PLANTS

OF THE

COAST OF COROMANDEL;

SELECTED FROM

DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS

PRESENTED TO

THE HON. COURT OF DIRECTORS OF THE

EAST INDIA COMPANY,

BY

WILLIAM ROXBURGH, M.D.

EE

PUBLISHED, BY THEIR ORDER, UNDER THE DIRECTION

OF

SIR JOSEPH BANKS, BART.

VOLT.

LONDON:
Smeecocmemnersenmmnanecn

PRINTED BY W.BULMER AND CO.
Hbakspeare Printing-Office,
FOR GEORGE NICOL, BOOKSELLER TO HIS MAJESTY,
PALL-MALL.
1795.

PREFACE.

‘Due present Fasciculus of Plants growing on the Coast of Coromandel, being the first of a progressive
work, with which the Honourable Court of Directors of the East India Company has determined to
favour the public, it is hoped, will prove as acceptable to the lovers of Botany in general, as useful
at the Company’s establishments abroad.

It is intended that the selection should be made from five hundred drawings and descriptions, pre-
sented to the Honourable Court of Directors by Dr. William Roxburgh, one of the Company’s medical
servants, and their Botanist in the Carnatic; and, with a more immediate view to utility, while
preference will be given to subjects connected either with medicine, the arts, or manufactures, the
liberality of the Honourable Court of Directors encourages the admission of new plants, or of such
as have hitherto been imperfectly described, although their qualities and uses may as yet remain
unexplored.

After all that has been already done, India still presents a wide field for research ; and the progress
made, of late years, in other branches of knowledge, affords room to expect material improvement in
Natural History, if ardour for inquiry continues to prevail; if the means of making new acquisitions
are facilitated ; and if a spirit of scientific emulation among the Company’s servants abroad, meets with
such encouragement as must naturally tend to rescue many of those hours of leisure from indolent neglect,
which (considering the fertile advantages of situation } might be employed with no less pleasure to the
individual, than eventually to the public benefit. |

Till within these forty years, Botany seems to have been little attended to in the Carnatic ; about
which period, if not introduced, it was at least greatly promoted by a foreign naturalist. :

John Gerard Koenig, a native (it is believed) of Courland, and a pupil of Linnzus, contemporary
with the late Dr. Solander, had early distinguished himself, by his travels into Iceland, in the year 1765,"
and was honoured by having a plant named after him.

The precise time of his setting out for India is not known, but it was probably in 1768; as in a letter
to Linnzus, dated from Tranquebar, July 26, 1769, he refers to another letter written more than three
months before, which is not found among a number of his letters from India, now in the possession of
Dr. James Edward Smith.

It appears that he went to India under the protection of the king of Denmark, partly as physician
to the Danish settlement in the Carnatic, but chiefly for the purpose of making improvements in the
natural history of that country ; and he resided for several years at Tranquebar, or in its vicinity, inde-
fatigably employed in researches of various kinds.

Koenig was singularly qualified for the employment he had engaged in. More covetous of fame than
of fortune, he persevered in his pursuits with an enthusiasm that set bodily fatigue, spare meals, and
a scorching climate at defiance; while the simplicity of his manners, and his unassuming readiness to
impart knowledge to others, conciliated, almost at first sight, the benevolence of those with whom he
conversed. Thus qualified for an inquisitive traveller, he became known at the Dutch, French, and
British settlements on the Coast, which he occasionally visited in his excursions, and every where he

acquired friends.

* Mantissa Linn. Gen. Pl. p 15.

ii : PREFACE.

Koenig, finding his slender salary at Tranquebar insufficient for the expence of requisite excursions
into the country, however frugally conducted, was, by the interest of friends, introduced as a natu-
ralist to the Nabob of Arcot, in whose service he remained for several years; during which he made
excursions among the hills near Velore, Amboor, &c. and afterwards made a voyage to the island of
Ceylon.*

His frequent residence at Madras, while in the Nabob’s service, naturally led him into a more
familiar intercourse with the English, of whom several seized the opportunity of profiting by his in-
struction. Dr. James Anderson, the present physician general at Fort St. George, when he occasionally
speaks of mineralogy, always mentions him with gratitude.

Among the first of the English who attached themselves to Koenig, in the botanical line, was Mr.
George Campbell, a young medical gentleman on the Madras establishment. They made a short excur-
sion together into the Pullicate hills, in April, 1766; + and Mr. Campbell, on his return, candidly
acknowledged to a friend, that he had learned more of practical Botany in one fortnight, than in the
whole course of his former studies. By all accounts, Campbell was a youth of most promising talents.
With a decided intention of prosecuting Botany, he gave a large commission for books on that subject
from England; but they never reached him: for, being wounded, and taken prisoner, in the unfor-
tunate defeat of Colonel Baillie’s detachment, in September, 1780, he died a short time after, universally
lamented. |

Dr. Roxburgh, who entered into the service at Madras in the spring, 1766, had long applied to
Botany, under Dr. Hope, then professor of Botany at the university of Edinburgh; and bringing with
him to India the love of the study, he found in Koenig an experienced conductor through an unknown
wilderness. Their friendship continued to the last; and Dr. Roxburgh takes a pleasure in acknow-
ledging his obligations to his guide.

On a representation from Dr. Koenig to the Board of Madras, in 1778, that his finances were far
inadequate to the extensive schemes he had in contemplation, and that his salary from the Nabob was
irregularly paid, the Board, in consideration of his merit, was pleased to grant a monthly allowance,
in order to enable him the better to prosecute his researches.

With this aid, he proceeded in the month of August to the Straits of Malacca, and Siam; from
whence he returned towards the end of 1779. From his report to the Board of Madras, it appears,
‘¢ that he had the good fortune to meet with several new subjects in natural history, and to make some
‘¢ discoveries in Botany and Mineralogy, which he flattered himself might prove acceptable to the
“« public ; particularly in respect to the article of tin ore.”” He mentioned at the same time his having
had the honour of letters from the President of the Royal Society, and the Honourable Charles Greville,
requesting specimens of his collection, which it was his intention to transmit to them, as the best means
of rendering his discoveries useful in England. He intimated also his intention of sending to St. Helena,
by the ships then on departure, the seeds of such esculent and other plants, and of such trees or shrubs
as he had then got ready, and might probably be of use in that island.

Having now determined to devote his future time entirely’to the service of the India Company, the
- Board of Madras was pleased, in 1780, to make an addition to his salary, which met with the appro-

bation of the Honourable Court of Directors.

* His Ceylon journal is not among the papers bequeathed to Sir Joseph Banks ; but some account of it is given by
Hennings, in his description of Tanjore, and of the Danish colony at Tranquebar.
+ The original sketch of Mr. Campbell’s journal, is in the possession of Dr. Russell.

PREFACE. iil

He soon after, in that year, made a short excursion to Trinkamaly ; and early in the following year
he made a second excursion to Columbo. :

In the beginning of June, 1782, Dr. Patrick Russell, on his arrival in India, had the pleasure of
meeting with Dr. Koenig at Tranquebar, who not only communicated the catalogue of his Coromandel
collection of plants, but as an inducement to engage in Indian Botany, favoured him with a number
of specimens. From that time commenced a correspondence, which was continued till within a fort-
night of Dr. Koenig’s death.

In 1784, Koenig fulfilled the promise he had given of a visit to his old friend Mr. Claud Russell,
then chief at Vizagapatam. It was on his way to Bengal ; but as he made some stay at Vizagapatam,
Dr. Russell had time to submit to his examination a pretty large collection of plants made in that
district, and to profit by his assistance in arranging them.* He took the opportunity also of urging to
Dr. Koenig, (what he had more than once hinted before in correspondence, } the propriety of trans-
mitting to the Court of Directors, a select Fasciculus of drawings and descriptions, by way of specimen
of his labours; at the same time, earnestly recommending his making such a disposition, in respect to
his manuscript papers, as might, in case of death, insure their falling into the possession of some one
qualified to appreciate their merit, and not less able, than liberally disposed, to employ them in the
manner most conducive to the writer’s reputation. 7

In this last view, Sir Joseph Banks was considered, of all others the person most eligible. Koenig
had been in correspondence with Dr. Solander, from the year 1774; and had from time to time trans-
mitted specimens and seeds of plants for Sir Joseph.

Koenig departed from Vizagapatam, impressed with the justness of what had been suggested to him ;
but eager in the pursuit of new objects on the journey, and immersed in various avocations at Calcutta,
he delayed from day to day, what he was conscious it was wrong to procrastinate, and on his return
to Vizagapatam in April, 1785, he had executed no part of his former resolutions ; though the declining
state of his health at that time, rendered it more than ever expedient to prepare for an event, which ©
he himself appeared to consider as at no great distance.

After a rest of two or three weeks at Vizagapatam, in which time he remarkably recovered his
strength and spirits, he proceeded to Jagrenatporum, with a full resolution of immediately setting about
the proposed selection ; but towards the end of May, his distemper which was a flux, ) returning, he
gradually sunk under it, in spite of the skill and friendly attentions of Dr. Roxburgh, and on the 26th
of June expired.

On the 6th of that month he had made his will, bequeathing the whole of his manuscripts, and
specimens of plants, to Sir Joseph Banks; of which he acquainted Dr. Russell in a letter dated the 12th.
Some days before his death, he himself saw such papers as he was then in possession of, sealed up in
the presence of Dr. Roxburgh, by whom they were despatched to Sir Joseph Banks, and arrived safely ;
but those dispersed in different places, particularly at Tranquebar, (among which unfortunately was his
Ceylon Journal,) have hitherto not appeared, though Dr. Roxburgh and Dr. Russell did all in their

power in India to recover them.

‘Though these manuscripts contained many valuable descriptions and observations, there was nothing

* On Dr. Russell's leaving India, the cabinet containing the above collection, considerably augmented, was presented by
him to the Company, and deposited at the Presidency, with the approbation of the Governor in council.

os ee PREFACE.

found in a state fit for a distinct or separate publication; but they have afforded assistance to the pre-
sent work, in which his botanical remarks will occasionally be inserted.*

Koenig had maintained a correspondence with Linnzus, as well as with other eminent Botanists, in
Europe, and several of his communications from India have been published in the Transactions of the
Societies of Copenhagen and Berlin, or inserted in the works of Retzius, and other authors. A list of
such publications + was supplied by Mr. Dryander, whose aid has also been of material service in the
correction of descriptions, and in settling synonyma.

A few months after Koenig’s death, Dr. Russell was nominated his successor ; and allotted to Botany
whatever time he could spare from the investigation of Snakes and Fishes, in which he had been engaged
from the time of his arrival in India.

Considering it however as a public loss, if the design of Koenig should be entirely relinquished ; and
conceiving that many descriptions and remarks would be found among his papers, while drawings from
the living plants might be made in India, Dr. Russell resolved to attempt a work limited to the useful
plants of Coromandel ; which, though perhaps less generally interesting to the Botanists in Europe, he
was inclined to think might prove of real service to India.

His plan was first communicated to the Governor of Madras, but afterwards explained more fully in
a memorial addressed to the Medical Board; and meeting with the unanimous approbation of both, it
was transmitted to the Honourable Court of Directors.

In the interim, circular letters, with a list of the plants proposed for the first publication, was sent
by the Medical Board to the subordinate settlements, requesting it might be favoured with any infor-
mation respecting the subjects in question, which the medical gentlemen might have it in their power
to communicate ; and in consequence several useful communications were received.

In the memorial to the Medical Board, Dr. Russell had mentioned his hope that Sir Joseph Banks, if
his advice were requested, might probably point out the best mode of carrying the plan into execution,
_and having before, in correspondence, hinted to him the design, then only in contemplation, he thought
it now proper to transmit for his inspection, the explanatory detail contained in the memorial to the
_ Medical Board.

The solicitation of private friendship was not requisite to induce Sir Joseph Banks to interest himself
in a proposal which he considered as calculated for public utility: he not only, when applied to by the
Court of Directors, expressed his approbation, but suggested some alterations in the original plan.

Thus corrected, the plan was returned to India, accompanied with a paragraph in the general letter
to the Board of Madras, expressive of ‘* the readiness, at all times, of the Court of Directors to promote
‘¢ the improvement of Natural History, and of their approbation of Dr. Russell’s proposal for publishing
‘a select collection of useful Indian plants; but desired that the alteration suggested by Sir Joseph
‘¢ Banks, should be attended to.”’

Before the arrival of the above letter at Madras, Dr. Russell had left India. The directions it con-
tained, however, fell fortunately into hands well qualified for carrying them into execution.

Dr. Roxburgh of Samulcottah, who had lived much with Koenig, and, when disengaged from the
duties of his station, had pursued his favourite study, succeeded to the botanical department. He had

made large collections of plants in the Carnatic ; and, for several years previously to his appointment, »

“ List of Koenig's manuscripts, received by Sir Joseph Banks, will be found at the end of the Preface.
+ See the end of the Preface.

PREFACE. v
had retained a painter constantly employed in drawing plants, which he accurately described, and
added such remarks on their uses as he had learned from experience, or collected from the natives.

Of these drawings and descriptions, which he devoted to the Honourable Court of Directors, the
first parcel was received in 1791; others followed in succession; and the last parcel, which completed
the number of five hundred, arrived in 1794. It is from these that the present Selection has been made;
but many more drawings remain in India, ready to be sent home by the first opportunity.

Dr. Roxburgh’s industry has also for some years been employed in the cultivation of pepper and
indigo, in one of the Northern Circars; and, besides a letter on the qualities of the Swietenia Bark,
published by order of the Directors, he has communicated other discoveries, to be found in the Philo-
sophical Transactions, the Indian Repertory, and the Asiatic Researches. Such commendable zeal in
the service has not passed unnoticed by the Court of Directors, which has lately honoured him with a
handsome present of botanical books, as well as with other marks of approbation.

On the 4th of July, 1794, after the last parcel of drawings was delivered to him, Sir Joseph Banks,
in compliance with his former promise to the Court of Directors, presented a plan, and an estimate
of the expence of the proposed publication, accompanied with specimens of the engravings. He was
pleased to add, ‘* For my part, I am most ready to undertake the general overlooking of the work, to
‘* set the engravers their tasks, and to see that they are executed with accuracy: Dr. Russell ( Dr. Rox-
‘‘ burgh’s predecessor) will I am sure readily assist in correcting the press of the descriptions.’’ He at
the same time recommended as the publisher, Mr. Nicol, his Majesty’s bookseller, who had formerly
assisted him in the publication of Captain Cook’s Voyage.

An answer from the Court of Directors to this letter was returned on the 11th of the same month, in
which they gave their assent to the execution of the work, exactly in the way that Sir Joseph had pointed
out; and, in very polite terms, expressed a sense of obligation for the assistance, with such liberality
offered, of superintending the publication.

The writer of this Preface willingly undertook the part allotted him, in the absence of his friend
Dr. Roxburgh, on whom the task should naturally have devolved; but the Doctor is still labouring in
India; and, having lately been appointed Inspector of the Botanical Garden at Calcutta, may possibly

be induced to protract his stay in that country longer than he some time ago intended.

The foregoing narrative of the origin and progress of the present work, it is presumed, will not be
deemed impertinent. It pays a small tribute to the memory of Koenig, to whom Indian Botany stands
so highly indebted: it shows the disposition of the Honourable Court of Directors to promote science in
India; and produces an example for the encouragement of the Company’s servants abroad, to dedicate
their leisure hours to useful research, as a means of recommendation to the notice of their superiors, as

well as of obtaining a well earned reputation in their native country.

PAT. RUSSELL.

London, March 20,1795.

vi PREFACE.

List of Dr. Kornte’s Manuscripts, received by

Sir Josern Banks.

Journal of his Voyage to Siam, commencing August 8,
1778, and ending abruptly December 12, 1779. The part
from February 22, to the end of April, is wanting.

Journal of his Voyage from Madras to Trinkamaly, com-
mencing April 15, 1780, and ending May 11, when he still
was in Trinkamaly.

Journal of his Voyage from Nagore to Ceylon, commen-
cing January 7,1781, and ending April 11, when he was still
in Ceylon. From a memorandum in another place, it ap-
pears that he returned to Tranquebar August 23.

The rest of his manuscripts consists chiefly of descriptions
of plants: very little in them relates to animals, and still less
to minerals. They are collected together in nineteen vo-
lumes.*

* Several letters to Linnzus, on the subject of Iceland, as also respecting the East
Indies, are in the possession of the President of the Linnzean Society.

A List of various Publications by Dr. Koentc.

A Treatise on the White Ants, is found in the fourth vo-
lume of the Berlin Transactions.

An Account of the Ebony Tree; in the first volume of
the Transactions of the Society of Lund.

Several letters, relating to the Natural History of the East
Indies ; in different volumes of the Transactions of the Royal
Society of Copenhagen, and of the Society of Berlin: as also
in the Naturforscher.

A great number of plants discovered by Koenig, are found
in Retzii Observationes Botanic. In the third Fasciculus,
are printed Koenig’s Descriptiones Monandrarum; and in
the sixth, his Descriptiones Epidendrorum.

An Account of his voyage to Ceylon, in 1777, is found
in Hennings’s Description of Tanjore, andthe Danish colony
at Tranquebar.

In part XX. of the Naturforscher is an Account of a new
Genus of Plants, called Xylocarpus.

In the ninth volume of the Commentationes of the Society
of Gottingen is a Memoir, by Professor Murray, on the Trees
which produce the Gummi Gutta, entirely drawn up from
Koenig’s papers, sent to Professor Murray by Sir Joseph
Banks.

In the first volume of the Transactions of the Linnzan
Society, Mr. Dryander has published Koenig’s Description
of a new Species of Begonia; and in the second volume, his
Description of Jambolifera.

1. GYROCARPUS JACQUINI.
Garin. sem. 2. p. 92. tab. 97.

Gyrocarpus americanus. Jacqu. amer. 282. t.178.f. 80.
Afrag. Voyage de Le Brun en Perse, vol. 2. p.257. cum fig.
Tanucoo of the Telingas.

Cattamaran Wood Tree.

GENERIC CHARACTER.
Hermapnropite. Calyx above, four-leaved, unequal. Corol none.
Nectary four clubbed glands. Pistil one. Style

none. Capsule one-celled, one-seeded, ending in two long

Stamens four.

membranaceous wings.
Mate. Calyx five-leaved, equal. Nectary and Stamens as in the
Hermaphrodite, without pistil.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk in general erect: Bark smooth, greenish ash colour.

Branches thin, irregularly spreading in every direction.

Leaves approximated about the extremities of the branchlets, pe-
tioled, broad hearted, three-nerved, frequently slightly lobed,
above smooth, below downy ; there are two pits on the upper
side of the base ; length and breadth various, but in general
five or six inches each way.

Petvole round, downy, three inches long.

Panicles terminal, umbell-like: divisions two-forked.

Flowers very small, yellow.

Hermaphrodite Flowers solitary, sessile, in the divisions of the
panicle.

Calyx above, four-leaved: leaflets unequal ; exterior pair small, oval,
falling ; interior pair large, wedge-shaped, three-toothed, per-
manent, and increasing in size with the pericarp into two
long membranaceous wings.

Corol none.

Nectary four clubbed, yellow, glands.

Filaments four, longer than the calyx, inserted alternately with the
nectarial glands into a perforated receptacle.

Anthers quadrangular, opening on each side with an oval lid.

Germ below, egged.

Style none.

Stigma small, immersed in the Savi aos of the ggg of the
filaments and nectarial glands.

Capsule globular, wrinkled, one-celled, one-valved, does not open,
size of a cherry, ends in two long, obtuse, lanced, membrana-
ceous wings.

Seed one.

OBSERVATIONS.

This grows to be a very large tree, is chiefly a native of the moun-
tainous parts of the coast, casts its leaves about the end of the wet
season ; flowers during the cold season when the tree is naked; the
leaves come out soon after.

The wood of this tree is white and very light, is employed to
make cattamarans (rafts), when to be had, in preference to any other.

2. SIRIUM MYRTIFOLIUM.
Linn. Mant. 200.

Sandal. Wood Tree:

Leaves opposite, short-petioled, spreading, lanced, entire, waved,
smooth, shining, about two inches long, and three-quarters of
an inch broad.

Stipules none.

Raceme thyrse-like, terminal, cena Bioathaly small, erect.

Flowers small, red.

Calyx above, belled, four-cleft:
loured.

Corol none, except the nectary be such.

Nectary four-leaved, inverse-hearted, notched, inserted into the

divisions egged, expanding, co-

mouth of the calyx.

Filaments four, short, hairy, inserted into the calyx alternately with
the leaflets of the nectary.

Stigma four-lobed.

Berry globular, size of a large pea, smooth, juicy, black when ripe,
one-seeded.

This valuable tree is a native of many parts of India: here, in
the Circar mountains, where it is wild, it is but of a small size,
and the wood of littké value. On the Malabar coast it is much
larger, and the wood reckoned of the best sort.

The wood of this tree is the white and yellow Sanders, Santa-
lum album et flavum of the Materia Medica ; both the sorts are the
produce of the same tree, and not, as Garcias says, of different trees.
Most trees in India, when large and old,- become coloured towards
the centre, that part is always much more hard and durable than the
exterior uncoloured part. It is the same with the Sandal tree: the
centre, when the tree becomes large, acquires a yellow colour, great

- fragrance, and hardness; while the exterior part of the same tree,

that covers the coloured part, is less firm, white, and without fra-
grance. It is only the yellow sort that is of use; and the larger
the tree the more valuable is the wood, it having then acquired a
greater degree of fragrance, for which alone it is held in such uni-
versal estimation.

Birds eat greedily the berries, by which means it is propagated

extensively.

3.. OLDENLANDIA UMBELLATA.
Linn. Spec. Plant. 174.

Tsheri-vello of the Telingas.
Saya-ver, or Imburel of the Tamuls.

Chay Root, or East India Madder of the English.

Root very long, from one to two feet, slender, with few lateral
fibres, when fresh the bark is orange coloured ; in the culti-
vated sort it is longest, and with fewer fibres.

OLDENLANDIA UMBELLATA.

Gory

Stem inthe cultivated sort erect, round, jointed below, very ramous,
somewhat scabrous, from six to twelve inches high.

Branches axillary, the under opposite, decussated, spreading hori-
zontal, and nearly as long as the stem; above alternate, or in
pairs from the axill.

In the wild sort there is scarce any stem, but many diffuse
scraggy branches, with their flower-bearing extremities erect.

Leaves opposite, tern or quatern, sessile, linear, pointed, scabrous,
spreading, from + to + inch long, by + broad ; in the axills of
the principal leaves are generally fascicles of smaller leaves.

Stipules connecting, ciliated.

Flowers terminal, small, white, very numerous, the whole forming
a large umbell, composed of small three-cleft umbellets.

Bracts minute, awled.

The parts of fructification agree exactly with those of the genus.

This is a small biennial, rarely triennial plant, it grows in very
light dry sandy ground near the sea. Flowers during the latter part
of the wet season ; seed ripe in January.

It is much cultivated on the coast of Coromandel, and grows best
in the purest and lightest sand, there its roots descend to a great

depth.

is sown, to manure it, or some other manure employed, generally

Cattle are penned upon the ground for some time before it

the lightest ; it is then cleared of weeds, and its surface made level,
if not so before. The seeds are mixed with much sand, and sown as
soon as the rains begin in June, or July (that is in the Circars); the
sand is mixed with the seed to enable the sower to sow it suffi-
ciently thin; it requires to be often watered if showers are not fre-
quent, till the plants are about two or three inches high. The first
watering is peculiar; some fresh cow-dung is mixed with the water,
the chief object of which is to give the sand at the surface some de-
gree of adhesion, which prevents the strong winds that prevail at
this season from blowing away the seeds; after, it requires little or
no care, few weeds grow in such a soil as fits this culture, of course
a very little labour keeps it clean: if the season is remarkably wet,
the quality of the roots are much injured, and the drier the season
the richer they are in colour and quality. In February, which
is seven or eight months from the time the seeds were sown, the
roots are reckoned to be in a proper state for taking up; to effect
which a trench is made along the side of the field, fully as deep,
or rather deeper than the length of the longest roots, which may
be reckoned two feet; a two-pronged fork is then employed to
undermine the ground, and as it falls in, the roots are taken up,
the stems and branches cut off; the entire roots dried in the sun,
tied up in small bundles of a few ounces, and kept in dry airy
places, which is all the preparations it receives from the cultivators :
it will remain good three, four, or even five years, and the dyers
and chints painters, who are the people best acquainted with this
root, say its colouring powers improve by keeping for that length
of time; a fortunate circumstance for its exportation to Europe.
When the wild sort can be had in any quantity, it is esteemed
one-third, or one-fourth stronger, and, which is of more conse-
quence, yields a better colour: and when these roots can be had of
two years growth, they are reckoned still better, but the farmer
does not find it answers his purpose to let it be longer in the ground
than one season.

