HORTUS EUROP£ AMERICANUS:

Colleétion of 85 Curious TREEs and SHRUBS,

The Produce of NORTH AMERICA;

ADAPTED TO

The Cyimates and Sorts of Great-Briralin,

_Irevanp, and molt Parts of Europr, &c.
TOGETHER WITH
Their BLossoms, Fruits and SEEDS; -
OBsERVATIONS on their CuLturs, GROWTH, CONSTITUTION and VIRTUES.
WITH ei ee

DIRECTIONS how to cottecr, pack up, and securE them in their Passace.

Adorn’d with 63 FIGURES on 17 COPPER-PLATES, large Impertat Quarto.

By MARK CATESBY, E.RS.

L ON D O N; |
Printed for J. Mri’ an, near Whitchall. MDCCLXVIL Price colou’d alas .

pe

- : | é He 2,

HENRY SEYMER,

Of Handford, Dorfetfhire, EsQurre,

The followne TRE AT.1S E,

Written upon that Branch of Natural Science in which he eminently excels,

And on thofe Arts of Cultivation which his own rural Improvements beft illuftrate and explain,

eee

With the greateft Propriety, Gratitude, and Refped,

INSCRIBED,

By his moft obliged and obedient Servant,

7 Lonpbon, May 2, 1763.

JOHN RYALL.

P Ree a CE

T will eafily be imagined that a foreft of a thoufand miles in length, extending twenty
degrees in latitude from north to fouth (for fuch is the territory of the crown of Great
I Britain on the continent of America) muft afford a plentiful variety of trees and fhrubs,
that may be ufefully employed to inrich and adorn our woods by their valuable timber and
delightful fhade; or to embellifh and perfume our gardens with the elegance of their appearance
and the fragrancy of their odours; in both which refpeds they greatly excel our home produc-
tions of the like kind. But however obvious this may now be, very little regard was had
thereto at our firft fettling in thofe countries; nor indeed was any confiderable ftep taken
towards introducing thefe ftrangers into England till about the year 1720, fince which time,
and ‘through the laudable application of a few perfons only, many kinds of American plants,
and particularly of foreft-trees and fhrubs, have been procured and raifed from thence; which,
though hitherto principally in the poffeflion of the opulent and curious, they, it is to be hoped,
will for the benefit of their country be excited to encourage their propagation and increafe,
that both Faunus and Flora may be confulted, as well for the benefit of our woods, as for
ornaments to our gardens. :

The Mahggony is a remarkable inftance how greatly beneficial fome of the American trees
may prove; and likewife ferves to fhew, that length of time and proper opportunities are re-
quifite to difcover their nature and wfes; for this tree could not poflibly have efcaped the
obfervation of the firft Europeans that fettled in Jamaica ; and yet the excellence of its wcod
was not taken notice of till at leaft an hundred and fifty years afterwards. And the cafe mult
certainly be the fame with many other trees, whofe properties lie ftill concealed; and may
probably fo continue, unlefs by their becoming free denifons of our woods and gardens, their
plenty may afford opportunities of difcovering ‘their ufes and virtues; which in an infant
country, little inclined to improvements, and depending on its mother country for all kinds of
utenfils, cannot be expected. By the concurrent endeavours of the philofopher and artifan, I
queftion not but many of them will be found ufeful to purpofes, of which at prefent we have

not the leat conception.

- This

; but no

Pe es OP Ree Re ae ES
| This eholh tract of continent lying within the northern part of the temperate zone} pros |
| duces few plants but what will ftand the rigour. of our winters in England ; for it ds remarkable,
that notwithftanding the moft fouthern part of the Enolith colonies on the continent of Ame-~.
Tica are twenty degrees more froath than England, the cold is there no lefs fevere than it is in
“England itfelf; and confequently their plants are fo much the better adapted to the air of our
more northern fituation: and indeed, experience has fufficiently proved how well the Englifh
foil and climate agree with thefe plants ; for though they are not equally hardy, and fome
(when fmall) require a little protection, yet. there are other kinds which brave our winters as
— as if they were our own productions, a. Sos *
By a long acquaintance with the trees and fhrubs of America, and a conftant attention Gia
for feyeral years to their cultivation here, I have been enabled to make fuch Obfervations on
their conftitution, growth, and culture, as may render the management of them eafy to thofe
who fhall be defirous to inrich their.country, and give pleafure to themfelves, by planting and.
increafing thefe beautiful exotics; and I fhall think myfelf very happy, if this little work may
excite any to what in my opinion is evidently a public good. * |
Few people have opportunities of procuring thefe things from America; ; wherefore, left I
fhould feem to treat of what cannot be got at all, or with very great difficulty, it feems proper
to mention, that Mr. Gray at Fulham has for many years made it his bufinefs to raife and
eatevate the plants of America (from whence he has annually freth fupplies) in order to
furnifh the Curious with what they want; and_ that through his induftry and {kill a greater
| variety of American foreft-trees and fhrubs may be feen in his gardens, than in any other place
= in England.
2S thofe who are defirous and have it in their power to procure large quantities of feeds and
| sue fron America, may be at a lofs what inftrudtions to fend their correfpondents abroad, I
have been particular i in giving an account where the feveral kinds of plants are to be found that
| ) ‘are uncommon, and in directing how they are to be collected, packed up, and fecured, fo as
= “to preferve them in good condition during their paflage 5 ; ‘which are matters oF the utmoft con-
; — though lef known even than their culture. 3
_ The whole number of trees and fhrubs here treated of confift of Sie. fixty-three of
ich are graved; and their figures here exhibited; the remaining twenty-two are defcribed,
2 ‘ aved, which i is thought altogether unneceflary, becaufe their defcription alone gives
a ‘clear idea of th

: | ther — = other affliftance ; wus is not the Cale of thofe that are
— figured. = |

I tra is defigned abled for re L have ciscayouted to contrive it in the
moft intelligible and Compendious manner I was able, both in regard to the ftyle and alfo the —
d ; judging it unneceffary to fill feveral pages with repeated.

figures of the plants here exhitg

> dire@ions for the management “of every plant, when a few lines may fufice for’ the greater

| part of them: for as I have been parties | in the culture of the ‘firlt plant (page 1.) that may
ferve alfo as a dire€tion for moft of the reft, with fome fmall variation; for in general all trees
and. fhnubs- that: come from within or near the fame latitude in thefe countries, require a ma~
nagement in raifing thent little different from one another.

As to the figures of the plants with all their parts, as leaves, awe fruit, "eke though they
are comprifed in little room, they are neverthelefs reprefented in their natural fize, which |
neceflarily gives a more perfect idea than if they had been contraéted to a fmaller feale. I fhall
conclude with one obfervation, which of however little confequence is neverthelefs remarkable,
which is, that a {mall {pot of land in America has, within lefs than half a century, furnifhed
England with a greater variety of trees than has been procured from all the other parts of the
world for more than a thoufand years patft. 3 :

N. B. Thofe marked with an afterifk are not engraved. — | os

Page 20, for Zanthoyx/um read Zanthoxylum.

A CONTENTS.

C Ome: BEN Toe

Page.

€ WY bas GNOLIA altifima, flore ingenti can- —

dido. The Laurel- tree of Carolina,
2. Magnolia flore albo, folio majore, acuminato
baud albicante. "The Magnolia of Pennfyl-
--yania,
3. Magnolia Lauri folio, fubtus albicante.
{weet flowering or rote Bay,
4.4. Magnolia amplifima, flore albo, fruétu coc-
cineo. The Umbrella-tree,
Concerning Oaks,
5. Quercus folio non ferrato, in fummitate quafi
triangulo. ‘The Water Oak,
6. Quercus humilior Salicis folio breviore. The
Highland Willow Oak,
7. Quercus alba Virginiana. The White Oak,
8. Quercus Carolinenfis, virentibus venis, muri-
cata. The White Oak with pointed notches, 1
9g. Quercus Efculi divifura, foliis amphoribus acu-_
leatis. ‘The Red Oak,
Quercus, an potius Tex Marilandica, folio
longo angufto Salicis. The Willow Oak,
Quercus fempervivens, foliis oblongis non finu-
atis. The Live Oak,

The

Io.
II.

Pz:

giana. The Chefnut Oak, Fe

13. Quercus (forte) Marilandica, folio trifido a
Jaffa _ pat tadbabe > The Black Oak,

14. Cupreffus Americana. ‘The Cyprefs of Ame-

rica,

15. Liguid-ambari Arbor, feu Styraciflua, aceris
folio, fructa tribuloide. The Sweet Gum-
tree,

16. Arbor Ti ipsfers Virginiana, tripartito aceris
folio, media lacinia velut abcifa. "The Tulip-
tree,

17. Nux Fuglans nigra Virginienfis. The Black
Walnut-tree,

18. Nux Suglans alba. The White Walnut-tree, 1

19. Arbor in aqua najfcens, foliis latis acuminatis
& dentatis, fructu eleagni majore. The Wa-
ter Tupelo, —

20. Nux ‘Suglans alba Virginienfis. ‘The Hic-_

cory-tree,

21. Nux Fuglans alba Carolinen/i S, minimo puta-
mine levi. The Pig-nut,

22. Caflanea pumila Virginiana, fruétu racemato
parvo in fingulis capfuhs echinatis unico.

-_ The Chinkapin,
23. Cornus Mas Virginiana, flofculis in corymbo

digeflis perianthio titrapetalo albo radiatim
cinclis. The Dogwood-tree,

Quercus Caftanee folus, procera arbor Virgi- .
| ibid.

I

3
ibid.

4
ibid. ©

ibid.

ibid.

ibid.

ibid.

“3

. Agrifolium Carclinenfe, Solis dentatis baccis —

_ The Red Bay,
. Liguftrum Lauri folio, frudiu violaceo.

. Cornus Mas odorata, folio trifide margine plano.

. Zanthoxylum fpinofum.

. Myrtus Brabantice fimilis Carolinienfis, bac-

- Candle-berry Myrtle, -
. Acacia, abru@ folius, triacanthos capfula oval,

. Frutex lauri longiore folio,
. Frutex, padi foliis non ferratis, floribus mono- —

Page.
Amelanchior Virginiana, lauro cerafi folio. :
The Fringe-tree, 14

The Dahoon Holly, ‘ibid,

ruoris.

. Caffena vera Floridanorum, arbufcula bacci-

Sera Alaterni facie, folus alternatim fitis, te-

trapyrene. The Yapon, ibid. 7

. Arbor in aqua nafcens, Solus latis acuminatis

The

& non dentatis, fructu eleagni minore.
Tupelo-tree,

. Laurus Carolinenfis, foliis acuminatis, baccis

ceruleis, pediculis longis rubris infidentibus.

The
ibid.

16
Purple-berried Bay,

17
ibid, i

18

The Saffafras-tree, |

. Smilax levis Lauri folio, hattis nigris. The

Bay-leaved Smilax with black berries,

. Smilax Brionia nigre folus caule Spinofa, bac-

cis nigris. The Smilax with briony y leaves,

. Smilax non Spinofa humilis, baccis rubris. The

Smilax with- red berries,

ibid.

- Barba ovis Caroliniana jrutefcens acacie Ji-

ove’s Beard, vulgd Indigo-tree, ga §)
Chaser bide dror lauri folio femper virens,
floribus bullatis corymbofis. ‘The Rock Rofe

of Pennfylvania, ibid.

. Chamadaphne femper virens foliis oblongis an-

guftis, foliorum fafciculis oppofitis é bgp
alis. The Ivy-tree, ~ 20
The- Pellitory, , Seno
Tooth-ach-tree, ibid.

. Anona fruétu lutefcente, levi, Serotum arietis

referente, 21

. Frutex foliis oblongis acuminatis, floribus [pi-

catis unoverfu difpofitis. ‘The Sorrel-tree, ibid.

; Pfeudo-acacta hifpida floribus rofeis. The Aca-

cia with rofe-coloured flowers, ibid.
cata fructu racemofo feffili, monopyreno. The
22

unicum femen claudente. ‘The Water Acacia,

“2
ibid.

petals albis, campani formibus, frudtu craffo .
tetragono,

abid.

