f k Pr f: t
Dssay-on the Geozraphy, Mineralogy and Bata- 1
. $ d AJ . z d d ' >
ry.of the Western portion of the Territory Smee LD
ue 7 H . . e e
ef the Native Princes of Fava. C de
ADDRESSED TO THE HONORABLE e (QD
Ac
Ce
THOMAS STAMFORD RAFFLES, bs ka
F E B
LIEUTENANT. Gorennor or Jara. wp
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Bye Dr. THOS. HORSFIELD. - eo 4
——— eo Sl . » ^f
SECTION 1. gom
AET E g
] he following Essay contains the substance 5 3
of the Geographical, M neralogical.and Botanical ao
remarks made during a journey through the D S
Western portion of the-territory of the Native V
Princes of Java. Inismotinecessary forthepresent 3
purpose to define with accuracy the extent of this ng
territory: itis bouuded in the West, the North E.
and the East by the Honorable East India Com- Kk”
pany's possessions, and in the South by the >
Ocean. The two Princes are generally. known o
by the titles of the Susul ithe Sultan: the i
eapital of residence of the former is called Swro- 3
kertoofthelatcer Fokjokerto;. the principal sub- Ç-
divisions of that part of the Island which isoccupi- yf
ed by their dominions, will be mentioned iri the EL
nexr section: the territory is divided between o 5
both; andin the division a principal object has ee
been to allot to each an equal extent of cromndand de =
the same revenue. MALE c oe
hte
^ ^ i P3
+s
mc (v6
52 eb

yO

176 c Essay, 8c.

I have premised, to the detail of the remarks

on the subjects above mentioned, an extract of
the journal kept during my route, for the pur-
pose chiefly of elucidating the geographical ae
criptions: this will form the first section: the
second comprizes the geographical remarks, the
third those on mineralogy, and the fourth those
on botany. I left Surakarta on the first of
August.

August 9.— The roid from Surakarta to
Jokjokarta pervades the most cultivated portion
of the antient Mattaram; the tract is, on the
whole, level; after a small eminence. near the
remains of deserted Kartasura, it passes, into
the declivities of the mountain Marapi, which
is observed, nearly in a North-west direction, at
the distance of about twelve miles. Strangers
uniformly admire the surrounding scenery. The
prospect is extensive and large: "the uniformity
ofa country in a high state of cultivation is
diversified by the huge cone of the Marapi,
towards which the territory gradually rises, and
by an extensive range of low hills which appear
to. meet the road in a Western- direction:
Numerous rivers and rivulets descending from
the large mountain, cross the road: their cur-
rent is rapid, and in their basius are found al-
most exclusively volcanic materials. They
frequently sweli after raine, so suddenly as to
become dangerous to travcllers; most of them
are checked by the Sou:hern hills, and being
consequently diverted to the Eastward, fall iato
the large river of Solo: one principal stream
only takes a direction Westward of the range
of hills, and discharges itself into the Southern
Ocean at Manchingan.

Essay, Fc. 177

“Beyond Jokjokarta the large road inclines
more to the South, and gradually approaches the
shore: I halted successively at Bantul, Brossot
and Kadilangu, at each of which places a Chi-
nese Collector of the Customs resides. Euro-
pean travellers through this part of the Tsland
take theirabode, almost necessarily, with these
people, where they are, in most cases, received
with hospitality. By the frequent travelling of
persons on public business, through this part of
the Island, Chinese inhabitants are in some de-
gree accustomed to our habits, and it must be
acknowledged tha: they cheerfully contribute
what is in their power, to the comfort and con-
venience of travellers. The first thing which is
presented t9 a stranger on his arrival is rea,
which according to the custom of the Chinese
is found in readiness at all hours of the day in -
their dwellings, even in the most distant parts of
the Island: and from the quality of this article

condition of the inhabitants. About the time
of their ordinary meals, the traveller is always
liberally supplied with the common food which
serves for the family, but those articles of con-
venience and luxury to which Europeans are
accustomed must be provided by himself: in
exchange for the comfort or assistance he re-
ceives, he must generally submit to an interroga-
tion from ali the inhabicants of a dwelling ; and
these are often importunate and troublesome :
The object of his journey is minutely enquired
into, his baggage is reviewed with a curious at-
tention, and every novel or uncommon object
becomes the subject of particular disquisition 5

178. Essay, Fc.

if the traveller isa man of rank, his attendants
and servants must expect to be interrogated and
examined in his place.

On entering the compound of the Farmer of
the Customs at Bantul, I observed about half a
dozen large game cages,
whose constant clamour and cackling appeared
te be pleasant and agreable to all the inhabitants
of the house in the same degree in which it
was annoying to me: I soon perceived that
they were objects of particular attention. and
carefully fed at regular periods. Every person
accustomed to aei intercourse with the natives,
whether in the interior or along the seacoast,
kuows that cock-fighting is one of their com-
mon diversions, and even where these animals
are not kept for this purpose, several large
cocks under spacious cages or rather baskets
are constantly found arranged at certain distances
around their compounds. It is probable that
the Chinese have adopted this amusement from
the Javanese, but I afterwards found it universal
among them on the route though this part of
the Isand; In the vicinity of the capitals, the
Chinese Farmers follow the mode of life of
their inhabitants, and the Seliga, are supplied
with various articles of house-hold furniture,
buc in the distant farms, chairs sd even tables
are Penalty looked for in vain.

e dwelling of the former at Bantul. indi-
is some taste and neatness; being a native
of the Island, of Chinese descent he has like
many others of. this description (who are deno:
minated peranakans) imitated the customs and
mode of life of Europeans. At Brossot a lodg-

ing-house, passangrahan—is provided for the

Essay, Fc 179

convenience of the traveller at some distanee
from the dwelling of the farmer; it is in a pleas-
ant situation, cleanly, and supplied with the va-
rious necessary articles of furniture, but at
Kadilangu he must accomodate to the inconve-
nience and offence of a bambu shed, crowded
with numerous Chinese inhabitants.
ugust 5.-- At Kadilangu Ileft the common
route along the southern shore, and proceed-
ed in a north-western direction towards the in-
terior; 1 crossed the large river of Bogo-wonto
several miles above its discharge. A branch of
the grand ranges of central Hills, here extends
considerably to the south, and the river often
winds near the foot of the most projecting points.
I breakfasted at Bubutan, a small farm belonging
to Kadilangu, and passed a Bazar, called Jenner
about to o'clock. Here L observed the principal
points of the branches of Hills descending in
this direction, to which the road very gradually
approaches, on the route to Jonno, where I
arrived about 2 o'clock. —

Fonno is the most considerable mart for the
various linens which are manufactured in con-
siderable abundance in this part of Baggalen,
and well known in the surrounding districts on
` account of the quantities which are here offer-

nufactery of Cotton ; wherever the soil is fav-
orable this article is 'egtuveted. but much more
is required than the country produces, and the
dificiency is supplied by the neighbouring pro-
vince of Banyu-mas. On my further route I
frequently met transports of Cotton proceeding

to the Bazar of Jonno. The trade in this ar-

180 Essay, Ee.

ticle, whether raw or manufactured, is chiefly
engrossed by the Chinese, and a number of
them bave-permanent residencies at this and the
neighbouring Bazars: Several of their dwell-
ings at Jonno are built of brick, and resemble
those of the more wealthy inhabitants at the
capitals.

-A branch of the river Bogo-wonto, the river
Jeli, passes through this Bazar, and during the
rainy season the whole surrounding territory is
completely inundated: the intercourse with the
neighbouring villages is-now carried on ex-
clusively in small Prows or Canoes, and affords
on Sarar days, a very pleasant and lively scene,

August 6.— Went on to Weddi, a consider-
able nes and Dazar at the western extremity
of | rgallén. . half way (from om Jonno)
the village of Cebbang is situated on a river of
rhe same name, in the vicinity of which nume-
tous plantations of Cotton are laid out; the
course from Jonno to Weddi is nearly directly
west. Between Gebbang and Weddi I met nume-
rous ain returning to the. A tuc with the

cipere to
haan ^E observed during a walk in the
afternoon, many of the female inhabirants car-
rying loads of red yarn, elegantly colored of
- a deep scarlet. It was brought to the farmer
of the Customs for the stamp | or licence requir: —
ed to offer it for sale at the bazar. ‘This yarn
is died by the Morinda Citrifolia, the Besskudu
of the Javanese, or by a distinct species of this
genus which is cultivated as an under- shrub.

x Essay, Cc. 181
>. + Mugust 7.— On leaving Weddi I took again

the rainy season contributes principally. to the
inundation of the surrounding territory, I ar-
rived at Ngambal, a small villageand tract
near the large road, and further westward ob-
served Lanjur, Botshor, and several other large
villages. About noon Ireached Ledati,a small
farm, a dependency of Weddi.

August 8.--1 proceeded on the large nase
to Patandiin, and consequently to Kaleng and
Wetton: «he tract is nearly level, but on leaving
Wetton one observes distinctly the- transverse
ranges of hills which contribute to form the
peninsula projecting in this part of the Island.
About noon I arrived at the river Chiching-
goleng, which winds at the foot of the hills, and
at the extremity, a few hundred yards South
from the road, discharges itself into the Ocean.
Several small villages are dispersed through the

neighbourhood, the inhabitants of which assist
the trave ler in crossing : the river is very eep
and the sea beating in from the south, occasons
at times considerable roughness ; two or three
small canoesare attached to each other by means
of a raft of plaited bambu, on which the pas-
sengers and goods are conveyed across. -On the
opposite side the ascent is at once precipitous,
and the constitution of the hill is found entirely
different from the low tract through which the
road has-hitherto passed. After the first ascent
and an oblique curve of about halfa mile along —
the western slopes of the first idee. one meets,

182 Essay, Cc.

ina valley, transmitting a small rivulet, the prin-
cipal village on this peninsula, denominated Kar-
4ng-bolleng. From Surakarta to the river
Chiching-goleng, the road passes, with few
exceptions, through districts which are culti-
vated: a great proportion of chese are low, and
rice raised on inundated grounds, ( Padi-sawa,)
is the chief production. In some parts of Bag-
galen this grain is sowed on high grounds, ele-
vated beyond the point that is inundated during
the period of the rains, and in rotation with
various other vegetables whichare employed in
the food of the natives: these are principally
Legumes of various kinds, Cucumbers and other
cucurbitaceous plants—Roors ( Dioscorez, Con-
volvuli, &c. ) and many others. Favourable
situations produce Kachang-china ( Arachis
Hypogaea) Indian-corn and Cotton. But in
many of the fields which I observed the soil is
composed almost purely of clay, without any
mixture of sand or mould, bursting widely dur-
ing the het season, and only accommodated to
the production of one crop of rice, on the retire-
ment of the inundation caused by the rains.

_ August. 9.— Was devoted to the examination
of the hills in the neighbourhood, and to a visit
to the caverns in which the Hirundo Esculenta:
builds her nests. "These caverns are found, at
intervals, along the whole ofthe southern coast,
from Java Head to the extreme eastern. point,
but no part of the Island contains them of the
same extent orso well supplied with inhabitants,
the circumstance on which their productiveness
depends. The object of my visit was to deter-
mine personally their mineralogical constitution,
as my ideas had hitherto been formed alone

Essay, Gc. 185

from the analogy of similar caverns in. other.
parts of che Island, in which they are formed al-
mos: exclusively in calcareous rock ; and it will
be necessary, consequently, to modify a remark
made in the first part ofthe mineralogical essay.
In regard to the particular economy of this bird,
his food, and the manner of constructing the
Edible Nests, as weil assubstance which furnishes
the matcials, much remains still to be as-
certained.

The peninsula which here projects to the
south beyond the common range of the coast in
this part, consists of several successive ridges
running parrallel, almost directly north and south,
and terminating precipitously at the Oceaij.
At the extremity they are divided by numerous
clefts or fissures, which penetrate into the body
of the bills, and in many instances extend, with
various windings, to a considerable distance.
Their direction in general is vertical, the ` hori-
zontal diameter being the smallest, and they
are closed above by the same mineral substance:
which forms the body of the hill Many of these
fissuresare in contact With the Ocean, the water
of which occupies the lower portions: in these
cases. the external openings have remained
complete, while in more. inland. situations, the
hills of which we may analogically suppose to.

cleft i # the me manner, “the. apertures have
been closed b mposing vegetables or mi:
ncrals, and ki Fauta to which they lead are
coricealed.

. The apertures of those caverns which are at

he present period. most productive in Bird's
ests, are situated at the bottom of precipices. -
whose perpendicular height is between 5o and.
the

: too fathoms: they are narrow, and have

184 Essay, Fc.

same vertical disposition as the caverns; the
water of the Ocean enters and retires with the
tide, beating violently against the rocks which
compose them, and at certain periods, when thc
waters rise above the common standard, the ac-
cess to the caverns, always difficult and danger-
pagi. is entirely impracticable. When this oc-

curs during the period of collecting the Nests,
it proves a great annoyance to the natives who
are employed in this business.

The collection of the Bired's Nests being a
very hazardous office, is effected by the inhabi-
tants of neighbouring hills, who are accustomed
to if from their infancy. They are denominated
Tukans, the general term, in Malay, ofa person
expert in any particular business, or exercising
a profession. The descent to the external aper-
ture is performed on a ladder of Rattan, resem-
bling in some degree the Shronds of a ship, at-
tached to a rock, tree, or other fixed. substance
from which it depends perpendicularly. Al-
though the length is in several instances very
considerable, the descent and the return, even
to a person carrying a load, is considered a rifi-
ing enterprize in comparison with the

“the nests from the sides of a cave: for this

bridges, often of considerable length,
are "constructed of the entire runks of Bambu,
"Which are placed together longitudinally and
transversely, and fastened to each other by rat-
tans; a support to the hand of the collector is
afforded by a separate rattan, of a large size,
extended parallel to the bridge, about half a
man" 's height, and answering to the railing com-

difficult. passage. These bri bridges are attached

^

fem, c 185

to-the projecting Stones of the Cavern, and their
judicious regulatio n and distribution is one of

office of a Tukan. I6 i es misses his
hold, or if the bridge which he traverses sepa-
rates or breaks, he is’ icio lost. No eyer?
tion of his fellows can save him; if in his fill
he should escape rhe sides of the cave, the via-
lent agitation of the ocean at the boom would
infallibly dash him against the rochs.

mai visited the Caverns i in the immediate
vicinity of K wa Hong, I pursued my course
jn a Western direction, across the successive
ranges of hills, to the south-west extremity «
this peninsula: at the cavern of Nagassary the
declivity was sufficiently gentle to enable me to
descend to the bottom, to observe the external
aperture distincily, and to examine at leisure
án contact with the ocean, the materiais chat
compose the extremity of the hill, A large
vertical section was her here T cce and exhibited
iki he disp of the strata which

certain perinds, hes the ocean in not much
agitated, it is not difficult to descend to the
entrance, from this pile of rocks where ! observed
it, wee is in by, the Javanese, the
Pa / or outer- ent of the cavern,

Es epe visit to o Fingkla. | pem RET on hé
Western side of the Peninsula, into the plain
near the Eastern boundary of the district of Aya
^ peed Chinese Farm called Jiwis is situared
here, and a few gi ro ond vil — are

PAg ia ee
a = due :

186 Essay, C.

dispersed. The rest of Aya, in this part, is à
‘desert, overflowed during the rains, marshy at
all periods, and rendered almost inaccessible by
an excessive luxuriance of an useless and un-
profitable vegetation. | Ac the foot of the Hc
a considerable river, called ghe. per a Re pa,

tul is situated, wel know as ihe Sene a of “Bait
ishment of offenders or rank from the court of
Surakarta, and particularly of such as have in-
curred the displeasure of the Sovereign, by real
or supposed treasonable conduct. This village
is situated in a large forest, surrounded by
marshes, andin a high degree solitary and gloo-
my.. I ogee in the Inhabitants of the
neighb district a e of dress, which
is not common in the more populous or polish-
ed districts: in place of the common habit or
vestment, consisting of a broad strip of Lin-
en, denominated Sarong or Long-cloth by the
Malays they wrap a similar strip of Strawsack
or Karong about their Loins, which gives them
a S aaa and se ies ae aud. their

rs appeared to. in some i e

ES shd

both on account of the wildness of the district
which they inhabit, and of the dangers and
tieni to Ae those are mes Y "med in-

urens r hatc used in cu:ting trees
far varicus domestic pu these they place

d

Essay, &«. 197

Ín a square wooden sheath or rather box, sus-
pended by a girth at the lower part of their
backs, which produces a rattling noise in walk-
ing and moving; on the sculpture of this box
they display the utmost of their skill; in seve-
ral instances the fragments of a broken looking
glass were employed to increase irs beauty.

After my return to Karang-Bollong I visited
several of the chief villages of this neighbour-
hood; they are in general small and dispersed
through the Hills: they have no (or very con-
fined) Rice-gronds, but are plentifully supplied
with Cacoa-nut and other Fruit trees. The
common domestic s which serve for the
food of the natives, ts, Fowls, Ducks &c.
are very cheap, and rice is abundantly supplied
by the neighbouring districts of Daggalen. The
name of Karang.Bollong is derived from an
excavation or vault in the extremity of the hill,
near the discharge ofthe river Chichinggoleng 5
this is mentioned in the subsequent sections.
Abouth two miles Westward of the chief village,
the ridges are intersected, at the ocean, by 2
considerable bay, denominated the Bay of
Passir, near which Mollo and various other
small villages are pleasantly situated.

Agust 14.—l continued my route directly
north along the ridges which constitute this pe-
ninsula5 I halted at Rangka, a small district
belonging to B: n, completely level and co-

vered with villages and rice-gronds. ~

Agust 15.—I made a diversion from the com-
mon road, and visited the principal village of
the district of Roma, called Jari-nogoro: the
tract is level and in a high state of culture, but
not far coche northward the summits of the cen--

18 S Essay x Fr.

tral ranges are discerned. Hence I took à west*
ern Course to Selondokko, a village near the
northern confines of the district of Aya. Seve-
ral miles beyond Jati-nogoro the road meets the -
hiils descending from the numerous central ran-
ges, and the environs of Selondokko are already
very uneven and separated by a succession of
pones Bere Being to the north, from the
lower district of Aya, in which Pring tuttul and
Doplang are, in a southern and southwestern dis
rection, solitary hamlets. Through the neigli-
bouring hills of Selondokko numerous small
villages are dispersed, the inhabitants of which
cultivate “Cogos” or\ mountain rice. The
soil isa black mould an&hiehly prolific. The
improvement of this neighbourhood is progres-

ness of rhe territory increases; after passing sev-
~ éralrivulets which take a southern course, Lars
tived at the foot of the hill Chelenan, the as-
cent of which is long and considerable: on the.
summit a fine prospect of the surrounding couns
try is afforded ; L noticed the direction of Pring-
tuctul and Jittis, and the south-west extremity:
of t en Aarang-bot

E

Aw ag
ya Ve

KA Aa AG
ee Mm

the usual custom, a simple break-fast was
here provided, in the native style, for our partys
by the inhabitants. of the surrounding villages,
under the shade of several ancient Warringin
trees, which aflord a convenient and pleasant;

ms

af

Essay, Fe. 189

several, a wide prospect opens in the north: ah
extensive portion of the grand central valley
displays the windings of the river Serayu, beyond

"which the ranges in the north are observed to
sise towards the large Mountain of

Pagal: as
one proceeds in the descent, the situation of
the capital of Banyu-mas is — bya
close torest of Cacoa- nut trees. —I arrived

ere about 12 o'clock.

dn the immediate environs of the capitala
fonsic PI iated to the support
of the Tomm ive governor of this

province, while the. greatest part ae the revenue

of the principal sub-divisions, which are mens

tioned. in the next section, are yielded ro the

Sovereign. The share of the Temmong-gong
amounts to about one-fift of the whole proceeds
of the province; besides this each of the divi-

. sions has a particular native chief, who admi-

nisters his respective district, but is scoped

to che Tommong gong.
The capital of Banyu-mgs is sired: on the

banks of the river Serayu, being HUAG EI laid
3 each

cut and divided by broad roads;

other at right angles, and bounded by a high
fence of bambu, beyond which the dwellings of
the saw are etn without order; each

ries a rus s plinctpal i remp ore dm dis-
tinguished by the external gateway, being more-
conspicuous, and, in some cases, ornamented wich
rude sculpture. Y could obtain rio satisfactory’
formation as to the rum ber of irbabirarts of th

capil or rather principal yillage ;- na ac

'1G90 Essay, Fr.

enumeration has yet been made ; according to
‘vague estimate it contains between 3 and 4000
Souls. The Chinese inhabitants live separately
on the banks of the river, near the farmer ofthe
customs. The name of the village and the
‘whole province is said to be derived from a
small rivulet, which pervades the southern por-
tion, and unites to the Serayu near the part inha-
bited by the Chinese, denominated from time
immemorial Kali or Banyu-mas.

. August 20.--1 left the chief village to visit
the South-western districts of this province: my
course was first in a southern direction. After
passing the narrow plain which bounds the
banks of the river, and is laid out into rice plan-
tations, I crossed a branch of the central hills
running oif in a South-western direction, con
sisting of numerous. smaller points aggregately
called the hill.of Kali-weddi.