The woody part of the root is white and tasteless, it is the bark
only that is possessed of the colouring principle; when fresh it 1s
orange-coloured, tinges the spittle yellow, and leaves a light degree
of acrimony on the point of the tongue for some hours after chew-
ing; to appearance it loses its yellow colour in drying, but still

retains the abovementioned properties on being chewed. It im-

OLDENLANDIA UMBELLATA. 4

pregnates cold water or spirits of a straw colour; to boiling water
The watery infusions and spi-
rituous tinctures are changed into a bright and deep red by alka-

it gives a brownish porter colour.

line substances; and are rendered paler, or nearly destroyed, by
acids. I have tried various experiments to enable me to dye red
with this root (I may say two or three hundred), in a more expedi-
tious and less troublesome way than what the natives follow, but
all with no satisfactory success ; it is therefore unnecessary for me
to detail these experiments in this place (however, I doubt not but
a person well acquainted with the art of dying might effect it) ; all
that is necessary for me to say at present, is to give the process for
dying, painting, or printing red with this root, as practised by the
natives in the cae

A receipt for dying red with these roots, as acted in the Ma-
sulipatam district, suppose one square yard of pretty fine cotton
cloth, which has been previously bleached.

First. Take of the coarsely powdered root one or one and a
half ounce, boil it gently for a few minutes in three pints of soft
water ; in this dip the cloth repeatedly for a few minutes, wring
and wash it out in cold water, and dry it in strong sunshine upon
sand or gravel.

This first operation is to take out any remains of rhe quick-lime,
&c. employed by the bleachers in whitening the cloth.

Second day. Take half an ounce of the outer covering of cadu-
cay nuts (nuts of Terminalia citrina), in powder, mix it in a pint
of cold water,* let it stand a little, then strain it through a bit of
thin rag, with this mix a third part of fresh buffalo’s milk (I believe
cow’s milk is as good); in this wash or rub the cloth thoroughly,
wring it gently, and dry it in the sun.

Third day. The cloth is washed out in cold water; yesterday's
operation repeated ; + when finished, the cloth feels very harsh ; to
soften it, it is folded up and very well beetled.

Fourth day. A quarter of an ounce of alum and as much turme-
rick in powder are infused ina pint of cold water for a few hours ;
the bectled cloth is now spread out on grass, and exceedingly well
rubbed with the above mixture; when dry (if to be coloured on
both sides) it is turned, and equally well rubbed with the same
mixture on the other side; then dried and put by. t

Fifth day. This day the cloth is only well washed in cold wa-
ter, and dried in the sun.

Sixth day. The fourth day’s operation of rubbing both sides, kc.
is repeated.

Seventh day. Wash it well in cold water, and while moist, wet
it in a cold infusion of a little powdered caducay; dry it in the sun
or shade.

The Malabars omit this part of the operation.

Eighth day. ‘Take six pints of water and a pound of chay root,
put them on the fire, and when scalding hot put the unwashed
cloth into it, to be kept in a scalding heat, stirring and turning the
cloth frequently for three or four hours; the waste of water may be
supplied by now and then adding to it; the cloth is suffered to
remain in the liquor till cold, then wring it out half dry, and again
return it into the same decoction, which is now made to boil gently

* Over the southern parts of the coast the powdered caducay is exceedingly well boiled
in water, and the strained decoction mixed with only a fourth part of milk.

+ To the southward this operation is performed in the same manner, but with only one-
eighth of milk to the water and caducay. Beetling the same.

t~ South among the Malabars, this operation differs much from the above ; it is done as
follows. Take of sapan wood (Cesalpinia sappan) in shavings one ounce, water a pint
and a half, mix and let them stand for two days, then boil them till a third is gone; to
this decoction while hot add three-quarters of an ounce of powdered alum, with this the
cloth is rubbed on both sides, &c. as is done above with turmerick, &c. on the fourth, fifth
and sixth day.

OLDENLANDIA UMBELLATA.

(

for five or six hours, stirring, kc. as above; the fire is then to be
withdrawn, and the whole left to cool till next day. The cloth is
now of a dirty deep brick- dust colour.

The Malabars perform only the first part of this day’s work.

Ninth day. The cloth is washed in cold water, well wetted in
acold infusion of caducay and water, dried and put by, as on the
seventh day.

Tenth day. Wash the cloth in cold water, and boil it gently
for two hours in a decoction of a quarter of a pound of chay root
in six pints of water, suffer it to cool in the decoction as before ;
then wring it out, dry it, and put it by.

This part of the operation, as well as that of the ninth day, the
Malabars omit.

Eleventh day. The cloth is to be erekked about for a short time
in as much water, well mixed with fresh cow-dung, as Ye cover
it, then wrung out, and dried in the sun.

Twelfth day. The cloth is washed, spread out to the sun, and
sprinkled with water as it dries, for a day.

Thirteenth day. The operation is finished by washing with
soap, which improves the colour; and the oftener it is washed, the
brighter the colour becomes.

I have in the above pointed out whenevet the Telinga opera-
tors differ from the Malabar.

the best artists; however, of this I cannot well determine, as dura-

I believe the Telingas are esteemed

bility, as well as the immediate appearance of the colour, must be
taken into consideration.

It may be proper to observe, that in dying with these roots the
heat is always gentle, it is probable that these contain some other
principle, which a strong heat might extract, and debase the in-
tended colour.

They are also used by the natives to dye brown, purple, and
orange, with their various shades.

Cotton cloth, previously prepared with a solution of alum, re-
ceives from a decoction of this root and tartar, a pretty good yellow
colour; but it is changed to a pale red on being washed with soap:
this points out strongly the powers of an alkali on the colouring
matter of this root.

To dye purple with chay roots, as practised by the natives in
the Masulipatam district.

First. The cloth (suppose four yards) is to be washed in a hot
decoction of the root, dried, and next day wetted in an infusion
of caducay in milk and water, as practised in dying red. On
the

Third day, take two quarts of clear sour conjee (rice gruel)
and one pint of cassim, * mix them very early in the morning, and
first beating off the dew, if there is any, spread out the cloth on the
grass, and rub both sides of it with the above mixture, as directed
above with the turmerick infusion in dying red; this part of the
operation is only done once on each side here.

Fourth day. The cloth is well washed in cold water, and boiled
gently for one hour in a decoction of chay roots (say three pounds
in eight gallons of water), let it remain in the decoction till cold,
then wring it, and dry it. |

Fifth day. It is boiled as yesterday in a fresh decoction of the
roots, which is only half so strong (viz. one pound and a half to
eight gallons of water); it is immediately removed from the dye,

* Cassim is the Telinga name of a solution of iron in a vegetable acid, and is prepared
as follows. Take Palmira toddy (juice of Borassus flabelliformis) one gallon, into which
put some broken pieces of the vitrified matter of a blacksmith’s forge, and some bits of old
rusty iron, let the whole stand exposed to the sun for ten days; then pour off the liquor
clear for use.

OLDENLANDIA UMBELLATA. 6

after being suffered to cool, into a mixture of fresh cow-dung and
water, where it remains for the night.

Sixth day. It is exposed to the sun, and watered as it dries, Kc.
as for finishing the red dye.

To dye a deep but clear brown with chay root, as practised by
the same people; say four yards of cotton cloth.

The cloth is first to be dyed red, as above described, till we
come to the bucking in cow-dung, which is to be omitted; and in
its stead, the cloth is to be well wetted in the mixture of caducay
in milk and water, and dried in the sun.

Second day. Very early, the cloth is spread out, and both sides
rubbed with the cassim, kc. as has been already mentioned for
purple, but with this difference, that here each side must t be done
twice over. 7

Third day. When it is well washed in cold water, and boiled
gently for one hour in a decoction of the chay root, let it remain
in the liquor till cold, then wring it, and half dry it; when it must
be returned into the same decoction, and boiled for another hour,
the operation is finished by bucking in cow-dung, &c. as for red
and purple.

To dye orange with the same root, as practised by the same
people; say four yards of cotton cloth.

First. Wash ina scalding decoction of the root, as for red. ;

Second day. ‘Take aldecay (galls of Terminalia citrina) and the
outer cover of caducay nuts, of each four ounces in powder, and in-
fuse them in three or four pints of warm water, strain the mixture
through a bit of thin rag, in which dip the cloth repeatedly till well
wetted, wring and beat it a little, then dry it; and repeat the wet- :
ting in the above mixture, beating and drying. Next day, dissolve
two ounces of alum in a quart of water, with this wash the cloth,
and put it out to dry. Next day it is to be wetted in a weak lixi-

vium of alkaline earth (earth of cretaceous soda) and quick-lime,

wrung out and dried. Next day, wash it out in cold water, and boil
it once only, and for one hour, in a decoction of chay; let it remain
in the liquor till cold; dry it, and put it by till next day, then
finish the operation by washing with soap.

To paint the red figures on chints with these roots, as practised
by the chints painters in the Masulipatam district.

It is necessary to observe, that for every sort of chints, whether
painted or printed, the cloth must first be bleached, then well
washed out in a scalding decoction of chay root, and wetted in a
cold mixture of milk, water, and powdered caducay, as practised
to prepare the cloth for the red dye before mentioned ; (this last part
of the process is by the Malabars done with a strong decoction of
the aldecay, as for the red dye.) This mixture they say prevents
the colours that are to be applied from running, as pounce does ink
on bad paper; and it is also found that milk is absolutely a neces-
sary part of the mixture, for an infusion or decoction of the nuts
will not answer without the milk.
occupies two days generally.

Third day. The cloth is now well beetled, and the figures-traced,
or marked out by applying pieces of paper over the prepared cloth,
that has all the outlines pricked with a pin, a small bag of finely pow-
dered charcoal is rubbed backwards and forwards over the paper,
a sufficient quantity of the powder will pass the holes in the paper
to mark distinctly the outlines of the figures; when this part of the
work is finished, these lines marked out by the charcoal that are to
be red, yellow, or orange, with their various shades, are to be
done over with a cold watery infusion of sappan wood (Cesalpinia

The abovementioned work

7 OLDENLANDIA UMBELLATA.

sappan) and alum, which has been prepared a day or two (the Mala-
bar painters boil the sappan wood, as mentioned before for dying) ;
and those that are to be purple, blue, or green, with their shades,
are done with the martial solution, called by the Gentoos Cassim,
which has been already taken notice of.

The chints painter's pencil is the most simple that can be con-
ceived; a small bit of bamboo or other stick, tapering to a point
like a skewer, and split at the point for about one inch, with a
bit of rag or a little hair tied round it about an inch from the
point, in form of a ball; this receives and retains the colour em-
ployed, and the point of the pencil is kept moist by gently squeez-
ing the moistened ball, which is easily done by the hand that holds
the pencil: with wonderful dexterity a good painter will run over
a piece of cloth in this manner.

Fourth day. The operation of delineating the outlines of the
figures being over, the cloth washed in cold water and half dried, a
decoction of chay root is prepared, about ten or twelve ounces in
powder to each gallon of water, sufficient to cover the cloth per-
fectly, so as to let it be easily moved about in the liquor during the
boiling, which must be gentle, and for about an hour and an half;
the cloth must remain in the liquor till perfectly cold, it is then
washed out in cold water, and dried. ,

Fifth day. The next work is to repeat the first part of the ope-
ration, viz. to wet well the half finished cloth in a mixture of pow-

dered caducay nuts in milk and water, and dry it in the sun or shade.
Sixth day. The parts that are to be of the best and brightest
red are now shaded with an infusion of turmerick and alum in cold
water, (such as was employed on the fourth day in dying red) those
that are to be red-purple (the literal translation of the Telinga
words yerra-bannas, which is a deep brownish purple) have the
light shades covered with wax, which is done with the common
painting pencil above described and melted wax: when finished,
these parts are to be done over with the following mixture; cassim
one part, sour conjee (pullagalli of the Telingas) and infusion of
sappan wood, each four parts; the wax prevents this colour from
tinging the parts it adheres to: the work is dried in the shade, and
put by for that day.

Seventh day. It is washed in cold water, when half dry boiled
in a decoction of the roots, as on the fourth day, and when cold well
wrung out, and immediately wetted in the mixture of milk, water,
and caducay, as on the second day, only the proportion of milk is

diminished, dried, and put by till next day.

Highth day. The parts that are to be of the best red, as mentioned
on the sixth day, have the parts that are to be shaded light, covered
with wax, and over the whole of these the turmerick infusion with
alum is to be applied the second time. :

Ninth day. Wetted in cold water for a few minutes, and dried
in the sun.

Tenth day. The parts done with turmerick, &c. as on the eighth
day, must be again done over with the same colour, which is the
third time. The parts that are to be purple have their light shades
done with melted wax, and covered with a mixture of one part of
cassim and two of sour clear rice gruel.

Eleventh day. Wash it in cold water, and boil it in a decoction
of chay for one hour or so, half dry it in the shade ; then return it
into the decoction, boil it again for some time, half dry, &c. repeat-
ing the boiling, or rather scalding, and half drying, for they must
be gentle, for the whole of this day; at night it is put into a mixture
of fresh cow-dung and water, and there remains till the morning.

Twelfth day. It is washed out, exposed on grass to the sun, and
watered as it dries; this requires two or three days to make the un-
painted parts of the cloth perfectly white again, for the chay will

OLDENLANDIA UMBELLATA. 8

not stand bleaching, except where it has been fixed with alum; on
such places it stands every sort of washing and bleaching, provided
the process has been properly performed: those parts in the above
description are the flowers, kc. that were done with the infusion
of sappan wood and alum, or with that of turmerick and alum, or
both; neither the sappan nor turmerick infusion alone are of them-
selves essential for fixing the colour of this root, they serve to lighten
them, but the durability depends chiefly, if not entirely, on the
alum with which they were mixed. .

Fifteenth day. The twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth having
been employed to whiten and clean the cloth, it is now starched
with a decoction of rice, dried in the sun and beetled, when it is
ready to receive the wax, which is melted, and with the pencil or a
small brush laid over every part of the cloth that is not to be blue
or green; when that is performed, it is put into the cold blue vat
(which must be in a proper state for dying) for a few minutes, then
exposed to the air, dipped and exposed to the air alternately till it
has received a sufficient quantity of the dye, wrung half dry and
washed out in cold water; it is then put into scalding water to take
off the wax (which is not injured by the operation, but serves to
wax other pieces with); the cloth, or rather nearly finished chints,
must now be washed with soap and cold water, and left in a weak
solution of soap the whole night.

Sixteenth day. In the morning wash it out with more soap and
cold water; expose it to the sun on the grass, and sprinkle it with
water as it dries, at night wash it in cold water and put it by.

Seventeenth day. Wash it out with soap and water, and expose
it to the sun, sprinkling it with water as it dries for two or three
hours only ; wash it in cold water, and dry it in the sun; the whole
is now to be wetted in a mixture of milk and water, dried in the
sun, and put by till next day.

Eighteenth day. Take a small quantity of aldecay in powder,
boil it well in a little water, with this, when cold, the parts that are

_ to be green (they having been already dyed blue) are painted over

and dried in the shade; after which they are to be done over (fixed)
with a strong solution of alum, and dried in the shade. A strong
lixivium of washerman’s earth (earth of cretaceous soda) is now
prepared, the chints is well wetted in it, wrung out, and put by for
the night. oy

Nineteenth day. Wash it out with cold water, and then with
soap and water; then expose it to the sun, and sprinkle it with
water as it dries for a few hours; after which it is to be washed
again in cold water, and dried in the sun. There now remains only
that part of the process which prepares it for the market, viz. starch-
ing, beetling, and chanking; this last is similar to calendering,
which is performed with a smooth shell rubbed backwards and for-
wards over the painted side of the chints, till it has acquired a very
high gloss or polish.

The Telinga physicians do not give any part of the plant a place
in their Materia Medica; but the Malabar physicians say that the
roots cure poisonous bites, the cold, and the itch, and warm the con-
stitution.

4. STRYCHNOS NUX VOMICA.
Linn. Spec. Plant. 271.

Musadie of the Telingas.

Trunk short and crooked, but pretty thick.

Branches irregular: both are covered with smooth ash-coloured
bark.

9 STRYGHNOS NUX VOMIGA.

Leaves opposite, short petioled, round-oval, shining, smooth on both

sides, entire, three-five-nerved, differing in size, from one and
"a half to four inches long, and from one to three broad.

Stipules none.

Flowers small, greenish white, collected on small terminal umbells.

Calyx lasting.

Corol as in the genus.

Filaments scarce any, or exceeding short, inserted into the divisions

of the corol.

Anthers half within the tube, and half out.

Style length of the tube of the corol.

Berry round, smooth, size of a pretty large apple, covered with a
smooth somewhat hard shell, of a rich beautiful orange colour
when ripe, filled with a soft jelly-like pulp.

Seeds from two to five, immersed in the pulp of the berry.

A middling sized tree, is common in almost every part of the
coast. Flowers during the cold season. The wood of this tree is
hard and durable, and is used for many purposes by the natives.
It is exceeding bitter, particularly that of the root, which is used to
cure intermitting fevers, and the bites of venomous snakes, when
that of Naga-musadie cannot be had. The seeds are employed in
the distillation of country spirits, to render them more intoxicating.
The pulp of the fruit seems perfectly innocent, as it is eat greedily
by many sorts of birds.

There is a tree, but exceeding rare on this coast, which the Te-
lingas call Naga Musadie (Naga, or Tansoo Paum in the Telinga
language means the Cobra de Capella or Coluber Naja of Linnzus,
tansoo means dancing, and paum snake, this sort being famous for
erecting its head, and moving it from side to side at the sound of
music) z. ¢. Cobra de Capella Musadie. I have only once met with
it, and then it was pointed out to me by a Telinga physician. The
tree had been cut down and carried away some time before, most
of the roots were also dug up and carried away; from the only
remaining one that I could find, some shoots had sprung up. The
leaves upon these were opposite, short petioled, obtuse, lanced,
three-nerved, about two or two and a half inches long, by three-
quarters broad; the petioles were very short, and connected at their
insertions by a membrane, as in the natural order of Rubiacee. I
took up this root with the greatest care, cut off the upper part from
whence the shoots grew, and planted it in my garden; but it soon
perished. From the above circumstances I am inclined to think
there is a species different from the Nux vomica tree, which yields
the real Lignum Colubrinum. The wood of the root of this sort is
esteemed by the Telinga physicians an infallible remedy for the
bite of the naga, as well as for that of every other venomous snake:
it is applied externally, and at the same time given internally ; it is
also given in substance for the cure of intermitting fevers.

In the plate, the dissected flower is magnified; the fruit of its
natural size.

5. STRYCHNOS POTATORUM.
Linn. Suppl. 148.

Induga of the Telingas.
Tettan-Kottah of the Tamuls.
Clearing-nut of the English.

The description of this tree in the Supplementum Plantarum is
so perfect, as to leave me little to add; the only observations I have
to make are, that the leaves cannot be said to be five-nerved.

STRYCHNOS POTATORUM. 10

Stipules entire, connecting.

Panicles from the extremities of the last year’s shoots, round the base
of this year’s, bearing a few small, erect, fragrant, greenish-
yellow flowers. Filaments rather longer than in Nux vomica.

Berry shining, black when ripe.

This species grows to be a larger tree than the Nux vomica tree,
it is much scarcer, being only found among mountains, and woods
of great extent. It flowers during the hot season. The wood, like
that of the former, is hard and durable, and used for various econo-
mical purposes. The pulp of the fruit when ripe is eat by the
natives; to me the taste is rather disagreeable.

The ripe seeds are dried and sold in every market, to clear muddy
water. The natives never drink clear well-water if they can get
pond or river water, which is always more or less impure according
to circumstances. One of the seeds, or nuts, as they are generally
called, is rubbed very hard for a minute or two round the inside of —
the vessel containing the water, which is generally an unglazed
earthen one, and the water left to settle: in a very short time the
impurities fall to the bottom, leaving the water clear, and, so far as
I have been able to learn, perfectly wholesome. These nuts are
constantly carried about by the more provident part of our officers
and soldiers, in time of war, to enable them to purify their water ;
they are easier to be had than alum, and are probably less hurtful
to the constitution.

In the plate, the dissected flower is magnified; the fruit of its
natural size.

6. ‘TECTONA GRANDIS.
Linn, Suppl. 151.

Theka. Rheed. mal. 4. p.57. tab. 27.
Tatus. Rumph. amb. 3. p. 34. tab. 18.
Teke of the Telingas.

Trunk erect, growing to animmense size. Bark ash-coloured.

Branches cross-armed, numerous, spreading: young shoots four-
sided, sides channelled.

Leaves opposite, petioled, spreading, egged, a little scolloped, above
scabrous, below covered with white soft down ; they are larger
at a distance from the flowers, and on young trees from twelve
to twenty-four inches long, and from eight to sixteen broad.

Petiole short, thick, laterally compressed.

Panicle terminal, very large, cross-armed, small: divisions dicho-
tomous, with a sessile fertile flower in each cleft; the whole
covered with a hoary-coloured farinaceous substance.

Peduncle common, quadrangular, sides deeply channelled, angles
obtuse.

Bracts opposite, lanced, two at each subdivision.

Flowers small, white, very numerous, fragrant.

Calyx and Corol as described in the Supplementum Plantarum,
only oftener six than five-cleft.

Nectary very small, often wanting.

Stamens oftener six than five.

Stigma two-cleft: divisions obtuse, spreading.

Drupe within the enlarged inflated dry calyx, obtusely four-sided,
woolly, spongy, dry.

Nut exceeding hard, four-celled.

This most useful tree is a native of various parts of India, viz. of
the mountainous part of the Malabar and Coromandel coasts, of the

1] TECTONA GRANDIS.

mountains bordering on the banks of the Godavery above Rajah-
mundry, Pegu, &c. &c. Lord Cornwallis and Colonel Kyd have
begun some time ago to introduce it into Bengal, where it thrives
well. On this coast it flowers in the hot season. Seed ripe in
August and September.

The wood of this tree, the only useful part of it, from long expe-
rience has been found to be by far the most useful timber in Asia;
it is light, easily worked, and at the same time both strong and
durable: that which grows near the banks of the Godavery is
beautifully veined, considerably closer in the grain and heavier than
any other I have seen; it is therefore particularly fit for furniture,
gun carriages, &c. where small timber is wanted. For ship building
the teke is reckoned superior to any other sort of wood, being light,
strong, and very durable, either in or out of the water. Pegu pro-
duces the largest quantity, the large rivers there enable the natives to
bring it down to the sea ports from the interior mountainous parts
of the country, where it grows, ata cheap rate, which enables them
to sell it lower than in any other part of India.

7. CEROPEGIA BULBOSA.

Manchy Mandi of the Telingas.

Root bulbous, solid, a little flattened, with several fibres from it base,
size of a small turnip.

Stem twining, herbaceous, smooth, succulent, from two to four feet
long.

Leaves opposite, short petioled, obverse-egged, with a small point ;
entire, fleshy; size various.

Unbellets lateral, length of the leaves, peduncled, few-flowered, di-
rection various. |

Flowers pretty large, erect: tube greenish, border purple.

Calyx below, five-toothed, toothlets acute, permanent.

Corol one-petaled; tube swelled at the base, contracted about the
middle, enlarging from thence to the mouth: border five-part-
ed: segments linear, downy, purple, erect ; tops united, gaping
at the sides.

Nectary composed of five compound bodies, which surround and
hide the pistil; from each rises a curved filament, which is
about half the length of the tube.

Anthers, if they can be so called, for they are only yellow scales ;
five pair resting on the black pointed angles of the stigma,
(corpus truncatum.)

Germs two, united.

Styles seemingly two, united, short, thick.

Stigma (corpus truncatum) large, targeted, five-cornered, before the
flowers open these corners adhere firmly to five incurved yel-
low glandulous parts of the nectary, and between them the
anthers; it requires some force to separate them to have a
view of the anthers; afterwards, when the flower is full
blown, they separate of themselves; the anthers are then seen
poised, as it were, on the five black pointed angles of the
stigma.

Follicles two, slender, each about three or four inches long.

Grows amongst bushes, in dry barren uncultivated ground and
hedges. Flowers during the hot season.

Every part of this plant is eat by the natives, either raw, or
stewed in their curries. The fresh roots taste like a raw turnip, the

leaves and the stem like purslane.

Lb ae

8. CEROPEGIA ACUMINATA.

Commoo-manda of the Telingas.

Root perennial, a flattened solid bulb with few fibres from its base.

Stem annual, twining, smooth, jointed.

Leaves opposite, erect, short-petioled, linear, tapering from the base
to an acute point, succulent, entire; from two to four inches
long, and a quarter or half an inch broad at’ the base, which
is the broadest.

Umbellets lateral, spreading, peduncled, shorter than the leaves.

Flowers, kc. exactly as in C. bulbosa.

Is a native of the same places with the former ; flowering time
the same. Every part of it is esculent, as in the foregoing.

9. QGEROPEGIA TUBEROSA.

Batsala-mandu of the Telingas.

Root, many small tuberous knobs, with thick fleshy fibres ; per-
ennial.

Stem twining, herbaceous, annual, round, smooth, jointed, much
less succulent than either of the former, from four to twelve
feet long.

Leaves opposite, petioled, below hearted, about the middle egged,
above oblong; all are a little pointed, waved, entire, srhooth,
margins coloured, two to three inches long, and one or two
broad.

Petiole channelled.

Umbellets lateral, erect, peduncled, longer than the leaves.

Calyx as in the former.

Gorol: tube as in C. bulbosa; here the segments of the border either
adhere for full half their length, or do not meet; filaments of
the nectary clubbed.

This, like the two former, grows in dry uncultivated land
amongst bushes: flowers during the same season, and, like the
former, every part is esculent; the roots are eat raw, and are more
palatable than those of C. bulbosa, though not near so large.

