PLANTS

OF THE

COAST OF GCOROMANDEL;

SELECTED FROM

DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS,

PRESENTED TO

THE HON. COURT OF DIRECTORS OF THE

EAST INDIA COMPANY.

BY

WILLIAM ROXBURGH, M. D.
ee

PUBLISHED BY THEIR ORDER, UNDER THE DIRECTION

OF THE RIGHT HONOURABLE

SIR JOSEPH BANKS, BART. G.C.B.

P. R. S.

VOL. III.

LONDON :

PRINTED BY W. BULMER AND CO.
Ahakspeare Printing: Office,
FOR G. AND W. NICOL, BOOKSELLERS TO HIS MAJESTY,
PALL-MALL.

1819.

201. CURCUMA ZERUMBET.

Root tuberous. Leaves elliptic, acute, clouded, smooth, petioled
on their sheathing bases. Spike radical, appearing before the leaves.

Amomum latifolium. Lamarck Encyclop. 1. p. 133.

Amomum Zerumbeth. Kenig in Retz. Observ. 3. p. 55.

Kua. Rheed. mal. 11. °t. 7. &

Zerumbed. Rumph.amb. 5. p. 168. t. 68.

Karchoora and Gandhamoolaka, are two of its numero
names.

Kutchoor, Catchoor, or Cachoraa of the Telingas.

Sotee of the Bengalese, also Huridra.

Zerumbad of the Persians.

Root perennial, tuberous, about as thick as a man’s thumb, as
in ginger, with many, long, fleshy, whip-cord-like fibrous
ramifications, issuing chiefly from the crown of the tuberous
part of the root, and base of the stems and scapes; these de-
scend deep into the ground, and are often furnished with
simple, ovate-oblong tubers, at a considerable depth below
the first mentioned horizontal superficial tubers. The sub-
stance of the first or superficial tubers, is of a firm fleshy
nature ; outwardly of a light grey, and inwardly of a pale
straw colour; they possess an agreeable fragrant smell, and
warm, bitterish, aromatic taste. The oblong, more remote
tubers, are of a more spongy nature, and possess less aroma.

Stem, no other than the united sheaths of the leaves, surrounded
by two or three obtuse, smooth, green, faintly-striated, ap-
pressed scales. Height of the whole plant about three, or
three and a half feet.

Leaves from four to six together ; in general a pretty long, some-
what winged petiol intervenes between each, and its stem
forming base. The leaf itself is elliptic, fine-pointed, and
smooth on both sides, constantly purple in the centre; veins
numerous, small, and parallel; length from one to two feet.

Scape rises distinct from the leafy stems, and generally before
them, about five or six inches long, and surrounded with a
few obtuse lax sheaths, of various lengths.

Sprke tufted, four or five inches long (so that its apex is elevated
nearly a foot above the surface of the earth), imbricated with
oblong, concave bractes, united by the lower half of their
inner margins, to the backs of those immediately above ;
forming as many pouches as there are bractes; about the
middle and base of the spike these are broader, shorter,
scarcely tinged with red, and contain about three or four
beautiful, yellow, sessile flowers each, which expanding in
succession, are embraced laterally by their own proper,
smaller, short, colourless bractes. The superior bractes, which
form the upper part of the spike and tuft, are generally
sterile, and of a deep crimson, or purple colour, or a mixture
of these.

Calyx above, scarce one-third the length of the corol, irregularly
three-toothed, semi-pellucid.

VOL. 11.

Corol funnel-shaped. Tube a little curved, gradually widening.
Border double: Exterior three-parted: the two lateral seg-
ments equal ; the third, or upper one, vaulted, and crowned
with a subulate point ; colour a very faint yellow. Interior

ed: lower segment (or lip) broad, deep-yellow, pro-

recurved, two-parted; upper segment of two lateral,

Germ beneath, hairy. Style slender, at the base embraced by the

two nectarial filaments. Stigma two-lobed, crowning the
anther.

It is a native of various parts of India; in Bengal, it generally
blossoms in April.

The dried root of this plant agrees tolerably well with that
called Zedoaria longa in Europe, but not with the drug there
called Zerumbet.

The dry root powdered, and mixed with the powdered wood
of Cesalpinia Sappan, is called Abeer by the Telingas, and Paag
by the Bengalese ; it is copiously thrown about by the natives
during the Hollee, or Hindoo holidays in the month of March.
It is also used medicinally.

This is one of six species of Gurcuma which I have figured,
and described in India; all are plants of uncommon beauty. They
have all tufted spikes, and calcarate anthers, which no other of
this charming natural order, that I have yet met with, have ; con-
sequently these are the best marks to know the genus by.

202. GRATIOLA LUCIDA.
Linn. Spec. Plant. Edit. Willd. 1. p. 108.

Annual, with diffuse, four-sided branches. Leaves ovate-cor-
date, serrate. Flowers long-peduncled, axillary, and terminal.
Capsules ovate, hid in the calyx.

Crusta ollz minor. Rumph. amb. 5. p. 461. t.170. f. 3.

Stem scarce any, but several opposite, four-sided, smooth branches,
and branchlets, spread on the surface of the ground ; their
length from six to twelve inches.

Leaves opposite, petioled, ovate-cordate, serrate, smooth.

Flowers terminal, and from the exterior axills, long-peduncled,
bright, deep blue colour.

Capsule ovate, shorter than the calyx.

A native of low, moist places over India. Appears during the
rains, and blossoms in July, August, and September.

203. GRATIOLA PARVIFLORA.

Leaves opposite, ovate-
Flowers long-peduncled,
Capsules longer than the

Annual, erect, ramous, four-sided.
oblong, three-nerved, serrulate, acute.
solitary. Sterile filaments two-cleft.
calyx, acute.

Stems erect, with few, opposite, acutely four- rigid branches ;
general height about six inches.

Leaves opposite, sessile, ovate- oblong, serrulate, three-nerved,
acute, smooth.

Flowers axillary, solitary, long-peduncled, small, general colour
blue, though I have seen many plants with white flowers.

Steril Filaments two-cleft: divisions capitate.

Capsule oblong, pointed, longer than the calyx.

Ts also a native of low, moist places over India, where it appears, ©

and blossoms during the rains.

204. GRATIOLA ROTUNDIFOLIA.
Linn. Spec. Plant. Edit. Willd. 1. p. 103.

Annual erect, four-sided. Leaves sessile, round-cordate, ser-
rate-dentate. Peduncles axillary, solitary, longer than the leaves.
Capsules globular, length of the calyx.

With the two former species, this appears and blossoms during
the rains, and continues in flower the first part of the cool season.
Willdenow quotes Tsjanga-puspam, Rheed. mal. 9. tab. 57, for
this delicate small species; but I have found another, which I
call G. integrifolia, that I think agrees better with that figure than
this.

205. HIPPOCRATEA ARBOREA.

Subarboreous, with weak subscandent branches. Leaves oppo-
site, elliptic, serrulate, fine-pointed. Corymbes axillary, dichoto-

mous. Capsules linear-oblong, two-seeded.
Cotta-paharia of the Hindoos.

Trunk straight, about as thick as a man’s arm, covered with smooth,
dark brownish, ash-coloured bark. Branches and branchlets
spreading, and tending to climb ; young shoots round and
smooth, indeed highly polished.

Leaves opposite, short-petioled, drooping, elliptic, fine taper-
pointed, serrate, very smooth on both sides; six or seven
inches long, and about three broad.

Stipules none, but two or three small, dark brown, scaly buds in
each axil.

Corymbes axillary, dichotomous, with a pedicelled flower in the
divisions.

Bractes opposite, small, permanent.

Flowers very numerous, very small, pale greenish-yellow.

Galyx beneath, generally four, though sometimes five, or even
six-parted; divisions rounded, and only about half the length
of the corol.

Corol four, five, or six-petalled ; six is the most common, and I

HIPPOCRATEA ARBOREA. 4

suspect the natural number, in a double series ; equal, ovate-
oblong, smooth.

Nectary : a three-sided, fleshy cup, surrounds the insertion of the
stamina and germ.

Filaments three, membranaceous, shorter than the corol.
four-lobed.

Germ ovate. Style short.

Capsules three, linear-oblong, compressed, smooth, one-celled,
two-valved: each valve boat-shaped.

Seeds two in the apex of each capsule, with a long, broad wing,
extending to its base, where they are inserted.

Anthers

Stigma simple.

A native of the interior parts of India, blossoms in July, and
the seed ripen in March.

A small tree of five years growth, and about twelve feet in
height (in the Botanic Garden at Calcutta), reared from seed, pre-
sented by Dr. Hunter, flowered in July 1802, for the first time.

206. PANICUM SQUARROSUM.
Retz. Obs. 4. p. 15 and 5. tab. 1. Linn. Sp. Plant. Edit. Willd. 1.
p- 845.

Culms creeping. Spikes two, horizontal ; rachis jointed. Flowers
fascicled (from the upper end of each joint of the rachis). Corol
three-valved.

Cenchrus muricatus. Linn.Mant.302. Schreb. gram. 2. p.69.t. 34.

Culms creeping to a considerable extent, with alternate spreading
branches ; their flower-beari ing extremities ascending.

Leaves short, but rather broad, and covered with soft hairs.
Sheathes large, involving much of the culms, downy.

Spikes two, terminal, spreading horizontally, or ascending in a
curve, one-ranked. Rachis composed of from four to eight,
thin, membranaceous, oblong joints ; a waved ridge divides
them longitudinally on the inside.

Flowers collected in sessile bundles, of from four to eight on the
inside of the upper end of each joint of the rachis.

Calyx one-flowered, three-valved: the exterior minute, and lJan-

ceolate: the second large, acute, and striated ; the inner nearly

as small as the exterior, tapering from the base to a fine point,

three-nerved, and fringed with a scariose border.

Is a native of the dry, sandy ground near the sea, on the Coast
of Coromandel.

207. BOSWELLIA GLABRA .*

Canarium odoriferum. Rumph. amb. 2. t. 50.
Gugulapoo-tschittoo of the Telingas.

GENERIC GHARACTER.

Calyx five-toothed, inferior. Corol five- -petalled. Nectary. a
crenulate staminiferous cup, round the lower part of the germ.
Capsule three-sided, three-celled, three-valved. Seed solitary, with
a membranaceous wing.

*In memory of the late Dr. John Boswell, of Edinburgh.

5 BOSWELLIA GLABRA.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk erect, straight, and of a great height. Bark firm, pretty
thick, and covered with a greenish ash-coloured tender pel-
licle. Branches few in proportion to the size of the tree.

Leaves about the extremities of the branchlets, alternate, unequally -
pinnate, from: six to twelve inches long. Leaflets sessile, from
six to ten pair, opposite, broad-lanceolate, obtuse, rounded
a little at the base, equal, slightly serrate, smooth, about an
inch and a half long, and about half an inch broad.

Petioles round and smooth.

Stipules none.

Racemes terminal, many together, forming a panicle, downy, gene-
rally from three to six inches long.

Bractes minute.

Flowers numerous, short-pedicelled, small, white.

Calyx beneath, small, five-toothed, permanent.

Petals five, oblong, toward the base tapering, above spreading.

Nectary: a crenulate, fleshy, red ring surrounds most part of the
germ.

Filaments ten, subulate, scarce half the length of the petals, spread-
ing, alternately shorter ; inserted on the outside of the base
of the nectary. Anthers oblong, pointed, large.

Germ oblong. Style three-sided, as long as the filaments. Stigma
headed, green.

Capsule about the size of small plum, three-sided, three-valved,
three-celled, opening from the base.

Seeds one in each cell, cordate, surrounded with a broad membra-
naceous wing.

OBSERVATIONS.

A native of the highest mountains on the Coast of Coromandel,
where it grows to be one of the largest trees; its leaves are deci-
duous about the end of the rains, in October. F lowering time the
cool season, soon after the young leaves make their appearance.

The wood of this tree, being hard, heavy, and durable, together
with its size, render it of great use for various purposes. The
lower masts of coast-built vessels are generally made of it, though
its weight renders it less fit than fir or teak, and still less so for
top-masts.

From wounds made in the bark, a large quantity of resin exudes,
which soon becomes hard and brittle, and is often used as a sub-
stitute for pitch on the Coast of Coromandel. To soften and render
it fit for use, a certain portion of some low-priced vegetable oil,
such as castor, or mustard oil, is boiled up with it. The finer
pieces of this resin are frequently burnt, instead of common in-
cense (benzoin), in the temples of the natives.

On the Balla-gaut mountains a second species grows, which I
consider to be Canarium odoriferum hirsutum, Rumph. amb. 2. t.
51. The leaflets are downy, and more deeply serrate ; and the
stamina are inserted on the exterior margin of the nectary.

208. GARUGA PINNATA.

Katou-kalesjam. Rheed. mal. 4. p. 69. ¢. 33.
Garuga, or Garoogoo of the Telingas.
Joom of the Bengalese.

GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx campanulate, five-toothed, inferior. Petals five, inserted on
the calyx, alternate with five, and just above the other five
VOL. II.

GARUGA PINNATA. 6

stamina. Stigma five-lobed. Drupe with two, or more, one-
seeded nuts. .

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk straight, and of great height, before the branches come out.
Bark pretty smooth, and ash-coloured. Branches few for the
size of the tree, forming a scanty head.

Leaves about the extremities of the branchlets, unequally-pinnate,
from six to twelve inches long. Leaflets nearly sessile, from
six to ten pair, opposite, obliquely lanceolate, crenate, or ser-
rate, a little downy, the exterior pair largest ; general length
about two inches and a half, and about one broad.

Stipules ear-shaped, spreading, pointed.

Panicle, a small, single, nearly erect one, from the axills ofthe
leaves that first appear.

Bractes minute, caducous.

Flowers yellow, inodorous.

Calyx beneath, one-leaved, campanulate, five-toothed.

Petals five, lanceolate, above the middle spreading, inserted on
the calyx.

Nectary: five small, smooth, yellow glands, embossed on the in-
side of the calyx, between the insertions of the pairs of
filaments.

Filaments ten, subulate, rather shorter than the corol, inserted into
the calyx; the upper five alternate with the petals ; the lower
five just below them. Anthers oblong.

Germoval. Style rather longer than the stamina. Stigma five-lobed,
five-grooved.

Drupe round, fleshy, size of a nutmeg, smooth.

Nuts two, or more (five seem the natural number), irregular in
shape, with irregular elevations and depressions on the out-
side, very hard, one-celled, one-seeded.

OBSERVATIONS.

A large tree, a native of various mountainous districts over
India. The leaves drop about the close of the rains, and appear
again with the flowers in February and March.

The wood of this tree being soft and spongy, is of very little
use.

The fruit is eaten raw, but chiefly used for pickling ; it has a
rough, austere taste, which renders it unpalatable as it is taken
from the tree, though very fit for pickling.

209. HARDWICKIA BINATA.*

Acha, or Atti marum of the Tamuls.

GENERIC CHARACTER.
Galyx none. Corol 4-5-petalled. Legume one-seeded.

DESCRIPTION.
Branches numerous, spreading, with bifarious, alternate, slender,
smooth, waving, drooping branchlets.
Leaves alternate, bifarious, petioled, binate, with a minute bristle
between. Leaflets sessile, shape between semicordate and
reniform, entire, very smooth on both sides, while young

* So named after Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Hardwicke, author of the Journey to
Sirinagur, in the sixth volume of the Asiatic Researches, and of numerous unpublished
descriptions in natural history.

7 HARDWICKIA BINATA.

tinged with red; slightly marked with three or four nerves ;
length from one to three inches, and a little more than half
of that in breadth.

Petioles round, smooth, about one-fourth, or one-third the length
of the leaves.

Stipules small, cordate, caducous.

Panicles terminal, and from the exterior axills, small, delicate,
slender, and smooth in every part.

Flowers scattered, slender, pedicelled, small.

Bractes minute, caducous.

Calyx none.

Petals five, obovate, concave, spreading, somewhat hoary on the
outside ; inside yellowish ; rather longer than the stamina.

Filaments ten, alternately shorter, inserted round the base of the
germ. Anthers incumbent, ovate, with an acute point between
the lobes.

Germ oblong. Style ascending. Stigma large, peltate.

Legume lanceolate, from two to three inches long, two-valved,
striated lengthwise, opening at the apex.

Seed solitary in the apex of the legume, and there inserted, cuneate,
furrowed: posterior edge thin, and somewhat membrana-
ceous.

OBSERVATIONS.

This elegant tree is found indigenous on the mountains of the
Coast of Coromandel, where it grows to a large size, and yields
timber of an excellent quality for a variety of uses.

Some beautiful, thriving, young trees are in the Botanic Garden
at Calcutta, reared from seeds sent from the mountains of Coro-

mandel, by Dr. Berry of Madras.

|

210. HOPEA ODORATA.*

GENERIC GHARACTER,

Calyx beneath, five-leaved: two of them increasing with the cap-
sule into wings. Corol one-petalled, contorted. Filaments
ten, inserted on the tube of the corol, alternately two-cleft ;
Anthers fifteen. Capsule one-celled. Seed solitary.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk erect, four feet in circumference, and high in proportion.
Branches numerous, spreading in every direction, and adorned
with many drooping, and expanding bifarious branchlets,
covered with dark-brown smooth bark.

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, bifarious, drooping, ovate, oblong,
entire, waved, smooth, shining, deep green on both sides ;
on the under side there is often a pretty large, single gland
in the axill of each of the larger veins.

Stipules none.

Panicles terminal, and from the exterior axills, drooping, composed
of alternate, bifarious, secund, recurved, villous, ramifica-
tions, of numerous, small, pale yellow, delightfully fragrant
flowers.

Bractes cordate, acute, villous, caducous.

Calyx beneath, five-leaved: Jeaflets unequal, ovate, villous, perma-
nent: the two largest increasing into two large, oblong,
obtuse membranaceous wings, by the time the capsule is full
grown,

* Hopea tinctoria of Linnzus is now referred to the genus of Symplocos. Linn. spec.
plant. edit. Willdenow, 3. p. 1436.

HOPEA ODORATA. 8

Corol one-petalled, contorted. Tube short, campanulate. Border
of five, oblique, sublinear-oblong, spreading divisions, with
their margins revolute, curled, and somewhat villous.

Filaments ten, about as long as the tube of the corol, and inserted
by broad, conical, fleshy bases, into its bottom ; they are
alternately larger and bifid. Anthers fifteen, two-lobed, with
a subulate point from the apex of each, or as in Asarum, they
may be said to adhere to the filaments below their apices.

Germ above, ovate. Style straight, length of the stamina. Stigma
simple.

Capsule ovate, pointed, one-celled, one-valved, of a tender tex-
ture, closely inveloping a single seed, of the same shape and
size ; outwardly covered with the permanent calyx ; two of
the leaflets of which are now enlarged into two, linear-oblong,
obtuse, tough, membranaceous, nervous wings, many times
longer than the seeds,

OBSERVATIONS.

A single tree, and the only one I have seen, grows in the
garden of Mr. Dowdeswell near Calcutta, originally from Chitta-
gong, where it is indigenous. Flowering time the month of March,
when the air, to a considerable distance, is perfumed with the
fragrance of its blossoms. Seed ripe in May.

This tree is nearly allied to Shorea, as well as to Dipterocarpus.
It differs from the first in having only two of the five leaflets of
the calyx increasing into wings, and from both, in having a mo-
nopetalous corol, and only ten filaments, bearing fifteen anthers.

211. CGARALLIA LUCIDA.

Carallie of the Telingas.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Calyx six or seven-cleft, superior. Petals six or seven. Stigma
three-lobed. Berry one-celled, one seeded.

DESCRIPTION.

Leaves opposite, short-petioled, oval, pointed, serrulate, smooth,
shining on both sides, from four to five inches long, and two
or two and a half broad.

Stipules intrafoliaceous, acute.

Umbellets axillary, small, rigid, few-flowered, generally three-cleft.

Calyx above, six or seven-parted, permanent ; divisions acute.

Petals six or seven, orbicular, scalloped, waved, inserted into the
divisions of the calyx by short claws.

Filaments twelve or fourteen, length of the corol, inserted into the
calyx. Anthers oblong, erect.

Germ beneath, globular. Style length of the filaments. Stigma
three-lobed.

Berry globular, smooth, pulpy, size of a large pea, one-celled,
crowned with the very entire calyx.

Seed one, rarely two, reniform.

OBSERVATIONS.
A small handsome ever-green tree, a native of the lower region
of the Circar mountains. Flowering time March and April.

212. SHOREA ROBUSTA.*
Gaertn. sem. 3. p. 48. tab. 186.

Salu the Sanscrit name, and Saul of the Hindoos and Bengalese.

GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx 5-leaved, imbricate, permanent, and enlarging into five long
wings, round the capsule. Corol 5- petalled. Capsule above,
one-cell’d, one-valved, one-seeded.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk. sraight, of great thickness and height in full grown trees ;
beams being sometimes brought down 24 inches square, and
thirty, or more, feet in length.

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, cordate-oblong, entire, smooth,
firm, pale-greenish colour, with many simple, parallel, nearly
opposite veins ; from 4 to 8 inches long.

Stipules caducous, dotted with minute glands.

Panicles terminal, and from the exterior axills, spreading, very
ramous, downy.

Flowers numerous, pretty large, pale yellow.

Bractes small, caducous.

Calyx beneath, five-leaved: Jeaflets unequal, downy on the outside,
permanent, and enlarging into five long Wings, surround-
ing with their base the pericarp.

Petals five, obliquely ovate-lanceolate, 3 or 4 times longer than
the calyx; margins towards the apex revolute; on the out-
side somewhat sericeous.

Filaments from 25 to 30, longer than the calyx, inserted round the
base of the germ; lower half broad and membranaceous.
Anthers two-lobed, gaping round the apex, with a minute
bristle between the openings.

Germ conical. Style awl-shaped, permanent. Stigma small.

Capsule ovate, pointed, one-cell’d, of a tender consistence, covered
with soft, grey down, and enveloped by the enlarged leaflets
of the calyx, each of them being now furnished with a long,
wedge-shaped, reticulated, membranaceous wing.

Seed solitary (rarely two), of the shape, and size of the capsule.

OBSERVATIONS.

This majestic tree is a native of the skirts of the northern
mountains of India ; Calcutta is supplied with the timber thereof,
chiefly from Morung ; flowering time the hot season, seed ripe in
three months thereafter.

The wood of this tree is in very general use near Bengal, for
beams, rafters, and various other economical uses ; it is of an uni-
form light brown colour, close grained, and heavy ; at the same time
it does not appear to be very durable, and on that account greatly
inferior to Teak ; for in strength it certainly surpasses it consider-
ably, and appears to me to deserve the second place amongst our
India timber trees, Teak being the first. This as well as some
other species of the same genus, yields large quantities of the re-
sin, commonly called Dammer in India, and very generally used,
as a substitute for pitch in the Marine yard. The best pieces are
also frequently used, instead of the common incense, (Benzoin,) in
the temples of the Hindoos.

In the plate, the dissected flower is magnified ; the fruit of its
natural size.

*So named in honour of the Right Honourable Lord Teignmouth, late Governor
General of Bengal, kc.

VOL IIT.

10

213. DIPTEROCARPUS TURBINATUS.
Gaertn. sem. 3. p. 51. tab. 188.

Tiliah-gurjeon of the Hindoos, in Tipperah and Chittagong.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Calyx beneath, one-leaved, permanent; two of the five divisions
of its border growing, with the pericarp, into two very large
membranaceous wings. Corol five-petalled. Capsule ovate,

one-cell’d, one-seeded.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk straight throughout to the very top of the tree, and growing
to an immense size ; even so large as to be made into canoes
that will carry one hundred men. Bark pretty smooth.

Branches ascending: branchlets alternate, bifarious, round, smooth.

Leaves alternate, short-petiol’d, bifarious, ovate-oblong, some entire,
some waved, and even some are serrate ; both sides smooth,
deep shining green; veins many, straight, simple, and
parallel; from four to twelve inches long.

Stipules within the leaves, large, sword-shaped, downy, caducous.

Spikes subaxillary, solitary, shorter than the leaves, smooth.

Flowers solitary, remote, alternate, large.

Calyx beneath, one-leaved. Tube rather gibbous. Border five-parted,
irregular ; two of the divisions being very much larger than
the other three ; these two continually increasing, until the
seed is ripe. ,

Petals five, narrow, obliquely wedge-shaped, smooth on both sides
and entire, except that sometimes they are emarginate.

Filaments about thirty, short, inserted round the base of the germ.
Anthers ensiform, ending in long, tapering, acute points.

Germ above, ovate. Style erect, length of the stamina. Stigma per-
forated.

Capsule ovate, pointed, one-celled, one-valved, of a tender consist-
ence, covered with short, soft, hairy down, and enveloped
in the enlarged Calyx ; the two larger divisions of its border
are now, two very large, linear oblong wings, beautifully
reticulated with veins and nerves.

Seed solitary, shape of the capsule; from its apex the embryo of
the future plant issues.

OBSERVATIONS.

This immense tree is a native of Chittagong, Tipperah, Pegu,
and other countries to the eastward of Bengal. Flowering time the
beginning of the hot season; seed ripe in June aud July.

This tree is famous over the eastern parts of India, and the
Malay Islands, on account of its yielding a thin, liquid balsam,
commonly called Wood-oil ; which is much used for painting ships
and houses in India.

To procure the balsam, a large notch is cut intothe trunk of the
tree, near the earth; say about thirty inches from the ground,
where a fire is kept up until the wound is charr’d, soon after
which the liquid begins to ooze out. A small gutter is cut in the
wood, to conduct the fluid into a vessel placed to receive it.

The average produce of the best trees, during the season, is
said to be sometimes as highas forty gallons. Itis found necessary
every three or four weeks, to cut off the old charr’d surface, and
burn it afresh; and in large, healthy trees, abounding in balsam,
they even cut a second notch, in some other part of the tree, and

11 DIPTEROCARPUS TURBINATUS

proceed as with the first. These operations are performed during
the months of November, December, January, and February ;
should any of the trees appear sickly the following season, one or
more years respite is given them.

214. BIGNONIA SUBEROSA.

Arboreous. Bark deeply cracked, and spongy. Leaves superde-
compound : /eaflets subcordate, entire, polish’d, with taper, obtuse
points. Panicles terminal. Tube of the corol long and slender. An-
thers calcarate. Silique linear, thin, smooth.

Millingtonia hortensis. Linn. suppl. 291.

Trunk straight. Bark light ash-colour, deeply cracked in various
directions, and of asoft spongy nature.

Leaves opposite, superdecompound, about two feet long.

Leaflets subcordate, with long, taper, obtuse points, margins entire;
of a deep dark green-colour, and smooth on both sides ; from
one to three inches long.

Petioles and petiolets, a little channel’d.

Panicles terminal, solitary, cross-armed, large, broad-ovate. Rami-
fications horizontal, the first trichotomous, then dichotomous,
with generally a single flower in the fork.

Bractes minute.

Flowers numerous, large, pure white, and, like many of the other
species of this charming genus, delightfully, fragrant.

Calyx very small, slightly five-parted: divisions nearly equal and
revolute.

Corol infundibuliform. Tube from two to three inches long, slender,
and cylindric. Border four-parted, the upper division broader,
and nearly half two-cleft.

Filaments only four. Anthers calcarate.

Germ oblong. Style as long as the corol. Stigma bilobate.

Stlique slender, linear, thin, pointed, pretty smooth, two-celled,
about 12 inches long, three quarters of an inch broad, and one
line thick.

Seeds numerous, round, very thin, and surrounded with a remark-
ably fine transparent wing.

The native country of this beautiful tree I have not been able
to discover ; all I can learn is, that some plants, or seeds, were
brought from the Rajah of Tanjour’s garden, to Madras; from
thence one plant was procured for the Company's Botanic garden
at Calcutta, about twelve years ago. It is now an elegant tree, of
about 30 feet in height ; is in blossom about the close of the rains;
the seeds ripen in March.

KYDIA.*

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Calyx double: exterior four-six-leaved. Corol spreading. Anthers
fascicled. Stegmas three. Capsule three-celled, three-valved.
Seed solitary.

* In memory of the late Colonel Robert Kyd, whose love for the science induced him,
at the desire of the Honourable the English East India Gompany, to begin the Botani-
cal Garden, and Public Nursery at Calcutta, in Bengal ; which he conducted with much
success during his life.

12

215. KYDIA CALYCINA.

Exterior calyx four-leaved, longer than the corol

Pandiky of the Telingas. |
Choupulta of the Hindoos.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk tolerably straight. Bark ash-coloured. Branches many, form-
ing a large, dense head. Bark of the young shoots covered
with a brown meally dust.

Leaves alternate, petioled, broad-cordate, more or less three, or five-
angled, irregularly dentate, three, or five-nerved, both sides
downy with stellate hairs, and a meally dust ; size from three
to six inches each way ; on the principal nerve, and some-
times on each of the two next to it, an oblong, hollow, yel-
low gland.

Petioles round, two or three inches long, meally.

Panicles terminal, large, ramous, many-flowered.

Flowers numerous, pure white, collected in small umbellets: many
of them are perfectly male.

Bractes small, rust-coloured.

Calyx double. Exterior four-leaved: leaflets oblong, spreading, ob-
tuse, downy, three times longer than the inner, permanent.
Interior one-leaved, campanulate, five-cleft, outside meally;
inside clothed with short, white hairs.

Petals five, obliquely obcordate, much longer than the inner calyx,
but shorter than the exterior, woolly at the base.

Filaments five, very short, thick, coalesced into atube. Antherstwenty;
four sessile on the apex of each of the five short filaments.

Germ above, conical. Style three-cleft: divisions recurved. Stigmas
large.

Capsule small, somewhat three-lobed, hid inthe inner calyx, three-
celled, three-valved, opening from the apex.

Seeds, one in each cell, obtusely three-sided, brown, affixed to the
bottom of the cell.

OBSERVATIONS.
A native of the coast of Coromandel, as well as of Hindoostan ;
where it delights in such soil as is generally found on the banks of
rivulets. Flowering time the cool season.

216. KYDIA FRATERNA.

Exterior calyx six-leaved, shorter than the corol.

Pootrie of the Telingas.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk straight. Bark rust-coloured.

Leaves in every respect like those of Kydia calycina.

Panicles terminal as in the former, but not so ramous.

Flowers and Bractes, also the same, but the pedicells are shorter, and
thicker than in K. calycina.

Calyx double. Exterior five, or six-leaved, (or cleft to very near the
base) : Ceaflets oval, length of the inner calyx. Jnner one-leaved,
campanulate.

Corol as in Kydia calycina.

Filaments as long as their tube, and recurvate. Anthers twenty ;
four on the apex of each filament.

13 KYDIA FRATERNA.

Germ ovate. Style as long as the staminiferous tube. Stigma three-
lobed, even with the mouth of the tube.

OBSERVATIONS.
A native of the Circar mountains, where it grows to be a larger
tree than the first species. Flowering time the rainy season.
The ripe seed-vessel was not seen, but the structure and con-
tents of the germ indicate one similar to that of the first species.

CAREYA.*

GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx simple, 4-tooth’d, superior. Petals four. Berry with many
seeds, scattered through its pulp.

217. CGAREYA HERBACEA.

Herbaceous. Flowers peduncled. Exterior filaments longer, and
sterile.

Bhoomi Darimba, its Sanscrit name.
Bhooi dalim of the Bengalese.

DESCRIPTION.

Root perennial, ligneous.

Stems searce any, but several herbaceous shoots rise annually from
the root ; they are short, round, and smooth.

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, obovate-cuneate, serrulate, smooth
on both sides ; length from 4 to 8 inches.

