LLELSELHLLL ELIS S SELES LLG LS SSS |

By the Council of the Roya Society
of London for Improving of Natural
Knowledge. <i

Faia

Ordered, That the Book. written by Robert Hooke,M.A,Fellow of this Society,
Entituled, Micrographia, or fome Phyfiological Defcriptions of
Minute Bodies, made by Magnifying Glafles, with Obfervations and

Inquiries thereupon, Be printed by John Martyn,and James Alleftry,
Printers to the faid Society.

Novem. 23.

ae :

CELESTE ESTES FE545500040004

vee
RORe

oe Brouncker. P. RS. |

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- MICROGRAPHIA:

OR SOME

sia si ae
MI NUTE BODIES

MADE BY
MAGNIFYING. GLASSES.
ao WITH

Osservations and In qurri z s thereupon.

By R. HOOKE, Fellow of the Rota So cists.

OTE aa

Now poffis oculo quantum contendere Linceus,
Non tamen idcirco coutemnas Lippus inungi. Horat. Ep. lib. 1.

—_—_—_— —, a

— LONDON, Printed ts te Recon and Je. Alley, Printers tothe ~

Rox AL °§ © c18 T y,andare to befold at their Shop atthe Bel! in si
S. Paul's Church-yard, M DC LX V. me

= Do here moft humbly lay
g<3 this mall) Prefene at Your
ss, Majefties Royal feet. And
“ee though it comes accompa-
ny'd with twodiadvantagesthe meanne/s
of the Author, and of the Subje#; yer. |
in both I am incouraged by the greatnefs rs
of your Mercy and your Knowledce.
By the ovelamtaught, that you can
iD A forgive

Tuts Be iste

forgive the moft pre(umpinous Offendors :
And by the other, that you will nore-
fteem the leaftwork of Nature, or Art,
unworthy your Objervation. Amidft the
“many felicities that have accompanid.
jour Majefties happy Keftauration and
Government,itis none of theleaft confi-
derable, that Philofophy and Experimental
Learning have profper'd under your Royal
Patronage. Andas thecalm profperity
of your Reign has given us theleifare
to follow thefe Studies of quiet and re-
tirement, fo it is juft, thatthe Fruits of
them fhould ; by way of ackyowledge-
ment, be dretanitd: to your Majefy.
There aré; Sir, feveral other of your
Subjets, of your Royal Society, now
bifie about Noble: matters: The fm-
provement of M fonufactures and Aorienl-
tite, the Jnereale of Commerce, che iAd-
vantage. of Navigation: Yn all which
ay are’ “afti ifted. by’ “your Majefties Incow-
ent atic Example: Amidft all chofe
greater

DeprcaTory:

greater Defigns,! | here prefume to bring
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GHROOH TARAOA

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we} YAL SOCIETY.

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40% Frer my Addre? to our Great Founder and Pa-’
ey tron, I could not. but think. my felf oblig’d ,
“in confideration of thofe many Invatecunte
eey YOu have’ laid: upon me ,- to- offer thefe my
PNT = *» poor Labours to - this MOS T+ KELP Us
STRIOUS ASSEMBLY, YOU have-been
pleas’d formerly to accept of thefe rude Draughts. ‘1 have fince
added to them fome Defcriptions, and fome ConjeGiures of my —
own, Andtherefore, together with YOUR Acceptance, I muft
alfo beg YOUR pardon.The Rules YOU have prefcribd YOUR
felves in YOUR Philofophical Progrefs do feem the beft that :
have ever yet been’ prattis'd.: And particularly that of avoiding
Dogmatizing , ‘and the efpoufal of any Hypothefis not fufficiently
grounded and confirm’d by Experiments. This way feems the.
moft excellent , and may preferye both Philofophy and Natural
Hiftory from its former Corruptions.In faying which, I may feem :
to condemn my own Courfe in this Treatife ; in which there
may perhaps be fome Expreffions, which may ein more pofitive
then YOUR Prefcriptions will permit: AndthoughIdefire
to have them underftood only as Conjeftures and Queries which 4
~ YOUR Method does not altogether difallow)yet ifeveninthofe
I have exceeded, ’tis fit that I fhould declare, that it was not
done by YOUR Direétions. For it is moft unreafonable, that
YOU fhould undergo the imputation of the faultsof my Con-
rir ing YOU cnn fo fall tome pia
: : < sof f Fi :

YOUR mot bumble and
moft faithful Servant

ROBERT HOOKE,

iE ais Ie ie

PRE B: As Be
SASSY 7 is the great prerogative of Mankind abéve other
NES) (2525 © Creatures, that we are not only able to behold the
7 (23| Tex works of Nature, or barely tofuttein our Lives by
Se them, but we have allo the power of confidering,

SSSA comparing, altering, affifting, and improving
them to various ufes.And as this is the peculiar priviledge of humane
Nature in general, fo is it capable of being fo far.adwanced by the helps
of Art, anid Experience, as to'make:fome Men excel others in their
Obfervations, and DeduEtions,almoft as muchas they do Beafts, By the
addition of fucb artificial Inftruments oe may bein
fome manner, a reparation’ made for the: mifchiefs,.and ;
mankind has drawn upon it (elf, by negligencesand intemperance, and a

wilful and fuperfitions deferting the Prefcripts and Rules of Natute,
whereby every man, both froma deriv'd corruption, innate and born
with him, and from bis breeding and ee wi rac i a fall

ty fipinto all forts of ertors.

“The only way which now remains for us to recover ven destée, of
thofe former perfettions, feems to be,by reéiifying the operations of ‘the
Serife,thé Memory,and Reafon, {ince upon theevidence,the ftrength,
the integrity, ard the right correfpondence of all thefe,allthe light;
by which our a€tions are to be guided, istabetenemed, coal
mand over things is to be shabli. im

PGB therefore moft- worthy of our sient rorecolleh teieo
(iteab dts, that [owe may the better underfland bow to fupply them,
and ‘by what affftanices we may pasion parent fecustfher i in

ir particular

om the ablions of cur Senfes, we ‘isekheslee cheat

S ae

= ‘the fabftance, fall appearances for good fimilicudes, fi

The PrEeFace.

many | particulars much outdone by thofe of other Creatures, and when
at bef tobe far fhort of the perféction they fem capable of : And thefe
infirmities of the Senfes arife from a double caufe, either from the dif-
proportion of the Objeé& to the Organ, whereby an infinite number of
things can never enter into them,or ee from evror in the Perception,
that many things, which come within their reach, arenot received ina

right manner.

The like frailties are to be’ found in the Memory swe oes lepmany —
things flip away fromeus, which deferve tobe retainid; and of thofe
| which we treafitre up, a great part is either frivolous or falfe ; and if

good, and fubftontial, either in tratiof time obliterated, or at beft fo

overwhelmed and buried under more frothy notions, that when there is
need of them, they are in vain fought for. = :
The two main foundations being fo decetvable, it is no wonder, that

all the fucceeding works which we ve build upon them,of arguing, conclu-
ding defining, judging, and all the other degrees of Reafon, are lyable to
the fame imperfection, being, at befi, either vain,or uncertain: .Sothat
the errors of the underftanding are anfwerable tothe two other, being
defe&tive bothin the quantity and goodnefs of its knowledge for. the li-
mits, to which our thoughts are confi nd, are final in refpett of the vaft
extent of Nature it felf; fome parts of it are too large to be compreben-
ded,and fome toolittle to beperceiued. And from thence it muftfol-
low,that not having a full Jenfation of the Objet, we muft be verydame
and imperfect in our comceptions about it, andin. all thepropofstions
which me build uponit ; hence we often take the hadow of things 3

_ fordefinitions; and even many of thofe, which we think, tobe the mof ee
folid definitions, are rather expreffions of our ow raigided appreben=
fions then of the true nature of the things themfelves, Teem
The effects of thee imperfeétions. are manifefled in differen nina
cording tothe tener and difpoition ofthe Jveral minds of men, fae
they:incline to grofs ignorance: and lupidity, and athers ‘ta a.pre-
fumptuous impofing on other mens Opinions,and a confident dog-
snatizing on matters, whereof there'ia no offurance to be givers

Lt

The PreFack,

Thus all the uncertainty, and miflakes of burmtane dBtions, feted
sithes from the narrowne/s and wandring of our Sentes, from the lippes,
rine(S or delufion of our Memory, from the confinement or rafbneiof.
our Underftanding, fo that "tis no wonder, that our power over natu
ral caufes and effecis is: {o lowly improw d, feeing we are not onily. to
contend with the obfcurity and ditficulty of the things wbereon we work
and think,,put even the forces of our own minds confpireto'betray nes

- Thefe being the dangers in the procef’ of humene Reajon, thé remedies
of them all can only proceed front the veal, the mechanical, thé ¢x«
perimental Philolophywhich bas this advantage over the Philofophy of
difcourleand difputation,that whereas that chiefly aims at the fubtilty
of its Dedutiions and Concluftons, without much regard to.the. firft

ground-work,, which ought to be well:baid on the Senfe and Memory ;
| fo this intends the right ordering de them allyand the making them fe ra

viceable toveach others. 9...

Tbe firft thing to be siddachenin shi weighty works, i is a watch
fulnefs:over the conus and an ilar of hig Wownariies of
the Sepifes.. y andere:

To which end itis ellen Firs Thatebdie bold be foripu-
er choicesand a ftri& examination, of the reality; conftancy, dnd
certainty ofthe Particulars that we admit:Thio is the firft Fife wheres
on truth ia to begin, ‘and here the moft fevere, and moft impartial dili«
gence; muuft be imployed 5 the floring up of all; without any regard to
evidence or ufe; ‘will only tend todarknefs amd confufton.\We mift
not therefore efteem the riches of ourP hilofophicak treafure by the noms.
ber only,jbut chiefly by the weight;the moft vulgat Inflances arent to
be negleCied put above all, the moft inftruttive are to be entertain d ;
the foorfieps of Nature'are to betrac'd,not only inher ordinary 7
| bua when fhe feemsto be put to ber fhifts.to make: mary doublings and
be sad ees pants ~ age tee oda

Tene sie ities Berefpettef theSenls, is ofiihine
obey wnities with Inttruments, and, as it were; the adding of artis
ficial Organs to the natural ; this in one of them has been of latesjears
Yaak : accom

and-afaichful — weenie fon to —_ ogg

The Preract.

accompli(be with prodigious benefit to all forts of ufeful knowledge , by
the invention of Optical Glaffes.. By the means of Telefcopes, there is
nothing fo far diftant but may be reprefented to our view ; and by the
help of Microfcopes; there is.nothing fo {mall, as to efcape our inqui-
ty ; hence there is: anew vifible World difcovered to the underftanding.
By this means the Heavens are open'd, and a vaft number of new Stars,
and new Motions, and new Productions appear in them, to which allthe
antient Aftronomerswere utterly Strangers. By this the Earth it fel, —
which byes fo ner us,, under our feet, fbews quite a new thing to us, and
inevery litle particle of its matter; we now behold aloft asgreat a
variety of Creatures, as we were able before to reek up in the mbole
Univerfet felf...

It feems not siedbable' bi thet by thele helps the fubtley of the
compofition of Bodies, the firu€iure of their parts, the various texture
of their matter, the infiruments and manner of their inward motions,
and all the other pofible appearances of things, may come to be more
fully dj ifeovered 5 all which the antient Peripateticks were content to
comprehend in two general and ( unlefs further explaind). ufelefs
words of Matter and Form.From whence there may arife many admi-
rable advantages,towards the increafe of the Operative, and the Me-
chanick Anowledge, to which this Age feems Jo much inclined, becaufe
we may perhaps be inabled to difcern all the fecret workings of Nature,
almoftinthe fame manner as we do thofe that are the produtions of
Art, and are manag’d byW, heels and Hagin and Springs that mere
cn ae PIS Mabie

Unthiskind There prefent to " World. my inperfoi Lidonogutes
sibich though they fhall prove no other: way confiderable,yet, J hope; they
may. be in fome meafure ufeful to the main Defigniof a reformation
inP hilofophy, if it be only by fhewing, that there.ts not: Jo vnsich requir d
towarilsit,any flrength of |magination,or exatinefs of Method.or depth
of Contemplation(though the addition of thefe,where they canbe. had,
muft needs produce a.tauch more perfeEt compofirre)as a fincere Hand,

i

mute rm = enom@dsio} — &

» Thea PReeace.

And T beg my Reader, to\tet ne takethe boldne/?. to: ‘affure bint,
sels in this prefent condition of knowledge:,a man fo qualified; as I
have indeavoured to be, only with refolution, and integrity, and plain
intentions of imploying bis Senfes aright nay venture to compare the re-
ality and the ufefulne/? of bis fervices, towards the true P hilofophy, with
thofe'of other men, that are of much fironger,anid more acute fpecula-

tions;that hall not make ufe of the fame method by the Senfés..
The truth iss. the Science of Nature bas-been-already too long. made
only a work: of the Brainvand the Fancy :. It is now. high time thatit
Joould return to the plainnefs and foundne? of Obfervations on ma-
terial.and obvious things. It i faid of great Empires, Thatthe beft
way to preferve them from decay, isto bring,themback to. the
firft Principles; and-Arts, on) which they. did begin... 7he fame.
is undoubtedly true in Philofophy,that by wandring far away into invi-
fible'Notions,has almoft quite defiroy ‘dd it felf,and it can: never be re-
covered, or continued, but by ag into the pane (enfible paths,
in which it did at firft proceeds wae

a? therefore the Reader expecis' from me ae ‘infallible! D tions,
or certainty of Axioms, I am'to fay for miy’ felf, that thofe Feoneet
Worksiof Wit and Imagination are’ abode my weak, Abilities 5. or of
they had not been fo, Twould not have made ufe of themin shis pre»
fent: SubjeEt before: me : | Whereever he findsthat I have ventur'd at
any fall ConjeFiures, at the caufes: of the things that I have me faned,

Thefeeth him to look, upon them only eb wet Problems,and uncer-
rain ghefles, and not as. unqueftionable Concluftons,. or matters of un~ -
confutable Science; - Ihave produced ‘nothing hére,, with intent. tobind
bisunderftanding to-an implicit confent 5: a amo far from that,that
I defire him, not abfolutely to rely upon thefe Obferwations\ of my. eyes,
if he finds them contradifted by the fawn Beaton: Hapereeet q fe
ber andimpartial Difcoverers. ovina

“AS for my part; Thave cbt end thee finall. Lab hours:
fall be though fittotake up fone place inthe large flock.of nacural

fervations, which fo witeheds itladeiin pride FF Lhave
— the meaneft foundations —_ others may:1aife.rtobler

alsny 4 : ‘Supers

The eels 3

Superftra@ures, Lam abundantly fatisfied ; and all my ambition is,
that Imay ferve tothe great Philofophers of this Age , asthe makers
and the grinders of my Glaffes did tome ; that I may prepare and furs —
nifh them with fome Materials, wbich they may afterwards order and
manaye with better skill, and to far greater advantage. | :
The next remedies in this univerfal cure of the Mind are to be ap-

_ plyedto the Memory, and they are to confift of fuch Direbtions as may
inform ws, what things are beft to be tor’d up for our purpofe, and
which isthe bef way of ra f difpofing them, that they may not only be
kept in fafety, but ready and comoenient,to be at any time produc'd for
fe, @ occafion fhall require. But I will not here prevent my felf in
what I may fay in another Difcourfe , wherein I fhall. make an -at-
temipt to propofe foe Confider ations of the manner of compiling a Na-
tural and Artificial Hiftory, and of fo ranging and regiftring its
Partiewdars into Philofophical Tables, as may make: them tnof ufeful
for the raifing of Axioms and Theories. 7
The laft indeed is the moft hazardous Enterprize, il ‘yet the nnof
neceflary 5 and that is, totake fuchcare that the Judgment and the
Reafon of Man ¢ which isthe third Faculty to be repair'd and im-
prov'd) fhould recetwe \fuchaffiftance, as to-avdid the dangersto
which it is by mature moft fubjeti The Imperfections, which Ihave al-
ready mention’, +0 which it is lable, do either belong to the extent,
or rhe poodnels of ts knowledge ; and bere the difficulty is the grea
ter, leaft that which may be thought .a remedy for the one’ fhoula
provedeftractive tothe other, Teaft by feeking toinlarge our Kinow=
kedve, we fould vender it weak, and aancertain cand keaft by boing :

*\ In both thee bachiale wages: wedide nero ain pes :
cael and yet every thing to paf? a mature deliberations, Ne
Intelligence from Men of all Profeffeons, and quarters of the Ward, 4

| tobellighted;andyer ail tobefolevercly exaimintd,that there remain
* no'robm for doubr or- tnftability 5 zich vigour in \admittingy ai =
ite comparing ed abe almac own in akebatingyand,
fhynely:

The PREFACE.

fhynefs in determining, is to be prablifed. The Underftanding is to’
pie all the inferiour fervices of the lower Faculties ; but yet it isto.
do this only as a lawful Matter, and not as a Tyrant. ht mujt not in-
croach upon their Offices, nor take upon it felf the employments which.
belong to either of them. — It mmuftwatch the irregularities of the Sen-
fes, but it muft not go before them, or “prevent their information. \ Tt
muftexamine, range, and difpofe of the bank; which is laid up in thé
_ Memory ; but it muftbe fare to make diftinétion between the {ober and
well colleéted heap. and the extravagant: Idea's, and» miftaken
Images’, which there it may fometimes light upon. So many are. the
links,upon. which the true Philofophy depends, of which,if any one be loofe,
or weak, the whole chain is in danger of being diffolo'd 3, it is to be-
gin pith the Hands and Eyes, and to'proceed. on through: the Memory,
to be continued by the Reafon ; nor vit to flop there, but tocome about
10 the Hands and Eyes:again, and fo, bya continual paflage round
fromone Faculty to another , it is to be maintained in life and firength,
as much asthe body of man is by the circulation of the dbloodrbrough the
feveral ares of — the —_ it i ty the bore sas the Aeaarntelk
Head,

- Fonce this istedovre folloved wit diligence find, sesentiony:sDereis
nothing: that lyes within the power of human Wit Cor whith és: far more .
ofitiual ) of human Indufiry , which we might-not compaf> 5. we might
nor only hope for Inventions to equalize thofe of Copernicus, ‘Galileo,
Gilbert Harvy, and of others, whofe Names are.almoftloft, that were the
Inventors of Gun=powder,theSeamans Compafs, Printing, Etching,

-Graving; Microfcopes, &c.:. but' multitudes that may far exceed them
fareven thofe cifcoweries feetn to bave been the: produ€is of fome: fuch mex
thod, though but imperfett 5 What maynot be therefore expecied from it if
thoronighly profecuted? Talking-and contention of Arguments would
Jota tit divas labours 5: abiie EE Ee and ni

ains bas
z

| fre Tre wie eters, viay einpa scftor'd
by ,

= would icy oni and gieplae t old Hittoies, Experi enn

Ehe: Pa ft ace.

by the fame way, not only by beholding and contemplating, . but by ta-
fing toothofe fruits of Natural knowledge, that were never yet forbidden,
_- From hence the World inay be affified with variety of Inventions, new
matter for Sciences nay be collegted; the old improv'd, and their raft
— qubb'daway; and as tt is by the benefit: of Senfes that we receive all our
Skill. in theworks of Nature,fo they alfo may be. wonderfully benefited by
it, and may be guided to an.eafier and more exa&t performance. of their
Offices ; tis not unlikely, but that we may find out wherein our S oe are |
deficient, and as eaftly find wayes of repairing them.
<The: Indeavours of Skilful men-bave been moft conver fant rie the
affiftance of the Eye, and many noble Produétions have followed upon it ;
and from bence we may conclude, that there is a way open d for advancing
the operations, not only of all the otber Senfes,put even. of the Eye it felf;that
which has beer already done ought not to.content ws,but rather to incourage
ws to: proceed: sib and to ae poe tbiggs in the forte and saa a
e ent wayes. a
Ts rated ‘but shat shere riay be yet sailed lool ether
helps for the eye,as muchexceeding thofe already. found,as thofe dothe bare
eye,fuch asby mbich we may perbaps be able to difcover living Creaturesin
the: Moon; or other Planets; the figuresof the compounding Particles of
eceesie ; and the particular Schematifms.and Textures of Bodies...)
» And as Glafles have'bighly pronioted | our feeing, fo."tis eet ah 4
ble but that:there may be found manyMechanical.Inventions todmprove
our other Senfes, of hearing, {melling,. tafting, touching. ; .°Z# not
- dmnpoffible to bear a ieidiene a furlongs diflance,. it having been. already 4
done; and: perbaps the nature of the thing would not. make it moreim-
poff ible, though that ‘furlong fbould be ten tomies multiply d. And though
ome famous Authors have affirm'd it impoffible to bear. through.thethin-
| | neft plate of Mufcovy-glafs ; yet [know a way,by which sateonal 4
to hearone.fpeak. through a walla ‘yard. thick.’ It-bas not.been. a
thoroughly. examin'd,how far Otocoufticons may. be- improv rd, nor what
other wayes there may be of. quickning, our bearing, or'conveying found
whroughother bodies'themthe Air: for that that is not'theonly medium,
ti i can saaf tatla Reader, that I have,py the help ~ a diftended wire,propa-

gated

eee

| The Preface,
gated the found t0 ery confiderable diftance in an infant, or with a
feemingly quick a métion as that of light, at leaf, incomparably fwifter
then that, which at the fame time was propagated through the Air; and
this not only in a firaight line’, Sor dirett, but int one bended’ in marty. |
angles,
: mt are the other three o peri bib that diligerite ittentioh, anid
many mechanical contrivances,’ may allo highly improvethem: For
fince the fenfe of {melling fens tobe made by the {witt patlage of the
Air ( impregnated with the feats and effluvia of feveral odorows
Bodies) through the grifly meanders of the Nofe whofe furfaces are | (
cover'd, with a very fenfiblé- nerve , and moiftned by a tranfuda-
‘tion from, the proceflus mamillares of the Brain, and Jome ad-
- joyning glandulés, and by the moift team of the Lusigs) with a Liquor
convenient for the, reception of thofe efluvia and by the adbefion and
mixing of thofe fleams with that liquor and thereby affeciing the nerve, or
perhaps by infinuating themfelves into the juices of the brain, after the
fame manner, a3 I have in the following Obfervations intimated, the parts
of Salt topa/s through the skins of Effs,. and Frogs. Since, 1 fay, (melling
feems to.be madeby fome fuch way, “tt not improbable, but that [owe con-
trivance, for making a great quantity of Air pa/3 quick through the Nofe, \
might as much promote the fenfe of fimelling, as the any wayes bindring that a
paifaoe does dull and deftroy it... Several tryals I have made, both of ge
Pindring and promoting this fenfe,and have fucceeded in fome according to
expeEtation ; and indeed to me it fees capable of being improv ‘d, for the
judging of the confiitutions of of many Bodies. Perhaps we may thereby
allo judge (as other Creatures fern to do) what is wholforne,e what poy(on +
anil in a word, bat are the fpecifick. properties of Bodies.
There may be alfo fome other mechanical wayes found out , of fenfibly |
percetving the effluvia of Bodies ;. feveral Inftances of which, were it here
proper, I could give of Mineral feams and exbalations ; and it eems mut
impofible; but that by fome fuch wayes improved, may be difeovered, tee! :
"Minerals lye buried under the Earth, without the trouble to dig for them
fone things to confirm this Conjetture may be found in Agticola,, and ote . is
Writersof Minerals, fpeaking of the Vegetables that are apt to thrive, of
pine, in ‘ad fleams, roe | Whether

| ThesPret adh =
Whether alfo thofe'feams, which feem to. iffve out of the Earth, and
mix. with the Air (and fo to precipitate fome aqueous Exhalations,where-
with *tisimpregnated ) ‘may not be by fome way detefted before they produce
the effet, feems hard todetermine ; yet fomething of this kind Lam able to.
difcover,by an Inftrument I contriv’d to fhew all the minute variations in
thepreffure of the Air; by which Iconftantly find,that before, and during
the time of rainy weather, thepreffure of the Air is lef3, andin dry wea-
ther , but efpecially when an Eaftern Wind _¢ which having paft over
vaft tratis of Land is heavy with Earthy Particles). blows, it 1 much
more, though thefe changes are varied according to very odd Laws.
_ The Inftrument isthis.. .I prepare a pretty capaceous Bolt-head A B, with
a {mall {tem about two foot and a half long D C3 upon the end of thisD
I put ona fmal! bended Glafs,or brazen Syphon DEF (openat D,E andF,
but to be clofed with cement at F and E, asoccafion ferves) whofeftemF. _
fhould be about fix or eight inches long,.but the bore of it not above half'an
inch diameter,and very even; thefeI fix very ftrongly together by the help
of very hayd'Cement, and then fit the whole Glafs ABC DEF into a long
Board, or Frame,in fuch manner,that almoft half the head AB may lye buri-
ed ina concave Hemifphere cut into the Board RS; thenI placeit foon
the Board RS, asis expreft inthe firftFigure of the firft Scheme and fix
it very firm and fteady in that pofture, fo as that the weight of the Aéreury.
that is afterwards to be put into it,may not inthe leaft fhake or ftir it 5 then
drawing a line XY on the Frame RT, fo that it may divide the ball into
two equal parts, or that it may pafs, as twere, throughthe center of the
ball. 1 begin from that, and divide allthe reft of the Board towards UT
into inches, and the inches between the 25 and the end E(which need not be
above two or three and thirty inches diftant from the line X Y) I fubdivide
into Decimals; then {topping the end F with foft Cement, or foft Wax, Tin- °
vert the Frame, placing the head downwards, and the OrificeE upwards ;
and by it, witha {mall Funnel, I fill the whole Glaf§ with Quickfilvers then
by {topping the fmall Orifice E with my finger, I oftentimeserect and invert
e whole Glafs and Frame,and thereby free the Quickfilver and Glafs from
all the bubbles or parcels of lurking Air; then inverting it as before,Ifillit
top full with clear and well ftrain'd Quickfilver, and having'made ready a
{mall ball of pretty hard Cement, by heat made very foft,I prefsitintothe
hole Ey and thereby ftop it very faft; andtofecure thisCementfrom flying __
out afterward,I bind over it a piece of Leather, thatis{pread over inthe in-
fide with Cement, and wound about it whilft the Cement is hot: Having
thus faftned it; ] gently erect again the Glafs after this manner : I firft let the
Frame down edge-wayes, till the edge R V touch the Floor, orly horizon-
tal ; and thenin that edging pofture raife the end RS; this Ido, thatif
there chance to be any Air hidden in the {mall Pipe E, it may afcendinto the
Pipe F, and not into the PipeD C: Having thuserectedit, andhungit by __
the hole Q, or fixt it perpendicularly by any other means, openthe endF,

a

The Prerace.
and by : a finall Syphon Idraw out the Aferéury fo long,till find the furface of
it AB inthe head totouch exaGly the line X Y; at which time I immedi-
ately take away the Syphon, and if by chance it be run fomewhat ‘below
the line XY, by pouring in gently a little Aéercury atF, Iraife itagain to
i defired height , by this contrivance I make all the fenlible rifing and’ ial
of the Mercury tobe vifible inthe furface of the Mercury in the Pipe F

ne fearce any in the head AB. But becaufe there ‘really is forie finall
chans of the upperfurface alfo, :I find by feveral' Obfervationshow, muck
it rifes in the Ball, and fallsin the Pipe F, tomakethe diftance between the
awo furfaces an inch greater then it'was before’; and the meafure thatit
falls in the Pipe isthe length of the inch-by which am.to mark the parts of
the Tube F; orthe Board on whichit lyes, intoinches.and Decimals: Ha-
ving thus juttned and divided: it, I have a large Wheel M'N'O P, whofe
outmott limb is divided into two hundred equal parts} this by cettainfmall
Pillars is fixt on the Frame RT, in the manner expreft inthe Figure. In
the middle of this, on the back fi de, in aconyenient frame, is placed a {mall
Cylinder, whofe circumference is equal to twice the length of one of thofe
divifions, which] find anfwertoan inch of alcent, or decent, of Afercury :
This Cylinder I,is movable ona very:fmall Needle, on the end of which is
fixt avery light Index K L, all which are fo pois ‘don the Axis, or Needle,
that no part is heavier then ‘another = ‘Then about ‘this Cylinder i is wound a
{mall Clew of Silk, with two fmall {teel Bullets at each end of it, G H3: one
of thele, which isfomewhat the heavier, ought to be fo big, as freely ae
move to atid fro in the PipeF 5 by means of which contrivance ; every the

lea(t variation of the height of the Mercury will, be'made excecdinauibie
by the motion to and fro of the {mall Index K Lee

5 ae We + ver

But this is but one way of difcovering the Auris of the Earth mixt
pith the Air 5 there may be perhaps many others,witnel3 the Hygrofcope,
an Infirument whereby the watery fleams volatile im the’ Air are difcerned,
which the Nofe it felf is riot able to find. This 1 have defcrib'd in the
following Tra&t in the Defcription of the Beard of a wild Oats. Otbers there
aresnay be difcovered both by the Nole, and by other wayes allo. Thus
thefmoak of burning Wood is {melt, feen, and fufficiently felt by the
eyes: The Mtg: of burning Brimftone are {melt ard difcovered alfo
5 the deftroying the Colours of Bodies , asby thé whitening of a red
Rofe : And who keiows, but that the Indufiry of man, following this me-
- -thod.gnay find out wayes of improving this fenfe to as great a cette OF ag
fettion as it isin apy Animal, and perhaps yet higher. ys

“Tis not improbable alfo,put that our tatte may be very valle d,
either by preparing our taft for the Body, as, after eating bitter things,
wate other Vinous Raneise are more feah bly tafled’; or elfeby pre-

paring |

The «Putradt. .

paring Bodies for our taft; as the diffolving of Metals with acid Liquors,
— make them taflable, which were before altogether infipid ; thus Lead be-
comes {weeter then Sugar, and Silver more bitter then Gall, Copper
and \ron of moft \oathfome tafts. And indeed the bufinef? of this fenfe
being to difcover the prefence of diffolued Bodies in. Liquors put on the
Tonguespri in general to difcover that a fluid body has fome folid bedy diffolv'd
in it, and what they are; whatever contrivance makes. this difcovery
improves this fenfe. In shis kind the mixtures of Chymical Liquors af-
ford many Inftances ; as the fweet Vinegar that is impregnated with
Lead may be difcovered to be fo by the affufion of a'littleof an Alcalizate
folution : Zhe bitter liquor of Aqua fortis and Silver may be difcover'd

to be charg'd with that Metal, by laying in it. fome plates of Copper :
Tes not ‘apron alfo,but there may be multitudes of other wayes of difco=
vering theparts difolo d, or diffoluble in liquors ; and what is this dj be 4
ony but a kindof fecundary tafting.° ce
7% riot improbable alfo,but that the fenfe of fecling may be highly im=
prow ‘d,. for that being a fenfe that judges of the more grofs and robutt
motions of the Particles of Bodies, feems capable of being improu'd and
affifted very many wayes. Thus for the diftinguifbing of Heat and Cold,the
Weather-glafs and Thermometer, which Ihave deferib din this follow-
ing Treatife, do exceedingly perfeti it; by each of which the haf varia,
tions of heat or cold, which the moft Acute ‘fenfe is not able to diftinouifhjare

-‘ manifefied. This is oftentimes further promoted alfo by the help of Burn-
_ ‘ing-glaffes,and the like, mbich collet and unite the radiating beat. Thus
the coughnefs and fmoothnefs of a Body is made much more fenfible wy @
the help of a Microfcope, then by the moft tender and delicate Hand.
Perhaps, a Phyfitian might, by feveral other tangible proprieties, difcover
the conftitution of a Body as well as by the Pulfe. Ido but inflancein
thefe,to phew what pofibility there mmay be of many others, and what proba-~
bility and hopes there were of finding them,if this method were followed’; _
for the Offices of the five Senfes being to detefi either the fubtilandcuri-

ous Motions propagated through all pellucid or perfesily homogeneous
Bodies s Or the more grofs and vibrative Pulfe communicated through

| the Air. and allother convenient medinnas, better fluid or folid = Or the

effluvia

eae CCUCU

| he Pret AE
effluvia of Bodies diffolv'd in the Air ; Or the particles of bodies dif:
folv’d or diffoluble in Liquors, or the more quick and violent fha-

a king motion of heat in all or any of thefe: whatfoever does any wayes pra-

mote any. of thele kinds of criveria, does afford away of improving ome
one Jenfe. And what a multitude of thefewould a diligent Man meet

with in bis inquiries? And this r. the. Pelping and promoting the fenfi-
tive faculty only.

Next,as for the Memory, or retentive faculty, we may be fufficiently
inftrutted from the written Hiftories of civil actions, what great affi-
fiance may be afforded the Memory, inthe committing to writing things ob-
fervable in natural operations. If a Phyfitian be therefore accounted the
more able in his Faculty, becaufe be has had long experience and prattice,
the remembrance of which, though perhaps very imperfect, does regulate all
his after aftions : What ought to be thought of that man, that has not only

_. a perfect regilter of his own experience,but is grown old with the experience —

of many hundreds of years, and many thoufands of men.

And though of late , men, beginning to be fenfible of this convenience,
have bere and there regiftred and printed fome few Centuries, yet for the
moft part they are fet Se very lamely and imperfetily, and, Ifear, many
times not fo truly, they feeming, feveral of them, to be defien'd more for
Oftentation then publique ule + For,not toinflance,that they do,for the
moft part,omit thofe Experiences they bavemade , wherein their Patients
have mifcarried jt is very eafie to be perceiv'd,that they do all along hyper- i
bolically extol their own Prefcriptions, and vilifte thofe of others. Not-
withflanding all which, thefe kinds of Hiflories are generally efteem'd ufe-
ful, even tothe ableft Phyfrtian,

What may not be expetied from the rational or deduttive Faculty
that is furnilbt with fich Materials, and thofe fo readily adapted, and

rang d for ufe,that in a moment, as ‘twere, thoufands of of Inflances, ferving

for the illuftration,determination, or invention, of almoft any inquiry,

may bereprelented even tothe fight ? How neer the nature of Axioms

muft allthofe Propofitions be which are examin’d before fomany Wit-
nefles? And how difficult will it befor any, though never fo fubtilaner=
ror in Philofophy, to {cape from being difcover’d, after it hasindurd the

touch, and{o many other tryals ? . d What Z

The PREFACE.

What kind of mechanical way, and phyfical invention alfo vs therere-
-quir'd,that might not this way be found out 2? The Invention. of,awayto
| find the Longitude of places is eafilyperformd, and that to agreatper- —
fection as isdefir'd, or to a great anaccuratenels as the Latitude of —
places can be’ found at Sea; and perhaps yet alfo to.a greater certainty —
then that. has been hitherto Saini: al fhall very fpeedily freely manifeft:to —
the world — The way of flying in the Air feems principally unpracticable,
_, by reafon of the want of ftrength iz humane mufcles ; if therefore —
| that could be fupplid,it were,I think, eafie to make twenty Hoses al to @
perform the office of Wings.: What Attempts alfo I have made for the 4
fupplying that DefeEt, and my fuccelfes therein, which, think, are wholly —
new,and not inconfiderable, I fhallin another place relate. j
Tis not unlikely alfo, but that Chymitts, if they followed thia method,
might find out their fo much fought for Alkahett. What an univerfal
ahaa; which diffolves all forts of Sulphureous Bodies, Ihave
difeoverd ( soPiR aa: tik Bein before taken notice of as fee ) Thave
{hewn in the fixteenth Obfervation. |
What a prodigious variety of Inventions in Anatomy has this itis |
Age afforded, even in our own Bodies,in the very Heart, by which we live,
iad the Brain,which is the feat of our knowledge of other things? witnel3
_allthe excellent Works of Pecquet,\ Bartholinus, Billius, and many
others ; and at home, of Dofior Harvy,Dottor Ent,Doftor Willis,Doftor —
Gliffon, . Fi Ccleftiak Obfervations we have far exceeded all the An-
tients,even the Chaldeans and Egyptians themfelues, whofe vatt Plains,
high Towers,and clear Air, did not give them fo great advantages over
ws, a we have over them by our Glafles. By the help of which, they have
been very much outdone by the famous Galileo, Hevelius,, Zulichem ;
and our own Countrymen, Mr. Rook, Dottor Wren, and the great Gang: |
ment of our Church and Nation,the Lord Bithop of Exeter. Ard to fay 4
__nomorein Aerial Difcoveries, there has been a wonderful progre/s made
by the Noble Engine of the moft Uluftrious Mr. Boyle,whom: it becomes
me to mention with all honour, not only as my particular Patron,but asthe
_ Patron of Philofophy it. fe/f;. which he every day increates es bis La-
‘a ae and adorns by bia Example, |

|

Salhi sii Sheet iain

eG.

- “Fhe. Pratt oda.
The good firccel? of all thefe great Men,and many others, and the now
feemingly great obvioutnels of moft of their and divers other Inventions,
which from the beginning of the world have been, as ‘twere, trod on, and

yet not minded till thelé laft inquifitive Ages ( an Argument that there.
may be yet bebind multitudes of the like’) puts.me in mind to recommend

———_ fuch Studies,and the profecution of them by fuch methods, to the Gentlemen

of our Nation,whofe \eifure makes them fitto undertakes and the plenty

of their fortunes toaccomplith, extraordinary thingsin this way. And I

— do not onlypropofe this kind of Experimental Philofophy as a matter of
high rapture and delight of the mind, but even asa material and f{enfi-

ble Pleafure. So vaft is the variety of Objetts which will come under
thetr Infpecii ions, fo many different wayes there are of handling them, fo
great is the {atistaction of finding out new things, that I das compare.
the contentment which they will injoy,not only to that of contemplation,
but evento that which moft men prefer of the very Senfes themfelves.

And. if they will pleafe to take any incouragement from. fo mean.
and [o imperfeci endeavours 4s mine, upon my own experience, I can
affure them,without arrogance, That there has riot been any inquiry or Pro»
blemin Mechanicks, that I havehitherto propounded to my felf, but by a
certain method ( which I mity on (ome other opportunity explain) Lhave —
been able prefently to examine the poffibility of it ;..and if 0, a5 éafily to exe
‘cogitate divers wayes of performing it: And indeed it ispofible todoas
much by this method in Mechanicks, 4s by Algebra cam be perform'din
Geometry. Nor can I at all doubt, but that the fame method is as ap-

- plicableto Phyfical Enquiries , and as likely to find and reap thence as
plentiful a crop of Inventions ; and indeed there feems tobe no fubjett fo
barren,but may with this good bishanitty be highly improw'd. |

Toward the profecution of this method in Phyfical Inquiries, I have
bere and there gleaned up an handful of Obfervations, in the colleétion of
moft of which Imade ufe of Microfcopes, and Jome other Glafles and I, n-
ftruments that improve the fenfe ; which way I have herein taken, not
that there are not multitudes of ufeful and pleafant Obfervables, yet untol-
leéted, obvious enough without the helps of Art , but only to promote the ufe

= Mechanical 5 for the net spoth i in the frying the already vifible
~ World,

The Prermce.
World, and for the difcovery of many others hitherto unknown, and to make
-ubgwith the great Conqueror,to be affecied that we have notyet overcome one
World when there are fo many others tobe difcovered, every confiderable
improvement of Telefcopes or Microfcopes producing new Worldsand
Terra-Incognita’s to our view. | | | _
The Glaffes L ufed were of our Engli{h make,but though very good of the
_ Rind, yet far fhort of what might be expetted, could we once find a way of
making Glaffes Elliptical, or of fome more true fbape ; for though both
- Microfcopes, andTelefcopes, as theynow are, will magnifie an Objett
about a thoufand thoufand times bigger then it appears to the naked eye ;
yet the Apertures of the Objeti-glaffes are fo very fmall,that very few Rays’
_ are admitted, and even of thofe few there are fo many falfe, that the Objeét
appears dark and indiftinét : And indeed thee inconveniences are fuch,as
feem infeparable from Spherical Glaffes, even when moft exatily.made;but
theway we have hitherto made ufe of for that purpofe is (0 imperfett,that;there
may be perhaps ten wrought before one be made tolerably good, and moft of
thofe ten perhaps every one differing in goodne[? one from another, whichis
an Argument,that the way hitherto ufed is,at leaft,very uncertain. So that
thefe Glaffes have a double defett;the one,that very few of them are exatily
true wrought 5 théeother, thateven of thofe that are. beft among them, none
will admit a fufficient number of Rayes to magnifie the Objeét beyond a
determinate bignef3. Againft which Inconveniences the only Remedies I
have hitherto met with are thee. = = Sats

Firft, for AGcrofcepes ( where the Object we view is near and within our
power)the beft way of making it appear bright in the Glafs,isto cafta great
quantity of light on it by means of convex glafes,for thereby,thoughtheaper-
ture be very {mall,yet there will throng in through itfuch multitudes,thatan
Objec& will by this means indure to be magnifi'd.as much again’asit would

be without it. The way for doing whichis this. Imake choice of fome
Room that has only one window open tothe South, andataboutthreeor
four foot diftance re this Window,on.a Table, Iplacemy Aécrofcope,and
then fo place either a round Globe of Water, or a very deep clear plazo con-
- -wex Glafs ( whofe convex fide is turn'd towards the Window ) that there
is a great quan ars collected and thrown upon the Object: Orif —

the Sun fhine, I place a {mall piece of oyly Paper very near the Object, be-
tween that'and the light 5 then witha good large Burning-Glafs I {o collect
and throwthe Rayes on the Paper,that there may bea very great quantity
of light pafs through it to the Objett 5 yet I fo proportion that light, that it
| may

a igi aaah meee
: See ed
ko pe Re nite 9

The Prefacke

may not finge or burathe Paper,, . Inftead of which Paper,thete, may be.
ae ule of e Gnall piece of Loaking-gfafs pias , one of pores ismade.

~ Gate eae Objeéts; for by this means the light isfo c ually & | ses
C of the Sun:

drowt-
Eke ie

of
the Pillars .ov the undetmoft of thele | plac'd.a pretty, ier e Glabe of Glals
G, fill with exceeding a Brine, hone, inyert and fixt in
vifible Gn'the Figures" SH n

give ages through the Ball > By means of this Inftryment daly flag 9 ia

_ degree of magnifyingthey: leave us again in the lurch... Henceit were very:
defrable, that Soave ht -were thought of for making the Objeét-glals of

Pe to

The Preface.
means,the lenger the Glafs be, the bigger aperture pill it bear.if the Glaffes’
be of an equal. goodnefs in their kind. Therefore a fix will indure a
much larger Aperturethen a three foot Glaf : and a fixty foot Glafs will’
proportionably bear a greater Aperture tken a thirty,and will as much ex-
celit allo as a. fix foot does athree foot, as] have experimentally obferv’d
in one of that length mate by Mr. Richard Reives: here at’ London,’ °
which will. bear an Aperture above. three inches over, and. yet make.
the Objet eer big and di iftintt ; ‘mbereas there are'very
nail So that for Telefcopes, - fuppof ing we vba avery jh way
= making” their Objeét a of exaétly fpherical Surfaces, we might, by
- inereafing the length of the be Glaf?, magnifie the Obje6i to any affignable big. .
nebo And for performing both thefe, Icannot imagine any way more ea.
fie,and more exati, then by this following Engine,by means of which, any | |
Glaffes,of what length foever snay be _fpeedily made. It feemsthe moft eafie,
becauife with one and the fame Tool may be with care ground an Object
Glof, of any length or- breadth requifite, and that with very dittle or no
trouble in fitting ‘the Engine’, ‘and without much skill in the Grinder.
| f aes tobe the. moft exatt, for to,the very laft flroke the Glafs does, 4
3 and reff the Tol tits exadt Figure 5) cand the longer‘or more.
ie he Tol tall Go aré wrought together, the sore exa€t will: both of them
be of the defir'd Figure... Further, the motions of the Glaf3. and Zool do’
fo crofs each other that there's not one’ point of eithers Surface,put bas
thoufands of crof motions thwarting it, fo. that there can, dh ng aos q
Rings or: Gutters made either in the Tool o Glas.» mae? om

» ‘The contrivance of the Bnigitia! ig: rob to sealers sk ends bth two. wihidge q
Mandrils{o't0 move ,. that the Centers of them'may’ be at any‘corvenient’
diftanceafunder , andthat the Axis of the eae: | lying both in'the fame
plain et d, may meet each other in any affignable Angle's: both which
requilites may be ~ well perform’d by the Engine deferib'd inthe third’ —
Figurevof the firft Scheme : where AB fi ignifies the Beam of a Lath fixt per-
pendicularly: eas C.Dythe two. Poppet heads, fixt at abouttwo

foot diftance, an Iron Mandeil whole Fapering neck F'runs.in amada
Siperiie brafs Collar: the other and Eyuns- on the: point of a Screw
ina Convenient pie le faftned H a pully Wheel, and into'the end, of
it,that comes throug ae Poppet head C, is. ferewed a Ring of ahollow —
/ Cynder K; or fome other conveniently thap'd Tool, of what wideneds fhalf
be

a Re ee ee Se ae ee BO eso ae i i.

| Beth Ailgeiblelvee tare vi ok “ie nome ‘

~ with Cement or Glew is faftned the piece o

ferbe.) that thelines of the angles,o

Peer wee ee

The Part xc. |

nos 5, Sarees all sige
betweenan inch and:a foot, one for all Glaffes between a foot and ten foo:
long, another for all between'ten arid an hiindred.a fourth | — between a
hance ‘and avthoufand foot’ longs: and if \Guriofity thall.'e rocee fa
tie for all lengths between a howiiod and ten thoufand | foot ong ;
ine poe 3¢ Ng ciple is en a bi er ‘the Afaddrils well made,and 6F a
nd Yuppo re be: uféd vin working sand « polifhing
Shediac nthe et +p ua a erat of. thoufand.nay of, te . thoufand: oak
long, may beas well rmadeasone of ten; for ‘the realon is the-fame flap
the Mandils arid‘ Tools be’ made® fufficiently. ftfong; {o'thatthey hee
bend; \and fappofing the Glafs, eutef which they are wrought, si tees
of fo great a regularity in\its parts 4s to refraction : this hallow Cylinder K
isto contain the Sand, and by being drove rotind Very quick 6 and fio by:
means of a {mall Wheel, which ma may be moy/diwithones foot, ferves to grind.
the Glafs: The other 4@zndril is thap'd like this, -buti it baka even neck.in-
ftead of a taper one,and runs.in,a Collar, ner Be by the help of ‘a Screw, and.a
joynt made like/M in the Figure, itcan be {till ad jp 0 to,the, wearing or
‘wafting neck : into the end of thineitendr its istered Gln a Chock N, onwhick,
pape Q. that I be formd;
the middle of which Gla&. is'to be. pag djuft, onthe edge.of th phe Bing, and.
the Lath O P. is to be fet and fixe, ( nie yi) “es and i Ss,

the shanner whereof will be. fufficiently eyidenc: ,
an Angle asis ‘nequifite to the. forming of fucha. mek de-.
fign'd to be of 5, the geometrical ground of which being Pie aa

though not heeded before, I thall, 63 brevities. fake, pals over. . This lait,
Mandrilis tobe made ( by meangot, the former, or, fome, other wheel J to:

_ tum round very fwift, alfo, by, which two. asia tu tae the, Glafs oe

chute: (if care -be hase ‘but bbe FONE into amoft, ge y. toh
Sesskabt. To Al 2 ‘ ys38tq wins s Gt 4 | go? wy tor-
5 ies 3
But hana oe are certs Bo am the Laws.of refrattion. é ‘ohh i

Pie experiinerttally found taB® fo,by an 1 Infirument I poall prefently de-
of Angidence, ave propoitio-’
nate tothe ret of the Se mney yr if Gloflescould
be made thole’kind of Figures, or ome other, fuch asthe’ into a~
rable Des Cera ine il a Sy bis Ph 5 ii

thematical Works,we might bo bipe for ch greater per ) ion of Opti ticks’
aren lacy opt fi fs. SRO

bas, we, id, that the larger the Teléoe Objeti Gheaffes ar

The. Pritt met.

befids fuuch ‘determinate dimenfions , are by certain inconvensences rendred
unufeful for it. willbe exceeding difficult to make and manage aZube
phowe an hundred footiong, and it will be as difficult to inlighten an
bee lef then an bundred part of an inch diftant from the Objet Glas.

“TL bave mot os yet made any attempts of that kind, though I knowtwo or
three wayes, which, as far asT have yet confidered, feem very probablevand
mayinvite me to make a tryal as Joon as Ihave an opportunity, of whichE
may hereafter perbaps acquaint the world. Jn the Interim, I foal defcribe
the Infirument Ieven now at by which the refra€tion of all L Rinds 4
of Liquors may be moft exattly meafur dy, thereby to give the curious an
| Gpportinity of making what further tryals of that kind tbey fhall think,
requifite to any of their intended tryals ; and to let them fee that the laws

of Refrattion are not only notional. d ys
The Inftrument confifted of five Rulers , or sant pieces placed together, —
after the manner expreft in the fecond: Figure of the firft Scheme, where
AB denotes aftraight piece of wood about fix foot and two inches long,
about three inches over ,’ and ‘an inch and half thick , on the back fide of
which was hing afmall plummet by a line ftretchr from top to bottom, by
which this piece was fet exattly upright,and fo'very firmly fixt 5 in themi
dfe of this was made a hole orcenter, into which one end of a hollow éshs
lindrical brafs Box CC, fafhion’d as I fhall by and by defcribe, wasiplac'd;
and could ver ; -and truly - mov'd to and fro + “the other end:of this
: being put into, , ahole made in afmall arm DD; into
this box was fafthed thet Ruler EF, about three foot and three or four
inches long, and at three foot from the above'mention’d CentersPP was
a ‘hole E, cut through, and crof'd’with two fmall threads, ‘and attheendof
_ it was fixt aimall fight’G, and on the back fide of it was fixt a fmall Arm. By
with a Screw to fix it inany place on the Ruler LM; thisRuler LM was
moy'd onthe Center B ( which was exactly three foot diftance from the
middle Center P!) anda lite drawn throtigh the middie of it LM was
divided by a Line,of cords into fome fen ty degrees,and each degree was fab-
diyided into minutes, fothat. poring he e crofs of the threads in E upon any
part of this divided line ; 7 prefenitly ew what Angle the two Rules AB
and\E.F madé with each other, ‘and. by turning the Screw. inH, I could fix
them.in.an neha The other Ruler allo Rs RS was made.much after the
fame: ah ‘Gn 4 it was not fixt to the hollow cylindrical Box, but,by means
of ‘two {mall ‘Armes or Ears, it mov'd on the Centers of it ; thisalfo,
-means of thierofs threads in the hole $,\ and by a Screw. in K, could ‘be
d on any divifion of another line of co sof
NO. And fo! xy that means, the Angle made: by the two Ruilérs, AB and
RLS, ‘was alfo known. The Brafs box CC in the middle was fhap'd. very
much like the Figure X, that is, it wasa cylindrical Box ftopp'd clofe at ei-
ther mom of whicha ite both of the fides ‘and bottomes was cut out, fo
that

The PREFACE.
that the Box, »when the Pipe and that was joyned toit, would contain the
~ Water.when fill’d half full, and would likewife, without running oyer, in-
dureto be inclin’d to an Angle , equa) to that of the greateft refraction of
Water, and no more, without running over. The RulerE F wasfixt very faft
to the Pipe V,, fo that the: Pipe V. direGed the length of the RulerE.F;and
the Box and Ruler were movd on the Pin TT, fo as to make any defi-
rable,Angle-with the Ruler AB. The bottom of this Pipe V was ftop'd
- with afmall piece of exa@ly plain Glafs , which was plac'd exactly per-
pendicular to the Line of direction, or Axis of the Ruler E F.:, The Pins
alfo TT. were drill’d with {mall holes through the 4.x7zs,and through thofe
holes wasftretcht and faftned afmall Wire. There was likewife.a {mall
Pipe of Tin loofly put onupon the end of V, and. reaching downto the
fight G 5, the ufe ef, which was only. to’ keep any falle,Rayes of light from
pafling through the bottom of V, and only.admitting {uch to pals.as, pier-
ced through the fight G: All things being placed together in. the manner
defcrib'd in the Figure 5, that is, the Ruler AB being fixt perpendicular, I
fill’d the Box CC with Water, orany other Liquor, whofe refraction Iin-
tended to.try, tillthe Wire pafling through the middle of it were: juft co-
vered.;! then moved and fixt the Ruler F E at any affignable Angle;. and
placed the flame.of,.a Candle juft againft the fight.G 5 and looking through
thefightd,: I:moved the-Ruler.R $.to and fro, till I perceived the light paf-,
_ fing through.G tobe:covered, as ‘twere, on divided. by the dark Wire: paf-,
fing through |P.-P: then turning the Screw in K, I. fixt it in that pofture:
And.through the hole S$; Lobferved what degree and part of it was cut by, ,

the crols threads in.S.,,And: this gave,.me the Angle of Inclination, APS
an{wering to the Angle of Refraction; BP E):. for the, furface of the Liquor. —
in the.Box will be alwayes horizontal , and ‘confequently AB will bea
perpendicular to its. the Angle.therefore APS will meafure,, or be the
Angle of Inclination inthe Liquor; next E PB. muftbe the Angle of Re-
fraction,for the Ray that pafles throughthe fight G, pafles alfo, perpendicu-
larly through the Glafs Diaplragme. at. F., and confequently alfo perpendi-
cularly through the lowez furface of the Liquor contiguous to the Glafs, and
therefore fuffersno refraction till'it meet with the horizontal furface of the

Liguor in'C.C, whichis determined-by the two Angles. ee i
By means of this Inflrument I can with\ittle trouble, ‘and avery
Small quantity of any Liquor, examine, moft accurately, the refrattion
of it, not only for one inclination, but for all; and thereby am inabled
to make very accurate Tables; feveral of which Ihave alfo experimentally
made,and find, that Oy! of Turpentine has amuch greater Refrattion
then Spirit of Wine’; though it be lighter’; and that Spirit of Wine
has a greater Refraction then Water, though it be lighter allo 3 but that
falt Water:al/o has agreater Refrattion then treth, thoughitbe heavier's
- but Allum water bas a le refrattion then common Water, though bea
vier alfowSo that it. feems,as to the refraction madein a Liquor,the {peci-\
| f: : fick

The Prerace.
fick gravity # ofto efficacy.By this [have alfo found, that look wbat pro-
portion the Sine of the Angle of one Inclination has to the Sine of the
Angleof Befrattion, correfpondent toit, the fame proportion have all
the Sines of other Inclinations to the Sines of their appropriate Refr actions,

My way for meafuring how mucha Glafs magnifiesan Objet, plac’d ata

convenient diftance from my eye,is this. Having rectifid the AG@cro/cope, to
fee the defir’d Object through it very diftin@ly, at the fame time that I look

upon the Obje¢t through the Glafs with one eye, [look upon other Objects »

at the fame diftance with my other bare eyes by which meansI am able,
by the help of a Ruler divided into inches and {mall parts, and laid on the
Pedeftal of the Microfeope,to caft,as it were, the magnifi'd appearance of the
Object upon the Ruler,and thereby exactly to meafure the Diameter it ap-
pears of through the Glafs, which being compar'd with the Diameter it ap-
pears of to the naked eye, will eafily afford the quantity of its magnify-
ing. Oi db

: “The Microfcope, which for the moft part I made ule of, was fhap'd much
like that in the {ixth Figure of the firft Scheme, the Tube being for the moft
part not above fix or feven inches long,though, by reafon it had four Draw-
ers, it could very much be lengthened, as occafion required 5 this was con-

triv'd with three Glaflessa {mall Object Glaf$ at A,a thinner Eye Glafs about.

B, and a very deep one about C: this [made ufe of only when I had oc-
cafion to fee much of an Object at once; the middle Glafs conveying a
very great company of radiating Pencils, which would go another way, and
throwing them upon the deep Eye Glafs. But when ever I had occalion to
examine the finallt arts of aBody more accurately, I took out the middle
Glafs,and only made ufe of one Eye Glafs with the Obje& Glas, for always
the fewer the Refractions are, the more bright and clear the Object appears.
And therefore ‘tis not to be doubted , but couldwe makea Affcrofcope to
have one only refraction, it would, ceteris paribus, far excel any other that
, had agreater number. And hence it is, that if you take a very clear piece

_ of a broken Venice Glafs, and ina Lamp draw it out into very {mall hairsor —

' threads, then holding the ends of thele threads inthe flame, till they melt
and run into afmall round Globni, or, drop, which will;hangat,the efid of
the thread 5, and if further you ftick feveral of thefeuponthe end of aiftick

with a little fealing Wax, fo as that the threads ftand upwards, andthenon

a Wherftone firft grind off'a good part of them, andsafterward ona {miooth
Metal plate, with a little Tripoly, rub them \till:they come to be. very

{mooth; if one of thefe be fixt witha little foft Wax again{t afmall needle
hole.priek’d through a thin Plate of Brafs, Lead, Pewter, or any other Me-

tal, and an Object, placid very near, be Jook'd \at through it, itwillboth
magnifie and make fome Objects more diftinét then any of the great Aficro-
Scopes, “But becaufe thefé, though exceeding cafily made, are yet verytrou-
blefometo be us'd,becaufe of their fmalnefg,and the nearnefs of the Object;
therefore to prevent both thefe, and yet ha ve only twoRefractions; Lpro-
vided me a Tube of Brafs, fhap'd much like that in the fourth Figure of the
firft Scheme ; into the fmaller end of thisI fixt with Waxa good plane tom?
- -

valk

The Prerace,
wex Objext GlaG,with the convex fide towards the Obje&, and into the
bigger end I fixt alfo with wax a pretty large. plano: Caeass Glafs, with.

the convex fide towards my eye, then by means of the {mall hole
by thefide, 1 fill'd the intertnediate {pace between thefe ‘two Glafles

with: very. clear Water, and.with \a Screw. ftopp’d.itin 5. then’ pat
con

onaCell forthe Eye, I could perceive an Object nore bright,then
when the intermediate {pace was only | fill'd with Air, but fect d for — —
cOhveniences, Imadé but little ue of)

~My way for ei -both the Glafs:and Ob ject e ie Pedeftal mf conven
piently was thus: Upon, one fide of a round Pedeftal A B, \in the Axth Fi2
gure of the firlt aba, as fixt'a final! PilkirtOG;on this was'ftced a final
Iron Arm D, whichcould) peimav dup: and de and fixt in. any par f th
Pill ar by: means. i fmiall Scre £3 onthe end ct this Arm was all B i
tat into a kind ‘ F focket Fj rhadé inthe fide of the BraliRing'G,
which the finall\:¢nd»of the Tube owas tenew'di5, by, means of which contria
vance could place and fix: whe. Tube.in, what pofture I defir’d ( which, for
many Obfervations was — ling pecellaty 7 and ad julten it mott aon
ro any Objed. |

sion ahiting the Objet, I ride this eontrivances npon thes f nd.of a fall
brafs Link or Staple H H, I, fo. faftned a round, Plate I Ez cag it might be
tiirn'd round upott’ its Center K; ; and going’ pretty {Hit} would ftand
fixt in any poftureitiwas fers onthe fide of: athe Was fixt\a, (mall Pillar\P,,
about three quarters of an.inch high, and through the top of this was thruft
a {mall Iron pinM, whofétop. juft Pitch avabrhe
this top Ifixt a fmall O jel “ahd by nitans of theft contrivances I was able
to turmit icogliirint er pofitions, both to my. xeand che biahea fOr bx

moving round th 1 Plate gnits cente ,{ could move it one way, and

turning the PinM} I’ could'mave it another way, and this without firing
the Glafs at all, oratleaftbut very little: the Plate likewife I could, move
to and.fro to any, part of the Pedeftal ( which in.many cafes was very con-
venient.) snake it alfo in any Pofition, by meansof a Nut N, which was
fcrew'd on upon thé lower part of the Pillae CG., All the other Cons
trivago are obvious enough from the, draughtjand \ will need no -defcription

© Now though this were the: Inftrumeint Imade:snoft fe of, yet £ have

wt , feveral other Tryals with orber kindsof Micro{copes,.. "phic bth
formatter and form were very different. from common |pberical Glaffes,

Ihave made a Microfcope with one piece of Glas, ‘both whofe jfurfaces

wereplains. © I'bitve made another only with a plano contave, without
any kind of reflettion; divers ao by means of ‘refleétion. » EBave made

e Cénter of the Plate 5 on

1

|

i

others® of Waters, ‘Gums, Refins', Salts; Arfenick, O yls, and with |

divers otber mixtures of watery iid oyly Liquors.’ Andindeed the
fubjett74 capable of 4 great variety ;“but'T find generally woe more fe
‘ful then that which is made with two Glalles, fuch: aT have already de-

ford. | | gs

- oe

_ ‘Bhe.Pre¥aot
What the things aret obferv'd, the following de{criptions will manifefhs,

in brief, they were either exceeding {mall Bodies, or exceeding {mall _

Pores; or exceeding imall Motions, fome of each of which the Reader

will find in the following Notes,and {uch as Iprefume,’ (many of them

atleaft) will bé new, and perbaps not lef? ftrange : Some fpecimen ‘of

each of which Heads the Reader will find in.the Jublequent delineations,

“oy oe

and. dis f a more then I mas willing 1 there foould be; wibich's was

Bag ft tb ie time to compat OF sfc therefore alba I fil
ed. ‘only ome. femof every Head, which for ome particulars eent'd hi ae
fervable, reeling the ref! as’ fuperfluows t0.tbe prefentDefign.. .\;
“What each of the delineated SubjeEis’ are,the following piri he
next to each will inform,of which I poall bere, only once for all, add, That
in divers of. them the Gravers have pretty well follow'd my: ddireStions and
draughts 5 and that in making of them,.I. indeavoured ‘Ca fat Dba
able) firfito di cover the true appearance, and next to, makea plain re-

| —prefentation of it. | Ti bis T mention’ the rather, Decaufe of the fe Rind of 3 |

Objeéts: there is much» more di ifficulty 0 | iducooer the true [bape then of
thee. vifib ible to the nitked eye," the fame Objet feeming: quite differing, in

3

2
——
i

one pafition, tothe Light, yg oe what, it really is, and may be difeover'd

in another. «And therefore T never ‘began to: make any drai aught. before. by
many examinations in [everal lights, a iid i in [aed ine t0'thofe
lights, T bad di lifeover'd the true fornts. For ‘it is exceeding. dificult. in

ome ObjeEis , ‘to diftingnifh between'a prominenicy and a deprefiion,

between a fhadow andablack ftain,,‘or.a.tefleCtion.and. awhitenels

in the'dolour.» Befides, the tr anfparency of moft Objeéts renders them
yet much more di ifficult then if. they were opacous..,.. Zhe Eyes. of a Ebi in

one kind of light appear almoft like a Lattice, drill d so gb with abun q
dance of {mall holes ;; ‘which probably say. be the Reafon; a : be ana

ows Dr. Power, Lot to- fuppofe them. fuch. .. In.,the Sunfbine they look.
like, a Surface covér'd.with golden Nails ; sin another pofture,like a, Sur-
face cover’d with ag in another with Cones ;, and in ther, po-
fares of quite other Jbapes ; but that which exbibits the deft, .is the Light
calleBied on the Objet; by thofe means Ihave already deferib da

\, And
or Wi it

The PREFACE.
And this was undertaken in profecution of the Defign which the, ROY-
AL SOCIETY has propos d to it elf. For the Members of the Affembly ha-
ving before their eys {0 many fatal Jnflances of the errors and fal{hoods,in which
the gréateft part of mankind has fo long wandred, becaufe they rely d upon the
firength of bumane Reafon alone, have begun,.anem.to correct all: Hy~
, pothefes by fenfe, as Seamen\ do their dead Reckonings by Coeleftial
) Obfervations;and to this purpofe it. bas been their principal indeavour toen-
large ¢o ftrengthen the Senfes by Medicine,and by Juch outward Inftru-
ments a are proper for their particular works, By this means they find fome
reafon to. {ufpeti.that thofe effecis of Bodies which have been commonly attri~
buted to Qualities, \and thofe confef3d to be, occult, are perform'd by the
fmall Machines of Nature, which are not to be difcern d without thefe, helps,
feeming the meer produttsof Motion,Figure,and Magnitude; and that the
Natural Textures, which fome call the Plaftick faculty, may be made in
Loonisswhich a greater perfection of Opticks may make difternable by thefeé
Glaffessfo as now they are no moré puzzled about them,then the vulgar are to
concerve pow Tapeftry or flowred Stufts are woven. And the ends of all thefe
Inquiries they intend tobe the Pleafute of Contemplative minids, but above
allthe eale and difpatch of the labours. of mens hands. They do indeed neg-
lei no opportunity to. bring all the rare things of Remote Countries within the
compafs of their knowledge and prattice.But they fill acknoniledg their mot
ufeful Informations to arife from common things, and from diverfifying
their moft ordinary operations upon thent. They donot wholly rejett Experi
ments of meer light. and theory 5 but they principally aim at‘ fuch, whofe
Applications vill improve and facilitate the prefent way of Manual Artsy.
And though fome men, who are perbaps taken up about le/3 honourable Em
ployments, arepleas d to cenfure their proceedings, yet they can bew more
fruits of their firft three years, wherein they have affembled, then anyother
Society. in Europe can for. much larger fpace of time.’Tis true, fuch un-\
dertakings as theirs do commonly, meet with finallincour agement 5 becaufe
men are generally rather taken with the plaufible and difcurfive, then the
real, and the folid part of Philolophy’; yet by the good fortuneof their “infitue
tion,in an Age of all others the moft inquifitive,they have been affifted by '
contribution and prefence of very many of the chief Nobility and Gentry,

&

The PREFACE.

and others,who are fome of the moft confiderable in their feveral Profelfions,
But that that yet farther convinces me of the Real efteem that the morefe-
rious part of men have of this Society,#s, that feveral Merchants,men who —
- abtin earnefic whofe Objest is meu Co tuum, that great Rudder of humane —
affairs have Vea ‘d confider able fums of Money,to put in prattice what

fome of our Members have contrived, and have continued ftedfatt in their —

good opinions of fuch Indeavours, when-not one of a bundred of theouloar

have believed their undertakings feafable.And it i alfo fit to be added,that —
they bave one advantage peculiar to themfelves,that very many of their num- —
ber are men of Converfe and Traffick ; which is a good Omen, that their

attempts will bring Philofopby from words to attion,fecing the men of Bufi-
nef have bad fo great a fbarein their firft foundation. ,

And of this kind Tought not to. conceal one particularGenerofity which more |

nearly concerns my felf.it is the munificence of Sir JohnCutler,in endowing

a Ledture for the promotion of Mechanick Arts,to be poverned and direbted —
byTbisSociety.ZbisBounty mention for the HonourablenelS of the thing it
Jelf,and for the expettation which I have of the efficacy of the Example ; for —
it canriot now be objetted to them,that their Defigns will be efteemed frivolous
andvain, when Septoni fuch a real Teftimony of the Approbation nd .

a Man that is fuch an eminent Ornament of this renoiwne City, and ont
_ who, by the Variety, and the happy Succels, of his negotiations, has itorn

evident proofs, that bets nor eafie to be deceivrd. This Gentleman has well —
obfero'd, that the Arts of life have been too long imprifon'd in the dark, —
fhops of Mechanicks themfelvesso there hindred from growch either By 4 ie
norance,pr felf-intereft:and he bas bravely feed them from thee inconveni-
ences:He hath not only obliged Tradefinen,but Trade it (eftHe bis Wore a

work ‘that 28 worthy of London, and has ranight the ebief City of Comme

in the world the right way bow Commerce vtobe improv d. We have already

feen many otber great jfigns of Liberality: and a large mind, , from the firme a

hand: F or by bisdiligence about theCorporation forthe Poor sby bis boron

rableSubfcriptions for the rebuilding of St.Paul’s;by bis chearful Disbart 3
ment for the replanting of Ireland, and by many other fich publick works,

be bas fbewn by what means be indeavours to eftablith his Memory 3 ant

70h “a daft gift be bas done vat which became — the wifeft Citizens)

os

The Prerract.

of our Nation to accomplifh, feeing one of the wifeft of our Statefmen,the

Lord Verulam, firft propounded it.

But to return to my Subjedt, from a di ioreffion, which, Ibopeyny Reader
will pardon me, feeing the Example is fo rare that Ican make ro more uch
digreffions. If thefe my firft Labours fhall be any wayes ufefulto. ingui-
ring men, I muft attribute the incouiragement and promotion of them to a ue-
ty Reverend and Learned Perfon,of whore this ought in juflice to be fuid,
That there is {carce any one Invention, which this Nation has pro-
duc’d inour Age, but it has fome way or.other been fet forward by
his afliftance. My Reader, believe pill quickly ghef, that itis Dr. Wik.
kins that Imean.He isindeed aman born for the good of mankind,and for
the honour of hisCowutry.. Jn the fweetnels of whofe behaviour,in the
calmnefs of his mind, in the unbounded goodnefs of bis heart, we have
an evident Inflance, what the true and the primitive unpaflionate Religi«
on was, before it was fowred by particular Faktions. In a word, his Zeal
Dias: bets foconftant and effectual ‘in advancing’ all good and profitable
Arts,that as one of the Antient Romans faid of Scipio, That he thanked
God that he was.a Roman ; becaufe whereever Stipio had: been born,
therehad been the fear of the ‘Empire of tht world: So may. I thank
God, that Dr, Wilkins was an Englifhman,. for whereéveribe had lived,
there had been the chief Seat of generous: Knowledge and true Philofo-

phy. Zo the truth of thiathere are fo many worthy men living that will fub-

feribe, that T am confident, what Ihave bere faid, will not be’ liok'd upon,
by any pone ness ah : a a Seyi das only ds: 4 real belt
tony. |

‘By the Adie ti Boceliacaed I fof bicdok this Ensctoilige
pill fee to it with mich ReluGancy becaujed ws to follow the footfieps of

“fo erninent a Perfon'as Dr. Wren ,ivho was the fir/t that attempted aiy

thing of this nature ; whofe original draughts do now makeantof. the Qrna-
ments of that great Collettion of Rarities in theKingsClofet. Zhis Ho-
nor, which his firft beginnings of this kind have receiv d, to be admitted in-
to the moft famous place of the world,did not fo much incourage, as the tia
-zard of coming after Dr. Wren did aftright me ;. for of him I maf affirm,

that, fince the time of Archimedes, there fcarce ever met in oe man, info
great

T he Pinakte wed.

great a perfection, fuch a Mechanical Hand, and fo Philofophical a
Mind,
But at laft, being alfured both by Dr. Wilkins,and Dp, Wren Lionel, 7
that he had given over bis intentions of profecuting it, and not finding that
there was any elfe defign'd the purfuing of it,1 fet upon this vadertahian and —
was not a little incourag'd to proceed in it,by the Honour the Royal Society
was pleas d to favour me with,in approving of thofe draughts (which from —
time to time as Ihad an opportunity of fring) I prefented to them. And
particularly by the Incitements of divers of thofe Noble and excellent Per-
fons of it, which were my more efpecial F rlekd webb were not les urgent math
me for the publifbing, then for the profecution of them. |
After I had almoft compleated thee Pittures and Obfervations oa

ng bad divers of them ingraven,.and was ready to fend them. tothe
Pref) Iwas informd., that the Ingenious Phyfitian Dr. Henry Power
had made feveral Microfcopical Obfervations,which had I not afterwards,
upon our interchangably viewing each others Papers, found that they\were —
for the moft part differing from mine, either in the SubjeGt it felf, or in the -
particulars taken notice of ; and that bis defign was only to. print Obfer- —
vations without Pittures,I bad even then fapprefled what Ihad fo far prow
ceeded in. But being further excited by feveral of my Friends, in comply
ance with their opinions, that it would not be unacceptable to feveral\inqui-
fitive Men, and hoping alo, that I foould thereby difcover fomething
New tothe World, Ihave at length caft in my Mite; into the vaft Treafa-
ry of A Philofophical Hiftory. And it is my Lope, as well.as belief, that
thefe my Labours will be no more comparable to the Productions of, Many
other Natural Philofophers, who are now every where bufie about. greater
things ; then my little Objeéts are tobe compar'd to the greater.and more —
beautiful Works of Nature, A F lea, a ae a Cas to on Hae, Ek- :
es a awiniio Sloe os: :

we The Apron Ay

P thc
» ZIRT

ATO 22

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7

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: SU

eee eee re
MICROGRAP
ORSON retin te oe
Phyfiological Deferiptions «0.» :

MINUTE BODIES:

fr
:
;

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1 to: ah MONE AE emMSRitie so Ube (oneng Te
MAGNIFYING GLASSES:
MN arr oy QatBaed OME son oe (oats

OBSERY ATIONS and INqurR res thereupon.

Obferv. 1. Of the Pointof afbarp fall Needle... : sii

SS.in Geometry, the moft natural way. of beginning is Sebem.2;
4. from a Mathematical poswt; foisthefate method in Figa,
SV Obfervations and Natural hiftory the moft genuine, fim-
<& ple,and inftructive. We mutt firft endevour to make
letters, and draw fingle ftrokes true, before we vené
; % ture to write whole Sewtences ; or to draw large Pi»
SSS Gures. And in Phyfical Enquiries; we muft endevour
ete _to follow Nature in the more plas# and ¢afie ways the
treadsin the moft (mple and uncompounded bodies, to trace her fteps; and
‘be acquainted with her manner of walking there, befote we venture our
_ felves into the multitude of meanders the Aint of a more complica:
_ tednature; left, being unable to diftinguith and judge of our way, we
| quickly lofe both Nature our Guide,and our selves too.and are left to wane
BE = in the labyrinth of groundlefs opinions; -wanting both judgment, that
light, and experience, that clew, whichfhould dire& our proceedings. 1
| We will begin thefe our Inquiries therefore with the Obfervations of,
Bodies of the mott fizeple wature firft,and {0 gradually proceed to thofe of a
more compounded one.In profecution of which method,we fhall begin with -
a Phyfical point; of which kind the Poixt of a Needle is commonly reckon’d ~
for one ; and is indeed, for the moft part, made fo fharp, that the naked
eye cannot diftinguifh any parts of it: It very eafily pierces, and makes its
| way through all kind of bodies fofter then it felf:But if view'd witha very
_ good AMicrofcope, we may find that the ¢ep of a .u «though as er ad

MicROGRAPHIA.

fenfe very sharp ) appears a broad,blunt,and very irregular end not isi

bling aCone, as is imagin‘d, but onely a piece of a tapering body, witha
paisiat fae of the top remov'd, or deficient. The Points of Pins are yet
more

do very feldome arrive at fo great a fharpnefs; how much therefore can

be builr'upon demonfttaticns made onely by the productions of the Ru-

tunt, and the Points of the moft curious Mathematital Inftruments —

oa itl

ler aid COmpafiés, he will be better able to confider that fhallbut view

thofe points and lines with a Aicrofcope.

Now though this point bé commonly accounted the fharpeft (whence — :

when we would exprefsthe fharphefs of a'‘point the molt fuperlatively, we
fay, As fharp as a Needle) yet the AZcrofcope can afiord us hundreds of In-
{tances of Points many thoufand timestharper: fuch as thofe of the Aairs,

and drift and claws of multitudes of Infects; thethorns, or crooks, or. —

teaves, and other {mall vegetables; nay, the ends of the fizrie or
{mall parallelipipeds of Amianthus , and alumen plumofum; of many of —
wenip oap Ouethey oines are fo fharpas not to be vifible, though viewd —
witha

hairs

+ i

icrofcope (Whieh magnifies the Object, in bulk, abovea million of

times) yet I doubt not, but were weiable practically to make Adicrofcopes
according to the theory of them, we might find hills, and dales,and pores,
and a fufhcient bredth, or expanfion, to give all thofe parts elbow-room,
even inthe blunt top of the veryPoint of any of thefe fo very fharp bodies,
For certainly the guantity or extenfion of any body may be Divifible ix in-
finitum, though perhaps not the matter, YY

But to proceed: The Image we have here exhibited in the
firft Figure, was the top of a imall and very fharp Needle; ;whofe

-1.9 \ pointix:a neverthelefS appear’d: through the AGcrofcope above

quarter/of an inch broad, not round nor flat, but arregular and uw

evem; foithat it feemd to have been big enough to have affordeda a

hundred armed Mites'room enough to be rang’d by each other wit

endangering the breaking one anothers necks, by being thruft off one
therfide. The furface of which, though appearing to the naked eye'very

fmooth,could not neverthelefs hide a multitude of holes and {cratches and.

ruggednefies from being difcover'd by the Aécrofcope to invett it, feveral
of which inequalities.(as A,B,C, feem’d holes made by fome fmall{pecksof

Ruft;and D fome adventitious body, that {tuck very clofe to it) were ca-
fual.. A\l'the reft that roughen the furface, were onely fo many marks of

the rudenefs and bungling of Art. So unaccurate is it, in all its produdtie

ons, evenin thofe which feem moft neat, that if examin'd with an organ
more.acute then that by which they were made, the more we fee of their
Shape, the lefs appearance will there be of their beauty + whereas in the
works of Nature, the deepeft Difccveries fhew us the greateft Excellen-
cies: «An evident Argument, that he that was the Author ‘of all thefe
things, was no other then Ommipotent ; being able to include as great a va-
riety of parts and contrivances in the yet fialleft Di(cernable Point, as in
thofe vafter bodies (which comparatively are called alfo Points) fuch as
theEarth, Sun, or Planets. Nor need it feem f{trange that the Earth it felf
may be by an. Avalogze call’d a'Phyfical Point:For as its body,though now
"oh Poteres atervocae

A ety i ? ae Sa 3
ee akc aba hye Gina nar Bo WR RR tae ol aie a. cig. ig eatery ie ae SENG SRS ree fi sea a ok

Muicro@parHif. _ 3

fo near. us-as to fill cureysand:fancies witha fenfe of the: vaftnels: of it,
‘may. by alittle Diftance;.and; fome ;convenient) Diasinifhing Glafles, be
made -vanifh, into a. fearce, vifible'Speck, or Point (as Ihave often
try’d on the 4/oon, and (whennot too bright) on the Suz it felf.) So,
could a Mechanical contrivance fuccesfully anfwer our Theory, we might

fee the leaft {pot as big as the Earth ad 5 and DifCoyer, as Des Cartes Disp. ch,
alfo conjectures,-d8.areat'a Waiiety of Bodies in'the Wo; or Planets, as in *9- § 9
the Earth, 3

. But leavirig thefe Dileoverics to future Induftries;we thall.proceedto -
add one Obfervation mote:of a paiatcommonly fo:call’'d,that is, the mark ~*~
of a full top, or period. And for this purpofel obferyed many both printed

ones and writtex 3 and;among multitudes] found. few: of'them moréronnd

or regular then this which, Ishave.delineated in the third figure of the? fe-

cond Scheme; but veryany abundantly more disfigur'd; and for the

‘moft part if théy feemd equally round to:the:eye, ‘1 found thofe: points

that had been ‘made by a:Cepper-plate, and: Roll-prefs, to be as misfhapen

as thofe which had been made with Types, the moft curious and {mothly
engraver ftrokes and pojnis, looking but.as fo many furrows and holes, and.

their printed. impreffions,, but like fuutty daubings ona matt of uneven

floor with a blunt extinguifht brand. orftick’s end... And as. for poimts

made with;apex they were much more, rneged and deformed. Nay,having

view d certain pieces of ewteeding curious writing of the kind (one of
whichinthe bredth of.a two-pence comptis'd the Lords prayer, the Apoftles

Creed, the ten Commandments, and about half a dozen verfes befides of the

Bible, whofe lines were fo fmall and near together, that 1 was unable to

wumber them with my, #aked eye, a very ordinary AGcrofcope, [had thena-

bout me, inabled me to fee that what the Writer of it had afferted was

true, but withall difcoverd of what pitifull bungling feribbles and {crawls
‘it was compos d,Arabiaw and China charaGers being almoft as well fhap'd 5

yet thus much] muftfay for the Man, that it was ‘for the moft part legible
enough, though in fome places there;wanted a good fantfy well prepofeft

tohelp one through. _ If this manner of fwal! writing were made eafe and
pratticable (and | think I know fucha one, but have never yet made

tryal of it, whereby one might be inabled to write a great deale with much
eafé, and accurately enough in avery little roome.) it might be of very

good ufe to convey /ecret Intelligence without any danger of Difcovery
or ee es _ Butto come again tothepoint. The Irregularities of it

are caufed by three or four coadjutors, one of whichis, the uweven furface

of the paper, which at beft appears no {mother then a very courfe piece of
fhag'd cloth, next the irregularity of the Type or Ingraving, anda third isthe

rough Daubing of the Printing-Inkthat liesuponthe inftrument that makes = -

the impreflion, toall which, add. the varzation made by the Different

lights and shadows, and you may have fufficient reafonto ghefs that a point

may appear miuch more xg/y then this, which I have here prefented, which

though it appear'd through the Afcrofcope gray, like a great fplatch of
London dirt, about three inches over; yet to the zaked eye it was black,

and no bigger then that in the midft.of the Circle A, And could Lee

oun

MicroOGRAPHIA.

found Room in this Plate to have inferted an O you fhould have feen that _ .

the /etters were not more diftin& then the points of Diftin@ion, nora
drawn vircle more exactly fo,then we have now fhown'a poixt to be'a point.

Obferv, 11. Ofthe Edge of a Razor.

Schem.2. #™ He fharpeft Edge hath the fame hind of affinity to the fharpeft Point

Fig. 2.

_ fince Putte, or even the moft curious P that can be made ufe of, to ]

4

on a
* moft

> in Phyficks, as a Jive hath to a point in Mathematicks’; and therefore
the Treaty concerning ‘this, may very properly be annexed ‘to the for-
mer..A Razor doth appear to be a Body of a very neat and ‘curious a-

fpect, till more clofely viewed by the Adicrofcope, and there we may ob-

ferve.its very Edge to be of all kind of fhapes, except what ‘it: fhould be:

For examining that of a very fharp one, I could not find that any part of
it had any thing of tharpnefs in it; but it appear'da rough furface of a —

very confiderable bredth from fide to fide, the narroweft part not feem-
ing thinner then the back of a pretty thick Knife. Nor is't likely that it
fhould appear any otherwife, fince as we juft now fhew'd that a pont ap-
pear d a circle, tis rational a line fhould bea parallelogram.

Now for the drawing this fecond Figure(which reprefentsa part ofthe _
| Edge about halfa net of aninch long of aRazor wellfet) Hfoplacdie

between the Obj ame & the light.that there appear'd a reflection from
the very Rapesepe
perceive it to be fomewhat {harper then elfewhere about d, to be indent-

. 5 dee ate
vies aa Sti ees

{ented by the white line #bc def. In which youmay

ed or pitted about b, to be broader and thicker-about ¢, and unequal —

and
part

imamaseboo: e, and pretty even between a b and ef. Nor was that 4
of the Edge ¢ 474 fo {mooth as one would imagine fo fmooth be-

dies asa Hone and Oy] fhould leave.it ; for befides thofe multitudes of ;

feratches, which appear to have raz'd the furface g hz k, and to crols =
each other every way which are not half of them expreft in the Figure,
there were feveral great and deep fcratches, or furrows, fuch as g 4 and

2k, which made the furface yet more rugged, caus’ perhaps by fome

fmall Duft cafually falling on the Hone, or fome harder or more Hinty —

part of the Hone it felf: The other part of the Razor 71, whichis polifhd

_Glafies for A4icrofcopes, and other Optical ufes; P have, when the Sun has
. fhone well on them, difcover'd their furface to be varioully raz’d-or
fcratched ,and to confift of an infinite of {mall broken furfaces, which re-
flece the light of very various and differing colours. And indeed it feems
impoflible by Art to'cut the furface of any hard and brittle body fmooth,

polith fuch a body, muft confift of little hard rough particles, and each of

_ them muft cut its way, and confequently leave fome kind of gutter or
Ae Sar ee. furrows 4

Sendos tex, appear’d much rougher then the other, lopking al- —
ea plow field, with many parallels, ridges, and furrows, anda
cloddy,.as twere, or an uneven furface : nor ‘fhall we wonder ‘at the —
roughnefles of thofe. furfaces, fince even in the moft curious wrought

Bi

+ pollicis Ang : Or of an inch

.