10. CEROPEGIA JUNCEA.

Bella-gada of the Telingas.

Root tuberous, with many ramous fibres.

Stem twining, round, smooth, jointed, succulent.

Leaves very remote, and very small, opposite, sessile, lanced, en-
tire, fleshy.

Umbellets lateral, peduncled, or axillary, erect, few-flowered.

Flowers erect, very large, beautifully variegated with yellow, green,
and purple.

Peduncle and Pedicels clubbed.

Calyx as in the former. ;

Corol: mouth of the tube and border much larger in proportion to
the other parts than the last, but in other respects the same.

Nectary nearly the same.

Pistil, &c. the same.

13 CEROPEGIA JUNCEA.

This, like the former, has perennial roots, and an annual stem,
is a native of similar places; flowers at the same time; and, like the
former, every part of this plant is esculent; eat raw it abates thirst.

11. PERIPLOCA ESCULENTA.
Linn. Suppl. 168.

Oudy-palla of the Telingas.

Root filiform, fibrous.

Stems and Branches numerous, twining, = smooth, running
over bushes of considerable size.

Leaves opposite, spreading, short-petioled, linear, tapering to a fine
point, rounded at the base, entire, smooth, from four to six
inches long, and about three-eighths of an inch broad.

Raceme lateral, long, few-flowered.

Flowers large, beautiful white, with a small tinge of the rose, and
striated with purple veins, inodorous.

Nectary and Stamens as in Asclepias and Pergulariac

Follicles oblong, inflated.

It is a twining perennial, grows in hedges and among bushes on
the banks of water courses, pools, &c. casts its leaves during the
dry season; is in flower and foliage during the rainy. On this
coast I do not find that the natives ever eat it, nor apply it to any
purpose whatever. Cattle eat it.

deserving of a place in the flower garden.

Its elegant flowers render it well

12. SEMECARPUS ANACARDIUM.
Linn, Suppl. 182.

Nella- jiedy of the Telingas.
Marking-nut of the English.

Anacardium orientale of the Materia Medica.

Trunk very large, straight, high, covered with grey scabrous bark,
the bark of the younger parts smooth, light ash-colour ; its
inner substance contains in crevices a quantity of a white, soft,
almost insipid gum.

Branches numerous, spreading.

Leaves about the extremities of the branchlets, alternate, petioled,
wedge-form, rounded at the apex, entire, firm, above pretty
smooth, below whitish and scabrous, from nine to eighteen
inches long, and from four to eight broad.

Petiole one and a half or two inches long, half-round.

Panicle terminal, very large, composed of many simple spikes, that
of the male tree much slenderer, but as large or larger.

Bracts many, small, falling.

Flowers numerous, small, of a dirty greenish yellow colour.

Hermaphrodite flowers as in the Supplementum Plantarum.

Pericarpnone. Receptacle erect, fleshy, pear-shaped, smooth, when
ripe yellow, about the size of the nut.

Seed: a single nut, resting upon the receptacle, hearted, flattened
on both sides, smooth, shining, black; the cover or the shell
of the seed is composed of two laminz, the inner hard, the
outer less so, and leathery ; between them are cells which con-
tain the black corrosive resinous juice, which has long made

SEMECARPUS ANACARDIUM. 14

them famous ; this juice is of a pale milk colour, ull perfectly
ripe, when it becomes black. :

Male flowers on a separate tree, they are smaller than the herma-
phrodite.

Calyx and Corol, as in the hermaphrodite.

Filaments five, the length of the petals.

Anthers much larger than in the hermaphrodite.

Pistil none; but in its place a semiglobular hairy glandulous body.

A large tree, bearing male flowers on one, and hermaphrodite on
another. It isa native of all the mountainous parts of India. Flower-
ing time July and August. Seed ripe in January and February.

The wood of this tree is reckoned of no use, not only on account
of its softness, but also on account 6f its containing much acrid juice,
which renders it dangerous to cut down and work upon. The fleshy
receptacles on which the seed rests, are roasted in the ashes, and
eat by the natives; their taste is exceedingly like that of roasted
apples; before they are roasted, they taste adstringent and acrid,
leaving a painful sensation on the tongue for some time. The ker-
nels are rarely eaten.

The green fruit well pounded into a pulp makes good bird-lime.
The pure black acrid juice of the shell is employed by the natives
externally to remove rheumatic pains, aches, and sprains ; a little is
well rubbed over the part affected; but in tender constitutions it
often produces inflammation and swelling, doing much more harm
than good. Ithink where it has not these disagreeable effects, which
is generally the case, it is an efficacious remedy.

It is employed by the Telinga physicians in the cure of almost
every sort of venereal complaint; it is prepared as follows: take
of this black juice and of the expressed juice of garlic, each one
ounce, expressed juice of fresh tamarind-tree leaves, coco-nut oil,
and sugar, of each two ounces, mix and boil them for a few minutes;
a table spoonful is given to the patient twice a day. I know nothing
of the efficacy of this composition myself. :

It is universally employed to mark all sorts of cotton cloth; the
colour is improved and prevented from running, by a little mixture
of quick-lime and water. This juice is not soluble in water, and only
diffusible in spirits of wine, for it soon falls to the bottom, unless the
menstruum be previously alkalized. The solution is then pretty
complete, and of a deep black colour. It sinks in, but soon unites
perfectly with expressed oils; alkaline lixivium acts upon it with
no better success than plain water.

In the plate the dissected flower is magnified; the fruit afi its na-
tural size.

13. CURCULIGO ORCHIOIDES.
Garin. sem. 1. p.63. tab. 16.

Nalla-tady of the Telingas.

Root tuberous, with many fleshy vermicular fibres.

Leaves numerous, all radical, petioled, sword-form, nerved, slender;
when young there are a very few soft white hairs on them,
from six to eighteen inches long, and half or three- qUAnGRs of
an inch broad.

Petiole channelled, below sheath-form, embracing those within.

Raceme solitary, axillary, two-ranked, its apex just appearing above
the earth.

Peduncle compressed, clubbed, about an inch long.

Bracts below remote, above nearer, spath-like, pointed, decreasing

15 CURCULIGO ORCHIOIDES.

in length towards the top, so that their apices are nearly hori-
zontal (corymbe-like) one-flowered.

Flowers pretty large, yellow; the one or two lowermost are herma-
phrodite, above all male.

Hermaphrodite flowers below.

Peduncle (of the flower) so long as to elevate the flower above the
earth about one inch, hairy, three-sided.

Calyx none.

Petals six, oblong, spreading, withering.

Filaments six, very short.

Anthers linear, erect.

Germ sessile, lanced.

Style very short.

Stigma large, tapering, apex three-cleft.

Capsule, when a germ, shews three cells, with the rudiments of
six or eight seeds in each; but when the seeds are ripe, the
number is only from one to four, and they seem as if in a
transparent fleshy one-celled capsule, and separated by a
spongy fleshy substance.

Seeds from one to four, shining, black, beaked.

Male Flowers: Peduncle, Corol, and Stamen as above ; the Germ, Style,

and Stigma are wanting.*

A native of shady uncultivated places about Samulcotah, though
by no means common. In my garden it flowers all the year round.

14. MIMUSOPS ELENGI.
Linn. Spec. Plant. 497.

Pagadoo of the Telingas.
Magadoo of the Tamuls.
Kunki of the native Portuguese.

Trunk erect, in general from eight to twelve feet to the branches.
Bark pretty smooth.

Branches exceedingly numerous, spreading, with the extremities as-
cending, so as to form a most elegant globular, thick head.

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, approximated, declined or depend-
ing, waved, very firm, both sides a deep shining green, three
to four inches long, and one or one and a half broad.

* Description by Doctor Koenig.

Radix biennis, fusiformis, rugosa, rugis annularibus, cortice fusco tecta, superne squamis _

scariosis vestita, carnosa, sesquipedalis, crassitie digiti minoris.

Folia radicalia, fasciculatim conferta, erecta et recurvata, quaedam terre incumbentia, linea-
ria, acuta, striata, canaliculata, basi plerumque quinquenervia, punctis minimis
densis, pilisque rarioribus longis albis adspersa, pedalia.

Scapus vix supra terram prominulus, angulosus, striatus, albus, squamis scariosis foliisque
obvolutus, brevissimus. Flores parum supra terram prominuli, fasciculatim conferti,
pedunculati. Pedunculi erecti, compressiusculi, subalati, basi tenuiores, pilis rario-
ribus longis albis adspersi, tubo floris breviores, nivei.

Spatha monophylla, lineari-oblonga, acuta, membranacea, striata, pilis rarioribus adspersa,
longitudine tubi corollz, germen involvens.

Corolla monopetala, infundibuliformis. Tubus filiformis, pilosus, inanis, niveus. Limbus
sexpartitus: laciniz patentes, concave, ovato-oblonge, acuta, apice barbate, extus
pallidz, intus flave, pilis brevioribus adspersee, subcarnosz.

Filamenta sex, corollz adnata, patentia, filiformia, vix longitudine styli. Anthera \ineari-
hastate, longitudine filamentorum.

Germen inferum, lineari-oblongum, triquetro-compressum. Stylus cum tubo corollz unitus,
extra tubum corolla adnatus, pyramidalis, basi contractus, sexangularis, angulis mar-
ginatis, ciliatis, parum tortuosis, corolla brevior. Stigma obtusiusculum.

Capsula subterranea, lineari-oblonga, utrinque acuta, triquetra, leviter striata, bilocularis,
vix pollicaris, crassitie penne anserine, alba. Semina 6 ad 8, raro plura, subnidu-

lantia, ovata, compressiuscula, rostrata, rostro obtusiusculo, prominulo.

MIMUSOPS ELENGI. 16

Stipules small, lanced, concave, rusty, falling.

Peduncles axillary, from one to eight, short, clubbed, bowing, undi-
vided, one-flowered.

Flowers middle-sized, depending, white, very fragrant.

Perianth below, eight-leaved in a double row: leaflets lanced, four
exterior leathery and larger, permanent.

Tube of the Corol very short, fleshy ; border (it may be divided into
a double series of segments and a single nectary, or a single
series of segments and a double nectary, the first method I shall
follow) composed of a double series of segments: the exterior
consists of sixteen, spreading; the interior of eight, generally
contorted, converging; all are lanced, and a little torn at their
extremities.

Nectary eight-leaved, conical, ragged, hairy near the base, inserted
alternately with the filaments into the mouth of the tube, con-
verging.

Filaments eight, short, hairy.

Anthers linear, sharp-pointed, below two-parted, converging.

Germ egged, hairy; in it are always the rudiments of eight seeds.

Style awled.

Stigma generally a little ragged.

Berry oval, size and shape of an olive, generally one-seeded.

Seed oval, compressed, smooth, shining, chesnut-coloured.

I have only once found this in its wild state, it was on the moun-
tains in the Rajahmundry Circar, where it grows to be a middle sized
tree. On account of its fragrant flowers it is universally planted in
the gardens of the natives, as well as in those of all the European
nations in India. It flowers chiefly during the hot season.

The flowers are sacred to the Hindoo gods.

15. MIMUSOPS HEXANDRA.

Palla of the Telingas.

Trunk erect; frequently when old it has large rotten excavations.
Bark ash-coloured.

Branches numerous, spreading, extremities nearly erect, forming a
large shady head. .

Leaves alternate, petioled, broad, wedge-form, or inverse-hearted,
deeply end-nicked, very hard, both sides a deep shining green,

three to five inches long, and one and a half or two broad.

Petiole round, one or one and a half inch long.

Peduncles axillary, from one to six, erect, or spreading, nearly as
long as the petiole, clubbed, undivided, one-flowered.

Flowers considerably smaller than the former.

Calyx below, six-leaved, three interior, and three exterior: the
exterior are leathery.

Corol one-petaled: tube very short; border like the former, con-
sists of two rows of segments, the exterior twelve, the interior
six; all spreading.

Nectary situate between the filaments, as in the former, but spread-
ing, shorter, and more deeply indented.

Filaments six, spreading.

Anthers oval.

Pistil as in the former.

Berry as in the former.

This is a large tree, a native of the mountainous, uncultivated
parts of the Circars; is never cultivated, nor seen near culti-

£7 MIMUSOPS HEXANDRA.

vated places. Flowers during the hot and beginning of the wet

season.
The wood is remarkably hard and heavy, for these reasons 1t is

much used by the washermen to beetle their cloth on.

16. CASALPINIA SAPPAN.
Linn. Spec. Plant. 545.

Buckan-chitto of the Telingas.
Sappan Wood Tree of the English.

Trunk irregular, the largest twelve feet or more in circumference.

Bark very thin, ash-coloured, that of the branches thickly set with
round scabrous tuberosities, each crowned with a small sharp
somewhat curved prickle; these drop as the wood becomes
large. The young shoots have the prickles, but want their
tuberous receptacles.

Branches few, spreading, irregularly armed as above mentioned.

Leaves alternate, abruptly twice feathered, oblong, from twelve to
twenty inches long: feathers ten totwelve pair. Leaflets oppo-
site, from eight to fourteen pair, somewhat rhomboidal, end-
nicked, smooth, three-quarters of an inch long by three-eighths
broad.

Petiole common, round, smooth, generally armed with three prickles

at the insertion of the feather, the pair below, and the single

one above.

Stipules obliquely lanced, falling.

Panicle terminal, large, composed of many simple racemes.

Peduncle and Pedicels round and smooth.

Bracts lanced, concave, one-flowered, falling.

Flowers very numerous, pretty large, yellow, without smell.

Calyx as in the genus.

Corol: the four lateral petals equal, the upper (there is none below)
small and streaked with red.

Stamen ascending towards the upper coloured petal.

Stigma tubular.

Legume rhomboidal, three inches long, one and three-quarters broad,
much compressed.

Seeds three or four, very rarely five, oval, alittle compressed, smooth,
hard, light brown.

This very valuable tree I lately discovered to be a native of that
chain of mountains which separates the Circars from the Berar
Rajah’s dominions, where it grows to be a very large tree. Flowers
during the wet season. Seed ripe in January and February.

This tree is by no means common on this coast, and it is only ©

among the abovementioned mountains that I have found it wild.
It is also a native of the south-west frontier of the Bengal province,

and probably of many other parts. The markets over India are

supplied with wood from Siam, and the Malay countries to the east-_

ward. I have some thousands of young trees about the Company’s
pepper plantations, which thrive well, and in the course of a few
years will be fully as large as what is generally met with at market,
although, like others of this nature, the colour of the wood improves
by age, and ought therefore to be left till the colour has attained to

its utmost degree of perfection. The uses of this wood in dying are

numerous throughout Asia; it is an ingredient in the red dye of
this coast, commonly called the Chay dye; as may be seen above
under the description of Oldenlandia umbellata.

Where a cheap red is required for cotton cloth, this wood is em-

CASALPINIA SAPPAN. 18

ployed by our Telinga dyers, but they cannot make it stand; their

general process is as follows; suppose for four yards of bleached

cotton cloth. It must be well washed, to take out any remains of the
quick-lime, &c. used in bleaching; an infusion of half a pound of
powdered caducay in a pint and an half of cold water strained, is
employed to prepare the cloth, which is done by wetting it twice
in the same infusion, drying it between and after. Next day it is
twice wetted in a strong solution of alum, and as often dried in the
sun. Next day a decoction of the sappan wood is prepared as fol-
lows: take one pound of sappan wood in powder, water twelve
quarts, boil it till a third is consumed; divide the remaining eight
quarts of the decoction into three parts, one of four, and the other
two of two quarts each; into the four quarts put the cloth, wet it
well, wring it gently and half dry it; it is again wetted in one of
the small portions, and when half dry, wetted for the third and last
time in the other remaining portion of the decoction; dry it in the
shade, which finishes the process.

This wood seems possessed of nearly the same quality as Brazi-
letto, its infusion and decoction are heightened by alkalies, and
destroyed by mineral acids; a solution of tin in aqua regia precipi-
tates from the infusion a beautiful crimson coloured lake; the wood
itself is orange coloured, without smell or taste ; it gives to spirits a
saffron colour.

This tree seems as if it would be a very proper prop for pepper
vines to runon. Iam now making the trial; should it answer,
the cultivation of pepper over these parts of the coast may be ren-
dered exceedingly profitable; for when the vines have done bear-
ing, the sappan wood will have acquired more age, and of course
more colour than is generally met with, and will consequently sell
for a higher price, probably as much as will defray the expence of
the whole culture, and the rent of the land during the time it has
been occupied by the pepper vines. ?

The numerous thorns, with which this tree is covered, render it
very proper for high extensive fences, which will afterwards become
profitable. It is of a pretty quick growth; in two years from the
time the seeds are sown, if in a pretty good soil, they will have —
attained to the height of eight or ten feet, and begin to flower and
bear seed; about the same time the centre part of the stem begins to

acquire colour, which yearly improves in quality, as well as in-
creases in quantity.

17. SWIETENIA FEBRIFUGA.
Roxburgh’s monography, printed by order of the East India Company.

Swietenia Soymida. Duncan tent. maug. de Swietenia Soymida.
Edinb. 1794.

Soymida of the Telingas.

Trunk very straight, rising to a great height, of a great thickness,
and covered with a grey, scabrous, cracked bark.

Branches numerous, the lower spreading, the higher ascending,
forming a very large shady head.

Leaves alternate, about the extremities of the branchlets,
feathered, about twelve inches long.

abruptly

Leaflets opposite, very
short, petiolated, three or four pair, oval, obtuse or end-nicked,
the lower side generally extending a little further down on the
petiolet than the upper, smooth, shining, from three to five
inches long, and from two to thrée broad, the inferior smallest.

Petiole round, smooth, about nine or ten inches long.

Stipules none. 3

19 SWIETENIA FEBRIFUGA.

Panicle very large, terminal, diffuse, bearing great numbers of
middle-sized, white, inodorous flowers.
Peduncle and Pedicels round and smooth.
Bracts very minute.
Calyx below, five-leaved: Leaflets oval, deciduous.
Petals five, inverse-egged, obtuse, concave, expanding.
Nectary not quite half the length of the petals, a little bellied:
mouth ten-toothed, teeth bifid.
Filaments ten, very short, inserted just within the mouth of the
nectary.
- Anthers oval.
Germ conical.
Style thick, tapering.
Stigma large, targeted, shutting up the mouth of the nectary.
Capsule egged, large, five-celled, five-valved:
from the top.

valvelets gaping

Receptacle in the centre, large, spongy, five-angled: angles sharp,
and connected with the sutures of the capsule, between them
deeply sulcated.

Seeds many in each cell, imbricated, obliquely wedge-shaped, en-
larged by along membranaceous wing, inserted at the upper
point of the wing into a long brown speck, on the upper part
of the excavations of the receptacle: all the rest of the recep-
tacle is white.

This is.a very large tree, a native of the mountainous parts of the
Rajahmundry Circar, north of Samulcotah and Peddapore. It
flowers about the end of the cold, or beginning of the hot season.
Seeds ripen in three or four months after.

The wood of this tree is of a dull red colour, remarkably hard
and heavy; itis reckoned by the nativesby far the most durable wood
they know, on that account it is used for all the wood work in their
temples, it is also very serviceable for various other purposes.

The bark is internally of a light red colour; a decoction dyes
brown of various shades, according as the cloth has been prepared,
ke. Its taste is a bitter and adstringent conjoined, and very strong,
particularly the bitter, at the same time not any way nauseous or
otherwise disagreeable, for the bitter, although strong, is rather
more palatable than most others I have tasted.

In the plate the dissected flower is magnified; the fruit of its
natural size.

18. GAERTNERA RACEMOSA.

Gertnera. Schreb. gen. 735.

Molina racemosa. Cavanill. monad. p. 435. t. 263.

Hiptage Madablota. Gaertn. sem. 2. p. 169. t. 116.

Madablota. Banisteria tetraptera. Sonnerat voyage aux Indes, 2
p. 238. tab.135.

Banisteria unicapsularis. Lamarck encycl. 1. p. 367.

Banisteria benghalensis. Linn. spec. plant. 611.

“Vedal-chittoo of the Telingas.

Trunk and Branches climbing. Bark covered with light coloured
scabrous dots.

Leaves opposite, short-petioled, oblong, waved, pointed, entire,
smooth, shining; small glands round the under edge of the
margin, and two larger at its termination in the petiole, about
four to six inches long and two broad.

-Raceme terminal, though sometimes from the exterior axills, co-
rymbe-like while flowering.

G/AERTNERA RACEMOSA. 20

Pedicels jointed at the middle, and three-bracted.

Bracts, a small acute one under the insertion of each pedicel, and
another smaller at the joint

Flowers large, nearly white, very beautifully ii and waved,
very fragrant.

Calyx below, five-leaved, or to the base five- meee Leaflets oblong,
permanent; there is only one gland on the whole calyx, it is’
large, oblong, smooth, elevated, chesnut-coloured, placed
partly on the two upper leaflets, and partly on the pedicel,
permanent.

Petals five, unequal, irregular, claws short, they are totally reflected
back towards the raceme: the lower two are oval; the next
two lateral above orbicular; the superior petal broader, lies
back over the rest, is beautifully tinged with yellow in the
middle; all are most beautifully fringed round the margin.

Filaments ten, of which the lower one is twice the length and thick-
ness of the rest; all are ascending.

Anthers egged, equal.

Germs three, united as it were into one three-lobed body.

Style single, ascending, about as long as the large stamen.

Stigma simple, incurved.

Capsules, from one to three, globular, size of a large pea, one-celled,
one-valved, not opening, each is enlarged with three unequal
spreading, membranaceous, wedge-shaped, obtuse wings, be-
sides a small erect one in the centre.

Seed single, globular, affixed to the bottom of the capsule.

It is a large climbing woody shrub, a native of the Circar moun-
tains. Flowering time the wet and cold season. It is cultivated in
our gardens all over the coast, on account of the beauty and fra-
grance of its lowers.

19. BASSIA LATIFOLIA.

Mahwah Tree. Transact. of the Society of Bengal, vol. 1. p. 300.
Ipie of the Telingas.

Illipay of the Tamuls.
Oil Tree of the English.

- Trunk straight, but short, covered with smooth ash-coloured Bark.

Branches very numerous; the lower spreading horizontally.

Leaves alternate, petioled, crowded about the extremities of the
branches, oblong, rigid, smooth above, below somewhat whit-
ish, from four to eight inches long, and from two to four
broad.

Petiole round, about an inch long.

Stipules none.

Flowers numerous, crowded from the extremities of the generally
naked branchlets, peduncled, at all times bowing (bent, with
the mouth of the flower directly to the ground).

Peduncles about an inch long, round, thickened, covered with rust-
coloured down.

Calyx as in the genus.

Corol: tube as in the genus; border from seven to fourteen- parted.

Stamen, Pistil, and Drupe as in the genus.

Seeds from one to four, generally one or two, oblong, pointed at the
lower end.

Is of a middling size, a native of the mountainous parts of the
coast; casts its leaves during the cold season, they appear again

21 BASSIA LATIFOLIA.

with the flowers in March and April. Seed ripe in July and
August.

This is a very useful tree ; the wood is hard, very strong, and
proper for naves of wheel-carriages, kc.

The flowers are eat raw by the natives of the mountainous parts
of the Circars; the jackals also eat them. They have a sweet spiri-
tuous taste, and a spirit, which 1s strong and intoxicating, is distilled
from them by the hill people. The seeds yield a large quantity of
oil by expression, but it is thick, and of a quality inferior to castor
oil, and used only by the poorer people to burn.

On the apices of the flowers, before they open, there is frequently
a drop of a whitish, soft, tasteless resin to be found.

20. DILLENIA PENTAGYNA.

Rawadam of the Telingas.

Trunk erect, very large.

Branches numerous, ascending.

Leaves alternate, petioled, about the extremities of the branchlets,
oblong, pointed, sharp-sawed, having large elevated parallel
veins, smooth, shining, except when very young, then downy,
from twelve to twenty inches long, and from four to six broad.

Petiole about two inches long, deep channelled, embracing the
branchlets, leaving a permanent mark when it falls off.

Peduncles collected in bundles from tuberosities over the naked
woody two or three years old branchlets, erect, round, smooth,
two inches long, undivided, one-flowered.

Bracts no other than the rust-coloured downy scales that surround
the insertion of the peduncles.

Flowers middle-sized, yellow.

Calyx as in the genus.

Petals oblong, or lanced.

Filaments many, of which the interior ten are twice the length of
the rest.

Anthers sword-shaped: those of the short or exterior filaments are
erect; of the long filaments twice the size of the others, and
spread out over them in form of a star.

Germs five.

Styles five, short.

Stigmas lanced, spreading.

Pericarp pendulous, size of a small nutmeg; the firm, fleshy leaflets
of the calyx (here not increased in size) surround and entirely
inclose five small soft capsules, which contain a soft transpa-
rent gluten.

Seeds reniform, few come to maturity, generally one, rarely two, in
each capsule.

This tree is a native of the valleys far up among the mountains ;
it flowers in March and April.

In the plate the dissected flower and germ are magnified; the
fruit of its natural size, when ripe; the seed magnified.

21. BUTEA FRONDOSA.

Erythrina monosperma. Lamarck encycl. 2. p. 391.
Plaso. Rheed. mal. 6. p. 29. tab. 16, 17.
Maduga of the Telingas.