This range, as well as that between Selondokko
and the capital is covered with a luxuriant ve:
getation, differing from the wilderneess of the
lower tracts; it furnished me with various new
subjects which will be mentioned in a succeeding
section. It likewise afforded an excellent op-
portunity. of noting the gradual succession of
various vegetables according to the point of cle-
vation. Atone of the southern declivities of the
separate hills, almost the whole of the district of
Aya was exhibited to view. The extent of coast.
from the peninsula of Karang-bollong to the hill
Bedu-gangan was distinctly seen; the surf Ux

Ait

ting against the shore, appeared like a white
band, and formed a highly pleasing spectacle.
On leaving the range of Kali-weddi, one descends
plain of Aya, which im this part is’

. into the

Essay, Ge. 191

not subject to long continued inundations and
affords many situations fit for culture. I mer
with several villages near the banks of the
Serayu, the curves of which often meet the road.
1 arrived at Maos at 2 o'clock p. m. here the
state of cultivation grandually increases. Peng-
galan, whither I proceeded the next morning, is
likewise a flourishing village, and the environs
of Adipollo, Adiridsho and Adiradiho, are nearly
in a complete state of culture, comprizing a
very extensive tract, which is laid out into rice
plantations, and on the whole favourably situat-
ed for an annual crop. “This portion of Aya
forms a pleasing contrast with the neighhour-
hood of. Sinis. in the east, and that towards
Talachap in the West; but towards the accli-
vities of the ridges in the direction of Pring-
tuttul and Doplong, the territory is again cover-
ed with a wild, and, from its distance, unpro-
fiable. vegetation.

August 22.--Iwent on in the morning south-
erly to Bunton, situated near the Ocean at one
of che former outlets of the river Serayu, which
is now completely shut up. The discharge of
the river is about one mile further westward.
The passage across is effected in the same way
as above mentioned at Chiching-goleng: the
at "boats were larger; the raft of bambu,

secured od apod these, had" ce ied
to support several. "horses: Near the western
banks two inconsiderable villages are situated,
beyond which this part of Aya is a continued
desert to Tala-chap, a small settlement, near
the boundary of the Honorable Company's _
possessions under the Residency of Medea
4 pe to the eastern extremity of a small

193 Essay, Ge:

Island, distinguished among the natives by the-
name of Nuso Lrambang, and by perversion
generally called Nuso Kombangan. The road
follows the direction of coast, and often comes
outarthe Ocean, affording a handsome prospect
of the Island just BEL in the west: veg-
| on i more diversified and
than T Similar: situations, and T
collected several, subjects which will be men-
tioned in the botanical section. I arrived at
Talachap- about one o'clock, This neighbour-
hood contaias now the remnant only of, a once
flourishing settlement: ic has been Ap ruined
by the repeaced visits and depredations of the
pen arriving ( probably) from the Islands of
Rio UM, aud several others near the south-
of the Peninsula of Malakka, w

wel
des for t nautical enterprizes. It is

re to wes e, on the spots of the EE
villages, nothing [Us the indications of a more
flourishing period. Extensive clusters of Cacoa-
nut trees still remain, of others the decapitated
stumps only exhibit .signs of the wanton licen-
Jiousness o of these adventurers, The fomes a3
several T the pss. que are ed

athe ages a aring d

years the enr has again ina aani] ire
revived, and several of the former inhabitants
have returned: to this has chiefly contributed
the ur and protection which is afforded

Essay, CE, 393

ghis Island and the coast of Java, and leads ta
an extensive. bay ar the southern part of the dis-
uicc of Sukapura, called Segoro-anakan, but
particularly by keeping in awe the pirates from
above mentioned, and those Malay
Pinus who are in the habits of supporting
them. The visits and enterprizes of the pirates
were not confined to the neighbourhood of this
settlement: by ascending the rivers which dis-
charge themselves into the strait and bay, they
proceeded to the center of the Island, Sukapu-
ra. -Dayu-luhur, and Juruk-leggi were equally
exposed to their invasions. Many of the inha-
bitants were carried off in slavery, or oblized
to retire to. places of greater safety, and the
villages were plundered and destroyed. ©
The situation of Talachap, though pleasant
and interesting on account of the prospect itaf-
_ferds to a temporary visitor, isby no means de=
sirable as a permanent residence. The exhala-
tions from extensive swamps which surround it;
occasion remittent bilious fevers, which carry
off many of the inhabitants: there is likewise
a deficiency of rivers and rivulets of a moderate
size, for the purpose of laying out rice-gronds
cultivated by inundation. In the course of the
following days I vi$ced the remains of a former
settlement at Donan, near the discharge of the
river of Juruk-leggi, the Strait runninz towards
Segoro-anakan, and an extensive range of the op-
posite coast of Nuso-Brambang. On the 24th,
Lrewrned to Adipollo.
. Within the distance of three miles, the three
principal villages of the district of “Aya are si-
ated ; Tg aes Pi WP and Adirodaho, A

Dp
x "s o HP | pa *- ^ hi de n Ws "I

193 Essay, @c.

river of the same name flows by the latter, and
discharges itself into the Ocean at the foot of a
transverse ridge of hills, which has the same dis
rection as the Peninsula of Karang-bollong : its
constitution is likewise similar: it terminates
precipitously at the Ocean, and contains a cavern
which is inhabited, although sparingly, by the
esculent swallow. The district of Aya is at
sent administered by two chiefs, under the
superintendence of the Tommong-gong of the
province, who have the title of Ingebey or Behi:
one of these resides at Adipollo, the other at
Adiridsho. | returned to the capital by the
same road, and after the arrangement of my
plants, and the completion of the outlines of vas
rious drawings, I prepared for an excursion in
a different direction. kx nhi
: I crossed the river of Serayu near the dwell:
ing ofthe Chinese farmer of the Customs at the
eapital, and went. on directly north about three
miles to the large village of Suko-rodsho, situs
ated near the eastern boundary of that subdivi-
sion of the province which is denominated
Passir. | After a considerable acclivity; about 3
of a mile beyond the river, the tract is nearly
level, rising very gradually towards the large
Mountain of Tagal, situated north-west from
this place atthe distance of about 8 miles. The
environs of Suko-rodshoare at
flourishing situation
surrounded -by extensive plantation: various
ridges,

r

adf. 1.

ing. from.

Essay, Ge, tos

cent districts... | went on from here to Purwo:
kerto, the chief village of the district of Passir 5
the country here is in an equal state of culture.
and scarcely perceptibly rises towards the north.
The cultivation extends to the foot of the ranges
in the south, beyond which several viilages
are dispersed ; the chief of these, in a district of
the same name, is Furuk-leggi.
September 8.—l proceeded ina western diz
rection: the territory is cultivated in the same
degree as that which I passed yesterday; two
large rivers, besides numerous smaller Streams;
descending from the northern hills, afford a
plentiful supply of water: abour six miles west=
ward of Purwo-kerto, the road gradually ape
proaches the branches of the central ranges run-
ning out in this direction, and inclining, in the
north, to the western declivities of the- large
Mountain of Tagal: from the foot of these hills
the westward, the degree of cultivation gra-
dually dimmishes, and the tract becomes: un-
even, but a corsiderable settlement exists at Ate
shi-barang, where I arrived about noon. P5
: Adshi-barang is a small district stretching
westward to Dayu- luhur which is situated at
the furthest boundary of the possessions of the
native Princes; this tract is rarely visited by
the inhabitants of um Adshi- a

I could Obtain d:

concerning it: it is described as being covered
with forest, deficient in population, and almost
inaccessible on account of the imperviousness of

e roads, Wh o
The settlement of Adshi-barang is improve.
ing: the villages are chiefly laid out in the -

398 Essay, Ge.

ble from the capital, I deferred the. minute. ins
vestigation to another opportunity, after my re- .
turn from the wes err divisions of the provinces
I therefore went again to the principal village
on the southern declivities of these ranges, and
during various leisurely excursious, collected
from the hills which are still covered with the
original stock of vegetables, many interesti
objects: these are enumerated in the catalogue
of plants, and among the trees and shrubs, many
remain for future investigations.
.. When I first arrived at the capital of Danyu-
mas, the Tomimong-gong or native - governor
was still at the court of the Susuhunan, but his
return not long after my arrival, towards the
end of the month of Ramadan of the Arabs,
uniformly denominated Puwasa by the _ va*
nese, ed both to facilitate my researches in
his districts, and to afford me an opportunity of
noticing some peculiarities in the mode of life
and the government of the natives in the distant
provinces, To detail these would be foreign
from my object at present: it is sufficient to ob-
serve that the life of a large proportion of the
subjects of the native princes is divided into two
eriods-eone portion is spent at the court or
residence of the sovereign, and devoted to his
service; during the other they are permitted to
return to their hones, to cultivate their planta-
tions, and to prepare for the next period. of
service at the capital. | Persons of rank and dis-
tinction are attended by their wives and. fami-
lies; but among those of the lower order these
are. necessarily employed in cultivating those
grounds which are allortéd to their support-

H

they depend, ina great measure, on the pleasure
of the prince, and on the urgency of those duries
he chooses to impose upon them at the capital,

The Tommong-gong had arrived about 8 days.
before the feast celebrated on the lasc day ot the
month of Ramadan. Having returned from onë
of my excursions on the evening immediately-
preceding that feast, | could not excuse mysel£
from being present at the entertainment, which
Was, as cus omary, given after the more serious
ceremonies of the festiv.] had been gone trough,
The numerous relations of the native governor,
who are mostly employed in the various offices
of this province, tended to give a greater degree
of vivacity to the celebration than might be

the native Princes, on the good wil of these
people, altho’ thisis obtained by the recommen-
dation of the prime minister at the court, and
the mode of travelling necessarily followed ina
country where the oriental and feudal customs
órevail in their full extent, affords many instan» —
ces of the dependence on the character of the —

£03 Eno», Se,

chiefs.’ Nothing. can. be obtained: by.a-pecunt,
ary emolument, unaccompanied by the order of
a chief, and force has often occasioned a reme
porary desertion of the inhabitants.

In my return | followed, to Segalo, the large
road leading from Danyu-mas to Surokerto 5
avewesele and Gomuro are, in the province of

yu-mas, the principal villages on this road;
M ks belongs to the district of Banjar: Kutton
waringin isa considerable village at the eastern
extremity of this district. Here I left the large
road and went on in a northern direction, cross”
ing the large river of Serayu a few miles before
the influx of the Merawu. Between Gomorra
and Kutto-waringin L had a favourable oppor,
tunity, of aking the Mountain: of Tagal, the
Sundoro, and the Sumbing, into. one. point of
view, and to determine their relative situation.
- October 18.— 1 halted at the principal village
ef the District of Bandshar, near the foot of the
ridge of hills which rises again to the North of
the valley that, transmits the large river: it is
situated near the banks of the stream Merawu,
above mentioned, and contains, according to
— about 1000 inhabi Hans The roads,
thre vill 03d and regular,

peser ifo aang these of the ca--
: pical of di a prnvince. This village appears to be-
ina prosperous condition, the environs are fertile.
and well watered, and the cultivation is luxuriant,

In departing from rhe large road, my objecs.
was to investigate. the. extensive d which,
à this part of the L se

nia

bing ch promised a abundance and
variety of vegetable. productions chan p be
expected on the common r

Essay, Ee... gor

® October 19.1 proceeded from Bahdshar
Northward : the road first inclines to one of the
most considerable points of the central ranges
the hill Pawinian (the situation of which is
noted on the Map) and then passes between
this and a very steep; conspicuous pile of pers
pendicular rocks, called Gunung Lawet; it con-
sequently winds round the Northern declivities
of the hill Pawinian, towards the Western extre-
mity of which I entered the District of Karang-
— and halted at the small viue of Pag-
ger-pella
The District called Karang-kobar occupies a
considerable portion of the cevtral hills: these
are here very multifarious, of very different ex-
tend and elevation, running into each other
without exhi^iting any regular distribution:
heir general direction is from North Eastto
South-West, which is also indicated by the
course of the rivers. They are very instructive
in a mineralogical point of view, and their cons
stitution will be explained below. . Travelli
in these parts is by no means facilitated by the
condition of the roads; a path, following the
windings of the hills, generally leads from one
village to another, but where the tract is culti
vated; the traveller must find his way over the
‘mounds which separate the rice fields. To any
‘enquiries on this subject, the inhabitants coolly
‘reply that roads would be of little use to them
‘and not reward the trouble of making; and as
there are no native chiefs of superior rank who
travel trough this district, the influence of the
Separate Demangs, between whom this tract is
divided in papa is —" pro exe

wee

irs

2023 Essay, Or

cite the whole population to the improvement
of the roa's. On ihis account, as well as to
obtain more time for botanical and mineralogi-
cal researches, I went on only a few milcs every
day. After l-aving Paggar-pella, my next halt
was at Karrang-kobar, the chief village of this
district, sittfated in a concavity, surrounded on
all sides by small rounded hills. The climate
here is cool; from the chief village of Band-
shar, sirnated near the river Serayu, in the lows
ets part of che centre of the Island, the country
gradually rises towards the North. The soil is
fertile and produces abundantly, but the trade
with the neighbouring districts is not consider-
able, of account of the distance of a market,
the condition of the soy and various other
ediments.

October 21.~I wenton to Kali lunyar, and
dhe following day to Nasupan, both these
villages belong to Karang-kobar: the gradual
ascent of the territory continues on the whole
route, and the numerous hills are in many parts
covered with a great luxuriance of vegetation?
my boranical collec ions were therefore increas-
edevery day. On the 29d, I proceeded to Ba-
sur, which is a separate district, at the Eastern
“extremity of Karang-kobar. Ic is well known
on account of an extensive establishment of
Chinese which is formed here: 1 found a large
Yübges more regularly laid out than those of

Essay, GB, 805
has, at a distance, a peculiar appearance: ‘all

the house, are n.ked and exposed not being
surrounded, and partially concealed, by clusters
of Cocoa nut and other fruit trees, as in the
lower tracts. The climate of Betur is compa-
rativery cold, and the inhabitants. employ and
zequire a suitable clothing. I olscrved anany of
the principal Chinese to wear jack: ts lined with
the pr. pared fleeces of sheep, which duiing the
morning, are very comfortable. The appearance
of the inhabitants is ruddy and healby. Eu»
ropeans nd che same clothing necessary which
is employed during the winter in Eurepe. The
Thermometer descended on the 26th of October
to 53? of Fahrenheit’s seale z- bur from the
month of May to August, ic is much colder,
] observed, in the houses of the Javanese inha-
biting the neighbouring villages, a large space
covered with heaps of ashes ncar the centre:
ran large stones serve to support the logs of
wo , which are kindled here in the vight,
The place like all the elevated parts of the Ise
land, has a peculiar vegetation. Cocoa-nut trees,
plantains, and the common. fiuit and domestic
wees of the lower tracts are not found; in place
of these, many European vegetables grow luxus
riantly if planted, several are spontaneous, and
evidently belong to the orginal stock of the
vegetables of this Islnd; these will be pointed

din uent section, A few: have been
accidentally cas by seeds, mixed with
the culinary seeds brought from other coun-
tries. The vegetable productions o^ this Is.
land form an excellent indication of the height
of particular districts. and a principal object
in my botanical remarks has. beent a

204 Essay, Ge.

with some accuracy the geography of our indi:
genous plants.

Immediately to the North of Batur is a steep.
hill, the Gunung Prarargaz ; which has about
1000 feet perpendicular elevation above the
level of the surrounding territory : to the South
_ of this village the country is uneven, and the
declivities descend chiefly in a direction froin

North-East to South- Wests being divided by
numerous ravines, Extensive tracts are cover-
ed here with plantations of Tobacco; this, with
Indian-corn, is the chief object of culture:
no rice is produced on account of the elevation
of the tract. The Tobacco is exported chiefly
to the maritime districts, and the Chinese here
subsist by a small traffic with this article, for
which they bring hither various requisites
from the Northern provinces.

This neighbourhood was interesting to me
not only for the purpose of bringing together a
general collection of mary vegetables of high si-
tuations, bur also in a Mineralogical point of
view. A considerable range of hills rises in
the north above the surrounding level: one of
these has already been mentioned; they follow
on the whole the direction from West to East ;
several of the principal points are described in
the Mineralogical section. A branch of thelarge
volcanic chasm, which exists in the bowels of
the earth, in this latitude, shews itself by seve-
ral considerable outlets ; a short distance west of
the large Mountain Sundoro, we find thesmaller
enes of the Gunang Prat, of the Pakerman and
of the Rozgo-sumbangan. The Pakerman is
situated within a few miles of Batur, and is
well known in the neighbourhood, in conser

Essay, Ec, 205

guence of a singular volcanic phenomenon
which occurred about 30 years ago, and will be
described in the Mineralogical account of this
district. The Guwa-upas is dreaded by the nar.
tives, and according to their account, resembles
the Grotto del Cano near Naples; they could
not be prevailed on to condtict me to this open-
ing; it is situated at no great distance from
the crater, which discovers itself by the dis-
charge of volumes of smoke at intervals.
From Batur my course was eastward, inclin-
ing gently ro the north, rising higher on the
successive ranges of this part, and passing many
of the separate points and ridges, and sever
very deep ravines. On the day of my depar-
ture from this village, October 27th, 1 halted
at Konang, a small hamlet, surrounded by a
circle of eminences, to the north of which rises
a considerable point, well known to the natives
by the name of Gunung, Diyeng, and connected
with the more elevated eastern point, which at
a distancereceives the denomination of Gunung
Prai (from its resemblance to an inverted beat
or proa) although at this spot ics numerous
points are distinguished by separate appellations.
A traveller here does not suppose himself to
be in an equinoctial region; he perceives the
air cold during the day, and possessing at night
a degree of keenness, which; on suddenly arriv-
ing from the lower country. is even unpleasant;
o Cacoa-nur or plantain trees are about the
"iue he finds himself surrounded by a new
tribe of vegetable; he is invivorated, and cap-
able of a degree of activity which appears in-
compatible with the nature of a hor climate,
Severe nadi exercise is not fatiguing, |

206 Essay, Ge.

desireable, and necessary to procure'a pleasant
temperature of the body when not warmly clothe
ed. In the foresrs, the trees are enveloped with.
long, shaggy, depending moss, as in the coldest
countriesin Europe. Only a few solitary birds
enliven the air; these are ofa peculiar kind, and
never seen in the lower regions. Natives of
other parts of the Island, suffer immensely when
suddenly transferred to this neizhbourhooc : the
half naked coolies are uniformly found in tbe
night huddled together in groupes, and enjoying
ghe heat and smoke of a few burning chips. `
The ancient inhabitants of this Island, of whose
histaty, religion and peculiarities all indications
are now uncertain, appear to have delighted in
this vicinity, as well as in similar situations at
no great distance from the principal velcanoes.
A Chandi, "Temple or Tomb, was found near
the foot of theeminence of the Diyeng, not far
from a constantly smoking crater, surrounded
-by numerous Re-jos or images, most of which
have been carried away or destroyed by the pre-
sent inhabitants. In proceeding on my route, and
commencing again the descent of the Mountain
Prad, sin aang for severai miles followed am
eastern se from the village Konane, I met
and aos pursued along the whole decli-
vity, one of the most stupendous remains of the
ancient inhabitants, which, in my opinion, is
found on the Island. At no considerable distance:
from the summit of the Mountain, I observed a.
nearly regular slab, which lat first mistook for a
of the common Basaltes of the neigh-

tborbood; _but was. informed by the natives, that.
it was the indication of an artificial work 3 I very.

moe ji — » wA. tag pin ks

- Essay, Ce. dc7

ed of this kind of stone, and the lava ofthe vici-
nity, r.gularly chiseled and worked into oblong
plates, condüc'ing, from this spot, towards that
part of the foot of the Mountain on which the
declivity becomes less precipitous. My estimate
concerning the p g which
this stair descends brings it very near to 1500
feet: ac lower part it gradually runs off or passes
“intoa pavement, constructed of the most regular
slabs of Basaltes collected in the environs. This
stair has not been preserved complete to the
present period; the tracesare frequently broken
or obterated, by currents of water descending
with impetuosity in accidental excavations, and
the present road deviates in many places: but
at intervals 3 or 4, and sometimes io and more
steps are found nearly entire. The breadth of
the steps is three feet; the stair thr ough the
whole extent. was bounded by a small margin;
rising at each side about a foot in heigh,
regularly worked from the same materials.

On this descent 1 had an excellent opportu+
nity to increase my collections of the plants of
high situations: I found numerous ferns not
previously noticed, and, with a large number of
sorubs and trees uniform in places of the same
elevation, several that were new. After a short
halt at Kayu-rangkang, I goce to one of

it lages of this distric

acid (like the whole tract) Kali Pi. from
Ka ayu-rangkang, the descent is very gradual:
it is divided by many ravines, which transmit
fivalets, and give a great degree of productive-
ness to the soil. The situation is still consider-
ably elevated, and the temperature cool.

again near Jawar, a small Chinese

208 Essay, Cé.

farm, the river Serayu, descending with a rapid
course from the Northern ridges.

Thecopiousness of my collections on the des:
cent of the mountain Prati made it necessary
to haltseveral daysat this place, to add the sub-
jects to the Herbary and to complete the draw-
ings. Kali-bebber terminates, in this part, the
territory of the Native Princes; being bounded
in the East by the district of Kadu: it com-
prizes in the North the greatest portion of the
mountain Praü, extends in the West to Karang-
kobar and Segalo, and in the South to Lado
Ic is less hilly and irregular than the districts
f had previously passed, and appears to be on
the whole well cultivated: but little attention
is paid to the condition of the roads, and a travel-
ler often finds ic convenient to follow the beds
of rivulets, and the mounds which separate the
rice plantations.

