. LONGISTYLUM (long-styled). Stems 2 feet high. Leaves long and
slender. Flowers in oval, plumy spikes; August. Perennial. Plate 300s.

P. sETosuM (bristly). Stems erect, 3 to 4 feet high. Leaves slender,
smooth or hairy. Flowers in dense plumy spikes, purple, 6 inches
long. Perennial.

Principal Species.

Most of the species grown in this country are treated
as annuals, the seed being sown in spring. The chief
reason for this consists in the destruction of the plants by our winters,
but in some favoured districts they survive outdoors if given a little
protection. It is also quite possible to grow them outside during the
summer, and take up the roots on the approach of winter, storing them
in a safe place. They are not particular as to soil, but planting them in
rich, well-dug borders, brings out the best thatisin them. P.longistylum
is generally treated as though it were a half-hardy annual.

Cultivation.

PAMPAS GRASS
Natural Order GRAMINEZ. Genus Gynerium

GYNERIUM (Greek, gyne, a female, and erion, wool: in allusion to the
woolly stigmas). A genus of three or four species of perennial Grasses
distinguished by their showy flower-panicles, the spikelets of which are
two-flowered, and the sexes on distinct plants. They are natives of
Tropical and Sub-tropical America.

Gynerium argenteum, the only well-known species,
and the one that is cultivated in this country, is one of
America’s contributions to modern gardening. Its introduction was
due to Mr. Tweedie, who in the year 1843 sent seeds from Buenos Ayres
to the Royal Botanic Gardens at Glasnevin, where they were raised, and
some of the plants distributed to similar establishments elsewhere. It is

History.

FE ee ee ee eS ae

.
.

kee tk ae ial ae ld

PRICKLY SHIELD-FERN
(A) ASPIDIUM ACULEATUM (B) var. subtripinnatum
Re Nat. size

RIBBON GRASS AND CANARY GRASS 639

now widely cultivated throughout Britain and Europe, and when grown
in well-developed tufts, 5 or 6 feet through, crowned by the enormous
silvery plumes rising to 10 or 12 feet high, constitutes a splendid addition
to any garden. It obtains its popular name from its abundance on the
Pampas, those vast dry plains of Argentina. In most parts of this
country it has proved sufficiently hardy to withstand ordinary winters

. out of doors, when once well established.

GYNERIUM ARGENTEUM (silvery). Stems 8 to 12 feet
high, forty or fifty springing from one well-grown plant.
Leaves very narrow, with sharp-toothed edges, glaucous, about 6 feet
long, arching and curling. Flowers in dense silky, plumy panicles,
supported on stout, erect stalks; September. Ordinarily the panicles
are silvery greyish white in colour, but there are varieties with the
panicles of a purplish or a yellowish tint.

Pampas Grass should be planted with an eye to the
fact that it will become a large mass of graceful foliage
and silver plumes ; and, if possible, it should be given a roomy central
position where it can develop its full proportions symmetrically. It is a
good subject for the centre of a lawn, or for a deep border backed by a
shrubbery or plantation, which will have the effect of setting off its
general lightness of colour. The most congenial soil for it is ight and
sandy, enriched with stable manure. Where obtainable, it is best to
plant divisions from mature specimens, as the seedlings, even with liberal
treatment, will not flower until about four years old. Seeds should be
sown under glass in a moist atmosphere, and the seedlings grown on in
pots until large enough to plant outside, where they will need protection
during their first winter. During the period of growth water must be
given freely. In order to preserve the plumes for indoor decoration, they
should be cut soon after they have fully expanded.

Principal Species.

Cultivation.

RIBBON GRASS AND CANARY GRASS
Natural Order GRAMINER. Genus Phalaris

PHALARIS (the old Greek name). A genus of about ten species of
grasses, of which only two are in cultivation. The inflorescence is a
panicle, which, however, may be loose, compact, or spike-like. The
spikelets are much compressed, each containing one perfect flower
within two keeled empty glumes. Between these outer empty glumes
will usually be found two or more minute scales, which are really

640 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

immature flowers, There are three stamens and a smooth ovary, with
long styles and feathery stigmas. They are natives of the Tropical and
Temperate Regions.

Of the two species of Phalaris cultivated, one, P.
arundinacea, is a native, found on the margins of lakes
and rivers. The natural green of the broad, flat, reed-like leaves becomes
more or less reduced in the cultivated variety to longitudinal stripes of
green upon a ground of pinkish white or creamy white. The other
is a South European species, whose fruit is the familiar Canary seed so
popular as a food for the smaller cage-birds.

PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA (Reed-like). Stems 3 to 6 feet
high, from a creeping rootstock, stout and erect. Leaves
lance-shaped, $ inch broad. Spikelets oval, purplish, in a short-branched
elongated panicle; July and August. Perennial. The var. variegata,
with leaves alternately striped green and white, is well known in gardens
under the names of Ribbon Grass and Lady’s Garters. Plate 301.

P. CANARIENSIS (Canary). Canary Grass. Stems 1 to 3 feet high,
erect, somewhat rough. Leaves flat, glaucous, upper sheaths inflated.
Spikelets round, in a compact oval or nearly cylindrical panicle; empty
glumes with broad wings and green keel; July. Annual.

Either of these plants will do well in almost any
arden soil. P. arundinacea forms large masses by means
of its creeping rootstocks. Propagation of this species is readily effected
by dividing the mass. P. canariensis is raised from seed sown in the
border in spring. Its flower-panicles are very distinct among grasses,
and are useful for interspersing among cut flowers; for which
purpose the leafy stems of Ribbon Grass are much in request. A
well-established clump will bear considerable cutting in this way.

Description of Phalaris arundinacea, var. variegata, the Ribbon

Plate 301. Grass; upper part of stems, with flower panicle. Fig. 1
is a spikelet removed; 2 is the same, with the two empty glumes
separated.

History.

Principal Species.

Cultivation,

QUAKING GRASS
Natural Order GRAMINEZ. Genus Briza

Briza (Greek, brizo, to be drowsy: in allusion to the nodding of its
heads). A genus of about ten species of hardy ornamental grasses, with
many-flowered, drooping, oval or heart-shaped spikelets in loose panicles.
The flowering glumes sheathe or overlap each other, and are boat-shaped.

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;
)

BE BP caer

a

ASPIDIUM FALCATUM
Nat. size

PL. 305

QUAKING GRASS 641

There are two empty glumes, longer or shorter than the lowest of the
series of flowering glumes. There are three stamens, the ovary is
smooth, the styles short, and the stigmas feathery. The species are
natives of the Temperate Regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, and South
America; two British.

Briza media, one of our native grasses, grows in
meadows and on heaths throughout the country, and is
eagerly sought by children of all ages, for the sake of its ever-trembling
spikelets. B. minor, the only other British representative of the genus,
is much more restricted in its range—is, in fact, a purely southern form:
South of England, South of Ireland. These have doubtless always been
gathered to give lightness to the posy of wild flowers, and for their dried
panicles to fill the flower vases in winter. Therefore they were probably
cultivated in gardens at times. But in the year 1633 the large-flowered
B. maxima was introduced from South Europe, and has continued to be
most in favour for horticultural purposes. Ten years ago there was
introduced from Brazil an annual species named B. rotundata ; and this
about completes the list of those worthy to be admitted into our
gardens.

History.

BRIZA MAXIMA (largest). Leaves long and slender.
Spikets oblong, heart-shaped, containing from thirteen to
seventeen flowers, nodding, and the panicle itself nodding at its extremity ;
June and July. Annual. Plate 302A. Frequently dried and dyed, to
make into bouquets with Immortelles.

B. MEDIA (middle-sized). Quake Grass, or Quake. Stems solitary,
at first creeping, then more erect, 6 to 18 inches high, slender. Leaves
flat. Spikelets oval, five- to nine-flowered, shining green or purplish, the
empty glumes shorter than the first flowering glume; June. Perennial.

-B. MINOR (smallest). Little Quake Grass. Stems tufted, 4 to 10
inches high. Spikelets much smaller than those of B. media, but more
numerous, and broader than long, the empty glumes longer than the
first of the flowering glumes; July. Annual.

B. ROTUNDATA (round). Leaves slender, erect. Spikelets erect, in
narrow panicles. Annual.

Brizas will succeed in ordinary garden soils; but to
grow them well, they should be planted in a compost
containing loam, peat, and leaf-mould. They are propagated by means
of seed, which may be sown either in spring or autumn, but preferably
in autumn. Where it is desired to make use of the panicles for winter
decoration, these should be cut as soon as the spikelets are well formed
and hanging gracefully, and thoroughly dried in the shade.

IV.— 37

Principal Species.

Cultivation.

642 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

Description of A, Briza maxima, Large Quaking Grass, natural
Plate 302. size,
B, Lagurus ovatus, the Hare’s-tail Grass, natural size. Fig. 1 is a
separated spikelet of this species, and Fig. 2 a seedling.
C, Aira pulchella, the Hair Grass, natural size. B and C will be
found described below.

HARE’S-TAIL GRASS
Natural Order GRAMINEX. Genus Lagwrus

Lacurus (Greek, lagos, a hare, and owra, a tail: in allusion to the
appearance of the inflorescence). A genus consisting of but one species,
a hardy annual, native of Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia.
It occurs in Guernsey, and has been naturalised in Essex.

LAGURUS OVATUS (egg-shaped). Stems numerous,
stout, downy, erect, leafy below, 6 to 10 inches high.
Leaves short, broad. Spikelets massed in a dense, silvery-white, shaggy
head, nearly an inch across; June. Each spikelet is composed of two
empty glumes and one flowering glume. (See Plate 302, Fig.1.) The
empty glumes are much longer than the other, and end in long feathery
points. The flowering glume is slender, rounded, with two short awns
and a very long bent and twisted one.

Hare’s-tail Grass thrives best in a sandy soil, and is
raised from seed, which may be sown in spring or autumn.
The best plants, with the largest number of flowering stems, are obtained
by sowing the seed as soon as ripe in pots of sandy soil out of doors,
bringing them into a cold greenhouse or frame before winter sets in,

Species.

Cultivation.

and planting out in spring. Or they may be kept in the pots for —

flowering.

HAIR GRASSES
Natural Order GRAMINEX. Genus Aira

AirA (the old Greek name for a species of Grass). A genus of four
or five species of hardy Grasses with two-flowered spikelets arranged in
a light, loose panicle, on fine, wavy, hair-like branches. There are two
nearly equal empty glumes, and the flowering glumes are convex, toothed,
and awned at the back. There are three stamens, a smooth ovary, and

i —s

—

SELAGINELLAS 643

the stigmas are feathered to the base. The species inhabit the Temperate
Regions of the world; and two of them are British, but these have more
agricultural than horticultural interest.

AIRA PULCHELLA (pretty). Stems tufted, thread-like,
6 to 8 inches high. Leaves very short. Flowers in large,
loose panicles ; branches exceedingly fine and hair-like, repeatedly forked ;
June. Annual. Introduced from Spain, 1820. Plate 302c.

DESCHAMPSIA FLEXUOSA (waved), formerly included in the genus
Aira, is a native perennial worth growing. Its stems are about a foot
high, and the panicle loose and spreading, with wavy, angled branches,
and shining purplish or yellow-brown spikelets; June to August.

AGROSTIS NEBULOSA (misty). Cloud Grass. A European annual
whose panicles are very similar to those of Aira pulchella, but examina-
tion of the spikelets reveals only one flower instead of two.

All these are of the simplest to grow. Any garden
soil will suffice for them; and the seeds should be sown in
the border, or in pots, as desired, in spring. They will be found
especially useful to cut for bouquets.

[any other species of ornamental grasses might be described did
space allow, but these scarcely come within the scope of the present
work. Those we have named are a mere acknowledgment that grasses
are well worthy of the attention of the horticulturist; and a similar
remark will apply to the Selaginellas and Ferns next to be noticed in
the completion of our task. About three thousand five hundred species
of Ferns and their allies are known (to say nothing of their very
numerous varieties), and over a thousand of these are in cultivation.
Readers will therefore understand that in giving up a few pages of our
book to the description and illustration of a very small sample of these
graceful and interesting plants, we are as far as possible from making
any pretence of dealing with the group in the manner they deserve.

Principal Species.

Cultivation.

SELAGINELLAS
Natural Order SELAGINELLACE&. Genus Selaginella

SELAGINELLA (the diminutive of Selago, the old name of a species of
Lycopodium). A genus of about three hundred species of Vascular
Cryptogams, differing from the plants we have hitherto been considering
in the fact that (in common with Ferns, Mosses, Seaweeds, ete.) they
produce no flowers, but are propagated by spores. These are single cells,

644 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

which give rise to a scale-like cellular body, called a prothallus, upon which
sexual organs are developed, by which is in turn produced an embryo
capable of growth into a plant like that on which the spore originated.
In Selaginella the stem is always slender, erect, or trailing, and repeatedly
forking, often in one plane only. The leaves are small, simple, in four
rows, overlapping; on the upper side near its base the leaf bears a
process called a ligule. The spore-case (sporange) springs from the
upper side of the leaf beneath the ligule. The fertile leaves form a
compact, square, terminal spike (Plate 303, Fig. 1). The species are
distributed over the whole of the globe, but abound chiefly in the
Tropics; only one occurs in Britain.

These plants were formerly included among the
Lycopodiacee, and as cultivated plants may be considered
quite modern; the larger number of species, in truth, are of recent
discovery and introduction. Among the earliest to receive attention was
Selaginella kraussiana, commonly known as S. denticulata, introduced
from Madeira in 1779, the variety awrea being introduced in 1878;
S. apus, from Canada, in 1819; and S. grandis, from Borneo, in 1882.
The handsome, erect-growing S. tassellata came from Brazil in 1887.
S. serpens exhibits a remarkable change of colour in the living plant—
in the morning it is bright green, but as the day advances it gradually
becomes very pale, almost white. This is due to the contraction of the
green colouring matter of the cells under the influence of sunlight.
Another species, 8. lepidophylla, is hygrometrie; when dried, its stems
and branches contract and curl into a ball, and in this condition it is sold
in fancy warehouses under the name of Resurrection Plant. When
placed in water it uncurls and assumes it natural shape.

SELAGINELLA APUS (footless). Stems trailing, densely
matted, 2 to 4 inches long, with distant, short, half-erect,
half-spreading branches. Spikes } to} inch long. Stove or green-
house. Also known as S. apoda and ‘s densa.

S. ATROVIRIDIS (blackish green). Stems half-erect, 6 to 12 inches
long, much branched. Spikes 4} to 1 inch long. Tropical Asia. Stove.

S. CAULESCENS (stemmed). Stems stiff and erect, 6 to 12 inches
high, branched above only. Spikes } to 4 inch long. Tropical Asia.

tove.

S. EryrHropus (red-footed). Stems crimson, about 9 inches long,
unbranched so far as regards the lower third, above this much branched,
and the whole triangular. Tropical America. Stove.

S. GRANDIS (great). Stems erect, 1} to 2 feet long. Lower half
unbranched, much branched in fan-shape above. Stove.

History.

Principal Species.

BIRD’S-NEST FERN
(ASPLENIUM NIDUS)

1/, Nat. size

PL. 306

FERNS 645

S. H&MATODES (bloody). Stems 1 to 2 feet long, bright crimson ;
lower half unbranched, upper part branched and assuming triangular
form. A large, handsome species. Tropical America. Stove.

S. KRAUSSIANA (Krauss’). Stems trailing, } to 1 foot long, with
numerous branches and half-erect branchlets. Spikes short. Green-
house. The var. aurea is of a greenish yellow colour.

S. MarrTensi (Martens’). Stems 6 to 12 inches long; lower half
trailing, upper somewhat erect; branches wavy. Mexico. Greenhouse.
Plate 303. There are numerous varieties of this well-known species.

S. WILLDENOvII (Willdenow’s). Stems climbing, 12 to 20 feet long ;
branches spreading, 1 to 2 feet long. Branchlets short and close together ;
blue tinged. Tropical Asia. Stove.

elaginellas should be treated exactly like Ferns.
They succeed in any light soil, but do best in a mixture of
fibrous peat, leaf-mould, and silver sand. Shade and moisture are the
only other requirements additional to the appropriate temperature, as
indicated for the different species. When grown in pots, those of very
dwarf habit look well if the soil is heaped up in the middle above the
top of the pot, and the Selaginella planted thereon. Some of the species
are useful for growing in baskets or pans suspended from the roof. All
the small species are most effective when grown in pans a foot in
diameter. S. helvetica is a hardy species, and is useful in the rock-
garden. Propagation is easily effected by cutting off portions of the
creeping stems to which roots are attached, and keeping them close
until established.
Description of Selaginella Martensii, natural size. Fig. 1 is a spike
Plate 303. enlarged, showing the yellow sporange between the lea
and the ligule; 2 is a ligule and sporange, further enlarged; 3 is the
sporange separated.

Cultivation.