BUTEA FRONDOSA. Ze

Trunk irregular, generally alittle crooked, covered with ash-coloured,
spongy, thick, slightly scabrous Bark, the middle strata of
which contain a red juice, hereafter to be mentioned.

Branches very irregularly bent in various directions; young shoots
downy.

Leaves alternate, spreading, three’d, from eight to sixteen inches
long. Leaflets emarginated, or rounded at the apex, leathery,
above shining and pretty smooth, below slightly hoary, en-
tire; the lateral are obliquely oval, from five to seven inches
long, and from three to four and a half broad; the terminal
inverse-hearted, or in other words, transversely oval, and con-
siderably larger than the lateral.

Common Petiole round, when young downy, length of the leaflets.
Stipules of the petiole small, recurved, downy; of the leaflets
awled.

Racemes terminal, axillary, and from tuberosities over the naked
woody branchlets, rigid, covered with a soft, greenish-purple-
coloured down.

Flowers papilionaceous, pendulous, numerous, pediceled, large,
their ground colour a beautiful deep red, shaded with orange
and silver-coloured down, which gives them a most elegant
appearance.

Pedicels round, about an inch long, articulated near the apex, and
covered with the same greenish velvet-like down.

Bracts, one below the insertion of each pedicel, lanced, falling ;
two similar but smaller, pressing on the calyx, falling also.

Calyx belled, leathery, two-lipped: upper lip large, scarce emargi-
nated; under lip three-toothed, covered with the same dark
green down that the raceme and pedicels are covered with,
withering.

Corol. Banner reflected, egged, pointed, very little longer than the
wings. Wings ascending, lanced, length of the keel. Keel be-
low, two-parted, ascending, large, mooned, length of the wings
and banner.

Filaments one and nine, ascending in a regular semicircle, about as
long as the corol.

Anthers equal, linear, erect.

Germ short, thick, pediceled, lanced, downy.

Style ascending, a little larger than the filaments.

Stigma small, glandulous.

Legume pediceled, large, pendulous, all but the apex, where the
seed is lodged leafy, downy, about six inches long, by two
broad, never opens of itself.

Seed one, lodged at the point of the legume, oval, much compressed,
smooth, brown, from one and a quarter to one and a half inch
long, and about one broad.

This is a middle sized, or rather a large tree, not common on the
low lands of this coast, but very common among the mountains ;
casts its leaves during the cold season; they come out again with the
flowers about the months of March and April; seed ripe in June
and July.

From natural fissures, and wounds made in the bark of this tree,
during the hot season, there issues a most beautiful red juice, which
soon hardens into a ruby-coloured, brittle, astringent gum; but it
soon loses its beautiful colour if exposed to the air. To preserve the
colour, the gum must be gathered as soon as it becomes hard, and
closely corked up in a bottle.

This gum held in the flame of a candle swells, and burns away
slowly, without smell or the least flame, into a coal, and then into
fine light white ashes; held in the mouth it soon dissolves, it tastes
strongly but simply astringent; heat does not soften it, but rather

20 BUTEA FRONDOSA.

renders it more brittle. Pure water dissolves it perfectly, and the so-
lution is of a deep, clear, red colour. It is in a great measure soluble
in spirits, but the solution is paler and_a little turbid; the watery
solution also becomes turbid when spirit is added, and the spirituous
more clear by the addition of water ; diluted vitriolic acid renders
both solutions turbid; mild caustic vegetable alkali changes the
colour of the watery solution to a clear, deep, fiery, blood red;* the
spirituous it also deepens, but in a less degree ; sal martis changes
the watery solution into a good durable ink.

These are, I think, proofs that it contains a very small proportion
of resin; in which it differs from the gum resin called Kino, or
gummi rubrum astringens Gambiense, which the Edinburgh col-
lege has taken into their Materia Medica (I have used the recent gum
in making my experiments, which may make some difference), but
as this can be most perfectly dissolved ina watery menstruum, it may
prove of use where a spirituous solution of Kino (being the most
complete) cannot be properly administered, consequently it may
prove a valuable acquisition.

Infusions of the flowers, either fresh or dried, dye cotton cloth,
previously impregnated with a solution of alum, or alum and tartar,
a most beautiful bright yellow, more or less deep according to the
strength of the infusion: alittle alkali added to the infusion changes
it to a deep redish orange, which dyes unprepared cotton cloth of
the same colour, but the least acid changes it to a yellow, or lemon.
These beautiful colours I have not been able to render perfectly per-
manent.

Among numberless experiments, I expressed a quantity of the
juice of the fresh flowers, which being diluted with alum water, and
rendered perfectly clear by depuration, was then evaporated by
the heat of the sun, into a soft extract ; this proved a brighter water
colour than any gamboge I have met with; it is one year since I
first used it, and it remains bright. Infusions of the dried flowers
yielded an extract very little, if any thing, inferior to this last men-
tioned; they yield also a very fine, durable, yellow lake, and all
these in a very large proportion.

The Lac insects are frequently found on the small branches and
the petioles of the leaves of this tree. Whether the natural juices of
its bark contribute to improve the colour of their red nidus (colouring
matter) I cannot say; to determine it, would require a set of experi-
ments accurately made on specimens of lac gathered from the various
trees it is found upon, at the same time, and as nearly as possible
from the same place. .

I do not find that the natives make any use of the gum or flowers,

although they promise to be valuable; the former as a medicine, and

the latter as a pigment and dying drug.

22. BUTEA SUPERBA.
Tiga Madea of the Telingas.

Root spindle-form, very large.

Stem twining, as thick or thicker than a man’s leg, woody, very
long, running over large trees. Bark ash-coloured, pretty
smooth.

Branches like the stem but small, and with a smoother bark.

Leaves alternate, three’d, remote, very large. Leaflets downy, in

* With an alkalized decoction of this gum, I tried to dye cotton cloth prepared with

alum, with sugar of lead, and with a solution of tin in aqua regia, but the reds produced

thereby were bad; that where alum was employed was the best.

BUTEA SUPERBA. 24

other respects as in Butea frondosa, but greatly larger, the ter-
minal one is generally about twenty inches long, and broad in
proportion; the lateral somewhat less. ,

Racemes as in the former, but much larger.

Flowers also the same, only much larger and more numerous.

Calyx divided as the other, but the divisions longer and much more
pointed.

Corol the same.

Legume and Seed as in the former, but rather larger.

This is a very large twining shrub, a native of the mountains.
Flowering time the beginning of the hot season.

When this species is in full flower, I do not think the vegetable
world offers a more gaudy show. The flowers are incomparably
beautiful, very large, and very numerous; the colours are so exceed-
ingly vivid, that my best painter has not been able with his utmost
skill to imitate their brightness.

From fissures in the bark, the same sort of ruby-coloured astrin-
gent gum exsudes, the flowers also yield the same beautiful yellow
dye and pigment.

23. AILANTHUS EXCELSA.

Pedda-maunchitto of the Telingas.

Trunk perfectly straight, rising like that of the fir-tree to a very
ereat height. ~ Bark smooth, ash-coloured.

Branches pretty numerous, ascending.

Leaves about the extremities of the branchlets, abruptly pinnated,
generally about three feet long. Leaflets short-petiolated, from
ten to fourteen pair, obliquely oblong, or somewhat sickle-
form, the nerve runs so as to make the exterior portion twice
as broad as the interior, very remotely and grossly serrated, or
indented, smooth, about four inches long and two broad.

Petiole round, smooth.

Panicle terminal, very large.

Bracts minute.

Flowers exceedingly numerous, small, slightly tinged with yellow,
hermaphrodite and male mixed.

HERMAPHRODITE FLOWERS.

Calyx as in the genus.

Petals five, many times larger than the calyx.

Nectary or Receptacle is a perforated, glandulous, notched body,
which surrounds, and in a great measure hides, the germs.

Filaments ten, shorter than the petals, inserted into the lower edge of
the nectary.

Germs above, from one to four, very minute, immersed im the per-
foration of the nectary.

Style none.

Stigma small.

Capsules from one to four, but generally one or two, not connected
at the base, linear-oblong, surrounded with a large membrana-
ceous wing, a little twisted at the apex and base.

Seed one, flattened.

MALE FLOWERS.

Calyx, Corol, Nectary, and Stamens as in the hermaphrodite, but no

rudiment of a pistil.

This is an immense large tree, is found in many parts of the
Circars, but is chiefly a native of the open valleys among the

25 AILANTHUS EXCELSA.

mountains ; flowers during the cold season; seed ripe in April

and May.

The wood of this tree is white and light, of course it soon
perishes ; is chiefly used to make cattamarans (rafts for fishermen to

go a fishing on).
In the plate the dissected flowers are magnified; the fruit of its

natural size.

94, STERCULIA URENS.

Cavallie »} the Telingas.

Trunk erect, very straight ; top large and shady. Bark ash-coloured,

very smooth ; its outer coat is thin, transparent, covered with

a farinaceous substance, and peels off like the pellicle of the:

birch-bark ;
Leaves about the extremities of the branches, alternate, petioled,
five-lobed, five-nerved: lobes acute, very downy, from nine to

inwardly it is fibrous and netted.

twelve inches each way.

Petiole nearly as long as the leaf, round, downy.

Panicles terminal, pretty large; every part covered with a gluti-
nous, farinaceous, yellow down.

Bracts lanced.

Flowers small, numerous, yellow, male and hermaphrodite mixed ;
there is but a small proportion of the latter.

HERMAPHRODITE FLOWERS.

Calyx below, belled, five-toothed, leathery, divisions acute ; on the
inside of each division near the base there is an inverse-hearted
hairy gland.

Corol none.

Filaments ten, short, alternately longer, united below into a thin
sheath, which girds the base of the germs.

Anthers large, two-lobed, alternately larger.

Germs five, placed on a thick short pedicel.

Style single, short, thick.

Stigma five-lobed.

Capsules five, leguminous, united in form of a star, one-celled, one-
valved, opening lengthways, on the outside covered with
yellow down, and many stiff burning hairs.

Seeds from three to five, oblong, chesnut-coloured, inserted alter-
nately into the margins of the capsules.

MALE FLOWERS.

Calyx, Stamen, and columnar Receptacle as in the hermaphrodite.
Pistil: the rudiments of the germs only, without any appearance of
a style.

This is a very large tree, chiefly a native of the mountainous
countries on the coast; casts its leaves about the end of the wet sea-
son; flowers during the cold; the leaves come out with the fruit
about the beginning of the hot season.

The wood of this tree is soft and spongy; towards the centre of
~ large trees it is reddish. I do not know of any use it is put to, ex-
cept to make Hindoo guitars.

I observed that the water in which I kept green branches for exa-
mination, became thick, like a clear, glutinous jelly. .

Bark exceedingly astringent, tinges the saliva reddish. Seeds
are roasted and eaten by the natives; they taste very like parched
pease.

26

25. STERCULIA COLORATA.
Caraka of the Telingas.

Trunk erect, growing to a very great size. Bark ash-coloured, and
a little scabrous.

Branches numerous, irregularly spreading; Bark as on the trunk,
but smoother.

Leaves alternate, about the extremities of the branchlets, petioled,
considerably broader than long, five-nerved, five-lobed: lobes
acute ; soft and a little downy; they are generally, when full
grown, from nine to twelve inches broad, and from six to nine
long.

Petiole round, a little downy, about nine inches long.

Stipules two, erect, lanced, inserted into the petiole near its base.

Panicles terminal, small, numerous, red like coral, covered with
many red stellated hairs: when in flower this tree appears as
if entirely covered with fine ramifications of red coral.

Flowers numerous, about an inch long. :

Calyx below, funnel-form, leathery, its mouth five-toothed, outside
covered with red stellated hairs, withering.

Corol none.

Filaments scarce any.

Anthers about thirty, kidney-form, sitting sessile round the border
of the extremity of the receptacle.

Receptacle of the pistil cylindric, bent a little, length of the calyx,
round, smooth, bearing five oval germs on its top.

Styles short, recurved.

Stigmas acute.

Capsules from one to five come to maturity, leguminous, pedicelled,
pendulous, leathery, one-celled, one-valved, opening on the
outside long before the seeds are ripe.

Seeds two, adhering one to each margin of the gaping capsule, Mice
nate, about the size and shape of a French bean.

This is a very large tree, a native of the mountainous parts of the
Rajahmundry Circar ; casts its leaves during the cold season ; flowers
in April; soon after the leaves make their appearance.

26. SALVADORA PERSICA.
Linn. Spec. Plant.178. Vahl Symb. 1. p. 12. tab. 4.

. Embelia Grossularia. Retz. obs. 4. p. 24.
Pedda Waragowenky of the Telingas.

Trunk generally crooked, eight or ten feet high to the branches, and
one in diameter. Bark very scabrous and deeply cracked.

Branches exceedingly numerous, spreading, with their extremities
perfectly pendulous, like the weeping willow.

Leaves opposite, petioled, oval or oblong, entire, very smooth and
shining on both sides, without veins, from one to two inches
long, and about one broad.

Stipules none.

Panicle terminal, and from the exterior axills, composed.

Flowers minute, very numerous, greenish yellow.

Bracts minute.

Calyx below, four-toothed, lasting.

Corol one-petaled: tube short ; border four-cleft ; segments oblong,
revolute.

27 SALVADORA PERSICA.

Filaments four, inserted below the divisions of the corol, and rather
shorter than them.

Anthers oval.

Germ globular.

Style none.

Stigma scabrous.

Berry very minute, much smaller than a grain of black pepper,
smooth, red, juicy.

Seed one.*

This is a middle sized tree, a native of most parts of the Circars,
though by no means common ; it seems to grow equally well in
every soil; flowers and bears ripe fruit all the year round.

The berries have a strong aromatic smell, and taste much like
garden-cresses.

The bark of the root is remarkably acrid; bruised and applied
to the skin it soon raises blisters, for which purpose the natives
often use it; as a stimulant it promises to be a medicine possessed
of very considerable powers.

27. ARDISIA SOLANACEA.

Conda Mayoor of the Telingas.

Trunk one or more from the same root, erect. Bark ash-coloured.

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, oval, pointed, entire, smooth, glossy,
somewhat succulent, from four to six inches long, and from two
to three broad.

Raceme corymbe-like, axillary, shorter than the leaf.

Peduncle round, smooth.

Pedicels clubbed, round, smooth.

Bracts, a concave one below each pedicel.

Flowers pretty large, rose-coloured.

Calyx below, five-leaved: Leaflets imbricated, concave, roundish,
lasting.

Corol one-petaled: tube exceedingly short ; border five-cleft: divi-
sions spreading, hearted.

Filaments five, exceedingly short, from the bottom of the tube.

Anthers oblong, acute.

Germ oblong.

Style awled.

Stigma acute.

Berry size ofa small cherry, round, juicy, black, one-seeded.

* Description by Doctor Koenig.

Ramuti oppositi, teretes, glabri, nitidi, articulati, ad articulos compressiusculi, et linea trans-
versali prominula a stipulis caducis utrinque notati, flaccidi, penduli, longi.

Folia opposita, pendula, petiolata, lanceolato-oblonga, obtusa cum acumine, integerrima,
margine calloso, utrinque glabra, nitida, nervosa, rigida, subcarnosa. Petioli paten-
tes, filiformes, glabri, vix longitudine tertiz partis folii.

Flores ad apices ramorum axillares, racemosi. Racemi paniculati, trichotomi. Bractee

- oppositz, sessiles, oblongee, membranacez, caduce.

Calyx monophyllus, campanulatus, quadridentatus : denticulis patentibus, rotundatis, lacero-
ciliatis; glaber, membranaceus, persistens.

Corolla monopetala, campanulata, glabra, membranacea, quadrifida: laciniz reflex, ovate,
acute, marginibus revolutis, pilis minimis adpressis viridibus adspersz ; calyce duplo
major, viridi-flavicans, persistens.

Filamenta quatuor, infra lacinias corollz adnata, patentia, brevia. Anthere oblonge, parve,
virides.

Germen superum, globosum, glabrum. Stylus vix ullus. Stigma hypocrateriforme, per-
foratum.

Bacca globosa, carnosa, pellucida, rubra, fertilis magnitudine pisi minoris. Semen unicum,
globosum, viridi-fuscum, magnitudine piperisalbi. Baccz steriles coloris elegantioris

et magis pellucidz sunt.

ARDISIA SOLANACEA. 28

A small tree, or large shrub; a native of moist places in the val-
leys among the mountains.

The juice of the berries is of a very beautiful bright red colour;
upon paper it changes to a durable brown.

28. SIDEROXYLON TOMENTOSUM.

Trunk erect. Bark ash-coloured.

Branches erect, very numerous.

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, oval, a little scolloped ; when full
grown smooth, when young covered with much rust-coloured
down, from three to five inches long, and one and a half broad.

Peduncles axillary, numerous, short, downy, bowing, undivided,
one-flowered.

Flowers small, dirty white.

Calyx below, five-leaved: leaflets imbricated, downy, permanent.

Corol one-petaled: tube short, inside downy, margin five-parted :
segments spreading, half-lanced, acute, waved.

Nectary: five petals alternate with the filaments, waved, length of
the stamens.

Stamens five. ;

Berry oval, size of an olive.

Seed generally one or two, though there are the rudiments of five.

A small tree, a native of the tops of the mountains chiefly;
flowers during the hot season. ?

29. BUTTNERIA HERBACEA.

Leaves alternate, petioled, hearted, sawed, downy, two and a half

inches long, and one and a half broad.
Stipules reflex, small, acute.
Peduncles axillary, one or more, three-flowered.
Leaflets of the calyx large, reflex.
Nectary one-leaved, five-toothed: teeth converging over the pistil.
Filaments five, very short, from the fissures of the nectary, reflex.
Anthers double, singly oval, the rest as in the genus.

An erect herbaceous plant, a native of the tops of the mountains.

30. STAPELIA ADSCENDENS.

Car-allum of the Telingas.

Root fibrous.

Stems several, perennial, succulent, about a foot or two high, at the
base they rest on the ground, and strike root; above erect, four-
sided: angles blunt, notched.

Branches erect, like the stems.

Leaves alternate, sessile, on the angles of the branches, lanced, very
minute.

Flowers axillary, about the extremities of the branches, peduncled,
generally single, erect, small, variegated with dark purple and
yellow.

Calyx to the bottom five-cleft: divisions lanced.

29 STAPELIA ADSCENDENS.

Corol: tube scarce any ; border flat: divisions linear, margins re-

flected.

Follicles erect, as thick as a goose-quill, about four or five inches

long.

This plant is not very common; it grows among bushes on high,
dry, barren ground; flowers during the wet season. The natives
eat raw the most succulent tender branches, although they are bitter
and salt to the taste.

31. GRISLEA TOMENTOSA.

Lythrum fruticosum. Linn. Spec. Plant. 641.
Seringie of the Telingas.

Stem and principal branches erect ; smaller ascending; bark rust
coloured.

Leaves opposite, two-faced, sessile, half-lanced with a hearted base,
acute, above smooth, below whitish.

Raceme axillary, short, bearing from five to fifteen flowers.

Flowers pretty large, red coloured, permanent.

Calyx red, six-toothed, equal, permanent, as is also the colour.

Corol: petals six, small, lanced.

Filaments equal, inserted in the calyx near its base.

Stigma oblong.

Capsule covered with the coloured permanent calyx.

A very beautiful flowering shrub, a native of the hills and valleys
through the northern provinces. Flowers during the cold, and be-
ginning of the hot season.

The bright red calyx, which retains its colour till the seeds are
ripe, gives to this shrub a very showy appearance. I do not know
any use it is applied to.

32. ROXBURGHIA GLORIOSOIDES.

Canipoo-Tiga of the Telingas.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Calyx four-leaved. Corol four-petaled, inwardly keeled. Nectarial
bodies four, awled, on the apex of the keel of the petals, con-
verging. Anthers linear, sessile, in the grooves of the keel.
Capsule one-celled, two-valved.

DESCRIPTION.

Root perennial, composed of many smooth, cylindric, fleshy tubers,
from six to twelve inches long, and from three to five in cir-
cumference about the middle; they taper equally towards
each end.

Stem biennial or more, twining, smooth, from six to twenty feet
long, running over small trees, &c.

Branches like the stem, but few and slenderer.

Leaves sometimes alternate, sometimes opposite, petioled, nearly
depending, hearted, fine-pointed: point recurvate, entire,
smooth, shining, in substance soft and delicate, generally
eleven-nerved, with beautiful, very fine, transverse veins run-
ning between the nerves ; about four or six inches long, and
three or four broad.

ROXBURGHIA GLORIOSOIDES. 50

Petiole slightly channelled, smooth ; one and a half or two inches
broad.

Peduncle axillary, single, erect, length of the petiole, generally two-
flowered.

Pedicels clubed, short.

Bract one, lanced, at the base of the pedicels.

Calyx below, four-leaved: leaflets lanced, membranaceous, striated,
coloured, revolute, placed immediately below the petals.
Petals four, nearly erect, lanced; the lower half is rather broader
than the upper, and along its inside runs a deep, sharp, slightly
waved keel, which forms on each side of it a deep groove or
hollow; the four keels converge, and in some measure adhere
together, which brings the sides of the petals close, forming
like a tube; the upper part of the petals is narrow, bending

out a little, then their points bend in.

Nectary 1s composed of four, lanced, yellow bodies, each sitting
sessile on the apex of the keel of the petals, converging into
one conical body.

Filaments none.

Anthers eight, linear, lodged in the grooves formed by the keel of
the petals, adhering their whole length, but their chief inser-
tion is near the base.

Germ above, hearted.

Style none.

Stigma pointed.

Capsule egged, compressed, one-celled, two-valved, opening from
the apex; is about an inch and a half long, and one broad.

Seeds from five to eight, inserted by pedicels into the bottom of the
capsule, cylindric, striated: the pedicels are surrounded with
numerous, small pellucid vesicles.

OBSERVATIONS.
This is a native of moist valleys among the mountains ; its flower-
ing time the cold season.

33. UVARIA CERASOIDES.

Duduga of the Telingas.

Trunk erect, long, and perfectly straight.

Branches spreading, horizontal: branchlets two-faced.

Leaves alternate, two-faced, short-petioled, lanced, or oblong, point-
ed, below downy, entire; about four inches long, and one and
a half broad.

Stipules none. .

Peduncle axillary, simple, bowing, bracted near the base, one-
flowered, round, downy ; about one inch long.

Calyx three-leaved.

Corol six-petaled, &c. as in the genus.

Filaments very numerous, short, clubed, grooved, fleshy, ascending,
placed so very close as to press upon one another, inserted into
a globular fleshy receptacle.

Anthers four or five-sided, lop’d, a little concave in the centre.

Germs about forty, occupying the disk or centre, oblong, sessile,
hairy.

Styles short.

Stigmas large, purple.

Berries many, pediceled, diverging, umbell-like, globular, size of a
small cherry, and very like one when ripe ; one-celled.

Seed one, round, like the berry.

31 UVARIA CERASOIDES.

This is a large tree, a native of the mountainous inland parts
of the Circars; does not cast its leaves; flowers during the hot
season.

The wood of this species is employed for many purposes by the
natives ; Europeans do not know it. The berries are eaten by the
natives when ripe, and are pretty good, but rather too astringent.

34. UVARIA SUBEROSA.

Chilcka duduga of the Telingas.

Trunk remarkably straight. Bark scabrous, very deeply split in
various directions.

Branches horizontal, two-faced.

Leaves alternate, two-faced, short-petioled, oblong, waved, both
sides smooth, deep-shining green; from two to three inches
long, and about one and one and a half broad.

Peduncles opposite (leaf-opposed), single, bowing, one-flowered.
Calyx may be said to be six-leaved, and the Coro/ three-petaled, as
only the interior three of the nine are coloured, coral-like.

Stamens as in U. Cerasoides.

Berries numerous, as in the former, only when ripe, black.

Seed one, shape of the berry.

This species is much more common than the former, though it
seldom acquires the size of a tree, except among the mountains. It
is in flower and fruit all the year, and does not cast its leaves.

The wood of this species is more useful than that of the former ;
“it is of a chocolate colour, durable, and very elastic.

35. UVARIA TOMENTOSA.

Trunk straight, of considerable height and size.

Branches numerous, horizontal, forming a very large shady head.
Branchlets two-faced, alternate.

Leaves alternate, two-faced, short-petioled, oblong, or oval, very
downy, soft, entire; from two to three inches long, by one
and two broad.

Stipules none.

Peduncles scattered, generally single, bowing, slender, woolly, half
the length of the leaf, one-flowered.

Calyx and Corol as in U. suberosa.

Filaments numerous, very short, not club’d.

Anthers oblong, twin.

Germs as in the other, glutinous.

Berries size of a large nutmeg, round, downy, pulpy, dark purple
when ripe. .

Seeds generally four, nidulant, kidney-form, size of a french bean.

A large tree, a native of the Circar mountains ; flowers during the
hot season.

32

36. UVARIA LUTEA.

Muoy of the Telingas.

Trunk as in the others, remarkably straight. Bark dark coloured,
pretty smooth.

Leaves horizontal, two-faced, short-petioled, oblong or oval, very
smooth, shining, firm, waved, entire, about three inches long,
and one and a half broad.