. Arbor lauri folio, floribus ex foliorum, alis

pentapetalis, pluribus faminibus donatis. The

Root, es
46. Frutex s

aot a Acer

vi Oe ON JPR UN Fase:

Page. -

. Frutex foliis ferratis floribus longioribus Spi-
catis fubviridibus capfula pentagona,

. Bignonia urucu folis, flore fordide albo, intus

maculis purpureis & luteis afperfo, filiqua lon-
. gifima & angufiifima. The Catalpa-tree,

. Bignonta Americana capreolis — Jfiliqua
breviore,

. Bignonia fraxini foliis, coccineo flore minore.
The 'Frumpet- flower,

. Chamedaphne foliis tint, floribus bullatis un
| bellatis.. The Ivy-tree of Virginia, :

51. Alcea Floridana, quingue capfulari is laurinis

— folits, leviter crenatis, feminibus coniferarum
inflar alatis. ‘The Loblolly Bay, —

. Guajacana. 'The Perfimmon-tree, 28

53- Frutex aquaticus, froribus luteis, Sructu ro-

24

‘ibid.
25

26

' tundo quinque capfulart, ibid.-
54. Pbhiladelphus fore-albo majore inodoro, es. 2D
55. Ciftus Virginiana, flore & periclymini. The

Upright Honey-fuckle; ibid.
56. Jgfoinum Juteum odoratum Virginianum,
- ae 55 femper- viens. ~The Yellow Jk se
ann, | 58-4,
ya caer shin
58. Frutex corni foliis conjuiedtis ; ; floribus inflar

anemones ftellate, petalis crafis, rigidis, co-
_» lore fordide rubente ; cortice sib ceseess 3I
#59. The Chefnut-tree, ibid.
*60. Platanus Occidentalis. The Wettern Plane-
3 tree,
*61. Populus nigra folio maximo, gemmis balfa-
mum odoratifimum fundentibus. "The Poplar
of Carolina, 32
*62. Fraxinus Carolinenjis,. foliis anguftioribus

ibid.

_—-utringue acuminatis, pendulis, sa ibid..
~~ *63. Acer Virginianum folio majore ‘fbi fu--
pra viridi Splendente. The ‘Red flowering _

Maple, apie

*64,. Acer Americanam, &c. ibid.

Maximum, foliis trifidis vel quinquef-
~ a The Ath-leaved Maple, 33

—*69. Pfeudo-acacta.

Page.

*66. Acer Carolinianum, foliis maximis Jubtus ar-
gentis in lacintas profundiores & magis acu-
minatis advifis,

*67. C ‘arpipinus, Virginiana forefeens. The flow-
ering Horn-beam,

*68. Acacia Americana abrue folits, pace

capfulad ovali unicum femen claudente. 'The

Large thorned Acacia,

‘inia,
70. 5 ot fimilis, ee Mariana pedi folio,
fore albo parvo racemofo. ‘The cluftered
Black Cherry,
*71. Aquifolium Vii irginianum.
_ America, |
#72. Funiperus Virginiana. The Gai of North
America,
*73. Cupreffus Americana, fructu minimo.
American Cyprefs. White Cedar,
*74. Siliquafirum Americanum. 'The Red Bud-
tree,
*75. Rhus glabrum panicula {pectofa coccinea,
*76. Pavia. ‘The Scarlet flowering Horfe-chef-
nut,
*77, Mefpilus pinofa.- ‘The Cockfpur Thorn, —
*78. Periclymenum Vi irginianum. The Scarlet
Honey-fuckle, —
*79. Phafeoloides, Caroliniana, _frutefeens, | ee
dens, folis pinnatis, floribus cerulets Spicatis.
_ The Kidney Bean-tree,
*80. Arbor Virginiana Ccitria vel limoniae folio,
Benzoinum fundens. "The Benjamin-tree,
81. Alni folia Americana errata, foribus penta-
petals albis, in Jpicam difpofitis,
82. Frutex Virginianus trifolius ulmi Jamaris,
83. Steuartia, -
84. Palma Bra/i liens Yh ifera folio plicatth feu
—— ftabelli forma caudice /quammato.
‘meto-tree of Carolina,

The Holly of

Be, s Celtis. The a or Nettle-tree of Ame-

rica,

s egiRt ~

ep
ibid.

ibid.

The Locuft-tree of Vir-

34.
ibid.

35
“ibid.

The

a6
ibid.

37
ibid.
ibid.

~

38

ibid.

; ibid. ,

"3 Pua

thie

ibid.

The Pal- —

40.
‘AI

Hortus Britanno-Americanus.

1. Magnolia altifima, flore ingenii candido.

The Laurel-tree of Carolina.

| ) F all the trees able to endure our climate, that have yet been introduced to England,
() there is none that can equal this magnificent ever-green. Its ample and fragrant
blofioms, the curious ftru€ture and beauty of its purple cones and pendent fcarlet
feeds, fucceflively adorn and perfume the woods from May to O&ober; and juftly intitle it to
the pre-eminence amongft the varieties in the forefts of America. Thefe trees grow in the
lower parts of Carolina, and particularly in fuch places as are unfrequented by cattle and hogs;
which creatures are fo fond of the young plants, that they crop off their heads as faft as they
appear above ground; by which means they are now become almoft exting in many parts of
the country, where they abounded before the introduétion of cattle.

Towards procuring the feeds of this tree in good condition, the fuccefs depends in a great
meafure on their being kept in fuch a degree of heat and moifture as is requifite to preferve
them in their long paflage; for if they are put up too dry, their juices will remain inaétive _
and make no effort towards vegetation; if they are kept too warm and moift, they will {prout
in the box and perifh; and too much moifture and cold rots them. |

The following method I recommend from my own experience: The cones or feed-veffels
fhould be plucked from the tree in the month of September, when the feeds manifeft their ,
beginning to ripen by burfting forth from the little cells wherein they are contained. After
the cones have lain by for a little while, the feeds may be taken out and fent to England as
foon as opportunity offers, being packed up in the manner here defcribed.

Prepare a {quare box of the fize of a bufhel or lef, at the bottom of which put a layer of
light earth two inches deep, fpread thereon a fingle layer of feeds, then again a layer of earth, ©

S B and

[L 2e"

and fo difpofe your feeds and earth alternately, ftratum fuper ftratum, until the box be full;
then nail down the lid and let it be placed between decks. As foon as you get the box from
the fhip after it comes to England, feparate the feeds from the earth through a wire fieve, fpread-
- them out and let them remain fo a day or two till they are dry; then put them in a bafon of |
lukewarm water ; by which means the found feeds will be proved by their finking to the bottom,.
and the bad ones by their floating. In whatever month they arrive, fow them immediately in
the following manner: Procure earthen pans, or fhallow tubs filled with earth, in which fow
the feeds thick, if your plenty of them will admit of it, even lefs than an inch from one
another; place them ina hot bed moderately warm, and keep them moift. In about two
months they may be expected to appear above ground, though that is uncertain; for in pro-
portion to their warm or cold fituation in the fhip, their growing will be forwarded or retarded,
and they will come up fooner or later. After they are come up, let them have the fun but
{paringly, and that principally in the morning, with frequent waterings; and as they increafe
| in growth, harden them by degrees againft the approach of winter, in which feafon, when the
weather proves moderate, the glaffes may be taken off; but as they are impatient of cold while
they, are young, and their top-fhoots are liable to be nipped, care muft be taken that they be
not too much expofed, for the lofs of their top-fhoot is a deformity they never out -grow,
though they 1 may furvive it. ‘This caution of preferving their leading buds is continually to be
obferved till the bignefs of the tree makes it lefS praéticable: in March, or the beginning of
April, tranfplant them from their genial beds into deeper pots, five or fix in a pot, or in pro-
portion to the fize of the pot; this caufes lefs trouble, and retards not their growth more than
if one alone was in a pot, till they become of fit fize to require a pot for every one. :
_ Though thefe plants while young are very tender and require attendance, being arrived to
the height of two feet they will endure our fevereft winters ; of which we had fufficient proof .
in the year 1740, when ten or a dozen of thefe fmall trees growing in the open ground
without any protection were very little injured by that excefflive cold winter; whilft at the
fame time and place feveral hundreds of the fame kind, planted i in fingle pots, which were
coy ered with reeds and double matted, a arat one, notwithftanding this feeming
fecurity.

2. Mag-

: 4. Magnolia flore albo, folio majore, acuminato haud albicante.
: The Magnolia of Beremivanis.

‘This tree rifes to. the heighe of an hundred feet; its leaves are fhaped like thofe of the lilac
‘tait larger, and fall at the approach of winter: it produces early in the {pring white rofaceous
flowers, which are fucceeded by purple conic feed-vefiels, thick fet on the outfide with little
protuberances, every one of which inclofes a fcarlet feed the fize of a french-bean.

Thefe feeds, when they drop from their cells, fall not to the ground, but hang pendent by
{mall white threads two or three inches below the cone. The feminal parts of this tree have
fo near an affinity and refemblance to the magzolia altifima, and the other kinds of this
genus, that, excepting the difference in their fize, the fame defcription may almoft ferve for all
the four fpecies. The wood of this tree has a fine grain, is tough, and of an orange colour,
and is ufed by the American Indians for bowls and other utenfils: they grow on the north fide
of Sufquahanna river, in the province of Pennfylvania, and alfo in the woods of New York :
which northern fituation adapts them to our climate more than the other kinds; and from
the vigorous appearance of two or three very young plants now growing at Fulham, and which
I believe are the only ones growing in England, there is good reafon to hope this majeftic tree

may eafily be naturalized to our northern parts.

3. Magnoha Lauri folio, fubtus albicante.
The fweet flowering or rofe Bay.

Thefe trees are ufually of a {mall fize, feldom growing to the height of twenty feet, and
their trunks rarely above eight or ten inches thick; the leaves are fhaped like thofe of the
common bay, of a fhining green, and white on the under fide: they bloffom in the month
of May, producing a fucceflion of fragrant white flowers, which perfume the woods all the
fummer long, and are fucceeded by pendulous {carlet feeds difcharged from purple cones in
like manner as the reft of the tribe.
Thefe trees grow generally in a low wet foil, but if removed to high dry ground will become
more regular and handfome, and more prolific in flowers and fruit: they ufually thed their
leaves in winter, unlefs the weather be very moderate. They are natives of Virginia and a

great part of the northern continent of America. The feeds require the like management as

-. thofe of the magnolia altifi ima, but are raifed with more difficulty.

fm

fb J

nae 4 Magnolia amplifima, flore albo, fruciu coccineo.
| The Umbrella-tree.

_ The height of this tree is from fixteen to twenty feet, having a flender trunk of about five
or fix inches diameter; the leaves, which are thirty inches long and five in width, grow in
horizontal circles of about ten together, fomewhat refembling an umbrella; in the center of
which rifes a large greenifh-white flower, compofed of ten petals. The ftructure of the ovarium
and feed-veflel is like thofe of the other fpecies. They grow in the fhady woods of Carolina,
their ample and tender leaves not enduring to be ruffled in an open expofure. The feeds of this
moft elegant plant require the like management as thofe of the magnolia altifima; but as it is
a tender plant, it is raifed with more difficulty, and I fear will not abide our winters without
fome protection. Very few of thefe trees are found in Virginia; York River feems to be their
moft northern boundary. in which they are known to grow; in Carolina they are in greater
plenty, particularly in the path leading from Mr. Sxenn’s houfe to his Savanna. ~

The figures of all the plants here exhibited are done in their natural fize, except this
alone ; which, though well deferving that advantage, could not be here effe&ted, wherefore
there was a neceflity of reducing it to this {mall fcale, the circle of leaves at its full growth
meafuring nine feet. The flower is exhibited by itfelf.

Concerning Oaks.