FERNS
Natural Order FILiIcEs

Fruicrs (Latin, filix, a fern). This order contains not less than seventy-
five genera, from which we can only select half a dozen genera as
examples. In nearly all cases Ferns are perennial plants, sometimes
shrubby or tree-like, or with creeping rootstocks. The leafy expansions
are called fronds, and they vary from the simple strap-shape of
Scolopendriwm, to the pinnately-cut Polypodium vulgare, and to forms
that are once, twice, thrice, and even four times pinnate. These fronds
IvV.— 38

646 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

are attached to the rootstock either in tufts or alternately, and are at
first rolled up tightly with the tip of the frond in the centre of the coil,
and the divisions of the frond rolled up in like manner. The frond-stalk
is termed a stipes, and its continuation through the leafy portion of the

frond is the rachis. The primary divisions of a frond are pinnw; the

divisions of a pinna are pinnules. They are propagated by means of
spores, similar in nature to those of Selaginella. In all the Ferns these
are microscopic, and contained in very minute capsules (sporanges),
which are in turn massed in heaps or ridges, known as sori, on the back
of the frond, and frequently covered with an involucre or indusium.
The species are widely distributed over all except the very cold and arid
regions, chiefly abounding in the Temperate and Tropical, especially
where there is humidity. The British species number thirty-eight, but
of this small number about six hundred varieties are in cultivation at
Kew. In the following descriptions the foot-stalk (stipes) and the leafy
portion (frond) are measured separately.

SHIELD FERNS
Natural Order Finices. Genus Aspidium

AspIDIUM (Greek, aspis,a shield: the form of involucre). A genus of
about fifty-five species, with the sori globose, on the veins of the pinnules,
covered by a roundish involucre attached by its middle. They are
natives of all regions, and two species are found wild in Britain.

We have as representatives of this genus in our native
flora, Aspidium Lonchitis, the Holly Fern, which grows on
northern alpine rocks, and A. aculeatum, the Prickly Shield Fern,
which is widely distributed, not only in our own country, but throughout
the world. Several species have been manufactured out of the varieties
of A. aculeatum by “ splitting” botanists, and the garden varieties can
only be represented by three figures. Several of the exotic forms have
been in cultivation here for many years, though of most the date of
introduction has not been recorded. A. trifoliatum,a Tropical American
plant, was introduced from the West Indies in 1769 ; and A. auriculatum,
from the East Indies, in 1793.

ASPIDIUM ACROSTICHOIDES (Acrostichum-like). Stipes
densely scaly below, 6 to 8 inches. Frond 1 to 2 feet long,

2 to 6 inches across. Pinne 2 to 3 inches long, spiny-toothed, the lobes
nearest the rachis enlarged, and looking like ears (auricled). The

History.

Principal Species.

SHIELD FERNS 647

under side of the upper, smaller pinne entirely occupied by the sori.
Native of North America. Hardy. The var. grandiceps has the tips of
the rachis branched, giving a tasselled appearance to the frond. The
var. incisum has the pinnules more deeply cut and sharply lobed.

A. ACULEATUM (sharp - pointed). Prickly Shield Fern. Stipes
tufted, 6 to 12 inches, more or less scaly. Fronds 1 to 3 feet long, 6 to
12 inches across, oval, lance-shaped. Lower pinnz 4 to 6 inches long,
lance-shaped; the pinnules somewhat rhomboid, toothed, and eared,
the tips and ear ending in a spiny point. Sori on the pinnules in a row
on each side of mid-vein. Hardy native. Plate 3044. The sub-
species, angulare, the Soft Prickly Shield Fern, is of softer texture, the
lower pinne larger, and the pinnules stalked and more equal in size.
The var. subtripinnatum is less deeply divided. Plate 3048.

_ A. ARISTATUM (awned). Rootstock creeping; stipes scattered, 9 to
18 inches long, covered with scales at base. Fronds 1 to 2 feet long, 9
to 12 inches broad, triangular-oval, three or four times divided. Lower
pinne and lowest pinnules much the largest ; teeth numerous, ending in
long points or awns. Sori small,in two rows near mid-vein. Native of
Tropical Asia, but succeeding in greenhouse.

A. CAPENSE (Cape of Good Hope). Rootstock creeping, covered with
dark brown scales. Stipes scattered, 1 to 2 feet long, densely scaly
below. Fronds 1 to 3 feet long, 12 to 18 inches broad; lowest pinnze
the largest, 6 to 9 inches long. Pinnules lance-shaped. Sori large and
numerous. Native of the Southern Temperate zone. Greenhouse.

. FALCATUM (hooked). Stipes tufted, 6 to 12 inches long, densely
scaly below. Fronds 1 to 2 feet long, 6 to 9 inches broad. Pinne
numerous, elliptical, lance-shaped, blunt-toothed or entire-edged, dark
green. Sori small, numerous, and scattered. Native of Japan, ete.
Evergreen in sae oe though hardy, shedding its fronds if
wintered outside. Plate

. LASERPITIIFOLIUM "date Stipes 4 to six inches
long, scaly at base. Fronds 12 to 18 inches long, 6 to 9 inches broad,
triangular-oval, tripinnate. Lowest pinne the largest; the lower
pinnules longer than upper, bluntly lobed, overlapping. Sori very
numerous, in two rows. Native of Japan. Greenhouse.

A. Loncnitis (spear-like). Holly Fern. Stipes densely tufted,
stout, and scaly, 1 to 4 inches long. Fronds 1 to 2 feet long, 1 to 3
inches broad, narrow-oblong, leathery, pinnate. Pinnz numerous, smooth,
rhomboid, with hooked tip and spiny teeth; base eared. Hardy native.

A. MUNITUM (armed). Stipes tufted, 4 to 9 inches long, densely
scaly. Fronds 1 to 2 feet long, 4 to 8 inches across, pinnate. Pinne 2

648 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

to 4 inches long, toothed and spiny, partly overlapping. Sori in two
rows. California. Hardy.

A. TRIANGULUM (triangular). Stipes tufted, scaly based, 2 to 6
inches long. Fronds 1 foot long, 1} to 2 inches across, pinnate. Pinne
somewhat triangular, with a firm point at apex, margin almost entire or
slightly lobed and toothed, eared at base. Sori in two rows near margin.
Native of West Indies. Stove or greenhouse.

In common with most Ferns, Aspidiwms require a
well-drained, light, porous soil, which will admit of copious
waterings without danger of getting sour. A compost that shall be pretty
generally suitable for Ferns is arranged thus: to two parts of good loam
add one part each peat and leaf-mould, or two parts leaf-mould. To this
should be added small quantities of silver sand, broken crocks, charcoal,
and bits of porous sandstone—or such of them as may be available.
Give special attention to the drainage, for Ferns quickly succumb to
stagnating moisture at their roots. The hardy species may be grown in
a partially shady position outside, or in pots in a cool house. They are
propagated by dividing the crowns, or by the long and tedious process of
raising them from spores sown in pans of peat, kept moist and shaded,
until the first fronds are formed on the prothallus. These young plants
are exceedingly fragile, and must be very delicately picked out from the
less advanced individuals by means of a fine-pointed little stick, and as
carefully transferred to other pans, and put in an inch apart; to be
again transplanted into small pots when there is a danger of their
becoming crowded in the pans. The only manure that should be given
to Ferns should be in a weak liquid form, or well-rotted cow-manure
should be incorporated with the compost.

Description of Plate 3044. Aspidiwm aculeatum, the Prickly Shield
Plate 30¢and 305.Hern. B, The var. subtripinnatum. The separate figure
is the under side of a pinnule (enlarged), showing the sori and their
coverings.

Plate 305. Aspidiwm falcatum. Fig. 1 is a small portion of a
pinna enlarged, showing the sorus, covered and uncovered.

Cultivation.

SPLEENWORTS
Natural Order Fitices. Genus Aspleniwm

ASPLENIUM (Greek, a, not, and splen, the spleen: in allusion to their
ancient reputation as medicines for the spleen). A genus of about two

OSTRICH FERN
(ONOCLEA GERMANICA)

size

Nat.

PL. 307

ert
Sal Ph iad
sa aaa

int
we

SPLEENWORTS > 649

hundred and eighty species of Ferns, usually with a short tufted root-
stock, and fronds of very various forms. The generic character is found
in the sori, which are long and narrow, oblique, and distant from
the midrib—except in those cases where (as in Lady Fern) the frond is
much divided. The involucre is long and narrow, attached to the vein
by one side, and opening towards the midrib. The species are natives
of all Regions except the very cold; ten species are British.

This genus is so large, and the species assume so great
a variety of forms, that, unless studied botanically, it
presents many difficulties. As we have already hinted, the key to the ©
classification of Ferns lies in those little brown patches of spore-cases on
the back of the frond; but even these have to be regarded carefully, as
will be experienced by the student of Aspleniums. To those who
place reliance on superficial resemblances, it is certainly a puzzle to find
Asplenium nidus, with Hart’s-tongue-like fronds, A.trichomanes, A. mar-
inum, and A. filix-femina, associated in one genus. In the not remote
past these differing forms have been separated in different genera, and
even now certain species are so separated by some of our systematists.
The name Asplenium is a very old one, for Dioscorides applied it to our
Rusty-back, A. Ceterach. Several species—as, for instance, A. bulbiferum
—produce a number of young plants upon their fronds; and when these,
in the usual course, wither and fall to earth, the young plants readily
root themselves. Several of the exotic species have been in cultivation
here for a considerable period. A. rhizophyllum having been introduced
from North America in 1680; A. Hemionitis and A. ebeneum, in 1779 ;
A, monanthemum, in 1790; and A. fragrans, in 1793.

ASPLENIUM ALATUM (winged). Stipes 4 to 6 inches
high, the upper part winged, and the wings continued
along the rachis. Fronds 1 to 14 foot long, 3 to 4 inches across, pinnate.
The pinne bluntish, of nearly equal width (4 inch) throughout. Sori
distant, not reaching margin or midrib. Tropical American species,
requiring stove treatment.

A. CETERACH (Arabian name). Scale Fern, or Rusty-back. Stipes
densely tufted, 1 to 3 inches long, scaly. Fronds 4 to 8 inches long,
pinnately lobed, leathery, the back densely clothed with toothed, rusty
scales. Sori hidden beneath the scales, with scarcely any involucre.
Native, chiefly in Western Counties. Hardy.

A. CULTRIFOLIUM (ploughshare-shaped leaves). Stipes 4 to 6 inches.
Fronds 6 to 12 inches long, 4 to 6 inches across, twice pinnate, oval-
triangular; pinne 3 to 4 inches long, broadly toothed or lobed. Sori
clear of edge and midrib. Introduced from the West Indies, 1820. Stove.

IV.— 39

History.

Principal Species.

650 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

A. DIMORPHUM (two-formed). Stipes tufted, 6 to 12 inches long.
Fronds 2 to 3 feet long, over a foot across, triangular-oval ; lower pinne
of similar shape to frond, 6 to 8 inches long, bluntly ict bvadd Sori-
bearing pinne very narrow, sometimes forked; sori marginal. Native
of Norfolk Island. Warm greenhouse.

A. FALCATUM (hooked). Rootstock creeping, chaffy. Stipes tufted,
6 to 9 inches long. Fronds 6 to 18 inches long, 4 to 6 inches across,
lance-shaped. The pinne stalked, oval, unequal-sided, ending in a
curved point. Sori in long irregular lines, reaching nearly to the edge.
Introduced from Polynesia, 1825. Greenhouse.

A. Fintx-ra@mina (Lady Fern). Rootstock stout, several inches
above surface. Stipes 6 to 12 inches long, stout, brittle, brown or pale
yellow, scaly below. Fronds large, oblong, lance-shaped, twice or thrice
pinnate, thin textured, soft and waving. Pinnz lance-shaped, close-set ;
pinnules coarsely toothed, or cut pinnately. Sori small and numerous,
with a short oblong or kidney-shaped involucre. Native, and of world-
wide distribution. Hardy. In addition to several important natural
varieties, over three hundred garden varieties have been named, some of
them extraordinary departures from the t

A. FLABELLIFOLIUM (fan-leaved). Stipes tufted, 3 to 6 inches long.
Fronds procumbent, straggling, 6 to 12 inches long, and not exceeding
an inch across, rooting at the tip. Pinnz fan-shaped, lobed, } to } inch
across. Sori oblique, numerous, but irregularly scattered. Introduced
from Temperate Australia, 1820. Greenhouse.

A. HemIoniTIs (Hemionitis-like). Stipes tufted, 4 to 8 inches long.
Fronds spear-shaped, 4 to 6 inches either way. Sori narrow, upon the
veins. Native of South Europe and North Africa; introduced 1779.
Cool greenhouse.

A. MARINUM (sea). Sea Fern; Sea Spleenwort. Rootstock stout,
clothed with purple-brown scales. Stipes 3 to 6 inches, red-brown,
stout, polished. Frond 3 to 10 inches long, oblong or lance-shaped,
leathery, glossy, pinnate; rachis winged. Sori large and oblique ;
involucre leathery. Native; but if away from the sea will only grow
under glass, in humid atmosphere.

A. Nipus (nest). Bird’s-nest Fern. Stipes very short. Frond
lance-shaped, undivided, 2 to 4 feet long, 3 to 8 inches broad, tapering
downwards; margin entire, midrib rounded at back. Sori starting
near midrib and extending half-way to margin. Introduced from India,
1820. Greenhouse. Plate 306

A. TRICHOMANES (soft-haired). Maidenhair Spleenwort; English
Maidenhair. Rootstock stout. Stipes crowded, 1 to 4 inches long,

OSTRICH FERN 651

polished red-brown, black at base, not scaly. Frond 6 to 12 inches long,
of nearly equal width (about $ inch) throughout. Pinneze oval, fifteen to
forty in number, about } inch long. Rachis rigid, chestnut-brown. Sori
short, oblique, with ils brown involucre. Native. Hardy

A. VIVIPARUM (bearing live plants). Stipes tufted, 6 to 9 inches
long. Fronds 1 to 2 feet long, 6 to 8 inches across, oval, lance-shaped ;
pinnee numerous and crowded, 3 to 4 inches long; pinnules deeply and
pinnately lobed. Sori solitary, marginal. Surface of frond producing
a large number of young plants. Mauritius, 1820. Greenhouse.

The cultural directions given for Aspidiwm apply
generally to <Aspleniwm. e stove and greenhouse
species should be potted in the peat-loam-sand compost, whilst the
hardy species do well in a mixture of peat and sand, or leaf-mould and
sand. <A. Filix-femina must have plenty of free moisture, or its fronds
will rapidly wither and never recover. A. Ceterach and A. Trichomanes
naturally grow in the mortar of old walls, and old mortar and brick
rubbish should be mixed in the potting soil, which should be built up
above the rim of pot. A. marinuwm grows above sea-caves, often with
its rootstock squeezed into fissures of the rock, and this position should
be imitated in cultivation. Propagation is effected by dividing the
rootstock when two or more crowns have been formed; by the buds
(“bulbils”) developed on the fronds of many species, or by raising spores
as instructed under Aspidium.

Description of Asplenium Nidus, the Bird’s-nest Fern, reduced to

306. about one-sixth of its natural proportions. This is the

largest known Fern having undivided fronds. Fig. 1 is a portion of a
frond showing the back, with the sori.

Cultivation

OSTRICH - FERN
Natural Order Finices. Genus Onoclea

OnocLEA (Greek, onos, a beaker, and Zleio, to close: in allusion to
the rolled up pinne of the fertile fronds and the shape of the involucre).
A genus of three species of hardy Ferns, whose spore-bearing (fertile)
fronds have the margins of the pinne rolled in to the midrib behind,
entirely concealing the fructification. The sori are round, on the veins
of the pinne, and the involucre is hood-like, or half-cup-shaped,
originating from the under side of the sorus. They are natives of the
Cold and Temperate Regions.

652 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

The typical species of this genus is Onoclea sensibilis,
a North American plant, which has been in cultivation
here for two hundred years. We have it on the evidence of Jacob
Bobart, keeper of the Oxford Botanic Garden, that it was growing there
in 1699, having been introduced from Virginia. 0. germanica is a
native of Europe and North America, which was introduced by Peter
Collinson in 1760. 0. orientalis is a much more recent addition to our
ferneries, whose native habitat is Assam, Sikkim, and Japan.

NOCLEA GERMANICA (German). Ostrich Fern.
Rootstock erect, 9 inches high; also sending off under-
ground branches to a distance of 6 or 7 feet, from which new crowns
arise. Stipes short, enlarged at base and covered with blackish scales.
Frond broad, lance-shaped, 3 to 5 feet long; pinne very numerous, the
- largest about 5 inches long, lower ones short, turned downwards. The
pinne are cut into many blunt, smooth-edged segments. The fertile or
spore-bearing fronds are quite different, and usually about three in
number, not produced until autumn. They are 1} to 2 feet long, with a
broader, flatter rachis; the pinne are much contracted, pointing upwards,
of a brown colour and a knotted appearance. Unrolling one of these fertile
pinnz about September, the sori will be found to be round, several of
them uniting into one mass. It is also known as Struthiopteris
germanica and Onoclea Struthiopteris. Plate 307.

QO. ORIENTALIS (Eastern). Fronds oval-oblong, not greatly
narrowed at base, 1 to 14 foot long; pinnate. The fertile fronds are
produced within the circle of barren ones, which they often exceed in
length; pinne with margins curled back, dark purple-brown, glossy.
Also known as Struthiopteris orientalis and S. japonica.

O. SENSIBILIS (sensitive). Rootstock naked, creeping, and branch-
ing extensively. Stipes 3 inches long. Fronds broad-triangular in
outline, divided into oblong, lance-shaped pinnew, which are entire or
wavy-toothed. The fertile fronds are twice-pinnate, but the pinnules
are curved back over the sori, and the pinne thus have a rounded
appearance. Its sensibility consists in its fronds withering as though
scorched on being handled slightly.