Racemes \ateral, short, supporting a few, large, remote, beautiful
flowers.

Bractes lanceolate, two of which always embrace the calyx laterally.

Calyx above, four-parted: divisions oval, permanent.

Petals four, expanding, oblong, concave, longer than the fertile
stamina, and inserted on or into their united fleshy base.
Filaments numerous ; the exterior longer, and sterile; all are firmly
united at the base, and with the corol drop off in one body,
leaving the rim of insertion, which surrounds the bottom of
the calyx on the inside, particularly conspicuous, on account

of its large, elevated, crenulate, inner margin.
Germ oval, smooth, having four distinct cells. Style nearly as long
as the stamina. Stigma enlarged, and obscurely 4-lobed.
Berry globular, size of a medlar, and of the same texture, and
colour; and like it, crowned with the permanent calyx and
part of the style: in the ripe fruit there are no distinct parti-
tions to be found.

Seeds numerous, uniform, nestling in a considerable quantity of
greenish, fleshy pulp; and often vegetating in the berry,
while it appears fresh on the outside.

OBSERVATIONS.

A native of the Rungpore district, in the province of Bengal,
where Mr. W. Carey discovered it, and sent plants to the Botanic
Garden at Calcutta, where they blossom in February, and ripen
their seeds in four months thereafter.

* Named after its discoverer, Mr. William Carey, a good botanist, and promoter of
natural history in general.

PART III. *

14

218. CAREYA ARBOREA.

Arboreous. Flowers sessile. Inner filaments shorter and sterile.

Pelou. Rheed. mal. 3. p. 31. tab. 36.
Cumbie of the Telingas,
Pootta-tanni-marum of the Tamuls.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk erect. Bark scabrous: outwardly of a dark rust-colour ;
inwardly a deep red, and fibrous. Branches numerous, and
spreading ; their bark smoother than that of the trunk.

Leaves about the extremities of the branchlets, short-petioled,
obovate, running down on the short petioles to the base,
slightly serrate, smooth, from six to twelve inches long, and
from three to six broad.

Spikes terminal, short, thick, few-flowered.

Flowers large, of a pale greenish yellow colour.

Bractes threefold, embracing the base of the germ.

Calyx above, one-leaved, cup-shaped, four-toothed, partly per-
manent.

Petals four, oblong, many times longer than the calyx, and inserted
on its inside.

Filaments numerous, as long as the petals: the interior are shorter
and sterile ; they are all united at the base, and inserted into
the bottom of the calyx. Anthers oval.

Germ beneath. Style length of the filaments ; more or less of it is
permanent.

Berry very large, globular, smooth, fleshy.

Seeds numerous, somewhat compressed, oblong, or oval, scattered
through the pulp of the fruit.

OBSERVATIONS.

A large tree; a native of the valleys amongst the mountains of
the Northern Circars, as well as of various other mountainous
parts of India. Leaves deciduous about the beginning of the cool
season, November; and come out again with the flowers in
March.

The wood of this tree is nearly of the colour of mahogany, but
not so hard, nor so close in the grain. The natives make large
mortars of it to bruise various kinds of oil-seeds in.

The bark is composed of long, tough fibres, of which strong,
durable ropes are made. Match-lock-men also employ it, as well
as that of Bauhinia parviflora, to make their matches of.

219. ERYTHRINA ARBORESCENS.

Subarboreous. Trunk and larger branches prickly. Leaves ter-
nate, unarmed: /eaflets reniform-deltoid, entire. Racemes straight.
Bractes three-flower'd. Calyx truncate, entire. Legume pedicelled,
fine-pointed, villous, 6-8-seeded.

15 ERYTHRINA ARBORESCENS.

Trunk of the young trees, when first in blossom, (18 months old,)
straight, with not more than two, or three, simple, ascend-
ing branches, armed with a few, scattered, small, sharp
prickles ; otherwise smooth in every part.

Leaves ternate. Leaflets entire, smooth above, whitish underneath ;
the exterior one nearly reniform; the pair obliquely-broad-
cordate.

Petioles longer than the leaflets, round, smooth, perfectly destitute
of prickles. A pair of Glands at the insertion of the pair of
leaflets, and another pair at the apex of the long portion

_ which supports the terminal one.

Stipules oval, small.

Racemes from the exterior axils, solitary, perfectly straight, longer
than the leaves.

Bractes solitary, three-flowered, ovate ;
bracte, there is a minute proper one, at the base of each

within this common

pedicel.
Flowers very numerous, large, the most vivid scarlet that can be

conceived, three-fold, pedicelled, drooping over each other
in an elegant, imbricated form.

Calyx entire, subcampanulate, smooth, coloured.

Corol : Banner subovate, boat-shaped, incumbent over the rest of
the flowers. Wings shorter than the keel, obliquely-obovate,
greenish. Kee/ also greenish, two-parted at the base and apex,
scarce half the length of the stamens.

Filaments rather shorter than the banner, united into one body
near the base, alternately longer.

Germ long, pedicelled. Style length of the stamens. Stigma acute,
ascending.

Legumes pendulous, pedicelled, villous, cuspidate, torose at the
seed.

Seeds from five to ten.

Dr. Buchanan sent from Napaul, the seeds to the Botanic
Garden at Calcutta, where, in one and a half year, the plants
blossomed for the first time, in October. In Napaul, Dr.
Buchanan observed it to be a small, branchy tree, ten or twelve
feet high; here in three years they were only five or six feet
high, and with but very few branches.

220, ERYTHRINA RESUPINATA.

Herbaceous. Leaves ternate, appearing after the flowers decay.
Raceme radical, leafless, Corol resupinate. Filaments one and
nine.

Root perennial.
Stem nothing more than a single, four or five inch high, scarce
prickly, slightly villous shoot, which (with the leaves)

decays about the close of the rains.
Leaves ternate, rather long-petioled : leaflets nearly round, entire,

smooth, two or three inches each way.

Petioles and nerves of the leaflets somewhat prickly.

Stipules ovate.

Racemes radical, short peduncled, appearing long before the her-
baceous stem, roundish-ovate, under six inches in height,
but uncommonly interesting, and beautiful.

ERYTHRINA RESUPINATA. ; 16

Flowers numerous, three-fold, pretty large, bright scarlet.

Calyx bilabiate.

Corol resupinate. Banner oval-shaped, greatly longer, and larger
than the keel, bright scarlet. Wings obovate, minute, and
nearly colourless. Keel greatly larger than the wings, tinged
with red.

Filaments one, and nine-fold, alternately longer ; all are shorter
than the banner, but double the length of the keel.

A native of Hindoostan. In the Botanic Garden at Calcutta
they blossom in March, at which time no part of the plant is
visible but the raceme.

221. CYLISTA TOMENTOSA.

Shrubby ; the terminal shoots twining. Leaves ternate. Racemes
axillary. Divisions of the calyx cuneate. Legume of one or two
round lobes, with one, round, blue-violet, highly-polished seed
in each,

Stem perennial, short, with but few stunted branches in its na-
tive sterile soil; but in the Botanic Garden at Calcutta,
the second year the branches lengthened much, and
twined to a considerable extent; the young parts are round
and downy.

Leaves ternate. Leaflets cordate, entire, downy, from two to three
inches long, and from one to two broad.

Petioles channeled, downy.

Stipules of the petiole lanceolate ; of the leaflets subulate.

Racemes axillary, shorter than the leaves.

Flowers yellow.

Calyx to the base four-cleft, downy, permanent; divisions cu-
neate ; the upper one broad and two-parted.

Corol papilionaceous, shorter than the calyx, withering.

Legume of one, or two, nearly spherical, villous lobes; when of
two, it is about as long as the calyx.

Seed single, round, highly polished, deep-violet blue, of the size
of a pea, in each lobe of the legume.

Is a native of the Mysore country, where it was discovered by
Dr. Buchanan, and the seeds sent by him to the Botanic Garden
at Calcutta, where the plants thrive well, and blossom about the
close of the rains, and during the cold season; seed ripe in March
and April.

In the parched soil of Mysore, Dr. Buchanan observed the plant
to be stunted, and shrubby. In the rich soil of the Botanic Garden
at Calcutta, the whole plant is twining after the first year, and
very extensive.

222. FLACOURTIA INERMIS.

Arboreous, unarmed. Leaves elliptic, crenate-serrate, polished.
Racemes axillary, short. Flowers hermaphrodite. Style 5-cleft.

Tomi-tomi of the Malays.

7 FLACOURTIA INERMIS.

Trunk short, soon dividing into numerous branches, which form
a large, very dense head of great beauty. Bark smooth,
brownish, perfecily destitute of every thing like thorns, or
prickles.

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, elliptic, smooth, shining green
on both sides ; when they first expand reddish, and then the
tree is uncommonly gaudy ; length from three to six inches.

Petioles semicylindric.

Stipules none.

Racemes axillary, longer than the petioles, few-flowered. Pedicels
clavate, jointed near the middle.

Bractes ovate, caducous.
Calyx deeply 4-or 5-parted: divisions reniform, shorter than the

stamens and pistil.
Corol none.
Filaments about twenty, inserted on a fleshy, nectariferous ring,
which surrounds the base of the germ. Anthers two-lobed.
Germ ovate. Style 5-cleft, spreading. .

A native of the Moluccas, where the tree is cultivated for its
pleasant edible fruit. It has lately been introduced into the
Botanic Garden at Calcutta, where it thrives well, and blossoms
during the dry season.

223. MUSA SUPERBA.

Stem conical. Leaves petioled, but not sheathing. Spadix nod-
ding. Spathes cordate, many-flowered, those of the female-her-
maphrodite flowers permanent.

Trunk almost conical, being only three feet to the leaves ; seven and
a half in circumference, close to the ground; and four and
a half immediately under the leaves; and invested with the
numerous, somewhat stem-clasping bases of those that are de-
cayed ;_ height of the whole plant, to the highest part of the
curvature of the spadix, 13 feet.

Leaves numerous, equally surrounding every part of the leafy
stem, petioled, lanceolate, very entire, until broken by
wind, filiform-pointed, smooth on both sides, with nume-
rous parallel, diverging veins ; length from five to ten feet,
and from two to three broad.

Petioles short (about two feet long); the lower broad, embrace
the stem at the base ; while those near the spadix have long,
stem-clasping sheaths, semicylindric on the under side, deeply
channeled on the upper.

Spadix terminal, simple, drooping; before any of the spathes ex-
pand cordate.

Spathes numerous, expanding in succession, broad-cordate, slightly
ribbed, smooth, ferruginous, many-flowered, permanent,
and do not become revolute.

Flowers very numerous, 20-30, on a double series, to each spathe ;
the female-hermaphrodite occupy the base, or lower spathes ;
and the male-hermaphrodite the exterior.

Petals two, very unequal. Exterior involving the inner like a
spathe, leathery, three-parted, though the linear divisions
often adhere by their margins, and soon after expansion

PART III.

MUSA SUPERBA. 18

become twisted in one body. Inner petal five or six times
shorter than the exterior, pale coloured, almost pellucid, and
composed of two subrotund lobes, with an ensiform process
between them ; from the inside of the insertion of this petal,
a very large quantity of transparent jelly is discharged.

Nectary: two filiform scales, inserted over the two fissures of
the exterior petal.

So far the male-and female-hermaphrodite flowers agree.

Filaments five, with the rudiment of a sixth on the under side.
Anthers, in the male hermaphrodite longer and thicker than
the filaments ; in the female hermaphrodite wanting, or only
small, black, withered points.

Germ beneath; in the female-hermaphrodite large, and fertile ;
in the male, small and barren. Style linear, thick, and fleshy ;
in the female-hermaphrodite twice as long as the barren
stamens ; in the male-hermaphrodite only half the length
of the fertile stamens. Stigma in both somewhat three-
grooved, and obscurely six-lobed, clammy.

Berry oblong, size of a goose’s egg, smooth, 3-celled.

Seeds numerous, angular, and black.

A native of the vallies, of the southern part of the Peninsula of
India ; from thence Dr. Anderson of Madras received it into his
garden, where it blossomed and ripened its seed; part of which
he sent to the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, where they were sown
inJune 1800, and in March and April 1803, one of the plants
blossomed.

The fruit of this elegant stately species is of no use ; when ripe
it is more like adry capsule, than a berry. The thick petioles, or
ribs of the leaves, contain a considerable quantity of strong white
fibres, which might be employed for various purposes.

224. TERMINALIA PROCERA.

Branches horizontal, verticillate. Leaves cuneate, polished. Ra-
cemes axillary. Corol rotate. Drupe oblong, obscurely five-

sided: Nut of the same shape.

Leaves crowded about the ends of the branchlets, short-petiol’d, cu-
neate ; margins slightly waved ; apex rounded, with a large
rather obtuse point ; perfectly smooth on both sides; veins
parallel, and simple, with a small hairy pitin the axil of each,
and two glands on the sides of the nerve near the base; from
8 to 12 inches long, and from 4 to 5 broad.

Racemes axillary, solitary, shorter than the leaves.

Flowers numerous, small, pure white. Hermaphrodite near the base
of the raceme; Male farther on.

Corol salver-shaped, spreading flat without any tube.

Stamens alternately short, and incurved.

Drupe oblong, obscurely five-sided, but not in the least compressed
as in Terminalia Catappa, which in most respects this species
resembles very exactly ; when ripe, yellow. Pulp in large
quantity, of a lively red colour, and pleasant subacid taste.

Nut in shape exactly like the drupe, but the five sides are better
defined than in the entire fruit,

19 TERMINALIA PROCERA.

This very charming species is a native of the Andaman Islands,
where it grows to be a tree of the first magnitude. From thence it
was introduced, with many other valuable plants, into the Botanic
Garden at Calcutta, by Col. Kyd in 1794, and now, 1802, the tree
is about 30 feet high, with a slender, perfectly straight, smooth
trunk; and several verticils, of horizontal branches, with bifa-
rious, alternate branchlets. Flowering time, in Bengal, the month
of March; fruit ripe in July. Its leaves, as in Terminalia Catappa,
drop about the beginning of winter, in Bengal, and appear with
the flowers in March.

225. MIMOSA SUNDRA.

Arboreous. Bark dark brown. Prickles stipulary, recurved, with
decurrent base. Leaves bipinnate: pinnz and leaflets about
twenty pair each. Spikes axillary, one, or in pairs, cylindri-
cal. Stamens monadelphous. Legumes lanceolate, thin, two,
or three-seeded.

Sundra of the Telingas.

Trunk straight, Bark dark rust-colour, cracked and _ scabrous.
Branches erect, twiggy.

Thorns stipulary, short, recurvate, remarkably strong and sharp;
their base large, and considerably extended down upon the
bark.

Leaves bipinnate, four or five inches long. Pinne as far as twenty~
four pair, about an inch long. Leaflets about twenty pair, mi-
nute, and often.swelled into various forms by the perforations
of insects: an umbilicate, oblong gland just below the lower
pair of pinne, and another between the exterior pair.

Spikes axillary, generally single, or paired, cylindrical, short-
peduncled, shorter than the leaves, yellow.

Filaments numerous, united at the base into a tube.

Legume lanceolate, membranaceous, smooth.

Seeds two or three.

A small straight tree, a native of the forests and mountains of
Coromandel.

The wood of this small tree is remarkably hard and heavy ; of
avery deep chocolate colour ; the natives make pestles of it, to
beat off the husk of paddy in large wooden mortars.

226. AMOMUM CARDAMOMUM.

Scapes radical, on the side of the stem, compound, flexuose,
procumbent.

Linn. spec. plant. \. p. 1.
Amomum racemosum. Lamarck. encyclop. 1. p. 134.
Amomum repens. Lunn. spec. edit. Willd. 1. p. 9,
Elettari. Rheed. mal. 11. p. 9. tab. 4, and 5.
Cardamomum minus. Pharmacop. Lond. and Edinb.
Ailum-chedy, of the Tamuls (of the Malabar coast).

Ela, one of its many Sancrit names.

Amomum cardamomum.

AMOMUM CARDAMOMUM, 20

Ellatchi, of the Bengalese.
E-la-ey-chee, of the Hindoos.
Ebil, of the Arabians.
Kakeleh, of the Persians.

Root tuberous, with numerous fleshy fibres.

Stems perennial, erect, smooth, jointed, enveloped in the spongy
sheaths of the leaves ; from six to nine feet high.

Leaves bifarious, subsessile on their sheaths, lanceolate, fine-
pointed, somewhat villous above, and sericeous underneath,
entire ; length from one to two feet.

Sheaths slightly villous, with a rounded stipulary process rising
above the mouth.

Scapes several (three or four) from the base of the stems, resting
on the ground, flexuose, jointed, ramous, from one to two feet
long.

Branches, or Racemes alternate, one from each joint of the scape,
suberect, two or three inches long.

Bractes solitary, oblong, smooth, membranaceous, nerved, sheath-
ing ; one to each joint of the scape, which embraces the in-
sertion of the raceme, or branch, issuing therefrom, and one
at each of their joints.

Flowers alternate, short-pediceled, solitary at each joint of the
racemes, opening in succession as the racemes lengthen.
Calyx above, widening to the three-toothed mouth, about three-

quarters ofan inch long, striated with fine nerves, permanent.

Corol withering. Tube slender, as long as the calyx. Border double.
Exterior of three oblong, concave, nearly equal, pale greenish-
white divisions. Inner obovate, greatly longer than the

divisions of the exterior border ; margins some-what curled,
with apex slightly three-lobed ; marked, chiefly in the
centre, with purpled-coloured stripes; at each side of the
insertion, close by the base of the filament, a small acute
hornlet, as in several of our Indian amomums.

Anther two-lobed, emarginate.

Style slender.

Filaments short, erect.

Germ beneath, oval, smooth.
shaped.

Nectarial scales subulate, almost half the length of the tube of the
corol.

Capsule oval, somewhat three-sided, size of a small nutmeg ;
three-celled, three-valved. Seeds many, angular.

Stigma funnel-

A native of the mountainous parts of the coast of Malabar.
Flowering-time the rainy season; seed (the real cardamom) ripe,
and gathered in November.

The following satisfactory account of this interesting plant, has
lately been transmitted to me, by Captain Dickenson, the com-
manding officer of the district of Wynaad, where the Cardamom
is cultivated. viz.

‘* The Cardamom shrub, which is found in great abundance
‘‘ among the western mountains of Wynaad, is called by the Ma-
‘‘labars, Ailum-chedy, (the Ailum shrub); I cannot obtain any
‘« satisfactory derivation of the true import of the word Ailum,
‘‘ unless, as is alledged, it implies in the Sanscrit language, cele-
‘* brity and eminence.

‘* The shrub is said to be produced as follows :—Before the
‘‘ commencement of the periodical rains in June, the cultivators
‘* of the Cardamom ascend the coldest, and most shady sides of a

21 AMOMUM CARDAMOMUM.

‘‘ woody mountain. A tree of uncommon size and weight is
‘* then sought after; the adjacent spot is cleared of weeds, and
*« the tree felled close at its root. The earth, shaken and loosened
by the force of the fallen tree, shoots forth young cardamoms in
‘‘about a month’s iime. I have repeatedly enquired of the
‘* natives, the means by which the cardamoms are first produced,
‘¢ and have invariably been told as already stated. They attribute
‘no other effects to the tree, (which may be selected from any
‘* species,} than such as are derived from its weight and strength,
‘* added to the shade and shelter which its branches afford to the
young sprouts. I have heard it by some asserted, that the
‘* Cardamom, like the fabled phoenix, would emerge from the
‘‘ ashes of any large forest tree ; but these stories were uttered
‘only by the ignorant, and are too absurd to require comment.
‘* The shrub continues to grow in this manner until after the
‘* early rains of the fourth year in February, when it has reached
“* its utmost height, which varies from six to nine feet; four or
‘* five tendrils are now seen to spring from its stem near the root,
‘*and afterwards is produced the fruit, which is gathered the
‘* following November, and requires no other preparation than
‘« drying in the sun. The fruit is annually collected in this way
‘* unul the seventh year, when it is usual to cut itdown, and from
‘* the trunk other sprouts arise in the course of the next monsoon,
The husk

‘* with the seed I have called the fruit, as it corresponds with

‘* which grow, flourish, and are cultivated as before.

‘* the native name. The seeds are termed the rice, and the ten-
‘* drils the threads of the plant.

‘I do not hear of any varieties in the species. It may be
“not unnecessary to mention, that this commodity yields to
‘* government from 25 to 30,000 rupees per annum. The
‘* inhabitants use it as a general condiment to their food ; and
‘© it is likewise held in sacred estimation for the purposes of
‘* sacrifice. It is constantly chewed with beetle; and some medi-
‘* cinal properties are ascribed to it when used in decoction for
‘complaints in the bowels. I am assured by all, that the seeds
‘* of the Cardamom will never produce any thing, and it is only
‘« to be propagated as already stated, or by cuttings.”

227. AMOMUM CARDAMOMUM.

Leaves short petiol’d, lanceolar. Spikes even with the earth, lax.
Bractes lanceolate, acute. Lip, with anterior margin 3-lobed,

Crest 3-lobed.

Amomum cardamomum. Linn. spec. edit. Willd. 1. p. 8. Roxb. in
Asiat. resear. 11. p. 348.

Amomum cardamomum. Kenig in Retz. obs. 3. p. 59.

Cardamomum minus. Rumph. amb. 5. t. 65. f. 1.

DESCRIPTION.

Root perennial, creeping under the surface of the soil, like that of .

ginger, but smaller, less fleshy, more ligneous and white,
from which descend, and spread many fleshy fibres.

Stems herbaceous, several, rising obliquely to the height of from
two to four feet, and about as thick as a stout ratan, invested
in the smooth deep green sheaths of the leaves.

Leaves alternate, bifarious, short petioled on their smooth, stem-
clasping sheaths, from broad-lanceolate below, to narrow-

AMOMUM CARDAMOMUM. 22

lanceolate at top; entire and smooth on both sides, point
long and very fine ; length from six to twelve inches.

Spikes radical, sessile, oblong, appearing amongst the stems, half
immersed in the earth, loosely imbricated, with one-flowered,
ovate, acute, villous, nervous, scariose, ash-coloured. bractes;
when old their brittle tops are often broken off.

Bractes, besides the exterior, one-flowered ones, just mentioned ;
there is an inner, striated, downy, scariose, two-toothed,
tubular one, which I have sometimes considered an exterior
calyx; and which Koenig sometimes calls an involucre,
inserted round the base of the germ.

Flowers opening in succession, and not very conspicuous.

Perianth above, clavate, tubular, downy, three-toothed, length of

the tube of the corol.

Corol: Tube slender, and slightly incurved. Exterior border of 3,
subequal, pellucid divisions. Jnner one rather longer than
the exterior three, greatly broader, somewhat three-lobed,
with crenate, curled margin: middle lobe yellow, with
two rosy lines leading up on each side, from the mouth of
the tube.

Filament scarce half so long as the border of the corol, incurved
over the mouth of the tube. A slender subulate horn on
each side of the base of the filament, and nearly its length.

Anther large, fleshy, with large, three-lobed, concave apex, over
which appears the large, infundibuliform stigma, rising
through the deep groove, between the two polliniferous lobes.

Germ beneath, downy, and crowned (within the base of the tube
of the corol,) with the two nectarial scales ; here they are
short, broad, and truncated.

The seeds prove to the taste agreeably aromatic, and are used
by the Malays as a substitute for the real cardamom of Malabar.
‘The whole plant possesses an agreeable fragrant spicy smell.

OBSERVATIONS.
A native of Sumatra and Malay Islands to the eastward of the
Bay of Bengal; and sent by Dr. Charles Campbell from Bencoolen
to the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, where it blossoms in April.

GLOBBA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Corolla with interior border two-lobed, or none. Filament very
long, curved ; base tubular, and winged, with a cuneiform
lip. Anther double (appendicled or naked). Capsule, one-
celled, three-valved. Seeds many, attached to 3 parietal

receptacles.

228. GLOBBA PENDULA.

Leaves lanceolate. Racemes terminal, compound, greatly longer
than the leaves. Anther bicalcarate. Roxb. in Asiat. resear.
vol. 11. p. 359.

DESCRIPTION.
Root fibrous, perennial.
Stems erect, about three feet from the ground to the highest part
of the curvature of the panicle.
Leaves lanceolate, smooth, fine-pointed, about six inches long and
one anda half broad. Sheaths a little hairy on the outside.

23 GLOBBA.

Panicle terminal, long and pendulous ; composed of remote
diverging branches ; each bearing 2, 3, or 4, middle-sized,
yellow, short pedicelled flowers on their extremities, which
expand in succession.

Bractes of the branches solitary, linear-oblong ; of the flowers
oval: all have their margins ciliate.

Calyx short-campanulate, deeply three-toothed.

Corol one-petalled, irregular. Tube long, slender, and curved
upward. Border double. The exterior is composed of five
divisions, three outer and two inner; the posterior one of
the first three is broad, lanceolate, acute, and concave ; the
anterior two obliquely-obovate ; the other (inner) two are
lanceolate. Inner border, in this species, considerably elevated
on a continuation of the tube, (or it may be called the tubular
base of the filament), forming a vertical lip, or apron to the
long slanting mouth of the tube; the lower two rounded
tubes of this peculiar, (and in all the species I have seen),
constant appendage, are shorter than the portion of the tube
which raises them above the exterior border; the upper
very slender cloven ends thereof extend a considerable way
up the forepart of the filament, and adhere to it on each side
of the groove formed therein for the style.

Filament very long and slender, but in this species less curved
than in the other ; grooved on the fore part for the reception
of the style. Anther two-lobed, from the lower end of each
a long slender, sharp spur projects.

Germ inferior, oval. Style filiform. Stigma funnel-shaped, with
ciliate margin.

Capsule: I have seen it only in its half grown state ; it has then
three cells, with parietal receptacles, and many seeds in
each ; but the partitions are so slender, as to induce me to
think they disappear by the time the seeds are ripe, as in
G. orixensis and radicalis.

OBSERVATIONS.
This very beautiful plant is a native of the forests of the Island
of Pulo-pinang, where it blossoms during the rainy season.

229. GLOBBA ORIXENSIS.

Leaves oblong. Panicle terminal. Anther naked. Capsule warty.
Roxb. in Asiat. resear. 11. p. 358. tab. 8.

DESCRIPTION.

Root perennial.

Stems oblique, smooth, from two to three feet high, including the
panicle.

Leaves bifarious, spreading, oblong, taper-pointed, smooth on both
sides, finely veined, from 6 to 10 inches long, and from
2to 4 broad. Sheaths little more than half stem-clasping,
smooth.

Panicle terminal, nearly erect ; composed of short, rigid, smooth,
jointed, simple, expanding branches.

Flowers sessile, small, solitary from the joints of the branches of
the panicle: colour a dark orange-yellow.

Bractes solitary, oval, small, one-flowered, caducous.

Calyx campanulate, three-ioothed.

Corol : Tube a little curved, widening gradually from the base to

GLOBBA ORIXENSIS. 24

the mouth. Exterior border of five divisions ; the outer three
nearly equal; the inner two smaller and ovate ; all are of
the same dark orange colour, and spreading. Inner border
nearly as in the last described species, only less elevated
above the exterior five lobes, and with the lower end retuse
and scarlet, coloured in the centre.
Filament incurved like a fish-hook. Anther-two-lobed, naked.
Style shorter than the tube of the corol and filament, consequently
not lodged in the usual groove of the filament, but takes a
shorter and less curved direction to reach the anther, where’
its apex passes between the lobes thereof. Stigma perforated.
Capsule nearly round, firm, fleshy, and warty, one-celled, con-
taining many oblong seeds, but unfortunately neither the
original drawing, nor description, take any notice of their
insertion.
OBSERVATIONS.
A native of the moist valleys up amongst the mountains of the
Rajahmundry Circar, where it blossoms during.the rainy season.

230. GLOBBA RADICALIS.

Panicle radical. Anther winged.
Globba radicalis. Roxb. in Asiat. resear. 11. p. 359.
Mantisia saltatoria. Sims in Botan. magaz. 1320.

DESCRIPTION.

Root perennial, composed of numerous, diverging, fleshy fibres,
or slender tubers.

Stems leaf-bearing, but a little to one side, from one to two feet
high.

Leaves alternate, bifarious, sessile on their sheaths, lanceolate,
with long, withered, filiform points ; villous on both sides ;
length from six to nine inches, and about one and a half
broad. Sheaths smooth, keeled on the back: the ligule, or
stipulary process rises a little on each side.

Scapes radical, 3 or 4 inches long, often several from the same
cluster of roots, erect, enveloped in three or four alternate,
smooth, short sheaths.

Panicle erect, about a foot high, including the scape, and expa nd
nearly as much ; the whole, except the yellow inner border
of the corol, a very lively blueish-purple. Ramifications alter-
nate, long, simple, horizontal, or slightly reclined, each
bearing in succession numerous, alternate, sessile, rather
small, lovely purple and yellow flowers.

Bractes solitary, light purple, smooth; of the ramifications
oblong ; of the flowers cordate: all are permanent.

Flowers solitary, sessile in the axils of their proper bractes.
Calyx above, clavate, smooth, light purple ; mouth three-toothed :
permanent, with the lower half of the tube of the corol.
Corol: Tube long and very slender, the lower half, which is in-
closed in the tube of the calyx, projects horizontally; the
upper half erect; at the angle (nearly a right one,) which
those portions of the tube make the flower drops, leaving
the lower half to wither. Border double.
parted ; (in the other species it is five-parted,) posterior divi-
Sion erect, pressing on the back of the base of the filament,
oblong, boat-shaped; anterior, or lower two divisions
obliquely-cordate and reflexed, all the three are of a light

Exterior three

25 GLOBBA RADIGCALIS.

purple colour, Jnner vertical, with both ends cloven, the
lower deeply so, and greatly larger than the divisions of the
exterior border; colour a deep orange-yellow, which forms
a pretty contrast with the lively purple of every other part
of the panicle.

Filament very long, and very slender ; first day much incurved,
after revolute; finely grooved on the underside for the
reception of the style ; near the base two very long, slender,
subulate, diverging, recurved wings. In the other species
known to me these are wanting. <Anther, two-lobed, and
enlarged at the sides with two, broad, reniform wings.

Germ beneath, oval, with six longitudinal ridges ; a transverse
section exhibits one cell only, with numerous seeds affixed
to three parietal receptacles. Style very slender. Stigma
funnel-shaped.

Capsule globular, purple, size of a small cherry, six-ridged, one
celled, three-valved, opening spontaneously from the apex.
Receptacles: a longitudinal ridge on the inside of each valve.

Seeds many, minute, oblong, villous ; connected by a large white
spongy membrane to the parietal receptacles.

OBSERVATIONS.

Found wild at Chittagong, by Mr. William Roxburgh, and by
him introduced into the Botanic Garden at Calcutta in 1801,
where it blossomed for the first time in May 1802, at which
period the new foliage also begins to appear above ground. There
is a constant succession of flowers, from the extremities of the
lengthening branches of the panicle, for nearly two months.

231. SCIRPUS TUBEROSUS.

Culms round, jointed, leafless. Spoke terminal, cylindric ; scales
oblong. Base of the style cordate. Seed obcordate, beset with
glochidate bristles.

Pi-tsi, Maa-tai, Pu-tsai, or Pe-tsi, or Water-chesnut of the

Chinese.

DESCRIPTION.

Root fibrous, with stoloniferous shoots, and round turnip-shaped
tubers.

Culms erect, naked, slightly twisted to the right, inwardly inter-
cepted at every line, or line and a half, by a slender mem-
brane ; every eight, or tenth of these partitions, is of a
firmer texture, and visible on the outside, even when the
plant is growing.