The foil and climate of England being fo peculiarly adapted to the growth of the oak, it
- may be reafonably expected that the various {pecies of this tree which America abounds with,
_fhould alfo agree and profper with us, at leaft as well as many other trees of thofe countries ; |
but experience fhews otherwife, unlefs acorns are brought from the northward, as Pennfylvania,
New York, &c. for they are frequently killed in the ground in winter that come from South
Carolina, a country many degrees colder than England ; and are otherwife not well adapted to
our climate, moft of them being reared with fome difficulty ; wherefore it feems more feafible
to gratify and affift the curious in getting together a collection of the various fpecies from the
= — to increafe them fo much as to become naturalized to our woods. ;
~ The planters of America multiply the fpecies of their oaks to twice the number they really
ba a giving them different names according to the properties of their wood and the ufes
: | they

LgJ

they employ it ii; a method by no means proper to make eh fufficiently diftinuithed frotd
one another, as the wood of different oaks is commonly much alike and fit for the fame pur-
pofes, though perhaps the ftruéture of the grain may receive {ome alteration by the foil it
grew in. cz

But what has moft contributed to multiply the fpecies of oaks is, the great variety of diffe-
rent-fhaped leaves fome of thefe trees are apt to {port into; which, that they fhould be all .
produced from one and the fame tree, feems incredible to thofe who have only feen the dried
{pecimens fent from America. e

The black oak is one inftance of it, whofe fenves are fometimes a foot broad, whilft others
on the fame tree aré not three iriches broad, and of very different fhapes. Notwithftanding this
great variety of appearances of American oaks, above the number of eleven or twelve {fpecies
were not apparent to me, till by the indefatigable fearches of Dr. Mircuet, four or five more
by him have been difcovered in tlie remote and urifrequented parts of our colonies. . Why may
not the variety of leaves in this and fome other trees; as well as fome kinds of herbaceous
plants, proceed from the like caufe, of impregnating other trees of the fame genus, which by |
deviating from the uniform courfe of nature produce in like mariner a fpurious breed?

Acorfis of all kirids will not endure to be kept long out of the ground, wherefore 4 quick —
paflage conduces not a little to their prefervation. So foon as they are gathered let them be

fent in a box of fandy moift earth, and fown fo foon as they arrive.

N. B. Though there is a general refemblance in the fhape, as well as fize; of acorns of the
fame fpecies in moft oak, yet their diftin@ion is not to be determined thereby, becaufe
fome acorns fport into the various fhapes of other fpecies, as has been before obferved of |

their leaves.

S. Quercus folio non ferrato, in _fummitate guafi triangulo.
The Water Oak.
-This tree grows no where but in low waterifh lands: the timber is not durable, and there-

fore of little ufe, except for fencing in of fields. Its acorns in fhape are not unlike the olive;
they are {mall and bitter, and even the hogs refufe them, if any other food is to be found. In -

mild winters it retains the greateft part of its leaves.

Cc ; 6. Quercts

t€ 3

6. Quercus humilior Salicis folio breviore.
Phe Highland Willow Oak.

This is ufually a {mall tree, having a dark-coloured bark with leaves of a pale green, fhaped
like thofe of the willow oak, but fhorter and not fo pointed: it grows on dry poor land, pro-
ducing but few acorns, and thofe {mall.

7. Quercus alba Virginiana.
The White Oak.

This the jieareft refembles our common Englifh oak in the fhape of the leaves and manner
of growing ; ; the bark i is white, and the grain of the wood fine; for which and its durablenefs
it is much efteemed. It grows on all kinds of land, but moftly on high barren ground amongft
pine-trees. There is alfo another kind of white oak, which in Virginia is called Scaly White
Oak, whofe leaves are like this, but the bark is white and fealy: its wood is of Fok, ule i in
| PEMD 5 ; and it grows on rich lands both high and low.

8. Quercus Carolinenfis, virentibus vents, muricata.

The White Oak with pointed =

7 he a of this alk are notched and have fharp points; the bark and wood is white,
but has not fo clofe a grain as the preceding. _ Dr. Prunxer has figured a leaf fhaped like this,
by the name of Quercus Virginiana rubris venis muricata; this has no red veins. The figure’

of the white oak and that of the white oak with pointed notches are here — by one leaf.

9. Quercus Efculi divifira, folis amplioribus aculeatis.
| The Red Oak.

= The ive of this oak retain 1 no certain form, but {port into various {hapes moe than other
oaks do: its bark is dark-coloured, very thick and ftrong, and for tanning preferable to that
of any other kind of oak. The grain is coarfe, the wood fpongy and not durable; however it
fe ves 3 for pipe and barrel ftaves, ag i ah and fence rails. They — grow large and lofty.

ta]

i 0. Quercus, an potius Mex Marilandica, folio longo angufto falicis.
‘The Willow Oak. ;

This oak is always found in low wet lands: the wood is foft and coarfe-grained ; the leaves
are long, narrow, and fmooth-edged. They drop them in Virginia, but in Carolina, where
the winters are fomewhat milder, they ufually retain them.

11. Quercus fempervivens, folis oblongis non finuatis.

The Live Oak.

ait, ane ufual height of this oak is about forty feet: its wood is heavier and more durable than
that of any other oak in America. Though it grows to a large fize, its trunk and limbs are
naturally crooked, and ferve excellently for timbers, knees, &c. for fhipping: they grow ufu-
ally in falt marfhes, and only in the lower parts of the country; but if removed to a dry foil,
become very ftraight and handfome trees; and in Carolina, their native country, are quick
growers. The acorns are the fweeteft of all others, and ate in great efteem with the Indians,
who ftore them up to thicken their venifon broth: they alfo draw from them an excellent {weet
oil, which they ufe in cookery, &c. |

12. Quercus Caftanee folis, procera arbor Virgimiana.

The Chefnut Oak.

This oak grows only in low and very good land, and is ‘on talleft and largeft of all the oaks
in thefe parts of the world. The bark is white and fealy; the grain of the wood not fine,
though it yields the largeft and faireft plank of any other oak; the leaves are large, indented

round the edges fomewhat like thofe of the chefnut. The acorns are larger than of any
other oak,

13. Quercus

Bm cae

13. Quercus (forte) Marilandica, folio trifido ad faffafras accedente.
"The Black Oak.

This oak ufually grows on the pooreft land, and is but a {mall tree: the colour of its bark
is black; the grain is coarfe, but durable under water, and is fometimes made ufe of for

houfe-work. It bears good maft for hogs; and fome of this kind produce leaves at leaft ten
inches wide. Dee

: 14. Cupreffus Americana,
The Cyprefs of America.

The cyprefs is (except the tulip-tree) the talleft and largeft of all the trees this part of the —
world produces; near the ground fome of them meafure thirty feet in circumference: they are
propagated by feeds only; which are inclofed in a round feed-veffel in the manner of the
: European cyprefs, and contain a balfamic confiftence of a fragrant {mell. The timber of this

_ tree is excellent, and particularly for covering houfes, being light, of a free grain, and refifting
the injuries of the weather better than any other made ufe of for this purpofe. It is an aquatic,
and ufually grows froth one to fix feet deep in water; which fecure fituation and the fweet-
nefs of the feeds invite great numbers of different birds to breed and feed in its lofty branches.
No American tree feems to affect the foil and climate of England more than this: its cones
_ being replete with turpentine, the feeds are fo well prelerved in their paflage, that they rarely
~ fail of growing, though fent in any manner.

EBs iemanonlan: odehors feu Styraciflaa, aceris folio, frubte tribuloide,

i.e. Pericarpio orbiculari ex quam plurimis apicibus coagmentato, femen recondens.

The Sweet Gum-tree,

“The = of this tree is commonly two feet Speer. ftraight and free from branches to
the height of fifteen or twenty feet; from which the branches {pread, and rife in a conic form
to the height of forty feet and upward from the ground. The leaves are five-pointed, being

Seided into fo apa deep icctions, and are fet on flender pedicles: in February, before the

ee

leaves

ae
leaves are formed, the bloffoms begin to break forth from the tops of the branches into {pikes
of yellowifh, red, pappous, globular flowers; which, when the apices are blown off by the
_ wind, fwell gradually, retaining their round form to the full bignefs of their feed-veffels, which
are thick fet with hollow pointed isnt which being fplit open, each cell difcharges a
fhining black feed.

The wood is good timber, and ufed in wainfcotting, &c. its grain is fine, beautifully varie-
gated; and very fit for curious works in joinery; but when wrought too green, is apt to fhrink
and fly from its joints; fo that the planks require fome years feafoning. The regular form and
beauty of this tree deferves the regard of the Curious, as none of the American trees affect
more our foil and climate: from between the wood and the bark there iffues a fragrant gum,
- which trickles from the wounded tree, and by the heat of the fun congeals into tranfparent
refinous drops; which the Indians chew, efteeming it a prefervative of the teeth: the bark is
alfo of fingular ufe to them for covering their houfes. A tree {tripped of its bark will in a few
_ days yield an hat-full of its odoriferous eum. Ina warm afpect it will ftand our fevereft frofts
in the open ground: the hardinefs of this tree, with its beauty and regular form, recommends
_ it as extremely fit for avenues.

They are increafed by laying down their branches, and are as ceaflly raifed from their feeds :
the veffels containing the feeds fhould be gathered a little before they open, and fent with the
feeds in them; or fow them in a box of moift mould, in which let them be brought, and dag
will come up well in a virgin foil mato any affiftance,

16. Arbor Tulipifera Virginiana, tripartito aceris folio, media lacinia velut
abciffa.
The Tulip-tree.

This tree grows to a large fize, being fometimes thirty feet in circumference, and of a vaft
height: in Virginia it is called a Poplar, from the fimilitude of the grain of the wood to that
of our common poplar. It is ufed in wainfcot fhingles to cover houfes, planks, mill-work,
&c. being very lafting under ground. The flowers have always been compared to tulips, from
which refemblance it takes its name; though in reality they are more like the Fritillaria. The
cone it bears is compofed of fingle-winged feeds; which, when ripe, fall from their placenta,
and are difperfed far and near by the winds: fo that although their cones are to be plucked
-before — are ripe, they fhould be cis at the critical time of their feeds beginning to drop,

BONS ase D other-

ey

otherwife they may by a fudden guft of wind be all blown off and loft. Though few trees iti
America are more prolific of feeds than thefe, yet the feeds of many of them are fo apt to
prove abortive, that a large quantity collected from different trees will admit of a better chance
for raifing a number of them: put them up in a box of fand, and ftow them in a dry place;
for moifture in their paffage is apt to rot them. Sow them in pans in a hot bed, in which keep
them till the winter is over: yet I have known them come up very well in a good virgin foil
without art; it is beft therefore to try both ways with this feed, and all others from our
northern colonies ; ; but thofe that come moft northward are beft for our climate.

ig 7, Nux Fuglans nigra Virginienfis.
The Black Walnut-tree.

Thefe trees are rarely feen in the low and flat parts of the country, nor ever but on good
land, and commonly near the fources of rivers: they grow to a vaft fize and in great plenty
throughout the northern continent of America, particularly in the upper parts of Virginia and
Carolina. The leaves are much narrower and fharper-pointed than thofe of our walnuts, and
~ not fo fmooth; the nuts are globular, ufually twice as big as the European kind, and the inner
fhell fo very thick and hard, that great force is required with a hammer to break it; the outer
thell is very thick, and rough on the outfide: the kernels are very oily and rank-tafted, and
notwithftanding they lofe much of their ranknefs when they have been laid by fome months,
they are after all more agreeable to the palates of Indians than of Europeans. The great

quantity of oil thefe nuts yield makes them highly efteemed amongft the Indians for their ufe-
~ fullnefs in cookery. Thefe, as well as all other nuts and acorns, require to be put into the
ground in a fhorter time after their being gathered, than moft other feeds; fo that the quicker
their paffage, the more likely is their chance for growing. °

18. Nux Fuglans alba.
The White Walnut-tree.

: “This t tree i is ciace fmaller than the black walnut, nor is it fo tall or fo ftraight in its ack.
the leaves are alfo of a paler green, and generally longer than thofe of the black walnut-tree. -
The bark i is white ; “the wood white, foft, coarfe-grained, and not durable: the nut is fome-
| what oval and very long ; ; and fome time after it is gathered has many parallel, rugged furrows

‘unnir from end to end. They will fometimes lay two years in the ground before they {prout;
they are. rank-talted, and food only for {quirrels and other wild animals.