Peduncle generally leaf-opposed, very short ; from one to six-flowered.

Flowers a dirty greenish rust-colour, short-pediceled.

Calyx three-leaved, small.

Corol six-petaled, four or five times larger than the calyx.

Filaments very short.

Anthers oblong, pointed.

Germs from four to six.

Berries from four to six, short pediceled, placed in form of a star
round their receptacle for a common centre ; size ofa partridge’s
egg, oval, smooth, pulpy, and, when ripe, of a bright yellow.

Seed about six in each berry, kidney-form, nidulant.

This is also a pretty large tree, and grows only among the moun-
tains; its flowering time is in the hot season.
leaves.

It does not cast its

37. ORCHIS PLANTAGINEA.

Bulb perennial, generally single, undivided, egged, villous, size of
a pigeon’s egg; a few fungous, villous fibres issue from the
base of the scape, near its insertion into the top of the bulb.

Leaves from four to eight, radical, pressing on the earth, broad-oval,
smooth, deep shining-green, somewhat fleshy, many-nerved ;
about four inches long, and three broad.

Scape erect, about a foot or a foot and a half high, including the
flower-bearing part; about as thick as a goose-quill, round, —
smooth ; at every inch and a half, or two inches, there is a
lanced leafy sheath.

Sprke four to six inches long, every where surrounded with flowers.

Flowers numerous, single, bracted, white, fragrant.

Bracts single, one-flowered, lanced, nerved, as long as the germ.

Corol: three exterior petals, nearly equal; two interior, small, ob-
liquely oblong, erect.

Nectary: upper lip short; under lip three-parted; middle division
long, narrow, pointed, recurvate.

Horn nearly twice the length of the germ, perpendicular, or near-
ly so.

A native of moist valleys among the hills; flowering time the
rainy season.

38. LIMODORUM VIRENS.

Bulbs many, connected near the base, conical, pointed, surrounded
with the circular marks of the insertions of the leaves, greenish,
apexes generally above ground, many fleshy fibres issue from
the base.

Leaves all radical, several, linear, slightly nerved, nearly the length
of the scape, about an inch broad, smooth.

33 LIMODORUM VIRENS.

Scape axillary, erect, often branchy, from one to two feet high,
round, smooth, coloured with purple spots; here and there a
sheathed, acute bract.

Flowers remote, striated, greenish-yellow.

Bracts acute, short, one-flowered.

Petals nearly equal, erect, or ascending.

Nectary: under lip projecting, broader, but shorter than the petals,
laterally lobed: lobes involute: middle division large, hearted,

fringed.

Is a native of dry, uncultivated ground; flowers during the cold

season.

39. LIMODORUM RECURVUM.

Bulbs perennial, striated, nearly round, surrounded with one or two
rings; many thick, fleshy fibres, from their lower parts.

Stem, {if it can be so called) from the side or base of the bulb ; but
it is no other than the vaginated petioles of the three or four
leaves united, and enveloped with two or three abrupt sheaths,
scarcely appearing above the ground.

Leaves broad-lanced, five-nerved, in substance slender, alittle waved
round the margins, smooth, from six to twelve inches long,
and three or four broad.

Scape from the same part of the bulb with the stem, and even some-
times involved in the lowermost sheath or two of the scape,
bending to one side for a short way, then nodding ; about six
inches long, or rather less than half the length of the leaves ; a
few sheaths surrounding it here and there.

Spike globular, apex looks straight to the ground; many-flowered.

Bracts sessile, straight, lanced, one-flowered.

Flowers numerous, crowded, white, with a small tinge of yellow.

Petals nearly equal.

Nectary: under lip broad: apex rounded, undivided, shovel-form,
crenulated.

Horn scarcely any.

A native of moist valleys among the hills; flowering time the be-
ginning of the rains.

I have raised it in my garden for several years, where the leaves
remain most part of the year.

40. LIMODORUM NUTANS.

It differs from the Limodorum recurvum in the following respects:

Here the Bulbs are smooth; there striated.

Here the Leaves are oval; there lanced.

Here the Scape is longer than the leaves; there not half so long.

Here the Spzke is oblong and pendulous ; there globular and rigidly
recurved.

Here the Flowers stand at some distance from one another; there
they are crowded.

Here they are a beautiful rose colour; there white.

Here the under lip of the Nectary is sharp-pointed; there circular,
and crenulated.

It is a native of the same places with the last; flowering time the

same. |

34

41. LIMODORUM APHYLLUM.

Roots fibrous, adhering in a tuft to rocks, &c.

Stems perennial, several, most simple, spreading, or pendulous, as
the situation admits, naked, round, jointed at every inch, and
at each joint small, membranaceous, annular squame, without
the least vestige of a leaf.

Flowers sessile, (unless the germ is called a peduncle) generally single,
issuing from the joints of the stems.

Nectary large, near the base, the sides incurved, so as to form (as
it were) a tube, the exterior part expanded, margins curled,

waved, and ciliated; it is of a pale sulphur colour.

I brought
it into my garden, and planted it in as dry a barren spot as I could
find, but it lived only till the first rains fell. It flowers the begin-
ning of the hot season.

This is a very rare plant; a native of dry rocky hills.

42. EPIDENDRUM TESSELLATUM.

Roots several, simple, or branchy, thick, smooth; long, contorted,
fibres issuing from the lower, naked part of the stem, and from
among the lower leaves, adhering firmly to the bark of the tree.

Stem perennial, simple, one or two feet long, as thick as the little
finger, crooked, upper part covered with leaves, lower naked,
withering away at the lower extremity.

Leaves approximated, imbricated, alternate, two-faced, linear, chan-
nelled, fleshy, smooth, very firm, extremities two-three-toothed;
from six to nine inches long, and about one broad.

Raceme axillary, naked, length of the leaves, flower-bearing part
winding, few-flowered.

Flowers from five to ten, remote, two-faced, beautifully waved and
striated, with various shades of a greenish-yellow.

Petals oval, spreading, equal, scolloped. z

Nectary length of the petals, about the middle its sides approach,
forming a tube: apex somewhat pointed.

This is a very beautiful perennial parasite, found adhering to the
trunks and branches of trees among the Circar mountains ;
during the wet season.

flowers

43. EPIDENDRUM PRAEMORSUM.

Thalia maravara. Rhéed. mal. 12. p.9. tab. 4. (quoted by Lin-

nzus for Epidendrum furvum, but very different from Angre-
cum furvum of Rumphius.)

Root and Stem the same.

Leaves remote, alternate, two-faced, linear, channelled, smooth,
very firm, end-bitten, jointed just above their sheath-like base :
about six inches long, and one broad.

Spike before the leaf, or leaf-opposed, short, straight, thick, many-
flowered.

Bracts small, triangular, one-flowered.

Flowers surround every part of the spike, small, variegated with red

and yellow.

This is also a parasite, and grows in similar places; flowering

- time the same.

ao

44, EPIDENDRUM PENDULUM.

Root: many fleshy fibres, like those of the two last, but they issue
from one head.

Stem none.

Leaves radical, three to five, alternate, two-faced, &c. as in the two
former; only that they are from one and a half, to three feet
long, and about an inch and a half broad.

Scape radical, about two feet long, the lower three or four inches
are involved in chaffy sheaths, the rest forms the raceme, or
flower-bearing part, which is perfectly pendulous, many-
flowered.

Bracts minute, one-flowered.

Petals lanced, spreading, equal, striated with rose-colour and yel-
low.

Nectary red, lower lip three-parted.

This is also a parasitic plant, a native of the same places, and
flowering at the same time.
It differs but little from the Epidendrum aloifolium Linn. Kans-
jiram maravara of the Hortus Malabaricus.

45. FERREOLA BUXIFOLIA.

Ehretia ferrea. Willden. phytogr.1. p. 4. tab. 2. f. 2.

Pisonia? buxifolia. Rottboell in nov. act. Hafniens. 2. p.536. tab.
Hifi: 2:

Pishanna of the Telingas.

Trumbilli of the Tamuls. (Koenzg.)

Trunk irregular. Bark dark rust-colour.
Branches very numerous, and very irregular.
Leaves alternate, short-petioled, oval, entire, very smooth, shining,

firm, about half or three-quarters of an inch long, by half an
inch broad.

MALE TREE.
Flowers from the axills of the lower leaves, three-fold, sessile, white,
smaller than the female.
Calyx three-cleft.
Corol three-cleft, outside hairy.
Filaments six, short, inserted round a semi-globose receptacle.
Anthers oblong.
FEMALE TREE.
Flowers axillary, single, sessile, very small, white.
Calyx and Corol as in the male.
Germ oval.
Style short.
Stigma three-notched.
Berry round, smooth, red, pulpy, size of a large pea.
Seeds two, on one side flat, on the other round.*

* Description by Doctor Koenig.
Flores mascult.

Calyx monophyllus, parum ventricosus, pilosus, trifidus: laciniz ovate, acute, erect,
tubo breviores : tertia brevior, obtusior.

Corolla monopetala, tubulosa, glabra, subcarnosa, viridi-flavescens. Limbus trifidus : laciniz
erect, acute, extus pilis longioribus albis adpressis hirsute, intus nude.

Filamenta quinque, raro plura, receptaculo inserta, erecta, tubo corolle multo breviora.
Anthera oblong, acute, erect, albe, filamentis longiores.

Pistillum nullum.

FERREOLA BUXIFOLIA. 36

Among the mountains, this grows to a small tree ; but in the low
countries it is only a shrub. Flowers during the hot season.

The berries, when ripe, are universally eaten, and are very well
tasted.

The wood is dark coloured, remarkably hard and durable, and
where its size will admit, is employed for such uses as require the
most durable, heavy wood.

46. DIOSPYROS MELANOXYLON.

Tumida of the Telingas.

Trunk erect, in large trees, from twenty to twenty-five feet to the
branches, and about eight or ten in circumference. Bark sca-
brous, or deeply cracked, somewhat spongy, colour a mixture
of gray and black in irregular strata.

Branches very irregular, numerous, rigid, forming a large, spread-
ing, shady head; young shoots very downy.

Leaves nearly opposite, short-petioled, oblong, entire, obtuse, when
young very downy, when old pretty smooth, about four inches
long, and one and a half broad.

Stipules none.

MALE TREE.

Peduncle axillary, single, short, bearing three or four small, whitish
flowers, supported by short, bowing pedicels.

Bracts: a small one at the insertion of each pedicel, and one or two
still smaller, pressing the calyx. ;

Calyx and Corol as in the genus.

Filaments generally twelve or thirteen, short, inserted into a recep-
tacle.

Anthers linear, erect.

Pistil none.

HERMAPHRODITE TREE.

Flowers rather larger than the male, axillary, single, nearly sessile.

Bract: a small one pressing the calyx.

Calyx always five-cleft, downy.

Corol five-cleft.

Filaments about ten, short, inserted into a receptacle, between the
germ and the flower.

Anthers small, seemingly steril.

Styles three, nearly erect.

Stigmas bifid.

Berry round, size of a small apple, yellow, pulpy.

Seeds, from two to eight ripen, immersed in the pulp, kidney-form,
sharp on the inner straight edge.

This ebony tree is a native of the woody and mountainous parts
of the Circars ; it grows to be very large, particularly the male tree,

the wood of which is most esteemed. It casts its leaves in the cold

Flores feminei.
Calyx tubulosus, obsolete quinquangularis, hirsutiusculus, carnosus, quinquedentatus, api-
cibus parum incuryatis.
Corolla ut in mare.
Germen lineari-oblongum, in Stylum calyce longiorem desinens. Stigma planum, stellatim
divisum in lobos, plerumque quatuor, parvos.

- Bacca subglobosa, cum acumine prominulo, glabra, aurantiaco-rubra, magnitudine pisi ma-

Joris, basi cincta calyce persistenti, patelleformi, glabro. Semina duo, magna, extus
conyexa, intus plana.

37 DIOSPYROS MELANOXYLON.

season, and the new leaves appear again, with the flowers, in April
and May.

The black part of the wood of this tree is too well known to re-
quire a particular description in this place. It is only the centre of
large trees that is black and valuable, and the quantity found is
more or less according to the age of the tree. The outside wood is
white and soft, and either decays soon, or is destroyed by insects,
which leave the black untouched.

The ripe fruit is eaten by the natives, but is astringent, and not
very palatable.

47 DIOSPYROS SYLVATICA.
Tella-gada of the Telingas.

Trunk and Branches irregular. Bark dark rust-colour.
Leaves short-petioled, alternate, two-faced, oval, pointed, smooth,
- entire; from three to six inches long, and from two to three

broad.

MALE TREE.
Umbellets axillary, single, peduncled, bowing, bearing many small,
fragrant, white flowers.
Calyx and Corol as in the genus.
Filaments about eighteen, short, inserted into a receptacle.
Anthers single, linear, erect.

HERMAPHRODITE TREE.
Flowers single, short-petioled, axillary.
Calyx and Corol as in the genus, except that sometimes the calyx
and corol are three-cleft.
Stamens three or four, small, and steril.
Styles three or four.
Stigmas lacerated.
Berry about the size of a nutmeg, round, pretty smooth.
Seeds from two to eight ripen.

It is a native of most of the uncultivated, hilly parts of the Cir-
cars, and, on the mountains it grows to a pretty large tree. Flowers

during July and August.

48. DIOSPYROS MONTANA.
Yerra-gada of the Telingas.

Trunk crooked, covered with dark, rust-coloured, pretty smooth
bark. -

Leaves alternate, two-faced, short-petioled, oval, pointed, smooth
on both sides, entire; three to four inches long, and about two

broad.

MALE TREE.
Umbells axillary, simple, small, bowing.
Flowers nearly sessile, bowing, small, greenish-white.

Bracts small, oval, woolly, or with membranaceous margins.
Calyx as in the genus.
Corol contorted.

Stamens as in the genus, but inserted into the bottom of the tube.

DIOSPYROS MONTANA. 38

HERMAPHRODITE TREE.
Flowers axillary, single, short-peduncled, bowing.
Calyx and Corol as in the male, but much larger.
Filaments four, short.
Anthers four, membrane-like, lanced.
Germ globular.
Styles four.
Stigmas bifid.

Berry as in the genus.

A middle sized tree, common among the mountains in the Cir-
cars. Flowers during the hot season, and does not cast its leaves
till the new leaves come out.

The timber of this tree is variegated with dark and white coloured
veins, and is hard, and very durable.

49. DIOSPYROS CHLOROXYLON.

Nella-woolymera of the Telingas.

Trunk irregular. Bark scabrous, dark rust-coloured.

Branches spreading, nearly two-faced.

Thorns often many, though sometimes wanting, large, and strong.

Leaves short-petioled, alternate, two-faced, oval, entire, below very
downy; from one and a half to two inches long, and one
broad.

MALE TREE.

Peduncle axillary, short, solitary, bowing, bearing generally about
six minute, white flowers.

Calyx and Corol as in the genus.

Filaments about twelve, short, inserted into the bottom of the tube
of the corol, several of them bifid, or bearing double anthers.

Anthers about sixteen, erect, linear.

HERMAPHRODITE TREE.

Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile, small, white.

Calyx and Corol as in the genus.

Filaments about eight, inserted into the bottom of the tube of the
corol.

Anthers small, hearted.

Styles four.

Stigmas simple.

Berry size of a cherry, ripens two or three seeds only, although there
are the rudiments of eight.

This is a tree of middle size, among the Orixa mountains: but in
the low lands towards the coast it is only a large bush ; flowers dur-
ing the hot season.

The wood of the larger trees is yellowish, very hard and durable,
and is used by the natives for various economical purposes.

The fruit, when ripe, is eaten raw, and is very palatable.

50. DIOSPYROS CORDIFOLIA.

Kak-woolymera of the Telingas.

Trunk irregular. Bark rust-coloured.

Branches scattered, spreading.

a: eae -DIOSPYROS CORDIFOLIA.

Thorns many, scattered over of the trunk and larger branches, very
large, strong, frequently ramous.
Leaves alternate, short-petioled, two-faced, linear-oblong, hearted at
the base, entire, soft, somewhat downy ; about two inches long,
and three-quarters broad.

MALE TREE.
Peduncle axillary, length of the petiole, single, bowing, bearing
three small, white flowers.
Calyx and Corol as in the genus.
Filaments eight, short, inserted into the base of the tube of the flower,
each bearing two linear, erect anthers.

HERMAPHRODITE TREE.
Peduncle axillary, length of the petiole, single, one-flowered.
Calyx and Corol as in the genus. .
Filaments twelve, inserted into the bottom of the tube.
Anthers single, linear, erect.
Styles four.
Stigmas forked.
Berry round, size of a small crab-apple.
Seeds from six to eight ripen.

This is a pretty large tree, among ‘the mountains in the Circars ;
but in the low lands towards the sea it is much smaller; flowers
most part of the year.
~The wood, when large, is dark-coloured, hard, and durable, and
is used by the natives for many economical purposes.

51. CANTHIUM PARVIFLORUM.
Lamarck encyclop.1. p. 602.

Tsjeru-Kara. Rheed. mal. 5. p.73. tab, 37.
Ballusoo-Kura of the Telingas.

Trunk scarcely any, but branches innumerable; the small are regu-
larly cross-armed, and spreading.

Thorns simple, opposite, above the axills, spreading, cross-armed,
very strong, and very sharp: in luxuriant plants they are
sometimes three-cleft.

Leaves on the young shoots opposite, on the elder branchlets fas-
cicled, short-petioled, reflected, egged, entire, smooth, size
various.

Stipules connecting, awled.

Umbellets opposite, below the thorns, small, about the length of the
leaves.

Peduncle and Pedicels smooth, round.

Flowers small, yellow.

- Calyx above, four-toothed: teeth acute, permanent.

Corol one-petaled: tube bellied, short; mouth downy ; border four-
parted: segments egged, expanded.

Filaments four, in the mouth of the corol.

Anthers egged.

Germ below, globular.

Style rather longer than the tube of the corol.

Stigma headed.

Drupe inverse-hearted, laterally compressed a little, with a hollow
on each side, size of a cherry, crowned with the remaining
calyx, fleshy, smooth, yellow, two-celled.

Nut: one in each cell, oblong, one-celled.

CANTHIUM PARVIFLORUM. 40

This is one of the most common scraggy, thorny bushes, on the
coast, every soil and situation suiting it; flowers in the hot season,
and makes excellent fences.

The ripe fruit is eaten by the natives; the leaves are universally
eaten in curries: on both accounts the plant has the additional name
Kura, which means esculent.

52. NAUCLEA PARVIFOLIA.

Bota-cadamie of the Telingas.

Trunk straight. Bark brownish-grey, cracked.

Branches opposite, numerous, spreading, forming a large, oval, shady
head.

Leaves opposite, decussated, petioled, oval, entire, smooth.

Petiole channelled.

Stipules large, oblong, obtuse, glutinous, falling.

Peduncles terminal, single, or three; when three, the middle one is
shortest, near the apex jointed, and bracted, each supporting a
single globular, naked head of florets.

Bracts two, opposite, near the extremity of the peduncle, oval,
falling.

Flowers small, light-yellow.

Receptacle chaffy: chaffs wedge-form, hairy at their insertions.

Calyx very minute, entire.

Corol one-petaled, funnel-form: tube widening ; border five-parted,
divisions pointed, spreading.

Filaments five, short, inserted just within the mouth of the tube.

Anthers erect, oblong, pointed above.

Germ beneath.

Style thread-form, nearly twice the length of the corol. .

Stigma large, resting on the style.

Capsules top-shape, covered with a scabrous crust orbark, which splits
irregularly when the seeds are ripe; within is the proper two-
celled capsule, each consisting of one valve, opening round
the apex, and down on the inside.

Seeds several, very minute, oblong, tailed, inverse, imbricated round

the outside of their receptacles with the insertion downwards.

This grows to a large tree; a native of almost every part of the
coast, but chiefly among the mountains; flowers during the cold
season.

The wood is of a light chesnut colour, firm, and close grained.
It is used for various purposes, where it can be kept dry; but if ex-
posed to wet, it soon rots.

53. NAUCLEA CORDIFOLIA.

Daduga of the Telingas.

Bark like that of the former.

Branches very numerous, horizontal, forming a very large shady
head.

Leaves opposite, decussated, petioled, broad-hearted, pointed, entire,
above pretty smooth, below downy, particularly when young,

and beautifully reticulated with small veins ; from four to twelve
inches each way.

Petiole round, a little downy, from two to three inches long.

Trunk erect.

fF

4\ NAUCLEA CORDIFOLIA.

Stipules as in the former.

Peduncles axillary, from one to four, round, downy, length of the
petioles, near the apex jointed, and bracted ; each supports a
single globular head.

Bracts oval, falling.

Flowers as in the former.

Calyx five-parted: divisions club’d.

Corol, Stamens and Style as in the former.

Stigma club’d.

Capsule wedge-form ; the rest as in the foregoing species.

Seeds about six in each cell, surrounding their receptacle, oblong,
not imbricated: membrane wing’d at the extremities: lower

pointed ; upper two-fork’d.

This, like the foregoing species, grows to a large tree, and is a
native of the mountainous parts of this coast ; flowers during the
wet season ; seeds ripe about April.

The wood is exceedingly beautiful, its colour like that of the box-
tree, but much lighter, and at the same time very close grained ; it
is to be had of a large size, from one to two feet or more in diameter ;
is used for almost every purpose where it can be kept dry; for fur-
niture it answers exceedingly well, being pretty, light, and durable.

54. NAUCLEA PURPUREA.

Bagada of the Telingas.

Trunk irregular. Bark scabrous, ash-colour’d.

Branches opposite, decussated.

Leaves opposite, decussated, short-petioled, oblong, pointed, most
entire, very smooth and shining both above and below ; from
four to nine inches long.

Stipules as in the two former.

Peduncles terminal, one or three, as in Nauclea parvifolia.

Flowers \arger than in either of the former, purple.

Calyx, as in Nauclea cordifolia.

Corol, Stamens, Pistil, and Style, as in the former.

Stigma globular.

Capsule top-shape, wants the outer covering, two-cell’d: the cells
two-valved on the out or convex side; on the inside, there is
only the receptacle of the fruit, which is broad.

Seeds numerous, most minute, imbricated, with their insertions
upwards.

A small tree; a native of the moist valleys among the Circar
mountains ; flowering time April (beginning of the hot season.)

55. EHRETIA ASPERA.
Willden. phytogr. 1. p. 4. tabsor fF 4.

Tella-juvie of the Telingas.

Trunk and larger Branches covered with dark rust-colour’d bark ;
young shoots downy.

Leaves alternate, petioled, egg’d, above scabrous, below downy,
two or three inches long, and one or two broad.

Petiole channel’d, about an inch long.

Corymbe terminal, globular, composed of dense, recurved, one-row’d,
spikes, divisions always two-fork’d.

EHRETIA ASPERA. 42

Flowers very small, white.

Calyx : divisions egg'd, outside downy.

Corol: tube bell’d, not swelled at the base.

Style two-cleft.

Stigmas simple.

Berry size of a grain of pepper, red, marked with four angular ele-
vations, corresponding with the angles of the four-parted nut.

Nut four-parted, smooth, each division one-cell’d.

This is a small bushy tree, or shrub, a native of dry, rocky,
barren places ; flowers during the wet season.

56. EHRETIA LAVis.
Serigada of the Telingas.

Bark ash-colour’d.

Branches numerous, nearly erect.

Trunk erect.

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, oval, sometimes scollop’d, pretty
smooth, three or four inches long, and about two or three
_broad.
Corymbes lateral, or axillary, two-fork’d, composed of thin, recurved,
one-rank’d spikes.
Flowers white, small.

The parts of fructification as in the last, except that here the
seeds, or nuts, are wrinkled on the outside. The chief specific dif-
ference is in the corymbes ; there, they are terminal ; here, lateral,
or axillary.

This species grows to a pretty large tree, and is a native of our
Circar mountains,

57. EHRETIA BUXIFOLIA.
Cordia retusa. Vahl symb. 2. p. 42.
Bupana-boory of the Telingas.

Leaves on the young shoots alternate, on the former branchlets fas-
cicled, sessile, reflected, wedge-form, very scabrous, very hard,
above shining, from half, to one inch long, and from about a
quarter to half an inch broad.

Peduncle from amongst the leaves on the woody branchlets, from two

* "to six-flower’d.

Pedicels very short.

Flowers small, white.

Calyx five-parted: divisions lanced, as long as the corol.

Corol bell’d ; border five or six-cleft:

Stamens five or six, shorter than the corol.

Style two-cleft.

Stigma simple.

Berry size of a pea, succulent, red.

Nut five or six-cell’d.

This is a middle-sized, ramous shrub ; very common in barren
lands and forests ; flowering time the wet season.

43

58. CGORDIA MONOICA.

Punagherie of the Telingas.

Bark grey.

Leaves alternate, petioled, oval, three-nerve, very scabrous, about
three inches long, and two broad.

Petiole round, scabrous, about an inch and a half long.

Corymbe from the divisions of the branchlets, or terminal, small,
two-fork’d, composed of short, recurved, one-row’d spikes.

Flowers small, white. There is a very large proportion of male, or
barren flowers ; they generally occupy distinct parts of the
corymbe, but frequently the whole. —

Hermaphrodite flowers as in the genus.