Leaves none, except a slender short sheath or two at the base of

each culm.

Spike terminal, solitary, cylindric.

Scales oblong, membranaceous-margined.

Stamens three.

Style two, or three-cleft, at the base swelled out into an ovate-cor-
date, compressed shape.

Seed obcordate, surrounded with glochidate bristles.

OBSERVATIONS.
Tt is mentioned by Abbé Grosier, under the name of Pi-toi,
and under the other appellations, was transmitted from Canton,

SCIRPUS TUBEROSUS. 26

by Mr. Duncan, at the desire of the Governor General in Council,
for the Company’s Botanic Garden at Calcutta, where it blossoms
about the close of the rains in September.

For the economical uses of the tuberous roots of this plant, I
beg leave to refer to Abbé Grosier, and other historians, who
have had opportunities of observing in what manner they are
employed by the Chinese ; and to the following extract from
Mr. Duncan’s letter, which accompanied the plants.

‘* Maa-tai; Pu-tsai; or Pi-tsi of Abbé Grosier; the water
‘‘ chesnut ; grows in tanks: these are manured for its reception

_‘* about the end of March. Thus, a tank being drained of its

‘* water, small pits are dug in its bottom, these are filled with
‘* human manure, and exposed to the sun for a fortnight ; their
‘* contents are next intimately blended with the slimy bottom of
‘* the tank, and the slips, or roots of the plant deposited therein ;
‘* the water is now returned to the tank, and the new crop of
‘« tubers comes to perfection by the first of September.

‘* This nut is in high estimation among all ranks of Chinese,
‘* not only as a pot-root, but also as a medicine. It is eat, either
‘* boiled or raw. I will not vouch for the truth of the singular
‘* virtues ascribed to the Maa-tai, but just relate one of the most
‘‘ plausible. The children here often play with cash in their
‘* mouths, which at times slip down into the stomach, and bring
‘* on alarming symptoms: The nut is immediately given in quan-
‘* tities, either raw or boiled, and they say it never fails to give
‘* relief, and is always considered as specific; they allege it
‘« decomposes the metal.”

232. SACCHARUM SINENSE.

Culms 6-15 feet. Leaves flat, with margins hisped. Panicles
ovate, with simple and compound, verticelled, reclined branches.
Corol of two valves on the same side.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT WHEN IN BLOSSOM.

Stem erect, jointed, whole height from 10 to 15 feet; most part
covered with the sheaths of the leaves; joints from four to
eight inches long, and from two to three inches in circum-
ference ; colour pale brownish yellow.

Leaves sub-bifarious, tapering from the base, (ensiform) to a long
fine point, plain, smooth on both sides, margins armed with
numerous, small, very acute spines, pointing forward ;
length from two to three feet, and about an inch and a half
broad at the base.

Sheaths smooth, with a small stipulary ring round the inside of
the mouth.

Panicle ovate, erect; branches simple and compound, subverti-

celled, reclined, long and slender. In S. officinarum the

branches of the panicle are scattered over the common
raches, and are decompound, and super-decompound: on this

I rest the most obvious specific difference, though the habit

of the cane itself is also considerably different, independent

of the additional small inner scale, or valve of the corol.

Calyx and its surrounding wool, as in the genus.

Gorol of two valves.on the same (anterior) side ; the inner one
very small.

27 SACGHARUM SINENSE.

Nectary of two large, broad cuneate, crenulate, fleshy scales, which
occupy the two posterior sides of the germ, opposite to the
two valves of the corol.

This new species, for such it appears to me, was introduced
from China into the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, at the close of the
year 1796 ; with the hopes of finding it in some respects better
than the common cane cultivated over India, and hitherto it has
promised considerable advantage ; particularly as the cane is so
solid and hard, as to resist the forceps of the white-ants and teeth
of the jackal, two great enemies to our East Indian sugar planta-
tions. At the same time it bears drought much better than the
sorts in general cultivation. Lasts (ratoons,) so as to be a profit-
able crop even to the third year; (while the common cane of India
must be renewed every year ;) and yields juice of a richer quality.

It seems to be the sort employed over China for making their
sugars from, as appears from the following extract of a letter from
Mr. A. Duncan, the Surgeon to the Factory at Canton, to Richard
Hall, Esq. President, &c. Select Committee, dated Canton, 26th
October 1796, which accompanied this cane from China; ex-
plaining the mode of cultivation, and manufacturing the sugar in
the Province of Canton.

‘* OF sugar-canes, two sorts are cultivated in the Province of
** Canton; one which is small, compact, and highly saccharine,
‘* is manufactured into sugar: whereas the other of a larger size,
and looser texture, is generally cut into joints and ate by the
natives, either raw or gently heated.
‘© The culture of Sugar-canes commences about the middle of
March, or beginning of April, in proportion to the temperance
of the weather, when a good, light, sandy soil is thrown up
into beds of about four feet diameter, leaving intermediate
spaces of one and a half, which serves as drains, and passes
for the husbandmen. A compost of human manure and water
is now thrown over the beds; and tops of sugar-canes, fifteen
inches long (the Chinese are here ceconomical) are planted in
a slanting position, and occasionally watered at sun-set, till the
young shoots rise a cubit high, when the husks and refuse of
the ground-nut, or of some oleaginous seeds, after the oil is
extracted, are well beaten into a kind of powder, and put round
the roots of the plants in small quantities, and afterwards
covered over with earth. The canes are now left to the fertility
of the soil, except it proves such a dry season, that watering
becomes requisite till they arrive at maturity, and are cut down
‘* about the first of November. The first sort planted in the
foregoing manner, generally yields three crops, while the
second requires fresh planting.
‘«« The sugar canes are now removed from the grounds to the
mill for expression. The juice being extracted, is carefully
strained, mixed with a small quantity of chunam lime water,
then poured into large warm iron pans, placed ona platform
of brickwork, with fire places below ; it is now boiled for a
length of time, and being removed from the fire, and allowed to
cool, it is a second time strained, and being again returned to
the pans, the boiling is repeated for once or twice, till it ac;
quires a saccharine consistence.

6é

ee

The sugar, still very moist,
is now put into cylindrical jars, which have a small hole in
each of their bottoms, for the intent of draining, and their tops
covered over with about half an inch of elayey moist earth ;

«
.

SACCHARUM SINENSE. 28

‘* these are placed on stands, and remain for three or.four days,
‘* when the old earthen covering is removed, and a fresh one put
‘* on; they continue in that situation for three or four days more;
‘* the covering is then.taken off, and the sugar being sufficiently
‘* clarified, is removed from the jars, and spread out on flat bas-
‘* kets, exposed to the sun till dry, when it is fit for use. The
‘* mill for expressing the juice, (of which I have sent a very exact
‘miniature model) appears, so far as I recollect, preferable to
‘“those used in India. The machine is wrought by a buffalo
‘* yoked to the small end of the crooked beam, while its thick end
‘* is fastened to the long axle of one of the cylinders ; the canes
‘‘ having undergone one expression, and consequently in a split
‘* state, are not thrust a second time through, till all the irons are
‘‘ greased. The cylinders are not always of the same dimensions,
‘¢ those I examined were two cubits high, and one and two-thirds
‘* in diameter, these are the common size; I am however told
‘* they are sometimes much larger.”

To point out the benefit that may accrue to the cultivators of
sugar cane, it may be necessary to add the following copy of a
letter from Mr. Richard Cardin, superintendant of the Honourable
Company’s rum and sugar works at Mirzapore, in Bengal, to
Dr. Roxburgh, dated 13th August 1801, nearly five years after
the introduction of the cane.

‘‘ With respect to the produce of the common Bengal sugar
‘** canes, I have never been able to collect an account that can be
‘‘ depended upon; the natives generally manufacture the Juice
‘‘ into jaggery in my neighbourhood, which yields them nearly
14 cutcha muds (maunds) of 60 sicca weight per biggah on an
‘* average, anda profit of about 11 or 12 rupees per biggah. Nei-
** ther the white ants or jackals have committed any depredations
‘‘ on the China canes that I have planted, although the latter has
‘* often been seen among them, which certainly gives these canes a
I do not think
“the China degenerate in the least, nor do they improve ; they
If planted at

‘* the same time the natives put their canes in the ground, they

in

‘* decided preference to the Bengal sugar-canes.
‘* appear to me to remain nearly in the same state.

‘* will not make such good returns as the Bengal sort ; but planted
‘in the West India mode, in the month of October or September,
‘and suffered to remain on the ground till the December or
‘¢ January twelve months, they will then yield double the returns
‘‘ of what the Bengal canes do, which is owing, in part, to the
‘« length of time they are in the ground, and principally to the
“ants and jackals not destroying them; whereas, if the Bengal
‘* cane was to remain so long on the ground, the natives would
‘have great difficulty to prevent the most of them from being
** destroyed, and the young shoots suffer very much from the hot
‘‘ winds and ants, which I witnessed the second year I came to
‘* Mirzapore ; but the China shoots from these canes I cut last
‘¢ January, stood the last hot season uncommonly well, and will
‘* next January, I have reason to believe, from the present appear-
‘* ance, make half, or nearly three-fourths the quantity of sugar
‘« they did last January, and that with the trifling expense of
‘‘ cleaning them twice, cutting and manufacturing the juice. I
‘‘ should be extremely happy to have sent you a more particular
“account, which is not in my power, as the statement of the
‘‘ natives is not to be depended upon. I did purchase 12 cottahs
“ of the best Bengal canes last January, merely as an experiment,

ce

which yielded just half the quantity of sugar my China canes
ge eS ea

29

233. HYDROPHYLAX MARITIMA.
Linn. sp. pl. ed. Willden. 1. p. 581.
Sarissus anceps. Gert. sem. 1. p. 118.4.25.f. 4,

DESCRIPTION.

Root perennial.

Stems no other than many long, slender, variously bent, straggling,
round, coloured branches, running over the sand, and often
striking root from the joints.

Leaves opposite, approximate, short-petioled, elliptic, fleshy, re-
curved, rather acute, smooth, deep green, with hisped
margins.

Connecting membrane, with the petioles form a deep, stem-clasp-
ing, dentated cup.

Flowers axillary, subsessile, one or two together, of a pale pink
colour.

Calyx above, four-parted ; divisions broad-ensiform, permanent ;
tube hairy on the inside near the bottom.

Corol campanulate ; tube hairy on the inside near the bottom;
the four divisions of the border ovate, spreading, with their
apices somewhat revolute.

Filaments four, erect, shorter than the corol, and inserted on the
mouth of its tube, opposite to its fissures. Anthers purple.

Germ oblong. Style length of the corol. Stigma of two round lobes.

Pericarp, when ripe a dry Berry, of a lanceolate shape; crowned
with the remaining calyx, two-celled, with a single, linear-
oblong seed in each, &c. as described and figured by Gertner,
under the name Sarissus anceps.

OBSERVATIONS.
A native of the sand hills along the shores of Coromandel and
Malabar, where it is in blossom most part of the year.

234. TRAPA BISPINOSA.

Nuts with two opposite, straight, barbed, spinous horns. Nec-
tary cup-shaped, curled,

Sringataca, Asiatic resear. vol. 2. p. 350.

Sringata, its Sanscrit name. See Asiatic resear. vol. 4.p. 258.

Singhara, of the Bengalese and Hindoos.

Panover-T'sjeraua. Rheed. Mal. v.11. p. 65. t. 33, is evidently
intended for this plant, and not for T. natans.

DESCRIPTION.
Root numerous, simple, capillary fibres, issue from the under
margins of the cicatrizes of the fallen leaves.
Stems stoloniferous, often several feet long, floating, or when the
water dries up, running along the mud.
Leaves petioled, alternate, approximate round the apex of the
shoots ; of a rhomboidal-reniform shape, with the posterior

TRAPA BISPINOSA. 50

margins entire, and the anterior serrate-dentate ; above
smooth, deep green ; villous and purple underneath ; from
3 to 4 inches broad, and scarce so long.

Petzoles villous, lengthening with the age of the leaves ; towards
the apex much swollen: this part contains many inflated
vesicles, which render the whole plant very buoyant.

Stipules two-pair; the superior simple, semilanceolate, and cadu-
cous; the inferior pair at first simple and filiform, by age
become very ramous like roots, and are permanent, as in the
figure.

Peduncles axillary, solitary, shorter than the petioles, one-flowered,
incurved until the blossoms begin to decay, after that they
bend down under the surface of the water, where the fruit
grows and comes to maturity.

Flowers pure white, expand above the surface of the water late in
the afternoon.

Calyx four-leaved, in opposite pairs ; leaflets lanceolate, villous,
one of the pair permanent.

Corol contorted ; petals four, at the base contracted into a tube by
the firmness of the calyx; above greatly broader, and ex- —
panding ; margins much curled.

Nectary cup-shaped, on the top of the germ round the swelled base
of the style, eight-grooved, with margin minutely lacerate,
and curled.

Filaments four, incurved. Anthers oval, incumbent.

Germ beneath. Style length of the stamens. Stigma large, and
nearly hemispheric.

Nut turbinate, armed with two opposite, very-sharp, barbed
spines, formerly, the two larger leaflets of the calyx one-
celled.

Seed solitary, large, conforming to the shape of the nut, which it
completely fills. Lmbryo lodged in the top of the albumen,
immediately under the remains of the style.

This is evidently a species perfectly distinct from the two
already described, viz. natans and bicornis. From the former it
differs in having only two horns, and from the latter in these horns

being straight, very sharp, and barbed.

OBSERVATIONS.
Found floating on sweet standing water, over Bengal, and many
other parts of India. Flowering time the rainy season.
The nuts are sold in most bazars when in season, so much do
the Hindoos admire their kernels.

EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES.
. Part ofa plant.
. A small portion of the stem, with part of the petiole. (a) of
a leaf, and part of peduncle (b) with the upper pair of stipu-

2 STE ae

lus (cc) and lower pair, (dd) one of them beginning to be
fibrous.

. Asmall portion of the stem, to show the roots (a) issuing from
the margins of the pit of a fallen leaf, between the now ramous _

9

inferior pair of stipules (b b).
The above are all of the natural size.
4. Part of a flower magnified, to show the plaited nectary.
5. The nut, natural size.
6. Section of the same, with the embryo in the apex.

31

PORANA.
Gen. plant. edit. Schreb. n. 236.

GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx five-leaved, in the fruit larger. Corol one-petalled, cam-
panulate. Stylecloven. Stigmas globular. Capsule superior, entire,
one-celled, one-valved, one-seeded.

235. PORANA PANICULATA.

Shrubby, scandent. Leaves exactly cordate, entire, hoary.
Panicles terminal and axillary. Three of the leaflets of the Calyx
increase with the capsule into large, scariose wings.

DESCRIPTION.

Stem woody, dividing into numerous, very long, (many fathoms,)
scandent, stout, woody branches ; which extend over the
largest trees, ruins, or whatever else they meet with ; their
extremities drooping beautifully. Bark of the woody-parts
ash-coloured, of the young shoots clothed with whitish, soft
down.

Leaves cordate, entire, fine-pointed, villous on both sides, but par-
ticularly so, and hoary, underneath; from one to four inches
each way.

Panicles terminal, and from the exterior axils, pendulous, or
drooping.

Flowers very numerous, small, pure white.

Calyx five-leaved, downy ; leaflets unequal, but all greatly shorter
than the corol.

Corol one-petalled, campanulate ; margin five-lobed.

Filaments five, inserted into the bottom of the tube of the corol.
Anthers \inear, half hid.

Style short, very little cloven in this spectes. Stigmas round.

Capsule superior, ovate, one-celled, one valved, brittle, villous,
size of a small pea, surrounded by the remaining calyx ;
three of the five leaflets thereof, are now scariose, and en-
larged into as many oblong lanceolate wings, two or three
times longer than the capsule itself; the other two continue
of their original length, but contracted in breadth, in short
filiform.

Seed solitary affixed, to the base of the capsule.

OBSERVATIONS.

A native of the interior parts of Bengal ; and particularly plenty
upon the ruins of Gour, and the Rajamahl hills. Flowering time
the cold season, seed ripe in March.

A large plant, 30-40 feet long, covering a mango tree, is now
in full blossom before me, and in this state it is certainly one of
the most beautiful objects I have yet seen in India ; the long pen-
dulous extremities of the branches, with their numerous panicles
of small, pure white flowers, and hoary leaves, render it a very
Porana volubilis Burm. fl. ind. p.51.t. 21. f. 1.
which is also now in flower in the Botanic garden, 1s a smaller
plant, of much slower growth; and though beautiful, is by no
means so conspicuously so as P. paniculata. Dr. Buchanan has

charming sight.

found a third annual species in Nepaul.

a

SPERMADICTYON.

PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.
Capsule inferior, one-celled, five-valved. Seeds five, lattice-
arilled. Corol funnel-shaped. Stigma five-cleft.

236. SPERMADICTYON SUAVEOLENS.

Shrubby. Leaves opposite, elliptic. Flowers in terminal um-
belliform heads.
DESCRIPTION.

Stem erect, shrubby. Branches opposite, cross-armed, ascending.
Bark of the ligneous parts ash-coloured, with dark purplish
specks,

Leaves opposite, short-petioled, from elliptic tolanceolate, smooth,

entire; length from three to six inches.

Stipules, or rather connecting membranes, broad, ensiform.

Flowers sessile, in terminal corymbiform heads, on short tricho-
tomous branchlets; numerous, pure white, and delightfully
fragrant.

Bractes ensiform, villous, several surrounding each fascicle, or
head of flowers, as well as intermixed amongst them.

Calyx above, five-cleft, permanent ; divisions subulate.

Corol one petalled, funnel-shaped. Tube slender, widening a
little towards the mouth. Border of five, spreading, oblong
divisions.

Filaments five, very short, inserted into the tube of the corol a
little within its mouth. Anthers half erect, linear.

Germ beneath, oval. Style as long as the tube of the corol. Stigma
five-cleft.

Capsule oblong, hairy, one-celled, five-valved, opening from the
apex.

Seeds five, one for each valve of the capsule, black, compressed,

enveloped in a dry, latticed aril.

OBSERVATIONS.

This charming fragrant shrub, was found wild on the Rajamahl
hills by Mr. William Roxburgh, and by him introduced into the
Botanic Garden at Calcutta, where it blossoms during the cold
season.

EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES.

Fig. 1s Part of a branch, with two branchlets ; natural size.

2. The calyx, and pistil, magnified. a. The five stigmas

much magnified.

3. The corol, with the stamens laid open, and magnified.

4, The capsule, rather larger than natural.
5. Section of the same, more magnified.
6. A seed in its dry latticed aril.
7. A section of the same.

237. MORINDA ANGUSTIFOLIA.

Shrubby, erect. Leaves opposite to each other, or toa peduncle,
lanceolate, bullate. Flowers solitary, short-peduncled. Berries

distinct, succulent, four-seeded.

AW MORINDA ANGUSTIFOLIA.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk straight, with few erect branches. Bark light, ash-coloured.
Height of the whole plant when six years old only about
seven feet.

Leaves opposite, or single when a peduncle occupies the place of
the other (as in M. citrifolia and latifolia,) subsessile, re-
curved, lanceolate, bullate, smooth, shining, entire, length
about six inches, and less than two in breadth.

Stipules opposite, subcordate, interfoliaceous, remaining long after
their respective leaves drop.

Peduncles solitary, short, seemingly terminal when they begin to
blossom, but soon after the branchlet shoots out from between
each peduncle, and its respective opposite leaf.

Heads solitary, globular, many (from 50 to 100) flowered.

Flowers pure white, in size and shape like those of the common
jasmine.

Calyx only an almost entire marginal ring round the base of the
tube of the corol.

Corol funnel-shaped.

Filaments very short, inserted rather below the middle of the tube
of the corol. Anthers linear, hid in the middle of the tube.

Stigma exert, two-lobed.

Berries in general distinct, but a small proportion of them only
comes to perfection ; sessile, obovate, size of a large pea,
succulent ; deep shining black, with very dark coloured
pulp.

Seeds four, each two-celled, with the inner cell larger and empty.

OBSERVATIONS.

This elegant shrub was found at Chittagong by Dr. Buchanan,
and from thence sent to the Botanic Garden at Calcutta in 1798,
where it blossoms in March, and the seeds ripen in May. Its root
is used to dye with in like manner as that of M. citrifolia.:

REFERENCES.
Fig. 1. A flower opened lengthways, rather magnified.
. The receptacle with all the germs abortive, but two.
Section of a berry.
One of the seed, these three of the natural size.
Transverse section ofa seed ; athe seed: b the empty cell.
Perpendicular section of the same. ‘These two are

magnified.

nN oO & 09 DO

238. CGEDRELA TOONA.

Leaflets from 6 to 12 pair, opposite, obliquely ovate-lanceolate,
acute, entire. Panicles terminal. Filaments inserted into five
glands which embrace the sessile germ.

Cuveraca, Asvatic research. 4. p. 281. and 6. p. 352.
Toon, Tunna, Tun, or Tuni of the Hindoos and Bengalese.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk erect, often of a very large size, and height, though I have
only seen small trees in the vicinity of Calcutta. Bark
smooth and gray. Branches numerous, forming a large shady
head.

Leaves alternate, abruptly-pinnate, drooping, from 12 to 18
inches long. Leaflets from 6 to 12 pair, opposite, or nearly
so, short-petioleted, obliquely broad, lanceolate, tapering to a

CEDRELA TOONA. 34

long sharp point, margin slightly waved, smooth on both
sides ; length from two to six inches.

Petioles, and Petiolets round and smooth.

Stipules none.

Panicles terminal, about as long as the leaves, drooping: com-
posed of numerous, smooth, diverging, subdivided rami-
fications.

Bractes minute, deciduous.

Flowers numerous, small, white, and possess a sweet fragrance,
like that of fresh honey.

Calyx, five-parted, expanding.

Corol, petals five, oblong, keeled on the back, margins ciliate,
apexes incurved over the stamina.

Nectary, five, large, hairy, orange coloured glands round the
base of the germ.

Filaments five, erect, shorter than the petals, inserted into the
five glands of the nectary. Anthers sagittate, bent in toward
the stigma.

Pistil, Germ oblong. Style length of the stamina. Stigma peltate,
five-sided,

Capsule oblong, rather larger than a field bean, five-celled, five-
valved, valves opening from the apex, and fall off with the
seeds when they are ripe.

Seeds several in each cell, imbricated; both ends, and outer edge
enlarged by a thin membranaceous wing ; their insertion on
the inner edges of the upper end of the five angles of the
receptacle.

OBSERVATIONS.
A large, beautiful, timber tree ; a native of Bengal. Leaves
deciduous, about the beginning of the cool season; and appear
again, with the flowers, in February; and the seeds are ripe in

May and June.

The wood of this tree is very like mahogany, but lighter, and
not so close in the grain. It is much used for furniture, and for
various other purposes. The bark is powerfully astringent, and
though not bitter, it has been found a good medicine in the cure
of remitting and intermitting fevers ; particularly when joined
with a small portion of the powdered seed of Guilandina Bonduccella,

(Cutkaletchie of the Bengalese,) which is a very powerful bitter.

EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES.
Fig. 1. A flower in its natural state of expansion, magnified.

2. The same with the petals removed, which shows the
nectarial glands, kc.

3. The capsule, natural size.

4. The same open, with the two front valves removed, ex-
hibiting one cell (on the left) with the seeds, and
another empty, which exposes one of the five sides of
the receptacle ; the dots on its upper end shew the in-
sertions of the seeds.

5. Aseed. The last two are magnified.

239. ASCLEPIAS TINGENS.

Shrubby, twining, smooth. Leaves cordate. Unmbels subaxil-
lary, proliferous. Corol, salver-shaped ; inside of the tube with
five double ciliated ridges. Stigma globular, half hid.

35 ASCLEPIAS TINGENS.

DESCRIPTION.

Stem twining, woody, with numerous twining, smooth branches,
extending far over whatever supporters they meet with.
Bark pretty smooth, when young brownish ; when old ash-
coloured.

Leaves opposite, petioled, cordate, entire, pointed, smooth on both
sides ; from three to six inches long, and from two to four
broad.

Petioles about an inch long, channelled, smooth.

Umbels subaxillary, short-peduncled, compound.

Pedicels rather longer than the peduncles, one-flowered, smooth,
diverging in all directions.

Flowers numerous, pale yellow, or cream colour when they first
expand, but grow gradually darker.

Calyx to the base five-cleft.

Corol: Tube as long as the fructification ; on the inside run five
double ridges, ciliated with short brown hairs: Border ex-
panding; divisions obliquely-oval.

Nectary as in the genus, with the cordate divisions of its mouth
covering the stamina, and lower part of the stigma.

Stamina: Receptacles affixed to the base of the stigma: Anthers
nearly erect.

Pistil: Style single. Stigma globular, smooth, pearl-coloured, half
hid in the mouth of the tube ; round its under side ten pits
are found corresponding with the ten anthers.

OBSERVATIONS. .
A large, twining, shrubby plant; brought from Pegu to the
Botanic Garden at Calcutta, by Dr. Buchanan. Flowering time
the rainy season.

Dr. Buchanan informed me, that from the leaves of this plant
the Burmah people prepare a greendye. It is probable that those
people forgot to inform the Doctor that it was necessary to dye
the cloth yellow, either before or after the application of the
colour prepared from the leaves of this plant.

240. ASCLEPIAS TENACISSIMA.

Perennial, twining. Leaves long, petioled, exactly cordate, fine-
pointed, both sides soft with down.
drooping. Genitalia obovate, hid in the tube of the corol. Follicles
ovate-oblong, obtuse, tomentose.

Panicles interfoliaceous

DESCRIPTION.

Stem perennial, twining over the trees, Kc. to a very great extent,
and in general about as thick as a large ratan. Branches few ;
young shoots downy.
juice, which thickens into an elastic substance, very like

From wounds there exudes a milky

caouchouc, and rubs out black lead pencil lines as readily,
and I think may be reckoned an additional species thereof.
Leaves opposite, (the pairs in luxuriant shoots fit for flax) very
remote, petioled, exactly-cordate, fine acute-pointed, entire,

very soft, with much fine down on both sides ; general .

length from 4 to 6 inches, and from 3 to 4 broad.
Petioles round, downy, from two to four inches long.
Panicles interfoliaceous, large, drooping, composed of alternate

ASCLEPIAS TENACISSIMA. 36

drooping branches, of numerous, small umbellets, of beautiful
greenish yellow flowers.

Bractes minute, two or three under the insertion of the fascicles
of flowers, which compose the umbellets.

Calyx deeply five-cleft ; divisions rather more than half the length
of the tube of the corol, and downy on the outside.

Cordl salver-shaped ; divisions of the border obliquely oval, with
apexes rounded, greenish toward the centre, with the ex-
terior half yellow.

Column of the fructification short-clavate, or obovate, about as long
as the tube of the corol, with the white apex of the common
stigma naked.

Follicles ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, nearly round, with a groove on
the inside ; clothed with much soft velvet-like green down,
about six inches long, and from four to five in circumference
where thickest.

Seeds very numerous ; obovate, thin, with a broad thin membra-
naceous margin, and long soft silky pappus.

OBSERVATIONS.

This most elegant and very useful species, was first made known
to us by Mr. William Roxburgh, who found it growing wild on
the above mentioned hills in 1800, and by him introduced into
the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, where the plants thrive luxuri-
antly, blossom in April, and ripen their seed about ten months
thereafter.

The bark of the young luxuriant shoots yields a large portion of
beautifully fine silky fibres, with which the mountaineers of Raje-
mahl make their bow-strings, on account of its great strength and
durability.

During the rains they cut the shoots into lengths at the inser-
tion of the leaves, peel off the bark, and with their nails, or a bit
of stick on a board, remove the pulpy part. A person accustomed
to this work will, I am told, cleanas far as six pounds of the fibres
in a day.

These fibres, and those of the bark of the Malay plant Battang
culloway or poolas, are by far the strongest (I mean in the vege-
table kingdom) I have met with; far exceeding those of the
leaves of Sanseviera zeylanica. A line made of common hemp, for
a standard, broke with 158 pounds when dry, and with 190
when wet, the average of several trials.

A similar line of this substance, broke with 248 when dry, and
343 when wet, while one of Battang calloway broke with 240
when dry, and 278 when wet.

241. STAPELIA UMBELLATA.

Umbel terminal. Corol five-parted, smooth; segments trian-
gular, with margins revolute. Stem and branches erect, four-
sided, with the angles dentate.

DESCRIPTION.
Stems perennial, erect, with erect branches, four-sided, smooth,
angles sharp, and dentate, height of the whole plant about
a foot.

37 STAPELIA UMBELLATA.

Leaves (or scales) minute, cordate, solitary on the teeth of the
angles of the young shoots.

Umbel terminal, many (from 40 to 100) flowered.

Peduncles longer than the diameter of the expanded corol, one-
flowered, round, smooth.

Calyx minute.

Corol subcampanulate ; border five-parted ; divisions triangular, but
as the margins become revolute, they become more pointed ;
inside dark bistre, with five transverse waved yellow ruge ;
outside dark purple; expands about one inch.

_ Follicles erect, subulate, 6-8 inches long, and about as thick as a
common quill.
OBSERVATIONS.

A native of the dry, barren, bushy places, especially under the
shade of the Euphorbia Antiquorum, over Mysore ; and from
thence the plants were first procured by Lady Clive, who sent
several to the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, where they blossom
about the close of the hot season, or beginning of the rains in May
and June.

242. BURMANNIA DISTICHA.
Linn. sp. pl. ed. Willden. 2. p. 16.
Leaves sword-shaped. Spike double.

Burmannia spica gemina. Burm. zeyl.p.50.¢. 20.f. 1.

DESCRIPTION.
Root of numerous capillary fibres, annual.
Leaves radical, sword-shaped.
Scape erect, from twelve to twenty inches, round, jointed ; with
a sword-shaped sheath at each joint.
Spike double, spreading in opposite directions.
Bractes lanceolate, one-flowered.

Flowers erect, subsessile on the upper side of the spikes, pale blue.
Calyx above, gibbous, one-leaved ; mouth six-parted, the alter-
nate divisions larger, permanent, and keeled on the back.
Corol none, except the three smaller divisions of the calyx be so

called.

Filaments none. Anthers three pair, adjoined to the sides of three
large, ox-head-shaped glands, affixed to the calyx, just below
the smaller divisions thereof.

\ Pistl, Germ three-sided, three-winged, being a continuation of

those of the calyx. Style erect. Stigmas three, large, emar-
ginate.

Capsule three-winged, three-cornered, three-celled, three-valved.

Seeds numerous.

OBSERVATION.
A native of Ceylon.

243. BAMBUSA BACCIFERA.

Arboreous, unarmed. Pericarp a very large pendulous, pyra-
midal, one-seeded berry.

Beesha, Rheed. Mal. vol. 5. p. 119. t. 60.

BAMBUSA BACCIFERA. 38
Payu-tullu, of the people of the Chittagong mountains.

DESCRIPTION.

Leaves alternate, bifarious, subsessile on their sheathing bases,
ovate-lanceolate, smooth on both sides, slightly ribbed un-
derneath, length from 6 to 12 inches, and from two to four
broad.

Sheaths of the leaves villous, with their mouths bearded with
many, long, filiform fibres.

Spikes compound ; they issue, many together, from the joints of
the branches, or from those of the upper part of the stem ;
long, slender, jointed, ramous ; each joint furnished with a
sheath of nearly its length.

Spikelets three, four, or more flowered: the inferior scales (calyx ?)
thereof abortive, or with male flowers.

Corol of two, unequal, long, taper, acute-pointed, smooth, per-
manent valves.