Onoclea germanica and O. orientalis succeed best in
a soil of a good strong loamy character, to which leaf-
mould is added. 0. sensibilis does better in a soil that consists almost
entirely of leaf-mould and sand. In such a soil it will make rapid
headway, sending out creeping branches in all directions, and, filling up
the pot with its roots, will creep over the rim and down the side.
Although this species is hardy, like the others, yet it is best grown in a

History.

Species.

Cultivation.

PTERIS QUADRIAURITA, var. argyr@a
te Nat. size

PL. 308

FEATHER FERNS 653

cool greenhouse, where its thin-textured fronds are less likely to be
shrivelled by wind or drought. These species are readily propagated by
dividing the rootstock.
Description of Onoclea germanica, the Ostrich Fern,reduced. The lines
Plate 307. under the figure should describe it as “one-third natural size,”
but the “one-third” has been inadvertently omitted. The upper portions
of both fertile and sterile fronds are shown. Fig. 1 is an enlarged
representation of part of a pinna, showing the sori and their involucres.

FEATHER FERNS
Natural Order Finices. Genus Pteris

Preris (the old Greek for Ferns, from pteron, a feather or wing, in allusion
to the plumy appearance of the frond). A genus of about eighty-three
species of stove, greenhouse, and hardy Ferns. As there is no popular
term generally applied to this genus, we have called them by the
English of the generic name, although this savours of tautology. There
is great variation of habit in this genus, but the rootstock is usually
creeping, the veins of the frond forked or netted, the sori in continuous
lines under the curled-back edge of the frond, with which the involucre
is united. They are distributed widely over all the Regions of the
earth; one only, the Bracken, Pieris aquilina, being British.

Our common Bracken, Pteris aqguilina, has a very
extensive history, for it has played an important part in
Folk-lore and popular superstition; but its chief connection with
gardens has consisted in the use of its fronds as a handy packing material
for fruit and plants. There is no evidence of foreign species of Pteris
being grown here prior to 1770. In that year Mr. James Gordon
brought P. longifolia from the West Indies, and in the same year
P. serrulata came from India. Eight years later Mr. Francis Masson
introduced P. arguta, from Madeira. An important period in the
cultivation of Pteris appears to have been about the year 1820. Then
came the familiar P. cretica, from Crete; P. heterophylla, from the West
Indies; and P. tremula, from Australia. Next year came P. palmata,
from Caraccas, in 1824 P. leptophylla, from Brazil, whence also came
P. saggitifolia, a year later.

PTERIS ARGUTA (sharp-notched). Rhizome creeping,
covered with dark-brown scales. Stipes erect, 1 foot long,
yellow or brown. Fronds 1 to 3 feet long, 1 foot across, thin-textured

wee 12.

History.

Principal Species.

634 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

and drooping; general form oval. Pinne few, very large, oblong, lance-
shaped ; pinnules of similar shape, but somewhat curved forward, finely
and sharply toothed; lowest pinnules sometimes again divided. Sori on
lower part of frond, of variable length, but not occupying whole margin
of segments. Greenhouse.

P. cretica (Cretan). Stipes tufted, 6 to 12 inches long, yellowish
brown. Fronds of equal length with stipes, 4 to 8 inches across, pinnate,
firm-textured; lowest pinne again divided. Pinne slender, long,
tapering to a long fine point. Sori in broad lines, continuous along
three-fourths of margin of pinne. No true involucre. The var. albo-
lineata has a white streak down the whole centre of the frond.
Greenhouse.

P. ELEGANS (elegant). Stipes 1 foot long. Fronds 6 to 12 inches
long, triangular, heart-shaped, twice pinnately-cut. The lobes are lance-
shaped, cut nearly to the rachis, and the lower ones with from one to four
lance-shaped pinnules on the lower side, usually none on the upper side.
Sori continuous along margin. Native of South Brazil. Stove.

P. HETEROPHYLLA (various-leaved). Stipes wiry, erect, yellowish.
Fronds oval, wedge-shaped, 6 to 12 inches long, 3 to 6 inches across,
thrice-pinnate. Uppermost pinne simple, lowest wedge-shaped, pinnate,
and the pinnules again divided, the lobes sharply and deeply toothed.
broad, pale, thin-textured. Stove.

. LEPTOPHYLLA (thin-leaved). Stipes 6 to 9 inches long, erect,
yellowish. Fronds triangular, 9 to 12 inches long either way; upper
pinne simple, an inch long; central ones lance-shaped, pinnate; lowest
pinnz wedge-shaped, the pinnules as much as 2 inches long, and
pinnately-lobed. Sori not extending to the tips of the segments. Stove.

. LONGIFOLIA (long-leaved). Stipes stout, erect, 6 to 12 inches
long, pale, scaly at base. Fronds 1 to 2 feet long, 4 to 9 inches across,
oblong, lance-shaped, tapering below. Pinnz numerous, 3 to 6 inches
long, very slender, with entire margins. Involucres yellowish brown,
thin textured. Stove.

P. PALMATA (hand-shaped). Stipes 1 foot long, chestnut-brown,
erect. Fronds 4 to 9 inches long, and as broad; barren fronds, with a
broad undivided centre, from which five triangular lobes run off; the
lobes of the fertile fronds are narrower and cut nearer to the rachis.
The sori are continued to the tips of the lobes. Stove.

P. QUADRIAURITA (four-eared). Stipes 1 to 2 feet long, erect,
yellowish or brownish. Fronds 6 inches to 3 feet long, 4 to 12 inches
across. Pinnz 6 to 12 inches long, divided, nearly to the rachis, into
numerous entive-edged or slightly-toothed blunt lobes. The lowest

SPIDER FERN

(PTERIS SERRULATA)
a Nat. size
PL. 309

FEATHER FERNS 655

pair of pinne branching near the base. Sori often continued along
entire edge of lobes. . The var. argyrea (figured in Plate 308) has a
more or less distinct band of white down the centre of the a agte
Stove.

P. SAGGITIFOLIA (arrow-leaved). Stipes 4 to 6 inches long, erect,
blackish. Fronds 4 to 6 inches long, spear-shaped or arrow-shaped, with
entire margin and blackish midrib. Sori continuous. Stove.

P. SERRULATA (saw-edged). Spider Fern. Stipes 6 to 9 inches
long, erect, pale brownish. Fronds 9 to 18 inches long, 6 to 9 inches
broad, cut bipinnately into very narrow, long segments. Rachis winged,
broader above. Pinnz in distant opposite pairs, upper ones simple, 4 to
6 inches long, lower ones with several pinnules, the edges of the barren
ones spiny-toothed. Involucres narrow. Greenhouse. Plate 309. There
are a number of garden varieties of this species.

P. TREMULA (trembling). Stipes 1 foot long, erect, brown. Fronds
2 to 4 feet long, } to 2 feet across. Upper pinne pinnately divided into
numerous lobes, the largest 6 inches long; lower pinnz compound,
nearly a foot long. Sori almost covering the segment. Greenhouse.

The general directions for Fern culture already given
must be observed in regard to this genus. As a rule, the
species do well in a compost of sandy loam and peat. The stove and
greenhouse kinds will be found suitable for planting on an indoor
rockery. Several of the greenhouse kinds may be grown in pots, with a
view to plunging these in summer in a sheltered fernery out of doors,
taking them in again in autumn. These are also much used for table
and window decoration, among the most suitable for this purpose being
P.cretica, P. serrulata, and C. arguta. The common C. aquilina, or
Bracken, which we have not considered necessary to describe, if grown
in a moist, shady greenhouse produces magnificent arching, broad, lace-
like fronds, altogether different in appearance from those developed when
growing on dry heaths. It requires a roomy pot or tub to accommodate
its horizontal underground rhizome. They may all be propagated either
by divisions of the rhizome or by sowing the spores. P. eretica will come
up freely from self-sown spores in the greenhouse, as will P. longifolia
in a warmer house. These two, in fact, come up so freely in the pots of
other ferns that they are considered a nuisance in some establishments.

Description of Plate 308. Pteris quadriaurita, var. argyrea; frond
Plates 308and309.natural size. Under side of pinna, showing sori in
position.

Plate 309. Pteris serrulata, the Spider Fern; single frond, natural
size. Fig. 1, portion of fertile pinna, enlarged, showing sori.

Cultivation.

656 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

MAIDENHAIR FERNS
Natural Order Finices. Genus Adiantum

ADIANTUM (the old Greek name, from adiantos, dry, from the fact
that water rolls off the fronds without wetting them). A genus of about
eighty species of stove and greenhouse Ferns, with tufted or creeping root-
stocks, and usually compound fronds, these being twice, thrice, or four times
pinnate. The rachis and its branchlets are hair-like, whence the popular,
name of these plants. There is considerable variety in the general form
of the fronds and of their parts, but as a rule the pinnules are wedge-
shaped, or rounded or lunate. This gives the plants a character that
distinguishes them at a glance from other ferns. The sori are marginal,
as in Pteris, rounded, or oblong. The involucre consists of the turned-
down margin of the pinnule, to which the sori is attached, so that
it appears to open inwards. They are found in all Tropical and
Temperate Regions, but the headquarters may be said to be Tropical
America.

The Maidenhair Fern, Adiantum Capillus-Veneris,
which is widely distributed in the warmer portions of both
Old and New Worlds, is the only one of the genus that has extended its
range across the Channel from Europe to the westerly portions of these
islands. In the humid atmosphere of sea-caves and wet rocks, from
Dorset to Cornwall, in Glamorgan, in Man and the West of Ireland
this Fern is occasionally found ; though more rarely every year. This,
probably, was not a cultivated plant until comparatively recently, for,
far from the sea, it would not grow out of doors. A. pedatum,
however, which came from North America prior to 1640, is a more
hardy subject. It was introduced by the younger Tradescant, and
was growing in the famous garden at Lambeth two hundred and
fifty-seven years ago. A. reniforme, from Madeira and Teneriffe, was
also introduced during the 17th century, for in 1699 Bobart had
it growing at Oxford. We ceased introducing Maiden-hairs then for
nearly a hundred years; but the importation of A. villoswm from
Jamaica, in 1775, seemed to draw attention to the West Indies as a
source for new species, for in 1793 we brought thence A. macrophyllum,
A. pulverulentum, A. tenerum, and A. trapeziforme. A. cuneatum,
which is the one most seprmen: cultivated, came from Brazil in 1820,
in which year we got A. formosum from Australia; whence also came
A. hispidulum, in 1822; and A. ethiopicwm, in 1823. Among more

History.

MAIDENHAIR
(ADIANTUM CUNEATUM

)

—

Nat. size

PL. 310

MAIDENHAIR FERNS 657

recent introductions we may mention A. cwrvatum, from Tropical
America, in 1841. In the year 1865 some Ferns were received for exhibition
from Mr. T. G. Briggs, of Farley Hill, Barbados, and among them was a
magnificent variety, which for some years caused Fern-growers to have
doubts and perplexities regarding its origin and status. It was pro-
visionally called Farleyense, in honour of its place of origin, and it was
variously thought to be a sport of A. tenerum, a hybrid between that
species and A. trapeziforme, and a distinct species. It is now given
rank as a variety of A. teneruwm,and is acknowledged as one of the most
magnificent of the genus. A. rubellum was introduced from Bolivia in
1868; and A. Williamsii, from the Andes of Peru, in 1877.

ADIANTUM £THIOPICUM (Ethiopian). Stipes slender,
erect, 6 to 9 inches long. Fronds triangular, three or four
times pinnate; pinne triangular; pinnules half-round, the upper part
broadly lobed. Sori in roundish patches. There are several geographical
varieties of this widely-distributed species. Stove.

A. CapPILLus-VENERIS (Venus Hair). Rootstock creeping. Stipes
slender, half-erect, black, polished, 4 to 9 inches long. Frond 4 to 12
inches long, oval, with many spreading, hair-like branches. Pinnules
thin, fan-shaped, but varying considerably ; the upper edge deeply lobed,
and segments round-toothed. Sori between the round teeth, covered by
a somewhat kidney-shaped involucre. Greenhouse. There are numerous
varieties.

A. CAUDATUM (tailed). Stipes 2 to 4 inches long, wiry, tufted.
Fronds 6 to 12 inches long, pinnate, rachis often extended beyond pinne,
and the tip rooting. Pinne oblique; the upper edge rounded and cut;
hairy on both sides. Sori roundish or oblong. Native of the Tropics
generally. Stove or warm greenhouse.

A. CUNEATUM (wedge-shaped). Stipes 6 to 9 inches long, slender,
erect. Fronds 9 to 18 inches long, wedge-shaped, three or four times
pinnate. Lower pinne 4 to 6 inches long; pinnules wedge-shaped,
deeply-lobed at top. Sori four to six, kidney-shaped. Greenhouse or
stove. The most popular of the Maidenhair Ferns. Plate 310. There
are a great number of garden varieties, among the more important being
dissectum, mundulum, Legrandi, and Pacotti.

A. Epe@wortut (Edgworth’s). This is very similar to A. caudatum,
from which it differs by reason of its thinner, more membranous texture,
its surfaces devoid of hairs, and its upper margin being scarcely lobed.
Native of China and Himalaya. Stove.

A. FORMOsUM (beautiful). Stipes 12 to 18 inches long, erect.
Fronds 1} to 2 feet long, 1 to 14 foot across, two, three, or four times

1V.—41

Principal Species.

658 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

pinnate. Lower pinne 12 to 18 inches long, wedge-shaped; pinnules
wedge-shaped. Sori numerous, somewhat kidney-shaped. Greenhouse.

A. GLAUCOPHYLLUM (glaucous-leaved). Similar to A. cuneatum,
except that it is one-third larger in all respects, and that the under side
is of a glaucous hue. A Mexican plant. Greenhouse.

A. HISPIDULUM (somewhat bristly). Stipes erect, 6 to 15 inches
long. Fronds forking, each division being fan-shaped. Pinne 6 to 9
inches long. Pinnules oblique; outer edge bluntly rounded, finely
toothed ; upper margin also finely toothed. Sori numerous and continuous,
roundish. Greenhouse.

A. MACROPHYLLUM (large-leaved). Stipes 6 to 12 inches long, erect,
nearly black. Fronds 9 to 15 inches long, 4 to 8 inches broad, pinnate.
Lower pinne, 3 or 4 inches long, the base overlapping the rachis; margin
deeply lobed. Sori in marginal lines, continuous or interrupted.
Stove.

A. PEDATUM (footed). Stipes 1 to 2 feet long, erect, polished.
Frond fan-shaped, the rachis dividing into two main branches, which
are each recurved, and bear on the outside of the curve a number of
nearly straight, pinnate branchlets. The largest of these pinne are 6 to
12 inches long, with about thirty pairs of one-sided, oblong pinnules,
whose upper margin is lobed and bears the roundish sori. Hardy.

A. RENIFORME (kidney-shaped). Stipes tufted, 4 to 9 inches long.
Fronds kidney-shaped, undivided, 2 to 4 inches across. Sori all around
the margin, $ to } inch broad. Greenhouse.

A. RUBELLUM (reddish). Stipes 4 to 6 inches long. Fronds wedge-
shaped, 4 to 6 inches long, twice pinnate, purplish crimson when young,
changing to green with a pinkish tinge. Sori round, in the lobes of
pinnules. Greenhouse.

A. TENERUM (tender). Stipes erect, 1 foot long. Fronds 1 to 3
feet long, 9 to 18 inches broad, wedge-shaped; three or four times
pinnate. Pinnules stalked, wedge-shaped to rhomboid, upper edge
deeply lobed. Sori roundish in the lobes of upper pinnules. Stove.
There are several varieties, of which Farleyense is exceedingly popular ;
other good varieties are Lathomii, scutwm, and Victorve.

A. TRAPEZIFORME (rhomb-shaped). Stipes 6 to 12 inches long,
erect. Fronds 1 to 2 feet long, with a central pinna 4 to 6 inches long,
and on each side two to four large, spreading ones, the lowest of which
are often branched again. Pinnules oblique, the sides nearly parallel.
Sori numerous, round upper and outer edges. Stove. Plate 311.

A. Wituiamstr (Williams’), Stipes 6 to 8 inches long. Fronds
triangular, 9 to 18 inches long, thrice pinnate ; when young, dusted with

ADIANTUM TRAPEZIFORME

Nat. size

PL. 311

GOLD AND SILVER FERNS 659

a yellow mealiness. Pinne distant, oval, with somewhat rhomboidal
pinnules, whose edges are ragged, except the outer, which is occupied by
the kidney-shaped sori. Greenhouse.

The general directions already given for Fern-culture
still apply. The soil most suitable to the majority of
Adiantums is a compost of fibrous peat, loam, and sand. For the more
delicate sorts the peat should be to the loam in the proportion of two
to one; the stronger-growing will require the proportions reversed ;
whilst to those of average robustness equal quantities may be used. They
should not be stinted for pot room, and particular attention should be
paid to drainage. A. tenerum, var. Furleyense, will be found specially
fine for a large, hanging basket in a warm, moist atmosphere, when its
_ large, beautiful fronds will show to the greatest advantage. A. caudatum
and A. concinnum are also good subjects for such treatment. A.

Cultivation.

pedatum may be grown on outdoor ferneries in most places. Propaga-

tion is effected by dividing the rootstocks and by raising young plants
from the spores.