Berry size of a cherry, pointed, yellow, pulpy: pulp glutinous, as
in Cordia Myxa.

Nut perforated at the apex, four-cell’d.

Male flowers want the style entirely, but have the rudiment of a
germ.

A small irregular, poor-looking tree, chiefly a native of forests,
where barren land predominates ; casts its leaves in the cold season:
flowers during the rainy season.

59. COMBRETUM DECANDRUM.

Arry-coota of the Telingas.

Stem woody, climbing.

Leaves opposite, reflected, short-petioled, oblong, acute, waved,
smooth, about six inches long, and three broad.

Floral Leaves small, colour’d, downy.

Spikes numerous, terminal, and axillary.

Bracts opposite, lanced, one-flower’d. —

Calyx bell’d, five-tooth’d.

Corol five-petaled.

Stamens ten. ;

Seed five-cornered: corners increased by broad membranaceous
wings.

Is a large climbing shrub, a native of forests, and mountains ;
flowers during the cold season. _

60. MOLINAEA CANESCENS.*

Coryvie of the Telingas.

Trunk very large. Bark ash-colour, a little scabrous.

Branches numerous, spreading in every direction.

Leaves alternate, abruptly feather’d, sometimes three’d, about six or
eight inches long, and as many broad. Laeajlets opposite,
generally two pair, oblong, entire, smooth, shining, firm,
about five or six inches long, and two or three broad.

Petiole round, four or five inches long.

Racemes many, simple or compound, from the extremities of the last

* A different species from the Molinza of Commerson. Juss. gen. p. 248.

MOLINA:A CANESCENS. 44

year’s, or of two years old branchlets, or round the base of the
present year’s shoots.

Flowers small, white, fascicled.

Calyx five-leaved.

Petals five: four large standing on the upper side ;_ the fifth is small,
and stands single on the under side.

Stigma three-tooth’d.

Capsule three-sided, three-cell’d, three-valved.

Seeds one in each cell.

This is a native of the mountainous parts of the Circars, and
flowers about the beginning of the hot season.

In the plate the dissected flower is magnified; the fruit of its
natural size.

61. ORNITROPHE SERRATA.*

Tauatiky of the Telingas.

Leaves three’d: Leaflets oval, pointed, serrated, generally bubbled,
margins frequently reflected, smooth ; from two to three inches
long, and about one and a half broad.

Racemes axillary, single, erect.

Flowers numerous, small, white, fascicled ; Male and FHermaphrodite
mixed. :

HERMAPHRODITE FLOWERS.

Calyx four-leaved.

Petals four, placed on the upper side.

Filaments very woolly near the base.

Germs two.

Style single.

Stigma two-cleft: segments recurved.

Berry twin, singly globular, size of a pea, red when ripe, smooth,
one-cell’d.

Seed, one in each berry.

MALE FLOWERS
exactly as the hermaphrodite, except the pistil which is want-
ing, or, at most, only rudiments of one are found:

This is one of the most common plants on the coast. Among the
mountains, it grows to a small tree ; on the low lands nearer the
coast it is always a ramous shrub, with a grey, spotted bark. Flowers
during the wet season.

The ripe berries are eaten by the natives.

The root is astringent, and employed by the native physicians,
in substance, for diarrhceas.

62. SAPINDUS RUBIGINOSA.

Ishy-rashy of the Telingas.

Trunk perfectly erect, of considerable length and thickness.

Branches numerous, ascending.

Leaves alternate, abruptly feather’d, about a foot long. Leaflets op-
posite, four to six pair, oblong, pointed, entire, above smooth,
below downy, about three inches long, and halfan inch broad.

* A different species from the Ornitrophe of Commerson. Fuss. gen. p. 247,

45 SAPINDUS RUBIGINOSA-

Petiole round, downy, ending in a downy bristle.
- Panicle terminal, large, erect, composed of simple racemes.

Calyx five-leaved.

Petals four, placed on the upper side.

Style single, ascending, shorter than the stamens.

Capsules three, when all come to perfection (which is rare), singly

oblong, one- -cell’d.

A large timber tree, and a native of the mountainous parts of the
Circars. Flowers about the beginning of the hot season.

The wood of this tree is very useful for a great variety of pur-
poses, being large, straight, strong, and durable ; towards the centre
it is of a chocolate colour.

In the plate, the dissected Mower is magnified ; the fruit of its

natural size.

63. PROSOPIS SPICIGERA.
Linn. Mant. 68.

Prosopis spicata.. Burm. sel FOR 2. 25. f. 5.

Tshamie of the Telingas.

Vanni maram of the Tamuls. (Koenzg./

Trunk tolerably erect. Bark deeply crack’d, dirty-ash-colour.

Branches irregular, very numerous, form a globular, shady head.

Prickles scatter’d over the small branches, in some trees wanting.

Leaves alternate, abruptly feather’d, from two to three inches long ;
feathers from one to four inches; when in pairs, opposite,
and have a gland between ; one and a half inch long. Leaflets
opposite, from seven to ten pair, obliquely lanced, smooth,
entire, about half an inch long, and one-sixth ofan inch broad.

Stipules none.

Spikes many , terminal, or from the exterior axills, thread-form,
nearly erect.

Bracts minute, one-flower’d, falling.

Flowers numerous, small, yellow, single, approximated.

Calyx below, five-tooth’d.

Filaments united at the base.

Anthers incumbent ; a white gland on the apex of each, which falls
off soon after the flower expands.

Style crooked.

Legume oblong, pendulous, not inflated.

Seeds many, lodged in a brown, mealy substance.”

This grows toa large tree: is a native of most parts of the coast ;
flowers during the cold, and beginning of the hot season.

* Description by Dr. Koenig.

Rami majores crassi, pauci : adulti ramosiores, aculeati. Ramuli alterni, filiformes, nume-
rosissimi, glabri, aculeati, apicibus flaccidis penduli, virides. Aculed in ramis
adultis sparsi, conico-compressi, cinerascentes; in ramulis magis acuminati,
erecti, breves.

Folia numerosa, patentia, alterna, petiolata, bipinnata: Pinna quaternz : inferiores paten-
tissimee. Glandula umbilicata infra basin petiolellorum petiolo adnata. Foliola
opposita, subsessilia, oblique oblonga, integerrima, acuta, utrinque glabra.

Spice axillares terminalesque, conferte, filiformes. Flores parvi, sulphurei.

Calyx monophyllus, campanulatus, quinquedentatus, glaber, corolla tertia parte brevior.

Petala quinque, lineari-lanceolata, erecta, apice recurva, glabra.

Filamenta decem, basi petalorum adnata, zqualia, capillacea, longitudine corolle. Anthere
oblong, sulcate, versatiles, fulve.

Legumen \ineare, teretiusculum, utrinque attenuatum, articulatum, glabrum, spithameum,

Vix crassitie penne anserinz. Semina ovato-oblonga.

PROSOPIS SPICIGERA. 46
The pod of this tree is the only part used; it is about an inch in
circumference, and from six to twelve long; when ripe, brown,
smooth, and contains, besides the seeds, a large quantity of a
brown, mealy substance, which the natives eat ; it has a sweetish
agreeable taste, and may be compared to the Spanish Algaraba, or

Locust tree (Ceratonia siliqua).

64. SWIETENIA CHLOROXYLON.

Billoo of the Telingas.

Trunk tolerably erect, supporting a large, spreading, evergreen,
shady head. Bark pretty smooth, dark rust-colour.

Leaves about the extremities of the branches, abruptly feather’d,
six or seven inches long. Leaflets alternate, short-petioled,
from ten to twenty pair, obliquely oval, obtuse, upper half
twice the breadth of the lower, smooth, entire, one inch long,
and three-eighths of an inch broad.

Petiole round, smooth. -

Stipules none.

Panicles pretty large, terminal.

Flowers numerous, small, yellow.

Bract, small, below each subdivision of the panicle.

Calyx and Corol as in the genus.

Nectary: a fleshy notch’d ring surrounding the base of the germ.

Filaments ten, spreading.

Germ above.

Style short.

Stigma simple.

Capsule about one inch long, and half an inch in diameter, oblong,
three-cell’d, three-valved, opening from the apex.

Seeds four in each cell, membrane-wing’d, alternately placed with
four oblong, compress’d, spongy bodies, resembling the seeds
themselves.

This is a middle-sized tree, a native of the mountainous parts of
the Circars. Flowering time, the beginning of the hot season.

The wood of this tree is of a deep yellow colour, remarkably
close grained, heavy, and durable; it is used for various economical
purposes, and comes nearer box-wood than any other wood I have

e

met with.

65. LAGERSTROEMIA REGINZ.

Lagerstroemia Flos Regine. Rez. obs. 5. p. 25.
Adamboe. Rheed. mal. 4. p. 45. t. 20, 21.

Trunk erect. Bark smooth, rust-

colour’d. Young shoots angular :

Branches horizontal, spreading.

angles wing’d as in La-
gerstroemia indica.

Leaves opposite, or nearly so, short-petioled, oblong, entire, smooth,
four or five inches long, by about two broad.

Stipules none.

Panicles terminal, pyramidal, rigid, about a span long.

Peduncle round, smooth.

Pedicels short, rigid, three-flower'd.

Bracts few, small, falling.

Flowers much larger, and much more beautiful than those of La-

47 LAGERSTROEMIA REGINA.

gerstroemia indica; colour in the morning that of a pale rose,
growing deeper and deeper through the day, and acquiring a
purple tinge.

Calyx below, on the outside beautifully groov’d into trapezoid
figures.

Corol as in Lagerstroemia indica.

Stamens numerous, all of the same size, inserted into the calyx.

Pistil, Capsule, and Seeds, as in the genus.

This is a native of many of the woody mountains of the northern
parts of the Circars, where it grows to a tree of a middling size.
Flowers during the hot season. Seeds ripe in August.

I know of no use any part of this tree is put to by the natives ;
it is very beautiful when in flower, and well deserves a conspicuous
place in our gardens ; it has flowered for some years in mine.

66. LAGERSTROEMIA PARVIFLORA.

Chinamghie of the Telingas.

Trunk erect. Bark smooth, ash-colour’d.

Branches very numerous, the large and lower spreading, the smaller
nearly erect.

Leaves opposite, or in numbers from scabrous tubercles, very
short-petioled, oblong, above smooth, shining, below covered
with a whitish down, entire, from two to four inches long, and
one or two inches broad.

Stipules none.

Peduncles terminal, and from the axills of the exterior leaves, erect,
round, smooth, bearing in general from three to six flowers ;
or the whole extremities of the branchlets may be called a large
leafy panicle.

Flowers small, white.

Calyx, Corol, Stamens, and Pistil as in the former.

Capsule smooth, oval, size of a small nutmeg, three or four-cell’d,
three or four-valved.

Seeds wing’d, as in the genus.

This is a small tree, a native of our Circar mountains. Flowers
during the hot season ; seed ripe in August and September.

The wood of this tree is used by the natives for various econo-
mical purposes. Neither the flowers, nor the appearance of the
tree, can recommend its being placed in the garden with the other

two.

67. THUNBERGIA FRAGRANS.

Yeanadary Tiga of the Telingas.

Root consists of many thick, woody fibres.
Stem and Branches twining, woody, of considerable extent (two or
three fathoms), jointed and swelled there from the insertions
of the leaves or their cicatrices, round. Bark light ash-co-
lour’'d. Young shoots downy.
Leaves opposite, petioled, narrow-hearted, acute, behind tooth’d,
slightly lob’d, or angular, three-nerved, scabrous, about three

inches long, and one and a half broad.

THUNBERGIA FRAGRANS. 48

Petiole about three quarters of an inch long, channel’d, bent in va-
rious directions.

Stipules none.

Peduncle axillary, solitary, one-flower'd, round, club’d, downy ; one
or two inches long.

Bracts none.

Flowers large, of the purest white.

Calyx as in the genus, except that the leaves of the exterior are acute
and many-nerved.

Corol salver-form: Tube compress 'd, enlarged about the middle, a
little hairy, longer than the exterior calyx, bent to one side
with acurve, border flat, five-parted: divisions equal, inverse-
egg'd, with their extremities lop’d, and in general irregularly
three-tooth’d, shorter than the tube.

Style length of the tube.

Stigma two-lob’d: lobes inverse-hearted, funnel-form.

Capsule sub-globular, flat-beak’d, two-cell’d, opening from the base
with an elastic jerk.

Seed in general one in each cell, the other seldom or never ripens ;
round, rugose, with a large cavity (as in the Cocculi indici),
which penetrates two-thirds of the seed.

This plant is common in hedges, among bushes, on the banks of
water-courses, about Samulcotah ; I have not met with it elsewhere.
Flowers during the wet and cold seasons; when cultivated it
flowers all the year.

The plant possesses a peculiar and agreeable fragrance, and the
beauty of its flowers, though not fragrant, intitles it to a place in
the flower garden.

68. FLACOURTIA SEPIARIA.

Canrew of the Telingas.
Stem very irregular. Bark dark rust-colour, smooth.
Branches numerous, straggling.
Thorns axillary, spreading, very numerous, large, and very sharp,
leaf-and flower-bearing.
Leaves on the young shoots alternate, on older branches fascicled,
short-petioled, reflected, oval, serrated, smooth, about three-
fourths of an inch long, and half an inch broad.
Peduncle axillary, single, or many, undivided, one-flower’d.
Flowers small.
MALE FLOWERS.
Calyx five-leaved : Leaflets oblong, erect, woolly.
Corol none.
Filaments very numerous.
Anthers small.
FEMALE FLOWERS on a distinct plant.
Calyx as in the male.
Germ above, oval.
Styles three or four, short, a little spreading.
Stigmas simple.
Berry globular, succulent, size of a pea.
Seeds from four to eight.

This is a very common, thorny, shrubby plant, found in most
woody uncultivated parts of the coast, both on mountains, and low
lands. Flowers about the beginning of the hot season ; berries ripe
in July and August.

49 FLACOURTIA SEPIARIA.

This bush answers well for fences, its thorns being so exceed-
ingly strong and numerous.

The berries, when ripe, are eaten by the natives, and are sold in
the public markets.

69. FLACOURTIA SAPIDA.

Pedda Caanrew of the Telingas.

Trunk irregular, but growing to the size of a small tree.

Thorns as in the former, but fewer, and even wanting sometimes.
Leaves alternate, short-petioled, oval, serrated, smooth, from one to
two inches long, and from three-fourths to an inch broad.

Peduncle axillary, many-flower’d.

Male Flowers as in the former.

Female Flowers on a different tree.

Calyx as in the former.

Nectary a notch’d cup-like ring, surrounds the base of the germ.

Styles four or five.

Berry larger than in the former, and contains from six to twelve
seeds, generally eight or ten.

This tree is a native of the mountainous parts only; flowers
most part of the year.
The berries of this sort are also eaten, and are very palatable.

70. EMBRYOPTERIS GLUTINIFERA.

Embryopteris peregrina.
Tumika of the Telingas.
Mangostan-utan of the Malays. (Koenig)
(Koenig)

Garin. sem. 1. p. 145. tab. 29.

Lym-appel of the Dutch.

Trunk erect, straight, middle-sized.
blackish rust-colour.

Branches spreading, scatter’d ; young shoots smooth.

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, two-faced, linear-oblong, pointed,
smooth, firm, shining; when young, soft and red; six inches
long by two broad.

Stipule, single, sheathed, which bursts and falls, when the leaf be-
gins to expand.

MALE TREE.

Penduncle axillary, single, bowing, bearing three, four, or more,
small, white flowers.

Bracte small, deciduous, below each pedicel.

Filaments about twenty, at the point bifid.

Anthers about forty, linear, erect.

FEMALE TREE.

Peduncle axillary, single, undivided, bearing one white flower,
which is considerably larger than the male.

Filaments one, two, three, or four, small, short.

Anthers linear, small, sterile.

Germ globular.

Styles four, spreading.

Stigmas branched, generally three-cleft.

Berry, or rather apple, globular, size of a middle-sized apple, pulpy,

rusty-yellow when ripe, and covered with a rust-colour’d
farina.

Bark pretty smooth, dark,

EMBRYOPTERIS GLUTINIFERA. 50

Seeds eight, which generally all ripen, immersed in pulp, kidney-

form, straight, edge thin.*

This is a middle-sized tree, growing in the moist, cool valleys,
among the mountains in the Circars; it does not cast its leaves ;
flowering time March and April. The wood of this tree is of an
indifferent quality, and not much used.

The ripe fruit is eaten by the natives, but I cannot say it is palat-
able: it is strongly astringent.

BORASSUS FLABELLIFORMIS.
Linn. spec. plant. 1657.

7h Tae

Palmaira tree.
Potoo-Taady is the Telinga name of the Male tree.
Penty, or Nama-Taady, that of the Female.

Root consists of innumerable long, tough, very strong fibres, about
the thickness of the little finger.

Trunk erect, generally from thirty to fifty feet high, though some-
times it attains the height of one hundred feet; it is every-
where marked with the hard, black cicatrices of the fallen
leaves. }

Fronds (leaves) surround the top of the tree, stip’d (petioled), round,
composed of a great number of folded, linear-lanced divisions,
which continue united about half way ; from two to five feet
each way.

Stipes stem-clasping, convex on the under side, and concave above,
margins armed with a sharp, very hard, lacerated edge ; from
two to four feet long. |

MALE FLOWERS.

Spathe universal, composed of many (ten to fourteen,) imbricated,
smaller spathes, each vaginated at the base, but soon split-
ting in a long concave, pointed, boat-like sheath, in sub-
stance very strong and fibrous: when young, they are covered
with a soft, downy, rust-colour’d substance } sometimes in the
lower axills of the sheaths, there is a bundle of smaller sheaths,
forming a spathe, like that now described, but without spadix.
The superior four or seven sheaths embrace each ramification
of the spadix, each ramification ending in two or three cylin-

= Description by Dr. Koenig.
Arbor grandis, fronde magna, globosa, Mangifere simillima. Truncus crassus, tectus cortice
rugoso, atro-fusco.
Folia alterna, bifaria, lineari-oblonga, acuta, integerrima, utrinque glabra, coviacea, rigida,
spithamea. Petzoli semiteretes, patentes, rigidi, semipollicares.
Mascule arbores.

Corymbi axillares, parvi, nutantes, 4-7-flori.

Calyx monophyllus, urceolatus, coriaceus, flavicans, pilis raris albis adpressis tectus, ca-

ducus, parvus.

Corolla monopetala, urceolata, glabra, subcoriacea, albicans, calyce triplo longior, quadrifida :
laciniz acute, patentes. :

Filamenta numerosa (usque ad 56), brevia, alba. Anthere lineares, angulose, acute, erectz,
corolla parum breviores.

Feminee arbores.

Flores plerumque solitarii.. Pedunculi crassiores, petiolis vix brevzores, supra basin cicatri-
cula notati, ex bractea caduca.

Calyx monophyllus, quadripartitus : laciniz erectzx, cordatz, acute, integerrime, coriacez,
albicantes, persistentes, magne.

Corolla major, profundius divisa, et minus urceolata, quam in mare.

Germen elobosum, album, magnitudine pisi minoris, basi margine cinctum. Soli quatuor,
patentes, pilosi, planiusculi, apice bifidi: laciniz dentate, germine breviores.

Bacca globosa, parum depressa, tomento pulverulento rubro caduco tectum, magnitudine

pomi vulgaris, s-sperma. Semina ovata, acuta, compressa.

ol BORASSUS FLABELLIFORMIS.

dric, bowing aments, most beautifully imbricated with innu-
merable scales.

Scales.broad wedge-form, retuse, adhering by their lateral margins
to the keel, or back of the next above, (when the ament
stands erect) forming a cavity for a fascicle of about ten or
twelve small, yellow, sessile, flowers ; seldom more than one
expands at a time, beginning with the uppermost, so that there
is a long succession of them.

Bractes numerous, wedge-form, concave, surrounding the bundle
of flowers.

Perianth proper, hid within the scales of the ament, three-leaved:
Leaflets wedge-form, concave.

Corol elevated from the calyx, on a small, club’d, triangular, pedi-
cel, which is of sufficient length to raise the flower above the
scales; Petals three, oval, concave, points incurvate, spread-
ing.

Filaments six, very short. Anthers linear.

FEMALE FLOWERS on a different tree.

Spathe compound as in the male.

Spadix is generally composed of only two branches.

Scales annular, imbricated, one-flower'd, splitting in various places,
as the fruit increases in size, smooth; those nearest the base
and the apex sterile. .

Pertanth proper, or Corol eight or twelve leaved: leaflets unequal,
concave, firm, leathery, closely embracing the germ, perma-
nent, and, with the fruit, increasing in size.

Filaments six to nine, united into a ring which surrounds the base
of the germ.

Anthers oval, sterile.

Germ globular.

Style none.

Stigma a scaly navel as in Ficus, with gencrally four small stria,
which run from them, each ending in a dark-brown colour’d
speck.

Drupe subglobular, with the apex flattened, size of an infant's head,
smooth: skin leathery, dark-brown, shaded with dark yel-
low ; inwardly replete with soft, yellow pulp, intermixed with
tough, straw-colour’d hair.

Nuts from two to four, (generally three) inverse-broad-hearted, a
little compress’d, of a tough horny substance, covered with
much of the before mentioned hair, perforated in the notch of
the ‘apex.

Nucleus bears the general form of a nut, apex (not the base) three
lob’d: on each side groov'd from the base of the apex; in
substance somewhat cartilaginous, of a clear whitish colour ;
in the centre there is a transverse slit, which, on drying, en-

larges into a cavity.

This, next to Caryota urens, grows to be the largest Palm on this
coast. It seems to thrive equally well in all soils, and situations ;
but when the growth of high land, at a distance from the sea, the
wood is much stronger, and every way better. It flowers during
the beginning of the hot season.

When the seeds are young they are a pleasant, cooling jelly,
much eaten by the natives, and the addition of a little sugar and
rose-water makes them extremely palatable ; the pulp of the ripe
fruit is also eaten by the natives.

The tree, during the first part of the hot season, yields a pretty
large quantity of Toddy (palm-wine), which is thus procured. The
spadix, either male or female, is cut through just below where it
begins to be divided into branches, and the juice is received into
earthen pots suspended for that purpose; but it is necessary that a

BORASSUS FLABELLIFORMIS. 52

small bit of the extremity of the divided spadix should be daily cut
off, to remove the contracted, dry extremities of the vessels, and fa-
cilitate the flow of fresh juice. The Toddy is either drank fresh
drawn from the tree, or fermented for distillation ; or is boiled into
a coarse kind of sapa, or rob, called Jaggary.

The wood of this palm, near the circumference, when of suffi-
cient age (one hundred years or thereabout), is remarkably hard,
black, heavy, and durable, and is universally used for rafters, in
pent-roofed houses, for which purpose it is certainly the first wood
in India. The centre is soft and spongy, containing little else than
a coarse kind of farinaceous matter, intermixed with some soft,
white, woody fibres, and is cut out; as the black, exterior, hard
part only is employed.

By the natives, the leaves are universally used for writing upon,
with an iron style, or bodkin. They are also employed for thatch-
ing houses, for making small baskets, mats, kc. and are formed into
large fans, called vissaries.

Explanation of the Figures in: Plate 71.
Fig. 1. Four branches of the spadix with their respective spathes,
the whole reduced much below the natural size.
2. A portion of an ament, magnified.

. The fascicle of unexpanded flowers, with the scale torn

Go

open to show their situation, magnified.
4. Two views of a flower.

Plate 72.
Fig. 1. The spathes and spadix, smaller than nature.
2. A portion of the same cut transversely.

3. A flower, natural size.

4. The same with the petals removed, shewing the sterile sta-
mens.

. The sterile stamens separated.

. Sections of two germs.

. A section of the ripe fruit.

Opn Str SO) oor

. One of the nuts with its hair and filament, which commu-
nicates with the stigma.
9, The same deprived of its hair.
10. A perpendicular section of the same, which exposes the
embryo at the apex.

73. COCOS NUCIFERA.
Linn. spec. plant. 1658.

Nany-cadum, or Cobry-tshittoo of the Telingas.
Tenga of the Tamuls.

Spathe universal, axillary, cylindric-oblong, tapering equally to-
wards each end, bursting longitudinally its whole length ; tex-
ture somewhat woody, inside perfectly smooth, outside slightly
striated lengthwise, two or three feet long.

Spadix nearly erect, very branchy, winding.

Branches simple, winding much, bowing a little.

Male Flowers numerous, above the female, approximated, very ses-
sile.

Calyx three-leaved: leaflets small, broad-hearted, firm, fleshy.

Petals three, as in the Genera plantarum.

Female Flowers generally one, though sometimes none, near the base
of each ramification of the spadix, and accompanied by a male
flower on each side.

53 COCOS NUCIFERA.

Calyx below, perhaps two-leaved, but it is difficult to say where
the’corol begins.

Corol six-petal’d, if two are allowed for the calyx ; heart-shape, the
exterior three much the largest, of a firm leathery texture,
concave, and do not expand but in a trifling degree, except
force be used.

Nectary: a thin orange-coloured ring surrounds the base of the germ.

Germ somewhat conical.

Style none.

Stigma small, immersed in the apex of the germ, slightly three-
lobed.

The Nu is well described and delineated by Gertner.