1 % a ;
56 poll. fg: OY of an mch 4

MICROGRAPHIA.. 5
furrow behind it. And though Nature does feem to do it very réadily in ,
all kinds of fluid bodies, yet perhaps future obfervators may 'difcovér
‘even thofealfo rugged; it being very probable, as! elfewherethew, that |
fluid bodies are made up of {mall folid particles varioufly and itrongly
mov’d, and may find reafonto think there is fcarce a furface im rernm: ma
turd perfectly {mooth. The black fpot 2, I ghefs to be fome {mall
{peck of ruft, for that I have oft obferv'd to be the manner of the working:
" of Corrofive Juyces. Toconclude, this Edge and piece of a Razor, if lit
had been really fuch as it appear'd through the A@ero/cope, would {carce-
ly have fery’d to cleave wood, much lefs to have cut off the hair of beards,
cunlef{s it were after the manner that Lactan merrily relates Charoz:to have
made ufe of,when with a Carpenters Axe he chop d off the beard ofafage
Philofopher, whofe gravity he very cautioufly fear'd would indangerthe
overletting of his Wherry. «| 10) Horta it .y3ee

ee:

~~ Obferv. III, Of fine Lawn, or Linnen Chith, Nod hod

ci His is another product of Art, A piece of the fineft Lawn I was‘ableé e 3

© toget; focuriousthat the threads were fearce difcernable by'thena: “* ™

ked eye,and yet through an ordinary AGcrofcope you may perceive what

a goodly: piece of coarfe Afatting it is 3 what proportionable cords each of

its threads are, being not unlike, both in thape-and fize, the bigger and

coarfer kind of ingle Rope-yarn,wherewith they ufually make Cables, That

which makes the Lawn fo tranfparent, is by the Adicroféope, nay ‘by’ the

naked eye, if attentively viewed, plainly enough evidenced to be the

multitude of {quare holes which are left between the threads, appearing

to have much more hole in So i of the intercurrent parts thenis for thé

mroft part left in a /attice-window, which it does a little refemble, onely

the crofling parts are round andnot flat. : 7 Loved wing
Thefe threads that compofe this fine contexture, though’ they ate-ag

fmall asthofe that conftitute the finer forts of Silks, have notwithftanding

nothing of their gloflie, pleafant,and lively reflection. Nay, Ihave been

informed both by the Inventor himfelf, and feveral other eye-witnefles,

that though the dekene of which it is made,has béen (by afingular art, of |

that excellent Perfon, and Noble Vertuofo, M. Char/s Howard, brother to

the Duke of Norfolk){6 curioully dte@’d and’ prepar d,astoappear both to

the eye and the touch, full as fize and as gloffie, and to receiveallkinds =

of colours,as well as Sleave-Silk ; yet when this Silken Flax:is ewilted into‘

threads, it quite lofeth its formerlufter, and becomes.as plainand bafe

a thread to look on, as one of the fame bignefs, made of common Flaxi!°¥
Thereafon of which odd Phexomenon {eems no other then this. that!

thoupiesie curloufly dreft Flax has its parts forexceedinglpfmall, as to’

equallize, if not to be much fmaller then the clew of the Silk-worm, efpex

cially in thinnefs, yet the differences between: the figuresiof the tonitisi

tuting filaments are fo great, and =n cesigimumeats fo,various, that ae

oo at ofe

6

~~ may find fufficient atmenent to be prompted to fuch Inquiries. As for
a

MiIcROGRAPHIA.

thofe of the si/k are fwall,round, bard, tranfparent, and to their bigneR —
" proportionably fff; {0 as each filament prefervesits proper Figure, and
confequently its vivid refledion intire, though twifted into a thread, if
not too ; thofe of Flax are flat, limber, fofter,and lef tranfparent, and
intwifting into a thread they joyn,and lie fo clofe together,as to lofe their
own, and deftroy each others particular reflections. There feems theres
fore three Particulars very requifite to make the fo dreft Flax appear Silk
alfo when fpun into threads, Firft, that the fubftance of it fhould be
made more c/ear and tran{parent, Flax retaining in ita kind of opacatin
brown, or yellow ; and the parts of the whiteft kind I have yet obferv’
swith the AG@crofcope appearing white, like flaw’d Horn or Glafs, rather
then clear, like clear Horn or Glafs.. Next that, the filaments fhould each
of them be roxaded, if that could be done,which yet is not fo very necef _
fary, if the firft be perform’d, and this third, which is, that each of the
{mall filaments be ffifved; for though they be fquare, or flat, provided
they be #ranfparent and ftiff, much the fame appearances muft neceffarily
follow. Now, though I have not yet made trial, yet I doubt not, but that
both thefe proprieti¢s may be alfo induc'd upon the Flax,and perhaps too
by one and the fame Expedient, which fome trials may quickly inform any
ingenious attempter of, who from the ufe and profit of fuch an Invention,

the texacity of the fubftance of Flax, out of which the thread ‘is made, it
feems much inferiour to that of Silk, the one being a vegetable, the
other an a#imal fub{tance. And whether it proceed from the better cons
cottion, or the more homogeneous conttitution of axzimal fubftances
above thofe of vegetables, I do not here determine; yet fince
nerally find, that vegetable fubftances do not equalize the tenacity of ani
mal, nor thele the texacity of fome purified mineral fubftancess I am
very apt tothink, that the tenacity ab bodies does not proceed from the
hamous, or hooked particles, asthe Epicureans, and fome modern Philofo-
phers have imagin'd; but from the more exact congruity of the confti-
tuent parts, which are contiguous to each other, and fo bulky, as not to
be ealily feparated, or fhatter’d, by any {mall pulls or concuffion of -

heat.

, Oblerv. 1V. Of fine waled Silk, or Taffety.

' ©P" His ts the appearance of a piece of very fine Taffety-riband in the —
a bigger magnifying Glafs, which you fee exhibits it like a very con-
_ venient fubftance to make Bed-matts,or Door-matts of,or to ferve for Bee- -

hives, Corn-{cuttles,Chairs. or Corn-tubs,it being not unlike that kind of -
work, wherewith in many parts in England, they make fuch Utenfils of |
Straw,a little wreathed,and bound together with thongs of Brambles. For —
in this Contexture, each little filament, fiber, or clew of the Silk-worm, —

— d about the bignefs of an ordinary Straw, as appears by the little ir

oh } re

al

eS

‘=

Schem:n

Se tours ihe ds lle ot

ae

MicrROGRAPHIA, a

regular pieces,a b,c d,and ef’; The Warp,or the thread that ran croffing the

Riband,appeard like a fingle Rope of an Inch Diameter 5 but the Woof;

or the thread that ran the length of the Riband, appear'd not half fo
big. Each Inch of fix-peny-broad Riband appearing noJef then a piece
of Matting Inch and halt thick, and twelve foot fquare 5 a few yardsof |
this, would be enough to floor the long Gallery of the Leure at Paris: |. 4,
But to return to our piece of Riband : It affords us a not unpleafant eb- ya
ject, appearing like a bundle, or wreath, of very clear and tranfparent
Cylinders if the Silk be white, and curioufly ting’d 5 if it be colour’d,each
of thofe {mall horney Cylinders affording in fome place or other of them,
as vivid a reflection, as if it had been fent from a Cylxder of Glafs or Horns »
In-fo-much, that the reflections of Red, appear’d as if coming from fo
many Granates, or Rubies. The lovelinefs of the colours of Silks above.
thofe of hairy Stuffs,or Linnen,confilting as I elfe-where intimate,chiefly in

' the tranfparency, and vivid reflections from the Coxcave,or inner furface |
of the tranfparent Cylinder, as are alfo the colours of Precious Stones
for moft of the reflections from each of thefe Cylinders, come from the
Concave furface of the air, whichis as *twere the foil that incompafles the
Cylinder, The colours with which each of thefe Cylsnders are ting'd, feem
partly to be fuperficial, and fticking to the out-fides of them 5 and partly,
to be imbib’d, or funck into the fub{tance of them ; for Silk, feeming to
be little elfe then a dried thread of Glew, may be fuppos'd to’be very
eafily relaxt,and foftened, by being fteeped in. warm, nay in cold, if pene-
trant, juyces or liquors. And thereby thofe tin¢tures, though they tinge
perhaps but a {mall part of the fubftance, yet being fo highly impregnated
with the colour, asto be almoft black with it, may leave an impreflion
{trong enough to exhibite the defir'd colour. A pretty kinde of artifi-
cial Stuff I have feen, looking almoft like tranfparent Parchment, Horn,
or Ifing-glafs, and perhaps fome fuch thing it may be made of, which be-
ing tran{parent, and of a glutinous nature, arid eafily mollified by keep.
ing in water, as I found upon trial, had imbib'd, and did remain ting'd
with a great variety of very vivid colours, and to the naked eye, it look’d
very like the fubftance of the Silk. And Ihave oftenthought, that pro-
bably there might be away found out, to make an artificial glutinous /
compofition, much refembling, if not full as good, nay better, then that
&xcrement,or whatever other fubftance it be out of which, the Silk-worm
wire-draws his clew. If fuch a compofition were found, it were certaiti-
ly an eafie matter to find very quick ways of drawing it out into {mall |
wires for ufe. I need not mention the ufe of fuch an Invention,not the be- |
nefit that is likely to accrue to the finder,they being fufficiently obvious,

This hint therefore, ap Ses hope, give fome Ingenious inquifitive Perfon |

anoccafion of making fome trials, which if fuccefsfull, [have my aim, and
I fuppofe he will have no occafion to be difpleas'd.. aes
. ; Sr oe Se ; 4 “ars t. Me
baa BORO AY ES Ch EGON 1 POS
eo reer yy, A Ae ¥ ee }
me ¢ : oa / b j w. ‘
\\ Aha pe LA LA dix WA BAY j LAAs y:
' Ss es P| é 4A AV 2
ct YOM MAN VATA AA 4 rrywe /
cue a Qh . pee
Ope Dom vr IFT S. 2 AR

Schem, 3.
Fig. 2.

.. The moft curious Carvings appearing no better then thofe rude Rufian’
_ Images we find mention’d in Parchas, where three notches at the end of a
’ Stick, ftood fora face. And the moft fmooth and burnifh’d furfaces appear

. Pieces onely from the variety of the RefleZions of light, whichis caus'd

ec

reafon of which odd phenomena, to one that has but diligently examin —

MircROGRAPHIA.

Obferv. V. Of watered Silks, or Stuffs.

Here are but few Artificial things that are worth obferving with a
Microfcope sand theretore I fhall {peak but briefly concerning them.
For the Productions of art are fuch rude mif-fhapen things, that when
view d with a Aéicrofcope,there is little elfe obfervable,but their deformity,

moft rough and unpolifht : So that my firft Reafon why I fhall add but a
few obfervations of them, is, their mif-ihapen form ; and the next, is their
ufelefsnefs. For why fhould we trouble our felvesin the examination of
that form or fhape (which is all we are able to reach with a A@icrofeope)
which we know was defign’d for no higher a ufe, then what we were able.
to view with our naked eye? Why fhould we endeavour to difcover
myfteries in that which hasno fuch thing in it? And like Rabbixs find out
Caballifms, and enigmas inthe Figure, and placing of Letters; where no

fuch thing lies hid : whereas in zatwralformsthere are fome fo fmall, and.
fo curious,and their defign'd bufinefs fo far remov'd beyond the reach of
our fight,that the more we magnify the objeét, the more excellencies and
myfteries do appears And the more we difcover the imperfections of our
fenfes, and the Omnipotency and Infinite perfections of the great Crea+
tour. I fhall therefore onely add one or two Obfervations more of artif-
cial things, and then come.to the Treaty concerning fuch matters as:are
the Productions of amore curious Workman. One of thefe,fhall be that
of ‘a piece of water'd Silk, reprefented in the fecond Figure of the third
Scheme,asit appear d through the leaft magnifying Glafs. 4 B. fignifying
the long way of the Stuff,and C D the broad way. This Stuffyif theright
fide of it be looked upon, appears to the naked eye, all'over fo waved,

undulated, or grain’d, with a curious, though irregular variety of brigh-
ter and darker parts, that it adds no {mall gracefulnefs to’ the Glofvof it.

It'is fo known a propriety, that it needs but little explication, but it is ob-
fervable, which perhaps every one has not: confidered, that thofe parts
which appear the darker part ofthe wave, in one pofition to the light, in
another appears the lighter,and the contrary;and by this means the undu-

Jations become tranfient, and in a continual change,according as the po-

fition of the parts in refpect of the incident beams of light is varied. The

it even with his naked eye, will be obvious enough. But‘he that obferves-
it with a Adicrofcope, may more ‘eafily perceive what this Proteus is, and-
how it comes to change its fhape. He may very eafily perceive, that it

y the various fhape of the Particles, or little protuberant parts of the.
thread that compole the furface; and that thofe parts of the waves that |

agpeee

MrcrocrRaPHin, og

appear the brighter,throw towards the eye a multitude of {mall fefleGi=
ons of light, whereas the darker {carceafiord any.. The reafon‘of which
reflection, the AGcrofcope plainly dilcoyers, as appears by the Figure. In
which you may perceive, that the brighter parts of the furface -confift of -
an abundance of large and ftrong reflections,denoted by’ a, a} 2} .,4, &el
for the furfaces of thofe threads that run the long way, are bythe Mechas
nical procefs of watering, creas'd or angled in another kind.of pofture |
then they were by the weaving: for by the weaving they are ovely bent
ronwnd the warping threads; but by the watering, hap are bent with att
angle, or elbow, that is inftead of lying, or being bent rexzd the threads,
as in the third Figure, 4; 4, 4, a, a, are about b,b,b (b,b, reprefenting the
ends,as ‘twere, of the crofsthreads,they are bent about) they,are creas d
on the top of thofe threads, with an’ 4agle, as in the: fourth Figure, and:
that with all imaginable variety; fo that,whereas before they reflected
the light onely from one point of the round furface, as about e,¢;¢, they |
now when water’d, reflect the beams ftom more then half the whole furs
face,as.dé, de, de, and in other poftures they returnno refletions at all |
from thofe furfaces. Hence in one pale they compofe the brighter
. parts of the waves,in another the darker. And thefe reflections are alfo
varied, according as the particular parts are varioufly bent. The reafon
| of which creafing we fhall next examine; and here we muft fetch our in-
formation from the Mechanifm or manntr of pracéeding in this operation 5
~ which, as I have been inform’d, is no other then this.
They double all the Stuffthat is to:be water'd, that is,they creafeitjuft ©
through thie middle of it, the whole length of the piece; leaving the a
fide of the Stuff inward, and placing thetwo edges, or filvages juft upon
one another,and,as near as they can,place the waledo in the doubling of it,
that the wale of the one fide may lie very near parallel, or even with the ,
waleof the other ; for the nearer that pefture they lie, the greater.will
the watering appear 5 and the more obliquely,or acrofsto each other.they |
lie,the fmallerarethe waves. Their way for folding it for a,great wale
isthus: they take a Pin,and begin at one fide of the piece in any wale.
fo moving it towards the other fide, thereby direét their hands to the op-
pofite ends of the wale, and then, as near as they can, place the two op-
pofite ends of the fame wale together, and {o double, or fold the whole
“piece, repeating this enquiry with a Pin at every yard or two's, diftance
through the whole length ; then they fprinkle it with water,and fold it the
longways, placing between every fold apiece of Paftboard, by. which’
means all the wrong fide of the water'd Stuff becomes flat, and with little
wales, and the wales on the other fide become the more’ protuberyant 5
whence the creafings or angular bendingsof the wales. become. the more
perfpicuous. Having folded it in this manner,they-place it. with an inters
jacent Paftboard into am hotPrefs, where it is kept very violently, preft,
till itbe dry and ftiff; by which means; the wales of either contiguous |
fides leave their own impreflions upon each other, as. is, very manl- |
feft by the fecond Figure, where tis obvious enough, that thewale of the |
piece 4 B C Duns parallel —— lines ef, ef, ef; er '
2 thanifelt

<0 |.

Schem. 4.

‘that I was fain to determine its tranfparency by one glafs, and-its texture

ly creas'd'that being put into that fhape when wet,and kept fo till they be

‘ why the partsof the wale 4, 4,2,a,4, 4, fhould appear bright; and why

It appear black; asalfo,on the other fide, why the fmoothing or burnith-

MrcrROGRAPHIA.

manifeft to difcern the impreffions upon thefe wales, left by thofe that
were preft upon them,which lying not exa¢tly parallel with them,buta lit-
tle athwart them, as is denoted by the lines of,0 00 0, gh. eh.gh, between ~
which the other wales did lie parallelsthey are fo varioufly,and irregular-

rie, they fo fet each others threads, that the Moldings remain almoft as
long as. the Stuff lafts.
Hence it may appear to any one that attentively confiders the Figure,

the parts b, 5, b,b,b,b, thould appear fhadowed, or dark; why fome, as
d,d,d,d,d,d, fhould appear partly light,and partly dark: the varietiesof
which reflections and fhadows are the only caufe ofthe appearance ofwa-
tering in Silks, or any other kind of Stuffs. |

From the variety of reflection, may alfo be deduc'd the caufe why a
fmall breez or gale of wind ruffling the furface ofa {mooth water, makes

ing the furface of whitened Silver makes it look black ; and multitudes of

other phehomena might hereby be folv'd, which are too many to be here
infifted on. Ls

~Obferv. VI. Of fnall Glafs Canes.

Hat I might be fatisfid, whether it were not poffibleto make an

' Artificial pore as fall as any Natural 1 had yet found; I made fe-
veral attemps with {mall g/a/s pipes, melted inthe flame of a Lamp, and
then very fuddenly drawn out into a great length. And, by that means,
without much difficulty, I was able to draw fome almoft as {mall asa
Cobweb, which yet, with the Afcrofcope, I could plainly perceive to be
perforated, both by looking onthe ends of it, and by looking onit againft
the light 5 which was much the eafer way to determine whether it were
folid or perforated; for, taking a {mall pipe of glafs, and clofing oné
end of it, then filling it Aa/f full of water, and holding it again/t the light,
I cculd, by this means, very eafily find what was the differing afpe of a
folid and a perforated piece of glafs 5 and foeafily diftinguifh, without _
feeing either end, whether any Cylinder of glafs 1look’d on, werea folid
ftick, or a hollow cane. And by this means,] could alfo prefently judge of
any {mall filament of gla{s, whether it were hol/ow or xot, which would
have been exceeding tedious to.examine #3 looking ontheend, And
many fuch like ways I was fain tomake ule of, in theexamining of di-
vers other particulars related in this Book, which would: have beenno
eafie task to have determined meerly by the more common way of look-
ing on, or viewing the Object. For, 1f we confider firft, the very faint
Hight wherewith the object is enlightened, whence many particles ap-
pear opacous, Whichwhen more enlightned, appear very tranfparent, {0

by another Next,’ the unmanageablene/t of mott Objetts, gee

A

ase
|B

.
7

Schem

MicROGRAPHIAY

of their (walnefs, 3. The difficulty of finding the defired point, and of
placing it fos.as to reflect the light conveniently for the Inquiry; Laftly,
‘ones being able to view it but with ove eye‘at once, they will appear‘no
{mall obftrutfiows, nor atethey eafily remov'd: without many contridan-
ces. Butto proceed, I could:not find that water, or fome deeply ting’d
liquors would: in {mall ones rife fo high as one would expects’ andothe
higheft U have found it-yet rife in any of the pipes I have try'd, 'was'to
a1 inches above the level of the water inthe vefiel: for though I found
thatin the\{mall pipes it would wmbly enter at firft, and run about 6 or
7 inches upwards; yet Ifoundit then to move upwards fo fow, that l
have not yet had the patience to obferve it above that height of 21in-
ches (and that.was in a pretty /arge Pipe, in comparifon of thofedT for-
merly mentionéd; for I.could obierye the progre/s.of a very deep ting'd -
liquor in it with my waked eye, without much trouble; whereas many of
the other pipes were fo very fall, that unlels in a convenient poftureto the
light, I could not perceive them :) But ‘tis very probable; that a greater
patience and. affiduity may difcover the liquors torde, ‘at leaft to.remain
fifpended, at, heights that I fhould be loath now evento gheft at; if at
leaft there be any proportion kept between the height of the afcending
liquor, and the bigne/s of the holes of the pipes.

An Attempt for the Explication of this Experiment. ws
Tg “NCA Ae TORY

My Conjecture, That the unequal height of the furfaces of the water,
proceeded from the greater preffure made upon the water by the Air
without the Pipes A BC, then by that within them:, 1 thall endeavour to
confirm fromthe truth of the two following Propofitions : |

The firft of which is, That ax unequal prefure of the incumbent Air,
mill caufe au unequal height in the water's Surfaces. bert

And the fecond is, That in this experiment there is fuch an.nnequal
refure. to Shaw

? sae the firftis true, the following Experiment will evince. | Forif
you take any Veflel fo contrived, as that you can at pleafure either zn-
creafe or diminifh the prefure of the Air upon this or that part of the Sx-
perficies of the water, the equality of the height of thofe parts will pre-
fently be /of#; and that part of the Superficies that fultains the greater pref
fare, will be zxferior to that which undergoes the /es.. A fit Veflebfor
this purpofe, will be an inverted Glafs Syphon, fuch an one as is defcri-
bed in the Sixth Figure. For if into it you put Water enough to fillitas-
high as.4B, and gently blow in at D, youtfhall depre/s the Superficies By
and thereby raifethe oppofite Superficies.4 to a confiderable height, and
by gently jocking you may produce clean contrary ethedts. :

Next, That there isfuch an umequal prefure, 1 thall prove from this,
That there is a much greater incongruity of Air to Glafs and fome other Bodies,
then there is of Water to the fame, | AEE ttgt

rt’

PE ae

12 MicrROGRAPHIA,

By Congruity, I mean a property of a finid Body, whereby any part of it
it vedi sainaa with any other ran either of it felf, or of any other simi-
bar, fuid, or folid body: And by Incongruity a property of a fad, by which
it is hindred from uniting with any diffimilar, fiuid,or folid Body.

This laft property, any one that hath been obfervingly converfant
about fluid Bodies, cannot be ignorant of: For (not now to mention
feveral Chymical Spirits and Oyls, which will very hardly, if at all, be
brought to #ix with one another; infomuch that there may be found
-fome 8.0r 9, or more, feveral diftinct Liquors, which fwimming one up-
‘on.another, will not prefently #ix) weneed feek no furtherfor Exam-
ples-of this kind in fluids, then to obferve the drops of raiz falling through
the wir, and the bubbles of air which are by any means conveyed under
the furface of the water 5 or a drop of common Salet Oyl fwimming upon
‘water. In all which, and many more examples of this kind that might
be enumerated, the ézcongruity of two fluids is eafily difeernable. And
-as for the Congruity or Incongruity of Liquids, with feveral kinds of firm
Bodies, they have long fince been taken notice of, and called by the
Nainesof Drinefrand Adoifture (though thefe two names are not compre+
henfive enough, being commonly ufed to fignifie only the adhering or
not adhering of water to fome other fold Bodies of this kind we may ob-
ferve that water will more readily wet fome woods then others ; and that

water, let fall upon.a Feather, the whiter fide ofa Colport; and fome
other leaves, or upon almoftany dufly, unZuous, or refinous faperficies,
will not at all adhere to them, but eafily tumble off from them, like a folid
Bowl; whereas, ifdropt upon Linnen, Paper, Clay, green Wood, &c. it will
not be taken off, without leaving fome part of it behind adhering to them.
So Quick-filver, which wall very hardly be brought to fick to any vegeta®
ble body, will readily adhere to, and mingle with, feveral clean metalline
wdies, os . ; : ; AH
And that we may the better finde what the caufe of Comernity and —
Yncongruity in bodiesis, it will be requilite toconfider, Firft, what isthe
caufe of fluidnefs; And this, Iconceive, to be nothing elfe but a certain
poe or hake ot beat, for Heat being nothing elfe buta very briskandve-
hement agitation of the parts of abody (as Ihave elfwhere made proba:
bable)\the parts of a body are thereby made {0 /oof from oneanother;
that they cafily move any may, andbecome flvid. That I may explain —
this ‘alittle by a grofs Similitude, let us fuppofeadifhof fand fet upon
fore body that is very much agitated, and fhaken with fome quick and
frrong vibrating motion,as ona AMdilftone turn’d round upon the under {tone
very violently whilft it is empty3or on a very ftiffDrwm-head,whichisve-
hemently or very nimbly beaten with the Dromfticks, By thismeans, _
the fand in the dith, which before lay like adv/and una@tive body, be-
comes a perfect fwd, and ye cannofooner make a hole in it with your
finger, but itis immediately fied up agaim, and the upper furface of it —
leoell'd. Nor can you bury a light body, asa piece of Cork under it, but
it prefently emerges or fwims as ‘twere on the top; nor-can youlay a)
heavier onthe top of it, asa piece of Lead, but it is immediately buried
| in

Mrecrocraputa,

in Sand, and{(as ‘twere) finks tothe bottom. Nor can you make:a hole
in the fide of the Difh, but the {and thall rvx ontiof it to.a level, not an
obvious property of a fluid body, as fuch, but this dos imitates and all
this meerly caufed by the vehement agitation of the conteining veffel 5
for by this means, each fand becomes to have a wibrative or dancing mo
tion, fo'a¢no other heavier body:can reft on it, unlefs foffein'd by fome
other on either fide: Nor will it fuffer any Body tobe beneath it; unlefS
it be a heavier them it felf. Another Inftance of the ftrange loofening
nature of a violent jarring Motion, or a ftrongand nimble vibrative
one, we may have from a piece of #row grated:on very ftrongly witha
file : for ifinto that a pin be ferem’d fo firmand hard, ‘that though it has
a convenient head toit, .yet itcanby no means be uxfcren'd by the fm=

- gers; if, fay, you attempt to unfcrew this whilft grated om by the files iv |’
will be tound to undoe and turn very eafiy... The firft of thefe Examples —

manifefts, how.a body aétually divided into {mall parts, becomes:a finid
And the latter manitfefts by what means. the agitation of heat {0 eafily
loofens and naties the partsof folid and frm bodies. Nor need we fup-
pofe heat to be any thing elfe, befides tuch a motion ; for fuppofing we

could Atechanically produce fuch a one quick and firong enough, we need »

not {pend fxel to melt a body. Now, thatI do not {peak this altogether
groundleis, I muft refer the Reader tothe Obfervattons I have made up-
on the fhining {parks of Steel, for there he fhall find. that the fame effects
are produced upon{mall chips or parcels of Steel by the flame, and by 4
quick and violent motions and if the body of fee! may be thus melted
(as I there fhew it may) I think we have little reafon to doube that al-
moft azy other may not alfo.. Every Smith can inform one how Sank
both his Fi/e' and, the Irez grows hot with filime, and if you rb alm

any two dard bodies together, they will do the fame: And we know,
that a fufficient degree of heat caules fluidity, in fome bodies much foon-
‘er, and inothers later; that is, the partsof the body of forme are fo /aofé
from rit Set and fo uzapt to whee and fo minute and fittle, that a
very /wall degree of agitation keeps them always in the frate of fluidity.
Ore Sak Tfappote the shen tit is the spesldbee ‘Le iA 5; In
which all other bodies do asit were fwim and move; and particularly,
the Air, which feems nothing elfe but a kind of ti#ure or folution of ter-

reftrial and aqueous particles azfolwdinto it, and agitated by it, juftas .

the ténéfure of Cocheneelis nothing but fome finer diffoluble parts of that
Concrete lick'd up or diffale'd by the fluid water, And from this Notion
of ir, we may eafily give amore Intelligible reafon how the Air becomes
fo capable of Rarefaition and Condenfation. For, as in tinttures,one grain
of fome ftrougly tinging fubftance may fenfibly colour fome hundred thow-
fand grains of appropriated Liquors,{oas every drop of it has its proportio-
nate fhare; and be fenfibly ting’d, as Lhave try'd both with Logsoo

and Cocheneel : And.as ey grains of Salt is able — ne
zreat a ity,as may be y pracipitations, though not fo cafily
Geshe bebe oriape > Grthie Air, whichfeems to be but as twere a tinéfure

ox faline fubftance, diffolo'd and agitated by the finid and agil Zther,may dif-

perfe

14

MicROGRAPHIA.

fe.and expand it felf into a waft space, if it have room enough, and
Efect 4 it eee part of that fpace. But,as on the other fide,if there
be but fome few grains of the liquor, it may extraé all the colour of the
tinging fubftance, and may difolve all the Sale, and thereby become

much more impregnated with thole fubftances, fo may al! the air that faf

ficed ina rarifyd ftate to fill {ome hundred thoufaud {paces of Hither, be
pestis in = — in a pofition proportionable dene. And though
we have not yet found out fuch framers for Tinctures and Salts as we
have for the Air, being yet unable to /eparate them from their diflolving

liquors by any kind of fire, without rareee as we are'able to /e-
a

parate the Air from the ther by G/a/s, and feveral other bodies: And
though we are yet unable and ignorant of the ways of precipitating Air
out of the A‘ther as we can Tinctures, and Salts out of feveral difolvents;
yet neither of thefe feeming s~polfible from the nature’ of the things, nor
{o improbable but that fome happy future induftry may find out ways to

effect them; nay, further, fince we find that Nature does really perform

(though by what means we arenot certain) both thefe actions, namely,
by precipitating the Ait in Rain and Dews, and by fupplying the Streams
and Rivers of the World with frefh water, ffrain’d through fectet fub-
terraneous Caverns: And fince, that in very many other proprieties they
do {6 exactly feew of the fame nature 5 till further obfervations or
tryals do inform us of the contrary, we may fafely enough conclude them of

the fame kind. For it feldomhappens that any two natures have fo ma-

ny properties coswcident or the fame, as 1 have obferv'd Solutions and.
Air to have, and to be different in the reft. And therefore I think itnei-
ther tmpoffible, irrational, nay nor difficult to be able to predi&: what is
Lekely to happen in othereparticulars alfo, befidesthofe which Obfervation
or Experiment have declared thus or thus; efpecially, ifthe circum —
féances that do often very much conduce to the variation of the effeéts be _
duly meigh'd and confider'd. Andindeed, weretherenot a probability of
this, our ixquiries would be endlefs, our tryals vain, and our greateft ins
ventions would be nothing but the meer produés of chance, and not of
Reafon and, like Mariners in an Ocean, deftitute both of a Compajs and
the fight of the Celeftialguids, we might indeed, by chance, Steer diretly
towards our defired Port, but ‘tis ¢ thoufand to one but we mi our aim.
But to proceed, we may hence alfo give a plain reafon, how the Air comes
to be darkned by clouds, &c. which are nothing but-a kind of precipitati«
on, and how thole precipitations fall down in Showrs. Hence alfacould
I very ealily, and I think truly, deduce the caufe of the curious fixangu-
lar figures of Snow, and the appearances of Haloes, Oc. and the fadden
thickving of the Sky with Clouds, and the vanifhing and difappearing of
thofe Clouds again; for all thefethingsmay be very eafily imitated ina

gla/s of liquor with fome flight Chymical preparations as I have often try d,
and may fomewhere elfe more largely relate, but have not now time to
fet them down. But to proceed, there are otherbodies that confiftcf —
particles more Gros, and of a more apt figure for cobelion, and this re-
quires a fomewhat greater agitation; fuch, I fuppofe ¥. fermented vinous
| : Spirits

al

MicrocRAPHras 1

Spirits; feveral Chymical Oils, which aremuch of kin ‘to thofe Spirits, &¢i
Others yet require a greater, as water, and fo others #uch greater for als
moftinfinite degrees: For, I fuppofe there are very few bodies‘ in the
world that may not be made alquatenus fluid, by fomeor other degree of
agitation or heat. 3 WLIO ¢ SVS. DES NRSERE
_ Having therefore in fhort fet downmy Notion of a Fluid. body; [come
in the next place to confider what Congruity is; and this, as Laid before;
being a Relative property of a fluid, whereby it may be faid to be Like or
. aulike to this or that other body, whereby it does or does.xotwmix with
this or that body. Wewillagainhave recourfe to our former:Experi+
ment, though but arude one; and here if we mix in the dith/éveral kinds
| of fands, fome of bigger, others of Jes and finer bulks, we fhalbfind that
| by the agitation the fixe fand will eye and throw ont of it felf all thofe
bigger bulks of {mall ffoves and the like, and thofe will be gathered toge+
ther all into owe place 5 and if there be.other bodies in it of other natures;
thofe alfo will be /eparated into a place by themfelves, and uted or tum-
bledup together. And thoughthis donot come upto the higheft proper
ty of Congruity, whichis a Cobefiox of the parts of the fluid together; “or
a kind of attraéfion and tenacity, yet this does as ‘twere fhadow it out,
and fomewhat refemble it; for juft after the famemanner, ‘I fuppofe
the pulfe of heat to agitate the {mall parcels of matter, and thofe ‘that are
of a like bignefs, and figure, and matter, will hold, or dance together, atid
thofe which are of a differing kind will be thruft or fhov'd out frombe-.
tween them; for Sid tonic ae are all fmilar, will, like fo many equal
mufical firings equally firetcht, vibrate together in a kind of re std
unifon whereas others that are diffim#lar, upon what account foever,un-
lefs the difproportion be otherwife count Ballanc’d, will, like fo many °
ftrings ont of tune to thofe unifons, though they have the fame-agitating
pulfe, yet make quite differing kinds of vibrations and repercuffions, fo that
though they may be both mov'd,yet are their asbrations fo different, and
fo untund, as ‘twere to each other, that they crofs.and jar againft each
other, and confequently, canwot agree together, but fy back from: each
other to their fimilar particles. Now, to give you an inftance how the
di[proportion of tome bodiesin one refpect, may be connter-ballane’d by
a contrary difproportion of the fame body in another refpect, whence we
find that the fubtil vivous fpirit is congrnons, or does readily mix with wa-
ter, which in many properties is of avery differing mature, we may. cor
fider that a union may be made either by two ffrizgs of the fame bignefs,
length, and tenfion, or by two ftrings of the fame bignef, but of differing
length, and a contrary differing sake 3 OF 3/y. by two ip of anequal
length and bignefs, and of a differmg tenfion, or of equal length, and diffe~
ring bigne[s and tenfion, and \evetal other fuch varieties. To whichthre
properties in firings, willcorrefpond three proprieties alfo in fandy or the |
particles of bodies, their Adatter or Subftance, their Figure or Shape, and
their Body or Bulk, And from the varieties of thefe three, mayarile in-
finite varieties in fluid bodies, though all agitated by the fame pale oroi-
brative motion. And there may be asmany ways of making Harmonies
| . and

Pe ee ee ee ee a eta ee

MiIcROGRAPHIA.

and Difcords with thefe, as theremay be with mufical firings. Having ©
therefore feen whatis the caufe of Congruity or Incongruity, thofe rela
tive properties of fluids, we may, from what has been faid, very eafily
collect, what is the.reafoz of thofe Relative proprieties alfo between fle
id bodies and folid 5 for fince all bodies confilt of particles of fuch a Sub
france; Figure,and Bulk; but infome they are united together more firm-
ly then to be loofened from each other by every vibrative motion (though
I imagine that there!is no body in the world, but that fome degree of a-
gitation may, as I hinted before, agitate and loofen the particles fo as to
make them fluid) thofe cobering particles, may vibrate in the fameman- _
ner almoft as thofe that are Joofe and become wxifons or difcords, ast
may fo: fpeak, to them. Now thatthe parts of all bodies, though never _
fo folid,. do yet vibrate, 1 think we need gono fnrther for pf@of, then

_ that, all bodies have fome degrees of heat in them, and that there has not

been yet found any thing perfectly cold: Nor can] believe indeed thatthere
is any; fach thing in Nature, as a body whofe particles are.at res/, gr lazy
and wxzatlive in the great Theatre of the World, itbeing quite contruryto
the grand Oeconomy of the Univerfe.. We fee therefore what isthe rea-
fon of the /ypathy.or uniting of fome bodies together, and of the amti-
Bema flight of .athers from each other : For Coagruity feems nothing
elfe but a Sympathy, and Incongruity an Antipathy of bodies; hence fimi=
Jar bodies once yuited will not eafily part, and diffimilar bodies once diff
joyw'dwill not eafily unite again; from hence may be very eafily deduc’d
the reafonof the fnfpenfion of water and Quick-filver above their ufual flee
tion, as1 {hall more at large anon fhew. ~ \ eee 4
-,d-hefe properties therefore (alwayes the concomitants of fluid bodies)
produce thefe following vifible Bfeds.: ROUT TOGED 5/3 tokeal
. Firft, They unite the parts of a fluid to its fiwilar Solid, orkeep them
stick to Gold, Silver, Tin, Lead,&c.. and unite with them: but rov/off from
Wood, Stone, Glafs, &c. if never {0 little {cituated out of its horizontable-
vel, and water that will wet falt and diffolve it, will ip off from Tallow
orthe like, without atiall adhering; as it-may likewife be obferved to —

do upon,a.difly fuperficics:, And next they caufe the parts'of homogenes
4} {uid bodies readily to’ adbere together and mix, and of heteragenealto

be exceeding everfethereunto. Hence we find, that two {mall drops of

waters, onany fuperficies they can roul on, will, if they chancetotouch —
each other, readily unite and mix into one 34 drop: The like may be ob-—
ferved with two mall Bowls of Quick;filver upon a Table oF Gla, pro~
vided. their furfaces be:not dufty; and with two. drops of 0y/ upon fair

water, Ge. ..And further, water put unto wine, falt water, vine. ar, fpirit
of wine,or the like, does sinesdeal etalbschet, if they be pelts to.
ge: difperfeit {elf allover them. Hence, on the contrary, we alfo

, that Op! of Tartar poured upon Quick-filver; and Spirit of Wineon
that Qjl,and Oy! of a2 <a eepene neprert ers: Air upon that Oy/,though —
they: efi clofely: pinto a Bottle, ‘and foahen- never fo much) * they.
= by:né:means long fuffer any of their bigger parts to be wnited or in-

IG ;

cluded

of the fluids, as we fee inthe sind rotting u pthe water,and €

MicroGRapara,

cluded within any of the other Liquors(by which recited Liquots,tnay be

enough reprefented the four Peripatet ical Elements, and the tore
fubtil Arhér above all.) ' From this propercy’tis, that drop of mater does
not mingle with, or vanith into 4sr, but is driven \(by that Fluid equal
protruding it on every fide) and fore’t into as little a {pace as it can
fibly be contained in, namely, into a Rownd Globulé. So likewife a lit?
tle ir blownunder the water, is axited or thrutt into a Bubble by the
ambientwater. Anda parcel of QuickSilver enclofed with a; Waters
or almdéftany other Liquor, is formed into aroand Ball,

Now the caufe why all thefe included Fluids, newly eientierieel or ag
sabe others.as are wholly included within a heterogeneous fluid, are
notexadlyof a Spherical Figure (fecing that if caufed by thefe ‘Principles

nly, ivcould be of no ether) matt proceed from forme other kindof
poe againft the two oppofite Gatred: fides. ‘This adventitions or acti
dental prefiure may proceed from divers eawfés, and accordingly raft dé
verffiethe Figure of theincluded heterogeneousfluid : Por feeing that a
body may be included either witha fluid only, or only with a (oh. of
partly witha fluid, and partly witha folid, or partly with one fluid; and
partly with another; there will be found a very great variety of: ‘the ter
Sao: much differing fromia Spherical, according to the vati+
ous refiltance or preflure am belongs ‘to each of thefe encompafling bo

: ea Peopetties ttiay in generat: held:duced frori two heads, azz
Motion,and Rest. For, either this Globular Figure is pe bya
ral Motions fach asis Gravity s or a violent, fuch asisahy actident

of Streams, and foaming of Catarrads, and che like. Or thirdly, By the
Reft; Firmen: and Stability of the’ ainbient Sold? | Ror ifthe tneladi

toda be'of an ane or any other regular Form, the included Peer

that weton being Dinded by the 7¢ made ene larch ats of the

‘ambient; the let Figilte aD B-avghil be wh eft into the Ellsptice
Spherical, EG FH, Forthe fide A is detrudedtoB ‘by the Grevity, a

B to Foby the reffftance of the fubjacenit medium : ahd therefore @ muft
necefiarily be thruit to Gyand D to-H)-Or elle, fuppofing a greater
ty-in the ambienty by whole whole more then‘otdinaty prefpire gainft

lide of the included globules 2 will be forced to'F, ad by its refftunee of

orere) the

18

MrcrROGRAPHIA,

the motion #pwards, the fide.4 will be depreft to E, and therefore ¢ bein
thruft to etd D to H; the globular Figure by this means cio alte
made an Eljiptico-fpherical. Next if a fluid be included partly with one,
and partly with another fluid, it will be found tobe fhaped diverfly, ace
cording to the proportion of the gravity and incongruity of the 3 flnids
one to another : As in the fecond Figure, let the upper 44 4444 be Air,the
middle L 44.N 0 becommon0y/, the lower 0 0 O be Water, the Oyl
will be form’d, not intoa /pherical Figure , fuchas isreprefented bythe
pricked Line, but into fuchaFigureas LM N O, whole fide’ L MN ~
will be of a flatter Eliiptical Figure, by reafon of the great difproportion
between the Gravity of Oyl and Air, and thefide L O M of arounder,
becaufe of the fmaller difference between the weight of Oy/and. Water, —
Laftly, The globular Figure will be changed,if the ambient be partly fuid
and partly joid. Andhere the termination of the incompafied fivid to-
wards the incompafling is fhap'd according to the proportion of the-con-
gruity or incongruity of the fixids to the folids , and of the gravity-and
incongruity of the fi#ids one to another. Asfuppofe the fubjacent me- _
dium that hinders an included fluids defcent,be a folid , aslet K I, inthe
fourth Figure, reprefent the {mooth fuperficies of a Table; E GF Ha —
parcel of running Mercury; the fide G F H will bemore flatted, ace
cording tothe proportion of the incongruity of the Aéercury and Air to —
the Wood,and of the gravity of Mercury and Air one toanother 3 The fide
G E H will likewife be a little more depreft by reafon the fubjacent —
parts are nowat reft,which were beforein motion. 3 Ma
Or further in the third Figure, let A 1 L 1D reprefent anincluding fo-
id medium of a cylindrical fhape (as fuppofe a {mall Glafs ar) Let —
F GE M Mreprefent a contain d fiwid, as water; this towards the bot- _
tom and fides, is figured according to the concavity of theGlafs: Butits —
upper Surface, ( whichby reafon of its gravity, Achaia atall —
the Air above it, and fo neither the congruity or incongruity of either of —
them tothe Glafs ) fhould be terminated by part of a Sphere whofedia- —
meter fhould be the fame with that of the earth, which to our fenfe would
appear a {traight Live,asF G E, Or which by reafon of.its havinga —
greater. congruity to Glafs than Air has, ( not confidering its Gravity) _
would: be thruft into a concave Sphere, asC H B, whofe diameter would
bethe fame with that of the concavity of the Veflel:_) Its upper Surface, _
I fay, by reafon of its having agreater gravity thenthe Air, and having _
likewife a greater congruity to Glafsthen the Air has, is terminated, bya —
concave Eliptico.pherseal Figure, as C K B. Forby its congruity it eafily —
conforms it fel, and.adheres to. the Glafs, and conftitutes as it-were one
containing body with it, and therefore fhould thruft the contained Airon
that fide it touches it,into a {pherical Figure, asB H C, .but the motionof —
Gravity Semele little the Corners B and G, reducesit into the afore- —
faid Figure C KB. . Now that.itisthe greater congruity/of one ofthe —
two contiguous fivids,then of the other,to the containing folid,that caules —
the feparating furfacesto be. thus or'thus figured); And that itis not ber
caufe this or that figurated furface is more proper, natural, ori peculiar'to
Sai one —

Miucrocaar nia.

bytwbichit ae slebalenigire “the contained hetera-
geneous Huidis altere 3 neither canit beimagined; how it fhould other+

“wile beof any other Figure then \Globular : For being by the beterogene-

ous fuid equally protrided every way,whatfoever part is protuberant, will
be thereby depreft.. From this caufe it is, that im its efiectsit does very
much refemble around Spring (fuchasa Hoop.) Forasin around Spring
there is required an additional prefure againit two oppofite fides , tore+
duce it into an val Form, or to force itin between the fides of ja Hole,
whole Diameter is lefs then that of the Spring, there mutt be'a confidera-
ble force or pretrufioz againit the concave or inner fide of the Spring 5 So

— -toalter this /pherical conttituticn of an included fluid bady , there is re-

quired more preflure againft oppofiteifides to reduce it into.an Oval; and,
to prefs it into an Hole les in Diameter then it felf, it requires.a greater pro
trufion againft all the other fides. What degrees of force ai wecueite

to reduce them into longer and longer Ovals, orto, prefs them into lefs

a9

and lefs holes, Lhave not yet experimentally calculated 5 but thus ntuch

by experiment J findingeneral , that.there ts alwayes required a greater
peetiine so-blals them into longer Ovals, or protude them into faiall

les. The neceflity and reafon of this, were it requifite,I could eafily ex-
plain: but being not foneceflary, and equiring more room and time
then Ehave for it at prefent, I thall here omit it; and proceed to thew,
that this may be prefently found true J Experiment be made with a
aig 2

round

MicrROGRAPHIA.

round Spring (the way of making which trials is obviows enough. }) And
with he fluid oie or Mercury, Air, Oe, the way of trying which, will
be fomewhat more difficult ; and therefore I fhall in brief deferibe it. He
therefore that would try with 4ir, muft firft be provided of a Glafs-pipe,
made of the fhape of that inthe fifth Figure , whereof the fide A’B, res
prefents a ftraight Tube of about three foot long, C,reprefents another —

part of it,which confifts of a round Bubble ; fo ordered,that theréis left a
paffage or hole at the top, into which may be faftened with cement feveral |

mall Pipes of determinate cylindrical cavities : as let the hollow OF. ce

t

F. i * . of
G. at ,
H. { sf subs
I, > be. 2-4. - 5.0f; an inch.
K. ;
L. | . |
M. ; 30 |
ore ee J tt

There may be added as many more, asthe Experimenter fhall think fit,
with holes continually decreafing by known quantities, fo far as his fenfes
are able to help him ; I fay, fofar, becaufe there may be'made Pipes fo _
{mall that it will be impoflible to perceive the perforation with ones -na-
ked eye,though by the help of a A@crofcope, it may eafily enough be per-
ceived: Nay, I have made a Pipe perforated from end to end) fofmall,
that with my naked eye I could very hardly fee the body of it, infomuch
that I have been ableto knitit up intoa knot without breaking: And
more accurately examining one with my Aficrofcope, Ifound it not fo big
asa fixteenth part of one of the fmaller hairs of my head which was of
the {maller and finer fort of hair, fo that frxteen of thefe Pipes bound fag=
got-wile together, would but have equalized one fingle hair 3 how fmall
therefore mutt its perforation be? It appearing to me through the Aficro-
Scope to bea proportionably thick-fided Pipe. i
To proceed then, for the trial of the Experiment, the Experimente
mutt place the Tze A B, perpendicular, and fill the PipeF (cemented in-
to thehole E_) with water, but leave the bxbb/e C full of 4ir,andthen
gently pouring in water into the Pipe A B, he muft obferve diligently
how high the water will rifein it beforeit protrude the bubble of AirC, —
through the narrow paflage of F, and denote exaély the height of the —
Cylinder of water, then cementing in afecond PipeasG, and filling it —
with water 5 he may proceed as withthe former, denoting likewifethe _
height of the Cylinder of water, able to protrude the bubble C mati 4
the paffage of G, the like may he do with the next Pipe,and the next,O7.
as far ashe isable: then comparing the feveral heights of the Cylinders,
with the feveral holes through which each Cylinder did force the air(ha-
ving due regard tothe Cylinders of water in the {mall Tubes) jt willbe
very eafie to determine, what force is requifite to prefs the Air in-
to fuch and fuch 4 hole, or (to apply it to our prefent ee I4
Lt : ow

MicROGRAPHDAs

how muchiof the preflire of the 47r is taken off by its ingrefsinto fmal-
lex and. fmaller 4o/es, |. From. the application of whichto the entring of
the ir into the bigger hole of the Vefel, and into the {maller holé of the
Pipe, we fhall clearly find, that there isa greater preflure of the air‘upon
the water inthe Vefe/or.greater pipe, themthere is upon that in:the lefler
pipe: For fincethe preflure of the air every way is found to beequal,
that is, as muchasis able,to prefs up and fuftain a:Cylinder of Quicksilver
_of two foot\and a half ,high, or thereabouts; And -fince of this prefliire
fo many thore degrees,are required to force the zr into‘a fmaller then
into.a greater hole that is full of amore congruous fluid. And Jaftly,
fince thofe degr¢es that are requifite to prefs it in; arethereby taken off
from the .Air-within, and;the Ar within. left with fo: many degrees of
preilure lefsthen the 47 without 5 it will follow, that the Ai inthe lefs
‘Inbe or pipe.; will.havelefs preflure againft the fuperficies of the water
therein, then the Av in the bigger: which wastheminor Propofition to
be proved. 99199,180 19 0} vig 10 isdi |
The Conclufion therefore will neceflarily follow, v7. That this xxe-

qual prefsure of the Air caufed byits ingreff into unequal holes, is a caufe Juffi-

cient to produce this effet , without the help of any other concurrent: and
therefore is probably the principal (if not the only) caufe of thefe Pheno-_
mena, | ,
. Thistherefore being thus explained , there will be divers Phenomena
explicable thereby, as, the rifing of Liquors in a Filtre, the rifing of Spirit
‘of Wine, Oyl; melted Tallow, Gc. inthe Week of a Lamp, ( though made
of {mall Wire, Threeds of Asheftus, Strings of Glafs, or the like ) as ae
of Liquors ina Spunge, piece of Bread,Sand, @c. perhaps alfo the afcend-
ing of the. Sapin Trees and Plaxts, through their Fnall, and fome of them
imperceptible pores, (of which Ihave faid more, onanother occafion ) at
leaft the pafling of it out of the earth into their roots.. And indeed up-
on the confideration of this Principle , multitudes of other ufes of it oc-
currd tome, which I havenot yet fo well examined and digefted as to
propound for Axioms, but only as Queries and Conjectures which may
ferve as hints toward fome further décoveries. cst
__Asfirft, Upon the confideration of the congruity and incongruity of Bo-
dies,as to touch, I found alfo the like congruity and incongruity (if Imay
fo {peak ) as to the Tran/mitting of the Razes of Light: For as in thisre-
gard,water ( not now to mention other Liquors ) ae nearer of affini-
ty to Glafs then Air,and dir then Quicksilver : whence an oblique Ray out
of Glafs, will pals into water with very little refraction from the perpendi-
exlar, but none out of Glas into Air, excepting a dired, will peithon
avery great refraction from the perpendicular, nay any oblique Ray un-
der thirty degrees; will not be admitted into the Airat all. And Quick:
filver will neither admit oblique or direct, but reflects all 5 feeming, as to
the tranfmitting of the Raies of Light , to be of 3 quite differing confti-
tution, from that of \4ir,Water,Glafs, @c. and to refemble moft thofe opa-
cousand ftrong reflecting bodies of Metals: So alfo asto the property of
cohefion or congruity, Water feems to keep the fame order, being

21

more —

22

MicROGRAPHIA.

-more congruous to Glafs then Air, and Air then Quickfilver.) 7)
A Second thing (‘which was hinted to me, by the-confideration of the —

"included fluids: globular form , caufed by the protrufion of the ambient

heterogeneous fluid) was, whether the Phenomena of gravity might not

iby this means be:explained,by fuppofing the Globe of Earth; Water, and
Air to beincluded with a fluid, heterogeneous to all and each of them, —
-fo fubtil., as notonly to be every where interfperfed through the 4ir, Cor
ather the air throughit .) but to pervade the-bodies of Gla/s; and’even

the clofet acetals, by which means it may endeavour to detrude all earth-

Jy bodies as far from itas it can'y and partly thereby,and partly by-other —

" of its properties may move them towardsthe Center of the Earth. Now
that there is fomefuch fluid,I could producemany Experiments and Reéa- —
fons, that do feem'to proveit: But becaufe it would ask fome time and _
room tofet them down and explainthem, ‘and to confider and anfwer all —
the Objections ( many whereof I forefee ) that may be —— againt
i to have —

_. A Third Query. then was ; Whether the heterogeneity of the ambient —

fluid may not be accounted a econdary caufe of the roundnes or globular —
form of the greater bodies of the world,fuch as arethofe of the Si#x,Stars, —
and Planets, the fubftance of each of which feems altogether heterdgene —
ous tothe circum-auebient fluid ether? Andof thisl fhall fay more inthe —

it; I fhall at prefent proceed to other Queries,contenting my fe
hereonly givena hint of what I may fay more elfwhere. >

QObfervation of the Moon.

A Fourth was, Whether the globular form of the fixaller parcels of —
matter here upon the Earth, as that of Freits, Pebbles, or Flints , @c. —
( which feem to. have been a Liquor at firft_) may not-be ‘caufed'by'the —
heterogeneous ambient fluid. For thus we fee that melted Gla willbe —

naturally formed into.a round Figure; fo likewife any {mall Parcel of any _
Slobular Form 3 and,when cold, will be found a folid Ball. This is plainly _
enough manifefted tous by their way of making shot with the dropt of —
Lead3 which being avery pretty curiofity,and known but toa very tew, _
and having the liberty of publithing it granted me, by that Eminent Virs
; tuofo Six Robert Adoray , who brought in this Account of it tothe Royal So-

' getys Taye here tran{cribed and inferted.

To make {mall fhot of different fizes 5, Communicated by his

2

Blackifh parts that. fvim at top like feum, ‘and when you fee theca.
dour of the clear Lead 0 be greenifbybut mo foone, frew xponit Auti~
on = x pigmentum —

a

+ nee )”
‘ in

MiIcCROGRAPHIAs

fpigmentum powdered according to the quantity of Lead, about as
much as vill le upon a Balf Crown piece will ferve for eighteen or
twenty pound weight of fome forts of Lead ; others will require: more; or

lef. After the Auripigmentum 4s put in, flir the Lead well, and the
Auripigmentum wil] flame: when the flame * over, take out \fome

of the Lead in a Ladle having a lip or notch in the brim for conveni-

ent pouring out of the Lead,and being well warmed amongft the melted

Lead, and with a flick, make foe fingle drops of Lead trickle out of

the Ladle into water in a Glafs , which if they fall to be round and
without tails, there is Auripigmentum enough put in, and the temper
of the heat is right, otberwife put in-more. - Then lay two bars of Iron
( or fome more proper Iron-toxl made on purpofe) upon a Pailofiwas
ter,and place upon them a round Plate of Copper, of the fizeand figure
of an ordinary large Pewter or Silver Trencher, the hollow whereof is to
be about three inches over 5 the bottom lower then the brims about balf
an inch, pierced with thirty, forty, or more fmall holes; the fmaller the
holes are, the fitaller the fhot will bes and the brimi isto 0 be siesta aes
the bottorn,to.conferve the heat she better. Jest D- 1x0 Fe on

The bottom of the Trencher being fome four inches dif ‘ant frum the
water in the Pail,Jay tpon it fome burning Coles,to keep the Lead melt-
ed upon it... Then with the hot Ladle take Lead off the Pot where it

23

fronds melted, and pour it fofily upon the burning Coles over the bottom

of the Trencher, and it willimmediately run through the holes: into the
water in final round drops. ° Thws pour on new Lead fiill as faft.as
it runs tbrough the Trencher. till all.be done; blowing now and then
the Coles with hartd-Bellows, when the\ Lead in the Tie rencher cools fo iaa
to flop from running.

Whilft one pours on the Lead, isi muft, with another Ladle,
thrufted four or rigs inches under water inthe Pail catch from time
totime ome of the fhot,asit drops down, to fee heft and whetber
there be any faultsin it. The greateft care is to keep the Lead upon

the Trencher in the rig be dh i = if it be too cool 5 iewill not
run through the Taihee though it ftand melted upon it 5 a this isto

be

24 MicrROGRAPHIA,

be belped by blowing the Coals a little , or pouring on new Lead that is
hotter: but the cooler the Lead,the Lai ef the Shot; and the'hotterthe
fualler.; when it ¢s too hot, the drops “vill crack, and fly; then you —
aiff flop pouring on new Leadand let it cool; and fo long as you oh.

_ ferve the right temper of the heat, the Lead will conftantly drop into very ;

| sand Shot, without fo much asone with atail in manypounds, =
When all is done, take your Shot out of the Pail of water, and put it
“ina: Frying-pan over the fire to dry them , which muft be done. warily,
fiill aking them that they melt not ; ahokin they are dry ‘you may —
feparate the mall from the great , in Pearl Sives made of Copper or

| Lattin let into one another, intoas many fizes as you pleafe, ~ But’ if :
you mould have your Shot larger then the Trencher makes them , you —
may do it with a Sticks sate them rrickle aut of the Ladle, a teens
fea joid.. 4
\. Wf the Trencher bedi senelics very little wbeathe SA fps ih :
going trang it, and be not too-cool,jt willdrop again , “bict it ss better —
not totouch it at all. At the melting of the Lead take care that there
be no aiid 8 ch Greafe, or the ike ete the Pons, or —, Tres q

"The Chief caufe' of this Globular Figure ofthe Sh Jens bot a
"Auripigmencum’s jor, as foonusit svat A Lead,
ses i inn Brighy contr infra hays flo.
shin upon it, when you: feum ittomakeit clean with the Ladle. ‘So
that when the Air comes at the falling drop-of the melted Lend, that —
skin confiratis them every whereequally + but uponwhat, reece and
eR cash iiee oe rod aa

+ doll of 7
Much after this fame manner; .when'the Airisexce -eding 1d thrameh —
whichrit fa do we'find the drops of Rain, “filling go ‘Clou ae

corigealed into round. Hiail-ftonestiye the freednoAribient) ” WMOL DIL |
To: which n aps beadded this otaah know: Experiment) Tha af in -
gently etfalla | ‘op of water-upon {mall | fand or aif, you fhall i:

Were, abattificial round /fone quickly’ generated. ' ‘Tcannot upon hi ) a
mi comit them eostoning of the firange kind of Grata s which :
0

ina ebroughe from ee ey Tee tonfhir ey .
tye ced oy ata Malone is “Kettering-Stone , of which fees ‘the Seen ‘

a ee a a es

MrcrRoGRAPHIAL.

Which bringsinto my mind what I long fince obferved inthe fiéry Sparks:
that are {truck out of.a Steel. For having a great defire to fee: what was.

25

left behind, after the Spark was gone out, I purpofely {truck fire over a ,
very white piece of Paper, and obferving diligently where fome confpi-" ,

cuous fparks went.out , I found a very little blatk-{pot no bigger then:

the point of a Pin, which through a Adicrofcope appeared to be a perfect-

ly round Ball, looking much likea polifht ball of Steel, infomuch that:

I was able'to fee the Image of the window reflected from it, . [cannot
here {tay ( having done it more fully -inanother place ). to examine the
particular Reafons of it, but fhall only hint, that I imagine it to be fome
{mall parcel of the Steel, which by the violence of the motion of the
ftroke ( moft of which feemsto be impreft uponthofe {mall parcels ) is
made fo glowing hot, that it is melted into a Vitrum, which by the ambi-
ent Air is thruft into the form of a Ball. :

~ A Fifth thing which I thought worth Examination was, Whether thé
motion of all kind of Springs, might not be reducéd to the Principle
whereby the included heterogeneous finid{eems to be moved 5 or to that
whereby two Solids, as Marbles, or the like,are thruft and kept together
by the ambient flnid. mR |

__ A Sixth thing was,Whether the Rifing and Ebullition of the Water out
of Springs and Fountains ¢ which lie much higher fromthe Center of th
Earth then the Superficies of the Sea, from whence it feems to be derived

may not be explicated by the rifing of Water ina {maller Pipe: For the.

Sea-water being {trained through the Pores or Crannies of the Earth, -
as it were, included in little Pipes, where the preflure of the Air has not
fo great a power to refift its Bhs But examining this way, and finding
in it feveral difficulties almoft irremovable , I thought upon a way that
would much more naturally and conceivably explain it; which was by
this following Experiment: I took a Glafs-Tube, of the form of that
defcribed in the fixth Figure, and chufing two heterogeneous fluids, fach
as Water and Oy], I poured in as much Water as filled up the Pipes as.
high as A B, then putting in fome Oyl into the Tube AC, I depreft the
fuperficies A of the Water to FE, andB I raifed to G, which wasnot fo
high perpendicularly as the fuperficies of the Oyl F, by the fpace F 1,
GE the proportion Of the gravity of thefe two Liquors was as
to

_ This Experiment] tried with feveral other Liquors, and particularly
with frefh Water and Salt ( which made by diffolying Salt inwarm
Water ) which two though they are nothing heterogeneous, yet before
they would perfe&tly mix one with another, I made trial of the Experi-
ment? Nay; letting the Tube wherein I tried the Experiment remain for
many dayes, I obferved them not to mix 3 but the fuperficies of the frefh

«was rather more then lefs elevated, above that of the Salt. Now the
proportion of the gravity of Sea-water, to that of River-water, accord
Ing to Stevinus and Varenius , and asI havefince found pretty true by
making trial my felf, isas46.to 45. thatis, 46. Ouncesof the fale Wa-
as F ter

26

MicrROGRAPHIA

te? will'take up no more room then 45. of the frefh: Or reciptocally
45 pints of falt-water weigh as much as 46 of freth. a
~ But I found the proportion of Brine to frefh Water tobe near 13/to 424
Suppofing therefore GH M to reprefent the Sea, and F I theheight of
the Mountain above the Superficies of the Sea, F Ma Cavern in the
Earth, beginning at the bottom of the Sea, and terminated at the top of
the Mountain, L M the Sand atthe bottom, through which the Water
is as it were {trained , fo as that the frefher parts are only permitted to
tranfude,and the faline kept back ; if therefore the proportion of G M
to F Mbeas45 to46, then may the Cylinder of Salt-water GM make
the Cylinder of Frefh-water to rife as high as E, and torun over at N.
I cannot here ftand to examine or confute their Opinion , whomake the
depth of the Sea, below its Superficies, to be no more perpendicularly:
meafured then the height of the Mountains above it: “Tis enough for
me to fay, there is no one of thofe that have aflerted it , have experimen-
tally known the perpendicular of either ; nor fhall I here determine,whe-
ther there may not be many other caules of the feparation of the frefh
water from the falt , as perhaps fome parts of the Earth through which it
is to pafs, may containaSalt, that mixing and softings witli Sea-falt,
may papas it; much after the fame manner as the Alkalizate and

jezd Salts mix and precipitate each other in the preparation of Tarta-
rim Vitriolatum, 1 know not alfo whether the excteding cold (that _
muft nectflarily be_) at the bottom of the Water, ‘ge! hot help towards —
this {eparation , for we find , that warm Water is able to diffolve and _
contain more Salt , then the famé cold; infomuch that Brines ftrongly —
impregnated by heat, if let cool, do fuffer much of their Salt to fiibfide
and cryftallize about the bottom and fides. I know not alfowhethet
thé exceeding preflire of the parts of the Water one againftahother,
may not keep the Salt from dete en

E keep ding to the very bottom , as finding
little or no tcom to infert it felf between thofe parts , protiudéd ( vios
Jently togethet , or elle {quéeze it upwads into the fiperiout partsof the
Sea; where it may more eafily obtain room for it felf, amongft the parts
of the Water , by reafon that there is more heat and lefS preflitre. To —
this Opinion Iwas fomewhat the more induced by the telations{ have —
met with in Geographical Writers, of drawing frefh Water from the bot= _
tom of theSea , which is falt above. I cannot now ftand to examine, —
whether this natural perpetual motion may not artificially beimitared+ _
Nor can Iftand to anfwer the Objections which may bemadeagainft this —
my Suppofition: As, Firft, How it comes to pafs,that therearé fometimes
falt Springs much higher then the Superficies of the Water? And, Se
condly,Why Springs do not run fafter and lower, according to the vary-
ing oe = te the Cylinder of Sea-water, by the ebbing-and flows
ing of theSea? | 1 oe) asim
As to the Firft, Infhort, I fay, the frefh Water may receive ngaina
falife Tincture near the Superficies of the Earth, ‘by ‘paffing throne
fomefalt Jazes, or elf many of the faline partsof theSeamaybekept
back, thovgh ‘not all. Ges Sal = isttt -gainsttts

MicROGRAPHIAY

_ Andasto the Second, The fame Spring may be fed and fupplyed: by
divers Caverns, coming from very far diftant partsof the Sea , fo as that
it may inone place be sigh, inanother low water; and fo by that méans
the Spring may be equally fupply'd atall times. Orelfe the Caver# may
be fo ftraightand narrow , that the water not having foready and free
paflage through it, cannot upon {fo fhort and quick mutations of preflure,
be able to produce any fenfible effect at fucha diftance. Befides' that}
to confirm this Aypothefis, there are many Examples found in Nataral Hifto-
rians,of Springs that do ebb and flow likethe Sea: As particularly,thofe

recorded by the Learned Camden, and-after him by speed,to be found in |

this Ifand: One of which,they relate to be-on the Top of a Mountain,
by the {mall Village Kilken in Flintfhire , Maris enmulus qui ftatis tempo
ribus fuas evomit & reforbet Aquas ; Which at certain times rifeth’and
falleth after the manner of the Sea. A Second in Caermardenphire,
near Caermarden, ata place called Cantred Bichan 3 Qui ( ut _fcribit 'Gi-
raldus ) naturali die bis undis deficiens, & toties exuberans , marinas
imitatur inftabilitates 5 That twicein four and twenty hours ebbing‘and
flowing , refembleth the unftable motions of the Sea. The Phenomena
of which two may be eafily made out, by fuppofing the Gaverz; by which
they are fed; to arife from the bottomof the next Sea. | A Third, is 4
Well upon the River Ogwore in Glamorganfbire, and near uhto Newton,’ of

which Camdez relates himfelf to be certified,by a Letter from a‘ Learned

Friend of histhat ébferved it, Fows abeft hinc, Gc: The Letter is alittle

7 . ee
en from the Channel by which itis fupplied , which may Corie from the
aoe of a Sea very remote fromi thofe parts , and where the Tides'are

procantibus undis fluit Grefluit , which ebbs and flows many tirhes'a’
This may proceed from its being fupplyed from many Channels, coming
from feveral parts of the Sea, lying fufticiently diftant afunder to have the
_times of High-water differing enough one from the other 5 fo'as that

Current. <4.
I thall laftly.
and thatis, W

feat id
day.

2§

MiIcROGRAPHIA,

not be found a co-efficient in the moft confiderable Operations of Na-
ture? As inthofe.of Heat,and Light,and confequently.of Rarefaction and
Condenfation, Hardnefs, and Fluidne/s, Perfpicnity and Opacoufnefs,Refrati-
ous and Colours, ec. Nay,1 know not whether there may be many thin

done in Nature,in which this may not (befaid to ) have a Finger? This
I have in fome other paflages of this Treatife further enquiredintoand
fhewn, that as well Light as Heat may be caufed by corrofoz,whichisap- __
plicable to congruity,and confequently all the reft will be but fubjequents;
Inthe mean time I would not willingly be guilty of that Error,which the

MicROGRAPHIiA,

Flame 5 fomething there is afcribable to. the Heat , for that it miay rarifie —

the more.vplatil and {pirituous parts of thofe combuftible Liquors, and
being madelighter thenthe Air, it may be protruded upwards by that
more ponderous fluid body in the Form of Vapours; but:.this can be
afcribed to the afcenfion of but a very little,and moft likely of | that on
ly which afcends without the Week. As for the Rifing of it ina Spunge,

Bread,Cotton,@c, abovesthe faperficies of the fubjacent Liquors, what

has been faid about the Filtre (if confidered ) will ealily fuggeft a
reafow , confidering that all thefe bodies abound with fall holes ot

From this fame Principle alfo ( wiz. the unequal preffure of the Air a4

gaint theunequal fuperficies of the mater.) proceeds the caute of the ac*

‘ .ceflion or incurfion of any floating body againftthe fides of the con*
taining Veflel, or the ¢ppropinquation of two floating bodies, as Bubbles,
Corks, Sticks, Straws, &c, one towards another. » As for inftance, Take
a Glafs-jar, fuchas AB in the feventh Figvre, and filling it pretty near the
tup with water , throw) into it a {mall round piece of Cork, as€,and:
plungeit all over in water, thatitbe wet , fo as that the water may rife
up by the fides of it,then placing it any where uponthe fuperficies, about
an inch,or one inchand a quarter from any fide, atid you fhall perceive it
by degrees to make perpexdicularly toward the neareft part of the fide,
and the nearer it approaches, the fafter to be moved; the reafon of
which Phenomenon will be found no other then this, that the Air has a
reater preflure againft the middle of the faperficies, themit hasiagainft
ike parts that approach nearer, and. are comtiguows to the fides.» Now
that the prefiure 1s greater, may (as lfhewed before in the explication
of the third Figure ) be evinced from the flatting of the water in the
middle, which arifes from the gravity of the under fluid: for fihce,as k
thewed before.if there were no gravity inthe under ftid,or that it were
equal tathat of the upper , the termmating Surface would be spherical,
and. fince it isthe additional preffure of the gravity of water that makes
it fo flat, it follows; that the preflureupon the middle mult begréater'then
towards the fides. Hence the Balb having a ftronger prefiure againft that
fide of it which refpects the middle of the fuperficies, themagainft that
which refpects the approximate lide , muft neceflarily move towards that
part, from whence it finds leaft refiftance, and fo be accelerated; asthe re-
fiftance deécreafes. Hence the more the water israifed under thap part
of its way itis paffing above the middle, the-fafter io is moved : And
therefore you will find it to move fafter:inE thet in D, and inDthen
_ inC. Netthercould: Ifind the floating fubftance tobe moved av all, un-
tilit! were placed upon fome part'of the Saperficres that was: fentably: ele+
_ yated abovethe height of the middlepart.. Now:thanthis may be the
true caufe, you may try with a blown Bladder, and.an exactly ronrid Ball
upon a very {mooth fide of fome pliable body', as Horz or Quicksiloer.

29°

For if theBall-be placed under a‘part of the Bladder whidliis iponone

fide of the middle of its preflure.,. and you pre{s ftrongly again{t the
Bladder,you fhall find the Ball moved.from the i calla fides;
N23 aving

/

30

MrcROGRAPHIA.

Having therefore fhewn the reafon of the motion of any float towards
the fides, the reafon of the incurfion of any two floating bodies will eafi-
ly appear: For the rifing of the water againft the fides of either of
them,isan A ent fufficient,to fhew the preflure of the Air to be there
Jefs,then it is further from it,where it is not fo much elevated ; and there-
fore the reafon of the motion of the other toward it, will be the fame as
towards the fide of the Glafs; only here from the fame reafon , they are
mutually moved toward each other , whereas the fide of the Glafs in the
former remains fixt. If alfo you gently fill the Jar fo full with water,
that the water is protuberant above the fides, the fame piece of Cork that
before did haften towardsthe fides, does now fly from it as faft towards
the middle of the Superficies; the reafon of which will be found noo _
ther then this, that the preflure of the Airis ftronger againft the fides of
the SuperficiesG and H, then againft the middle] 5 for fince, asI fhewed
before, the Principle of congruity would make the terminating Surface
Spherical , and that the flatting of the Surface in the middle is from the
dhancthonr of the waters preflure outwards, by the contrary indeavour

_ Of its gravity 5 it follows that the preflure in the middle mutt be lefs then

on the fides; and therefore the confecution will be the fame as in the
former. It is very odd toone that confiders not the reafon of it , tofee
two floating bodies of wood to approach each other,as though they were
indued with fome magnetical vigour ; which brings into my mind whatl
formerly tried with a piece of Cork orfuch like body, which Ifo orders
ed, that by putting a little {tick into the fame water, one part of the faid
‘Cork would approach and make toward the ftick, whereas another
would difcede and fly away,nay it would have a kind of verticity , foas
.that if the Zquator (as Imay fo {peak ) cf the Cork were placed to-
| wards the ftick, if let alone, it would inftantly turn its appropriate Pole
‘toward it,and then run a-tilt atit:and this was done only bytakingadry
Cork, and wetting one fide of it with one {mall ftroak 5 for by thismeans
gently putting it upon the water, it would deprefs the fuperficies on eve-
ry fide of it that was dry , and therefore the greateft preflure of the Air,
being near thofe fides caufed it either to chafe away,or elfe to fly offfrom
any other floating body, whereas that fide only, againft which the water _
afcended, was thereby able to attract. | peels daidgeae
Itremains only, that I{hould determine how high the Water or other
Liquor may by this means be raifed in a {maller Pipe above the Superfi-
cies of that without it , and at what height it may be fuftained: But to
determine this, will be exceeding difficult, unlefs I could certainly know _
how much of the Airs preflure istaken off by the fmalnef§of fuch and _
fuch a Pipe,and whether it may be wholly taken off,that is;whetherthere
can be whole or pore fo {mall , into which Air could notatall enters;
though water might with its whole force ; for were there fuch,,.’tis manis
feft, that the water might rife in it to fome five or {1x and thirty Englifh —
Foothigh. [know not whether the capillary Pipesin the bodies of fall Z

Trees, which we call their Aficrofcopical pores,may not be fuch 3and whe=

ther the congruity of the fides of the Pore may not yet draw the» juyce
om = even

Mrcoroorarnia, 31
even higher thenthe a ws able by-its.bare. pdt toraifeit :;.For,
Congruity isa principle that not only unites and holds a body-joyned to,
it, but, wud: ismore, attracts.and draws body,that is SM
holds it above itsufual height) =. . aR 5 bak Se

And this is obvionseven ina drop of water fufpended under. any, Six
milar or Congruous body: : For,befides the ambient preflure that helps to,
keep it fufteind, there isthe Congruity of the bodies that are contigu:
ous. This is yet more evident in Tenacious andGlutinous bodies, fuck
as Gummous Liquors, Syrups, Pitch, and Rofin melted; Gc. Tar, Turs -
pentine, Balfom, Bird-lime, cc. for there it is evident , that the Parts
of the tenacious body, as I may fo call it, doftick and adhere {0 clofe-
ly together, that though drawn out into long and very flenderCylins
ders, yet they will not eafily relinguifh one anothers and this, though
the bodies be aliquatexus fluid, andinmotion by one another; which
to fuch as confider a fluid body only asits parts are in a confufed. irregu-
lar motion, without taking in alfo the congruity of the parts one among,
another, and incongruity to. fome other bodies, does appear not, alittle
ftrange. So that befides the incongruity of the ambient fluid to it, we
are to confider alfo the congruity of the parts of the contein‘d fluid one
with another. : rid Hate
- And this Congruity (that I may here a little further explain it) is both
a Tenaceous an Attractive power for the Congruity, in the Vi+
brative motions,may bethe caufe of all kind of attraction, not only Ele+
étrical, but Magnetical alfo, and therefore it may be alfo of Tenacity

e and Glutinoufnefs. For, ftom a perfect congruity of the motions of two
diftant bodies, the intermediate fluid particles are feparated and dro-
ven away from between them, and thereby thofe ooy en bodies are,
by the incompafling mediums, comipell’d and forced neerer together 5
wherefore that attractivenefs muft needs be ftronger, when, by anim-
mediate contatt, they are forc’d to be exactly the fame: As I fhew more
at large in my Theory of the AZagnet. And this hints toe me the reafon of
the of the Afercury many inches, nay many feet, aboye the ufu-
al {tation of 30 inches. For the parts of Quick-filver, being {0 very
fimilar and congruous to each other, if once united, will not eafily faffer
adivulfion: And the parts of water, that were any wayes heterogeneous,
being by exantlation or rarefaction exhaufted, the remaining parts bei
alfo very fimilar, will not eafily part neither. And the parts of the Glag
being folid, are more difficultly disjoyn'd ; and the water, being fome-
what fimilar to both, is, as it were, a medium to unite both the Glef and
the Mercury together, $0 that allthreebeing united, and notyery dif
fimilar, by means of this contac, if carebe taken that the Tube ine-
recting be not thogged, the Quicksilver will remain fafpended, notwith-
ftanding its contrary indeavour of Gravity, a greatheight above its or-
dinary Station; butif this immediate Contatt :be'removed , ,eitherby a
meer feparation of them one from another by:the force of a fhog, where-
by the other becomes imbodied: between them, and licks mp from 4
furface fome agil parts, and fo hurling them makes them air 5 or a
-f

32

MicROGRAPHIA.

by fome {mall heterogeneous agil part of the Water, or Air, or Quick:

filver; which appears like a bubble, and by its jumbling to and fro there is) —
made way for the heterogeneous ther to obtrude it felf between the —
Glafs and either of the other Fluids, the Gravity of Asercury precipitates

it downward with very great violence ; and if the Vefiel that holds the
reftagnating Afercury be convenient, the Mercury will for a time vibrate to
and fro with very large reciprocations, and at laft will remain kept up by
the preffure of the external Air at the height of neer thirty inches. And

whereas it may be objeGted, that itcannot be, that the meer imbod ying
of the Zther between thefe bodies can be the caufe,fince the Zther has

ving a free paffage alwayes , both through the Pores of the Glafs, and

through thofe of the Fluids, thereisno reafon why it fhould notmakea _

feparation at all times whilft it remains fufpended, as when it is violently

difjoyned by a fhog. TothisI anfwer, That though the ther paffes —
between the Particles, that is, through the Pores of bodies, foasthat any
chafme or feparation being made , it has infinite paflages to admititsen-
try into it, yet fuchis the tenacity or attractive virtue of Congruity, that —
tillit be overcome by the meer f{trength of Gravity, or by a fhog afiifting —

that Conatus of Gravity, or by an agil Particle, that is like aleaver agis
tated byt

he almoft contiguous Particles of the Fluid , and fuffers them not tobe ®
feparated, till by meer force that attra¢tive or retentive faculty be over-
come: But the feparation being once made beyond the Sphere of the —

but the Azercury freely falls downwards till it meet witha refiftance from

the preflure of the ambient Air, able to refiftits gravity, and keep it for-

ced up inthe Pipe tothe height of about thirty inches.

Thus have I gently raifed a Steel pendulum by aLoadftone to a great —
Angle,till by the fhaking of my hand I have chanced to make.a fepara>
tion bétween them, which is no fooner made, but as if the Loadftone had —
retained no attractive virtue, the Pendulum moves freely fromit towards —
the other ‘fide. So vafta difference is there between the attractive vir- _

‘tue of the Adagnet when it acts upon acontiguous and upona disjoyned —

body : ‘and much more muft there be between the attractive virtues of
congruity upon a contiguous and disjoyned body 3 and in truth the attra:
ctive virtue Is fo little upon a body disjoyned, that though have with a

Microfcope obferved very diligently, whether there were any extraordi- _
nary protuberance on the fide of adrop of water that was exceeding neer —
to the end of a green ftick, but did not touchit, Icould not perceive the ©
leaft; though I found, that as foon as ever it toucht it the whole drop —
would - prefently unite it felf with it; fo that itfeems an abfolute con- —
tact isrequifite to the exercifing of the tenacious faculty of congruity.

“ Obferv. 4

he #tber 3 and thereby the parts of the congruousfubftances
ated fo far afnder , that the ftrength of congruity is fo farwea-
ned,as not to be able to reunite them, the parts to be takenhold ofbes
ing removed out of the attractive Sphere, as may fo fpeak; of thecon —
gruity; fuch, Hay, isthe tenacity of congruity, that it retains and holds

_attrattive activity of congruity, that virtue becomes of no effect at all,

Microcrap — 32

> > .
g + 5S ites
753 * a Jiid

ark (stele

; | » ni de arse i
Obferv. VII. Of fome Phenomena i ci phe

6 De Glafs Drops are {mall {parcels of coarfe green n Gla cake sak
the Pots that contain the Asetal ( asthey callit’) in fufion) upon the
end of anIron Pipe ; and being exceedin ng hot, and aay of a: ind of
fluggith fluid Confiftence, are fuffered to drop from thence into a a Buicket
of mold Water, and in it to lye till they be grown fenfibly cold.

Some of thefe I broke in the open air, by fhapping offa te oP é
fmall ftem with my fingers, others by cruthing i it witha {mall pair ‘of ih
ers; which I had no fooner done, thenthe whole bulk of the dro aie Hew
violently, with a very brisk noife, i into multitudes of. fmall pieces, Bets aot |

which were as {mall as duft, though in fome there weré' remainir

retty large,without any flaw at all,and others very muth flaw’ d, ha
by rubbing between ones fingers was eafily reduced to duff’ ce di-
fperfed every way fo violently , that fome of them pierced my skin.” ‘tT
could not find, either with my naked Eye,or a Aficrofcope, that any-of the
broken pieces were of ar ome figure.nor any one like another; “but'for
the moft part thofe that flaw'd off in large pieces Were = prettily’ bran- |
ched. ;§ 104971 3 ABS 9i23 .

The ends of others if rien dips Inipt off whilff | aa the dies
ends of them lay buried under the water, which, like’ the fo mer, fh ral
to pieces with as brisk a noife, arid as ftréng amoron, "©" fe
. Others of thefe I tried to break, by grinding away the bunt end: and
though I took afeemingly good one; and had groutid ‘away Heer two |
_ thirds of the Ball, yet would it not fly to pieces, ‘but now and then {nie —
{mall rings of it would fnap and fly off, not withdut a i brisk th 7
quick motion,leaving the Surface of the drop whenceit flew very'prétti- |
ly branched or creafed ; which was eafily difcoverable'b} the’ Micr oftope
This drop,after I had thus ground it, without at all impairing theren
that wasnot ground away, I caufed to fly immediately all
the nipping off the very tip‘of itsflender‘end. 9°" bet

Another of thefe drops I began to grind away ae all nd

had not worn: away on the ftone above'a ‘quarter ‘of afinch ‘be

_ whole drop flew with a’ brisk crack into fand or fitall' dit; |
it have held fo long , had:there not beena little’ flaw itt the ethiat Y
ground away, as] afterwards found. Cl en Agid es SSA eh gob
_ © Several others of thefe’ drops I covered over witl ‘a srk
skin of Icthyocol/a, which being very'tough and very ttanfparent:
rom convenient fubftance for: thele e'tryals that I cotild: ini having
fay; feveral of thef-drops in this tranfparent Glue Wwhilft HOE, <2 ne

to: hang by a ftring tied*about the end of thet ti

were cold, ‘and the skin pretty tough3’ aa ag 9,

eee a
ah Pa

34

MicrROGRAPHIA.,

drop (leaving out only the very tip ) in fine fupple Kids-leather very
7 clot

y;t nipped off the{mall top, and found, as] expected, that notwith-
ftanding this skin of Glue, and the clofe wrapping up in Leather, upon
the breaking of the top, the drop gave a crack like the reft, and gave my.
hand a pretty brisk impulfe: but yet the skin and leather was fo {trong as
to keep the parts from flying out of their former pofture; and, the skin

i

_ being tranfparent , I found that the drop retained exaCtly its former fi-

are and polifh, but was grown perfectly opacous and all over flaw'd, all
Sraetiawrs lying inthe manner of rings, from the bottom or blunt end, ta
the very topor{mall point. And by feveral examinations witha Aécro-
Jeope, of feveral thus broken, I found the flaws, both within the body of
the drop, and on the outward furface, to lye much in this order,
Let AB in the Figure X of the fourth Scheme reprefent the drop cafed

ver with I@byocolla or Iinglafs,and ( by being ordered asisbefore pre-'
fenbed ) crazed or flawed into rae but by the skin or cafe kept in its

+

ture 3 the outward appearance of it fomewhat plainly to the naked
ae) t much more con{picuous if viewed witha {mall beng appeared
u

& mely , -as far asthe Ring CC C feemed irregularly fawed with divers

ch a er this fhape. That is, the blunt end B fora pretty breadth,
nee, ich all feemed to tend towards the Center of it, being, as I af

terwards and fhall anon fhew in the defcription of the figure Y
| pay * pgure K,

as it were, of a Cone, which was terminated a little abovethe

niddle of the drop, all the reft of the Surface from CC C€ to A was

awed. with an infinite number of {mall and parallel Rings,which as they

were for the moft part very round , fo were they very thick rodelob :

ut. were not fo exactly flaw'd as to makeaperfect Ring, but

ar part) aaby imegalar cracks flawed likewife into multitudes
lakes, or, tiles ; and this order was obferved likewife, the —

. Now. though I could. not fo exaétly cut this conical Bodythrough the
Axis,,.asis reprefented by the figure Y;, yet by axatomizing\,asit were,
ofteveral, and taking notice of divers particular circumftances,Lwasine

ormed,, that could I haveartificially divided aflaw'd drop throughthe
Axis or Center, I fhould witha Aficrofcope have found. it,toappear much

Conca dy nperess fieniies the Apex, and B the blunt.end;.C C ‘the

ek towards A, The Grain, asit were;) of

the b
>

ae

former figure, and each of its flawed parts preferved exaGly initsdue —

MicrROGRAPHIAs

Nor is this kind of Grain; asI may call it, peculiar to Glafs dropsthus
quenched; for ( not tomention Coperas-ftones , and divers.other Adar-
chafites and Adinerals , which I have often taken notice of to be: injthe
-very fame manner flaked or grained, with a kind of Pithin the middle.)
Ihave obferved the fame in all manner of caft Iron , efpecially the coar-

‘fer fort, fuch as Stoves, and Furnaces, and Backs, and Pots are madé.of

For upon the breaking of any of thofe Subftances it is cbvious: t6 -ob-
ferve, how from the out-fides towards the middle, there is:a kind of
Radiation or Grain much refembling this of the Glafs-drop;, but this
Grainis moft con{picuous in Iron-bullets , if they be broken: the, fame
Phenomena may be produced by cating regulus of Antimony into
aBullet-mold, as alfo with Glafs of Antimony, or with almoft:any. fich
kind of Vitrified fubftance, cither caftinto a cold Mold or poured into
Water.