At kerteg, whither I went the 31st of Octo:
ber, I found a small village inhabited by Chi-
nese, attached to the Farmer of the Customs;
‘on the road I had. passed the boundary between
Kali-bebber and Ledog. The vicinity of this
plaee to the two large Mountains of this part
of the Island, the Sundoro and Sumbing; was
convenient for determining their relative situa-
tion; the todd Eastward from Kerteg passes
gradually into the large valley by which they
are separated, rising gradually towards Redsho3
simated on the highest part, nearly equally dis-
tant from each.

This valley has a magbati almost uniform

trom of considerable breadth, from which
the territory gradually rises to each Mountain,
the sides being intersected bye deep ravines.

Essay, HF 209

Many of these give rise to rivers and rivulets3
most of the principal streams of this part of the
Island spring from these mountains; the Bogo-
wonto and Progo flow in a Southern direction,
the begalo and Serayu follow a Western course
in che central valley of che Island. The village
of Re-jo is situated at. the boundary of the
districts of the Native Princes in this part, it
has derived iis name from several large stone
images or re-jos, which are carefully preserved
in the middle of the road in a small appropriate
building, and receive tokens of veneration from
the inhabitants and from oceasional passengers.
On leaving the broad valicy between the two
mountains above mentioned, an extensive pros-
pect opens on the traveller, exhibiting, at one
view, the lower portions ot the province of
Kadu, consisting of an infinite numbe, of hills.
thrown together without order, and resembling
the agitated waves of the Ocean. On entering
this tract the state of cultivation rapidly in-
creases, in every direction large villages are
indicated by immense assemblages of cocoa- nut
trees; and extensive plantations of Rice, indian-
corn, Tobacco, and almost every kind of vege-
- table serving for the common domestic economy
and nourishment of the inhabitants, buund the
prospect... -
., The traveller here finds his progress greatly
facilitated; having traversed districts in which
all conveniencies of passage are left to accident
or appear to be intentionally neglected, he per-
ceives, in the excellent condition of the roads,
a care'ul attention to the means of intercourse
between the various parts of this as well as

210 Essay, €.

with the neighbouring districts: agreably to the
state of the country the course of the rivers and
rivulets is uniformly rapid, and substantial
bridges, in placeof the temporary rafts of bam-
bu, emploved in the districts of the Native
Princes, afford a further proof of a wise admi-
nistration, ;
Between Sinis and Pakkiswing, whither I
proceeded on the 2d of November, the inequali-
ties of che tracc are less considerable than on
the preceding route; about one mile West of
the latter place I crossed the river Progo, flow-
ing with a rapid stream from the North. The
road soon approaches the Western foot of the
Marbabu, and of a smaller mount called Ær-
dong: beyond the basin of the river EKo it gra-

wards the top ok the Marbabu ; jt here passes
successively the villages of Kamantran and

through many intervening vallies to the Eastern
foot. Leaving the usual route from Koppeng
to Salatiga, È went on directly East, and met
the high-road, leading from 1 PUN to: the
Ca kof oe Native .ali-Gan

In the afte: of the qh a. November 1 sag
turned to Socrates,

Essay, Fc. 211

3 POSJISCRIPT.
List of proper names from the first Section
of ihe E

^ . kis to be observed that the sound employed
by the Javanese, in expressing the letters, bas
been followed as nearly as possible, viz.

Javanese Luglisis

dia. X H

a N

. Cho (or Tsho) | Ch
Ko = B...
Ko. K

Do Ab
To Kh
So S
Wo W
Po. P

- Ddo, has a peculiar sound, resembling a
doubled, which can only be properly c geri
by a native: it is indicated by dd.

Jo Cor Dsho) Joo J

Yo Y (consonant)
Ny

M

Tto, answers to the double Z, and can on!
be expressed by a native; it may be indicated
by 77. ues

Ngo z Ng.

212 Essay, E.

The vowels are uniformly sounded as follows:

broad, as in hall 3
(as a in common) as in ket
(as ee commonly) as in field
as in note
u broad, as in blue

The syllable which has a long protracted ac-
cent is marked with-as in Weddi; —3indicares
a very short enunciation, to throw the accent
with more force, on the other syllable. "This
sign” simply denotes the accented syllable, as
Kérto; C is zever employed alone, as, in the
numerous words where e follows, it would be
undetermined whether to pronounce it hard or
soft.

oot?

Kemadu (Cemadu)
Kemiri : (Cemiri)
Keji (Ceji, &c.)

Kendal, &c. &c. written with C, might be
pronounced Semadu, Semiri, &c. K is suflicent
for every purpose, not liable to mistake, and
more Consistent with the genius of the language,

LIST OF NAMES,

Süro-kérto z
Jókjo-kérto
Mattâram
Kérto-siiro
Marápi
Marbábu
Manching-an
Kadi-l maga
Baburan

Jono

Essay, Ge. 213

ali
Usad
Bágoálén
Géb- INE (or Gub-bang)
Ngam
Bán.j DE
Dó-chor
Pata-nain
Kaleng,

Note.--Thee in this, and in many other words,
has a sound which most resembles the English
u, as in us, ugly, &c. being obtuse, and inter-
mediate between o and z: it is expressed or
indicated by a particular mark, called pegar;
in this manner by the Javanese, and something
similar must therefore be adopted to express
it. Kaleng might be written Káléng, Kalêng,
or Kalüng. It is one of the most common and
familiar native vowels, and occurs incessantly
in their language, as Ségé or Sdggd, boiled
Rice— Nassi of the Malays. Assn, "Tamarind,
Assam of the Malays, Pada a Pe
liquor, &c. &c.

Wêttón

x hi- = gôleng

b dE.
Jéttis or Juris
Aya
Pring.táttul
Rómo
Jati-nog6ro

Selon-dókko
Doplang

214

Essay, Gr.

Dányu-más
Séráyu

ér
Niso-brambang
Nüso-kombángia
Malákka
Suka-püra
Seg6ro-inakan
Da

Probo-ling-go

Günung-géd-di
ze Kumüuk o=

Pán-jar
Pürwo-re-jo
Gomiru
Meráwu

| Kütro- waringin

L4

Sndo

Sùmbing
a Perako

Láwet

Gunung.di-yeng

216 Essay, Eë.
SECTION II.

Concise Geographical Sketch.

— a

The Western Division of the territory of the

Native Princes consists principally of —
. Mattaram (the Western portion)
Daggalen |
Banyu-mas

omo

Dayu-luhur

Merden

Lurung-tenga, Kerto-negoro, and several
inconsiderable tracts.

Segalo.
Karang-kokar
Lede

Kali-bebber and
Gowong
A. In the Western portion of Mattaram,
West of the Capital of Jokjokarta, the prin-
cipal villages near the high-road, which are
marked on the map with the corresponding
snb
Bantul-karang
Bazar Tagal-layang
Brossot
Patrallan
... Kademangan -
< Kretek —-—
— Karang-wuni
Kachubung-darat.

"Essay, Fc. 217

Kadilangu is situated on the Eastern banks of
the river Dogo-wonto, which forms the bounda-
ry between the Matraram and Baggalén. The
largest river in Mattaramis the Progo, the prin-
cipal branches of which will be mentioned in
the next Section: it receives, near Brossot, a
small branch from the West called Galur.

The numerous hills which compose the West-
ern part of Mataram are not comprized with-
in the limits of this sketch; many separate
ranges appear to descend from che Mountains
Sumbing and Koripan, directing uu ere of
the rivers of Progo and Bogo-won

B. The province of Baggalén, not boty
point of extent, but particularly in regard to die
state of culture and population, is one of the
principal districts under the administration of
the Native Princes: although it contains no
‘capital with an excessive population, a large
number of considerable villages are scattered
over its whole cxtent: these are in greatest
proportion appropriated to the domestic services

of the Princes, the ** Gladak"—and are admi-
nistered by a Tommoag-gong from Sourakarta
and from jokjokarta. | As it would swell
the catalogue unnecessarily, I shall only enu-
merate the principal villages on the great South-
` ern route to Karang-bollong, those on the route
which I followed, : and several of the principal
wh-divisions
ii out in the geographical sketches or the: maps.
L Villages on the Southern. Road,
Wonno-rotto -
Ngawu-awu

838 ; Essay, Ge,

Tegges
Wollo

a. Villages ace, through the central
portions of Baggalen

Weddi,—two considerable Bazars which
hive been ee above,

Bubutan, a small Baza

Fenner, - Sho,

ag Sura
Banyu ürib

Essay, Cc. 219
Kwangun
anjung
"Pengilong
3. 4. Near the Norhern boundary, and 5,

the Western extremity of this province, are to
be noted.

. Samawung, a considerable village, the
residence of the Tommong- gong from Jok-
jokarta.

BAO gu } small districts
Ungarang
Selang

Rangka, a small Mié containing nu-
merous villages
eure yinangon i
* Jerakk } large villages
"Most of da small tracts and villages Cof
the 3d divison) approach or are situated on the
declivities of the central ranges, from which nu-
merous rivulets and rivers have their origin,
Bogo-wonto, the chief of Bagealen, has al.
ready been mentioned: Lerreng arises towards
whe. Western extremity, flows through the centre
mk: nag receives the rivers.

pa Bua sad several Ad
The other rivulets arising near the Western
extremity of chis province take a: Western dis
rection, and unite to the river. Chiching-goleng,
a considerable stream, which follows the direg-
tion of tbe range» of Raiang-bollong,

220 Essay, Ge.

The Southern portion of Baggalen islow and
level; the Northern gradually rises towards the
central ranges, but comprizes no Mountain of
any importance; the particular denominations
of the hills composing these ranges have not
been as yet accurately ascertained: along the
Northern boundary of this province, conimenc-
ing in the East we find the following districts:
. Gowong, consisting chiefly of the South-
ern declivities of the Mountain sumbing. (The
villages, rivers, hills, &c. of this district have.
not yet been noted with accuracy

2. The Southern extremity of Ledog.

3. The small district of Selo-manek or
Kali-wiro.

4. Segalo (which will be mentioned below.)

j The district of Panjer (one of the subdi-
visions of Banyu-mas, to be mentioned in the
scquel. ) M

6. The district of Romo.

c. Romo is a considerable tract which has
the same constitution as Baggalen: in the Easr,
the North and West it is bounded by the hilly
tracts of Banyu- mas, in the South by Rangka
Cone of the smaller sub-divisions of Daggalen)
several considerable points of the central ranges
occupy its Northern ports; its rivers and rivu-
lcts descend uniformly to the C hiching-goleng.
Among many villages which are dispersed
through this tract I shall only notice Fari-
nogoro, the principal, and residence of a Tom-
ilran, —and Kranjingan, a Chinese farm ;
marked on the map. cicer oi £

vs eal

"eb

Essay, €. 221

d. betwcen.the river of Chiching-goleng
in th? East, and that of Aya (one of the sub-di-
visions of Banyu mas) in the West, several sucs
cessive ranges of hills are found, which have a
direction from North to South, and, projeczing
considerably beyond the general stretch of the
Southern coast, form a peninsula, which, from
the chief village of the neighbourhood, has 'been
denominated the Peninsula of Karang-bollong,
In ancient times this formed a part of the pro-
vince of Banyu-mas; it. has been mentioned
above; and since the regula: administration of
the caverns in which the Edible-Bird's-Nests are
found, has been considered as a separate dis-
trict. The general appearance of this peninsu-
la will be described in the succeeding section.

Pons | near the bay of Passir
Jeladri , :
Guntur three hamlets at the mouth of

Chiching-goleng.

Jumennar
Karang-Selo |
Nagassari and ( 9? the route towards Aya.
Jinkla TE TT ECT
_ The principal caverns in which the Birds
Nests are at present collected aret ooo
Guwo- Dahar à
Guwo-Geddé
Guwo-Nagassari, and
Guwo- Jingkla. i

Of the numerous points which rise more pre.
cipitously from tbe ridges composing this pes.

222 Essay, @e.

ninsula, the denomination of few is uniform and .
determinate among the natives: Karang-kuda .
has been pointed out on the map—at the termit
nation of the Eastern ridge a cavern is found
from which the settlement has derived the name
of Karrang-bollon,

The rivalets arising from these ridges unite
to the Chiching-goleng i in E East, and to the
river of Aya in the Wes

The province of Banyu- m s occupies a very
considerable portion of the territory of the
Native Princes ; it is bounded by the district of
Segalo in the East, and by several of the sub:
divisions of the district of Cheribon in the
West, stretching transversely from the southern

ean to the declivities of the Mountain of
Tagal. It is composed of the following sub-
divisions, vi viz.

a

y
b. Panjer
€. Passir

d. Probolingo, and
Dani

e. Banjar
exclusive of the environs of the capital. Aya
commences at the peninsula of Cua M
in the East, and extends in the West to the river
of: HE iy -leggi, dich. discharges itself be-
poo densis boundary of the Island Nuso-
rambang, occupying a length of coast of near-
ly whiny miles, i its breadth is also considerable;

| the cna gers near the shore ic is low =

"s | vocem een de discharge olhe
ema and the d

Essay, Ge. 223

extensive tract is in a state of culture. The
principal villages are:
Adipo: ila

Karang-pandan
Winong.
.. Tothe Eastward of the hill Dedagangan only
solitary villages a are = found dispersed through an
rtion of which is a

marsh, or an deeem. Pag wilderness; those
which deserve notice are:
Widoro-pajung
Jittis
Aya, and
Doplang.

Onthe route from she capital to this districe
we note

Kali-weddi

and various smaller pig dispersed through

the neighbourhood ;

Penggalan

1 “Towards the boundary of Romo we note: -
ko, and, me the Western lan

the settlement (at y o
ba with the adjoining small tracts of
Donan

pe legg
which ma d been- nicationed in the
Journal,

$24 Essay, Qr.

© b.) “Panjer, the second sub-division of
Danyu-mas, is somewhat removed to the East-
ward from the other districts of which this pro-
vince is composed: the districtof Romo, which
bounds it in the West, is asit were intruded be-
tween Panjer and Aya. The Southern part
of Panjer is level and in a high state of culti-
vation; it is here bounded by the Baggalen. In
the North itis hilly, and, like the other tracts on
the central ranges, contains only a scanty popu-

on.

Kabumen is one of the most considerable vil-
lages of this district.

c.) Passir is the: most: westerly of the divi-
sions of Banyu-mas, and extends to Dayu-luhur |
and several tracts belonging to the Residency of
. Cheribon: in the North it is bounded by Los-
sari and Tagal, in the South by Aya, and in the
East it is United to rhe following sub-division of
this province: the Southern and Eastern por-
tions have a gradually inclining situation, ng
are chiefly in a state of cultivation. In cl
West and North it is billy, the culture and po-
pulation i$ not considerable.

Suko-rojo IE Ka
Be ae

uet very « erable s, Gd of
white a native chief Dahi) rdc, who trea
ordinate to the Tommong-gong who adminis-
ters the province.
. Aji barang is a
Kumutuk |

small tract near the western,
t. the northern b
Pasir; e all these numerous eis are
sed, but only the principal h eper Dore
on the map. Ee s E

Essay, Ge. ^ $95

d.) Probolinge, the fourth sub division of
Banyu-mas, has che same local constitution, and
a similar state of cultivation; it is bounded in
the north by Bobotsari, Kerto-negoro and Ji-
anna, in the east by Banjer, and in the south,
by that part of this proviuce which is annexed
to the environs of the capital. Its villages are
verynumerous. Probolingo, the chief, hasalone
been noted on the map.

e.) Banjar, the last sub-division of this
province, is the most easterly in itssituation ; its
form is on the whole oblong, and it stretches far
fiom west to cast. Its constitution is more di-
versified than that of Passir or Probolingo—it
is, on the whole, uneven or mountainous, but
many of its uneven districts are in a high state
of cultivation: they are covered with a fertile
soil and are well watered.

Banjar is bounded in the west by Probo:
lingo, in thenorth by the Honorable Company's
maritime districts Pamalang, Pakalongan, &c.
in the east by Karang-kobar and Segalo, and in
the south by Panjer and Merden. Among
its numerous villages I shall only point out
Banjar ( the chief)

Winorong
Gomuru |
“Kutto-Waringin, and.
— Gunung-Raja . — :
aD ER i Coa Iarr GAP ahkak thn

tevenve of which is claimed almost exclusively
by the Sovereign, a considerable portion is ap-
propriated for the private revenue of the Tom-
mong-gong, who administers the province.—It

296 Essay, Ec. /

comprizes the environs of the capital, a large
village also denominated Banyumas, ond a long
borrow tract extending on both sides of the
river Serayu, towards the small tract of Lur-
ung tenga or Kali-inendohg, which is here in-
truded between the divisions of ms

Besides thé capital, where the Tommong-
gong resides, are chiefly to benotcd villages
Sama-gedé

Gomellera, and
Purwo rejo.

Amons the Mountains and Hills of this pro-
vince, the Mountain of agal, denominated by
the natives Gurting-Gedé, or the large
RC and various branches of the central
_ exten ding los icrdinal through t
of this division d f che Island, deserve par-
PA aie The Morin of Tagal stands
at the boundary of this and the northern dis-
tricts already mentioned. and its declivities con-
stite chiefly the sub-divisions of Passir and
robolingo: the central ranges are on the
Moa le dir ls in two divisions, one on thë

several Ee (arising heat ey vie declivi-
ties of the Mountain of Taga extend pear
Ju &c. : towards t

Pr S Du hur,

Essay, €. 227

The names of all the separate points which
were ascertained with accuracy are mentioned
in the next Section, to which J therefore refer
ar present.

It may be proper, in this place, to enumerate
insuccession, the principal rivers of this part of
the Island; several of these have already been
mentioned ; and, with few exceptions, they aris
in, or pass through a part of the province of
Banyu-mas. The river Progo alone, is entirely
distant: the river Bogo-wonto (forming the
‘boundary between Mataram and Baggalen) re-
ceives a principal branch of the river. Lerreng,
which arises near the Western boundary of the
district Panjer. Several ofthe principal branches
of the river Chiching-galeng arise from Paajcr,
and from the Eastern extremity of Aya. The
River of Aya receives its sources from various
branches, exclusively from the province of
janyu-mas; their direction is pointed out on
the map; the branches from Pring-tuttul,
Selondoko and Cheleman are the chief; they
unite in the lower part of the district of Aya,
and then follow the direction of the ranges of
Karrang-bollong to their discharge into the
Ocean, Another principal river of the tract
of Aya flows into the Ocean at the Western
foot of the hil! Bedagangan: it is called the
river of Adifojo,and has wo: principal branches,
one from Doplong, another from Kaliwedei,
which receive many small ri ulets from the |
Northern hills of Aya, .and contribute -te
innudate this tract. i;

Following the coast to the Westward, we
meet, aboutfive miles from Adi-rojo, the outlet
pi the river Serayu; this is one of the dargese

228 Essay, Ec.

streams of this Island; its source is near the
North-western declivities of the Mountain Sun-
doro, from the hill Jajar (inclining to the
Northern parts of the Mountain Pra) its course
is first from North to South, having passed the
districts of Kali bebber, Ledog and Segalo, it
enters the province of Banyu mas, through
which it flowstothe Ocean. Soon after arriving
in Ledog it turns to the Westward, and conti-
nues in this direction till beyond the capital, and
then inclines South to its discharge. It follows,
on the whole, the direc:ion of the large central
valley in this part of the Island, which is con-
fined in the North and South by the ranges of -
the central hills above mentioned. The Eastern
branches will be mentioned in the sequel ; soon
afier its arrival in this province, it receives the
Merawu, a large river from the North, and sub-
sequently the rivulets of

Deris, and
Piosso, from the South.
In this part of its course no considerable
branch enters from the North, till the river of
Klawing, which unites to it near Soma-gedé,
carrying down the waters of numerous streams
from thé Northern ranges, and from the moun-
tain of Tagal. Besides various gher brancbes
the river Klawing receives the —

Essay, Ec. 229

and, near its union wich the Serayu. the River
Pellus, which traverses the Eastern parts of
Passir, and receives many Ku orcigate strcams,
among: others the

Another large. branch from the North unites
the vaiious rivers and rivulets of the central
portion of Passir, which, as well as those ffow-
ing into the river Pellus, have their source from
che declivities of the mountain of Tagal; ic is
called Lo-gowok, a principal branch is the river
Banjaran, nearly of equal size; both reccive
numerous rivulets in the higher districts, of
which the names were not ascertained wich accu-
-racy. The Lo-gowok falls into the Seray u;
several miles West of the api
- The Western declivizies of the mountain of
Tagal, and the adjoining central. Ranges i in that
direction, furnish three rivers which unice
southward of Aji-barang: “The Datar flows
near the principal village of that District, the
Kawung a few miles Westward, and still farther
in the same direction the 7742/7505 the two
dormer. having eniged s to the later, it Ed

rayu sever les to ti |
discharge of the river. pir ond
Very near the mou:h of the No | icre-
ccives hom the West a large branch, of nodis-
tant source, conveying the waters of the lower
marshy districts, which accumulate at the
pu dcclivi.izs of the cc n TIDES. Aris

139 Essay, Ge.

denominated Bengawang Brondong, being. » broad
and admitting the tide to a considerable distance.
Very near rthe Western boundary of this pro-
vince we find the river Juruk legzi, which
near its discharge resembles the Bengawang
Brondong: ir receives various branches from
the districts of Dayu luhur and Cheribon.

f) The district of Dayu-luhur is situated
at the Western extremity of Banyu-mas, being
bounded in the North !rebes, and in the West
by several of the sub-divisions of the Regency
of Cheribon; in the South it is united to the
tract called Jeruk-leggi: from the informa-
tion of the natives at “Aji barang, the greatest
portion of it is in a stare of wilderness, and
many of the inh bitants of the Southern extre-
mity have ‘been carried off by the pirates, in
former years, or have removed to situations of
more security in Cheribon and Banyu mas.