This tree delights in a moist, sandy soil, near the sea. Its uses
and its produce, are various and well known.

Explanation of the Figures.
Fig. 1. A female flower, not open.
. Back and front view of a male flower, magnified.

Go dO

. The same of a female flower, natural size.
Section of the germ near the apex. Ditto.
. Another near the middle. Ditto.

. A third section near the base. Ditto.

nD or

74. PHOENIX FARINIFERA.
Chitty-cita of the Telingas.

Trunk, the little it has is only about one, or at most two feet high,
and so entirely enveloped in the leaves that it is never seen ;
the whole appearing like a large round bush.

Leaves feathered, as in Phoenix dactylifera (the Date tree); nearly
as large. Leaflets longer, narrower, more pointed, of a much
deeper green.

Spathe axillary, one-valved, inside concave, fitting the trunk or base

of the leaf immediately within it: this concavity is bordered _

by two sharp edges, outside convex, there splitting longitudi-
nally, leathery, smooth, withering.

Spadix erect, very ramous: branches simple, spreading in every
direction; eight to twelve inches long.

MALE FLOWERS.

Calyx small, slightly three-tooth’d.

Petals three.

Filaments six, very short, inserted into a fleshy, globular receptacle.

Anthers oblong, erect.

FEMALE FLOWERS on a different plant.

Calyx as above.

_ Petals three, orbicular, equal, rigid, calyx-like, lasting.

Pistil as in Phoenix dactylifera.

Berry, when ripe, shining black, size of a large French bean; the
pulp is sweet and mealy, but in small quantity. The natives
eat them as gathered from the bush, without any preparation.

Seed cartilaginous, shape of the berry, grooved longitudinally, as
in Phoenix dactylifera, pretty smooth, brown on the outside,
light-greyish white within; on the middle of the back there
is a small elevation, under which is an oblong pit containing
the embryo.

This is a dwarf species of the Date tree, not taken notice of by
any author I have met with. It is a native of dry, barren ground,

PHOENIX FARINIFERA. 54

and chiefly found on the sandy lands at a small distance from the
sea. Flowers in January and February; fruit ripe in May.

The leaflets are wrought into mats; the common petioles are split
into three or four, and used for making ordinary baskets of various
kinds; but they are not so proper for this purpose as the Bamboo,
which is elastic, much more durable, and splits easily.

The small trunk, when divested of its leaves, and the strong
brown fibrous web that surrounds the trunk at their insertions, is
generally about fifteen or eighteen inches long, and six in diameter,
at the thickest part; its exterior or woody part, consists of white
fibres matted together, which envelope a large quantity of a farina-
ceous substance, used as food by the natives in times of scarcity ;
but it is also interwoven with many white fibres ; to separate which
from the farinaceous part, the trunk is split into six or eight pieces,
then dried, beaten in wooden mortars, and afterwards sifted: the
rest of the preparation consists in boiling the meal into a thick
gruel, or (as it is called in India) conjee. It seems to be much less
nutritive than the common sago, and is less palatable, being consi-
derably bitter when boiled; but probably by more care in the pre-
paration, or by varying the mode, it might be improved. It certainly
deserves attention, as during the end of the last, and beginning of
the present year, 1791, it saved many lives: rice being excessively

dear, and at times not to be had, which obliged numbers of the

poor to have recourse to this meal. It may further be remarked,
that the tree fortunately is one of the most common on this part
of the coast, particularly near the sea.

75. ARECA CATHECU.
Linn. spec. plant. 1659.

Po-ka-tshittoo of the Hindoos.

Spathe double.

Spadix very branchy.

Male Flowers very numerous, above the female, sessile, without
bractes.

Calyx one-leaved, small, three corner’d, three-parted, smooth.

Petals three, oblong, rigid, striated, smooth, many times longer than
the calyx. ;

Filaments, generally three, very short and broad ; two-parted, in-
serted round the base of the columnar style.

Anthers always six, arrow’d.

Germ, no other than a short column, which splits into three short,
obtuse segments.

Female Flowers in the same spadix, one, two, or three at, or near the

7 base of each ramification of the spadix, sessile, without bractes.

Calyx six-leaved: the interior three largest, hearted, rigid, fleshy,
permanent.

Corol none.

Nectary membranaceous, generally six-tooth’d, embracing closely
the base of the germ.

Germ ege'd.

Style scarce any. :

Stigmas three, short, triangular, seemingly united into one, conical,
sharp.

Drupe well described and delineated by Gertner.

Where it grows wild, I cannot say from my own observation,
but it is cultivated over every part of India, and is in flower most

55 ARECA CATHECU.

part of the year. It is the most beautiful Palm we have on the
coast; the trunk grows remarkably straight, often to forty or fifty
feet high; but in general is only about twenty inches in circum-
ference, and almost equally thick, and smooth.

On the Malabar coast, the common black pepper-vines are usu-
ally trained up to this tree, which renders it more particularly
useful in those parts.

76. VENTILAGO MADERASPATANA.
Gaertn. sem.1. p. 223. tab. 49.

Yerra-Chirtaly of the Telingas.

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, two-faced, ege'd, most slightly
saw'd, smooth; three or four inches long.

Panicle terminal.

Flowers very numerous, small, dirty-greenish colour; smell very
strong and offensive, not unlike that of Sterculia foetida.

Calyx, Corol, Nectary, Stamens, and Pistil, as in Rhamnus Jujuba.

Capsule globular, size of a pea, surrounded near the middle with
the remaining nectary, and terminating in a long linear mem-
branous wing, one-cell’d, not opening of itself.

Seed solitary, round. —

A large, climbing, woody shrub; a native of forests and other
uncultivated places among the mountains; flowers during the cold
season. It is generally dicecious.

77. CARISSA CARANDAS.

Linn. mant. 52.

Avigna in Sanscrit.

Caronda or Caraunda of the Bengalese.

Waaka of the Telingas.

Kalaaka of the Tamuls, and European nations on the Coromandel
coast.

Trunk, when it has any, irregularly bent in various directions.
Bark grey.

Branches and Branchlets very numerous, always two-fork’d, and
standing nearly at right angles, rigid, round, smooth.

Thorns constantly in pairs, at the divisions of the branches and
branchlets only; opposite, horizontal, very strong, round,
smooth, exceeding sharp; frequently two-fork’d.

Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, oval, obtuse, smooth, hard, shining ;
their insertions remarkably regular, always one pair below
the fork, crossed with the thorns, and another pair between
the forks, where there are no spines.

Peduncles terminal, generally in pairs, each less than an inch long,
bearing generally three beautiful milk-white, jasmine-like
flowers.

Bracte, a small one at the insertion of each pedicel.

Calyx, Gorol, Stamens, and Pistil, as in the genus.

Berry single (never two, not even the rudiment of more than one) ;
size of a small plum, but of a more lengthened form ; when
ripe, shining black.

Seeds generally eight, oblong, compressed.

CARISSA CARANDAS. - ; 56

This is a very common, large shrub, or irregularly formed, small,
ramous tree, growing in most wild, woody, dry, uncultivated parts ;
flowers in February, March, and April. Fruit ripe in July and
August.

The shrub makes exceeding strong fences; the number of its
strong sharp thorns rendering them impassable.

The fruit, just before it is ripe, is employed to make conserves
of various kinds; and also to pickle: for which uses it is superior to
every other fruit in the country, not even the Mango excepted.
When ripe, it is universally eaten by the natives, and is tolerably
pleasant to the taste, even of an European.

78. ULMUS INTEGRIFOLIA.

Naulie of the Telingas.

Trunk straight and high. Bark a little scabrous, dirty-grey colour.

Branches numerous, spreading so as to form a large shady head.

Leaves alternate, two-faced, short-petioled, egg’d, though sometimes
hearted, entire, smooth, shining; from three to five inches
long, and about two broad.

Stipules lanced, falling.

Flowers hermaphrodite and male mixed, from little gems over the
naked branchlets.

HERMAPHRODITE FLOWERS.

Calyx, or Corol, four, five, or six-leaved: leaflets spreading, small,
oval, falling.

Filaments seven, eight, or nine, exceedingly short.

Anthers linear, erect, two-lobed.

Germ above, inverse egg’d, end-nick’d, compress’d.

Styles two, short, incurved, permanent.

Stigmas acute, woolly.

Capsule pedicel’d, orbicular, leafy, compress’d, end-nick’d, one-
cell’d, one-valved, not opening.

Seed one. :

MALE FLOWERS.
Calyx and Stamens as above.
Pistil: no rudiment of one.

The first parts of the flower that appear are the anthers, they are
then reddish; next the calyx increases, and becomes visible to the
naked eye, but is at all times small, and if not looked for, may pass
unperceived.

It is a very large timber tree, a native of the Circar mountains ;
flowers during the cold season ; casts its leaves about the close of the
wet season, but they come out again in March.

The wood is by the natives reckoned of a good quality, and em-
ployed for a variety of uses.

79. BAMBOS ARUNDINACEA.
Retz. obs. 5. p. 24.

Arundo Bambos. Linn. spec. plant. 120.
Mulleap Vedroo of the Telingas.
Mungil or Munkil of the Tamuls.

Stems (I fear to call them culms,) numerous, from ten to one hun-
dred, from the same root, for some ten or twenty feet straight,

57 BAMBOS ARUNDINACEA.

then bending gently to one side, piped, jointed, undivided,
but with innumerable, very ramous, alternate, winding, two-
faced, spreading, branches.

Thorns double or triple, alternate, on the joints of the branches and
branchlets; when double, a branchlet occupies the centre;
when triple, the largest thorn stands there; they are remark-
ably strong, sharp, and somewhat recurvate; sometimes they
are wanting, particularly in a very rich moist soil.

Leaves sheathing, two-faced, most short-petioled, linear-lanced,
upper side and margins backwardly hispid, broad at the base,
fine pointed; from two to six inches long, and half or three
quarters of an inch broad; but in the rich moist soil on the
banks of the Ganges, they are from two to four inches broad,
and about a foot long. Sheaths somewhat downy, with a few
short, bent filaments, on each side of the mouth.

Inflorescence. When in flower, the tree is generally destitute of
leaves; and, as the extremity of every ramification is covered
with flowers, the whole seems one entire, immense panicle,
composed of innumerable, somewhat verticill’d spikes; each
verticil is composed of several two-ranked, oblong, pointed,
sessile, rigid, spikelets.

Calyx common, calycled, from two to six-flower’d, two or three-
valved: (aa) valvelets equal, oblong, concave, smooth, and of
a firm texture, scales round the base, (4) small, oval, number
uncertain; they are also often common to several minute ste-
rile spikelets.

FHermaphrodite Flowers one, two, or three, below the male.

Calyx no other than the above described..

Corol two-valved: the exterior valvelet rather the shortest, oblong,
pointed, smooth, cartilaginous; inner valvelet oblong, margins
inflected, concave behind, and fringed with hairs round the
elevated margins of the posterior concavity.

Nectary: three inverse ege’d scales embrace the insertions of thie
stamens and germ.

Filaments six, inserted round the base of the germ.

Anthers linear, incumbent.

Germ oval.

Style single.

Stigma two-cleft: divisions plumose.

Seed (c) firmly closed in the corol, is very like oats, and about the
same size.

Male Flowers from one to three, above the hermaphrodite.

Calyx none.

Corol, Nectary, and Stamens, as in the hermaphrodite.

Pistil none.

It delights in a rich moist soil, such as the banks of rivulets and
lakes, among the mountains.

It is unnecessary to mention the various purposes to which this
most useful plant is applied in India, as they are already generally
known.

Tabasheer or tabaxir of the Moors, Arabians, and Turks; Vedroo
Paloo (milk of bamboo) of the Telingas; and Mungil Upoo (salt of
bamboo) of the Tamuls; the substance so well described by Dr.
Patrick Russell, in Vol. Ixxx. of the Philosophical Transactions of
London, is found in the cavities of the joints of this sort.

The Tamul physicians pretend that the root is a diluent; that the
bark cures eruptions; and that the camphire, or salt (tabasheer)
cures all paralytic complaints, as well as flatulencies, and poisons.

The leaves are esteemed a powerful emmenagogue; an opinion

held also by the Chinese.

The seed is used for food, in the manner of rice.

5S
80. BAMBOS STRICTA.

Male, or solid Bamboo.
Sadanapa Vedroo of the Telingas.

Stems fewer, straighter, and smaller, than in the common sort, other-
wise they are the same.

Thorns oftener wanting.

Inflorescence the same as in B. arundinacea. Vert¢cils sessile, glo-
bular, very dense, surrounding entirely the branchlet. Spikelets
of the verticil crowded, two-ranked, kc. as in B. arundinacea.

Calyx as in the last, except that the scales are longer, and common
to two or three spikelets; here the flowers are generally all
hermaphrodite, and seldom more than. three to the calyx.

Corol two-valved: exterior valvelet downy, with a very sharp dag-
gerd point; inner valve as in B. arundinacea. I could not
perceive any nectary.

Stamens six.

Pistil woolly.

Stigma two-cleft, thread-form.

Seed as in the last.

This is evidently a distinct species. It grows in drier situations,
is not near so large, has a much smaller cavity, and is very straight.
Its great strength, solidity, and straightness, render it much fitter
for a variety of uses than the common sort; and it is particularly
employed by the natives to make shafts to their spears.

81. APONOGETON MON OSTACHYON.
Linn. suppl. 214. Thunb. nov. gen. plant. 4. p.73.

Namma is the Telinga name of the plant, and Namma Dumpa
the root.

Root tuberous, perennial.

Leaves radical, long-petioled, linear-oblong, at the base hearted,
pointed, entire, smooth, three-five-nerved; from three to six
inches long, and about one broad.

Scape as long as the leaves, a little striated, perforated by many
pores, lengthways.

Spike elegantly winding, closely surrounded with flowers.

Bractes, Calyx or Corol, two wedge-form concave petals, inserted at
the base of the two fissures between the inferior and two su-
perior germs; permanent.

Stamens always six, shorter than the bractes.

Anthers blue,

Germs three, surrounded by the stamens.

Capsules three, pointed with the remaining style, smooth, one-cell’d,
four- to eight-seeded.

Seeds oblong, inserted into the base of the capsule.

There is a variety, if not a distinct species, with hedge-hog’d
two-seeded capsules, but in all other respects the same.

It is a native of shallow, standing, sweet water. Appears and
flowers during the rains.

The natives are fond of the roots, which are nearly as good as
potatoes.

82. MEMECYLON EDULE.
Alie of the Telingas.

Trunk very irregular in shape and size, covered with a dark-co-
loured scabrous bark.

Branches numerous, nearly erect.

Leaves opposite, short-petioled, egg’d, smooth, shining, firm, entire,
scarcely any veins; from three to four inches long, and from
two to three broad.

Umbellets many, compound, small; from scabrous elevations, where
the leaves stood, over the old woody branches.

Peduncles common and partial, four-sided. Pedicels round, coloured.

The parts of fructification as described in Reichard’s edition of the
Genera Plantarum.

Seed: seldom more than one comes to perfection, though in the
germs the rudiments of many are to be seen.

A very common small tree, or large shrub, in every jungle on the
coast. Flowers about the beginning of the hot season.

The ripe berries are eaten by the natives; they have much pulp,
of a bluish-black colour, and of an astringent quality.

83. LIMONIA MONOPHYLLA.

Linn. mant. 237.
Adavie-nima (wild Lime) of the Telingas.

Trunk irregular. Bark pretty smooth, greenish ash-colour.
Branches numerous, very irregular.
Thorns single, axillary, very strong, and very sharp, but in many

plants entirely wanting.

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, oblong, end-nick’d, smooth, firm,
from two to three inches long, and one, or one and a half,
broad.

Stipules awl'd.

Raceme axillary, short.

Bractes awl'd, small.

Calyx below, four-five-parted, permanent.

Corol four-five-petal’d, oval, equal, expanding. Nectary cylindric:
mouth ten-tooth’d: teeth alternately longer.

Filaments none.

Anthers rest on the teeth of the nectary.

Germ above, globular.

Style length of the nectary.

Stigma four-five-lobed.

Berry size of a nutmeg, very like a Lime, hence comes the Hindoo
name; commonly four-cell’d.

Seeds generally solitary.

Is a native of the large extensive forests on the coast, where it
grows to a small tree, though oftener found in the state of a large

shrub.

84. LIMONIA PENTAPHYLLA.
Retz. obs. 5. p. 24.

Gollunga of the Telingas.

Trunk scarce any. Bark ash-colour’d.

Branches numerous, nearly erect.

Leaves alternate, three’d, four’d, fiv’d, generally fiv'd, feather-form.
Leaflets alternate, oblong, entire, smooth, shining, from two to
three inches long, and about one and a half broad.

Petiole round, smooth.

~ Raceme terminal, and axillary, short, often compound, covered with -

a rust-coloured down.

Bractes small, concave, one under each subdivision of the raceme.

Flowers small, white, very fragrant.

Calyx and Corol as in the genus.

Nectary a notch’d ring surrounds the base of the germ.

Filaments swelled at the middle, alternately shorter.

Pistil as in the genus.

Berry round, red, smooth, size of a small cherry, pulpy.

Seeds one or two only come to maturity, though the germ has al-
ways the rudiments of five.

It is an elegant looking, fragrant shrub, very common on most
uncultivated lands, but is found chiefly under large trees, where
birds have dropped the seeds; flowers all the year.

The whole plant, when drying in the shade, diffuses a pleasant
permanent scent, which I cannot describe, the flowers are exqui-
sitely fragrant.

Birds eat the berries greedily.

85. LIMONIA ARBOREA.

Conda Gollunga of the Telingas.

Leaves alternate, fiv’'d. Leaflets alternate, linear, oblong, serrated,
smooth, five inches long, and about two broad.
Panicles terminal, and from the exterior axills.

The rest as in L. pentaphylla.

It is a native of the mountainous parts of the Circars, where it
grows to a middle sized tree, with a large, ramous, shady head.

The berries of this species are also eaten by birds, and the flowers
are equally fragrant with those of the last described species; whe-
ther a difference of soil and situation can produce such difference

between this and the L. pentaphylla, is doubtful: in their general

habit they agree ; the saw’d leaves are the chief specific distinction ;
for the increased size of the plant itself, and the panicles, cannot
well be deemed characteristic.

86. LIMONIA CRENULATA.

Tsjeru-Catu-Naregam. Rheed. mal. 4. p. 31. tab. 14.
Torellega of the Telingas.

Leaves on the young shoots, alternate, on the woody ramuli fascicled,
feather'd with an odd one, three to four inches long. Leaflets

61 LIMONIA CRENULATA.

two-three pair, opposite, sessile, oblong, nearly equal, slightly
notch’d, obtuse, smooth, texture slight, covered with numberless
small diaphanous points, one inch long, and half an inch broad.

Petiole broad-wing’d, leaf-like, articulated.

Flowers white, small, fragrant, collected on small umbells, or ra-
cemes, over various parts of the branchlets.

Calyx small, four-tooth’d.

Petals four, lanced, spreading.

Nectary: a ring surrounds the base of the germ.

Filaments eight, rather shorter than the petals, broad towards the
base, spreading.

Anthers incumbent, oval.

~ Germ above, sessile.

Style thick, shorter than the stamens.

Stigma oblong.

_ Berry size of a large pea, smooth, juicy, when ripe black, four-
cell’d.

Seeds four, one in each cell, though it seldom happens that all come

to maturity.

This species is generally found on the low lands near the coast,
in form of a shrub, but among the mountains it grows to a middle
sized tree. Flowering time the hot season.

87. GETONIA FLORIBUNDA.

Bandy-moorroodoodoo of the Telingas.

Stem woody, climbing.

Branches twiggy.

Leaves opposite, short-petioled, egg’d, pointed, downy, about three
inches long, and two broad.

Panicles terminal and axillary, middle-sized, cross-armed.

Bractes single, below each flower, lanced.

Flowers opposite, without smell.

Calyx above, chaffy, very large, deeply five-tooth’d, permanent.

Filaments inserted into the mouth of the calyx, alternately lower.

Pericarp none, except the crust of the seed, oblong, five-striated,
crown’'d with the large withered calyx, and covered with rusty-
colour’d down.

This is a large, climbing shrub, a native of forests: flowers in

February and March.

88. ERYTHROXYLON MONOGYNUM.
Adave (2. e. wild) Gorinta of the Telingas.

Branchlets two-faced.

Leaves short-petioled, alternate, two-faced, wedge-form, rounded at
the apex, entire, smooth, shining, about half an inch long,
and three quarters of an inch broad.

Stipules single, within the leaf.

Peduncles axillary, generally one, two or three, short, one-flower’d.

Flowers small, yellow. :

Nectaries: two exterior, as described in the genus ; interior bell’d,
surrounding the germ: margin ten-tooth’d, stamen-bearing.

Filaments a continuation of the teeth of the interior nectary.

ERYTHROXYLON MONOGYNUM. 62

Style single, rather longer than the stamens.
Stigma three-cleft.
Drupe size of a french bean, oblong, succulent.

Is a small irregularly formed tree, a native of vallies among the
mountains in the Circars. Flowers in June or July.

89. OCHNA SQUARROSA.
Linn. spec. plant. 731.

Yerra-juvie of the Telingas.
Leaves alternate, short-petioled, oblong, acute, finely sawed, smooth,

the youngest are remarkably colour’d, about four or five inches
long, by two broad.

Panicles fascicle-like, from the naked branchlets, below the young

leaves.
Bractes small, falling.
Flowers large, yellow, inodorous.
ialyx five-leaved: leaflets oblong, large as the petals in size, but not
colour’d, permanent.
Petals from seven to twelve, generally nine or ten, oblong, falling.
Filaments short, permanent.
Anthers linear, erect, falling.
Germs generally as many as there are petals, surrounding a half-
round receptacle.
Style from the apex of the receptacle, rather longer than the stamens,
permanent.
Stigma perforated.
Pericarp none. Receptacle half round, colour’d, with a ridge for
each seed or petal, that was in the corol ; on each sits an ob-
long egg’d seed (as in Quassia), about the size of a large french

bean, smooth ; when ripe black. It is rarely that all the seeds
come to perfection.

It is a small tree, a native of our Circar mountains. Flowers
about the beginning of the hot season, at which time the leaves be-
gin to come out, having cast them during the cold season.

90. GERARDIA DELPHINIFOLIA.
Linn, spec. plant. 848.

Antirrhino adfinis maderaspatana, capillaceo folio triphyllos, flore
purpureo. Pluk. amalth. 17. tab. 353.7. 3.

Stem herbaceous, straight, ramous, four-angl'd, four-groov’d, about
three or four feet high, spotted with dark purple.

Branches opposite, stem-like.

Leaves opposite, irregularly feather-cleft ; divisions linear, as in
Ipomoea quamoclit.

Flowers axillary, solitary, short-pedicell’d, large, rose-colour’d.

Bractes two, thread-form, press on the calyx laterally.

Calyx one-leaved, five-cleft: divisions linear, erect, permanent.

Corol one-petaled : Tube bellied, two or three times longer than the
calyx: Border five-parted, segments equal, rounded.

Filaments four, two-powers, the superior pair end in a recurved
hook ; the inferior in an erect horn.

Anthers linear: the superior pair approach archwise, so that

63 GERARDIA DELPHINIFOLIA.

their apices meet; the lower pair are firmly united their whole
length.

Germ above, ege’d.

Style length of the tube.

Stigma enlarged, entire.

Capsule oblong, about as long as the calyx, two-cell’d, two-valved ;
receptacle columnar.

Seeds very numerous. *

This isa very elegant herbaceous plant, a native of the mountain-
ous part of the country; flowers during the wet and cold season.

91. AXGINETIA INDICA.
Linn. spec. plant. edit. 1. p. 632.

Orobanche Aiginetia. Linn. spec. plant. edit. 2. p. 883.

Root, a number of fleshy fibres intricately interwoven. .

Scapes several, straight, round, smooth, perfectly naked, except im-
mediately at their base, where each is involved in a small
sheath, about a foot long, one-flower’'d.

Flowers large, of an elegant purple colour.

Spathe oblong, pointed, opening lengthways on one side.

Corol one-petaled: bottom of the tube erect, pitcher-form, above
bent through the spathe horizontally, bellied; border five-
parted: divisions equal, rounded.

Filaments four, two-powers.

Anthers twin, united by pairs.

Germ above, egg’d. |

Style bent so as to correspond with the form of the corol, and is of

_ the same length.

Stigma headed.

Capsule egg’d, pointed, size of a fiibert, and although I have exa-
mined it in all stages, yet I have never been able to fix upon
any determined internal structure ; there are a number of con-
voluted laminz throughout, between which are lodged innu-
merable, most minute seeds, like those of the Orchidez.

“A small, rare, rust-like, herbaceous, naked plant; a native of the
hilly parts of the Circars.

* Description by Doctor Koenig.

Radices filiformes, subhorizontales, flexuose, lignose, albicantes.

Caulis erectus, dein in ramos patentissimos diffusus. Rami oppositi, quadrangulares, glabri,
lignosi.

Folia opposita, patentia, setaceo-linearia: inferiora tripartita; superiora simplicia, subsca-
bra, carnosa, obscure viridia, interstitiis longiora.