Others of thefe Drops I heat red hot in the fire,and then fuffered them

to cool by degrees, And thefe I found to have quite loft all their fidui-

nating or flying quality, as alfotheir hard, brittle and {pringy texture;
and to emerge of a much fofter temper, and much eafier to be broken or
{napt with ones finger;but its {trong and brittle quality was quite deftroy-
ed, and it feemed much of the fame confiftence with other green Glafs
well nealed in the Oven. 7 |

The Figure and bignefs of thefe for, the moft part was the fame with
that of the Figure Z; that is,all the furface of them was very {moothand
polifht,and for the moft part round, but very rugged:or knobbed. about
1D, andall. the length of the {tem was here and there pitted or flatted,
About D,. which isat the upper part of the drop under that fide of the
{tem which isconcave, there ufually wasmade fome one or more little

35

Hillocks or Prominences. Thedrop it felf, before it be broken, appears |

very tranfparent, and towards the middle of it, to be very full of {m
Bubbles, of fome kind of aerial fubftance, which by the refraction of th
outward furface appear much bigger then really they ares and thisma
be in good part removed, by putting the drop under the furface of clear
_ Water, for by that means moft part of the refraCction of the convex Sur-
face of the dropis deftroyed, and the bubbles will appear much {maller.
And this, by the by, mindsme of the appearing magnitude of the aper-
ture of the7ris, or pupil of the eye, which though it appear, and be there-
fore judged very large, is yet not above a quarter of the bignefs it ap-
pears of, by the /evticular retraction of the Cornea. _tadsons
_ The caufe of all which Phenomena Limagine to be no other then this,
That the Parts of the Glafs being by the exeeflive heat of the fire kept
off and feparated one from another, and thereby put into a kind of {lugs
gith fluid confiftence , are fuffered to drop off with that heat or agitation

t

remaining inthem, intocold Water; by whichmeansthe outfidesofithe

drop are prefently cool’d and crafted, and are thereby made of, a loofe
texture,becaufé the parts of it have not time to fettle themfelves leifurely
together , and foto lie very clofe together: And the inaermoft:parts.of
the drop, retaining ftill much of their former heat and agitations, rémain

G2 of

26

bottom and fides, are quenched, asit were, and made rigid inthat very
already hardened , will not fuffer the partstofhrink any more from the

the body of Glafs into a t#ff and clofe texture, after it had been fo ex-

MicROGRAPHIA,
of a loofe texture alfo,and,according asthe cold {trikes inwards from the

pofture wherein the cold findsthem. For the partsof the cru? being

outward Surface inward ; and though it fhrink a little by reafon of the —
{mall parcels of fome Aerial fubftances difperfed through the matter of _
the Glafs, yet that isnot neer fo much asit appears ( as I juft now hint-
ed 5) nor if it were, would it be fafficient for to confolidate and condenfe

ceflively rarified by the heat of the glafs-Furnace.

But that there may be fuch an expanfion of the aerial fubftance con: |
tained in thofe little b/ebbs or bubbles inthe body of the drop, this fol-
Jowing Experiment will make more evident.

a cae er fos
Sepang regener ear EI a Di a i.

iaienmansiapepamn rete sie

- Takeafmall Glafs-Cane about afoot long, feal up one end of it ber=
metically,then put in a very {mall bubble of Glafs, almoftof thefhape of
an Effence-viol with the open mouth towards the fealed end, thendraw
out the other end of the Pipe very {mall,and fillthe whole Cylinder with
water, then fet this Tube by the Fire tillthe Water begin to boyl, and
the Air in the bubble be in good part rarified and driven out, thenby
fucking atthe fmalling Pipe, more of the Air or vapoursin the bubble
may be fuck’d out, fo that it may fink tothe bottom; when itis funkto
the bottom,in the flame of a Candle,or Lamp,nip up theflender Pipeand —
let it cool: whereupon it is obvious to obferve, firft, thatthe Water by
degrees will fubfide and fhrink into much lefsroom: Next, that the Air
or vapours in the Glafs will expand themfelves fo, as to buoyupthe little
Glaf: Thirdly, that all about the infide of the Glafs-pipe there willap- _
pear an infinite number of {mall bubbles,which as the Water growscolder —
and colder will fwell bigger and bigger, and many of them buoy them- _
felves wp and break at the top. at Vio ssiddul 4
From this Difeeding of the heat in Glafs drops.that is, by the quenching _
or cooling Irradiations propagated from the Surface upwards and in- _
wards, by the lines CT, CT, DT, DE,@c. the bubbles inthe drop —
havefoom to expand themfelves a little, and the parts of the Glafs con=
tratt themfelves; but this operation being too quick for the {luggifh parts —
of the Glafs, the contraction is performed very unequally and irregularly,
and thereby the Particles of the Glafgare bent, fome one way, and fome
another, yet foas that moft of them ‘draw towards the Pithor middle
TEEE, or rather from that outward: fo that they cannot extricate ons 2
unbend themfelves, till fome part of T EE E be brokenand loofened, —
for all the parts about that are placed in the:manner of an Arch, and fo ©
till their hold at T EE E be loofened they cannot fly afunder, but up-
hold, and fhelter, and fix each other much like the ftones in a Vault,
where each ftone does concurre to the ftability of the whole Fabrick, —
and no one {tone canbe taken away but the whole Arch falls.And where
foever any of thofe radiating wedges DT D, &c. are removed, which
are the component parts of this:Arch,the wholeFabrick prefently fallsto

pleces $

MicROGRAPHiIA,
piecess for all the Springs of the feveral parts are fet at liberty, which

37

immediately extricate themfelves and fly afunder every way 5 each part -

by its {pring contributing to the darting of it {elf and fome other contigué
ous part. But if this drop be heat fo hotasthat the parts by degrees can
unbend themfelves, and be fettled and annealed in that pofture , and be
then fuffered gently to fubfide and cool; The parts by this nealing lo
fing their {pringinefs, conftitute a drop of a more foft but lefs brittle texs
ture,and the parts being not at all under a flexure, though any part of the
middle or Pith TEE E bebroken, yet will not the drop at all fly to pieces
as before.
- This ConjeGure of mine I fhall indeavour to make out by explain!
ing rer particular Affertion with analogous Experiments : The Affertioné
arethefe, . : oa

Firft, That the parts of the Glafs, whilft in a fluid Confiftence and

hot , aremore rarified, or take up thoreroom, then when hard and

cold. eee | Zoli bre
Secondly, That the parts of the drop do fiffer a twofold contras
éion.

Thirdly, Thatthe dropping or quenching the glowing metal inthe
Water makes it of a hard, {pringing, and rarified texture.

Fourthly , That there is a flexion or fotce rertiaining upon the parts
of the Glafs thus quenched , from which they indeavour to extricate
themfelves. _ be : 2 Jose da

Fifthly, That the Fabrick of the drop, that is able to hinder the parts
from extricating themfelves, is azalogws to that of an Arch. eo

Sixthly, That the fudden flying afunder of the parts proceeds frorti
their fpringinefs. "

Seventhly, That a gradual heating and cooling does anneal or reduce
the parts of Glafstoa texture that is more loofe; and eafilier to be broé
ken, but not fo brittle; sg

That the firft of thefe is true may be gathered from this, That Hedt i

a property of 2 body arifing fromthe motion or agitation of its parts 5 and
therefore whatever body is thereby roucht muft neceflarily receive forte
oy of that miotion,whereby its parts will be fhaken and agitated, and fo
y degrees free and extricate themfelves from one another , and each
part fo moved does by that motion exert a conatus of protruding and dif
placing all the adjacent Particles: Thus Air included ina vefiel, by be-
ing heated will burft ito pieces. Thus haveI broke a Bladder held
over the fire in my hand, with fach a violence and noile , that it almoft

made me deaf for the ptefent,and much furpafied the hoife of a Muskett

The likehave I done by throwing into the fire finial) gla(s Bubbles her+
metically fealed , witha little drop of Water included in themy © Thus
Water alfo,or any other Liquor,included ina convenient veflel,by being
warmed , manifeftly expandsit felf witha very great violence, {o asto
break the ftrongeft veGél, if when heated it be narrowly imprifoned es

: ee iis

*

MircROGRAPHIA.,

. This is very manifeft by the fealed Thermometers, which Ihave, by feve= — :
- ral tryals, at laft brought to a great certainty and tendernefs : for Ihave
made fome with {tems above four foot long, inwhichthe expanding Li-

quor would fo far vary,asto be very neer the very top in the heat of Sum-
mer, and prety neer the bottom at the coldeft time of the Winter. The
Stems I ufe for them are very thick,{traight,and even Pipes of Glafs,with
a very {mall perforation, and both the head and body! havemade on
purpofe at the Glafs-houfe, of the fame metal whereof the dice are @
drawn: thefe I caneafily in the flame ofa Lamp, urged with the blaft of
a pair of Bellows, feal and clofe together, fo asto remain very firm, clofe
and even; by thistneans I joynon the body firft,and then fill bothit and
a part of the ftem, proportionate to the length of the ftem and the
warmth of the feafon I fill it in,with the beft rectified Spirit of Wine high-
ly ting’d with the lovely colour of Cocheneel, which Ideepen the more
by pouring fome drops of common Spirit of Urine, which muftnot be —
too well rectified , becaufe it will be apt to make the Liquor tocurdle _
and ftick in the {mall perforation of the ftem. This LiquorI have upon
tryal found the moft tender of any {pirituous Liquor,and thofe are much _
more fenfibly affected with the variations of heat and cold then othermore
flegmatick and ponderous Liquors, and as capable of receiving a deep
tincture, and keeping it,as any Liquor whatfoever; and ( which makes —
it yet more acceptable ) is not fubject to be frozen by any cold yet —
known. When I have thus filled it,I'can very eafily in the foremention- _
ed flame of a Lanip feal and joyn on the head of it. 4 gyi aa
Then, for graduating the ftem, I fix that for the beginning of my di- —
vifion where the furface of the liquor in the ftem remains when the —
ballis placed in common diftilled water, that isfo cold that it juft begins
to freeze and fhoot into flakes; and that mark I fix at aconvenient place
of the ftem, to make it capable of exhibiting very many degrees ofcold, _
below that which is requifite to freeze water: the reft of my divifions,
both above and below this (which I mark with a[o]} ornought) Fplace
according to the Degrees of Expanfion, or Contrattion of the Liquor in A
proportion to the bulk it had when it indur’d the newly mention’d freez-
ing cold. And this may be very eafily and accurately enough done by _
this following way 3, Prepare a Cylindrical veflel of very thin plate Brais
or Silver, ABC D of thefigure Z; the Diameter AB of whofe cavity —
Jet be about two inches, and the depth B C the fame; let eachend be —
cover'd with a flat and {mooth plate of the fame fubftance, clofely foderd
on, and in the midft of the upper cover make a pretty large hole EF,
about the bignefs of a fifth part of the Diameter of the other; into this
faften very well with cement a ftraight and even Cylindrical pipe of Gla,
EF GH, the Diameter of whofe cavity let be exactly one tenth of the a
Diameter of the greater Cylinder. _ Let this pipe be mark’d at GH with —
a Diamant, fo that G from E may be diftant juft two inches, or thefame —
height with that of the cavity of the greater Cylinder, then dividethe
lengthE G exactly into 10 parts, {0 the capacity of thehollowofeach
of thefe divifions will be ;3;; part of the capacity of the greater rie a
= ch. 4

MicroGRrapuia.

der.. ‘This veflél being thus prepared, the way of niarking and gradus
ating the Thermometers may be yery eafily thus performed: .... 2...

" Fill this Cylindrical vefiel with the fame liquor wherewith: the Zhers

wometers are fill'd, then. place both it and the Thermometer, you are to
graduate, in water thatisready tobe frozen, and bring the furface of the
liquor inthe Thermometer tothe firft marke or [0]; then fo: proportion
the liquor inthe Cylindrical vetiel, that the furfaceof it may, jult be at
the lower end of the {mall glafs-Cylinders then very gently.and gradu-
ally warmthe water in which boththe Thermometer and this Cylindrical
veflel ftand, and as you perceive the ting'd liquor to rife in, both ftems;
with the point of a Diamond give feveral marks ‘on the ftem of the Thers
mometer at thofe places, which by ¢omparing the. expanfion .in both
Stems, are found to.correfpond to. the divifions of the cylindrical veftel;
and having by this means marked fome few. of thefe divifionson the
Stem, it will be very eafie by thefe to mark all the reft of the Stem,
and accordingly to affign to every divifiona proper chara¢ter,..)))
A Thermometer , thus marked and prepared, wil] be the fitteftInftru:
ment to make a Standard of heatand.cold that can be imagined... For
being fealed.up, itis not at all fubjeCt to variation, or wafting, noris it lia
ble to be changed by-the varying preflure of the Air, which all other
ae of Thermometers that are open tothe Air are liable to, But to proé
-. This property of Expanfion with Heat, .and ContraGtion with Cold,: is
not peculiar to Liquors;only, buttovallkind of:folid Bodies allo, efpecis
ally Metals, which will more manite(Uy appear bythis Experiment, > 2
_ Take the Barrel of a Stopeock of Brafs, and Jet the Key, which is well
fitted to it,be riveted into it.fo that it may {lip,and be eafily turned round,
then heat this Cock inthe fire, and ‘you will find the Key fo {wollen, that
you will not be able toturn it round it the Barrel 5 but ifit be fuffered
to.coolagain, asfoon.asit-is cold it will be asmovable, and as eafietobe
turned as before. nalaas
: ‘This Quality: is alfo vety obfervable.in Lead, Tit, Silver, Attiniony;
Pitch,Rofn,bees-wax.Butter,and the likes\all which,if after they be ipakie
you fuffer gently to coo} ,, you fhall find the parts of the upper, Surface
to fubfide-and fall inwards , lofing that plumpnefs and fmoothnels it hac
awhilftin fufion. | The liked have alfo obferved in the cooling of Glafé
of Antimony, which does very neer approach the nature of Gla,
o: But becaule thefe are all Examples taken. from other materials. then
ink cedenpeaionlys ss poflibly there may be thelike property, al in
Glafs, not that really there is 5 we Shall by three‘or four Experiments in-
ideavour to manifelt thatalo, | 10 sibbim wrossibasD sh 3 iolust fs
svoAnd.the Firlt isan Obfervation that is very\obvious evenin thele very
drops;to witsthat they areal] of them terminated with an unequalor ay
regulat'Surface . efpecially about the fmaller past of the drop,,andthe
whole length of the fterti; as abontiDy:and fromthénce to Aj the whole
Surfacé which: would baveibecn:vound if the. drop had coolidJeifurely,

is, by being quenched hattily,wery.ingcgularly flarted and pitted! which

wad iZ

39

AO

-by fuddenly heating a piece of Glafs in one place more then in another:

which they are contiguous.

‘by two kindsof Inftruments, either bya glowing hot round Iron*Ring; —
| which tee incompafies the’ placethat is to be cut ; orelfe by a Sulphur d
‘Three |

-firft crack fallinto pieces,whereas if the Plate has becn gradually heated

MrcroOGRAPHITA.
I fuppofe proceeds partly from the Waters unequally cooling and pref:
fing the partsof the drop, and partly from the felt-contra¢ting or fubfi-
ding quality of the fubftance of the Glafs: For the vehemency of the
heat of the drop caufes fuch fudden motions and bubbles in the cold Wa-

ter,that fome parts of the Water bear more forciblyagain{t one wn then.
againft another , and confequently do more fuddenly cool thole parts to

‘A Second Argument may be drawn from the Experiment of cutting
Glafles with a hot Iron. For in that Experiment’ the top of the Iron
heats, and thereby rarifies the parts of the Glafs that lie juit before the
crack , ‘whence each ‘of thofe agitated parts indeavouring to expand its
felf and get elbow-room, thrufts off all the reft.of the contiguous parts,
and confequently promotes the crack that was before begun. ~~ "

A Third Argument may be drawn fromthe way of producing crack
ina found piece or plate of Glafs, which is donetwo wayes, either Firft,

And by this means Chymifts ufually cut off the necks of Glafs-bodies,

ywhich is often wound about the place where the feparation isto
be made;and then fired: ‘Or Secondly; A Glafs may be cracked by cooling _
it fudden! in any place with Water, orthe like, after ithasbeenalblei=
furely and gradually heated very hot. Both which Phewomena feem ma-
nifeftly to proceed fromthe expanfion and contraction of ‘the parts of
the Glafs , which is alfo made more probable by'this circumftance which
I have obférved , that a piece of common window-glafs being heated in
the middle very fuddenly with a live Coal or hot Iron,does ufually atthe |

very hot, and a drop of cold’ Water and the ‘like be: pution the mid
a of it, it only flaws it, but does not break it afundér® immedi-
ately, x 1Gled en bonrag
. AF ourth Argument may be drawn from this’ Experiments? Take a
Glafs-pipe, -and fit into ita folid ftick of Glals, 0 a8it will but jutt be mo-
ved in iti» Then by degrees heat them whilft. they are oneywithin ano-
ther,and they will grow ftiffer, but when they. are again cold;they will be.
as eafie to be turned as before. © This Expanfion of Glafé isimore mani-
feft in this: Experiment: 2) > IGqs 1990 Y1OV 905 doidy AWOMRTE 8
Takea ftick of Glaf of a confiderable length and fir it fo betweenthe -
two ends or ferews of a Lathjthat it'may bue juft éafily turngand thatthe —
very ends of it may be jufttoucht'and fuftcined thereby 3 themapplying —
the flame of the Candle tothe middle of it, andsheating it hot, you will
prefently find the Glals to ftick very faft on thole pbints; ahd hot without
much difficulty to be convertible onthem; | beforethar by ré g the
flame fora 'while from it, it be fufferedito cool}anden . younwill findat
aseafie to be turned round asat thefirft. © 3: motiodti to dagnolelade |
Fromal] which Experiments it is-very evident } that albthofe Bodies,
and particularly Gilat futlers an’ Expanfion by Paes ac a
: - fiderable

‘

MricrocRaPHta )
fiderable one,whilft they are ina ftate of Futon. For Fluidity,asl eHewhere
mention, being nothing but an effet of avery firore and quick {baking avotion,

whereby the parts arc,asit were,loofened from each other,and confequently leave

an interjaceut fpace or vacnitys it follows, that all thofe fhaken Particles mut
neceflarily take up much more room then when they were at reft, and lay
quietly upon each other, » And this is further confirmed by a Potof hoyling
Alabafter; which will wees: rife a'fixth or eighth part higher im the Por,
whilft itis boyling, then it wil] remain at, both before and after it be boyly
ed.The reafon of whichodd Phenomenon ( tohintithere only by the way)
is this, that'there is in the curious powder of Alabafter, and other calcining
Stones, a certain watery, fubftance, whichis fofixt and included. with the
folid Particles, that tillthe heat be very confidetable they will not fly aways
but after the heat is increafed to fuch adegree.,' they break ont every way
in vapours, and thereby fo fhake and loofen the {mal} corpulles. ofthe Pow-

4i

der from each other, that they become perfettly of thenature.of.afluid bo, ©

dy, and one may move aftick to and fro through it; and {tiv,it as ealily as
water, and the vapours burft and break out in bubbles juftas in povling
water,and-the like; whereas, both. betore Cots te patts.are flying
away, andafter they are quite gone 4. that is, before and after it have done

boyling,all thofe effectsiceafe , and a ftick is.as diffieultly moved to and fro ©

in it asinfand, or the like. Which Explication I could ealily prove, had I
time; but this is not a fit place forit.):: a4 +

To proceed therefore; I fay,that the droppi of this expanded Body ine :
to cold Water, does make the parts of the Glafs fuffer a double contraction: ‘

The firft is, of thofe parts which are neer the Surface of the Drop, For Cold,
asI {aid before,contracting Bodies, that is,by the abatement of the agitating fa-
culty the parts falling neerer together; the parts next adjoying to the Water
mutt needs lofe much of their motion , and impart it to the Ambient-water
(which the Ebullition and commotion of it manifefts) and thereby become
a folid and hatd croft, whilft the innermoft parts remain yet fluid and ex+
panded ; whence,as they grow cold alfo by degrees,their parts mutt neceffa-
_rily be left at liberty to be condenfed., but becauleof the hardnefs of the
outward cruft,the contraction cannot be admitted that way;but there being
many very imall, and before inconfpicuous, bubbles in the fubftance of the
Glafs,upon the fubfiding of the parts of the Glafs,the agil fubftance contain-
ed inthem has liberty of expanding it felfa little,and para ite bubbles
grow much bigger;whichis the fecond Contrattion.s And both thefe arecon-
firmed fromthe appearance of the Drop it felf: for as for the outward parts,
we fee, firft,that it is irregular and fhrunk,asit were; which is cawled by the
yielding a little of the hardened Skinto a Contrattion, after the very out-
moft Surface is fettled 5 and asfor the internal parts, one may with ones
ed Eye perceive abundance of very confpicuons bubbles, and withthe

ae

_Microfcope many more. 7 eq ti eee toc

The Confideration of which Partitalars will eafily make the Third Pofiti;

on probable,that is,that the of the drop will be of a very hard, though

of a rarified Texture ; for ifthe outward parts of the Dab. by reafon.of its
hard eruft, will indure very liteleContraction, and theagil Particles, inch

oO il-
H ded

42

MrcroGRAPHIA

ded in thole bubbles, by the lofing of theiragitation, by thedecreafe of the
Heat,lo alfo moft part of their Springand Expanfive powersit follows (the
withdrawing of the heat being very fudden) that the parts muft-be left ina
very loofe Texture, and by reafon of the implication of the parts abe about
another, which from their {luggifhnes and glutinoufne(s I fuppofe to be much
after the manner of thé {ticks in a Thorn-bufh,or a Lock of WoolsIt will. fol-
low, I fay, that the parts will hold eachother very ftrongly together,andin- —
deavour to'draw each other neerer together, and confequently their Tex-
ture muft be very hardiand {tiff, but‘very much rarified. ) > 901. 09
~ And this will make probable my next Pofition, ‘That the partmof the Glafs
are under a kind of tenfion or flexure,out of which they indeavour to extricate and
free themfélves,and thereby all the parts draw towards the Center.or middle, _
‘and would) if the outward parts would give way, as'they do whenthe out- —
ward ate leifurely’ (as in baking of Glafles)) contract the bulk of the |
drop into'a much lef$ compafs. For fince,as I proved before,the Internal parts _
of the drop, when fluidjwere of a very rarified Texture.and,as it were,tosd
open like a Lock of Wool,and if they were fuffered leifurely to cool, would —
be again preft, as it were,clofe together: And fince that the heat;which kept _
them bended and open; isremoved , and yet the parts not fuffered to get as
ineer together asthey naturally would It follows,that the Particles remain
under a kind of texfiow and flexure , and confequently have an indeavour to —
free themfelves from that bending and diftenfion, which they do, asfoon as —
either the tip bebroken, or as foon as by a leifurely heating and cooling, —
the parts are nealed into another pofture. A393 ee 7
And this will make my next Pofition probable,that the parts of theGlafs drops
are contignated together in the form of an Arch,and cannot any where yield or _
be drawn inwards.till by the removing of fome one part of it(as it happensin —
the removing one of the {tones of an Arch)the whole Fabrick is fhatter dand
falls to pieces,and each oe is left at liberty,fuddenly to extricate it —
felf: for finceI have made it probable,that the internal parts of the Glafs have —
a contractive power inwards, and the external parts are incapable of fucha —
Contraction,and the figure of it being {phericalsit follows,that the fuperficial ~
parts muft bear againft eachother , and keep one another from being con*
dens‘d into a lefs room, in the fame manner as the {tones of an Arch conduce —
to the upholding each other in that Figure.And this is made more probable _
by another Experiment which was communicated to me by an excellent Per- _
fon,whofe extraordinary Abilities in all kind of Knowledg, efpecially in that
of Natural things,and his generous Difpofition in communicating,incouraged
me to have recourfe to him on many occafions. The Experiment was this:
Small Glafs-balls ( about the bignefs of that reprefented in the Figure &.)
would,upon rubbing or fcratching the inward Surface, fly all infander, with
a pretty brisk noife ; whereas neither before nor after the inner Surface had
been thus{cratcht, did there appear any flaw or crack. And putting the pie-
cesof one of thofe broken ones together. again, the flaws appeared much
after the manner of the black lines on the Figure, @: Thefe Balls were {mall,
but exceeding thick bubbles of Glafs ; which being crack’d off fromthe
Puxtilion whillt very hot, and{fo fuffered to cool without nealing them in
| 7 the

Se ee ae ee ee

Eee ee a a ee ee

together by the tevacity of the parts of the inward.

there may be abundance of {mall flaws or cracks, which ,

_ Glafs to a loofer an

MicrocRaPHtayv) 49

the Oven over the Furnace, do thereby C being made of; white, Glaf,

which cools much quicker then green Glafs, and. is thereby’ made-much

brittler_) acquire a very porous and. very brittle texture: fothat.ifwith -
the point of a Needle or Bodkin,| the infide of any’ of them be rubbed
prety hard, and thenlaid ona Table, it will, within a very little while,
break into many pieces, with a brisk: noife, and throw the parts above a —
{pan afunder on the Table: Now. though the pieces/are : not fo, fmallas
thofe of a fulminating drop, yet they as plainly thew, that the outward
parts of the Glafs have a great Cozatus to fly obiotier were they notheld |
Surface : for we fee
as foon as thofe parts are crazed by hard rubbing, and thereby their tena-
city {poiled, the {pringinefs of the more outward. parts quickly makesa
divulfion, and the broken pieces will, if the concave Surrice of them be
further {cratcht with a Diamond, fly againinto fmaller pieces.; )jo. 0)
From which preceding confiderations it will follow Sixthly 5, That the
fudden flying afunder of the parts as foon as this Arch is any where difor-
dered or broken, proceeds from the fpringing of the parts; which ,indea- |
vouring to extricate themfelves as foonas they get the liberty , they per- |
form it with fuch a quicknefs,that they throw one another away with very
great-violence - forthe Particles that. compofe the Cruft havea \Comatus
to lye further from one another, and therefore as foon as the external parts
are locfened they dart themfelves outward with'great violence, juft as fo
many Springs would do, if they were detained and faftened to the body,
as foonas they fhould be fuddenly loofened; and the internal -
ing inward, they contract fo violently, that they rebound back again anc
fly into multitude of {mall fhivers or fands. Now though they appear
not, either to the naked Eye, or the Aéicrofcope, yet lam very apt to think
: by reafon the
{trong reflecting Air is not got between the: cotiguous parts, appear not.
And that this may be fo, |] argue from this ; that I have very ches een
able to makeva crack or flaw, in fome convenient pieces of Glals,to aRpese
and difappear at pleafure,, according as by prefling together, . or pulling
afunder the contiguous parts, Iexcluded or admitted the {trong reflect-
ing Air between the parts:. And it is very, probable, that there may be
fome Body, that is cither very rarified Air, or fomething azalogoxs to it,
which fills the bubbles of thefe drops ; which I argue, firft, from the round+
nefs of them, and next, fromthe vivid reflection of Light which they, ex-
hibite : Now though [doubt not , but that the Air in them is very, much
rarified,yct that there is {ome in them, to fuchas well confider this Expe-
riment of the difappearing of a crack upon the extruding of the Air, I
fuppofe it will feem more then probable. pees hog
, The Seventh and laft sath Sek that I fhall proye,is, That the gradual
heating and cooling o thefe fo extended bodies does reduce the parts of the
2 ise temper. And this I found by heating them,,and
keeping them for a prety while very red hot in a fire; for thereby L found
them to growa little lighter, and the {mall Stems to be very ¢alily, bro-
ken and inapt any where , without. at all making the drop fly ;, wherea
; Sores ee '. before

4a é 5 7 s fared ;

AA MicrRoGRAPHIA,

Schem, Se

before they were {0 exceeding hard,that they could not be broken with
out much difficulty; and upon their breaking the whole drop’ would
fly in pieces with very great violence. The Reafon of which laft feems
to be , that the leifurely heating and cooling of the parts does not only
waft fome part of the Glafsit felf, but ranges all the parts into a better
order, and gives each Particle an opportunity of relaxing its felf, and
conféquently neither will the parts hold fo ftrongly together as before,
nor be fo difficultto be broken: The parts now more eafily yielding,
nor will the other parts fly in pieces, becaufe the parts have no bended
Springs, The relaxation alfo in the temper of hardned Steel, and ham-
mered Metals. by are them inthe fire,feems to proceed from much the
fame caufé. For both by quenching fuddenly fuch Metals as have vitri-
fied parts interfpers’d, as Steel has,and by hammering of other kinds that
do not fo much abound with them, as Silver, Brafs, Gc. the parts are put
into and detained in a bended pofture , which by the agitation of Heat
are fhaken, and loofened, and fuffered to unbend themfeélves,

ieee i S. Pa a
a a te : : . iat

-sOblerv. VIN. Of the fiery Sparks firnck, from a: Flint or

r=

Steel,to make certain fiery and fhining Sparks to fly out from between
e'two comprefling Bodies. About eight yearsfince , upon cafually

I" is 2 véry common Experiment , by ftriking with a Fliat againft a :

reading the Explication of this odd Phenomenon, by the moft Ingenious
Des Cartes, Lhad agteat defire to be fatisfied , what that Subftance was
chat gave fuch a fining and bright Light : And to that end fpread a
fheet of white Paper,and on it, obférving the pe where feveral of thefé
Sparks feemed to vanith, I found certain very fmall, black, but gliftering
Spots of a movable Subftance, each of whith examining with my Mifero-
cope, found to bea final] round Globule 5 fome of which, astheylooked
prety fall, fo did they from their Surface yield a very bright and ftrong
reflection on that fide which was next the Light; and each look’d almolt
like a prety bright Iron-Ball, whofe Surface was prety regular, fuchasis —
reprefented by the Figure A. In thisT could perceive the Image of the
Window prety well, or of a Stick, which I moved up and downbetween _
the Light and it. Others I found,which were, as to the bulk of the Ball,
pasty regularly round,but the Surface of them,as it was not very iia E

ut rough,and more irregular, fo was the reflection fromit more faint and
confuled. Such: were the Surfaces of B.C.D. and E. Some of thefel —
found cleft or crackéd, asC, others quite broken in two and hollow, a8
Db. which feemed tobe half the hollow fhell of a Granado, brokenirre-
gulatly in pieces. Several others I found of other fhapés; but that —
which is reprefented by EF, I obferved to ‘be a very big Spark Bt ES =
which Went out upon one fide of the FlintthatI ftruck fire withall; to
—_ - whic —

ed

~ Schemy-

MicroGRaPHia,

45

which it ftuck by the root F, at the end of which fall Stem was faften- .

ed-on a Hemifphere, or half a hollow Ball,with the mouth ofiit open from
the ftemwards, fo that it looked much like a Funnel, or an old fafhioned
Bowl without a foot. This night, making many tryals and obfervations
of this Experiment,] met,among a multitude of the Globular ones which
I had obferved, a couple of Inftances, which are very remarkable'to the
confirmation of my Hypothefs. Dyes :

ad

And the Firft was of a pretty big Ball fattened-on to the end of a fthall .

liver of Iron,which Compolitum {eemed tobe nothing elfe but a long thin |
chip of Iron,one of whofe ends was melted into a {mall round Globulsthe |
other end rethaining unmelted and irregular, and perfectly Ironi: 9 ° > >
The Second Inftance was not Jef$ remarkable then the Firft; for I
found, when a Spark went out, nothing but a very fmali thin long fliver
of Iron or Steel; unmelted at either end. So that it feems, that fome of
thefe Sparks are the flivers or chips of the Iron vitrified , Others are on-
ly the {livers melted into Balls without vitrification, And the third kind
_ are only {mall fliversof the Iron, ‘made red-hot with the violence of the
{troke givenon the Steel by the Flint. 10 tis wettnt
He that thall diligently examine thé Phenomena’ of this Experiment,
will, I doubt not, find caufe to believe, that the reafon [have heretofore
given of -it, isthe true and genuine caufe of it, namely, That the Spark,
appearing fi bright in the falline,js nothing elfe but a finall piece of the Steel
or Flint, but moft commonly of the Steel, which by the violence of the firoké
is at the fame time fever'd and heatt red-hot , and that fometimes to. fuch 4
degree , as to make it melt together into a fall Globule of steel and fome-
times alfa is that heat fovery intenfe; as further to melt it and vitrifie it, but |
many timesthe heat és’ fo gentle, as tobe ableto make the flrver only red hot,
which notwithftanding falling upon the tinder (that is only a very curious
fmall Coal ‘made of ‘the {mall threads of Linnen burnt to: coals and
chard) it eafily fetsit on fire, Nor will any part of this Hypothefis feem
firange to him that confiders, Firft, that cither-hammering, or filimg, or
otherwife violently rubbing of Steel; will prefently make it fo hot as to |
be able tocburn ones fingers. Next {that the whole force of the ftroke
is exerted upon that {mall part where the Flint and Steel firft touch: For
the Bodies being each of ‘them fo'very hard, the puls cannot be far com- |

municated, that is, the parts of each can yield but very little, and there-

fore the violence of the concuffion will be exerted on that piece of Steel.
which is cutoff by the Flint. Thirdly, that the filings or {mall parts of
Steel are very apt,as it were,to take fire, and are prefently red hot, that
isthere feems to bea very combuftible fulphureows Body inItonor Stecl,
Tenly the Air very readily preys upon, as foon as the body is a little vior
heated. £60 1013 Cheidseus nod sae
- And thisis obviousin the filings of Steel or Itoncaft through the flame
of a Candles for even'by that fuddentranfitus of the {mall chips of Iron,
they are heat red hot, and that combuftible fulphureous Body ts prefent-
ly prey'd-tipon and devoured by the’ aereal’ incompafling AMenfiraant,
= Office in this Particular Ihave fhewn inthe Explication of ow
co . -

46

MicrRoGRAPHIA.

And in profecution of this Experiment,having taken the filings of Iron
and Steel, and with the point of*a Knife caft them through the - of a
Candle , Iobferved where fome confpicuous fhining Particles fell, and
looking on them with my AGcrofcope , I found them to be nothing elfe
but fuch round Globules, asI formerly found the Sparks ftruck from the
Steel byaftroke tobe, only a little bigger 5 and fhaking together all the
filings that had fallen upon the fheet of Paper underneath, and obferving
them withthe AZcrofcope, 1 found a great number of {mall Globules, fuch
asthe former, though there were alfo many of the parts that had remain-
ed untoucht, and rough filings or chipsof Iron. So that, itfeems, Iron
does containa very combuftible fulphureows Body, whichis; in all likeli-
hood, one of the caufes of this Phewomenon , and which may be perhaps
very much concerned in the bufinefs of its hardening and tempering :_ of
which fomewhat is faid inthe Defcription of AMfcovy-glafs..

_ So that, thefe things confidered, we need not trouble our felvesto find

out what kind of Pores they are, both in the Flint and Steel, that contain

the Atoms of fire, nor how thofe Atoms come to be hindred from run-

: ning allout , whena dore or paflage in their Pores is made by the con- —

fon: nor need we trouble our {elves to examine by what Prometheus

the Element of Fire comes tobe fetcht down from above the Regions of
the Air, in what Cells or Boxes it is kept, and what Epimetheusletsit go: —
Nor toconfider what it is that caufes fo great a conflux of the atomical —
Particles of Fire,which are faid to fly to a flaming Body, like Vulturesor —
Eaglestoa putrifying Carcafs, and there to make a very great pudder. —
Since we have nothing more difficult in this Hypothefis to conceive, firft,
asto the kindling of Tinder, then how a large Iron-bullet, let fallred or
glowing hot upon a heap of Small-coal, fhould fet fire to thofethat are
next to it firft : Nor fecondly, is this lait more difficult to be.explicated, _
then that a Body, as Silver for Inftance, put into a weak Adenfirunm, as —
unrettified Aqua fortis fhould , whenit is put ina great heat, bethere
diflolved by it, and not before 5. which Hypothefis is more largely explica-
ted in the Defcription, of Charcoal. To conclude, we {ee by thisIn-
{tance, how much Experiments may eonduce to the regulating of Philo-
Sophicalnotions. For if the moft Acute Des Carteshad appliedhimfelf —
experimentally to have examined what fubftance it was that caufed that
fhining of the falling Sparks {truck from a Flint anda Steel, be would —
certainly havea little altered his Hypothefis, and. we thould havefound, —
that his Ingenious Principles would have admitted a very plaufible Ex-
plication of this Phenomenon; whereas by not examining fo far ashe
~~ > hehas fet downan Explication which Experiment do's contra-
1Ct5>7s * ; ee

But before [leave this Defcription, I muft not forget to take. notice of
the Globular form into which each of thefe is moft curiout] si ood 4
And this Phenomenon, as Ihave elfewhere more largely fhewn,|,proceeds
from a propriety which belongs to all kinds of fluid Bodies more or

Jefs,and 1s caufed by the Incongruity of the Ambient and included Fluid, —
which fo.aéts and modulateseach other, that they acquire , asneer.as is

pofhible, a

MicrocRaApuia.

poflible; a fperical or globular form; which'propriety:and feveralcof the
Phenomena that proceed from it, Ihave more fully:explicated amthe fixth
Obfervation. Ls MII 2d yee yods eotelt yasm ml . vi
~. One Experiment, which does very muchilbhaftrate my prefentExplica-
tion, and is mit felf exeeeding pretty,»I muft notipafsby : And that is a
way of making {mall Globules or Balls of Leads :orTin, as fmallalmoftas
thefe of Iron or Steel, «and: that exceeding eafily and: quickly;,by-turning
the filings or chips “of thofe Metals alfo ‘into »perfectly round Globules,
The way, in fhort,as I received it from the Learned Phyfitiam Doffor 1. G,
isthiss fi dordw.. 0} ates -vidvwotivd rAtiwsle?, ports
~ Reduce the Metal you would thus fhape,: intorexceeding fine filings,
the finer-the filings ares’ the finer will the Balls be : S#ratifethefe filings
with the fine and well dryed powder of quick'Lime in a Crucible propor-
tioned tothe quantity you intend tomake: When you have thus filled
your Crucible, by continual. fratifications of the-filings and; powder, fo
that.as neeras may be, no one of the filings may. touch another, place the
Crucible ina gradual fire , and. by degrees let it be! brought to a heat big
enoughto make all the filings, that are mixt with the quick Lime,to melt,
and no more 5 for if the fire be too hot, many of»thefe filings. wilh joyn
and run together ; whereasif the heat be proportioned , upon wathi
the Lime-dutt in fair Water , all thofe {mall filings.of the Metal will fub-
fide to the bottom:in a moft curious powder ,:.confifting all of exactly
pas rte which, ifit be very fine, is very:excellent to make Hour-
glafles of. 1) Lio aeinidels says bamgaqe at9d3

- Now though quick Lime be the powder that:this, di omak
choice of, ‘yetI doubt not; but that there may be much more convenient
‘ones foundout, one of whichI have made tryal of, and found very effe-
tual 5 and were it not for difcovering, by the mentioning of it, another
Secret; which I am not free to impart, I fhould: have here. inferted
It. iss HG 10. ¥

i 1st ba3n3¢
bigs BE Pe

>

+ : 5 tare rae.

7 Se

Obie. IK. Of te Cale eeroabe in Mifoy Gli nd
......... other thin Bodies. widese elisa ae |

~~ s

M Okseyspiawer Lapis Jpecularis,is a Body that feems to have as ma-

ny Curiofities in its Fabrick as any common’Mineral I have met
‘with : for firft, Itis tranfparent to a great thicknefs > Next, it is com
pounded of an infinitenumber of thin flakes joyned or generated one
‘upon another'{o clofe & {mooth,as with many hundreds of them to make.
‘one {mooth and thin Plate of a tranfpatent flexible fubftance,whichr with
care and diligence may be flit into pieces fo exceedingly thin.as to be
hardly perceivable by the eye, and yet even thofe, which! have thought

the thinneft,; [have with a good Microfcope found tobe made up of many |

ether Plates, ‘yet thinner; and itisprobable, that,were our Microfcopes

much

»

a7

*
&

s 5

—

and down i fevera

MrcrROGRAPHIA,

much better ;, we might much further di(cov er its divifibility. . Nor are
thefe flakes only regular asto the {moothnefs of their Surfaces; but third-
ly , In many Plates they may be perceived to be terminated naturally
with edges of the figure of a Rhowboeid. ThisFigure ismuch more con-
fpicuous in our Englifhtalk, much whereof is found in the Lead Mines,
and is¢ommonly called. spar, and Kauck., which is of the fame kind of
fubftance with the Selenitis, but is feldom found in fo large flakes as that
is, nor is itcaltcogether fo tuff, but is much more clear and tran{parent,and
much more curioufly fhaped , and yet may be cleft and flak’d likethe o-
ther Se/evitis. But fourthly, this ftone hasa property, which in refpeé
of the Aficrofcepe, ismore notable, and that is, that it exhibits feveral ap-

ances of Colours, -both tothe naked Eye, but much more:confpicu-

| otra Microfeepe for the exhibiting of which , I took a piece of

glafs, and — or cleaving it into thin Plates, [found that up
parts of them! could plainly perceive feveral white
fpecks or flaws, and others diverfly coloured with all the Colours of the
Rainbow; and with the Microfcope could perceive , that thefe Colours
were ranged in ringsthat incompafied the white {peck or flaw, and were
round or irregular, according to the fhape of the {pot which they termi-
nated 5 and the pofition of Colours, in refpect of one another, was the
y fameasin the Rainbow. The confecution of thofe Colours from the
niddle of the fpot outward being Blew, Purple, Scarlet, Yellow, Green;

Blew, Purple, Scarlet, and fo onwards, fometimes half a {core times re-

peated, that is,there appeared fix,feven,eight.nine or ten feveral coloured
ringsor lines, each incircling the other, inthe fame manner asI have of-
ten feen.a very vivid Rainbow to have four or five feveral Rings of Cor -
jours, thatis, accounting all the Gradations between Red and Blew for
one: But the orderof the Colours.in thefe Rings was quite contrary to
the primary or innermoft Raizbom, and the fame with chofeof the fecon-
dary or outermoft Rainbow ; thefe coloured Linesor Irifés, as Imay fo
call them, were fome of them much brighter then others , and fome of
them alfo very much broader, they being fome of them ten,twenty, nay,
Ibelieve , neer a hundred times broader then others; and thofe ufually
were broadifh which were necreft the center or middle of the.flaw. And
oftentimes Ifound , that thefe Colours reacht to the very middle of the
flaw, and then there appeared in the middle a very large fpot, for the
moft part, all of one colour , which was very vivid , and all the other
Coloursincompafling it, gradually afcending, and growing narrower to-
wards the edges, keeping the fame order , as inthe fecuzdary Rainbow,

\-that is,if the middle were Blew, the next incompafling it would be a Pur¢
ple,the:third a Red, the fourth a Yellow, cc, as above ; if the middle

were a Ked,the next without it would be a Yellow,the thirda Green,the
fourth a Blew,and fo onward,. And this order italwayes_ kept whatfo-
ever werethemiddleColour, __ | !

“There was further obfervable in feveral other parts of this Body, ma-
ny Linesor Threads,cach of them of fome one peculiar Colour, and thofe
foexceedingly bright and vivid , that it afforded avery pleafant abe?
ring : throug

MicroGRAPHtas. 49
through the Microfcope.' Some of thefe' threads 1 have obferved al to |
be pieced‘or made up of feveral fhort Jengths.of differently coloured
pe ( as\f'may fo callithem ) ‘asa line. appearing about two,inches!Jong
through the! Adcrofcope 5» has been compounded: of about half ahanch of
a Peach colour, ¢ of alovely Grafi-green, + 0f:ah inch niore.of a bright
Scarlet,and the reft of the line of a Watchét blew. Others of themswere .
much otherwife coloured 5) the variety being almoft infinite. . (Another
thing which is very: obfervable, is, that ‘if you find any. place where thé
colours. are-very broad and con{picuous to the nakedeeye;, youmay;: by ;
prefling that place with your finger’, make thecolours change places,and —
go from one part to another.: vib bas tig} ot sunisnos Hoy i aud
- There is one Phenomenon more, which may, \if-care -be |tifedsexhi+
bit to the beholder, asithas divers times to me, an.exceeding !pleafant,
and not lefsinftruttive Spectacle 5» And that is, if curiofity an ditigence
be nfed 5 you may fo fplit this admirable Subftance:, that you may have
pretty large Plates ( in comparifomof: thofe fmalléer ones which you:may
obferve inthe Rings.) that are perhaps an 4 ora % ae of aninchover;
each of them appearing through the A/cro/cope moft Curioutly; intirely, ‘
and uniformly adorned with {ome one vivid colour: this, if ¢xamined —
with the Adicrofcope, may be plainly perceived tobe in all partsof it e-
gually thick. _ Two, three; or more ot thefe lying oné upon anothér, ex-
hibit oftentimes curious conipounded colours, which produce |fuch a
Compofitum , asone would {carce imagine fhould bethe refult of fuch in-
gredients: As perhapsa faizt yellow and a blew may produce,a very deg
purple. But: whenanonwe.come to the more {tri examination,of Kes
Phenomena, ind to inquire into the.caufes and reafons of. thefe producti-
-ens,we fhall,I hope, make it more conceivable how they are produced;
and fhew them to be no other then the natural and neceflary effects ari-
from the peculiar union of concurrent caufes. ; 6 fy eo!
Thefe Phenomena being {fo various, and {0 truly admirable, it will cer-
tainly be very well worth our inquiry , to examine the caufesand reafons
of them,and to confider, whether from thefe caufes demonftratively, evi-
denced , may not be deduced the'true. caufes of the production of
kind of Colours. And I therathér now do it; inftead of an Appen-
dix or Digreffion to this Hiftory, thei upon the occafion of examining
the Colours in Peacocks, or other Feathers, becaufe this Subjett,, .as it
does afford more variety of particular Colours , fo does it afford: much
bettet wayes of examining each circumftance. . And, this will be made
_manifeft to him that confiders , firft,. that this laminated body is more
fimple and thenthe parts of Peacocks feathers, this confifting on-
ly of an indefinite number of plain and {mooth Plates, heaped up,, or 77-,
cumbent on eachother: Next, that the parts of this body are much more
manageable, tobe divided or joyned; thenthe parts of a Peacocks fea~
ther,or any other fubftance that I know. And thirdly, becaufe that inthis!
we are able froma colourlef& body to produce feveral coloured bodies;
affording all the variety of Colours imaginable : And feveral, others;
which the fubfequent Inquiry will make sae ts aegran: :'93 a

, ¢

re) MucroGRAPHIA,

To begin therefore, it is manifeft from feveral circumftances; that the
materiabcaufe of the apparition of thefe feveral Colours, is fomeLamina
or Plate of atranfparent or pellucid body of a:thickne very determi, —
‘nate and proportioned according ‘to the greater orlefs reftactive power
of the pellxctd body. And that thisis fo,abundan¢e of Inftances and-par-

. ticular Gircumftances will make manifeft.. | 9) > df tins slew

As foft , if youtake any {mall piece of the: Mufeory-glafs.5.and.with a

' Needle, or fome other convenient Inftrument, cleave it oftentimes into
thinnerand thinner Lamina, you fhall find, that till you come:to a deters
minate thinnefs of them, they fhall all appeartranfparent and colourlefs,
but if you continue to fplit and divide them further,you thal find at laft,
that each Plate, »after it comes to fuch a determinate thicknefs, thall ap-

_ pear moft lovely ting'd orimbued witha determinate colour. If firther,
‘apy means you fo flaw a pretty thick piece, that one part does begin
to cleave a little from the other, and between thofe two there be by any
means gotten fome'pellucid wedium,thole laminated pellucid bodies that
fill that-fpace, fhallexhibit feveral Rainbows or coloured Lines, the co-
lours }of which will be difpofed and: ranged: according to the various
thicknefles of the feveral parts of that Plate. . That this is fo, is yet fur
ther confrmed:by this Experiment. » — | Yet. 2qo low F
Rake two fmallpieces of ground and »polifht Looking-glafs-plate,
each about the bignefs of a fhilling, take thefe two dry , and with your
et and thumbs prefs them very hard and. clofe together,and you
fhall find, that when they approacheach other very near, there will ap-
pear feveral Irifés'or coloured Lines, in the fame manner almoft asin the
Mufcovy-glafs 3° and you may very eafily change any of the Colours of
any part of :theinterpofed body, by prefling the Plates clofer and hard-_
er together. or leaving them more lax 5 that is,a part which appeared co-
oe with ; ie Po blew, green,
-, or the like , ‘by altering the appropinquation of the terminatin
Places Row that air is st socetiity roltedacemdaieari body, Bieichat
any other'tranfparent fluid will do much the fame, may betryed by were _
ting thofe approximated Surfaces. with Water, orany othertranfparent _
-Liquor,and proceeding with it inthe fame manneras you did withthe
Air and you will find much the like'effedt,, only with this difference; _
that thofe compreft bodies, which differ moft, in their refractive quality,
from the-compreffing bodies, exhibit the moft {trong and vivid tine
Gtures?” Nor is it neceflary , that this /eminated and tingd body. fhould
be of a fluid fubftance’, ‘any other fubftance’, provided itbe thin enough
and tran{parent, doing the famething : thisthe Lamwineof our Aafeovys
glafshint!5, but it may be confirm'd by multitudes of other Inftances.
And firft, we (hall find, that even Glafs it telf may, bythehelp of@
Lamp, be blown thin enough’ to. produce thefe Phenomena of Coz
lours: “which Phenomena accidentally epee ‘as I have been’

_ attempting -to frame {mall Glafles wich aLamp , didnot alittle furprize

meat firlt, having never heard or feen any ‘thing of it before #
though afterwards comparing “it with the’ Phexomenag, I had often
a! é obferved

Microcraruia.,
_ obferved inithofe Bubbles which Childreii ufe to make with Soap-water,
I did the lefs wonder 5 efpecially whenupon Experiment I found, ‘I was
able to produce the fame Pheromenain thin Bubbles made with any
other tranfparent Subftance. Thus have I produced them with: Bubbles
of Pitch, Kofin, Colophony, Turpentine, Solutions of {everal Gums, as Gums
Arabick i imwater; any glutinous Liquor,as Wort, Wine;spirit of wae, or
of Turpentine, Glare of Snails; &e. ©

It would be needles to: enumerate the feveral Inikances thefet
enough to fhew the generality or univeriality of this: propriety. rene
muft not omit, that we have inftancesalfo of this kind even in metalline
Bodies and animal ; for thofe feveral Colours which are obferved tofols
low cach other upon the polifht furface of hardned Steel, ‘whenitisby a
fufficient degree of heat gradually tempered or fofcened , are produced
from nothing elfe but a certain thin Lawina of a vitrum or vitrified part,
of the Metal,which by. that degree of heat, and the concurring action of
the ambient Air,is driyen out and fixed on the furfaceof the Steeh

And this hints to mea very probable. ¢ at leaft, if not the true) -caufe

of the hardning and tempering of Steel, which hasnot, think; beet yet

given,nor, that I know of, been fo much as thought of by any. And that
1s this,that the hardnef of it arifes from a greater proportion of a vitrifi«
ed Subftance interfperfed through the pores of the Stee]. And that the
tempering’ or foftning of it arifes from the proportionate or finaller parcels
of it left within thofe pores. This will ee the more ecties ahs we
confider thefe Particulats.

Firft, ‘That the pute parts of Metals are of themfelivess fexible
anid buffs thatis,” will indure beridingy ad hathmering,and yetr i their
conti

“Next, "That the Patts of all vitrified Subftandes;: as all kinds of Glafy
the Scoria of Metals, Gc: are very hard, and alfo'vety brittle; being nei
ther flexdble nor malleable, but may by hammering or beating be byuked

‘into {mall parts or powders: :

‘Thirdly, That all Metals’ ( excepting Gold aid ives 3 ¥ Aphiet! hdr slot
fo much with the bare fire, unlefs aflifted by other faline Bodies )' do
more of lef witrife by the ftrength of “fire, thatis, are corroded by a fa
line Subftance, which I elfewhere fhew to be the truecaufe of fire; and
ate thereby, as by feveral other Azeh/truues,converted into Scoria 5 And
this is called, calcining of them, by Chimifts) ‘Thus Iron and Coppe oe ih

and quenching do turn all of them by degiees into Seoria, ie
are evidently vitrified Subftances ; ahd unite | th GlaG , and are eafil
Ppele s 5 and when cold, ‘very hard, and very brittle.
‘Fourthly; That mrioft kin kind of Vitrific intone or Caleinations Bek
‘uniting and iti ing ' wack the rtietalline Particles.» Nor dot
know any one caleination y erheete ‘a Saline oot may’ hots “with? very
eat’ probability, be faid to be ah agent or coadjutor. i 198
ifthly, That Iron reenter er by teans of the acorn
tion of certain ‘on, with which ic im kepescereein tine? in the ire.

I 2 | Sixthly,

br

52

MicROGRAPHEA.,

Sixthly, That any Iron may, in‘a very little time, be cafe hardned, ds
the Aikiesdhen call it, by cafing the iron to be hardned with clay, and
putting between the clay andiron a good quantity of a mixture of Urize,
Soot, Sea-falt, and Horfes hoofs (all which contein great quantities of Sa-
line bodies) and then putting the cafe into a good ftrong fire, and keep-
ing it in aconfiderable degree of heat for agood while, and afterwards
heating, and quenching or cooling it fuddenly in cold water. ~ |
Seventhly, That all kind of vitrify'd fub{tances,by being fuddenly cool'd,
become very hard and brittle. And thence arifes the pretty Phenomena
of the Glaf!
place. |
Eighthly, That thofe metals which are not fo apt to vitrifie, do not ac+
quire any hardnefs by quenching in water, as Silver, Gold, &c.'
Thefe confiderations premis’d, will, I fuppofe, make way for the more

-eafie reception of this following Explication of the Phenomena of hardned
and temper'd Stee]. That Steel is a fubftance made out of Iron, by means’

Drops, which I have already further explained in its own

of a certain proportionate Vitrification of feveral parts, whichare focu-

rioufly and proportionately mixt with the more tough and unalter’d parts
of the Iron, that when by the great heat of the firethisvitrify'd fub-
ftance is melted, and confequently rarify'd, and thereby the pores of
the Iron are more open, if then by means of dipping itin cold water it

be fuddenly cold, and the parts hardned, that is, {tay'd in that famede- _

gree of Expanfion they were in when hot, the parts become very hard

and brittle, “and that upon the fame account almoftas {mall parcels of _

glafs quenched in water grow brittle, which we have already explicat-
ed. If after this the piece of Steel] be held in fome convenient heat,till by,

degrees certain colours appear upon the furface of the brightned metal, —
the very hard and brittle tone of the metal, by degrees relaxes andbe- _

comes much more tough and foft; namely, the action of the heat does.
by degrees loofen the parts of the Steel that were before ftreached or fet

atilt as it were, and ftayed open by each other, whereby they become

relaxed and fet at liberty, whence fome of the more brittle interjacent

parts are thruft out and melted intoa thin skin onthe furface ofthe Steel, _

which from no colour increafes toa deep Purple, and fo onward by thefe-

gradations ox confecutions, White, Yellow, Orange, Mininm, Scarlet; Purple, —
Blew Watchet, &c. and the parts within are more. conveniently,and pro-
portionately mixt; and fo they gradually fubfide into atexture which —
is much better proportion’d and clofer joyn'd, whence that. rigidnefle —
of parts ceafes, and the parts begin to acquire their former. dxdil-

nefi.

pee and rubb d off,the metal underneath it is white
ept fis in the fire, fo as to increafe toa confiderable thicknefs,. it

lows, be beaten offin flakes. . This is further confirm'd by this _

may, by
oblavable, that that Iron or Steel will keep longer from rufting whick
is covered with this vitrify'd cafe : Thus alfo Lead will, by degrees, -

Now,that.’tis nothing but the vitrify'd metal that fticks uponstiedeaface ;
of the colour'd body, is evident from this, that ifby aay means it:be fcra-_
and clearsand.ifit be

MICROGRAPHUAY 52°

all turn’dinto a litharge;. for that colour which covers the top, being
feum’d-or fhov'd afide, appears to be nothing elfe but a litharge or
vitrify d Lead. ae Sti t 495 vitten — oe
‘Thisis obfervable alfo infome fort , on Bra&, Copper, Silver, Gold,
Tin, but: is moft confpicuous in Lead: all thofe Colours that. cover the.
farface of the Metal being nothing elfe., but a very. thin vitrifi'd part
of the heated Metals) eyrs'do tiem : her
The other Inftance we have, is in Animal bodies, .as.in Pearls, Mother
of Pearl-fhels, Oyfter-fhels, and .almoft all other kinds. of ftony thels
whatfoever.. Thishave I alfo fometimes with pleafure obferv'd even
in Mufclesand Tendons... Further, ‘if you take any glutinous fubftance
and runit exceedingly thin upon the furface of a{mooth glafs or a po- |
lifht metaline: body, you fhall find the. like effeG&s produced: and in |
general, wherefoever you meet with a tranfparent body thin. enough, |
that is terminated by reflecting bodies of differing refractions from it, —
there will be a production of thefe pleafing and lovely colours... |
- Norisitneceflary, that the two terminating Bodies fhould be both of
the fame kind, as may appear by the wtrified Lamina on Steel, Lead, and
other Metals,one furface of which Lamine is contiguousto the furface of
the Metal, the other to that of the Air... . , ae
Nor isit neceflary, that thefe colour'd Leming fhould be of an:even
thicknefs, that is, fhould have their edges and middles of equal thicknefs,
as ina Looking-glafs-plate, which circumftance.is only requifite to make
the Plate appear all of the fame colour ; but they may refemble a Lens,
that is, have their middles thicker then their edges; or elfea double con-
cave, that is, be thinner in the middle then at the edges 5 in both which.
cafes there will be various coloured rings or Serer ginicitierne confecu-
tions or orders of Colours 5 the order of the firft from the middle out-
wards being Red, Yellow, Green, Blew, cs And the latter quite con-
trary. :
“ "Bat further, it is altogether necefiary,, that the Plate, in the places
where the Colours appear, fhould be of « determinate thicknefs :. Firft, It
muft not be more then fuch a thicknefs, for when the Plate isincreafed to
fach athicknef&; the Colours ceafe 5 and_befideés, I have feen in athin
piece of Atfcovy-glafs, where the two ehds of two Plates. which appear-
ing both fingle; exhibited two diftin& and differing Colours 5 but
in that place where they were united, and conftituted one double Plate
(asI may call it) they appeared tranfparent. and colourlefs. Nor, Se-
condly , may the Plates be shiver then fuch.a determinate cize 5 for we
alwayes find, that the very outmoft Rim of thefe flaws is terminated in —
a white and coloutlef§ Rings. re, -
Further, in this Production of Coloursthere istio need of a determi-
nate Light of fucha bignefs and no more ; ‘nor of a determinate pofition
of that Light.that it fhould be on thisfide,and not on that fide; nor of a
terminating fhadow, asin the Prifme, and Rainbow; or Water-ball «, for
we find, that the Light inthe open Air, either in or out of theSun-beams;
and within a Room, either from one or many Windows, produces ee
: t

—

MicROGRAPHIA,
the fame effe@ : only where the Light is brighteft, there the Coloutsate _
moft vivid. So does the light of a Candle , collected by a Glafs-ball,
And further , it is all one whatever fide of the coloured Rings, be to-
wards the light ; for the whole Ring keeps its proper Colours from the
middle outwards in the fame order ee re related , without varying
at all, upon changing the pofition of the light. i

But sho all Ge mal ebieresEe that here are all kind of Colours
generated in a pelucid body,where there is properly no fuch refraction as
Des Cartes fappofes his Globules to acquire a verticity by: For in the
age and even Plates it is manifeft, that the fecond refraction ( accord-

gf to Des Cartes his Principles inthe fifth Section of the eighth Chapter
his Meteors) does regulate and reftore the fuppofed turbinated Glo-

/es unto their former uniform motion. This Experiment therefore will —
prove fuch a one as our thrice excellent Verulam calls Experimentum Cru-
cis, ferving as a; Guide or Land-mark , by which to dire¢t our courfe in

the fearch after the true caufé of Colours. Affording us this’ particular
negative Information, that for the production of Colours there is not ne-
ceflary either a great refraction, as in the Prifme nor Secondly, a deter
tination of Light and fhadow , fuchas is both in the Prifme and Glafs-
ball. Now that we may fee likewife what affirmative and pofitive Inftrus _
Gion it yields,it will be neceflary, to examine it a little more particularly
and ftri¢tly 5 which that we may the better do, it will be requifite to
erg fomewhat in general concerning the nature of Light and Refra:
10n. 9 i 1900 i 3
And firft for Light, it feems very manifeft, that there isno luminous Bos
dy but has the parts of it in motion more or lefs. ined: a a
Pirft, That all kind of fiery burning Bodies have their partsin motion, —
I think, will be very eafily granted me. That the fpark ftruck froma
Flint and Steel is ina rapid agitation, [ have elfewhere made probable. _
And that the Parts of rotten Wood,rotten Fifh,and the like, arealfoin mos _
tion, I think, will as eafily be conceded by thofe,who confider,thatthofe _
parts never begin to fhine till the Bodies bein a ftate of putrefaction; _
and that is now generally granted by all, tobe cauféd by the motionof _
the parts of putrifying bodies. ‘That the Boxonian ftone fhines no lon _
ger thenit is either warmed by theSun-beams, or by the flame of a Fire
or of aCandle, is the general report of thofé that writelof it; andof —
others that have {een it. And that heat argues a motion of theinteinal —
parts,is ( as I faid before ) generally granted) i)
_Butthere is one Inftance more 5 which wasfitft thewn tothe Royalso>
ciety by Mr. Clayton a worthy Member thereof, which doésmakethisAb
fertion more evident then all the reft: And thatis, That'a Diamond bes —
Ing rab'd, firuck, ot heated inthe dark, fhines for a pretty while after, {0
long as that motion, whichis imparted by any of thofé Agents, remains
(in the fame manner as a Gla&,rubb’d,{truck,or(by a means which I fhall
elfewhere mention’) heated, yields a found which lafts aslong asthe o#=
brating motion of that fonorons body ) feveral Experiments made om
which Stone, are fince publifhed in a Difcourfeof Colours; bythe truly
: honou- _

MacrocRapuha,

honourable Mr. Boyle, », What maysbe faid of thofe dgwes fatui: that ap:
pear inthenight.I cannot fowell affirm, having never had the opportunis
ty to.examing them my felf, nor tobe inform’d by‘any others thatohad
obférv’dthem:) And the relations’ of them in Authors ‘are fo im perfect,
that nothing:can be built omthem. | But Dhope Ithall beable in another
place tomake it at leait very probable, that there is-even in tho alfoa
Motion whi¢h caufes this efiect. ‘That the thining of s¢a-mater proceeds
from thefame caufe, may be argued from this, That» it fhines:not till ei+

ther it: be beaten againita Rock, or befome otherwayes brokemoragi- |

tated by Storms, or Oars, or other percuffing bodies.:' And thdrthe As
nimal Exergyes or Spirituous agil parts’ are: very active‘in Cats: eyen when
they fhine, ‘feems evident shoud becaufe their ‘eyes never thine bute

when they look very intently either to find their prey, or bemgihunted. |
in a dark room,whenthey {eek after their adverlary; or to find awayto -

efcape.: And the like may be faid of the thining: Bedies of Gloworms,
fince ‘tis evident they can at pleafure either increafeicr extinguith that
Ruadioviiniy insipsisos dium buedio ft te Sigel oct ylineupsinias

It would be fomewhat too long a work for this place Zeteticallp to:
examine; and pofitivelyto prove, what’ particular kind of motionit is
that muit be the efficient of Licht ; for though it be! amotion,; yet ‘tis
not every motion that producesit, fince we find there are many: bodies
very violently mov'd, which yet afford not fuch ameffed 5 and there
are other bodies, which to our other fenfes, feem not mov'd fo tiuch,
which yer'fhine. -Thus'Water and quick-filver,and: moft other liquors
heated, fhine not; and féeveral hard bodies, as Iron, Silver, as Sk
per, Wood, ¢c. though very often ftruck with a hammer, thine not pre=
tently, thoughthey will all of them grow exceeding hot 5 whereas rot=
ten Wood, rotten Fifh, Sea water, Gloworms, &c. have nothing of tan-
gible heat inthem, and yet ( where there is no ftronger light to affeé the
Senfory) they fhine fome of them fo Vividly, that one may make a fhift
toread by them. . © j 20D. ery sommiisg xd

It would'be too long, Tay, here:to infert the difcurfive eh fy
which I inquir'd after the proprieties of the motion of Light, ‘and there=
fore I thall only add the refalt..cic 901 aoc SneNat omer atin noo

And, Firft, I found it ought to be exeeeding gxick, fuch as thofe moti-
ons of fermerxtation and putrefattion, whereby, certainly, the parts are
_ exceeding nimbly and violently mov'd ; and that, becaufe we hind thofe
motions are able more minutely to fhatter and divide the body,then the
moft violent heats or menflruums we yet know. And that fire is nothing’
elfe but fuch a diffolution of the Burning body, madeby the molt aniver-
fal menftrium of all fulphurcons bodies, namely, the Air, we fball in an
other place of this Tractate endeavour to take probable. And that,
in all extteamly hot thining bodics, there is a very quick motion that
_ caufes Light, as wellias ‘a mote robuft that caufes Heat, may be argued

from thecelerity wherewith the bodyes are diflolv’d. = pa
Next, it mult be a ¥ibrative motion, And for thisthe newly mention’d
Diamond affords us agood argument 5 finee if the motion of the parts did

not

‘ftances drawn from the fhining of Diamonds will alfomake probable.

- And here it will be eafily granted,

MrcROGRAPHIA.,

not return,the Diamorid muft aftermany rubbings decay and be :wafted:
but we have no reafon to. fufped the latter, efpecially: if wei confider

amond, a Circular motion’ of the partsiistinuch more:imptobable,
fince, if that were granted,and they be fetes’ d irregular and Angular
parts, I fee not how. the parts of the Diamond fhould hold fo firmly to-
gether, or remain in the fame fenfible dimenfions; which yet. they do,
Next, if they be Globular, and mov'd only with:a turbznated motion, I
know not.any caufe that can imprefs that motion upon the pelucid me-
dium, which yet is done. Thirdly, any other: zrregular motion of the
parts one.amongft another, muft neceflarily make the body of aa fluid
confiftence, from which it is far enough. It muft therefore bea Vibra-
dingmotion. 9) Ly

And Thirdly, That it is a very hort vibrating motion, Ethink the in-

For a Diamond being the hardeft body we yet know in the World, and
confequently the Teal apt to yield or bend, muft confequently alfo have
its vibrations exceeding fhort. =
And thefe, I think, are the three principal proprieties of a motion, re-
quifite to produce the effet call'd Light intheObjeQ. h
The next thing we are toconfider, is the way or manner of the fraje-
dion of this motion through the interpos’d pellucid body to the eye:

Firft, That it muft be a body /afceptible and impartible of this motion
that will deferve the name of a Tranfparent. And next, that the partsof —
fuch a body muft be Homogexeous, or of the fame kind. Thirdly, that the
conftitution and motion of the parts muft be fuch, that the appulfe of the
luminous body may be communicated or propagated through it to the
greateft imaginable diftance in the leaft imaginable time; though I fee —
no reafon to affirm, that it muftbein an inftant : For I know not any one
Experiment or obfervation that does proveit. And, whereasit may be —

rizontal Eclypfes that may feem very much to favour this fuppofition of —
the flower progreffion of Light then moft imagine. And the like may —
be faid of the Eclypfes of the Sun, &c. But of this only by the by- —
Fourthly, That the motion is propagated every way through anHomo- —

geneous

-MicrocRapnia,

geneous medinm by direthor firaight lines extended:every waylike Rays
from thé center of a Sphere. Fifthly, in'an Homogencous wedinue this mos
tion'is propagated every way withegwil velocity, whence neceflarily eve:

y pulleor witration of the luminous body will'generate a Sphere; which
will continually increafe, and grow bigger, juftafter théfame manner
(thoughindefinitely fwifter) as the waves or rings.dn the furface ef the
waterdo fwellinto bigger and bigger circles about-a pointof it; where}
by theifinking of 2 Stone the motion was begun, whiencé it neceflarily fols
lows) thatiall the parts:of thefe Spheres undulated through an,Homogene-
ous medium cut the Raysiat right angless © © 4) 0 fey tor) ey

I8Q Tony ey Wis IE
_ But becaufe all tranfparent medinms are not Homogeneous, toyond ; an-
other,therefore we willnext examine how this pulfe or. motion willbe
propagated ‘through differingly tranfparent mediums: -, And (here, ac
cording to the moftacute and excellent Philofopher Des Cartes, I fap?
pofe the fign of the angle of inclination in the: fir ,wedinm to ibe to
the fign of refraction:in’ the fecond;, As: the denfity, of the. firlt; to the
denfity‘of the fecond. »By denfity, I mean not thé-denfity in refpect of
gravity’ (with which therefrations or tranfparency of #ediuws hold no

roportion) but in refpectonely to the trajeFion of the Rays-ofjight, in _

P
which refpeé they only differ in this; that the one/propagates the pulfe
more eafily and weakly, the other more flowly, but more {trongly. ~ But
as for the pulfes cheaelites they will by the refraction acquire another
pope which we hall now endeavour to-explicate,. of) oini ey on
e will fuppofe therefore in the. firft'Figure AG ED to bela:phyfical
Ray, or ABC and D EF to be two Mathematical Rays, trajetted fron
a very remote point of a luminous bedy throughan Homogeneous tran{pa-
rent medium LLL; and DA, EB,FC, to be {mall portions of the or-
bicular impulfes which muft therefore! cut the Raysat right anglessthefe
Rays meeting with the plain furface NO of a wedinw; that. yields-an
eafier tranfitus to the propagation of light, and falling obliquelj.on ity
they will in the medium MMM be refratted; towards the,perpendicular
of the furface, And becaufe this medzum is mote: cafily. trajeded then
the former by a third, therefore the point C of theorbicular-pulfe FC
will be mov'd to H four {paces in the fame time that F the other end of
it is mov d to G three fpaces, therefore the whole refracted pulfe GH
fhall be oblique to the refracted RaysC HK and Gi;and the angle GHC
fhall be an acute, and fo: much the more-acute by how much the greater
the refraction be, then which nothing ismore evident, for the fign of the
inclination is to be the fign of refraction as'GF to T € the diftance be-
tween the point C and the perpendicular from G on CK, which being as
four to three, HC being longer then GF is longer alfothen T C, there-
fore the angle GHC is lefsthan G T G. So that henceforth the parts of
the — H and IK are movd afcew, or cut the Rays at oblique
It is not my bufinefs in this place to fet down the reafons:why this or
that body fhould impede the Rays mote, others lef : as why Water fhould
tranfmit the Raysmore eafily, though ae weakly than air. Onely thus

much

MicROGRAPHIA.

much in general I fhall hint,that I fippofe the medinin MMM tohave lee —
of the tranfparent undulating fubtile matter; and that matter to belef
implicated by it, whereas LLL I fuppofe to contain @ greater quantity
ofthe fluid undulating fubftance,and this to bemore implicated with the
particles of that medinm, [wo 919 amisno>. lity
-: Butto proceed, the fame kind of obliquity of the Pulfes arid: Rays will
happen alfo when the refraction is made out of a more eafie into. amore
difficuile sedi ; as by the calculations of GQ & C§:R which are refracted
from the perpendicular. In both which calculations.‘tis ebvious to.obferve,
that always that part of the Ray: towards whichthe refraction is made
has the end of the orbicalar pulfe. precedent tothat of the other fide, And
always,the’oftner the refraction is made the fame way,Or the greater the
fingle ‘refraction is;*the more is this unequal progrefs. So that baviog
found thisodd propriety to be an infeparable concomitant of arefrade
Ray, not ftreightned by a contrary refraction, we will next.examine the
fefradtions of the Sun-beams, as they are fuffer'd onely to pafs througha
{mall paflage, obliquely out of a more difficult,into amore eafie medina,
‘Let us fuppofe therefore ABC in the fecond Figure to reprefent
alarge Chimrical Glafi-body about two foot long, filled with very fair Wa-
ter as high as A B, and inclin’d in a convenient pofture with B towards
the Sun: Let us further fu thetop of it to be cover'd with an opa-
cons j all but the hole 24, through which the Sun-beamis are fuffer'd
to pafs into the Water,and are thereby refracted to ¢ d ¢f ,againft which
part, if a’ Paper be expanded on the outfide, there will appear all the co-
lours of the Rain-bow, that is, there will be generated the two principal
colours, Scarlet and B/we, and ali the intermediate ones which arife from
the compofition and dilutings of thefé two, that is;¢ d fhall exhibit a
Scarlet, which toward d is diluted:into a Tel/om:s this is the reffaction of
the Ray, 74, which comes from the underfide of the Sun ; and the Ray
ef thall appear of adeep Blwe, which is gradually towards ¢ diluted in-
toa pale Watchet-blue. Between d and ¢ the two diluted colours, Blue
and Te/ow are mixt and compounded intoa Greens and this I imagineto
be the reafon why Greex is fo acceptable a colour to the eye, and that
either of the two extremes are, if intenfe, rather a little offenfive, riame
ly, the being plac'd in the middle between the two extremes}, and com>
pounded out of both thofe, diluted alfo, or fomewhat qualifi'd, forthe ©
compoftien, arifing ftom the mixture of the two extremes amdélated, —
makes a Parple,which though it be a lovely colour,and pretty acceptable —
to the eye, yet isit nothing comparable to the ravithing pleafure with
which a curious and well temperéd Green affects the eye. Ifremoving
the Paper, the eye be plac’'dagainft c d, it will perctive the lower fide
of the Sun (or a Candle at hight which is much better, becaufe it offends
not the eye, and is more eafily manageable) to be of adeep Red, and if —
againtt ef it will perceive the upper part of the luminous body tobeof
a deep B/ne ; and thefe colours will appear deeper and deeper, accord-
ing asthe Rays from the luminous bod fall more obliquely on the fut> —
face of the Water, and thereby fuffer a. greater refraction, and the —

MricroGRAPHtIAs - 69

more diftinét, the further ¢ de f is femoved from the trajecting hole;
» So that'ipon the whole; we thall find that the reafon of thé Phenome-
wafeems to depend upon theobliquity of the orbicular pulfé,to the Lines of
Radiation,and_in particular,that the Ray ¢ d which conttitutes thes¢ar*
fet hasitsinner parts, namely thofe which are next to the middle of the -
Juminous body, precedent to the outermoft which‘are ‘contiguous to thé
dark and wrradiating fkie.>: And that the Ray ef which pivesa Ble, has °
itsoutward part,namely; that which is:contiguousto the dark fkie'prece*
dentto the pulfe from the innermoft, which borders ot the bright arca
of the luminous body: 5» 4 io s10q bofotler odi guisd Vi 2
> Wemay-obferve further;that the caufe of the diluting’ of the colotirs to:
-wards the middle,proceeds partly from the widenels of the hole throug}
which the Rays pafs, whereby the Rays from feveral’ parts of thé lumi-
nous bedys fall upon thany of the fame parts between ic and fas is moré
manifeft by the Figure’: And partly alfo from the natute of the refraction |
tfelf, for the vividnels or ftrength of the two terminating colours, arifing
chictly asiwe have feen; from the very great differenve that is betwixt the
outfides of thofe oblique undulations & the dark Rays circumambient,and
that difparity betwixt the approximate Rays,decaying gradually : the fur-
‘ther inward toward the middle of the luminous body they are-remov'd,
the more muftthe colourapproach toa white or anundifturbed light. ©
+ Upon the calculation of the refraction and reflection from a Ball of
Water or Glafs,we have much the fame Phenomena nately, an obliquity of
the undulation in the famémanner as wé have found it here. Which, be-
caufe it is very much to our prefent purpofe, and affords fuch an Inftiine
-crucés, asnoone that I know has hitherto taken notice of, Ifhall fitther
-examine..| For it does very plainly and pofitively diftinguith, and thew,
-which of the two Hypothejes,cither the Cartefiaz or this is to be followed,
by affording a generation of al! the colors in the Rainbow,whete accord-
ing to the Cartefian Principles there fhould be none at’all generated. ‘And
fecond]y, by affording an inftance that does more ‘clofely confine the
caufe of thele Phenomena of colours to this prefent Hypothefis.°2 9
And firft,for the Cartefan,we have this to obje& againft it, That whereds
he fays (Ateteorum Cap.8.Sett.5. Sed judicabam unicamrefractioné feilicet )
ad minimi requiri,@» quidem talem nt ejus effeétus alia contratia (refraGi-
one non defiruatur : Nan experrentia docet fs fuperficies NM & NP ( xempe
refringentes) Parallele forent, radios tantundem per alteram iterum erettos
_ghantum per unam frangerentur pullos colores depituros, This Principle df
his holds true indeed in a prifme where the refraéting furfaces are’plain,
-but is contradicted by the Ball or Cylinder, whether of Wate or Glafs,
‘where the refracting {urfaces are Orbicular or Cylindrical. For if we ex-
- amine the paflage of any G/obule or Ray of the primary Iris,we hall find .
it to pafs out of the Ball or Cylinder again; with the fame inclination and
3 refraction that it enter-d in withall, and that that Jaft refraction by ‘means
Of the intermediate reflection fhall be the fame as if without any
= Ses, at all the Ray had been twice refracted: by tW6’ Parallel

a ae i) ela

if Z
es

60

Schems. 6.
Fig. 3.

:
.

‘not carry'd.to the eye accor.
not fo,] cannot conceive hownit can communicate ‘its otationsor circular
‘motion to the line ofthe Globules:between theidropand theeye: Itcan-

onely all th

_. And that this is true,> not:onely in one, -but-in every Ray that goes to
the conftitution of the Primary Iris;) nay, in-every Ray, that fuffers

two refractions, and one reflection, by the furface ofthe round body; we
fhall prefently-fee moft-evident, if we repeat the Cartefian Schemes men-
tioned in the tenth sedion of the eighth Chapter of his Ateteors, where
EF K\NP. in the third Figure is one ‘of'the Rays of the Primary Iris,
twice refracted at F and N, and once reflected: at K bythe furface of the
Water-ball., Fors firft itis evident, that KF and KN are equal, | becaufe
K N being the reflected part of K F they have both the fame inclination
on the furface K that is the angles: F\K T;.and-NK V-made by:the two
Rays.and the Tangent of K are equal;whiclris evident by the Laws of ste-
flection’; whence it-will follow alfo;that K:N has the fame inclinationion
the furface N, or.the Tangent of it XN thar the Ray KF has tothe fur-
face F,orthe Tangent of it F Y; whenceit: mutt neceflarily follow,that
the: refractions at F and N areequal; that is, KF Eand. KN P’are equal.
‘Now, that the furface N is by the reflection anK made parallelto the fur-
face,at, Fyis evident from the principles of reflection 3, for reflection beir
nothing but.an inverting of the Rays;if'we re-invertthe Ray KN P, an
make. the fame inclinations below the line.T KV thavit:has:above,:it will

be moft evident; that K H the inyerfe of K N will be the continuation of
‘othe line F-K,\and that L H I the inverfe ‘of O X is parallel to F'Y. And

.HM. the inverfe of NP. is Parallel toxEF for the angle: KH 1 is-equal
ta K\N O which is equal to K F Y, andithe:angle K H M is equal to K NP
which is equal. toK FE which was tocbe! prov'd.«) «20 728)

... So that: according to the:above! mentioned Cartefiam principles there
thould be generated ‘no colour-atall ina Ball of Water orGlafs.by two
refractions and one reflection,:which does holdimoft true indeed, if the ;
furfaces be plain, as may be experimented with any kind of prifme where ~
the two refracting furfaces are equally inclin’d to the reflecting; but in —
this the Phanomena are quite otherwife. Wi ge -galbia ts ¥d Wigho tet
The caufe therefore of the generation of colourmuttnotbe what Des —
Cartes afligns, namely, a.certatti ‘rotation of the Globiliethereiwhichare

‘the particles. which<he fuppofes to\conftitute the: Re/nerd. meine, :But —
fomewhat elfe, perhaps what we have lately fuppofed, andfhall byand —
by further profecute and-explain.. RAMA GR ASK Ss atawulsh Bor We

» But,Firlt I thall.craveileave to propound fome otherdifficultiesof this,

21:3: June

~notwithftanding exceedingly ingenious Hypothefis, which I plainly confels :
MMW £4 Doo MN he

to me feem fuchs .and tho are,» + BK boob.
> Rirlt, ifthat light be» (as is,affirmed; Diopt.cap. 1. 5.8.)

ti 2 MOD Pie
kad A notfo pro- f
poe motion, asan action or propenfion to motion, Ieannot conceive —
pow ene & yd can come to be fenfible of the: verticity of a Globule, which is
generated inaidrop of Rain; pethapsa mile off from it.For that Glabilois

ing to his formerly recited! Principles andif

not be by means of every ones turning the next before him ; for iff; then

¢ Globules that are in the odd places mutt be turned rhe fame
way

3

BZ \ od
Yr sx

“=
\
ANNI

\\
\
\\

crit \\

\\

\
A\

if Se
a
— eo. a . ee

| 4
= 4

fie

“<= .

> Cy. oa Pana
. 35
oe 2 ; ~ae

id
St al a
ies en = aoe
es ; bs -~
ie ay - -

ARH SA 2997 01M
_., (MIICROGRAP EIA.