Stamina six, about as long as the pistil.

Germ ovate. Style single. Stigmas three, filiform, woolly.

Pericarp. In this singular species, it is a very large, hard, fleshy,
conical, smooth, taper curved-pointed fruit, with a single
large oval seed in each.

OBSERVATIONS..
' This uncommonly curious berry-bearing bamboo, is a native
of the Chittagong mountains.

Growing plants, seeds, and well preserved specimens, were
sent me from thence by Mr. Pierard, a gentleman to whom the
Botanic Garden at Calcutta is under many obligations. This
Bamboo, he writes, is the one in common use in that country for
every purpose of building, &c. His description of the tree is so
full, and perfect, that I do not think I can do better than transcribe
what he says; in reply to my queries regarding this plant.

‘« It bears no thorns, grows in dry places, chiefly on the sides

ee

of hills, where the upper stratum of the soil is sandy. The
‘* circumference near the base 12 or 13 inches. Height from 50
‘‘ to 70 feet, beautifully erect, and without the least flexure, or
‘* inequality of surface, bare of branches, except near the extre-
‘‘mity. Perishes after yielding its fruit.

‘* It yields more or less Tabasheer of a saline crystallization ;

66

sometimes it is said the cavity between the joints is nearly
39

‘* filled with this substance, which the people call choonah (lime)

EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES.
Fig. 1. A joint of the upper part of the stem of a tree in blossom,

at which time the plant is in general destitute of leaves.

2. The end of a small twig in leaf.

3. A small branch, with one of the fruit hanging to it.

All these are of their natural size, kc.

4. Part of-a spike, with one of the spikelets, a, having the
last Hower thereof a fertile hermaphrodite one.

5. The last mentioned hermaphrodite flower still more
magnified, with the two valves of the corol a a removed
to show the stamina and pistil.

o>)

. A perpendicular section of one of the fruit (and rather a
small one) exposing the entire seed beginning to vege-
tate. a, part of the scaly pedicel by which it was united
to the branch. b the roots.
ascending scaly shoot.

c the plumula, or young

39

244. EURYALE FEROX.

Euryale ferox. Salish. in annals of bot. 2. p. 73. Hort. Kew. ed. 2.
v. 3. p. 296.
Anneslea spinosa. Andrews’s reposit. 618.

DESCRIPTION.

Root consists of numerous, thick, fleshy fibres, which descend
deep into the soil at the bottom of the water the plant
grows in.

Stem none.

Leaves radical, with petioles sufficiently long to admit of their
floating on the surface of the water, peltate, from orbicular
to oval, entire, upper surface dull green, with ferruginous
veins, and armed with but few, very slender prickles ; under-
neath a most beautiful purple, and there reticulated with
numerous, very large, prominent, dichotomous, finally
anastomosing veins ; armed with long, straight, very sharp,
tolerably strong spines: size from one to four feet each way.

Petioles round, and also armed with straight spines.

Peduncles radical, one-flowered, round, and also armed with

straight spines; if the water is shallow, they are generally
so long as to elevate the flower above its surface ; but if deep
they blossom under water.

Flowers small for the size of the plant, colour a lovely blue violet.

Calyx four-leaved, inserted on the crown of the germ, armed on
the outside with recurved spines; inside smooth, and
coloured.

Corol, petals about twenty, narrow, ovate-oblong, the exterior ones
nearly as large as the calyx, gradually lessening till they
become very small, and nearly colourless next to the stamens.

Filaments numerous, and like the petals, lessening toward the
centre. Anthers oval.

Pistil. Germ beneath, ovate, armed. Style none. Stigma cup-
shaped, with the margin only slightly marked with six or
eight elevations.

Berry size of a goose egg, armed, irregularly ovate. The internal
divisions obscure, and irregular.

Seeds, or rather nuts, about twenty, nearly round, size of a small
cherry, each enveloped in its own, proper, coloured aril.

OBSERVATIONS.

Is a native of the sweet-water lakes, and ponds, over Tipperah,
Chittagong, &c. to the eastward of Calcutta; where it blossoms
most part of the year, and is known to the natives of those coun-
tries by the name Mackannah.

The seeds are farinaceous, much liked by the natives, and sold
in the public bazars to the eastward of the mouths of the Ganges,
where the plant is indigenous. The preparation to fit them for
the table is as follows: A quantity of sand is put into an earthen
vessel, placed over a gentle fire. In the sand they put a quan-
tity of the seed, agitate the vessel or the sand with an iron ladle
until the seed swells to more than double its original size, when
it becomes light, white, and spongy ; during the operation the hard
husk of the seed breaks in various parts, and then readily separates
by rubbing between two boards, or by striking gently with a
board. The Hindoo Physicians consider those seeds to be pos-

EURYALE FEROX. 40

sessed of powerful medical virtues ; such as restraining seminal
gleets, invigorating the system, &c. Kc.

EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES.

Fig. 1. Two of the leaves, smaller than they generally are, the
under surface of the anterior one is represented, and
the lower edge of the upper surface of the posterior one.

2, Part of the fower-stalk, and flower in its usual state of
ex pansion.

. A vertical section of a flower.

The same of the seed vessel.

A transverse section.

The seed enclosed in its aril.

1 D o fp 0

. The same without the aril.
8. A vertical section of the same.
Except the two leaves, all the rest are of their natural size.

COLEBROOKEA.*
Smith Exot. bot. 2. p. 111.

DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERIMA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Aggregate. Common perianth imbricated. Proper beneath, five-
cleft. Corollets one-petalled, irregular. Germs four. Seeds
Receptacle naked.

from one to four.

245. COLEBROOKEA TERNIFOLIA.

Shrubby, erect. Leaves three or four-fold, lanceolate, obtusely
serrulate.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk (in three and four year old plants, of about five feet in
height,) short, woody. Bark light brown, and pretty smooth.
Branches three or four-fold, ascending young shoots downy.

Leaves three and four-fold, petioled, drooping, lanceolate, serrate,
soft, with much very fine down, from four to six inches
long, and from one to two broad.

Petioles round, very downy, about an inch long.

Stipules none.

Panicles terminal, erect, composed of generally three-fold, cylin-
dric, amentaceous spikes, closely covered with numerous,
minute, aggregate, white flowers.

Galyx. Common perianth, 10 - 20 leaved, many-flowered, imbri-
cated, permanent. Proper perianth deeply five-parted ; divi-
stons subulate, nearly as long as the florets, clothed with
much, long, soft, fine, white wool. These divisions lengthen
much, and become more woolly by the time the seeds are
ripe ; giving to the aments, or ramifications of the panicle,
a much larger, and more woolly appearance, than when in
blossom, as represented at fig. 8.

Corol : Universal equal. Proper monopetalous. Tube short. Border
four-parted: upper division emarginate ; the other three
ovate, of which the middle one is longer and broader.

Filaments four, of which two are shorter. Anthers small.

* The genus is named Colebrookea, in honour of Henry Colebrooke, Esq. whose
knowledge in the science justly demands this tribute,

4] COLEBROOKEA TERNIFOLIA.

Pistil. Germs four, hairy. Style the undivided part the length of
the tube of the corol, and seems composed of two portions,
as in Perilla. Stigma two-cleft, and about as long as the un-
divided part of the style.

Pericarp none.

Seeds from one to four, but generally one, and then nearly oval, or
round, and hairy; when more than one they adhere slightly
to each other; the long woolly segments of the calyx readily
carries them with the wind to a great distance.

Receptacle naked, flat.

OBSERVATIONS.

A native of Mysore, from whence the seeds were sent by Dr.
Buchanan, to the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, where the shrub
blossoms during the months of February and March.

EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES.
Fig. 1. Outside of the common calyx.
. 2. Inside of the same, and the disk of the receptacle.
3. One of the florets.
4. The proper calyx laid open, which exposes the pistil to
view.

. A floret laid open.

6. The four ripe seeds, with the enlarged woolly calyx.
It, however, rarely happens that more than one of the
seeds ripen.

As at fig. 7. the other three are abortive, and appear like
three hairy scales at the base of the ripe seed.

8. A small ramification of the panicle, where the seeds are
ripe.

246. GMELINA ARBOREA.

Arborous, unarmed. Leaves cordate, entire, downy. Panicles
terminal.

Gumbharee, the Sanscrit name.

Gumhar, or Gumaar Asiat. resear. 6. p. 366.
Gumhar, of the Hindoos.

Cumbulu. Rheed. mal. 1. t. 41.

Goomady, of the Tamuls.

Tagoomoodu, of the Telingas.
Jugani-chookor, of the Bengalese.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk nearly straight, and of great size, for I have seen logs of
the wood thirty feet long, and three square. Bark ash-
coloured, in young trees smooth. Branches long, spreading,
and drooping, in every direction. Some trees in the Botanic
Garden at Calcutta, of only four years growth, had trunks
18 inches in circumference, four and a half feet above ground,
and were high in proportion.

Leaves opposite, petioled, cordate, pointed, entire, above a little
downy, below much so, and very soft; length from four to
eight inches, and from three to six broad: deciduous about
the beginning of the cool season, and appear again with the
flowers in March and April. In young trees the leaves are

larger than in the old ; it isa luxuriant branchlet of a young

tree that is figured.

GMELINA ARBOREA. 42

Petioles from two to four inches long, round and downy.

Panicles terminal, and from the exterior axills every part clothed
with soft down; composed of simple, decussated branches.

Bractes opposite, lanceolate, villous.

Flowers opposite, short pedicelled, drooping (though not well re-
presented so in the figure,) large, of a dull ferruginous yellow
colour.

Calyx small, obscurely four or five-toothed.

Gorol. Tube obliquely campanulate. Border unequally four- parted;
upper division shorter and bifid ; the under greatly longer,
and concave.

Filaments, both pairs incurvate. Anthers bifid from the base.

Style length of the filaments. Stigma of two, unequal, spreading,
acute lobes.

Drupe, size of a large olive, roundish-oval, smooth, when ripe
yellow. Nut single, hard, with from one to four one-seeded
cells, but it rarely happens that all the four ripen.

OBSERVATIONS.
A large timber tree, a native of the various mountainous parts
of India. Flowering time the beginning of the hot season.

The wood is so very like Teak, as to have been brought to Cal-
cutta for such. It is, however, lighter, and lighter coloured, and
void of the bitter taste, and smell peculiar to Teak. It is used by
the natives for various purposes.

Specimens taken from a very large log, which were kept three
years in the river Hoogly, a little above low water mark ; where
the worms (Teredo navalis) are thought to be most destructive,
have been deposited in the Honourable Fast India Company’s
Museum at the India House, to shew how completely this wood
resisted the worm, so destructive to almost every other sort in
similar situations. And before I left India, similar specimens
were also presented to the Governor General, the Marquis Wel-
lesley; and to Mr. Thornhill, the master-attendant, with the
view of having it tried in various ways in ship-building. From
the same log the above mentioned specimens were taken, which
was about 30 feet long, and about three square ; and brought from
the skirts of the mountains north of Patna. I caused two valve
flood-gates to be made, to keep the tides out of the Botanic
Garden: other similar gates made of Teak were in use in other
places of the garden for the same purpose ; and after very fair
trials, the Goomar wood had evidently the advantage, as they re-
mained sound and entire in every part, while those of Teak began
to decay about the edges. There is therefore reason to think, it
will prove a valuable acquisition to the marine yard ; and I trust
there will soon be fair, and sufficiently extensive ex periments
made with it, both for planking, and square, straight, and crooked
timbers. At Calcutta these are particularly wanted, as the Stssoo,
now in use, is not so durable as the Teak used on the Malabar
coast ; and it is thought that the ships built at Calcutta, are not so
durable as the Bombay ships on that account alone. It is therefore
needless to enlarge on the value of a substitute that will last as
long as the Teak plank on the outside, to the shipping interest of
Calcutta at least, until the Teak tree is sufficiently plenty in
Bengal, a period, I hope, not very distant, as it is now very
generally and successfully cultivated over many parts of that
country, where it thrives remarkably well. The largest trees in
the Botanic Garden at Calcutta were, in 1804, about nineteen
or twenty years old; they had then trunks from 42 to 44 inches

43 i GMELINA ARBOREA.

in circumference, four and a half feet above ground, and were
high, ramous, and healthy in proportion. These were originally
sent, at the desire of the late Marquis Cornwallis, from the Rajah-
mudry Circar, where the Teak is reckoned superior to every other
sort in India. It is from the seed’of these trees the plants have
been reared, which are now so generally planted over Bengal.

Since writing the above, Mr. Waddell, the East India Com-
pany’s master builder in Bengal, has returned from thence to
England ; and informs me, that in consequence of my having
found a log of this timber resist the worm (Teredo navalis) so effec-
tually, he fixed specimens of several sorts of timber considerably
below low water mark, in the same river my experiment was made
in, so that they were constantly under water. At the end of one
year he took them up, and found the worm had attacked this sort,
though in a less degree than some of the others. I have no doubt
of Mr. Waddell’s accuracy ; and can only say that my own expe-
riment and the result were exactly as I have stated. Whether
Mr. W. made his experiment on wood equally old; or if it was
the same sort, remains to be ascertained.

247. BOMBAX HEPTAPHYLLUM.

Linn. sp. pl. ed. Willden. 3. p. 732.

Trunk and branches much armed. Leaves digitate. Stamens
numerous, in two series, exterior series of five fascicles. Stigma
five-cleft.

Moul elavou. Rheed. mal. 8. p. 61, ¢. 52.

Salmali, the Sanscrit name.

Semel, or Semul, of the Bengalese, and Hindoos.
Boorgha, of the Telingas.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk straight, covered with innumerable, crowded, short, sharp
conic prickles, as at a, of which b is a vertical section: the
Bark is also very scabrous, and deeply cracked, is outwardly
ash-coloured, inwardly red. Branches subverticelled, vari-
ously bent, but generally in a horizontal direction, and
armed like the trunk.

Leaves alternate, long-petioled, digitate.

Leaflets five, six, or seven, petioleted, broad-lanceolate, Jong,
fine-pointed, entire, smooth on both sides, general length
from 6 to 12 inches.

Petioles longer than the leaflets, round, smooth.

Petiolets short, channeled on the upper side.

Stipules small, caducous.

Flowers numerous, collected in fascicles at and near the extreme-
ties of the then otherwise naked branchlets, subsessile, very
large, bright lively red colour ; they contain a large portion
of sweet liquid, which birds are fond of.

Bractes small, caducous.

Galyx cup-shaped, circumcised, of a thick leathery texture, inside
covered with white, silky down; outside pretty smooth.
Border in general obscurely three or four-parted; as the
corol expands, these are often so much split, as to appear
four, five, or more cleft; separating near the permanent
base, which with the corol and stamina drop off in one body.

BOMBAX HEPTAPHYLLUM. 44

Corol of five, very distinct, oblong, first spreading, then recurved,
contorted, smooth, deep red, fleshy, oblong petals, of about
twice the length of the stamens.

Stamens. Filaments in two series. The inner press on the style,
and consist of five longer, and thicker; and ten shorter. Ex-
terior series contain from 50 to 60, united into five distinct
bodies; all these are united at the base into one fleshy enve-
lope round the germ. Anthers incumbent, involute, reni-
form ; of the five larger filaments of the interior series
double ; on all the rest single. Pollen the colour of Scotch
snuff.

Pistil. Germ conical. Style longer than the stamina. Stigma, five-
cleft ; divisions subulate, recurved.

Capsule oblong, tapering equally towards each end, five-celled,
five-valved, downy on the outside.

Seeds numerous, obovate, smooth, except for a sharp cross-shaped
ridge on one side; immersed in a very large quantity of very
fine, silky wool; this wool does not adhere to the seeds, but
rather seems to grow from the inside of the valves of the
capsule.

OBSERVATIONS.

This is one of the largest of our Indian trees, and is found
almost every where. Over the northern Circars, near the moun-
tains, they grow to a greater size than I have seen any where
else, often about an hundred feet high, thick in the trunk, and
ramous in proportion. Flowering time the end of winter, when
the tree is totally destitue of leaves. The great numbers of very
large bright red flowers, with which it is then covered, makes it
remarkably conspicuous at a very great distance.

The wood is white, light, and spongy, fit for very few pur-
poses. In India the wool of the seeds is used to stuff beds and
pillows with, and to put between the folds of quilted cloth.

FLEMINGIA.*
DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Calyx five-cleft. Banner striated. Sanne one and nine. Legume
sessile, oval, turgid, two-valved, one-celled, containing two
spherical seeds.

248. FLEMINGIA STRICTA.

Stems nearly simple, and straight. Leaflets broad-lanceolate,
smooth. _ Racemes axillary, solitary, length of the petioles.

Guidda of the Telingas.

DESCRIPTION.
Stems several from the same root, straight, with few straight,
somewhat three-sided smooth branches.

* So named in honour of Dr. John Fleming, President of the Honourable East India
Company’s medical establishment in Bengal ; whose knowledge of the science of Botany
justly demands this tribute.

45 FLEMINGIA STRICTA.

Leaves alternate, petioled, ternate. Leaflets broad-lanceolate,
entire, acute, smooth ; about nine inches long, and three
broad. Petioles five or six inches long, three-sided.

Strpules sheathing, very large, scariose, caducous.

Racemes axillary, solitary, erect, about as long as the petioles,
supported on a short peduncle, which is hid in a large, sca-
riose, spathiform bracte.

Flowers numerous, alternate, short-pedicelled, beautifully striped
with pink, yellow, and violet.

Bractes solitary, one-flowered, linear-lanceolate, caducous long
before the flowers expand.

Calyx unequally five-cleft, the lower division being considerably
larger than the other four.

Filaments one, and nine conjoined.

Legume oblong, acute, sessile, turgid, smooth.

Seeds uniformly two, perfectly round, smooth, speckled brown
and white, scarcely so large as a grain of black pepper.

OBSERVATIONS.

A native of the hills over the northern parts of the coast of
Coromandel, where it blossoms during the cool season.

249. FLEMINGIA SEMIALATA.

DESCRIPTION.

Shrubby, ramous, suberect. Leaflets elliptic, smooth; petioles
winged : racemes terminal, and axillary, panicled.

Leaves ternate: leaflets nearly equal, broad-lanceolate, three-
nerved, entire, fine-pointed, smooth on hoth sides, length
from 4 to 6 inches, and from one and a half, to two broad.

Petioles shorter than the leaves, with broad, membranaceous,
villous margin.

Racemes axillary, and terminal, generally compound, particularly
the terminal, and they are often panicled.

Bractes chaffy, lanceolate, one-flowered, caducous.

Flowers numerous, large, rose-colour, striated with greenish
yellow and purple.

Galyx villous ; segments 5, nearly equal, ensiform, about as long
as the corol.

Filaments: 1, and 9 ; the single one greatly enlarged near the base.

Legume sessile, oval, slightly villous, turgid, size of a field bean.

Seeds two, small, perfectly round, smooth, shining black.

OBSERVATIONS.

A native of Nepaul, from whence Dr. Buchanan sent seeds to
the Botanic Garden at Calcutta; where, in little more than one
year, the plants were tall, elegant, ramous, stout, erect shrubs ;
with the bark of the ligneous parts dark brown, and smooth : of
the tender parts villous,

ARTOCARPUS.
Gen, pl. ed. Schreb. n. 1393.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Male and Female florets on (the outer surface of) different amenta-
ceous receptacles.

ARTOCARPUS INTEGRIFOLIA. 46

Male. Perianth two or three-leaved. Corol none.
Style one.

Female. Perianth one-valved. Corol none.

Fruit compound.

250. ARTOCARPUS INTEGRIFOLIA.

Leaves entire: Flowers cauline.

Linn. spec. plant. edit. Willd. 4. p. 189.
Sitodium cauliflorum. Gert. sem. 1. p. 345.4. 71 and 72.
Loureiro cochin. p. 546.

Rheed. mal. 3 tab. 26, 27 and 28.
Soccus arboreus. Rumph. amb. 1. tab. 30 and 31.

Panasa, the Sanscrit and Telinga name.

Kauthol, of the Bengalese.

A. integrifolia.

Polyphema Iaca.

Tsajaca-marum.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk short in proportion to the size of the tree, and when full
grown, from 8 to 12 feet in circumference, covered with
dark-coloured, deeply-cracked bark.
spreading far in every direction.

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, oval, or oblong ; in young luxu-
riant plants often deeply divided ; upper surface a smooth
deep-shining green: general length about six inches, and

Branches numerous,

about three broad.

Stipules in pairs, broad-lanceolate, embracing, like a spathe, the
next inner leaf, and ament when present, caducous.

Male aments axillary, solitary, peduncled, sub-cylindric, about the
size ofa man’s thumb; they are found only on short branchlets
which issue from the trunk, or largest branches, and are

_ every where closely covered with small sessile florets.

Spathe no other than the stipules above mentioned.

Perianth proper or Corol two-valved. Valvulets wedge-shaped, equal,
a little hairy, united, with the base of the filament, into
one body.

Filament single, clavate, rather longer than the calyx. Anthers two,
on the rounded margin of the apex of the filament, two-
lobed.

Female aments on the same branchlet with the male, but lower
down, and generally but one on the same branchlet, though
there are many male ; and when they first burst from the
spathiform stipules, they are nearly of the same size, and
equally well furnished with florets.

Perianth proper or Corol, of one sub-cylindric, fleshy tube, per-
forated at the apex, or it may probably be better termed
the exterior coat of the germ, for it becomes the edible part
of the fruit.

Germs numerous, ovate, lodged in the base of what I have just
called the proper perianth. Style longer than the perianth.
Stigma single, clavate, recurvate, grooved on the convex
side.

Fruit compound, oblong, muricate, from 12 to 30 inches long,
and from 6 to 12 in diameter ; and weighing from ten to
sixty pounds.

Seeds reniform, about the size of a nutmeg, very smooth, each
lodged in a thin, smooth, somewhat coriaceous membrane ;
which is again covered by the edible, thick, fleshy coat ;
(formerly my proper perianth.)

47 ARTOCARPUS INTEGRIFOLIA.

OBSERVATIONS.

A large tree, very generally cultivated over the warmer parts
of Asta. It does not, in general, attain to any great height ; 30
or 40 feet may be reckoned a high tree ; but with a very exten-
sive, densely ramous, ever-green, shady head ;_ particularly when
standing single. Flowering time the cool season ; fruit ripe in
four or five months thereafter.

The fruit of this tree is so universally well-known, that it is
unnecessary to say any thing respecting it; nor of the seeds,
which, when roasted, are not inferior to chestnuts. In Ceylon,
where the tree grows most plentifully, and where the fruit attains
its greatest size, and perfection, it forms a considerable part of the
diet of the natives, at particular times of the year.

The wood is like mahogany in colour, after it has been some
time exposed to the air, and in some parts of India is used to make
furniture of.

The Hindoos prepare bird-lime from the tenacious, milky
juice, which abounds in all the uneatable parts of the fruit, and
young, tender parts of the tree.

EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES.

The principal figure is a flower-bearing branchlet issuing from
the trunk; natural size.

a. An entire male floret. b. The same with one of the valvulets
removed, to shew the stamen.

c. An entire female floret. d. A vertical section of the same,
which exposes the pistil. These four are much magnified.

251. HEDYCHIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM.

Leaves linear-lanceolate. Sprkes open; fascicles of flowers

subtern. Segments of the cleft lip oblong ; the other five seg-

ments of the corol all linear.
Hedychium angustifolium. Botan. Regist. 157.

Bowsada, the Hindoo name.

Native of Chittagong, Silhet, and eastern parts of Bengal, where

it flowers about the beginning of the rains in June.

DESCRIPTION.

Root tuberous, horizontal, jointed, &c. as in the other Scitaminous
plants. Stems erect, 3-6 feet high, entirely invested in the
sheaths of the leaves.
smooth sheaths, narrow-lanceolate, very fine, I may say
filiform, pointed, smooth on both sides; length 10-14 inches,
by 1-2 broad.

Spike terminal, erect, rigid, 6-18 inches long, smooth. Fascicles

Leaves bifarious, sessile on their

of flowers generally three-fold, and spread out considerably
from the rachis.

Bractes exterior of the fascicle cylindrically-linear ; cnéerior one
to each flower, and smaller.

Flowers, rather small, dull red, (lateritious), generally about four
in the fascicle, and expand in succession.

Calyx superior, cylindric, length of the tube of the corol ; mouth
unequally 3-toothed.

Corol. Tube slender, cylindric, about an inch long ; 5 segments
of the border linear, (sub-filiform,) variously revolute. Lip

HEDYCHIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM. 48

lateral, with linear, channelled claw, and two parted lamina,
the segments thereof semi-oval.

Filament opposite to the lip, and twice its length, nearly straight,
filiform, grooved for the style. Anther two-lobed, naked.

Germ oval, a little hairy, 3-celled, with many ovula in each,
attached to the axis. Style filiform, its base embraced by
the usual two subulate bodies. Stzgma funnel form, projects
from the apex of the anther.

Capsule oval, smooth, size of an olive, 3-celled, 3-valved, opening
from the apex.

Seeds numerous, bright lucid red, and partly invested in a deep
red, laciniate aril.

Embryo simple, sublanceolate, both ends obtuse, and amply fur-
nished with both albumen and vitellus.

HEDYCHIUM GRACILE R.

Leaves \anceolar. Spikes terminal, open, flowers solitary,
scattered ; segments of the bifid short-clawed lip semi-lanceolar,
the other five linear.

Catteah lauffear. Hind.

OBSERVATIONS.

A slender species, of about three feet in height; a native of
the Garrow hills, and like the former, blossoms during the rainy
season. Its white solitary flowers, and lanceolar leaves, readily
distinguish it from angustifolium.

Of this species the outline of a leaf, and a single dissected

flower are figured, at the bottom of tab. 151.

252. ALPINIA COSTATA Roxs.

Leaves linear-lanceolar, villous underneath. Spikes radical, lax.
Lip ovate-lanceolate, entire. Capsules pedicelled, ovate-oblong,
nine ribbed.

OBSERVATIONS.

A native of the hilly countries in the vicinity of Si/het, where
the plant is called Dow-Terrah. It blossoms about the beginning
of the rains, in June: and the fruit ripens in September, when
they are gathered, and sold to the dealers in drugs.

DESCRIPTION.

Root tuberous, kc. as in the other species.

Stems in clusters from the same root, from erect in the centre, to
patent on the outside of the clump, invested in the sheaths
of the leaves, 2-4 feet high, and about as thick as a slender
walking cane.

Leaves petioled above their sheaths, linear-lanceolar, downy
underneath ; 2-3 feet long, by 2-4 inches broad.

Sheaths villous, and rise in an obtuse ligula above the insertion of
the leaf.

Spikes radical, oblong, laxly-imbricated, rising but little above
the earth ; lower part, or scape, hid in the soil, and clothed
with shorter scariose bractes.

49 ALPINIA COSTATA.

Flowers numerous, large, red, fragrant.

Bractes: exterior, one under each flower, lanceolate, ribbed,
smooth, pale yellowish pink ; itertor or inferior perianth
tubular, length of the proper perianth.

Calyx superior, length of the tube of the corol, tubular, with

- $-toothed, coloured apex.

Corol. Tube cylindric, long and slender ; segments of the border
linear-oblong, obtuse. zp with pretty broad cordate base,
from thence taper to its entire obtuse point, greatly longer
than the segments of the exterior border, margins curled.

Filament, anther, germ, style, stigma, and nectarial bodies as in the
genus. ;

Capsules pretty long-pedicelled, ovate-oblong, while fresh above

an inch and a half long, and nearly one in diameter, 3-celled,

somewhat 3-lobed, each angle marked with a longer vertical
rib, and two smaller on the sides, between the large ones.

Seeds numerous, obovate, a groove on one side. Integuments 2 3
exterior soft, and while fresh, it may be called the succulent
aril: zntercor white, firmer, and rugose.

Albumen conform to the seed, white and friable, perforated by a
spongy brown substance above the embryo.

Vitellus somewhat hyaline, and rises on each side of the perforation
like two horns.

Embryo subclavate, its small end lodged at the umbilicus.

OBSERVATIONS.

The form of the capsules (which is not unlike Gertner’s Zingiber
Ensal) and the acrid aromatic taste of the seed, induces me to
believe it to be the plant which furnishes the Middle Cardamom, or
Cardamomum medium of our writers on the materia medica,

253. ZINGIBER LIGULATUM Roxs.

Leaves approximate, sessile, lanceolate. Spikes lax, more than

half hid in the earth, obovate. Bractes cuneiform. Lip subhastate.

OBSERVATIONS.

A native of Hindustan. Flowering time, in the Botanic Garden
at Calcutta, the rainy season,

DESCRIPTION.

Root jointed, running horizontal, at some depth under the surface
of the earth, and furnished with long fleshy fibres from the
joints; from these joints shoots spring, and by them the
plant is readily propagated.

Stems about two feet high, bending considerably to one side.

Leaves alternate, approximate, bifarious, sessile on their sheaths,
from cordate below, to lanceolate toward the top of the
plant; both sides smooth, and marked with parallel veins,
the under a paler green; length from three to twelve
inches, and about four broad.

Sheaths smooth ; from the mouth of each rises a remarkably large
long strap, or ligula, which, by the growth of the plant,
becomes bifid, and by age scariose.

Spikes radical, half hid in the earth, oblong, loosely imbricated
with cuneiform, pink coloured, one-flowered, exterior scales,
or bractes; and the same number of inner, colourless,

ZINGIBER LIGULATUM. 50

tridentate, shorter bractes, or they may be called inferior
perianths.

Calyx superior, one-leaved, spathiform, about half the length of
the tube of the corol, irregularly tridentate.

Corol. Tube slender, the length of the exterior scales of the
spike, incurved.
linear, acute, smooth, reddish divisions.

Exterior border of three, nearly equal,

Inner (Nectary
Linn,), oblong, obtuse, margins much curled; two expand-
ing, more or less acute, lobes, at the very base ; colour, a
pale yellow.

Filament short, below the two-lobed Anther linear, above it ends
in a long, taper, curved, grooved beak.

Germ oval, villous, three-celled, each contains many ovula,
attached to a central receptacle. Style very slender, and as
long as to elevate the funnel-shaped ciliate stigma even with
the apex of the filament.

Nectarial scales long and slender, embracing the base of the style
within the bottom of the tube of the corol. ;

Capsule ovate, size of a large olive, three-sided, 3-celled, 3-valved,
opening from the apex down the angles, inside of the cells
crimson. Cortex leathery, striated, pale dull yellowish straw
colour.

Seeds many, oval, blackish brown, a little rugose, arilled. Aril
white, nearly complete, and ragged at the upper end.

Albumen conform to the seed, cinereous.

Embryo cylindric, central, nearly as long as the perisperm.

MILLINGTONIA Roxs.*
DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
NATURAL ORDER SAPINDI. Juss.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Calyx 3-leaved, (and calycled). Corol 3-petalled, a nectarial scale
on the inside of each. Germ superior, 2-celled, cells 2-seeded.
Drupe with one or two-celled, 2-valved nut.
Embryo curved, and folded, with little or no perisperm, and
curved inferior radicle.

Seed solitary,

254. MILLINGTONIA SIMPLICIFOLIA Roxs.

Leaves alternate, simple, broad-lanceolar.

OBSERVATIONS.
A large tree, a native of Silhet, where it is called Daunt-runggee
by the natives ; the timber is used for various purposes. Flowers
in February and March ; seed ripe in July and August.

DESCRIPTION.