Flores axillares, solitarii, cauli adpressi. Pedunculi clavati, breves. Bractea: ad basin pe-
dunculi una, linearis, vix pedunculo longior; ad basin calycis geminz, opposite,
erecta, adpressx, lineares, laciniis calycinis simillime, eisque parum breviores.

Calyx monophyllus, cylindricus, decemstriatus, striis quinque dorsalibus majoribus rubris,
quinquefidus : laciniz subzequales, lineares, acuta, erect, longitudine tubi.

Corolla monopetala, purpurea, quinquefida : lacinize ovate, ciliate, imequales: duz supe-
riores recuryate, basi macula notate, minores; tres inferiores patentissimz, ma-
cula obcordato-oblonga sanguinea intra faucem nudam.

Filamenta didynama, curvata, sanguinea, pilis albis adspersa, corolla breviora. Anthere
bilobe: lobi superiores oblongi, convoluti, apice dehiscentes; lobi inferiores desi-
nentes in spinulam conicam, acutam.

Germen oblongum, lve. Stylus erectus, ruber, pilis albis conspersus. Stigma clavatum,
apice concayum.

Capsula oblonga, obtusa, bilocularis. Semina numerosa, clavata, punctata.

64

92. CYLISTA SCARIOSA.

Leaves three’d. Leaflets entire, downy, pointed: the exterior long-
rhomb’d, the pair obliquely egg’d.

Stipules short, hearted.

Raceme axillary, erect, as long as the leaves.

Flowers many, yellow, hid in the calyx, except just when expanded,
and then they only appear in front.

Calyx one-leaved, four-parted, chaffy, slightly downy, beautifully
reticulated with colour’d veins ; upper division shortest, broad,
retuse ; under division long, retuse; lateral parts smallest,
hearted, permanent.

Corol, Stamens, and Pistil, as in Dolichos.

Legume obliquely oval, downy, hid in the calyx.

Seed one.

This plant is perennial, with a woody twining stem. A native
of the mountainous parts of the Circars.

93. CASULIA AXILLARIS.

Stems herbaceous, towards the base creeping, and branchy, above
erect, round, smooth; the erect parts from nine to fifteen
inches high.

Leaves alternate, stem-clasping, lanced, saw’d, smooth, the base is
much expanded so as to form a cup-like receptacle for the
flower.

Flowers axillary, single, sessile, (the compound is meant,) a beauti-
ful light purple.

Common Perianth many-leaved, unequal, the exterior two or three
leaflets placed on the sides, are the largest and leaf-like. Par-
tial Perianth one-flower’d, one-leaved, bellied, mouth contract-
ed, margin two-cleft, permanent.

Corol compound : Corollets numerous, equal: tubes longer than their
perianths ; border five-cleft, spreading.

Filaments five, &c. as in the class.

Germ ege’d.

Stigma two-cleft.

Pericarp none; the ‘belly of the partial perianth closely envelops
each seed, forming its exterior covering.

Seed one, wedge-form, somewhat four-sided, crowned with the two
divisions of the mouth of the partial perianth. +

Is a native of moist places. Flowers during the wet season.

+ Description by Doctor Koenig.

Radix fibrosa.

Caulis basi patens, ramosus, postea erectus, teres, glaber, pedalis, vel bipedalis.

Rami numerosi, brachiati, approximati, simplices.

Folia alterna, lineari-lanceolata, glabra, dentata, denticulis minimis remotis, plerumque infra
capitula florum tria, inequalia, quorum duo lateralia multoties minora, omnia basi
dilatata.

Capitula planiuscula, parum convexa, e flosculis hermaphroditis numerosissimis compositi.

Calyx communis nullus. Jnvolucra e basi trium foliorum dilatata in membranas venosas, co-
loratas, lacero-dentatas; et tribus vel duobus involucris propriis, latis, membranaceis,
purpureo-albis, venis obscurioribus, magnitudine inzequalibus. Palee ad marginem
disci plurime, figura dissimillimz, pleraeque tamen lineares, omnes acute, membra-
nacex, purpureo-nivee, vix longitudine florum.

Corolla composita uniformis : Corollule hermaphrodite, equales. Propria infundibulifor-
mis, limbo patentissimo, quinquepartito: laciniis lineari-lanceolatis, ceruleo-pur-
pureis.

Filamenta quinque, capillaria, brevia. Anthera cylindracea, tubulosa, limbo longior, atro-
purpurea.

PANDANUS ODORATISSIMUS.
Linn. suppl. 424.

94, 95, 96.

Mugalie is the Telinga name of the male plant, and Ghezanghee
that of the female.
Caldera is the name they are known by amongst Europeans on

this coast.

Trunk: now and then a plant may be found with a single, pretty
erect one, of ten feet in height, and a ramous round head; but
this is seldom, for it is generally in form of a very large, ra-
mous, spreading bush. From the stems or larger branches
issue large carrot-shape, obtuse-pointed, roots, descending till
they come to the ground, into which they enter and then di-
vide. The substance of the most solid wood is something like
that of a cabbage stem, and by age acquires a woody hardness
on the outside.

Leaves confluent, stem-clasping, closely imbricated in three spiral
rows, round the extremities of the branches, bowing; from
three to five feet long, tapering to a very long fine triangular
point, very smooth and glossy, margins and back armed with
very fine sharp spines; those on the margins point forward,
those of the back point sometimes one way, sometimes the other.

MALE FLOWERS.

A large, terminal, pendulous, compound, leafy, raceme, the leaves
of which are white, linear-oblong, pointed, and concave; in
the axill of each, there is a single thyrsus of simple, small ra-
cemes, of long-pointed, depending anthers; they are not
sessile, but raised from the rachis of the raceme by tapering
filaments.

FEMALE FLOWERS, on a different plant,

Terminal and solitary, having no other calyx nor corol than the
termination of the three rows of leaves forming three imbricated
fascicles of white floral leaves, like those of the male raceme,
which stand at equal distances, round the base of the young
fruit.

Germs numerous, collected in firm wedge-shape angular bundles of
from six to ten or more (these form the compound germs of
the future drupes), closely impacted round the receptacle.

Style none.

Stigma single, oval, groov’d lengthwise, yellow, affixed to the out-
side of a two-lipp’d umbilicus on the apex of the germ.

Fruit compound; oval, from five to eight inches in diameter, and
from six to ten long, weighing from four to eight pounds ;
rough, rich orange-colour, composed of drupes numerous,
wedge-shape, angular; when ripe, their large, or exterior ends,
are detached from one another, and covered with a firm, deeper
orange-colour’d skin; apices flat, consisting of as many angu-
lar, somewhat convex, tubercles, as there are cells in the drupe,
each crowned with the withered stigma, internally ; the exte-
rior half of these drupes (next the apex) consists of dry spongy
cavities, their lower part next the core or common receptacle
is yellow, consisting of a rich-looking, yellow pulp, inter-
mixed with strong fibres ; here the nut is lodged.

Nut of each drupe compound, top-shape, exceedingly hard, angu-
lar, containing as many cells as there are divisions on the apex
of the drupe; each cell is perforated above and below.

Germen inferum, obcordatum, compressum, alatum, coronatum valvis duabus Oppositis,
membranaceis, ovatis, acutis, coloratis, longitudine tubi corolle, Stylus extra an-
theras parum prominens, bifidus, niveus.

Semina obcordata, compressa, alata, disco pilis raris brevibus tecto.

Receptaculum margine paleaceum, disco nudum, planum.

PANDANUS ODORATISSIMUS. 66

Seed single, oblong, smooth, adhering lengthways to a small fascicle
of strong, white fibres, which pass through the perforation of
the cell. By far the greatest number of these cells are barren.

It is a native of the warmer parts of Asia. All soils and situations
seem to suit it equally well; it flowers chiefly during the rainy
season.

- This plant is much employed for hedges, and answers well, but
takes much room. It grows readily from branches, whence it is
rare to find the full grown ripe fruit. The male is by far the most
common, a circumstance merely accidental; for I have seen some
old extensive hedges entirely female, owing to there having been
originally a female plant or plants nearest to these places.

It is the tender white leaves of the flowers (chiefly those of the
male) that yield that most delightful fragrance, for which they are
so universally and deservedly esteemed; and of all the perfumes
that I know, it is by far the richest and most powerful.

The lower yellow pulpy part of the drupe is sometimes eaten by
the natives in times of scarcity and famine, which, alas! occur too
often; the tender white base of the leaves are also eaten raw or
boiled, at such melancholy times. The taste of the pulpy part of
the drupe is to me very disagreeable.

The fusiform roots, already mentioned, are. composed of tough
fibres, which basket-makers use to tie their work with; they are so
soft and spongy as to serve the natives for corks; the leaves also
are composed of longitudinal, tough, useful, fibres.

I have never known this plant cultivated with any other view
than for fences.

Explanation of the Figures in the Plate 96.
Fig. 1. One of the fruits.
2. One of the drupes which compose the fruit.
3. A perpendicular section of the same.
4. A transverse section through the spongy part near the apex.
5. Another section where the nut is lodged, which shows two
fertile, and nine abortive cells.
6. A third section near the base below the nut.
7. The upper part of the nut of the same drupe.
gs. An under view of the same.
9. The receptacle or core.
0)

. One of the seeds affixed to its fascicle of fibres (aa). All are
of their natural size.

97. SALIX TETRASPERMA.

Trunk erect, but short, as thick as a man’s body.

Flead \arge, very ramous.

Branchlets twiggy.

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, broad-lanced, fine-pointed, most
minutely saw’d, above smooth, below whitish, from two to
four inches long.

Male Ament filiform; its peduncle often leaf-bearing, issuing from
the dry, smooth, brown, involucre-like scales of the bud.
Perianth proper small, cup-form, with a long depending tongue-

like lip.

Filaments six to eight, retrofracted, three or four times longer than
the tongue of the perianth.

Anthers twin, singly orbicular, and groov’d.

Female Aments shorter than the male.

Pervanth the same.

67 SALIX TETRASPERMA.

Germ long-pedicel’d.

Style length of the capsule.

Stigmas two, spreading.

Capsule heart-shape, opening from the apex, one-cell’d, four-
seeded. |

Seeds oblong, involved in much fine white cotton, which does not
adhere to them, but is inserted with them into the bottom of
the capsule. |

This is the only species of Salix I have found in India. It is a
middle sized tree, a native of the banks of rivulets and moist places
far among the mountains. Flowers in the cold season.

‘98. GOUANIA TILLAFOLIA.
Lamarck encyclop. 3. p.5. Vahl symb. 3. p. 101.

Penky-tiga of the Telingas.

Tendrils simple, small, generally from the lower part of the racemes.

Leaves alternate, petioled, hearted, slightly saw’d or notch’d,
smooth ; two to four inches long.

Racemes terminal, and from the exterior axills, long, filiform.

Flowers numerous, small.

Bractes minute.

Perianth above, five-parted, as in Rhamnus.

Corol as in Rhamnus.

Nectary : the saucer-form part is here augmented by five emarginated
spreading horns.

Filaments inserted into the margin of the nectary, alternate with its
horns.

Germ below, three-sided.

Style three-cleft.

Capsule dry, triangular, three-cell’d, three-valved.

Seeds one in each cell.

Is a large climbing woody shrub, a native of the Circar mountains.

99. MIMOSA DULCIS.

Trunk ill shaped.

Branches numerous, somewhat twiggy; young shoots winding, and
often reflected.

Thorns stipulary, suberect, sharp, but not long.

Leaves alternate, twice-double. Leaflets obliquely oblong, smooth,
pointed, about an inch long. Peliole and Petiolets end in a sharp

Bark ash-colour’d, pretty smooth.

point.

Panicles terminal, thin, oblong, composed of diverging racemes of
short pedicel’d, small, globular, heads of white corollets.

Filaments numerous, united below into a tube.

Legume swell’d, particularly at the seeds, twisted like a screw, a
little downy, the valves themselves thin, almost membrana-
ceous; when ripe, they open naturally, and expose to view

MIMOSA DULCIS. 68

much rose-colour’d, firm, lobated, fleshy pulp, in which the
black shining seeds are hid.

This is not a native of the coast of Coromandel, probably not of
India; it has been introduced from the Philippine Islands, for the
sake of the pulp which fills the legumes. In our gardens it grows
quickly toa tree: arich sandy soil suits it best. Flowering time
the cold season.

I cannot as yet say any thing about the wood of this tree ; its
bark is astringent, like that of the rest.

The fleshy pulp of the legumes is reckoned wholesome; it is
sweet, but insipid, and dryish; however, as the tree grows easily
and very quickly, I conceive it well worth being reared for fences,
instead of many less useful bushes and trees. The fruit would assist
the poor in times of scarcity, and the gum, wood, and bark may
also turn to account. ;

The Spaniards at Manilla, I am informed, rear many of the trees
for the sake of the pulp of the legumes, which they call Sappan-

fruit.

100. MIMOSA XYLOCARPA.

Conda-Tanghervo of the Telingas.

Trunk straight. Bark brown, pretty smooth.

Branches numerous.

Leaves scattered about the extremities of the branchlets, they con-
sist of one pair of feathers upon a common petiole. Leaflets
opposite, without a terminal odd one, from two to four pair ;
and with a single one below the pairs upon the outside; they
are entire, oblong, smooth on both sides; the exterior pair are
largest, and they are about five inches long, and two broad ;
those below are little more than half that size.

Petiole common, short, with a large brown gland between the fea-
thers ; partial petiole round, with a similar gland between
each pair of leaflets.

Stipules lanced.

Peduncles axillary, two to four, two to three inches long, each end-
ing in a globular head of fragrant florets.

Filaments ten, distinct, inserted into the bottom of the tube of the
corol.

Legume broad-sickle-form, exceedingly hard and heavy, outside co-
vered with brown farina, about six inches long, and three broad.

Seeds about ten, brown, smooth, each about as largeasa kidney bean.

This is one of the largest species of the whole Genus that I am
acquainted with. So far as I know, it is a native of the mountainous
parts of the Circars only ; casts its leaves during the cold season ;
flowering time the beginning of the hot season.

The wood of the tree is of a chocolate-colour towards the centre ;
the natives esteem it much, and use it for a great many purposes,
where hard, durable, tough timber is required: for plough-heads
it is particularly in request; the Telingas always employing the
hardest and most durable wood, as they seldom use iron in their
ploughs.

ERRATA.—Preface. Page 2, lines 12 and 18, for 1766, read 1776.
From page 1, to page 49, passim, for Bract, read Bracte.

Page 3, line 19, for there, read where—line 4 from bottom, for Hight, read slight.

Page 25, line 35; page 58, line 33; page 63, line 19, for /engthways, read lengthwise.

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SYSTEMATIGAL INDEX

TO VOL. I.

“4 PLATE PLATE PLATE
Tetratria, Monogynia. Molinza canescens - - 60 Gynandria, Diandria.
Ornitrophe serrata - - 61 ; f
Canthium parflorum a pene : Orchis plantaginea - - 37
ini ne Limodorum virens - - 38
Gyrocarpus Jquini : Z 1 Trigynia.
Sirium myrtifium 3 Sharan 9 recurvum : oe ke)
‘ Oldenlandia ubellata - s 3 Sapindus rubiginosa - - 62 nutans - - 40
Salvadora perta. bi i a aS aphyllum - ite
: : Epidendrum tessellatum = - 42
Decandria, Monogynia. P
; ; : ; premorsum~ - = ae
- Pentdria, Monogynia. .
Cresalpinia Sappan - - 16 pendulum - - 44
Nauclea parvilia g 52 Prosopis spicigera - =e 63
cordiaa 7 foi Swietenia febrifuga . - - 17
puryea Gh ae _ chloroxylon : oe Monoecia, Decandria.
Strychnos muvomica : “ ; Geertnera racemosa ee 18
peorum i ou, ; Limonia monophylla - - 83 Aulanthus excelsa : - 23
Cordia mona * é aeea's pentaphylla ey aay Oe
Ehretia aspe1 - = hemes arborea 5 7 “e Monadelpbia.
Leva 3 an crenulata - - 86
bukita 2 a! Getonia floribunda - - 87 Sterculia urens - - = 24.
ce colorata ‘ - 25
Ardisia solacea 2 a Sete 5
Tectona grais - - ag Trigynia.
Sideroxylommentosum : SEM Dioecia, Monandria.
Ventilago neraspatana : S076 Erythroxylon monogynum - 88 Ps
s Pandanus odoratissimus a G40 5 O16
Buttneria hacea : = 29 3
Carissa Gardas - ect k) Dodecandria, Monogynia.
Ceropegia |bosa a Bis g : Diandria.
| oueita : , Bassia latifolia # - - 19
Salix tetrasperma ‘ : aay
verosa 2 : 9
acea - - = 10 Polyandria, Monogynia.
i Hexandria.
Ochna squarrosa - = 89
Digynia. Lagerstroemia reginz - : 65 Ferreola buxifolia 2 45
; parviflora - - 66
Periploca ulenta = 2 11
Stapelia aendens . : 30 Polyandria.
Ulmus intifolia | - . 78 Polygynia. aver
Flacourtia sepiaria - - 68
Dillenia pentagyna - - 20 sapida ee - 69
Trigynia. Uvaria cerasoides = = 33 Embry opteris glutinifera Bara
; ; suberosa - : 34
SemecarpAnacardium a“ Sue:
“i = 35 : :
or - Polygamia, Monoecia.
lutea “ - ment 3°6
tandria, Monogynia. Gouania tilizefolia - - 98
; : ‘ ; : Mimosa dulcis - - - 99
Curculigchioides ~ - 13 Didynamia, Angiospermia.
chou xylocarpa - c 100
ambos ndinacea 2 E 79 ; Eee
Gerardia delphinifolia - - 90
cta . 18.0 eer aS
ff ginetia indica : - = Ot Dioecia.
Thunbergia fracrans ‘ 67
g g ;
Tetragynia. Diospyros Melanoxylon - 46
sylvatica - - 47
: Di : i
Apono@ monostachyon 81 iadelpbia, Decandria Reine. a : Ae
Butea frondosa : és = 21 chloroxylon 5 may
ttandria, Monogynia. superba A A eS cordifolia : “ 50
Sy P
Cylista scariosa - - “ 92
Combm decanbrum - =U e5'9 Pie.
Grisleaentosa - - 31
Mimu: Elengi - - 14 Syngenesia. Borassus flabelliformis - Ch ee:
hexandra - = GL : : Cocos nucifera ae - 73
a Polygamia equalis. he) a
Roxbua gloriosoides : 32 Phoenix farinifera : - 74
Memen edule 5 - 89 Cesulia axillaris - - 93 Areca cathecu - - 75

ALPHABETIGAL INDEX |

TO VOL, I.

Alginetia indica, 91.
Ailanthus excelsa, #3.
Anacardium orientale, 12.
Aponogeton monostachyon, 8 1.
Ardisia solanacea, 27.

Areca cathecu, 75.

Arundo Bambos, 79.

Bambos arundinacea, 79.
stricta, 80.

Banisteria benghalensis, 18.
tetraptera, 18.
unicapsularis, 18.

Bassia latifolia, 19.

Borassus flabelliformis, 71, 72.

Butea frondosa, 21.

superba, 22.

Buttneria herbacea, 29.

Czsalpinia Sappan, 16.
Ceesulia axillaris, 93.
Canthium parviflorum, 51.
Carissa Carandas, 77.
Ceropegia acuminata, 8.

bulbosa, 7.

juncea, 10.

tuberosa, 9.
Cocos nucifera, 73.
Combretum decandrum, 59.
Cordia monoica, 58.

retusa, 57.

Curculigo orchioides, 13.

Cylista scariosa, 92.

Dillenia pentagyna, 20.

Diospyros chloroxylon, 49.
cordifolia, 50.
melanoxylon, 46.
montana, 48.

sylvatica, 47.

Ehretia aspera, 55.
buxifolia, 57.
ferrea, 45.
levis 56.

Enmbelia grossularia, 26.

Embryopteris glutinifera, 70.

Epidendrum pendulum, 44.
pramorsum, 43.
tessellatum, 42.

Erythrina monosperma, 21.

Erythroxylon monogynum, 88.

Ferreola buxifolia. 45.
Flacourtia sapida, 69.

sepiaria, 68.

Geertnera racemosa, 18.
Gerardia delphinifolia, 90.
Getonia floribunda, 87.
Gouania tilizfolia, 98.
Grislea tomentosa, 31.

Gyrocarpus Jacquini, 1.

Hiptage Madablota, 18.

Lagerstroemia parviflora, 66.
regine, 65.
Limodorum aphyllum, 41.
nutans, 40.
recurvum, 39.
virens, 38.
Limonia arborea, $5.
crenulata, 86.
monophylla, 83.
pentaphylla, s4.
Lythrum fruticosum, 31.

Memecylon edule, 82.
Mimosa dulcis, 99.
xylocarpa, 100.
Mimusops elengi, 14.
hexandra, 15.
Molina racemosa, 18.

Molinza canescens, 60.

Nauclea cordifolia, 53.
parvifolia, 52.

purpurea, 54.

Ochna squarrosa, 89.
Oldenlandia umbellata, 3.
Orchis plantaginea, 37.
Ornithrophe serrata, 61.
Orobanche Aiginetia, 91.

Pandanus odoratissimus, 9 4,95,96.
Periploca esculenta, 11.

Phoenix farinifera, 74.

Pisonia buxifolia, 45.

Prosopis spicigera, 63."
Roxburghia gloriosoides, 32.

Salix tetrasperma, 97.
Salvadora persica, 26.
Sapindus rubiginosa, 62.
Semecarpus anacardium, 12.
Sideroxylon tomentosum, 38.
Sirium myrtifolium, 2.
Stapelia adscendens, 30.
Sterculia colorata, 25.
urens, 24.
Strychnos nux vomica, 4.
potatorum, 5.
Swietenia chloroxylon, 64.

febrifuga, 17.

Tectona grandis, 6.

Thunbergia fragrans, 67.

Ulmus integrifolia, 78.

Uyaria cerasoides, 33.
lutea, 36.
suberosa, 34.
tomentosa, 35.

Ventilago maderaspatana, 7 6.

IND Es

OF ENGLISH AND

NATIVE NAMS,

Adamboe, 65.
Adave Gorinta, 88.
Adavie-nima, 83.
Alie, 82.
Arry-coota, 59.
Avigna, 77.

Badaga, 54. ©
Ballusoo-Kura, 51.
Bandy-mooroodoodoo, 87.
Batsala-mandu, 9.
Bella-gada, 10.

Billoo, 64.

Bota-cadamie, 52.
Buckan-chitto, 16.
Bupana-boory, 576

Caldera, 94, 95, 96.
Canipoo-Tiga, 32.
Canrew, 68.

Caraka, 25.

Car-allum, 30.

Caronda, or Caraunda, 77.
Cattamaran Wood Tree, 1.
Cavallie, 24.

Chay root, 3.

Chilcka duduga, 34.
Chinamghie, 66.
Chitty-cita, 74.
Clearing-nut, 5.
Commoo-manda, 8.
Conda Gollunga, 85.
Conda Mayoor, 27.
Conda-Tangheroo, 100.
Coryvie, 60.

Duduga, 33.

Gheezanghee, 94, 95, 96.
Gollunga, 84,

Tatus, 6.
Illipay, 19.
Induga, 5.
Ipie, 19.
Trumbilli, 45.
Ishy-rashy, 62.

Kak-woolymera,

a
So
.

Kalaaka, 77.
Kunki, 14.

Madablota, 18.
Maduga, 21.
Magadoo, 14.
Mahwah Tree, 19.
Manchy Mandu, 7.
Mangostan-utan, 70.
Marking-nut, 12.
Mugalie, 94, 95, 96.
Mulleap Vedroo, 79.
Mungil, or Munkil, 79.
Musadie, 4.

Muoy, 36.

Nalla-tady, 13.

- Nama-Taady, 71/2.

Namma, Namma'umpa, 81.
Nany-cadum, 73.

Naulie, 7s.

Nella-jiedy, 12.

Nella-woolymera, ).

Oil Tree, 19.
Oudy-palla, 11.

Pagadoo, 14.
Palla, 15.
Palmaira Tree, 7 ik,
Pedda Caanrew, él
Pedda-Maunchitto b %
Pedda Waragowen, 26.

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Penky-tiga, 98.
Penty, 71, 72.
Pishanna, 45.
Plaso, 21.
Po-ka-tshittoo, 75,
Potoo-Taady, "1, 7,

Punagherie, 58.
Rawadam, 20.

Sadanapa Vedroo, 8
Sandal Wood Tree,
Sappan Wood Tree,,
Saya-ver, 3.
Serigada, 56.
Seringie, 31.

Soymida, 17.

Tanucoo, 1.
Tauatiky, 61.

Teké, 6.

Tella-gada, 47.
Tella-juvie, 55.
Tenga, 73.
Tettan-Kottah, 5.
Thalia maravara, 43.
Theka, 6.

Tiga Maduga, 22.
Torellega, 36. &
Tshamie, 63.
Tsheri-vello, 3.
Tsjeru-Catu-Naregam,
Tsjeru-Kara, 51.
Tumida, 46.
Tumika, 70.

Vanni maram, 63.
Vedal-chittoo, 18.
Waaka, 77.

Yeanadary Tiga, 67.
Yerra-Chirtaly, 76.
Yerra-gada, 48.

Yerra-juvie, 89.