: 61
way with the -firft, namely, |the 3; 570 9. 119@sc.) but all, the, Globules
J intespolted betweenthem in'the even placess namely,the 2.4.6:8.10.0c.
mutt be the quite contrary:3:whence,according to the GartefianHypothefis, —
there muft be no diftin&.colour generateds-buta confulion.: , Next, fince
theCartefian Globuliarefappos.d (Principiornm Philofoph.\Part..24:$§686.)
tobeeachof them continually. ini motion abont their;centets;:Iycannot
conceive how>theeye: isable to-diftinguifh this nev generated motion
from ‘theiriformer inherentene, if Fmay forall that other wherewith. they
are nov'dior:turbivated, from fome other caufethan refraction. 5;And
thirdly, I;cannot ‘conceive how: thefe motions thould,not happen fome-
-pithes to oppofe each other; and ithen; in‘ftead of a rétation,. there would
be nothing but a:direCt ‘motion generated,-and confequently no, colour.
And fourthly, 1 cannot conceive, how bythe Cartefiaz Eypothefis itis pof-
‘toigive any plaufible reafon ofthe nature of the:-Colours generated
in the thin /amine of thefe our Afcrofcopical Obfervations ; for in-many: of
thefe,therefracing and reflecting farfaces ane! paralleltoeachiothersand.
confequently no retatioz can be generated, »non is:there any: ieceffity of
aifhadow or terminaticn of the bright-Rayss fuch as; is fuppos'd (hap. 8.
§.5.Etpreterca obfervavi umbram quoque,aut lint ationem lumiuss requiri :
and Chap. 8- §. 9.) vo be:neceflaryi to;the: generation of any diftinct, co- :
lours 5 Befides that, here isioftentimes one colour generated without any
of ji other appendant ones, which cannot be bythe Cartefiaw Hy-
poimepsc 35 -sy\) .O ebiswor oh vanssags © biswos risc odd tig 9.
colour. And upointhe examination of the thing, I cannot;conceive any
wonemore general, infeparable; xix ialichesngishass that which [have be- ,
fore affign'd. That we may therefore fee how exactly out Hypothefis
agreesalfo with the Phanomena:of the refracting round -body. whether
Globe or Cylinder, we {hall next fubjoyn our Calculation or Examer
of tits: 26 22200. on) daivostes yitdsye bas uttace rvediat suds wsdio
2s Andto this end, we willbcalculate any two Rayse as forinftance 3Jet schem. é.
EF beaRaycutting:the Redins)C-D (divided: into: 20. parts)in'G,.46, Fz: 3-
uparts diftant from C, andief another Ray; which cuts the fame Radins
an‘g~17: parts diftant,thefe will be:refraéted.to Kiand:4, and from thenoe
stefietied oN andi z, ‘and from thencerefrafted coward P. and pi, there- ae
fore the Atch F f wilk:beos.4 5!:cThe Arch. F K:1064s30'sthe Arch f & BALES
cron? -2°) The line F }G6d00:and:fig 5267. therefore ’f2733. therefore ae
Fe 980, almoftiTheline F K 16024-4nd f k45436: thereforeNd 196. se
land %.6147-almoft, the line Nn:torg the!ArcheN # 5.4; 512 therefore
‘the Angle) Niza is 34:4: 43’. therefore the Angle Nox. is 139.4 56’.
~which is almoft: 50.40 more than-arightAnglesi io bebiscivbocwel. — *
©:olt is evidentthereford by this Hypothefis, thavat|the fame time chate,f
touches f EF is arrived at ¢ And by that time e fk xvisgotitosx,;
EFKN is got to d, and when it touches Ny the pulfe ofitheotherRay
‘is: got to 5: and no farther; whichis very fhort of the place it dhould have
varriv'd to,to make the Ray 2p to-cut the or bicnlar. paleo IN eat right
Angles : therefore the Angle Nop is an acute Angle, but the gga aS
| rary Bagh

id

}

62

ee a other,muftnecefiarily be fomwhat more ebtumded,or impeded e

MicrROGRAPHIA.

trary of this will happen, if 17.and 18.be calculated in ftead of 16.and 17;

both which does moft exactly agree with the Phenomena : For ifthe Sum,
or aCandle (which is better) be placed about Ee, and the eye about —

Pp, the Rays EF ef. at 16. and 17. will paint the fide of the luminous
object toward 2 p Blue,and towards N P Red. But the quite contrary will
happen when E F is 17. and ef 18. for then towards N P fhall bea Blwe,
and towards #p a Red, exactly according to the calculation. And there
appears the Blue of the Rainbow, where the two Blue fides of the two
Images unite, and there the Ked where thetwo Hed fides unite, thatis,
where -the two Images are juft difappearing 5 which is, whenthe Rays
EF and NP produc‘d till they meet,make an Angle of about 41. and an
half; the like union is there of the two Images in the Production of the
Secundary Iris, and the fame caufes; as upon calculation may appears
onely with this differénce, that it is fomewhat more faint, by reafon of the

duplicate reflection, which does always weaken the impulfe the oftner
it is repeated. | :

Now, though the fecond refraction made at N~ be convenient,thatis, —
do take the Rays glance the more, yet is it not altogether requifite 5 for
it is plain from the calculation, that the pulfe dz is fufliciently oblique to
the Rays K Nand &w,as wel asthe pulfe fcis oblique tothe Rays ¥ K & fk
And therefore if a piece of very fine: Paper beheld clofe againft Nz and
the eye look on it either through the Ballas from D, or from the other
fide, as from B. there thall appear a Rainbow, orcolour d line painted on
it with the part toward X appearing Red, towards O, Bive ; the fame alfo
fhall happen, if the Paper be placed about K&, for towards T fhall ap-
pear a Hed, and towards V a Blue, which does exactly agree with this m

thefts, asupon thecalculation of the progrefs of the pulfe will
ahi site prog p

PARKS VR 23: :
Nor do thefe two obfervations of the coloursappearing to theeyea- |
bout? differing from what they appear on the Paper at N contradicteach |
other ; but rather confirm and exa¢tly agree with one another, as willbe |
evident to him that-examines the reafons fet down by. thé ingenious.
Des Cartes in the 12. Seéf. of the 8. Chapter of his Meteors, where he |
gives the true reafon why the colours appear ot'a quite contrary order |
to the eye, to what they appear'd on the Paper if the eye be plac'din
fteed ofthe Paper : And as in the Prifme, fo alfoin the Water, Drop, oF
Globe the Phenomena and reafon are much the fame.) 59 fo
Having therefore fhewn that there is fuch 4)propriety in the prifwe
and water Globule whereby the pulfe is made oblique to. the progrefiive,

-and that fo much the more, by how much greater the refraction is, I fhall |

in the next place confider, how this conduces tothe production of co- q
fours, and what kind of impreffion it makes upon. the bottom of the eye}
and to this end it will berequifite to examine this Hypothefis alittle more

_particularly. |.

_ Firft therefore, if we confider the manner of the progrefs of the pul, 3 4
it will feem rational to.conclude, that that partior end ofthe pulfe which =|

by |

MicROGRAPHIAL

by the refifiance of the tran{parent medina, than the other part or end.of
it which is fubfequent, whofe way is, as.it were, prepared = the other ;
efpecially if the adjacent medixm be not in the fame manner enlightned
oragitated. And therefore(in the fourth Figure of the fixth Iondm )the
Ray AAAHSB will have its fide HH more deadned by the refiftance
of the dark or. quiet #edinw: P PP, Whence there willbe a kind of dead-
nefs fuperinduc d onthe fide H HH, which will continually increafe from
B, and {trike deeper and deeper into the Ray by the Jine BR. ; Whence
all the parts of the triangle, R BHO willbe of a dead Blve colour, and
fo much the deeper, by; how much the nearer they lieto the line BHH,
which is moft. deaded or impeded, and. fo much the more dilute, by how
much the riearer it approaches the line BR. Next on the other fide of
the Ray AAN, theend A of the pulfe AH willbe promoted, or made
{tronger, having its paflage already prepar'd as ‘twere by the other parts
preceding,and {o its impreffion wil be ftronger;And becaufe of its obléqui
zy to the Ray,there will be propagated a kind of faint motion into QQ.
the adjacent dark or quiet zzedium, which faint motion will {pread fur-
ther and further intoQ Q_as the Ray is propagated further and further
from A,namely,as far as the line M A,whence all the triangle MAN will
be ting'd with a Red, and that Red willbe the deeper the nearer it ap-
proaches the line MA; and the paler or yel/ower the nearer it isthe line
NA. Andif the Ray be continued,{o that the lines A N andBR (which
are the bounds of the Red and Blue diluted) do meet and crofs each other;
there will be beyond that interfeGtion generated.all kindsof Greens...
Now.thefe being the proprieties of every fingle refracted Ray of light,

it will be eafie enough to confider what mutt be the refult of very many
fuch Rays collateral: As if we fuppofe infinite fuch Rays interjacent be-
tween AKSB and ANOB, which are the terminating : For in this cafe
the Ray A KS B will have its Red triangle intire,as lying next to the dark
or quiet medium, but the other fide of it BS will have no Blve, becaufe
the medium adjacent to it SB O, ismov'd or enlightned,and confequent-
ly that light does deftroy thecolour. So likewife will the Ray ANOB
lofe its Red,becaufe the adjacent medium is mov'd or enlightned,but the
other fide of the Ray that is adjacent to the dark, namely, AHO will
preferve its B/ve entire, and thefe Rays muft be fo far produc‘d as till
AWN andBR cut eachother, before there will be any Greex produc d.
From thefe Proprieties well confider'd, may be deduc’d the reafons of all
the Phenomena of the prifme, and of the Globules or drops of Water which
conduce to the production of the Rainbow. toda dasile

_. Next forthe impreffion they make onthe Reti#a, we will further ex-
amine this Hypothefis : Suppofe therefore ABC D EF. jin the fifth Figure,
to reprefent the of the eye: on the Correa. of which ABC two
Rays GACH and KCAI (which are theterminating Rays of a Iumi-
nous body) falling, are by the refraction thereof collected or converg'd
into two points at the bottom of the eye. Now, becaufe thefé termi-
ating Rays, and all the z#termediate ones which come oe a part of
the luminous body, are fuppos'd by fome fafficient refraction betore they
enter

63

64

MicroGRAPHIA.
enter the eye, to have their pulfes made oblique to their progreffion, and
confequently each Ray to have potentially fuperinduc'd two proprieties,
or colours,viz. a Red onthe one fide, and a B/ve on the other, which nots _
withftanding are never actually manifeft,butwhen this or that Ray hasthe
oneor the other fide of it bordering on a dark or unmov'd medium,there:
fore as foon as thefe Rays are entred into the ‘eye,and fo have one fide of
each of them bordering on a dark part of the humours of the eye, they

will eachof them actually exhibit fome colour; therefore ADC the pro-
duction G A CH will exhibit a B/ve,becaufe the fide C D is adjacent tothe

~ dark medinmC QD C,but nothing ofa Red,becaufe its fide A Dis adjacent

to the enlightned medium A DF A: And all the Rays that from the points
of the luminous body are collected‘on the parts of the Ketiva between D
and F fhall have their Blue fo much the more diluted by how much the far+
ther'thefe points of collection are diftant from D towardsF ; and the Ray
AF Cthe production of KC Al, will exhibita Red, becaufethe fide AF
is adjacent to the dark or quiet wedium of theeye APF A; but nothing —
ofa Blue,becaufe its fide C F is adjacent to the enlightned medium CF DC,
and all the Rays from the intermediate parts of the luminous bedy that
are colleéted between F and D fhall have their Red{o muchthe more di- _
luted, by how much the farther they are diftant from F towards D.

_ ov Now,becaufe by the refraction in the Corzea,and fome other parts of the

whofe weakeft follows.

‘eye, the fides of each Ray, which before were almoft paralleljaremade
to converge and meet in a point at the bottomofthe eye, therefore that
fide of thepul/e which preceded before thefe refractions, fhall firfttouch
the Retiza, and the other fide laft. And therefore according as this or _
that fide, or end of the pulfe fhall be impeded, accordingly will the i#-
preffions on the Retina be varied; therefore by the Ray GACH ree
fratted by the CorneatoD there fhall be onthat point a ftrokeor impre®
fion confus'd, whofe weakeft end, namely, that by the line CD thall pre-
cede, and the f{tronger, namely, that by the line AD fhall follow. And
by theRay KCAT refracted to F, there fhall be on that part aconfus'd
{troke or ind jorian eereres ftrongeft part,namely,that by the line CF thal
precede, and whofe weakeft or impeded, namely, that by the line AF
fhall follow, and all the intermediate points between F and D will re- -
ceive impreflion fromthe coxverg'd Rays fo much the more like the im-
ig on F and D by how much the nearer they approach that
or
_ Fromthe confideration of the proprieties of which impreffions,we maj
collect thefe fhort definitions of Colbari : That Blue riper impreffion 7”
the Retina of an oblique and confus d pulle of light, whofe weakeft part pre-
cedes, and whofe ftrongest follows. And, that Red # an imprelfion onthe Re-
tzna of an oblique and confus'd pulfe of light, whofe ftrongeft part precedesand
_ Which proprieties,as they have been already manifefted,in the Prifne
and falling drops of Rain, to be the caufes of me colours ie generated,
may be ealily found to be the efficients alfo of the colours appearing in ,

thin laminated tran{parent bodies: for t ication i is has
Se ees paren ¢s; for the explication of ees Zt

MicROGRAPHYA,

And that this is fo, a little clofer examination of the Phexénena and
the. Figure of the body, by this'Hypothefis, willmake evidents.( . >.>
For firft (as we have already obferved) the /eminated body mukt be
of a.determinate thicknefs, that is, it muft not be thinnerthen ha de:
terminate quantity; for] have always obferv’d, that. neer the edges
of thofe which are exceeding thin, the colouts difappear, and the part
grows white; nor miuft it be thicker then anotlier determinate quantity 3
for I have likewife obferv'd, that beyond fucha thicknefs,no colours ap-
pear, but the Plate looked white, between which twordeterminate
thicknefles were al] the colour'd Rings; of which in fome fubftances I
have:found ten or twelve, in others not half fo many, which I fuppofe des
_ pends much upon: the tran{parency of the laminated body.-‘Thus:though
the confecutions are the {ame in the feumm or the fkin on the top of mes
tals; yet in thofe confecutions the fame. colour is not fo often repeated
as in the confecutions iu thin Glas, or im Sope-water, or any other more
tranfparentand glutinous liquor; for in thefe I haveobferv'd, Red; tel-
lom, Green, Blue, Purples, Red,Yelow,Green,Blue, Purples Red,xellow Green;
Blue, Purple 5 Red, Yellow, &c. to faceeed. each other,ten or twelve times;
oa in the other more opacous bodies the confecutions will not be half
O many. no a an : itv
- And therefore fecondly, the laminated body muft be tranfparent,and
this Largue from this,that I have not been able to produce any colour
at all with an epacous body,though never fo thin, And this\} have often
try d, by preffing a {mall Glebwle of Atercury between two fmootl: Plates
of Glafs, whereby Lhave reduc'd. that body to:2 much greater thintiels
then was requifite to exhibit the colours witha tranfparene, Body.)
_ Thirdly,there muft be a confiderable refleéting body adjacent tothe
under or further fide of the /amina or plate: for this Lalways found,that
the greater that reflection was, the more vivid were the appearing
colours. 1390 n 10 abeoa1q 229b
» From which Obfervations,it is moft evident,that the refleétion fromthe
under or farther fide of the bodyisthe principal caufe of the prodnctionof
thefe colours 3 which,that it #3 {o,and how it conduces to thateffett,I fhall
further explain in the following Figure,which is heredefcribed of a very
great thicknefs, asifit had been view d through the Jicrofeope 3 agg ‘us
indeed much thicker’ than any AGcrofCope(I have yet us’d has been able to
fhew me thofe colour’d plates of Glafs, or A4u/covie-glafs, which bhave niet.
without much trouble view’ d withit ; for though! have endeavoured to
magnifie them as muchi as the Glafles wete capable of, yet are they fo ex
ing thin, that I have not hitherto beem able pofitively to determine
their thicknefs.. This Figure therefore I here reprefenty is'wholy Hy-

pothetical. > DIR VAS s Sy a. 2

Let ABCDHFE in the fixth Figure be:a fraffuat of Atufcony-glaft
thinner toward the end AE, shchehin ier downed’ EDP, “Let us firft fap-
pofe the: Ray ae sib coming from the Sun, or fome remote: luminous

ject to fall obdiqnely on the thinner plate BAF, part therefore is re
flected back by «ghd, the frit. superfici <5 whicuebip see perpendicalae
ee pulfe

> yg iti

65

66

MicroGRAPHIA.,

pulfe «bis after reflection propagated by ¢ d, cd, equally remote ftom

each other with 2b, a6, fo that ag*+gc, or bh*hd are either of
them equal to. 4a,asis alfo cc, but the body BAE being pf ae
part of the light of this Ray is refraéted in the furface AB, and propa
gated by gz kh to the furface E F, whence it is refleted and refraéted
gain by the furface AB. So that after two refractions and one reflection,
there is propagated a kind of fainter Ray e ~ x f, whofe pulfe isnot on-
ly weaker by reafon of the two refractions in the furface A B, but by rea-
on of the time fpent in pafling and repailing between the two furfaces
AB and EF; ef which isthis fainter or weaker pulfe comes behind the
pulfe cd; fo that hereby (the furfaces AB, and EF being fo neer toge-
ther, that the eye cannot di{criminate them from one) this confus'd or
duplicated pulfe, whofe ftrongeft part precedes, and whofe weakeft fol-
lows, does produce on the Retiza (or the optick merve that covers the
bottom of the eye) the fenfation of a YeHow.
And fecondly, this Ye4ow will appearfo much the deeper, by how
much the further back towards the middle between cd and cd the fpu-
rious pulfe ef is remov'd, as in 2 where the furface BC being further
remov'd from EF, the weaker pulfe ef will be nearer to the middle, and
will make an impreffion on the eye of a Red. |
_ But thirdly, if the two refle@ting furfacesbe yet further removd afun-
der!(as in 3 CD and EF are) thenwill the weaker pulfe befo farr
behind, that it will be more then half the diftance between ¢d and cd.
And in this cafe it will rather feem to precede the following ftronger
pulfe, then to follow the preceding one, and confequently a Blue will be
generated. And when the weaker pulfe is juft in the middle beween two
{trong ones, then is a deep and lovely Purple generated ; but when the
weaker pulfe ef is very neer to cd, then is there generated a Green, _
which will be blver, or yelower, according asthe approximate weak pullfe _
does precede or follow the ftronger. | aus:\d3

Now fourthly, ifthe thicker Plate chance to be cleft into two thinner
Plates, as CDFE isdivided into two Plates by the furface GH then
from the compofition arifing from the thrée reflections in the furfaces
CD, GH, and EF, there will be generated feveral compounded or mixt
colours, which will be very differing, according as the proportion be-
tween the thicknefles of thofe two divided Plates CDHG, and GHFE
are varied. : one ero
And fifthly, if thefe furfaces C D and F E are further remov’d.afundery’
the weaker pulfe will yet lage behind much further; and not onely be:
coincident with the fecond, cd, but lagg behind thatalfo, andthat fo

f>

_ much the more, by how much the thicker the Plate be; fo that by de-'

grees it will be coizcident with the third ¢d backward alfo, and.by de=
grecs, as the Plate grows thicker with a fourth, and fo onward to afifth,

h, feventh, or eighth; fo that if there be a thin tranfparent body,that
from the greateft thinnefs requifite to produce colours, does,intheman-
ner of a Wedge.by degrees grow to the greateft thicknefs that aPlatecan

be of,to exhibit a colour by the reflection of Light from fuch a setiege %

MicroGRaPaTA, 6

\ fhall be @enerated feveral confecutions of colours, whofe order from thé
thin end towards the thick, fhall be YeHom, Red Purpley Blue,Green's Telow;
Red,Purple,Blue,Green 5 Tellow,Red,Purple,Blie;Greens rellow,&cland thefe
fo often repeated, as the weaker pullfe does Jofe’ paces with its Primary,
or firft pulfe, and is coincident with a fecond, third; fourth, fifth fixth iG.
pulfe behind the firft. And this, as it is cormcident}or follows fiom the
firft Hypothefis 1 took of colours,fo upon exeriment have'l found it in‘ mule

titudes of inftances that feem to prove it. One thing which feems of the
greateft concern in this cg is to determine the. greateft or leaft
thicknefs requifite for thefe effects, which; though Thave not beet want-
ing in attempting, yet fo exceeding thin are thefe coloured Plates, and {0
imperfect our Atzcrofcope,that Ihave not been hitherto fuecefsfull,though
if my endeavours fhall anfwer my expeCtations,] fhall hope to gratifie the
curious Reader with fome things more remov'd-beyond our teach
hitherto. ie galas: eaten lt
_ . Thus have I,with as much brevity as I was able, endeavoured to expli-
cate (Hypothetically at léatt) the caufes of the Phenowens 1 formerly rex
cited, on the confideration of which I have been'the mote particular.
Firft, becaufe I think thefe I have newly given are’capable of expli-
cating all the Phenomena of colours, not onely of thofe appearing'in the
Prifme, Water-drop, or Rainbow, and in laminated or plated bodies, but
of all that are in the world, whether they be fluid or folid bodies, whe
ther in thick or thin, whether tranfparent, of feemingly op cous, a9 I
fhall in the next: Obfervation further endeavour to fhew. And fecondhy eb
becaufe this being one of the two ornaments of all bodies difcov le
by the fight, whether looked on with, ‘or:without a AGerofeope, "it feem’d
to deferve (fomewhere in this Tract; which contains a‘ defcription of the
Figure and Colour of fome minute bodies) to be fomewhat the more in-

timately enquir'd into. .

Aving inthe former Difcourfe, fromthe Fundamental caufe of Co#

t J lour, made it probable, that thereare but two Colours, and {hewnj |
that the Phamtafm of Colour is caus'd by'the fenfation of the oblique'or
uneven pulfe of Light which is capable of no more varieties than two
that arife from the two fidesof the oblique pulle, though each of thofe
be capable of infinite gradations or degrees (each of them beginning
from White, and ending the one inthe deepeft Scarletor tellow, the other
inthe deepeft' B/ne) 1 thall in this Sedion fet down tome Obfervations
whichI have made of other colours, fuch as Jsetaline powders
or colour'd. bodies and feveral kinds. of tin@tures or ting’d liquors, all
which, together with thofe [treated of in the former: Obfervation will,
Tfuppofe; comprife the feveral fubjedts in: which. colour isobferv'd ‘to
beinherent, ahd the fevetal manners by se is _— ‘

UE 2 3

65

MicrRoOGRAPHIA.

in them. And here I thal] endeavour to fhew by what com pofition all kind
of compound colours are made, and how there isno colour inthe world —
but may be made from the various degrees of thefe two colours, together
with the intermixtures of Black and White.

And this being fo, as I fhall anon fhew, it feems an evident argun:ent
to me, that all colours whatfoever, whether in fluid or folid, whether
in very tranfparent or feemingly opacoxs, have the fame efficient caufe,
to wit, fome kind of refrattige whereby the Rays that proceed
from fuch bodies, have their pulfe obliquated or confus d in the manner I
explicated in the former Sedfion 5 that is, a Red is caus d by a duplicated
or confus'd pulfe, whofe ftrongeft pulfe precedes,and a weaker follows:
and a Blue is caus’d by a confus d pulfe,where the weaker pulfe precedes,
and the ftronger follows. And according as thefe are, more or lels, or
varioufly mixtand compounded, fo are the fenfations, and confequently
the phantafims of colours diverfified. | ‘see

To proceed therefore ; I fuppofe, that all tranfparent colour'd bodies,
whether fluid or folid, do confift at leaft of two parts, or two kinds of
fubftances, the one of a fubftance of a fomewhat differing refraZion from
the other. That one of thefe fubftances which may be call'd the smging
fubftance, does confift of diftinct parts, or particles of a determinate big-
nefs which are difféminated, or difpers d all-over the other : That. thele
particles, if the body be equally,and uniformly colour'd, are evenly

*dand difpers'd over the other contiguous body ;.That where the

y is deepeft ting’d, there thefe particles are rang’d thickefts and
where ‘tis but faintly ting’d, they are rang'd much thinner, but uniformly.
That by the mixture of another body that unites with either of thefe,
which has a differing refraction from either of the other,quite differing
effects will be produc’d,that is,the comfecutions of the confus'd pulfes will
be much of another kind, and confequently produce: eter faltions and
phantafms of colours, and from a Red may turn toa Blre, orfroma Blue
to a Red, &c. ves

Now, that this may be the better underftood, I fhall endeavour to ex-
plain my meaning a little more fenfible by a. Scheme + Suppofe we there-
fore in the feventh Figure of the fixth Scheme, that ABCD reprefentsa
Vefiel holding a ting’d liquor, let [1 I 1 1,&c. bethe clear liquor,and let
the tinging body that ismixt with it be: EE, &c. FF, @¢.GG, e+.
HH, @c. whofe particles (whether round, ‘or fome other. determinate
Figureis little to our purpofe)are firft of a determinate and equal bulk. —
Next, they are rang’d into the form of Quincunx, or Equilaterotriangt
lar order,which that probably they are fo,and whythey are {0,1 thall elfe-
where endeavour to w. Thirdly,they are of fuch a nature,asdoeseither
more eafily or more difficultly tranfmit the Rays of lightthen the liquors _
if more eafily,a B/neis generated, and if more difficultly, a Red or Scarlet.
_ And firft, let us fappofe the tinging particlesto be of a fubftancerhat
does more impede the Rays of light , we fhall find that'the pulfe‘or —
wave of light movdftom AD to.B C, will ed on,through the con
taining medinm by the pulfes or waves KK, LL, MM) N ages 230
S auc

MicROGRAPHIA)

becaule feveral of thefe Rays that go to the conftitution of thefe: pulfes
will be flugged or {topped by the tinging particles E.F,G,H ;, therefore
there fhall be a féeuxdary and weak pulfethat fhall follow the Ray, names
ly P P which will be. the weaker: firft, becaufe.it has fuffer’d: maby. re-
fra@ions in the impeding. body3 next, for that the Rays will bea little
difpersd or confus'd by reafon ofthe refraction in each of the particles,

és

whether round or awgular; and this.will be more,.evident, if we alittle —

more clofely, examine any one particular tinging Global, 9
Suppofe we therefore A Bin the cighth Figure of thefixth sebeme, to
f eprefent a tinging Globule OF par ticle which has agreater refraction than
the liquor in which it is contain'd ; Let CD bea part.of the pulfe of light
which is propagated through the containing sedinw;, this pulle will bea
little ftopt or impeded by the Glebsles.and {o by that time the pulfe iy
paft toE F that part of it which has been impeded by pafling through the
Globule, will get but ro.L,M, and fo. that pulfe which hasbeen propa~
gated through the Globule, to wit, LM, NO, P Q.,, will always come
behind the pulfes EF, GH, 1K, &c. ile pee ee 3

‘ sere theca}
SED iA

‘Next, vbyreafoniof the greater impediment in A.B, and its Glabular Fiz

gure, the Rays that pafsthrongh it wil] be difpers.d, and yery much {cat
ter'd, Whence C A and DB which before went dared and parallel,will after
the refraction in A By diperge and {pread by A P, and BQ 5 fo.thabas the
Rays do. meet with more and more of thefe. tinging particles in their
way, by fo much the more will the pulfe of light further lage behind
the clearer pulfe, or/that. which has fewer xefradtions, and. thenec the
deeper will the colour be; and the fainter the light thas inentjefed.
through it; for nor onely many Rays are refieéted from the farfaces of
AB, but thofe Raystbat get through it are very much difordered.
By shin Bopobefi there isno one,experiment of colour that. [have yet
met with; but may be, L conceive, very rationably foly'd, and:perhaps,
had I time to exainine feveral particulars requifite to the demonftration
of it, Imight prove it more than probable, for all the experiments about
the howe cea mixings of colours related. in the Treatife of Colours,
prblifieetiby tbe sinnmnper sb le Madi sndstunlonaieg ss apberasebich
have obferv'd,.do fo eafily and naturally flow from thole principles,that
Jam very apt to think it probable, that they own their productionto no
other feeunddary caufe »|Asto inftanee in two or three experifuents. In the
twentieth Experiment; this Nob/e Awthour has fhewn that the deep biafh
purple-colonr of Vielets,may be turn'd intoa Green, by Alealinate Salts,
and toa Red by acids that is,a Purple confilts of two colours, a deep Red,
and a deep Blue; whenthe Biueis diluted, or altered, or deftroyd by
acid Salts,the Red becomes predominant, but when the Xed is diluted by
Alcalixate, and the Blue heightned, there is generated a Greeny for of a
Red diluted, ismadeatelom, and Yellow and Binemake a Greens)
| po ctr oem tra peace enmees teens & : “en
one follow the clear-pulie; andi the other precede it, it ufually follows,
that thole:Saline reltnéting bodies which do dilute the colour of the one,
do deepen that of the other And this will be toade manifelt by al
regst z io

MiicROGRAPHIA.
moft all kinds of Purples, and many forts of Greens, both thefe colouts’
éonfifting of mixt colours for if we fuppofe A and A in'the ninth Figure,
to reprefent two pulfes of clearlight, which follow each other at a con-
venient diftance, AA; each of which hasa {prions pulfe preceding it, as
BB, which makes a B/ve,and another following it, as CC, which makes
Red, the one caus d by tinging particles that have‘a greater refraction,the
other: by others that have a lefS refra@ting quality then the liquor or
Menftruum in which thefe are diffolv’d, whatfoever liquor does fo alter
the'refraction of the one, without altering that of the other part of the
ting’d liquor, muft needs very much alter the colour of the liquor 5 for
if the refraction of the difolvent be increas'd, and the refraction of the
tinging ‘particles not altered, then will the preceding furious pulfle be
fhortned or ftopt, and not out-run the clear pulfe fo much; fo that BB
will become EE, and the Blue be diluted, whereas the other {purious
-pulfe which follows will be made to lagg much more, and be further be»
‘hind AA than before, and CC will become f f, and fo the Telow or —
Red will be heightned. She |
A Saline liquor therefore,mixt with another ting’d liquor,may alter the
colour of it feveral ways; either by altering the refraction of the liquor in
which the colour {wims: or fecondly by varying the refraction of the co-
loured particles, by uniting more intimately either with fome particular
corpufeles of the tinging body, or with all of them, according as it hasa
congruity to fome more efpecially, or toall alike: or thirdly, by uniti
and interweaving it felf with fome other body that is already joyn’
with the tinging particles, with which fubftance it may have a ¢ongruity, —
though it have very little with the particles themfelves : or fourthly, it —
may alter:the colour of a ting’d liquor by dif-joyning certain particles _
which were before united with the tinging particles, which though they
were fomewhat congruous to thefe particles, have yet a greater congruity
‘with the newly znfus'd Saline menftruum, Ye may likewife altet the co- _
Jour by further diflolving the tinging ‘fubftance into fmaller and fmaller
particles, and {0 diluting the colour 5 or by uniting feveral particles toge- _
ther as'in precipitations, and fo deepning it, and fome fach other ways,
which many experiments and comparifons of differing trials! together,
might eafily inform one of. | at ani iv ioe |
» From thefe Principles applied, may be made out all the varieties
of colours obfervable, ‘either in liquors, ot any other ting’d bodies; with
great eafe, and I hope intelligible enough, there being nothing inthe 70- _

tion of colour, or in the fuppos'd production, but is very conceivable,

v The greateft difficulty that I find/againft this Hypotbefs, is}: thatthere
feem to demore diftinc& colours:then ha intone ellowand Blue.
This Objettion is grounded on this réafon, that there are @veralReds,
which diated, make not a Saffron or pale Yellow; and*therefore Red,or
Scarlet ifeemsto bea third colour diftiné froma deep degree of Yellow.
~ Towhich I anfet, that Saffron affords us a deep Scarlet tin@ture,which
‘tay be'diluted intoas pale.a Yellow as any; either by making a weak {>
S203t7 5 Jution

MicROGRAPHTA.”

lution of the Saffron, by infufing a {mall parcel of it into a great quantity
of liquor, asin {pirit of Wine, or elfe by looking through a very thin’
quantity of the tincture, ‘and which may be heightn‘d into the lovelieft
Scarlet,by looking through a very thick body of this tin@ture,or through’
a thinner parcel of it,which is highly zmpregnated with the tinging’ body,
by having had a greater quantity of the Saffron diflolv'd ina maller pur-
cel of the liquor. ae dew io calgfasa

Now, though there may be fome particles of other tinging bodies that
givea lovely Scarlet alfo,which though diluted never fo much with liquor,
or looked on through never fo thin a parcel of ting’d liquor, will not yet
afford a pale Yellow, but onely a kind of ‘faint Red ; yet thisis no argu-
ment but that thofe ting dparticles may have in them the fainteft degree of
Yellow,though we may be unable to make them exhibit itsF'or that power’
of being diluted depending upon the divifibility of the ting’d body, if

1, 3

am unable to make the tinging particles fo thin as to exhibit that colour, —

it does not therefore follow,that the thing is impoflible to be done; now;
the tinging particles of fome bodies are of fuch a nature, that unlefsthere
be found fome way of comminuting them into lefs bulks then the liquor
does diflolve them into, all the Rays that pafs throughthem muft necef
farily receive a tincture fo deep, as their appropriate refractions and bulks
compar d with the proprieties of the diflolving liquor muft neceffarily
difpofe ae to emprefs; which may perhaps be a pretty deep Yellow,
or pale Red. ahs. Of ~ =e Sips ub oe ah
And that this is not gratis dium, I fhall'add one inftati¢e of thiskind,’
wherein the thing ismoft manifeft.° =
If you take Blue Swalt, you fhall find, that to afford the ccgenare
which ceteris paribus has the greateft particles or fands; and if you fur-
ther ‘divide, or grind thofe particles on a Grind{tone, or porphyry ftone,
you may by comminnting the {ands of it, dilute the Blue intoas pale a one
as you pleafe, which you cannot do by laying the colour thin ; for where-
_ Now, there are other Blues, which though never fo much ground, will
not be diluted by grinding, becaufe confifting of very {mall particles, ve-
ry deeply ting’d,they cannot by grinding be actually feparated into {mal-
ler particles then the operation of the fire, or fome other diflolving mex-
shas reduc’d them to already. bbe idk.
Thus all kind of Azetaliine colours, whether precipitated, fublim'd, ca]-
cind, or otherwife prepar'd, are hardly chang’d by grinding, as wlfra.
marine is not more diluted ; nor is Vermilion or Red-lead made of amore
faint colour by grinding; for the fmalleft particles of thefe which Thave

view'd with my greateft Magnifying-Glafs, if they be well enlightned, ap-'

pearvery deeply ting’d with their peculiar colours; nor, thoughT have
magnified aid eelighened the particles exceedingly, could I in man “of
them, perceive themto be tranfparent, or to be whole particles, but the’
fmalleft {pecksthat I could find among well ground Vermzlion and Red-
lead, feem'd to bea Red maf, compounded of a multitudé of lef and Sef
motes, which fticking together;compos'd a bulk, not onéthoufand ‘thou-
fandih part of the fmalleft vifible fand or mote. And

72

_ the firefhould have

MicrRoGRAPHIA.,

And this I find generally in moft 4etalline colours, that though they
confift of parts fo exceedingly fmall,yet are they very deeply ting d,they
being fo ponderous, and having fuch a multitude of terreftrial particles
throng’d into a little room; fo that ‘tis difficult to find any particle tran
parent or refembling a pretious ftone, though not impoflible; for Ihave
obferv’d divers fuch fhining and refplendent colours intermixt with the
particles of Ciznaber, both natural and artificial, before it hath been
ground and broken or flaw'd into Vermiliex « As Ihave alfo in Orpiment,
Red-lead, and Bife, which makes me fuppofe, that thofe metalline colours
are by grinding, not onely broken and feparated actually into {maller
pieces, but that they are alfo flaw'd and brufed ,whence they, for the
moft part.become opacous,like flaw’d Cryftal or Glafs,cc. But for Saalts
and verditures, Uhave been able witha AGicrofcope to perceive their par-
ticles very many of them tranfparent. =

_. Now, that the others alfo may be tranfparent, though they do not ap-
pear fo to the Aéicrofcope,may be made probable by this Experiment : that
if you take ammel that is almoft opacous, and grind it very well on

a Porphyry, or Serpentine, the {mall particles will by reafon of their flaws,

appear perfectly opacous; and that ‘tis the flaws that produce this opa-
coufref., may be argued from this, that particles of the fame 4zzel much
thicker if ehaee il appear fomewhat tranfparent evento the eye;
id from this alfo, that the moft tranfparent and clear Cryftal, ST oe
in the fire, andthen fuddenly quenched, fo that it be all over flaw'd,
will-appear opacous and white, “ |
And that the particles of Aetal/ine colours are tran{parent,may be argus
ed yet further from this,that the Cryftals,or Vitriols of all Metals,are tranf
parent, which fince they confift of metalline as well as falize particl
thofe metalline ones ze be tranfparent, which is yet further joa i>

from this, that they have for she mot part, app ropriate colours; fo the

vitriol of Gold is Yellow ; of Copper.Blue, times Green; of Iron,
green 5 of Tinn and Lead, a pale White; of Silver,a paleBlue,@c.
And next,the Selytiox of all Metals into wenftruums are much the fame

* with the Vitriols, or Cryftals, It feems therefore very probable, that —

thofé colours which are made by the precipitation of thole particles out
of the zenftrunmas by tranfparent precipitating liquors fhould be tranfpa+

aL

rent alfo. Thus Gold precipitates with ol of Tartar, or {pirit of Uriuein=
toa brown Yellow, Copper with na of Urize bes abies bkue,

which retains its tranfparency. A

or the Vitriol of Lead
suinium whichis a kind

- Athird Argument,
being :calcin d,,and

MicROGRAPHTAs 93
rent colours: Thus the Ca/x of Silver tinges the: Glafs on which it is ane
eal'd witha lovely Yellow,or Gold colour,cc. 5 > * 1 WwOED 101s
And that the parts of Metals are tranfparent, may be fartherargued’
from the tranfparency of ‘Leaf-gold, which held againft the light, both
to the naked eye, andthe A“ficrofcope, ‘exhibits'a' deep Green. “And

though I have-never feen the other Metals Jaminated fo thin, that I was
able to perceive them tranfparent, yet, for'Copper and Brafs, if we-had:
the fame conveniency for /awinating them,as we have for Gold,we might}
perhaps,through fuch plates or leaves.find very differing degrees of Blue,
or Greens for it feems very probable, that thofe Rays that rebound from
them ting’d, with a deep Yellow, or pale Red, as from Copper; or with
a pale Yellow,as from Brafs, have pait through them ; for I cannot con-
ceive howby reflection alone thofe Rays can receive a ‘tinctute, taking
any Hypothefis extant. - . | Parts
So that we fee there may a fufficient reafon be drawn from thefe in-
fiances, why thofe colours which we are unable to dilute to the paleft
Yellow, or Blne,or Green, are not therefore to be concluded not to bea
deeper degree of thems fer fuppofing we had a great conipany of {mall
Globular etience Bottlesjor roundGlafs bubbles.aboutthe bignefs of aWal-
nut, fill'd each of them witha very deep mixture of Saffron, and that
every one of them did appear of a deep:Scarlet colour, and all of them
together did exhibit at a diftance, a deep dy'd Scarlet body. It does not
follow, becaufe after wehavecome nearer to this congeries,or mafs,and diz
vided it mto its parts, and examining each of its parts feverally or apart;
we find them to have much the fame colour with the whole mats} it’does
not, I fay, therefore follow; that if we could break thofé Globules {maller,
or any other ways come to fee: a fmaller or thinner parcel of the ting’d
liquor that fill'd thofe bubbles,that that ting’d liquor muft always appear
Red, or of'a Scarlet hue, fince if Experiment be made,the quite’contrary
will entues,for it is capable of being diluted into the paleft Yellows? '
Now;that I might avoid all the Objections of thiskind, by exhibiting
an Experiment that might by ocular proof convince thofe whom other _
reafons would not prevail with, 1 provided me a Prifwiatical Glaff,, made *
hollow, juft inthe form of a Wedge; fuch as isreprefented in the'tenth
a of the fixth Scheme, The two parallelogram fides ABCD, ABEF,
Which met.at 'a‘point; were made of the cleareft Looking-glafs plates well
ground and ‘polifh’d that Pcould getsthefe were joyn‘d with hard cement
tothe triangnfar fides, BC E, A DF which were of Wood 5 the Parallelo-
grambafe BCEF, likewife was of Wood joyn'd onto the reft with hard
cement, andthe whole 'Prifizatical Box was exattly ftopt every where,
but onely alittle hole near the bafe was left,whereby the Veflel could be
fill'd with any liquor, or emptied again atpleafire? >" a lO Yaa
_ One of thefe Boxes (for had twoofthem) Ifillf'd with a pretty déep
tincture of ‘dives, drawnvoneély with fair Water, and then ftopt théhole
with a piece of Wax, then:by holding this Wedge againft the Light, and
looking throtighit, it was obvious enough to fee the tincture of the liquor
near the sdgeof the Wedge: where it was but very thin; to be a pale oa
Bioniod M we

,

<

74

MicROGRAPHIA.

well colour’d Yellow, and further and further from the edge, as the.li.
uor grew thicker and thicker,this tincture appear'd deeper and deeper,
b that near the blunt end,which was feven Inches fromthe edge and three

| Inches and an half thick; it was of a deep and well colour'd Red. Now,
| the clearer and.purer this tinGture be, the more lovely will the deep

Scarlet be, and the fonler the tin¢ture be, thé more dirty will the Red
appears fo that fome dirty tinétures have afforded their deepeft Red
much of the colour of burnt Oker or Spazifh brown;others as lovely a co-
lour as Vermilion, and fome much brighter ; but feveral others, according
as the tinctures were worfe or more foul, exhibited various kinds of Reds,
of very differing wer sc ;
_ The other of thefe Wedges, I fill’d witha moft lovely tin¢ture of Cop-
per, drawn from the filings of it,with fpirit of Urine, and this Wedge held
as the former againft the Light, afforded all manner of Blues, from the
fainteft to the deepeft, fo that I was in good hope by thele two,to have pro-
due’d all the varieties of coloursimaginable ; for [thought by this means
to have been able by placing the two Paral/elogram fides together, and
the edges contrary A pas &
as by looking through them in feveral places, and through feveralthick-
nefies, 1 fhould have compounded, and confequently have een all thofe
colours, which by other like compofitions of colours would have enfued,
- Butinfteed of meeting with what I look’d for, I met with fomewhat
more admirable ; and that was, that I found my felf utterly unable to fee
through them when placed both together, though they were tranfparent
enough when afunder 3 and though! could fee through twice the thick-

| nefs,, when bothof them were fill'd with the fame colour'd liquors, whe-
_ ther both with the Yellow, or both with the Blue, yet when one was filld

with the Yellow, the other with the Blue,and both looked through, they
both, ‘d dark, onely when. the parts near the tops oe look’d
croug » they exhibited Greens, and thofé of very great variety, asI ex:
pected,but the Purples and other colours, could not by any meansmake, _
whether I endeavour'd to look through thent both againft the Sun, or
whether I plac’d them againft the hole of a darkned room. St
But notwithftanding this mif-ghefling, | proceeded on with my trialin
a darkroom, and having two holes near one-another, I wasiable, by —
placing By Wedges again{t them,to mix the ting’d Rays that vallabeouiee
them, and fell ona ) of white Pa Secitoats convenient diftance
from them as I pleads fo that I could make the Paper appear of what —
colour I would,by varying the thicknefles of the Wedges,and confequent>
ly the tincture of the Rays that paft through the two holes, and fomer
times alfo by varying the Paper, that is, infteed of a white Paper, holding

a gray, ora black iece of PER rises Defic. 1 aol gueniiw lit
Whence Lexperimemally Gouicl whae'k bid cbetisee imagitid, thapall

ele two colours, namel

_ the varieties of coloursimaginable are produc'd:from feveral degrees of
>

Yellow and. Bhie;.cr the mixture of them

with light and darknef, that is; white and, black. And all:hofe alstott

apis varieties which Limners and Painters: ate able to. make by come

ve fomov d them toand froone by another, _

MicrocraruHia, 46,
pemetiog thofe feveral colours they lay on their Shels or Pelads; are no-
thie et e, but fome compofitum, made up of fomeone or more, orallof
ur bong

Now,whereas it may here again be ebjetted,that neither canthe Reds
be made:out of the Yellows, added togethei,or laid on in greater or le:
quantity, nor can the Yellows be made out of the Reds though Jaid ne-
ver fo thins and as for the addition: of White or Black, they donothing
but either whiten or darken the colours to which they areadded,and not
at all make them of any other kind of colour:.asforinftance, Vermilion,
by being temper'd with White Lead, doesnot atall grow more Yellow,
but onely there is made a whiter kind ‘of Red. Nor does Yellow Oker,
though laid never fo thick, produce the colour of Vermilion, nor
it beremper'd with Black, does itat all:make aRed; nay, though it be

‘d with White, 1r will not afford a fainter kind of Yellow, fuch as
cabiene, butonely awhiten'd Yellow; nor will the Blues be déluted or
deepned afterthe manner I {peak of, as Jndico will never afford fo fine a
Blue as Vitramarine or Bife ; nor willit,temper'd with Vermilion, ever af-
ford a Green,though each of them be never fo much temper’d with white.

To which I anfwer, that there is a great difference between diluting a
colour and whitening oft 3 for dé/uting a colour, istomake the colour'd
parts more thin, fo thatthe ting d light, which is made by trajecting
thofe ting'd:bodies, does not receive fo deep a tinGture ; but whitening
a colour is onely an intermixing: of many clear reflections of light '
among the fame ting’d parts; deepning alfo, and darkming or blacking a’
pics cece

a greater ¢ the lame ‘body 5 and g
or blacki aed a aedicadesnaueeee a multitude of dark or black |
{pots among the fame ting’d pasts, of placing the colour in a more faint

. to the former of thefe operations,that is,diluting and
deepning, moft of the colours us'd by the Limners and Painters are in=
capable of, to wit, Verwiliox and Red-lead, and Oker, becaufe theting’d
parts arefo exceeding {mal); that the moft curious Grind{tones we have,
are not able to feparate them into parts actually divided fo fmall as the
ting'd particles are; for looking on ‘the moft curioully ground Ver-
milion, and Oker, and Red-lead, 1 could perceive that even thofe {mall
corpufeles of the bodies they left were compounded of many pieces, that
is, they feem‘d to be {mall pieces mehssowied of amultitude of lefler
ting’d parts : each piece feeming almoft like apiece of Red Glafs,or ting’d
/Cryftal alll flaw'ds fo that unlefs the Grieditone could actually divide
them into fmaller pieces then thofe flaw'd particles were, which com-
pounded that ting’d mote I could fee with my Aécrofcope,. it would be
impoffible to. dilute the colour by grinding, which, becaufe the fineft we
>i will notreach to:do in Wermilion or Oker; therefore they cannot at
x Odile ed; » whofe ting’d particles are fuch:asmay be made
fmatler, by grinding a colour, thay be diluted. . Thus feveral = the
se M 2 ues

MIcROGRAPHIA.

Blues may be dil/uted,as Salt and Bife , and Adafticut,whichis Yellow,may
be made more faint : And even Vermilion it felf may,by too much grind-
ing, be brought to the colour of Red-/ead, which is but an Orange colour,
which is confeft by all to be very much upon the Yellow. Now, though
perhaps fomewhat of this diluting of Vermilion by overmuch grinding
may be attributed to the Grindftone, or muller, for that fome of their
parts may be worn off and mixt with the colour, yet there feems not ve-
ry much, for I have done it on aSerpentine-{tone with a muller made ofa
Pebble, and yet obferv'd the fame effect follow. | ak
And fecondly, as to the other of thefe operations on colours; that 1s,
the deepning of them, Limners and Painters colours are for the moft part
alfo uncapable. For they being for the moft part opacous 5 and that opa-
coufnef,, as {faid before, proceeding from the particles, being very much
flaw'd, unlefs we were able to joyn and re-unite thofe flawd particles
again into one piece, we fhall not be able to deepen the colour, which
fince we are unable to do with moft of the colours which are by Painters
accounted opacows, we are therefore unable to deepen them by adding
more of the fame kind. i : Pobre
But becaufe all thofe opacous colours have two kinds of beams or Rays —
refleGted from them, that is,Rays unting'd,which are onely reflected from
the outward furface, without at all penetrating of the body,and ting’d
Rays which are reflected from the inward furfaces or flaws after they
have fuffer’d a two-fold refraction 5 and becaufe that tranfparent liquors
mixt with{uch corpufcles, do,for the moft part, take off the former kind
of reflection; theretore thefe colours mixt with Water or Oyl, appear —
much deeper than when dry,for moft part of that white reflection from the _
outward furface is remov’d. Nay, fome of thefe colours are very much
dcepned by the mixture with fome tranfparent liquor, and that becaufe _
they may perhaps get between thofe ewolawes and fo confequently joyn
two — of thofe flaw’d pieces together but this happens but ina
very few. : Ibo 5. it oni 39
Now, to fhew that all this is not gratis dium, I fhall fet downfome _
Experiments which do manifeft thefe things to: be probable and Jikely,
which I have here deliver'd. its ids 0% gee
For, firft, if you take any ting’d liquor whatfoever, efpecially ifit be
pretty deeply ting’d, and by any means work it into a froth,the comgeries
of that froth hall feem an opacous body, and appear of the fame colour;
but much whiter than that of the liquor out of which it ismade. For the —
abundance of reflections of the Rays againft thofe furfaces of the bubbles
of which the froth confifts, does fo often rebound the Rays backwards;
that little or no light can pafs through, and. ¢on fequently-the froth ap>
Pa a if te f thefe ting’d liqu scale La — b a
gain, 1f to any of thefe ting’d liquors that will endure.the boilin
there be added a (mall wusctineh fine flower (the of which throu
the Aficrofcope are plainly enough to be perceiv'd to confit of tranff
rent corpy/cles) and faffer'd to boy} till it thicken the liquor, the mais
the liquor wil appear epacows,and. ting’d with: the fame colour, but vet
much whiten’d. eee

MicroGRAPHia.
_ Thus, if you takea piece of tranfparent Glafs that is well colour’d, and
by heating it, and then quenching it in Water, you flaw it allover;

it will become opacous, and will exhibit the fame colour with which the:

piece is ting d, but fainter and whiter. ah
Or, if you take a Pipe of this tranfparent Glafs, and inthe flame of a
Lamp melt it, and then blowit into very thin bubbles, then break thofe
bubbles, and collect a good parcel of thofe’ amine together in aPaper,
you fhall find that a {mall thicknefs of thofe Plates will conftitute an opa-
cous body, and that you may fee through the mafs of Glafs before it be
thus /aminated, above four times the thicknefs:, And befides, they will
now afford.a colour by reflection as other opacous (as they are ‘call’d)
colours will, but much fainter and whiter than that of the Lump or Pipe
out of which they were made. | ; |
Thus alfo,if you take Putty, and melt it with any tranfparent colour'd
Glafs,it will make it become an opacous colour'd lump, and to yield a pa-
ler and whiter colour than the lump by refleCtion.. lice
_ The famething may be done by a preparation of Avtimony, ashas been
fhewn by the Learned Phyficzax, ID" Cc. Az, in his Excellent Obfervations
and Notes on Nery's drt of Gla/s; and by this means all tranfparent co«
lours become opacous, or avzmels. And though by being ground they lofe
very much of their colour, growing much whiter by reafon of the multi-
tude of fingle reflections from their outward furface, as I fhew’d afore,
yet the fire that in the nealing or melting re-unites them, and fo re-
news thofe fpurious reflections, removes alfo thofe whitenings of the co-
Jour that proceed from them. az 116 maBel Ya etdear ar
_ As for the other colours which Painters ufe, which are tranfparent,and
usd to’ varnifh over all other paintintings, ‘tis well enough known that
the laying on of them thinner or thicker,does very much déluteor deepen
their colour. y
’ Painters Colours therefore confifting moft of them of folid particles,
fo fmall that they cannot be either re-united. into thicker. particles by
any Art yet known,and confequently. cannot bedeepned 5,or divided in-
to particlés fo {mall as the flaw’d particles that exhibit that colour, much
JefS into {maller, and confequently cannot be diluted ; It is neceflary that

they whichare to imitate all kinds of colours, fhould have asmany de- -

grees of each colour as can be procur'd. eifito

- And to this purpofe, both Limners and Painters have avery great va-
riety both of Yellows and Blues, befides feveral other colour'd bodies
that exhibit very compounded colours, fuch asGreensand Purples; and
others that are compounded of feveral degrees of Yellow, or feveral de-

grees of Blue, fometimes unmixt, and fometimes compounded with fe=

veral other colour’d bodies. | rt ns od aii
The Yellows,’ fromthe paleft to ithe deepeft Red or Scarlet, which
‘has no intermixture.of Blue, are pale and deep Mafticut, Orpament,
Englifh Oker, bromn Oker, Red Lead, and Vermilion, burnt Englfh Oker,
and burnt brown Oker,, which laft have a mixture of darks or dirty parts
eh thera, Orrin vad Slone Oe: slog a
ets 7 ; Theix

17

713

MircroGRAPHIA.

Their Blues are feveral kinds of Swalts, and Verditures, and Bife, and
Vitramarine, and Indico, which laft has many dirty or dark parts inter-
mixt with it. : :

Their compounded colour’d bodies, as Pi#k,, and Verdigrefe,which are
Greens, the one a Popingay,the other a Sea-greew then Lac,which is a
very lovely Purple. : :

To which may be added their Black and White, which they allo
ufwally call Colours, of each of which they have feveral kinds, fuch as _
Bone Black, made of Ivory burnt in a clofe Veflel, and Biwe Black, made
of the {mall coal of Willow, or fome other Woods and Cullens earth,
which is a kind of brown Black, @c. Their ufual Whites are either ar-
tificial or natural White Lead, the laft of which isthe beft they yet have, —
and with the mixing and tempering thefe colours together, are they able
to make an imitation of Any colour whatfoever: Their Reds or deep
Yellows, they can dilute by mixing pale Yellows with them, and deepen
their pale by mixing deeper with them; for it is not with Opacons co-

Jours as itis with tranfparent, where by adding more Yellowto yellow,
itis deepned, but in opacous diluted. They can whiten any colour by mix-
ing White withit, and darken any colour by mixing Black, or fome dark
and dirty colour. And in a word, moft of the colours, or colourd

bodies they ufe in Limning and Painting, are fach, as though mixt with

any other of their colours, they preferve their own hue, and by being iv

fuch very {mal parts difpers'd through the other colour'd bodies, they

both, or altogether reprefent to the eye a compofitum of all; the eye be-
ing unable, by reafon of their fmalnefs, to diftingnifh the peculiarly co-
lour'd particles, but receives them as one intire compofttum : whereas in
many. of thefe, the Adirrofcope very eafily diftinguifhes each of the com-

St ae and exhibiting itsowncolour. 9 9)

Thus have I by gently mixing Vermilion and Bife dry, produc'd.a very
fine Purple,or mixt colour,but looking on it with the AGcrofcope, I could
eafily diftinguifh both'the Red and the Blue particles, whichdid not at

all produce the Phaytajm of Purple. i

To fumm up all therefore in a word, I have not yet found any folid
colour'd body,that Ihave yet examin’d,perfely opacous; but thofe that
are leafbtranfparent are A¢etalline and Mineral bodies, whole particles gé-
nerally, feeming either to be very fmall, or very much flaw'd, appeat
rapes oa = ee — are very few of themthat I have

n witha cope, that have not very:plainly or circumftanti-
ally manitefted themfelves tranfparent. = | i tididxa'dars
~ And indeed, there'{eem to be fo few bodies in the world that are’ ##
minimis opacous, that | think one may make ita rational Qxery; Whether
there be any body abfolutely thus opacous 2 For doubt notat all (and 1
have taken notice of : ,

lt to fee all thofe bodies ainl Ar hae
fain onely to ghels at atl ben Sage onveripat
yet make ufe of are fuch, that

eye,

Microcrapnih,
eye, feem dpacous through them,whichif we widen the Apertiten litele,

and caftsmiore light‘on the objetts, and not charge the Glafies fo deep,
will again difclofé their tranfparency.. 9 oe Sid]

73

Now, as for all kinds of colours that are diffolvable in Waterorother ie

liquors, there is nothing fo manifeft, as that all thof ting’d liquotsare
tranfparent 3!and many of them are capableef being diluted and com
ded ‘or mixt with other colours, and divers of them are capable of
ing very much chang’d and heightned, and fixt. with féveral kinds of
Saline menfirnums. Others of them upon compounding, deftroy or vie
tate each others colours, and precipitate,'or otherwife very much alter
each others tincture. Inthe trie ordering and dilating, and deepning|
and mixing, and fixing of cach of which, contifts one of the greateft rays
fteries of the Dyers; of which particulars,becaufe out Anicro/ope affords
us very little information,! fhalladd nothing more at prefent ; but onely
that with avery few tinctures order’d and mixt after certain ways, too
long to be here fet down, I have beet able to make aty appearance of all
the various colours imaginable, without at all ufing the help of Salts) ot
Saline menfiruums vo vary thet. 2 0 Sv) bavort
~ As for the mutation of Colours by saline meaftrnims, they have als
ready been 46 fully and excellently handled by the lately mention’d Ins
Fen sue Aathonr that l can add’noching but that of a multitude of tris
als that Imade, [have found thei exadtly toagree with his Rules and
Theories; and though there may be infinite inftances, yet may they bé
reduc'd under a few Headscahd compris‘d withinva very few Rules; And
generally bfind; that saline menfirvwms ave moft operative upon thofé
colours that are Purple, or have othe degree of Hs ar thein; and tip:
on the other colours much JeG. The farions pulles that compofe which,
being (asl formerly noted) fo very neer the middle between the true
es, that’a finall variation throws them both té one fide; orboth to thé

other,-and fo confequently muft make a vaft mutation inthe foimerly ap- -

s Ls
~~ «

< i i}, 14 rGe°" .

4 - FERS z ee" 4

<a es ees Se ee

sd ~ ry
= 2m, : $ 3 ; 7 ie F +?
ae a eae ee ee oe et oe 22 bi ZS rotate et Pav wad 2b rait, |

*

oo: Obferv.: XI. Of Figures obfere'd in finall Sand.
CA enerllySetni tobe nothing ee but exceeding (alt Pebble

J) or at teaft {ome very final parcels of a bigget Tene ; the whiter
through the a4¢ro/@ope to confift of fall tranfparent pi .
peLucid body, each of them looking much like a iece Of Alem, ot Salt
Gimsandtis kind Of Sad isa [forthe moft pait itregalanly, without
Frit rae € granules of it are for the moft part flaw’d,thotgt
ight tiany of :

g0

MiacROGRAPHIA.

made by the comminution of greater tranfparent Cryftaline: bodies, but
by the concretion or coagulation of Water,or fome other fluid body. |.
There areother kinds of courfer Sands, which are browner, and have
their particlesmuch bigger; thefe, view'd with a Adicro/cope, feem much
sari and more opacous fubftances,and moft of them are of fome irregu-
larly rounded Figures; and though they feem not f0 opacows as to the
naked eye, yet they feem very foul and cloudy, but neither dothefe want
eurioufly tranfparent,: no more than they do regularly figur'd and well
colour'd particles, asI have often found. | : | |
_ There are multitudes of other kinds of Sands, which in many particu-
lars,plainly enough difcoverable by the Aécrofcope, differ both from thefe
laft mention'd kinds of Sands, and from one another: there feeming to be
as great variety of Sands,as there is of Stones. And'as among{t Stones fome
are call'd precious fromtheir excellency, fo alfo are there Sands which
deferve the fame Epithite for their beauty ; for viewing a {mall parcel of
Eaft-India Sand (which was given me by my highly honoured friend, Mr.
Daniel Colwal) and, fince that, another parcel, much of the fame kind,
I found feveral of them, both very tranfparent like precious Stones, and
regularly figur'd like Cryftal, Corzi/h Diamants, fome Rubies, @e. and
alfo ting'd with very lively and deep colours, like Rabys, Saphyrs, Eme-
ralds,&c. Thefe kinds of granulsI have often found alfo in Exgli/h Sand.
And ‘tis eafieto make fuch a counterfeit Sand with deeply ting’d Gla,
Enamels and Painters colours. f tenods. ¢
It were endlefs to defcribe the multitudes of Figures Ihave met with
in thefe kind of minute bodies, fuch.as Spherical,Qval,Pyramidal, Conical,
Prifmeatical, of each of which kinds I have taken notice, eli suet
_ Butamongft many others, I met with none more obfervable than this
pretty Shell (defcribed.in the Figure X. of the. fifth scheme). which;
though as it was light on, by chance, deferv’d to have been omitted (I
being unable to direét any one to find the like) yet for its rarity was it not
inconfiderable, efpecially upon the account of the information it may
afford us. For by it we have a very good inftance of the curiofity of Na-
ture in another kind of Animals which are remov'd, by reafon of their

minutenefs,beyond the reach of our eyes; fo that asthere are feveral forts

of Infects, as Mites, and.others,fo final! as not yet. to have had'any names 5
(fome of which I thall afterwards defcribe) and {mall Fithes, as Leeches
in Vineger ;.and {mal vegetables, as Mofs, and Rofe-Leave-plants 3 and
{mall Mofhroms, asmould: fo are there, it feems, fmall Shel-fth like-
wife, Nature fhewing.-her curiofity. in every Tribe.of Animals, Vege
tables, and. Minerals.:... .. : nee ybod kisithed
» Lwas trying iene Lanllcand fagle, Magnity

viewing a parcel of white Sand,when I perceiv'd one of the grains.exaddl
fhap'd and wreathid like aShell, busendeavouring to difceuilh ik with

i

ny naked eye,it was fo very fmall,that I was fain, again to m
Gab to fica it; then,whileft I thus look’d on it, thee

ith’a Pin fey reer
~ gl kim <a Set yt hg b 1 arin ie€ arat itt
the reft of the granules of Sand,and: found it afterwards to apReACED the

naked eye an exceeding fmall white {pot, no bigger than the pamneghe

a

ing Glaftes, and.cafually_

Microarapiray/

Pin. Afterwards I view'dit every way with abetter Microfcope, and found
it omboth fides, andiedg ge-Wways, to refemble the Shell of a rer ad
Snail with a flat {piral Shell: it had twelve swreathings, ia; h;¢, dye, Bao,
all. very: proportionab! y growing ‘one Jefs than another’ ‘toward: the
middie.or center of the Shell, wile thete wasa\very {mall round ‘white
pot. I could not certainly difcover whether the Shell were hollow.or
not, but:it feem’'d fill'd sms fomewhat; and ‘tis probable that'it might
be petrify'd as other larger Shels often aes fies asinine ee dinthe

Robatleiodfireutiein’ iditogmt 4 Hy:

1 aud 3 lo

rr rT TTT 5 ee a Nk ikl TTY yiad

Obferv X11. oF Gravel in Uriné.
-Have often obfervid rhe Sand or Gravel ‘of Urine} which feems tobe

a tartareous fubltance, generated out of a Saline and a terreftrial fub-
dtance eryfialliz d together, j in the forim of Tartar, fometimes Iticking
the fides of the Vrizal, but for the moft part finking tothe bottom,

_ ‘there lying in the form of coorfe common Sand; thefe, through the sade
peice ict appear to bea company of fall bodies.partly tranfparents and
opacous, fome White, fome Leek fome ape others of more

own and dufkie colours: it alorlyve

The Figure of them is for the moft part flat, iathedadmenohtlaligas
fach like plated Stones,that is,each of them feem to. be made up of feve-
ral other thinner Plates, much like Af/covre: Glafi,or Englifh Sparr.to the
lait of which, the white platet@ravel.feems moft likely 5 forthey-feem
not onely plated like that, but th&ir Ades fhap'd alfo into Rhombs, Rhom-
doecids and fometimesinto Reéfangles and squares. Their bignefs and Fi gure
inay be feen in the fecond Figure of the {txth P/ate;which reprefents.about
adozen of them lying upon a plate ABCD, fone of which, as#, 6} ¢, d,
{cem'd more regular than the reft, and.:c, which: was'a {mall one, ftick=
ing.on the top of another, was a perfect Abombocid on the topy aad had
four Reangular fides...

» The line E which was the meafuie of the Aicbofube;i is 4 part of ari
Englifh ae fo that the greateft bredth of any of them, exeeeded not
vis oe of an Inch; ©
chp into feveral liquors, I found oy of Vitrial, Spirit’
Vrine,a feveral other Saline nen firuumns to difiolve them; and the fi
ofthefe in lefsthan a minute without Ebullition,Water,and feveral other
peed had ho fudden operatiomupon them. This I mention, becaule
thofe liquors that diffolve them, firft make them very white, not aitiating,
but rather rectifying their Fi re, and thereby make thera afford very
- pretty objett for the Aficr cape.
- How greatan mets eit would be to fuch as are tronbled: nich the
Stone, to find fome ruum that might diflolve them without hurting
the Serie caf ia in'd, fince fome injetions made of fuch bodies
might likewife ftone; which a much of the fame nature.
iS Te

ITT te

$2

MicroGRAPHIA. |
It may therefore, perhaps; be worthy fome Phyficians enquiry, whether _
chen’hdiahihot i Seieaiiis mixt with the Urine in which the Gravel

~ orStone lies; which may again make it diflolve it, the firft of which feems

by it’s regular Figures to have been fometimes Cry/talliz'd out of it. For

whether this Cryftal/ization be made in the manner as Alxm, Peter,&c. are.

as yg ofa cooling liquor, in which, by boyling they have been
diffolv'ds or whether it be made inthe manner of Tartatum Vitriolatum,
that is, by the Coalitiox of an acid and a Sulphureous tub{tance, it feems
not impoflible,but that the liquor it lies in,smay be again made a diffoluent

of it. But leaving thefe inquiries to Phyficians or Chymifts, to whom
it doesmore properly belong, I fhall proceed. = —

Obfervs XIII. Of the fmall Diamants, or Sparks im Flints, .

c \Hancing to break a Flint ftone in pieces, I found within ita certain a
cavity all crufted.over with a very pretty candied fubftance, fome —

“ie parts of which; upon changing the pofture of the Stone, inrefpedt

athe ducident light, exhibited a number of {mall, but very vivid re- _
flections ; and having made ufe of my: Aficrofcope, I could perceive the |
whole furface of that cavity to be all befet with a multitude of little
Cryftaline or Adamantine bodies, fo curioufly thap’d, that it affordeda —
not unpleafing object. 9 : a
Haying confidered thofe vivid repercuffions of light, found them tobe —
pwaigrse J: oe the plain external futtface of thefe regularly figured —
bodies (which afforded the vivid refieétions) and partly to be made —
from within the fomewhat pe/ucid body, that is,from fome furface of the —
| a es oe to that fuperficies of it which was.next the eye. eee
And becaufe thefe bodies were fo fmall, that 1 could not well cometo
make Experiments and Examinations of them, I provided me feveral —
{mall frie of Cryftals or Diamants, found in great quantities in Corm- —
wall.and are therefore commonly called Corzi{h Diamants: thefe being —
very pellucid, and growing ina hollow cavity of a Rock (asThavebeen
feveral times informed by thofe that have obferv'd them) much afterthe —
fame manner as thefe do in the Flint ; and having befides their outward
furface very regularly fhap'd, retaining very near the fame Figures with —
fome of thofe I obferv'd in the other, became a convenient helpto mefor. —
the Examination of the proprieties of thofe kindsof bodies, 5°

And firlt for the Reflections ; in thefe I found it very obfervable, That

_ the brighteft reflections of light proceeded from within the pe/xcid bodys

that is, that the Rays admitted a the pellucid fub{tance in theit —
getting out on the oppofite fide, were by the contiguous and ftrongre-

ecting {urface of the Air very vividly reflected, fothat more Rays were
reflected to the eye by this furface, though the Ray in entring and getting
out of the Cryftal had fuffer'd a double refraction, than there werefrom
the ‘ia furface of the Glafs where the Ray had fuffer'd no — 4
ata FE

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Microc RAP HA 7 83

And that this was the furface.of the Air that gave fo vivid a re-percnf-
fort try'd by this means. I funk half of a feria in Water, fo that: only |
Water was contiguous to. the under furtace, and_then the internal re-»
flection was{o exceedingly faint, that it was fcarce difcernable.... Again,
I try'd to alter this vivid reflection by keeping off the Air, with a body.
not fluid, and. that was by rubbing and holding my, finger very hard
againft the under furface, {o as in many places the pulp of my finger did

‘touch the Glafs, without.any izterjacent air between; thenobferving the
reflection, I found,that wherefoever my finger or fkin toucht the furface,
from that part there was no reflection, but in the little furrows or creafes
of my fkin, where there remain‘d little {mall lines of air,from them was
return'd a very vivid reflection as before. 1 try’d further,by making the
furface of very pure Quickfilver to be contiguous to the under furface
of this pe/ucid body> and then the reflection from that was fo exceeding-

. ly more vivid than from the air, as the reflection from air was than
the reflection from the Water; from all which trials I plainly faw, that
the {trong reflecting air was the caufe of this Phenomenon. <i

_ And this agrees very well with the Hypetbefis of light and PeLucid bo-
dies which I have mention’d in the defcription of Affcovy-glaff;, for we
there fuppofe Glafs to be a wzediunzwhich does lefS refift the pulfe of light,
and confequently,that moft of the Raysincident on it enter intoi ey are
refracted towards the perpendicular ; whereas the air I fuppofe to be a
body that does more refiftit, and confequently more are re-percafs d then

do enter it; the fame kind of trials have I made, with Cryftaline Glafy,
with drops of fluid bodies, and feveral other ways,which do all feem to
agree very exactly with this Theory. So that from this Principle well efta-
blith’d, we may deduce feverall Corollaries not unworthy obfervation.
_. And the firftis, that it plainly appears by this, that the production of

__ the Rainbow is asmuch to be afcribed to the reflection of the concave

~ furface of the air, as to the refraction of the Globular drops: this willbe .

evidently manifeft by thefe Experiments, if you foliate that part of a
Glafs-ball that isto reflect an drs, as inthe Cartefian Experiment, above ©

mention’d, the reflections will,be abundantly more ftrong, and the co-

ours: more vivid ; and if that part of the furface be rouch d with Watet,

{carce affords any fenfible colour at all, :
Next we learn, that the great reafon why pellucid bodies beaten {mall
are white, isfrom the multitude of refleCtions, not from the. particles of
the body, but from the contiguous furface of the air. And this is evident+
ly manitefted, by filling the Interftitia of thofe: powder'd bodies with .
Water, whereby their whitene& prefently difappears. From the fame

reafon proceeds the whitenefs of many kinds of Sands, which inthe dMi-
crofcope appear to be made up of a multitude of little pellucid. oale
whole brighteft reflections may by the A“icrofcope be plainly perceiv
to come from their internal furfaces; and much of the whinenae se ¥ Sy
i oesigt by the affufion of fair Water to be contiguous to thole

ces.

The whitene& alfo of froth, is for the moft part to be afcribed to the
: N 2 reflection

84

A
4

MrcROGRAPHYA.

reflection of the light from the furface of the air within the Bubbles,and_
very little tothe reflection from the furface of the Water it felf: for this.

laft refle@ion does not return a Quarter fo many Rays, as that which is

made from the furface of the air,as1 have certainly found by a multitude: |
of Obfervations and Experiments. ee ‘
The whitenefS of Linnen, Paper; silk, &c. proceeds much from the

fame reafon, asthe Aficrofcope will eafily difcover’ for the Paper is made*

up of an abundance of peM/ucid bodies, which afford a very plentifull re-
flection from within, that is, from the concave furface of the air contigu-
ous to its component particles ; wherefore by the affifion of Water, Oyl,
Tallow, Turpentine,@c."all thofe reflections are made more faint,and the
beams of light are faffer'd to trajeét & run through the Paper more freely.

~ Hence further we may learn the reafon of the whitenefs of many bo-
dies, and by what means they’ may be in part made pe//xcid: As white
Marble for inftance, for this body is compofed of a pelluctd body ex-
ecedingly flaw’d, that is, there are abundance of thin, and very fine
cracks or chinks amongft the multitude of particles of the body,that con-
tain in them {mall parcels of air,which do {o re-perc#{fand drive back the
penetrating beams, that ‘they cannot enter very deep within that body,
which the Microfcope does plainly inform us to be made up of a Comgeries
of pel/uctd particles. And I further found it fomewhat more evidently by —
fome attempts I made towards the making tranfparent Marble, for by
heating the Stone a little, and foaking it in Oy], Turpentine, Oy! of Tur-

| pean. I found that I was able to fee much deeper into the body of ©

arblethen before ; and one trial, which was not with an unctuous fub-
ftance,fucceeded better than the reft, of which, whenI have a better op-
portunity, I fhall make further trial.-- AES SID LER IW (0 51
This alfo gives us a probable reafon of the fo much admired Pheno-
mena of the Oculus Mundi, an Oval {tone, which commonly looks like
white Alabafter, but being laid a certain time in Water, it grows pel/ucid,
and tran{parent, and being fuffer'd to lie again dry, it by degrees lofes
that tran{fparency, and becomes white as before. For the Stone being of
a hollow fpongie nature, has in the firft and laft of thefe appearances, all
thofe pores fill'd with the obtunding and reflecting air; whereas’ in the
fecond, all thofe pores are fill’d with a medium that has much the fame
refraction with the particles of the Stone, and therefore thofetwobeing
contiguous, make,as twere, one continued medium, of which more isfaid
in the 15. Obfervation. | : | DQagi
There are a multitude of other Phezomena,that are produe’d from this
fame Principle.jwhich as it has not been taken notice of by any yet that!
know, fol think, upon more diligent obfervation, will it not be found the

leaft confiderable. But Ihave here onely time to hint Hypothefes, and not

to profecute them fo fully as I could with; many of them having a valt
extent inthe production of a multitude of Phenomena, which have been
by others,cither not attempted to be explain’d, or elfe attributed tofome —
other canfe than what] haveaflign’d, and perhaps than the right; and
therefore I fhall leave this to the profecution of fuch.as have more _— :
one

Microernapapall —

onely before I leave it, I muft not prétémit ‘to hint that by this Pains
ciple, multitudes of the Phenomenz of the air,as ‘about Waits, Clouds. Ate2
teors, Haloes,&c. are mioft plainly and (perhaps)'truly explicablei hiultiz
tudes alfoofthe Phenomena in colour'd' bodies;“asliquors; 6. are del
ducible fromit, = eeieserxot 8 10 A an bisodmoedA & 10
And from this I fhall proceed to 4: fecond eorifiderable Phavoweron
which thefe Diamants hibit: and that is the'regularity oftheir Freurey
which isa propriety not lefs general than the former It comprifing with:
in its extent, all kinds of Azetals, all kinds of Afimerals\mott Precions 4
all kinds of salts,multitudes of Earthsjand alinoftall kinds of fluid bodiess
And this is another propiety, which, though a little fuperficially caken
notice‘of by fome, has not, that I know) beer fo'much. as attempted to
be explicated by any. | (siizothos ‘islud nino
~ This propriety of bodies,asI think it the moft worthy, atid next in or-
der to be confider’d after the contemplation of the Globular Figure, fo
have I long had a defire as wel asa determination tohavé profecuted it if 1
had had an oppottunity having long fince propos'd to my felf the method
of my enquiry thercin, it Containing all the allurements that I think any
enquiry is capable of: For,firft Ftdkelte to proceed from the moft fimple
principle that any kind of form can come from, next the Globular.) which
was therefore the fitft I fet upon, and’ what I have’ therein perfornid, I
leave the Judicious Reader to determine. For as’ that torm proceeded
ftom a propiety of fluid bodies, which'I Have alld Congruity, or Tucon-
grnity; fol think, had I time and oppottunity, I could make probable,
that all thefe regular Figures that are fo con{picuoully warions anid vari
ous, and do fo adorn and beautifie fuch multitudes of bodies, 4s I have
above hinted, arife onely from three or four feveral pofitions or poftures
of Globular particles,and thofe the moft plain,obvious, and neceflary-cor-
junctions of fuchfigur’d particles that are poffible; fo that fuppofing fach
and fuch plainand obvious caufes concurring the coagulating particles
muft neceltatify compofe a body of fuch a’ determinate regular Figure;
and no other 3 ‘and this with as much neceflity and‘obvioutnefs.as a fluid
body encompaft with a Heterogeneous fluid’ muft be’ protruded’ into’a
Spherule or Globe. And this Ihave ad oculum demonftated with acom-
‘pany of bullets,and fome few other very fimple bodies; ‘fo that there was

not any regular Figure,which I have hitherto met withall, of any of thofé |
bodies that I have above’ named, that I could not withthe compofition of |

bullets or globules, and one or two other bodies, imitate, ever alimiol
by fhaking: them together. And thus for inftance’ may’ we find that the

: Globular bullets will of themfelves,if put on an inclining plain.fo that they

n together, naturally tun into a tréangnlar Order; compofin
€ variety of figures that can be imagin'd to be made out of equilatera
triangles 5 and fuch will you find,upon trial,all the furfaces of Alam tobe
compos'd of : For three bullets'lying on a plain, as clofe toone another as
they can compofe an equilatero-triangular form, as in'A inthe 7. Scheme.
‘If a fourth be joyn’d to them on either fide as clofely asit can, they four
compof- the moft regularRhombus confifting of two. equilateral triangles,
é as

96

MIcROGRAPHIA:

as Bi! Ifa fifth be joyn'd to themon either fide in as clofe a pofition asit
can, whichis the propriety of the Textwre,it makes a Trapezinm, or four-
fided Figute, two of whole angles are 120. and two 60. degrees, as C,
Ifa fixth be added, asbefore, either it makes an equilateral triangle,as D,
ora Rhomboeid, as E, or an 7 ed Figure, as F, which is com-
pos'dof.two primary Khombes. If a feventh be added, it makes either
gn equilatero-hexagonal Figure, as G, or fome kind of fix-fided Fi-
gure, asH, or I. And though there be never {fo many placed together,
they may be rang’dinto fome of thefe lately mentioned Figures, all the
angles of which will be either 60. degrees, or 120. as the figure K.
which isan equiangular hexagonal Figure is compounded of 12. Globules,
or may be of 25, 01:27, 0r 36, or 42, ce, and by thefe kinds of texture,
or pofition of globular bodies,may you find out allthe variety of regular
fhapes, into which the fmooth furfaces of Alu are form’d, as upon ex-
amination any one may eafily find ; nor does it hold only in fuperficies,but
in {olidity alfo,for it’s obvious that a fourth Globule laid upon the third in
this'texture, compofesa regular Tetrabedrox, ‘whichisa very ufual Figure
ofthe ¢ of Alum. And (to haften) there is no one Figure into which
Alum is v'd to be cryftallized, but may by this texture of Globules
be imitated, and by no other. : :
: Leould inftance alfo in the Figure of Sea/alt,and Sal-gem,that it iscom-
posid of atextureof Globules, placed ina cubical form, as L, and that all —
the Figures ofthofe Salts may be imitated by this texture of Globules,and

_ by-nolother whatfoever. And that the forms of Vitriol and of Salt-Peter,

asallfo of Cryftal,Hore-froit,&c. are compounded of thefe two textures,
but modulated by certain proprieties: But I have not here time to in-
fift upon, as I have not neither to ihew by what means Globules come to
bethuscontext, and what thofe Globules are, and many other particulars
requifite toa full and intelligible explication of this propriety of bodies.
Nor have I hitherto found indeed an opportunity of profecuting the in-
uiry fo farrasI defign'd; nor dol know when I may, it requiring abun-
donee ace of time, and a great deal of affiftance to go through with what I
defign’d; the model:of which was this: | 4
_ Firft,to get. as exact and full a collection as I could, of all the differing
toneertoneneical figur'd bodies, fome three or four feveral bodies of

; Secondly with them to get as exact a Hift as poflibly I could Jearn
of their places of Generation or finding, pap a Raa as many
circumftances that tended to the Illuftrating of this Enquiry, as pollibly
Icould obferve.. | ETE

egy to make as many trials as upon experience I could findre-

Gencedbill Hitigtnn sok orate, ies lizing Salts for

_ Bourthly, to make feveral trials on. divers othe “ its, as Metals,
Minerals, and Stones, by. diffolving them, in feveral Acenfiraums, and
eryftalizing them, to fee what Figures would arife from ‘thofe feveral

~ -Fifthly, -

MicrocRapura, $F
Fitfthly, to tnake Compofitions and Coagulations of ‘feveral Salts td=
gether into the fame mafs, to obferve’ of what Figure the produ of
them would be; and in all, to note as many circumftanees as I fhould
‘judge conducive to my Enquiry. | ne a

Sixthly, to enquire the clofenels or rarity of the texture of thefe bo-
dies, by examining their gravity, and thelr refraction; oe.)
_ Seventhly, to enquire particularly what operations the fire has upon
feveral kinds'of Salts, what changes it caufes in theit Figures, Téxtures,
Mm Enerites 27.2. FICO SANTOR 6 Case? Oe aL
' Eighthly, to examine their manher of diflolution, or ating upon thofe
‘bodies difidluble in them} The texture of thofe bodies’ before and after
‘the procefs. And this for the Hiftory.. 2", 1D ef DOG ARONA
~~ Next for the ‘Solution, To have examin’d by what, and’ how ‘many
en fuch and fuch Figures, actions and effets could be produc'd
oflibly. ; it } ORG bi TUMOR DIS VF 3 110 31
3 And latty, from all circumftanves well weigh’d, I fhould have'endea-
voured to have {hewn which of them was moft likely} and’ (ifthe infor
mations by thefe Enquiries would have born it) to have demonftrated
which of them it muft be, and was. Ayton Parts
~~ Butto proceed, ‘As [believe it next to the Globular the moft fimple;
fodo I, inthe fecond place, judge it not-lefs pleafant 5 for that whith
niakes an Enquiry pleafant, are, firft a‘noble Inventum. that' promiifes'to
crown the fuccefsfull endeavour std fitch muft certainly the knowled
of the efficient and concurrent €aufes of all thefe curious Geoniet Ca’
Figures be,which has thade the Philofophers hitherto’ to cénelude nature
in thefe things to play the Geometrician, according to that faying’of
Plato, “o 23; youl. Or next, a great variety of matter in the Enqui-
ry; and here we meet with nothig lefs than the Mathensaticks of nature,
havVing every day a new Figure to contemplate,or a variation of the fame
in another body, | iS Fe
~~ Which do afford usa third thing, which will yet more {weeten the En-
quiry,and that is,a multitude of information ; we are not fo much ak ay
in the dark, as in moft other Enquiries, where the Zxventum is great ; for
having fucha multitude of inftances to compare, and fuch eafic ways of
Benerating or compounding and of deftroying the formas in the\So/ution
and Cryftallization of Salts, we cannot but learn plentifull information to
proceed by. And this will further appear fromthe univerfality ot the
Principle which Nature has made ufe of almoftinall inanimate bodies.
And therefove. asthe contemplation of them all conducesto the know-
ledg of any one; fo froma Scientitical knowledge of any orle does follow
thefameofall;and every one. = oe
And fourthly, for the ufefulne& of this knowledge, when a uir'd,
rtainly none can doubt, that confiders that it caries us a ftep for-
watd into the Labirinth of Nature, in the right way towards the end
we propofe our felves in all Philofophical Enquiries. So that know-
ing what is the form of Inanimate or Mineral bodies, we thall be the
er able to proceed in our next Enquiry after the forms of Vegeta-
tive

88

ee rine inthe V

ger then a Two-pence, others fo bigg, that [ha
a Sg 88

MicrRoGRAPHIA, ~
tive bodies; and laft of all, of Animate, ones, that feeming to be the

highett ftep of natural knowledge that the mind of manis capableof..

;
— » OVE) od
sg had

Obferv. XIV. Of fevera] Rindes of frozen Figures, ~,
Have very often ina Morning, when there has been.a great Aoarsrof,
with an iralifferently Sines Microfcope, obferv'd alate.
or Cryftalline beard, which then ufually covers the face of moft bodies
that lie open to the cold air, and found them to be generally Hexangular
prifmatical bodies, much like the long Cryftals of Sa/t-peter, fave onely
that theends of them were differing: for whereas thofe of Nitre are for
Rae att part pyramidal, being terminated .cither in a point or edges
-thefe of Froft were hollow, and the cavity in fome feemd pretty deep,
and thiscayity was the more plainly to be feen, becanfe ufually one or
a pith fx parallelograns fides was wanting, or at leaft much hoster
en ud Efi. 4) iaven-f Et! ; it Be
But this was onely the Figure of the Bearded hoar-frof? ; and as for the
pasticles,of other kinds of hear-frofts, they feem/d for the moft part irre-
gular, or of no SEE ‘Nay, the parts of thofe curious branch
gs, Or vortices, that ufually in cold weather tarnith. the furface of
Glas, appear through the A&crofeope very rude and unfhapen,,asdo
mott other kinds of frozen Figures, which to. the naked eye feem exceed-
ing neat and curious, fuch asthe Figures of Swom, frozen Urine, Hail,
feveral Figures frozen in common Water,@c, Some Obfervations of each
of ance fhall RET SYD ANNEK, becaufe if well ens e and
ami'nd, they may, perhaps, prove very inftru¢tive forthe finding out of
what I have endea marred see | wean Obfervation to, eg tobe —
(next the Globular Figure which is causd by congruity, as hope Lhave.
made probable in the Sixth Obfervation) the moft fimple and plain opera-

.

Hon of Nature, of which, notwithftanding we are yet ignorant,
( Late | I. ii | i 8% : i : ‘ond :

Several Obferoables in the fix-branched Figures form'd onthe furs
face of Urine by freeging, hd

1 The Figures were all frozen almoft even wi

that furface, and the parts of thole ftems which

"2 Thave oblerv'd feyeral kinds of thefe Figures,

ST aver Rt
ett: all their branches pretty. like
Were more extended towards one fide, asafually tho

ae Ste FE HK & © fe we SK x *

ijn wig =e s
Th a Fig: 2g
(EE —\ eae

A

Witt y
|

—
4

Q
I=

90

MicrocGRaPHIA. |
another according to a\cértain order or method, which I always obferv'd
to be this. : pe

12 That fide of a collateral or fubcollateral,&c. branch, lay over the
fide of the approximate (as the feathers in the wing of a Bird) whofe
branchings proceeded. parallel to the laft biggeft {tem from which it
{prung,and not tothe biggeft ftem of all, unlefs that were a fecond ftem
backwards. 3 | oi
13 This rule that held in the branchings of the Sexangular Fagure held
alfo in the branchings of any other great or finall ftem, though it did
not proceed from a center. : erate

14 The exactnefS and. curiofity of the figuration of thefe branches,
was in every particular fo tranfcendent, that I judge it almoft impoffible
for humane art to imitate. ,

15. Tafting feveral cleer pieces of this Ice, I could not find any Uriz-
ous tafte inthem, but thofe few I tafted, feem‘d as smfipid as water.