(ma ©

IQ. Arbor in aqua nafcens, foliis latis acuminatis dentatis, fructu eleagnt
majore.

The Water ro

This tree has ufually a large trunk, efpecially near the ground, and grows very tall: the
leaves are broad and irregularly notched or indented ; from the fides of the branches {hoot forth
its flowers on foot-ftalks three inches long, confifting of feveral {mall narrow greenifh petala on
the top of an oval body (which is the rudiment of the fruit) at the bottom of which its perian-
thium divides into four. The fruit when full grown is in fize, fhape, and colour like a {mall
Spanith olive, containing one hard channelled ftone more pointed at one end. There is fome-
what fingular and remarkable in the vegetation of this ftone; for when the young plant is
ready to burft from its cell, nature follows not her ufual method of difcharging the kernel by
{plitting the ftone in two, but the germin pufhes out a little piece of the flat fide of the thell;
and through the hole fo made the infant plant expands, and fhoots a tap-root direétly down-
wards. The grain of the wood is white, foft, and fpongy; the roots are much more {o, ap-
proaching nearly to the confiftence of cork, and are ufed in Carolina for the fame purpofes as
cork, to ftop gourds and bottles. Thefe trees always grow in wet places, and ufually in the
fhallow parts of rivers. The feeds are very apt to grow, if planted before May ; after they
are come up, water them often, by omitting which they are as apt to mifcarry : the fucceeding
fummer'the length of their tap-roots enables them to find moifture enough without the trouble
of giving them water, except the weather proves exceflive dry. This ftately and fingular tree _
deferves well to be propagated, not only for its uncommon appearance, but as it may probably 7
have many ufeful propetties, befides what are already confpicuous ; particularly that of growing
in the water, there being very few trees that will endure to live fo deep in that element.

20. Nux Fuglans alba V: irgintenfis.
The Hiccory-tree.

This is ufually a tall tree, and often grows to a large bulk, the body being from two to three
feet diameter: the leaves are ferrated, and narrower and fharper-pointed than thofe of our
walnut. In Odober, at which time the nuts are ripe, the outer fhell opens and divides in
quarters, difclofing the nut, the fhell of which is snack and not eafy to break but with a

hammer :

; J
hammer: the kernel is fweet and well-tafted, from which the Indians draw a wholfome oil;
they alfo ftore them up for their winter provifion; and the hogs, as well as many wild animals,

“receive great benefit from them. The wood is coarfe-grained, yet of much ufe for many things
belonging to agriculture. Of the faplings or young trees are made the beft hoops for tobacco, _
tice, and tar-barrels ; and for the fire, no wood in the northern parts of America is in fo much |

requeit: its ftrength and toughnefs render it likewife in great repute for walking-fticks.

21. Nux Fuglans alba Carolinenfis, minimo putamine levi.

‘The Pig-nut.

The branches of this tree fpread more, are fmaller, and the leaves not fo broads thofe of
the hiccory ; nor is the bark fo wrinkled: the nuts are not above one fourth fo big as thofe
of the hiccory, and have both the inner and outer fhell fo thin that they may eafily be broke
with one’s fingers; the kernels are fweet, but covered with a very bitter fkin, which makes

thens: not eatable, except by {quirrels and other wild creatures that can feparate this bitter film
better than human hands are capable of doing.

See co. Mer Virginiand, fruklu racemato parvo in finguls capfulis

echinatis unico.
The Chinkapin.

“This is a fhrub that feldom grows higher than fixteen feet, and ufually not above eight or
ten; the body is commonly eight or ten inches thick and irregular; the bark rough; the
leaves are ferrated, and grow alternately of a dark green, their backfides being of a greenifh-
white: at the joints of the leaves fhoot forth long fpikes of whitifh flowers, like thofe of the
common chefnut, which ate fucceeded by nuts of a conic fhape, and the fize of a hafel-nut ; the
hell which inclofes the kernel is of the colour and confiftence of that of a chefnut, inclofed in
-a prickly burr; ufually five or fix hang in a clufter: they are ripe in September. Thefe nuts are
-fweeter than the European chefnut, and of great ufe to the Indians, who lay them up for their
“winter's | a When fent from America they frequently difappoint our expectations, and
will not come up; for which two reafons may be afligned; the firft is, that: they are very
apt to have maggots in them, which devour the kernels, and make them good for nothing ;
iad Es ithe fecond, that being ape too long out of the ground, they lofe their germinating power
ae by

| et ae

by the length of their paffage: if therefore fome of them be put up in moift earth, and others
in dry fand, a better chance may be expeéted than when they are all fent together packed up
in the fame manner; for each of thefe ways may fucceed beft at different times, though perhaps
that can no more be accounted for in thefe than in many other feeds, which this method has
proved very ufeful to.

‘

. All thefe different kinds of nuts may be fent in cafes, their interftices i Gilled up with
ne dry earth or fand.

23. Cornus Mas Virginiana, flofculis in corymbo digeftis piriantbin roel
albo radiatim cinétis.

The Dogwood-tree.

_ This is a fmall tree, the trunk being feldom more than eight or ten inches thick: the leaves
refemble thofe of our common dogwood, but are fairer and larger, ftanding oppofite to each
other on foot-ftalks of above a foot long; from among which branch forth many flowers in the
following remarkable manner: In the beginning of March the bloffoms break forth, and though
perfectly formed; and wide open, are not fo wide as a fix-pence, but they increafe gradually to
the breadth of a man’s hand, being not at their full bignefs till about fix weeks after their firft
appearance: each flower confifts of four greenifh-white leaves, every leaf having a deep inden-
ture at its end. - From the bottom of the flower rifes a tuft of yellow ftamina ; every one of
which opens on “the top into four fmall. leaves‘ or petals. The wood is white, has a clofe
grain, and very hard, like that of box. ‘The flowers are fucceeded by clufters of berries from —
two to fix in a clufter, clofely joined and. fet on foot-ftalks an inch long: thefe berries are
red, of an oval form, and of the fize of large haws, containing a hard ftone. As the flowers
are a great ornament to the woods in Summer, fo are the berries in Winter; for they ufually
remain in full beauty on the trees till the approach of Spring. Thefe trees bear the fevereft
weather in England, without fuffering any injury therefrom: they produce here plenty of
fuckers, by which they may be as plentifully increafed. I have not heard of any flower or
fruit of them produced in England.

Lr | :

24. Amelanchior Virginiana, lauro cerafi folio.
The F ringe-tree.

On the banks of rivulets and running Aside this fhrub is moft frequently fof it grows
from fix to ten feet high, ufually with a crooked, irregular, {mall ftem. Its leaves are of a light
green, and fhaped like thofe of the orange: in May it produces bunches of white flowers,
hanging on branched foot-ftalks of half an inch long; each flower has four narrow thin petals
about two inches long; to thefe fucceed round dark-blue berries of the fize of a fmall olive:
the berries being fucculent are often rotted in their paflage, and lofe their vegetative faculty ;

but they will increafe by laying down their branches. It is a very hardy plant, and makes an
~ agreeable appearance, efpecially while in bloffom.

i oxen 25 Z Agrifolium Carolinenfe, foliis dentatis baccis rubris.
| | The Dahoon Holly.

This Holly grows erect fixteen or twenty feet high; the branches fhooting ftraighter and are
of quicker growth than the common kind: the leaves are longer, of a brighter green, and
more pliant; not prickly, but ferrated only: the berries are red, growing in large thick cluf
ters. This plant is not common in Carolina; it grows particularly at Colonel Buxt’s plantation

on oe river, in a bog much frequented by alligators. The berries, when fown, require as
- much time before they appear above ground, as the common holly: their branches being laid,

will alfo take root. They are fomewhat: tender, and require a little protection in rigid

=< 26. Caffena vera Floridanorum, arbufcula baccifera Alaterni facie, folis
oes. alternatim fi itis, tetrapyrene.

The ‘Yapon.

: This fhrub eae rifes from the ground with feveral ftems to the height of twelve feet,
| Shooting into many upright, flender, ftiff branches covered with a whitifh, fmooth bark, and
= & salternately with fmall ever-green ferrated leaves, refembling thofe of the Alaternus: its
ae | flowers

tL me J |

flowers are {mall and white, and grow promifcuoufly amongft the leaves ; and are fuccceded by
‘{mall {pherical berries on fhort foot-ftalks: thefe berries turn red in Oétober, and remain fo
all the winter; whereby, with the green leaves and white bark, they produce an elegant ap- —
pearance. But the efteem the American Indians have for this fhrub, from the great ufe they
make of it, renders it moft worthy notice: they fay its virtues have been known amoneft them
from the earlieft times, and they have long ufed it in the fame manner they do at prefent ; they
_ prepare the leaves. for keeping by drying, or rather parching them in a pottage-pot over a flow
fire; and a ftrong decoétion of the leaves thus cured is their beloved liquor, of which they
drink large quantities, both for health and pleafure, without fugar or other mixture; they
drink it down and difgorge ‘it with eafe, repeating it very often, and {wallowing many quarts :
they fay it reftores loft appetite, ftrengthens the ftomach, and confirms their health, giving
them agility, and courage in war.

It grows chiefly in the maritime parts of the country, but not further north than the capes of -
Virginia. — The Indians on the fea-coafts fapply thofe of the mountains therewith, and carry on
a confiderable trade with it in Florida; juft as the Spaniards do with their South-Sea tea
from Paraguay to Buenos Ayres. Now Florida being in the fame latitude north, as Paraguay —
is fouth, and no apparent difference being found on comparing the leaves of thefe two plants
together, ‘it is not improbable they may be both the fame.

In South Carolina it is called Caflena, in Virginia and North Carolina it is known by the
mame of Yapon; in the latter of which places it is as much in ufe amongft the White People
as among the Indians; and efpecially among thofe who inhabit the fea-coafts.

This plant is raifed from its feeds, which lay two years in the ground Leite it appears:
grows plentifully on many of the fand-banks on the fea-fhore of Carolina.

— Arbor in aqua nafcens, foltis latis acuminatis & non dentatis, fruéfu
= eleagni minore.

Se ae OD «

The Tupelo-tree.

This tree ufually grows large and fpreading, with an erect trunk and regular head: the
leaves are fhaped like thofe of a bay-tree. In Autumn its branches are thick fet with oval,
black berries on foot:ftalks; each berry having an hard channelled flattifh ftone, which contains
a kernel of a very bitter tafte ; 3 yet are they food for many wild animals. The grain of the
wood is curled and very tough, and therefore proper for naves of cart-wheels, and other country

ufes,

cm I

_ufes. They’ grow ufually in moift places tee and Carolina; in the firft of which
countries they are. called Black Gum-trees.. © 10: b20% “
7 phe berries: se in the i aeons two and bicopieass + sal years before the’ {prout.

28. ‘Laurus Carolinenfi is, fohiis acuminatis, baccis ceruleis, pediculis longis
“Se rubris infidentibus.

The Red Bay.

“The “at WY nia tree are in fhape like thofe of the common bay, and of an aromatic {cent pee
the berries when tipe. are blue, growing two and fometimes three together, on foot-ftalks two.

or three inches long, of a red colour, as is the calix or cup of the fruit; which is indented.
t the edges. .Thefe trees are not very common in Virginia, except in fome places near. the

fea ; in. Carolina they are every where feen, particularly in low fwampy lands: in general they
arrive but. to. the fize of fmall trees and fhrubs ; though in fome iflands, and_ particular places.
>y grow to large and. ftraight-bodied trees. The wood is fine-grained, and of

exc al ™ | ufe ra cabinets, &c.. I have feen fome of this wood that has refembled watered fattin,.
anak whole grain has exceeded in beauty the grain of molt woods I ever faw. ‘This is a green-
/plant, it being incapable of enduring the cold of England,

are _Ligifirem Lauri folio, frultu violaceo.
: The ‘Purple-berried Bay.