Description of Plate 310. Adiantum cuneatum, the Maidenhair
Plates310and311. Hern, natural size. Fig. 1 is an enlarged view of the
prothallus and the first frond; 2, a pinnule enlarged, under surface,
showing involucres; 3 is a still greater enlargement of one of the lobes
of a pinnule, showing the sori under the involuere.

Plate 311. Adiantum trapeziforme. A frond, natural size, but
the rachis doubled over to get it in the space. Fig. 1 shows the under
side of a pinnule, with the sori and involucres along the upper edges ;
2 is an enlarged view of a sorus and its involucre.

GOLD AND SILVER FERNS
Natural Order Fitices. Genus Gymnogramme

GYMNOGRAMME (Greek, gymnos, bare, and gramme, a line: from the
form of the sori, which spread in irregular lines, and are not covered by
any involuecre). A genus of about a hundred species of Ferns, mostly
stove subjects, with fronds of diverse habit, once, twice, or thrice pinnate.
The sori are oblong, united into narrow irregular lines. They are
situated on or between the veins, on the under surface of the frond.
The involucre is not present in any of the genus. The species are
distributed chiefly over the warm regions of the Globe, one extending
into the British Islands as far as Jersey.

Sa a a

660 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

There are very few Ferns known that are only annual
in duration, and the present genus has the distinction of
including two of these. The spores of these two—Gymnogramme
cherophylla and G. leptophylla—germinate with what, among Ferns,
must be characterised as precipitous haste ; for those shed in summer have
produced plants by autumn which are full-grown the next spring, and
perish in summer. The genus is best known in gardens through G.
calomelanos, a Tropical American species, which was introduced from
the West Indies in 1790. In the normal form this species has the under
surface sprinkled with white powder, which imparts a silvery appearance,
and, of course, led to the plant being called Silver Fern. Several other
species share this character. In 1793 G. rufa was introduced from
Jamaica. As a contrast to G. calomelanos, there was introduced, also
from Jamaica, in 1808, a yellow-dusted species, G. sulphurea. G.
trifoliata (Jamaica, 1810) has both white- and yellow-backed fronds;
G. tartarea (1817), dense white powder. In 1824 a yellow-backed
form was introduced, and long known as G. chrysophylla, but now
ranks as a variety of G. calomelanos. Among the more recently-
introduced species we may mention G. japonica, from Japan, 1863;
G. Pearcei, from Peru, 1864; G. triangularis, from Vancouver Island,
1874; and G. schizophylla, from Jamaica, 1880.

GYMNOGRAMME CALOMELANOS (beautiful black). Stipes
tufted, 6 to 12 inches long. Fronds 1 to3 feet long, 6 to
12 inches across base. Pinnz lance-shaped, the lowest pair much larger
than the others; the lowest pinnules almost again pinnate. Powdered
white. The var. peruviana is smaller than the type; fronds 12 to 16
inches long; stipes and rachis chestnut-brown. The var. chrysophylla,
represented on Plate 312, is similar to the var. peruviana, but the rachis
is darker in colour, and the powder is golden-yellow. This is usually
known as G. chrysophylla, as printed beneath the plate; but its correct
designation is G. calomelanos, var. chrysophylla. Stove.

G. JAPONICA (Japanese). Rootstock creeping. Stipes 6 to 12 inches
long. Fronds 1} to 2 feet long, a foot across, pinnate; lowest pinne
again pinnate. Pinne 6 to 12 inches long, entire. Stove.

G. LEPTOPHYLLA (slender-leaved). Annual Silver Fern. Stipes 1 to
4 inches long. Frond slender, 1 to 3 inches long, oblong-oval, twice or
thrice pinnate, smooth. Pinnules oval, wedge-shaped, with two or three
blunt lobes; annual. Hardy.

G. PEARCEI(Pearce’s). Stipes6to9incheslong. Fronds triangular,
1 foot either way, four times pinnately cut (quadripinnatiid). Lower
pinne 4 to 6 inches long; pinnules overlapping. Powdered white. Stove.

History.

PrincipalSpecies,

GOLD FERN
(GYMNOGRAMME CALOMELANOS, var. laucheana)
e 2/, Nat. size

PL. 312

HARE’S-FOOT FERNS 661

G. SCHIZOPHYLLA (cut-leaved). Stipes tufted, slender, 6 inches.
Fronds 1} to 2 feet long, very finely and intricately cut into numerous
minute pinnules. Stove.

G. SULPHUREA (sulphur-coloured). Stipes tufted, 1 to 6 inches
long, upper part powdered. Fronds thrice pinnatifid, 6 to 12 inches
long, 3 to 4 inches across. Pinnules cut fan-like. Powdered bright
yellow. Stove.

G. TARTAREA (infernal). Stipes tufted, 6 to 12 incheslong. Fronds
1 to 2 feet long, 6 to 12 across, oblong-triangular; twice pinnate.
Pinnz lance-shaped, the lowest largest. Pinnules blunt, entire or
nearly so. Powdered pure white.

G. TRIANGULARIS (triangular). Stipes tufted, 6 to 12 inches long.
Fronds triangular, 3 or 4 inches either way. Lowest pinnz the largest,
triangular ; upper lance-shaped, pinnately cut. Powder of variable hue,
from deep orange to white. Stove.

All the species of Gymnogramme do well in a compost
of fibrous peat and sand, well drained, as they require
plenty of water whilst growing. The fronds should never be syringed,
as the water gathers in the powder and soon spoils their appearance.
They require a sunny position if grown under glass. G. schizophylla
is a beautiful basket plant. G. leptophylla, when once established in a
fernery, annually reproduces itself from self-sown spores. The others
may be propagated by dividing the rootstocks and by sowing the spores.
Some of them have proliferous fronds.

Description of Gymnogramme calomelanos, var. chrysophylla, Gold
Plate 312. ern. Both sides of a small frond are shown.

Cultivation.

HARE’S-FOOT FERNS
Natural Order Finices. Genus Davallia

DAVALLIA (named in honour of Edmund Davall, a Swiss botanist). <A
genus of about a hundred species of greenhouse Ferns with creeping,
sealy rhizomes, fronds of varied form, and marginal or roundish sori,
with a scale-like involucre attached by a broad base and sides. The
species are widely distributed, and most are evergreen, which renders
the fronds valuable for cutting. D. canariensis, the Hare’s-foot Fern,
is the best known; it has been in cultivation here since 1699. Its
rhizome is densely clothed in brown hair-like scales, and as it creeps over
the rim of the pot it presents a wonderful likeness to the foot of a hare.
1V.—42

662 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE

DAVALLIA BULLATA (blistered). Squirrel’s-foot Fern.
Rhizome stout, clothed with hair-like scales. Stipes
stout, erect, 3 to 4 inches long. Fronds 8 to 12 inches long, 4 to 8 inches
across, triangular, four times pinnate. Lower pinne lance-shaped, with
somewhat rhomboid segments. Sori half-cup-shaped. Native of
Tropical Asia. Not evergreen. Stove.

D. CANARIENSIS (Canary Islands). Rhizome creeping, densely scaly.
Stipes erect, 4 to 6 inches long. Fronds 1 to 14 foot long, 9 to 12 inches
across, triangular. Lower pinne lance-shaped-triangular, with more
oval segments. Sori, each occupying an entire lobe of a pinnule.
Evergreen. Native of Europe and the Canaries. Greenhouse.

D. DissEcTA (dissected). Similar to D. bullata, but much larger,
and evergreen. The rhizome is of climbing habit. The sori are minute,
oblong. Introduced from Java, 1855.

Davallias should be grown in fibrous peat and sand,
which should be piled up above the rim of the pot. The
rhizome should not be covered with soil, but simply pressed in, and, if
necessary, slightly pegged down until its roots are established. Those
of climbing habit should have the growing point of the rhizome placed
against a length of Virgin Cork, the old trunk of a Tree Fern, or similar
body, to which it will attach itself. They are also suitable for basket-
culture.

Principal Species.

Cultivation.

DICKSONIAS
Natural Order Finices. Genus Dicksonia

DicksoniA (named in honour of James Dickson, a cryptogamic botanist).
A genus of about forty species of stove and greenhouse Ferns, chiefly
natives of Tropical America and Polynesia. Many of the species are
Tree Ferns, with tall stems and large, leathery, much-divided fronds.
The sori are situated near the margin of the frond and at the extremity
of a vein; the involucre is cup-shaped or two-valved.

Dicksonia arborescens was the first species of this
genus to be introduced to cultivation in this country,
coming from St. Helena in 1786; but another species had long been
known to fame, and appeared to furnish conclusive evidence of the truth
of one of the most cherished of travellers’ tales. This was D. Barometz,
a plant with creeping rhizome densely clad in silky hair-like scales
similar to that of Davallia canariensis, and the story founded upon it
was to the effect that, in the deserts of Scythia, there grows a plant

History.

DICKSONIAS 663

resembling a lamb, with feet, head, and tail distinctly formed, and its
skin covered with soft down. This little lamb grows upon a stem, from
which it bends down to crop the grass around it. Specimens were
brought to this country testifying to the truth of this story, and one of
these is still to be seen in the British Museum, where it has been for
more than a hundred years. As a matter of fact, it is part of the creep-
ing rhizome, with the basal portions of four stipes cut to equal length to
serve as legs, and, when inverted, this has a very lamb-like aspect. It
was not until the year 1725 that the story was “blown upon” by Dr.
Breyne, of Dantzig, who published a true account of it. D. Barometz,
in the living state, was introduced from China in 1824. D. antarctica,
a Tree Fern, was also introduced in 1824 from Australia.

DICKSONIA ANTARCTICA (Antarctic). Trunk 30 feet
high, 1 to 2 feet diameter. Stipes 1 foot long, scaly.
Fronds 6 to 9 feet long, rhomb-shaped, thrice pinnate. Pinne 1 to 2
feet long; pinnules narrow, $ inch wide, divided into oblong segments.
Greenhouse.

D. sQUARROSA (rough). Stem erect and slender, rough, with the
bases of stipes of the fallen fronds. Stipes 6 to 12 inches long, rough,
with dense scales. Fronds oblong-triangular, thrice pinnate, spreading.
Pinne lance-shaped. Pinnules slender, with lance-shaped segments.
Native of New Zealand. Greenhouse.

A mixture of two parts peat to one of loam, and
sufficient sand to keep the whole open, will be found most
suitable for these plants. A liberal supply of water should be given,
not only to the roots, but the stem should be syringed frequently.
They should be grown in pots or tubs, and may be placed outside
during the warm summer months.

Principal Species.

Cultivation,

THE END.

IN DEA

For convenience of reference readers are reminded that—-

Vol.
ol

I. contains pages 1 to 164.
II. J 165 ,, 324.
III. a 325 ,, 496.
ae ‘s 497 ,, 691

Plates will always be found in the same volume as the description of the

The
species figure

Aaron’s Beard, 9
sig: emacs 472.
mbellata » 472, 473.

Abutilon Darwini, 100.
ybrid, we 250. |
insigne, 100.
0k a sear 100.
striatum, 100, 10
venosum, 100, 101,
viti folium, 100, 101.
culture of, ‘101, "102.

ee varieties of, 101.

100.

wilkesiana
cnalbeors of, 49
ie “Catia,

longifolins, 454.
see age 455.

~ spinosus, 455,
sutinee a 99
history of, 4

Achillea sh 298.

Ageratum, 298.
argentea, 298.
atrata, 298.
aure

Herba-rota, 298.
Millefolium, 298, 299
Mongolica, 299.

IV.—43

Achillea—contd.
Ptarmica, 298, 299.
sai 00 299.

ntosa, 299.
uimbellata 299.
culture of, "99 F

Achimenes coccinea, —

hein, to
chin ae

' om asi

Eceepbyii, 28.

_ Japon

Paes. — 28.
napellus, 27, 28.

panicnlatum, 28.

-

— ae AR ea
plate 12.

ere 3 28, 29.

hist

Acroelinium ’ roseum, 272,
plate 136.

Adiantum eye m, 657.
apillus- Veneris, 657.
um, 657.

caudat

cuneatum, 657, plate
310. -

curvatum, 657.
piers rthii, 657.
formosum,

_glancophyllum, 658.

diantum—contd.
hiepidalush, 656, 658.
rs acho 656,

ce oe um, 656, 658.
pulverulentum, 656.
reniforme, 656, 658.
rubellum, 657, 658.

tenerum, 657, 658.
trapeziforme, 657, 658,
é

Wciuen calyulata 544.
cae canna
discolo

distchanth, bid.
iata, 54
gens ak, plate

Lalinei, 545.
Marie-regine, 5
8 ectaiis, a.
so
Sadiae é of, 5
aie crasiflinm, 532.
rispum, 532.

multiflorum, 533.
odoratum, 532, 533.

EM oti
Bert
ae

666

Aérides—contd.
qu coli tree 533.
suavissi 533.
virens, 533
culture of,
-hastory of, 532.
schynanthus _ javanicus,
4
lobbianus , 449,
longiflorus, 449, 450
speciosus,
tricolor, 4
culture o,

of, 4
— u Liat. 587,
pea,
culture of, 587, 588.
history of, 5

Ageratuna hea 259,
plate 126.
Sonrpniies, 259,
mexicanum, 259,

history of, 259, 260.
Agrostis nebulusa, 643
Aira pulchella, 643, “plate
302c.
a of 643, 644.
Alder eee

Allamande Able, 376.
cathartica, 376.

Feriifolia, 376.

nobilis. 376.

Scho 376.
iolace —-

illiams 34 6.
culture of, 6. 377.
Allium acuminatum, 614.
ceruleum, 614.
Moly, 614.

nareissiflorum, 614.
eapolitanum, 614.
Auxoxp oma 170-172.
Alnus.
» Aloe eeenian 581, plate

history of, 581.

INDEX

Alonsoa albiflora, 427.
—— 427, plate

linifolia, 427.

eles! ar

cultw 37.
Aumensaxitinas 482-484,

‘Aidiee civnabie: 102, 103.
103

6 102, 103, plate

sale e of, 104.
history of, 102, 103.
varieties of, 103, 104,
Alyssum a a
atlant

saxatil, 5 , plate 25a.

aie my 05.
history of, 5
Amaranth, Variegated 477,

Pp
Aeasians. 476-478, plates
227,
AMARANTHS, Goss, 484,
485, plate 232.
Amarantus caudatus, 477,

hy bochiondriacus 477.
na ae ruber,

ealicifolius, 477.
wee osus, 477,
tricolor, 477 e plate 228.
of, 477, 478.
of, 4

Amaryllis Belladonna, 566.
culture of, 566,
Amelanchier, Common,

Amelanchier canadensis,

179.
ulgaris, 178, 179.

Vv
etd of =
AMER Ls, 350.
| Acivobom iat m, 318.
| An, _— 5 arvensis, 367.
ca, 367.

linifolva, 367.

Anagallis—contd.
tenella, 367.
culture of, 367.

Anchusa capensis, 401.

lica, 401.

m
culture of, 401.
Anemone alpina, 10.

: y ES
apennina, 10.
coronaria, 9, plate
— 12, 13, late

Sete 9, 10, plate 4.
japonica, ’9, 10
multifida, 10.
narcissiflora, 10.
nemorosa, 10.
palmata,
polyanthes, 10.
pratensis, 11.
pulsati
ranunculoides, 10
sylvestris, 10.
vernalis, 10, 11.
culture of, ll, 13.
history of, 9

pot — of, 11

propagation of, 11.
ANNUAL loa eas, 328,

plate 158.
Antennaria margaritacea,
anise
09, 310.
Anthericum “Things 616.
= liastrum, 616.

mosum "61 6.
sehen lum acaule, 6 631.
andreanum, 631

¥ 6
findonieuuite 631.
ornatum, 631.
regale, 631.
scherzerianum, 631,

plate 296.
splendidum, 631.
subsignatum, 631.
Walujewi, 631, 632.
culture of,
history

Antirrhinum: "Asnting 431.
Oront
seit “31,

>| .
tortuosum, 431.

culture of, 431.
‘Antwerp Hollyhock, 103.

Apocynum —androsemi-

Aponogeton ” distachyum,
633, plate 297.

ree Crab, 173, 174.

Apricot, 170.

Aili i 21, 22.
ulea

can siden
chysantha af 39, plate

formosa, 22, a 9.
slandulosa, 22 ;
pyrenaica, 22.
sibir soy 22,
viridiflora, 2

vulgaris, 21, plate 9.
ieee of, 22, 2
history of, 2

Aralia Chabrier, 246.

chinensis, 246
e

Aralia, Japanese, ee 121.
Araucaria Balan

Canninghamit i
a 497, 478, plate

cesar 497, it

ory 0
Armeria dianthoides, 354.
ju _

juniperifoia 354.

_ latifolia
maritina,3 a4 we 169.
antagine
culture of, ao, 166
history of, 3:

INDEX
Arnica chamissonis; 318.

9,
w Roots, 539, 540,

©

plate
Artichoke, J erusalem, 277.

i curassavica, 379,
plate 182.

Doug plast 379.
- carn a, 379.

379
tires Je
eof, 3
doit apie ca 254,
cynanchica, 254,
galioides, 254.

Aspidistra erect
lurida, 574, ite 266.
cules € Of, B74, 5

Anglian serostiobtides.

aculeatum, 647, plate

ar -istatum, 647.
anriculatim, 646,
capen 647.