At the Eastern extremity the province of
Banyu-mas is united to Karang-kobar, Segalo
and to the Northern portion of Daggalen : ‘this
parts of the island is troughout a succession of
hills and mountains, having on the whole a lon-
gimdinal direction, as Bi as regards the coasts,

g.) Segalo occu ies the tracts on the North
See the South dde of the river of Serayu, rising
in each direction by successive ascents and
ridges towards Karang-kobar in the North, and
the Northern ranges of Baggalen in the Souths
the face. of the territory is very uneven, and the
inequality isincreased by the numerous rivulets
poured into the Serayu from the ridges on each
side. Its villages are numerous, only the fo!-

Essay, Gc. 29:1

lowing are noted on the Map—Segalo (the
principal) and
Sawangan.

ñ.) Karang-kobar has on the whole the same
constitution as Segalo, but rises more precipi-
tously towards the Northern ranges; these are
enumerated and described in the succeeding
. oe as well as the principal hills near the

ommon route from Banjar to the north.
Here the principal villages are

Telogo
Pagger-pella
Karang-kobar She chif village)
Kali lunyar, a
anusupan.

The small tract of Batur, situated on the de-
clivities of the Northern ranges, intervenes here
een Narang-kobar and the following dis-

eem
Kali bebber commencesat the summit of
the Gunung-prow in the North, and stretches to
nG district of Ledog in the South: in the West
it is bounded by Karang-kobar and Segolo, in
the East by the Kadu. It is composed, in the
North, of the declivities of the mountains
Prow and Wismo, and in the East of those of

the Sundoro: its central tracts have an unequal ©

and
of the Sea. The village Konong is situated
near the declivities of Pk mountain Diyenz,
and at considerable elevation on the mountain
Prow ; near the foot of the latter we meet Kayu-

roa oun and Menjer; further to the south
- Bie

TA Kalibe oe. and numerous

aga Essay, Go.

others. Morc extensive than the last is the.
district o
jJ) Ledos, stretching from the declivities of
the Sundoro and Sumbing, to the central ranges
of Baggalen and Gowong; in the West ic is
bounded by Segalo, and in the East by the Kadu.
he face of the country resembles on the whole
tha of Sezalo, but its ridges are less elevated and
regular. Its principal villages are Ledog and
Balle-kambang : besides these are to be noted
Selo-merto
30-merro
Selo-Kromo
Krossak and Guntng Tawong
verter
Gondong

katana -smurub, and

k.) Tne district of Selo-manek or Kali-wire
was formerly united to Lebog, but was separated
from it by one of the former Sultans of Jok-
jokarta: it is not considerable in extent or po-
pulation.

All the rivers from these various districts
flow towards the central valley, and unite to the
Serayu. In the Karang-kobar district thc
chief river is the Marawi, already mentioned
above, which rises near Datur from one of the
highest points of the central ranges; it receives
the ‘ali-urang (a considerable stream froni `
mount Rozgo-Jambangan) the Tejotto-sureri
and Pav uraban, which are marked on the map.
- 'fhe water from the more easrern oi A
the central ranges unite to the river Tuli

nes of which, the Kaligiran and Diis,
arise from the hill Pakerman, -

Essay, ec. 233

The eastern points of the central ranges, and
thedeclivities of the mountain Sundoro, in the
district of Kali-bebbcr, supply the first sources
of the river Serayu, which here receives, besides
the river Tulis, various other rivulets from

the declivities of the Sundoro and Sumbirg.
The river Segalo arises from the southern and
western foot of the Sumbing; having received
the river Gung, and many others from all direc-
tions, its course is west inclining to the north:
it is now ncarly equal to the Serayu i in size, "ud
both icm unite at Selo- kromo. -

‘mountains of Sundoro —
form eir boundary, in this part, | the
districts of che native Princes, Kali- belka and
Ledog, in the west, and those of the Hon.
Company, the Kadu, &c. in the cast. They will
be mentioned in the next section, as well as the

er hills and mountains of the western dis-

'ricts,

Mah plan originally proposed has only em-
braced a very concise geogra ) ical sketch of
ive I inces, I shall, in
ther r route, enamerate only
several of the principal villages (whose situa-
tion is marked on the map) and point out the
1 branches of | the r tiver Prog

Daponan .—

234 Essay, Sc.

Jictis
Parakkan
Selo-korung
Geddu-siwur
Pakkis-wiring

Kamantrang
Ngablak X underthe Residency of Samarang
Kopping.
_ Kali-gandu, on the large road from Salatiga
to Souracarta.

The river of Prego consists of two principal
branches: the western receives this denomina-
tion from its source; the eastern is called rhe
Ello. The former arises near the mountain
Ungarang and the rangen west of it: it receives
the river Gale from the monntain Sundoro and
the Sarangan, Jampirosso and Lungi from
the declivities of the Sumbing, besides unmerous
other rivulets from east and west. The river
Ello rises considerably eastward, likewise from
che declivities of the mountain Ungarang, and
receives two large branches from the mountain
Marbabu, the Daru and Bollong: its course is —
for many miles parallel to that of the Proga,
and after receiving several streams from the
Marbabu and Marapi, it winds somewhat
abruptly to the west and unites to the Prozo, in
a direction nearly south-west of Magellan, the

capital of the Kadu. -

Essay, Fc.

` GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX

uo
eun

To the Numbers Marked on the Mineralogi-
cal Shetch.

No. 1 Bantul . 24 Kutto-winangon
o Bantl-karang 25 Selang
3 Bazar Tagal-lay- 26 Wonno-Rotto

ang
4 -e a

5 Bro
6 fides Galur 30 Wawar

7 Patallan 31 Rowo
u$ veg Kachu- 32 Telogo
: 33 Blenyor

ang -mangan 34 Benner
fo > Kichubung da- 35 Ngambal

36 Banyur
11 Kreml 37 tochor
12 Karang-wuni 38 Perchuritan
15 Kadilangu 39 Bedati
14 River Bogo- 4o Patanaan
wonto ; 41- Kaleng
15 bubutan 42 Wetton
pk
18. River FE
19 Uebhang
20 Semawung 47 Barang-mango
21 Weddi 48 Suwu

22 Somolangu 49 River Chiching- .
23 River Lerreng galang: ase.

256

Essay,

so Village . Ka-
rang- bollong
51 Karang-bolong
52 Guwo-Dahar
53 Guwo Gede
54 Day of Passir

57 Hm rng

58 pe

59 Nagasari

6o Guwo-Nagasari

61 Village Jingkla

62 Guwo-Jingkla
63 Village Aya

66 Widoro-Pajung

67 Pring-Tuttul -

68 Jerakka

69 Adipollo

7o District of
Rangka

TAN Buto. Dono,

73 fan i-Nog
74 Districe of Ro-
mo

= s

Fc.

Rivulet Lebbeng
Hill- Ta

52 Banyu m

e Baay.

u

hill. Kali weddi

86 Kali-weddi

87 Hill Winongan

88 Karang-anyar

89 Doplang

9o Maos

91 River Serayu

92 Peng-gallan

93 Adipollo

94 Adiryo — —

95 Village Adirojo

96 River Adirojo

97 Hill Bedagangan

95 Selok

99 Sawangan

100 Bunton

10} Karang-Pandan
Ong 2s.

. Wonno-

Jangawai g-bron-
104 Plerenan

195 Donan

106 River of Jurak-

75 District of Pan- .

EU jer.
e Kabel 2
77 Rivulet Jju.
78 Kranjingan
79 Selondokko

107 Tahichap

108 Jojok...
io: ? m 2

nnn a

Essay, Ge. 257

312 Drambang

115 Karang-Bolo
114 Juruk-1 eggi

115 Hill Pellem
116 District of Aya
117 Rivulet Bagor
118 Suko-Rojo `
119 River Pellus
120 Rivulet E
121 Rivulet Den

122 Purwo Kert

125 River Banjaran
124 Village Karang-

luwas

Fs

125 RiverLo-Gowok
126 River Datar
127 Aji-barang
"as River Kabung
ap: na River Tiaju m
150 Passaran —

134 Galu-timor
155 Mount Tagal

136 District ofKemu-

x River Bellod —
139 District of Passir
rp District of Pro-
bolingo

141 Rivuler Kelagan 173 '

144 River Gintung
145 Kerto-Negoro -

149 Sama-gedé
150 Rivulet Piosso
151 Rivulet Deres
152: Gemellem
153 Rivulet Sapi
154 Purwo-rcjo
155 Bantar
156 Mendiraja or
Lurung-tenga
157 Rivulet Men-
- - dong
158 District Merden

159 Rivulet Blim-

ing
160 Winorong
16t District of Ban-

jar
162 Gemuru
163 ocv
164 Legok
165 "ia g gawur
166 Dauj
16

Due
169 Mount PON

170 Hill Law

. 342 River Kelawing 174 Paggerpella .

~ 143 Ba agad

175 Hill Teloge-leli z

238

176 Hill Sar
177 Rivulet "Tdouo.

suren

178 Hill Akkar

179 Hill Pening-galan

180 t Bog

-< jambangam -

181 Karang-Kobar

1 82 Hill Krangeang

183 Hill Gaja

184 Rivaler Panara-
ban

185 Wali-lunyar

186 Hill Lumbung

187 District of Ka-
rang-Lobar

188 'anusupan

189 Hill Teki

190 Datur

191 Hill Prarangan

192 Hill — Pengang-
gungan

193 Wora-wari

194 Hill Bucak

1 95 Hill Fees

196 Crater -

193 Guwo-u

198 Village Kastan

199 Villas ge Jampang

200 River Dolog

201 Rivulet Puti

202 Hill Malang
203 Hill Nagasari

204 River Tulis

205 Mount Wismo

206 Hill Koppok

Essay,

Hill Wager-

Mount Diyeng
Mt. Telogo-Je-
Pong. a or Prow

2.11
21g
213
214

Menjer

Kayo Rongkang
District of Kali-
ebber

a15 Blederan

216 Jawar

217 Chepokko

218 Kali-Bebber
219 Rivulet Ireng
220 Rivulet Prupuk
221 Modern Sun-

Hil Pues
223 Hill A

asa Hill Nw:

295 Hill Kendil
226 deut Tum-

299

997 Kwak Chechup

228 Limbangan

229 Rivulet Jappar

230 Rivulet Prum-
D.

251 Ker

232 Distriztof Ledog

233 District of Segalo

234 Segalo

235 Kendeng Besser

235 p

Essay, Fc. 259

237 Selo-Kromo 263 Geddu-Siwur
238 Krassak 264 isst Jampi-
239 Gunung- Litong
240 River Begalu 265 River Lungi
s41 District of Sclo- 266 River Progo
manek or Kali- 267 Pakkis-wiring
wiro 263 Rivulet Murug
242 Mountain Da- 269 Sechang
makyu or Kori- 270 River Ello
E 271 River Daru
243 Ungarang 272 Bazar ‘Grabag
244 River Gung 273 ins Unga-
245 Rivulet Simo - |
246 Gondang 274 Hill Gaja
s47 Rivulet Jurang- 275 Hill Telomoyo
uru 276 Hill Andong
248 Banyu Smarub 277 Mountain Mar-
249 Rivulet Buto babu

250 Rejo 278 Mountain Marapi
-251 Kledung 279 Komantran
252. a Sum 280 Ngablak
bing 281 Koppeng
255 ct of Gow- 282 River Bollong
289 Salatiga — .
054 Telahab 284 Kali gandu
285 Ampel
286 Duyulali
ee. Maple.
E ;

s9 Parka c ogo Jokjokarta -
261 Rivulet Parangan 291 Selo Merto
292

go Jokjokarta

262 Selo- Karung Balle-Kambang.

240 Essay, Gc.

SECTION NI.

Mineralogical Remarks.
The urhe. remarks are in immediate con-

cdit part of this E $i
written several years have elapsed: it was m
original intention to continue, without interrup-
tion, the Mineralogical Essay to the Eastern ex-
tremity; this intention has necessarily been
changed, but a favourable opportunity has oc-
curred of examining more minutely several dis-
tricts, which are comprehended within the li-
mits of the first part of the mineralogical de-
scription, and as 1 have jeen. enabled to extend
my,remarks on various points, it has a
desirable that the former eon should be
supplied, and that several errors should be rec-
tified,

On the tract from Souracarta to the Southern
declivities of the mountain Sumbing, | suspend
all remarks at present, as I have determined to
make it an object of careful investigation. ——

Fron Ba See i to the peninsula of Karang-

ong, T
from the “oper is low, and bounded in the
North by the central ranges of hills, which are
Sbibrved at intervals from the large road, which
follows nearly the direction of the shore. Not
nem E t inc

nate asit E supplies the whole iigbourhond

ppeared

NG

Essay, Fc. adi

with this article; between Brossot and Kadi-
langu several hills descend towards the South,
but the principal central ridges preserve a dis-
tance, varying from 10 to 15 miles, from the
shore. The soil which covers this low tract is
a mixcure of clay and sand in various proportions;
near the central range it consists chiefly of the
former, and along the shoie ofthe latter. Through
the whole extent the shore is bounded by one or
moreranges of low sand hills. From the river
Bogo-wonto to the peninsula of Karang-bollong,
this tract is annually inundated during the rainy
season, by the waters brought down from the
central ranges by the various branches of the ri-
vers above mentioned, in the Geographical des-
cription. Theintercourse between the different
villages is now carried on chiefly by means of
canoes or small boats; in the vicinity of shore
the traveller passes conveniently over the more-

culture of rice is commenced, and most parts
afford buta single annualcrop. I have attempt-
ed to shew on the Map, the points at which
the projections from the central ranges descend
most towards the shore, and those which afford
the broadest plain for cultivation. Only in few
situations solitary fragments of Basaltes are
observed, with rounded angles; the places where
I passed the rivers of Progo and Bogowonto
were at a considerable distance from the cen-
tral ranges, but the beds were filled with vol-
canic stones carried down by the streamst.
Some peculiarities ofthe hills which compose
the peninsula of Karang-bollong have already
been mentioned in the journal: their direction is

aC Essay, Ge.

from North to South, they terminate precipitous-
ly at the Ocean, and contain numerous perpen-
dicular caverns. Having crossed the river of
Chiching-goleng, the traveller meets at once the
substance which forms the principal basis of
these nee, it is an aggregate rock, in its na-
ture approaching most to that kind which is de-
nominated by DeSassure Poudingue— Pud-
digne -- com of fragments of various
sizes, from very minute particles or grains of
sand, to such as have six or more inches in diame-
ter. ^T hey adhere very closely, but without any
intervening cemen. in which they differ from
che Amygdaloids of Werner, or from Porphyry
to which, in other respects, they have great affi-
ity. The constitution of this rock, one of the
most common substances which forms the basis
-of the Island, is greatly diversified, and the
following remarks apply only to the rock
which composes this peninsula. Ic is found in
some parts of the Island of a degree of compact-
ness sufficient to enable it to take a polish and.
exhibits in other parts all the varieties of Vol-
canic or of Basaltie Tufa.
In the se ot panicles composing the ag-
-gregate ro | es of Karang-boll

many of the Sari eties of Vc > stone wh
are found on the Island, can be discoverd.
Them most tuniversal is ka e gk EF Wes c

Essay, Cc. 243.

ima state of partial decomposition. Green-stone,
Hornblende and Osidian are also observed.
The external surface of this rock, especially
where it isexposed to the action of water, is also
greatly diversified, and often exhibits very gro-
tesque figures: the minute particles of sand, &c.
having gradually been carricd away, the large
fragments, projecting, form a very uneven sur-
face. From the foot ofthe hill, at the common
place of passing the Chiching-goleng, I traced
‘it to the discharge of this river; here immense
ivasses are heaped together, covering an exten-
sive tract. At the termination of the hill several .
caves exist, and in one part a vault completely
penetrates an extremity of one of the parti-
eular ridges. This is denominated Karang-
bollong literally ** hollow rock” and has given
the name to the whole settlement. The vault
- here is very explanatory of the constitution of
“the caverns in which the Edible Bird’s-Nests are
formed ;- ón the whole it agrees with the rocks .
above described, but many of the separate frag-
ments are of considerable size, exceding 6 or 8
inches in diameter : the largest of these are Ba- -
saltes. One of the Native chiefs, employed to
superintend the collection of this production, ac-
companied me, and pointed out the similarity of
- Karang bollong, to the caverns in which the
had an opportunity of determining by personal
observation. To the projecting fragments of the
Pudding stone the cords are attached, which
support the ladders and bridges employed in
gathering the nests, and on this: the collector-

* Exp. Cat, No. 5 and 6,

#

244 Essay, @c.

must rely: accidents however are very uncom-
mon ; andalthough the rock is liable to decom-
position, scarcely an instance is recollected at
this place of the separation ofthe stone to which
the gora was HUNE :
Ic f thisrock
both at mg river sd ee and at the
cavern Karang-bollong, and the peculiarities of
each willbe pointed out in the explanatory ca-
talogue which is attached to this Essay In the
ascent of this hill (the first ridge of the penin-
sula pointed out on the map) the base of Pud-
ding-stone is coverd by a deep soil, consisti
of a mixture of clay and mould of decomposed
vegetables: on the summit I noticed, at a spot
where a section of the hill had been exposed
in forming the road, a decp stratum of stone
which wasa precipitate or deposite from water"”
The materials were the same with those that
form the Poudingue just described, but they
were differently arranged ; they exhibited plain-
ly the appearance of having been suspended iu
water and afterwards united into various forms ;
in this place the layer which was exposed had
been subjected to a current during the period

that the present arrangement took place; frag-

ments of various forms were hurled together,
and the surface was. covered „with a friable

earthy crust, degree of decom-
position than appeared. on the fracture ; and the
e taken place after

std a= M ee 3 he fi first agglutinarion o of *

* Exp. Cat No. >.

nu
Ung

Essay, Ca. 245

Ofthe frazments composing this stratum some
were nodular, consisting of various concentiic
layers; some were tebular; others. seperated
readily into parallelopipeds, trapezimus or py-
ramids: in many casses large irregular masses
were agglutinated without any shape. A simi-
lar deposition from water is one of the most
common consituent parts of many of the. sepa-
rate hills composing the grand central ranges:
those observed on this route will be pointed. our
in their proper places, with reference to the ex-
planatory specimens. The fracture was yel-
lowish, and exhibited clay in which minute par-
ticles:of quartz, schorl, &c. were bedded.

Inascending the second longitudinal range of
this peninsula, I observed a deep yellowish soil
from which large framents of Basaltes project-
ed; the hill is steep, and several hundred feet

$ above the level of the Ocean. At the Southern

extremity is one ofthe principal Caverns inhabit-
ed by the esculent swallow, denominated by the
natives Guwo- Dahar. The descent to the shore
almost perpendicular, is 72 fathoms: the stones
which were brought up to me consisted of round-
ed fiagment of Basaltes,* arising from the de-
composition of the Poudingues ; these had been

collected at the entrance of the cave. The frag-

. ments of Basaltes on the summit, in this place,

decomposition, and covered with a yellow friable
earth. Some of the smaller fragments were no-
dular, and consisted of concentric layers. Ac-

cording to the account of the persons employed
in collecting the nests, the Cavern extends with

: Exp. Cat. No. 2. mo ag

246 - Essay, @c.

various windings about 200 fathoms into: the
body of the hill; the breadth is not considera-
ble, the perpendicular depth is about 10 fathoms-
and the sides are completely steep. Ic consists
exclusively of the Pudding-stone above describ-
to which the swalows- attach their nests,
Above this Cavern several considerably eleva

points project from the numerous ridges forming į

this peninsula, of which an extensive view is
here afforded: their particular distribution is
very irregular, and although the general di-
rection of the assemblage is from North to South,

many of the intermediate ridges stretch across the

vallies from East to West. Karang-Kuda of

the natives, which rises a little South-West of.

the village of Karang bollong, is here the most
conspicuous point. Ic is composed of baga iran
“rock, containing d highly
diversified in the c compositi ion: the tien parts
appear to be chiefly siliceous, and according to
the account of the inhabitants, render it unfit for
the preparation of lime for domestic purposes.
The fracture of some exhibits small shells,
othersare of a coralline constitution, the nitrous
a cid causes on all a strong effervescence. At
the point where the eminence of Karang-Kuda
is united to the ridge containing the Cavern
above mentioned, an extensive groupe or
assemblage of siliceous rocks is found, consist-
ing principally of Hornstone, containing Hyalice
and Agate, and often passing into Hornstone,t
Porphyry and Flint. The external surface, pro-
jecting beyond the earth, is often discolor

pa ftp. Cat. No. 3
T Erp., Cat. NO. 4

Essas, Cr, 247

appearing to be ina state of incipient decomposi-
tion. Some of the fragments partake of the
nature of Hornblende, and these are also greatly
diversified. This extensive groupe is in con-
junction with the calcareous portion of the hill,
she separate rocks penetrate deep into the earth;
their relative position, in regard to the general
‘Basis of this ridge, the Poudingue above des-
-eribed, I was not able to ascertain ; but I after-
"wards fonnd the same minerals in other parts of
these hills, and the extistence of extensive beds
-of siliceous stones, of almost every kind, in the
grand central range and in the separate ridges
deviating to the South, of which separate frag-
ments are often carried down by the rivers, has
been pointed out in the first section of the Mi-
neralogical Essay.