This tree grows ufually fixteen feet high ; the trunk is from fix to eight inches diameter: _
the leaves are very {mooth, and of a lighter green than the common bay-tree ;_ but i in their
manner of growing refemble the leaves of that tree. In March, {pikes fhoot forth from between.
_ the leaves two or three inches in length, producing tetrapetalous, very fmall, white flowers that
grow oppofite to each other on foot-ftalks half an inch long: the berries are globular, about
the fize of a very large pea, and covered with a thin purple-coloured fkin, inclofing a kernel,
hic 7 . divides i in the middle. I never faw thefe trees growing but near the little town of Dor-

chefter on Afhley_ river. They may be increafed by fowing their berries, and alfo by laying, -
gh they are fomewhat tender, and will not endure the open air without being planted ir in a

30. Cornus

LE & J

30. Cornus Mas odorato, folio trifido margine plano.
| The Saflafras-tree. re gc 6: ie

This is generally a {mall tree; the trunk being ufually lefs than a foot thick: the leave are
divided into three lobes by very deep incifures. In March come forth bunches of {mall yellow

flowers with five petals each; which are fucceeded by berries, in fize and thape not unlike
- thofe of a bay-tree, hanging on red foot-ftalks, with a calix like that of an acorn, which calix
is.alfo red: the berries are at firft green, but when ripe, blue.

This tree grows in moft parts of North America, and commonly on very good land: ’ its.
medicinal virtue is very well known as a {weetener of the blood ; I thall ‘therefore only add, |
that in Virginia a ftrong decoétion of the root has fometimes been given with good fuccefs for
an intermitting fever. It will endure our climate in a warm fituation. The berries being
fomewhat fucculent fhould be laid out to dry before they are put up, for fear of rotting in their
paflage, which fhould be fhort, for they will not endure being kept long out of the ground,

31. Smilax levis lauri folio, baccis nigris.

The Bay-leaved Smilax with black be ‘Tes.

This plant is ufually found in moift places: it fends forth from its root many green f{tems,
whofe branches overfpread whatfoever ftands near it to a very confiderable diftance; and it fre-
quently climbs above fixteen feet in height; growing fo very thick, that in Summer it makes
an impenetrable fhade, and in Winter a warm fhelter for cattle. The leaves are of the colour
of the Jaurus cerafus, or common laurel, but i in thape more like the oe without any vifible
veins, the middle rib only excepted.

The flowers are {mall and whitifh; the fruit grows in round clufters, and is a eae bay.
contains one rim hard feed which is Tipe in October, and is food for many forts = birds.

Fs 32. Smilax

32. Smilax Brionie nigre folis caule fpinofo, baccis nigris.

The Smilax with briony leaves.

This plant fhoots forth with many pliant thorny ftems; which, when at full bignefs, are
as big as a walking-cane, and jointed; and rifes to the height ufually of twenty feet, climbing

-— upon and fpreading over the adjacent trees and fhrubs by the affiftance of its tendrels. In

Autumn it produces clufters of black round berries, hanging pendent to a foot-ftalk about
_ three inches long; each berry containing a very hard roundifh feed. The roots of this plant
are tuberous, divided by many knots and joints; and when firft dug out of the ground are foft
- and juicy, but harden in the air to the confiftence of wood. Of thefe roots the inhabitants
of Carolina make a diet-drink, attributing great virtues to it in cleanfing the blood, &c. They
likewife in the Spring boil the tender fhoots, and eat them prepared like afparagus. It is called

4 3. Smilax non {pinofa, humilis baccis rubris.
The Smilax with red berries.

Thefe plants are always fupported by trees and fhrubs, on which they creep, and clafp with
their tendrels. The leaves are long and narrow at both ends; they are thick, ftiff, and fhining,
with a -fingle rib in the middle, and are fet alternately at wide diftances: at the ends of the
{maller branches are produced hexapetalous greenifh-white flowers, which grow in umbelliferous
tufts, and are fucceeded by globular mucilaginous red berries, each berry containing a very hard
roundith ftone. Thefe plants with their glittering {carlet fruit, and by retaining their green
leaves, make an elegant appearance all the winter; at which time the berries ferve as food to
_ thrufhes and other birds, and the whole plant as a warm fhelter for them i in that cold feafon:
they ufually grow in bogs and watry places in Virginia and Carolina. I never knew them raifed
om their feeds, which being exceeding hard, eis to be fown in moift earth.

“3 — = <—— ~S 34. Barba

[ 19 |

34. Barba Fovis Garoliniana frutefcens acacie foliis.
Jove’s Beard, vulgd Indigo-tree.

The main ftem of this plant feldom grows bigger than a man’s wrift; from which fhoot
forth long ftraggling branches to the height of about twelve or fixteen feet, fet with long {pikes
of papilionaceous purple flowers, which are fucceeded by fhort pods, containing in every one a
fingle feed or little bean.

They may be propagated by their feeds, as well as by laying down their branches ; “d will
ftand our fharpeft winters in a warm afpect. 3

Sm Chamerhododendros lauri folio femper virens, floribus bullatis corymbo he
The Rock Rofe of Pennfylvania.

This tree rifeth to the height of about fixteen feet, producing ever-green leaves in fhape
like the Jawrus cerafus, of a fhining green: the flowers, which grow in clufters, are mono-
petalous, divided into five fegments, and fet fingly on pedicles half an inch long; thefe flowers,
when blown, appear white, but on a nearer view are of a faint blufh-colour, which as. the
flowers decay grows paler. One of the five petals is longer and more concave than the reft,
and is blended with yellow, green, and purple fpecks, being a vifcous matter on the extremi-
ties of very fine hairs: the convex fide of the fame petal is alfo fpeckled with yellowifh-green.
The pointel rifes from the centre of the flower, and has its head adorned with {fcarlet, and
furrounded by ten ftamina, whereof three are long and feven fhort, whofe farina iffues out at
a {mall hole on its top. This elegant tree adorns the weftern and remote parts of Pennfylvania ;
always growing in the moft fteril foil, or on the rocky declivities of eam on river banks,

and in ee moift places.

36. Cha-

[ae J

36. Chamedaphne Semper virens 8 faliis oblongis anguftis, fol orum fafciculis
oppofitis 2 foliorum alis.

The Ivy-tree.

The leaves of this plant are fhaped like thofe of the fallow, or /alix folio rotundo, and are —
ever-green, like the ehamaedaphne : foliis tini, to which it bears a near refemblance in the ftruc-
ture of its flowers, being monopetalous, with a ftilus and ten ftamina, which grow in {mall
clufters oppofite to each other out of the ales of the upper leaves. The cup is alfo indented in
the like curious manner, and of a bluth rofe-colour.

It feems to be but of fhrub growth, not rifing above four or five feet high: this fhrub is a _
native of Pennfylvania, and produced its blofloms at science ane in the garden of Mr. Collinfon.

37. Zanthoyxlum Ipinofum,
The Pellitory, or Tooth-ach-tree.

This tree feldom grows above a foot in thicknefs, and about fixteen feet high: the bark is
white and very rough ; the trunk and larger limbs are in a fingular manner thick fet with pyra-
midal fhaped protuberances pointing from the tree; at the end of every one of which is a fharp
thorn; thefe protuberances are of the fame confiftence with the bark of the tree and of various
‘fizes, the largeft being as big as walnuts: the fmaller branches are befet with prickles only.

The leaves are pennated, ftanding on a rib fix inches long, to which the lobes are fet, one
| againft another, with foot-ftalks half an inch long; thefe lobes are awry, their greateft vein
not running in the middle, whereby one fide of the leaf becomes bigger than the other. From
the ends of the branches fhoot forth long ftalks of {mall pentapetalous white flowers with reddith

_ ftamina: every flower is fucceeded by four fhining black feeds contained in a round green

ce capfula. The leaves fmell like thofe of the orange, and, as well as the feeds and bark, are
aromatic, very hot, and aftringent ; and are ufed by the people inhabiting the fea-coafts of
_ Virginia and Carolina for the tooth-ach, from whence it derives its name. -Thefe trees are not

to be met with farther north than the soutisermniast parts of Virginia, nor even there but ae on
the fea-coafts. © :

38. Anona

38. Anotta fructu lutefcénte, levi, fcrotuim arietis referente.

The trunks of thefe trees are feldom bigger than the {mall of a man’s leg, and are about
- ten or twelve feet high, having a fmooth, greenifh, brown bark. In March, when the leaves
begin to fprout, its bloffoms appear ; confifting of fix greenifh, white, purple petals: the fruit
erows in clufters, three and fometimes four together; they are at firft green, but whieni tipe,
yellow, and aie covered with a thin, {mooth fkin, which contains a yellow pulp of a fweet,
lufcious tafte; in the middle of which lay iti two tows twelve feeds, divided by as many thin
membranes. All parts of the tree have a rank, if not a fetid fmell ; nor is the fruit relifhed but
| by very few, except negroés. Thefe trees grow ufually in low fhady fwamps, and i in a very fat
foil. A full-grown fruit is about the ‘fize of a large cucumber. It produces its bloffoms an-
nually ini the phen of his Giace the Duke of Arcyii.

39. Frutex Ela oblongis acuminatis, floribus {picatis unover fu di Upafe itis.
The Sorrel-tree.

The trunk of this tree is ufually five or fix inches thick, and rifes to the height of about
twenty feet; having {lender branches clofe-fet with leaves fhaped like thofe of the pear-tree
from the ends of the branches proceed little white monopetalous flowers, refembling thofe of
. the Arbutus, thick-fet on fhort foot-ftalks that grow on one fide of many flender ftalks, which
hang down from one fide only of the main branch. —

40. Pfeudo-acacia hifpida floribus rofeis.
The Acacia with rofe-coloured flowers.

The flowers and leaves of this tree differ but little in fhape from the p/ewdo-acacia flore albo ;
but the ftalks and larger branches are thick-fet with prickly hairs and with fharp fpines placed |
alternately: the flowers are of a light rofe-colour, which, added to the bright verdure of the
leaves, renders it fo beautiful that few trees make a more elegant : appearance.

This rare tree has lately been procured by Sir Joun Coxtitron, Bart. from his plantation at
- Carolina, and flourifhes annually in his gardens at Exmouth in Devonthire.

G : 41. Myrtus

fT ae

B Myrtus Brabantice fimilis Carolinienpis, baccata as racemofo fefili,

monopyreno.
The Candle-berry Myrtle.

Thefe are but fmall trees, or thrubs, about twelve feet high, with crooked ftems branching.
forth near the ground irregularly: the leaves are long, narrow, and fharp-pointed.. Some trees

have moft of their leaves ferrated, others not. In May, the {mall branches are alternately and
| thick fet with oblong tufts of very {mall flowers, refembling in form and fize the catkins of the
hafel-tree, and coloured with red and green; thefe are fucceeded -by fmall clufters of blue
berries, clofe connected like bunches of grapes : ‘the kernel is inclofed in an oblong hard ftone,
incruftated ‘over with an unctuous, mealy fubftance; which is what yields the wax whereof
candles are made in the following manner : |
~ In November and December, at which time the berries are ripe, it is cuftomary for a man
to remove with his family, from his own home, to fome ifland or fand-bank near the fea where
_ thefe trees moft abound, taking with him kettles to boil the berries i in; he builds a hut with
palmeto leaves, for the fhelter of himfelf and family while mo = which is commonly three

or four weeks.

The man cuts down the trees, while the children ftrip off Se berries into a pottage-pot, and
having put water to them, they are boiled till the oil floats, which is fkimmed off into another
| veflel ; and this is repeated till there rifes no more oil: this when cold hardens to the confiftence
of wax, and is of a dirty-green colour; but they boil it again, and clarify ‘it in braG kettles,
which gives it a tranfparent greennefs. Thefe candles burn a long time, and yield a grateful
_ fmell; people ufually add a fourth part of tallow, which makes them burn clearer.