Leaves alternate, petioled, broad-lanceolar, and taper most toward
the base, entire, very remotely subserrate, rather acuminate,

* Having found it necessary to deprive our countryman, the late Sir Thomas Millington’s
memory of the genus assigned thereunto by the younger Linnzus (Suppl. p. 45, and 291)
because on finding the ripe seed vessel of the only species thereof, it proves, as I long
suspected, to be a real Bignonia ; | have restored that respectable name to the system,
under a different dress, by giving it to the two trees, at present, constituting this strongly
marked family, which, I am inclined to think, has not, until now, been described.

51 MILLINGTONIA SIMPLICIFOLIA.

smooth, veins simple, and parallel ; 6-12 inches long, by
3-4 broad.

Panicles terminal, large oblong, rather open; composed of many,
alternate, decompound, long, patent, brown-villous branches

Flowers numerous, sessile, very minute yellow.

Bractes oblong, clothed with ferruginous pubescence.

Calyx 3-leaved, (independent of two or three minute villous
bractes, like a calycle ;) leaflets ovate, smooth, permanent.

Petals 3, broad-ovate, waved, twice the length of the calyx,
permanent.

Nectary: a variously lobed, smooth scale from the base of each
petal on the inside; they form a dome over the pistillum; and
round the base of the germ is found a flat, 3-angular body,
with its angles bidentate.

Filaments 2, opposite, incurved, inserted without the interior,
triangular nectary, bifid. nner lamina supports on its apex
a patelliform receptacle, on which the two-lobed yellow
anther rests. Exterior lamina bifid ; segments subulate and rise
rather higher than the anthers.

Germ superior, two-celled, with 2 ovula in each, attached to the
thickened middle of the partition. Style single, short. Stigma
obscurely two-lobed.

Drupe size of a pea, nearly round, succulent, smooth, black, one-
celled.

Nut conform to the drupe, rarely more than one-celled, hard ;
cell somewhat angular ; the second or abortive cell always
traceable.

Seed solitary, concave on the side next the abortive cell of the
nut, hemispheric on the other. Integument single, mem-
branaceous:

Albumen none.

Embryo curved, and doubled, as in the Convolvulacee, with curved
inferior radicle.

EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES.

Fig. 1. The end of a branchlet in flower ; natural size.

2. Back and front views of a flower.

3. One of the petals with its nectarial scale separated:

4, Interior and exterior views of the stamina separated, and
their anthers also removed, the better to show their
receptacles, and the two-horned exterior lamina of the
filaments.

. The interior triangular nectary and calyx.

. Sections of the germ; all, except Ist, much magnified.
The drupe ; natural size.

. Vertical section of the nut; much magnified.

onrn un

255 and 256. CGORYPHEA TALIERA R.

Fronds subrotund, palmate-pinnatified, plaited. Segments forty
pair; margins of the channel of the stipes armed. Inflorescence
pyramidal, length of the trunk of the tree. Spadix from the centre
of the leaves.

Tali, its Sanscrit name.
Talier, of the Bengalese.
Tarra, or Tahreet, of the Hindoos.

CORYPHEA TALIERA. 52

OBSERVATIONS.
This elegant, stately palm, is a native of Bengal, though scarce
in the vicinity of Calcutta. Flowering time the beginning of the
hot season; seed ripens about nine or ten months thereafter.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk perfectly straight, about thirty feet high, and, as near as the
eye can judge, equally thick throughout, of a dark brown
colour, and somewhat rough with the marks left by the
impression of the fallen leaves.

Fronds palmate, pinnatified, plaited, subrotund. Leaféets, or divi-
sions of the frond, united rather more than half way,
numerous, (generally from 80 to 100) linear, lanceolate,
pointed until broken by the wind, or otherwise ; polished
on both sides; a strong, somewhat four-sided nerve runs
their whole Jength; general length about six feet, greatest
breadth about four inches. The thread which forms part of
the Linnzan specific character of Corypha umbraculifera, is
sometimes present, sometimes wanting ; at best, such perish-
able marks deserve no notice.

Stipes from five to ten feet long, remarkably strong: upper side
deeply channelled, with the sharp margins thereof armed
with numerous, short, strong, dark-coloured, polished, com-
pressed spines.

Spathes just as numerous as the primary and secondary ramifica-
tions in the spadix, all are smooth, and obtuse.

Spadix superdecompound, issuing, in the month of February, from
the apex of the tree, and centre of the fronds, forming an
immense, diffuse, ovate panicle, of about twenty or more feet
in height, so that the height of the whole tree from the
ground to the top of the spadix, is now about fifty feet.

Primary branches alternate, round, spreading, nearly horizontal,
with their apices ascending.

Secondary ramifications alternate, bifarious, compressed, drooping,
recurved, soon dividing into numerous, variously curved,
smaller, subcylindric branchlets, covered with innumerable,
small, white, odorous, subsessile flowers.

Calyx beneath, minute, obscurely 3-toothed.

Corol.
many times larger than the calyx. No nectary.

Stem. Filaments six, nearly of the length of the petals, at the base

Petals three, oblong, concave, fleshy, smooth, expanding,

broad, and in some measure united. Anthers ovate.

Pistil. Germ above, 3-lobed with the embryo of a distinct seed
ineach. Style shorter than the stamina. Stigma simple.

Drupes from one to three, conjoined, though one 1s by far the most
common, and then the rudiments of the other two are
present; they are, singly, quite round, about the size of
a crab-apple; when ripe wrinkled, and of a dark olive, or
greenish yellow colour. The pulp is but in small propor-
tion, and yellow when the fruit is ripe.

Seed solitary, round, attached to the base of the drupe, of a white
colour and uniform horny substance, with a small cavity in
the centre.

Embryo lodged in the very apex ; this circumstance alone is
sufficient to distinguish it from Gertner’s Corypha umbra-
culifera.

53 CORYPHEA TALIERA.

OBSERVATIONS.

The leaves of this tree are employed by the natives to write
on with their pointed steel bodkins, and are also split to tie the
rafters of their houses together, for they are found to be strong
and durable. ;

Except when in flower, or seed, this tree is scarcely to be
distinguished from Borassus SJtabelliformis, or Tal of the Bengalese.

257. TACCA INTEGRIFOLIA.

Leaves oblong, entire ; petioles and scapes scabrous.
Tacca integrifolia. Bot. Magaz. 1488.

OBSERVATIONS.

Found by Mr. I. R. indigenous in the valleys amongst the hills
behind Islamabad, Chittagong. From thence it has been introduced
into the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, where it blossoms during
the hot and rainy season: and the seed ripens in three and four
months after.

DESCRIPTION.

Root an oblong curved tuber, of a middling size, with wiry fibres
from its sides ; inward colour pale yellow ; perennial,

Stem none, or very trifling.

Leaves radical, petioled, recurvate, oblong, entire, acuminate,
smooth, strongly marked with parallel veins, and somewhat
bullate ; 8-16 inches long, by 4-8 broad.

Petioles shorter than the leaves, sheathing at the base, and above
that a groove down the inside, the whole considerably rough
with small visible sharp points.

Scapes axillary, solitary, about as long as the petioles, and rough
like them, cylindric, direction from erect to diverging, and
often variously bent.

Involucre 4-leaved, besides many filiform filaments which are
mixed amongst the pedicels. £xtertor two (leaves of the
involucre) stem-clasping, reflexed, broad-ovate-lanceolate,
finely acuminate, many-nerved, from two to three inches
long, by 14 broad. Interior pair greatly longer, broad-
petioled, ascending in form of a vault over the flowers, oval-
ventricose, many nerved, smooth and coloured ; length,
petioles included, about 5 inches, by 3 broad.

Flowers 4-8, long-pedicelled, large, at first nearly erect, but on
the second day of ex pansion drooping, colour a mixture of
greenish purple and yellow ; about the same number of
very long, filiform, smooth, pendulous bodies are found
interspersed among the pedicels.

Calyx superior, one-leaved, base cup-shaped ; border consists
of six large coloured segments ; extertor 3 rather narrower,
more pointed, and less deeply coloured: inner three oblong,
obtuse, or emarginate ; soon after expansion they become
completely reflex.

Corol no other than the segments of the border of the calyx,
which resembles one very much.

Filaments (petals of Forster) 6, inserted about the middle of the
tube of the calyx, they resemble little conic vaults. Anthers
on the inside of the interior wall of the vaults.

Germ inferior, clavate, 6-ribbed, one-celled, and contains nu-
merous ovula, attached to three, bifid, parietal receptacles.

TACCA INTEGRIFOLIA. 54

Style short. Stigma 3-lobed ; Lobes large, coloured, and emar-
ginate on the exterior edge.

Berry oblong, fleshy, an inch and a half in length, by one broad,
six-sharp-ribbed, crowned with three semilunar marks, the
remains of part of the calyx, one-celled.

Seeds numerous, attached to three divided parietal receptacles,
reniform, ribbed. Integument single, tough, dark-brown.

AMOORA.*
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
NATURAL ORDER MELIACE&. Juss.

GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx three, or five-parted. Petals three. Nectary globular, with

the sessile anthers attached to its inside. Capsule superior,
3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds solitary, arilled.,

258. AMOORA CUCULLATA.

Polygamous. Leaves unequally pinnate ; leaflets opposite
2-4 pair, obtuse. Hermaphrodite Peduncles axillary, few-flowered ;
male panicled.

Amor, or Amoor of the Bengalese.

OBSERVATIONS.

A tree of a considerable size, but of very slow growth, a
native of the Delta of the Ganges. Flowering time the latter
part of the rainy, and beginning of the cold season.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk in young trees straight, with few branches: the bark ash

coloured, and smooth : young shoots also smooth.

Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate, from 6 to 18 inches long.
Leaflets opposite, two, three, or four pair, short-petioled,
obliquely-ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, unequally divided by the
nerve, polished on both sides, and of a firm texture ;
margins entire, from three to six inches long. The terminal
leaflet is often cowled at the base, as represented in the
drawing at a, hence the specific name.

Petioles nearly round, and pretty smooth.

Stipules none.

MALE TREE.

Panicles axillary, solitary, drooping about as long as the leaves ;
ramifications numerous, diverging.

Flowers numerous, small, yellow.

Bractes a small obscure scale, under each division of the panicle ;
and two press the calyx laterally.

Calyx small, one-leaved, 3-toothed. The two bractes while they
remain, make it appear 5-parted.

Petals three, oval, concave, pressed to the nectary.

Nectary round-turbinate, with contracted triangular opening on

the apex.

* This genus, belonging to the natural order Meliacee, seems allied to Cupania,
and Guarea, from which it may be readily known by the shape of the nectary, as well

‘as the number of petals and stamina.

55 AMOORA CUCULLATA.

Filaments none. Anthers from six to eight, sessile, round the
inside of the nectary, and they seem abortive.
Germ none, but a clavate gland in its place.

HERMAPHRODITE TREE.

Peduncles axillary, solitary, from 3 to 6-flowered.

Flowers larger than the male, in other respects the same.

Calyx, corol, and nectary as in the male Anthers always six.

Germ superior, 3-sided, ovate, covered with minute stellate scales,
3-celled, with two vertically placed ovula in each, attached to
the middle of the axis. Style none.
lobes somewhat 2-lobed.

Capsule nearly round, as large as a middling-sized apple, 3-lobed,
3-celled, 3-valved. Cortex thick, firm, and of a tough, fleshy
texture.

Stigma large, 3-lobed ;

Seeds solitary, of a roundish-trigonal shape, three-fourths covered
with a fleshy bright orange-coloured aril. Integument under
the aril smooth, and of a chestnut colour.

Albumen none.

Embryo inverse. Cotyledons conform to the seed. Plumula 2-lobed.

Radicle semilunar, superior.

259. PODALYRIA BRACTEATA.

Shrubby. Leaves simple, oval. Peduncles axillary, once or

twice bifid, ultimate divisions one-flowered, with a pair of large

opposite roundish, many-nerved bractes hiding the calyx, and a

similar pair at the forks of the peduncles.

Goopree the vernacular name in the Silhet district, where it is
found indigenous in the forests: growing to the size of a
large bushy shrub. Flowering in May and June; and the

seed ripen in December and January.

DESCRIPTION.

T ender shoots columnar, and clothed with a few thinly scattered
hairs.

Leaves alternate, bifarious, petioled, oval, entire, obtuse, smooth,
and beautifully reticulate with slender veins: length 3-6
inches, by 2-4 broad.

Petioles from half an inch, to an inch and a half long, a little
hairy.

Stipules ovate, many-nerved.

Peduncles axillary, solitary, once, or twice-bifid, each ultimate
division one-flowered.

Bractes in pairs at the divisions of the peduncles, and one pair,
the largest, embrace each flower ; all are round, or oval, and
many-nerved.

Flowers large, white, perfectly papilionaceous.

Calyx bowl-shaped, hairy on the outside; mouth unequally
5-toothed: caducous.

Banner very broad, deeply emarginate, short-clawed. Wings
falcate, obtuse, fine-clawed, length of the banner. Keel
2-petalled, but their lower margins united, length and shape
of the wings.

Filaments 10, distinct to their insertion on the receptacle round
the base of the germ, subulate, smooth, nearly as long as

PODALYRIA BRACTEATA. 56

the pistillum, ascending in a gentle curve. Anthers ovate-
oblong, erect.

Germ lanceolate, smooth, one-celled, containing 3 ovula attached
to the upper margin. Style subulate.

Legumes obliquely-oblong, taper equally at each end, apex acumi-
nate, and somewhat recurved, one-celled, 2-valved, smooth,
out-side dark-brown; within pretty smooth, and whitish :
3-4 inches long, by one inch and a-half broad.

Seeds two or three, large, and very unequal, colour a dark brown.

Stigma acute.

Albumen none.
Embryo as in other Leguminose.

HEYNEA.

DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
NATURAL ORDER, MELIACE. Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Calyx 5-toothed. Petals five. Nectary cylindric, with the anthers
attached round the inside of its mouth. Germ superior,
2-celled, with two ovula in each cell. Capsule one-celled,
2-valved, one-seeded. Seed arilled. Embryo inverse, without
albumen.

260. HEYNEA TRIJUGA.

Leaves unequally pinnate ; leaflets three pair. Panicles axillary,
long-peduncled.

Heynia trijuga. Bot. magaz. 1738.

Yeacushi, of the Nepaulese.

OBSERVATIONS.

A native of Nepaul; from thence, in 1802, Dr. Buchanan
sent seeds of this tree to the Botanic Garden at Calcutta under the
vernacular name Yeacushi, where in seven years, the young trees
were about fifteen and twenty feet high; with much the habit of
the walnut tree.. Flowering time, in the Botanic Garden, March;
seed ripe in October.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk straight, in our young trees of six years growth thick as a
man’s thigh. Bark dark ash-coloured, and pretty smooth.
Branches few ; young shoots marked with scabrous spots.

Leaves unequally pinnate, alternate, from one to two feet long.
Leaflets opposite, short-petioled, two or three pair, ovate-
oblong, acuminate, entire, smooth, length from four to
eight inches; and from two to four broad.

Petioles round, smooth, swelled at the insertion of the leaflets.
Petiolets channelled, less than an inch long.

Stipules none.

Panicles axillary, solitary, long-peduncled, smooth, erect.

Flowers numerous, small, white.

Bractes minute, caducous.

Calyx one-leaved 5-toothed, permanent.

Petals five, cuneate-lanceolate, spreading.

57 . HEYNEA TRIJUGA.

Nectarium sub-cylindric, shorter than the petals, half ten-cleft ;
divisions alternately a little shorter, and bifid.

Filaments scarce any. Anthers 10, ovate, $-lobed, crowned with
an obtuse point, attached to the inside of the divisions of the
nectary.

Germ superior, immersed in a large fleshy ring, two-celled, with
two ovula in each cell, attached to the middle of the partition.
Style short. Stigma large, nearly round, with two-toothed
apex, which is rather within the mouth of the nectary.

Capsule round, size of a small cherry, fleshy, one-celled, two-
valved, opening round the apex.

Seed solitary, round, invested in a complete, thin, white, scabrous
aril, which with the seed, as in the germ, is attached to what
was the partition, now pressed to one side by the abortion
of three-fourths of its original contents. Integument single,
when recent orange, but soon changes to a chestnut colour,
smooth and spongy; a long white umbilicus, strongly marked
on the side of attachment.

Albumen none.

Embryo inverse. Cotyledons two, (hemispheric,) conform to the

seed, firm, green. Plumula small, two-lobed. Radicle su-
perior, small,

OBSERVATIONS.

The bark, leaves, and tender parts possess a considerable share
of a peculiar bitter taste ; and the cold infusions thereof, on the
addition of a little sulphate of iron, became black, two principles
very generally found amongst the plants of this natural order,
which grow in India.

261. SANDORICUM INDICUM.

Leaves ternate ; panicles axillary.
S. indicum. Lunn. spec. plant. edit. Will. 2. p. 556:
Sandoricum Rumph. amb. 1. s. 177. €. 64.

OBSERVATIONS.

This elegant tree, a native of the Molucca Islands, was intro-
duced into the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, by the late Colonel

Kyd, about fifteen years ago: the largest is now about thirty feet

high, with a perfectly straight trunk ; smooth greenish coloured
bark, and a very large, almost round, very ramous, ever-green
head. Flowering time in Bengal the month of February.

DESCRIPTION.

Leaves alternate, petioled, ternate, about a foot long:

Leaflets ovate, entire ; upper side smooth except when young ;
downy underneath, from five to seven inches long, and three
or four broad.

Petioles round, when young downy.

Stipules none.

Panicles axillary, diffuse, often longer than the leaves, and drooping. -

Bractes oblong.

Flowers numerous, small, yellow.

Calyx beneath, campanulate, five-parted; divisions rounded,
downy.

Corol: Petals 5, linear-oblong, obliquely emarginate, expanding.

Nectary double ; the exterior cylindric, with mouth 10-toothed ;
interior about one-fourth the length of the exterior, enve-
loping the germ, and base of the style, mouth ten-toothed.

SANDORICUM INDICUM. 58

Filaments none. Anthers ten, affixed to the inside of the mouth of
the exterior nectary.

Stigma large, five-parted.

Berry globular, size of a small orange, somewhat 5-sided, a little
downy, when ripe of a dull yellow colour ; pulp firm, in
large quantity, white, and acid.

Seeds from one to five come to maturity, reniform, immersed in a
soft white pulp, which adheres firmly to the hard exterior
white integument of the seed ; under which there is a
second, firm, brown coat.

OBSERVATIONS.

The fruit abounds in a firm, fleshy, agreeable, acid pulp, which
forms a covering of nearly half an inch in thickness round the
white gelatinous pulp in which the seeds are lodged; these two
sorts of pulps are separated by a slender, brownish integument.

BUCHANANIA.
DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
GENERIG CHARACTER.

Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5. Nectary double ; the exterior a cre-
nulate cup between the filaments and germ; the zmner 4
subulate bodies on one side within the former. Germ su-

perior, one-celled, one-seeded ; attachment from the bottom of

the cell to the apex of the ovule. Drupe with a one-seeded

nut. Embryo transverse, no albumen.

262. BUCHANANIA ANGUSTIFOLIA.

Arboreous. Leaves linear-oblong, emarginate. Panicles ter-

minal.
OBSERVATIONS.

A small, slow growing tree, a native of the southern part of
the peninsula of India, from thence introduced, by Dr. Francis
Buchanan, into the Botanic Garden at Calcutta in 1802. In 1808
the largest of the young trees blossomed in May and June ; and
the fruit take nearly one year to come to maturity.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk (of our young trees) straight, 12-15 inches in circumference,
4 feet from the ground, Bark very smooth and ash-coloured.

Branches numerous spreading, and abounding in branchlets and
foliage ; general-height of the trees 20-25 feet.

Leaves alternate, approximate, petioled, linear-oblong, entire,
obtuse, or emarginate ; of a firm texture, and smooth on both
sides ; length from three to six inches, and from 1 to 24 broad.

Petioles round, smooth, about an inch long.

Stipules scarce any.

Panicles terminal, and from the exterior axils, smooth.

Flowers numerous, small, white.

Bractes at the divisions of the panicle, very small.

Calyx five-toothed, greatly shorter than the corol.

Petals five, long-ovate, spreading ; margins recurvate.

Nectary double, as in B. latifolia. Extervor a thick crenulate cup

59 BUGHANANIA ANGUSTIFOLIA.

round the lower half of the germ, with ten grooves on the

outside, corresponding with the filaments. yner 8, 4, or 5
subulate bodies, like abortive germs, embrace one side of the
real germ, within the exterior nectary.

Filaments ten, inserted round the base of the exterior nectary,
shorter than the petals. Anthers ovate, small.

Germ superior, ovate, one-celled, and contains a single ovule,
attached by a long curved cord to the bottom of the cell
(base and vertex). Style short.

Drupes nearly round, sides a little flattened, size of a gooseberry,

Nut obliquely,
and transversely oval, one-celled; when germination begins
it falls into two equal, black, thick, very hard valves.

Seed single, conform to the nut.

Albumen none.

Stigma simple.

smooth, when ripe yellow, and succulent.

Embryo subinverse. Cotyledons two, equal. Radicle conic, mar-

ginal, pointing up to the vertex of the seed, in fact superior,

263. INOCARPUS EDULIS.
Linn. suppl. 239.

Gajanus. Rumph. Amb. 1. p. 170. t. 65.

OBSERVATIONS.

A native of the Molucca Islands, and from thence introduced
into the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, in 1798, where in ten years,
the largest of them were about 25 and 30 feet high; blossom
during the hot season ; and ripen their fruit in August and Sep-
tember.

; DESCRIPTION.

Trunk straight. Bark smooth, greenish ash-colour. Branches spread-
ing, with numerous, bifarious, flexuose, beautifully drooping
branchlets.

Leaves alternate, bifarious, short-petioled, permanent, oblong,
emarginate, entire, both sides polished, and of a deep shining
green colour; length from 6 to 12 inches, and about 3 or 4
broad.

Stipules minute, caducous.

Spikes axillary, sessile, solitary or in pairs, greatly shorter than the
leaves: in our Bengal plants smooth.

Flowers numerous, small, very pale yellow, fragrant.

Calyx bilabiate.

Corol funnel-shaped. Border 5-cleft ; segments lanceolate.

Filaments ten, in a double series, hid in the tube, and inserted into
it. Anthers oval, those of the upper series even with the
mouth of the tube of the corol.

Germ superior, oval, one-celled, containing one ovule attached to
the top of the cell, immediately under the stigma, for there
is no style.

Drupe obliquely-oval, size of a goose’s egg, a little compressed
laterally, smooth, when ripe yellow, and of a tough, fibrous
texture, one-celled, two-valved, opening round the margin
into two equal portions.

Nut solitary, thick, 2-valved, one-celled, and of a hard, tough
fibrous consistence.

Seed single, conform to the nut, and attached to it immediately

INOCARPUS EDULIS. 60

under the stigma. Integuments two ; the exterior brown, firmer,
thicker, and beautifully marked with numerous, ramous veins ;
inner membranaceous.

Albumen none.

Embryo inverse. Cotyledons two, conform to the seed, amygdaline.
Plumula in seeds beginning to vegetate consists of several,
imbricate scales, as in the figure. Radicle superior, cylindric,
and lodged immediately within the umbilicus, under the
stigma.

OBSERVATIONS.

The rapid growth of this very beautiful, ever-green tree, the
elegant shape of its spreading, dense crown; and deep green
foliage, renders it one of the most ornamental presents Bengal has
got from the Molucca Islands. The kernel is certainly edible, but
by no means palatable. As yet I can say nothing of the quality
of the timber.

BERRIA.*
POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Calyx 5-parted. Corol 5-petalled. Germ superior, 3-celled; cells
many-seeded: attachment interior. Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled,
6-winged. Seeds a few in each cell.
furnished with albumen.

Embryo inverse, and

264. BERRIA AMMONILLA.

Ammonilla, of the Cingalese.
Trincomally wood tree of the English.

OBSERVATIONS.

A native of Ceylon, and one of their largest, and most useful
timber trees ; much of the wood is annually exported from Trin-
comally to the coast of Coromandel ; hence the English name,
Trincomally wood. Some young trees in the Botanic Garden at
Calcutta have straight trunks, covered with smooth dark brown
bark.

DESCRIPTION.

Leaves scattered, petioled, cordate, sometimes slightly scalloped,
5 or 7-nerved, acute, smooth on both sides, length from 4 to
8 inches.

Petioles rather shorter than the leaves, slender, round, smooth,
and coloured.

Stipules ensiform.

Panicles terminal, and from the exterior axils, large, very ramous,
bearing numerous, small, yellow flowers.

Calyx one-leaved ; outside downy, splitting irregularly into three,
four, or five segments ; permanent.

Gorol. Petals five, spreading obliquely-oblong, double the length

of the calyx, or more.

* Named after Dr. Andrew Berry, of Madras ; an eminent physician and botanist, to
whose abilities, and industry, the Botanic Garden at Calcutta is much indcbled.

It appears to belong to Jussieu’s natural order Malvacee ; and the circumstance of the
filaments being in some degree united at the base, as well as the habit of the plant, might
justify its being considered monadelphous.

61 BERRIA AMMONILLA.

Stem. Filaments numerous, half the length of the petals, slightly
united at the base. Anthers incumbent, 2-lobed.

Pistil. Germ above, hairy, ovate. Style short. Stigma 3-cleft.

Capsule (6-winged,) round, 3-celled, 3-valved, opening from the
apex ; each valve ornamented with two, large, oblong, mem-
branaceous, reticulated, expanding, villous wings.

Seeds from one to four in each cell, irregularly ovate, clothed with
much stiff, light brown, short hair, and affixed to the central
receptacle near its apex.

BROWNLOWIA.*
POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

NATURAL ORDER, MALVACE Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Calyx simple, 5-parted. Corol 5-petalled. Nectary 5-leaved, be-
tween the numerous stamina and germ. Style and Stigma simple.
Capsules (from one to five,) one-celled, 2-valved. Seeds one or

two. L£mbryo erect, without albumen.

265. BROWNLOWIA ELATA.

OBSERVATIONS.

Maws-jaat, the vernacular name in Chittagong, where the tree is
indigenous, and grows to a very great size, particularly in the back
part of that province. Flowering time the month of May, and the
seed ripen in October.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk straight, and of great size ; that of full grown trees in their
native soil about fifteen feet in circumference, four feet above
the root. Branches numerous, spreading, forming a very large,
ovate, shady head. Bark of the trunk and large branches ash-
coloured and smooth, of the young parts clothed with a little
hoary pubescence.

Leaves alternate, petioled, 3-7-nerved cordate, margins entire, one
of the lobes (into which the base is divided) generally larger
than the other, upper surface smooth, hoary underneath; from
4 to 12 inches long, and the breadth from $ to 8.

Petioles swelled at each end, the rest round, and a little hoary ;
about one-third, or one-fourth the length of the leaves.
Panicles terminal, large, ovate, very ramous; with the ramifications

rather hoary.

Flowers numerous, pedicelled, collected in little fascicules; colour
bright yellow, not fragrant, but pretty large and showy.
Calyx inferior, one-leaved, campanulate ; border 4 or 5-toothed,

hoary on the outside, smooth within.

Corol: Petals five, in the bud contorted, when expanded obliquely-
oblong, yellow, spreading.

Nectary or abortive filaments 5, linear, shorter than the stamina,

* This truly majestic tree constitutes a new genus, which is dedicated to the memory

of the late Lady Brownlow, daughter of Lady Amelia Hume, by whose premature decease
botany has lost one of her best and most powerful patronesses.

BROWNLOWIA ELATA. 62

and stand between them and the germ, opposite to its five
grooves.

Filaments numerous, slender, shorter than the petals, most slightly
or rather scarce united at the base, and inserted round the
apex of a short turbinate receptacle.

Germ superior, and elevated on the turbinate receptacle consider-
ably above the insertion of the calyx and corol, very hairy,
conspicuously and deeply 5-lobed, 5-celled ; each containing
two ovules attached by their middle to the inner angle of the
cell. Style single, 5-furrowed, length of the filaments. Stigma
simple.

Capsules from 1 to 5; 2 or 3 most frequent, round-oval, about an
inch and a half in diameter, and one inch thick, of a firm,
fibrous, woody texture; surface grey, or ash-coloured, and
somewhat downy, one-celled, 2-valved.

Seed one, rarely two; conform to the capsule. Integuments two ;
exterior light brown, and friable ; cnterior membranaceous.

Albumen none.

Embryo conform to the seed, erect. Cotyledons two, nearly equal,
amygdaline. Plumula small, villous, 2-lobed. Radicle oblong,
inferior.

266. MAGNOLIA PTEROCARPA.

Leaves oblong, with tapering base, entire.
solitary. Calyx of several deciduous spathes.
(the exterior green on the outside.)

Flowers terminal,

Corol 9-petalled,

Doolee Champa the vernacular name in Silhet.

OBSERVATIONS.

A middling sized, very ramous tree, a native of the hilly coun-
tries in the vicinity of Silhet and Chittagong, where it blossoms in
April and May, and perfumes the air to a considerable distance
with the fragrance of its fine large flowers ; seed ripen in October
and November.

DESCRIPTION.

Young Shoots strongly marked with the annular marks left by the
stipules, otherwise smooth.

Leaves alternate, oblong, taper most to the base, entire, hard, and
void of pubescence, but glaucous, particularly underneath,
obtuse, ribbed with large, simple, expanding veins, and
between them the small ones are beautifully reticulate; length
6-18 inches, by 3-9 broad.

Stipules solitary, sheathing, attached on one side to the edges of
the petioles of the next inferior leaf.

Flowers terminal, solitary, large, as in Miller's figure of Magnolia
grandiflora, and like them, white and fragrant.

Calyx, what I consider to be it, or an nvolucre, are the many spathes
which cover the flower bud, and drop off in succession as it
swells, leaving strong, annular marks behind.

Petals nine, oval, thick, firm and fleshy, with thin waved edges ;
the exterior 8 or 4 green on the outside, all the rest white,

Stamina numerous, imbricated, linear, incurved; on each side a
polliniferous groove, to within a very little of the base.

Germs numerous, imbricated upward into a cone; base swelled,
one-celled, and contains two ovules, attached to the inner
angle, or side of the cell; upper part (Style) free, ensiform,
and villous. Stigma simple.

63 MAGNOLIA PTEROCARPA.

Fruit an oblong strobiliform cone, of about six inches in length, and
7-8 in circumference, upwardly imbricated with numerous,
long-tailed follicular samare, which open on the outside near
the base, and expose to view the large beautiful orange seeds,
often hanging by a slender, soft, sericeous filament.

Seeds one, or two, subtriangular; angles rounded. Integuments
three; exterior fleshy, and while fresh of a fine glossy orange
colour ; second of a nuciform texture, and divides into two
valves, when vegetation begins ; cnner a fine membrane.

Albumen conform to the seed, soft and oily.

Embryo small, lodged in that angle of the albumen, next the um-
bilicus. Cotyledons cordate. Radicle oval, centripetal.

267. LEPIDAGATHIS CRISTATA.
Linn. sp. pl. ed. Willd. 8. p. 400.

Perennial, diffuse. Leaves opposite, sessile, lanceolate. Inflo-
rescence a dense head close to the crown of the root.

OBSERVATIONS.

A native of elevated, dry, barren ground over the Coast of
Coromandel. Flowering time the rainy and cold season.

In generic character it is but little removed from Barleria, but
the habit of the plant is very different.

DESCRIPTION.

Root perennial.

Stem scarce any, but several, long, slender, opposite, diffuse, 4-sided,
ramous, smooth branches spread close on the ground, and
often strike root.

Leaves opposite, sessile, lanceolate entire, sometimes villous, or
even hairy and scabrous; from one to three inches long, and
half-an-inch or less broad.