16. A figuration fomewhat like this, though indeed in fome particu-
lars much more curious, I have feveral times obferv’d in regulws martis

frellatus, but with this difference, that all the ftems and branchings are
bended in a moft excellent and regular order, whereas in Ice the ftems

and branchings are ftreight, but in all other particulars it agrees with —
this, and feems indeed nothing but one of thele ftars,or branched Figures
frozen on Urine, diftorted, or wreathed a little, with a certain propor
tion: Leadalfo that has Arfenick, and fome other things mixt with it, I
have found to have its furface, when fuffer'd to cool, figured. fomewhat
like the branchings of Urive, but much fmaller.._. ze: ,
17 But there is a Vegetable which does exceedingly. imitate thefe
‘branches, and that is; Fearz, where the main ftem may be obfervdto
fhoot out branches, and the ftems of each of thefe /ateral branches, to
fend forth coVateral, and thofe fabcol/ateral, and thofe laterofubcollate-
ral,&c, and all thofe much after the fame order with the branchings, di-
vifions, and fubdivifions in the branchings of thefe Figures in frozen
Urine; fo that if the Figures of both be well confider’d, one would ghefs
that there were not much greater need of a feminal principleforthe pro-
duction of Fear, then for the production of the branches of Urine, of
the Stel/a martis, there feeming to be.as much form and beauty in the
one as in the other. Paiieie mp
And indeed, this Plant of Fearz, if all particulars be well, confider'd,
will feem of as fimple, and uncompounded a form as any Vegetable, next
to Adould or Mufhromes, and would next after the invention of the forms
of thofe, deferve to be enquir'd into ; for notwithftanding feveral have
affirm'd it to have feed, and to be propagated thereby ; yet, though!
have made very diligent enquiry after oa particular, I cannot find that
there is any part of it that can be imagin’d to be more feminal, then at
= org onely here by the by : | ee
or the freezing Figuresin Urize, I found it requifite, << _.
Firft, that the Superficies be not difturbed gt Wiad, or other
commotion of the air, or the lika Sed os ae
a Secondly,

Mic rRoOGRAPHIAY op
» Secondly, that it be net too long expofed, fo as that the whole bulk
be frozen.for oftentimes,in fuch cafes,by reafon of the {welling the. of, Ice,
-or from fome other caufe, the curious branched Figures difappear. \,.:. .
6: Thirdly, an artificial freezing with Svow and Salt; apply tojthe outs
fide of the containing Veflel, fucceeds not well, unlefs there be avery
dittle quantity. in the Vedlel. | i botsisnse Steareds
Fourthly, If you take any cleer and {mooth Glafs,and wetting all the
infide of it with Urine, you expofe it toa very fharp freezing, you will
find it cover'd with a very regular and curious Figure...) 4,1; |, ,

IL. ! nh ad y movant, y “ae
‘ } HII 90 Ot ars Loria
Obfervables in figur'd Snow ion v0) ts

Expofing a piece of black Cloth, or a black Hatt to the falling saow, Sehm-®-
I have often with great pleafure, obferv'd fuch an infinite variety of cu- *
_-Moufly figur’d szom, that it would be as impoffible to draw the Figure

» and thape of every one of them, as; to \imitaté éxactly the curious and

Geometrical Afechanifme of Natureih arly one. Some coorfe draughts,
_ fuch as the coldnefs of the weather, and. the ill provifions, I had. byyme

for fuch a purpofe, would permit me to make, I have here added in the

Second Figure of the Eighth Scheme... 75 33h Jo sete 40. aunmah

Inall which I obferv d, that if they were.of any, regular Figures; they
were always branched out:with fix principal branches, all of equal Jength
thape and make, from the center, being each of them inclin’d to either
the next branches on. either fide of it, by.an angle of fixty degrees.
_ Now, asall.thefe ftems were for the moft part in.one, flake exactly, of
the fame! make; {fo were they in differing Figures of very differing oness
_ fothatinja very little time I have obferv d above an hundred feyeral cizes
x and tha of thefe {tarry flakes. sisiats yO .sviliset lo sbyutblums
©) The branches alfo out of each ftem of any, one of thefe flakes, were ex:
_ attly alike.in the fame flakes, fo that.,of whatever-Figure one of th
branches were,, the other five were fure to, be of the fame, very.exattly,
thats, if the branchings of the one were {mall, Perallelipipeds or, Plates,
‘the branchings of the other five were, of the ameaianaligensrally, the
ranchings were very conformable to: the fules and metho oblervidbes
3 mes inthe Figures on Urine, that iss the branchingsfrom each fide| of *

“ é

_s ftems were parallel to. the next {tem,on that: fide,,and if the ftems
Were plated, ‘the branches alfo were. the fame. if the, tems were very

adel Saale 1
Stiwaail b visido 1

the branches alfo were ®, OG:001! 305 2021 Shiv
swith a Mier U é,I

tite we

fot ‘appear fo curious and exactly figur’d.as one, would have imagind,
but like Artificial Figures, the bigger, they weremeg sd, the sapFe Ms

° ~ . =
o a ee

tegularites appear'd in, thems, but this irregularity, teem d afe to
itt thawing and breaking of the flake by she fall, and not at all to. the
of of the plaftick virtue of Nature, whofe one in the formation
‘ mol of ehcfekind lof egnlar Figures,fichis tho pera
iG : 5

se
al et

92

x
iwi

i

MicrROGRAPHIAs

appears by the help of the Adicrocope, to be very many degrees fmaller
2 sage ipuie eye is able perceive without it. “et though one
of thefe fix-branched Stars appear’d here below much of the fhape de-
fcribed in the Third Figure of the Eighth scheme 5 yet 1am.very apt to
think:that could we have a fight of one of them througha A&crofcope as.
they are generated in the Clouds before their Figures are vitiated by
external accidents,they would exhibit abundance of curiofity and neat-
nef& there alfo, though never fo much magnify'd: For fince [ have ob-
ferv'd the Figures of Salts and Asinerals to be fome of them fo exceeding
fmall, that I have fcarcely been able to perceive them with the A&icrofcope,
and yet have they been regular, and fince (as far as Ihave yet examind
it) there feems to be but one and the fame caufe that produces both thefe
effects, I think it not irrational to fippofe that thefe pretty figur'd Stars

_, of Snow, whenat firft generated might be alfo very regular and exact.

of 25

Hit.

§)
|
|

Several kinds of F igures in Water frozen. is ry

~uiPutting fair Water into a large capacious Veflel of Gla, and expofing *
cieaetas obferv'd after a lindextiaty feveral seats flat, and thin
lamina, or plates of Ice, crofling the -bulk of the water and one another _
very itregularly, onely moft of them feem‘d to turn one of their edgesto-
wards that fide of the Glafs which was next it, and feem’d ‘to grow, 4
‘twere from the infide of the Veflel inwards towards the middle, almolt
like fomany blades of Ferv. Having taken feveral of thefe ‘plates out of
porresian the blade of a Knife, I obferv'd them figur’d much after the —
ftem in the middle like the back-bone, udobeobie on either fide, were
a multitude of fmall ftirie, or icicles, like the fmaller bones,or the {mallet
branches in Fer, each of thefe branches on the one fide, were parallel to |
all the teft on the fame fide, and ‘all of them feem'd to make an ar
with the ftem,towards the top, of fixty degrees, and towards thet
tom or root of this ftem, of 120. See the fourth Figure of the. Plate,
“1 obferv'd likewife feveral very pretty varieties of Figures in Wate
frozeron the top of a broad flat Marble-ftone, expos'd tothe cold with
a little ‘Water ont, fome like feathers, fome-of other fhapes, tian} of
them were very-much of the thape expreft in the fifth Fivere of the
8. Scheme, whichis extremely differing from any of the other Figures.

I obferv'd likewife, that the fhootings of Ize on the topof Water, be
ginning to freez, were in ftreight sfoatical bodies muely ike thofe of
rochipeter, that they'croft each other ufually without any ‘kind of order
Or rule that dhey were alwaysa litle higher then the furface ofthe We

e€ i t | Sar ? Bits ae the :
_ Aaakes of 1c hat deen ffozen on the tp of Water to any Co
@1L9998 : 4) rf erable

™

m. 1X”

Sche

eee.

ay

Miossaceseahd

fiderable thicknef, I obferv'd that both the upper and: the under fides
of it were curioully quill'd, furrow'd, or grain’d, asit were, which’ when
the Sun thone on jhe Plate, was exceeding eafily to be perceiv'd to be
much aftér the fhape of the lines in theé. Figure of the 8. scheme, charis,
-confitted of feveral ftreight ends of parallel Plates, which were of
ones lengths and arigles toone another without any certain order.) >
“Sab caufe of all which regular Figures (and of hundreds of others,
of Salts, Adinerals, Metals, &c. which I could have here inferted,
woud it'nof have been too long) feemsto be deducible from the fame
Print es. which Ihave (in the 13. Objéroation) hinted only, having not
yet had time to compleat a Theory of them. But indeed (which'T there
alfo hinted) I judge it the fecond ftep by which the Pyramid of natue
ral knowledge (which is the knowledge of the form of bodies) is to
be afcended: And whofoever will climb it, mut be well furnifl’d
with that which the Noble Verulam calls Scalans Intellettus s 3 he muft
have fcaling Ladders, otherwile the fteps are fo! large and high, there
will be foe ing up them; and confequently little hopes of attai
any higher eae fuck as to the metry 2 e of the moft fimple principle
of Vegetation manifefted in Mould and Mufhromes, which, as I elfe-
where endeavoured to'fhew, feems to be the third fteps for it feemsto
me, that the Intellect of manis like his body, ‘deftitute of wings, and
cannot move from a lower toa higher and more fublime ftation of know-
led sotherwife then ftep by ftep,nay even there where the way is meee
already made paflible'sias in the Elements of Geometry, ot thie like
whereit is Tain tosis actehole fori of Propobtione by depeted betirt
It attains the knowledge of one Probleme. But if the afcent be dif-
ficult and above its- reach, it muft have recourfé to a moonm organum,
fome ‘new engine and contrivance, fome new kind of Algebra, ot Analy-
ok art before it can parison Bt, ctid

o +7)
ot = 3% 2 ti : SES 0% Cet" Vee tia gore do RPh ee et Sd Adee OE

Obfery.' XV. i Kialitte al! ed dickchinel

"E59 OBA (.boncliaam ylsia! yew ons

“Tr His Stone whichis brough a Bd end v re eter and Schem. 9.
St. dige’d out er Obr , as F ih ni ee has a grain altogether “8 *
table, ‘nor have ¥ ever cen or héard ‘other fone that has the

- Tt is made vip of an iy ibantieaBle ae fy of final bodies, not all

the fame cize orfhape, but for the tnolk | Ee hich ERE from

< re lat form, “hor exceed vse one another in Distneter above ie

fou i bee they ea eae

4

MIcROGRAPHIA.

the other fides as much outwards beyond the limits of a Globe s.juft as
it would happen,if a heap of exactly round Balls of foft Clay were heap'd
upon one another 5, or, as I have often feena heap of {mall Globules of

icksilver, redue'd to that formby rubbing it much in a glaz‘d Vefiel,
with fome {limy or fluggifh liquor, fuch as Spittle, when though the top
of the upper Globules be very neer {pherical, yet thofe that are preft
upon by others, exactly imitate the forms of thefe lately mention‘d

ns. | :
Where thefe grains touch each other, they are {0 firmly united or
fettled together, that they feldom part without breaking a hole in one
or th’other of them, fuch as 2, 4,4, b,c, ¢,&c. Some of which fraCtions,

as 4, 4,4, 4, where the touch has been but light, break no more then -
the outward. cruft,' or firft hell of the ftone, whichis of a white.colour,
a little dath’d with a brownifh Yellow,and is very thm, like the fhell of an
: and I have feen fome of thofe grains perfectly refemble fome kind
of Eggs,both in colour and fhape : But where the union of the contiguous
granules has been more firm, there the divulfion has made greater
Chafm, asat 5, 6,6, in fo much that I have obferv'd fome of them quite
broken in two, as at c, c, c, whichhas difcovered to me a further refem-
blance they have to Eggs,they having an appearance ofa white and yelk,
by. two differing fubftances that envelope and encompafs each other. ,
That which we may call the white was pretty whitifh neer the yelk,
but more dufkie towards the fhell 5 fome of them I could plainly per-
ceive to be fhot or radiated like a Pyrites or ig ait 5 the yelk in fe
I faw hollow, in others filld with a dufkie brown and -porous. fub-
{tance like a kind of pith. S essig tie
..- The fmall.pores, or ixterftitia ee e e betwixt the Globules, I plainly
faw,and found by other trials to be every way pervious to air and water,
for I could blow through.a piece of he tone of aconfiderable thicknels,
as eafily as I have blown through a Cane, which minded me of the pores

which Des Cartes allow his materia fubtilis between the ethereal globules.

|,» former ;' For fuppofing fome Lapidefcent fubftance to be se or

_and tumblings of the Sea to and fro be jumbled ar
fuch Globules as may afterwards be hardned into

The object, through the Adicrofcope, appears like aCongeries or heap
of Pibbles, fuch asI have often feen caft up on the fhore, by the work-
ing of the Sea after a great ftorm, or like'(in fhape, though not colour)
a popay of {mall Globules of Quickfilver, look'd on witha\A@crafcope,
when reduc’d into that form by the way lately mentioned. And per-

haps, this laft may give fome hint at the manner; of the formation of the

fome way brought (either by fome commixture of bodies in the Sea it
{elf, or protruded in,, perhaps, out of fome fubterrameons caverns) tothe
bottom of the Sea,and there remaining in the form of a liquor like Quick-
filver, heterogeneous to the ambient Saline fluid, it. may by the, working
ich Globules as may afterwards be hardned into Flints, the, lying of
which one.upon another, when in the Sea, being not very hard, ;by rea:
fon ofthe weight of the incompaflin fluid, may caufe the undermo

be a little though not much varied a lob 1. Fi u i oy eae snty
by the by. much, varied froma g ular Figure Bere ony

.

MicroGRapHyVa,

_ After what manner this Kettering-ftone fhould be generated I cannot
learn, having never been there to view the place, and obferve the cir-
cumftances 3 but it feems to me from the ftructure of it to be generated
from {ome fubftance once more fluid, and afterwards by degrees growing
harder, almoft after the fame manner as I fuppofed the generation e
Flints to be made. Sit in se 5 Be ay

But whatever were the caufe of its curious texture, we may learn this |
information from it; that even in thofe things which we account vile, |
rude;and coorfe, Nature has not been wanting to fhew abundance of cu- |
riofity andexcellent Mechanifme. > e PER pa ts

We may here find a Stone by help of a Aéicrofcope, to be made up of
abundance of {mall Balls, which do but juft touch each other, and yet
there being fo many conta¢ts,they make a firm hard maf, or a Stohe- much
harder then Free-{tone.. ; |

_ Next, though we can by a Afcrofcope difcern fo curious a fhapein the
particles, yet to the naked eye there {Carce appears any fuch thing’;
which may afford us a good. argument to think, that even in thofe bodies
alfo, whole texture we are not able to difcern, though help'd with Aficro-

Jfeopes, there may be yet Jatezt {o curiousa ichemalifne that it may abun-

dantly fatisfiethe curious fearcher, who fhall be fo happy as to find fome
way to difcover it. | :

Next, we here find aStone, though to the naked eye a very clofe,one,
yet every way perforated with innumerable pores, which are nothing elfe

ut the z#ter{tztia,between thofe multitudes of minute globular particles,
that compofe the bulk it felf;, and thefe pores are not only difcover'd by
the Aficrofcope, but by. this contrivance. hd He ee

Itook a pretty large piece of this{tone, and covering it all over with
cement, fave only at two oppofite parts, I found my {elf able, by blowing
In at one end that was left open, to blow my fpittle,with which I had wet
the other end, into abundance of bubbles, which argued thefe pores to
be open and pervious through the whole ftone, which affords usa very ,

pretty Anitance of the porouinefs of fome feemingly clofe bodies,of which —
dIfhall anon have occafion to fubjoyn ‘many more, tending to prove
the fame thing. | sine: oa age

-I muft.not here omit to take notice, that in this body there 1s not a
vegetative faculty that fhould {o contrive this ftructure for any peculiar
ule of Vegetation or growth, whereas in the other inftances of vegetable
porous bodies, there isan amima, or forma informans, that does contrive
all the Structures and Mechanifmes of the conftituting body, to make

them fubfervient and ufefull to the great Work or Function they are to
rim. And fo I ghe& the pores in Wood, and other vegetables, in
bones,aud other Animal fub{tances,to be as fo many channels, provided by
the Great and Alwife Creator, for the conveyance of appropriated juyces
to particular parts, And therefore,that this may tend, or be perviou all
towards one part,and may have impediments,as valves or the like, to any
other but in this body we have very little reafon to fulpett there fhould
e any fich defign, for. it is equally, pervious every way, not onely for-
é ?

/
/

MicrRoOGRAPHIA,
#4; bie backwards.and fide-ways, atid eins indéed mitich rather t6 be
saleitias ot fimilat t6 thofe pores, whith we may with great proba.
tie Believe Oa be the ee of fa fei bodiés; not direedo more
Open any One way, then ary other, be étjitally pervious every way,
ek ay one Was as thete sobs are iaete Be sréater in fefpee of the
terftitial bodies, the more tranfparent are the fo conftitutéd -conctétes;
did the fridller thofe pores are, the weaktr is thé Dpulf of light com-
miihicated throtigh ther; though the moré quick be the progrel&
~ Upon this Occafién, Thope it Will rot be altogether unfeafonable; iff
und ny conjectures and Hypothefis dbout the medinim and doit

nce of light.

Vefane fe then, Hat the gteatett part of thie interftitia of the world;
that lies Between the bodies of the Stiri and Stats and the Platiets; and
the Earth, to be an exceeding fluid body, very apt and ready to be
Thov'’t snd t6 committhicate the motion Of any one part to any othet part,
though never x fat diftant : Nor do I much coticetn myfelf, to deter:
file 3 be Si uré of the particles of this exceedingly fibtile fluid
medium th or whether it have ally interftitiated pores or vacui-
aa fader folvé all the Phasomens to fuppote it an exceeds,

id; Ot the inoft fluid body inthe world; and as yet ithpoflible to
palit ‘the other difficulties.

‘That being 10 exceeding Haid’ bady;it eafily gives pall to all other
Bodies to Hove to and froin it.

‘That ic Neither receives from aly Ofits parts, Ot from otter badiess
nor communicates to any of its pai or to any other body, any impulfe,
Seep ation t in a direct line, that is ‘Not Of a determinate qui ‘iene And

en the m0 on is of fuch determinate {wifthels, it both receives,

in en as

‘That qx reheddleda ads
ect of the patti OF ce fu bidilin Which in many placesdo fd
ouch each orher,that none OF chis fluid week initerpoles much after
ang manner (to ufe 4 grofs fimilitude) as4heap of ee ftones compa
cat congeries or mafs in themidftofthe water. ~
aoa uid Bodies which we may call ¥angible, ave néchitig Bi Sine
fubtile parts < thofe particles, ‘hai ferve to conftiture‘all be

“The the wer “ana ich ec frit: badiés, are atid bea

Coneeriés 0 ‘etek g at Oh ‘the fame manner @&
‘ees ticles of Sale'at srt ae a parcel of watery in
Which are 'diffdlv’d, and th ttom ‘of it; conftitute 2
ee ‘e ftich ‘move . dels ftid'eien ‘the sure
€r
Phat the ar inate anil
ues Kod, hd ich OWE nap of pare = |
Hoveabieb Siytice fot ‘fhtich fence pit.
tile parts of Cache aRPoaie eee ; Mi tebh les weacbeawee avery

MrcrocRmisit aay 94

fall parcel of matter is able to tinge and:diffut it {elf over.a very, great
antity of the fluid difiolvent 5, or fomewhat, after. that ane at
foadk; and fach’ lke minute bodies, oF fteams, are qblery’d to tinge a
very get gua of i coly cis auld die 8 on
propriety, arid that i 9 perpetuity oF continuance inthat {tae of tony
pattie and, manner of the ais being dilely'd by this Aiad or cesben
And this Similitude will fuxther hold inthefe propricties,. that as thofe
tines may be inereafed by, certain bodies,fo. may they be precipi i
by: others; as I fhall afterwards thew it to be.very probable, that a e
accidents happen even tothe Air it felt 115 fittv b's ie 41 9 ile}
-loFurther; as thefe folutions and) tinctures do. alterithe nature of th ra
fuid bodies.asto their aprnels to propagate a motion or impull¢ through
them, even.fo does the particles of the Air, Water, | is i id bo-
dies, and of Glafs, Cryftal, &e, which are commixt with this bulk of the
Hiker, alterthe motion of the propagated poll flight ;, that is, where
thefe more bulkie particles are rhore plentifull, and confequently alelte
quantity of the Zther between them to be miov'd,there the motion ott
nace far fe the Avuifeer thoush nr fo, rabulty which iil prodeeethole
effects, which I have Phopes with fome probability, afcribed to itin
the digreflion about Colours,'at the end of the Obreations on iu

_.Now, that othet Stones, and thofe yrhich have the clofeft and hardeff _
textures, and feem “(as far as we aré ‘able to difeover with otif eyes,
though help'd with the beft Aéicrofcopes) freett frei pores, are bhotr
with{tanding replenifh’d with them ; anInftance oy two will,T fuppofe,
make more probable; its eames.
OA ety Ciiidcand cntlaw'd piece of cleet white Déarble, if it-be! well
polifh'd and glaz’d, has fo curioutly fgooth a furfans, thas tie balk ang
molt poliih'd furface of any wrought-glafs, feems not to the paked eye,
hor thtough a Adcrafcope; to be more 'fmooth, and léf porous. ‘And yet,
oe fete body is replenil d sf abundance of pores, ffhink =—
‘Mele tolowing Experiments will tu Per telal cur oath
The firft io The ya take fuch a Wet, iad fora pretty while boy!
it in Turpentine and Oy! of Turpentine, you fhall find that the ftone will
be all imbu’d with it ; and whereas before it look’d more white,but more
©pacous, now it will look more greafie, but be much more trant arent,
‘and if you let it lie but'a little while, and then break off a part of it, you
fhall find the unéuous body to have penetrated it so-fary aicieterinate
“Aepth every way within the furface, Thismay be yet eafter try d with 8
Plece of the famie Azarble, a little warm'd in the fire,and then alittle Pit
or Tarr melted on the top of it; for we — ete by theis | eal
‘ting themfelves into rhe invifible pores of the {tone, ting it WiER lo Diack
a hue, that there can ie no further doube of the truth of a afieaion;
nat it abounds with faiall imipergeptibleporess Oy
Now, that other bostita will ali fink java Fhe Pores of Mare chides
4niiygus, T have try d, and found, that fie Blue € ar on

98

MicroGRAPHIA.
te of Vrine would very readily and eafily fink into it, as ‘would alfo
everal tinctures drawn with fpirit of Wine.

Nor is A¢arble the only feemingly clofe ftone,which by other kindeof
Experiments may be found porous; for I’have by this kind of Experi-
ment on divers other ftones found much the fame effect, and in fome, in
deed much more notable, Other {tones I have found fo porous, that with
the Aticrofcope 1 could perceive {everal fmall winding holes, much like
Worm-holes,asI have noted in fome kind of Purbeck-ftone, by lookingon
the furface of a piece newly flaw’d off; for if otherwile, the furface has
been long expos'd to the Air, or has been feraped with: —_ tool, thofe
{mall caverns are fill’d with duft,and difappear.

And to confirm this Conjetture, yet further, fhall heré infert'an excel-
lent account,piven into the Royal Society by that Eminently Learned Phy-
fitian, Dottor Goddard, of an Experiment, not lefs inftructivefthen. curi-
ous ‘and accurate, made by himfelf on a very hard and feemingly clofe
ftone call’d Oculus Mundi, as V find it preferv'd in the Records of =
Honourable Society.

“A fmall ftone of the Jad: call’d by? faite Authours, Oculus
Mond, being dry and cloudy, weigh’d 5 2% Grains.

_ The fame put under water for a night, and fomewhat more,
became tranfparent, and the fuperficies being wiped dry,
weighed 6 Grains. |

The difference between thefetwo weights, o “of a Grain.

‘The fame Stone kept out of water one Day and: becoming
etpiity again weighed, 5% Graines.

Which was more then the firft weight, o-% ‘of a Grain,

The fame being kepttwo Days longer weighed, 5 Graints.

Which was lefs then at firft, o% of a Grain.

Being kept dry fomething longer it did not grow fenfibly
lighter,

Being put under water for a night sa becoming: again ane
parent and wiped dry, the weight was, 63, Grains, the fame
with the firft after putting in Water and more then the laf
weight after keeping of it dry,02 of a Grain.

_ Another Stone of the fame kind ‘being variegated with milky
white and gray likefome forts of Agates, while it lay under water,
was alwaies invironed with tittle Bubbles, fich as appear in

MicrocrarHtaly’
water a ‘Tittle before! boyling,: next’ the fides: of the Vettel,
There wete ‘alfo fome the like Bubbles on. the Surface of the
water jult over it, as if either fomeexhalations,.came. out of i It
-ortharit did excite fome ferimencationt in the ey of the water

contiguous tot.

There was little fenfible diffesionse in (ioceadlgeie of this
Stone,before the putting under water,and after: To be fure the
milky-mbite parts continued as before, but an difference: in

weight then in the former. For whereas before the p putting
into the: water the: weight. was 1822. Graines,.....After it had lyen
in about four and twenty hours the weighe was 2 204 Bab fo

the difference was, 1: a = OnGiIeS.....
- The fameStone was infufed in the water cing hot vat fo

seit for awhile after it was cold, but’ gotno more weight
then upon infufing in the cold, neither was onion feefible
Difference in the veal bah times, | is

In which Pu peridiniie chete are wc Oblervablesihgsipammiaaial
feltly to: prove the porouthels of theft: feemingly clole bodies:. the firtt
_istheit acquiring a tranfparency, and lofing their whitene& after fkeeping
in water, Thick will feem the more frrongly to argue Bai if ele kha
already faid about the making tranfparent, or clarifying of fomebodies,
as the white powder of beaten Glafs, and the Goths: of fome glutinous
tran{parent liquor be well conlider'a 5 for thereby it wilh feem rational
to think that this tranfp arifes from the infinuation of the water
(which has much the “he refraction with {uch ftony particles, as may be
verd by Sand view’d with a Microfcope)into thofe pores which were
oy repleat with air (that has a very differing refraction, and con-
ome ae very reflective) w ich feems to be sonia d by the fecond
€, namely; ‘theincreale of weight after fteeping, and decreafe
on drying. And thirdly, feem'd yet more fenfibly confirm’ d by: the mul-
Utude blesin the laft Experiment. i
~ We find alfo moft Acid Soles vey readily to diftaivecand fipandte the
Pariof this ohana one fromanother 3 which is yet-a further Argument to
he poroufnefs of bodies, and will ferve as flich, ta thew that
eee ge o hasan abundance of pores in it,fince there are feveral li-
5 Webra with long ftaying ina Glafi, will fo Cerrade and ear imtoit, as
at laft, ree nase to the liquor it contain d, ob elace have

“Since e re we find by other proof, that any of thofe bod ae

99

100 Micr OGRAPHtAs

which we think the moft folid ones, and appear fo to our fight, have nog.
withftanding abundance of thofe grofier kind of pores, which will. ad-
mit feveral kinds of liquors into them, why fhould we not believe that
Glaf; and all other'tranfparent bodies abound with themfince we have
many. other arguments, befides the. propagationof light, which feemto
e for it? : : | reas
And whereas it may be objected, that the propagation ‘of lightis no
argument that there are thofe atomical pores in glafs, fitice, there are Hy-
pothefes plaufigl@enough to folve thole Phenomena, by fuppofing the
ae onely to'8e communicated through the tranfparent body.
~ ‘Tothis I anfwer, that that Hypothefis which the induftrious\Agreanus
has publifh’d about the flower motion of the end ofa Ray ina denfer |
pany igargts ina more rare and thin, {cemis altogether unfufficient to folve
abundance of Phenomena, of which this isnot the-leaft confiderable,that
it\isim le from that fuppofition, that any colours fhould be gene-
rated from the refraction of the Rays; for fince by that Pe paiboe tie
undulating pulfe is always carried perpendicular, or at right angles with
the Ray or Line of direction, it follows, that the ftroke of-the pulfe of
light, after it has been once or twice refracted (through a Prifme.for ex-
ample) muft affect the eye with the fame kind of ftroke as if it had not
been refracted at all, Nor willit be enough for a Defendant of that Hy
-pothefis, tofay, that perhaps it is becaufe. the refractions have made the
Rays more weak, for if fo, then two refractions in the two parallel fides
of a Quadrangular Prifme would produce colours, but we have no fuch

Phenomena produc d.

Thereiare feveral Arguments that I could bring to evince that there
are in anfparent bodies fuch atomical pores. And that there is fuch
a fluid bédy as I am arguing for, which is the #edinm, or Inftrument, by
which the pulfe of Light is convey from the: /ucid body to the en-
lightn'd. But that it being a digreffion from the Obfervations I was re-
cording, about the Pores of Kettering Stone, it would be too much fuch,

if I fhould protract it too long; and therefore I fhall proceed: to the
next Objerwation.

Obferv. XVI. Of Charcoal, or burnt Vegeta bie :

Harcoal,or a Vegetable burnt black, affords an object ‘no le& pleafant
4 than inftructive 5 for if youtake a {mall round Charcoal,and break
it fhort with your fingers, you may perceive it to break withia very
{mooth and {leek furface, almoft like the furface of black fealing Wax
this furface, if it be look’d on with an ordinary Aficrofeope, does manifelt
abundance of thofe pores which are alfo vifible to the eye in mainy kinds
of Wood, rang’d round the pith, both a in kind of circular order, anda
radiant one, Of thefe there are a multitude inthe fubftance of the Coal,
every where almoft perforating and drilling it from end to ends by

means

MIcROGRAPHiAe 1or

means of which, bethe Coal never fo long, you may eafily blow thtough
it ; and:this you may prefently find,by wetting one end of it with Spittle,
and blowing at the other. ist oi peep enisel

But this is not all, for befides thofe many great, and .confpicuous.irre-
gular {pots or pores, if a better Adicrofcope be made,ufe of, there| will ap-

ear an infinite company of exceedingly {mall; and,very regular pores,
E thick and fo orderly fet, and fo clofe to one aristher, that they leave

very little room or {pace between themto be fill’d witha folid body, for

the apparent vfer/titia, or feparating fides of thefe,pores feem fo,thinin
fome places, that the texture of a Honey-comb cannot be moreporous.
Though this be not .every where fo, the’ intercurrent partitions in
fome places being very much thicker in proportion to the-holes.,;-.,).,
Moft of thefe {mall pores feem'd to be pretty round, and weretang’d
in rows that radiated from the pith to the bark; .they all of them
feem'd to be continued open pores, running the’ whole length of the
Stick 5 and that they were all perforated, I try'd by breaking. off a very
thin fliver of the Coal crofs-ways, and then with my Aficrofcope,diligent-
ly furveying them againft the light, for by that means I was.able to fee
quite through them. 1g 32 | 110 JOT ; :
Thefe pores were fo exceeding {niall and thick,that ina line of them;
v2 part of an Inch long, I found by numbring them no lefs then: 150;
{mall pores sand therefore in a line of them an Inch Jong, muit be no lef
then 2700. pores, and in a circular area of an Inch diameter; muft be
about 5725350. of the like pores; fo that. a Stick.of an Inch Diameter,
may containe no lefs then feven hundred and twenty. five thonfand, be-
fides 5 Millions of pores,which would, I doubt not,.feem even incredible,
were not every one left to believe his own'eyes.. Nay, having fince ex-
amin'd Cocws, black, and green Ebony, Lignum Vita, &c. 1 found, that all

thefe Woods have their pores, abundantly {mallerthen thofe of foft light |
Wood; in fo much, that thofe of Guajacum {eem’d. not above an eighth |

part of the bignefs of the pores of Beech, but then the. Interftitia were
thicker 5 fo prodigioufly curious are the contrivances, pipes, or fluces by

which the Succus nutritins, or Juyce of a Vegetable is convey'd from

place to place, | e: thew § .
This Obfervation feems to afford us the true reafon of feveral Phe-
nomena of Coals ; as | : .
Firft, why they look black; and for this we need go no further then
the Scheme, for certainly, a body that has fo many | a in it as thisis dif-
cover'd to have, from each of which no light is reflected, muft neceflarily
look black, efpecially, when the poresare fomewhat bigger in proporti-
ONto the intervals then they are cut in the, Scheme, black bein nothing
ta privation of Light, or a want of reflection; and wherefover

this reflecting quality isdeficient, there does co at look blacks whe-

ther it be from a poroufneG of the body, asin thisInftance,or in adeadnin
and dulling siieliew tech as I have oblerv'd in the Scorie of Lead, Tin,
Silver, Copper, ee : ;

As Cs Sous ’ é 2 re °
Next, we may alfo as plainly fee the reafon of itsfhining quality, om

et;

102 MiIcROGRAPHIA. ,

that is from the even breaking off of the ftick, the folid imterftiti
having a regular termination or furface, and having 4 pretty {trong re-
fleting quality, the many {mall reflections become united to the naked
eye, and make a very pretty fhining furface. : Misch

Thirdly,the reafon of its hardnefs and brittleness feems evident,for fince
all the watery or liquid fubftance that moiltn'd and toughn’d thole Inter-

tia of the more folid parts, are evaporated and remov'd, that which
is left hehind becomes of the nature almoft of a ftone, which will not at
all, or very little,bend without a divulfion or Jolution of its continuity.
- Te isnot my defign at prefent, to examine the ufe and Asechani{me of
thefe parts of Wood, that being more proper to another Enquiry 5 but
rather tohint, that from this Experiment we may learn,

Firft, what is the caufe of the blacknefs of many burnt bodies, which
we may? find to be nothing elfe but this; that the heat of the fire agi-
tating and rarifying the waterifh, tran{parent, and volatile water that is
contain‘d in them,by the continuation of that action,does fo totally expel
and drive away all that which before fill'd the pores, and was difpers'd
alfo through the folid mafs of it, and thereby caus'd an univerfal kind of
tranfparency, that it not onely leaves all the pores empty, but all the Jx-
terflitia alfo fo dry and opacows, and perhaps alfo yet further perforated,
that that light onely is refleGted back which fallsupon the very outward |
edges of the pores, all they that enter into the pores of the body, never
returning, but being loft in it. aa

Now, that the Charring or coaling of a body is nothing elfe, may be
eafily believ'd by one that fhall confider the means of its production,
which may be done after this, or any fuch manner. The body tobe
eharr'd or coal’d, may be put into a Crucible,Pot,or any other Vefiel that
will endure to be made red-hot in the Fire without breaking, and then
cover'd over with Sand, fo as no part of it be fuffer’d to be open to the
Air, then fet into a good Fire, and there kept till the Sand has‘continu’d
red hot for a quarter, half, an hour or two, or more, according tothe
nature and na ofthe body tobe coal’d or charr'd, thentaking itout
of the Fire,and letting it ftand till it be quite cold,the body may be taken
out of the Sand well charr'd and cleans‘d of its waterifh parts but inthe
taking of it out, care muft be had that the Sand be very neer cold, for
elfe, when it comesinto the free air, it will take fire, and readily burn

away. | |
% This may be done alfoin any clofe Vefiel of Glafs, as a Retort, or the
like, and the feveral fluid fubftances that come over may be receiv'd ia
a fit Recipient, which will yet further countenance this Hypothefiss And
their manner of charring Wood in great quantity comes much to the fame
thing, namely, an application of a great heat to the body, ny aw
it from the free accef of the devouring airs this may be eafily learn’
from the Hiftory of Charring of Coal, moft excellently deferib’d and
rae d by that ee mere Mr. Jobs Evelin, in the
> 101, 103, pages of his Sylva, to which I fhall therefore refer the cu-
rious Reader that defires a full information of it, re 3a

Next

ns

Micro@rarmy th, 10?

Next, we may learn-what part of the Wood itiisthat isthedvmbaftible
matter} for fince we {hall find that‘none, or very Jittle of thofe fluid. fub=
{tances that are driven over into the Receiver are combuftible, and.thar
moft ofthat which is left behind iso, it follows, thatthe tblid: dwterftitia
of the Wood are the combuftible matter!» Further, the teafor) why. und
charr’d Wood burtis with a greater'flame then thatcwhich ds chair'dy:i5.a$
evident, ‘becaufe thofe waterify or volatil' part iffuing oit of the:fired
Wood, every way, not otiely fhatter-and ‘opemthd bodyy the ‘better for
the fire to enter, btit iffuing out in'vapours: or wind, they: becomellike *
fomany little eohpiles, or Bellows; whereby they blow. and agitate thd
fir'd part, and conduce’to the more {péedy aiid violent confumptionor
‘diflolition ‘of the bodyigio> 6 ai 19990! besniines gcied asd? ting 2

Thirdly, from the Experiment of charring of Coals (whereby we fee
that notwith{tanding the great heat, and the duration of it, the folid
parts of the Wood remain, whileftthey:are prefervid from the free accefs
of the air undiffipated) we may learn,that which ha’ not,that I: know of,
been ‘publifh’d or hinted, nay, not fo much as. thought of; -by-dnys and
that in fhort is this. - S, in 189. JOmoin roti gent bins
~ Firft, that the Air in which we live, move, andibreath,,and:which én-
compaffes very many, and cherifhes moft bodies:it encompafieés, that this
Air is the men/truwm,oruniverial diflolvent of allisulphureows bodies. |

Secondly, that this a@ion it performs not, till. the: body. be-firft fuffi-
ciently heated, as we find requifitealfo to the difldlution of many other
bodies by feveral other menfirunms. > ett dod Wnt 1 IONE dish.

multitudes of Inftances,

_ Fifthly,that the di

inherent, ‘and mixt w

and down with it in the fame manner asia metalline or other body di
Vd into any menfirunms, does follow the motions and progretles of

«

104 Mroro@RaPH tia.

agitationthat kept it rarify'd.ceafes.it eafily condenfes,and commixt with
ether indiffoluble parts, it fticks and, adheres. to the next bodies it, meets
withalhs abd thisis,a certain Sa/é that may be extracted out of Sot,

. Eighthly,'\that’ many indifloluble parts being very apt and prompt |
berarify dy and foj whileft they. continue in that heat and agitation, are
lighter then the Ambient Air; are thereby thruft and carry dupwards
with great violence, and by that means carry along with them, not onely
that Sulize: concrete bmention d before, but many. terreftrial, or indi

~ foltible and irrarefidble:parts,, nay, many parts alfo which are diffoluble,
but are: not fuffer'd.to ftay long enough in a fafficient heat to make them
prompt and apt for that action, ge il as find in. Seot, not onely

a part, that-being continued longer in a competent heat, wilt be dif-
Gils byithersit or take fire and burn; but a part alfo which is fixt, ter-

feftrialand irrareftable. 2 — : ; |
-Ninthly, thatas there are thefe feveral parts that will rarifie and fly,
or be driven up by the heat, fo are there many others, that as they are
indiffoluble by the! aerial menftruuur,fo are they of fuch fluggith and grofs
parts, that they are not eafily rarify’d by heat, and therefore cannot be
rais d by it';the volatility. or fixtnels ofa body feeming to confift only in
this, that the-one is ofa texture,or has component parts that will be
eafily rarify'd:into the form of Air, and the other, thatithas fuchas will _
not,without much ado,be brought to fuch a conftitution; and this is that
part which remains ‘behind in a white body call'd Afhes, which contains
a fubftance,or Salt,which Chymitts call /kals-what the particular natures
of eachofthefe bodiesare, I thall not here examine, we, : it inan-
other place,but fhall rather add that this Hypothefis does fo exattly agree
ith all Phenomena of Fire, and.{o genuinely explicate each particular
circumftance that I have hitherto ea that it.is more then probable,
that thiscaufe which I have aflign'd is the true adequate, real, and onely
caufe.of thofe Phesemena; And. therefore I fhall proceed a little fur-
ther, to fhew the natureand ufe of the Air. Hi note ‘a
Tenthly,therefore the diffolving parts of the Air are but few,that is,it
feems of the nature of thofe Saline menfirnnms, or {pirits, that have very
much flegme mixt with the {pirits, and therefore.a {mall parcel of it is
pinks glutted, and.will diflolve no mores and therefore unlefs fome
th part of this #enfiruum be apply'd to the body to be diffolv’d, the
action ceafes, and the body leaves tobe difielv'd and to fhine, which is
the Indication of it, though plac’d or kept in the greateft heat; whereas
Salt-peter is a menftrunm, when melted and red-hot, that abounds more
with thofe Diflolvent particles, and therefore as a {mall quantity, of it
will diffolve a great fulphureous body, fo will che diflolution be very
quick and violent. t 93 ’
_ Therefore inthe Eleventh place, it is obfervable, that, as in other
folutions, pire quick fupply of freth ~enffruum, though but
weak, be poured. on, or applied to the difloluble body, it quickly con-
fumesit > So this wenftruum of the Air, if by Bellows, or any other fuch
‘contrivance, it be copioufly apply'd to the fhining body, ig Sopee #0
RONG ; iflolve

a

*

diffolve it/as foon, and i noe :
srelted Nite > as silently as the more ftrong.-wtexffrumm/, of
“Therefore twelfthly,, it feems reafonable to think that there . tack :

bi a acqual

and

106 MicrROGRAPHIA.

5

;

© See | '
aad . t | Be

and belt pieces of Lignum foffile he had teen; Having (I fay) taken a
{mall piece of this Wood, and examin’d it, I found it to burn inthe open
Air alnioft like other Wood, and infteed of a refinous fmoak or fume,
it yielded a very bituminous one, finelling much of that kind of fent: But
that which I chiefly rook notice of, was, that cutting off a {mall piece of
it, about the bignefs of my Thumb, and charring it in a Crucible with
Sand, after the manner I above prefcrib’d, I found it infinitely to abound
with the fmnaller fort of pores, fo extreme thick, and fo regularly perfo-
rating the fubftance of it long-ways, that breaking it off a-crofs, I found
it'to look very like an Honey-comb; but as for any of the fecond, or
bipeet kind of pores, Icould not find that it had any 5 fo that it feems,
atever were the caufe of its production, it was not without thofe
fiiall kind of pores which we have onely hitherto found in Vegetable bo-
dies tand comparing them with the pores which I have found in the Charé
coals that I by thismeans made of feveral other kinds of Wood, I find it
tefemble none fo much as thofe of Firr, to which it is not much unlike in
praitalfo, and feveral other proprieties.
~* And therefore,what ever is by fome, who have written of it,and parti
ciilatly by Francifto stelluto,who wrotea Treatife in Ztalvan of that Sub-
_jettywhich was Printed at Rome, 1637. affirm’d that it is a'certain kind of
| Clay or Earth, which in tract of time is turn’d into Wood,[ rather fufped
the quite contrary, that it was at firft certain great Trees of Fir or Pine,
which by fome Earthquake, or other cafualty, came to be buried under
the Earth,and Was there,after a long time’s refidence(according to the fe+
veral natures of the encompafling adjacent parts)either rotted and turn‘d
into a kind of Clay, or petrify'd and turn’d intoa kind of Stone, or elfe
had its pores fill'd with certain Mineral juices,which being ftayd in them,
and in tra of tor pete appear’d, upon cleaving out, like fmall
Metaline Wites, or elf from fome flames or {corching forms that are the
occafion oftentimes,and ufually accompanyBarthquakes,might be blafted
and turn‘d into Coal, or elfe from certain febterraneons fires which are ~
d by that Authour to abound much about thofé parts (namely, in
a Province of italy, call'd Umbria, now the Dutchie of Spoleto, in the
Territory of Todi,anciently call'd Tedor;and between the two Villages of
Collefecco and Rofaronot far diftant from the high-way leading to Rome,
eae it is found in greater quantity then elfewhere)areby reafon oftheir
ing ¢ncompaffed with Earth, and fo kept clofe from the diflolving Air,
charr'd and cotiverted into Coal: It would be too longa work to de-
feribe the feveral kinds of pores which I met withall)and by this means
diftovered in fevetal other Vegetable bodiess noris it my prefenrdefign
to expatiate upon Inftances af the fame kind, but ratherto give a Spe-
cimen of as many kinds as I have had opportunity as yet of obferving; re
ferving the profecution and or pe ge ae rer pesca more fit op-
portunity 5 and in profecution of this > Tthall hereadd:

he or et
Ste ps eee

¢
i

4 r i Ms :
Be ; j fi’ 1 t} ; i 4 '
ake wu Obferv.

.o a ase OS } . Ba

eis
eae dt Dil

a adie
222° 2,22
a eeoe =? *.2
---2 2 =
et eco/s =

0

,

MicrocRarHras’ 107

“Obferv. XVII. Of Petcify'd wood, and otber Petvify'd bodiess

Bie She S|
F this fort of fubftance, I obferv’d:feveral pieces of very differing
kinds, both fortheir outward fhape, colour, grain, texture, hard-
nels, &c. {ome being brown and redifhs otheis gray, like a Hone 3others
black, and Flint-like : fome foft,likea Slate or Whetftote, others as hard
as aFlint, and as brittle:: That which I-more particular examin'd,was a
piece about the bignefs of a mans hand, which feem’dto have beena part
of fome large tree, that by rottenne/s had been broken off from it before
it began tobe petrify'd. fal) Sail nibre y over:
And indeed, all that Ihave yet feen, feem tohave been rotten Wood:
before the petrifaction was begun;.and not long fince, examining and
viewing a huge great Ozk, that feem'd with meer age to be rotten as it
ftood, I was very much confirm’d in this opinion; for I found, that the
grain, colour, and fhape of the Wood, was exactly like this petrify'd fub-
{tance 5 and with a Afcrofcope, ¥ found, that all thofe Aficrofcopical pores,
which in fappy or firm and found Wood are fill'd with the natural orin-
Mate juices of thofe Vegetables, in this they were all empty, like thofe
of Vegetables charr'd 5, but with this difference, that:they feem’d much
larger then I have feen any in Char-coals 3 nay, even then thofe of, Goals
made of great blocks of Timber, which:are commonily call’d O/d-coals.
- The reafon of which difference may probably be, that the charring of
Vegetables, being an operation quickly perform d,and whileft the Wood
Is lappy, the more folid arts may more edfily thrink together, and con»
traét the pores or inter/titia between them, then in the rotten Wood,
where that natural juice feems onely to be wath’d away by adventitious
or unnatural moifture; and fo though the natural. juice be wafted from
between the firm parts, yet thofe parts, are kept afunder by the adventi~
#0us moyftires, and fo by degrees fettled in thofe poftures:)
_ And this I likewife found in the petrify'd Wood; that the pores were
fomewat bigger then thofe of Charcoal, each pore being neer upon half
as bigg again, but they did not bear that difproportion which is: expreft
in the tenth Scheme; between the: fmall fpecks or pores in the frit Fis
ate refenteth the pores of Coal or Wood charr'd) and the
black fpots of the fecond F igure (which reprefent the like Adicrofcopical
bores inthe petrify d Wood) for thefe laft were drawn by a Adcrofeope that
3 Sta ‘d the object above fix times = econo then the Aficre-
be Dy which thofe pores of Coal were oblervids oi Pn DCoW
_. Now, mete tena a little bigger, yet did they keep the exact
Figureand or er of the pores of Coals and of rotten Wood, which Jaft
aulO'were much of the {ame-dizel 1299478 71 S10lod enol 1: cow TOmgSHO ”
The other Obfervations.on this petrifjid fabftance, that a whilé fince,
by the appointment of the Rayal Society, 1 made, and. prefented to them
‘naccount of; were thefe that follow; aa had the honour done t by
eed) 2

108 MicROGRAPHIA:

: oft accomplifh’d Mr. Eveliz, my highly honour'd friend, tobe
Rab aih publithed among thofe excellent Obfervations wherewith
his Sy/va is replenifh’d, and would therefore have been here Omitted,had
not the Figure of them, as they appear'd through the Adcra/cope been
before that engraven. aa 2
~ This Petrify'd fubftance refembled Wood, in that — “ids TS
/Firft, all the parts of it feem’d not at all diflocated, or alter'd from
"their natural Pofition, whil ft they were Wood, but the whole piece re+
tain'd the exact fhape of Wood, having many of the confpicuous pores
of wood ftill remaining pores, and fhewing a manifeft difference vifible
enough between the grain of the Wood and that of the bark, efpecially
when any fide of it was cut fmooth and polite; for then it appear’d to
havea very lovely grain, like that of fome curiousclofe Wood.
>Next Cit sled Wood) in that all the fmaller and (if I may focall
thofe which are onely vifible with a good magnifying Gla{s) Asicrofcopi-
¢al pores of it appear (both when the fubftance is cut and polith’d: tranf
verfiy and parallel to the pores of it) perfectly like the Ad@cro/copical pores
-of feveral kinds of Wood, efpecially like and equal to thofe of feveral
forts of rotten Wood ok I — fince ere, ar bo
fha peo and magnitude of fuch pores. It was differing from 3
ine in weight, bine’ to common water as 3% to iaghecces there are
few of our Exglifo Woods, that when very dry are found to be fullas
heavie as water. | [FP aed? gt
Secondly, in bardaeff, being very neer as hard asa Flint; and in fome
places of it alfo refembling the grain of a Flint: and, like it, it would
very readily cut Glaf&, and would not without difficulty, efpecially im
{ome parts of it, be fcratch’d by ablack hard Flint: It would alfoasrea»
ea te oragainfta Flint, asanycommon Flint.)
- Thirdly, in the clofénef of it, for though all the Adicrofeopical pores of
this petrify'd fubftance were very oe cuous in one pofition jyet by al
tering that pofition of the polith'd furface to the light, it was alfomani+ -
fe(t, that thofé pores appeard darker then the rell of the body, onely
becaufe they were fill’d up with a more dufkie fubftance; and not be-
taulethey were hollow. — rirodtraeeid Inwoamtok
Fourthly, in its ixcombuftiblenef, in that it would hot burnin the fires
nay,though I keptit a good while red-hot inthe flame of a Lamp, made
very imtenfe by the blaft of a finall Pipe, and a large Charcoal, yet'it
feem'd notat all to have diminith’d its extenfions but only J found it'té
have chang’d its colour, and to appear of a more datk and\dufkiebrowh
colour; nor could I perceive that thofe parts which feem'd co have been
Wood at firft, were any thing wafted, bur'the parts eeiee ‘das folid and
clofe as before. It was further obfervable alfo, tharas it did not confliame
like Wood, fo neither did it crack’and flie like'a Flint; or fach like hard
Stone, nor was it long before it appear'd red-hot. 25) > (os sro Os
~Fifthly, in its difetublene(?s for putting fome dropsof diftill'd rinecar
wpon the Stone, Efound it prefently of reste many Bubbles, jaftlike
thole which may be obfery din fpirit of Paweyur ‘when it corrodes sonal
We ra thoug

MicroGRAPHihe 109
though perhaps many of thofe {mall Bubbiles inight proéeed trom fomé
fnall parcels of Air which were driven out of the pores of this petrify'd
fubftance by the infinuating ae menfirunm, r tusthh sabrics
-Sixthly, in its rigidwefi and friabilrty, being not at all flexible but
brittle like ‘a Flint, infomuch that I could with one knock of aHamme#
break off a piece of it, and with a few more, teduce that into a pretty
fine powder. — 20s Drak ris é9-ersdio

Seventhly, it feem’d alfo very differing from Wood to the tonch, feels
ingmore cold then Wood ufually does, and much like other clofe {tones
and Minerals. : Lottie be

» The Reafons of all which Phewomena feemtobe, |
. That this petrify'd Wood having lain in fome place where it was well
foak’d with petrifyéxg water (that is. fuch a water «as is well smpreghated
with ftony and earthy patticles) did by degrees feparate,cither by {trains
ing and filtration, or perhaps,by precipitation, aire ot coagulation,abun-
dance of ftony particles from the permeating water, which ftony par-
ticles,being by means ofthe fluid vehicle convey 'd,nbt onely intd the Ags
crofcopical pores, and fo perfectly ftoping them up, but alfo into the pores
or interftitia;which may, pethaps, be even in the texture or Schématifine
of that part of the Wood,which, through the Asicrofcope,appears moft fo+
lid, do thereby {0 augment the weight of the Wood, as to makeit above

three times heavier then water, and perhaps, fix ‘times as heavie as it wag
when Wood; 2H lorqit 9735 a Ano} ab be

the fire carinot eafily make them flie away.but the action of thefire upoa
them isonely able to Char thofe parts, asit were; like a pi¢ce of Wood,if

‘eatak beuwh colour: after it hadi been ere 3 pee ot
_ By this zntrafion of the petrifying particles, this fubftance alfo becomes
iurd and ‘friable; fot the fmaller pores of the Wood. being perfectly
wedg'd, and ftuft up with thofe ftony particles the ‘fall. parts of the

x have no places or pores into which they may flide upon’
and conegueny little: 6¢ no flexion of yielding avall can be caus’d in
fats: fiend: to sonciidit b:woloe-ti.9L 10 3 3

+, The remaining particles lixewife of the Wood atong the flony pir
ticles; may keep them from cracking’ and fying bed pe tapeee

as theypare very apt rodoin aFlinys
“Not is Wood the oniely-fubftance that may by this kind of taste

bout Keinfham, which ties within four ot five miles of Briffol, which are
commonly call'd Serpentinc-ftones. Exarni-

110. MiIcROGRAPHIA.

Examining feveral of thefe very curioutly figur’d bodies (whith are
commonly thought to be Stones form'd by fome extraordinary Plaftick
virtue latent in the Earth it felf ) took notice of thefe particulars:

Firft, that thefe figured bodies, or ftones, were of very differing fub-
ftances, astohardnefs: fome of Clay, fome Marle, fome foft Stone, al-
moft of the hardnefS of thofe foft {tones which Mafons call Fire-ftone,
others as hard as Portland ftone, others as hard as Marble, and fome as
hard a‘aF lint or Cryftal. |

Next, they were of very differing fubftances as to tranfparency and
colour; fome white, fome almoft black, fome brown, fome Metalline, or
like Marchafites; fome tran{parent like white Marble, others like flaw'd
Cryftal,fome gray, fome of divers colours ; fome radiated like thefe long
petrify'd drops, which are commonly found at the Peak, and in other

terraneous caverns, which havea kind of pith in the middle. . 7
., Thirdly, that they were very different as to the manner of their out-
ward figuration; for fome of them feem’d to have been the fubftance
that had fill’d the Shell of fome kind of Shel-fifh; others, to have been
the fubftance that had contain’d or enwrapp’d one of thefe Shels,on both
which,the perfect impreffion either of the infide or outfide of fuch Shells
feem'd to be left, but for the moft part, thofe impreffions feem’‘d to be
made: by an imperfect or broken Shell, the great end or mouth of the
Shell being always wanting, and oftentimes the little end, and fometimes
half, and infome there were impreflions, juftas if there had been holes

broken in the figurating, imprinting or moulding Shell; fonie of them
feem'd to be made by fuch aShell very much brufed or flaw’d, infomuch
that one would verily have thought that very figur'd ftone had been
broken or brufed whilft a gelly, as ’twete, and fo hardned, but within
in the grain of the ftone, there appear'd not the leaft.fign of any fuch
brufe or breaking, but onely onthe very uttermoft cles.

Fourthly, they were very different,as to their outward covering, fome
having the perfect Shell, both in: figure, colour, and fubftance, {ticking
on upon its furface, and adhering:to it, but might very eafily be fepa- .
rated from it, and like other common Cockle or Scolop-/hels, which fome of
them moft accurately refembled,were very diflolublein commonVimegar,
others of them,efpecially thofe Serpentine, or Helical ffones were cover'd
or retained the fhining or Pearl-colour'd fubftance of the infide of a Shel;

which fubftance, on fome parts of them, was exceeding thing:and might —

very eafily be rubbed off;. on other parts it: was.pretty, thick; and re-
tained a white coat, or flaky fubftance on the top, juft like the outfides
of fuch Shells; fome of them had very large, pieces of the/Shell very
lainly {ticking on to them, which were eafily to be broken or flake ‘off
y degrees: they likewife, fome of them retain’d.all along thefirface of
them very pretty kind of futures, fuch as are obferv’d in the fkuills of fe-
veral kinds of living creatures, which futures were moft curioufly thap'd
in the manner of leaves, and every one of them in the fame Shell, exattl}
onelike another, which I was-able to difcover plainly enough with my
naked eye, but more. perfedly. and iftinly With my Aderfapes a
ei -antinees? b iss yigcrnee

or boundings of certain d/aphragm+.or partitions,which feem'd todivide
the cavity of the Shell into.a multitude of very proportionare afd regs
lar cells or caverns, thelé Diapbragms, in inany of them, Ifound itd a

d the

fe and compleat, of avery diftingé fubftance from that which fill

cavities, and exactly of the fame kind with that which covered the outé
fide, being for the moft part whitith, or #other-of-pearl colour’d; (0.
~ As for the ¢avities between tholé Diapbrasms, J found forme of them
fill'd with Marle, and others with feveral kinds of ftones, others, for the
molt part hollow, onely the whole cavity was ulially covered covet
with a kind of tartareous petrifyd fabftante, which ftuck about the fides}
and was there {hot into very curious regular Figures, jut as Taetdrj or.
other diffolv’d Salts are obferv'd to ftick and erg/tabixe about the fides of
the containing Veflels; or like thofe little Diamants whith I before obs
ferved to have covered the vaulted cavity of a Flints others had thefe
tavities all lin’d with a kind of metaline or marchafite-like fubltance
which with a Azicrofeope } could as plainly fee mioft curioully nbd vega
lutly figuted, as Thad done thofein a Flint. = wel Ter)
~ From all which, and feveral other particulars whith I obferv'd, I cans
not but think, that all thefe, and moft other kinds of ftoy bodies which
are found thus ftrangely figured,do owe their formhation afid figuration,
hotto any kind of P/a/fick virtue inherent in the earth, but to the Shells
of certain Shel-fithes, which, either by {ome Deluge, Inundation, Earths
aes: or fome fuch other means, cathe to be thrown to that place, and
nere to be fill’d with fome kind of Mudd or Clay, or perme ae
or fome other fubftance, which in trac of time has been fettled toges
ther and hardned in thofe fhelly moulds into thofe fhaped fubitances we
how find them ; that the great and thitvend of thefe’Shells by that Earth-
ee or what ever other extraordinay caufe it was that broughe thent
thither, wasbroken offs: aiid that many orhers were otherwife broken,
bruifed and disfigured’; that thef Shells which are thus /p7raded\and fe+,
parated with Diaphragmes,were fomne kind of Nautil? or Porcelane. a
and that others were fhells of Cockles,Adufcles,Periwincles, Scolops,Scc.
Various forts ; that thefe Shells in many, from the particular nature of the
Containing or enclos’d Earth, or fomte other caufe, have in tract of time
Totted and mouldred away, and onely left their impreflions, both on the
contaihing’ and-containied {ubftancess, and {6 Jaf them pretty looleone
within another, fothat they:may be eafily party a engck,ox two
of a Hammer. That-others of thefe Shells, acdording to’ the’ nature
of the fubftances adjacent to them, have, by. a long continuance in
that pofture, been petrify’d and turd into the nature of ftone; juft as I
evennow obferv'd feveral forts of Wadd to be. That oftentimes the Shell
may be found with one kind of fubftance within; and quite another
ty having, perkiaps, been fill'd in one place! and afterwards tranfla~

Ww hod
_ted to another, which Phave vety frequently obferv’d in Coekle, 4 Wes

Periwincle, and other {hells, which E have found by the Sea fide: Nay;
further that fome parts of the fame Shell may be alta in one _—

me

* ‘

MicROGRAPHTA: tif

thele jitares, by breaking fome of thefe ftonesI found to be the ter mind)

112 MiIcROGRAPHIA.

fome other caverns in another, and others in a third,or.a fourth, ora fifth
place, for fo many differing fub{tances have I found in one_of thefe pe-
trifyd Shells,and perhaps all thefe differing from the encompafling earth
or {tone ; the means how all which varietiesmay be causd, I think, will
not be difficult to conceive, to any one that has taken notice of thofe
Shells, which are commonly found on the Sea fhore : And he that thall
throughly examine feveral kinds of fuch curioufly formd ftones,will (1
am very apt to think) find reafon to fuppofe their generation or forma-
tion to be afcribable to fome fuch accidents as. have mentiond, and
not to any Plaftick virtue: For it feems to me quite contrary to the in-
finite prudence of Nature, which is obfervable in all its ee and pro-
ductions, to defign every thing toa determinate end, and for the attain

ing of that end, makes ufe of fuch ways as are (as farr asthe knowledge

of man hasyet been able to reach) altogether confonant, and moft
agreeable to man’s reafon, and of no way or means that does contradict,
or is contrary to humane Ratiocination; whence it has a longtime been
a general obfervation and maxime, that Nature does nothing in vain It
feems, I fay, contrary to that great Wifdom of Nature, that thefe prettily
fhap’d bodies fhould have all thofe curious Figures and contrivances
(which many of them are adorn’d and contriv’d with) generated or
wrought by a Plaffick, virtue, for no higher end ‘then onely to exhibite |
fuch a form; which he that fhall throughly confider all the circumftances
of fuch kind of Figur'd bodies, will, 1 think, have great reafon to be-
lieve, thou h, I confefs, one cannot prefently be able to find out what
Nature sdefigns are. It were therefore very defirable, thata good col-
lection of fuch kind of figur’d {tones were collected; and as many par-
culars, circumftances, and informations collected with them as could be
obtained, that from fuch a Hiftory, of Obferyations well rang'd, ex-
amind and digefted, the true original or production of all thofe kinds
of {tones might be perfeétly and furely known; fuch as are Thunder-
frones, Lapides Stellares, Lapides Fudaici,and multitudes of other, where-
o — is made. in Aldrevandws Wormiws, and other Writers of

inerals, : te

could not {fo plaini

much lefs what Figure they were of ; But judging from the li
yielding quality of the Cork, that certainly the texture co

Ce VPs |

noi OI,
eee

MircrocGRaAPHiA. 112

curious, but that poflibly, if I could ule fome further diligence, I might
find it to: be'difcernable with a Adicrofcope, I with the fame fharp Pen;
knife, cut off from the former {mooth furface an exceeding thin piece.of
it, and placing it on a black object Plate, becaufe it was it felf a white
body, and cafting the light on it with adeep plano-convex Glafs, Lcould
exceeding plainly perceive it tobe all perforated and porous,much like
aHoney-comb,but that the pores. of ic were not regular ; yet it was not
unlike a, Honey-comb in thefe particulars. Een 79

»» Firft, in that it hada very little folid fubftance, in comparifon of the
empty cavity that was contain‘ between, as do¢s more manifeftly appear
bytheFigure A and B of the X scheme, for the Interftitia, or walls
{asI may fo call them) or partitions of thofe potées were neer as thin in
proportion: to their pores, as thofe thin. films of Wax ina Honey-comb
(which enclofeand conftitute the fexangular cells) are to theirs.

Next, in that thefe pores, or cells; were not very deep, but confifted
of a great many little Boxes, feparated out of one.continued.long pore;
by certain Diaphragms, as is vilible by the Figure B, which reprefents al
fight of thofe pores {plit the long-ways: a
- Ino fooner difcern’d thefe ( which-were indeed the firft microfcopical

Next, it feem’d nothing more difficult to un ap ineelligile aes
rink in Water; and con- -

ris per-_
It feems |
inu-

Nets, and ftopples for Viols, ot other clo Velie. |
Andthirdly: if we enquire why Cork has fach a fpringinefs and fwel-
ling nature whem compreis'd? and how it comes to fuffer fo greata _

‘etlion, or feeming penetration of dimenfions, fo as to be made a fi F

ance asheavie again and more, bulk for bulk, asit was before compret-
fem,and yet fuffer’d to’ return, is found to extend it felf = ogee
= {pace? Our Microfcope will eafily a. us, that the who Kerr’

114 MrcrRoOGRAPHIA.

confifts of an infinite company of {mall Boxes or Bladders of Air, which
is a fubftance of a {pringy nature, and that will fuffer a confiderable con-

denfation (as I have feveral times found by divers trials, by which I have |

moft evidently condens dit into lefs then a twentieth part of its ufual di-
menfions neer the Earth, and that with no other {trength then that of my
hands without any kind of forcing Engine,fuch as Racks,Leavers, Wheels,
Pullies, or the like, but this onely by and by) and befides, it feems very
robable that thofe very films or fides of the pores,have in them a {pring-
ing quality, as almoft all other kind of Vegetable fubftances have, fo as
to help toreftore themfelves to their former pofition.
And.could we fo eafily and certainly difcover the Schematifme and
Texture even of thefe films,and of feveral other bodies,as we can thefe of
Cork’; there feems no probable reafon to the contrary, but that we might

as readily render the true reafon of all their Phexomena; as namely,what

were thecaufe of the fpringinefs, and toughnefs of fome, both as to their
flexibility and reftitution. What, of the friability or brittlenefs of fome
others, and the likes but till fuch time as our Adcrofcope, or fome other
means,enable us to difcover the true Schemati/m and Texture of all kinds
of bodies, we muft grope, as it were, in the dark, and onely ghefs at the
true reafons of things by fimilitudes and comparifons. 3

~~ But, to return to our Obfervation.» I told feveral lines of thefe
pores, and found that there were ufually about threefcore of thefe {mall

Cells placed end-waysin the eighteenth part of an Inch in length,whence .

I concluded there muft be neer eleven hundred of them, or fomewhat
more then a thoufand in the length of an Inch, and therefore in a fquare
Inch above a Million, or 1166400. and in a Cubick Inch,above twelve
hundred Millions, or 1259712000.'a thing almoft incredible, did not our

Microfcope aflure us of it by ocular demonftrations nay, did it not difco- E
ver tous the pores of abody, which were they diaphragm’d,like thofe of

Cork, would afford us in one Cubick Inch, more then ten times.as many
little Cells, as is evident in feveral charr'd Vegetables; fo prodigioufly
curious are the works of Nature, that even thefe confpicuous pores of
bodies, which feem to be the channels or pipes through which the Sucens
nutritivs, Or natura} juices of Vegetables are convey d, and feem to cor-
refpond tothe veins, arteries al other Vefiels in fenfible creatures, that
thefe pores I fay, which {cem to be the Veflels of nutrition to the vatteft

body in the World, are yet fo exceeding fmall, that the Atoms which Epis

.

curws fancy'd would go neer to prove too bigg to enter them, much more
to conftitute a fluid belly in sherk And how siniely {maller then mutt be
the Vetlels ofa Mite, or the pores of one of thefe little Vegetables I have
difcovered to grow on the back-fide of a Rofe-leaf, and fhall anon more
fully defcribe, whofe bulk is many millions of times lefS then the bulk of
the {mall fhrub it grows on; and even that fhrub, many millions of times
Jefs in bulk then Socal trees (that have heretofore grown in England;
and are this day flourithing in other hotter Climates, as we are very cre
dibly inform’d) if at leaft the pores of this fmall Vegetable fhould keep
any {uch proportion to the body of it, as we have found sae

Pe cs ee

Schem:XI.

= = = = = = a < x
: : 2 . Se

a
= >:

_—

e~<

Microcraruim — yee

of other Vegetables to do to their bulk. But of thefe pores Thave faid
more elfewhere. OF 2h iyiot Avie) teds nt
»» To proceed then, Cork feems to be ‘by the tranfverfeconftitution of
the pores, a kind of Faxgws or Muthrome, for the porés lie: like fo many
‘Rays tending fromthe center, orpith of thé trée, outwards; {6 that if
you cut off a piece from a board of Cork tranfvertly; to the flat of it)
you will, as it were, fplit the pores, and they will appear juft.as they are
exprefsd in the Figure .B of the-X J. Scheme. But if you fhave. off a
very thin piece from this board, parallel tothe plain of its you'willicut
__allthe pores tran{verfly, and they will appear almoft asthéy areexprefs'd,
intheFigure A, fave onely the folid terfitia, will not appear fo thick
asthey are:therereprefenteds| sso3ous04 yin dtiw oved 1 esore Mlides
_ So that Cork feems to fuck its nourifhment from the fubjacent bark of
the Tree immediately, and to be a kind of excrefeence, ora fubftance
diftinct from the fubftances of the entire Tree, fomething .analogus to
the Mufhrome, or Mofs on other Trees, or to the hairs on-Animals.And
_ having enquir'd into the Hiftory of Cork, [find it. reckoned! .as.an
- excrefcency of the bark of a certain Tree, which is diftinct from the two
barks that Jie within it, which are common alfo to other trees ; That ‘tis
fome time before the Cork that covers the young and tender {prouts
_ comes tobe difcernable; That it cracks, flaws,and cleaves into manyigreat
chaps, the bark underneath remaining entire ; That it may be feparated
_ and remov'd from the Tree, and. yet the two under-barks (fich as are
alo common to that with other Trees) not: at,all injur'd, but/rather
helped and freed from an external injury. Thus Jonffoxus in Dewdralogias
{peaking de Subere, fays, Arbor eft procera, Lignum eft robuftum, dempto
corticein aquis non fluitat, Corticé it orbem detraclo juvatur; crafcefcens
@ t prefiringit oe ftrangulat, intra triennium iternm repleturs C audex ubi

nation with my Microfcope, I have found that the pith of an Elder, or al-
moft any other Tree, ‘the inner pulp on pith ofthe Cany hollow: ftalks of
eral other Vegetables: ,as of Fennel, Carrets, Daucus, bu i.
Teafels, Fearn, fome kinds of Reeds, oc. have much flich’a kind of
Schematifne, 2s U have lately thewin that of Corks fave onely that here
the pores are rang’d the long-ways,, or the fame ways with the length of
The eres in Cork t show cam Talk faFeather that isab
he pith alfo that fills that part, of the {talk, of a Feather that
the Qui, has muchhch ey tite, Gave billy that which

€ver Lfet this light fabftance, the pores feem’d xo be cut tran

that I ghef this: pith which fillsthe F ther,. sp coli nfift of abundane:
of long pores rae llina eri oer as Cork does, tie id

116 MicROGRAPHIA.

of folid or hardned froth,or a cogeries of very fmall bubbles confolidated
in that form, into a pretty ftiffas well as tough concrete,and that each Ca-
vern, Bubble, or Cell, is diftin@tly feparate from any of the reft, without
any kind of hole in the encompatfiing films, fo that I could no more blow
through a piece of this kinde of fubftance,then I could through a piece of
Cork, or the found pith of an Elder. | 3

But though I could not with myAGcrofcope, nor with my breath, nor
any other way I have yet try'd, difcover a paflage out of one of thofe
Cavities into another, yet I cannot thence conclude, that therefore there
are none fuch, by which the Succws zutritius,or appropriate juices of Ve-
getables, may pafs through them; for, in feveral of thofe Vegetables,
whil'ft green, I have with my Aé4cro(cope, plainly enough difcover'd thefe
Cells or Poles fill’d with juices, and by degrees fweating them out: asI
have alfo obferved in green Wood all thofe long Adcrofcopical pores
which appear in Charcoal perfectly empty of any thing but Air.
. Now, though I have with great diligence endeavoured to find whe-
ther there be any fuch thing in thofe Adicrofcopical pores of Wood or
Piths, as the Valves inthe heart,veins,and other paflages of Animals,that
open ‘and give paflage to the contain‘d fluid juices one way, and fhut

ves,and impede the paflage of fuch liquors back again,yet have I
notihitherto been able to fay any thing pofitive in it; though,me thinks,
it feems very probable,that Nature has in thefe paflages,as well as in thofe
of Animal bodies,very many appropriated Inftruments and contrivances,
whereby to bring her defigns and end to pafs,which ‘tis not improbable,
but that fome diligent Obferver, if help’d with better Aticrofcopes, may
i a ive, ons : : je
And is may be fo, feems'with great probability to be arg
from the ftrange Phenomena of ki Sed seen ee Nature feems
to perform feveral Animal actions with the fame schematifm or Orginiza-_
tion that is Common to all Vegetables, as may appear by fome no lefs
inftructive then curious Obfervations that were made by divers Emi-
nent Members of the Royal Society on fome of thete kind of Plants,where-
ve an iia bia delivered in -< = by the moft Ingenious and Excel-
ent Phyfician, or Clark, which, having that liberty granted:me

that moft Huftrious Society, I have Seca adjoynd, see 109 "7

Obfervations on the Humble and Senfible Plants in M* Chiftin’s
\ Garden in Saint James's Park, made Augutt the 9 166t.
ove Prefent, the Lord Brouncker, Sr. Robert Moray, Dr. Wilkins,
~ “Mr.'Evelin, Dr. Henfhaw, and Dr. Clark,
~«) Thereare four Plants, two of which are liede fhrub’ Plants,
- with adittle: fhorttock, about an Inch above the ground, from
whence are fpread fevetal fticky branches, rotind, ee 08
ae : omiger.. 3 ¢ as Pe

-
iO

MrcrocrRarHia. 117
feooth in the diftances between the Sprouts, but juft under the
Sprouts there are two fharp thorny prickles, broad in che lec:
ting on, as in the Bramble, one juft under the Sprout, the other
on the oppofite fide of the branch. ot lisveedonswd
“« The diftances betwixt the Sprouts are ufually fortiething _ see

= Schem.its

more thenan Inch, and many upon a Branchj according to its *is. +.

length, and they grew fo, that if the lower Sprout be on theleft
fide of the Branch, the next above is on the right, and foto the
end, not {prouting by pairs: acaondwd 10m nega
- Attheend of each Sprout are generally four fprigs, two at
the Extremity, and one on each fide, juft under it. At the firft
fprouting of thefe from the Branch tothe Sprig where the leaves
grow, they are full of lictle fhort white hairs, which wear off as
the leaves grow, and then they are fmooth as the Branch, :
Upon each of thefe fprigs, are, for the moft part, eleven pair
‘of leaves, neatly fer into the uppermoft partoof the little {prig,
exadHly one againft another, ‘as it were in little articulations, fuch
as Anatomitts call Enarthrofis, where the round:head of a’Bone
ds received into anothier fitted for its motion ; ahd ftanding very
fitly to thut themflves'and touch, the pairs juft above them
clofing fomewhat upon them, as in the fhut-fprig ; fo is the
Tittle round Pedunculus of this ‘leaf fitted into’a little cavicy:of
the fprig; vifible to the eye ina {prig new pluck’d, or in a fprig
withered on the Branch, from which the leaves eafily fall ’by

$

The leaf beitio almoft an oblong {quare, and fet into the Pea
| dunculus, at biocides lower denis receiveth from chat not
“onely-a'Spine, 451 may eallit, which, paffing through the ‘leaf,

- divides i £6 lengeh-ways: chat che oiter-fide is broader then the

“inner ‘next the {prig, but ittle fibres palling obliquely towards

the oppofire broader fidd, eem rorhake it here’ a litle mfealar,

and: fitted to-move: the whole leaf, which, together with the

Whole frig, are fe full wih lire hort whicilh airs

118 MicROGRAPHUA.

One of thefe Plants, whofe branch feem’d to be older and
more grown then the other, onely the tender Sprouts of it, after
the leaves are fhut, fall and hang down ; of the other, the whole
branches fall to the ground, if the Sun fhine very warm,upen the |

‘firkt taking offthe Glafs, which I therefore call the humble Plant.
The other two, which do never fall, nor do any of their
branches flagg and hang down, fhut not their leaves, but upon
fomewhat a hard ftroke ; the ftalks feem to grow up from a root,
and appear more herbaceous, they are round and fmooth, without
any prickle, the Sprouts from them have feveral pairs of {prigs,
with much lefs leaves then the other on 1 them, and have on
each {prig, generally feventeen pair.

~ Upon touching any of the fprigs with leaves on,all the leaves
on that {prig contracting themfelves by pairs, joyned their oy

per fuperficies elofe together. :

Upon the dropping a drop of Aqua fortis on the fprig be-
twixt the leaves, f fall the leaves above fhut prefently, thofe
below by pairs fucceflively after, and by the lower leaves of the
other branches, 11, Kk, &c. and fo every pair fucceflively,
with fome little diftance.of time betwixt,to the top of each {prig,
ahd fo they continu'd {hut all the time we were there, ‘But I re-
‘turning the next: day; and feveral days fince,found all the leaves
dilated again on two of the fprigs ; but from ff, where the Agua
fortis had dropped upwards, dead and withered); but thofe' be-
low on the fame fprig, green, and clofing — the fone: and e
are {d;at this day, Auguft tac.

» With a pair of Sciflers, as faddenly 20 could, be donesaie
of the leaves 66 was clipped off in the middle,upon which that
pair, and the pair above, clofed prefently, after a little interval,

d d, then ee, ard fo the reft of the pairs, to the bottom of the
{prig, and then the motion. began in the lower pairs, /J, on the

other {prigs, and fo fhut them by! part — ini
with fuch diftin& diftances....

Jody oa

Y lade

MicroGRAPHPA: £19
~Under‘a pretty large branch with its fpries on, ‘there lying
a large Shell betwixt two and three Inches below it, ‘there wag

rubbed on‘a {trong fented oyl, after alitcle'time allitheleaves on
that {prig were fhut, and fo they continued all the time’of our’
flay there,but ac my recurne the neéxe day/ 1 fourid the pofition
of the Shell alter’d, and the leaves ines as risa ‘and
clofing upon the touch, Bt S10 yin
~ Upon the application of the Suncbegab by: a Bangs
the more bumble Plant fell, the other fhut their '‘leaves;'©
We could not fo apply the fnioak of Sulpber, as to’ haveany
vifible effe&t from that, at two or three times trial; but on ano-
ther trial the fmoak Ares the leaves. it fiilceudddio lor). bus
The bumble Plant = upon ee oft #2 Gals wherewith it
was covered. |
Cutting: off one of the little Shute, ib ns tnd of ti
quor were thruft out of the part from whence that was cut,very
cleer, and pellucid, of a bright greenifh colour, rafting‘ar firft a
little bitterith but after leaving a licorifh-like tafte in my Htiouth,
~ Since,going two or three times when it‘waseold;1 took the
Glaffes from the more bumble Plantzand i it did riot falbas: fornier
ly, but fhut its leaves onely. But coming afterwards, ‘whin the
Sun thane very warm, as foon as i it was taken: off, 4 fellas
before; — or ely otf 2 BE BLIOg. je a
© Since i pluck d off another fortes while leaves worse
and had been fo fome timé, thinking t to .obferve the liquor
fhould come from that I had’ broken off, ‘but’ finding none;
though with prefling,to come, I, 4s dexteroiifly as 1 could, ,pull’é
off one whofe leaves were expanded and then had upontthe fhut-
ting of the leaves, a dittle of the ‘mention’d liquor, from tlie end
i Thad broken from the Plant, - And this twice fue
ceflively, as often almoft as I durft robthe Plant. 2X
But my curiofity carrying me yet further, 1 cut off one of

the harder branches of the ftronger Plant, and there came of the

) fiquor;

3

120 MicrocGRAPHIA.

liquor,both from that I had cut, and that 1 had cut it from,
without preflure. :

Which made me think, than the motion of this Plast upon.
touching, might be from this, that there being a conftant inter
courfé betwixt every part of this Plant and its root,either by.a cir-
culation of this liquor,or a conftant prefling of the fubtiler parts,
of itto every extremity of the Plant. Upon-every preflure,from,
whatfoever it proceeds, greater then that which keeps it up, the
fubtile parts of this liquor are thruft downwards, towards its ar=
ticulations.of the leaves, where,not having room prefently to get
into the, fprig,the little round pedunculus, from whence the Spine
and thofe oblique Fibres 1 mention’d rife, being dilated, the
Spine and Fibres (being continued from it) .muft be contraCted
and fhortned, and fodraw the leaf upwards to joyn with its fel-
low in thefame condition with it felf, where, being .clofed, they
are held together by the implications of the little whitith hair, as
well as by the ftill retreating liquor, which diftending the F ibres
that are continued, lower to the branch and root, fhorten them
above ; and when the liquor is fo much forced from the Sprout,
whofe F ibres are yet tender, and’ not ableto fupport themfelves,
but by that tenfnefs which the liquor filling their sities nates
them, the Sprout hangs and flags.

But, perhaps, he that had the ability and Aig to give you
the exact Anatomy of this pretty Plant, to thew you its Fibres,
and_vifible Canales, through which this fine liquor circulateth; —
or is moyed, and had the faculty of better and more. copioufly
expreffing his Obfervations and conceptions, fuch a one would
eafily from the motion of this liquor, folve. all the Phenomena,
and would not fear to affirm, that it is no ob{cure fenfation this
Plant hath. But I have {aid too much, I humbly ae, and am
ready to ftand corretted, : = Pes

T have not yet made fo full and fatisfactory, Obfervations as Ideft ire on
this _ which feems to be a Subje&t that will afford abundance of
information:

MicrocRaPHiaAs’

information. But as farras I have had opportunity to examine it,I have.
difcovered with my Adicrofcope very curious ftructures and contrivances;
but defigning much more accurate examinations and trials,both with my,

121

Macrofcope, and otherwife, as foon as the feafon will permit, Lthall noc till; .

then add any thing of what Ihave already taken notice of; but'asfarras:
Ihave yet obferv'd,I judge the motion of it to. proceed fromicaufesvéry;
differing from thofe by which Gut-f{trings,or Lute-{trings,the: beard of a
wilde Oat, or the beard of the Seeds ot Geranium, Mojcatumr, or Musk
graf and other of kinds of Cranes-bill,move themfelves. Of which Lhalli
add more in the fubfequent Obfervations on thofe bodies; {94 yo 4445

wien
Hid STIIR ZI
:

Obferv. XIX. Of a Plant growing in the blighted or yellow fhecks
of Damask-rofe-leaves, Bramble-leaves, and fome other kind
of leaves. dy fis b'isido vbtaluais

] Have for feveral years together, in the Moneths of June, Fuly, -Angift,
and September (when any of the green leaves of Rofes begin'to dry and
grow yellow) obferv’'d many of them, efpecially the leaves of the old:
thrabs of Damask-Rofes, all befpecked with yellow ftains, and'the under-
fides juft againft them, to have little yellow hillocks of a gummiotis fub=
_ftance, and feveral of them to have {mall black {pots in the mid {tof thofe’
yellow ones, which, to the naked eye, appear'd no bigger then thé point”
of a Pin, or the fmalleft black {pot or tittle of Ink one is able t6' make’
witha very fharp pointed Pen. ty O NOUSTINIg It
Examining thefe with a AZicrofcopé, I was able plainly to diftinguith;ap
and down the furface, feveral fmall yellow knobs, ofa kind’ of yellowith
ted gummy fubftance, out of which I perceiv'd there fprung multitudes
of little cafes or black bodies like Seed-cods, and thofe of ‘them thar
Were quite without the hillock of Gumm, difclos’d: themfelv TOW
out of it with a {mall Straw-colout’d’ and tranfparent tem,” che which’

feed and ftem appear'd very like thofé of common Mofs (which I elfe-

where defcribe) but that they were abundantly Jef, many hundreds of
them being not able to equalize one fingle feed Cod of Mots.” “ae —
have often doubted whether they were thie feed ‘Cods of forme 'little’
Plant, or fome kind of finall Buds, or the Eggs of foie very {mall Infect,’
'Y 4ppear'd of a dark brownith red, fome alinoft quite black, ‘and of a’
Figure much refembling the feed-cod of Mof, but reir {talks ‘on'which
they grew were of a very fine tranfparent fubftance, almoft like the ftalle
of mould, but that they feem’d fomewhat more yellow. paper i
at which makes me to fuppofe thei to be Vegetables, is for that ;
‘dimany of thofe hillocks bare or deftitute; as if thofe bodieslay
Yet conceal'd,as G. Inothers of them,they were juft-{pringing out oftheir
gummy hillocks, which all feem’d to fhoot directly outwards, as at A. ‘In
Others, asa B, I found them juft gotten out,with very <sgunmniaadain|
Nini ;

an

MicrROGRAPHIA.

and the Cods of an indifferent cize;but in others,as C, [ found them begin
to have little fhort ftalks, or ftems; in others, as D, thofe {tems were
rown bigger, and larger 5 and in others, as at E, F, H, 1, K, L, @e. thofe
and Cods were grown a great deal bigger, and the ftalks were
more bulky about the root, and very much taper’d towards the top, as
at F and L is moft vifible. |
I did not find that any of them had any feed in them, orthat any of
them were hollow, but as they grew bigger and bigger, I found thofe
heads or Cods begin to turn their tops towards their roots, inthe fame
manner as I had obferv'd that of Mois to do; fo that in all likelihood,
Nature did intend in that pofture, what fhe does in the like feed-cods of
reater bulk, that is, that the feed, when ripe, fhould be fhaken out and
ifperfed at the end of it, as we find in Columbine Cods, and the like.
.\ The, whole Oval OOOO in the fecond Figure of the 12. Scheme
eprefents a {mall part of a Rofe leaf, about the bignefs of the little Oval
inthe hillock, C, marked with the Figure X. in which T have not par-
ticularly obferv'd all the other forms of the furface of the Rofe-leaf, as
being little to my prefent purpofe.
Now, if thefe Cods have a feed in them fo proportion’d to the Cod, as
thofe of Pinks, and Carnations, and Columbines, and the like, how unima-
inably fmall muft each of thofe feeds neceflarily be, for the whole
rah of one of the largeft of thofe Cods was not 25 part of an Inch3
fome not above j<.5, and therefore certainly, very many thoufand of
them would be unable to make a bulk that fhould be vifible to the naked
eye; and if each of thefe contain the Rudiments of a young Plant of the
fame kind, what muft we fay of the pores and conftituent parts of that >
The generation of this Plant feems in part,afcribable to a kind of a4/-
dew or Blight,whereby the parts of the leaves grow {cabby, or putrify'd,
as it were, fo as that the mo breaks out in little feabs or {pots, whichs
as I faid before, look like little knobs of a red gummous fubftance.
From this putrify'd fcabb breaks out this little Vegetable; which may
be fomewhat like a Mould or Adof;, and may have its equivocal genera-
tion much after the fame manner as I have fuppofed Asoft or Afouldto
have, and to be amore fimple and uncompounded kind of vegetation,
which is fet a moving by the putrifacive and fermentative heat, joynd
with that of the ambient aerial, when (by the putrifaction and decay of —
fome other parts of the vegetable, that fora while ftaid its progrefs) itis
unfetter'd. and left at liberty to move in its former courfe, but by reafon
of its regulators, moves and atts after quite another manner then it did

vhen a coagent in the more compounded sachine of the more perfect

Vegetable,

And from this very fame Principle, I imagine the AGfleto of Oaks,
Thorns, Applettees, and other Trees, to bas its a It feldom or
p obed growing onany of thofe Trees,till they begin to wax decrepid,and

ecay with age, and are pefter’d with many other infirmities, ex

Hither alfo may be referr'd thofemultitudes and varieties of Atuforomtss
fuch as that,call’d Jews-ears,all forts ofgray and green Moles, die.