The principal Cavern in the whole peninsula
of Karang-bollong, is situated about one mile
West of Guwo-dahar, i in contacr with the Ocean ;
from its size it is denominated Guwogedé, or
the large Cavern: its height and transverse

diameter are much greater than those of the
Cavern abovementioned, but it does not extend
so far into the hills. The perpendicular des-
cent externally, from the eminence above the
entrance at the cmn. is about i Sos: ] its

ments et eon E Lava and other volca-

LA

pore disposed in

n ic miateridis are-

ich is more nis ess =:

24 8 SS rays. Ge,

perceptible. Westward of the large Cavern a
considerable Bay exists in this part of the
peninsula, called the bay of Passir; and the
range is interrupted, in the north of the bay, by
a sandy plain through which several villages
are dispersed. From here 1 crossed the suc-
cessive ridges towards the Western boundary,
where likewise several extensive Caverns are
situated on the Southern Ocean, the chief of
which are those of Nagassari and Jingkla.

The constitution of all the successive ridges
is similar to that of the first and second above
described: in several places, where vertical
sections of the hills were exposed, I noticed,
stoncs of aqueous deposition, either in the
place where they appear to have been formed,
or carried by a current to a distance; the for-
mer separated spontaneously often from immense
masses, of which entire ridges appear to be com:
posed in the forms of cubes, rhombs, parallelo-
pipeds &c. in the others fragments of varions
forms were jumbled together, and the surface
was uniformly covered with a friable earthy
powder. The soilising general deep, and blocks
of esp res project from it, or are rolled together
in the beds of the rivers, Appr

Py
SE

Pt

village of Nagassari, deep strata of chy et a
reddish colon are exposed on the sides of the
hills. Above the cave of Nagassari the hill is
composed of calcareous rocks, disuibuted in.

irregular groupes, or piled upon each other in
rising many fect almost perpendicular.
Bt sides are steep and regular, or rounded,

cellular. and excavated. The KO nt

EXPO Cat. No 8.

Essay, @c. 249

more uniform than the Limestone of Karang-
kuda, and tbe fracture exhibits numerous shells
of various sizes; in some parts it is chrystalized:
and sparry : from this eminence the descentis on
“the whole gradual towards the Cavern of Na-
gassari: near the Ocean I found a vertical pre-
cipice of about 30 feet, to the rocks disposed
near the entrance of the Cavern ; thisI descend-
ed on a common ladder of batida: Here, onan
extensive tract parallel to the ocean, immense
rocks are scattered in every direction, resem-
bling those of Karang-bollong: the entrance
of the Cavern was distinctly observed about 20
feet lower, but at this time was inaccessible on
account of the tempestuousness of the ocean, the
surf beating against the rocks with great force:
it was a simple fissure of about to feet perpen-
dicular extent, gradually widening downwards,
- A most extensive regularly perpendicular sec-
tion of the hill was here exposed completely
naked. The materials disposed in strata having
a very gentle inclination, were similar to those
composing the vault at Karang-bollong; Ba-*
saltes, lava and sand, forming an aggregate rock
"of the nature of Pou dingue; nuclei of white
sand, schorl, and minute chrystals of quartz were
Sometimes discovered on the fracture, A con-
iderable : dive ty aH in ds oli erae ea
of the" 7I but they all exhibited
the marks. oF having [oe carried by a current
and of attrition. Many of the specimens here
consisted of minute particles, greatly - resembling
the Basaltic Tufa, which I ana found on

ts

ud "Ex. Cat. No, 9.

| 250° Essay, Ge,

the summits of the principal volcanoes, and of
which the sides of the craters are chiefly com-
posed.
; The cave of Jingkla is situated near the
South-west extremity of this Peninsula, in a
ridge which is comparatively low, but termi-
nates precipitously at che ocean and like the others
appearing from above like irregular vaults pene-
trating the si-es of the hill; these lead toa cav-
ern less considerable thanthe others. In mauy
other places which are here in view, the sides of
the descending ridges are excavated to a con-
siderable depth, where they are in contact with
the Ocean. Near the shore I found detached
“fragments of calcareous spar and of H rnstone:
mixed with the disintegrated parts of the pou-
dinzues. Descending the most western ridge
of this Peninsula, | passed an extensive tract
covered with rocks of limestone; they are high-
ly irregular on the surface, and deeply furrowed -
or excavated; in many parts large rugged rocks
impede the road, and occupy a considerable range
at the foot of the hill in contact with the Ocean.
In my return from the west rn declivities of this-
ridge I took a different route, and observed at
intervals piles of limestone, poudingues entire
or in a state of disintegrtion, fixed and rolled —
basaltic rocks, particularly in the basins of the —
fivers, and extensive beds of stones deposited
from water. :
The further remarks on the ridges which
compose the Peninsula of Karang-bollong I shall -
suspend, till the other hills which have a similar
constitution in the western portion of the Island, d,

d» Exp. Cat. No. 12 and M.

Essay, &e. 252

have been described, and till ihe separate objects.
“of Lichology have been illustrated by the expla-

natory Catalogue: alchough the materials com-

posing the grand central ridges and their branches

are similar, it will be proper to follow them

in the order of my route, and to point out the

peculiarities which were observed. A!ter-lea-

ving Karang-bollong, I proceeded closely along

theeastern toot of the peninsula at the village

Adipollo the natives produced the stone which

is employed in burning lime: it is a Stalactites

of a loose cellular texture, formed in the nume-

rous vallies of these ridges irom the general mass

of limestone, containing foreign admixtures:

the latter, when exposed to a strong degree of
heat, according to rhe account of the inhabitants,

crumbles to pieces end affords a grivy mass,

which cannot be employed for any of the pur-

poses of lime.

In many parts of this route I noticed steep
piles of calcarcous rocks, and irregular masses
were distributed along the foot of the hills; the.
surface was very rugged. Rounded fragments
occasionally projected from a deep soil, and in
one place 1 found hornstone similar to that of
Karang Kuda. Great portion of this tract is
inundated during the rainy season; and even

_inthe middle of the dry season many spots, were
marshy. The small tract of Ranka is situated |
towards the northern extremity of the ranges of
Karang-bollong, and forms part of the extensive
plain of Baggalen; in the north, the rising is
scarcely perceptible ; proceeding westward to
the village of Selondokko, 1 passed the projece

: = ^ Exp. Cat. No, 19 and He |

252 Essey, &c.

tions of the numerous central ranges, and entered
on an uneven tract: the ascent continues, with
occasionally intervening vallies, to Chelenan
the highest point on the large road to the capital
of Banyu-mas ; several rivulets intersect the road,
inthe beds of which are rounded masses of Ba-
saltes and Lava. The soil is deep, and on the
whole fruitful. 1 found the various ranges
which l| afterwards crossed from the capital to
the southern foot of Kali-weddi, on the route
towards Talachap, of the same constitution,
“Upon the whole, great uniformity is observed
in the central and transverse ranges of this part
of the Island. On all thesoil is deep; and ex-
tensive masses of stone, formed by a deposition
from water, with fragments of Dasaltes rounded
by attrition, are observed in most of them.
. Thelower tract of Aya, which is bounded in
the north by the projections of the ranges just
described, and along the course of the southern
shore by several ridges of low sand hills, issub-
ject, during several months of the year, to the
same inundation which takes place in the pro-
vince of Baggalen eastward of the peninsula of
Karang-bollong; but the greatest part of Aya
is still in a state of nature, and its swamps are
covered with impenetrable clusters of thorny-
bambu ( Pring-ori ) various species of Erithri-
naa, Mimosa, Ficus, Vitex, Eugenia, and other
forest-trees, which from their distant situation
are rarely applicable to any use.
“From the southern declivities of the hills of
ali-weddi to the principal settlement of Aya:
( Adipollo, Adirijo, &c.) the road frequendy
meets the curves at the eastern banks of the
large river of Serayu, the course of which is

Essey, &c. 253

now very slow; in the westward a range is per-
ceived, which runs off, in a South-west direction,
towards the Bay of Talachap. After crossing
the river near its discharge, ! proceeded nearly
westward through a tract which is low and
marshy: several bays end inlets introduce the
water of the ocean, and it is covered abundantly
with the common marine plants, viz: Rizopho-
rae, Nipa, Hernandia, Tacca,
This tract extends in the same direction to the
district of Cheribon: several branches of the
grand central ranges run here towards the shore,
nearly from North to South, directing the
course of the Rivers of Juruk-legg', Chi-
brum, &c. as they arrive in the lower alluvial
districts they send off many transverse branches,
which serve as canals to introduce thesea water
through this whole tract, and give that disposi-
tion to the soil which is favourable to the pro-
duction of the marine plants above mentioned.
The Island called by the natives Nuso-Lram-
bang, extending from about one mile eastward of
Talachap to the discharge of the river Chi-
pakkat, is separated only by a narrow strait from
the low tract of the opposite Island. This
strait communicates in the west with an exten-

sive Bay denominated Segoro-Anakan, and af-:

fords a discharge to the water accumuloted by
the Rivers of Juruk-leggi, Chi-brum, &c. .

Nuso-Brambang rises in this part almost pre- -
cipitously from the Ocean: its constitution is of

a mixed nature, bearing great resemblance to
the hills which compose the central. ranges
- I examined it in contact wich the Ocean from
the deserted village of Banjar, towards the

- s .

eastern extremity: the points are mentioned op —

t

254 Essay, &c.

the Map, and on most I collected eaplapatorg
specimens (See the N
Ac Banjar T noticed in “the piang on the
shore the following peculiarities
Firstly—small fragments of very dense Ba-
saltes, of a blueish color, resembling touchstone:
* Secondly — pebbles, the basis of which was
Horublende, marked with numerous white lines,
variously crossing each other, consisting of de-
licate lamina of Feldspar, the lustre ot which
was lost by attrition; in some fragments, hows
ever, the laminz were extensive and entire, and
these, superficially viewed, resembled granite:
+ Thirdly —a species of Sandstone which is
pecoliar to chis part of the Island: rhe color is
greenish, the grain very fine, and, in most of
the fragments, a determinate form, consisting of
four unequal sides, resembling exteriorly the
‘common Basalces of this nei: :hbourhood, could
be observed. Many fragments are cuboid, others
rhomboid, &c. I am led to suppose chat exten-
sive beds of this stone enter into the composition
ofthe hills in a western direction from hence: in
the eastern ranges l have hitherto not observe

ed ic

: Fourehly— rounded fragments of Agate, Jas-
per, Hornstone, Porphyry and other ices
stones.

In ascending the hill in this part, which rises
nearly precipitously a few hundred yards from the
shore, 1 found again numerous fragments of the:
a E stone just mentioned: in che rivulets-

* Exp! Cat. NG ae
i Exp. Cat, No: i7.

Essey, &e. . 253

were detached basaltic fragments and rounded
Poudingues of a close texture, consisting chicfly
of Hornblende, in which were bedded nodules of
Feldspar and Quartz: the basis of the hill ic-*
self, in this part, 1s a congeries of Busakes, '
which are occasionally observed on the Surface ;
this is covered “with a deep black mould in
which vegetation is very prolific. No great
progress appears at any period to have been
made in culture; since this neighbourhood has
been disturbed by pirates, an entire desertion of
the population has taken place, and the fruit
trees remaining on the spots of the former vil-
lages and setilements, grow up promiscuously
among the other trees of the forest. From
Banjar I followed the shore to tke principal
points situated in the East: at Karang pachi
(see the map) is a steep pile of calcareous rocks
which ext: nds, in different strate, a considerable
distance along the shore: the surface 1s veryf
irregular, and marked with deep cylindrical ex-
cavations ; the fracture is by no means uniform

and it appears to contain a considerable admix-
ture of minute crystals of quartz. At Ujung-
agung, which follows (a few hundred yards)
farther Lastward. a different appearance is ex-
bibited. A very extensive Groupe of Volcanic
rocks, occupies a considerable extent of the
coast declining, gradually to the Ocean and then
stretching to the Eastward ; in the South it rises §
precipitously to the range "which here composes
the Island: it is a genuine lave, exhibiting the

-S"Exp-Cat No. Ig.
t Exp Cat No. ar.
$ Exp. Cat, No. 18,

TUN

2 56 Essay, &e.

character of this stone on the surface as well as
in the fracture; but ic differs from the others
hitherto observed on the present route, in evi-
dently remaining on the spot where it was form-
ed, being. on the whole, connected to one mass,
not rounded on the surface, or exhibiting blunt
angles, as those referred to in the preceding des-:
cription, both such as Ves ad in the beds
of rivers, or dispersed among Basaltic rocks
through the hills It appears, in my opinion,
to come near to that species of lava which is
distinguished very properly by Sir G. Mackenzie
(sec Travels in Iceland) by the name of Ca-
vernous lava: I soon met it again in investigat-
ing che Southern coast, and it afterwards occur-
red, both in exposed situations, where it is acted
on by the Ocean and in the midst of the central

ny

ic has appeared of importance to point out
those minerals which remain in their original
situation, and define the extent of the volcanic
chasm in the bowels of the earth, as in most
parts of the Island, although consisting almost
exclusively of volcanic materials, these have
been removed from the place where. they were

probably, Vic t 3 great distance from the spot
where they were acted upon the subterrane-
ous cause. The constitution of the entire series
of the irregular central ranges, is a proof of

this, and after this mineralogical sketch of the
route, I shall endeavour to point out (with re-
ference to the map) these points which remain

in their original state, and those See have
been arranged in strata.

Essay, Gt. 257

The extermal surface of this lava is rugged

and cellular, the excavations are deep, and often
confined by a narrow corresponding margin ; it
has a particular disposition to burst into irre-
gular, rhomboidal, oblong or cubical masses,
some of which are very large: the fracture of
separate particles is observed to be compact or
finely vesicular, and contains much Feldspar
and occasionally Zeolites. The whole groupe
must be reckoned to the class of submarine lavas,
_ The appearance they exhibir to view is very
striking; an extensive field in contact with the
Ocean is here covered by rugged lava, and al-
though the groupe is highly irregular, the dis-
position to separate into rhombs and cubes is
distinctly observed in the larger masses, which
in alternate. projections contribute to form a
very irregular scene.
. From Ujung-agung towards the furthest
North-East point, I noticed, in contact with the
Ocean, only calcareous rocks, excepting the peb-
bles on the strand, which were similar to those
“of Banjar: ai Brambang the piles are very
T precipitous and the strata inclining: towards
Karang-bollong near the point mentioned) the
surface of the rocks is very unequal, cellular,
and excavated with cylindrical furrows. Ire-
fer for their particular description to the expla-
natory Catalogue, see No. 17 to 24 E

From the river Serayu ina direction Eastward
to the foot of the hill Badagangan, the tract
is level, and at the present period (in contact

* Exp. Cat. No. 22. :
f Exp. Cat. No, 23.

258 Essay, Cc.

with the Ocean) in a state of cultivation: the
soil is a mixture of clay and sand, and produces
annually a plentiful crop of rice: Cacoa-nut
trees are very abundant. The river Adirojo
flows along the Western foot of the hill men-
tioned ; at its banks are exposed in many points,
piles of Sandstone of a texture more or less
compact, and often of a stratified disposition,
resembling the stone called padas in many parts
*of the Island, and belonging to the class of
volcanic Tufa: on the Eastern banks of the
giver it is in conjunction with the rock of which
the hill Bedagangan is composed: this has the
same direction as the ranges of Karang-bollong,
extending through the Southern parts of the
plain of Aya, directly North and South, without
‘any connection with the central ranges; its base
in the parts l examined, is composed of caver-
‘nous lava, of submarine origin, and of constitu-
tion very similar to that found at the point
Ujung-agung on Nuso-brambang. In con.f
tact with this I noticed Pudding-stone of the
same kind as that of Karang-bollong. This
hill terminates precipitously at the ocean, and
“contains here a fissure which is inhabited by
the Hirundo esculenta. Near the discharge of
-the river Adirojo a large tract consists again
-of cavernous lava, compact in its fracture, but
highly rugged and irregular in the external ap-
pearance. Here extensive groupes project at
low water, presenting rocks of a dark color,
“cellular, and excavared in great variety of form§

CO Exp. Cat, No. 25. : vete sadi i.
4 Exp. Cat. No. 26,
$ Exp. Cat. No. 27,

=
.

Essay, Gc. 259

The fracture resembles that of many of our Ba-
saltes, but contains a greater admix'ure of
Schorl. Some parts, in which Schorl equally
abounds, are made up ofa white fine-grained
sand. Feldspar is comparatively rare. . East-
ward of this hill to the village of Jittis above
mentioned, the tract near the Ocean is but spar-
ingly cultivated ; towards the North the whole
is an inaccessible marsh, bounded by the central
ranges; near the North East exremity of this,
the village Piing-tutul is siwated, which has
been mentioned in the Geographical description.
After the examination of the Southern portion
of the province of Banyumas, my attention was
directed to those districts which are situated
North and North- West from the capital: these
occupy a considerable part of the declivities of
the mountain of Tagal, one of the principal
links in the volcanic series of this Island. . Hav-
ing crossed the river of Serayu, and passed sev-
eral eminences which are covered with a deep
soil, I entered on a tract nearly level, having
only a gradual ascent in the North ; it is compos-
ed of the districts of Passir and Probolingo,
being bounded in the East by Banjar, and in
the North and West by several of the Honor-
able Company's districts belonging to the resi-
dencies of Tagal and Cheribon.
Suko-rojo, the situation: of which is
marked on the map, a tract commences which is
covered almost entirely by Tuff or Tufa, either
united or in a state. of disintegration, stretching
about r2 miles to the Westward, till it meets the
ridges extending from the declivitics of the
mountain of Tagal towards rhe Southern shore.*
ZEP Cat. No. 98.

—
DUM m or

260 Essay, Gc.

This Tufa is exposed in extensive stratified
masses at the banks of the rivers and rivulets,
which are filled with the separated fragments,
mostly rounded by attrition: its texture is very
loose, and the component parts, of minute frag-
ments of basaltes, pumice, gravel and sand are
distributed over the whole territory, and have
probably given rise to the name of Passir, sig-
nifying sand or gravel, for the whole district.
The proportion of clayey parts which were
mixed with the Tufa have also accumulated in
extensive masses, and contribute probably to the
productiveness on account of which the soil of
these districts, in many places, is celebrated.

Besides the rivulets near the villages of Ba-
gor, Suko-rojo, Purwo kerto and Probolingo
where it is very abundant, I noticed this Tufa,
inastate of agglutination, in various other situa-
tions ; it generally crumbles away on being ta-
ken up, but has also remained entire, covering
large surfaces which resemble the more com-
pact Pudding-stones of Karang-bollong, and re-
sist the effect of the water flowing over them:
but on the application of any force, as the
stroke ofa hammer, they instantly fall to pieces.
The peculiarities in regard to other tufas
this Island, will be pointed out in the explana-
tory Catalogue. à

In proceeding to the westward, the vicinity of
a volcano in strongly indicated by the substances
which have been carried down by the currents, in
the rivers; the streams of Banjaran and Lo-

and their basins in the dry season are filled
* with fragments of lava, indicating apparently 4

—* Exp. Cag, No. 30,

Essay, Ga. 26;

* more recent origin than those which are found in
the central ranges, in conjunction with the hills,
formed by a deposition from water, and at a
greater distance from either of the principal
volcanic points which have lately been in action.
lt appears indeed probable that they were
ejected by an eruption comparatively late, in as
far as relates to the general arrangement of the
strata of this Island: their character is different
from those of Ujung-agung and Bedagangan
above mentioned, which belong to the submarine
lavas, and I shall soon point out the traces of a
very extensive stream which flowed ina S. S. W-
direction from the mountain. It has, however,
appeared to me that the Tufa which principally
composes this tract has a still more recent
origin, and if many of the lavas must be con-
sidered to have been formed under the ocean,
this tufa appears to be a mere mechanical ag-
. glutination of the substances of one of the
later eruptions. Proceeding westwards from
Purwo-korto I passed several of the projections
from the central ranges, running out before the
foot of the large mountain, and the indica-
tions of the Tufa were gradually lost. At
Ajibarang che vicinity of an active volcano,
already indicated by the detached fragments in
the rivers of Banjaran and Lo-gowok, was more
strongly exhibited: near the declivities of se-
veral of the ridges just mentioned, I traced,
South of the chief village of this district, a
stream of lava which appears to have flowed
from the mountain in this direction: the vesu-
ges of it covered an extensive tract in a de-

* Exp. Cat, NG 3t.