Beslan n, 647, plate
lasernistiedins, eT.
nchitis,
munitum, ar
triangulun
fiflintai, e16.
culture of, 648.
hist 64

istory of, 646.
etree i ea 649.
bulbiferum, 649.

sv

leatum, 65:
filix-feemina,
flabellifolium, 650.
fragrans, 649.
Hemionitis, 650.

um, 650.

BE aaa iS 649.

667,

Asplenium—contd.
-Nidus,649,650,plate306.
rhizophy llum, 649.
Uichonnanes, 649, 650.
viparum, 651

Aster acuminatus, 264, 265.
altaicus, 264, 265.
Amel 264, 265, plate

cokes 264, 265.
ieee 264, 265.

pinion eee 264,

dumosus, 264, 265.

elegans, 264, 265

eo a 265,

gud tora 264, 266.
a

leevis, cig

linosyri
lonetoting 264, 266.
sane recy 264, 266,
plate 1314
Novee- Angle, 264, 266,
plate
Novi- Bela 266.
obliquus, 266.
ses a 264, 266.
pyr 266.
spec ctab bilis, 264, 266.
Tradescanti, 264.
tripoliu
turb ae 266, plate
131.
versicolor, 266, plate

culture of, 267.

p 2.
Astilbe japonica, 192, 193,
late 92.

rivularis, 193.

Aubrietia deh, 52,
plate

purpurea, 52.
varieties and hybrids of,
ages

culture of, 53. ,
history of, 52.

668

AUSTRALIAN HEATHS, -351
352, 1 Fob

Austrian Bri

AVENS,

—
io 2)

— wag 347.
flav ee er

rekon

ladifetie bis pla 166.
ledifolia

iscosa,

Babian
Baccharis. linia 316.
Bachelor’s B 84.

Bear’s Breech, nv 455.
Beech, 495,

Beets, ’ Garden , 485, —
Begonia acerifolia,

reebeli, 229,
f wchsiodes, 231, plate

serinioldcs 229.
esa 232,
Besar 229.

Haagea na, 229, 230.
heracleifolia , 232.
inearnata, 231.
lindleyana, 231.
macrophylla, 228.

INDEX

Begonia—contd.
sh aa 231.
magnifica, 231.
a ee 230.
nelumbiifolia, 232.
nitida, 228, 231.
octopetala, 23
. Ornamental- leaved, 232,

233.
Pearcei, 228, 230.
picta, ‘
platanifolia, 232.
rajah, 232.

12.
canelobantta 230.
roseeflora, 228, 230
Shrubby, 230, 231, 232.
socotrana, 23

rde
istory of, 228,
Begonia, Strawberry, 18
L ER, Chimney

31, pl
Nettle-leaved, 332.
Peach- leaved, 329, 331,

plate 161
PERE poe" 328 — 333,

plates 159-161.
Bellis pere Ps Si pa

Daron folia "gt
e of, 263, 264.

Bells, Canterbury, 330, 331,

plate 159.

Beta cicl 186.
hortensis ore 486,
aritir

Betu
Biguonin capreolata, 451.
ch

ee, 452.

speci 452.
Mires ae 452.
ven eee ae

cult re of, 45
Billbergin iif 545.
rata, 5:
santana Sac. 546,plate251.

Billbergia—contd.

culture af 4

ro
Bluebell, 31, 4 598.
aa Bottle, 326,

conia, 45
Ponce , 403, 404.
Borago laxiflora, 404,
ah 404,
is, 404.

)
cu ult oi 4
Roupaiavilless glabra, 473.
‘spectabilis, 473.
culture of, 473, 474.
Bouncing Bet, 86.
Boussingaultia baselloides,

Lachaumei

Bouvardia angel, 251.
Plead re
flava,

jini 251.
Humboldtii, 251.

25 1.
25
ora, pts
251

culture of, 252.
garden hybrids of, 251.
— ip 251.
Bowenia, 500.
Box bsicaak 419, 4
Brach A comediver “ifolin, 262.

a, 262.
iberidifoli, 262, plate

ane ture of, oe
Br er ge Aaa 1
Brinjal, 4
Briza sare 641, plate 302.

ee 90.
gracilis, 590.
grandiflora, : 590.

Brodiwa—co ntd.

laxa, 590.

mlilora, 590.

ai ay 590

niflora, "390, 591, plate

75.
culture of, 591.

Broo 5, 130. “89, Piste 65.
Bu ee ya,
Bupha ‘colisitetiails

pe os, rain
Burnet Ros
Burning a
late
BuTTERFLY FLOWERS, 422,
late 203.
Butterfly. weed, 380.

123, 124,

Cabbage Rose, 1
Cacatia, 304, 305, ‘plate 154.
Caladium argyrites,
bicolor, Ris! plate 294,
Cannartii, 627

macula, 627.

sanguinolentu

Ve — aN roa 627.

Wallis

celiions ey 627, 628.

history o
CALANDRINIA discolor, 89.

grandiflor

ee yg

ni
betas 20, plate 44.

cultur
a nt ‘Domini 511, 512.
fur 511.

Sean ‘1 1.
rosea, 5 ‘ 1

INDEX

ara
s of, 5
Caledtri \arahnoiden, 24
Burbidae, 424,

orymbo:
Fothergillii, £5, 424,

es aoe 424,
Pavonii, 424, 495.
pinnata, 423

ae 423
, 423, 425, plate

scabiossefolia, 423, 425.
thyrsiflora, 424
violacea, 425.

y3
of, plate 204.
Caendala weiesrtnts. 305,
wlg

re of, 3

Callichee en 105.
pedata, 105

Callisteph ensis, 267,

a il

culture 0 of, 26
garden earicte %, 268.
history of, 2
Calochortus aceite 613.
ceruleus, 613.
acinus,

ry 9,
Camassia esculenta, 615.
diam

ichtl lini, 615
Camellia drupifera, 93.
euryoides, 93.
ae 93, plate 46.

olei
cuit. 93, 94.

— 93, 94.
Theifera, 94.

propagation of,
com a Phan ee 399.

669

Cam mpanula—contd,

nobilis
reriiolia 329, 331,

‘por tenschlgana 331.

pulla, 3

Fapuneutoides, 331.

Rapunculus, 329, 331.

ps. tees 7 329, 331,
late 160

rotundifolia, 331, 332.
speciosa, 332.

CaMpions, 83-87, plates 41,

Canary- -bird flower, 118.

CANDYTUFTS, 61-64,

29, 30.
Canna coccinea, 541.

, 041.
rscewiedii, 541, 542.
culture of, 542

trifolia, 5:
pitas a 74-81 splate 36.
Carpinus, 495.

rion Flowers, 380, 381.

9, plat
Catananch bebe 312.
rulea

lu ise eo
CatcH- ruins, 81, 82, 83,

Cattleya Acland, es 7, 518.
bowrin jana

, 478, 479, plate
Huttonii, 479.

25,
Centranthus sip oncdtotiee:
957.

caleitrapa, 257.
vanesoni olin, 257, plate
124.

officinalis, 257.

INDEX
ee
257.
floors of, 257.
astory of, 257.
Cerastium Sebersteinii, 87.
om sum, 86, 87.
Ceratotig ma plumbagi-
oides et ad 70.
tultiae ¢ of, 3
a * Bernie 238.

pri des a3.
Hagellitormis, 237, 238,
plate ant

ps fee 238.
grandiflorus, 237, 238.
heptago :
hexagon 5, 237.

lanu, fees, 237.
Macdonaldiz, 238.
ianu ed

ace nben:

history 0
Cestrum eee 420,
421.

elegans, 421.
fascieulatum, 421,
roseum,
culture of, 4
Chanaenpe Prcmitia, 620,
van rpa, 620.
re of, 620
Chandelice tree, 625
Charieis heterophylla, 309.
Sharity, 391,
Cheira a alpina 50,
Che ae te 23.
Marsh? alli,

51.
garden eariaies of, 50.
history of, 50.

C
Cherry,

Cc
Cherry’ alls iy 17
“hoi

Cu

ig é
RRY ries, 170-172,
Chery, Wild, 1

ose, 154,
Dwarf, 171.
herr * Fapaaateehs 410, 411.

Cherry, Winter, 411, 412.
Cami Nerr Se 222, 223,
plate

Chili Pine,
CHINA Asrans, 267 - 269,
late 132.

China Boos e, 152.

Chinese- -lanterns, 412.
Chinese pink, 76, plate 37.
Chionodoxa Lu cilze, 615.

, 615.
sardensis, 615.
Chrysanthemum argenteum,

carinatum, 289, 290.
146.

late
coronarium, 289, 290.
frutescens, 289, 290,

plate .
Leucanthemum, 289.
Parthenium, 289.
prealtum, :
segetum, 289, 290, 291.
sinense, 289, 291, plates

148-150.
Tchihatchewii, 291.
culture h —
— weties of,

Racet of, 289, 2
propagation Pots "292,
CINERARIAS, 301-304, plate
Cinquefoil ee fa oa
Me rsh, 1 <
Onnauapotis 160-182, plate
Citrus Aurantium, 125, 126,
—
decu a, 126.
inet, aa 126.
nedic.

nate pee

history of, 125, es
Clarkia elegans,

pulchella, 213, plate
thomboidea, 3 214.

eo 5, pi plate 1.

"We ee -

.
x
4
f
;

see STR d.
Viticella, 4, 5.
cultu ae

garten ne of, 6
papicad bok fetidum, 462,

fallax. 462.

sqpuamatui, 462.

Tho e, 463.

trichotonam, 462, 463.

culture of, 463, 464.

Clivia eyrtanthiflorum, 567.
Gardeni, 567.

min intd 267, oe 263.
no pile 5

e Pink, 76.
Co ba penduliflora, 392.
ndens 392, plate

culture e of, 39
CockBOOMES, 178. 480, plate

Cocos rater: 623.
623.

Coleus, Eyed, plat e 222.
Colli nsia bicolor, 435, plate

rymbosa, 435.
atinddiore 435.
parviflora, 435.

INDEX

Collinsia—contd.
ame ora, 430.
a, 435.

435, 436.
¥ violets, Ds 8

O.
Collomia coccinea, 390, plate
188.

grandiflora, 390.
culture of, 390.
CoLUMBINES, 21, 22, 23,
plate ote 90.
Comrreys, 400, 401
CoMPass- Deeas, 274.

ConE FLowERs, 286, 287.
Convallava, ao
culture of, 5
Convalvaius Major, 406,
plate
Minor ne dwarf, 408,
ne el
Ganvolealas althzeoides,

arvensis, aye

408.
ocellatus, 407.
ee 407, 408.
nie 4 07, 408
ae 407,
Soulanslla, 407, 4
tricolor, 407, 408, ene
197.
elt oh 408, 409.
hast
ee i ea "138-140,

Condpline australis, 585.
can nef olia, 585.
Th

lanceolata.
tinctoria, 2 79, , 280, plate

verticillata, 28 280.
culture of, 280.
history of, 279.

671
Corn FuaG, 557-560, plate
258.

sacgapicit caf = p Kwa
DS, 395-327 ae

Comowe Mountain, 327,
Pp
ee ae iculata, 47.
nobilis 47.

ida, 47.
Goryise. 495.
‘osmos er ahs 284,
lat
diversfolin, 284,
oides, 284.
i 4,

:
o

CoTONEASTER _ affinis,

buxi fo ‘lia, 179

retusa, 200, ‘01, plate
secunda, 200, 201, plate

mbilicu s, 200, 201.
caaes of, 201, "202.
hastory of,

Cowslip, 360.
Cow: wslip, American, 365.
potagg Jean 402.
rab, rican, 173.
pani :
Chinese, 174.
Siberian, 172, 174.

ented, 173.
rete ‘197, 198, plate

94.
_— sie aah 199.
B, £09;
inlet 199, a 94.
perfoliata, 1

672

Crassula, Sickle, 199.
culture of, 198.

Crus-galli, 175.
eae 175.
flav

Oxyacantha, 175, 176.
Pyracan 176.
tanaetifolia 176.

76

cu ; 2
Cri reping ‘a eggs 366.
Crepis.a
ru
Cccomean aur
Crocus, Cloth. of Gold 553,

Yellow, 553, 554, plate

spec
a 553, 555,
vernus, 553, 555, plate

versicolor, 554, 555.
culture - 55D, 556.

astory 0, , 558, 554
named varieties of, 55 5.
Crocuses, INDIAN, 514, 515.
Crossworts, 254, "955, "plate
123.

Crot 492.
Crown IMPERIAL, 606
C wer, 5.

lapan
— of, "212.
ory of, 211.
E Shorea, 275.

INDEX|

Currant, Buffalo,
Flows ring, 196 ee
Cushion Pi nk, 8
Cycas cireinalis, =o
ia, 500.

fanaa case, 500.
revoluta, =
silamensis, 500.
Focchort of 500, 501.
500.

ory of,
coche Anemone, 10.
Cyclamen mone 363.
oe cun

co n 368,
eur open 363.
hedersefolium, — 364.

ory of, 8
Cyperus demuteta 634.
_ esculentus, 634
longus, :
Papyrus, 634. -
culture gf os 635.

istor
Cypress, 495.
Cy pripedium acaule, 536.
537.

ee 536.

yee, 537.
oe ae 537, 538.
Hoc
insgne, ee 538, plate

Lawr encianum, 538.
niveum, 538.

parv ‘Ascot m, 536.
pubescens, 536, 538.
iene 538.
spectabile, 536, 538.
spiceriamim, = B36, 538.

a 37.
Cytisus canariensis s, 131,
é 65.

hirentus, Ish.
nigricans, 131.

Cytisus—contd.

culture of, 131, 132.
history of, 130, 131.

DarroniL, 561, plate 2598.

Dahlia tag 281.
excelsa,
fnpaciied ak 281.
Mercki, 281.

variabilis 280, 281,

plate

ete "eat of,

» 282.

oan of, 282, 283.
history of, 280, 281.
Daisies, ee River, 262,

DAISIES, Dou, 263, 264,

pe
DAISIES, Micnarake 8, 264—
267, Le es 130-132.
arse Comm —
Daisy, Ox- eye 3
Ga As nd, 989.
Paris, 289, plate 147.
‘Peinoloe, 289, plate

meteloides, 413.
sanguinea, 414,
Stramonitm, 413.
suaveolens, 413, 414
plate 198
Tatula, 414.
culture of, 414.
history of, 413.
Davallia bullata, 662.
canariensis, Shear
dissecta,
pa of, 662.
Delphinium — Ajacis,

bo
ke

azureum, pe
cardinale,
chin 24.
aaa lida,
dasycarpum,

pha ga Relies

%

Te ee es es, Ss

Delphinium—cont
— fantasies 23,

, 26.
Dendr obium aggregatum,
508.

Ainsworthii, 510.
Calceolaria, 508.

crassinode,
rumentatum, 508.
cucullatum, 508.
devonianum, 508, 509
dalhousieanum, 509.
Falconeri, ;
Farmeri, 508, 509,
“
m, 508, 509.

nobile,508, B00,plate 237.
Phalien eae

Piera 508, “508.
splendidissimum, 510.
aaa hv

Venus, 510.

win, 509, 510.

DEN
elses’ 937 238.
Deschampsia flexuosa, 643.
Deut 191.
Dez ieiiien. 191.
renata, 191.
gracilis, 191, plate 91.
staminea, 192.
culture of, 192.
Devil’s Fi
Diacrium
eget arm
sate

, 44.
iecornutum, 516.
ria, 75.
1s, 75, plate 35.
CarsopisTi 76,16,
OG.

acttoides, 7

plumarius; '

sinensis, 7 75 ie, plate aT

culture ai 80,

history of, 74, 75.

hy ines of, 79.

propagation of, 78, 79.
er soa kD "46.

INDEX

Basie na igs

nia, 46.
formes 45, 46.
tabilis, 46, Pigs a1.
x arte lia
culture of, 46, a,
history of, 45, 46.
Dicksonia antar ctica, 663.
orescens 662.

Dictamnus albus, "123, 124,
oni

oe
Dierila radio, 249.

ptt 249,
sian ambigun 441.
fer

Dimorphotheca plavialis,
14.

Dioon, 500.

Dipladenia atropurpurea,

boliviensis, 378.
crassinoda, 378.
splendens, 378.

culture of, 378.
Digests sylvestris 259.
Dittany, 12
Dodoestheoet Meadia, 365.
culture of, 365
Rose, 15

Dog Rose, 151
Dog’s Bane, 374, 375.
Doronicum = ae 300.

um, 300, plate
152.
Pardalianches, 300.

te, 27%

RACENAS, Corounen, 585,
586, pla

Dracoce ite al m gr randi-
flor

, 470

Dyer’s Greenweed, 133.
Dyer’s Weed,

Dyer’s Thistle, 312.
Dwarf Cherry, 171.
Dwarf Lupine, 135.

East Lothian Stock, 48, 49.
esses bamnatieus, 311.
Rit

ceroce stint 312.

r there 18, 3

spheer
yrsum, 403.
s, 403. -

Echium a
can mee

fastu 403.
plantains, 403.