MircrocrapniA, 122
‘nfeft all kind of Trees,fhrubs,and the like;efpecially!when they!dome ito
any bignefs. And this we fee to bevery muchthe!method of Nature
throughout its operations, putrifaitive Vegetables very. often producing a
Vegetable ofa much lefs compounded. nature; :and of:a,much inferiour
tribes and. putrefactive animal fubftances degenerating into fome kind of
animal production of a much inferiour rank,and ofia more fimple natures
Thus we find the humours.and fubftances of the body,upompatrefudhit
on,to produce {trange kinds of moving Vermine :ithé putrifactioniof the
{limes and juices of the Stomack and Guts, prodirce/ Worms almoftilike
Earth-worms,the Wheals inchildrens hands prodice.a little Wormdall'd
aWheal-worm: The bloud and milk, and other humours, produceother —
kinds of Worms, at Jeaft; if we mayebelieve what iis deliven'dtousib:
very famous Authors 5, though, I confefs, Ihave nogyyet'beenable todif
cover fuch my felf. i ISS i TES en oibbDim gio oi
» And whereas it may feem ftrange that#znegar; Meal, ‘multy Cashoy&e: -
are obferv'd to breed their differing kinds of Infetts,:or'living ¢reatures,
whereas they being Vegetable fubf{tances;feemito bz:oflan inferiout kind;
and fo unable to produce 4 creature) more noble; of of a more:-com
pounded nature then they themfelves are’ of, and-fo ;without fomecon-
current feminal principle, may be thought utterly unfit for fuchan ope-
ration ; I muft add, that we cannot prefently pofitively fay, there! are
ho animal fubftances, either mediately,’ as: by: the {oul or fatning of ‘the
Plant from whence they {prung,or more immediate] y;by thereal: re
orcompofition of fuch fub{tances, join'd-with them 3 ofperchance fome
Kind of Infeét, in fuch places where fuch kind of praying orferment>
ing bodies are, may, by a certain inftiné& of nature;:¢j fome fort. of fe-
minal principle, which cooperating with ‘various kinds ot putrifying fub-
ftances, may produce various kinds of Infeéts,or Animate bodies: For we
find in moft forts of thofe lower degtces of Animate bodies, ahat the
putrifying fabftances on which thefe Eggs, Seeds, -or feminal principles
‘we cait by the Infect, become, as it were, the Adatrices or Woimbs that
_ ¢onduce very much to their generation, and may:percbance-alfo to their
Variation and. alteration, much after the fame manner; as, by ftrange and
unnatural copulations, {everal new Kinds of Animals are ptodued, as
Mules, and the like, which are ufually: call d: Monftrous, ‘becaufe alittle
unufual, though many of them have all their principal: parts as perfectly:
thap'dand ced for their: peculiar: ufes,.as any:of the moft perfec
Animals, If therefore the putrifying body,on: which any ‘kind of: feniinal
or vital principle chances tobe caft, become fomewhat more then roa
4 nurfing and ‘foftering: helper in the generation and production o
any kind of Animate body, the more neer it approaches the true nature
a Womb, the more power will it have onthe by-blow itinclofes. But
Of this fomewhat mote inithe defcription-of the Water-grat.| [Perhaps
me more: accurate Enquiries and Obfervations/about thefe «matters
ht bring the Queftion to fome certainty; which would be of no fmalk
“oncern in 'Natiiral Philofophyeii(:) 211 2/11! bos -couswio26 ee og ype
» Bur that putrifjing animal fubftances may. produce animals ofaiz interior
east es ee Ss:

kind,

124 MrcrRoGRAPHIA.

kind, I {ee not any fo very great difficulty, but that one may, without —
much abfurdity,admit: For as there may be multitudes of contrivances
that go to the making up of one compleat Animate body ; fo, That fome
of thofe cezdjutors,m the perfect exiftence and life of it, may be vitiated,
and the life of the whole deftroyed, and yet feveral of the conftituting
contrivances remain intire,I cannot think it beyond imagination or poffibi-
Jity;no more then that a like accidental procefs,as I have elfwhere hinted,
may alfo be fuppofed to explicate the method of Nature inthe A/etamor-
phofis of Plants. And though the difference between a Plant and an Ani-
mal be very great, yet I have not hitherto met with any fo coget an Ar-
gument, as to make me pofitive in affirming thefe two to be altogether
Heterogeneousand of quite differing kinds of Nature: And befides.as there
are many Zoophyts, and fenfitive Plants(divers of which I have feen,which
are ofa middle nature,and feem to be Natures tranfition from one degree
toanother, which may be obfervd inall her other paflages, wherein fhe —
is very feldom obfervd to leap from one ftep to another) {o have we,in
fome Authors, Inftances of Plantsturning into Animals, and Animalsinto
Plantsyand the like ; and fome other very ftrange (becaufe unheeded)
dings of Nature; fomething of which kind may be met with, in
the defcription of the Water-Grat, though it be not altogether fo dire
to the prefent purpofe. |
~ But to refer this Difcourfe of Animals to their proper places, I fhall
add; that though one fhould fuppofe, or it fhould be prov’d by Obferva-
tions, that feveral of thefe kinds of Plants are accidentally produc'd bya
cafual putrifaction, lfee not any great réeafon to queftion, but that, not-
withftanding its own production was as ‘twere cafual, yet it may germi-
nate and produce feed, and by it propagate its own, that is,a new Species.
For we do not know, but that the Omnipotent and All-wife Creator
might as diredtly defign the ftruéture of fuch a Vegetable, or fuch an
Animal to be produc’d out of fach or fuch a putrifadtion or change of —
this or that body, towards the conftitution or ftruéture of which, he
knew it neceflary, or thoughtit fit to make it an ingredient; as that the
digeftion or moderate heating of an Egg, either by the Female, or the
Sun, or the heat of the Fire, or the like, fhould produce thisor that Bird;
or that Patrifattive and warm fteams fhould,out of the blowings.as they
call them, that is, the Eggs of a Flie,produce a livingMagot, and that,by
degrees, be turn d into an Aurelia, and that, by a longer and a propot-
tion‘d heat, be tranfmuted into.a Fly. Norneed we therefore to fuppole
it the more imperfect in its kind, then the more compounded Vegetable
or Animal of which it is a part; for he might as compleatly furnifh it
with. all kinds of contrivances ‘neceflary for itsown exiftence, and the
propagation of itsown Species, and yet make it a part of a more com-
d body: as a Clock-maker might make a Set of Chimes to be a
ofa Clock, andyet, when the watch part or ftriking part are taken
way, and the hindrances of its motion removd, this chiming p
may go as accurately, and ftrike its tune as exaétly, as if it were ftill a
part of the compounded Antomaten. So, though the original at =
ePTilz. . > emin

MicROGRAPHTA: - 134
feminal principle from which this minute Plant on Rofe leavesdid {pring}
were, before the corruption caus d by the Mill-dew, a component part
ofthe leaf on which it grew, and did ferve as.a coagent in the produ@i
énand conftitution of it, yet might it befo confummate,as to prodace a’
feed which might have a power of propagating the fame {pecies:the works
of the Creator feeming of fuch an excellency,that though they are anable
__ tolielp to the perfecting of the more compounded exiftence of the grehtet

_* Plant or Animal,they may have notwithftanding an ability of acting fing ly
ypon their own internal principle, {0 as to produce a Vegetable body,
though of-a lefs compounded nature, and to proveed fo farr in the me-
thod of other Vegetables, as to bear flowers and feeds, which nay be ca-
pabale of propagating the like. So that the little cafes which appear ta
grow on the top of the flender f{talks, may, for ought I know, though f.
fhould fuppofe them to {pring from the perverting of the ufual courfe of
the parent Vegetable, contain a feed, which, being featter’d on‘ other
leaves of the fame Plant, may producea Plant of much the fame kind,
- Nor are Damafk-Rofe leaves: the onely leaves that produte thefé
kinds of Vegetable {proutings; for I have obferv’d ther alfo in feveral
other kinds of Rofe leaves, and on the leaves of feveral forts of Briers;
and on Bramble leaves they are oftentimes to be found in very great.
élufters ; {o that I have found in one clufter,three, four, or five hundred of
fhem, making a very con{picuous black {pot or feab on the back fide of
the leaf. HU SEULOEG JO D994

. 2
re “4 ? : z (56 SUE Diet 758
pais wee

Ober. XX. Of blue Mould, aid of the firft Principles of Ve-
-getation arifing from Putrefaction. we. aod L

) L. Blue and White and feveral kinds of hairy mouldy fpots, which
are obfervable upon divers kinds of patrify’. bodies, whether Ani
mal fubftances,or Vegetable,fuch as the tkin, raw of drefs'd, fleth,bloud,
humours, thilk, green Cheefe,@e. or rotten fappy Wood, or Herbs,
Leaves, Barks, Roots, ee. of Plants, ate all of them nothing elfe but fea
veral kinds of {mall and varioufly figui’d Mufhroms, which, from conve+
nient materials in thofe pxtrifying bodies, are, by the concutrent heat of
the Airy excited to acertain kind’ of vegetation, which will not be un
Worthy our ‘more ferious fpeculation ‘and exathination, as I fhall by and
___ by thew. But, firft,1 mutt premife'a thort defcription of this specimen,
__ which Ihave added of this Tribe, in the firft Figute ofthe X IT. Scheme,
_ Which is nothing elf but the appearance of a {mall white {pot of hairy
_ mould, multitudes of which found tobefpeck & whiten over the red co~
Vers ofa final bookwhich, it feems, were of Sheeps-fkin, that being ttiore
Spt to gather mould, even in 4 dry and clean room, then other’ leathers.
___ Thefe tpotsappear'd through a good Aférafeope,to bea very pretty thap'd
Vegetative body, which, from alttioft' the fame part of the Leather, thot

out

126 MicroGRAPHIA.

out multitudes of {mall long cylindrical and tran{parent ftalks,not exad-
ly ftreight,but a little bended with the weight of a round and white knob
Se grew on the top of each of them; many of thefe knobs I obferv'd
to be very. round, and of a fmooth furface, fiich as A A, ce. others
{mooth likewife,but a little oblong,as B; feveral of thema little broken,
or cloven with chops at the top, as C; others flitter'd as ‘twere, or flown
all to pieces, as D D.. The whole fubftance of thefe pretty bodies was
ofa very tender conftitution, much like the fubftance of the fofter kind 9
of common white Mufhroms, for by touching them with a Pin, I found
them to be brufed and torn; they feem’d each of them to have a di-
ftin& root of their own; for though they grew: neer together ina clutter,
yct I could perceive each ftem to rife out of a diftiné part or pore of the
Leather fome of thefe were {mall and fhort, as feeming to have been but
newly {prung up, of thefe the balls were for the moft part round, others
were bigger,and taller,as being perhaps of a longer growth,and of thefe,
for the moft part, the heads were broken, and fome much wafted, asE3
what thefe heads ‘contain’'d I could not perceive ; whether they were
knobs and. flowers, or feed cafes, 1 am not able to fay, but they feem‘d
moft likely to be of the fame nature with thofe that grow on Muthroms,
which they did,fome of them, not a little refemble.

Co Both their fmell and tafte, which are active enough to make a fenfible
impreffion upon thofe organs, are unpleafant and noifome.

Tcould not find that they would fo quickly be deftroy'd by the actual
flame of a Candle, as at firft fight of them I conceived they would be,but:
they remain‘d intire after [ had paft that part of the Leather on which
they tuck three or four times through the ee of a Candle; fo that, it
cems they are.not very apt to take fire, no more thenthe common white

There are a multitude of other thapes, of which ‘thefe aticrofcopical
Mufhroms are figur'd, which would have been a Jong Work to have de-
{cribed,and would not have fuited fo well with my defign in this Treatife,
onely,amongft the reft, I muft not forget to take notice of one that wasa
little like to, or refembled,a Spunge, confifting of a multitude of little
Ramifications almoft as that body does, which indeed feemsto bea kind
of Water-Mufhrom, of a very pretty texture, as L-elfe-where manifeft.
And a fecond, which I muft not omit, becaufe often mingled; and neer
adjoining to thefe I have defcrib’d,and this appear'd much like a Thicket
of buthes, or brambles, very much branch’d,and extended,fome of them,
toa great length,in proportion to their Diameter,like creeping brambles.

_The manner of the growth and formation of this kind of Vegetable, is |
the third head of Enquiry,which, had I time,] fhould followsthe figure
and method of Generation inthis concrete feeming to me, next after
the Enquiry into the formation, figuration, or chryftalization of Salts,to
be the moft fimple, plain, and eafie; and it feems to be a medinm .
through which he muft neceflarily pais, that would with any likelihood
invefligate the forma informans of Vegetables : for as I think thathe fhall! —
find it avery diffcult.tafk, who undertakes to difcover the form of Sa-

Tine

ae
. ee
:

line cryftallizations, without the confideration and prefeienté of the nd:
ture and reafon of a Globular form, and as difficult to explicate this cons
figuration of Mufhroms, without the previous confideration of the forn

of Salts fo will the enquiry into the forms of Vegetables be no lefs, if

not much more difficult, without the fore-knowledge of the forms of
Muthroms, thefe feveral Enquiries having no lef dependance one up-
onanother then any {elect number of Propofitions in Mathematical Blea
mentsmay be made to have. z |

Nor do imagine that the fkips from the one to another will be found
very great, if beginning from fluidity, or body without any form, we
defcend gradually,till we arrive at the higheft form of a bruite Animal's
Soul, making the {teps or foundations of oit Enquity, Fluidity, orbiens

lation, Fixation, Angulization, or Cryftallization Germination ov Bbulfia

tion, Vegetation ,Plantanimation, Animation, Senfation, Imagination.
Now, that we may the better proceed in our Enquiry, It will be re-
quifite to confider : : eS
Firft, that Mould and Mufhroms require no feminal property, but thé
former may be produc’d at any time from any kind of purifying Animal,

_ or Vegetable Subftance,as Fleth,cxc. kept moift and warm,and the latter,

if what Atathzolwe relates be true, of making them: by Art, are as much
within our command, of which Matter take the Epitemie which Mr,
Parkinfow has deliver'd in his Herbal, in his Chapter of Iumfhroms, becaufe
Thave not Azathiolvs now by me: Unto thefe Mtnforoms (faith he) may
alfo be adjoyn'd thofe which are made of Art (whereof Mathiolus wakes mens
tion) that grow naturally among certain ftones in Naples, and that the
frones being digg’d up, and carried to Rome, aid ather places, where they
Set them in their Wine Cellars, covering them with a litile Earth,and fprinks |
ling a little warm water thereon, would within four days produce Mufhroms
fit to be eaten, at what time one will: As alfo that Mufhroms may be made
40 grow at the foot of a wilde Poplar Tree, within four days afier, swarm
water wherein fome leaves have been difole'd frall be pout'd into the Root
(which muft be fit) and the flock above ground.
Next, that as Muthroms may be generated without feed, {0 does it
Not appear that they have any fuch thing as feed in any part of them for
having confidered feveral kinds of them; I could never find any thing in
them that could with any ptobability ghefs to be the {eed of it, fo that
It does not as yet appear (that I know of ) that Mufhroms may be ges
herated froma feed, Diedloey rather feem to depend merely upoh a cons
venient conftitution of the matter baa cp eng they are made; and a
Concurrence of either natural or artificial heat
mS Thirdly,that by feveral bodies (as Salts and Metals both in Water and
inthe air, and by feveral kirids of fublimations in the Air) aCtuated and

MicRoGRAPHiAL 127

128

MIcROGRAPHIA.

the fides of the containing Jar: others ftanding up, or growing an end,
out of the bottom, of which I have taken notice of a very great variety,
But above all the reft, it isa very pretty kind of Germination which is af-
forded usin the Silver Tree, the manner of making which with Mercu
and Silver, is well known to the Chymi(ts, in which there is an Ebullition
or Germination, very much like this of Mufhroms, if I have been rightly
inform’d of it.
Fourthly, I have very often taken notice of, and alfo obferv'd witha .
Microfcope, certain excrefcencies or Ebullitions in the fnuff of a Candle,
which, partly from the ——e of the fmoaky particles as they are car-
ryed upwards by the current of the rarify’d Air and flame, and partly
alfu from a kind of Germination or Ebullition of fome actuated unctuous
parts which creep along and filter through fome fmall ftring of the Week,
are formed into pretty round and uniform heads, very much refembling
the form of noaded Muthroms, which, being by any means expos d to the
frefh Air, or that air which encompaftles the flame, they are prefently
lick’d up and devour'd by it, and vanith.
The reafon of which Phenomenon {eems to me,to be no other then this: -
That when a convenient thread of the Week is fo bent out by the fides
of the fnuff that are about half an Inch or more, removd above the
bottom,or loweft part of the flame,and that this part be wholly included
in the flame; the Oy! (forthe reafon of filtration, which I have elfe-
where rendred) being continualy driven up the fnuff, is driven like-
wife into this ragged bended-end, and this being remov’d a good
diftance, as half anInch or more, above the bottom of the flame, the
arts of the air that pafles by it, are already, almoft fatiated with the dif-
lution of the boiling unctuous {teams that iflued out below, and there-
fore are not onely glutted, that is, can diflolve no more then what they
are already acting upon, but they carry up with them abundance of
unctuous and footy particles, which meeting with that rag of the Week,
that is plentifully fill'd with Oyl, and onely {pends it as faft as it evapo-
rates, and not at all by diflolution or burning, by means of thefe fteamy
parts of the filterated Oy] iffuing out at the fa
inclos‘d with an air that is already fatiated and casnot prey upon them
nor burn them, the afcending footy particles are ftay'd about it and fix'd,
foas that about the end of that ragg or filament of the fnuff, whence the
greateft part of the {teams iffue, there is conglobated or fix’d around
and pretty uniform cap, much refembling the head of a Mufhrom, which,
if it be of any great bignefs, you may obferve that its underfide will be
bigger then that which is above the ragg or ftem of it 3 for the Oy] that is
brought into it by filtration,being by the bulk of the cap a little fhelter'd
from the heat of the flame, does = that means iflue as much out from be-
neath from the ftalk or downwards, as it does upwards, and by reafonof
the great accefs of the adventitious fmoak from beneath, it increafes moft
that way. Thatthismay be the true reafon of this Phenomenon, | could
produce many Arguments and Experiments to make it probable: As,
Firft, that the Filtration carries the Oyl to the top of the Week-at leaft
| as

es of this ragg, and being '

MicrRocGRAPHTA. 139

as high as thefe raggs, is vifible to one that will obferve the fhuff of 4!
burning Candle with a Afcrofcope, where he may fee an Ebullition of
bubbling of the Oy], as high as the fnuff looks black. = 00

Next,that it does fteam away thore then burn I could tell you of the

dim burning of a Candle, the longer the fnuff be which arifes from thé

abundance of vapours out of the higher parts of it.
And, thirdly, that in' the middle of the flame of the Candle, ‘neet the
top of the {nuff, the fire or diffolving’ principles nothing ‘néer fo ftrong,
asneer the bottom and out edges of the flame; which may be obferv'd by’
the burning ‘afunder of a thread, that will firft break in thofé parts that:
the edges of the flame touch, and not in the middle. 791 S143 1dOH
AndT could add feveral Obfervables that [have taken notice of in the
flame ofa Lamp actuated with Bellows, and very many others that con-
firm mein my opinion, but that it is not fo much to my prefent purpofe,
which is onely to confider this concreet in the {nuff of a Candle; fo farr’
as it has any refemblance of a Mufhrom, to the confideration of Which,
that | may return, I fay, we may allo obferve: OT me
_ Inthe firft place, that the droppings or trillings of Lapidefcent waters
in Vaults under ground,feem to conttitute a kind of petrify'd body, form’d
almoft like fome kind of Mufhroms inverted,in fo much that I have feen
fomeknobb’d a little at the lower end, though for the moft part, indeed’
they are otherwife fhap’d,and taper’d towards the end; the generation of
which feemsto be from tio other reafon but this; that the water by foak~’
ing through the earth and Lime (for T'ghef that fubftance toadd mich —
tot petrifying quality) does fo impregnate it ‘felf with ftony ‘particles,
that hanging in drops in the roof of the Vault, by reafon that the’
foaking of the water is but flow, it becomes expos'd to the Air, and there-'
by the outward part of the drop by degrees grows hard, by reafonthat’
the ‘water gradually evaporating the {tony particles neer the outfides of
the drop’begin to touch, and by degtées, to dry and growclofér toge+!
fakiae b at Ss conftitute a cruft or noi Set 5 and this’
oaking by degrees, being more and more fupply'd, the drop grows

longer a Ringer and “ae fides ‘harden thicker and thicker into a
Quill or Cane, and at length, that hollow or pith becomes almoft ftop’d
tip, and folid: afterwards the foaking of the pefrifying water, finding no
longer a paflage throvigh the middle, burfts out, and trickles down the
outfide, and as the water evaporates, leaves’ new fupetinduc’d fhells,
which mote and’ more fwell the bulk’ of thof' Téeicles ; and becaufe of
the great fupply from the Vault, of petrifying water, thole bodies grow.
bigger and bigger next to the Vault, and taper or fharpen towards the
point; for the accefs frot the arch of the Vault being but very flow,and
confequéntly the water being fpread very thinly over the fur Ice of the’
Iceicle, the water begins to fettle before it can teach to the bottom, or’
corner end of it; Whence, if you break one of thefe, you would almoft’
imagine it a ftick of Wood perrify'd, it having (0 pretty a refemblance of
pith and grain, and if ‘you look on the outfide of a piece, or of one’
whole, ‘you would tial tio lef, both from its vegetable roundnefs coe

T taperin

aor or

130 MicroGRAPHIA.

tapering form; but whereas all Vegetables are obferv’d to thoot and
row perpendicularly upwards, this does fhoot or propend directly
_ Sth

By which laft Obfervables, we fee that there may be a very pretty
body fhap'd and concreeted by Mechanical principles, without the leaft
fhew or probability of any other feminal formatrix.

And fince we find that the great reafon of the Phenomena of this pret-
ty petrifattion, areto be reduc’d from the gravity of a fluid and pretty.
volatil body impregnated with ftony particles, why may not the Phezo-
mena of Ebullition or Germination be in part poflibly enough deducd
from the levity of an impregnated liquor, which therefore aa |
larly afcending by degrees, evaporates and leaves the more olid and
fix'd parts behind in the form of a Mufhrom, which is yet further diverfi-
fy'd and fpecificated by the forms of the parts that impregnated the li-
~ quor, and compofe or help to conftitute the Mufhrom.

That the foremention’d Figures of growing Salts, and the Silver Tree,
are from this principle, I could very eafily manifeft; but that I have not
now a convenient opportunity of following it, nor have I made a fuffici-
ent number of Experiments and Obfervations to propound, explicate,and
prove fo nich a Aeeeer fs Mes 0 Mufhroms : ons though 2d con-
trary principle to that ofpetrifyd Iceicles may be in part a caufe; yet
raat think, that there is fomewhat a ASA skal bers caufe,

ough yet Mechanical, and poflible to be explain’d,

, We therefore have, further to enquire of it, what makes it tobe fucha
liquor, and to afcend, whether the heat of the Sun and Air, or whe-
ther that of frmentiation and putrifattion, ox both.together 3 as alfowhe-
ther ther. be not a third or fourth; whethera Saline principle be not a
_ ¢ agent in this buf eat wellas heat 3 penn 3 2 0
may not be alfo a confidersble coadjutor in the bufinefs. Since we find
that many pretty beards onftirie of the particles of Silver may be prec
pitated upon a piece of Brafs put into a folution of Silver very. muchdi-
luted with fair water, which look not unlike a, kind of mould.or hoar
upon that piece of metal ; and the hoar froft looks like.a kind. of moulds
and whether there may not be feveral others that do.concurrto the pro-
duction ofa Mufhrom, having not yet had. fufficient time to,profecute.ac
cording to my defines, I muft referr this toa -better opportunity of my.
own, or-leave and recommend it to the more diligent iry and.exa-
mination-of fuch as can be mafters, both of leifure and conveniencies for
fach an Enquiry. ; |

_ And. in the mean.time, Iimuft conclude, that as far as T have beenable
to look into. the nature of this Primary. kind of life and. ciaeiGon Lae
not find the leaft probable argument to perfwade me there.is any other
concurrent, caufe. then fuchas is, purely, Mechanical,and that the effects
or productions are-asneceflary upon the concurrence, of thofe. caules. a3
that a Ship, when the Sails are, hoift up, and. the Rudder is. fet to,fucha
pofition,fhould, when the. Wind. blows, ‘be mov’d in fuch, 2. way, or counle

to

;

7

a

i}

( ) LONE TR. fia

per eee Cee —*

Mi ROGRAP HilAy.

to that or t’other place; Or, as that'the’ Bit fed Wateli! seakrog site
tion in the defcription of Mok, fhould, when’ thofe parts! whiely indred
itsmotion were fallen away, begin to move, but aft ef quioatog lied —

13T

ner then it did before. | |
; P SIGE 2 , Alo SiDDiuie sta NES THaL -
enibssexs do lini} b'mas) biven
Sot 10 OW sft 197g noitkawe s to.qomd $43.11
pet UD 1 tishisa pt. sO 2 zirlitud phgaolls)slosw go zal
Obferv. XX1. Of Mols, and feveral other fall vegetative Sub.
lances. hia" itd 2 1104 t .vewn tlie fw bast D-T331A

A A OS is a Plant, that the wifeft' of Kings thought neither unworthy
his fpeculation, nor his Pen, and though’ amongft Plants it bein
bulk one of the finalleft, yet itis not the leaft confiderable:’ For, 4s'to its
fhape, it may compare for the beauty of it with’ any’ Plant that gtows:
and bears a much bigget breadth; it hasa root'almoft like afeedy' Part
nep, furnifh’d with {mall ftrings and fuckers, which are all of them finel}
branch’d, like thofe of the roots of miuch bigger Vegetables $' out of this
{prings the {tem or body Of the Plant, which 1s 6itiewhat Quadringular,
rather then Cylindrical, moft curioutly flzted or ftrung with {mall creates,
which run,for the moft part, paral/el the whole ftem’ ‘on the fides of thig
are clofe and thick fet, a multitude of fair,large,well-fhap’'d’ leaves} fome
of them of a rounder, others of a longer fhape, according’ as they are
yen er or older when pluck’d 5 as I ghefs by this, that thoie Plants that
ad the {talks growing from the top of them, had their leave of 4 iritch
longer fhape, all the furface.of each fide of which, is curioully coyer'd
with a multitude of littlé oblong tranfparent’ bodies,’ in the’ manner as
you fee it exprefs'd in the leaf B, in the XIII. Scheme. sia esi
_ This Plant, when young’and fpringing up, does thuch refemble a Houf
leek, having thick leaves,almoft like that, and feems to be fomwhat of kin
to it in other particulars ; alfo from the top of the leaves, there fhoots ‘out

a {mall white and tran{parent hair, or thorn: This ‘{tem, , in time,come to ae

ae

fhoot out into a long, roundand even ftalk, whith by cueting tranfvett
when dry, I manifeftly found to be a ftiff} hard, and hollow Cane, o
Reed, without any kind of khot, or ftop, from its bottom, where the

to fhatter out its feed: at a place underneath this' cap, B, which before

132

1{

_ lorena 3 # A}

After the feed was fallen away, I found both the Cafe Stalkjand Plane,
all grow red and wither, and from other ‘ee of the root continually to
{pring new.branches:or % which by degrees increafed, and grew as
freee as ths orm ierness FP 'd, fhatter'd, and wither'd.

A, sould not find that it a hery'ds any particular feafons for thefe ‘everal

growth, but rather found i it to be {pringing, mature, ripe, feedy
and wider datall times. of the year; But I found it moft to flourifh and
increafe in warm and moift weather.

_Atgathers its nourifhments,for the moft part,out of fome Lapidefcent,or
other fubftance corrupted or chang’d from its former texture, or fub-
ftantial form; for have found it to grow on the rotten parts of Stone,
_of Bricks, of Wood, of Bones, of Leather, ec.

At oft grows.on the barks of feveral Trees, {preading it felf, fometimes
from upwards, and fometimes from fome chink of cleft of
peat of the Tree, which has fome pstrify'd fubftance in it 5 weabiy

of a diftinét kind from that which} I obferv'd to grow on patrifyd
inanimate onic and rotten earth.

There are alfo pie varieties of other kinds of Mofles, which grow on
Trees, and — other Plants, of whichI fhall here sak no mention,

nor of the.Mofs the fkull of a dead hich, uch re-
» eles thar of Tee eepouring 0 a dead man, which m

Whether this Plant does fometimes originally {pring or rife out of cor:
ruption, without any difleminated feed, Thave sr ytd trials enongh
to be yery much, either pofitive or negative; for as it eems yery hard to
conceive how the feed fhould be generally difpers'd into all parts where
there is a corrup se Aa unlefs we may rationally fuppofe, that
feed eee fo exc lLand confequently exceeding light, i
d taken line a pea to and fro in the Air into ev

ops of rain is wath’d down ont of it, and o difpers ss diac

pas hr nly takes tone and ry gy es, where i Finds 2am |

yenient foil or matrix for it to thrive in3 {0 if we will haye it to
gy eee gotcha nol any equi mch ib of

corruption of a iia
Brick thou be the pear curioufly a ai
Sagal ee ined oe bur: tha ya

Ul Kein boi ide ysl sa when ofthe

and
“Flim; but Binet og rans rot th raed ey
fome little holeof Dirt in it was rooted, i would sad

MicROGRAPHi At

_. Next,how the corruption of each of thofe exceedingly differing bodies
fhould all. confpire to the topes of the fame Plant, that is,that Stones,
Bricks, Wood, or vegetable fubftanctes, and Bones, Leather, Horns, or
animate fubftances, unlefs we may with fome plaufiblenefs fay, that Air
and Water are the coad jutors, or #enfraums.in all. kinds of putrifacTions;
and that thereby the bodies (though whil'ft they retain'd their {ubftan-
tial forms,were of exdceeing differing natures,yet)fince they are difloly'’d
and mixt into another, they may be very Homogencons, they being almoft
refolv d again into Air, Water,and Earth; retaining,perhaps, one part of
their vegetative faculty yet entire, which miecting with congruous af
fiftants, fach as the heat of the Air, and the fluidity.of the Water, and
fuch like coad jutors and conveniences, acquires a certain vegetation for
{fame wholly differing perhaps from ‘that kind, of vegetation it had
before, | | ae
Toexplain my meaning a little better by a groG Similitude :
_, Suppofe-a curious piece of Clock-work, that had had fevera] motions
and contrivances in it, which, when in order, would all have mov'd in
their defign’d methods and Periods. We will further fuppofe, by fome
means, that this Clock comes to be broken, brufed,. or otherwife difor-
dered, {0 that feveral pasts of it being diflocated, are impeded, and fo
ftand {till, and not onely hinder its own progrefliye motion, and produce
not the effe& which they were defign'd for, but becaufe the other parts
alfo havea dependence upon them, put.a ftop to their motion likewifes
and fo the whole Inftrument becomes unferviceable,, and not fit for any
ule, This Inftrument afterwards, by fome fhaking and tumbling, and
throwing up and down, comes to have feveral of its parts thaken out, and
fevera] of its curious motions, and contrivances, and particles all fallen
afunder ; here a Pin falls out, and there a Pillar, and here a Wheel, and
there a Hammer, and a Spring, and the like, and among the reft, away
fallsthofe parts alfo which were brufed and diforder'd, and had all this
while impeded the motion ofall the reft; hereupon feveral of thofe other
Motions that yet remain, whofe {prings were not quite run down, :
now at liberty, begin each of es to move,thus or thus, but quite after
another method then before, there being many regulating parts and the
like.fallen away and loft, Upon this, the Owner, who chances to hear
_ and obferve fome of thefe ofotte, being ignorant of the Watch-makers
_ Art, wonders what is betid his Clock, and pecicnsly imagines that
fome Artift has been at work, and hasfet his Clock in order, and madea
new kind of Inftrument of it, but upon examining circumftances,he finds
there was no fach matter, but that the cafual flipping out of a Pin had
made feveral parts of his Clock fall to pieces, and that thereby the ob-
ftacle that all this while hindred his Clock, together with other ufefull
parts were fallen out, and.fo his Clock was fet at liberty. And upom
Seeaahen nem tnereemcesin ae
alter another manner then it waswont heretotore,
_. And thus may it be clings in the bufinels of Mofs and Mould, and

433

Mulhroms, and feveral other fpontaneovs kinds of vegetations, = .

134 MicrocGranptra.

may be causd by a vegetative’ principle, which was 2 coadjutor to the
life and growth of the greater Vegetable, and was by the deftroying
of the life of it ftopt and impeded in performing its office's but’ after-
wards, upon a further corruption of feveral parts that had all the while
impeded it, the heat of the Sun winding up, as it were, the {pring, fets it
again into a vegetative motion, and this being fingle, and not at all regu-
lated as it was before(when a partof that greater machine the priftine ve-
getable)is mov'd after quite a differing manner,and produces effects very
differing from thofe it did before. | i
But this I propound onely as a conjecture, not that I am more enclin‘’d
to this Hypothefs then the feminal, which upon good reafon 1 ghefs to be
Mechanical alfo, as I may elfewhere more fully fhew : But becaufe I may,
by this,hint a poflible way how this appearance inay be folv d 5 fuppofing
we fhould be driven to confefs from certain Experiments and Obfervati-
ons madé, that fich or fuch Vegetables were produc'd ‘out of the cor-
ruption of another, without any concurrent feminal principle (as I have
given fome reafon to fuppofe, in the defcription of a AGcrofcopical Mulh-
rome) without dérogating at all from the infinite wifdom of the Creator.
For this accidental production, as Imay call it, does manifeft as much, if
not very much more, of the excellency of his contrivance.as any thing in
the rei a vegetative bodies of the world, even as the accidental
moticn of the Automaton does make the owner {ee, that there was much
more contrivance in it then at firft he imagin‘d. But of this I have added
more in the defcription of Mould,and the Vegetables on Rofe leaves,éc.
thofe being much more likely to have their original from fuch a caufe
then this which I have here defetibed, inthe 13. Scheme, which indeedI ©
‘cannot conceive otherwife of, then as of a moft perfec Vegetable, want-
ing nothing of the perfections of the moft confpicuous and vafteft Vege-
tables of the world, and to be of a rank fo high, as that it may very
ay be reckon'd with the tall Cedar of Lebanon, as'that Kingly
otanift has done. Tero Bie hone sus bobeqen. 9) i408

We know there may be as much curiofity of contrivance, and excel-
lency of form in a very fmall Packeticlock, that takes not up anInch
{quare of room,as there may be ina Church-clock that fillsa whole room3
And I know not whether all the contrivances and Afechanifms requifite
to a perfect Vegetable, may not be crowded into an exceedingly lefs-

_ room then this of Mois, as I have heard of a ftriking Watch fo {mall,
that it ferv'd for a Pendant in a Ladies ear; and I have ‘already given
you the defcription of a Plant growing on Rof€ leaves, that isabundant-
y {maller then Mofs; infomuch, that neer 1060. of them would hardly
make the bignefs of one fingle Plant of Mofs. And by comparing the
bulk of Mofs, with the bulk of the biggeft kind of Vegetable we meet
with in Story (of which kind we find in fome hotter climates, 'as'Gaine,
and Brafile, the ftock or body ‘of fome Trees to be twenty,foot in
meter, whereas the body or {tem of Mof, for the moft part, is not above
one fixtieth part of an Inch) we fhall find that the bulk of the ‘one

will exceed the bulk of the other, no lef then 298598, Millions,
| = OF

MicrocrarPuid. 195
or 29859840000C0, and fuppofing the produétiait on a Ro leaf tobe.
aPlant, we fhall have of thofe Jdiaz Plants to exceed a produétion of
the fame Vegetable kingdom no lef then 1000 times the foriner number 3
{o predigioufly varicus are the works of the Creator,and fo All-fufficient:
if he to perform what toman would {eem unpofhible, they being bath —
alike cafie tohim, even as one day, and a thonfand years are wa himas
ene and the fame time. ct ¥ ih id Vixuhth ome

Ihave taken notice of fuch an infinite variety of thofe fmaller kinds of
vegetations, that fhould Ihave defcribed every one of them,they would,
almoft have fill'd a Volume,and prov d bigg enough to have thadeanew
Herbal, fuch multitudes are there to be found in’ moift hot weather,
e(pecially in the Summer time, on all kind of putrifying fubftances; which,
whether they do more properly belong to the Glaffis of Abyhroms, or
Moulds, or Atofes, Ufhall not now difpute, there being fome that feem
more properly of one kind, athers of another, their colours and
magnitudes being as much differing as their Figures and fubltanees, |
Nay, L have obferv'd,that putting fair Water (whether Rain-waterot
Pump-water, ur Afay-dem, or Snow-water, it wasalmoft allonc) Ihave
often obferv'd, Ifay, that this Water would, witha little ftanding,tarnifi
and cover all about the fides of the Glafs that lay under water, witha
lovely green ; but though J have often endeavour d to difcover bata |
Ricraflone whether this green were like Mofs, or long ftriped Searweed,
orany other peculiar form, yet foil] and imperfect are our Adicrefeopess
that could not certainly difcyiminateany.. ©) hited
. Growing Trees alfo, and: any kinds of Woods, Stones, Bones, c.that
have been long expos dito the Air and Rain, will be all. over coyer'd with
aigreenith {curff,which will very much foul and greem any kind of cloaths
that are rubbid againft it; viewing this, 1 could nor certainly perceive
io many parts ofit any determinate form,though in many Icould perceive
aBed 4s ‘twere of young Mofs, but in other parts iit look’d almoft like
green bufhes,and very confus'd but always of. phate at et ed
the parts appear'd of; they were always green, and feem'é to-be |
fome Vegetable, or to have fome vegetating principle: tovork avedT

a savedi

a ee

$ ‘ Mie
er eee lla hada allies Whee ie id

es

PA seeks the teadupeof itywhich the Adionetape difcoyerssfeems to
‘confirm jt; forit isof a for m whereof Lncyer obfe age Wege-
Sere Ee cams ansotanicioaely Oe I 1
) an infinite number of fa . at
the fame ‘bigael, enritnfly jointed | or contex’d kagetiert® the form |
a Net, as

ée

aly ccetifeds by the litle Dzanghé whicb {have

136 MicrROGRAPHIA.

added, in the third Figure of the I X. Scheme, of a piece of it, which you
may perceive reprefents a confus'd heap of the fibrous parts curioully
jointed and implicated. The joints are, for the moft part, where three

es onely meet, for | have very feldom met with any that had four,

At thefe joints there is no one of the three that feems to be the ftock
whereon the other grow, but each of the fores are, forthe moft part, of
an equal bignefs, and feemeach of them to have an equal fhare inthe
joint ; the “me are all of them much about the fame bignefs, not fmaller
towards the top of the Sponge, and bigger neerer the bottom OF root, as
is ufuall in Plants, the length of each between the joints, is very irregu-
lar and different; the diftance between fome two joints, being ten or
twelve times more then between fome others. joa
- Nor‘are the joints regular, and of an equitriagonal Figure, but.for the
moft part, thethree fibres {o meet, that they compofe three angles very
differing all of them from one another.

The methes likewife, and holes of this reticulated body, are not lef
various and irregular: fome Azlateral, others trilateral, and quadrilateral
Figures; nay, I have obferv'd fome mefhes to have 5, 6, 7,8; or 9. fides,
and Na to have onely one, fo exceeding various is the Lajas Nature in
<atebin’ the outward appearance of this Vegetative body, they arefo
ufuall every where, that I need not defcribe them, confifting of a foft
and porous fubftance, reprefenting a Lock, fometimes a fleece of Wooll;
but it has befides thefe {mall microfcopical pores. which lie between the
fibres, a multitude ‘of round pores or holes; which, from the top of it,
pierce into the body, and fometimes go quite through tothe bottom. __
~ Phave obferv'd many of thefe Sponges, to have included. likewife in
the midft of their fibrous contextures, pretty large friableftones, which
muft either have been inclos’d whil'ft this Vegetable was in formation,or
generated in thofe places after it was perfectly fhap'd. The later of which

eems the mare improbable, becaufe] did not find that any of thefe ftony
fubftances were perforated with the fibres of the Sponge. dt

Ihave never feen nor been enform’d of the true manner of thes 2
ing of Sponges onthe Rock;whether they are found toincreafe fromlittle
togreat,like Vegetables,that is, part after part,or like Animals, all parts
equally growing together; or whether they be matrices or feed-baggs of
any kind of Fikes. afar kind of watry Infect 5 -or whether they are at

any times more foft and tender;or of another naturé and téxture,which
things, ifI knew, I fhould much defire to be informed of) but from a
curfory view that I at firft made with my Adcrofcope, and fome other
trials] fappofed it to’be ome Animal fubftance caft out, andbfafttied up-
on the’ Rocks in the form of a froth, or com#geries‘of bubbles, like that
which:I have often obferv'd on Rofemary, and other Plants (wherein
‘is included a little Infe@) that all the little films which: divide -thefe
‘bubbles one from another, did prefently,almoft after the fabftance began
‘to grow a little harder,break,and leave onely the thread behind, which
‘might be, as ‘twere, the angle or thread between the bubbles, :thatthe
“Sop e wi great

MrcroGRApata,
great holes or pores obfervable in thefé Sponges’ were made by the eri:
ption of the’ included Heterogeneous fub{tance (whether air, or fome

other body, for many other fluid bodies will do the fame thing) which’

breaking out of the leffer, were collected into very large bubbles, and
fo might make their way out of the Sponge, and intheir paflage' might
leave a round cavity ; and if it were large,might carry up with it'the ad~
jacent bubbles, which may be perceiv'd’at the outfide of the Sponge, if
it befirft throughly wetted, and fuffer'd to plumpit felf into its natural
form, or be then wrung dry, and fuffer’d to aaid? it felf again, which it
will freely do whilft moift: for when it has thus plump’d it felf into its
natural fhape and dimenfions, ‘tis obvious enough that the mouths of the’
larger holes have a kind of lip or rifing round about'them, but the othet’
fmaller pores have little or none. It may further bé found, that each of
thefe great pores has many other {mall pores below, that are united tnto
it, abe help to conftitute it, almoft like fo many rivulets or {mall ftréams
that contribute to the maintenance of a large River. | Nor from this
Hypothefis would it have’ been difficult to explicate, how thofe little
branches of Cora/, {mal Stones, shel/s, and the like, come to be included:
by theft frothy bodies : But this inded was but a conjecture ; and upon
amore accurate enquiry into the form of it withthe A&@crofcope, it feems
not to be the true origine of them; for whereas Sponges have onely
three'arms which join together at each knot, if they had been generated’
fron bubbles they muft have had four. Ht 10 ae
~ But that they are Animal Subftances, the Chymical examination of
them fees to manifeft, they affording a volatil Salt and {piri like Harts-
Horn, as does alfo their great ftrength and toughnefs, and their fmell
when burn’d in the Fire ot a Candle, which has a kind of flefhy fent,not
much unlike to hair. And having fince examin’d feveral Authors con-
cerning them,among others,I find this account given by BeVonivs, in the
XI. Chap. of his 24 Book, De Aquatilibus. Spongia recentes, fays he, a.ficcis
longe diverfe,{copulis aque marine ad duos vel tres cubits peieta aia,
tuor tantum digitos immerfis, ut fungi arboribus adherent, fordido quo
Sicco ant mucofa potius fanie referte,nfqne aded fetida,ut vel eminus naufean
excitet, continetur autem iis cavernis, quas inanes in ficcis & lotis Spongias
cerniums : Putris pulmonis modo nigra confpiciuntur, verum qua in fub limit
aque nafcuntur multo magis opaca nigredine fuffufe Sunt. Vivere quidem
Spongias adberendo Ariftoteles cenfét : abfolute vero minime: Senjumane
aliquerz habere, vel eo arguinento (inquit) credantur, quod difficillime ab-
Srakantur niff clanculum agatur: Atq; ad avulforis accefum ita contr abantur's
ut cas evellere difficile fit, quod idem etiam faciunt quoties flats tempefta-
téfque Fike Puto autem ills fuccum fordidum quem fupra (diximws car+
nis
quath inteflinis aut interancis uti. Caterum pars ea qua Spongie caittibas
adbarent ft tanquave folii petiolus, 4 quo veluti collum polde
cipit : quod deinde in latitudinem diff nfum capitis globum facit, Recentibus
nihil eff Sftulofune, hafitantque tanquam radicibus, Superne ommes pr opemo~
dum meats Concreti lavent : inferme verd quaterni aut quid patent, per gh
Sin | v

137

natura attributum fuiffe : atque meatibws latioribus tan-

38

MicROGRAPHIA.

eas fugere exiftimamus. From which Defcription, they feemto be akind
of Plant-Animal that adheres to a Rock, and thefe {mall fibres onthreads
which we have defcribed, feem to have been the Veflels which (tis very
probable) were very much bigger whil ft the Interflitza were fil d (as
he affirms) with a mucous,pulpy or flefhy fubftance ; but upon the drying
were fhrunk into the bignefs they. now appear. veo bogee 6 same
- The texture of it is fuch, that have not yet met with any other body
in the world that has the like, but onely one ofa larger fort:of Sponge
(which is preferv’d in the Aéwfenm Harveanum belonging, to the mott
Lluftrious and moft learned Society.of the Phyficians of London) which is
of ahorney, or rather. of a petrify’d fub{tance, And of this indeed, the
texture and make is exactly the fame with common Sponges, but onely
that both the holesand the fibres, or texture of it is exceedingly much
bigger,for fome of the holes were above an Inch.and half,over, andthe
fibres and. texture of it was bigg enough to be cuthingnlheg fay with
ones eye, but confpicuoufly with an ordinary, fingle Adicrofcope, And thefe
indeed, feem'd to have been the habitation of fome Anima] ;-and ex-
ining Ariftotle, I find a very confonant account hereunto, namely, that
he had ee a certain little Animal, call’d Psanothera, like.a Spider, to
be bred in thofe caverns of a Sponge,from within which,by opening and
fing thofe holes, he infnares and catches the little Fiihes3:and.in ano-
her place he fays, That’tis very confidently reported, that there are cer-
tain Moths or Worms that refide in the cavities of a Sponge,and.are there
nourifhed : Notwithftanding all which Hiftories,I think it well worth the
enquiring into the Hiftory and nature of a Sponge, it feeming to promife
fome information of the Veflels in Animal fubftances, which (by. reafon
of the folidity of theinterferted flefh that is not eafily remoy'd, without
deftroying allo, hofe interfpers'd Veflels) are hitherto undifcover'd;
whereashereina Spongesthe Parenchyma,it feems,is but a kind of mucous
gelly, which is very eafily andcleerly wathdaway. > |
reafon that makes me imagine, that there may probably be fome
fuch texture in Animal fubftances, is, that examining the texture of the
filamentsof tann’d Leather, I find it to be much of the fame nature and
ftrength of a Sponge; and with my A4crofcope, 1 have obfery’d. many fuch
joints and knobs, as I have defcribed in Sponges, the fibres alfo in.the hol-

low of feveral forts of Bones, after the Marrow has been remoy‘d, I have
found fomewhat torefemble this texture, though, I confefs;: I never yet
found any texture exactly the fame, nor any for curiofity compar
to i, = ae * , Tt
_ The filaments of it are much fmaller then thofe of Silk, andthrough
the Microfcope appear very neer as tranfparent, nay, fome parts. of them
ees ae more. CS as OE
aving examin’d alfo feveral kinds of Mufhroms,, I finde their texture
to be fomewhat of this kind, that is, to confift Hipeea Re ny of
fmall filaments, every way contex’d and woven together, fo\asto makea
kind of cloth, and more particularly, examining a piece of Touch-wood
(which isa kind of Fems-ear, or Muihrom, growing here in E: Jalfo

3
on

Mucirogr api hf

on feveral forts of Trees; {uch as’ Elders, Maples; !Willowsseczandis
commonly call’d by the name of Spuwk; but thatawe.meer:with/te-bd

dold in Shops, isbrought from beyond Seas): I found: it to be maie.dfiaiy—

exceeding delicate texture: For the fubftance:of it feels; and looks te
the naked eye,and may be ftretch'd any way,exa@lyikea verpfinépiece
of Chamois Leather, or wafh'd Leather: but it is of :fémewhat abrowher.
hew;and nothing neer fo {trongs ‘but:examining, it.with my: Aicrofebpey
T found it of fomewhat another make then any.:kind:of Leather 3:for
whereas both Chamozs, and.all other kinds of Leathen Ichave yetsview' dg
confit of an infinite company of filaments, fomewhat like buthes inter-
woven one within another, that is,of bigger parts or ftems, as it were, and
{maller branchings that grow out of them; or like a heap of Ropes ends,

where each of the larger Ropes.by degrees fee oru Into
_ many: fmaller Borde, Nae Seana Gal Lene Pihes, and
thofe Lines into Threads, @c. and thefe {trangely intangled, or inter-
woven One Within another? The texture of this Touch-wood €
more like that ofa Lock or a Fleece'df Wool; for it confitts of ain ititinit ;
number of {mall filaments, all of them; as fart’ as I could perceive] of thd
fame. bigiiels like*thofe of a Sponge, but that the filaments of this were
not a'twentieth part of the bignefs of thofe of a Sponges and I could not

OH g ontidmols: doum su

taf

tagged edge, I could among feveral of thofe fores petceive’fmall te

- Butto proceed, The felling at Spon
of the Waterin it above'the ‘furface of the Wat
from the fame caufe; of : which 7

very ftrange, but having inadetrial of it my {ElE by d ee

. Y f
7

£40 MicROGRAPHIA-

was:as foon out of breath,as if [had had no Sponge,nor could I fetch my
breath without taking in water at my mouth; but I am very apt to
think, that were there a contrivance whereby the expir'd air might be

forc’dto pafs through a wet or oyly Sponge before it were again infpir'd
fae |} te might sa cldanles and ftrain away from the Air divers fuliginous

oo

and other noifome fteams, and the dipping of it in certain liquors might,
aks STE that property in the Air which it lofes in the Lungs,by

d, that one {quare foot of Air might lafta man for refpirati-
on much longer, perhaps,then ten will now ferve him of common Air, —

mae

Litvi iti TO ies ae , ‘ :
car Obferv. XXII, OF the curious texture of Sea-weeds. |
Or curiofity and beauty, I have not among all the Plants or Vege-
P aie Ihave yet obferv'd, feen any one comparable tothis Sea-weed
Thave here delerib'd, of which I am able to fay very little more then what
is reprefented by the fecond Figure of the ninth, Scheme: Namely, that
it is a Plant which grows upon the Rocks under, the water, and increafes
nd. fpreads it {elf into a, great, tuft, which is not onely handfomely
’d into feveral leaves, but the whole furface of the Plant iscover'd
Over with a moft curious kind of carv'd work, which, confilts of a tex:
ture much refembling a Honey-comb ; for the whole furface.on both fides
is cover'd over with. a multitude of very{mall holes,being no bigger then

. fo, many holes made with the point ofa {mall Pinn, and rangdinthe |

: *

pers moft delicate order imaginable, they being plac’d in the man-
ner. of a Quincunx, or very much like the rows of the eyes of a Fly, the

rows or orders being very regular, which way foever they are obferv'd:
what, the texture, was, as it appeard through a pretty bigg Magnifying
Microfcepe, I have here adjoind in the firlt Figure of the 14. Scheme.
which-round Area ABCD reprefents a part of the furface about one
eighth part of an Inch in Diameter : Thole little holes, which.to the eye
look’d round, likefo many little fpots, here appeard very. regularly
thap'd holes, reprefenting almoft, the thape of the fole. of a round toed
hoe, the hinder part of which, is, as it were, trod. on or cover'd by the
toe of that next below it;thefe holesfeem‘d wall'd about with a very thia
and tranfparent fubftance, looking of a pale ftraw-colour; from the edge
of which; againft the middle of each hole, were fprouted out.four {mall
parent {traw-colour’d Thorni, which feem'd to protect and cover
avities, from either fide two 5 neer the root of this Plarit, were
routed out feyeral {mal} branches of a kind of baltard Corilline; curt

oO -, ranch’d, {mall. | eatin oeiey
_.ofind: to confirm;this, having lately the opportunity. of; viewing ‘the
large Plant (if riya. call it) of a Sponge petrifid.: of yvhich.1 made

tention, in the laft Obferyation, ..1. found, that each of the Branches or
res.of it, did, by. the range ofits pores, exhibit. juit.fach a: *
“r ¢

tsw f

&

SOIIIE

Schem

MicROGRAPHiAs 141
the rows of pores crofling on¢ another, «much: after the manner asthe
rows of eyesido: which are defcrib'd inthe 26.Scheme z Coraline al{o, and
feveral forts of white Cora/, EF have witha Ascrofcope oblery d ‘very cu-
rioufly fhap'd. And I doubt not, but. that)he ‘that fhall obferve thefe
feveral kinds of Plants that grow upon Rocks, which the Sea fomes .
times overflows, and thofe heaps of othets which are vomited out of it up:
on the fhore, may find multitudes of little Plants, and other bodies,which
like this will afiord very beautifull objects for the AGerofeope 5 and this,
Specimen here is adjoin d onely to excite their curiofities who have ops
portunity of obferving to examine ‘and collec what they. find worthy,
their notice 5 for the Sea, among’ tetreftrial bodies, is alfo a: prolifich,
mother; and affords as many Inftances of fhontanedus generations as cir
ther the Air or Earth. fo3 ed is 2951'F , .

h

aha

Oblery.. XX1V.- Ofthe furfaces of Roletnary,, andotber leave,

aL His which is delineated within the circle ofthe fecond Figure of the
#14. Scheme, is a {mall part of the back or under fide of a leaf of
esernay. which I did not sop make choice of, becaufe it had any
thing peculiar which was not obfervable -with a Asicrofegpe in fe)
other Biante but becaufe it exhibits'at one view, re" is eure
Firft, a fmooth and fhining furface, nathely, A By whicliis'a part f the
upper fide of the leaf, that by akind of heim or seer if the leaf ap:
pears on this fide. There are multitudes of leaves; 1 furfaces are
like this fmooth, and asit were quilted, which look like a curious cued
ange ereen Silk, or like a Bladder, or fome fuch pliable tranfparent
bftance, full ftuffed out with a green juice or liquor 3_ the furtace of
Rue, ot Herbgra&, is polith’d, and all dver indented, or pitted, like the
Silk-worm’s Egg, which I fhall anon deferibe 5 the fmooth furfaces of other
Plants are otherwife quilted, Nature in this, as it were, exptefiing her
Needle-work, or wabroiderye> 216 -yel l 2ncOR rico j ) : : 2100 ‘1a
~ Next a downy or buthy furface, fuch-as is all the ander fide alinoft;
appearing through the Aéicrofcope much like a thicket of bufhes, and with
this kind of Down or Hair the leaves.and ftalks of multitudes of Vege+
tables are covered; and there feems ta be as great a variety im the thape,
bulk, and nianner of the growing of thefe fecundary Plants, as may call
them (they being, asit wete, aPlant growing out of a Plant; or fome~
what likethe hairs of Animals) as there is tobe found amongft {mall
- fhrubs that compofe buthes;, but forthe moft part, they confift of finall
traniparent parts, fome of which grow in the’ ape of {mall Needlesor
Bod ins.as on the Thiftle,Cowag-ecod and Nettles others in theform of
fas in Cli ets, the beardsof Barley, the edges of feyeral forts
_ Of Grafs andReeds, be; in otherjas Coltsfoot,R.ofe-campion, Aps; Poplar,
Willow, and-almoft all other downy Plants, they grow in the form of
buthes very much ydiverfify’d in cach particular Plane eeagageerchhe
a§83\, te

142 MICROGRAHPIA.
before in the 19. Obfervation noted ‘on Rofe-leaves, is of a quite differ-
ing kind, and feems indeed a real Vegetable, diftin& from the leaf.
Thirdly, among thefe {mall buthes are obfervable an infinite company
of fall round Balls, exactly Globular, and very much refembling Pearls,
namely, CCCC, of thefe there may be multitudes obferv'd in Sage,
and feveral other Plants, which I fuppofe was the reafon why Athanafins
Kircher fuppofed them to be all cover'd with Spiders Eggs, or young
Spiders, which indeed is nothing elfe but fome kind of gummous exfu-
dation,which is always much of the fame bignefs. At firft fight of thefe,]
confefs, I imagin’d that they might have been fome kind of matrices,’or
nourifhing receptacles for fome {mall Infect, juft as I have found Oak-
apples, and multitudes. of fuch other large excrefcencies on the leaves
and other partsof Trees and fhrubs to be for Flyes, and divers other In-
fects, but obferving them to be there all the year, and fcarce at all to
change their magnitude, that conjecture feem'd not fo probable. But |
what ever be the ufe of it, it affords a very pleafant object through the
Microfcope, and may, perhaps, upon further examination, prove very
luciferous.

it >} Fy 2s ark? Sue ¢

-

Obferv. KKV. Of the flinging points and juice of Nettles, and
_fome otber venomous Plants. aay bor ace

A Nettle is a Plant fo well known toevery one,asto what the appear- _
A ance ofit isto the naked eye,that it needs no defcriptionjand there
. are very few that have not felt as well as {een it's/and therefore it will be
_ nOnewstotell that a gentle and flight touch of the fkin by a Nettle,does:

_ oftentime, not onely create very fenfible and acute pain, much like that
of a burn or {cald,but oftenalfo very angry and hard {wellings and infla-
mations of the parts, fuch as will prefently rife, and continue fwoln di-
vershours. Thefe obfervations, I fay, are common enough; but how the
pain is fo fuddenly created, and by what means continued, augmented _
for a time, and afterwards diminifh‘d, and at length quite exftinguifh'dy
has not, that know, beenexplain'dbyany. |. Tn balou

And here we muit:have recourfe to our Mcrofeope, and, that. will, if
almoft any part of the Plant be looked on, fhew us the whole furface of
it very thick fet with turn-Pikes, or fharp Needles, of the thape of thofe
pe in the 15. Scheme and firft Figure by AB, wHich are vifible —
alfoto thenaked eye 5 each of which confifts of two parts very’ diftingh
for fhape,and differing alfo in quality from one.another. For the part -Ay
is fhaped very much like around Bodkin,from B ' tapering till it end ina
very fharp points it is’ of a fubftance very hard and ftiff, exceedingly
| tranfparent and cleer,and, as [by many trials certainly , is hollow:
top to bottom. +5; Hibii YAWOD 7 “ito Aik Shes: rie WS iv
This I-found by this| Experiment,'[had i eee

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MrcroOGmar ital. 143
feope withra fingle Glafs which drew about alfa hich,this thdd 'faitned
into a little frame, almoft like a painof SpeGacles, which E placed:before
mine eyes, and fo holding the Jeafof'a, Nettle atd convenient diftance
from my ¢ye; I did: firft,with the thrufting: of Severahof thefe biiftles into
my fkinsperceive that. prefently after Lad thrifhthem in ffelethe burns
ing pain begin ; next I obfery din divers of them, chat upom thrufting
my finger againft their tops, the Bodkim (if Emay fo call it) didnot in |
the leaft bend, but I could perceivemoving up and: down withinitacers |
tath liquor, which uponchrulting the Bodkin againftits bafis, orbagg B;
I could perceive to rife towards the sop; and upon taking away thy hand;
I-could fee:it again: fubfide, and fhrink into. the bagg ; this I did very
often, and faw this Phenomenon as plain as J could'ever feeva ) of
water afcend and defcerid ina pipe of Glafs, But the bafis underneath thefe
Bodkins on which they were faft, were made of amore pliable fubftance, —
and looked almoft likea:little bagg' of green Leather, or rather refem:
bled the fhape and furface.of a wilde: Cucumber; \or cucumeris afinini,
and I could plainly perceive them to becertaim little baggs; bladders,or
receptacles full of warer;or as I ghéfs, the liquor of the Plant, which was
ifonous, and thofe {niall Bodkins were but the Syringe-pipes, or Gly-
er-pipes; which firft made way inte the fkin, and then ferved to convey
that poifonous juice,npon:the prefling of thofe little bagegs, mto the in-
terior and: fenfible parts of the fkin;which being’ fo difcharg’d, does coré
rode, or, asit were, burn that pattof the fkinit touches 5 and this pain
will demmeichenlatieae ieee eens the impreffion ismade deeper
or ergiisinecise2rontaiiily ic esbuiition: 10) 2boms rea seiion
f Tha cael parts of the leaf or furface of the Nettle; have'very little
eonfiderable; but what iscommon tomoft of thefé kinds of Plants, as the
nefs-or indenting, and hairinefS, and other roughnefleés of the furs
face or out-fide of the Plant, of which I may fay more in another place,
As I fhall: likewife of certain little pretty cleer Balls or Apples which I
have obferved to fttckto the fidesiof » leaves, both onthe upper and
under fide, very much like the fmall Apples which Ihave often obferv'd
to growon the leaves of an Oak call’d: Ozk-apples which are nothing but
the Avatrices of an Infeéty.as 1 elfewhere fhew.
- The chiefthing therefore is, how this Plant comes, by fo flight a touch,
tocreate fo great a pain;andthe reafon of this feems to be nothing elfe,but
the corrofive penetrant liquor contain'd inthe fmall baggs or bladders
upon which grow out thofe fharp Syringe-pipes, as I before noted sand
very confonant to this, is the reafon of the pain created by the fting of a
Bee, Wafp, Gc. asl elewhére fhew: Forby the Dart,which is likewife a
ipe, is madeéa deep paflage into the fkin, and them by the anger of the
ly, ishis gally poifanous liquor injeCted 5 which being admitted among
the fenfibleparts, and fo mix’d with the ‘humours or ftagn ating juices of |
that part; does create ati Ebullition perhaps, or efferve/cens, as is tifually
ebferv'd Gn ithe mingling of two: differing’ Chymical -faline liquors, by
which méans'the parts aii fwell'd,’ hard; and he painfull; for
thereby the'nervois'and fenfible partsarenot onely ftreteh’d and = .
So 4% eyon

I4A MicroGRAPHIA,

beyond their natural tone, but are alfo prick’d, —— or corroded by.
~ the pungent and incongruous poresof the intruded liquor. 911) 6
And this feems to be the reafon, why Aqua fortis, and other faline lis
quors, if they come to touch the fenfitive parts, as ina cut of the kin,
or the like, do fo violently and intollerably exeruciate and torment the
Patient. And ’tis not unlikely, but the Inventors of that Diabolical pra-
étice of poifoning the points of Arrows and Ponyards, might receive
| their firfthint from fome fuch Inftance in natural contrivances, as this of
_ the Nettle: for the ground why fuch poifon'd weapons kill fo infallibly
as they do, feems no other then this of our Nettle’s {tinging 5 for the Pon-
yard or Dart makes:a paflage or entrance into the fenfitive or vital parts
of the body, whereby the contagious fubftancecomes to be diflolv'dby,
and mix’d with the fluid parts or humours of the body,and by that means
- fpreads it felf by degrees into the whole liquid part of the body, in the
manner, as a fee grains of Salt,put into a great quantity of Water,
will by degrees diffufe it felf over the whole. d
And thisI take to be the reafon of killingof Toads, Frogs, Effs, and
feveral Fifhes, by ftrewing Salt on their backs (which Experiment was
fhewn tothe Royal Society by a very ingenious Gentleman, anda worthy
Member of it). tor thofe creatures having always a continual exfudation,
as it were,of{limy and: watry parts,{weating out of the pores of their fkin,
the faline particles, by that means obtain a wehicle;which conveysthemin-
to the internal and vital parts of the body. B10 30
This feemsalfo to be the reafon why bathinb in Mineral: waters are
fuch foveraign remedies for multitudes of diftempers,efpecially chronical;
for the liquid & warm vehicles of the Mineral particles,which are known
to be in very confiderable quantities in thofe healing baths,by the body's
long ftay in them, do by degrees fteep and infinuate themfelves into the
pores and parts of the fkin,and thereby thofe Mineral particles have their
waysand paflages open'd to penetrate into the inner parts, and mingle
themfelves with the ffagnant juices of the feveral parts ; befides,many of
thofe offenfive parts which were united with thofe ffagnant juices, and
which were contrary to the natural conftitution of the parts, and fo be-
come irkfome and painful] to the body,but could not be difcharged, be-
caufe Nature had made no provifion for fuch accidental mifchiefs, are, by
means of this foaking, and filling the pores of the fkin with a Jiquor, af
forded a paflage through that liquor that fills the pores» into the ami:
_ bient fluid, and thereby the body comes to be ee » ride anges
_ So that ‘tis very evident,there may bea good as well as anevil:applica-
, Hon of this Principle, And the ingeniovs Invention of that Excellent
i pert, Dottor Wren, of inje€ting liquors into the veins of anAnimal;
eems to be reducible to this head : I cannot ftay,nor is this a: fit place,to
mention the feveral Experiments made of this kind by the moftincom*
parable Mr. Boyle, the multitudes made by the lately mention’d Phyficiat
Dotior Clark, the Hiftory whereof, as he has been pleas'd to commu
nicate to the Koyal Society, fo he may perhaps be prevail’d withtomake —
publique himfelf: ButI rather hint, that certainly, ifthis Principle
: were

Microcrapitay 148

were well confiderd,there might, befides the farther improving of Bach:
-ing and Syringing into the veins, be thought on feveral ways, whereby
feveral obitinate diftempers of a humane body;fach as the Gout Gat
Stone, ec, might be maiter'd, and expell’d3 and good men inight make
_asgood a‘ufe of it, as evil men have made a perverfe and Niabolical.....
_ And thatthe filling ofthe pores of the fkin with fome fluid uchicle, ig
of nofmall cihicacy towards the preparing a paflage for fevetal-kinds.of
penetrant juices, and other ditioluble bodies, .te-infinuate themfelyes
withinthe ikin, and into the fenfitive partsof the beady, maybe, think,
‘provid by an Inftance given us by Be4omius, inthe, 26. Chapter of the
ecbnd Beok of his Obfrwations » which containing a very remarkable
StoryT have. here tranicrib'd: Cum Chameleonis. nigri redicesfays he)
apud Pagum quendam Livadochorio nuncupatum erni curaremns, plevini
Grect & Turce fpedatum venerunt quid éruerenius, eas vero feuftulatin fe-
cabamus,& filo trajictebamus ut facalivs exficeari poffent, Turce in co ner
gotio occupatos nos videntes, fimiliter eas radices.trattare & fecare: volue-
runt: at cum fummus chet efius,, &» omnes fudoré madevent, gnicungme
eat radicen: nanibus tractaverant lidoremane abfterferant, aut facien dit
Sitis fealpferant, tantam pruviginent its locis quos attigerant poftea fenferunt,
ut aduri viderentur. Chamelconis enim nigri radix ea virtute pollet. ut eur
tt applicata ipfam adeo inflammet, ut nec fquilla, nec urtica ullé centefmnd
partetta adurent ; At prurige non’ adeoceleriter fefe prodit. Poft unane aut al:
teram porro horam, linguli variis favies locis cutem adeo inflamuatans har
bere capimns ut tota fanguinea videretur, atque quo wtagis eam confricabas
mus tanto magis excttabatur prurigo. Fonts alfid pei latano,atgue inis
tto pro lndicro habebamus & ridebamus: attandem ili plurimum indignati
Sunt, & nif affeverafemuys nunquam expertos tali virtute cam plantam palere,
band dubie, male nos multoffent. Attamen noftra exeufatio fuit ab illis farilix
us accepta,cum coden: incommiodo nos affetlos confpicerent. Atirum fane quod
intantillo radice tam ingentem efficaciam noftro vtalo experti fumus,
- By which obfervation ofhis,iticems maniteft,that their being all coyerd |
with fweat who gather'd and cut this root of the black Chameleon Thiflle, |
___ Wasthe great reafon why'they fuffer'd that inconvenience, for it feems the
___ likecircumftance had not been before thatinoted, nor do I find any men-
__ Homoffucha property belonging’to this Vegetable in any of the Her~
bals Thave.at prefent by pitas) os is : rx
I could give very many Obfervations which I have made of this kind,
wherebyJ have found that the beft way.to get a body to be infinuated
into the fub{tance or infenfible.pores. of another,, is firft, to finda fluid
vebicle that has fome congruity;both to the body te be infinuated,and to
the body into whofe pores you would-have the-other convey d. And in
this Principle lies the great myftery of {taining feveral forts of bodies, as
Marble, Woods, Bones, éc. and of Sr are Cloaths, Wools, Fea-
thers}@+e, But thefe being digreflions, Ifball proceed to:

- Oblerv. XXV I. OfCowage,and the itching operation of fome bodies.
T Here isa certain Down of 3 Plant,brought from these dierseal'd
See monly, though very maiproperly, Chv eet, SEY ee itake

SI

146 .MicrocRarHta.

miftake is manifeft enough from the defcription of it,which Mr. Parkinfon
th in his Herbal; t tribe XI: Chap. 2. Phafiolus filiqua birfuta’, The
hairy ‘Kidney-bean, called in Zurratte where it grows, Couhage: We have had
(fayshe) another of this kind brought ws out of the Eaft-Indies, which being
planted, was in fhew like the former, but came not to perfettion, the unkindly
feafore not fuffering it to fhew the flower 5 but of the Cods that were: brought,
‘fome were fmaller, foorter, and rounder then the Garden kind others much
longer sand many growing together, as it were in clufters,and cover'd all over
with a brown fhort hairine, fo fine, that if any of it be rubb'd, or fall onthe
back of ones hand, or other tender parts of the skin, it will canfe a kind of
itching; but not ftrong,nor long induring, but palfing quickly away, without
either danger or harm the Beans were fmaller then ordinary, and of a black
foining, colour, i Ay

- Having one of thefe Cods given me by a Sea-Captain; who had fre-
quented ‘thofe parts, I found it to be a {mall Cod, about three Inches
long; much like a fhort Cod of French Beans, which had fix Beans init,
the whole furface of it was cover'd over with a very thick and fhini
brown’ Down or Hair, which was very fine, and for its bignefs ftiff;
taking *fome of this Down, and rubbing it on the back of my hand,1
found. very little ornotrouble, only I was fenfible that feveral of thefe
little'downy parts with rubbing did penetrate, and were funk, or ftuck —
pretty deep into-my fkin. After I had thus rubb’d it for a pretty while,
Tfelt-very little or no pain, in fo much that I doubted, whetherit were
the true Couhage 5 but whil’ft I was confidering, I found the Down begin
to make my hand itch, and in fome flaces to fmart again; much-like the
{tinging of aFlea or Gnat, and this continued a pretty while, fothatby
Jegrees'I found my {kin to be fwell’d with little red puftules, and to
loc rn ert But wena te without ee ca 4
ing, the itching: tickling pain quickly grew languid, and within an hour —
I fele nothingat all, aut the litle yanlaiariite vanifh’'ds ©
The caufe of which odd Phenomenon, 1 fappofe to be much the fame
with that of the ftinging of a Nettle, for by the Asicrofcope, V difcover'd

this Down to confift of a multitude of {mall and flender conicalbodies,
much refembling Needles or Bodkins, fuch as are reprefented ‘by AB.
CD. EF. ofthe firft Figure of the XVI. Scheme; that theirends AAA;
were very fharp, and the fubftance of them ftiff and hard, much’like the
fbftance of feveral kinds of Thorns and crooks growing on Trees.7And
though they appear’d very cleer and tranfparent, yet [could not per
ceive whether they were hollow or not, but tome they appeard
like folid tranfparent bodies, without any cavity in them; ° whether;
though they might not be a kind of Cane, fill’d with fome tranfpa-
rent liquor which washardned (becaufe the Cod which I had ‘was very
dry) I was not able to examine. oS tao W ld
Now, being fuch ftiff, harp bodies, it is eafie to conceive, how wit
rubbing they might eafily be thruft into the tender parts of the skin,and
there, by reafon of their exceeding finenefS-and drine&, not create a0y
confiderable trouble or pain, till by remaining in thofe places moiftned
with the humours of the body, fome cauftick part fticking cn them, or

Mrorocrar Hbady 144

refiding within them might be difloly'diand mix'd with the ambient juices
of that place, and thereby thofe fibres|and tender :parts adjoyning be»
come affected, and asitiwere corroded by, it; whence, whilé that acti-
ontafts, the pains created are pretty {harp and!pungent, though fmall,,

which isthe effential, property. of anitehing.one; | >...

: That the pain alfoicaufed. by the ftinging of d Fled, aG ina fae
Wafp, and the like, proceeds much feamiahiahelslemmecatles tetera
intheir proper placesendeavour to, manifeft. The {tinging alo of thred’
Horf-hairs which in meriment is often {trew’d between the fheets ofa Bed,"
feems to proceed fromthe fame caufes) of) os mai sn eh ee

z wi =, » te * >
~ . rl fr ree

Obferv. XX VII. Of the Beard:ofa wilde Oat, and the ufe that
‘. may be made of it for exhibiting always to the Eye the temperature .
«of the Air, as todrine/s and moiflures. 00 he
“y Bis Beard:of a wild Oat, isa bodyofa very curiousftrudture,though
‘™ to the naked Eyeit appears very: flight, and.inconfiderable, it being
only ‘afmall black or brown Beard or Briftle,which grows out ofthe fide
of the inner Husk that coversthe Grain of a wild Oat;the wholelength of
it,;when put in Water, fo that it may extend it {elf to its full length,isnot:
above an Inch and 2 halfjandfor the moft part fomewhat fhorter,but- when
the Graimis ripe, and very dvy, which is ufualy ‘in the Moniciwetiiaiis|
and Augnf, this Beard is bent fomewhat below the middle, namely,about
? from the bottom of it, ‘almoft to aright Angle, ‘and the under part of
itis wreath’d lik a With the fubftance of it is vety brittle when dry, and:
itwillvery eafily be broken from the husk on whichit grows: :

© Ifyou tuke one of thefe Grains; and wet the Beard in Water,you will
pele? fee the {mall bended topto turn and move round, asif it were
lenfible; and by degrees, if it be coritinued wet enough, the joint or knee
will ftreighten it felf; and if it be fuffer'd to dry again; it willby degrees

move round another way, and at Jength bend:again into! 1s former

© fit be view’d with an ordinary fingle Aécrofcope, it will appear like
a fmall wreath’d Sprig, with two clefts; and if'wet as betore, and,
then look'd on with this Asicrofcope, it will appear to unwreath it felf;
+ ste bape {treighten its knee, and the two clefts will/ become
reight, and almoft on oppofite fides of the finall cylindrical body.
~_ If it be continued to is look’d a little longer witha AGcrofcope, it
will within a little while begin to wreath it felf again, and foon after
return toits former poftute, bending it felf again neer the middle, into
a kind of knee or angle. Ot 3 1Wotee >
_ Several of thofe bodies exatnin'd with larger Aéicrofcopety:and there
found them much of the make ofthofe two long wreath cylinders de-
ligeated in the fecond Figure of the 15. Scheme, whichtwo cylinders a
By Ko pre

148 MicroGRAPHIA.

at the wreathed part broken into two pieces,whereof theend ABis
to be fuppos'd to have join'd tothe end CD, fothat E A CF doesrepre-
fent the whole wreath’‘d part of the Beard, and/E'G a {mall piece of the
upper part of the Beard which is beyond the knee, which as'l had nop
room to infert, fo was it not very confiderable, either for its form,or any
known property ; but the under or wreathed part is notable for both:
Asto itsform, it appear'd, if it were look’d on fide-ways, almoft liked
Willow; ‘ora {mall tapering rod of Hazel, the lower or bigger halfof
whiclronely, is twifted round feveral times,in fome three, in others more,
in others lefs, according to the bignefs and maturity of the Grain on
which it grew, and according to the drinefs and moifture of the ambient
Air, as I fhall fhew moreat large by and by. ;
The whole outward Superficies of this Cylindrical body is —
adorned ot Huted with little channels, andiinterjacent ridges, ori
protuberances between them, which run the whole length of the Beard,
and are ftreight where the Beard is not twifted,and wreath'd where itis,
juft after the fame manner: eachiof thofe fides is befet ‘pretty thick with
{mall Brifles or Thorns, fomewhat in form refembling that of Porcupines
Quills, fuch as ¢ 2aaa in the Figure} all whofe points are directed like
fo many Turtn-pikes towards the fmall end or top of the Beard, which ts
the reafon; why, if you endeavour to draw the Beard between your finy
gers the contrary way, you will find it to ftick, and grate, as:it were,
The proportion of thefe {mall conical bodies 22aaa to that whereon
they grow, the Figure will fufficiently fhew, as alfo their manner of grow-
ing,their thicknefs, and neernefs to each other, as, that towards the root
or of the Beard, they are more thin, and much fhorter,infomuch
that there‘is ufnally left between the top of the one, and the bottom of
that next above it, more then the length of one of them, and that to-
wards the top of the Beard they grow more thick and clofe (though
there be fewer ridges) fo that the root, and almoft half the upper are
hid by the tops of thofenext below them. me
I could not perceive any tranfverfé pores, unlefs the whole wreath
part were feparated and cleft,in thofe little channels,by the wreathing it-
to fo many little ftrings as there were ridges, which was very difficult to
determines, but there were inthe wreathed part two very confpicuous
channels or clefts, which were continued from the bottom F.to'the el-
bow EH, or all along the part which was wreath'd, which feem‘dto di-
vide the wreath‘d Cylinder into two parts,a bigger and a lefs; the bigget
was that which was at the convex fide of the knee, namely, on thefide A;
and was wreath'd by QOOOOs this, as it feem'd the broader, f
did it alfo the longer, the other P PP P P, which was ufually purs dor
wrinckled inthe bending of the knees about E, feem'd both the fhortet
and narrower, fo that at firft I thought the wreathing and unwreathiog
of the Beard might have been caus'd by the fhrinking or {welling of that
ke a a farther examination,I found that the clefts, KK, L L,were
up with a kind of Spongie fubftance, which, for the mott part, W29
eid A sot

sn

@

Miucrocrapala,
very confpicuous necr the knee, as ih the cleft KK; when the Beaid was
drys upon the difcovery of which. 1 began to think, that it wast the
{welling of this porous pith upon the accefs of moiftute or water tharthe

Beard, being made longer in the midft,was ftreighthed,and by the fhtinka

ing or fubfiding of the parts: of that Spongie fubftanée tovether. when
he water or moifture was exhal'dvor dried, the pith varaedeite parts
growing fhorter, the whole became twifteds 91) is vor! vere .Brsed
~ But this] cannot be pofitive in, for upon cutting the wreath’d part in
many places tranfverfly, TP was not fo well fatisfy d with the fhapeand
manner of the pores of the pith; for looking onthefe tranfverle Seétiong
with a very good Adicrofcope, I found’ that | the ends of -thofeceran
verfe Settiohs appear'd much of the mainer of the third Figure-of the
r5-Scheme ABCKFE, and the middle: ot pith CC pfeem’d very fullof
poresindeed, but all of them feem’d torunthe longswaye 6) 1 Leo
This Figure plainly enough fhews in what tantier thofe clefts,Kiand L
divided the wreath’d Cylinder into two unequal parts, ‘and aloof what

;

kind of fubftance the whole body confifts’ for by cuttin che faihe Beard

im many places, with tranfverfe Sections, I found much the fame ‘ap
pearance with this exprefs'd 5 fo that thote pores feem to run, ‘asin mot
other fuch Cany bodies, the whole lengthiof it. 0 0 2 0 Sian
The clefts.of this body KK; and LL} feem'd (as'i8 alld exprefy'd ‘in
the Figure) to wind very oddly in the inner pait of the wreaths and
infome parts of them, they feem'd fluffed, as it wete,with that Sporigie
fubftance,: which I julttnow defcribeds) © > asS1og Moy orm ob fat iy
~ This fo oddly conftinuted Vegeeable fubftance; isfirft Céhiat Uhave
met with) takennotice of by Baptita Porta, in his Natural Magick, asa.

thing known to children and Juglers, and it has beeneall’d byfome of |
thole laft named perfons; the better to cover their cheat, theLegg of an
Arabian Spider, or the ccegot an inchanted Egyptian Fly, and hasbeen *

ufed by them to make a {mall Index, Cro, or the like, tomove round
sary noses of it with a drop of Watet,and muttering Cotas
Worms, (6.2 zlsic Wathed gilt io x .cansodes biqeer bas
» But the ufe that has been made of it, for the difeovery of the various
conftitutions of the Air, as to drinefs and moiltnets, is incompatably
beyond any other ; for this it does to adthitationy The manner of cori
triving it fo, as to perform this rae effect, is onely thus : |

sao rere ae large Box 0 sibes aoe pertosied beet |
what ou fhall judge conve accor to | 1
of Saldeusd of des nro of thefe {niall Beards,ordered in

the manner which I fhall by and by defcribe)let all-the fides of this Box be

turned of Batket-work (which here in London is eafily enough procur d)
full of holes,in the manner almoft of a Lettice, the bigger, ot more the
Jolesare;the better,that fo the Ait may have the more free paflage tothe
inclofed Beard,and may the more eafily pafsthrough the Inftrament 5 it
will be better yet,though not altogether fohandfor,if infteed of the Baf-
ket-work onthe fides ct the Box,the bottom and top of the Box be joir’d
together onely ‘with three or four finall Pillars, after the tanner repre-

fented

150 MicrROGRAPHIA, :

fented inthe 4.Figureof the 15. Scheme. Or,if youintend tomake uf of
many. of thefe {mall Beards join'd together; you may have'a dmall long
Cafe of Ivory, whofe fides are turn’d of Bafket-work, full of holes, which
may be ferew'd on tothe underfide of a broad Plate of Ivory,on the other
fide of which is tobe made the divided Ring or Circle, to which divifie
ons the pointing of the Hand or Index, which is moved by the conjoin‘d
Beard, may fhew all the AG@wute variations of the Air. nod) niitem
‘There may be multitudes of other ways for contriving this fmall Infttu-
ment, fo'as to produce thisieffett, which any one may, according to his
peculiar ufe, and thé exigency of his prefent occafion, eafily enough con-
trive andtake, on which I fhall not therefore infift.. The whole manner of
making any one of them is thus: Having your Box or frame AA:BB, fitly
adapted. for the free paflage of the Air through it,in the midft of the bot-
-tomB BB, you mufthave a very {mall hole C, into which the lower end of
the Beard.is to be fixd,the upper end of which Beard 2 4.isto pas through
a {mall hole of a Plate, or top A A, if you make ufe onely of a fingle one,
and onthe top ofit ¢, is to be fix'd a fmall and very light Index fg, made
of a very thin {liver ofa Reed.or, Cane 5 butif you tuake ufe of twoor
moreBeards, they -muft be fix’d and bound together, either with —
| fine piece of Silk, or with avery {mall touch of hard Wax, or Glew, which
is better,and the Index fg, isto be fix'd on the top of the fecond,third,
or fourth in the fame manner as onthe fingle one. | otf i
. Now, becaufe that-in every of thefe contrivances, the Index fg, will
with fome temperatures of Air, move two, three, or more times round,
which without fome other contrivance then this,will be difficult to diftin-
guifh,therefore I thought of this Expedient ; The Index or Hand f g,be-
Ing) taisd a pretty way above.the furface of the Plate AA, fix in ata
little diftance from the middle of ita {mall Pin 4, foasalmoft to touch
the furface of the Plate A A, and then in any convenient place of the
furface of the Plate,fix a {mall Pin, on which put ona {mall piece of Paper,
or thin Paft-board; Vellom, or Parchment, made of a convenient .cize,
and fhap‘d in the manner of that in the Figure exprefs'd by 2k, fo
that having a convenient number of teeth every turn or return of the
Pin 4, may move this {mall indented Circle, a tooth forward or back-
wards, by which means the teeth of the Circle, being mark’d,,it will be
thereby very eafieto know certainly, how much variation any change
of weather will make upon the {mall wreath’d body. In the erie
this Secundary Circle of Vellom, or the like, great care is to be had, that _
it be made exceeding light, and to move very eafily, for otherwile
variation will {poil the whole operation. The Box may bemad ae
Silyer, Iron, or any other fubftance, if care be taken.to make i “ns
enough, to let the Air have a fufficiently free accefs to the Beard. - Th
Index alfo may be various ways contrived, fo as to thew both the number
of the revolutions it makes, and the AGmute divifions of each revolution.
have made feyeral trials and Inftruments for difcovering, the drinefs
and moifture of the Air with this little wreath’d body,and find it to vary
exceeding fenfibly with the leaft change in the conftitution of the Asses

Mircriooraprat dv 15

todrinefs and moifture, {6 that withone breathing uponvit, Thave made
it untwilt'a whole bout, and the Index or Hand has thew’d or pointed to
various diviftons on'the upper Face or Ring of the’ Inftrument, according
as it was carried neerer'and ‘neerer to'the fire; or ‘as'the heat of the Sun
increafed uponit.§ » uly Sbaal doidw soltnaimaxs od¥ coe
Other trials have made with Gutfirings, bur firid them nothing neer |
fo fenfible; though they alfo maybe fo contriv’d:as toexhibit:the
changes of the Air; as to/drinefs and moifturesboth by theirftretching
and {brinking ‘in lengthy ‘and: alfo by-their wreathing: and:unwreathing —
themfelvesy but-thefe are’ nothing neer {0 exact or: {o-tender,foritheir va-
rying property will ina Jittle time change very muchy But there are fe |
veral other Vegetable fubftances that‘aré much mére fenfible then even
this Beard-of'a wilde Ost; fuch Thave found:thé Beard of the fécd:of |
Mutk-grafs; or Geranium mofthatum, and thofé of other kinds df Craness
bil eeds;.and the like.: But always the {maller the wreathing: fubftance
be, the more fenfible is it of the mutations of the! Air, a conjecture at
the reafon of which I fhall by and by add.) Y over rend bee
_ The lower'end of this wreath’d Cylinder being ftuck upright ina little
foft Wax;) fothat the bended part or index of it lay horizontal, Thave ,
obferv'd it always with moifture rounwreath it felf from the Eaft (For
inftance)by the South to the Weft,and fo by the North tothe Eaft again,
moving with the Sun (as we commonly fay) and with sr poe
tore-twilt, and wreath it felf she contrary way, namely, fron He Ke
(for inftance> by. the North'to the Weltand Pomnbdae 4 x “¥ brie
The caufe of all which Phexomena, feems to be the differing texture
of the parts of thefe bodies, each of them (efpecially the Beard of a wilde
Ost, and of Mosk-grafs feed.) feeming to have tio kind of fab{tanees,one
that is very porous. loofejand {pongie,into which the watry {teams of the
Air may be very eafily forced, which will be thereby, {well'd and'extend-
ed in its, dimenfions, juft as, we may obfetve all kind of Vegetable fub-
ftance upon fteeping in water to {well and grow bigger and longer. Anda |
fecond that is more hard and clofe,into;which the water can very little,or
hot at all penetrate, this therefore retaining always very neer the fame
dimenfions; and the other. ftretching and fhrinking, according as there
is more or lefs moifture or water in its pores, by reafon of the make and
thape of the parts, the!whole body mutt neceflarily unwreath and
_.»Andupon this Principle, it is vety eafie to make feveral forts of con
‘bya aces that fhould chu wreath ail unwreath themfelves, either by |
_ heatand cold, or by drinefs, and moifture, or by any greater or lef force,
from whatever caufe it: proceed, whether from gravity or weight, O08
wind which is motion of the Air, or from fome {pringing body,
Or the like, .. eS ee ——r ' HM

5S.