262 Essay, @c,

clining situation, and extend to the rivers bounda
ing it in che East and West: the lavas project
in some parts in connected groupes, like rocks
of granite from primitive mountains, or they are
thrown together in detached fragments; the
intervening spaces being covered with a deep
vegetable mould: their surface is either smooth,
like that of Basaltes, or cellular like scorie:
*In the river Datar, which I followed several
hundred yards through various windings and
small cascades, I found an extensive channel of
compact lava, consisting, in many places, of a
vertical height of 30 feet.

Near its banks, an extensive fissureof one of
j the ridges discloseda cavity about 30 feet deep,
consisting likewise of compact lava, separating
spontaneously into large, more or less deter-
minate blocks, often with regular sides, the
surface of which is cellular, and in many in-
stances ofa reddish colour; the mass composing
this eminence must be considered of anterior
date, being covered by a thin stratum of rolled
Basaltes of various sizes, mixed with sand and
gravel. The stream in contact with this on the
descent above mentioned, and probably also
that which compos. the basin of the river
Datar, exhibited the ces observed in
our volcanoes ca recent eruptions ; 5 separate

with adjoining groupes, more or less regular,
approaching the nature of Basaltes. are often
ex ibited. as hast : i ja her plac

E Cat No. 33.
t Exp. Cat. No. 32.

Essas, Ge. 263

The color is black or inclining to red, the
fractory compact or vesicular ; in the former va-
rious foreign admixtures are perceptible, which
will be pointed outin the separate description; in
the latter the concavities are often numerous and
close: these resemble the lavas rolled from our
craters by the most recent eruptions, in a semi-
fluid state, partaking of the nature of slags:
‘many of those in which the fracture was com-
pact could scarcely be distinguished from the
common Basaltes of this Island.

At the river Kawung, which flows near the
Western boundary of this tract of lava, in a
situation about two miles North, — to the
West, of the g observ.
the most regular assemblage of Sirm stones
‘hitherto noticed in any part of this Island; the
fragments appeared to remain in the spot where
they had been formed, the angles were still re-
gular and sharp, and the extremity projected in
-most cases towards the rivulet with very little
‘inclination. The separate fragments were four
‘sided, and the angles mostly regular; the whole
groupe occupied a length of about 30 yards
near the rivulet, and 5 or 6 fragments were piled
almost perpendicularly on each other; in a few
intances only, they presented the longest side.
This scien ras was oekaki as it exhibited
the stone (of the Trap family
Basaltes) | had. had bikers Bearing in which the
angles were not rounded by attrition or shewed
the marks of having been carried by a current.

na: the river Tiajum I found again, in a si- -

ion South-west of the village of Ajibarang,
; aye Aron of the extend of this tract of
“Lava: here the fragments were mostly separate

264 Essay, Ge.

but of immense size, and strewed promiscuously
in the basin of tbe river ; they appeared to forin
in this point, the western boundary of the tract,
which, beyond the river, was met again bya hill
descending from the grand central ranges in this
direction.

The western banks of the river were confined
‘by several ridges of moderate elevation; at the
spot which I examined, a.pile, of a somewhat
pyramidal form, rose precipitously to the height
of several hundred feet: the side near the river
was completely naked, and exhibited its internal
constitution. Ac the base a rugged mass pro-
jected, which at a distance resembled Lava, but
on near examination was found to be an aggre-
gate rock of a grey color, consisting of sand,*
calcareous spar, and clay in various proportions
of admixture: extensive groupes of spar ap-
peared on the surface and on the fragments
which were broken off: detached masses of a
similar rock were afterwards found on the op-
posite side ei the river, which were more com-
pact, and in
they ccs chiefly of nodules of « clay, sus
ded in a sparry mass. Resting on the dps
gate Brey rock at the base, and composing the

: of this eminence, was an extensive
Seabee consisting entirely of a deposition
from water, of great variety of configurationand
arrangement, but chicfly of lamina and nodules.
The whole side of the hill which was exposed
exhibited this deposition in a nodular or tabu-
Jar form, in groupes akernating with or mixed

- Exp. Cat. No. 34.
tf Exp. Cat. No. 37.

Essay, &c. 265

through each other without any determinate or-
der: the separate fragments had rolled down,
and were found at the banks of the river, and
bold strata extended into it and formed part of
its basin ; the arrangement of the separate nodules
was in concentric layers, but on being taken

irregular concave lamina. The predominant
color of the fracture was blueish-grey, exter-
nally most of the fragments were covered with a
dirty yellowish ochreous crust: they slightly
adhered to the tongue.

In attempting to ascend the hill, the various
masses rolled under the foot and carried one

o

rass. Some yards North of the groupe of
grey rocks, at the base, in contact with the
river, a mass was deposited which approached f
the nature of sandstone: the portions which
composed it had a disposition to separate in a
more determinate angled manner, forming cu-
boid or trapizoid fragments, not unlike the con-
figuration of many of our basaltes: the fracture
was bluish and compact, and they were covered
with a yellowish crust. A simple sandstone was
also occasional found in contact with the
other assemblages UAR this hill, resembling
the grey rock a the base, buc without any ad-
mixture of s ;

The district Of Passir extends to that part

-of the foot of the mountain where the acclivity

* Exp. Cat. No. 35.
+ Exp. Cat. No. 36.
Rs

S5 s Essay, Cc.

becomes moreabrupt; here it is bounded in the
North by the small tract of Kumutuk, beyond
Which, the South side of the mountain has not
been examined: the territory also consists of
x Tufa resembling that of Purwo-kerto, but

from the natural inclination of the district, all
thesmall and loose fragments have been washed
down towards the southern valley. It is cover-
ed by a deep soil, accumulated chiefly from a
very luxuriant vegetation during a long period.
In some parts a lava is exposed in the rivulets
resembling the more compact kinds of Aji-T
barang.

The constitutionof Probolingo resembles that
of Passir; towards the eastern boundary the
quantity of sand and gravel on the surface is
less abundant, but at the banks of the river
Kelawing, near the chief village of this district,
immense > piles of Tufa are exposed, often to the
depth of 30 feet, which, as well as that found
near Suko-rojo, has compactness enough to be
«ut into tables or slabs, and employed in floor-
ing the dwellings of the natives and for various
similar purposes. In the pebbles of this river,
“carried down by the current, 1 also noticed the
indication of extensive beds of siliceous stones
*$n the central ranges: with the common round- _
ed fragments of Lava, Basaltes and Sand-stone,
were mixed Agates of various kinds, Prase,
simple Hornstone, Hornstone-porphyry of great
. wariety of colour and fracture, and a species -

: pom ofa SS "n ung

a Exp. Cat. No 4r.
maf Exd. Cat. No. 42.
$ Exp. Cat. No. 25,

a disposition to a regular angular form, like the
fragments of green Sand stone found at Nuso-
Brambang: in the fracture appear minute par-
ticles of varying shades of colour, consistinz of
* Horn-stone and other siliceous stones.

Between the mountain of Tagal in the West,
and the Sundoro and Sumbing in the East, the
body ofthe Island is occupied by various ridges,
the direction of which on the whole is from
East to West. From the vicinity of the Sun-
doro they take a northern direction, and from
the mountain of Tagal they incline to the southern
shore. These ridges consist of several irregular
chains of hills, the particular stretch and distri»
- bution of which cannot easily. be ascertained with
accuracy, as they are connected by numerous
transverse links. From the intervening declivi-
ties and vallies many separate mounds of an ob-
long or conical form arise, which are almost
uniformly igi: on the surface and covered
with a de

Almost in ia me of the Island. a very ex-
tensive valley exists, affording a basin to the
large river of Serayu, receiving from the North
and South numerous streams flowing to this
central excavation, from which, in both direc-
tions, the ascent is gradual, but considerable.
The highest points in the North are the moun-
tain Prow, and in the South t e Ku TT

nung Iju, two very conspicuous points, from
which ST territory continues uneven to the
northern and southern shore, consisting of nu-
merous vallies and irregular ridges. The val-
ley which transmits the river Serayu was in

æ Exp. Cat. No. 23.

263 Essay, Go.

former times distinguished by the denomination
of Lurung-tengu or the middle valley, a name
which is sometimes applied to the whole pro-
vince of Banyu-mas, and the adjoining districts
in the centre of the Island: from the capital,
the direction of the river is soon turned off to-
wards the South, by the branches of the central
ranges descending in this direction.

On leaving the capital of Banyu-mas, I first
pursued the common road leading to the east-
ward, which in the lower parts of the valley
runs nearly on a level with the Serayu; I met
the curves of this river in various places: On
this part, to Purwo-ro o, I observed on the
projections from the central ranges which I
‘crossed, extensive masses of a deposite from wa-
ter, similar to that above described, Basaltic
rocks, with angles rounded by attrition, rising
from a deep reddish soil, and in the beds of the
rivers of Piosso, Deris and Sapi, fragments of
Basaltes and Lava; some of the latter were very
cellular, and resembled those of the acclivity of
the mountain abovementioned. At Purwo-re-
jo I could take into one point of view the first
range of central hills, rising to che North of the
valley of the Serayu, at the distance of about
$ miles: these are mostly long extended emi-
nences, similar in their appearance to those
stretching from Rangka to Kali-weddi, and in-
dicating, at a distance, the same constitution:
disposed among the extended ranges were o
"served precipitous piles, rising in many cases al-
most perpendicular, the nature of which is in-
a great measure elucidated by the hill Lawet, to
be mentioned in the sequel: the elevation of all
these, in comparison with the Jarge mountain of

Essay, @c.. 169

Tagal, the Sundoro and the Sumbing, is not con-
siderable: these their principal volcanic points
could here be taken into view at once. |
On the track from Purwo-rejo to Gomuro,
the numerous terminations of the descending
ridges alternate with leved districts: they are
all covered with a deep reddish soil or with
vegetable mould: on proceeding to the east-
ward, the declivities which form the valley of
the Serayu come nearer to each other. Between
Gomuru and Kutro-waringin, I crossed this
river about a mile below the entrance of the
river Merawu, which descends with a rapid
stream, in order to examine the principal of the
northern eminences of the central ranges. At
this point an extensive stratum of Pudding-
stone is exposed at the banks, which is either
compact, like that of Karang-bollong, or loose
and friable, like the Tufa of Suko-rojo.
Several of the separate fragments which I de-
tached with some difficulty, resemble greatly
the common Hornblende of Werner, although
they must be classed with our Basaltes. This
as well as the two specimens of aggregate rock
*are decscribed in the explanatory Catalogue.
Of the rounded pebbles collected in the bed
of the Serayu, the most remarkable were a com-
pact Pudding-stone, apparently brought by the
current from a distant situation, and a peculiar -
stone ( of the Floetz-trap formation of Werne )
resembling Wacke, of an obscure blueish grey

breadth from that of a hair to half an inch;
Their direction is curved or undulating, and

- * Exp. Cat. No. 45.

370 Essay, Fc.

rarely regular, in some instances however they
cross each other at right angles. The number
of these lines is various, in some fragments a
single streak was observed, in others the whole
surface was variegated : they consisted chiefly
of calcareous spar, as appeared by ihe applica-
tion of an acid: the surface ofallthe fragments

different constitution, and indicated a derivation
from different original situations: in some, small
crystals of schorl formed a chief component part,
others consisted, in great part, of minute groupes
of Feldspar.

From Banjar | pursued my route in a
Northern direction: this village is situated on
the stream Merawu, about 2 miles above its dis-
charge into the Serayu. Several very considera-
ble points of the central ranges fall in the route
I had proposed; they will be enumerated inthe
order I met them; but for their relative situa-
tion I must refer to the map which accompanies
this Essay. The first is the hill Pawinian,
which lies nearly North of the village of Ban-
jar. The road traverses the Eastern declivi-
ties: these are divided by several . ravines
which are covered with a fertile black mould 5
in the vallies rounded fragments of basaltes are
accumulated.

Almost directly East of the highest point of
this hill, the steen pile, calle Junung-Lawe è
by the natives, is situated, which by its precipi-
tons elevation attracts sowidenblg notice at a

mgpa "-

- * Exp. Cat. No. 43-
4 Exp. Cat. No. 44.

Essay, RZA 971

distance: as the road passes between the two
hills, I had a good opportunity of examining it
with care. When observed a far off, it appears
to consist of several massive rocks which rise
almost perpendicular from an extensive base:
the Southern side appears cragged and broken,
the Northern has a gradual inclination. The
steepst parts are naked, the foot and sewera-
spots on the declivicies are covered with shrubi
and plarts.

prismatic or rhomboidal fragments, alternated
iu many places nodules of the same substance
consisting of concentric layers.

- The aggregate of the various masses on this
side, constituted a stupendous wall, the comp.
ment particles of which, moie or less regular in
themselves, were irregularly piled on each
other, the alternate portions projecting and re-
tiring from a perpendicular line.

-StUD

072 Essay, Gc.

manner similar to the fragments already dë
tached: many of these are regularly tabular.
The extent and boldness of this pile forms an
interesting spectacle, of which it is difficult by
description alone to give an adequate representa-
tion ; it explains at the same time the constitu-
tion of the other perpendicular piles which are

ridges, attract the attention of the mineralogist,
The Basaltes at the foot of this pile has a si-
milar form, but the angles which project from
the soil are blunt and rounded by attrition,
shewing, as it were, the effect of substances
which have been carried over them by a current,
On the fracture a grey or whitish color pre-
dominates, in consequence of the abundance of
particles of feldspar and quartz, whicb enter
* into its composition; through these are dispers-
ed numerous crystals of schorl, hornblende and
some times Augit. These also appear on the
surface, which more than other Basaltes of this
Island, inclines to a white color. Observed at a
distance, this hill may easily be mistaken for an
assemblage of calcareous rock.
_ The northern side of the western pile consti-
tuting the Gunung Lawet is much more uni-
form ; it rises nearly perpendicularly, wich very
slight inclination, and no distinct separation into
portions or fragments is perceptible: ic exhibits
the appearance ofa stupendous wall of whitish
colour, variegated only by a few excavations,
apparently of later date, and en no means nume-
Tous) ingen lines, :

y E. Cat. No. 46.

Essay, C 273

On the further route between the Gunung
Lawet in the East, and the hili Pawinian in the
West, I noticed numerous fragments accidental-
ly detached. from this pile: they were remark-
able on account of the regularity of their
form, which was mostly tabular, the angles were
defined and still entire, bearing no marks of ex-
ternal attrition. Here I also found several
other substances (of the same Floetz trap forma-
tion according to Werner), but apparently of
a more recent deposition: the most interesting.
“were several varieties of Sand-stone, one of
which consisted of small uniform Lamina, about
a line in thickness regularly imposed on each
other, with defined sides and angles: in a se-
cond the fracture was uniform (like common
.Sand.stone) and the separate fragments appeared
in rhomboidal and trapezoidal masses.

- After passing the ravine between the mountains
Pawinian and Lawer, a considerable prospect is
afforded of the adjacent country in the North
the hill Te/ogo-leli is the second point, in this
part of the central ranges, deserving notice on
account of ics elevation; at the fooc of it the
river Uren is observed winding inadeep stoney
valley ; numerous small hills, irregularly scat-
terred, are observed in this tract, rounded on
the surface and covered with a deep soil, The
road now took a western direction, following

for several miles the northern declivities of the
hill Pawinian, which here is chiefly formed of
adeposition from water, in many places conceal-
ed by a deep earth or by a vegetable mould, in

bad Exp. Cat. Nag a Baa
= 5 idc maa

274 Essay, @c.

others it is bare and appears on the surface ; its
constitution agrees with that above described,
composing a steep hill South of Ajibarang on
the banks of the river Tiajum, but it is dis-
posed in layers which have a gentle inclination
and apparently penetrate far into the body of
the hill. Externally of these layers the various
substances which form the base of the surround-
ing tract, are irregularly mixed together: among
these were likewise fragments of volcanic Tufa,
whick I soon met in extensive piles. Some of
this was coloured by ion (vide Sp. No. 49)-
The most rem.rkable rocky substances entering
into the compos tion of this part of che Pawinian
* hill were; 1: a sand-stone separating into rhon-
boidal and trapezoiial fragments, with angles
mostly defined ; some portions are lamellar and.
penetrated: by and ochreuus efflorescence; 2, a.
massive precipitation in which ro regular form
could be observed, consisting of clay, and sepa-_
racing like coagula of that earth, when dry, into
various amorphous particles. “The colour was
grey of a blackish hue, and. it adhered slightly:
to the tongue.

\ At the Western extremity of the mount Pa:

towards the eminence of Paggar-pella: the:
surface is uneven, and occasionally exposes the
continuation of the strata which abound in the
whole tract. The principal village of this:
neighbourhood, is also distinguished by the
mame of Pagger-pella and situated near the top:
= this eminence; the ascent, from the South, is
with numerous tabular e iege Ba-

a 8 Exp. Cat. No. 48,

-saltes: in the descent, in the opposite direction,
the road was cut through a deep stratum of this
* stone ina state of decomposition. Is hardness
and adhesion was so completely destroyed, that

-it was as easily divided by a cutting. instiument
as a^mass of clay or earth: if taken up by the
hand it crumbled to pieces. The fraciure re-
sembled that of the Basaltes composing the pila
.of Gunung- Lawek: the white colour predomi-
nated, the lustre of the feldspar was lost, and the

„Other component paris were cathy and ochre-
cous: in some particles the angular form -was
¡Still discernible in others the whole was united
into one uniform mass. This decomposed Ba-
saltes was afterwards found abundantly in. the
central ranges, where it constitutes one of the
pricipal bases of our hills: the causes which

-have effected or influenced this decomposition.
have heen peculiarly operative in certain. tracts

-and situations. Many of the fragments above
this decomposed stratum were very compact, and
resembled the Wernerian Greenstone, consist-
ing of minute irregular particles of feldspar and
t greenish hornblende, intimately mixed: amon
these I selected specimens of very determinate
sides and angles: in the village of Paggerpella
several very larze rocks of this. substance

; On the descent above: lentioned a third point -
of considerable elevation is first observed in com-

ing from the South, the hill. Roggo-jamban:
gan. exceeding in extent of base, and probably. in
height both the Pawinian and Telogo-leli. At

* Exp. Cat. No, 5o. y :
1 Exp. Car. No. 51. GS qu uel T

276 Essay, Fc.

the Northern declivities is a nearly extinct vol-
canic crater, forming one ofa series in this part
of the Island which will be mentioned in the
sequel. At the foot of the hill of Pagger- pella
I crossed the river Urang : the fixed rocks near
the banks are Pudding.stone and Basaltes; the
pebbles in the basin are very much diversified ;
1 selected the following, all evidently derived
from a distant situation in the central ranges;

12:

1' “Lava of entirely vesicular constitution.

2. T Lava of the kind of sub marine-lava
above mentioned, conraining calcareous spar in
narrow layers or irregular masses.

3- ti Compact clay in tabular fragments, the
angles of which are rounded by attrition.

4. T1 Compact. | udding-stone (or Amygda-
loid) consisting of — fragments of Basal-
tes bedded in a claye

5. § Sandstone in coined and recti-linear
layers.
6. §§ Petrified wood with stony concretions,
The territory between the three principal hills
of this part of the central ranges, the Pawinian,
"Telogo-leli and Roggo-'ambangan, is covered
by numerous inequalities irregularly dispersed,
of which several deserve the name of hills: on
the ascent of the ridge called Sari 1 met again
stones of watery deposition. The village of
Karang-kobar, the chief of the sevice of xn
Bsp. Cut, Nag =:

eia Exp. Cat. No. 525. a

Exp. Cat. No

: at. No. 54.
DE NO ce a e CAS
- Pang Cat, No. 534. Bet eich kins

Essay, C. 277

“game name, in a direction nearly E. N. E. of
Pagger pella, is situated in a concavity sur-
‘rounded by low mounds with obtuse summits,
by which the prospect is much confined; They
are all covered by a deep reddish soil. Pro-
‘ceeding in a North East course 1 found agaiu
‘an extensive sction of a hiil, composed entirely
of the same substances which form the princi-
“pal bulk of the stratified points at Ajibarang
and the Pawiuian,. being a pile of clay and
Sandstone, in various modifications, and separat-
ing spontaneously into prismatical, rhomboidal
and trapezoidal fragments, between which no-
'dules consisting of concentric layers, formed of
the same materials, and covered with an earthy

* efflorescence, were thrust in. Traversing these
hills in the direction above mentioned, after
leaving the environs of Karang-kobar, 1 noticed
dn several spots, extensive beds and masses of
Basaltes in a state of entire decomposition, re-
sembling those of Paggar-pella 5 and in the
ther progress, the basaltic rocks, which projeté
ed from a deep yellow soil, were much rounded
ar the angles by attrition.

Among the hills on the route to Kali-lunyar
and in the environs of that village, are several
elevated points projecting from the neighbour-
ing unequal Kiteikors Cwhich are marked on the
hap): mame hills Krang eang. Gaja and
Lumbung, besides others of less note. The

constitution of these is elucidated by the ap»
pearances I noticed in a valley near this vil-
lage: herethe depositions from water were ve

abundant, they extended almost perpendicularly

esl

378 Essay, Fc.

er with very sudden inclination into the body of
the hills The substance of which they were

£omposed was almost pure sand of a coarse

* grain, or fine sand and clay in nearly equal pro-
„portions; the latter was often of reddish color.
"The arrangement of these substances was either
Jamellar or nodular in concentric layers: these
occurred alternating with each other; but from
the appearance of their relative arrangement
they. hid remained at rest from the period of
their first. precipitation.