Rare we om
—— longiflorus,
450.

scaber, ne ‘aie 216.
culture of, 4

617.
6,617 , plate 287.

pte of 6
Emilia cane “508; plate

culture of, 305.
Emperor Stock, 49.
Encephalartos, eng
a ee
mpre a, 351, "kad 167.
loupifiors: 351, 352.
urpurascens, 35

E geen cliare 515.
rale,
fanieeatein, “516.
ocarpum, 516.
te

re of, 5
——— cuban

aode 1,212
hirsuta, 212, 213.

culture of, 213.
EpiphyTiam: Gaertneri, 239.
nakoyanum
rus ssellianum, 239,
trunecatum, 239, plate
i

@ of, 24

E rnthns ay Saare 8

EN Wort, 145, plate 72.
wered Rocket, 60.
* 6.

rysantha, -
eneersic 45, 46.
—45

Dull-
Dutchman’s Breeches, 4

pene,
Brea ‘Alton
cea, 339.

austiniana, 339.

674

Erica— meee
ar

melanthera, 340, plate

persaluta, 340.
sulphurea, 340.
hry 341.

ns, 341.
bie 341,
wilmoreana, 341, plate

’ culture of, 341, 342
history of, 338, 339,
Erigeron aurantiacus, 269.
canadense, 269.

grandiflorus, 269.

pare 270.

Roylei,

eels 270, plate
134,

ulture of, 270.
irynginwt 244,
pale: coer art 139.
carn
ine
cristal, 139, 140,

te
here: 139, 140.
a 139, 140

ory of, 139.
Erythronium americanum,
612.
dens-canis, 612
Escallonia flor ibunda, 195.
po mee 1a,. 1
culture of, 1
Eschacholtaia’ cxespitosa, 42
californica, 41, 42, plate
——_ 42,

me ure of i

history of, 4
Eucharis sand 5 oe
grandiflora, 573.

INDEX

Eucharis—contd,
sanderiana, 573.

Euphorbia abyssinica, 490.
aleppica, 489, 490.
a 489, 490.
cama 490.

EVENING PRIMROSES, 214-

217, plate 10
id Gace pg be 63.
EVERL G FLowErs, 270,
1.272,plates139, 136.
Everlasting eels ower, Rosy
late, 135.

Piola Pea
verlasting, Pele 309.
Eve’s-Cushion, 186.

sper ee 412.

Fateia hori et
japonica, 245. c oaate 121.
nyt ra, 245,
culture ey a 246.
history of, 24

ae Colaubing 8.

n Rue

Foe ’ FLOWERS, 18, 19,
plate oe
Fennel, Giant,
Fern Pat LMS, "199-501.
Ferns, 645.
Bird’s-nest, 651, plate
306.
rare = , plates

Gola. ink Silve be 659-

661, plate
Hare’s- neg
Holly 648.
Maidenhair , 656.
pe ich, 651, 653, plate

307.
Prickly Shield, 647,
plate 304.
Scale, 650.

Sea, 651.

r Shield, res
F Spider, G55. >

Squirrel’s- foot, eg
Ferula communis,
lauca, 244.

bngitana, 244,
Fever-few, 2
Ficus Carte, 4 493.

dealba ata, 493, 4

= 493, 494, “plate

Sai 493.
indica

493.
sdierephytle, 493, 494.-
Parcelli, 493, 494.
religiosa, 493, 494,
stipulata, 493, 494.
culture of, 494.
history of, 493.

rie Devil’s, 44.

ig, Hottentot, 243.
Fies, INDIAN, 240-242.
Filiges, 646.
Fir,
fulae "Foownns, 578, 579,

la
Fines” FLowsns, 630-
632, plate 296.
Fuax, 105407, “plate 5 52.
FLAX, New ZEALAND, 575,
576, sia 267.
FLEABANES, 26 270.
Showy, 70. plate 134.
Forbidden Fruit, The, 126.
ORGET-ME-NOTS, 398, 399,
plate 194.

Fox Boneh Orchid, Hi tgze

560.
cute HONEYSUCKLE, 137,
, plate 68
F. illabin: armena, 606.

imperialis, 605, 606.
5

persica, 605, 606.
pudica, 606.
pyrenaica, 605, 606.
recurva, 6

ten i
tulipifolia, ei 607.
culture of, 60

cocei nea, 218.

et ER ee Tees

F uchsia—cont d.

late 1064

, 218, 219.
procumbens 218, 219.
splen 219.

thy mifolia, 218.
triphy Ua, ae 219.

ke
g

clr > 9
he n Sea of, 219,

220.
history of, 217, 218.
Fumar vé
F antia ger 577%.
esr 577.
577.

eebotdiana, 577.
ie ie 577.
culture of, 577.
- Gaillardia amblyodon,

ristat a, 287, 288

3 oT.
Galauthns se 672.
me 572.

pli oie 572.
Galega hilota, 133, 134.

officinalis, 133, 13
late 66.

ns

?

ie hey 144.
culture

GARDEN os “186, 486.
Canina florida 256, 256.

579
Se nas 579, 580.
pulchra, 578, 580.
ounncaene 579.
verrucosa,

; os 79, 580.
glab

579, 580,

culture of, 580
history of, 579.

INDEX

Gaura biennis, 221
Li ndheimeri, 221, plate

re of, 221.
araniny eae 307.
rigens,

aioe 307, plate

per ms pied 308.
7.

Genista ome ae 133.
nglica, 132.
hin spanica, 133.
sagittalis, 133.
tinctoria, 133.
pelea dpe der: ee
e of, 13
Gente peal Poe plate

Andrewsii, 383.

Pneutmonanthe, 383.

Verna, 383.

cut of, 383, 384.

1 of, 382, 383.

Gentian, _ Das, 383, plate

Heath, 383.

Spring, 383.
eet wes ot eg ow
Gen plate

Geranium anemonzfolium,

iberieum,

plate
eororaed. 107, 108.
maculatum, 107.
hlzeum, 108

ure Ps 108, 109.

0
exoniensis, 447.
niegelioides, 447, 448.

675

Gesnera—contd.
Py ee 448.

€ of,
eg potted 183.
chiloense, 183, plate
coccineum, 183.
elatum, 183.
montanum, 183.
pyrenaicum, 183.

4
Gilia achillefolia, 388.
androsacea, 388, plate

Brandegei, 388, 389.

capita
coronopifolia, 388, 389,
lat

waiolors 388, 7389, plate
B.
Hires of, tig
y of, 38
Gladislos binds es
bee
ncbleyenn 358,
sion
saneaaie t or er
Colvillei, ae 580.

lyric, 558.

Lem 1, 558.

espana hy 558.
ilio, 558.

psittacinus, 558, 559.
P ratus, 558,

recurvus, 558.
peaenalg: 558, 559.
seget 558.

in s, 558.
s, 558.
salbate wy, 559, 560.

t

676

Gee ntd.

garden eitin of, 559.
histor ory of, 5

Globe Amaranths, 484, 485,

GLOBE Tho <a
Gloxinia div italia, 445.
gesneroides, 445.

labra, 445.

G Beard, 1
Goat’s jem, 133, 134, plate

Beings 214, 217, plate 105,
Godetias, Garden,
Gold Dust, 54, plate 25.

Golden Feather
Rove, ei ae.
plate
Ga — (leaden plate
127.

Spee Mas 273, 274.
Gomphrena globora, 484,

Sse 484, 485.
perennis, 485.
pulchella, 485.

is
culture of, 48
ue see seniba: 322.
fa, 322.

steliger, 322.
cult on %, 321.
Cape, 4
Pachahowert “197.
117.
636,

3.
, 643, plate

— s-tail, 642, plate

Little Quake, 641.

PaMPAs, 638, 639,

PENNiserUm, 637, 638,
plat

Quake 641, gees 302.

Quakin

340,
Rippon AND Cana RY,
39, 640, ~ 301.
Great Ca St ock, 4
Great Indian Cr Cressy ay
Great
Great Virginian Speedwell,

INDEX

eek Valerian,391 eo:

Gr
Grim-the-Collier,
Gr

ae oe glutinosa, 315,

saugillors, 316.
inuloides, 316.
undsel, peat, 302.
ctiat Trees , 316.
G

S

ELDER Roser, 249 :
Gymnogramme calo melanos,

cheeroph ylla, 660.

schizophylla, 661.
— 661.
a, 661.

tangulais 661.

ta, 660.
sure of, 661.
history of, 660.
Gynerium, argenteum, 639.
cultu

Mastery of, 638, 6
Gypsophila Vetoes 73.
elegans, 73, plate 34,
fastigiata, 73.

repens, 74.
culture of, 74.

VIS Ss:
Hairbell, 331.
arebell

331.
Hawk’s-beards, 313.
“pices 313.

Indie ian, 1 7 ‘178.

—

Haze
ae ower 46.

Heartsease, 69.
H ms 8, 342, plate
Heath, Connk 341.

Cros oss-leay ed, 341.
Tedera australiana, 947.

pd
cultu

Helenium nae ae 314.
314

elianthus annuus
a dp 77 ty Ce

deaoclas § Be
lectiflorus, 378.

history of, 277.
Helichrysum apiculatum,
arenarit um, 273.
bracteatum, 373, plate

thor, 273.
orienta le, 273.

ry of, 273.
Beis Common, 396,

Hunrotnores, 395 — 397,

einai. " convolvul-
395.

parviflorum, 395.
ea 395, 396,
late 92.

cules re of, 396.
set ‘den varieties

ory of, 8
Heliposene Si 270.
eximium, 270.

hu nee

of,

270,

iuatghaalt 270; SH

“

pla ate 135.
snare ge 270.
esi of, 27

ory of, 270, 271.

re of, 247.
Hed ysarum coronarinm, 137, hate higer, 34.
olym

plate
Mack, 137, 138.
137, 138.
malaga 137, 138.
Heston of, 138

istory of, 137.

us,
Hemereafisntrantiaca 61
flava, 614
fulva, 614,
Middendorfi, 614.
minor, 614.

Heracleum giganteum, 244.
cere aber 244,

villos
Hesperis graito, 60.
matron 60, plate

culture i 60, 61.
ory of, 60.
2 aac qusebaen 98.
coccineus, 97, 98.

s, 97.
rosa-sinensis, 97, 98,
pla
roseus, 97, 98, plate

schizopetalus, 98.

: 97, 98.
5 pia 97, 98, 99.

99.
reste y of 97, 98.
Hieracium aurantiacum,
ole:

SS ee oe ae 571.
equestre

_2
ge
gas
| ad
EE
on
~I
—
i

psittacinum, 571.
retina, 571.

ae f By, 572.
Hogweed, 2
E saat 102-105 , plate

Honxsty, 56, 57, pipie 26.

Horseshoe Geranium, Tit,
plate

Hortensia, ise
conan

pla 99.

Houséiek. "Conia 207.

Hen and Chicken, 206.
Felaibteane, 617,

ate 288.

forsteriana, 617.

cultwre oh 617, 618.
Hoya bella,

Howea

594, |

INDEX

Hyacinth—contd.
Grape, 591-593, plate
76.

Wild, 598.
Hyacinthus amethystinus,
bramalis, 593.
orymbosus, 594.
pentane is, 5938, 594.
plate 277.

romanus, 595.
spicatus, Pyare

culture of, 9

garden cate ag 595.

cioe
HYDRANGEA pre
Hortensia, 189, plate |

paniculata, 189.
petiolaris, 189, 190.
quercifolia, 190.

i,

culture or 190, 1

stor) 5 aod,

rangea, Dotan, 189.

Hyseviouls Androsemum,
OL.

balearicum, 91.

calycinum, 91, plate

Iberis amara, 61, 62, plate

“cilia ata, 62

coronaria, 62.

corr’ rewfolia, 62.

gibmaltar ica, 62,
29.

saxath i
sempervirens, 61, 63.
tenoreana, 63.

63,

677

beris—contd.
umbellata, 61, 62, plate
30!

A.

culture of, 63, 64.

histor y oh 61, 62.
Ice-plant
eg res Feonal 567, 568,

late 263.
lh opie mre onueass 328,
TE eal 279-974, plate
137.

a ee 122.
Balsa He a ad 4%
fulva, 1 19.

Hawkeri, 122.
noli-me-tangere, 122.
Royle or plate 60.

sulta
culture Pg 18, 123.
ory th, sal, 122.
In tian Cres

In "16.
Tndii Rood 541.
INDIAN Sion 541, 542,
plate 248.
fiternisdsat ng 3 49.
Inula eee sik ilosa,
sifo gt
inones Hatelas , 405.
ona-nox x, 405.
coccinea, 405,
digitata, “ge
hederacea, 405.
ester 405.
Lear
pana, ‘405, 406.
purga, 4
ica, “hos 406, plate .

195.
Quamoclit, 405, 406,
e 196B.
rubro-czrulea, 405,
culture of, 406.
istory of, 404, 405,
Tresine formosa,
He se 480, 481,

Linlenii, 481.

. 49,
inea, 548, 549.
istrio, 550.

678

Tris—contd.

pseudacorus, a 550,

pumila, 548

reticulata, 560, plate
253.

sibitica 548, 550.
usiana, 5

istory of, 548, 549.
Iris, Comino on, 549.
rf, plate 254.
h, 551.

ow, 550.
Irises, 547-551, plates 253
Isotoma axillaris, 336, plate
2B.

5 atl 337.

culture of, 337.
Ithuriel’s | Spear age
Ivizs,
Ivy, Conn 247.
Ivy- — Caraein: 111,
Ixia acnikia 556, plate

257.

ag 556.
patens, 557.
5

re of, 557.
Ixiolirion Kolpakow-
skianum, 568.
montanum, 569, —
263.

Culture of, 569.
— Siete

cs 253,

INDEX

ei hte | Kniphofia — contd.

William pumila, 578.

culture of, 253, 254. | Rooperi, 578, 579.

| culture of, 579
Jocobinia tong 455. | tory of, 578.
oribunda, 455, 456. | KNorwEEps, 474. 475, plate
ghisbregtiana,t60, 456. | 226

magnifica, 45 Lady’s Slipper, Common,
penrhiduonity 455, 456. F
Lapy’s Siiprers, 535-539,
late 246.

Lady’s Smock, 55.
L

189, li Fanaa 520.
fonts ae 368, |- ceps, 521.
iti. pie tar 520, 521.
Ca .

ape
Jasmines367-369, plate, 177.
Jasminum ngulare, 368. .
fruticans, 368. elegans, 520, 521.
flammea, 520.

grandiflorum, 368 a,

nudiflorum, 368. Anitnchngiort

officinale, 368, plate grandis,

7. Eaecsiabes 521.
sambac, 368, 369. majalis.

culture of, 369. Perrinii, 520.

history of, 368. philbrickiana, 520.
J saenion Cherry, 410. Pile hag
Jessamine, 368, plate 177. pumila,
Sonate 651, 562, plate purpurata, 520, 521,522,

259A.

plate (fr ontispiece)
culture of; 522
hist

Kalmia angustifolia, 350 520.
eerie 350. ee sovatan 642, plate
atifolia, 350
culture of, 350. culture of, 642, 643.
Karatas fulgens, 553. Lamium maculatum, 468,
umilis, 55 69, plate 224
Tnnocentii, 553. purpureum, 468
Plumieri, 553. culture of, 469
Scheremetiewi, 553, history of,
249. al

plate
culture of, 553.
KENTIAS, 617, 618, plate , 459.
288. mellissifolia, 458.
lov

Kerria j japonica 167. jana, 458, 459.
oo 168. 458

lture of, 167, 168.

Knapweeds 325-327. culture 59.
Kni ae aloides, 578, arden varieties of, 459.
269. history of, 458,
pete 578. Larch, 495. ;
carnosa, 578. LARKSPURS, 23-27, plates
caulescens, 578. | 10, 11, . ce:
comosa, 578, | Lath nc florns,
Kirkii, 578. aaa oe
Lichtlinii, 578 :
owani, sear 142, 143, plate

x; 678. rotundifolius, 143.

sari ws Se ntd.
iGivesteie, 142, 143.

his snore of ie 143.
Laurels, American, 350.
LAURESTI BE, 249, 25 0.
Lavandula Stach, 469.

Lavatera arborea, 96.
lbia, 96. |
trimestris, 96, plate 47a.
culture of, 97.
history of, 96.
LAVENDER, 469, 470.
pastes eed he Common, 469.
Cotton, 316.
Wench 4 469.
Sea, 352, 353, plate
LeMons, 125-127.
Lent Lily, sta oy 259B.
Leopard’s-ban
Caicanien, 00, plate
152.

Great, 300.
Leschenaultia biloba, 322.

re of, 323.

Leucoium — um, 573.
vernum, 573.

Liatris yenostach ya, 309.
spic

Laos pas 456, plate

Libonia ovibunda, 455, 456,

Lilac, sitet 370, plate

178.

Rouen, 370, plate 179s.
LIbAcs, 369-371, plates 178,

LILIEs, ARUM, 628-630, plate
Tauses, Crows IMPERIAL
5-607.

LitIEs, Tien 565, 566,

plate 262.
oe SSTAR, 570-
Prantary, 576, 577,
268.
TRIPLET, 589-591, plate
<2

_ LILIEs

INDEX

Lilium auratum, 600, plate

bulbiferum, 601.
60 0. .
600, 601,
plate 281.
Catesbeei, 600, GOL.
chalcedonicum, 600,
6

cordifolium, 600, 601

croceum, 600, 601 , plate

davuricum, 600, 601.
elegans, 600, 6
giganteum, 600, 601.
Hansoni, 600, 601.