Inflorescence in large, variously-shaped, densely imbricated heads,
close to the earth, near the root, with smaller ones scattered
over the joints of the larger branches.

Bractes numerous, imbricated, lanceolate, ciliate, spinous pointed.

Flowers numerous, small, rose colour.

Calyx of two pair of unequal leaflets, exterior pur greatly larger,
with the lower leaflet thereof bidentate ; all are hairy and
ciliate.

Corol one-petalled, ringent. Tube gibbous, with mouth much con-
tracted. Throat campanulate ; upper lip erect, emarginate ;
under lip, large, 3-parted, middle division broad, emarginate,
a little curled, and more deeply coloured.

Filaments within the throat of the corol. _Anthers twin.

Germ ovate, elevated on a glandular receptacle. Style sufficiently
long to elevate the small stigma even with the anthers.
Capsule ovate, acute, sessile, 2-celled, 2-valved, bursting with

elasticity, as in Justicia, Barleria, kc.

64
PISTIA.

268. PISTIA STRATIOTES.
Linn. sp. pl. ed. Willd. 3, p. 690.

Zala asiatica. Lour. cochinch. p. 405.

Kodda-pail. Rheed. mal. 11. p. 63. t. 32.

Plantago aquatica. Rumph. amb. 6. p.177. t. 74. fig. 2.
Cumbhica, the Sanscrit name.

Nuroo-boodooky of the Telingas.

Tacca-panna of the Bengalese, and Hindoos.

OBSERVATIONS.

Found swimming on pools of stagnant water over most parts of
India, and has much the appearance of half grown lettuce plants.
Flowering time the hot season.

DESCRIPTION.

Root consists of numerous, long, tapering, hairy fibres, rarely en-
tering the mud or earth.

Leaves radical, sessile, shape between obcordate and triangular,
exterior margin scalloped; many elevated ridges run length-
ways underneath; downy on both sides.

Gemmation, or stoles from the base of the united leaves.

Flowers short peduncled, rising from the centre of the leaves, few
and in succession, small, pale yellow ; the structure uncom-
mon, and beautiful in the extreme.

Calyx none.

Corol one-petalled, tubular, irregular. Tube obliquely bell-shaped,
woolly on the outside; a crescent-shaped, fleshy, yellow
gland, (Jower nectary) on the centre of the inside, opposite
to the stigma. Border broad-cordate, woolly on the outside ;
margin a little waved; on its middle there is a green, fleshy,
crenulated saucer-shaped body, (upper nectary,) from the centre
of which rises the antheriferous column.

Stamina. Filament single, from the centre of the (upper) nectary
of the border of the corol. Anthers five, adjoined to the
enlarged apex of the short filament.

Pistil.

the stamina.

Germ above, ovate. Style short, slightly curved towards

Stigma somewhat peltate.

Capsule ovate, beaked, one-celled.

Seeds a few, oval, rugose, affixed to a longitudinal receptacle on
the inside of the base of the capsule, which, from its oblique
situation, appears to be its back part.

Embryo obovate, lodged in the apex of an ample albumen.

EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES.
Fig. 1. A plant, natural size.

2. An entire flower.

3. The same, with part of the bell-shaped tube of the corol
cut, and thrown back, to show more of the germ.

4. A perpendicular section of the same. These last three
much magnified.

’ 5. The capsule in its natural recurved state: natural size.
6. <A section of the same, with some of the seeds in it;

magnified.

65

269. GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM.

Bi-triennial, young parts hairy: leaves hairy, palmate, with
sublanceolate, acute lobes: Jeaflets of the exterior calyx dentate :
capsules ovate, pointed. Seeds distinct, clothed with firmly adher-
ing white down, under the long white wool.

G. herbaceum. Linn. spec. plant. edit. Willd. 3. p. 803.
Gossipium Capas. Rumph. Amb. 4. p. 33. ¢. 12.

Cudu pariti. Rheed. mal. 1. p. 55.¢. 31.

Karpassi, or Kapossi, in Sanscrit.

Rewey, of the Hindoos.

Karri-Kapass, of the Bengalese.

Kootn, of the Arabians.

Poombeh, or Pembeh, of the Persians.

Patti-tshittoo, of the Telingas, and Patti the cotton itself.

OBSERVATIONS.

This, and its varieties, are by far the most universally cultivated
by the natives of India.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk short, nearly straight, woody, often lasting three or even
four years ; bark ash-coloured, or brown, and by age becomes
cracked in various directions. Branches numerous, with their
tender extremities well clothed with long, soft, diverging
hairs, and marked with numerous rust-coloured dots ; general
height, when cultivated on a middling soil, about ee feet,
though in a rich garden loam they rise to eight or even ten
feet.

Leaves alternate, petioled, hairy on both sides, palmate; /obes from
three to five, in young plants lanceolate, in old almost ovate ;
size very various ; colour pale green: glands, in large luxu-
riant leaves there is generally a single one near the base of
each of the three middle, or large nerves; but I do not think
they ever can be so much depended on, as to form a part of
the specific character in this, or any other of the species.

Petioles hairy, nearly as long as the leaves.

Stipules obliquely linear-lanceolate.

Peduncles solitary, short, hairy, opposite to the leaves, or on one
side of them.

Flowers solitary, large, pale yellow, with the bottom of the bell of
a dark crimson colour.

Calyx: exterior, leaflets sometimes nearly entire, sometimes acutely
dentate, or even gashed, hairy, with a gland on the base of
each: cnner obscurely 5-toothed.

Corol large, campanulate.

Stamens numerous.
Stigma clavate, 3 or 4- ribbed, and spiral.

Capsule ovate, pointed, 3 or 4-celled.

Seeds a few in each cell, distinct, clothed with eae firmly-
adhering, whitish-grey down, under the long white wool,
or cotton,

OBSERVATIONS.

Of this species there are an infinite number of varieties, from
soil, situation, method of culture, kc. I shall make a few re-
marks on as many of these as I have been able to rear under my
own eye.

GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM. 66

I. Dacca Corton (the sort figured) may be reckoned the first
variety, or deviation from the last mentioned common sort
(G. herbaceum) in general cultivation over Bengal, and
Coromandel. It is reared about Dacca (in Bengal), and fur-
nishes that exceeding fine cotton wool, employed in manu-
facturing the very delicate, beautiful muslins of that country.
It differs from the common (G. herbaceum)-in the following
respects:

ist. In the plant being more erect, with fewer branches, and the
lobes of the leaves more pointed.

2d. Inthe whole plant being tinged of a reddish colour, even the
petioles, and nerves of the leaves; and being less pubescent.

3d. In having the peduncles which support the flowers longer,
and the exterior margins of the petals tinged with red.

4th. Inthe staple of the cotton being longer, much finer and
softer.

These are the most obvious disagreements; but whether they
will prove permanent I cannot at present say. The most intel-
ligent manufacturers of that country, (Dacca,) think the great
difference lies in the spinning, and allow little for the influence
of soil.

IJ. Berar Corton (of which there is no figure) I shall call the
second variety. It is in general cultivation over the Berar
country, and is from thence imported into the Circars, or
northern provinces by Sada, Palawansa, kc. to Yerna goodum,
in the Masulipatam district. With this cotton the fine Madras
(more properly, Northern circar,) long cloth is made.

It differs from the above mentioned two sorts, in the following
respects :

ist. In growing to a greater size; in being more permanent,
(living longer), with smoother, and straighter branches.

2d. In having the leaflets of the exterior calyx more deeply

divided, and the wool of a firmer, and more durable quality.

III. Cu1na Corron (of which there is no figure,) I call the third
It has been lately introduced into Bengal from
China, where it is cultivated, and its wool reckoned twenty-
five per cent. better than that of Surat. It differs from the
former sorts :

variety.

. Ist. In being infinitely smaller, with but very few, short, weak

branches.

2d. In being (so far as my experience yet goes) annual.

3d. In having the leaflets of the exterior calyx entire, or nearly
so.

270. XANTHOCHYMUS DULCIS Roxs.

Polygamous. Leaves oblong. Flowers lateral, fascicled. Corols

globular, Fruit oval, obtuse.

OBSERVATIONS.

A native of the Molucca Islands; from thence introduced into
the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, asa species of Mangosteen. Flower-
ing time, in Bengal, June, and July. Fruit ripe about the begin-
ing of the cool season.

67 - XANTHOCHYMUS DULGIS.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk quite straight to the top of the tree. Bark smooth, olive-
coloured. Branches and branchlets opposite, expanding, the
latter grooved and keeled: height of trees, eight years old,
about ten feet.

Leaves opposite, short-petioled, oblong, entire, often pointed ;
texture hard; bothsurfaces polished ; length about sixinches,
and from two to three broad.

Petioles short, transversely wrinkled ; at the base, on the insidea
fleshy ligule, or protuberance, which is, I believe, common
to the whole of this order (Guttifere).

Stipules none.

Flowers in small fascicles from the axils of one or two years old
branchlets, peduncled, of a middling size, nearly globular,
greenish white, inodorous.

Calyx of four, five, or six unequal, round concave, permanent
leaflets.

Petals five, round, sessile, concave, greatly larger than the calyx,
and just as long as the stamina, contracted into a globe, with
a small opening at the apex when most expanded.

Nectary in the male, a truncated, porous, yellow body, with five
lobes projecting between the insertion of the five filaments.
In the hermaphrodite, five, yellow, porous glands, alternate
with the filaments, round the base of the germ.

Filaments in both five, incurved, broad, flat bodies, divided at the
apex into six, seven or eight short portions, each of which
supports a twin anther.

Germ in the male none ; in the hermaphrodite ovate, smooth, 5-celled,
with one ovule in each attached to the middle of the axis.

Stigma 5-lobed.

Berry size of an apple, from round to oval, obtuse, smooth, bright
yellow when ripe, fleshy; /esh, or pulp in quantity, yellow,
and rather sweet, one-celled; what formed the partitions in
the germ, was the aril of the seed in its early stage.

Aril: a large portion of the pulp, of rather a softer consistence,

Style scarce any.

somewhat darker colour, and pleasanter taste, appertains to
each seed ; which separates spontaneously, with its seed, from
each other, and from the exterior, thick, fleshy covering,
when the fruit is over ripe. This is the only edible part in
the common Mangosteen, and some other species of Garcinia,
and in this genus the most palatable part.

Seeds from one to five, oblong, rather pointed, at the base on the
inside a large, oblong, lighter-coloured space, marks the
attachment. Integument single, reticulated with lighter-co-
loured veins, on a dark cinnamon-coloured ground.

Albumen conform to the seed, of a hard, fleshy texture.

Embryo simple, very obscure until vegetation begins, soon after
the seed is put in the ground, a small root issues from the
lower end, and from the apex a scaly plumula, which soon
sends forth from its base the permanent, quick growing root,
while the small inferior one scarce increases in size ; running
between these, nearly through the centre of the seed, by nice
dissection, and a good lens, the appearance of a slender
cylindrical body may be traced.
embryo, and if any one can be called simple, certainly this
may. After vegetation has advanced a little, this mark be-
comes more conspicuous, as in the vertical section of the
seed, which had been a month in the ground.

This I consider the real

OBSERVATIONS.

Xanthochymus prctorius, and three species of Garcinia, which I

XANTHOCHYMUS DULCIS. 68

have examined, have exactly the same conformation, and vegetate
in the same manner. Are they not monocotyledonous ?
The trees in the Botanic Garden are but small, being only eight

years old, but very handsome, and the fruit palatable.

271. AERIDES MULTIFLORUM.

Parasitic, caulescent. Leaves bifariously imbricated, linear,
emarginate, with hooked acumen. Racemes axillary, longer than
the leaves, simple, or ramous. Lip with broad-cordate, entire
lamina, and short obtuse horn, projecting under it. Capsules
clavate, 3-sided.

OBSERVATIONS.

A large beautiful species, with many, long, closely imbricated,
hard glossy leaves, and copious very long, suberect, often com-
pound racemes, of numerous, pretty large, pale-rosy flowers: is
found on trees, growing on the Garrow hills in the vicinity of
Silhet, where, with most plants of the order, it blossoms during

the months of April and May.

272. ARUM CAMPANULATUM.

Stemless. Leavesdecompound. Flowers sessile with respect to
the surface of the ground, and appear when the plant is destitute
of leaves. Spathe length of the spadix, campanulate, with curled

margins. No nectary. Club broad ovate-lobate. Anthers 2-celled.

Schena et Mulenschena.
ta ¥ 85 6t 1:9.

Tacca sativa. Rumph. Amb. 5. p. $24. ¢. 112. the root and leaf,
and Tacca phalifera, ¢. 113. f. 2. the flower, at which
period not a leaf is to be found.

Sanscrit. Canda, Kanda or Kulla.

Teling. Manchy-canda.

Beng. Wool,

Rheed Mal. vol. Il. p. 35. et 37.

OBSERVATIONS.

Found wild in damp places in the woods near Calcutta; flower-
ing time the beginning of the rains.

DESCRIPTION.

Root perennial, tuberous, roundish, covered with a dark brown
skin, frequently, when in a good soil, as large as a child’s
head. From various parts of the chief root there issue
smaller tuberosities which are employed as offsets to culti-
vate the plant by.

Leaves radical, for the most part only one or two, thrice bifid,
divisions outwardly pinnatified, segments obliquely-oblong,
pointed, smooth, size, very unequal, the exterior being always
greatly longer than the inferior; the whole leaf is from one
to three feet each way.

Petioles round, tapering, clouded with darker-coloured green, pretty
smooth, about as long as the leaves.

Spathes very large, leathery, campanulate, border-curled, smooth
on both sides ; outside near the base pale green ; middle part
deeper green; and towards the margin greenish purple,

69 ARUM CAMPANULATUM.

inside towards the margin yellowish purple, middle pale
yellow, bottom deep dotted purple; diameter of the mouth
of the bell in large plants about a foot ; perpendicular height
nearly the same.

Spadix about as long as the spathe, the lower third, or pistilliferous
part cylindrical, the middle part, or staminiferous portion,
somewhat turbinated ; the club (here a very improper name)
or upper third part is of a very broad short-conical, or sub-
globular shape, and of a dark purple colour, variously lobate
and wrinkled, like a dried truffle: in large plants this part
is six inches in diameter and four in perpendicular height.

Filaments none. Anthers numerous, closely impacted round the
turbinate or middle portion of the spadix, linear, two-celled,
with two corresponding openings at the apex, where they
discharge the dust or pollen; the immense quantity of which
that is poured out from these openings and drops down on
the pistils is really inconceivable.

Nectarial filaments none.

Germs numerous, roundish. Styles subulate, thick, coloured. Stigmas
large, yellow, downy, 2-lobed.

Berries numerous, long, obovate, red, and covered with a consi-
derable portion of pulp.

Seeds one or two in each berry.

OBSERVATIONS.

This species is much cultivated over the northern Circars, and
highly esteemed for the wholesomeness and nourishing quality of
the roots. It deserves to be called the Telinga potatoe. The usual
time of cultivation is immediately after the first rains in June. A
very rich loose soil suits it best, where the swelling of the roots
meets with little obstruction, and where they draw the greatest
nourishment, for which reason it requires to be very well and
repeatedly ploughed. The small tuberosities that are found on the
larger roots are what they employ for sets, and are planted in the
manner potatoes are in England, and about the same distance from
one another. In twelve months they are reckoned fit to be taken
up for use. The larger roots will then weigh, if the soil has been
good and the season favourable, from four to eight or more pounds
each: they keep well if kept dry, and are by the natives em-
ployed in food, in the same manner as the common yam.

273. PHOENIX ACAULIS.

Stemless. Fronds radical, pinnate ; leaflets folded, ensiform, in
sub-opposite fascicles, pointing many ways, the lower spinous.

OBSERVATIONS.

A native of Bahar. Flowering time in the Botanic Garden at
Calcutta the cold season. Seed ripe in April and May.

DESCRIPTION.

Stem none in plants ten years old: at this age, when in flower,
the whole body of the plant, including the inflorescence, but
exclusive of the foliage, is of an ovate form, and not exceed-
ing six or eight inches in height, from the surface of the
ground, and is sketched in the annexed figure, at fig. 1, and
only about one-fourth part of the natural size.

PHCENIX ACAULIS. 70

Leaves ( fronds) pinnate, from two to six feet long. Leaflets in
nearly opposite, rather remote fascicles ; the superior folded,
slender, ensiform, and about eighteen inches long; the lower
small, straight, rigid, and end in very sharp spinous points.

Petioles (stipes,) near the base flat; toward the apex triangular,
smooth,

MALE.

Spathes and spadix as in the female, hereafter described.

Flowers alternate, solitary, sessile, small, pale yellow.

Calyx one-leaved, triangular; angles or lobes acute, and unequal.

Corol 3-petalled ; petals obliquely-lanceolate, acute, slightly united
at the base.

Filaments six, very short, inserted into the base of the corol.
Anthers linear, nearly as long as the petals.

Pistil none.

FEMALE.

Spathes universal axillary, solitary, one-valved, about six inches
long, with their base rather below the surface of the earth,
generally splitting into two portions, down the middle on
each side.

Spadix ramous, composed of many, simple, short, erect, flexuose
branches; all are smooth, and pale yellow.

Flowers alternate, solitary, sessile, in bractiform notches on the
sides of the branches of the spadix.

Calyx cup-shaped, truncate, with three obscure points at equal
distances on the margin.

Petals three, subrotund, thick and fleshy, concave, smooth.

Nectary a small 6-toothed cup, in which the germs sit.

Germs three, each one-celled, and contains a single ovule attached
to the inside of the cell. Styles three, recurved, small, and

short. St¢gmas small.

Drupe oval, fleshy, smooth, bright red, size of a very small olive,
one-celled.

Seed solitary, oblong, with a deep longitudinal groove on one side.

Embryo in the middle of the back, or convex side of the seed.

274. MYRISTICA AROMATICA.

Leaves oblong. Male flowers, several on simple and compound
axillary racemes. Female flowers solitary. Calyx pitcher-shaped.

M. officinalis. Zinn. syst. 493. Suppl. 265. Gert. sem. 1.p.194,.

t. 41.
M. moschata. Willd. sp. pl. 4. p. 869. Woodville’s Medical Botany,
363. ¢. 134.

Nux myristica. Rumph. amb. 2. p.14.t. 4.

Ja-i-phul, or Jaephal, the Hindostanee and Bengalese name of

the nutmeg, and Jawatri of the mace.

Jouz-bew-a, of the Persians and Arabians.

Jali-phalo, the Sanscrit name of the nutmeg, and Jali-patri the

mace.
OBSERVATIONS.

A native of the Molucca Islands; (bearing male and female
flowers on different trees, and by late information in some in-
stances monoecious ;) and there blossom and bear their fruit the
whole year.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk straight. Bark smooth, and of a greenish ash, or dirty olive

71 MYRISTICA AROMATICA.
colour. Branches in regular equidistant verticils, nearly
horizontal, with their extremities often drooping.

Leaves alternate, sub-bifarious, short-petioled, elliptic, entire,
smooth on both sides, but paler underneath; when bruised
faintly aromatic; length from three to six inches, and from
one to two and a half broad.

MALE.

Racemes axillary, often 2-cleft near the apex, with divisions
spreading.

Flowers numerous, on ascending, clavate, pedicels, nearly as long
as the peduncles.

Bractes of the pedicels solitary, minute, one-flowered, caducous ;
of the flowers also solitary, but larger, fleshy, more perma-
nent, and embrace two-thirds of the base of the calyx.

Calyx one-leaved, pitcher-shaped. Mouth 3-toothed.

Corol none.

Filament single, rising in the centre of the calyx, and nearly of the
same length, thick, linear, oblong, and obtuse. Anthers, in
general about nine pairs, linear, adjoined lengthways to the
upper half of the filament, but their chief bond of connection
appears to be at their lower extremities.

FEMALE flowers in general upon a separate tree.

Peduncles axillary, solitary, rather longer than the petioles, while
in blossom ascending, one-flowered.

Bractes: that of the flower as in the male.

Calyx as in the male.

Corol none.
Germ above, oval. Style very short, composed of two coalesced
portions, each crowned with a diverging obtuse stigma.
Drupe round, fleshy, size of a peach, and also somewhat downy,
marked with a suture which passes between the styles, one-
celled, when ripe two-partible, opening spontaneously from
the apex.

Seed: Nut roundish-ovate, affixed to the base of the cell, covered

with a yellow, multifid, coriaceous aril (mace) marked with
furrows corresponding with the divisions of the aril, other-
wise smooth ; of a dark brown colour, and tolerably hard.

Nucleus (common nutmeg,) like the nut of a roundish-ovate shape,
also furrowed, affixed by its apex, but the embryo is placed
in the base, which consists of a small bifid point, lodged be-
tween two, variously convolute, fleshy-farinaceous, fragrant,
and gratefully aromatic lobes.

EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES.

Fig. 1. A sprig of the male tree in blossom.

a. One of the male flowers, and its bracte x.

The same laid open, to show the stamina.

A perpendicular section of the columnar filament.

A transverse section of the same, and its nine pair of anthers.

An anterior view of one pair of the anthers detached from
the column.

A back view of the same.

A section of one of the lobes.

Natural size.

Cm o>

oe

These seven are all magnified, particularly the last four.

Vig.

A sprig of the female tree, with flowers, and fruit in
their various stages. Natural size.

MYRISTICA AROMATICA. 72

h. One of the flowers magnified, and laid open, to show the
~pistil.

i. The ripe fruit opening, which exposes to view the mace,
spread over the shell of the nutmeg.

k. Half of the mace is here thrown back, exposing the shell of
the nutmeg to view.

1. The shell cut round, with the entire nutmeg resting in it.

m. A perpendicular section of the seed, or nutmeg, exposing the
embryo, or rudiment of the future plant, lodged in its base.

n. The same embryo magnified ; the point o becomes the root,
and + the stem.

OBSERVATIONS.

It is now well known that the description of this plant in the
Supplementum Plantarum of the younger Linnzus, taken from
Sonnerat, is that of another species.

La Marck’s description, so far, at least, as relates to the stamens
and style, appears to me to have been taken from the flowers of
some other species of Myristica, which he received from the Isle
of France, for the true nutmeg. Consequenily the sort they have
been long cultivating there, with so much care, is not the real
Banda nutmeg ; which the Dutch so long, and so effectually mo-
nopolized. For I can scarce think it possible, that any botanist
could consider the thick firmly consolidated filament of the male
flower of the true nutmeg, to be composed of from six to twelve
smaller partible filaments, joined in one bundle; nor are there the
smallest rudiment of any smaller filaments, connecting the linear
anthers to the column (filament) in the centre; nor are the anthers
themselves united, scarce even the two lobes which compose the
pair, as I have called them.

The foregoing description, and accompanying figures are taken
from growing plants in the Honourable Gompany’s Botanic
Garden at Calcutta, and from numerous specimens (preserved in
spirits and otherwise ;) collected and sent from Great Banda, Banda-
Neira, Pulo Ay, &c. Molucca Islands, since they were conquered
by the English, in February, 1796.

At Bencoolen, where this tree was introduced in 1798, they
have grown with the greatest luxuriance ; for in five years they
had arrived at from ten to fourteen feet in height, when (in
October and November, 1802) two hundred and forty-seven trees,
out of about six hundred, blossomed. About half of these were
completely male; the rest female ; and were expected to ripen
their fruit in February, and March, 1804.

In the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, where the young trees are
about the same age, the most luxuriant are from six to ten feet
high, and in April, 1803, three male trees only blossomed, for the
first time.

At Prince of Wales’ Island, where by far the most extensive
plantations are formed, they are in a middle state, between Ben-
coolen and Bengal.

Since writing the above (now January, 1805} the trees at Ben-
coolen have produced quantities of ripe nutmegs, of a good quality.
Those at Prince of Wales Island, so far as I can learn, have not
produced any fruit. In the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, two trees,
seven and-a-half years old, and ten and twelve feet high, bore
only male flowers for the two first years of their blossoming.
Lately (at the close of 1804) they have produced only female
flowers, some of which have proved fertile.

ia,

275. MUSA SAPIENTUM.
Linn. sp. pl. ed. Willd. 4, p. 894.

Spadix drooping. Spathes ovate, many-flowered, deciduous,
(those of the Female hermaphrodite flowers of the wild plant, often
wither and remain till the seeds are ripe, but in the cultivated
varieties they are always deciduous.)

Bala. Rheed Mal. 1. p.17. t. 12. 13. and 14.

Musa. Rumph. Amb. 5. p. 125.¢. 60.

Ram-Kulla, Wally-Kulla, Ram-jacki-allia-kulla, are the names
the wild Banana and Plantain are known by at Chittagong ;
where they are found indigenous, in the forests, and blossom
during the rains.

Codali, or Cadali, the Sanscrit name of the cultivated Banana.

Kulla, Keyla, or Kayla, are the Hindu and Bengali names of
the cultivated Banana, and Katch kulla, the -Plantain.

Aretti, the Telinga name of the cultivated Banana, and Komaretti
the cultivated Plantain.

OBSERVATIONS.

The varieties of the Banana cultivated over India are very
numerous; but fewer of the Plantain, as I have hitherto obtained
knowledge of only three, whereas, I may safely say, not less than
ten times that number of the former have come under my
inspection.

Their duration, culture, habit, and natural character, are already
well known. I will therefore confine myself to (what I think)
the original wild Musa, from which, I conclude, all the cultivated
varieties (of both Plantain and Banana) proceed.

In the course of two years, from the seed received from Chitta-
gong, these attained to the usual height of the cultivated sorts, which
is about ten or twelve feet. They blossom at all seasons ; though
generally during the rains ; and ripen their seed in five or six
months after, when the plant perishes down to the root, which
long before this time has produced other shoots; these continue
to grow up, blossom, &c. in succession for several years. Their
leaves are exactly as in the cultivated sorts.

i DESCRIPTION.

Spadix simple, drooping.

Spathes partial, numerous, ovate, concave, smooth, crimson on the
inside ; outside darker coloured those (say 6 or 8) nearest
the base of the spadix embrace a double row of female herma-
phrodite flowers, and are not always deciduous, but sometimes
wither, and remain till the seeds are ripe. All the rest, and
they are very numerous, expanding in succession for two or
three months, embrace similar double rows of abortive or male
hermaphredite flowers, which with their spathes, are always
deciduous.

Calyx no other than the just-mentioned spathes.

Corol of two dissimilar petals ; the extertor with unequally 5-toothed
apex, which soon becomes revolute. Inner (sometimes called
the nectary,) half the length of the exterior, when forcibly
expanded nearly round, but in their natural state oblong,
and deeply concave, with emarginate apex, and an incurved,
uniform point.

Filaments (in both flowers) five, with sometimes the rudiment of

MUSA SAPIENTUM. 74

asixth. Anthers in the male hermaphrodite linear, and as long
as the filaments, in the female hermaphrodite minute, and with-
out pollen.

Germ inferior, oblong, 3-celled, with 4, 5, or 6 rows of ovula in

each, regularly attached to a central, fleshy receptacle (axis,)
by their growth they are forced from the regular situation in
which they are found in the germ, their insertions cannot
then be easily traced; in the male hermaphrodite abortive.
Style cylindric. Stigma 3-lobed, large and clammy.

Berry oblong, tapering to each end, of a soft, fleshy consistence,
smooth and yellow, marked longitudinally with five ribs,
3-celled, the partitions distinct, but soft and pulpy, and no
doubt disappear when dry, and long kept.

Seeds numerous, size of a small pea, round-turbinate, tubercled,
exterior, half dark chestnut colour, or blackish; towards the
umbilicus, which is a large, circular cavity, light brown.
Integument single, kc. as described and figured by Gertner,
vol. 1. p..28.8. 11.

276. ALPINIA LINGUIFORMIS.

Spokes radical, linear, rather open. zp linguiform, bifid, base
broad, and spurless, sides incurved.

OBSERVATIONS.

A native of the interior parts of Bengal, where it blossoms
during the early and latter parts of the rains.

DESCRIPTION.

Root perennial, throwing off numerous suckers, which run both
above and under the surface of the earth; by which this
species is soon multiplied.

Stems tuany, erect, or nearly so, as thick as a man’s forefinger,
smooth; 4-6 feet high.

Leaves bifarious, sessile on their sheaths, lanceolate, smooth on
both sides: length 12-24 inches, by 4-5 broad. Sheaths
smooth, and rise a little above the insertion of the leaf.

Spikes radical, solitary, the apex only rising above the soil, laxly
imbricated with oblong, obtuse, smooth, exterior and inte-
rior, one-flowered, green bractes ; besides the interior proper,
tubular, thin, colourless bracte or inferior calyx.

Calyx superior, tubular, length of the tube of the corol; mouth
3-toothed, and split well down on one side; colour from the
middle upwards deep red.

Corol : exterior border of three, sublanceolate, obtuse, red segments.
Lip sublinguiform, the base broad, and rises incurved, form-
ing an envelope for the stamen; from thence projects nearly
horizontal, into a long, linear, bifid lamina, with curled
margins ; colour yeliuw, with a little red down the centre.

Stamina as in the genus.

Germ hairy, 3-celled: ovules many, attached to one fleshy recep-
tacle in the inner angle. Style embraced at the base by the
nectarial bodies, which are in this species bidentate.

Stigma large, and red.

75

277. AMOMUM SUBULATUM.

Leaves \anceolar, smooth. Spikes obovate, echinated with the
long subulate points of the bractes, calyx, and upper segment of
the exterior border of the corol. Lip oblong. Crest truncate,
undivided,

OBSERVATIONS.

A native of the lower range of the Morungh mountains skirting
the plains of Bengal on the north, where it grows on the borders
of the rills of water between the hills. Flowering time, in the
Botanic Garden at Calcutta, March and April; and the seed ripen
during the rains.

DESCRIPTION.

Root tuberous, creeping at a small distance under the surface of
the soil, &c. as in the genus and amply furnished with nu-
merous, strong fibres; colour a dull reddish purple on

the outside, with the interior substance itself considerably

brighter.

Stems erect, about 3 or 4 feet high, and about as thick as the little
finger.

Leaves alternate, bifarious, sessile on their sheaths, narrow-lanceo-
lar, finely accuminate, deep green, and smooth on both sides ;
12-15 inches long, by 3-4 broad.

Sheaths smooth, margins coloured, and rising above the mouth
into an emarginate stipule.

Spikes radical, compact, a little elevated above the soil, obovate,
size of a goose-egg, echinate with the long, subulate, pale
yellow points of the bractes, inner calyx, and upper segment
of the exterior border of the corol.

Bractes numerous, the exterior imbricated upward, obovate, dark
red, smooth, long subulate pointed, one-flowered ; the znner,
or inferior calyx spathiform, opening on one side.

Flowers large, yellow. -

Calyx superior, 3-cleft. Segments subulate, and greatly longer than
the tube of the corol.

Corol : exterior border of three, nearly equal segments, the upper
one ends subulate. Lip oblong, often emarginate ; margins
a little curled; deeper yellow than the extcrior segments.

Filament flat, kc. Anthers 2-lobed, and crowned with entire crest.

Germ 3-celled, with many ovula in each, attached to the thicker
partitions a little removed from the axis.
Nectarial scales of Koenig, as in the genus.

Style, Stigma and

278. K/EMPFERIA OVALIFOLIA.
Leaves oval. Spikes central. Crest of the anthers laciniate.

OBSERVATIONS.

A native of the peninsula of Malacca, and from thence sent by
Major Farquhar to the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, where they
blossom in July. It is an intermediate species, both with respect
to size and habit, between K. galanga and rotunda, and ought to be
placed between them in the system.

DESCRIPTION.