From the valley of the river Serayu to the
ranges in the vicinity of Batur, the ascent is
gradual but constant, and only interrupred by
occasional ravines and vallies: this is strongly in-
dicated by the vegetable productious; I shall
only adduce one instance; at Karang-kobar al-
though the Cacao-nut tree bears fruit, its pro-
_ductiveness.is comparatively very scanty; at
Kali-lunyar the tree vegetates without produc-
ing fruit; beyond this village to Batur no
Cacao-nut trees are found, as they cannot sup:
port the climate of this elevated situation, The
district between Nusupan and Datur affords,a
coutinuation of the appearances alread NG dede
tian bis. route: prensa 7

: > sections. yes tie hills: T
ie soil is deep and fs reddish color, the frag»
ments of Basaltes which are occasionally strew-
ed on the surface are strongly rounded at the $
ved ad sping, masses of this. substance

PON d a

v» Exp. Cat. No. Pa H 1 | coe na
“4 Exp. Cat. No. 59, pa
EN NO ee

Essay, @c. 279

occur ina state of decomposition, forming in
*some instances the base of entire ridges. 4

Batur is situated on the South-west declivities
of the highest series, extending from the western
foot of the mount Roggo-jambangan to the
eastern extremity of the mountain Prow: the’
most interesting points of these ridges, in a di-
rection from west to east, are the hills Butak,
Piarangan, Pakerman, Nagassari, Koppok, Wis-
mo, which deviates siwards the south, and Di-
yeng and Telogo-Jebong, deviating towards
the north. The assemblage of the Koppo,
Diyeng and Tologo-jebong, with several other
points, is denominated Gunung-Prow, from the’
appearance it exhibits at a distance : it projects
considerably beyond the other points of this
ridge.

According toa probable estimate, the eleva-
tion of Batur is equal to that of Selo on the
Marbabu: this estimate is founded on the com-
parison ofthe vegetables growing in both situa~
tions, and on the temperature indicated by the
thermometer: I found it on the 24th of October
dt Sun-rise at 53 of Fahrenheic's scale. The ter-
ricory in the south is open. and exhibits an irre-
gular succession of ridges, gradually descending
to the valley of che Serayu, but without
any uniform direction. Several Japg-emeped
ia tee with occasional bluff points, irregularly -

ered, pro'cet more than others, they all i in-
dicis externally a formation and composition
similar to these hitherto traced from Banjar“
to Batur. In the north of this village, the
nearest point, the hill Piarangan rises, auge

TUE Cat No. 6o. po EL -—— =

280. Essay, C

half a mile distant, with a precipitous elevatione
] ascended it, and estimate its elevation at least
1000 feet above the surrounding level; ic is
covered with a deep soil and high y luxurianc
vegetation: Basaltic stones in extensive layers
ai? occasionally observed on the ascent project-
ing from a deep soil: their surface is burst and
covered with an earthy ochreous incrustation.*
Several detached fragments have a reddish co-
lor, and indicate the existence of beds of decom-
posed Basaltes near the foot of this hill.

The hill Butak, ( which name, according to
the application of the natives, includes the as-
semblage of all the ridges situated immediately.
Worth.and North West of Batur ) is connected,
in the North-West, to the declivities of the hill
Prarangan, and in the east they pass into the Pa-
kerman. “This mountain is well known on ac-
count of the volcanic apertures which exist in
its declivities: one of these is denominated Gu-
wo-upas er the Poison-cave, by the natives, in
consequence of the deleterious effect of the air
it discharges on the animals that approach it it,
the other, the crater or Kawa of the natives, Ke
at the Western foot of ihe morian and ex-.
plodin at intervals of a few seconds, consider-
able volumes of smoke. The P a of this
opening is "bent 30 feet and its depth is consi-
derable; near it is a smaller one about two.
yards wide, The natives have a superstitious,
aversion to approach these apertures, and
. yielded to their sollicitations, at the sacrifice of |
the curiosity to examine their appearance: this
was of lessimportance, as frequent gppoppaiieR
occur of observing similar oue sonis
“a Exp. Cat. No. 67. p^ ek cdi

Essay, ec. 381

This neighbotirhood was convulsed by the
operation of a subterrancous combustion about
the year 1786: after ati earthquake which con-

tinued, at intervals; for the period of four
months, an eruption forced its way not only
through the existing volcanic apertures, above
mentioned, but through the neighbouring terri-
tery to the extent of two miles in diameter.
Various rents were formed which emitted a sul-
phureous vapour, separate tracts sunk away and
were swallowed up by the earth ; in one of these
the waters of the rivulet Dolog entered and af-
terwards followed a subterraneous course: The
sulphureous vapours were observed in the at-
mosphere four successive days. The village of
Jampang, at the confes of this Contutized
tract, was likewise buried in the ground; and
the inhabitants who had nor timely left theit
dwellings perished: several persons were killed
the" materials ejected pe various open-
ings. The aggr 1s who lost
their lives on n this occasion; os of whom were
females, is estimated at 38. This information was
communicated to mie on the spot, by two of the
principal Demangs ( or chiefs of villages ) of
the Karang-kobar district, both natives of res-
paribio s one of whom personally mie
| the gui period the e
y ted; the sides of the Shia.
RE exce bya drm vegetation. I notic-
ed the remaining concavicies, and visited that
in which the revulec Dolog sinks away. The
water first accumulates in the remaining basin,
which is about 30 feet bread; at tbe foot ofa
seep eminence, surrounded by mig rocks ok.

$2

282 Essay, Ec.

Basaltes, and then almost insensiby filtrates
into the earth. During the rainy season, when
the water is increased by a strong afflux from
the hills, a portion still follows the original bed
of the rivulet. On the site of the village
Jampang I observed a moderate excavation:
it is deserted, andthe remaining inhabitants have
fixed themselves at Kassiran a village near ihe
roa.i leading from Batur towards Kadu,

Near the southern diclivities of the mountain
Pakerman, the mountain Nagassari is situated,
Str’ tehing considerably to the South, and still
further, in this derection, inclining gradually
to the eastward, the mountain Wismo. The
extent and elevation of the latrer is more con-
siderable than that of the Pakerman, apad
and che others of this range, all anited at the
base, and forming an assemblage, possessing
separately almost the same degree of elevation:
Their external appearance is likewise similar,
they constitute somewhat extended ridges and
the sides are excavated by deep ravines.

In various excursions through the declivities
of the hills of Prarangen, Pakerman and Na-
gassari, I selected explanatory mineralogical

ta. Tr or cellular lava ( emittiug when
struck the sound of bricks ) of a red colour: of
has several varicties are found iu different situa-
tion; on the whole the color abounds in
this district, both in the lavas and in the soil.

Exp Cat, No 62, 63, 64 65 and Ge

/

Essay, Ee, 283

#3. Compact Basaltes wich determinate
angles

4: Several varieties of Dasaltes in a state of
decomposition, of which extensive beds are
found in the vicinity. É

In the route eastward from Batur, I first fol-
lowed the Southern foot of the Pakerman and
Nagassari; the road subsequently winds to the
North between this hill and che mount Wisma
and gradually ascends. On this track I passed
the rivulet Pu? and the remnant of the rivalet
Dolog, and observed, very distinctly, the explo-
sions of the Crater of the Pakerman appear-
ing regularly after an interval of a few seconds.

Having passed the Eastern declivities of the
hil! Nagassari, the road approaches the hill Kop-
pok, which conceals the Esstern points of
this fange. In proportion to the elevation of

the district and the vicinity of the summits of

rhe hills, the ravines become deeper and the
ascent more abrupt. The river Tulis which
after receiving the rivulets of Pati and Dolog,
pursues a Southern course, and forms one of
the principal branches of the Serayu, winds
throüzh a very déép valley on the sides of which
basaltic rocks are exposed: these are observed

in MIS masses, forming extensive piles on the

acclivities further. eastward ; their angles are all
| The

rounded by attrition. elevation is now
apparently about tooo feet above the level of
Datur, in as far as it is indicated by the vegetable

~~ productions: very few of those growing in the

lower parts of the valley of the Serayu are now
met with, but Casuarina Chomoro is here uis

A a

"Exp Cat. No, 61, magaang 2

184 Essay, Cz.

most common tree: the trunk is abundantly
covered with various kinds of moss, resembling
that of the Northern countries of Europe: many
species of Epidendrum, of Lycopodium, &c.
commonly found in colder climates, are suspend:
ed from the branches. The number of rare
Ferns is also considerable. ^ ~~
“The territory near the summit of this con-
nected ridge, is covered with a reddish soil,
mixed, near the surface, with black vegetable
mould. The village of Konang is situated in a
slight concavity, surrounded on all sides by -
several narrow ridges, descending from the mount
Diyeng, and inclining towards the mount Wismo $
the principal of these, in the South, is the
Wagertipis. In the North of this village, on
the descent of the mount Diyeng, another vol-
canic opening exist, which, like that of the
Pakerman, emits smoke at intervals. On this
elevated tract, covered with a highly fertile soil,
vegetation is very luxuriant; several plants are
spontaneously p-oduced, which in general, are
considered as the exclusive inhabitants of colder
climates. os rase
.. On the descent of the hill Telogo-jebong
(the denomination which is here univormly

neo iang

given to the Southern declivities of the moun-
tain Prow) I noticed lava, basaltes and pudding
stones alternating with each other, and recurring
àt intervals without any determinate disposi--
tion. Both the lava and basaltes have been em-
ployed in the construction of an artificial stair,

which extends- through the greatest part of thé.

ao

Essay, Ge. 285

descent of this mountain, and which constitutes
one of the most stupendous vestiges of the
ancient inbabitans of this I:land; in a fragment
of one of the slabs of which. the stair is cong
structed, among the explanatory specimens
nexed to this Essay, the fracture exhibits
various foraminula filled with a white siliceous
stalactitical substance, the rest is composed of
quartz and hornblende, through which mica is
#sparingly dispersed. This mountain, as well
as the Diyeng, contains several extinct volcanic
apertures which at the present erm are filled
with water, and constitute ,,Te/ogos” or lakes
according to the denomination of die natives.
From the Telogo-jeburg the whole mountain
has been named; zt the foot I observed the
Telogo-menjer near a village of the same name.
The descent of the mountain to rhe village
yu- Rangkang, near the lakes last mentioned,

is very sudden, and the perpendicular elevation .
from here to the summit is at least 1500 feet.

From the village Kayu-Rangkang to theriver
Serayu, which i crossed near the Chinese farm
of Jawar, the descent is gradual, and only
interrupted by the ravines descending from the
neighbouring mountains, and meeting reach other
from various directions. The Serayu flows
hir rapid current from north to south, aris-

from the hill Jajar, near the Fastern

dcclivitics of the moutain Prow: its basin is
strewed with large rocks of Basalres.

On the route from Kayu- -Rangkang towards
the south, I observed onthe sections ofthe hills
that were accidentally exposed, Tufa of various

- € Ea 24 ER Cat. No. 7o.

Na

naa have a trapezoidal form, and a
$i e

286 Essay; So

constitution: it was often arranged in strata
and resem a coarse sandstone, but its ad-
hesion was generally so slight, that it crumbled
to pieces if removed from its original situation;
in some instances, however, it was compact.
The village of Kali-Bebber is situated about

tes miles $outh 2 Kayu- -Rangkang, in a tract

gra y ines towards- central
yi, thedirection of which, in this part of the
Island, is nearly from east to west. The river
Serayu (not far from its source) flows towards
it from the north; the river Begalu from the
east; besides these many smaller streams from
the neighbouring mountains direcr their course
towards it, and contribute to one of the principal
rivers of the Island, which has already fre: -
quently been mentioned in the preceding Essay.
Not far from Kali-Bebber the territory sen-
sibly rises in the north-east towards the moun-
tain Sundoro, one of the principal points of the
great volcanic series, which indicates at present
the continuance of the subterraneous combustion,
by occasional discharges of smoke and flame,
and the appearrances in the vicinity afford ilie
Monet marks of former eruptions of a more

ei ag territory is ‘covered with
mag goa of basaltes, whieh appear to
have been carried down from the steep sides of
the mountain, and to have accumulated in the

. distriets of more gradual inclination. The size

ef these fragments is very various ; in -generat

of
are abundantly dispersed:
over the gorki which is in a state of ¢

Esiay, Cè. 287

iiid the natives here uniformly employ them for
inclosing their villages; gatdens, &c. &c. Their
fracture and composition is similar to that of
many other basaltes found near our principal
*volcanoes. With these lava is found, in many
situations; it is almust gencrally exposed in the
beds and at the banks of the rivulets; either in
solitary rocks or in collected groupes; it re-
sembles the recent lava found in other parts of
this Islands the color is black, the fracture
yesicular, or similar to slags, and it emits when
struk, the sound of brick. Lava of the same
t kind was found, on my further route, at intervals
in every part of the environs of this mountain,
and has probably been ejected from the crater,
like most of our recent lavas, in masses, which
having congealed near the sammit, rolled to the
declivities in solid slaggy fragments. The ele-
vation of the environs of the village of Kali-

.Bebber is still considerable—I observed the
"Thermometer on the morning of the 29th Octo-
ber at 68 degrees of Fahrenheit’s scale.

From here I proceeded in a southern direc-
tion continually towards the central valley. In
the numerous ravines descending from the sides
of the mountain Sundoro, which I crossed on
the way to Kerteg, and consequently eastward
pic val dre unites this Mugen to t ae
Besides ibing T noticed fragments which lay koa
in large numbers at the bottom, their sides exs
posed dep layers of Pudding. -stone of à coms
ix Gani ee

T Exp. Cat. No, 7i,

288 Essay; €t.

pact texture, and of Tufa. They Were gr
found solitary or in alternate strata. In a
fior situation, and mixed with the deai
fragments of Basaltes, the slaggy lava, above
“mentioned, frequently occurre

On the descent towards Kerteg, 1 regarded at
a distance the continuation of the numerous
ridges stretching from the highest point of the
fange towards the central valley: they agree
generally in form with those above described to
the south of Datur, following aggregately a
direction from North-east to Sou th-west.

South of the central valley the ridges rise
again to a considerable elevation. One very
conspicuous point is here observed, denominated
Gunung Koripan, or Damak yu by the na-
tives: it has already been mentioned above, as
constituting im the south the highest point, im

sition to Gunung Prow in the north. The

districts of Gowong and Selo mane, and the
southern portions of Ledog, which compose this
part of rhe tract bounding the central valley}
consist of an assemblage of Tidges pursumg a
direction from east to west; im the vicinity of
Kerteg several separate hills are scattered, with-
Ss an "reg us dip al. he ae
of De ravines on this route. "Rounded Basal.
ttes, Pudding-stones and Tufa are strewed pro-
miscuosly, or arranged in strata. The stream
` of Begalo is here discerned, arriving from the
- western declivities of che mountain Sumbing, to'
| meet the Serayu abour, 9 miles to the westward.

Cat. 1 Na 7r an and T
T Exp. Cat. No. 74.

\

ag = Een. Cat. No. ng Lava o on this route.

Essay, Ge. 289

“From Kerteg the territory gradually ascends
* cowards the village of Rejo, situated at the
western extremity of the valley, by which the
mountains Sundoro and Sumbing are united: ir
is formed by the declivities of both passing ino
each other, and affords a very convenient passage
between these mountains, whose summits are
separ.ted only 10 miles; the situation of the
-Sumbing inclines from the Sundoro towards the
South-east. No traces of a very recent erup-
tion can be perceived on either at the present

d; they are completely covered with ve-
aet and their sides are excavated by deep
ravine

Of cde two volcanoes the Sumbing has been
the lougest at rest. On leaving P valley an
*t extensive propect opens in the eastward, and the
volcanoes of Ungarang, of "Anc and Mar-
api come successively into view, beyond and in-
tervening tract of about 20 miles, the appear-
ance of which produces a most striking effect
con the attentive traveller. No part of the ls-
land, perhaps, affords, at one glance, a more ex-
tensive district covered uniformly by that spe-
cies of hills, the form of which explains in a
great measure their origin and ancient situation:
here a numerous assemblage is dispersed over an
«extensive country, the base of which has nearly
-the same level. |

"The elevation of the separate
hills is not considerable; they are in most cases

2 gonical or oblong, and rounded or blunt above.

-To a person arriving from the westward, this as-

prey

t Exp. Cat. No. 76 Lava from the Mountain Sumbing.

"bee * 8 - 4

$90 ; Essay, Kc.
|

-semblage exhibits an appearance not unlike the
ocean in a violent state of agitation. The north-
ern hills appear to form a connected ridge,
stretching along the horizon, from the foot of
the mountain of Ungarang towards the decli-
vities of the mountain Prow. Their constitu-
tion is already explained by the description of
the various central ranges on the preceding
route; they are composed of the same mate-
rials; basaltes abounds in all, bearing uniform-
ly strong marks of attricion, as well in those
fragments which remain on the declivities, as in
those that have been carricd down to the vallies
and to the basins of the rivers and rivulets. In
the vicinity of the Sundoro and Sumbing large
fixed rocks project from the soil, and the derach-
Ced fragments are very numerous; towards the
eastern volcanoes the territory is covered, more
- deeply, by a reddish soil, and the basaltes in

many cases exposed by sections of the hills,
-*indicates an incipient decomposi ion. Here
"some large rocks of this substance were also
"found, composed of particles which separated in-

to tables or slabs on the application of external |

force: they were often marked on the tae!
; with parallel transverse lines.

princi ipal river 4 pervading iie territory,

the Progo o, arises from the norhern declivites
of the Sindorts aud, after receiving numerous
branches from this mountain, che Sumbing, and
-the declivites of the mountain Ungarang, flows
in a nearly direct southern "course towards the
f its eastern bran-

Essay, Cc. 291

ches is the river Ello: both streams retain for a
considerable distance, a parallel course through
an extensive basin ( between the western and
eastern series of volcanoes of this part ofthe Is-
land) which conducts them to the south: -
- The district just described, composed chiefly
of irregular hills with intervening plains of no
great extent, forms a large part ofthe province
of Kadu: its elevation is considerable, and the
temperature is favourably influenced by the vi-
cinity of several of the largest mountains of the
Island: in the west it consists of the declivities
of the Sundoro and Sumbing, in the east of those
of the mounrain of Ungarang, of Marbabu and
Marapi. Numerous rivulets and rivers arising
from resi afford it a very abundant supply of

ater.

Besides the common grains, rice, indian corn,

c. which are largely produced, the territoty
is peculiarly favourable to the cultivation pf
various other vegetables requiring a moist and
elevated soil—the Tobacco is superior in quality
to that of every other part of Java. The
horses of the Kadu are well known: besides
their other qualities, being bred on a stony
tract, their hoofs possess, in general, a degree of
soundness and toughness which renders eee
lin travelling over stony roads, “
me pe? the basin of the river

Ello, the territory ascends again tow
mountain of Marbabu, which constitutes the
centre of the transverse series of volcanoes, con.

sisting of the mountains | of "uisi a |

Basin of the Progo ;
thedescription ‘of these is. manie y inthe cone

- tinuadon of the general mineralogical Essay,

292 Essay, Gee.
‘CATALOGUE
Of Explanatory Specimens.
No.

1. Pebbles, from the river Progo, near Brossor.

2. Basaltic fragments, from the shore at the
Cavern called Guwo-Dahar. . .

E pala rock, denominated Batu -churi

y the natives, me the eminence above
ka Guwo-Daha
. 4. Hornstone-rock, jane the eminence above
Guwo-Duhar, called Karang-K uda.

5. Pudding - stone, from the cavern of Karang-
bollong, near the extremity of the hill, at
the discharge of the river Chiching- go-
leng, from Whic^ the village and sctleineug
-hasi derived its name.

e Fragments of Basaltes, from the same.
"7. Stone of watery deposition, lamellar, no-
dular, &c. from the eminence between the
discharge of the river Chiching-goleng
and che" village Kirang-bollon
8. Calcareous stone, found in large piles on the -
hill above Guwo- Nagassari.

$e m ur perator from kasih e trance of the
.. cave of Nagassari n.
10. White e; coined lava / dono»

minated Padas by the natives, bolonging to
the subsrance named 77/7 ) found copionsly
on the hills on the route from . -bol- .
on ng ro Jittis: Esinilor to No. 7.

Essay, Ga 093

1 5. Calcareous spar, from the same place.

14. Black sand, from che beach opposite the dis-
charge of the river Aya. `

15. Pudding-stone. from the foot ofthe hill near
the place of passing the river Chichinggo-
len, on the road to the village of Karang-
bollong

16. Stalactitic calcareous stone, from Rangka,
employed in burning lime at Karang-bol-
long and neighbourhood.

17. Trapezoidal stone, of a greenish colour, the
fracture resembling Sand-stone.

rom Nuso-Brambang. — — g
18. Cavernous lava, from Ujung agung on
‘uso Brambang.

19. Pudding stone, from the same.

20, Rounded pebbles, from the shore near the
deserted villages of Banjar and Brambang
on the same.

21. Calcareous rock, from the point Tanjung

arang-pachi; from the same. 3

22. Calcareous roch; in extentive horizontal

` strata near Brambang, from rhe same.

23 Calcareous stone, from the foot of the hill

near Karang.- bolo, from the same.