Henryi, 601

japonicum, 600, 602.

Leichtlini, 600, 602.
sy ay 600, 602
artagon, 600,

pardalinum, 600, 602
arryi, 600, 602.

philadelphicum, 600,

pomponium, 600, 602
pseudo-tigrinum, 600,
602

pyrenaicum, 600, 602,

Hon 600, 60
spesiostn, 600, 603,
pla
etl, 603.
tigrin 600, 603.
WaAhitatahihnets 600,

culture of, 603, 604.

history of, 600.
pot culture, 604.
tion of, 604,

Scarborough, 564, 565,
St. Berna 616.

St. Bruno’s, 616.
St. Juetie 600.
Tiger, 603.

679

Lily—contd.

Liny or THE VALLEY, 589.
Lily of the bag: 629.
Linaria alpina
bi ipartita, 12, ale 207.
lar

vul gari
Hats y “B30.

hist 429,

Linum shh ine 105, 106.
an step 105, 106.
arbor 5 1D 06.

eatharticun, oe

flavum, 105, 106.

grandiflora, 105, 106,

peren ae 106.
tsitatisiih, 105,106. -
rape é Of, 106, 107.

ory of, 105, 106.
bee sition 462.

eit australis, 622.
chinensis, 622, plate,
Hoogendorpi 622.
hum

22.
ory of, 621, 622.
Loasa pena 222.
— sore
Po
: lteritin 222, plate 109.
Penta, 222.
picta, 222.
prostra ta, 222
vulcanica, 222, ro
en 4, 2am.
hist
Lobelia ‘arias 333, 334,
ota 333.
Erinus, 33, plate 162a.

fulgens, 334 é
inflata, 333.

syphilitica, 333, 334.

680
Lobelia—contd.
upa, 334
ns, 333.

culture of, 335, 336
— varieties of, 334,

fae of, 333, 334.
Lobel Catch-fly, 82.
Lonicera ion a 248.
flex
fragrantissim, 248.

culture of,
Lonas inodora, 317.

ondon Pride, 187.
Toise sestrifes, 365, 366.
Loosestrife, Purple 210.
Loquat, 177.
Lord Anson’ s Pea, 14
Love - ale Filing. 477,

plate 227.
Lunaria biennis 56, 57,

SS 135.
poly 1 135.
Lycaste aromatica, 522.

is,
fuses, 522, 523.
sacophy ie 522.
599,
40.

I
coronaria, 84, plate 42.
diurna, 84.

Flos- cuculi, 8 84.
fulgens, 84, 85, plate

5
Haageana, 84, 85.

INDEX

Lychnis—contd.
L

Lyre- flower, 46.
Lysimachia atropurpurea,

batystachys, 366.

ciliata,
eee 366
vulgaris, 366.

culture of, 366.
Lycium afrum, 420.
arbarum, 420.
europeum, 420.
hee of, =

y of, 4
Or cone Grete, 210.
Salic.
ori ‘Oh S10.

einen! nae, 151.
Macrozam
Maidenhaix, English, 651.
Major Nasturtium, 117.
Malcolmia chi

a 58,

culture of, 59.
history
isthe ain 08
one 97, plate 47B.

e of, 97.
Mamillaria angularis, 236.
bicolor, 236.

59.
aritima, 58, 59, plate |

racilis, 236.
geana.
Lehmanni, 236.
pectinata, 236.
pusilla, 236, plate 116.
rhodantha, 236, plate
1168

simplex, 236.
tella aurata, 236.
culture of, 236, 237.

ory of, 236.
Macatee arundinacea, 540.

bicolor, 540, —
na, 540.
porteana 540.
riana, 540.

sna. 540.

Maranta—contd
a rag); —
y of, 540,
‘hice “te 290.
Manicowps, 284-286, plates

African 285, plate 144.

. French, 285, plate se
Marsh, 16- 18, pla
Mexican = alk 1430,

Marsh eet w, 103
Mars nine 16, 17,
Marvet oF PERU, 471, 472,
- plate, 225.
_— amabilis, 506.
bella, 506.
caudata, 506.
Chelsoni, 506.
chimera, 506, plate
236c.
coccinea, 506, plate
236A.
floribunda, 505.
gemmata, 506, plate
236B.
ignea, 505, 506.
infracta, 505.
pcbrearet 506.
505, 506, 507.
pe ee es 507.

Schlimii i, 507.
tovarensis, 505, 507

ory of, 506,
eon Black, 2
seg e a8 lie
fenes

?
incana, 47, 48
odoratissima, 48.
sinuata, 48.
culture of, 49.
garden varieties of, 48,

istory of, 47
an ape farelayana, 432

pee Californian, 177,

Mrapow RvEs, 7 Pe sella 2.

Meadow Sweet, 1

edlar, J Je ;
2E aibeacens, 224.

aspera, 223, 224.
bartonioides, 224.
hispida

Lindley, 223, 224, plate

See eee ee
'

nud ae
aigosperma, 224.

aire = 224,
history of, 228, 2

Menyanthes crista - ick
trifolia ta, 38
Mes cmibryanthemm cocci-
eo
erystall

cpeabsolint, 243, plate
echinatum, 243, plate
B.

edule, = a

ricolorum, 243.

violacewm, 243, plate
culture of, 243, 244
history of, 242, 243.

Ne Srinset A

MILF OILS, phe 299.

Milkweed, 3
Mimosa Die, 141 plat 70.

culture oe ak
ory of, 141.
Mita alatus, ao
ardinalis, 438.

Inteus, ior 438, eg

a an us, 437, 438.

|
culture of, 438, 430 |
story of, 437, 438. |

Minor Nasturtium, TH
Mir abili is di chotoma, 471,
472.

Jalapa, 471, 472, plate
225.

longiflora, 471, 472.

multiflora, 471, snes

IV.—47

64— 67, plate | Lea: either: 438.
M

INDEX

sig tie
ultur

Monarda noobie 470.

nerve gis
LONKE pee FLOWERS,

plo
‘Mikey oats 498.
MoyxsH oe 27; 28, 29,
plate 12.
Monthly is 152.
.

Mor

Moreton poe Pine, 498..

iorsing Glory, 406, plate
195.

Moss Campi
Moss Pi nk, 38 e 184.
other of notcenda 429.

pallen
paradoxum, 5 592.
osum, 591, 592.
culture of, oY i.
ry of, OE
utisia vera gs 320.
Clematis, 320.
Semaret 320.
os 320.
yoporum parvifolium,

culture
osotis
. ie

of, 458.

Myoso <a

399.
dieetifors, 398, 399.
palustris, 398, 399.
sylvatica, 398, 399.

oe of
Myrtilla,
MYRTLE, "307, 208, Lae 100,
Myrtus coriac sea, 20
communis, 208,
nummularia, 207.
Ugni, 208.

culture of, 208.
hi

398, |

plate

681
Narcissus Bulbocodium,
J onquilla, 561, - 562,

_ plate 2
poeticus, 561, 562.
Pseudo-narcissus, 561,
ate 259B.
Tazetta, 561; 562, plate
0. :

iandrus, 561 oa

vate ure of, 563, 5
garden varieties Zc 562,
563.

istory of, 561.
Wacciantia: Hoop-petticoat,

Polyanthus, 561, 562,
late 260.

Nasturtiums, 116, 119,
late 58.
Navelwort, aE
Needle-furz ote

NELUMBIUM ie
speciosum, 37, "38, ae

= oh 38.

, 37, 38.
Neinopbite esate, 393,

wre

Nerine carettblia 572.
sarniense, 572.

Nerium odorum, 373.
Oleander, 373, plate

15
culture of, 37

New oy land Water- lily,

Nicotiana aculitors, 418.

419.
abner, ie 419. -

Lepore
sais of, 419.

history of, 418.
-Nierembergia fora 416,

| ilieaulis 416, 417
| frutescens, 416, "aly,

rie 201.
gracilis, 416, 417.
rivularis, 416, 417.
Veitchii, 416, 417.
culture of, 417.
history of,

682

Nigella damascena, 19.

- 19, 20.
tory of, 19.
Night-scented Stock, 60.

zanzibarensis, 36.
cure oh 36.

Mapher ties, 36.

Oak, 4
Oak. lal Fay na 110,
1, plate 56
Gacieaiecan Alexandre,
524.

bictoniense, 524,

25.
crispum, 524, 525, plate

INDEX

OpontToaLots, 523-526.
(Enot

214.
omanzovii, 215, 216.
speciosa, 216, plate

1044

vinosa ine

Whitneyi, 215, 216.

sadpaeis of 216, 217.

history of, 214, 215.
Old Maid, 372, plate

Old Man’s ‘Beard, 5
mice = 373, ‘314, plate
181,

Omphalodes linifolia, 397.

Luciliz, 39

erna, 397, plate 193.
culture of, 397, 398.
history of,

397.
Oncidium altissimum, 527.

cristatum, 524,

hastilabium, 525.
a 524, 525.

e, 524.
Tieden: 524,
luteo-purpureum, 525.
maculatum, 524, 525.
rome ioe 524.
Pescatorei, 524, 525

pulchellum, 524.

history of, 524.

ampliatum, 527.
barbatum, 527.
batemannianum, 527
carthaginense, 527.
Cebolleta, 527.
concolor, 527.
crispum, 52
flexuosum, 527, 528.
Forbesii, 528,

plate
kramerianunn 527, 528.
lancean 527, 528.
luridu

er ny ae 527, 538.
marshallianum, 528,
ars orhyncum, 527,

Papilio, 527, 528.

527.

Onoclea germanica, 652,

ate 307.
52.

l
history of, 65

Onopordon paeiins

cumana, 241.
ficus-indiea, 241.
multiflora, og
nigricans, 2
Raines 241.
Tun
941,

vul wie plate

culture of, 242.

“re
193, 194.
ANGES, 125-127, plate

Orcuips, 501-504.
hist

Oriental Poppy, 4
— =

acters 615.
n ;

Oxalis acetonella, 119, 120.

corniculata, ‘119, 120.
en neaphylla a, 1%
Floribunda, ca “plate

sa, 119.
stricta, 119, 120.
bee e ylla, 120.

aldiviensis, 120.
variabili a; RAGS
12]
cult of, 121.
ory 119, 120.
Oxlin

Pzonia ee 29, 30,

30.

29, 30.

n, 29, 30 (frontis-
sacle 0 vol. %.).

Pzxonia—contd.
officinalis, 29, 30, plate

para adox
T poavige
tenuifolia, ae: a, plate

wittmanniana, -

altars of, 32
phe varieties seh 31,32.
his yo, 2

Paigle,

Paris s Ae spair, 187.

Palafoxia hookeriana Slo:
linearis, ee Bi

Palma Chri :
PalmBourbon 62 plate 291 ;
Coe 623

Cu aie 6 i
East Indian Wine, 619.
Patms, CHAMROPS, 619,

Cocos, 623, 624, plate |
292.

Dare, 618, 619, plate
289.

Livistona, 621, 622,
plate 291.
TRACHYCARPUS, — 620,
621 plate 290.
sapere hago 574.

574.

Pandanus Candelabra, 625.
oideu

glaucesens a:
heterocarpus, 625.
Houlletii, 625.
mino r, 625.
oiidieetieibirie 625.
Pancheri, 625, 626.
utilis,
Vandermeeschii, 626.

625, 626,
93.

y Ol.
Papaver alpinum, 40.
danebrog, 40.

nudicaule 39, 40,
orientale, 39, 40.
re 40.
setigerum, 39.
soniniferum,
plate 1
culture o ‘41.
history of, 39.

39, 40,

INDEX

Passiflora — 295.
ala

225
qu adrangularis, 225,

Branding 225, 226.
raddiana, 225, 226.

PASSION-FLOWERS, 225-297,
es te 111.

ach, 171.
Pear. Grape, 179.
PEARS, PRICKLY, 240-242.
172

PEAR TREES, 172-174.

Pear, Wild, 173.

Pectis angustifolia, 308.

PELARGONIUM a chem

loides, 1
angulostim, 109, et
capitatum, 109,
cael tee ier “n
nathehneanniny, 109,

gibbosum, 109, 110
ae no orum, 109, 110,

“p
grivclens ES 110,
late

inguians 109, Til:
late rs 0s 109, 111,

plate
myrohifoliam, 109.
pelta 109.
querefliam, 109, 110.

tri

sohat, 109, 111, plate

culture of, og =

history nee
bd

propagation of, 113,114.
Pesce gen

:
|
|

compressum, 638.

PEONIES,

683

Pennisetum —contd.
latifolium, 638
lo. ngistylum, 638, plate

m, 638.
culture of, 638
Pennypies, 201.
Pennywort,

: Wall, 201.
Pentstemon barbatus, 433,

campanulatus, 433.
Cobzea, 433.

diffusus, ine ine
Eatonii, 43

poRraner ys ot 434,

pube

Wrightii, "33, "434.
culture of, 434, 435,
history of, 433, 434.
29-34, plates 13,

Pep; » Wa ii 202.

Peri la ‘nankinense, 471.

Periwinkle, Large, 372.
Magadascar, 372, plate

180.

Periwinkles, 371-373, plate
tual St ne ie 49.

Petasi ites fra 311.

geen intermedi 415.

iflora, 415.

onc of, 41
hybrids of, 410, eins

Petty- whin
Phacelia aianuen, 394.
ida, 394.

vise
whitlavia, 394.
culture of,
Phahenepaie oa 530.
A wanes

Esm ralda, an
Inddemanniana 530.

hte Po

530.
ae 530, 531,

ret 531.
stuartiana, oT
Uap "pt sa
history of, 5:
hybrids of, sg

684

Phalaris arundinacea, 640,
: late 301.
canariensis, 640.
culture of, 640.
history of, 640.
Pheasant’s Eye, 76.
Sopeeaa as coronarius,

euitiocie 195.
microphyllus, 195.

maculata, 385, 386.

ovata, 386. .

paniculata, 385, 386,
plate 185.

: eae

repta
pebdiats. a8, os 184.
culture of, 38 8.

var as and
bri 387

8, 61 ,
spinosa, 61 8, 619, plate
289.

sit dete 618, 619.
culture
Mistteg of 618, 619.
eo cookianum, 576.
X,575,576,plate 267.
cule of, 576.
y of, 575, 576.
Photinia arbi lia, ikye

Phuopsis sys "255,

cultur
PHYLICA buxifo fla 127.
alas bd plate 63.
127.

Physeliva capensis 433.
e of, 4

ia in

on
cure of, 127.
fe aton 27

“ph ryllan-
239 (frontis-

culture of, 412.

plate

INDEX

ee Ma amg 471.
Phyteuma co m, 337.

spicatum, 338.
Pilot-weed, 974.

y, 4
poe Tind, 498,

Saow ond 624, Pee 293.
PINKS, 74-81, plate 37.
latystem oe
Pleione humili

Pleurisy-root, 380.
P am oe go capensis, 355.

pees ‘seh 356.
culture of, 356.

Plumbago, Lady Larpents’,

356, plate 170.

Pium TreEs, 170-172.
Podachzenium paniculatum,

shige 2 aristata, 310.

Polarplant 9
Polemonium ceruleum, 391,
late 189.

confertum, 391.
sani 391.
s, 391.

os es ure ar 391.
Pays rise 569,
O, plate 265.
Polyasthas 360, plate 172.
Poly gonatum billor um, 588.

Polygonum afline, 4
amplexicaule, 474
Bi A474.

se
vabeinitolfad 474,
culture of, 479.
history of, 4
Po Scents sain: 320,
321.

edulis, 321.

Polymnia—contd.
pyramidalis, 321.
Uvedalia, 321.

PoMEGRANATE, 209, 210,
plat ;
ND- WEED, Caps, 632,
633, plate 297.
Poor - Man’s Weatherglass,
ol ea 495.
Jog ose , plate 18.
Poppy ppy Anem 2, 9.

Porn Ovientaly 40.
Opti, 40, plate 18.

2
Carnatid 40.
Californian ,41, plate 19.
Populus, 495.
Portugal Laurel, 171.
Portulaca foliosa, - 88.
Gilliesii, 87, 8
grandiflora, 87, 88 , plate
43.

oleracea, 87, 88.

os gos a iba,
thiecn putea 181 , plate
a

comarum, 181.
fr ruticosa, 181.
grandiflora, 181.
Pca leias. 181.
nepalensis, 181.
opaca, 181.

cai 181

r 81.
cpanel 181, 182.

ip dasee
i 362, plates 171

Primrost, 360, plate 171.

Primrose, Bir “d's s-eye, 359.

Prin ‘Allioni , 308
altaica, 3. 358.

kite acne 357, 358, plate

toe ee
auriculata, 358.

calyeina, 358.
5 e
rtusoides,

dentieulata a.

fi Perey 359.

Primula—contd.
floribunda, 359.
—— od _ 174.
—_

a, 35 Ags
pirat 359.
sikkimensis, 359.
sinel i, 357, 360, plate

variabilis, 360.
vulgaris, 357, 360, plate

nae of, Scie!
history of, 3

peace

Pulmonaria_ angustifolia,
402.

arvernense, 402.
otticinalis, , 402.

gi
Purslanes, 87, 88, plate, 43.
Pyre thrum cinerariefolium,

roseum, 296, plate, 151.

1V.—4

INDEX

Pyrethrum—contd.
~ culture of, 297.
varteties th, 297.
Pyrus Aria,
Aue pa sy 173.
baccata, 172, 173.