Root tuberous, as in the other species, and about biennial.
Stems very short, I may say scarce any.

K/EMPFERIA OVALIFOLIA. 76

Leaves few, bifarious, patent, oval, with a short acute point, smooth
on both sides: about 6 inches long, by 4 broad.

Spikes central, hid by the short sheaths of the leaves, few-flowered,
and they expand in succession ; all pure white, except the
purple lip.

Corol nearly as in rotunda and angustifolia, the upper two segments
of the inner border are obtusely lanceolate, as in the latter ;
the lip or nectarium of a deep variegated purple colour, the
shape cuneate-obcordate, and divided from the apex nearly
half the whole length, into two, long, emarginate lobes.

Anther 2-lobed, and crowned with a large laci-
niate, erect, white crest.

Germ 3-celled, &c. as in the genus.

Filaments short.

DALRYMPELEA.*
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

NATURAL ORDER, RHAMNI, Juss.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Calyx 5-leaved. Petals five, alternate with the stamina. Germ
superior, 3-celled, cells many-seeded, insertion interior.
Berry 3-celled. Seeds few, nuciform. Embryo sub-inferior,

and furnished with albumen.

In memory of the late Alexander Dalrymple, Esq. author of the
Oriental Repertory, &c. &c.

279. DALRYMPELEA POMIFERA.
OBSERVATIONS.

Junky-jam, the vernacular name in Stlhet, where it is a native,
and grows to be a large tree. Flowering in March; and the seed
ripen in September, and October.

DESCRIPTION.

Young shoots rather succulent, round, and perfectly smooth.

Leaves opposite, unequally pinnate, and some of them ternate ; from.
ten to twenty inches long. Leaflets as far as three or four
pair, and a terminal one, the pairs opposite, all are more or
less petiolate, oblong, obtusely-serrate, acuminate, smooth:
5-6 long, by 2-3 broad.

Petioles and petiolets round and smooth.

Panicles terminal, spreading much, fully broader than long ; primary
branches, decussate ; partial alternate, with the small, yellow-
ish white flowers crowded round their extremities, every part
smooth.

Bractes to the primary branches of the panicle opposite, kc. as in
the Rubiaceae, the rest solitary under each division and sub-
division.

Calyx inferior, 5-leaved; Jeaflets rather unequal, and oval.

Petals five, oblong, obtuse, spreading. Nectary acetabuliform.

Filaments five, alternate, with the petals and shorter than them,
inserted under the nectary. Anthers ovate.

Germ superior, 3-lobed, indeed almost separable, 3-celled ; ovules

* Turpinia, Ventenat Choix de Plantes. 31. R. B.

ve | DALRYMPELEA POMIFERA. —

about eight in each cell, widely attached to the axis. Style
length of the germ, 3-grooved. Stigma 8-lobed.

Berry drupaceous, has the appearance of a pome, of a roundish
3-lobed form, very fleshy, when ripe yellow, and almost
smooth, size of a large medlar, 3-celled.

Seeds, several in each cell, shape various, the most common
roundish reniform, and considerably compressed, attached to
the partition. IJntegument single, thick, and of great hardness,
in fact a perfect nut, exterior surface brown and highly
polished.

Perisperm conform to the seed.

Embryo obliquely-inferior. Cotyledons cordate, 3-nerved. Radicle
oval, obliquely centrifugal.

WILLUGHBFEIA.
NATURAL ORDER APOCINE! Juss.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corol hypocrateriform. Stigma capitate. Germ
one-celled ; ovules many, attached to two opposite parietal
receptacles. Berry one-celled. Seeds few, nidulent. Embryo
without albumen.

280. WILLUGHBEIA EDULIS.

Shrubby, scandent. Leaves opposite, oblong, acuminate. Flowers
in small axillary fascicles. Berries very large, from oval to sphe-
rical. .

OBSERVATIONS.

Latti-Am the vernacular name in Chittagong, Silhet, &c. where
it grows to an immense size, running over the largest trees. It is
in flower and fruit nearly the whole year.

DESCRIPTION.

Bark of the trunk and large branches, of large old plants, above
half an inch thick, inwardly dark brown ; surface tubercled ;
taste somewhat astringent.

Leaves opposite, short-petioled, oblong, acuminate, entire, polish-
ed; veins simple, and parallel: length 3-5 inches, by 1-2
broad.

Peduncles axillary and terminal, solitary, short, each supporting
a few middling-sized, pale pink coloured, short-pedicelled
flowers, forming small fascicles.

Bractes solitary at the base of each pedicel, ovate. .

Calyx one-leaved, 5-toothed ; segments ovate, subciliate.

Corol one-petalled, infundibuliform : Tube gibbous near the middle,
where the stamina are lodged, a little hairy on the inside:
Border of five, sublanceolate, smooth, expanding segments,
which are imbricated in the bud.

Filaments short, inserted into the tube of the corol, a little above
its base. Anthers subsagittate, but do not adhere to each
other, on each side a polliniferous groove.

Germ superior, ovate, smooth, one-celled; ovules many, attached to
two opposite parietal receptacles. Style short. Stigma conical,
and closely embraced by the anthers.

WILLUGHBEIA EDULIS. 78

Berry size of alarge lemon, subovate, covered witha thick, friable, ©
pretty smooth, brownish yellow cortex, one-celled.

Seeds many,nidulent in a soft yellowish pulp, which is intermixed
with softer cottony fibres, size of a small garden bean, shape
various. Integuments two ; exterior rather fleshy, and seems
to furnish the soft fibres with which the pulp is intermixed ;
interior thin and friable.

Albumen none.

Embryo: Cotyledons conform to the seed, firm, straw-colour with
a tinge of pink; while fresh, if wounded, a quantity of milk
exudes, which svon becomes bad caoutchouc. Radicle small,
roundish.

OBSERVATIONS.

Every part of the plant, on being wounded, discharges copi-
ously, a very pure white viscid juice ; which is soon, by exposure
to the open air, changed into an indifferent kind of elastic rubber,
or caoutchouc. The fruit is eaten by the natives where it grows,

and by them reckoned good.

281. ECHITES GRANDIFLORA.

Scandent. Leaves cuneate-oblong. Cymes terminal, and axillary.
Leaflets of the calyx lanceolar, waved, and coloured. Corol cam pa-

nulate. Follicles linear.

OBSERVATIONS.

A native of the hilly parts of Chittagong and Silhet, where it
blossoms during the dry season and the seed take nearly one year
to ripen.

DESCRIPTION.

Stem and large branches ligneous, and scandent to a very great
extent; young shoots villous.

Leaves opposite, short-petioled, from oblong-cuneiform to obovate-
oblong, entire, apex rounded with a short point, void of
pubescence, but hard: 6-8 inches long, by 2-5 broad.

Cymes axillary, becoming lateral, short, few-flowered, all the parts
thereof clothed with ferruginous down.

Flowers very large, equalling those of Solandra grandiflora, pale
greenish-yellow.

Bractes oblong, coloured, and veined.

Calyx to the base divided into five, long, lanceolate, waved, acute,
coloured, veined segments.

Corol campanulate. Border expands about five inches, and is
divided into five, oval, waved, rather acuminate broad
segments.

Stamina: Filaments five, nearly as long as the corol, ascending in
a gentle curve, smooth, inserted into the base of the bell of
the corol. Anthers sagittate, sides firmly united, forming
a conical cover for the stigma to which they cohere.

Germ 2-lobed, hairy, 2-celled: ovules numerous, attached to a jugi-
form receptacle in each cell, rising from the partition. Style
length of the stamina. Stigma large, clammy.

Follicles horizontal, linear, obtuse, pretty smooth, thick as the little _
finger; points rather incurved, and obtuse; 6-10 inches
long.

Seeds numerous, imbricated, oblong, compressed, brown, comose.
Coma very ample, I have rarely seen so large, points to the
apex of the follicle.

79 ECHITES GRANDIFLORA.

Albumen thin, light gray.
Embryo straight. Cotyledons oblong. Radicle long, cylindric,

superior.

HOLIGARNA Bucuanan.
PENTANDRIA TRIGYNIA.

GENERIG CHARACTER.

Polygamous. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals five. Nut inferior,

ovate, cellular, one seeded. Embryo inverse, without albumen.

282. HOLIGARNA LONGIFOLIA B.

Cattu-tsjeru, or Katou-tjeroe. Rheed. mal. 4. p. 19. t. 9.

OBSERVATIONS.

A large tree, a native of the mountainous parts of Chittagong,
where it blossoms in January. Dr. Buchanan first found the male
tree in Chittagong, and some years after he found the female (herma-
phrodite) in Malabar, and gave it the name Holigarna, from its
appellation in the language of Karnata. He thinks it is the variety
called Bibo, of the Cattu-tsjeru. (Rheed. mal. 4. t.9.) and says the
natives of Malabar, by incision, extract an exceedingly acrid juice,
with which they varnish their targets. I am, however, inclined
to consider Van Rheede’s Cattu-tsjeru to be this very tree; and his
Bibo, or Tseejero. vol. 4. p. 20. to be Semecarpus Anacardium.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk straight ; in a twelve year old tree, male tree, ten inches
in circumference. Bark smooth, ash-coloured. Branches
patent; height of the whole tree twenty-five feet. In its
native soil the trunk attains to the thickness of six feet in
circumference; and the total height of the tree above fifty.

Leaves alternate, crowded about the ends of the branchlets, short-
petioled, narrow-cuneiform, entire, acute, smooth on both
sides, but paler underneath; length from one to two feet, by
$-6 inches broad:

Petioles short, and thick, and armed with generally two subulate
inoffensive incurved (thorn-like) bodies on each side of the
margin.

Stipules no other than the last mentioned subulate bodies on the
petioles.

MALE.

Panicles axillary, single, greatly shorter than the leaves.

Flowers numerous, small, dull white.

Bractes small, ferruginous.

Calyx 5-sided ; angles somewhat sharp.

Corol flat, to the base 5-parted, (or it may be called 5-petalled) ;
segments oblong, villous.

Filaments five, shorter than the corol. Anthers incumbent.

FEMALE HERMAPHRODITE ona separate tree.

Panicles, bractés, calyx, and corol as in the male.
Stamina as in the male, but greatly smaller, with minute, seemingly
abortive anthers.

Germ inferior, a little hairy ; in it one compressed cell, contain-

HOLIGARNA LONGIFOLIA. 80

ing a single compressed ovule, attached to one side of the top
of iis cell. Styles three, recurved. Stigmas crescent shaped,
little hairy.

Nut inferior, naked, exactly ovate, a little compressed, size of a
large olive, smooth, when ripe yellow, one-celled, evalvular.
Shell rather thick, and contains between its laminz numerous
cells, filled with a black, rather thick, acrid fluid, as in the
common Marking Nut, or Anacardium.

Seed conform to the nut. Jntegument single, membranaceous.

Albumen none.

Embryo conform to the seed, inverse. Cotyledons equal, ovate,

Corcle lateral. Radicle

oblong, inverse, attached to one edge of the cotyledons con-

yellowish. Plumula hairy, acute.

siderably below their apex, and corresponding with the
attachment of the ovule in the germ.

MARLEA.*
OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Galyx 6-8-toothed, superior. Petals 6-8. Germ inferior, 2-celled.
Cells one-seeded, attachment superior. Drupe with 2-celled
nut. Embryo inverse, furnished with albumen.

283. MARLEA BEGONIFOLIA.
OBSERVATIONS.

Marlea the vernacular name in Silhet, where it is indigenous,
erows to the size of a small tree ; yielding timber employed by
the natives in the construction of their houses.
the month of April; seed ripe in July.

In its natural character it approaches near to Alangium; the

Flowering time

number of stamina, and internal structure of the germ and drupe,

are, however, so different as to induce me to consider it sufficiently

distinct, to form a separate genus, which I do under its vernacular
name Marlea.
DESCRIPTION.

Leaves alternate, petioled, unequally cordate, (as in the Begonze,)
entire, or lobate, acuminate, smooth, five, or more nerved;
length 4-8 inches, by 3-5 broad.

Petioles round, a little villous, about an inch long.

Stipules none.

Peduncles axillary, length of the petioles, dichotomous, many-
flowered.

Flowers of a middling size, short-pedicelled ; petals white.

Calyx superior, small, 6-8 toothed.

Petals 6-8, linear, recurved.

Filaments eight, short, flat, hairy, inserted within the petals on a
glandular hemispherical body, which crowns the germ.
Anthers linear, very long.

Germ inferior, 2-celled, with one ovule in each, attached to the
top of the axis. Style length of the stamina. Stigma large,
4-toothed.

Drupe oval, obtuse-pointed, size of a small cherry, pulp in small
quantity, but soft, and dark-coloured ; round the base of the

* Stylidium. Lour. cochin. p. 220. R.B.

81 MARLEA BEGONIFOLIA.

obtuse point may be traced the minute remains of the calyx.
Nut single, conform to the drupe, brittle, though hard, black,
2-celled, grooved on the sides, apex transversely s-toothed.

Seed solitary, oval, flattened. Integument single, thin.

Albumen conform to the seed, soft and oily.

Embryo inverse, nearly as extensive as the perisperm. Cotyledons

ovate-cordate, obtuse. Radicle superior, oval.

XANTHOPHYLLUM R.
OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
NATURAL ORDER, CAPPARIDE&, Juss.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Calyx 5-leaved. CGorol 5-petalled, sub-papilionaceous. Germ su-
perior, pedicelled, one-celled. Ovula a few, on two opposite
parietal receptacles. Berry one-seeded. Embryo transverse,
without albumen.

284. XANTHOPYHLLUM VIRENS.

Panicles interfoliaceous and terminal. Germ 4-seeded.

Gundee, of the Bengalese.

OBSERVATIONS.

A large timber tree, a native of the thick forests of Si/het, where
it blossoms in March; and the seed ripen in June and July. The
wood said to be remarkably hard and useful to the natives.

DESCRIPTION.

Branches and branchlets very numerous, and much crowded, smooth.

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, from oblong to lanceolar, entire,
ofa firm texture, and polished: length six inches, and from
one and a half to two anda half broad.

Stipules none.

Panicles terminal, and between the leaves (internodal,) very nume-
rous, and pretty much crowded with flowers; in general
they are shorter than the leaves, and every part smooth.

Flowers numerous, rather small, colour a mixture of pink and
yellow, generally solitary, pretty long-pedicelled.

Bractes tern at the base of each solitary pedicele, small, ensiform,
villous, caducous.

Calyx 5-leafed, rather unequal, the lower two and superior one
being smaller.

Petals five, the superior and lateral four are nearly equal, sub-spa-
tulate-falcate ; the upper two form what may be called the
vexillum ; the fifth or lower one (carina), boat-shaped, ungui-
culate, and pink-coloured.

Filaments eight, incurved, nearly equal, shorter than the corol,
and hairy ; four of them are inserted on the claws of the
upper four petals, éwo on the claws of the lower (the carina),
and the remaining fwo into the receptacle, between the two
petals which form the vexillum and the two wings. Anthers

oval.

Germ superior, short-pedicelled, the insertion of which is embraced
by a 7-angled, nectarial cup, round, ribbed, a little hairy, one-

XANTHOPHYLLUM VIRENS. 82

celled, and contains four ovula, attached two and two, to two
opposite, sub-parietal receptacles, near the base of the cell.

Style length of the stamina, toward the apex incurved. Stigma
slightly 2- lobed.

Berry globular, short-pedicelled, of a firm fleshy texture, when
ripe olive-coloured, and about the size of a pigeon’s egg, one-
celled.

Seed solitary, nearly round ; attachment lateral. Integument single,
rather thick and brownish.

Albumen none.

Embryo transverse, green.
equal.

Cotyledons two, conform to the seed,
Radicle lateral, truncate, lodged immediately within
the umbilicus of the seed, and pointing to it.

XANTHOPHYLLUM FLAVESCENS R.

Panicles axillary and terminal. Germs 8-10-seeded. Two glands
on the back of the leaves near the base.

Agensak, of the Bengalese.

OBSERVATIONS.

A large tree, a native of the hilly parts of the province of
Chittagong: where it blossoms in May, and is so very like the
former species, virens, that 1 was for some time inclined to con-
sider them only varieties of one species ; but attentive examina-
tions made at various times, give me reason to think they are suf-
ficiently distinct. In the former, virens, the leaves continue green
when dry, and are destitute of the two small, hollow glands on °
the base of the lower pair of veins, one on each side of the lower
end of the rib, or nerve, which particularly mark flavescens. The
panicles, except those that terminate the twigs, are in this perfectly
axillary ; in virens far above the axils, and their insertions accom-
panied by two or three vertically situate knobs, or buds, as in some
species of Capparis, &c. In virens the germ has never more than
four ovula, inserted by pairs on opposite sides near the bottom of
the cell: while in flavescens there are from eight to twelve ovula in
the germ, inserted on opposite sides of the cell, from the base to
near the top. In virens the stigma is large and more or less 2-lobed ;
in flavescens simple. In other respects they agree so well, that it
seems unnecessary to figure more of flavescens, than the back of
the base of one leaf, to shew the two glands ; and two sections of
the germ.

285. BAUHINIA ANGUINA.

Scandent. Stem compressed, flexuose ; flexures approximate,
regularly and alternately concave and convex on the two flat sides.
Leaves subcordate, smooth, entire, or 2-lobed ; lobes subtriangular,

and acuminate.

Panicles terminal ; flowers triandrous.

oval, smooth, 1-2-seeded.

Legumes

Naga-mu-valli. Rheed. mal. 8. p.57.¢.30.and $1.

Folium linguze Rumph. amb. 5. p.1.¢. 1. cannot be this, and to it I
leave the old Linnzan specific name scandens, or some
better, because there are many scandent species already
known.

83 BAUHINIA ANGUINA.

Nag-fut (snake charm,) the vernacular name in Silhet

OBSERVATIONS.

This is the most extraordinary as well as one of the most
extensive ramblers I have met with. It is a native of the moun-
tainous tracts in the vicinity of Silhet, Chittagong, &c. and the most

regularly serpentine ‘pieces of the stems, and large branches,

are carried about by our numerous mendicants, to heep serpents off.

Flowering about the end of the rains, and the seed ripen in the

cool season.

DESCRIPTION.

Stems and large branches are. flat, being from four to six inches
broad, and scarce half an inch thick ; when old the margins
become double, like the letter Y or T, and pretty straight,
whereas the body, or space between them is most regularly
flexuose, with the flexures alternately convex and concave.
Bark rather rough, and ill defined. Wood hard, but porous,
and nearly white. Branches and branchlets bifarious, and
regularly alternate, from the flexures just mentioned,

Tendrils simple, or bifid, permanent.

Leaves bifarious, alternate, petioled; on the older plants entire

_ or nearly so, and round-cordate ; on young plants, and on
the luxuriant shoots more or less bifid, with the lobes narrow,
and taper much to their points ; 5-7-nerved, smooth on both
sides ; from two to six inches each way.

Panicles terminal, composed of long, simple racemes, of numerous,

very small white flowers.

Calyx cup-shaped, unequally 5-toothed.

Petals five, obovate, short-clawed.

Stamina only three, and all fertile.

Germ short-pedicelled, oblong, inserted on the under margin of a
large 2-lobed gland, which occupies the centre of the flower,
one-celled, 2-seeded. Style short. Stigma simple.

Legume oblong, thin, edges even, apex a small recurved point,
both sides smooth, about two inches long, by one broad, one-
celled. :

Seeds one or two, two most common, oval, with am obtuse point
on the anterior upper part, which is formed by the radicle,
compressed, smooth. Integuments in the recent state single.

Albumen in considerable quantity in the fresh seed,

Embryo curved, kc. as in the order.

286. CYNOMETRA POLYANDRA.
Leaves pinnate. Branchlets floriferous. Flowers polyandrous.

OBSERVATIONS.

Peing, the vernacular name in Sv/het, and the adjacent mountain
forests, where it grows to be a very large, and useful timber tree.
Flowering time March and April; and the seed ripen during the
rains, viz. in July and August, and are eaten by the natives of the
hilly countries where they grow.

DESCRIPTION.

Young shoots flexuose, round, and smooth.
Leaves alternate,’ subsessile, abruptly-pinnate, about six inches

CYNOMETRA POLYANDRA. , 84

long. Leaflets two or three, rarely four pair, sessile, opposite,
unequally-oblong, or broad-lanceolate, entire, emarginate,
firm, and glossy : about three inches long, and from one to
one and a-half broad. ;

Stipules ensiform.

Corymbs axillary, single, or in. pairs, sessile, simple, shorter than
the leaves. Peduncles and. pedicele nearly equal in length,
clothed with ferruginous down.

Bractes from ovate, at the insertion of the pediceles and round the
base of the common peduncles, to filiform on the pediceles.

Flowers large, yellow.

Calyx 4-leaved: leaflets opposite, rather unequal, oval, entire, thin,
smooth, coloured, soon become reflexed.

Petals five, lanceolar, nearly equal, inserted between the calyx
and stamina,

Filaments 40-60 ; rather longer than the petals, united into some-
thing like a ring round the base of the pedicele of the germ.
Anthers roundish.

Germ pedicelled, superior, obliquely oblong, one-celled, and
contains one, rarely two ovula, attached to the upper margin
of its cell. Style, curved, but the direction alters according
to the length of time the flower has been expanded. Stigma
enlarged.

Legume fleshy, 2-3 inches long, by about two broad, sub-semilunar
tubercled, light brown, one-celled.

Seed solitary, rarely two, sub-reniform, compressed.
single, smooth, a little veined. .

Albumen none.

Integument

Embryo conform to the seed.
fugal. In short in all respects very like the legume, &c. of
Cynometra cauliflora. Gert. sem. 2. p. 350.

Radicle oblong, immersed, centri-

287. STERCULIA ALATA.

Leaves cordate, entire, 3-5 nerved. Racemes crowded about the
ends of the branchlets, length of the petioles. Fodlicles subrotund.
Seeds numerous, winged.

OBSERVATIONS.

A native of the countries immediately to the east of Bengal,
where it grows to be a large, handsome, very ramous tree.
Flowering time in the Botanic Garden, February and March, and
the seed ripen about the close of the year. In the province of
Chittagong the tree is called Buddh-narculla, which may be trans-
lated Buddha's Coco-nut. Narikella being one of the Sanscrit names
of the Coco-nut. In Sithet it is called Toolah, and there the seeds
are said to be eaten by the natives as a cheap substitute for opium.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk (in trees twenty-five years old, now growing in the Botanic
Garden at Calcutta,) straight, tall, four feet above the ground
three feet and a half in circumference. Bark quite smooth,

and ash-coloured. Branehes numerous, toward the top of

the tree ascending, below divaricate. In its native soil they
arrive at a much greater size ; viz. ten feet in circumference,

and above one hundred feet high.
Leaves alternate, about the ends of the branchlets, petioled,

85 STERCULIA ALATA.

cordate, entire smooth 3-5-nerved; from four to twelve
inches long, and from three to eight broad. Deciduous
about the time the blossoms appear in February and March.

Petioles round, smooth, from one to four inches long.

Stipules minute, subulate, caducous at a very early period.

Racemes axillary, sometimes terminal, then sub-panicled, but the
most common mode is racemes in pairs from the axils of the
former year's leaves toward the end of the branchlets, and
about as long as the petioles, or more ; densely clothed with
ferruginous, stellate pubescence.

Flowers pretty large, short-pedicelled, reflex, male and female on
the same racemes.

Bractes ensiform, three under each flower, and caducous at a very
early period.

Calyx campanulate, divided nearly to the base, into five, thick,
fleshy, recurved, lanceolar segments ; outside clothed with
ferruginous, stellate pubescence ; inside elegantly striated
with crimson and yellow.

Corol none.

MALE HERMAPHRODITE FLOWERS.

Golumn of the abortive fructification, and stamina cylindric, greatly
shorter than the calyx, straight.

Filaments scarce any. Anthers imbricated in five fascicles of about
five each, which unite below the middle, and form a cup
round the five imperfect germs.

FEMALE HERMAPHRODITE FLOWERS.

Column none.

Stamina: five sessile bundles of imperfect anthers embrace the
five grooves of the base of the germs.

Germs five ; singly semiovate, one-celled, with two rows of ovules
in each, vertically attached to the inner angle of the cell.
Styles short, recurved, villous. Stegmas rather broad, and
emarginate.

Follicles, or rather leguminous capsules from one to five, from the
size of a man’s fist, to that of an infant’s head, nearly round,
long-peduncled, one-celled, one-valved ; valve thick, tough,
and very fibrous ; surface densely clothed with a brownish-
olive, mealy pubescence.

Seeds many, attached to the margins of the valve, oblong, con-
siderably compressed, each terminated by a long, broad,
spongy wing, (hence the specific name), which becomes thin,
and sub-membranaceous at the apex. Integuments three ;
exterior a brown, friable, spongy body, which with a few
fibres form the wing ; middle, or second form, an oval nuciform
envelope for the embryo only, (and seems composed of three
parts ; the exterior and interior thin, brown, and friable, and
the middle part thicker, tough and hard,) cntertor a thin
membrane.

Albumen none.

Embryo: Cotyledons equal, conform to the seed, 3-nerved. Plumula
2-lobed. Radicle patelliform, lodged immediately within
the umbilicus, (relative centripetal.)

86

288. VATERIA INDICA.

Leaves alternate, oblong, entire, smooth, coriaceous. Panicles
terminal.

Vateria indica. Linn. sp. pl. 734. Gert. sem. 8. p. 53. t. 189.

Eleocarpus copalliferus Retz. Obs. 4. p. 27. Linn. spec. plant.
edit. Willd. 2. p. 1170. Vahl. symb. 3. p. 67 2

Paenoe. Rheed. mal. 4. p. 33. ee

OBSERVATIONS.

A very large and handsome tree, a native of Malabar. In the
Bidanore country, where my specimens are from, it is called the
Dammer tree, and blossoms during the hot season. Seed ripe in
August.

DESCRIPTION.

Young shoots, and all the tender parts, except the leaves, covered
with fine stellate pubescence.

Leaves alternate, petioled, oblong, entire, from emarginate, to
obtuse-pointed, smooth, coriaceous, from four to eight inches
long, and from two to four broad.

Petioles round, about an inch long.

Stipules oblong, caducous.

Panicles terminal ; ramifications rather remote.

Flowers rather remote, pedicelled, pretty large.

Bractes oblong, one-flowered, caducous.

Calyx to the base 5-cleft ; divisions oblong, obtuse, villous on the
outside.

Corol 5-petalled, contorted. Petals oval, emarginate, broader, but
very little longer than the divisions of the calyx.

Filaments 40-50, short, broad, inserted between the petals, and
the base of the germ. Anthers linear, witha single filiform
beak.

Pistil. Germ above, conic, downy, (one-celled with the rudiments
of three or four seeds.) Style longer than the stamens. Stigma
simple, truncate.

Pericarpium: a coriaceous, fleshy, oblong, obtuse, one-celled,
3-valved capsule ; general size about two and a half inches
long, and one and a half in diameter.

Seed solitary, shape of the capsule.

Norr.—In all the flowers examined by me, the stamina had
uniformly short, broad filaments, and linear anthers terminating
in a single, tapering, acute thread, or soft bristle. Can Koenig's
Ceylon tree with two bristles be the same? The superior calyx

of Retzius I must consider a mistake.

ROYDSIA.

POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA. | Sect. Apetalous.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Calyx inferior, 6-parted. (Corol none.) Stamina on a columnar

receptacle. Germ pedicelled (above the insertion of the

87 ~ ROYDSIA SUAVEOLENS.

filaments) 3-celled, many-seeded. Stigma 3-cleft. Drupeone-

seeded. Embryo erect, without albumen.*

289. ROYDSIA SUAVEOLENS.
OBSERVATIONS.

Maudobe-lata the vernacular name in Sz/het, where the plant is
indigenous. Flowering time the month of March, when its
numerous blossoms diffuse a strong, but pleasant odour through
the forests where they grow. Seed ripen in August and Sep-
tember.

DESCRIPTION.

Stem stout, woody, and with its numerous branches climbing over
trees to a great extent. Bark of the young shoots green,
void of pubescence, but covered with numerous, small,
elevated, whitish specks. ;

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, oblong, entire, of a firm texture,
and smooth on both sides, sometimes pointed: length about
six inches, and about two and-a-half and three broad.

Stipules none.

Inflorescence terminal and axillary ; when terminal it is generally
a long, slender panicle, as long as the leaves; when axillary
a simple raceme.

Flowers numerous, alternate, short-pedicelled, pretty large, pale
yellow, and fragrant.

Bractes solitary, oblong, villous, one-flowered.

Calyx inferior, one-leaved, 6-cleft, villous; segments ovate in a
double series ; exterior three rather larger.

Corol none, nor any thing like a nectarial organ.

Filaments numerous (about one hundred), length of the pistillum
and its pedicel, inserted on the apex of a short column.
Anthers incumbent.

Germ pedicelled above the elevated receptacle of the stamina;
oblong, 3-celled, with about two rows of ovules in each,
attached to the axis. Style very short. Stigma trifid.

Drupe pedicelled, size of a large olive, oval, covered with a rather
scabrous, orange-coloured, thin, brittle cortex, one-celled.
Pulp in considerable quantity, soft and yellow. Nut oblong,
texture of a soft ligneous mature and thin, one-celled,
3-valved.

Seed solitary, conform to the nut: Integument single, membra-
naceous. '

Albumen none. :

Embryo erect. Cotyledons two, unequal ; the larger deeply con-
cave, receiving the smaller doubled one into its concavity as
in the Shoree ; they are of a firm fleshy texture, and yellowish.
Radicle inferior, and rather within the base of the cotyledons.

290. UNONA LONGIFLORA.

Leaves linear-oblong. - Flowers 2-3 petalled, of great length, and
pendulous oints of the Berries few and linear-oblong.

* This elegant, clearly-marked genus is named in honour of Sir Joun Royps, one of
the puisne Judges of the Supreme Court of Judicature of Bengal; a zealous Botanist
and an eminent benefactor to the science.

UNONA LONGIFLORA. 88

OBSERVATIONS.

Collahcurrah, the vernacular name in Silhet, where it is indi-
genous ; grows to the size of a large shrub, or small bushy tree.
Flowers in April and May, and the seed ripen about the close of |
the rains.

DESCRIPTION.

Young shoots quite smooth, round, and flexuose.

Leaves alternate, bifarious, short-petioled, linear-oblong, entire,
smooth on both sides, and particularly glaucous underneath ;
from six to twelve inches long, by 2-4 broad.

Peduncles axillary, solitary, from three to ten inches long, filiform,
smooth, one-flowered.

Flowers uncommonly long, pendulous ; outside bright orange,
inside yellow.

Calyx 3-leaved: leaflets reniform-cordate, acuminate, very small,
and hairy.

Petals two, rarely three, ensiform, thick, and fleshy, 6-8 inches
long, both sides smooth; inside yellow, outside orange.
Stamina numerous, glandular-headed, forming, a hemispheric ball

round the germs.

Germs 10-20, sessile, clavate, very hairy, one-celled, ovules a few,
imbricated upward, and vertically attached to the inner
margin of the cell. Styles short.

Berries several, long-pedicelled, drooping, 2-4-jointed: joints
linear-oblong, or sub-cylindric, smooth.

Seeds one in each joint, and of the same form, smooth. Integument
polished, of the consistence of parchment, 2-valved, from
its inside innumerable fibres project into the albumen.
Embryo in the base of the albumen, &c. kc. exactly as in the
Uvaria ; see Gert. sem. 2.155. #. 114.

Stigma large, recurved.