__~ Thishad Itime, [{hould enlarge rhuch more upon 5 for it feemstome
| to be the very firft footltep of Senfation, and Animate motion, the moft
Plain,fimple,and obvious contrivance that Nature has made ule of to ae |
duce a motion, next ‘to that of Rarefadtion and Condenfation by ind

152

MicROGRAHPYIA.

and cold. And were thisPrinciple very well examin'd, I am very apt to
think, it would afford us avery great help to. find out the Asechanifin
of the Mufcles, which indeed,as farr as I have hitherto been able to ex-
amine, feems to me not fo very perplex as one might imagine,efpecially.
upon the examination which I made of the Mufcles of Cra 55Lob, ers,and
feveral forts of large Shell-fith,and comparing my-Obfervations on them,
with the circumftances I obferv’d in the mufcles of terreftrial Animals.

Now, as in this Inftance of the, Beard of a wilde Oat, we fee thereis
nothing elfe requifite to make it wreath and-unwreath it felf, and ta
ftreighten and bend its knee, then onely a little breath of moift or dry
Air, or a {mall atome almoft of water or liquor, and a little heat to make
it again evaporate 3 for, by holding this meee! feats and fix'd as I be-
fore direéted, neer aFire, and dipping the tip of a {mall fhred of Paper
in well rectify'd fpirit of Wine, and then touching the wreath'd Cylin-
drical part,you may perceive it to untwift it felf; and prefently again,up»
on the avolation of the fpirit, by the great heat, it will re-cwilt it felf
and thus will it move forward.and backwards as oft as you repeat the
touching it with the fpirit of Wine; fo may, perhaps, the fhrinking and
relaxing of the. mufcles be by the influx and evaporation of fome kind
of liquor or juice. But of thisEnquiry I fhall add:more elfewhere.

walt. ra i _s _—_" alin

Obferv. XXVIII. Of the Seeds of Venus looking-glaf, or Corn
Volts |

Rom the Leaves, and Downs, and Beards of Plants,we come at laftto

” the Seeds 5 and here indeed feems to be the Cabinet of Nature,where-
in are laid up its Jewels. The providence of Nature about Vegetables,isin
no part manifefted more,then in the various contrivances about the feed,
nor indeed is therein any part of the Vegetable fo curious carvings, a
beautifull adornments, as about the feed ; this in the larger forts of feeds —
is moft evident to the eyes nor ist lefS manifeft through the Aserofcape,
in thofe feeds whofe thape and ftructure, by reafon of their fmalnefs, the
eye is hardly able to diftinguifh, — eo" » FIOM
_ Ofthefe there are multitudes, many of which I have obferv'd through
a Microfcope, and find, that they do, for the moft part, every-one afford —
exceeding pléafant and beautifull objects. For befides thole that ‘have
various kinds of carv'd furfaces, there ‘are other that have fmooth and
perfectly polifh’d furfaces, others a downy hairy furfaces fome are
cover'd onely witha fkin, others with a kind of thell, others with both,
as Is obferyable alfo_ in greater feeds,. weno a iodw batw coe Fm

Of thefe feedsI have onely defcribed four forts which may ferveas@
Specimen of what the inquifitive obfervers are likely to findamongthe
reft. The firlt of thefe feeds which are defcribed in the 17.scheme, ae
thofe of Corn-Violets, the feed is very {mall, black, and thining, andst0

3 the naked eye, looks almoft ‘like-a-yéry finall Flea; But throughthe

Microfcope

~ Schemicy mr.

AA
| ENS
; \" SS .
WN .
\\
AY
\
iff
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H
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MicROGRAPHIA. 152

Microfcope, it appears a large body, cover'd witha tough thick and bright -
reflecting {kin very irregularly fhrunk and pitted, infomuch thatitisal-
moft an impoffibility to find two of them wrinkled alike, fo great a ya
riety may there be even in thislittle feed. ts (0
, This, though it appear'd one of the moft promifing feeds for beauty to
the naked eye,yet through the Aéicro/cope it appear'd but a rude mifhapen
feed, which therefore drew, that I might thereby manifeft how unable
we are by the naked eye to judge of beauteous or lefs curious microfeopi-
cal Objects; cutting fome of them in funder, I obfervd them tobe fill’d
witha greenith yellow pulp, and to have a very thick hufk, in. propor-
tion to the pulp. : | ,

Obferv. X XIX. Of the Seeds of Tyme.

at Hefe pretty fruits here reprefented, in the 18. Scheme, are nothing
4 elfe;but nine feveral feeds of Tyme; they are all of them in differ+
ing pofture,both as to the eye and the light; nor are they all ofthem ex:
attly of the fame fhape, there being a great variety both in the bulk and
figure Of each feed ; but they all agreed in this,that being look’d on with
a Microfeope, they each of thein exactly refermbled'a Lemmon or Orange
dry’d and this both in fhape and colour. Some of themiate a little
rounder; of the fhape of an Orange, as A and By they have‘each of
them ‘a’ very confpicuous part by which ee joitrd to their little
ftalk,and one of thenthad a little piece of ftalk remaining on 3 the‘oppo-
fite fide of the feed, you may perceive very plainly by’ the Figure.is very
copped and prominent, as is very ufual in Lemmons, which prominencies
are exprefs'd in D, E and F. 30D | I (aim HOT
© They: feem’d each of thei little creas‘d-or wrinckled; but E was
very confpicuoufly furrow’d, asif the inward make‘of this feed'had’been
fomewhat like that of a Lemfnon alfo, but upon dividing feveral feeds
with a very fharp Pen-knife, and ‘examining them ‘afterward, “I found
their make to be in nothing but bulk differing from that of Peas,that is,to
havea pretty thick coat,and all the reft an indifferent white’ pulp; which
feem'd very clofe ; fo that it feems' Nature does not'very much aleer her |
method in the tanner‘of ihclofing and preferving ‘the vital Principle in
the feed, in thee very final] grains, from that of Beans, Peas, Cres)
The Grain affords a very pretty Objeé& for the AZicrofcope, namely, a
Dith of Lemmons plac’d in a very little room 5 fhoulda Lemmon or Nut
be proportionably magnify'd te what this feed of Tyme is,it would make
it appear as bigg as alarge Hay-reek.and it would bé ino great wondet to
fee Homers Iiads, and Homer and all, cramth d into fach a Nut-fhell. We
May perctive even in thefe {mall-Grains, as well as in greater, how curl
‘ous and carefull. Nature is in preferving the feminal. prin pléof V ge
table bodies, in what delicate, ftrong and pee convenient Cabinets

c
lays

154 MicroGRAPHta:

lays thém/and clofes them in a pulp: for their fafer protection from out:
ward dangers,and for the fupply of convenient alimental juice, when
the heatof the Sun begins to animate and ‘move thefe little automaton:

or Engines; asiffhe would,from the ornaments wherewith fhe has deckt —
thefé Cabinets, hint to us, that in them fhe has Jaid up her Jewels
and Mafter-pieces. And this, if we are bur diligent in obferving, we
fhall find her method throughout. There is no curiofity in the Elemental
kingdom, if 1 may fo call the bodies of Air, Water, Earth, that are coms
parable in form to thofe of Minerals; Air and Water having no format
all, unlefs'a potentiality to be form'd into Globules; and the clods and
parcels of Earth are all irregular, whereas in Minerals fhe does begin to
Geometrize, and prattife, as ‘twere, the firft principles of Asechanicks,
fhaping them of plain regular fi@ures, as triangles, {quares, ec. and te-
traedrons, cubes, @c. But none of their forms are comparable to the
more compounded.onesof Vegetables; For here fhe goes a ftep further,
forming them both of hore complicated fhapes,. and adding alfo multi-
tudes of curious Mechanick contrivances in their {tructure;for whereas in
Vegetables there was no determinate number of the leayes or branches,
nor no exactly certain figure of leaves, or flowers,or feeds, in Animals all
thofe things' are exactly defin'd and determin'd; and where-ever there
is either an excefs or defect of thofe determinate parts or limbs,there has
been fome impediment that has {poil’d the principle which was moft ré+
ened : Here we fhall. find, not onely moft curioufly compounded fhapes,
ut moft ftupendious Mechanifms and contrivances, here the ornaments
are in the higheft perfection, nothing in all the Vegetable kingdom that
is comparable to the deckings of a Peacock 5 nay,to the curiofity of any
feather; as I ellewhere fhew 5 nor to that of the {malleft and moft defpi-
eable Fly. But I muft not ftay on thefe {peculations, though perhaps it
‘were very well worth while for one that had leifure,to fee what Informa-
tion may be learn‘d of the nature,or ufe,or virtues of bodies,by their feve-
ral forms dnd various excellencies and properties. Who knows but 4dam
might from fome fuch contemplation, give names to all creatures? If at
leaft his names had any fignificancy in them of thé creature's nature on
which he impos‘d it; as. many (upon what grounds I know not). have
fuppos d;:. And who knows,but the Creator may,in thofe charadterssiave
written-and engtaven many of his moft myftériousdefigns and counfels,
_and given man a-capacity, which, aflifted with diligence and indufty,
may be able to read and underftand them. But not to multiply my dr
greflionmore then I can the times will proceed.to the next, whichis,

a s : PA

P iit. - a i i ose
Ser Totton H >

*

» Seo Obferve KXK. Of the Seeds of Poppy.

"THe fihall feeds of Poppy, which ate deferibed in the 19. scheme, both
mirable foporifick «quality, deferve to be taken notice of aimoaig ft

Schem: XI |

| .
fia i} 4 i i i; | |
, HY it " | | ; : )
es ely ih , oe
mn \ ‘3 | \ |
{ : t 7 |
‘ f
Mt

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yi

ty

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MicroGRAPHIA:
other microfcopical feeds of Vegetables: For firft, though they grow s a
€afe or Hive oftentimes bigger then one of thefe Pictures et the micro-

eopical appearance, yet are they for the moft part fo very little, that they
exceed not the bulk ef a fmall Nitt,being notabove % part of an Inch in

185

Diameter, whereas the Diameter of the Hive of them oftentimes exceeds ,
twolnches,{o that itis capable of containing neer two hundred thoufind; |

and foin all likelihood does contain avaft quantity, though perhaps not
thatnumber. Next, for their prettinefs, they. may be compar'd toany
microscopical {eed 1 have yet feen; for they are ofa dark brownith red.
colour, curioufly Honey-comb’d all over vith: a very pretty variety of
Netswork, or a {mall kind of imbofment of very orderly sais‘d ridges,
the fiirface of them looking not unlike the infide ofa Beew'sftomack. ‘But
that which makes it moft confiderable of all, is, the medicinal virtues of
_.. itjwhicharefuch as are not afforded us by any Mineral preparation ; and
- that is'for the procuring of fleep, a thing as ——s the well-being
of acreature as iis meat, and that which refrefhes both the: vobune:
‘and rational faculties; which, whil'ft this affection has feis'd the body,ar
forthe moft part unmov'd, and at reft. And, methinks, Nature does
feem to hint fome very notable virtue or excellency in this Plant from the

_ curiofity it has beftow'd upon it. Firft, in its flower, it is of the higheft
fcarlet-Dye, which is indeed the prime and chiefeft coleur, and has been
in all Ages of the world moft highly efteem’d: Next, it hasas much cu-
riofity fhew'd alfo in the hufk or caié'of the feed, as any one‘Plant Thave
yet met withall ; and thirdly, the very feeds themfelves, the Aferofeope,
difcovers to be very curio ii

_ Tt were-very worthy fome able man’s enquiry whether the intention of

if fuch there are (as an |
caufe to believe) we might then, infteed of ftudy
little is deliver'd of the virtues ©
courfe to the Book of Nature it
ufefull, and moft effectual and. fpe
amongft Vegetables, two very 0

the one of the Fefuite powder for the cure of

nh rot Ou 8 fb 2- —_ eg "ye d ation, tafte, fmell; ¢ ‘ -
time of eee ipringing and fading, ne Aeon Sch oF
tig He

ifick: Medigines, of whi we bay
fick Medie} incbarage ta hope?
ea he Feaversjand the

other of the juice of Poppy for the curing the defett of fleeping: .

_ oe Ce 4 ; tee Tt 4 > 0% Mie os Gogo w } sae” ‘

$ i3t $i F ‘ a , - af 7;

* 7 4 4 ee ce bas

7 4 ‘ : 1 7 ;
Tee | es 3 , p-gst Bet a q oe
od - & “ < a “ *
a fe : ae : Pr i ‘ ' pial 4
* bbs ls heen) oe thd FG SS se
i i, * ; : PE Li

te a '

156 MicroGRAPHIA,

Obferv. XXXI. Of Purflane-feed.

sy He Sceds of Purflane feem of very notable fhapes, appearing through
the Aficrofcepe hap’d fomewhat like a ~autilus ox Porcelane hell, as
may be feen in the XX. Scheme, it being a {mall body, coyl'd round in
the manner of a Spiral’; at the greater end whereof,which reprefents the
‘mouth or orifice of the Shell, there is left a little white traniparent fub-
ftance, like a fkin, reprefented by BBBB, which feems to have been the
place whereunto the ftem was join'd. The whole furface of this Cocke |
‘or Shell, is cover’d over with abundance of little promixencies or buttons
very orderly rang’d into Spiral rows, the fhape of each of which feem'd
much to refemble a Wart upon a mans hand. The order, variety, and
curiofity in the fhape of this little feed, makes it a very pleafant objet
for the Microfcope, one of them being cut afunder with a vad ete Pen-
knife, difcover'd this carved Cafket to be of a brownifh red, and fome-
what tranfparent fubftance, and manifefted the infide to be fill’d witha
whitifh gr - fubftance or pulp, the Bed wherein the feminal principle
‘There are multitudes of other feeds which in fhape reprefent or imi-
tate the forms of divers other forts of Shells: as the feed of Scurzy-
graff, very much refembles the make of a Concha Venerea,a kind of Purce-
Jane Shell ; others reprefent feveral forts of larger fruits, fweat Marje-
rome and Pot-marjerome reprefent Olives. Carret feeds are like a cleft
of aCoco-Nut Huik; others are like Artificial things, as Succory feeds _
are like a Quiver full of Arrows, the feeds of Amaranthus are of anex-
sede lovely fhape, fomewhat like anEye: The fkin of the black and
thrivled feeds of 1s and Leeks. are all over knobbed like a Seals fkin.
Sorrel hasa pretty black fhining three-fquare feed, which is picked at both
ends with three ridges, ‘that are bent the whole length of it. It wereal-
moft endlefs to reckon up the feveral fhapes,they are fo many and fo va-
rious ; Leaving them therefore to the curious ubferver, I fhall_proceed to
theObfervations onthe parts of Animals. | eee

ees * ; st). Bs

Oblerv.. XXXIL, Of the Figure of feveral forts of Bait and of
» the texture of the thin. =F eee?

To fome of the Hairs of my Head with avery good Mécrofcope,
I took notice of thefe particulars:
1. That they were; for the moft part, Cylindrical, fome of them were
fomewhat Prifmatical,but generally they were veryneer round, {uch as are
__ reprefented in the fecond Le of the 5.Scheme,by the Cylinders EEE-
~ Ror could{ find any that had tharp angules. i |
, | 2. That -

7

| Schem: XX.

as

oy TANG
mek \) Rano
Al

Wis

Ws:
Ways:
he)

ee ear
SNES
at® 4 PSRs
My ae

=
rf wre Te
pees paige”
a a
lJ {

MrcROGRAPHIA.

2. That that part which wastiext the top, was bigger then that which
was neerer the root. : |

3. That they were all along from end to end tranfparent, though not

very cleer, the end next the root appearing likea black tran{parent piece

of Horn, the end next the top more brown, fomewhat like tran{parent
Horn. | |

157

4. That the root of the Hairs were press fmooth, tapering inwards, -
t

almoft like a Parfnebs nor could I find that it had any filaments, or any
other veflels, fuch as the fbres of Plants, Ze |

5. That the se when fplit (which is common in long Hair) appear'd

like the end of a ftick, beaten till it be all flicter’d, there being not onely: —

two {plinters, but fometimes half a fcore and more. 9
6. That they were all, as farr as I wasable to find, folid Cylindrical
bodies, not pervious, like a Cane or Bulrufh; nor could I find that the
had any Pith, or diftin¢tion of Rind, or the like, fuch as Thad obferv'd in
Horfe-hairs, the Briftles of a Cat, the Indian Deer's Hair, &c: a

Obfervations on feveral other forts of Hair.

For the Brifles of a Hogg, I found them to be firft a hard trahfparent
horny fubftance, without the leaft appearance of pores or holes init 5 and:
this I try'd with the greateft care I was able, cutting many of them witha
very fharp Razor, fo that they appear'd, even in the Glafs, tohave a pret=
ey hana furface, but fomewhat waved by the fawing to and froof the

Razor, as is vifible in the end of the Prifmatical body A ofthe fame —

Figure ; and then making trials with caufing the light to be caft on them
all the various ways I could think of, ‘that was likely to make the pores
appear, if there had beenany, I was not able to difcover any- 9a
Next, the Figure of the Brifles was very various, neither perfectly
round, nor fharp edg'd, but PrifasaFical, with divers fides, and round
angles, as appears in the Figure A.. The bending of thesia ae
where they before copead cleer; would all flaw them, and make the
The Muftacheos ofa Cat (part of one of which 1s reprefented by the

thort Cylinder B of the {ame Figure) {eem’d to have, all of them that I ob+ _

ferv'd,a large pith in the middle, like the pith of an Elder, whofe texture
= foclofe, that I was not able to difcover the ieett fign of pores 3 =
fe parts which feem to be pores,as they appear d in one pofition to
light, in another I could find a manifeft reflectiom to be caft from them. -
This] inftance in,to hint that it is not fafe to conclude any thing to be
pofitively this or that, though it appear never fo plain and likely whes
rage: on with a Aficrofcope in one pofture, before the fame be examin
Y placing it in feveral other pofition. FSU0!': oie
And this I take to be the reafon why many have believed and afferted
the Hairs ofa man’s head to be hollow, and like fo thany {mall pipes per-
a eee “may fappofe them fo
e . ) ; Ail t may >
ow, though I grant that by an. Analogie one nd a

158 MicroGRauHpPta.

and from the Poloniax difeafe one may believe them fuch, yet I think we
have not the leaft encouragement to either from the A@erofcope, much le
pofitively to aflert them fuch. And perhaps the very effence of the Plica
Polénica may be the hairs growing hollow, and of an unnatural com
ftitution. 7 = , ;
_ And as for the Avalogie, though I am apt enough to think that thehairs
_ of feveral Animals may be perforated fomewhat like a Cane, or at leaft
have a kind of pith in them, firft, becaufe they feem as ’twere a kind of Ves»
getable growing on an Animal, which growing,they fay, remains a k
while after the Animal is dead, and therefore fhould like other Vege-
tables havea pith 3 and fecondly, becaufe Horns and Feathers, and Por-
cupine’s Quils, and Cats Brifles, and the long hairs of Horfes,which come
very neér tlie natute ofa mans hair,feem all of them to have a kind of pith,
fome of them to be porous,yet I think it not (in thefe cafes,where we
have fuch helps for the fenfe as the Aécrofcope affords) fafe concluding
or building on more then we fenfibly know, fince we may,with exami- _
ning, find that Nature does in the make of the fame kind of fubftance,
often vary her method in framing of it : Inftances enough to confirm this
we may find in the Horns of feveral creatures: as what a vaft difference
isthere between the Horns of an Oxe, and thofe of fome forts of Staggs
as to their fhape? and even in the hairs of feveral creatures, we finda —
vaft difference 5 as the hair of a man’s head feems, as I faid before, long,
Cylindrical and fometime a little Prifmatical, folid or impervious, and
very {mall ; the hair of an Isdiaz Deer (a part of the middle of which is
defcribed in the third Figure of the fifth Scheme, marked with F)isbig-
ger in compafs through all the middle of it,then the Brifle of an Hogg,but
the end ‘of it is fmaller. then the hair of any kind of Animal (as may be ~
feen by the Figure G) the whole belly of it, which is about two or three
Inches long, looks to the eye — of courfe Canvafs, that has
been newly unwreath’d, it being 81 wav'd or bended toand fro, much
after that manner, but through the AGcro/cope, it appears all perforated
from fide to fide,and Spongie, like:a’{mall kindof fpongy Coral, whichis
often found upon the Exglifhthores; but though I cut it a
could not perceive that it had any pores that ran the long~way of the
hairt the long hairs of Horfes CC and D, feem CyKndrical and fomewhat
pithy 5 the.Brifles of a Cat B, are conical and pithy: the Quilsof Por-
cupinesand Hedghoggs, being cut tranfverlly, have a whitith pith, inthe
manner of a Starr,or Spur-rowel : Piggs-hair (A) is fomewhat triagondl,
and feems tohaveneither pith nor pore: And other kinds of hair have
quite a differing ftructure and form. And thereforel think it no wa
agreeabletto a true natural Hiftorian, to pretend to be fo fharp-fighted.
as to fee what a pre-conceiv’d Hypothefis tells them fhould be there.where
another man, though perhaps as feemg, but not foreftall’d, can diftover
~ But toproceeds Lobferv’d feveral kind of hairs that had been Dyed,
"> and found them to be a kind of horny Cylinder, -being'of muchabout the
tranfparency of a/pretty cleer pieceof Oxe horns thefe a at
+. ugn-

é

MicRoGRAP HILAL 189
througtiout'ting’d with the colours they éxbibited. And/tis likely,that

thofe hairs being boyl‘d or fteep'din thofe very hot ting’diliguors, in the
Dye-fat, And the fubftance of the hair being much like that of an Oxes
Horn, the penetrant liquor dots fo far mollifie and foften the {ubltance,
that it finks into the vety center of it, and {o'the ting’d parts come to be
mix'd and united with the very body of the hair,and do not (as.fome have
thought) only ftick on upon the outward furface,,And this,the BAPE
Horn will nake more probable 5, for we fhall And by that action, that the
water will infinuate: it felf to a pretty depth within the furface of It
efpecially ifthis penetrancy of the water be;much helped by the Salts
that ate ufually mix’d with the Dying liquors... Now. whereas Silk may
be dyed orting’d into all kind of colours without boiling ordi ing, in
to hot liquors, [ ghefsi the reafon to bé two-fold.:, Firft, becauf the fila-
thents;.or frtiall cylinders of Sik, aré abundantly fmaller and finer, and fe
~ have a much lets depth to be penetrated then moft kind of hairs 5. and
next, betaufe the fub{tance or matte? of Silk, is,ymuch more like a Glew
then the fubftance, of Hait is. And that I have teafon to fuppofe;
Firft, becaufe when it is {pun or drawn out of the Worm, itis a perfe
lutinous fubftance, and very eafily ticks aind,,cleaves to any adjacent
dy; as [have feveral times obferved, both in Silk-wormsand Spiders,
Next, becaufe that [find that water does ealily diflolve and, mollifie, the
fubftance again, which: is evident; from their manner of ordering thofe
bottoms or pods of the Silk-worin béfore tliey-are able to uniwind them, It
isno great wonder therefore;if okie or ting'd-liquors do very ick,
_ly inollifie and tinge the farfaces of fo finall. and. fo.glutinous.a body.
And weneed not wonder that the colours appear, fo lovely in the ont
and fo dull in the other; if we view. but the ting’d cylinders of be
kinds with a good AGeroftope 5 for whereas thé fubftance of Hair,at beftis
bit a dirty dufkith white fomewhat tranfparent; the filaments of Silk have
amoft lovely tranfparency and cleernels, the difference between thofe
tex ‘being not ‘much lefs then chino hoesiiitnesseies nt ay Bie Spites
‘Cryftals the one yielding a bright and vivid reettion from the con
‘cave fide of the a that is; from the Concave furface of the A
that i fies the back-part of the cylinder; the other yielding a dull
and pérturb’d teflection from the feveral Heteragemtous parts that com
_ poleit, And this differénce will be manifeft enough to the eye,if you get a
Couple of {mall Cylinders, the fmaller of Cryftal, Glafs,the other of Born,
and then varnifhing them over very thirly with fome ttanfparent colour,
Which will reprefent tothe naked eye much the fare kind of object which
isreprefented to it ftom the filaments Of Silk ahd Hair by the help of the
Microfcope.. Now, fice thé threads of Silk and Sirge aremade up of a
great number of thefe filaments, :we may henceforth ceale to wonder at
the differétice. From mich the fame reafon proecedsthe vivid and lover
ly colours of Feathers; wher¢inthey very farr exceed the natural as well
as Artificial colouts of hdir.of which I thalHfay more 1# its es
: ‘Teguments indeed of ereatures are all of them adaptes tothe pe-
buliar ufe audconveniente of that Anisnal which they inyraps and very

much

160 MrcROGRAPHIA,

a

much alfo for the ornament and beauty of it, as will be moft evident to

my one that {hall attentively confider the various kinds of cloathings
wherewith moft creatures are by Nature invefted and cover'd. Thus I
have obferved, that the hair or furr of thofe Northern white Bears that
inhabite the colder Regions, is exeeeding thick and warm : the like have
I obferv'd of the hair of a: Greenland Deer, which being broughtalive to
London,Jhad the opportunity of viewing 5 its hair was fo exceeding thick,
Jong and foft, that I could hardly with: my hand, grafp or take hold of

. his fkin, and it feem’d fo exceeding warm, as I had never met with any

before. And as for the ornamentative ufe of them, it is moft evident ina
multitude of creatures,not onely for colour, as the Leopards, Cats,Rhein
Deer, cc. but for the thape, as in Horfes manes, Cats beards,and feveral
other of the greater fort of terreftrial Animals, but is much more confpi-
cuous, in the Veftments of Fifhes, Birds, Infects, of which I fhall by and

_ by give fome Inftances.

\ As forthe fkin, the Aécrofcope difcovers as great a difference between
the texture of thofe feveral kinds of Animals, as it does between their
hairs; but all that I have yet taken notice of, when tann’d or drefsd, are
of a Spongie nature, and feem to be conftituted of an infinite company

_ offmall long fibres or hairs, which look not unlike a heap of Tow or

Okum ; every of which fibres feem to-have been fome part of a Mutcle,
and probably, whil {tthe Animal'was alive, might have its diftin® fundti-
‘on, and ferve for the contra¢tion and relaxation of the fkin, and forthe
ftretching and fhrinking of itthis or that way. : !
And indeed, without fuch a kind of texture as this, which is very like
that of spuxk, it would feem very ftrange, how any body fo ftrong asthe
fkin ofan Animal ufually is, and {o clofe as it feems, whil’ft the Animal is
living, fhould be able to fuffer fo great an extenfion any ways, without at
all hurting or dilacerating any part of it. But,Gnce we are inform’'d by the
aeerehepe; that it confifts of a great many fmall filaments, which are im-
plicated, or intangled one within another, almoft no otherwife then the
airs in a lock of Wool, or the flakesin a heap of Tow, though not alto-
ether fo loofe ; but’the filaments are here and there twifted.as twere,or
inter woven,and here and there they join and unite with one another,foas
Indeed the whole fkin feems to be but one piece,we need not much,wor-
der:And though thefe fibres appear not through aAGicro/cope,exadtly joint-
ed and contex'd,as in Sponge 3 yet,as I formerly hinted, Iam apt to think,
that could we find fome way of difCovering the texture of ic, whil'ft it in-
vefts the living Animal,or had fome very eafie way of feparating the pulp
or intercurrent juices, fuchas in all probability fill thofe Interftitia, with-
out dilacerating, brufing, or otherwife fpoiling the texture of it (as it
feems to be very much by the waysof tanning and drefling nw wi) we
ight difcover a much more curious:texture them I have hitherto be
able to find 5 perhaps,fomewhat like that of Sponges. la2TH0162 8
- That of Chamoife Leather is indeed very much like that of spunk, fave

onely that the filaments feem nothing neer fo even, ‘and round, nor alto-
. gether fo f{mall, nor has it fo curious joints as spunk has, forme: of which
Se ve

MicrocGrapMiay 161

ave lately difcover'd like thofeof'a Sponge, and:perhaps ail thefe thie
bodies may be of the fame kind of fubftance;:though two.ofthetnindeed
are’ commonly accounted Vegetable (‘which s>whethdro they be!fowk
20,1 ‘fhall not’ now. difpute y But thiseemis common td alk three sthad
| _ they undergo atanning or drefiing, wherebywthe interfpetsid bjuitesiane
| » wafted and wath'd away before the texture of!them cam be tifcever'd/)}
What their way. is of drefling, or curing Sponges, | Iconfels): Ircanho’
learn; but the way of drefling spwzk, is, by boiling it a good whilé infg
{trong Lixivinm, and then beating it very well ; andthe manner of dref=
fing Leather is fufhciently known: "2353 3)
It were indeed extremely defirable, if fuch a way could be found.

whereby the, Parenchyma, or fiehh of the.Mulcles, and feveral.o
NRA be wath’d, ‘ot ‘whhod Ritghe SAR em

ting the form of the fbrow parts or veflells of it, for hereby the texture
of'thofe parts, ‘by the help of'a good» Adicrofedpey might) be! molt ‘aécut
rately found. = °° Nosy iso ae bbs yxo0 Henbb2tom g if
* But to digrefs no further; weamay, fromthis difcovery of the tfcro-
Scope; plainly enough underftand: how the fkiny: though it’ looks fo clofe
asit does, comes to givea paflage to fo vaft aquantity of excreméntitions —
fubftances, as the'diligent Sauéforiw:has excellently obferved:it todo, in
his'medicina flaticas for it feems very probable, fromthe texture after
| drefling,that there are an infinit of pores that every way pierceitjand that
thofe pores are onely fill’d with fome’ kind of juice, or foméwéry-p
foft fub{tance, and thereby the fteams may almoftias eafily finda palia
through fucha fluid: vehicle as the vaporous bubbles which ard generated
at the bottom of a Kettle of hot: water do find aipaflage through that
fluid wedinm into the ambient Air.) 8
Noristhe fkinofanimals only thus pervious,buteven thofe of vegetables
alfo feem to be the fame;for otherwifé I cannot conceive why,iftwo {prigs
of Rofemary (for Inftance) be taken as exadtly-alike in all particulars as
can be, and the one be fet with the bottom in a Glafs/of watery and the
other be fet juft without the Glaf,but in the Air onely; though-you ftop
the lower end of that ‘in the Air very carefully with Wax, yet fhall ie
prefently almoft wither, whereas the other that feems to havea fupply
from the fabjacent water by its fmall pipes, or microfeopical pores, pre
ferves its greennefs for many days, and fometimes weeks, ©. sil) yi gaa
~ Now, this to me, feemsnot likely to proceed fromany other caufe then
the avolation of the juice through the thins for by the Wax,all:ithofe other
Poresiof the ftem are very firmly and clofely ftopd up. And fromthe more
orlefs poroutnefS of the fkins ortinds —— ease
hat of the reafon given, why they keep longer green, Or looner Wir
ther; for we may stereos tis Hiatideribg and craking of the leaves of
fy Holly, Laurel; @c. that their {kins aon? ¢lofe; and do not fuffer
a pafiage through them of the included juices.
But of this, and of aa of the Rofemary; I fialtelfewhere
Pog confider,it feeming to me an see pir
a inde i “prove the Schematifm or g
: $ feems indeed very plainly to os chematifn ox § of

162

— fhhould be ¢arri

4

MrerRoGcRAPHIN,

of Vegetables altogether mechanical, and as neceflarysthat (water and)
warmth being apply'd tothe bottom of the fprig of;a Plant) fome ofit

ied upwards dnto.the ftem, and thence diftributed.inte the
leaves, as that the water of the Thames covering the bottom of the Mills
at the Bridge footof London, and by the ebbing and flowing of it; pat
fling ftrongly by:them, fheuld have fome part of. it convey'd ‘tothe .
€efterns above,and thence into feveral houfes and Cefterns up and down

the Giggs

*\
rae AS r8 8 |

Obferv.. RXXIT.. Of the Scales of a Soal, and otber Fifi

Aving hinted fomewhat of the {kin and covering of terreftrial Ani-
, mals, I fhall next add an Obfervation! made on the fkin and §caleg
of a'Soal, a {mall Fith, ‘commonly enough known and here in Fifhes,as_
well as other Animals, Nature follows its ufual method,:framing all parts
fo,..as that they are both ufefull and ornamental in all. its compofures,
mingling ‘w/e and dice together’; and. both thefe defigns it feems to
follow. h ourunaffifted fenfes are not able to peceive them : Thisis
not onely manifeft in the covering of this Fith emby, but in multitudes of
others,which it would be too long to-enumierate,witnefs particularly, that
{mall Sand Shell, whichT mention’d in the: X L Obf€rvation, and infinite
other fmall Shells and Scales, divers of which Lhavé.view'd. This tkinI
view'd, was flead from a prettylarge: Seal, and thenexpanded and dry'd,
the infide of it, when dry, to the naked eye, look’d very like a piece of
Canvafs,but the Aéera/cope difcover'd that texture to be nothing elfe,but
the inner ends of thofe curious Scolop’d Scales I, LI, inthe fecond Figure
of the X XI. Scheme, namely, the partof GG GG) (of the larger reprer
fentation. of a fingle Scale, in the firft Figure of the fame Scheme) which 4
on the back fide, through an ordinary ‘fingle Magnifying Glafs,Jookd
not unlike the Tyles.on an houfe. | f tsi? I worst
\ The outfide of it; to the naked eye, exhibited nothing more of .ornar
ment, fave the ufual order of ranging’ the Scales into a triagonal: form,
onely the edges feem’d a little to thine, the finger being rubb d.-fromthe
tail-wards towards the head, the Scales feem'd to ftay and raze its Bat
through an ordinary! Magnifying glafs, it exhibited ‘a moft curioully
at va adorned furface, fich as " vifible in the fecond ie te
(formerly almoft imperceptible) Scales'appearing much of the
fhape I, I, I, that is, they ase round, an protuberant, and fomewhat
a as aScolop,. the whole Scale being creas'd with curionfly:wav'd
indented ridges,with proportionable furrows betweenseach of which
Wwasterminated witha very {harp tranfparent'bony fubftance,which,like
fo many. inal Turmpkes, em toarmtheedges;i. 5
_. The'back parte KKK was the fkin into which each of thefe Scales
were very deeply fix'd,in the curious regular order, vifible in the fecond

Fi 1GUres

Mi cro@RarpHha,

Figure, The length and thape of the part of the Seale which! was buried,
by the fkin,is evidenced by the firlt,F7gure; whichis the repreféntation of,
oneof them pluck'd out.and view d. through a\good WHerofcapes. namely,
the part L F G GEL, wherein. is a\fo more, plainly-tobe feen,the manner
of carving of the {cclopt part of every particular Scale,how each ridgejor,
barrEEE is alternately hollowed, or engravers and, how every gutter
between them, is,terminated . with, very. tran{parent-and. hard, pointed;
pikes, and how, every other of thefe, as A AA A,are much, longer,then,
the interjacent ones, DD Di 4 40 03 ygod b'teaqqe si Je-baa ort bas
.The.texture or form alfo of the: hidden part,appears,: namely, the,
middle part,G GG, {eems to.conlilt.ofa great number of fmall quills,
or pipes, by which, perhaps, the wliple may be nourithed 5 and the fide,
parts FF confift of a more fibrous texture, though indeed, the whole
Scale, feem’d to be.of a very tough grifly fubftance,like. the larger Scales

4

i

of other Fifhes. Boag amlggl
The Scales of the {kin of a Dog-fith. (which isus‘d by fuchas-work in

Wood, for the {moothing of theit work,and confifts plainly enongh to.the.
naked eye,of a great number of {mall horny points)through the Afcrofcope

appear d each of them curioufly ridg’d, and very; neatly carved ; and in-.
deed, you can hardly look on the {cales of any. Fith, but you may dilcover
abundance of curiofity and beautifying; and not only,inthefe Fifhes,but in
the fhells and crufts or armour of moft forts of, A”arize Animals{o inyelteds,

> id

™~hlU™ : -" Ps
A 3 wh kee eee a

rent tos

Obferv. XXXAV, Of the Sting of a. Bee. obit toh

Tiesting of a Bee, delineated in the fecond Figure of the XVI.Scheme;
4 feems to be.a weapon of offence, and is:as great an Inftance, that
Nature did realy intend revenge as any, and, that firft, becaufe there

feems to be no other.ufe of it., Secondly; by reafon of its admirable fhape, —

feeming to be purpofely fhap’d for:that very, end. Thirdly,from the:vi-
tulency of the liquor it ejects, and the fad effects'and fymptoms that fol-
Me Hes woud ig0t Deb = :
- But whatever be the uf of it,certain it is,that the ftructure of itis very
admirable ; what it appears tothe naked eye, I need not defcribe, the
thing being known almoft to every one,but it appears through the Afero-
Seepe, to.confift of two parts, the one.a fheath, without a chape or tops

“fhap'd almoft like the Holiter of a Piftol, beginning at 4, and.ending |

at b, this fheath I could moft plainly perceive: to be!hollow, and to con-

tain in it, both a Sword or Dart, and the poifonous Jiqnorthat catifes the

pain. The fheath or cafe feem'd to have feveral jointsor fettings together,
marked by f¢ hiki mano, it was armd moreover neer the top, with

veral crooks or forks (pq 7/#)onone fide, and ¢p 7 ft #).onthe other,
each of which gerne ned us aes Thorns growing on a briat; a —
like 0 many Cat’s Claws; for the crooks themifelves feemid to be. ht
tran(parent points or claws, growing Out of little protuberancies 09
é 2

- 2 mrs i watt
1904 Sh ASR
j ‘

163

164

« MiIcROGRAHPIA -

the fide of the fheath, which, by obferving the Figure diligently, is eafie
etiough to be perceiv'd ; and from feveral particulars, I fuppofe the Anis
mal ‘has'a power of difplaying them, and fhutting them in again as it
pleafes, “as. a Cat does its claws, or as an Adder or Viper can its teeth
or fangs. °° : Hier
The other part of the Sting was the Sword, as 1 may {o call it, which
is fheath d, as it were,in it, the top of which 2b appeats quite through at
the fmaller end, juft as if the chape of the fheath of a Sword were
and the end of it appear'd beyond the Scabbard ; the end ofthis Dart(2)
was very fharp, and it was arm'd likewife with the like Tenterhooks or
claws with thofe of the fheath, fuchas (vxy, xy zz) thefe crooks, Tam
very apt to think, can be clos‘d up alfo, or laid flat to the fides of: the
Sword when it is drawn into the Scabbard,as I have feveral times obferv'd
it tobe; and can be {pred again or extended when ever the Animal
leafes. =
3 The confideration of which'very pretty ftructure,has hinted to me,that
certainly the ufe of thefe claws feems to be very confiderable, as tothe
main end of this Inftrument, for the drawing in, and holding the fting in
the fleth; for the point’ being very fharp, the top of the Sting or Dagger

_ (46) isvery eafily thruft into an Animal’s body,which being once entred,

~

the Bee, by endeavouring to pull it into the fheath, draws (by reafon of
the crooks ( vx y) and (xyz) which lay hold of the fkin on either

fide) the top of the theath (¢ fr v ) into the fkin after it, and the crooks

ts, and r,v, being entred, when the Bee endeavours to thruft out the
top of the {ting out of the fheath again, they Jay hold of the fkin on ei-
ther fide, and fo not onely keep the fheath from fliding back, but helps
the top inwards, and thus, by an alternate and fucceflive retracting and

°

| emitting of the Sting in and out of the fheath, the little enraged creature
by degrees makes his revengfull weapon pierce the tougheft and thickeft

Hides of his enemies, in fo much that fome few of thefe ftout and refo-
lute foldiers with thefe little engines, ‘do often put to flight a huge mafty
Bear, one of their deadly enemies, and thereby fhew the world how
much more confiderable in Warr a few fkilfull Engineers and: refolute
foldiers politickly order’d, that know how to manage fuch engines, ate,
then a vatt unweildy rude force, that confides in, and aéts onel by, its
ftrength. But (to proceed) that he thus gets in his Sting into the {kin

I conjecture, betaitts when I have obferv'd this creature living, [have
found it to move the Sting thus, to and fro, and thereby alfo, perhaps,

. does, as ‘twere, pump or force out the poifonous liquor, and make it

hang at the end of the fheath about & in a drop. The crooks, I firppofe
alfo to be the caufe why thefe angry tseunsika? haftily —— ‘ then
felvesfrom their revenge, do often leave thefe weapons behind them,
fheath'd, as ‘twere, in the flefh, and, by that means, caufe the pai ull
fymptoms to be greater,and more lafting which are very probably caus,
partly by the — and tearing of the fkin bythe Sting, but chiefly
y the corrofive an = cai liquor that is by this Syringe-pipe cof-
vey'd among the fenfitive parts thereof and thereby more eaftly git
Si} a

- MrcroGRraPHini T65
and corrodes thofe tender fibres: As I have thewed in the defeription
‘ofa Nettle and of Cowhage. - nib

ry ee

Sar’

Obferv. XX XV. Of the contexture and rape of the barbiches of
’ Feathers. | bas 1guol cog atods

¥>Xamining feveral forts of Feathers, I took notice of thefe particulars
E in all forts of wing-Feathers, efpecially in thofe which ferv'd for the
beating of the air in the actionof flying. | ret Heo ver
That the outward farface of the Quill and Stern was ofa very hard, ftiff,
‘and horny fubftance, which is obvidus enougli, and that the part above
the Quill was fill'd with a very white and light pith, and, with the Adicro-
cope, { found this pith to be nothing elfe, but a kind of natural congerzes
of fmall bubbles,the films of which feem to be of the fame fubftance with
that of the Quill, thavis, of a (tiff tranfparent horny fubftance.
- Which particular feems to me,very worthy a more ferious confiderations
For here we may obferve Nature,as ‘twere,put to its fhifts, to make a fub=
ftance,which fhall be both light enough,and very {tiffand ftrong,without
varying from its own eftablifh’d principles, which wemay obferve to be
" flich, that very ftrong bodies are’ forthe moft part very heavie alfo, a
ftrength of the parts ufually requiring adenfity, anda denfity.a cans
and therefore fhould Nature have made a body fo broad and: fo itrong as |
a Feather, almoft, any other way then what it has taken, the pravity of it
muft necefiarily have many times exceeded this for this pith feems to be
like fo many ftops or crofs pieces in a long optical tube, which do very
much contribute to the ftrength of the whole, the pores of which were
fisch, as that they feem’d not to have any communication with one ano-
ther, as I have elfewhere hinted. , 40
But the Mechanifm of Nature is ufually fo excellent, that one and the
fame {ubftance is adapted to ferve for many ends.) For the chief ufe of
this, indeed, feems to be for the fupply of nourifhment to the downy or
feathery part of the ftem; for’tis obvious enough in all forts of Feathers,
that ‘tis plac’d juft under the roots of the branches that grow out of ¢i+

ther fide of the quill of ftalk, and is exa@tly thap'd according to the rank-
ing of thofe baicches coming no lower into the quill, then juft the be-
ginning of the downy branches, and growing onely on the under fide of
Of the quill where thofe branches dof. ‘Now, in a ripe Feather (asone
may cull it) it (ems difficultto conceive how the Swccus musritius fhould
I think, be well imagin’d to pa

lainly enough perceive the Veflel for the conveyance oF It fe”
filmy ~¢ (as tiscall'd) which pafles through the middle of pote .
Astor the make and coritexture of the Down it elf; it is indee 2a

a MicrocGRAPHIA,
yarve and admirable, and fuchasI can hardly believe,that'the likeis to be
difcover'd in any other body in the world; for there is hardly a large
| Feather in the wing of a Bird,but contains neer a million of diftin& parts,
and every one of them fhap'd ina moft regular & admirable form,adapt-
edto a particular Defign : For examining a middle ciz’d Goofe-quill, I
eafily enough found with my naked eye,that the main ftem of it contain’d
about 300. longer and more Downy branchings upon one fide, and as
many onthe other of more {tiff but fomewhat fhorter branchings. " Many
cof thefe long and downy branchings, examining with an ordinary 24-
crofcope, 1 found divers of them to contain neer 1200. {mall leaves (as]
may call them, fuchas EF of the firft Figure of the 23. Scheme) and as
‘many ftalks 5 onthe other fide, fuch as 1K of the fame Figure, each of
the leaves or branchings, EF, feem‘d to be divided into about fixteen or
eighteen {mall joints, asmay be feen plainly enough in the Figure, out of
moft of which there feem to grow {mall long fibres, fuch as are exprefs'd
in the Figure, each of them very proportionably fhap‘d according to its
pofition, or plac’d on the ftalk E F 5 thofe on the under fide of it, name-
ly, 1,25 3545 526 7585 9, Gc. being much longer then thofe dire@tly op-
pofite tothem on the upper 5 and divers of them, fuch as 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,
@c. were terminated with fmall crooks, much refembling thofe {mall
ctooks,which are vifible enough to the naked eye, in the feed-buttonsof _
Bur-docks. The ttalks likewite, IK on the other fide, feem’d divided into — |
neer as many {mall knotted joints,but without any appearance of ftrings
or crooks,each of them about the middle K,feem'd divided into two parts —
by akind of fork, one fide of which, namely, K L, was extended neer
the length of KI, the other, M, was.very fhort. - fe
The tranfverfe Sections of the {tems of thefe branchings, manifefted -
the fhape or figure of it to be much like INO E, which confifted ofa
horny {kin or covering, and a white feemingly frothy pith, much like the
make of the mainftemofa Feather. ~~ | cee
The ufe of this {trange kind of form,is indeed more admirable thenall
the reft, and fuch as deferves to. be much more ferioufly examin’d and
confider'd, thenI have hitherto found time or ability to do; for certain- _
lys it may very much inftruct usin the nature of the Air, efpecially as to
ome properties of it. Cut ee
The ftems of the Downy branches IN OE, being rang’d in theorder —
vifible enough to the naked eye, at the diftance of I F, or fomewhat —
more, the collateral {talks and leaves (if Imay fo call thofe bodies Inew-
ly defcribed ) are fo rang’d, that the leaves or hairy ftalks of the one fide
lie at top, or are incumbent on the ftalks ofthe other, and.crof& each «
other; much after the manner exprefs'd in the fecond Figure of the —
23. Scheme, by which means every of thofe little hooked fibres of the —
_ leaved ftalk get between the naked fialks, and the ftalks being full of
_ knots, and a prety way dif-join’d, fo as that the fibres can eafily get be--
tween them, the two parts are fo clofely and admirab] 3

ag’ : woven together,
that it is able to impede.for the greateft payt, the ere Eomok thodate

and though they are fo exceeding fmall, as that the thickne& of oncol :

awe

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MrcrOGRAPHDA:

tiefe ttalks amounts not to.a §00, pare of an Inch, yet do they'compofe

oe
at

167

fo firongaitexture; acy notwith{tanding the exceeding quick and-violent ||

beating of'them againti-the Air, by the: ftrength of the Birds wing, they
firmly hold together; And it argues am sini abies providence of ad
inthe contrivance and: fabrick of thenis for their texture is fach, that
though by-any.external injury the parts of themare violently dif-joyn’d;
{fo asthat the leaves and ftalkstouch not One-another, and confequently
—— feveral of thefe rents would impede the Bird’sflying ; yer, for the molt
part; of: themfelvesthey-readily re-join-and re-contex themfelves,and are

~ eafilyby the Birds ftroking the Feather, ordrawing it through its Bill all

of them! iettied and'woven into their former arid -natural pofture far |

there!aré fuch an infinite company: of thofe {mall fbres in'the wader fide
of the leaves, and moft of them have fuch little crooks at their ends,that
theyteadily carchiand heldthe ftalks they toneh. >” oat
» From which ftrange ¢contexturesinfeems rational to fippofe that thete
is acertain kind:of meth or hole fo fmall, that the Air'will net very eafily
fattthetogh it, asLhinted alfo in the fixth Obfervation about friall'Glafs
Canes;for otherwile itfeems probable, that Nature would have drawn
over {ame:kind: of thin film which fhould have covered all thofe almoft
fquare mefhes or holes, there feeming through the AGcrofcope to be more
themhalf of the furface of the Feather which is open and vifibly pervi-
ouss.which conjecture will yet feem more probable from the texture of
the brnfhie-wings of the Zinca argetea, or white Feather wing’d math;
which’[ fhall anone defcribe. But Nature, that: knows beft its own laws,
and the feveral properties of bodies,knows alfo beft how to adapt and
them to her defigned:ends,and whofo would know thofe properties, muft
endeavour to'trace’ Nature ints working, and to fee what courfe fhe
obferves; And this I fuppofe will be no inconfiderable advantage which
the Schematifies and. Structures of Animate bodies will afford: the dili+
ent enquirer, namely, moft fure and excellent inftruGions, both: as to
the practical part of Afechanicks andto the Theory and knowledge of the
nature of the bodies and motions. “Ty

eS TT re eh Fh ee eee

“ST ee 2

= —— Pr #
ee TF a = 2

Obferv. X KX Vi, Of Peacoks, Ducks; ‘and other Feathers of

“THe parts of the Feathers of this glorious Bird. appear; throngh the
'*. Microfcope, no \e& gaudy then do the whole Feathers; for, as to the
naked eye. ’tis evident that the ftem or quill of each Feather in the tail
fends out multitudes of Lateral branches, fuch as AB in the third F _
of the 22., cheme reprefentsa {mall part of about 4 part of an Inch! ie
and eachof the /ateral branches emit multitudes of little (prigs, threa

or hairs-on either fide of them, fachas CD, CD, CD, foeach of thofe

threads in the Aéiera/cope appears large long bocly.conlafting cia

168

MicROGRAPHDAs

tude of bright reflecting parts, whofe Figure tis no eafie matter to de
termine, ashe that examinesit fhall find; tor every new pofition of it to
the light makes it perfectly feemofanother form and fhape,and nothing
what. it) appear'd -avlittle: before; nay, it appear'd very differing oft:
times from bE feemingly inconfiderable a circumftance, ‘that:the iter:
pofing of oneshand’between the light and it,makes a very great change,
andthe opening or fhutting a‘Cafement and the like, very much :diverfi:
fiesthe appearance. “And though, by examining the form of it very many
ways; which would-be tedious here to enumerate, I fuppofe I have dif
cover'd the true Figure of it, yet oftentimes, upon looking on it inano-
ther: pofture, ‘I have almoft thought my former obfervations deficient,
though indeed, upon further examination, I have found even thofealfo
to confirmthem, (001 lon sol oe to
Thefe threads therefore I find to be a congeries of {mall Lamine or
platesy: as elee e e, &c. each of them fhap'd much like this of 4 bed, in
thefourth Figure,the’part 2c being a ridge, prominency, orftem, and
| 2and d the corners of two {mall thin Plates that grow unto the fmall
| ftalk in the:middle:fo that they make a kind of little feather; eachiof thefe
Plates liecne clofe to another,almoft like a company of floping ridge or
utter Tyles; they gow! on each fide of the {talk oppofite to one another,

yi two! and two, from top to bottom; in the manner exprefs‘d in the
fitth Figure, the tops of the lower covering the roots of the next above
thems the under fide ‘of each of thefe laminated bodies, is ofa very dark
and opacous {ubftance, and fuffers very few. Rays to be trajeéted, but re-
flects them all toward that fide from whence they come, much like the

foil of a Looking-glafs; but their upper fides feem to me to confift of

| a multitude of thin plated bodies, which are exceeding thin, and lie ve-_
\ ry clofe together, and thereby, like mother of Pearl fhells, do not one-

_ dy reflect a very brifk light, but tinge that light in'a moft curious man-
ner; and by means of various pofitions, in refpect of the light, they re-
3; back now one colour, and then another, . and thofe moft vi-
vidly. Sheer

Now, that thefe colours are onely faxtaftical ones, that is, fuch as arile

) immediately from the refractions of the light, I found by this, that-water
' wetting thefe colour‘d parts,deftroy’d their colours,which feem’d to pro-

ceed from the alteration of the reflection and refraction. Now, though
I was not able to fee thofe hairs at all tranfparent by a.;common light, yet
by looking on them againft the Sun, I found them ‘to be ting’d wih a
darkifh red colour, nothing a-kin to the curious and lovely and
blues they exhibited. | asd od i
What the:reafon of colour feenis to be in fuch thin plated bodies, I
have elfewhere fhewn. But how water caft upon thofe threads deftroys
their colours, I {uppofe to be perform’d thus; The water perez
thefe plated bodies from its having a greater congr ity to Featherst
the Atr,infinuates it {elf between the Platesanth Ge extrudes the ftrong
reflecting Air, whence both thefe parts grow more tranfparent,as the 24-
erofcepe informs, and colourlefs alfo, at beft retaining a very faintand

ak he one

rg
em

”

| MicrocRaPHias’
dull colour. But this wet being wafted away by the coptinial evapona-
_-tionsand {teams that pafs through them from the Peacock; whil ft that
Bird is yet alive, the colours again appear in their former Juftenpthe.z
terfistia of thefe Plates being fill'd with the ftrongly refledting Air, 40
The beauteous and vivid colours ofthe Feathers of this Bird; bei
found to proceed from the curious and exceéding fmalnef and:finen
of the refieCting parts,we have here the. reafon given 1is:of all: thofegaut
deries inthe apparel of other Birds alfo,: and-how'they icome to exceed
the colours of all other kinds of Animals, befidesImfectss forfince (as we
here,and ¢lfewhere alle thew) the vividneds of :aldolour, depends upon
the finenefs and tran{parency of the seflectingand-reftading parts} and
fince our AGcrofc ope difcovers to us; that the component patts of feathers
are fuch, and that the hairs of Animals are otherwife3 and fince!we find
alfo by the Experiment of that Nobleand moft Excellent Perfon Lforiner+
lynamed; that the dificrence between Silkand Flax} as touits cdldur, is
nothing ¢lfe (for Flax reduc’d to a very’ great finenefs' of parts; “both
white and colour'd, appears as whice‘and as vividias any Silk, but lofes
that brightnefs and its Silken afpe@ as foon as it is twilted into thread,by
reafon that the component parts, though very {mall and fine, are yet alk
able flakes, and not cylinders, and thence,by twifting, become uhited in-
toone opacous body, whereas the threads of Silk and. Feathers tetain
their luftre, by preferving their cylindrical form: intire without mix-
ing; fo that each refietted and refratted beam that compofes: the glo&
of Silk, preferves its own property of modulating the light intire)3 And
fince we find the fame confirm’d by many Fe er 2a where
mentioned, I think we may fafely conclude this for an Axidme;'that
wherefoever we mect,with tran{parent bodies, fpun.out into very fine
parts, either cleer, or any ways ting’d, the colours refulting ffom {uch a
‘compofition. muit neceflarily be very glorious, vivid, and cleer} like thofe
of Silk and Feathers. This may perhaps hint fome ufefull way of making |
other bodies, befides Silk, be fufcéptible of bright tinétures, but of this |
onely by the by. j 70 Aig pbaeie mones sis mor
The changeable colour'd Feathers alfo of Ducks, and {everal: other
Birds, Ihave found by examination with my AGerofcope, to procced from
much the fame caufesand textures. ©. ice

Pe

‘teen

Obfery, KXXVII. Of the Feet of Flies, and feveral otber Ine
fetts, Be ee ey bre -boicid
a foot of a Fly (delineated in the firlt Figure of the 23. Scheme,
hee © aeicrboiieietcires joints, the two Tallons, and the two Pattens
ina flat pofture ; andinthe fecond Figre of the fame Scheme, whithre-
prefents onely one joint, the Tallons and Pattehs in another pofture) 1s
of a moft admirable and curious contrivance, for by this the Flies are in-
abled to walk apaintt the fides of Glafs, pei? upwards, and to

nh hed

r
; Se

contain

’

i
i

}

469

170

_ Sponges fill'd with an imaginary gluten, as many have, for want ¢
_.» Now, that the Fly is ableto walk on G]

MicrROGRAP Hi? As

containthemfelves in that pofture as long as they pleafesnay,to walk and
fufpend themfelves againft the under furface of many bodies,as the ceilin
ofaroom, or the like, and this with as great a feeming facility and firm-
nefs, as if they were akind of A#tipodes, and had.a tendency upwards, as
we are fure they have the contrary, which they alfo evidently difcover,
in that they cannot make them(felves fo light, as to {tick or fufpend them-
felves on the under furface of a Glafs well polith’d and cleans’d 5 their
fufpenfion therefore is wholly to be afcrib’d to fome Mechanical contri-
vance in their feet; which, what it is, we fhall in brief explain, by thew-
ing, that its Mechanifm confifts ie ae in two parts, that is, firftits
two Claws, or Tallons, and fecondly, two Palms, Pattens, or Soles.

.. The two Tallons are very large, in proportion to the foot, and hand-
fomly fhap'd in the manner defcrib’'d in the Figures, by AB, ahd AC,

the bigger part of them from A todd, is allhairy, or brifled, but to-

ward the top, at Cand B fmooth, the tops or points, which feem very

fharp turning downwards and inwards, are each ofthem mov'd ona joint

at A, by which the Fly is able to open or fhut them at pleafure, fothat
the points B and C being entered in any pores, and the Fly endeavouring
to fhut them,the Claws not onely draw one againft another,and fo faften
eachother, but they draw the whole foot, GGA DD forward, fothat
ona foft footing, the tenters or points G G G G, (whereof a Fly has about
‘tenineach foot, to wit,twoin every joint)run into the pores,if they find
any, or at leaftmake their way; and this is fenfibleto the naked eye, in
the feet ofa Chafer, which, if he be fuffer'd to creep over the hand, or
sany other part of the {kin of ones body, does make his ftepsas fenfible to
'thetouchasthefight. — - ! sec
But this contrivance,as it often fails the Chafer, when he walks onhard
and clofe bodies, fo would italfo our Fly, though he be a much lefler,
and nimbler creature, and therefore Nature has furnifh’d his foot with
another additament much more curiousand admirable, and that is, with
a couple of Palms, Pattens or Solés D D, the ftru¢ture of which isthis:

From the bottom or under part of the laft joint of his foot, Kyarile
two {mall thin plated horny fubftances, each confifting of two flat pieces,

D D, which feem to be flexible, like the covers of a Book, about F F, by
which means,the plains of the two fides E Edo not always lie in the fame
plain, but may be fometimes fhut clofer, and fo each of them may take

thefe Soles are all befet with {mall brifles, or renters, like the Wire tet

“ofa Card ufed for working Wool, the points of all -which-tend for-
‘wards, hence the two Tallons drawing the feet forwards, asf before
hinted, and thefe being applied tothe furface of the body with all the

ints looki the contrary way, thatis, forwards and outwards, ifthete
| any Irre y or yielding in the furface of the body, the F ly fa-
ipen it felf very firmly and eafily,without the accefs or need of any fu
Le
proceeds partly from fome

-

Glafles, perhaps, or a troublefome and op gona :

a
- little hold themfelves on a body; but that isnot all,for the under fidesof —

4

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fy SSS

aera yeu:
‘Sel ht aha
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MicroOGRAPHiIAs

ruggedneff of thefurface; and chiefly fronya kind of tatnifh,’ or dirty
fmoaky fubftance, which adheres tothe farface:of that: very hard! body:
and though the pointed: parts cannot penetrate the fubftance of Glaf, yet
gh they find pores enough inthe tarnifh, or at Jeaftmake them.
This Stru@ure I fomewhat the more diligently furvey’d, becaufe I
could not well comprehend, how, if there were fuch a glutinous matter
in thofe {uppofed Sponges,,.asmofb(that have obferv di that ObjeG ita
Microfcopey have hitherto believ d,how, I fay, the Fly could fo readily un
glew and loofenits feet: and, becaufe I have not found any other crea-
ture to havea contrivance any ways like it; and chiefly, that we might
not be caft upon unintelligible explications of the Phenomena Of Natute,
at leaft others thenthe true ones, where our fenfes were ableto furnith
us with an intelligible, rationall and true one.» |

Somewhat a like-conttivancetethisof Flies thalli we find:inmoftother

Animals, fuch as all kinds of Flies ‘and cafe-wing'd creatures 5 hay, Ina
Flea,’ an Animal abundantly fmaller then this Fly.. Other creatures, as
Mites,. the Land-Crab, ec. have onely one! fmiall very fharp Fallon
‘at the end of each of their legs, whichall drawing towards the center or
middle.of their body, inable thefe exceeding light bodies tofufpend and
faften themfelves to almoft any furface. a 907

| Which how they are able ta do, will not feem firange, if we confider,
firft, how-little body there is in one of thefe creatures compar'd to their
fuperficies, or outfide,their thicknefs, per :

haps, oftentimes,not amounting
tothe hundredth pavt of an‘iich: Next,the ftrength and velit obchet | .

creatures. compar'd: to their bulk, being, propostionuble to their bulk,
perhaps..an teodredh times ftronger then an Horfe or Man. And thirdly,
if we confider that! Nature does always appropriate the inftruments, fo
as they/are the moft fit. and convenient to perform their offices, and' the
moft fimple and plain that poflibly canbe ; this we may fee further veri-
fy'd alfointhe foot of a Loufe which. is very much differing from thofeI
have been deferibing, but more convenient and neceflary for’ the’ place —
fits habitation,..each of his leggs bemg footed: with a couple of final |
claws which he can-open or fhut at pleafare, fhip’d almoft like the claws
of a Lobfter or Crabjbue with appropriated contrivances for his peculiar
ule, which being tomoveits ‘toand fro upon the: hairs of the crea~
ture it inhabits, Nature has firnilhidone of its claws with joints, almoft
2 the joints of a man’s fingers, fo ee iris: ableto encompafs.or
a hair as firmly asa mancawa flick or rope. bik. eS &
_. Nor, is therea ich adinirable and ‘wonderfull Adechanifar inv amare
of a Spider, whereby he is able to fpm, weave, and climb, or rurton -
curious'tranfparent; clew, of which I fhal fay more‘in the defcription ©
‘mal, 4 |

_ And:to conchide,, we fhall iniall things find, that Nature Dosen

onely work Mechanically, bist by-fuich excellene a poflible’ ralb,,

Ous, as well as {tupendious contriva ces, that it ‘were impollible tor’
theveakn oH Aero aare = contrivance to do the fame thing |
that thould have more: convenient properties. And.can any be aaa

Aa 2

172 MuacrocRapPuHuia.

)» as tothink all thofe things the productions of chance? Certainly, ei-
“ther their Ratiocination muft be extremely depraved,or they did never
attentively confider and contemplate the Works of the Al-mighty,

—e

Obferv. XXXVIII. Of the Struéture and motion of the Wings
of Flies. ; 7 an wale

of He Wings of all kinds of Infects; are, for the moft part, very
_ =, beautifull Objeés, and afford no lefs pleafing an Objeé tothe mind
to fpeculate upon,then to the eye to behold. This of the blue Fly,among
the reft; ‘wants not its peculiar ornaments and contrivances 5 it grows
out of the Thorax, or middle part of the body of a Fly, and is feateda
little beyond the center of gravity in the body towards the head, but
that Excentriclj iscurioufly balanc’d ; firft, by the expanded Area ofthe
wings which lies all more backwards then the root, by the motion of
them,whereby the center of their vibration is much more backwards to-
wards the tail of the Fly then the root of the wing is, What the vibra-
tive motion of the wings is; and after what manner they are moved, I
have endeavoured by many trials to find out: And the feft manner
oftheir motion, I endeavoured to obferve feveral of thofe kind of fall
{pinning Flies, which will naturally fafpend themfelves, as it were; pois'd
and fteady in one place of the air, without rifing or falling, or moving
forwards or backwards; for by looking down on thofe, I could bya kind
'| of faint thadow, perceive the utmoft -extremes of the vibrative ‘moti-
on of their wings, which fhadow, whil'ft they fo endeavoured to fifpend’
themfelves, was not very long, but when they endeavour'd to flie for-
wards,it was fomewhat longer ; next,I tried it,by fixing the leggs of aFly
| upon the top ofthe ftalk of a feather, with Glew, Wax, Gc. and--then
' making it endeavour to flie away 3 for being thereby able to view itin’
any pofture, I collected that the motion of the wing was after this man-
ner. Ihe extreme limits of the vibrations were ufuially fomewhat ‘about’
| the length of the body diftant from one another, oftentimes fhorterjand
fometimes alfo longer 3 that the formoft limit was ufually a liteleabove
| the back,and the hinder fomwhat beneath the bellysbetween which two
"limits, if one may ghefs by the found, the wing -feem’d to be mov'd for-
wards and backwardswith an equal velocity: And ifone may (from
fhadow or faint reprefentation the Wings aftorded, and from the eonfide-
ration of the nature of the thing’) ghefs at. the» pofture “or manner
of the wings moving betweeen them, it feem’d to be this The’ 10g,
being fuppos'd placed in. the upmoft limit, feems to be put fo'that ‘the
plain of it lies almoft horizontal, but onely the forepart does dipa jitele,
or is fomewhat more depreft; in this pofition isthe wing vibratee
or movd to the lower limit, being :.almoft -arrivedyat the fowet Ti-
mit, the hinder part of. the wing ‘moving fomewhat fatter ehe® the
. rmer,

4

MircRoGRAPAiAa, ¥Y2

former, the Areaiof the wing begins to dip behind, ' and i that pofture
feems it to be mov'd. to the upper limit back again, and thence back
again in the firft pofture,the former part of the Area dipping again,as it ig
moved downwards by means of the quicker motion of the main ftem
_ which terminates or edges the forepart of the'wing. ) And thefé vibrati-
ons Or motions to.and fro between: the two limits feem fo fwift, that ’tis
very probable (from the found it affords, if it’be compar’d withthe vi-’,
bration of'a mufical ftring, tun’d unifon'to it)’ it iiakes many'hundreds, |
if notfome thoufands of vibrations in‘a fecond' mitiute of time. And, if
we may be allow’d to ghefs by the found, the’ wing'of a Bee is ‘yet more
fwift,for the tone is much more acute; ‘and that, itv all likelihood,’ pro-
ceedsiftom. tlie exceeding {wift beating’ of the air by the {mall wing.
And it feems the more likely too, becaufe the wing of'a Bee is left in pro-
portion’ to itsbody,then the other wing tothe body ofa Fly; forthat for
ought. I: know, it may be one of the quickeft vibrating fpontaneous moti-
Ons of any in the worlds and though perhaps there may be many Flies in’
other places: that afford a yet more fhrill neife with their wings, yet ‘tis
molt probable thatithe quickeft vibrating pomtaneows motion is to be
found inthe wing of ‘ome creature. ‘Now, if we confider the exceeding
quicknefs of thefe Animal fpirits that muft caufe thefe motions, we cannot
chufe: but-admire the; exceeding vividnefs of the governing faculty or
Anima of the Infect, which is able to difpofe and regulate fo the the mo- j
tive faculties, as to caufe every peculiar'organ, not onely to move or ack
fo quick, but to doit alfo fo regularly, }0 © en “0 beroqith
» Whil'ft I was. examining and confidering the curious Afechanifor oft the
Wings,] obferv'd.thatunder the wings of moft kind ‘of Flies, Bees, cc.
there were plac'‘d ‘certain pexdulums or extended drops (as Iutiay fo call
them from their refembling motion and figure) for they mtich refembled
a long hanging drop of fome tranfparent vifcous liquor ; and T obferved
_ them:conftantly tomove juft before the wings of the Fly began tomove,
fo that,at the firft fight'I could not but ghefs,’ that there was fome excel-
lent. uf,.asto the regulation of the motion of the wing, and did ee
that it might be fomething like the handle of’ Cock, ‘which ‘by vibra-
ting toand fro,might,as ‘twere,open and fhut the Cock,and thereby give
a paflage to the determinate influences into the Mufcles 5 afterwards,up-
on{ome other trials\] fuppos'd that they might be for fome ule in refpira-
tion, which for many reafons 1 fuppofe thofe Animals to ufe, and, me
thought, it was not very improbable, but that they might have conive-
ic fitting; at leaft,of the air, if not’
nient paflages under the wings for the emitting; at tealt,or tne pene
admitting, asin the gills of Fifhesis moft evident’ or, ‘perhaps, this Pen-
dului might be fomewhat like the ftaff to aPump, whereby thefe crea~
turesmight exercife their Avalogus lungs, and net only draw eee
out;the air they live by:2but thefe were but conjectures,and es mich i:
examination feem’d lefs probable. od z ; F
_ The fabrick of the wing,as it appears through a moderately magnity-
ing AGcrofcope,feems to be a body confifting of two parts,as1s vilible in the
4,Figure of the 23.Scheme;and by the 2.Figure of the 26.Scheme; the one is

aquilly

174

MiIcROGRAHPIA.

a quilly or finny fubftance,confifting of feveral long, {lender andvarioufly
bended guills or wires, fomething refembling the veins of leaves3:t
are, as twere,the finns or quills which ftiffen the whole Area, and keep
the other part diftended, which is a very thin tran{parent fkin or mem-
brane varioufly folded, and platted, but not very regularly, and is be-
fides exceeding thickly beftuck with innumerable fmall brifles; which
are onely perceptible by the bigger magnifying A“crofcope, and not
with that neither, but with a very convenient augmentation of fky-
light projected on the Object with a burning Glafs, as [have elfewhere
fhew'd, or by looking through it againft the light. > sd yam
_ In fteed of thefe {mall hairs, in {everal other Flies, there are infinite of
{mall Feathers, which cover both the under and upper fides of this thin
film asin almoft all the forts of Butterflies and Moths: and thofe {mall parts
are not onely fhapd very much likethe feathers of Birds, but like thofe
variegated with all the variety of curious bright and vivid colours ima-
ginable; and thofe feathers are likewife fo admirably and delicately
rang'd,as to compofe very fine flourifhings and ornamental paintings, like
Turkie and Perfian Carpets,but of far more Se Seebedaty: asis evident
cna Sp the naked eye, inthe — wings of Butterflies, but much
more through anordinary AGicrofeope, ks $20 gts.
4 i red likewife with tel han may be perceived multitudes
of little pits, or black {pots,in the exended membrane, which feenrto be
the root of the hairs that grow on the other fide; thefe two bodies feem
difpers'd over the whole furface of the wing. : . ;
The. hairs are beft perceiv'd, by looking throughit againft the light,
or, by laying the wing upon.a very white piece of Paper,’ in a conve-
nient Hight, for thereby every little hair moft manifeftly appears; a
ciment of which you may obferve drawn in the fourth ‘Figare of
he 23. Scheme, AB, CD, EF whereof reptefentfome parts of the
bones or quills of the. wing, each. of which you may perceive°to be
cover dj over with a multitude. of fcales, or brifles; the former-A
is the biggeft {tem of allthe wings: and:may be'properly enough eal
the cut-air, it being that which terminates and. ftiffens the formolt edge
of the wing ; the fore-edge of this is arm’d with.amultitude of little
brifles, or Tenter-hooks, in fome ftanding regular and’ in‘ordery- in
others not; all the points of which are directed ‘from the body to-
wards the tip of the wing», nor is this edge onely thus fring’d ,.’but
even all the whole edge.of the wing is cover'd:with a fmall fringe;
confifting of fhort and more {lender brifles. lyaobaueagelisg 155163 ;
_ This Subject, hadItime, would afford’ excellent matter for the com
templation of the nature of wings and of flying s but, becaufe fmay,
perhaps, get a more convenient time to profectite that fpeculation; an
recollect feveral Obfervations that Ihave made of that particular, Pfhall
at prefent proceed to loigzighbim ROWE?

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| Obferv. XX XIX. Of the Eyes and Head of a Grey diorie-Fly,

‘-MrcrocRarHrhd

ees 9

*
e'

ene

‘and of feveral other creatures. e

took a Jarge grey Drowe-Fly, that had adatge-head, buta {niall and
§ flender body in proportion ie it,and cutting off-its head, Lfix‘d. it,with
the forepart or face upwards upon my Object Plate (this, made choice
ofrather then the head ofa great bhie Fly,beeaufé my enquiry being now
about the eyes,[ found this Fly to have, firftthe biggeft clufters,of eyes
in proportion to his head, ofany {mall kind of Fly that I have yet feen, it
being fomewhat inclining towards the make oi the large’ Dragon-F lies,
Next, becaufe there is a greater yariety in thé, knobs or ‘balls of each
elufter,then is of any {mall Fly) Then examining it according to my ufual
manner, by varying the degrees of light, and altering its polition toeach
kinde of light, I drew that reprefentation of; it which is delineated in
the 24. Scheme, and found thefe things to be as plain and evident, as
notable and pleafant. |

a ee Ae

the light. ‘ Py cE itt FO
. ‘Next, that of thofe multitudes of Hemifpheres, there were obfervable

fot found in any other {mall Fly. : UTS
Thirdly, that every one of thefe Hemifpheres,as they feem’d.to be pret-

Tt ee

| a neer the true fhape of a Hemifphere, fo was the furface exceeding

h and regular, reflecting as exact, regular, and perfect anImage of

any Obje& from the furface of them, as a {mall Ball of Quick-filver of

that bignef would do, but nothing neer fo vivid, the reflection from thefe
very languid, much like the reflection from the outfide of Water,

— Glafs, Cryftal, @c. In fo much that in each of thefe Hemifpheres,1 have
| been able to difeover a Land-feape of thofe things. which lay before my

window,

176 MicroOGRAPHIA.
window, one thing of which was a large Tree, whofe trunk and top }
. could plainly difcover, as Icould alfo the parts of my window, and my.
“” hand and fingers, if I held it between the Window and the Obje@; a
{mall cravat of nineteen of which, as they appear'd inthe bigger Mag-
“nifying-glais to reflect the Image of the two windows of my Chamber,
~ are delineated in the third Figure of the 23. Scheme. WG
Fourthly, that thefe rows were fo difpos'd, that there was no quarter
vifible from his head that there was not fome of thefe Hemijpheres directed
_againft ; fothat a Fly may be sa 8 faid to have am eye every way, and to
be really circumfpe@. And it was further obfervable, that that way where
the trunk of his body did hinder his profpecét backward, thefe protube-
vances were elevated, as it were, above the plain of his fhouldersand
back, fo that he was able to fee backwards alfo over his back.
__«. Fifthly, in living Flies, [have obferv'd, that when any {mall mote or
duft,which flies up and down the air, chances to light upon any part of
thefe knobs, asit is fure to tick firmly to it and not fall, though throug},
the Aficrofcope it appears likea large {tone or ftick (which one would ad-
mire,efpecially fince it is no ways probable that there‘is any wet or ea?
nous matter upon thefe Hemi/pheres,but I hope I fhall render the reafon in
another place) fothe Fly prefently makes ule of his two fore-feet in ftead
of ey tas with which, as with two Brooms or Brufhes, they being
all beftuck with Brifles, he often fweeps or brufhes off what ever hinders
the profpect of any of his Hemifpheres, and then, to free his | from
that dirt,he rubs them one again{ft another,the pointed Brifles or Tenters
of which looking both one way, the rubbing of them to and fro one
againft another, does cleanfe them in the fame manner as I have obferv'd
thofe that Card Wool, to cleanfe their Cards, by placing their Cards, fo
asthe teeth of both look the fame way,and then rubbing them one againft
another. In the very fame manner do they brufh and cleanfe their bodies
and wings, as! fhall by and by thew; other creatures have other contti-
vances for the cleanfing and cleering their eyes.
Sixthly, that the number of the Pearls or Hemifpheres in the clufters
of this Fly, wasneer 14000. which I judged by numbering certain rows
_ of them feveral ways, and cafting up the whole content , scones
each clufter to contain about feven thoufand Pearls, three thou fan
of which were ofa cize, and confequently the rows not fo thick, and
the foure thoufand I accounted to be the number of the fmaller Pearls
next the feet and probofcis. Other Animals I obferv’d to have yeta
greater number, as the Dragon-Fly or Adderbolt > And others to havea
a Jefs company, as an Ant, &c. and feveral other {mall Flies and
_ Seventhly.that the order of thefe eies or Hemifpheres was altogether cuti-
ous and admirable,they being plac’d inall kind of Flies,and aerza/ animals,
in a moft curious and regular ordination of triangular rows, in whichor-
der they are rang’d the neereft together that poflibly they can, and con-
fequently leave the leaft pits or trenches between them. But in Shrimps,
| Granfihes, Lobfiers, and fuch kinds of Cruflaceous water Animale;thave
Nec egs eas 2 ye .

Ny ae :

) ja peg |

MrcROGRAPHIAé i77

yet obferv'd them rang’d in a quadrangular order, the tows cutting éach
other at right angles,which as it admits of a lefs number Of Pearls in e
durfaces 5 fo have thofe creatures a recompence made them, by having |
their eyes a little movable in their heads, which the other altogether
want. Soinfinitely wife and provident dowe find all the Difpenfations in
Nature, that certainly Ep7ceuras, and his followers, mutt very little: have
confider'd them, who afcrib’d thofe’ things to the production of chance, ({
that wil;to.a more attentive confiderer,appear the produéts of the higheft

Wifdom and Providence, 1 DOYS [B.AIGU indi JON 73
6) Upon the Anatomy or Diflection of the Head}. I obferv'd thefe par:
ticulars :. 99 ‘ Fey tec Paka et af dog 4

_« /Firlt, that this outward kin, like the ‘Corves of the eyes of the greater
_ Animals, was both flexible and tranfparent, and feem’d, through the a#-
crofeope; perfectly rorefemble the very fub{tance of the Corzea of a man’s
eye; for having cut out the clufter, and remov'd thedark and wacows
ftuif that is fubjacenc to it, 1 could fee ir tranfparent like a thin piece of
kins havihg as many cavities in the infide of it, and rang’d in the fame |
order as it had protubérazees onthe ourfide,and this propricty,I found the
fame in all the Animals that had it, whether Flies or Shell-Fith. |
_» Secondly. 1 found thatall Animals that I have obferv'd with thofe kind
of eyes, have withinthis Corwea, a certain cleer liquor or juice, though in
avery little quantity,and, ¢ 0) ow 4 OBA qivo yiiod
- Lobferv'd thirdly, that within that cleer liquor, they had akind of
datk mexcows lining, which was all {pread roun preety on 7
‘Gufter, and feem’d very neer adjoining to it, the colour of hy in ,
fome Fliesswas grey ;.itrothers, black; in others red 5 in others,of a mix’d |
colour : in others,{potted.; and that the whole clufters, when look’d on |
whil't the Animal was living, or but newly kill’d; appear’d of the fame
Colour that this coat (as [may fo call it) appear’d of, when that outward
es Or Cornea,was removd. ood reat ol . , bei .
- Fourthly, that the reft of the capacity of the cluiters wasin fome, as
Dragon flies, ec, hollow, or empty 5 in others fill'd with fome kind
of fubftance s in blue Flies, witha reddith mufculous fubftance, with fbres
_ tending from the center or bottom outwards 5 and divers other, with va-
_ H0usand-differing kindsoffubftances. = ong: az,
~ That thiscuriouscontrivance is the organ of fight to all thofe various
Criflaceous Animals, which are fatnifh’d with it, 1 think we need not
doubt, if weconfider but the &veral congruities it has with the eyes of
Sttater creatures. | |

igure of each ofthe {mall Hemifpheres are —

other organs that have any refemblance to the known eyes of other
Epe 7 Bb Thirdly,

178

;

eed

| ‘and the li

MicROGRAPHIA.