Maulei, 172, 173, 174.
prunifolia 172, 174.
orbus, 174.

spect, - 173.
culture
history of a 173.

Queen of the Prairies, 145.

Queen of the Meadows, 146.

(Queen Stocks, 48.

Quercus, 495.

Quince, 172, 173.
Japanese, 173.

— Robin, 8
AGWEEDS, 301- DL
pees 331.
Ranunculusaconitifolins,15 Ha
a s, 14, te plate 6.
cor ae sfolits
ingua, 15,

a, 65.
odorata, 65, plate 31.
culture of, 66.

garden varieties of, 65,

history 0 of, 65.
pot culture of, 66, 67.
Ihaphiotpis indica, 178.
japonica, 178,
culture of, 178.
Rheum Emodi, 476.
nobile, 476.

astory 0, 6.
Hhededondmn arbor-
escens, 347.

685

rae ig

bisa aanail
A a Q 7 pa rd

bases * ze

(Az.) hispida, 343
(Az.) indica, 348, "plate

jas asminifloram, att; 347.
_ nicum, 3
oS e oy latifolia 347.

gai 347.
maximun, 343, 346.

fpr sy 4a §

ropagation 1 of, 349.

oty pos Kerrioides, 168.
cu st ure eae Shay
RHUBARBS, 475, 4
Ri

?
ibrum, 196.
sanguineum, 196, 197.
speciosum, 197.
culture of, 197.
Rice-paper Plant, 245. :
Richa pee african, 629,

pla
a oven 629.
elliotiana, 629.
hastata, 629.

ta,
melanoleuca, 629.
Pentlandii, 629.
Rehmanni, 629.

686

Smee ape
ure of, 629, 630.
ts istory of, 6

Ricinus Laden 488,

197, 198.
Rntivtiie 197, 198.
versicolor, 197, 198.
culture of, 198.

history of, oe

Rock Cantyrith ft
Rock-crEss, 52, A plat 24.
Rocket Candytuft,

borbonica, - 149, plate
i
bracteata, 151.

-damascena, 148, 151.
gallica, 148, 1 a1

Setas mispheri ica, 1

indica, 148, nee ‘plate
80.

levigata, 150.

lucida, 150.

lutea, 148, 152, plate
multiflora, - agi

m 2, 153.
nitida,

aoioctcikua 149.

por

late 73.
sempervirens 148, 154.
setigera, 150.

sinica, 154,
spinosissima, at 154.

Lp icone of, 156-161.
Rose Alpine
yrshire ire 149.
Banksian, ee 150.
Bengal,

INDEX

Rose—contd.
Bo okies Br at 77.
Bur
Catbaee. ay, 1, 151.
ira ee, 150,
, 152.

Dama 148, 151.

o, 151.
Reis antine, 152, 153.
Macartney, 151
Maréchal Niel, 149.
Monthly, 148, 152.
Moss, 148.
Musk, 148.
saad ee
Pai

Perpetual, 1
Pompone, 148, plate 78.
Provenée,
Scotch, 149, 154,
Tea, plates 374, 75.
William Allen Richard-
son, 149.
Wrinkled, 153, plate
enemies of, 165, 166.
Rose, Guelder, 249, 250.
Rose MA.tows, 97, 98, 99,
48, 4

Rosmarinus officinalis, Sam
Rosemary,

Rose of Sharia 91, gy 45.
Rose-root,

204.
saa ee 147-163,plates 73-78.

Rubus bitorus, 169
fruticosus,

of, 169.
Rudbeckia amplexicaulis,
286.

grandiflora, 286.

maxima, 286.

purpurea, 286, 287.

Rue Anemone, 7.
RUSHES, Cich, 635, 636,
lat

Russian Viole 69.
Rusty-back, 650.

ris, 384,
stellar is, 384,

pee ae cosa, 384
mpes

Sacred ae 37, 38, plate 17.
oper
8, plate 223.
Sailor Creeping 187, plate
87.

Sr. a via ee 90, 91,

St. Patricks Cabbage, 187.

Salix

S amon ee 169.

Sa

Salpuiicis.
plate

culture of, 4
Salvia alte: il 466.
angustifolia, 466.

sinuata, 422,
“on

pratensis, 465, 466.
reemer a, 467.
Sie 5 abr
ca "467, 468,
plate 2
eset of; 468.

ib a pee 466.
Sand. Ve beri
San —— seundeiisll 44,

alee ure of, 4

Sanvitalia procumbens, 310,

Saponaria ‘cxespitosa, 86.
calabrica, 86.

diversifolia, 185, 186.

Saxitraga—contd.

Tass neo 184, 186,
plate 8

euheifoia 18
fortunei, 185, 186,
granlat, 186.
Hirculus, 186.
Hueti te ete i 88s.

longifolia, 185, 186, 187.
187.

cpl, 537

peltata 187.

purpurasces 187.
187.

rotunifolia 184,
187.

ae 184, 187,
ate
get vin 187, 187, plate

cides 185.
elt of, 188.
tory of, 184, 185.
saxilmge er - 186.

siaaoe Scaparnse 258
caucasica, 258, 259 plate
125.

raminifolia, 258.
tia

lata, 25 58.
we ita 258, 259.
culture of, 259.
history of, 258.
Scapious, 258, 259, plate

Schizanthus candidus, 422.
Grahami, 422.
Hookeri, 422.
pinnatus, 422, 423, plate

A.

retusus, 423, 203B.
oe a, 423.

his

Sehiaopetalon Walker, 58.
¢ of, 5

ifoli
chinensis 098.

hispan
hyacinths 597, 598.
italica, 597.
nutans, 597, 5!
persviana, 507, "508, 599.
pratensis,

INDEX

Scilla—contd.
sine, 598, 599, plate

‘athe wre ge 9.

istory of, 597, 598.
Scirpus Holoschienus, 636.

lacustris, 636.

pe a plate 299.

sere te 636.
Scotch Rose, 154.
Screw Pins 624-626, plate

Pa Holly, res
a Onion,
erica 353. 355, plate
169.

Sedum = 202, 203.
Aiz n, 202, 203.

Ew Son, 208.

n :

sarmentosum, 204, plate
B.

—— 202, 204, plate

spectabile, ~ a 97.

Telephium

culture of, nd "208,

history of, 202.
Selaginella apus, 644.

atroviridis, 644.

kra
lepido cchniia
Martensii, to plate303.
serpens, 644.
tassellata,
Willdenovii, 645.
ene of, 645
ory of, 6
Sempervivan arachnoid-
um,205, 206, plate99.
arhoretm, 205 205, 206.

arenari
vetiynrieg 205, 206.

687

Sempervivum—contd.
flagelliforme, 206.
globiferum, 206.
Royeni, 206.
soboliferum, 205, 206,

207.

tabulzeforme, 206, 207.
tectorum, 205, 207.

c A
history of, 301, 302.
SENSITIVE PLANTS, 141, 142,

late 70.
Sequoia, 495.

Service, 174.
Shagey Pasque- — 10.
Shooting Star,
Silene acaulis, 82
Armeria, 81, 82, plate
e

Ato
bupleuroides, 81.

nata, 8

penta, “ 83, plate 40.
pus

quingserainrn 81.
Sch afta,

Silkweed, 3
Silphium pesca 274,

tere binthinaceum, 275.

culture of, 27

history © 274
Silybum m, 315.
‘Sinningia eoneinna, "AAD.

co! ua,

s om 445, 446.

velutina, 445, 446.

youngiana,

688

ningia—¢e
on of ta, 447.
his

ieee Ride 124,
japonica, 124.
laureola, 124

propag gation of, 125.

Small Indian Cress, 118.

op, 572.
owdrop Anemone, 10.
Go acun acanthodes, 410.
a 409.
hropophagorum,
3 ee 409.
aviculare,
apsicastrum, ‘410, plate
198.

er rispum, 409, 410.

peeudo-capsicum, 409,

pyraeanthum, 409, 410,
411.

Solidago

SoLomon’s Seat, 588, 589.
adhere 362-364, plate

stank tay onet,
ay Lavateriy 96, plate

asian “560.
Spearwort, 15.
Speed wall, 442.

INDEX

Speedwell, Great Virginian, | Stevia Eupatoria, 309.

Spirea Aruneus, 145.
ilboides, 145.

can.
F Sigeadvla, 145, plate

hypericifolia, 145.
japonica, 145, 146.
lindleyana, 146.

SPIREA, JAPANESE, 192-194,
plate,
SPLEENWORTS, 648-651,
plate 309.
Maidenhair, 650.
ea, 650.
ae pete NETTLE,
469, plate 224.
Spree f ee 565.
262.

9-491.
Spur VALERIANS, 256-258,
plate 124,
Squill, Large, 598.

Siberian, 598, plate 278.
SquILts, 597-599, plate

Se ceinia ty —_ 46.
Stangeri
tapelia uguins 381.

a
oe

Star , Spring, 590,
é ats
Statice elata
latifolia, Bsa, plate
crophyl a, 352, —
fo a
sinuata

e aa 353.

a, 309.

Stipa clegantisina, 637.
gigantea, 637.
eter EBT.
pennata,

637, plate

culture of, 637.

STOcKs, a7, 48 49, plate 22.
Stoke’s
ne a nea, 3¢ 8.
Shancerip, vRiting 202.
STONECROPS, 202-205, plates

Sultan, Sweet, 227.

yellow.
Sunhewte: pea
Silver-leay vod, ie 7 plats

139.
SUNFLOWERS, 276, 278, plate
I -

Sun Plant,
Swan Riv DAISIES, 262,
Sweet sean, 54, plate
Sweet Briar, 153.
bei Calabas h, 22
weet Mignone, 65, plate
125,

Sweet Oi 126,

plate 62.
Sweet Pras, 142-144, plate
Sweet Violet, 6 68, 6
Sweet William, 75, iat 35.
be S

Swertia corymbosa,
ertiicsia movig

perenmis, 384.

Sadia rare asperrim um,
caucasicum 400,
otticinale, 400,

inum, 400.
rosum, 400, 401
culture of, 401.
$ of, 400

Syringa, Common, 195.
Syringa hai 369, 370,
plate 1798.

i “eas 369.
emodi, 370,

Syringa— pate

INDEX

Thistle, Blessed, 315.
otton.

689

oe i
J osikeea, , 314. oides, 375.
sae "369, "370, plate Holy, 315. ules re of, 375.
Milk, 315. Tr whereabouts excelsa, 620,
rtonagenny 369. Our Lady’s Milk, 315. sec P 290.
ba ig 370, | THIstLESs, TorRcH, asyana, 620.
pla can 620, 621.
i oe 370, 371. THORN, Aru 413, 414, — ture of, pe .
history of, 369, 370. lat ory of, 62
me Coeksp 175. Tran pat ea 244,
ergreen, 176. Traveller’s Joy, 5
Tabernemontana Barteri, Titian 74, 76. ree Lupin, 134.
: Thujas, 495. Tree Matiows, 95, 96,
Se 377. Thunbergia alata, 457. late si

Pp
Tritonia Pott

recurva, 3 erecta, 457. 560.
auttnes rae 377. genes 457 Trollius siintisi, 18.
Tagetes erecta i plate 144. aurifolia, 457. caucasicus, 18.
lucida, 285 meyena, 457 europeus, 18.
patil 285, Jan 143a. pos ener ge 457 culture of, 18.
signata. plate culture of, 457. Tropolum azureum, 117
143p. iger Flower Peacock, 552, edule, 117.
tenuifolia, 285 Jarratti,
culture of, 285, 286. Ticker F eis. 552, 553, Lobbianum, 117
Tanacetum leucophyllum, e 255. majus, 11
Pee: lower of, 552, plate minus, 117, ees
ulgare, 311. pentaphyllum
Teasel, Wid 259. Tigran ara, 9 ase perigrinum, 17, “118.
Tea Shrub, vata, 5 plate 5:
qe -TREE: 210, 420, tsk. a Smithii,
Tee in ree 453. Pavonia, 552, plate speciosum, 117, 118.
aan 453 255 tricol - liv.
randiflora, 453 Pringlei, 552. tuberosum, 177, 118.
radicans, an Houttei, 552 ature of 118, 119.
Smithii, 453. violacea, 552. hist 1s
_ culture of, 453, 454. culture of, 552, 558, Drampet ie Common,
hacen amabilis, 482. 2

na, ee Sie 231A.
heteriatiie
ficoidea, 48:
paro oaesyiieatis
483.
versicolor, 483,
plate 231
ee of,
history of,
Ten- Week Stock, 48, plate

482,

B.

483, 484.

482.

Thalietruin _ lpinum, %
anem

pides, 7, 8.
aie, 7

»

of, 8.
history of, 7
IV.—49

482,

splendens, " BA, plate

ssh of, 547.
ToapFLAX, 428-430, plate

Toadflax, Ivy -leaved, 429.

cco- eres 418, 419.

T ots barbata, 312.
mbellata, 312.
virgata, 312.

Torenia asiatica, 439, 440.

139.
sotditolin, 439. |

Tru a FLow a tes 453.
TUBEROSE, 569, 0, plate
265.

ih fs om npn 609.

late 2
sylv. eatin 607, 610.
culture of, 611, 612.
avi varieties of, 610,

y of, 607, 608.

reine 607-612, » lates 284-
286.

690
UMBELLIFEROUS FLOWERS,
Umbrella plant, 187.

Valerian, Greek, 391, plate
Valevians ee 256-258,

Velen: Large Spur, 257,
ae

Vallota parte, 564, 565,
Windla a Sedan 534.

eeporege yy 534,
a Sarg
Parishii,
Bax bur eg
Soe eriana, ie ‘535.
uavis, 53
ant 534, 535
tricolor, 535, plate 244,
culture of,
history of, 534.
Veitch’s Ampelopsis,
Venidium eels,
Asha” oo 397,
te 193.
Verbena Able, 60 , plate

ices 460.
reese ero 460.

officinalis, ‘460.

phlogiflora, 460.

supina, 460.

tenera, dee’ plate 220B.
teucrioides, 460, 461.
wascuuage ia 4

hae ms wi.
history of, 460.
Verbenas, Garden, 461, plate
221,
Lemon, 462.
Vernonia Calvoana, 308.
noveboracensis, 308.

Veronica Andersonii, 442.
Beecabunga, 442.
Chameedrys, 442
elliptica,

a, 442.
ieceifclias 443, plate

Lyallii, 442, 443.

INDEX

Yerbniow—cont d.
carpa, 442.
maritim ae oa
parvifl
ping, 443, 443,
peregrina, 442
salieifolis, 442, 443.
speciosa, 442, 443, plate
214

14
spicat
Teucrium, 442.
Traversii, 442, 443
versicolor, 442
virginica, 442, 43.
culture of, 443, 444

5
Vervain, > 461, plate

eg -dilatatum, 250.
Lant

peaciteeer halite 250.
shea. 249, 250.
plica 250.

Tin
altinne of: 250.
Victoria re ff
Villarsia ‘hymphwoides,
5.
assifolia, 385.
reniformis, 385.
Vinea herbacea, 372.
major, 3

istory 0;
soley 128, 129.
Vine, Wonga-wonga, 453.
Viola altaica, 68.

blanda, 67, 68.

cucu
odorata 67, és, 69, plate

Ln ie , 69.
rothomagenss 68, 69.

suavis, 67, 68.

tol, 67, 68. " ay 33.

history of ’ 67, 68

Viotet, Doa’s-r OOTH, 612,
‘61 13,

Garden, 70.
VIOLETS, 67 73, plate 32.
VIPER’S Bustos 402.
Virgini eeper, 128.
Panis posers 58, 59,

p
Vitis aconitifolia, 128.

oe ud.
‘iacnaniee 128.
quinquefolia, 128.
culture of, 128, 129.

Waitzia aurea, 317.
corymbo
WALLFLOWERS, 50, 51, "52,
plate 23.
WATER-LILIES, 34-37, plate
16

Watson1 4, 560.
lr gag 381, 382.
eld, 6

White Bachelor’ $ Button, 15.
HI
Whitethorn, 1
sil seep saatsphiyt, 394
s, 394.
Vigi eri, 364.

<a of 394, 395.
Wild esi 470.
nig 171.

Wild ee

Willow

Wt ILLOW Hens Poss 913.

WINTER ACONI 20.
NTER CHER y, 4il, 412

WisTarrA Esc 135,
136

japonica, 136.
multijuga, 136.
sinensis, 136, plate 67.
culture
ory

ff, 254.

af nyt ITY, £20,
pla te 59.

Wrinkied aac. 153:

Xeranthemum annuum, 328,
plate 158.
Yarro
Ye ie Vocecattitl 366.
Yew, 4
Youtru AND AGE, 275, 276,
pra
Yucea noifolia, 583.
angustifolia, 5:
— 58a plate

flexilis, 583, 584,

recurvifolia, 584,

INDEX
Yucca—contd, Zaluzianskya—contd.
tr ectleana, 583, 584. selaginoides, 436,
culture of, 584. late 211.
history of, 583. culture of, 437.
Lamia, 500.

Zaluzianskya —* 436. | Zinnia — 275, 276,
lychnidea, 436. plate

691

Zinnia—contd.
Haa, oe. 276.
linearis, 276.
multifors, 275, 276.
pauciflo ase
recall of, 27
history of, 75, 276.

Shag | ee a
ee