291. INCARVILLEA PARASITICA.

Shrubby, parasitic, smooth. Leaves opposite, lanceolar, vein-
less, fleshy. Umbels terminal.

OBSERVATIONS.

A native of the forests which cover the Garrow hills, where it
is found growing on trees ; but shows a partiality for such places
as retain decayed vegetable matter. In the Botanic Garden at
Calcutta it grows freely in a soil composed of rotten wood, and
garden mould. Flowering time the rainy season, when nothing
can exceed the beauty of its numerous, large, pendulous, crimson-
yellow flowers, approaching in shape and size to those of Digitalis

purpurea. Seed ripen in September and October.

DESCRIPTION.

Stem scarce any, but several, rather succulent, smooth branches,
with swelled joints ; from those the fibrous roots issue.
Leaves opposite, or nearly so, short, fleshy-petioled, lanceolar,
acuminate ; margins more or less curled; substance firm,
fleshy, and veinless ; length 4-6 inches, by one broad.

Umbels terminal, solitary, sessile, simple, many-flowered.

Flowers large, drooping, colour a beautiful mixture of orange and
crimson.

Bractes : an oblong caducous one at the base of each pedicel.

89 INCARVILLEA PARASITICA.

Calyx tubular, somewhat gibbous ; mouth 5-parted.

Corol tubular, curved. Tube somewhat ventricose ; outside villous;
mouth oblique and divided into five, nearly equal, semicir-
cular segments, one above, and two on each side.

Filaments four, didynamous, extend beyond the mouth of the tube.
Anthers linear, apices united.

Germ superior, linear, smooth ; base embraced by a nectarial ring,
4-celled; ovules numerous, attached to the incurved margins
of the partitions. Style length of the germ or more, pro-
truded beyond the anther. Stigma entire, fleshy, subinfun-
dibuliform.

Capsule siliqueform, pendulous, long and very slender, being
about twelve inches long, and scarce so thick as a quill,
smooth and brown, a groove on the opposite sides, 4-celled,
2-valved. Valves thin, almost membranaceous.

Seeds numerous, minute, imbricated, cylindric, rough; from the

zs apex two long hairs, and from the base one; they are attached
to the rolled in edges of the valves of the capsule, as in the
germ.

Albumen none.

Embryo cylindric, inverse. Colyledons oblong, not half the length
of the whole embryo. When
vegetation begins the struciure of the parts become evident :
the apex of the radicle first projects, from which innumerable
most minute rays issue, and lay hold of the soil, or rather
bark of the tree they are sown on, Kc. as in the other
parasites.

Radicle cylindric, superior.

292. OROBANCHE ACAULIS.

Stemless : flowers crowded into irregular heads immediately on
the roots: corol five parted, laciniate: anthers single, each of the
inner pair augmented with a large, recurved, oval gland: stigma
peltate.

OBSERVATIONS.

Found growing on the root of the China sugar cane, in the

Botanic Garden at Calcutta, and in full blossom in September.

DESCRIPTION.

Root, I suspect annual, of many, thick, firm fibres, adhering to the
roots of the China sugar cane.

Stem none.

Flowers numerous, short-peduncled, collected in large dense fas-
cicles, even with the surface of the earth, very large: colour
a beautiful lively purple.

Peduncles short, round, smooth, one-flowered.

Bractes triangular, fleshy, they embrace the base of one or more
peduncles, uniting them into a tuft, close to the root.

Calyx one-leaved, length of the tube of the corol, fleshy, simple,
opening on one side, or dividing into two unequal portions :
outside tinged with red: inside white.

Corol with tube obliquely clavate, campanulate, smooth in every
part. Inside yellow. Throat contracted, and trigonal. Border
5-parted ; che divisions nearly equal, and about as long as the
tube: margins laciniate.

Filaments smooth. Anthers : a large, oblong white gland, is attached
to the base of the inner pair, appearing like a second
anther.

OROBANCHE ACAULIS. 90

Germ ovate. Style rather longer than the stamina, curved, smooth.
Stigma peltate, very large, somewhat 3-lobed, glandulous,
slightly villous.

Capsule ovate, one-celled, 2-valved, with two pair of ramous re-
ceptacles, to which the numerous, very minute seeds adhere.

CONGEA.
DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA.

NATURAL ORDER, VITICES, Juss.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Involucre few-flowered. Calyx tubular. Corol irregular. Stamina
very long and distinct. Germ 4-celled, cells one-seeded,

insertion superior. Berry one-seeded. Embryo erect, without
albumen.

293. CGONGEA TOMENTOSA.

Involucre 3-leaved, 6-9-flowered. Stigma entire. Leaves op-
posite, cordate.
OBSERVATIONS.
An immense climbing shrub; or, I may say, tree; a native of
the forests of Chittagong, where it blossoms in March.

Bark of the large trunk, and old ligneous branches scabrous and
ash-coloured : of young shoots tomentose.

Leaves opposite, short-petioled, cordate, entire, more or less vil-
lous according to age; 4-6 inches long, by 3-4 broad. Floral
leaves small, and very downy.

Panicles axillary and terminal; composed of many, ascending,
opposite pairs of tomentose branches, giving support to the
opposite, single, peduncled umbellets of sinall white flowers.

Bractes from oblong to cordate, very downy, solitary, sessile, one
at the base of each peduncle.

Involucre 3-leaved, 6-9-flowered ; leaflets elliptic, downy, pink-
coloured; some few of them emarginate ; length above one
inch, and above half an inch broad.

Perianth tubular, very hairy, 5-toothed.

Corol ; tube length of the calyx: border bilabiate: exterior lip very
long, and bifid ; under or rather intertor of three, oval, equal,
sessile, segments.

Filaments didynamous, very long, greatly exceeding the exterior
lip of the corol, variously bent. Anthers 2-lobed.

Germ subturbinate, &c. kc. exactly as in the former species.

Pericarpium not seen.

294. AMBROSINIA CILIATA.

Leaves sword-shaped ; spathe shorter than the leaves, with a tu-
bular base, and expanding ciliated apex.
OBSERVATIONS.

Found on the wet banks of rivulets, ponds, kc. near Calcutta.
Flowering time the hot season.

91 AMBROSINIA CILIATA.

: DESCRIPTION.

Root perennial, perpendicular, tuberous, stoloniferous, with long
fleshy fibres.

Leaves radical, petioled, lanceolate, veinless, somewhat fleshy,
from six to thirty-six inches long.

Petioles: upper half cylindric, lower half sheathing, some spatha-
ceous bracts surround their lower parts.

Scapes axillary, solitary, short, somewhat compressed.

Spathe: base tubular and somewhat bellied ; middle portion cy-
lindric and convolute ; apex expanding, ovate-lanceolate,
margins of the apex ciliated with long, flexible, purple
filaments ; the lower tubular portion where the fructification
is lodged, is half separated (by a transverse membrane) from
the upper portion, asin A. spiralis.

Stamens, filaments none. Anthers numerous, sessile, surrounding
the lower portion of the stigma. ;

Pistil: Germ conical, crowned, Stylecylindric. | Stigma oblong,
apex turbinate, lower portion surrounded with anthers.
Capsule roundish, 6-furrowed, and crowned with the six corre-

sponding points of the ridges ;_ 6-celled.

Seeds 6-8 in each cell, affixed by their bases to a central receptacle ;
each is augmented by a large spongy substance.

Embryo erect, furnished with an albumen and many subulate
cotyledons, as in Pinus.

WALLICHIA.

MONOECIA HEXANDRIA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Spathe many-leaved.
MALE,

FEMALE.

Spadix ramous.

Perianth proper one-leaved, entire. Corol 3-petalled
Calyx double: Exterior 2-leaved: Interior 3-parted.

Corol 3-petalled. Berry 2-seeded. Embryo in the back

of the seed.

295. WALLICHIA CARYOTOIDES.

Spadix terminal, Leaves pinnate.

Leaflets wedge-shaped,

variously premorse.

OBSERVATIONS.

Chelputta, or Bhelputtah, it is called at Chittagong, where the
plant is found indigenous, and blossoms in July; seed ripen
during the cold season.

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk scarce any, until the plants blossom, and then it may be
called the base of the spadix, rising above the fibrous mar-
gined sheaths of the fronds.

Leaves (fronds) few, alternate, pinnate, petioled, from three to
eight feet long.

Leaflets sessile, variously disposed ; the lowermost are generally
in opposite fascicles, of two, or three ; those farther on are
for the most part single, and alternate ; all are wedge-shaped:

WALLICHIA CARYOTOIDES. 92

lateral margins entire, apices premorse at very various dis-
tances from the base, and jagged with the sharp point of
numerous, parallel, fine fibres, which run up through the
substance of the leaflets ; upper surface smooth, shining, deep
green, whitish underneath : general length about one foot or
fifteen inches.

Petioles (stipes) at the base sheathing, the rest subcylindric, taper-
ing a little; while young covered with a large portion of
a brown, woolly substance.

Spadix terminal, composed of numerous, alternate, simple, droop-
ing branches; general length of the whole ramose part from
one to three feet.

Spathe universal many-leaved. Leaflets of various sizes, and of a

~ soft, delicate, leathery texture; striated lengthways; outside
covered with brown, meally matter ; inside smooth.

Male flowers very numerous over every part of the branches of
the spadix, small, pale yellowish white, tinged with pink.

Perianth cylindric, one-leaved, almost solid, (there being only an
excavation in the apex for the reception of the corol.) Margin
marked with three, small protuberances; smooth on both
sides.

Corol: Petals three, lanceolate, smooth, fleshy: nothing like a
nectary nor germ to be seen.

Filaments six, short, inserted on a small hollow receptacle in the
centre of the corol. Anthers linear.

Female flowers mixed amongst the male over the branches of the
same spadix.

Pertanth (may be called) double (in that case,) the exterior is of two,
reniform leaflets. The interior one-leaved, cup-shaped, with
the border 3-parted.

Corol as in the male, but with shorter and rather broader peals.

Stamina none ; nor is there any nectary.

Germ above, ovate. Style none. Stigma small, conical, 3-pointed.

Pericarp, a dry, ovate-oblong berry, about the size of a nutmeg,
one-celled.

Seeds two, ovate-oblong, singly about the size of a large coffee-
bean, but longer, flat on one side, convex on the other, with
the embryo lodged about the middle of the convex side.

OBSERVATIONS.
When the plant has ripened its seed, it perishes ; and is suc-
ceeded by suckers which rise from the root, as in the common
plantain: or may be reared from the seed.

296. QUERCUS ARMATA R.

Leaves lanceolar, acuminate, entire, smooth. Cup an entire
evalvular capsule, armed with many compound thorns, hiding

completely the subovate acorn.

OBSERVATIONS.
A large timber tree, a native of the mountainous countries imme-
diately east of Bengal ; at Chittagong, it is called Kanta-lal-batana ;
at Tipperah Singahara ; and in the forests near Golparah Kanta

Senggur.

93

QUERCUS CASTANICARPA.

Leaves oblong, entire, smooth. Nuts ovate, with a point, a
little hairy, completely hid in the evalvular capsular cup, which
is completely armed with numerous strong, ramous, sharp spines.

OBSERVATIONS.

Lumba-kanta-hurrinea-Batana, the vernacular name in Chitta-
gong ; where it grows upon the hills over that district to be a
very large, and elegant tree, with far extended shady branches.
Flowers in July and August ; and the acorns ripen in the cool

season. The wood not esteemed, and used for fuel chiefly.

MODECCA.
MONOECIA MONADELPHIA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Calyx tubular, coloured, 5-parted. Petals five, inserted into the
calyx. Nectary various. Germ pedicelled, one-celled: ovules
numerous, insertion parietal. Capsule, one-celled, 3-valved.
Seeds many. L£mbryo inferior-centrifugal, and furnished
with albumen.

OBSERVATIONS.

I have adopted Van Rheede’s name for a generic one to this
family, which, though nearly allied to Passiflora, seem to me to
be sufficiently distinct on account of its capsular seed vessel, and
monoecious habit.

297. MODECCA TRILOBATA.

Leaves $-lobed, a gland under each sinus, and two at the base.
Capsule oblong.

OBSERVATIONS.

Akanda-Phul, the vernacular name in Chittagong ; where the
plant is found in the moist forests, growing to an extent of many
fathoms ; ramous, and climbing up and over trees of a large size.
In the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, it grows slow, though healthy;
flowers during the rains, and the fruit ripens in October.

DESCRIPTION.

Bark on the old ligneous parts ash-coloured ; on the young shoots
smooth, polished, green.

Leaves remote, alternate, petioled, smooth on both sides, 3-lobed ;
fobes entire, tapering and acute. Glands: a large yellow one
under each sinus, and two at the base.

Petioles nearly as long as the leaves, columnar, smooth; base
permanent, though not enlarged, as in M. tuberosa, and be-
comes a recurved blunt, short, thorn.

Tendrils axillary, floriferous, when not floriferous simple.

MODECCA TRILOBATA. ~—94

Flowers numerous, male and female annexed on the same tendril,
middling sized, forming a little dichotomous corymb, toward
the apex of the tendrils.

Calyx tubular, somewhat gibbous toward the base; colour pale
yellow; mouth 5-parted.

Petals five, linear-lanceolate, ciliate, inserted on the tube of the
calyx near the base. Nectarial scales in the male none; in
the female ten ; five are alternate with the petals entire and
truncated, and five under the petals, smaller and ciliate.

Filaments in the male five, united into a tube.
erect.

Anthers linear,

Germ in the male a small 3-cleft gland: in the female short-pedi-
celled, oblong, one-celled; ovules many, attached to three

Stigma 3-lobed.

Capsule pedicelled, berried, oblong, size of a pullet’s egg, fleshy,
smooth, polished, scarlet colour, 3-valved, opening from the
apex.

Seeds many attached, by very thick, soft, fleshy cords to athickened
ridge down the middle of each valve; obcordate, invested in
a complete, soft, lucid, aril.

vertical, parietal receptacles. Style none.

Integuments two, exterior nuci-
form, dark coloured, scrobiculate ; znterior membranaceous.

Albumen conform to the seed, somewhat glaucous.

Embryo nearly as large as the perisperm, with round, 3-nerved
cotyledons and short radicle lodged at the umbilicus of the
seed.

298. GARCINIA CAMBOGIA.
Willd. 2. p. 848.

Leaves broad-lanceolar. Hermaphrodite flowers terminal, sub-
sessile, solitary. Stigma 8-10-lobed, torulose, 8-10-seeded.

Mangostana Cambogia. Gert. sem. 2. 106. ¢. 105.

Coddam-pulli. Rheed. mal. 1. p. 41.¢. 24. is probably this very
tree, for though Van Rheede says the fruit is on a peduncle
an inch long, yet his figure places the leaves close to the
terminal fruit, so that it is evident the extremity of the
branchlet must have been considered the peduncle. In
my G. zeylanica the flowers are axillary.

OBSERVATIONS.

This tree grows to be of considerable size in the forests of
Travancore, where it is known to the natives by the name Ghor-
hapuli ; consequently we may conclude it to be Carcapuli of Bauhin,
Acosta, kc. Flowering time February and March; fruit ripe in
June and July.

DESCRIPTION.

Leaves opposite, short-petioled, lanceolar, entire, polished on both
sides ; length 3-6-inches, and from one to two broad.

Flowers terminal, solitary, subsessile, pretty large, yellow.

Calyx 4-leaved ; leaflets in two opposite pairs, the exterior pair
rather smaller ; all are nearly round, of a firm fleshy texture,
smooth on both sides and permanent.

Petals four, nearly round, twice the length of the calyx.

Filaments from fifteen to twenty, shorter than the germ, broad
towards the base, and there slightly united. Anthers roundish,

95 GARCINIA CAMBOGIA.

seem scarce fertile, which, as in all the other species of this
genus I have yet met with, induces me to think there is a
male tree, though I have not yet met with it.

Germ superior, round, 8-10-lobed, 8-10-celled, with one ovule in
each, attached to the axis. Style none. Stigma peltate, with
as many ragged divisions as there are cells in the germ.

Berry round, size of a small orange, from eight to ten elevations
run from the base to the apex (as in the common melon), when
ripe yellow, and one-celled.

Seeds generally eight or ten, semi-ovate, with the inner edge thin,
each enveloped in its own proper, succulent, yellowish,
pulpy aril.

Albumen and embryo as in the other species.

OBSERVATIONS.

From wounds a yellowish Juice exudes, which hardens into a
brownish yellow gum-resin, greatly inferior incolour to gamboge.

GYNOCARDIA.

DIOECIA POLYANDRIA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

MALE.
Calyx 4-5 lobed. Petals five, a nectarial scale over the base of
each.
FEMALE,
Calyx and corol as in the male. Germ superior, one-celled: ovules

numerous, on five parietal receptacles. Styles five. Berry
dry,.one-celled, many-seeded. Embryo furnished with albu-

men: direction of the radicle various.

299. GYNOCARDIA ODORATA.

OBSERVATIONS.

Ghaulmoogri, or Chawulmoogri; also Petarcurrah, are the
names by which this tree, and the drug, hereafter mentioned, which
it furnishes, are known inthe Sv/het¢ district, where it is indigenous,
and grows to a large size, equalling the largest mango trees, (and
their size, when full grown, may be compared to the great maple,
or sycamore, Acer pseudo-platanus.) Blossoms in April and May ;
and the seed ripen about the close of the year; when the fruit is
gathered, the seed carefully taken out, dried, and sold to the
native dealers in drugs for about five rupees the maund, of 84lbs,

DESCRIPTION.

Trunk and large branches covered with tolerably smooth ash-colour-
ed bark: the young shoots more or less declinate, round,
smooth and green. Wood of a light brown colour, close-
grained, and seems very fit for a variety of purposes.

Leaves short-petioled, alternate, bifarious, drooping, lanceolate,
entire, acuminate, smooth; from six to ten inches long, and
from one and a half to two and a half broad.

Stipules none.

GYNOCARDIA ODORATA. 96

Peduncles from the sides of the ligneous branchlets of from one to
several years growth, generally several together, from one
to two inches long, one-flowered.

Bractes minute, round the base of the peduncles.

Flowers large, about an inch and a half in diameter when expanded,
pale yellow, and powerfully fragrant.

Calyx one-leaved, bowl-shaped ; border 4-5-lobed.

Petals five, sessile, oblong, inserted into the receptacle round the
filaments. Nectary: five ciliate, oblong scales, or smaller
petals, of a deeper yellow colour over the lower half of the
proper petal, and attached to them.

Filaments numerous (about one hundred), woolly, inserted into

Anthers linear, erect, about the

length of the filaments, and the two together rather shorter

than the petals.

the disk of the receptacle.

Germ none.

FEMALE, on a distinct tree.

Peduncles in bundles from tuberosities over the trunk, and larger
branches, one-flowered, Kc. as in the male.

Flowers larger than the male, and fragrant.

Calyx, corol and nectary as in the male.

Stamina none, but round the base of the germ are inserted about
ten pinnatifid, villous bodies.

Germ superior, round, slightly five-lobed, one-celled, and con-
tains numerous ovules, attached to five parietal receptacles,
as in Jussieu’s Capparides, to which this will,no doubt, belong.
Styles five, short. Stigmas large sagittate-cordate.

Cortex thick,

rough, ash-coloured, surface internally brown and composed

Berry globular, size of a shaddock, one-celled.

of radii pointing to the centre of the berry. Receptacle in the
ripe state uncertain.

Seeds numerous, size of large filberts, immersed in pulp, shape
various, but in general nearly oval, smooth, light-gray.
Integuments two: exterior subnuciform: interior membrana-
ceous.

Albumen conform to the seed, fleshy, whitish-gray.

Embryo white. Cotyledons subreniform. Radicle oval, direction
various.

OBSERVATIONS.

The seeds of this tree, called Ghaulmoogri, or Petarcurrah
by the natives, are employed by them in the cure of cutaneous dis-
orders. When freed from the integuments, they are beat up with
clarified butter, into a soft mass ; and in this state applied, thrice
a day to the parts affected.

300. MUSA GLAUCA.

Root fibrous, and perishes with the columnar stem. Spadix
drooping: spathes ovate-lanceolate, imbricated, many (10-20)
flowered, permanent, those of the male-lhermaphrodite flowers
withering.

OBSERVATIONS.

A very stately, elegant, perfectly distinct, strongly- marked
species ; a native of Pegu; and from thence introduced, by the
discoverer, the Rev. Mr. F. Carey, into the Botanic Garden at
Calcutta, where it blossoms in May, and the seed ripen in October
and November. Like my M. superba, it never produces suckers,

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PLATE
Monandria Monogynia.
Hedychium angustifolium 951

gracile . 251

Kempferia ovalifolia 278

Zinziber ligulatum 253

Curcuma Zerumbet 201

Amomum Cardamomum 227

subulatum 277

Alpinia costata 252

linguiformis 276
Cardamomum 226

Globba pendula 228
orixensis 229
radicalis 230

Diandria Monogynia.

Gratiola lucida 202
parviflora 203
rotundifolia 204

Millingtonia simplicifolia 254
Triandria Monogynia.

Hippocratea arborea 205

Scirpus tuberosus 931

Digynia,

Panicum squarrosum 206
Saccharum sinense 232
Tetrandria Monogynia.

Trapa bispinosa 234
Hydrophylax maritima 233
Pentandria Monogynia.

Porana paniculata ’ 235
Spermadictyon suaveolens 236
Morinda angustifolia ; . 237
Cedrela Toona 238
Dalrympelia pomifera 279
Willughbeia edulis 280
Echites grandiflora 281
Digynia.

Asclepias tingens 239

tenacissima 240

Stapelia umbellata 241

Trigynia.

Holigarna longifolia 282
Hexandria Monogynia.
Burmannia disticha 242
Tacca integrifolia : 257
Corypha Taliera : ° 255, 256
Amoora cucullata 258
Bambusa baccifera ° 243

SYSTEMATICAL INDEX

TO VOL. If,

Octandria Monogynia.

Marlea begonifolia
Xanthophyllum virens
flavescens .

Decandria Monogynia,

Podalyria bracteata
Bauhinia anguina
Cynometra polyandra
Heynea trijuga
Sandoricum indicum
Boswellia glabra
Garuga pinnata :
Buchanania angustifolia
Inocarpus edulis
Hardwickia binata :

Dodecandria Monogynia,

Hopea odorata i ;
Carallia lucida >

Polyandria Monogynia,

Shorea robusta 5 :

Dipterocarpus turbinatus .

Vateria indica . :

Berria Ammonilla

Brownlowia elata .

Euryale ferox :

Roydsia suaveolens : .
Polygynia.

Magnolia pterocarpa
Unona longiflora :

Didynamia Gymnospermia.

Colebrookia ternifolia :

Angiospermia,

Congea tomentosa

Gmelina arborea .
Bignonia suberosa cee
Incarvillea parasitica .
Lepidagathis cristata
Orobanche acaulis ;

Monadelphia Pentandria.
Kydia calycina . <
fraterna
Octandria.

Pistia Stratiotes

Polyandria.
Careya arborea .
herbacea :

PLATE

211

212
213
288
264
265
24.4

289

266
290

245

293
246
214
291
267
292

215
216

268

218
217

Bombax heptaphyllum
Gossypium herbaceum

Diadelphia Decandria,

Erythrina arborescens :
resupinata
Cylista tomentosa > :
Flemingia stricta
semialata

Polyadelphia Polyandria.

Xanthochymus dulcis

Gyrandrin Monandria.

Aerides multiflorum (

Monecia Monandria.

Ambrosinia ciliata
Artocarpus integrifolia

Hexandria,

Wallichia Caryotoides

Polyandria.

Quercus armata 5
Castanicarpa
Arum campanulatum

Monadelphia.

Modecca trilobata °
Sterculia alata ;

Diaecia Hexandria.

Phenix acaulis ~

Icosandria.

Flacourtia inermis

Polyandria.

Gynocardia odorata

_Monadelphia.

Myristica aromatica :

Polygamia Monacia.

Musa sapientum ‘
glauca : °
superba

Terminalia procera

Mimosa Sundra

Diecia.

Garcinia Cambogia

PLATE
247
269

219
220
221
248
249

270

250

295

Q74

275
300
275
224.
225

298

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

TO VOL. III.

Aerides multiflorum, 271.
Alpinia Cardamomum, 226.
costata, 252,
linguiformis, 276.
Ambrosinia ciliata, 294.
Amomum Cardamomun, 227.
latifolium, 201.
racemosum, 226.
repens, 226.
subulatum, 277,
Zerumbeth, 201.
Amoora cucullata, 258.
Anneslea spinosa, 244.
Artocarpus integrifolia, 250,
Arum campanulatum, 272.
Asclepias tenacissima, 240.
tingens, 239.

Bambusa baccifera, 243.
Bauhinia anguina, 285.
Berria Ammonilla, 264.
Bignonia suberosa, 214.
Bombax heptaphyllum, 247.
Boswellia glabra, 207.
Brownlowia elata, 265.
Buchanania angustifolia, 262.
Burmannia disticha, 242.

Carallia lucida, 211.
Careya arborea, 218.
herbacea, 217.
Cedrela Toona, 238.
Cenchrus muricatus, 206.
Colebrookea ternifolia, 245,
Congea tomentosa, 293,
Corypha Taliera, 255, 256.
Curcuma Zerumbet, 201.
Cylista tomentosa, 221.
Cynometra polyandra, 286.

Dalrympelea pomifera, 279.
Dipterocarpus turbinatus, 213.

Echites grandiflora, 281.
Eleocarpus copalliferus, 288.
Erythrina arborescens, 219.
resupinata, 220,
Euryale ferox, 244,

Flacourtia inermis, 222.
Flemingia semialata, 249.
stricta, 248.

Garcinia Cambogia, 298.
Garuga pinnata, 208.
Globba orixensis, 229.
pendula, 228.
radicalis, 230.
Gmelina arborea, 246.
Gossypium herbaceum, 269.
Gratiola lucida, 202.
parviflora, 203.
rotundifolia, 204.
Gynocardia odorata, 299.

Hardwickia binata, 209.
Hedychium angustifolium, 251.
gracile, 251.
Heynea trijuga, 260.
Hippocratea arborea, 205.

Holigarna longifolia, 282.
Hopea odorata, 210.
Hydrophylax maritima, 233.

Incarvillea parasitica, 291.
Inocarpus edulis, 263.

Kempferia ovalifolia, 278.
Kydia calycina, 215.
fraterna, 216.

Lepidagathis cristata, 267.

Magnolia pterocarpa, 266.
Mangostana Cambogia, 298.
Mantisia saltatoria, 230.
Marlea Begonifolia, 283.
Millingtonia hortensis, 214.
Millingtonia simplicifolia, 254.
Mimosa sundra, 225.
Modecca trilobata, 297.
Morinda angustifolia, 237.
Musa glauca, 300.
sapientum, 275.
superba, 223.
Myristica aromatica, 274.
moschata, 274.
officinalis, 274.

Orobanche acaulis, 292.

Panicum squarrosum, 206.
Pheenix acaulis, 273.
Pistia Stratiotes, 268.
Podalyria bracteata, 259.
Polyphema Jaca, 250.
Porana paniculata, 235.

Quercus armata, 296.
Castanicarpa, 296.

Roydsia suaveolens, 289.

Saccharum sinense, 232.
Sandoricum indicum, 261.
Sarissus anceps, 233.

Scirpus tuberorus, 231.

Shorea robusta, 212.

Sitodium cauliflorum, 250.
Spermadictyon suaveolens, 236,
Stapelia umbellata, 241.
Sterculia alata, 287.

Tacca integrifolia, 257.
Terminalia procera, 224.
Trapa bispinosa, 234,
Unona longiflora, 290.

Vateria indica, 288.

Wallichia Caryotoides, 295.
Willughbeia edulis, 280.

Xanthochymus dulcis, 270.
Xanthophyllum flavescens, 284.
virens, 284,

Zala asiatica, 268.
Zingiber ligulatum, 253,

INDEX

OF NATIVE AND ENGLISH NAMES.

Acha, 209.
Agensak, 284.
Ailum-chedy, 226.
Akanda-Phul, 297.
Ammonilla, 264.
Amoor, 258.
Amor, 258.

Aretti, 275.

Atti marum, 209.

Bhelputta, 295.
Bhoomi darimba, 217.
Bhooi dalim, 217.
Boorgha, 247.
Bow-ada, 251.
Buddh-narcullah, 287.

Cachoraa, 201.
Cadali, 275.

Canda, 272.
Carallie, 211.
Catchoor, 201.
Catteah-lauffear, 251.
Chaulmoogri, 299.
Chawulmooeri, 299.
Chelputta, 295.
Chouputta, 215.
Codali, 275.
Collahcurrah, 290.
Cottz-paharia, 205.
Cumbhica, 268.
Cumbie, 218.

Dammer tree, 288.
Daunt-runggee, 254.
Doolee Champa, 266.
Dow-Terrah, 252.

Ebil, 226.

Ela, 226.
E-la-ey-chee, 226.
Ellatchi, 226.

Gandhamoolaka, 201.
Garoogoo, 208.

Garuga, 208.
Ghorkapuli, 298.
Goomady, 246.

Goopree, 259.
Gugulapoo-tschitto, 207.
Guidda, 248.

Gundee, 284.

Huridra, 201.

Jaephal, 274.
Ja-i-phul, 274.
Jali-patri, 274.
Jali-phalo, 274.
Jawatri, 274.

Joom, 208.
Joug-bew-a, 274.
Jugani-chookor, 246.
Junky-jam, 279.

Kakeleh, 226.

Kanda, 272.
Kanta-lal-batana, 296.
Kanta-Singgur, 296.
Kaposse, 269.
Karchoora, 201.
Karpassi, 269.
Karri-Kapass, 269.

ERRATA.

Katch-kulla, 275.
Kauthol, 250.
Kayla, 275.

_ Keyla, 275,

Komaretti, 275.
Kootn, 269.

Kulla, 272, 275.
Kutchoor, 201.

Latti-Am, 280,
Lumba-kanta-hurrinea-Batana, 296.

Maa-tai, 231.
Mackannah, 244.
Manchy-canda. 272.
Marlea, 283.
Maudobe-lata, 289.
Maws-jaat, 265.

Nag-fut, 285.
Nuroo-boodooky, 268,

Panasa, 250.
Pandiky, 215.
Patti, 269.
Patti-tschittoo, 269.
Payu-tullu, 243.
Peing, 286.
Pembeh, 269.
Petarcurrah, 299.
Pe-tsi, 231.

Pi-toi, 231.

Pi-tsi, 231.
Poombeh, 269.
Pootrie, 216.
Pootta-tanni-marum, 218.
Pu-tsai, 231.

Ram-jacki-alliaekulla, 275.
Ram-Kulla, 275.
Rewey, 269.

Salmali, 247.
Salu, 212.
Saul, 212.
Semel, 247.
Semul, 247.
Singhara, 234.
Sotee, 201.
Sringata, 234.
Sundra, 225.

Tacca-panna, 268,
Tagoo-moodu, 246.
Tahreet, 255, 256.
Tali, 255, 256.
Talier, 255, 256.
Tarra, 255, 256.
Tiliah-gurjeon, 213.
Tomi-tomi, 222.
Toolah, 287.

Toon, 238.
Trincomally wood tree, 264.
Tun, 238.

Tuni, 238.

Tunna, 238.

Wally-Kulla, 275.
Water-chesnut, 231.
Wool, 272.

Yeacushi, 260.
Zerumbad, 201.

P. 19, n. 226, and in running titles of p. 20 and 21, for AMomuM Carpamomum, read Atpinta CARDAMOMUM.
P. 51, n, 255, and in running titles of p. 52 and 53, for Conypuea, read Vorypna.