There grows in Carolina another kind of this tree with broader leaves.

The wax with which thefe berries are covered is no {mall prefervative to them in their paffage
5 a America: fo that being fown thick in pans, and affifted by the moderate heat of a hot.

S bed, they feldom fail of coming up thick: as their ftems are very flender while young, great :
=n is required in tranfplanting them, which fhould be clofe, that they may the better defend
‘one another from the cold in winter, as well as from the {corching heat of the fun in fummer.

_ ‘They are very hard when raifed, and will endure our fharpeft winters.

42. Acacia,

[ .23 T:

42. Acacia, abrue foliis, triacanthos capfula ovali, umicum femen claudente.
a= Water Acacia. |

This tree {preads and grows to a large fize: the leaves are winged and compofed of many
frac. pointed lobes, like moft others of its genus. The fruit is fomewhat like a bean, con-
tained in an oval capfula, fix of which commonly grow together in a bunch: many very large
fharp. thorns are fet on its branches and larger limbs. This tree I never faw but at one place in
Carolina, Pore in fhallow water, near the iprings of paca river; and no doubt in other
places.

43. Frutex lauri longiore folio.

-This fhrub is a native of Virginia, and grows in wet fwamps and ftanding waters; it rifes
from the ground with many ftems to the height of eight or ten feet, which are of a reddifh
colour. The leaves are placed alternately an inch from one another, and are in fhape like
thofe of a bay, ftiff and fhining; at the pedicles of the leaves grow the flowers, which are
tubulous, of a pale red colour, and fet on ftalks three inches long; thefe flowers are fucceeded ‘

y and

by {mall conic feed-veflels about the fize of large peas, that when ripe ve in two part:
difplay many {mall feeds. It retains its leaves, all the winter. oes ee

44. Pratex, padi foliis non ferratis, floribus monopetalis altis, he i fais
mibus, fruttu craffo tetragono.

The trunk of this thrub is Bend ; eanibhenes two or three flemis rife from the fame root to
the height ufually of ten feet. The leaves are in fhape like thofe of a pear. In February and
March come white flowers in form of a bell, hanging ufually two and three together, from —
the fides of the branches, on foot-ftalks an inch long: from the middle of the flower four
ftamina fhoot forth, with a ftilus extending half an inch beyond them of a reddith colour;
thefe flowers are fucceeded by oblong quadrangular feed-veffels pointed at the ends.

45. Arbor

[ 24 J.

4.5. Arbor lauri folio, floribus ex foliorum, alis pentapetalis, pluribus flami-
nibus donatis.

The Root.

It has a flender ftem, and grows ufually about eight or ten feet high: its leaves are in fhape
like thofe of a pear, growing alternately on foot-ftalks of an inch long; from ‘between which
proceed fmall whitifh flowers, confifting of five petals; in the middle whereof fhoot forth
many {mall ftamina headed with yellow apices. The roots of this plant are made ufe_of in
decoéctions, and are efteemed ftomachic, and a cleanfer of the blood: the fruit I have not
feen. It grows in moift fhady woods in the lower parts of Carolina. It fends forth its blof-

foms in February ; and is for its virtues, by way of eminence, called THz Root.

(46. Fratex foliis ferratis, floribus longioribus fpicatis [ubviridibus capfula
| | _ pentagona,

_ ‘This fhrub is ufually flender in the main ftem, fpreading into many pliant branches, to the
height of about ten feet: its leaves are fet alternately, having the edges finely ferrated: the
flowers are tubulous, of a greenifh-white, with a pointel reaching a little above the verge of the
cup; thefe flowers are fucceeded by round berries, which when ripe open, and divide into five

‘ feGtions, inclofing many fmall-feeds. They grow in moift places in Carolina and Virginia.
47. Bignonia urucu foliis, flore fordide albo, intus maculis purpureis &
luteis afperfo, filiqua longifima &F anguflifima.

The Catalpa-tree.

_ This tree ufwally rifes about twenty feet and fpreads much; the bark is fmooth, the wood
foft and fpongy, the leaves fhaped like thofe of the lilac, but much larger, fome being ten
inches over, and of a bright green fattin hue. About the beginning of Auguft it produces
large bunches of tubulous white flowers, compofed of one petal divided into four lips: the
infide of every flower is powdered as it were with purple fpecks, through which run two-

&. | 3 parallel

a ee

parallel chains of larger fpots of a yellow colour, decreafing gradually to-the center of the cup:
the calix is bivalved, of a copper colour, and before it opens is fhaped like a pear. The flowers
are fucceeded by pods twelve or fourteen inches Jong, which when ripe opett, and difplay the
feeds, which are winged, and lie over one another like the fcales of fithes, or the feeds of an
Apocynum. This tree was not known to the inhabitants of Carolina, till the feeds were
brought there from the remoter parts of the country ; and though the inhabitants are little
curious in gardening, the uncommon beauty of this tree induced them to propagate it for
the ornament of their plantations; it is fince become naturalized to England; and did in
Auguft 1748 produce, at Mr. Gray’s, fuch numbers of “bloffoms, that the leaves were almoft
hid thereby. It delights in a rich moift foil, not expofed to winds; and will increafe by feeds
and cuttings. | ee

48. Bignonia Americana capreolis donata filiqua breviore.

This plant ufually grows on the fhady banks of rivers, rifing with many fingle pliant ftems
to the height of twenty and fometimes thirty feet, if fupported by trees and thrubs growing
near, on which it may climb and faften its clafping tendrels, From the joints of the trailing
ftalks fhoot forth their leaves, flowers, and tendrels; four leaves grow at every joint, placed
by pairs on two horizontal fhort ftalks: the flowers are fet on foot-ftalks of above an inch in
length; are monopetalous, and divided into five feétions, which refle& back, and are of a
bright yellow within, but the outfide of the flower is of a cinnamon colour, and has within it
four ftamina with a ftilus. The feeds are winged, and fixed to a placenta within a pod. This
beautiful plant is a native of both Virginia and Carolina, and blows there in May; though in
England it bloffoms not before Auguft. Thefe feeds fhould be brought over in their pods, and
being at their arrival fown in’ a hot bed, moderately warm, will not lay long before they appear
above ground ; they require fome care and proteétion till they have paffed the fecond winter,
but are able afterwards to abide our open air.

H 49. Bignonia.

Sea aadinaael

[ 26 J

49. Bignonia fraxini foliis, coccineo flore minore.
The Trumpet-flower.

Thefe plants climb trees, on which they rum a great height, and are frequently feen to covet
even the dead trunks of very tall trees: the leaves are winged, confifting of many ferrated lobes
ftanding by couples oppofite to each other, on one rib. In May, June, July, and Auguft,
they produce bunches of red flowers, fomewhat like the fox-glove; each flower fhoots from
a reddifh-coloured calix, is monopetalous, fwells in the middle, and opens at the top into five
lips, with a pointel arifing from the calix through the middle of the flower. In Auguft the
cods or feed-veffels appear; they are, when full-grown, eight or nine inches long, about the
fize of a man’s thumb, and fomewhat tapering at both ends; and divide from end to end in
_ two equal parts, difplaying many flat winged feeds. | 7
_ Thefe feeds fhould be fent to England in their cods, and will grow very readily when fown

in pots, with the moderate heat of ‘a hot bed; the fucceeding winter a continuance of protec-
tion is neceflary, but in the fpring they may be planted out in a warm fituation, where they
will abide the rigour of our fharpeft winters ; and their ce branches being fupported, they
will produce plenty of their beautiful bloffoms. :

There are two kinds of this plant, which are fo like each other that they feem to differ

only in fize. This here defcribed is the larger one.

50. Chamedaphne foliis tini, floribus bullatis umbellatis. |
The Ivy-tree of Virginia.

* ‘This ever-green fhrub rifes ufually to the height of five or fix fect, and fometimes to twice
that height: the flems of fome are as big as a man’s wrift, though generally. fmaller, and
covered with a rough brown bark: the wood is very clofe-grained, heavy, and hard like box;
the limbs moft commonly are crooked and grow irregular, but are thick cloathed with fuff
fmooth leaves of a fhining green. The flowers grow in bunches on the tops of the branches,
to foot-ftalks three inches long 5 ; they are white, ftained with a purple red, and confift of one.
leaf in form of a cup, divided at the verge into five fe@tions; in the middle is a ftilus and ten
_ famina, which, when the flower firft opens, appear lying clofe to the fides of the cup at equal
diftar ces, their apices being lodged in ten little hollow cells, which being prominent on the
outlide « supex as fo many little tubercles,

te]

The flowers are fucceeded by {mall round aphale which, when ripe, open in five parts and
difcharge their fmall duft-like feeds. .

This plant is a native of Carolina, Virginia, and other parts ia the northern continent of
America.. They ufually grow on rocks hanging over rivulets and running ftreams, and on the
fides of barren hills, in a foil the moft fteril and leaft productive I ever faw. Sheep are:
poifoned by browfing on its leaves; though deer feed on them without harm.

As all plants have their peculiar beauties, it would feem prefumptuous to aflign to any one
an elegance beyond all others; yet, confidering the curious ftructure of the flower and the

beautiful appearance of this whole fhrub, I know of none that has a better claim to be ftiled
the moft elegant. |

After fevéral unfuccefsful attempts to propagate it from feeds, I procured plants of it at
feveral times from America, but with little better fuccefs, for they always dwindled, and pro-
duced no bloffoms; at length I procured fome plants of it from Pennfylvania, which climate
being nearer to that of England than that from which mine came, fome bunches of bloffloms
were produced in July 1740 and 1741, at Fulham, and alfo in the garden of Mr. CotLinson
at Peckham. : |

=~

s1. Alcea Floridana, quinque capfularis laurinis foliis, leviter crenatis,
fempiys coniferarum infiar alatis. “

The Loblolly Bay.

This is a tall and very. ftraight tree, with a regular pyramidal- -fhaped head: its leaves in
figure are like thofe of the common bay-tree, but ferrated, and of a moft delightful fhining
green. It begins to produce white blofloms in May, and continues bringing forth its flowers
the greater part of the fummer: the flowers are fixed to foot-ftalks four or five inches long,
are monopetalous, divided into five fegments, encompafling a tuft of ftamina headed by yellow
apices ; ; thefe flowers in November are fucceeded by a conic capfula having a divided calix ;

the capfula when ripe opens, and divides into five feCtions, difclofing many {mall half-winged

feeds.
This tree retains its leaves all the year: it grows in very wet places only, and frequently
two feet deep in water; the wood is fomewhat foft, yet I have feen fome beautiful tables made

of it. It grows in Carolina, but in none of the more northern colonies. .

‘ 52.6 Gua-

r 2 |

52. Guajacana.
The Perfimmon-tree.

Thefe trees grow from twenty to thirty feet in height, with a trunk about ten or twelve.
inches thick, and bear leaves like thofe of the pear-tree: the bloffoms appear in April, growing
along the fides of the branches on very fhort foot-ftalks ; they are monopetalous, fucculent,
and of a green colour; divided into four fegments, in the middle of which ftands the ovarium,
which when grown to its full bignefs is of the fize and fhape of a large Orleans plum: as the
fruit {wells, the four petals which compofed the flower fpread and become hard and dry.. The
fruit, which is of a tranfparent yellow colour, inclofeth four flat ftones: the fruit of fome of
thefe trees ripen at different times from others; fome in Auguft, others in November, and
will hang after the leaves fall even till December, when having loft much of its watery parts,
it grows fhrivelled, candied, and very lufcious, refembling raifins of the fun; and if fkilfully
managed, would probably afford a fine rich fpirit. Great plenty of thefe trees grow in Caro-
lina, Virginia, and moft of our northern colonies in America; where their fruit is a feafonable
fupport to birds, fquirrels, and other animals. The ftone fplit in two parts exhibits the tree
in embrio, with the two feed leaves, and its ftem or trunk, in a more diftinét. manner than in
~ any I have ever met with. Thefe feeds will rife in the natural ground; but the more expe-
ditious and certain method is, to raife them with the affiftance of a moderate hot bed. |

53. Frutex aquaticus, floribus luteis, frultu rotundo quinque capfulari.

The height of this plant is ufually about twelve feet; it rifes with many {mall ftems, from
which fhoot forth fmaller twigs fet with fmall pointed {mooth leaves. The flowers grow on
the tops of the branches; before they open are inclofed in fmall brown Saag fet on thort
_ foot-ftalks ; are hexapetalous, and of a deep yellow colour. |
| They grow in plafhes and frefh-water ponds, in the woods of Virginia and Carolina ; and
in the beginning of February adorn the woods, when few other plants appear in bloffom.
She flowers are fucceeded by fmall round capfule, which in March and April divide into four
"parts and difclofe their feeds, which being very fmall, are difperfed by the wind; and when
_ carried into watery places, they {pring up very thick, and bloffom in a fhort time.