24. Basaltic stones, from a rivulet near the vils
lage Brambang from the same.

25. Sand-stone, trom an extensive stratum at the

trict of Aya Tar” ETT |

26. Cavernous lava, from the discharge of the

“river Adi-rojo near the village Sawangan,
$7. Lava separating into Rhomboidal fragments,
from the foot of the hill Bedagangan, op-

. posite to the village of Adi-raja, found at

- the banks of the river, tes ee

294 Essay, Cc.

28. Volcanic tufa, Padas of the Javanese, from

-. Suko-rojo.

29. Volcanic tufa from Purwo-kerto.

go. Lavas from the basin of the river Banjaran, a-
rising from the foot of the mountain-of Tagal.

3b Lavas from the river Lo-Gowok, arising
from the same mountain.

g2. Lavas from the river Datar naer Ajibarar

33. Lavas from the declivity south of Ajiba-
rang, and from various other situations in

s> the neighbourhood of that village.

34. Stone "of watery deposition, from a hill

south-west of Ajibarang, near the banks of

the river Tiajum.

Varieties of stone of watery deposition fom

the same place ( No. 34. ) in en no-
^ dules, tables, &c. &c.

36. Sand-stone from the same place.

37. Rock from the banks of the river Tiajum

- (resembling Amygdaloid ) near Ajibarang.

58. Lavas from the road towards Bojong-
Tongo, in the district Probolingo.

59: Varieties of Tufa, from the river Kang

L^ near NOM

E

42. Compact lava va from the same Tots
“43. Variegated stones, found-among the pehbles
inthe bed of the river Serayu near Banjar.
kag Rounded voleanic pebbles, from the same
: ace

45 Erpina of aggregate rock, from ue
“banks of the river ar the same place ( No. 44.)

46 Fragments from the large piles composing

= . Gunung Lawet, Mur ut tabular, &c,
Basaltes. id uid

Essay, Ge. 295
47. Sand-stone from the foot of the same (see
No. 49.

48. Stonesof watery deposition, from the foot of
the hill Pawinian, on the route from Ban-

ar to Pagger - pella.

49. Reddish Sand-stone from the same.

50. Basaltesin a state of decomposition, from the
Northern declivity of the eminence of Pag-
ger-pella, on the road towards Karang Kobar.

51. Varieries of original Basaltes from the same.

52. Lava from the basin of the river Kali-urang

< “near Pagger-pella ( vesicular, pelonging to
the lavas of later eruptions.

520.) eee lava from the same place

o.

53 ope clay in tables, with angles round-

ed by attrition, from the same place

530.) Stone consisting pees of petrified

i wood with sparry depositio

54. Compact NALE stone (Anya from

the same |

55. Varieties of Sha e from the same (No.
52.) fragments in thin lamellae, close
and rectilinear, or conc n Y

. portions of spherical masses.

56. Stones of watery deposition, (5 an emi-

nence east of Karang-kobar.

57. NS of watery deposition, found in ex-

a A Strata at at Kali lun; :

- ji

58. Bakes i ina state of »ositi
from the section of an eminence on the
near Kali-lunyar.

“89. Scones of watery deposition, taken from an
eminence between Kali-lunyar and Nusupan.

Ko. Lasalces in a state of partial decomposition

mom

296 | Essay, €x.

from an eminence eastward of Nusupan, on
the road towards Datur.
61. Basakes found near Datur.

$5. Varieties of lava found near Datur. :
66. Partially decomposed Pudding-stone, from
. the road cowards the hit Pakerman.
67. Partially decomposed Basaltes, from the
"mountain Prarangan, near Datur.
68. Reddish Java, on the road from Batur to
on: ng.
Ég. Basaltes from the rivulet (Kali-Iring ; near
he cabron Kali- oer :
of an cial stair, on the descent
of th the 1 mountain paham jebong or Prow.
zi. Varieties of lava, from the foot of the
mountain Sundoro, near the village of Kali-

_Bebber.

72. Varieties of lave from the same place (No.
71.) taken on the road between Kali-
bebber and Kerteg.

73. Varieties of lava Maec theroad between
Kerteg and Rej

: 2e Volcanic “Tala beween Kali-bebber and

75. Ba tric dc rock] separati ting D tungaw in
ag ng from the tract between Jittis and
Pakkis-wiring.

76. Lava from the environs o f mount Sunbing :
found near Pikkis-wiring. — :

a Basakic-stonein a state of i icipin decom-

D» pap the surface being friable and

“uu ‘earthy, from a hill -on the route. berween

© Pak kis wiring and. Kamaniran. e

Essay, &c. 297

SECTION 1V.

Catalogue of the Plants observed during thg
preceding Tour.

tac I. Monandria.

Phr 'ynium dicho tomum

Thalia cannaformis Bamban, of thc Javanese
aan capitatum | xp. or Pattal
arawulu |

iiem mum T us
Amomum Unje-unje
momum Wersa
Unker-unkeran
Costus speciosus Paching
molana Kapollan

5 - Class Il. Diandria.
— Jasminum multifloram Poncho-sudo

Justicia Betonica Loro-wudu [Adasadasan
Justicia Mungsa, S nag naag ox
Justicia (see — Juru-dem

Justicia Villd) Gondurusso-kebo
Justicia

Justicia chinensis P en

Justicia rm Terus or Gondorusso
Justicia m .Sukat-sawa

dh — : ^ .Sambang-lema => -
Justi depp o

Justicis ACE i dn :

Jus Native name not let?
keed xr: cc o : [m wined,
Justicia ditto T

sd Cubeba Kamukus

Na

298 | Essay, Fc.
Genus doubtful Patty-kulit or Barra
ndel

Genus doubtful Sp. TI. Babad-ka

Same Genus Sp. IL. Keto opra

Same Genus Sp. IH. Ke- pamprak or Brabas:

Same Genus Sp. IV. Uwukwa

Same Genus Sp. V. Sido-t m

Same Gunus Sp. VI. Native name not deter-
Same Genus .Sp. VII. ditto [mined

Class III. Triand ia. *

Valeriana Kettul or Chumplongan
Genus deubtful - Komu-jingan
bus doubtfal Nat. TANG not determin-

l. (Herba: ryNo.7723)
(Note-- The Grasses are omitted in this Catalogus.
Class IV. Terrandria.
«etes Nipetida ni MEX uli aee
Hol er ad | a a

Brora. om Jongifolia n WS 7T ad andellan

Callicurpa - "Sangko

Cissus Banyon

Un Bollang

R elhamia Singkil

Plantago asialica "M ii Memo teen
Emb Bolo Kendung

Embothrium E

gba pcarpus ni? anng. on ENS m =

uut ise ys

Genus doubtful. [spicuus

Genus d oub tful Dud uk-ra y ab
Genus doubtful Putan or Gedean
Genes doubtful Crema-gunung

RIA Class V. Pentandria.

* lpionepium : indicum | ndict ; poe

ee nG E
Subway

Essay, @c: 299

Ophiorrhiza Jokko-tuwo
O phiorrhiza Mungos Patty Ul
Piumbago Rosea Mud-ja
Gonvolvulus pellatus Blaran

onvolvulu Kang-kung-Kang-
Convolvulus Pes-caprae — [kang-an
Convolvulus nervosus Native name not deter-
Convolvulus vitifolius mined
Convolvulus Sampar-kidang
Campan Sukat-en- jari
Nauclea Chautel-wessi
Nauclea — Kleppu
Scaevola Lobelie | Wallblan
Lobelia ` ! Raggi-Jajar `
Lobelia Bawahigupi ki
Lobelia

Coffea mb

Morindi citrifolia [eulta) "Wonckudu

Morin. (varictas citrifol-

Mussaenda frondosa Aa kali

Mobilis Jalappa Kembang- pukkol-ampat
ysali

S paes
"Miete

een ee Agde
Ardisia | liéoradid m Lempennen
Ardisi

empenni
Ardisia a Walluk
Ardisia
Cordia Kendal-rambat
Cordia M yxa Kendal
Tec ctona apudis Jati

mmn Que e GANG ET Ed Z x
Rhamnas — ital nice nee Der , Kamalon
Rhamnus -lout, Singkil-
Mangifera (var. indie.) p [ rampat
Viola Lenga-tangan
Impatiens cornuta Pachar-banyu
ir i triflora

Lengki, Kayu-bowaya
Tawa. Ee

309 Essay, Cc

Leea acquata
Vitis stercoracea m .Greng-gutd

agen majus Truntung
nthes ; ES

Achyranthes sangvino- 3
Celosia castrensis [lenta

Plentru
Cerbera Manghas Binteru
Tabernaemontana ue = :
Asclepias gigantea _ eduri
Apocynum frutescens Raggi
Natural order con 7 Jombirit

torte Genus doubtful
dit

. ditto

Hydrocotile : asiatica
Caucalis

“Genus doubtful | Da
| "Benandeubtfal Sp I. Delu-
Same. Genus

Oyod-kepitting
m bettu or Kelongkit.
assu.

Sekul

Wattuk

; Native name not deter-

Kudon `. [m ined

FON Egan Panigo-
wong

Kettul

Kenchur

esnu
Gorang-iréng
Gorang-klanting |

d

Bangkong, Tem m
aduk-agung [wiyang =

Sp. Il. Tiba-byatil, Gomblek, E

Essay, Fc: gat

Genus doubtful Jalen
Genus doubtful Gundo, Gudea

. Genus doubtful Mandilian, Gamitan
Genus doubtful Gorang- pute

Genus doubtful (Man.i- Ingas, Rengas
Genus "esas [fera) xe vepe

Same Gen n-jalina
ame Genus Ka aang
Goins doubtful Sekkar-Jalla, Ext
geom doubtful - Jeruan, Ri-kuwu
enus doubtful Dukut-Serru
Genus doubtful | Naüve name not deter-
Genus doubtful Sp. T. — [mined
Same Genus... Sp. Il.
Genus doubtful Sala Noo (Sp. II.) -
Genus doubtful
Genus doubtful Kayu-tyn, Itil-bira
Genus doubtful Sekulan, Kiput.
Class VI. Hexandria.
Trandescantia Patungan
Crinum asiaticum Bakung .
urculigo - Nyangko
Dracaena ensifolia Lin: Piko”
Dianella nemorosa La-
mark LIN an
Tacca pinnatifolia ` Ure
Calamus Rottang Ko tan mili e pi
Rottan-cha
[ching ther varieties

cc ae varieties
pk PAPANG Ba '
E | oras = oger MESS

"Class | VIL Heparin
Jonesia. Belanak
Class VIII. Octandria

Klayu [kodok
Jlausena ; nd) veh u- -— e
aaa oe (Burm: Tikas

Dodonaea _ .
Xylocarpus Granatum
Schmiedelia racemosa
Schmiedelia
Polygonum

olyg onum chinense
Polygonum orientale
Polygonum batbatunt

Polygon onum

Genus doubtfal

Genus doubtful

Genus doubtful-
Class IX.

Laurus

Laurus

Lauris

~ Laurus
Laurus
Cassyta filiformis
Class X.

Cassia obtusifolia
Cassia alata

Lim
Sandoricam indicum
pees
- Melas

oma

Essay > & e

Walleras Kayu-antang
olo-dowo, Dondang
Endog-endogan.

Enneandria.

Kayu-jey or Nyam

Pool Aem og
2

Wura :
` Waru-kun yi t

Sukat-kremi
Decandria.
Keteppen g
Sepe keng
V ringina
Wewe

ES

ing stem: Kakkas-rambats
Keppel

Ipil
Saga-kebo
Eun

Kedda
Saat re Sead iiid

gisa? speciosa mz
lastoma |

Témbegan — E.

Essay, C. ‘$03

Melasto ma Pari - jatte
Casearia Balung
Arbutus Manis-rejo `
Arbutus Girmot, Rangutan
Ar Kembang - Kepi
Andromeda Pruwoko,Pruwosoto[ Gumen
Dais octandra Siri-jawan, Lawe
Cerastium Bro-jo-lintan
Oxalis corhigulaht Somang-gi
Robergia Popouwan
Spondias Rou
Banisteria Re-m
Genus doubtful. res da g
nus tful Jirekan. klino- kouchir
Genus doubtful Ri-Kengkeng AI
Genus doubtful Ampet, Sing-ganen
Class XI. Dodekandria.
assia Kommit
IN birophosa Bakko
Rhizophor ra Tanchang
TUBE.
Kleiuhofia hospita 'Timob.

Sterculia Balanghas — Antap. Moe banana

Sterculia [ibi Ka ^ Keppo-jangkang
... Sterculia Do arp uA S56
- Serculia Ci uu-chuk-ur

Class XII. 7cosandria.
Psidium; "NAN Jambu-klata
Engenia - Putat.

^. GN ier da
wo omm

urea

ngenia T
Sonneratia acida Bogem
_ Sonneratia ( vari riety pig ai a 2
d "Lie nn qma PEPING >- 1 v 1E

Gowok, Klessem xm

e

#304 Essay, C.

Sesuvium E ia Krokot, Gelang
3 piraca um Wari-gunung
Rubus molicdiiaka rembetc
Rubus parvifolius Uchi-uchi
Rubus - Grung-gung
Fragaria ] Saprahan
“Class XIII. Polyandria.
Pa IA Shop ika amplung
Elaeocarpus sc tain enitn i
Microcos penneltata Delluwak

Alangium hexapetalum Komlentoro
eee oe m Kalak

Uvar : Native name not deter-

Una ia Kalak- prit [mined

Uvaria Chempoko-batros
nnona Chella

Dillenia Sempu

Diilenia Cia

Ranunculus
Genus ‘doaia uut UE maths
Same Genus — Sp. If Umbel-umbelan-kebo
Same Genus Sp. fil Umbel-umbellan- prit
Same Genus Sp. IV Vip uc moe:
Gai doubtful Native name not deter-
Genus doubtful Sp. I Wadang, Bayur [mined
Genus Kay A Sp. H ita lan

irak ^

Genus
: disons dowul | obedai
: us doubtf fal... p Gidea Sadang

Class XIV. Didynamia.

Mentha auricularia

Leonurus Kleng-leng-an
EM s onda Jung-gu
Stachys -> — ————— Sangketan
Stachys A

torah disticha. j _Slanghing

Seu tellaria :

Lx Sangkor. mii

Essay, €*. 308

Ocymum Wrikki

Ocymum Dillem

Mellitis `

Ruellia antipoda Krok-nangsi
Ruellia Anagallis Krok-lawok
Volcameria inermig abies aga
Volcameria serrata Sri-gung-g
Volcameria m -— alas, Lorunka
Clerodendrum

Thuubergia Cic bal > o
Vitex trifolia - Lagundi

Vitex gon Ketléng

Vitex ik

/itex Ampt

Bignonia Kappal

Bignonia Pichisan, Kapallan
Bignon gli

Pbb ilicifolius Jeru-ju

Mimu Kri-y:k

Class XV. Ter KE apa

Sinapis sativus Saw

Cleome ramen

ss XVI. Monadelphia.

Bombo Jepopgllum me Agung.

Sida ogtri

Urena lobeta : 1 kaaa

e us Abelmoschus Waren p
iscus Surattensis Rt aN, Usi- usi

lios iDuseus

us. doubtfal gMupang Pining
z5 gala pinaalis m “Nati aie HOF deter-
Polygal ditto "iti [mined
Abrus precatorius aga
Cro x aria Orrok-orrok

;tota'àri
Ery Bena Coralloden- d
Erythrina [dram

3o6 Essay, Ec.

Dolichos : Kesse

Galedu bore | -ji

t NS akan “Gaddel, Tower —

Hedysarum (yar. unbellat?) Belanakkan
ysarum .strobiki-. Gat tak-

Hedysarum ; : ferum Gudan
Hed ys ysa à a
IHedjsarum: 3
Lotus Se Somang-ti-ganung.
— Class x THE "Polyadeldhia.
UT pan - Duren
Munchausias a ga
gerstroc mia M cia i ungu
Hypericum Unje-unje
“Class xix. Syngenesia.
Sob thus Doni dumbriise ET
Sonchus . onis dre a
actuca o ~ Tespong ARE
Bidens bipinnata
Ethulia < -Saprag |
Eupatorium " Te-gunung molt.
Artemisia Rodo - E Godo-
Gnaphalium = * Sendir f
Gnaphalium — -
Conyza x -Semb ung
Conyza | Trassen
Senecio- | “Fegel-ki

sina ban 1L
Verbesina nfa . , Urang-aring

Verbesina sisig
said AG...
enus D. e x ip. Sembung (with arbore4
< ous stem) ae

Genus Doubifu

Wn

Essay, &. "gor

open Pypuidir )
Epidamna (He Los No. prs ! psa )

Epidendrum (Herbario No, 762). o+: )
Epidendrum (Herbario No. 7635) >

Epidendrum (Herbario No. 764) uiii
Epidendrum (Herbario No, 765) : A
Epidendrum ,Herbario No. 763) A
Class XXE Monoecia, ~~ 8
anceps incisa Sukkon
Artocarpus T Purut
Artocarpus | nd. :
Casuari ^ — Chomero .- "e
Hernandia sonora Kemirett Oe cer?
Urtica longifolia Lunyar 5” YOU
rtica Juraug
Urtica Jurang-rambat
Urtica Mene ri BAR a CE
Urtica candicans Rame
Urtica Sampel- wuwü )
Urtica aestuans Kemac mined
rtica © m = e Tomte name mot doct»
Án meis. 5 CB
Ebbalieiaum aa IBurG a er
Arum - ; Bang katibay
i Dadag, Slempat ;

Nampu
Trembi!ungan
See wuba-endara

Ph
Phyllan Hina urinaria

Phyllant Mer, immer, Tomtoman
Phollanthus seer A Kata-kebo
ee D3wpul ES
: Geode Bloe -ketupu
“Croto ee ahaa San Jng Jj

308 Essay, Ge,

Croton Merangan
Croton variegatum

Croton .. Tutub ka-jang
Croton coccineum m

men Mappa Tutub-anchur
Ric Tutub-awu
Jairo pig curcas Jarak pagger

Aleuri itis triloba

Bryonia foetida m -
Natural order Cucur bi-
étaceae,Genus donbtful pes ait

Ditto ditto u-tekkék
Ditto ditto atn

itto ditt aron
Genus doubtful Krembi
Genus doubt'ul Kanchilan

. Genus — (among

€ Palmac Gligen, Mendy
Genus Paver de. do. Wergo
Geuus doubtful do, do. die.

Class XXII. Dioedia.

Es littoralis Pandan Passir
Pandan Soge-mane
Cycas roli Pakis ta-ji
Excaccaria Agallocha ets
Brucca. -lallar
Antidesma dt SA edt in
Smilax China - Ri-wonno

Smilax (caule inerme) Godong-wonno
urtia Ru a em

Flacourtia Native name not deter-
Hi ee neg distillatoria Kalok-chi kko

Myn ayu-ra
Sutherlandia littoralis Dangun

Genus doubtful . Kallas, Gesta.

Suru-kebe

Essay, €. 399
Genus doubtful — || Pa-chang {guyu
Genus doubtful + cmbaga, Teng -gulung-
Genus doubtful Serru
Class XXH. Polygamia,

Parie Dervés >
Celtis Aen Angrung
Terminalia Ketappan

Barong z
Mimosa Jengkol i
Mimosa Goleng (
Mimosa cua Kedawung EFT
Mimosa | ^ - Komlandin :
Mimosa ~ Petté
Mimosa Sengon
Mimosa Seppat
Mimosa Tekkik
Mimosa Werru, Wangkal

icus Awar-awar

Ficus “Bula
Ficus - Bulu-empan
Ficns Gondang
Ficus a EN
Ficus - "Konya — E
Ficus —Keb is 4
Ficus Lo 2
Ficus Luwing
Ficus Rempelas

Weringin

Ficus
Mesi of the pre. Ping: gang
Ficus Z fe eding) R

Ficus . Stoeb:

Class XXIV. Cryptogamia.
; ORD: H. FILices OR FERNS. — a
-Ophioglossum po gn ed wild) ia Ta
| [bario. No. es T

cope

910 Essay, Ge.

Acrostichum Herbario No. 662
i ditto No.

Menisciam ditto - No. 818

crosticl 755
Acrostichum ditto. — No. 829
Pteris ditto No. 672
Pteris ditto. No. 733
Pteris ditto . No. 762
Pteris ditto No. 819

teris - ditto ~ No. 976
Blechnum ditto No. 654
Blechnum ditto... No. 735
Blechnum ditto No. 753
Blechnum ditto No. 820
B um ditto No. 821
Blechnum ditto ~ No. 833

emionilis ditto No. 740
Hemionitis ditto. > No. 745

emionitis ditto o. 752
Meniscium ditto ^ No. 655
Meniscium ditto No. 76a

Essay, Ec

1 . Li

l

Polypodium Herbario “No. 855
ditto Vo, 856

Lonchitis ditto
onchitis dit
Seolopendrium ditto

Trichomanes ditto No. 749

Trichomanes ditto
Trichomanes ditto

3 Genera related to the Ferns,
- Lycopodium Herbario No. 757
- Lycopodium ditto No. 817

a

g1x

]
Í
; Lycopodium
]
1

Lycopodiu

e

Essay, KA |

Genus not determined Herbario
Ditte ditio. a

ditto

ditto
ditto
ditto

tee

No. 857.
No. 858 .—