54. Phila-

(. yf

54. Philadeiphus flore albo majore inodbro.

This is a finall tree, rifing to the height ‘of about fixteer fect or upwards, with a flender
trunk : the wood is hard and brittle. From the larger upright ftalks grow fmaller ones hori-
zontally and oppofite to each other, on which are placed the leaves by pairs: at the ends of
thefe {maller ftalks come forth the flowers, growing ufually two and three together on foot-
ftalks of an inch long ; ; thefe flowers are compofed of four white petals, adorned in the middle
with a tuft of thrummy ftamina and a triple ftilus, and crowned with yellow apices. Thefe
flowers are fucceeded by roundifh mucronated capfula, containing many {mall feeds in cells
' divided by thin membranes. |

Thefe trees grow near the fources of rivers in Carolina, aad have not been introduced to

England.

55. Ciftus Virginiana, flore &S periclymini.
The Upright Honey-fuckle.

This plant rifes ufually with two or three ftiff ftraight {tems, which are {mall, except w ‘here :
the foil is very moift and rich, where they grow to the fize of a walking-cane, and twelve or
fixteen feet high, branching into many fmaller ftalks, with leaves alternately placed: at the.
ends of the ftalks are produced bunches of flowers refembling our common honey-fuckle, a
a blufh-red colour and fragrant {mell.

'Thefe flowers are fucceeded by long pointed capfule, containing innumerable very {mall
feeds in cells divided by thin membranes. 7

It is a native of Virginia and Carolina, but will endure our climate in the open air, having
_ for many years paft produced its beautiful and fragrant blofloms at the gardens of Mr. Peter
Coxtinson at Peckham, and in fome other places. The raifing thefe plants from feeds has
been often attempted without faccels ; therefore in order to procure fome, let them be planted
from out of the woods into a cafe or tub, with as much earth as will ftick to their roots:
water them well in their paflage.

A warm afpect, with a loamy, ftrong, moift foil, is sha they like the beft. The white

Kind is moft fragrant, and grows the talleft.
a | 56. Fa/minum

ta

36. Fafininum luteum odoratum Virginianum, f{candens, Semper VITENS.

The Yellow Jeffamin,

This plant grows ufually in moift places; its branches being fupported by other trees and
fhrubs, on. which it climbs. The leaves grow oppofite to each other from the joints of the
ftalks, whence likewife fhoot forth yellow tubulous flowers, the verges whereof are notched or
divided into five fections. The feeds are flat and half-winged, containing an oblong pointed
-capfula which, when they are ripe, fplits up to the flalk, and difcharges them. _

The flowers {mell like thofe of the wall-flower, and diffu their fmell to a ee diftance.
Thefe plants are {carce in Virginia, but are plentiful in Carolina,

57. Hamamelis.

The ufual height of this plant is ten or twelve feet: they appear like nut-trees at a little
diftance; their leaves refembling thofe of the nut, or rather thofe of the alder-tree, The flower
is a pale yellow, confifting of a triangular involucrum, and a calix divided by four fegments,
from which proceed four flender petals about two inches long: it has alfo four ftamina and a
ftilus hardly to be difcerned with the naked eye, It flowers at Carolina in O&ober, and after —
continuing long in bloflom, fets its fruit for the next fummer. The feed-veffel confifts of a
double capfula, which when ripe fplits half open, and. difclofes two hard black fhining feeds,
having a white fpot at their bigger ends; each iced lies in.its diftiné cell, feparated by a thin
membrane, and they are fometimes tricapfular. ? ae

A plant of this kind was firft fent me from Virginia in the year 17435 it arrived at Chrift-
mas, and was then full of bloffoms, as it has annually been about the fame time ever fince:
it is a hardy fhrub, and is proof againft the fevereft cold. The feeds may be raifed:in the open
= ground, but will lay two winters thercin before = pies and are Jong, before: they flrike

ae ae

+88. Frutex

[ st ]

58. Frutex corni folis conjugatis; floribus inftar anemones ftellate, petals
crafis, rigidis, colore fordidé rubente; cortice aromatico.

This fhrub grows about ten or twelve feet high; the leaves are fet oppofite to each other ; :
the flowers refemble in form thofe of the ftar-anemony, . compofed of many ftiff copper~
coloured petals, inclofing a tuft of fhort yellow ftamina. The fruit of this plant appeared as
is here reprefented ; but being unripe when difcovered, no more could be known of it: the
bark is very aromatic. -'Thefe trees grow in the remote and hilly parts of Carolina in fprings
of. rivers. It is a ver ry hardy plant, and yields a fucceflion of flowers the greater part of the
fummer, This plant may be increafed by layers,

*co. The Chefnut-tree,

The chefnut-trees in America are in appearance fo very like thofe of Europe, that little of
no difference can be difcerned between them, except that the trees and nuts of the American
chefnuts are neither fo large and fair as thofe of Europe, but the nuts are much fweeter, They

abound moft in the hilly parts of the country, particularly on the Apalachian mountains, where’
they are more numerous than ae aches: kind es rege | bio

% SP hee *% i ea s 1 ae Ae ee 4 spies Seca aa poe eet ns Oe a
a, Ps eng OTN il at ig rt Aa a i Seca sar mcs 2 . ita

*60. Platanus Occidentalis.
The Weftern Plane-tree,

This tree is become a denifon of England, and in fome foils propagates its offspring by
- feeds and fuckers, as our afhes and elms do: they grow to be lofty and ftately trees; theig
leaves are very broad,: of a pleafant | green, and have a white down on their back fides, The
{eed-veffels are globular, hanging fingle and pendent: the trunks are large; the bark fmooth,

| glofiy, and fo variegated with white, green, &c, that they produce a fing effect amongft

the other trees,

#61, Populus

[ 32 ]

*61. Populus nigra folio maximo, gemmis balfamum odoratifimum fundentibus.

The Poplar of Carolina.

This tree is feldom found but near rivers, above the inhabited parts of the country: it grows
| very large and of a great height. Its leaves are large; {mooth on one fide, and ferrated, or
rather edged with {mall indentures; and in fhape refemble thofe of the black poplar which |
Parkinson defcribes. The foot-ftalks are long, remarkably flat, and of a reddifh colour, as
are the larger veins of the leaves. In April, at which time only I faw them, they had thed
their feeds ; but by what remained I could perceive that they hang in clufters; and are covered
with an odoriferous balfam, which iffues out of and fticks to the large fwelling buds of _ tree.
It is the quickeft grower of any tree I — and is eafily multiplied by cuttings.

“62. Fraxinus Carolinenfis, foliis anguftioribus utringue acuminatis, peudulis.

_ Thefe trees are commonly of a mean height, and the leaves are pointed at both ends: the
feeds are winged, and hang in clufters, They grow in low moift places. ,

*6 3. Acer Virginianum folio majore fubtus fupra viridi Splendente.
: The Red flowering Maple.

Thefe tices grow to a confiderable height; but their trunks are feldom very large. In Fe-
bruary, before the leaves appear, its little red bloffoms open; and continues in flower about
three weeks, and are then fucceeded by the keys, which are alfo red, and with the flowers
continue fix weeks; adorning the woods earlier than moft other trees in Carolina and Virginia.
They endure the air of our Englifh climate as well as their native one.

. The feeds of this tree being fucculent, retain their growing faculty but a fhort time: ; theres
ore, as the trees that are already in England do not produce perfe& feeds, there is no other

way of increafing them but by laying, or poflibly by inarching on our native maple.

*64. Acer Americanum, &e.

Se. he American flowering Maple, with larger bunches of flowers. °
| : *65. cer

[ 33 I

*65. Acer Maximum, folis trifidis vel guinguepa, Viginiamum,
The Afh-leaved Maple.

*66. Acer Coggems Soliis maximis fubtus argentis in lacinias profundiores & magis
_ acuminatis divifis.

The leaves of this maple are as large as thofe of the platanus occidentalis.

*67. Carpipinus, Virginiana florefcens.
The flowering Horn-beam.

*68. Acacia Americana abrue foliis, triacanthos capfuld ovali unicum femen
: claudente.

The Large thorned Acacia.

This tree bears a.fpreading head, and when full grown is of a great thicknefs: the trunk
and bigger branches are fet with many large, long, fharp thorns, three of which ftand generally
together. The feeds are a kind of bean, contained in a flat pod above a foot in length, and
three inches broad, replete with a fweet pulp of a honey-like confiftence. ‘The inhabitants
brew a palatable and wholfome liquor thereof; and it is not improbable, that the immenf
quantities of fuch rich mellifluous j Juice to be procured from thefe trees may hereafter be made
ufe of for many valuable purpofes. Thefe trees were unknown in Virginia till about the year
1700, near which time fome of them were brought from the banks of the Miffifippi river
by the Cherokee Indians, and planted in their nation, diftant from Virginia fix or feven hun-
dred miles; from whence .they were introduced to 0 Virginia by the Indian traders of that
country.

The only valuable part of this tree is the fruit; the wood being good for little. In Vir-
ginia it is called the Honey Locuft.

It is raifed from feeds only, which fhould be brought over in their pods.

K | *69. Pleudo-

[ ” ]

*60. Pfeudo-acacia.
The Locuft-tree of Virginia.

The wood of this tree is efteemed in Virginia, on account of its durablenefs, beyond that of
any other. When the Englifh firft fettled in that country, being obliged to run up with all
the expedition poflible fuch little houfes as might ferve them to dwell in, till they could find .
- Jeifure to build larger and more convenient ones, they ereéted each of their little hovels on four ; ;
only of thefe trees, pitched into the ground to fupport the four corners: many of thefe pofts _
are yet ftanding, and not only the parts under ground, but likewife thofe above, ftill perfectly
found. This is a beautiful and very ufeful tree, yielding to none in the pleafing verdure of its
leaves: of the wood of this tree the Virginian and other northern American Indians made their |
bows, it being when old very tough and pliant; yet the limbs and branches are brittle and
liable to be fplit by winds, therefore not fo fit to be planted in open expofures, It bears white
papilionaceous flowers that hang in clufters, and perfume the air with their fragrance. The
feeds remain hanging on the leaflefs trees till after Chriftmas; and from them a fucceflion may
eafily be raifed. Ses
This tree is hardy, and is never affedted by our frofts: they are very numerous in moft of
our northern colonies, and of quick growth. Its ufefulnefs and eafy culture recommends it for.

parks and fields, as well as avenues in gardens.

26; Corap f i iB, arbufeula Mariana pedi folio, flore albo px had racemfo.
The cluftered Black Cherry.

In the thick woods of Virginia and Carolina, where thefe trees moft abound, they feldom
grow bigger than a man’s leg; but being removed to more open places, they become large ~
trees; fome of them being two feet in diameter with a fingle ftraight ftem. In March they
= produce pendulous bunches of white flowers, which are fucceeded by {mall cherries of a greenifh —
~ eaft, hanging in clufters of fix inches long in the manner of currants: the fruit of fome of —
thefe trees are fweet and pleafant-tafted, others are bitter : they are approved for making the
= Belt cherry-brandy_ of any other; and alfo for ftocks to graft other cherries upon. The wood -
has a fine grain, and is efteemed for its ufes in joinery and waltecraiies ‘They are raifed _

Ae accel from their feeds, but will take root = laying. |
“ie *o1. Agui-’

tog. 7

*71. Aquifolium Virginianum.
The Holly of America.

There appears no fpecific difference between the common American and the common Englifh
Holly ; the leaves of the-American being more or lefs prickly, and fome wholly without; and
the berries fomewhat lefs, and of a brighter red; but they differ moft in ftature: thofe of
America, particularly i in the upper parts of Virginia, are frequently forty and soeneniines fifty
. feet high; the trunk fourteen aind eighteen inches diameter, and very erect.

*72. Funiperus Virginiana.
~The Cedar of North America.

_ Thefe trees are natives of the maritime parts of North America from. the cape of Florida
to the latitude of between forty and fifty degrees; which extenfive tra&t for above a century
paft has afforded a fuflicient fupply of this wood for building infinite numbers of fhips and
floops, yet there ftill remain inexhauftible quantities fit for the fame purpofe; for being of a
quick growth they become good timber in twenty years. The inhabitants of Bermudas firft
became famous for their cedar veffels, and long retained the reputation of building them to
_ fach a degree, that in England cedar floops and .ermudas floops were fynonymous terms; and
moft people fuppofed that all the cedar veffels in America were built at Bermudas; whereas
that whole ifland contains not the hundredth part of the quantity of land that affords cedar,
and confequently the number of fhips built on that little ifland is inconfiderable in comparifon
to what the continent, the Bahama, and other iflands furnifh. It is true, the wood of the -
Bermudas cedar is preferred to that of the continent; for as rocky foils produce the firmeft ~
wood, the cedars of Bermudas receiving their nourifhment from folid rocks, acquire a clofenefs
and folidity in the grain beyond what thofe have which grow in the fandy loofe foil on the
continent: however the different appearance of cedars (which is often caufed by different foils
or feminal. varieties) is no fufficient reafon for fuppofing fo many different {pecies ; for in
America I have frequently gathered fpecimens from a grove of thefe trees, and even from a
fingle tree, that have agreed with all the different characters by which they have been diftin-

euifhed in England. I was. told -by a perfon of probity and curiofity, that he carried fome
| | : ? | berries

oe oe

berries of the Bermudas cedar from thence, and raifed trees from them in Carolina, where the
_ trees became more like in appearance to the Carolina cedar trees than to thofe of Bermudas;
therefore it is not to be wondered that fuch-like changes appear in England, where the {oil
and climate differ vaftly from thofe parts of America where cedars grow.

The feeds of this tree may be raifed in the common earth, giving them fome protection in
the winter if it fhould be fharp ; though better fuccefs may be expected if fown in a hot bed,
particularly thofe from Bermudas and the more fouthern parts of the continent.

*73. Cupreffus Americana, fruclu minimo.
The American Cyprefs. White Cedar.

Sow the feeds of this tree in the fpring in boxes or pans of earth, for the convenience of
| ‘Temoving them to a warm afpeét when the rigour of the weather requires it, keeping them
moderately moift till the next fpring; then give them the gentle heat of a hot bed, and at
their appearing above ground give them frequent waterings, and harden them gradually againft
the approach of winter: if the cold fhould prove exceflive, give them fome fmall proteétion,
and in the {pring plant them out with as much mould fticking to their roots as can be. Except
the Diffideus American cyprefs, this is the only fpecies of cyprefs that has been found in North .
America: it retains the leaves the year round. Thefe trees grow in Carolina, Virginia, Mary-
land, and Pennfylvania, and only in the upper parts of thofe countries; and is accounted

excellent timber : they grow to large and lofty trees.

*74. Siliquaftrum Americanum.
The Red Bud-tree.

The principal difference between his and the Arbor Jude of Europe is, that the leaf of this
is t-pointed, and the plant lefs capable of enduring cold than that of Europe.

| a6. Rhus

v

[ 37 ]

*7°. Rhus glabrum panicula fpeciofa coccinea.

This plant rifes to the height of fix or feven feet, with one and fometimes feveral ftraight oy
{tems from one root, and produces {pikes of pentapetalous white flowers at the ends of the

branches. That which diftinguifhes this and gives it the preference to all the other fpecies of it

is, the refplendence of its {carlet panicles, the colour of which begins to appear in July with a

tincture of yellow; but. as the fruit ripens the fcarlet heightens. The berries that compofe the

panicles are yellow, thick-{fet with numerous filaments or fmall threads of a we or keateiet

colour, which nothing can excel, efpecially when the fun fhines upon it.

N. B. A warm fummer is requifite to perfect its colour in our climate. They will rife frou

feeds, but are more eafily increafed by fuckers, peti they are much inclined to produce.

*46. Pavia.
‘The Scarlet flowering Horfe-chefnut.

_ This tree grows ufually but to a fmall fize.

ks Me (pilus Sf inofa. oa
“The ‘Cockfpur Thorn. -

This tree grows ufually to the height of fixteen feet or more, with a ftraight flem and

_regular-fhaped head. In the fpring it produces large clufters of flowers, which in ‘October are
_fucceeded by bunches of a red fruit of the fize and form of thofe of the Italian Azerol.

It is very proper to plant in parks, as well for its handfome appearance as the ben:

affords the deer, which delight to browfe on the fruit. It is a hardy plant, and may be raucc

from feeds with.as much facility as the common hawthorn, and deferves to be propagated pre-

-ferable to others of this genus. | 7

There are a great many different fpecies of the me/pilt that have been introduced from North

America; a great variety of which is to be feen in the gardens of Mr. Gray at Fulham. The

America, that trouble may be omitted.

different colour of their haws, and their other various appearances, adapt them to the ufe of
groves and wildernefles: and as they are to be obtained here without procuring them irom

wy, Sone *78, Peri-

[3a

+ 78, Periclymenum Virginianum.
The Scarlet Honey-fuckle.

_ This-is a climbing plant, and retains its leaves all the winter: the flowers are tubulous and
of a fcarlet colour. They are natives of Carolina, though they will endure our climate in a .
warm fituation. If they like their foil (in which they are very difficult) they produce fuch a
profufion of flowers, that no wall-tree makes fo fplendid an appearance. They are eafily
increafed by laying; but being fomewhat tenderer than the European kinds, they require a little
more indulgence till the firft year after planting has paffed.

79: Segoe Caroliniana, Seliiess, cilia, Solis pinnate floribus

ceruleis Spicatis.

The Kidney Bean-tree.

This plant was introduced from Virginia, where, and in Carolina, its trailing branches are
_fupported by trees and fhrubs. In May and June it produces bunches of papilionaceous purple
flowers, which are fucceeded by pods containing beans of a brown colour, of the fize, or rather
lefs than horfe-beans, which will fometimes ripen in England: they likewife in fome foils afford
- plenty of fuckers by which they may be propagated.

*80. Arbor Virginiana citria vel limonte folio, Benzoinum fundens.

; The Benjamin-tree.

This is a {mall tree, or rather fhrub ; the leaves and bark aromatic: the {mall yellow flowers
which are produced in the fpring, are fucceeded by {mall oval berries of a {carlet colour,

which when bruifed emit a fragrant fmell. It is called in Virginia the All-fpice-tree.

81, Alii

1 ie

. Ani folia Americana ferrata, ‘Minibus pentapetals albis, in Spicam

difpofitis.

=. This feb grows in moift places, and fometimes in water, from which it rifes with many

flender ftems to the height of ten or fourteen feet: the leaves are fomewhat rough, placed
alternately, ferrated, and in fhape not unlike thofe of the white thorn. In July, there fhoots
from the ends of the branches fpikes of white flowers four or five’ inches long; each flower
confifts of five petals and a tuft of fmall flamina. The flowers are thick-fet on foot-ftalks a
quarter of an inch long, and are {ucceeded by fmall, oval, pointed capfulz, containing many
chaffy feeds. It cadures the greateft cold of our winters; increafes by laying, and fometimes

produces fuckers,

82. Frutex Virginianus trifolius ulini famaris.

This tree ufually grows to the height of twelve or fourteen feet, with a trunk as big as one’s
leg, having a greenifh fmooth bark. Its leaves are trifoliate, and fet on long foot-ftalks; the
flowers grow in fpiked bunches, many of them together, each flower having four white petals,
and are fucceeded by clufters of feeds hanging feparately by fhort pedicles, and covered with
flat thin capfule, . _ They may. be increafed by laying, but are — in ftriking root.

68 :: Steuartia.

This fhrub rifes from the ground with fevetal fiff inflexible ftems to an ordinary height :
the leaves are ferrated’ and’ grow alternately, refembling thofe of the Syringa. The flower
refembles that of a fingle rofe, confifting of five white concave petals, with a | pointel rifing
_ from a pale green ovarium, furrounded by many purple ftamina with bluifh apices. It is re-
markable, that one particular petal in every flower is ftained with a faint greenifh yellow. The
calix is divided into five fegments; the capfula has a hairy roughnefs on the outfide, is of a
conic form, and when ripe fplits open, and difclofes five membranous fhells, every one of which
contains a fingle oblong brown fhining feed. I received a plant of it from Virginia in full
blofiom. _ The wood is fo very hard, that it feems to be not increafible by laying. :

84. Palma

[ 4@ |]

84. Biles Hees hienfis prensa folio plicatil feu fabell forma nee
/quammato.

The Palmeto-tree of Carolina.

This is the only fpecies of that numerous and ufeful genus of trees the Palm, that is found
to grow without the tropics: I obferved it as far north as the latitude of thirty-four dégrees,
which being within the climate from whence our American hardy trees have been introduced,
P Snccive not improbable that this tree, by a little protection, may be brought to endure |
our climate and adorn our gardens with its ample foliage: its vicinity with many hardy trees
which now are naturalized to England, would induce one to conclude that this tree alfo, as
well as thofe, may be able to bear the cold of our country ; but as all American trees of the |
fame latitude are not equally hardy. trial only can determine how far this tree is capable of
abiding the open air of our climate. Was the fingular and {pecious appearance of thefe trees
known to the Curious, there would need no other excitement to the defire of procuring them,
which with no great difficulty may be effected from Charles Town in South Carolina ;. within
four miles of which is a little ifland, fix miles in circuit, called Sullivan’s Ifand, abounding
with Palmeto-trees of all dimenfions. The roots of thefe trees growing within a {mall com-
pafs, and their fibres being clofely connected, fmall trees may be taken up with fufhcient earth
adhering to their roots, put fingly in tubs of earth, and fupported by a ftake or ftakes.

The leaves are more than femicircular; and fome of them fo broad, that they meafure fix
feet diameter. Thefe trees are found in Carolina from ten to fifty feet in height. This, as
well as the other kinds of Palms, has its peculiar ufes; particularly its leaves are ufed for the |
walls and coverings of houfes; making hats, bafkets, ropes, with many other utenfils. The
berries are globular, as big as cherries, of a lufcious fweet tafte; and isa great pact of the food
of the maritime Indians. |
- Sir Hans Stoane obferves, that the name of Palm feems beft to agree with this kind,
: becaufe the leaf refembles a hand more than any of the other forts,

*3c. Celtis.

tae

*8e. Celtis.
The Lote, or Nettle-tree of America. _

Thefe trees ate natives of Carolina and moft of the northern colonies in America, and are
hardy enough to endure the climate of England ; they grow to a large fize, of a regular pyra-
midal form; the wood clofe-grained, and fit for many mechanical ufes. The leaves are fharp-
pointed and notched; the flowers are compofed of five very {mall white petals, encompafling
many ftamina, and are fucceeded by fingle round berries, which, if fown in a hot bed, will
fometimes rife in three or four months, but in the common earth are ufually the fecond year
before they appear. Thefe trees naturally srow in a moift foil, and while young require
| frequent watering: their branches alfo will ftrike root by laying; and though it is a tree of
no fingular beauty, it may ferve to add to the variety of the foreft-trees which the new world
affords, |

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