~ ‘Thirdly,that thofe which they call the eyes of Crabs,Lobfters,Shtimps,

Ge and are really fo, are Hemi/pher'd, almoft in the fame man-
ner as thefe. of Flies are. And that they really are fo, [have very often
try'd; by cutting off thefe little movable knobs, and putting the creature .
again into the water, that it would fwim to and-fro, and move:up and
down as well as before, but would often hit it felf againft the rocks or
ftones; and though I put my hand) juft before its hal, it would not at

all {tart or fly back till I touch’d it, whereas whil ft. thofe were remain-

ing, it would ftart back,and avoid my hand or a ftick at a good:diftance
before it touch’d it. ' Aind if in crufiaceows Séa-animals, then itfeems very
probable alfo,that thefe knobs are the eyes in cruftaceowsInfects, which are
alfo of the fame kind} onely in a higher'and more attive Elements thisthe
conformity or Congruity of many other parts common to cither of them,
willftrongly argue,their cruflaceows armour,their number of leggs,which
are fix, befide the two. great claws, which anfwer to the wings in Infects;
and in all kind of Spiders, as alfo in many other Infects that want wings,
we fhall find the compleat number of them, and not onely the number,
but the very fhape, figure; joints, and claws of Lobfters and Crabs, as is
evident in Scorpions and Spiders, as is vifible in the fecond F7gwre of the
3.1, Scheme,and in the little Mite-worm,which I call a Land-crab,defcrib'd
in the fecond Figure of the 33. 8cheme,but in their manner of generation
being oviparous, @c. And it were very worthy obfervation, whether
there be not fome kinds of transformation and metamorphofis in the fe-
veral {tates of cruftaceous water-animals, as there is in feveral forts of In-
fects ; for if {uch could be met with,the progrefs of the variations would
be much more confpicuous in thofe larger Animals, then they can be in
any kind of Infects our colder Climate affords. . dt 2 WO!
-. Thefe being their eyes, it affords us a very pretty Speculation to Con-
template their manner of vifion, which, as it is very differing from that of
biocular Animals, fo is it not lefs admirable. 40. tab
That each of thefe Pearls or Hemsi(pheres is a perfect eye, I think we
need not doubt, if we confider onely the outfide or figure of any one of
them, for they being each of them'cover'd witha tranfparent protube-
rant Corzea,and containing a liquor within them, pr as the watry
or glaffie humours of the eye, muft necefiarily refra& all the parallel
Rays that fall on them out of the air, into a point not farr diftant within
them, where (in all probability) the Retiza of the eye is placed,and that
opacous, dark, and mucous inward coat that (I formerly fhew'd) 1 found
to fubtend the concave part of the clufter is very likely to:be that t#-
nicle or coat, it appearing through the Aficrofcope to be plac’d a little
more than a Diameter of thofe Pearls below or within the tunicascorued:

_ And if fo, then is therein all probability, a little Picture or Image of the

objects without, painted or made at the bottom of the Retina againft
every one of thofe Pearls, fo that there are as many impreflions on the
Retina or opacousfkin, as there are Pearls or Hemz{pheres on the clutter.
But becaufe it is impoffible for any protuberant furface whatfoever, whe-
ther /pherial or other, {0 to refract the Raysthat come from farpremiee

MicrocroarHal

faferai points of any'Object asto collect themsdgaif;and uhitethem! each;
inacdiftinct pomt,and that onelysthofe Rays which dome from: forte poitit
that. lies in the Ax#s | of theo kigure producid;care fo laccuiatély! tes
fratedtto one and the fame point again, and that thedateral efuri
ther they are remiov‘d, themore impentect;is theitibefracted confinence’s
It follows therefore, that onely the Picture.of thofe-parts.of the external
objects that lie'in, or neer, the Ax#s Of each Hebiifp ene, ate difcernably
painted or made onthe Aetiva.of each Hemilphere, and thatstherefore

i

eachof them can:diftinctlyfenfate-or fee onely:thefé parts svhich arevery

neer perpendicularly eppos'd to ity: Or li¢.im-ormeer! its bptick vixir
Now,:though there:may. be-by -eachiof thefe:eyé-pearlsja’ reprefentation
to:the:Animal ofa whole Hemi/phere in'the fa pesmermertad nce een
thereis a picture’ or fenfation inthe; Retiva of-allithe objects lying almoft
inan'Hemifphere 5 yet, as ina man’s.eye alfo, there, are: but:fome: vert:
few:ipoirits which liyng in, or eet, the. optick, «4xéare diftingtly dif
cern; So there.may, be multitudes. of Pictures;made of am Objechin |
the: fevera] Pearls; and yet but one,|or fomeweryfew that are difting’s
The reprefentation of any object that ismade inany other Pearl, but that
which is directly,or very neer:ditectly,oppos d,being altogether confis'd
and unable to produce a diftinét,vifton. »:iho22%9 Jom od ss
»»Soithat we a that thougl: it has, pleas'd: the! All-wife Creator; to!in-
due this creature with fuch rouleitades of eyes, yet:hasihe notlinduedit.
with the faculty of: feeing more:then’another-¢reatiine; ifonwhéreasthis
cannot move his head,at leaft.can. move itvery-dittle;without moving his
whole body, bioew/ar creatures can in: an’ inftant Cor the tminkling-of um
eye, which, being very quick, is vulgarly ufediinsthe fame ifignification)
move their eyes fo.as to direct’ the! optick Axis;t0 any points nor'is it
probable, that they, are able tofee attentively at one time more then one
Phyfical, point 5 for though there: be a diftint Image made in every eye;
Yet,‘tis very likely,that the obferving faculty; is only,imploy’daboutfome

(1d 2996010) Tei

riiiitt a WA 4

One Ob ject for which they havemoftconcern. 3)o:)) 1. 211).
Now, as we accurately diftinguifh the fice-or-pofition of an, Objet
by the motion of the Mutcles of the eye requifite to-put the optick Line

in.a'direct pofition,and confufedly by the polition ofthe imperfect Pidture

of the object at the bottom of thé eyes fo are thele eruftaceows creatures

able tojudgeiconfufed|y of the pofition of objects by the Picture,or im-

preflion made at the bottom’ of the oppofite Pear],,and diftintily bythe
removal of the attentive or obferving facultys.from one Pearltoanother,
but what this faculty is,as it requires another place, fo a much deeper {pe-
culation. Now, becaufcit were impoflible,even with this multitude of eye-
balls,to fee any object diftin&t(for as I hinted before,onely thofe parts that
lay in,or veryneer,thé optick'Lines could befo}cheYafinitely wile Creator
has not left the creature without a power of moving the head a little in
Aerial cruftaceows animals,and the very eyes al{o in cra/taceows Sea-anittials,

fo that-by thefe means they areinabled to direct. fome optickdineor other ;

t . ie

againft any objedtand by that means. they have the vifive faciulty'as cont!
leat. as any Animal that.cam: moveits-eyes. io .disea Upmi to wo1 >
Siser ngs B Diftances

b 2

\

ayy

180

Ss

76

i

Macro GRAPH AY

0 Diftaricesiof Objetts alfoy ‘tis very likely they diftinguith, partly "by
the confonant impreflions'made in fome;two convenient Pearls, onedn
each ¢lufters for, according as thofe:congruous. impreflions: affect, two
Pearls neerériapproach'd ‘to eachother, the neerer is the Objéd, and
the farther they are diftant, the more diftant is the Object: partly alfo
by thealtetation of each Pearl, requiftte to make the Senfation or Pidture
perfect:;| fortis impoflible that the Pictures of two. Objects, varioufly
diftant, can be perfectly painted, or made‘on the fame Retina or bottom
the eye not altered, as will be very evident to any one that fhall atten-
tively confider the nature of refraction. Now, whether this alteration
may be inthe Figure of the Corzea;in the motion of accefs or.recefs ofthe
Retina towards the Correa,or in the alteration of a cruftaline himour,if
fuchthere be, I-pretend'not to determine ;. though [think we:need not
doubts that there:may be as much curiofity of contrivance and ftru-
ureimevery one of thefe Pearls, as. in the eye of a Whale or Elephant,

_ and theJalmighty’s Fiat-could as eafily caufe the exiftence of the ‘one as

the others and as one day-and a thoufand years are the fame with him,fo
may one ¢yeand ten thoufand, ©...) > : Si

) This we:may be fure of ‘that the filaments or fenfative parts of the
Retina mutt be moft exceedingly curious and minute, fince the whole
Pidture it felfis fuchs lab rinsit deeds the component parts be:of that
| Retina which diftinguifhes the part of an objed's: Picture that. muft be
‘many millions of millions lefsthen that ina man’s eye? And how exceed-
ing curious and fubtile'‘muft the component parts of the medina that
ec light be, when we'find the inftrument made for its reception or

i x ion to be fo exceedingly {mall ? we may,I think, from this {pecula-

. +
er ox © Des: x £4 .
‘ th hI tae Be met bk eh tt
f :
cd it

tion be fufficiently difcouraged from hoping to difcover by any optick or
other inftrument the determinate bulk of the parts of the #edium that
conveys the pulfe of light, fince we find that’ there is not lefs accurate- _
nefs fhewn in the Figurevand_polifhof thofe exceedingly minute Jenti+
cular furfaces, then in thofe more large:and ‘confpicuous farfaces of our
own eyes: And yet can Inot doubt, but that there is adeterminate bulk
of thole parts, fince I find them unable 'to enter between the parts of
Mercury, which being in motion, muft necéflarily haye pores, ag 1 fliall
elfewhere thew, and here pafs by, as being adigreflions)) +. 2 lo od)
Asconcerning the horns FF, the feelers or fmellers, GG, the Pro-
feiss H Ay:and 1; the hairsand brifles, KK; 1 thall indeavour to ‘de-
feribe inthe 42. Obfervation. iiwrst. , i ery 336: Q if iv Nae
PAs re ad i Lig $ ; : si Fs inti wW FUG

et” i Aor J £0 Bo 2228 FD oye za: trate ir ' I. Cae St TUE P I

. : ‘ft [
=, ine
dat LOE ; - |
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- vs 74 Li
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okie 73 1B stood is : 7 $: ~ ; i ‘Buide (4S otel P
1010910 attw Ok Of the Teeth of a Snaibe 0000.5!
Have litéle more toadd of the Teeth of a Snail, befides the Pidture
that hisbended body,°A BC DE F,which feem’d fathioned very muclt
like a row of {mall teeth, orderly plac’d in the Gums, ‘and leoks as if it

“wSashid were

ay

<a
“Fy

NS

S

HE:

MicrocRapnaia,

were divided into feveral {maller and pieater bck teeth Swaenothind

butwne {mall bended hard boneswhich Bae plac’d inthe upper bali ofieke
mouth of a Houfe-Snail,) withwhich:Tobferv'd this-very Snailrolfeed oii
the leaves of a Rofe-tree, andto bite out pretey Jargé aisd! halfrouid
bits,:not unlike the Pigure of 'a'¢C) horvery much differing-from iia
bignels, the upper'part “A B CD of this bone; found tobe much whiter:
and to prow outot the upper chap of the Snail-0 G-Gjand nétto bean
thing neer fo much creas'd as the Jower and blacker part of it AITHKKH
which*was exactly thap’d like teeth; the bone growing thinners or taper!
ingto.an edge towards K K K. Irfeem’d to have'nine teeth; orprominent
parts TK, 1K, TF) oe. which were join’d together by the chinneriaters
pos'd parts of the bone. ‘The Animal to which thefe teeth belong, isa
very avomalons creature, and feems of a kind! quite diftin@ from any

_ other terrefirial Animal or Infed, the Anatomy whereof exceedingly: dif |
fering from what has been hitherto given of itl fhould have inferted but
that it will be more proper in another place. Thave neverthetiwith:
kind ‘of Animal whofe teeth areal} join’d' in one, fave onely that lately
obferv'd, that all the teeth of a Rhinoceror,) which grow on'cither fide |
ofitsmouth, are join'd into one large bone, the weight of one of which
I'found tobe neer eleyen pound Haverdupois.' So that it tems one of |
the: biggeft fort of terteftrial Animals, as well-as ‘one of the fmallefty
has his teeth thusthap d. ; eh 1, 1 DOIG 2h 1 eSTUst mg Anat x ’
Dsitic 27199799 tal UO 2d 2904 2ntow-sie ode 26 sognHdut

?

“: Z j , bd 40 slods onompeeeiaalsyo1ag
» Obferv. XLL Of the Egesof Silk-worms,and other »
ar chance deen ofiatakies fais ee Bes ae Vind + meet y

"Sy He Eggs of Silk-worms(one of which have deferib'd inthe fecond
“BY Figure of 25. Scheme) aflord a pretty Objet for a AGcrofcope that.
magnifies very nvach, efpecially if it be bright weather, and the light: of a
window be caft or collected onit by a deep Convex-glafs, or Waterballs
_ For then the whole furface ofthe Shell may be perceivd all eover'd over
with ——- {mall pits or cavities with interpofed edges, almoft in the
aad of the furface of a nc ke beetas teks ge are - ss sient
redth part fcarce ofitheirbignefs; the $hell;when-the young ones w
hatch'd’ (which I ahs Sette ing to do, if the Eggs were kept ina -
warm place) appear’d no thicker in proportion to its bulk,then that of
an Hen’s:or Goos's Egg isto its bulk,and all the Shell be bar d very white
(which:feem’d to proceed from its tranfparency) whence all thofe pit-

tings did almoft vanith, fo thatthey could not; without much difficulty,
SI better 2 the infide of the Seika dito be lin'd alfo with a kind of
_ thin film,not unlike (keeping the proportion to its Shell that with which
the thelkof an Hen-eggis lin'd 5 and the hell it felf feem’d like common
Egg-fhelis, very brittle, and v3 rate _ sbi 4 ot . wof thele

Died sintel the edges of Pes thelld The thape of the Egg it felf, the
Fi igure pretty well reprefents(though by defaule of the Graver it does

not

182

MicROGRAPHIA.

not appear fo.tounded, and lying above the Paper, as.it were,asitought
to do) that is, it was for the moft part pretty oval’ end-ways, fomewhat
like anEgg,but the other way it was.a little flatted ontwo oppofite fides,
Divers of thefe Eggs, as is common to moft. others; I, found to be bar.
ren, or addle, for they never afforded any young ones. And>thofe {
ufually found much whiter then the other that :were prolifick. . The
Eggsof,other kinds of Oviparous Infects I have found to be perfeétly
round ‘every way,like fo many Globules,of this fort have obferv'd fome
forts of Spiders Eggs; and chancing the. laft Summer to inclofe.a very
large sn curioully painted Butterfly in a Box, intending to examineits
audery with my A4@crofcope, | found-within a day or two after Linclos'd
fee, almoft all, the inner furface of the Box cover d over with an infinite
of exactly round Eggs, which were ftuck very faft to the fides of it, and
in fo exactly regular and clofe an order, that made me call to mindm
Hypothefis; which had formerly thought on for the making out of all the
regular Figures of Salt,which I have elfewhere hinted 5 for here I found
all of them rang’d into a moft exact triagonal order, much after the man-
ner as the Hemifpheres. are plete on the eye of a Fly; all which Eggs
found after a little time to be hatch‘d, and out of them to come amulti-
tude of {mall Worms, very much refembling. young Silk-worms, leaving
all their thin hollow fhells behind them, {ticking on the Box in their tri-
agonal pofture; thefe I found with the A@icrofcope to have much fuch a
fub{tance as the Silk-worms Eggs, but could not perceive them pitted.
And indeed, there is as great a variety in the fhape of the Eggs of Ovi-
arous Infects as among thofe of Birds,

Of thefe Eggs, a large and lufty-Fly will at one time lay neerfour or
five hundred, fo that the eau of - oe aad oes muft needs be
very prodigious, were they not prey don by multitudes of Birds, and de-
froyid by Frofts and Rains; dis § sbi Bes ‘tis thofe hotter Climates between
the Tropicks are infefted with fuch multitudes of Locufts, and fuch other

Vermine.

Obferv, XLII. Of a blue Fly.

éF 240 #5

To kind of Fly,whereofa Aficro(copical Picture is delineated in the
firft Figure of the 26. Scheme, isa very beautifull creature; and has
many things about it yery notable ; divers of which I have already partly
defcrib'd, namely, the feet, wings, eyes, and head, in the preceding
Obfervations, eure Dodie sanpnh at
And though the head before defcrib’d be that of a grey DroneFly;

yet for the mainit is very agreeable to this. The things wherein’ they
differ moft, will be eafily enough found by the following particulars: »

Firft, the clufters of eyes of this Fly, are very much fmaller then thofe
of the Dron-Fly, in proportion to the head. "979 agit

Schem=XXVI.

"Wh yi"

i
NY
\ +

a Wh jul “4
EAS ah
| A ww
Nir

N

Y
as if
Roig ii

4 f
shi We yl

ee
ie es

Microcraruial —_- 8g

_/And-next, all/the eyes of each clufter feem'd muchof thé fimé-bigne&

prominent part/C, grew,two {mall oblong bodies, D,D; ‘whith through
a Microfcope look'd) not unlike the Pendants in ‘Lillies, thefe fossa
jointed on to two {mall parts at C, , each, of which feem’d again jointed
into'the front. ad +45 lead 9 esitohey
. Fifthly, out of the upper part. and outfides of thefe horns, (as, I may
callthem, from the Figure they, are.of, in the, 24. Scheme;| where they
are marked with F F) there grows afingle feather, or brufhy Brifle, EE,
fomewhat of the.fame kind with the tufts of a Gnat, which 1 have before
defcribed.. ve y9nO Yo atlsb f ei 1 egnghs2 de
What the ufe of thefe kind of horned and tufted bodies fhould be; 1
cannot well imagine,unlefs they ferve for {fmelling or hearing,though how
they are adapted for either, it feems very difficult to defcribe they are
inalmoft every, feveral kind of Flies of fo various afhape; though’certain- _
ly they are fome.very eflential part.of the +head,,and_have fome very
notable office aflign’d them by Nature, fince in all Infects they.areto be

; ao

found in one.or,other form...)

PSIUTES 24107 40 2 3 ch TOR!
_ Sixthly, at the under part of the face F F, were feveral of the former
fort of bended Brilles; and below all, the mouth, out of the middle of
which, grew the probofes G H I, which,by means of feveral joints,where-
of it feem'd to .confift, the Fly was able to move toand fro, and thruft it
inand out as it pleas'd.;, the end of this hollow body (which was all over
cover'd with fmall fhort hairs.or brifles) was, as’twere, bent at H, and
the outer or formott fide of the bended part HI, flit, as it were, into
two chaps, HI, HI, all the outfide of which where cover d_ with hairs,
and pretty large. brifles; thefe he could, like two chaps, very readily
~ open and fhut, and when he feem’d to fuck any thing from the furface of
a body, he would fpread abroad thofe chaps, and apply the hollow part
of them very clofe to it. | dy
__ From either fide of the Probofcis, within the mouth, grew two other
all BOS, or fingers, K K, which were. hairy, PH {mall nee mer 3
ut of another fhape, and bigger in proportion, in the 24. Scheme, w
PEF are marked with G G, which rapt feem'd a kind of fmellers,
ut whether fo or not, I cannot pofitively determine. |)
The Thorax or emddie part of this Fly, was cas'd, both above and: a
neath, with a yery firm cruft of armour, the upper art Oke ROE ;
covered over with long conical brifles,all whole en s pointed backwardss
out of the hinder and under. part of this grew out in a clufter fix leggs,

three of which are apparent in the Figure,the other three were hid by “i

184. Mrerocranvrpia.
body-plac'd in that poftute: The leggs were all muchofthefamemake,
: beingallof them cover'dwitha ss ype fcaleor theljult like the legs
of a Crabb or Lobfter,and the contrivance of the joints feenY’d much the
fame each lege feem'’d made up of eight parts, 1, 25°34 5.1657, 8, to
the eighth or‘laft of which, grew the foles' and clawsj’deferibed before
in the 38.0bfervation. SOT TORE. Yi cio ei ae, nota 4d 2OLlrrd
_ Out of the upper partof this trunck grew the two wings>which] men
tion'd in the 38. Obfervation, confilting ‘of'a film, cxténded on’ certain
fall ftiff wires or bones: thefe in a blue Fly, were much: longer then
the body, bur‘in other kind: of Flies they are ‘of very differing propor
tions'to the body. Thefefilms,in many Flies, were {0 thin, that, like feveral
other plated:bodies (mention’d in the ninth Obfervation) they afforded
all varieties of fantaftical or tranfient colours (the reafon of which Thave
- here endeavoured to explain) they feem'd’to receive their nourifhment
from the {talks or wires, which feem'd'to be hollow, and neer the uppet
part of the wing LL feveral of them feem'd jointed, the fhape of which
will fufficiently appear by the black lines'in the fecond Figure of the
26. Scheme, which is a delineation of one of thofe wings expanded dt

. °

-tedtly to'the e 1 DOF + pein 1 Hats Qlodi io Siu SF
“Allthehinder part of ts bod iscover'd with a moft catious blue ‘fhit |
ning armour, looking exaétly like a polifh’d piece of hee) brought tothat |
blue colour by annealing, all which armour is very thick beftuck with
abundance “of tapering ‘brifles, fiich as grow on its back, as is(vifible
enough ‘by the Figure. » G 5 beter
Nor was the infide of this creature lefs beautifull then its outfideé; for
cutting off a part of the belly, and then viewing it, to {eé if I-could dif-
cover any Vellels, fuch as are to be found in @ greater Animals, amd even
in Snails exceeding manifeftly,I found,much beyond my expettation:that
there were abundance of branchings of Milk-white vefléls.no lefs curiots
then the branchings of veins and arteries in bigger terreftiial Anjimals,in
one of which,I found two notable branches, joining their two main ftocks,
as it were, into one common duu 3 now, to what veins or atteriés thele
Veflells were aralogws, whether to the ver porta, or the aeferaich vef
fells, or the like, or indeed, whether they were veins and arteriés, Or 0a/@
lattea, properly fo called, I am not hitherto able'to determine, ‘having
not yet made fufficient enquiry; but in all particulars, there feemsnct to
be any ion lefs of curious contrivance in thefe Infeéts, chen in-thofe
Jarger terreftrial Animals, for I had never feen any more curious branch-
ings of Veffells, then thofeI obferv’d in two or three OF thefe Flies this

Opened. | ,

_ It isa ereature active and nimble, fo’as there are very few creatures
like it, whether bigger or fmaller, in fo much, that ‘it’ will expe ft
avoid a {mall body, though coming on it exceeding fwiftly, andifirfecs _
any thing approaching it, which it fears, it prefently fquats down, 4s It.
were,that it may be the more ready for its rife, sais be At

_ | « Nor isit lefs hardy in the Winter, then ‘active in the Summer, induring
all the Frofts, and furviving till the next Summer, notwithftanding the
od ' itt

MicroGcrRraPHias

bitter cold of our Climate ; nay; this creature will’ indure.to.be frozen, ;
and yet not be deftroy'd,for I have taken/one of them out of the Snow.

whereon it has been trozen.almoft white, with the Ice about it, and yet
by thawing it gently by the warmth, of a tire, it has quickly reviv'd and
flown about. a ; 18 SInnifah lode Hetio: ron
This’ kind of Fly -feems-by the fteams or tafte of fermenting and
putrifying meat (which it often killes,as twere, with its probofcis asat trips
Over it) to be {timulatedior excited’ to eject its Eggs or Sded.on it, per;
haps, from the fame reafon.as Dogs,Catsjand many other brute creatures
arexxeited to their particular hufts, by \the, fmell of theirfemales, when
by Nature prepared for generations the males feeming by! thofe kind
Of {mells, or other incitatiohs, tobe as’ much neceflitated thereto, as
Aqua Regis {trongly impregnated with a folution of Gold,is forced to pres
cipitate. ic by the ‘affufion of fpirit of Uriney or afolution: of salt of
Tartar. b si6a ditw a i

“One of thefe put in fpirit of Wie, was very quickly feemingly kill'd,

and both its eysand mouth began to look very xed, but upom the'taking

185

of it out, and fuffering it to lie three or four hours, and heating it with |

the Sun beams caft through’a Burning-glafs, it again reviv d, {eeming, as
it Were; to have been all the intermediate time; but-dead drunk, and af-
__ tércertain hours'to grow frefhagain and fober..) «. , !
wwiiidw yas oil vom 03,0 ibas-o3 yidain
evi Reis sods iw j rAHiG 1G fifi O21 an Vii9G 2h Tie
© Obferv.: XL 113. Of the Water-Infest or Gnat, >
PW His little creature, defcribed ‘in the firft Figure of the 27. Scheme;
4 wasa fmall fcaled or crufted Animal, which I have often obferv'd
to be generated in Rain-water 3 I have alfo obferv'd it both in Pond and
River-water. It is fuppos’d by fome, to deduce its firlt original from the
putrifaction of Rain-water, in which. if it haveftood any time open to the
air, you fhall feldom mifs,all the Summer long, of {tore of them frifking
too and fro. ae : raphe
°'Tisa creature, wholly differing in fhape from any I ever obferv d 5 nor
isits motion lef ftrange: It has a very large head, in proportion to its
body, all covered with a fhell, like other teffaceows Animals, but ie dif
fers in this, that ithas, up and: down feveral parts of it, feveral tufts of
hairs; or brifles, plac'd in the order expref¥d in the Figures It has two
horns,whichfeem'd almoft like the horns of an Oxe, inverted and, asneer
asI could ghefs, were hollow,with tufts of brifles,likewife at the topsthefe
horns they could move eafily this or that way,and might, perchance, be
their noftrils. It has a pretty large mouth, which feem d contriv’d much
like thofe of Crabs and Lobtters, which, Ihave often obferv'd them to
on water, orfome imperceptible nutritive fubftance init. a
___I could perceive, through the tranfparent fhell ,while the Animal fur
Vive, feveral motions in the head, thorax, and belly, very wage
c

ie

+
iol . 4

186

MicrRocRAPHIA.,

of differing kinds which I'may, perhaps, elfewhere endeavour more ac-
curately to examine, and to fhew of how great benefit the ule ofa a4-
erofcope may be for the difcovery of Nature'scourfe in the operations per-
form din Animal bodies, by which we have the opportunity of obferving
her through thefe delicate and pellucid teguments of the bodies of Infects
acting according to her ufual courfe and way, undifturbed, whereas,
when we endeavour to pry into her fecrets by breaking open the doors
upon her, and diffecting and mangling creatures whil {t there is life yet
within them, ' we find her indeed at work, but put into fuch diforder by
the violence offer’d, as it may eafily be imagin’d how differing a thing we

| fhould find,if we could,as we can with a Adicro/cepe,in thefe {maller crea-
" tures, quietly peep inat the windows, without frighting her out of her

ufuab byas,«. : sh
io The form of the whole creature, as it appear'd in the Aficrofcope, may,
without troubling you with more defcriptions, be plainly enough per-
ceiv d bythe écheme, the hinder part or belly confifting of eight feveral
jointed parts, namely, ABC DEF GH, of the firlt Fzgure, from the
mid{t of each of which,on either fide,ifiued out three or four {mall brifles
or hairs, J, I, 1, 1,1; thetail:was divided into two parts of very differing
make-; one of them, namely, K, having many tufts of hair or brifles, which
feem‘d to ferve both for the finns and tail; for the Oars and Ruder of this
little creature, wherewith it was able, by frifking and bending its body
nimbly to andfto,to move himfelf any whither,and to fkull and fteer him-.
felfas he pleas'd;the other part, L, feem’d to be,as ‘twere,the ninth divifi-
on of his belly,and had many fingle brifles on either fide. From the end V,
of which, through the whole belly, there was a kind of Gut of a darker
colour, MMM, wherein, by certain Periftaltick motions there was a kind
of black fubftance mov'd upwards and downwards through it fromthe
orbicular part of it, N,(which feem’d the Vextricle,or f{tomach)to the tail
V,and fo back again, which periftaltick motion Ihave obferv'd alfo ina
Loufe, a Gnat, and feveral other kinds of tranfparent body’d Flies. The
Thorax or chet of this creature O.0 0 O, wasthick and fhort, and pret-
ty tranfparent, for through it I could fee the white heart (which is the
colour alfo of the bloudin thefe, and moft other Infects) to beat, and
feveral other kind of motions. It was beftuck and adorn’d up and down
with feveral tufts of brifles, fuch as are pointed out by P,P, P,P, the
head Q was likewife beftuck with feveral of thofe tufts, $$ $3 it was

, broad and fhort, had two black eyes, T T, whichI could not perceiveat
all pearl'd; as they afterwards appear’d, and two fmall horns, RR, fuch

as I formerly defcrib’d.- > | : een

Both its motion and reft is very {trange, and pleafant, and differing
from thofe of moft other creatures. I have obferv'd; for, where it ceales
from moving its body, the tail of it feeming much lighter then the reft

=5 _ of its body,and a little lighter then the water it fwims in, prefently boys

it up to the top of the water, where it hangs fufpended with the head al-
ways downward 5 and like our Autipodes, if they do by a frifk get be-
low that fuperficies, they prefently afcend again unto it, if they ceafe

| “moving,

f.

MiIcROGRAPH?tA, 187

moving, until they tread, as it were, under that fuperficies with their
_ tails ; the hanging of thefe in this pofture, put me in mind of a cer-
_ taincreature I have feen in London, that was brought out of America,
__ which would very firmly fufpend it felf by the rail, with the head down-

wards,and was faid to{leep in. that. pofture, with her young onesin her
falfe belly; ‘which is'a Purfe, provided by Nature for the produéion,
_ nutrition, and prefervation of her young ones, which is deferibed by Pif6
inthe 24. Chapter of the fifth Book of his Natural Hiftory of Brafil.

» The motion of it was with the tail forwards,drawing its felf backwards,
by the frifking to and fro of that tuft which grew out of one of the
' _" of its tail. Iehad another motion,which was more futable to that

_ ofother creatures, and that is, with the head forward ; for by the moving
of his cha ps\(if F may: fo cal] the parts of his mouth). it. was able to move
itfelf downwards very gently towards the bottom, and did,as ‘twere,eat

Upits Way through’ the water. FIN |

But that which’was-moft-obfervable in this creature, was, its Meta>
morphofis or change:for having kept feveral of thefe Animalsin a Glafs of
Rain-water,in which they were produc’d, I found, after about.a fortnight
or three week keeping, that feveral of them flew away in Gnats,leaving
their hufks behind them in the water floating under the furface, the
placé' where thefe Anitnals were wont to refide, whil’ft they were in-
habitants of the water : this made me more diligently to watch them, to
fee if I could find them at the time of their ssahsilesibcdpentil not long
after, I-obferv'd feveral of them to’be changed into an unufual thape,
wholly differing from that they were of before, their head and body b
ing town ‘thuch bigger and deeper: but not broader, and their belly, or
hinder part fmaller, and coy}’d, about this great body much of the fafhi-
onreprefented by the prick‘d line in the fecond Figure of the 27. Scheme,
the head and hornshow fwam uppermoft, and the whole bulk of the bo-
dy feem’d tobe grown much lighters for when by my frighting of it, it
would by frifking out of itstail (in the manner exprefs‘d in the Figure
by BC) fink it felf belowthe furface towards the bottom 3:the:body
would ‘mote fwiftly te-afcend, then when it was in its formerthape —~

“T fill marked its progres from time to time,and found its body ftill to
ed ger and’ bigger, Nature, as it were, fitting and accoutring it |
for

erElement; of which it was now going to be an inhabitant;
for,by oblerving one of thefe with my Aficrofcope, I found the eyes’ of it».
tobe altogether differing from what they feem‘d before, apocegmne ;
all Over pearl’d or ‘d, like the eyes of Gnats.) as'is’ vifible m
thé'fReono by A. At length, I faw part of this creature to {wim

thé'Reong Figure’ of this creature to"
above; and part benedith the farface of the water, “below which though
it would quickly plunge it felfifI by any means frighted it,and peony |

Sete Bs TOR Oe ae eae apntaraadaiielett

found ’that the headuind body of a Gnat,begaii to appear and ftand'
Wbovea pice "erty degreesie drew out its lege, frkthe to for. |
imoftthen SUIS eta length its whole body perfect and entire‘appear ¢

: ae of the hufk (which it left in the water) ftandipg on its leggs at
ane : ¢ 2 !

188

MrcROGRAPHIA.

the top ofthe water, and by degrees it began to move, and after flew.
about the Glafs a perfec Gnat.

[have been the more particular, and large inthe relation of the tranf-,

formation of divers of thefe little Animals which I obferv’d, becaufe I,

havenot found that any Authour has obferv'd the like; and becaufe the,

thing it felf is fo ftrange and heterogeneous from the ufual progrefs of
other Animals, that I judge it may not onely be pleafant, but very.
ufefull and neceflary towards the compleating of Natural Hiftory.

| There is indeed in Pifo, a very odd Hiftory, which this relation may
- make the more probable; and that isinthe 2. Chapter of the 4. Book of

his Natural Hiftory of Brafil, where he fays,Porre preter tot documenta fer-
tilitatis circa vegetabilia @ feufitiva marina telluris emulaaccidit & illud,
quod paucis & Paranambucenfi milliaribuspifcatoris uncum citraintentionem
contingat infigi vadis petrofis,& loco pifcis fpongia,coralla,aliafque arbufculas
wtarinas capi. Inter hac inufitate forme prodit fpongiofa arbucula, fe(quipedis
longitudinis, brevioribus radicibus, lapideis nitens vadis, & rupibus infixa,
erigiturque in corpus fpongiofum molle oblongum rotundum turbinatum: intus
miris cancellis @ alveis fabricatum, extus autem tenaci glutine inftar Apune
propolis undique veftitums, oftio fatis patulo G» profundo in fummitate relido,
fient ex alteraiconumprobe depida videre licet (fee the third and fourth
Figures of the 27.1 Scheme.) Ita ut Apiarinm marinum vere dixeris ; primo

enim intuitn e Mare ad Terramdelatum,vermiculis [catebat caruleis parvis,

qui wtox calore folis in Mu{cas,vel Apes potins,eafq; exignas & nigras tran|-
formebantur, circumvolantelque evanefcebant,ita ut de eornm mellificatione
nihil certi confpici datum fuerit,. cumtamen carofa materia propolis Aputs-

_ que celle manifefte apparerent,atque ipla mellis qualifcunque fubftantia procul:
_dubio urinatoribus patebit, ubi curiofius inquifiverint hec apiaria, eaque in

natali folo @ falo diverfis temporibus penitius luftrarint.. © ..........
6 week Hiftory contains things fafliciently oe to be confider'd, .as
whether:the but were a Plant, growing at the bottom of the Sea before,
of it felf, out of whofe putrifaction might be generated thefe ftrange kind
of Magots 3 or whether the feed of certain Bees, finking to the bottom;
might there naturally form. it felf that vegetable hive, and, take;root;
or, whether it might.not be placed there by, fome. diving. Flys or,
whether it might not be fome peculiar. propriety of that. Plant,whereby
it might ripen or formits vegetable juice into an Animal fubftance.s, of
whether it may not be of the nature of a Sponge, or rather.a Spongeot
the nature of this, according to fome of thofe relations and‘conjectures
formerly made of that body, is a matter very difficult to be determine
But indeed, in this defcription,the Excellent Pio has not. been fuffici
wee in the fetting-down the whole procefs; asit- were to be with:
ere are indeed very odd progrefles in the production of feveral kinds
of Infects, which are not Jefs inftrudtive then pleafant, feveral of,
the diligent Goedartixs has carefully obferv'd and recorded, but.amot
all his Obfervations, he has none like'this, though that of the Heaserobi#s
be fomewhat of this’kind, which. is added as.an Appendix by. jerannes

MicrocGRaeH bad’

come, as it were a womb to it, fo: long, till it, be, fit and, prepaid to be
a

. ir Eggs and of-{prings, whereby they are ftimulated;s é
to petra ces, Whi +h becom, ‘as “twere-the ;wombs that perform ;
thofe offices:, Ashe has alfo fuited..and adapted ja. property to thofe
places wherby they « nd. inclofe thofe feeds, and haying inclofedy

thofé places where thofe feeds ha
andinclos‘d them, cily round, |as not, to leave jany, perceptible;

4{5?
22 #8

a Tittle Worm in thems) Thus, if you, open neyersfa
hind. ither a; hole whereby the Worm haseat.its paflage

out,

192

MicroGRAHPIA.

it feems, having eaten their way through, taken wings and flowmaway,
as this following account (which I receiv d in writing fromthe fame per-
fon, as it was fent him by his Brother) manifefts!’ Iz\a moorifh black
Peaty mould, with fome fall veins of whitifh yellow Sands, upon vtcafion
of digging abole two or three foot deep, at the head of a Pond or Pool, to
fet a Tree in, at that depth, were found, about the end of October 1663. in
thofe very veins of Sand, thofe Buttons or Nuts, flicking to a Vittle Lo
ftick 5 thatis, not belonging to any live Tree, and fome of them alfo free by
themfelves. Pg Sd Siiokh yodtowes ven sidsdolg
oe or five of which being then open'd, fome were found to contvin
live Infes come to perfedion, moft like to flying Ants; if not the fame's in
others, Infecks, yet imperfed, having but the head and wings form d, the reft
remaining a foft white pulpy fubftance. ¥ ey BhlsG yn
| -Now.,as this furnifhes us with one odd Hiftory more,very agreeable to
what I before hinted, fo doubt not, but were men diligent. obfervers,
they might meet with multitudes of the fame kind, both inthe Earth and
in the Water, and inthe Air, on Trees, Plants, and other Vegetables, all
places and things being,as it were.animarum plena. And T have often,with
wonder and pleafure,inthe Spring and Summer-time, look’d clofe'to,and
diligently on, common Garden mould, and ina very {mall parcel of it,
found fuch multitudes and diverfities of little repti/es,fome in hufks,others
onely creepers, many wing’d, and ready for the Air; divers hufks or ha-
bitations left behind empty. Now, ifthe Earth of our cold Climate be fo
fertile of animate bodies, what may we think of the fat Earth of hotter
Climates? Certainly,the Sun may there, by its activity, caufe as great a
parcel of Earth to fly on wingsin the Air, as it does of Water in fteams
and ERO And what fwarms muft we fuppofe to be fent out of thofe
entifull inundations of water which are poured down by the fluces of
Xain in fuch vaft quantities ? So that we need not much wonder at thofe -
innumerable clouds of Locufts with which 4frica, and other hot-coun-
tries are fo peftred, fince in thofe places are found all the convenient
caufesof their production, namely, genitors, or Parents, concurrent re-
cls or matrixes,and a fufficient Sacre of natural heat and moifture. ©
[ was going to annex 2 little draught of the Figure of thofe Nutsfent
out of Devonfhire, but chancing to examine Mr. Parkinfon's Herbal
for fomething elfe, and particularly about Galls and Oak-apples, Afound
among no lefsthen 24. feveral kinds of excrefcencies of the Oak;which I
doubt not,but upon examination, will be all found tobe the mdtrixes of

fo many feveral kinds of Infects ; Lhaving obfery' dmany ofthem my felf

tobe fo,among 24.'feveral kinds, I fay,] found one defcribed and Figurd
diretly like that which I had by. me,the Scheme is there to be feen;the de-
{cription, becaufe but fhort, Ihave here adjoin’d Theatr? Botante? trib,16.
Chap. 2.. There groweth at the roots of old Oaks in the Spring-time; and
Semetimes alfo iu the very heat of Summer, a peculiar kind of Mufhrom @
Excrefcence, call’d Uva Quercina, fivelling out of the Earth, many growing

ue clefe unto another, of the fafbion of a Grape, and therefare took,
the uame, the Oak-Grape, aud # of a Purplifh colour em the outfide,

and

Mie ROGRA BEDI Aa

| ani moody. Whether this be the ,very fame, kind, L.cannot affirm, but,
boty the Picture ‘and Defcription; come; very, neer to, that I have,
buerthat he feems moe. to take, notice of the hollownefs.or, Worm, for,
whieh ‘tis mofk obfervable. (And, therefore |, tis, very. likely, .if men,
did but take natice, they might find) very. many differing Spegies of shele,
Nuts; Ovarres, On Matrixes and all ef them to-have. much -the, fame,
enone office,, And-bhave very, lately found feveral kinds of Exe,
Felcericies on Treesand Shruba; which having-endured, the Winter, up-

gn.opening themj:K found matt: of them. to, contain little, Woxms,, but
dead, thofe things that contain’d them being wither'd,and. drys :j{, 5-5
sis elisd-sy2 10elte9q slodyw .baod ett to ohn dono a d eysb lsoq
Deedoio} 2; rf. 643 aoovriod : 207 r4d » to slors ax{t! b eee wilitiespit

ie Ste Uma Bo gp a a a Tr?
{i 7 4 4

HII}

so Obferv.)| KL LV. Of the tufted or Brufb-born'd Gnats
*OVSi 903 MIO: YRW YISTS ING QNIGI .eried Ft Hem) Joesbutpluin die
Poy His little creature ‘was’one of thofe multitudes that fill our Engh
“BD ‘ait all che'tinte that warm weather lafts; and isexadtly of the thape
of that fobfery’dto be generated and hatch'd out of thofe little Infedts
that wrigele up/and down im Rain-water. But;though many were of this
forin; ‘yet F obferv'd” others’ to be of quite orher ‘kinds; . nor were al}
Of this or' rhe ‘orher kind generared ‘out of Water Infettss fori whereas t
obfery'd that thofthat proceedéd! from’ thofe Infedts- were at their full
owth, [haye alf found multitudes of the fame ‘fhape,but much faaller
and tenderer feémitg tobe very young ones, creep up:and downtipon
| the ‘leaves of Frees and flying up atid down tn fall clufters, in places
‘very remote fron water; andthts Spring, Tobferv'd one day, when the
_ Wind ‘was very ‘cain, and ‘tht afternoon very fair; and pretty warm,
though it had tora longtime been very cold weather, and the wind con-
tmuéd Hill in the aft,’ feveral ‘fall fwarms of them playing to and’ fro
in little clouds in the Sun; each of which were not a tenth part of the
bignels of one of thefe There have delineated, though very much of the
famefhape, which makes fe gnet that cach: of thefe {warms might be
_ the of{pring of one Ghely'Gnat, -which had been hoorded up in tome fafe
tepofitory all thi Wititer by fome provident Parent, and were now, by
the warmth of the Spring-air, hatch’d into licele Flies. ee ee
‘And indeed, fo various, and feemingly ——. are the generations or
_ productions of Infeéts, that he that fhall care lly and diligently obferve
the everal methods of Nature therein, will have infinitely caufe further
toadmire'the wifdom and providence of the Creators for not onely the
fame'kind of créatiite may be produc’d from feveral kinds of ways, ‘but
the very fame créatpre may produce feveral kinds? For,as divers Watches
may be made out 6f feveral materials, which may = have all the fame
appearance,and move after the fame manner, that is,{hew the hour equally
true, ‘the one as the ‘orher, ‘and’out of the fame kind of matter, like
tch ye WYOl and,asone and the fame Watch

Watches,may be wroug ight differing way ‘may;

a se . %

o

mawhite within: like Milk:s| avd. ian the end of . Summer, wpe hned

193

194

MicrkocRAPHIA

may, by being diverfly agitated, or mov'd,by this or that.agent,'orafter
this of that manner, producé a quite contrary effect : So may it be:with
thefe moft curious Engineés’of Infect’s bodies; the All-wife God of Nature,
may have fo ordered and difpofed the little Automatons, that when nou-
rifhed, aéted, or enlivened ‘by this caufe, they produce one kind of effet,
or animate fhape, when by another they act Ss another way, and ano-
ther ‘Animal is produc’d. ‘So may he fo'order feveral materials, as.to
make them,by dvetal kinds of methods, produce fimilar Automatons.\.',
7 But to'come to the Defcription of this Infect,as it appears through a.A4-
crofcopésof which a reprefentation is made in the 28.Scheme. Its head A,-is
exceeding! {mall, in proportion to its body, confifting of two clufters. of
pearl'deyes BB, oneach fide of its head, whofe pearls or eye-balls are
curioufly rang’d like thofe of other Flies; between thefe,in the forehead
of it, there are plac'd upon two {mall black balls, CC, two long jointed
horns, tapering towards the top, much refembling the long horns of
Lobfters,' each ‘of whofe ftems or quills, DD, were brifled or brufhed
with multitudes of {mall {tiff hairs, ifluing out every way from the feve-
ral joints, like the {trings or fproutings of the herb Hor/e-tail, which-is
oft obferv’d, to grow among Corn, othe the whole fhape, it does very
much refemble thofe brufhy Vegetables, befides thefe; there are two other
jointed and. brifled horns, or feelers, E E, in the forepart of the head, and
a probofcis,, .F, underneath,which in fome Gnats are very long, ftreight
hollow ‘pipes, by which thefe creatures.are able to drill and penetrate
the fkin, andjthence, through thofe pipes fuck fo much bloud asto {tuff
their bellies fo full till they be. ready to burft. 3
_. This {mall head,with its appurtenances, is faftned on bya fhort neck,G,
to the middle ofthe thorax, whichis large, and feems cafed with a {trong
black fhel,H. 1K, out of the under part of which, iflue fix long and flender
legs; LL. LLLL, thapd juft like the legs of Flies, but fpun or drawn out
longer.and flenderer,which could re exprefs din the Figure,becaufe
of their great length; and from the upper part, two oblong, but flender
tran{parent wings, MM, fhaped fomewhat like thofe of a:-Fly,underneath
each of which, asI have obferv'd al{o in divers forts of Flies, and.other
kinds of Gnats, was placed a finall’ body, N, much refembling adrop
of fome tranfparent glutinous fubftance, hardned or cool'd, asit wasal-
moft ready to fall, for it hasa round knob at the end, which by. degrees
grows flenderer intoa {mall {tem,and neer the infertion under the wing,
this {tem again grows bigger ; thee little Pexdulums,asI may fo cali them,
the litle creature vibrates to and fro very quick when it moves its wings,
and I have fometimes obferv'd it to move themalfo, whil’ftthe wing lay
{till, but always their motion feem’d to further the motion of the wing
ready to follow of what ufe they are, asto the moving of the wing, OF
otherwife, [have not now time to examine. 3 hex ase a
_- Its belly.was large,as it is wisely in all Infects, and extended into nine
lengths or partitions, each of which was cover'd with round armed ring:
or thells;, fx of which, OP QRS T. were tranfparent, and divers kin

LF fry
evem
Pn

= of Reriftaltick, motions might be very eafily perceiv'd, whil'{t the Animal

_

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MicrocRrad tabs

Was.alive, but,efpecially.a finall cleer w tV. b
the heart ofa larger Animal.,,... The laft ise ak we he petite
yer'd. with black, and opacous, { hells. (To conclude, take, this ereature
altogether, and for beauty,and curious Contrivances, it may be Sapesee
with the large(t Animal upon theEarth, Nor doth the. Alwile: Creator
that tohaye dhewn, lefs. care,and providence, sie atmel ah it, ‘shen i
e which feem moft confidesables: » bas ebre walosd bob a d Sods 22
2 ats 3! da fil mods jo 2 FUE tb 113

fend - - ey
yey { il fit 5 Tors) iO SHO * fica

a = Obey x t y, ‘ite the i ai a ue ana
Pe He fecond, Cat, achat in ‘the, vO RenEY alah chia: isofa
_ very differing thape from the formersbut, yet of this fort alfo,l found
feveral of the Gnats,, that were. generated, out of the Water Infed + the
wings of this, were much larger then thole of the othery she belly
mych bigger, thorter and, of another fhape;..and, from: feyeral series
lars, { gheft it to be the Female Gnat, and the. ath tobe. ri Male...
he thorax of this.was much like that of the oxher having very; Rrohe
and :tidged back-piece, which went alfo. on-either fide of its leggss about
the wings there were feveral joynted pieces, of Armor; a hifeem'd cu-
tioully and conyeniently contriv'd, :for the prpmoring and ftrengshning
the motion of Fie erat its ihe was,much di Gees rom the other,being
d,.and.the. horns that grew ons Heoveen fi
Ase ai ving thape from, the
e:other Gnat, thele having . of fee fs DOES. FYE 2A Hise) of
thofe but a, few, and thole fhost and ftrong, brilles... The eae horns
or: feelers, were like thofe of a former Guat, feat
gains of thefe Goats! have fuffer'd to pierce. the {kin of my brandy wich
tee ‘obofcis, and thence; to. draw out as much blood: as to, ‘fll its,belly
lasit could hold, makin Pg APT very, rec a walang Hip
inch Pe n a it was. eles r
,1s.al foin € ing of €as:..a.g0 argument, /t
‘do. not wound the {kin, tin, and fuck th heb blood.out of; enmity. 2 tes
for meer pie a and to fatisfy their hunger... By what, means s this

sarang ale hk, we nll i Inanor: pare: ii pio oqsulhadh
} iO @Fted if Age eer:

. ie “* —~ . ox a
Moai 2 3 to ils ic Vee to 2igs Sai poo WV Si oF pe ;
¥ t ~ \ .
'IO9 H2Ui420 OS rs 02 <a1sth8-

fa

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loebudl ni or ota

af

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1 Tarss i} > + =

* We os ty #3 T3983 t 4 Hie
Sidniinh > oats oF

3 His: ‘Mok. whichis ai afi jin the 30.
i His og wing ét both tothe naked. apes: ms ade

endetpe: ‘to he Bye appear dafnall Mil whie Fly witout white

ings

125

196 MicrocRAPar ay

Wings; the two formoft fomewhat longer then the two hinidermoft, ‘and
-the two fhorter about halfan Inch long, each of which four Wings feem'd —
t0 confit of two {malllong Feathers, very Curioufly tufted, or haired!’ on
leach fide, with purely white, and exceedingly fine and {mall Haires, pro-
‘portion d to the ftalks ‘or ftems, out of which they grew, much like the
tufts of along ‘wing-feather of fome Bird, and their {talks or {tems ‘were,
like thofe, bended backwards and downwards, as may be plainly feen by
the draughts of them in the Figure.

Obferving one of thefe in my A4crofcope,I found, in the firft place, that
all the Body,Legs, Horns and the Stalks of the Wings, were covered over
with Vatious kinds of curious ‘white Feathers, which did; with handling
or touching, eafily rubb off and fly about, in fo much that looking on my
Fingers; wih which I had handled this Moth,’ and perceiving on themlit-
tle white {pecks, I'found by my Aécrofope, that they were feveral ofthe
finall Feathérs of this little creature, that ftuck up and down in the ra-
gofities ofmy Skin. | - < : | ) , “ z = : é
~/ Next, found that underneath thefe Feathers, the pretty Infect was co-
vered all over witha crufted Shel), like other of thofe Animals; but with
‘one'much thitiner and tenderer. ees : ates alte
WOE hirdly, Tfound, as in Birds alfo isnotable, it por aid and ap-
‘propriate kinds of Feathers, that covered feveral parts’of its body.
Fourthly; furveying the parts of its body, with amore accurate and
better Magnifying Aécrofcope, 1 found that the tufts or haires ofits Wings
were nothing elfe but a congeries, or thick fet clufter of fmall wimina or
twiggs, refembling a {mall twigg of Birch, ftript or whitned, with which
Brufhes are ufually made, to beat out or brufh off the duft from Cloth
and Hangings. Every one of the ewiBes or branches that compofed the —
Bruth of the Feathers, appeared in this igger Magnifyi io Glafs (of which
E F which reprefents 7; part of an Inch, is the feale, asG is of the Jeffer,
which’ts only 3) like the figure D.'- The Feathers ‘alfo that covered a
part of his Body, and were interfperfed among the brufh of his Wings, I
found,in the bigger Magnifying Glaf, of the fhape A, confifting of a ftalk
or ftem in the middle, and a feeming’ tuftednefs or brufhy part oreach
fide. The Feathers that cover'd moft part of his Body and the ftatk of
his wings, were, in the fame aetrhe much of the figure B, appeating of
the fhape of a {mall Feather, and {eemed tufted : thofe which covered
the Horns and fmall parts of the Leggs, through the fame AZicrofeope, ap-

eardofthe fhapeC, Whether the tufts of any or all of thefe fmall

eathers, confifted of {uch component particles as the Feathers of Birds,
{ much doubt, becaufe I find that Nature does not alwaies kesp, Ste
rate after the fame ‘method , “in fmaller “and bigger creatures: !
of this, we have particular Inftances in the Wings of feyeralereatures. _
For whereas, in Birds of all kinds, it compofes each of the Feathers of
which its Wing confifts, of fach an exceeding curious and moft admirable
and ftupendious texture, as I elfe where thew, in the Obfervations on a
Feather we find itto alter its method quite, inthefabrick of the Wings
oftthefe minute creatures, compofing fome of thin extendedmembranes

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XXX,

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Ce ee eS ee ee eee eee eh a ee

MircrRoGRAPHta,’

or fkins, fuch as the Wings of Dragon-flys sin others, thofe:fkinsare-all;
ovet-grown, or pretty thick beftuck, agit fhort brifles, as in Flefhetlies ;
in others, thofe filmes are.covered, both on ithe upper and under fide,
with {mall Feathers, Leah almoft like the: tyles on a: Houfe, ‘and: are
curioufly ‘rang’d and \adorn’d’ with «moft lively{colours, as, is. ob+
fervable in Butter-flies, and feveral kinds of Moths; In others, inftead of
their films, Nature has provided nothing, but 4 matter of half.a-feore
pues Fwell remember the number; for I haveinot lately. met with any,
of thele flys, anddid not,when I firftobferv'd thein;:take fafficient notice
of divers particulars’) and each of thefeftalks,|-with afew fingle branch-

_ ings on each fide, refembling: much the branched back-boneof a Herring

or the like Fifh, or a thin hait’d Peacocks feather, the top or the eye
being broken off. Witlvafew of thefé on either fide(which it was able to
fhut up or expand at pleafure, much like a Fann, or rather like the po-
fture’of the feathers in a wing, whichly. all-one under another; when
fhut, and by the fide of eachother, when expanded) this pretty little

_gtey Moth (for fuch was the creature I obferv'd, thus wing’d.) could ve-

ry nimbly, and as it feem’d very ‘eafily move its corpu/cle , through the
Air,from place to place.. Other Infeétshave their wings cas'd, or cover'd
over, with certain hollow fhells, fhap'd almoft like thofe hollow Trayes,
in which Butcherscarry meat, whofe hollow fides being turn’d down-
wards, do not only fecure their folded wings from injury of the earth,
in which nioft.of thofé creatures refide, but,qwhilft,they fly, ferves asa
help to fuftain and bear them up. ~ And thefeare obfervablein Scarabe
a i a multitude of other terreftrial cruftaceows Infe&ts 5 in which we may
yet further-obferye a particular providence of Nature. .

'. Now in all thefe’kinds of wings, we obferve this particular, as a thing
moft worthy remark; that where ever a wing confifts of difcontinued
parts, the Pores or i#terftitia between thofe parts are fe feldom, either
much bigger,or much {maller, then thefe which we here find between the

parts:of the Air are fuch, that they will not eafily or readily, if at all, pats
through thefe Pores, fo that they feem to be ftrainers fine enough tohin
der the particles of the Air (whether hinder'd by their bulk, or by their
agitation, circulation, rotation or undulation , 1 {hall not heredetermine)
from getting through them,and;by that means,ferve the Animal as well,if
not better, then if they were little films. Ifay, if not better, becaufel
have obferv’d that all thofe creatures, that have film’d wings, move them
aboundantly quicker and more ftrongly,fuch as all kind of Flies and Sea-
rabees and Batts, thenfuch ashave their wings covered. with feathers, as
Butter-flies and Birds, or twiggs, as Moths, which have each of thema
much flower motion of their wings; That littleruggednefs perhaps of
their wings helping them fomewhat,by — better hold of the parts of
the Air, or not fuffering them 0 eafily to pafs by, any other way then one.
But what ever be he reas of it, ‘tis moft evident, that the fmooth
wing'd Infeéts have the ftrongeft Mufclesor movent parts of their wings,

and the other much weaker; and this very Infect, we are now na

particles of 'thefe brufhes, {0 that it fhould feem to intimate, thatthe |

~

127

198 MicroGRAPHIA,

had ‘a ‘very {mall thorax or middle\part Of his body,. if compar’d. tothe
pate number of his wings 5 which therefore,.as he mov:'d-them ve~
ry fle wly.fo muft he move them very! weakly. And this laft propriety do
we find-fomewhat obferv'd alfo imbigger kind of Flying creatures,Birds ;
fo that we fee that the Wifdomand Providence. of the All-wife Creator,
is not 4efs fhewn- im thefe {mall defpicable creatures, Flies jar, Moths,
which'we have branded with a name ofignominy, calling them Vermine,
then in thofe greatet and more remakable animate bodies, Birds. \,.
“°} eannot ‘here ftand: to add any thing about the nature of flying,
thotigh, perhaps, on another occafion, I may: fay fomething on that fib
ject, it being fuch asmay deferve a much more accurate examination and nd
ferutiny then it has hitherto met with 5 For tome’ there ifeems nothing
wanting tomake a manableto fly, but what may be/eafily enough fap:
y d‘from the Mechanicks hitherto known, faye onely the want of
ength, which the Mufcles of a man ‘feem utterly uncapable of, by.rea-
fon of theit imalnefs and texture, buthoweven ftrength alfo may be me-
chanically made,,an artificial Mufcle fo contriv'd,that thereby a'man fhall
be able to exert what ftrength he pleafes, and to regulate it alfo to, his
own tind, I may elfewhere endeavourtomanifelt,, fee

MLE

Ld 4 * : . . f 2 » epee ene
St. 5 eee > ares PS) : Ce: ee 4h i So -— :
cy

Det, aeernagetand “Tt ” > es

Obferv. XLVII, Of the Shepherd Spider, or long lkge'd
Spider. el : yg

"THe Carter,Shepherd Spider,or long-legg'd Spider,has, for two parti-
~. cularities, very few fimilar creatures that I have met with;. the firft,
which is difcoverable onely by the Aéicrofcope, and isin the firft and {e-
cond Figures of the 31. Scheme, plainly defcrib’d, is the curious contri-
vance of his eyes, of which (differing. from moft other Spiders) he has

'| onely two, and thofe plac’d upon the top of a fmall pillar or nyiocs sing |
out of the middle of the top of its back, or rather the crown of its head,
for they were fix'd on the very top of this pillar (which is about the

heighth of one of the matvete Diameters of the eye, and look’don in
another pofture,appear'd much of the fhape, B CD) he two eyes, BB,
were placedback to back, with the tran{parent parts,or the pupils, look-
ing towards either fide, but fomewhat more forward. then: backwards.
C was the column or neck on which they ftood, and D the crown of the
head out of which that neck fprung. sth edt esac bap casks
Thefe eyes,to appearance, bemd to be of the very fame ftructure with

_ that of larger bixocular creatures, feeming to have a very {mooth and ve-

| ry protuberant Cormea,and in the midft of it to have a very black pupil,

‘| Incompafied about with a kind of grey Iris, as appears by the Figures
whether it were abletomove thefe eyes,to and fro, [have not obferv'd,
but’tis not very likely he fhould,the pillar or neck ‘C, feeming tobe co-
ver'd and ftiffen’d with a crufty thell ; but Nature, in. probabil tas 8 f

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MrcROORAPHDA, T99

ply'd that defect, by making the Cornea fo very protuberant and (etin:
it fo cleer above the fhzehowi or obftructin of he roff “ab ack cet
ea Is 8 Pep & pr: P the body,
that 'tis likely each eye may’ perceive,though not fee diftind y; almoft a
Hemifphere, whence having fo fmall and round a’ body plac’d’ upon fach
long leggs, it is quickly able {0 to wind, and turn it, as to fee any thing
- diftinét. This creature, as do all other Spiders I have yet examin’d, does
very much differ from moft other Infects in the Pigure of its €yes for |
I cannot, with my beft Azcrofcope, difcover ‘its eyes to. be any’ ways
knobb‘d or pearl'd like thofe of other Infeéts,'919 07 1)00 0 bei tec TO)
The fecond Peculiarity which ‘is obvious ‘to the'eye, is allo very re#
markable, and thatis the prodigious length of its leggs, in proportion to
its {mall round body, each legg of this I drew, beiiig above fixtéen times
the length of its whole body, and there'are fome which have them yet
longer, and others that feem of the fame kind,that have them a great deal
fhorter 5 the eight leggs are each of them jointed, juft like thofe of a
Crab, but every. of the parts.are. fpum out-prodigioufly longer in pro-
portion ; each of thefe leggs are terminated in’a final cafeor fhell, apd
almoft like that of a Mufle-fhell, as is evident in the third: Figuré ofthe
fame Scheme (that reprefents the appearance of the under part or belly
ofthe creature) by the fhape of the protuberant conical body, 111 I, &c.
Thefe areas ’twere plac’d or faften’d on to the protuberant body of the
Infect,which isto be fuppos'd very high at M,making a kind of blunt cone
whereof M is to be fuppos'd the 4pex, about which greater cone of the”
body,the fmaller cones of the leggs are plac’d,each of tient dhmotipenilss
ing to the top info admirable a manner, as does‘ not a little manifeft the
wifdom of Nature in the contrivance; for thefé long Leavers (asI may fo
call them)of the legs, havingnot the advantage ofa long end on the other
fide ‘of the Aypomochlioz or centers on which the parts of the leggs move,
muft neceflarily require a vaft ftrength to move them, and keep the)
body ballanc’d and fufpended, in fo much, that if we fhould fuppofe a
man’s body fufpended by fuch'a contrivance, an hundred and fifty”
times the ftrength of a man would not keep the body from falling on the
breaft. To fupply therefore each of thefe leggs with its proper ftrength,
Nature has allow'd toeacha large Cheft or Cell, in which is included a ,
~_ very largeand ftrong Mufcle, andthereby this little Animal is not onely |
able to fufpend its body upon lefs then thefe eight, but to move it very
{wiftly over the tops of grafs and leaves. Se a ae
“Nor are. thefe eight leggs fo prodigioufly long; but the’ ninth, and.
tenth; which are the twoclaws, K K, are as fhort, and ferve infteed of a
probofcis, for thofe feem'd very little longer then his mouth; each of them
‘had ‘three parts; but very fhort, ‘the joints K K, which’ reprefented
the! third, , being longer then.both the other, This creature; feems
(which [have feveral times with pleafure obferv’d) to throw its pady
upon the prey, infteed of its hands, not unlike 4 hunting Spider, whic
‘leaps like a Cat at a Moufe., The whole Fabrick was a very pretty one,
and could I have diflected it,I doubt not but I{hould have found. as'ma-
ny fingularities within it as without,perhaps, for the moft part,not “a
OW the

a

MicROGRAHPIA.

the parts.of a Crab, which this little creature does in many things, vety
much refemble; the curiofityof whofe contrivance,f have in another place
examin’d...I omit the defcription of the horns, AA, of the mouth, LL; —
which feem’d like that of a Crabi;. the fpeckledinefs of his fhell,, which
proceeded from a kind of feathers or hairs, and the hairinefs'of his
f is large thorax. and little belly, and the like, they being manifeft
the Figure ;,and fhall onely take notice that the three parts of the:body,
namely, the, head,breaft,and belly,are in this creature ftrangely confus'd,

- fo that ‘tis difficult to determine which is which,as they are alfa ina Crab;

and indeed, this feemsto be nothing elfe, but am Air-crab, being made
more light and nimble, proportionable to the #edéwe wherin it refides;
and.as Air feems to have but one thoufandth part of the body of Water,fo
does this Spider feem not to be a thoufandth part of the bulk of aCrab,

—_

Obferv, XL VIII. Of the bunting Spider,and everal other forts
of Spiders. de

V

APtHie Inmting Spider. is. a fmall. grey Spider, prettily befpeck’d. with

ac all over its body, which the Adicrofcope difcoversto be a
kind, of feathers like thofe on Butterflies: wings, or the body of the
white Moth I lately defcribd.. Its.gate is very nimble by fits; Sometimes
running, and fometimes leaping, like a Grafhopper almoft,then ftanding
ftill, and fetting it felf on its hinder leggs, it will very nimbly turn its

| body; and look round it felf every way : It has fix very confpicuous

" eyes, two looking directly forwards, plac'd juft before ; two other, on

either fide of thofe, looking forward and fide-ways;and two other about
the middle of the topof its back or head, which look backwards and
fide-wards'; thefe feem'd to be the biggeft. The furface of them all was
very black,f{pharical, purely polith’d, refleCting a very cleer and diftin&
Image of all the ambient objets, fuch as a window,a man’s hand,a white
Paper, or the like. Some other properties of thisSpider, obferv'd. bythe —
moft accomplifh’d Mr, Evelyz, in his travels in Italy,, are moft empha-
tically fet forth in the Hiftory hereunto annexed, which hewas pleas
upon my defire to fend me in writing. maint o3 sida

Of all the forts of Infeés, there is none has afforded'me
more divertifements then the Venatores, which are a fort of Lupi
that have their Denns in the rugged walls, and. crevices. of our
houfes ; a fmall brown and delicately fpotted kind of Spiders, |
whofe hinder leggs are longer then the reft. BA geile

Such I did frequently obferve at Rome, which efpying a Fly
at three or four yards diftance,upon the Balcony: (where Boa

Microcrapmray 201
would ‘not’ mike direGly cd hers: batccraubdander chedR gik ith |
| being arr iv’dto the Antipodes, it would fteal up, feldamtinidiing: |
its aim ; but if it, chanced to want any thing of being perfectly
Daipohiteinoulcts at firft peep, immediatly, ain, till

didi < downy dpa APA,
taking better notice; it would come the next Seep pe =
the Fly’s back: But, if this hapn'd not to be's with ina’ Sie
tent leap, then: would this Infe& move to dolly. as the ‘Wery,
fhadow of the Gnomon feert’d’ ‘not to: benioreli nee Bis
unlefs the Fly mov ds and then. would the Spider ves |
the fame proportion, ‘keeping that juftstime! eibioetcsene
“if the fame Soul had animated both thole, Title’ bodies’: Sand
whether i it were forwards, backwards, or to cither fide, withoud |
at all turning: ‘her Body: like well mannag’a Horfé's ‘Bur! if
the. capricious’ F ly, took wing, and pitch’ d oS another. place
behind our Huntrefs, then would'the Spider whirle itsbody 1

nimbly about, as nothing could be imaginal, spb} iby |
which means, fhe always ke pt the head towards her
to appearance, ‘immovable, d' been | a
ey Wood, ath by that. Tlitcernable pe n el eet
riv'd’ within the {phere of her’ reach) fhe madé a ‘ee leaps
(fwift:as Lightning) upon the Fly, cz catching : him. Un tbe] tt
where. fhe never quitted hold till her belly ‘was fully andrehen
carried the remainder home... | have beheld | them infeatting
their young ones, how to hunt, which they. would uldfometumes |
difcipline for not well obferving ; but,’ when" any y Of thevolt ut
ones did, (as fometimes) milfs a leap, they. agile THN, OMY
the’ field, and hide them in their “crannies, ‘as afham'dy and
haply not be feen abroad for four or ‘five. hours. bie iy "Fg fo
long have I watched, the: nature. of this ftrange: Infe&tsthecon4
templation of whole fo wonderfull fagaticy “and adres has
amaz'd me; nor do I find in any. chafe wharloever, marg.cuny- |
ning and Semtaperh obferv’ds have found fome of thefeSpie
ders i in my Garden, when the weather (towards the Spring)
Re is

202 MiucroGRAPHIh.
ig: very shot; -bit:théy-arenothing fo eager of hunting as, they

| Oe ee

are inedtalp. 5! au Isait b
lBotion anied-losedidi vac snhw ox boonedo ai ditad = oie ox:
©’ There are multitudes of other forts of Spiders, whofe eyes, and moft
éther parts and properties, ate fo exceedingly different both from thofe
have defcribid; and from onejanother, that it would be almoft endlets,
, at leaft too long for, my, prefent Eilay, to defcribe them,as fome with fix
; eyes, placd in quite another order 5 others with eight eyes5 others with
wer, ahd fome with more.. They all feem to be creatures of des
to feed. on.other {mal} Infetts, but their ways of catching them
differing : the Shepherd Spid 2
derby te

£

:
Se OITA

AST ICE VERY |
ing : the S| er by running on his prey ; the Hunting Spi-
leaping on it,other forts weave Nets, or Cobwebs, whereby they .
eithem, Natuie having both fitted them’ with materials and tools, |
ans taught; them how to work and, weave their Nets, and to. lie per
. an ‘to watch diligently to run on any Fly, as foon as ever en-
tar WROD HhH>S Gi }.ebisweosd Ore iyOnhy
; Their threadi or web, feems to be. {pun out. of fome vifcous kind of ©

~

parent Glo)

At

ot
Soa

Schem. XxX I

MricrRoGRAPHIA.

~ Obferv. x LIX, Of an Ant or Pifmire.

His was a creature, more troublefom to be drawn, then any of the

reft, for I could not, for a good while, think of a wayto makeit

fufer its body to ly quiet ina natural pofture; but whil'ft it wasalive,
if its feet were fetter'd in Wax or Glew , it would fo twit and wind.its
body, that I could not any wayes get a good view of it; andif I killed
it, its body was folittle, that I did often fpoile the thape-of it, before I
could throughly view it: for thisis the nature of shite minute Bodies ,
that as {oon,almoft, as ever their life is deftroy’d, their parts immediate-
ly fhrivel, and tofe their beauty 5 and {0 is it alfo with {mall Plants, as I
_ inftanced before, in the defcription of Mofs. And thence alfo is the rea-

fon. of the variations inthe beards of wild Oats, and in thofe of /Mutk-
grafs feed, that their bodies, being exceeding fmall, thofe {mall variations
which are made in the furfaces of all bodies, almoft upon every change
of Air, efpecially if the body be porous, do here become fenfible, where
the whole body is fo finall, that it is almoft nothing but furface; for asin
vegetable fubftances, I fee no great reafon to think, that the moifture of
the Aire(that, fticking to a wreath’d beard, does make it untwift ihould
evaporate, or exhaleaway, any fafterthenthe moifture of other bodies,
but rather that the avolation Con or accefs of moifture to, the furfaces
of bodies being much the fame , thofe bodies become moft fenfible of it,
which have the leaft proportion of body to their furface. So isit alfo
with Animal fubftances’; the dead body of an Ant, or fuch little creature,
does almoft inftantly fhrivel and dry, and your obje& hall be quite an-
_ other thing, before you can half delineate it, which proceeds not from the
extraordinary exhalation, but from the {mall proportion of body and jui-
ces, to the ufual drying of bodies in the Air, efpecially if warm. « For
which inconvenience, where I could not otherwife remove it, I thought
of this expedient. lee

‘I took the creature, [had defign’d to delineate, and put it into a drop
of very well rectified {pirit of Wine,thisI found would prefently difpatch,
as it Were, the Animal, and being taken out of it, and Jay'd ona paper,
the fpirit of Wine would immediately fly away, and leavethe Animal
dry, in its natural pofture, or at leaft, in a conftitution, that it might eafi-
ly witha pin be plac’d, in what pofture you defired to drawit, and the
limbs would fo remain, without either moving, or fhriveling. And thus I
dealt with this Ant, which Ihave here delineated, which wasone of ma-
ny, of a very large kind, that inhabited under the Roots of a Tree, from
whence they would fally out in great parties, and make moft grievous

~ havock of the Flowers and Fruits, inthe ambient Garden, return

back again very expertly, by the fame wayes and paths they went.

It was more then half the bignefs of an Earwig, of a dark brown, or.

reddifh colour, with long legs, onthe hinder of which it would ftand
, Ee2 up,

es

203

204 MicROGRAPHIA..

up,and raife its head as high as it could above the ground, that it might
{tarethe further about it, juft after the fame manner asI havealfo ob-
ferv'd a hunting Spider to do: and putting my finger towards them,
they have at firftall run towardsit,tilhalmoftat it; and then they would
ftand round about it, at a certain diftance, and fmell, asit were, and con-
fider whether they fhould any of them venture any further, till one more
bold chen the reft venturing to:climb it,all the reft, if I would haye fuffer-
‘edthem, would haye immediately followed : many fuch other feeming-
‘rational actions I have obferv’d in this little Vermine with much plea-
re,which would be too long to be here related 5 thofe that defire more
of them may fatisfie their curiofity in Ligons Hiftory of the Barbadoes.
Having infnar'd feveral of thefe into a {mall Box, I made choice of the
talleft grown among them, and feparating it from the reft,I gave ita Gill a
') of Brandy, or Spirit of Wine, which after a while e’en knock d him down
. dead drunk, fo thathe became movelefs, though at firft puttinginhe =
ftruggled for a pretty while very much, till at laft, certain bubbles iffus
ing out of its mouth, it ceafed to move; this (becaufe I had before
found them quickly to recover again, if they were taken out prefently )
| Ifuffered to lye above an hour in the Spirit; and after I had taken it
| out; and put its body and legs into a natural pofture, remained move-
lefs,about:an hour; but then , upon a fudden, asif it had. been awa-
ken out of adrunken fleep, it fuddenly reviy.d. and ran away; be-
ing caught, and fery'd as before, he for a while continued ftruggling and
_ ftriving,till at laft there iffued feveral bubbles out of itsmouth,and then,
'| tanquame animane expirafet, he remained movelefs for a goed while ; but
~‘ at length again recovering, it was again redipt, and fuflered to lyefome
hours: in the Spirit 5 notwithftanding which, after it had layen dry
| fome three or four hours, it again recovered life and motion :. Which
kind of Experiments, if profecuted, which they highly deferve, feem
to me of no inconfiderable ufe towards the invention of the Latent
Scheme, (as the Noble Verulam calls it) or the hidden, unknown Texture
of Bodies. piste
Of what Figure this Creature appear'd through the Adierofeope., the
32. Scheme ( though not fo carefully graven.asit ought ) will repre-
. fent to the eye, namely , That it had a large -head A A, apenas
| end of which were two protuberant eyes, pearl d like thofe of a Fly,
but {mallerB B 3 out of the Nofe,or foremoft part, iffued two hornsC é
of a fhape fufficiently differing from thofe of a blew Fly, though indee
they feem tobe both the fame kind of Organ, and to ferve for a ki
_ Of imelling ; beyond thefe were two indented jawsDD, whichheo-
_ pen'dfide-wayes, and was able togape them afunder very wide 5 and
the endsof them being armed with teeth, whichmeeting went between
each other, it was able to grafp and hold aheavy body , three or four
times the bulk and weight of itsown body; It had only fix legs, dhap'd
like thofe of aFly, ‘which, as] fhewed before, is an Argument thatitisa
winged Infect, and though I could not perceive any fignof them inthe
middle part of its body ( which feem'd to confi{t of three joints or pic
| s

MicrROGRAPHTA..

ces FG, outof which fprung two legs, yet "tisknown thatthere arc:
of ‘them that have long ge and fly - Br down in the air: = i
The third and laft part of its body 111 was bigger and: larger then‘
} the other two, unto which it was jeyn'd by:a very {mall middle , ‘and
_ had-a'kind of loofe thell, or another diftind: part of its body H, which!

. feem'd to be interpos'd, and to keep the thorax and belly froin touch:
ing. ° viel yIS AS th oritniog Ils hid emt! vegerg
The whole body was cas‘ over witha veiy ftrong armoat, and the
| belly III was covered tikewile, with multitudes of {mall white thinine:
brifles; the legs, horns, head, and middle partsof its body: were ieftincko

with hairs alfo, but {maller and darker: » sls Ye
QnoT! bas Asup yiivity eaw noon i to story sale
“eorex rer esr TIT Oy vires Pre aaa

niet

» Obferv, L,. Of the wandring Mite...

'N. September and Ofober, 166%: 1 obferv'd in Oxferdfeveral of thefe
‘dictle pretty’ Creatures to wander to and fro,and often to travel over
the plains of my. Window. And in September arid Ofober. 1663.1 ob-
ferv'd likewife feveral of thefe very fame Creatures traverfing a window.
at London, and looking without, the window uponthe fubjacent wall, £
found whole flocks of the fame kind running to and fro among the {mall
gtovesand thicketsof green mols, and upon the curioully{preading ve~
getable blew or yellow mofs, which is.a kind ofa Muthrome of Jews-
ear. ; . oi te 80 0) 7 basista binody tbr ashe}
. Thefe ‘Creatiires to the naked eye feemed to be a kind of black Mite,
but much nimbléer:and ftronger then the ordinary Cheefe-Mites; but
examining ‘themin a Afcrofeope, [found them to be a very fine crufted
or fhell'd Infect; much like that reprefented in the firlt Figure of the
threeand) thirtieth Scheme, with a protuberant oval fhell A, indented
orpitted with an-abundance of {mall pits , all covered over with litle
. white brifles, whofe: points all directed backwards. Sepinat q i us >
-Ithad eight legs, each of them provided witha very tharptallon, or
claw at the end, ‘which this little Animal, inits going, faftned into the
pores of the body over which it-went. Each of thefe legs were beftuck
in every: joyntof them with multitudes of {mall hairs, or (if we re-
{pect the proportion they bore to the bignefs of the leg ) turnpikes, all
pointing towardsthe claws. : WN DGREL EE
~The Thorax,or middle partsof the body of this Creature,was exceed-
ing fmall, in refpedt bothof the head and belly , it being nothing but
that part which wascovered by the two thells BB, thoughit{feemdto
-gtow thicker underneath: And indeed, if we confider the great
variety Nature ufes in proportioning the three parts of the body,
the Head, Thorax; and Belly ) we fhall not wonder at the {mall pro-
portion-of this Thorax , nor at the vafter bulk of the belly, for could
‘we exadtly anatomife this little Creature, and obferve the particular de-
figns of each part, ‘we thould doubtlefs, as we doin all her more ma-

-nageable

206

rommcosie

MircrROGRAPHIA.

nageable and tractable fabricks, find much more reafon to admire the
excellency of her contrivance and workmanthip, then to wonder, it was
not made otherwife. | |

. The head’of this little Infec& was fhap'd fomewhat like a Mite’s, that
is,it had along {nout ; in the manner of a Hogs, with a knobbed ridge.
running along the middle of it, which was beftuck on either fide with
many {mall brifles, all pointing forward, and two very large pikes or;
horns, which rofe from thetop of the head, juft over each eye, and
pointed forward alfo. . It had two pretty large black eyes on either fide’
of the head EE, from one of whichI could fee a very bright reflection’

| of the window, which made me ghefs, that the Corzea of it was {mooth,,

like thofe of bigger Infects. Its motion was pretty quick and ftrong,
it being able very eafily to tumble a ftone or clod four timesas big asits
whole body. ... ;

At the fame time and ‘place, and diverstimes fince, I have obferved
with my AZicrofcope , another little Infect , which, though I have not an-
nexéd the picture of, may be worth noting, for its exceeding nimblenefs
as well as fmalnefS; it was as fmall as a Mite, with a body deep and
ridged, almoft like a Flea 3. it had eight blood-red legs, not very long,
but {lenders and two horns or feelers before. Its motion was fo exceed-
ing quick, that I have often loft fight of oneI have obferved with my
naked eye; and though; when it was not frighted, [was ableto follow
the motionsof fome with my AGcrofcope; yet if it vvere never fo little
ftartled, it pofted avvay vvith fuch fpeed, andturn’d and vvinded it felf
fo quick, that I fhould prefently lofe fight of it. |

When Ifirft obferv’d the former of thefe Infeéts, or Mites, I began to
conjecture; -that certainly I had found out the vagabond Parents of thofe
Mites we find in Cheefes; Meal, Corn, Seeds, mufty Barrels, mufty Lea-
ther, ec. thefe little Creatures, vvandring to and fro every whither, -
might perhaps, as they vvere invited hither and thither by the mufty
{teams of feveral putrifying bodies, make their invafions upon thofe new
and pleafing territories , and there {pending the remainder of their life,
which might be perhaps a day, orthereabouts, in very plentiful and rio-
tous living, might leave their off-fpring behind them, which by. the

_ change of the foil and Country they now inhabite, might be quite al-

ter d from the hew of their primogenitors, and, like Mores tranflated into
Northern Ewropeaw Climates, after a little time, change both their skin
and fhape. And this feems yet more probable inthefe Infeéts, becaufe
that the foil or body they inhabit, feemsto be almoft half their parent,
for it not only hatches and brings thofe little eggs, or feminal principles,
to perfection, but feemsto augment and nourifh them alfo before they
are hatch'dor fhaped 5 for it is obvious enough to be obferv’d, that the
eggs of many other Infeéts, and particularly of Mites, are increas in

i -bulk after they are laid out of the bodies of the Infeéts, and plump’d

fometimes into many timestheir former bignefs , fo that the bodies they

ch an attive power to change their forms. We find by
os relations,

_ sare laid in being: asit were, half their mothers, we thall not wonder that
. ‘Itfhould have fu

<==

Schem:XXXM.

P i “ “ Z
aes eee
& SF —
*
.

Y

tee ant ee

oe
Pg ee
Lal

i
Pil ||") oyu)

24
My
= is

ye

aha
ios vin

Microo@Rra pupa,

_ yelations how much the Negro Women do_befitieer the of-{piing’ of the
Spaniard, bringing forth neither, white-{kinn’d: nor black, but tawny ~

hided. Atélattos. Af OS ETE FAROE DY

.. New, though I propound this as probable; 'I have not'yetibeen K an
certify d by Obfervations as to conclude any, thing;. laa patiiely i
negatively,concetning it, Perhaps,fome more hicky diligence may’ pleafe
the, curious Inquirer with the difcovery of this,to be a trurhywhich! now
conjecture, and may thereby give him a fatisfactory account of tke caufe

‘of thofe creatures,whofe original feems yet {a obfeure; and nay give him

caufe to believe,that many other animate beings, that {cemalfo to-be the
mere product of putrifaction, may be innobled witha Pedigtee aganci+

ent as the firft creation, and farr exceed: the preateft beings intheirnus

merous Genealogies, But on, the.other fide, if it thould be found. that
thefe,or any other animate body have noimmediate fimilar Parent,] have
in-another place fet down. a conjectural Hypothefis whereby thofe Phat
nomena may likelyenough be folv'd,. wherein: the! infinite wifdom and
providence of the Creator is no lefs rare and wonderfull): os bas 2 jae

ES> ad Saae
:

_—
ee a —

1) Eading one day in septemb. I chanced toobfervea very final eredtite
&\ creep over the Bock I was reading, very flowly ; having a Microfcope

_ by me,f obfervd it to bea creature of a very unufual form,and that not

Jefs notable 5 fuch as is defcrib’d in the fecond Figure of the 33. &cheme. It
was.4bout the bigne(s of a la tee Mite,or meni longer ¢ bart Hegs,
eight of which, A A AA, were topt with verytharp claws, and were thofe
upon which he walk’d, {eeming fhap'd miuch:Jike thofe ofa:Grab, which
in many other things alfo this little creature refembled forthe two

other claws,B B,, which were the formoft ofall the ten,and feem’d td grow |

out of his head, like the horns of other Animals,were exactly form’d in thé
manner of Crabs or Lobfters claws, for they were fhap'd:and jointed
much like thofe reprefened in the Scheme andthe ends Bi pp as were furs
nifh'd with a pair of claws or pincers,C C,which this little animal did open
and fhutat pleafure : It feem’d to make ufe of thofe twoshorns or claws
both for feelersand holders; for in its motion it'carried thefe aloft ex
tended before, moving them to and fro, juft as a man’ blindfolded

_ would do his hands when he is fearfull of running againft.a wall, and if T

put a hair to it, it would readily take hold of it with:thefe claws,

and feem to hold it faft. Now; though thefe horns feem'd to ferve him

for two ufes,namely,for feeling and holding }-yet he feem'd neither blind,

having two {mall black {pots, D D, which by the make of them;and the |

bright reflection from them feem'd to be his eyes5 nor did it wantother
hands, having another pair of claws, EE, very neer plac'dto its mouth,

and. feem’d adjoining toit. — forts viafisen
The whole body was cafed over with armour-fhells, as is afuall in all
hs pyint ae sane | : thofe Fe
(hi ic L410 ae 7 —< Bm Peete OS Ze 4 Jimscy J, 7, a ha ;
2 as a , ave CFE 2 plate edn Se Jaw. ages A,
(Menthe, of Chee Lh bet, fi, Picea repinhbn

208 MicrocGRaAHPta. 4
thofe kinds of cruffaceous creatures, efpecially about their bellies, and
feein’d of three kinds; the head F feem’d cover’d with a kind of fealy
fhell, the thorax with two {mooth fhells, or Rings, G G, and the belly
with eight knobb’d ones. 'I could not certainly find whether it had under
thefe lait thells any wings, but I fufpect the contrary ; for Ihave not found

_ any wing'd Infect with eight leggs, two of thofe leggs being always con-

' verted intowings, and, for the moft part, thofe that have but fix, “have
wings.
fi This creature, though I could never meet with) more’ then one of

| them, and focould not make fo many examinations of it as otherwife I
would,Idid notwithftanding,by reafon of the great curiofity that appear’d
to me in its fhape, delineate it, to fhew that, in all likelihood, Nature had
crouded together into this very minute Infect, as many, and as excellent
contrivances, as into the body of a very large Crab, which exceeds it in
bulkperhaps,fome Millions of times ; for as to all the apparent parts,there
is a greater rather then a lefs multiplicity of parts,each legg has as many
parts, and as many joints asa Crabs, nay,and as many hairs or brifles; and
the like may be in all the other vifible parts; and tis very likely,that the
internal curiofities are not lefg excellent : It being a general rule in Na- |
ture’s proceedings, that. where the begins to difplay any excellency, if |
the fubje&t be further fearch’d into, it will manifeft, that there is not le&
curiofity in thofe parts which our fingle eye cannot reach, then in thofe
which are more obvious. Hil ¢

eer

Obferv, L1I. Of the fmall Situer-colour'd Book-wormn.

“A Samong greater Animals there are many that are fealed, both for

£ & ornament and defence, fo are there not wanting fuch alfo among the

lefier bodies of Infects, whereof this little creature gives usan Inftance.

It is a fmall white Silver-thining Worm or Moth, which I found much con-
verfant among Books and Papers, and is fuppos’d to be that which cor

rodes and eats holes through the leaves and covers; it appears to the

naked eye, afmall gliftering Pearl-colour’d Moth,which upon the remov-

ing of Books and Papers in the Summer, is often obferv'd very nimbly to

{cud, and pack away to fome lurking cranney, where it may the better
peat it felf from any appearing dangers. Its head appears bigg and

unt, and its body tapers from it towads the tail, fmaller and {maller,be-

ing fhap‘d almoft like a Carret. a ts SUG

This the A4crofcopical appearance will more plainly manifeft,which'ex-

_ hibits,in the third Figure of the 33. Scheme, aconical body, divided into

_ fourteen feveral partitions,being the appearance of fo many feveral fhels,

' or fhields that cover the whole bod > every of thefe thells are againco-
verd or tiled over with a onaltitiite of thin tranfparent fcales, which}
Wh from the multiplicity of their reflecting furfaces,make the whole Animal
mo appear of a perfect Pearl-colour. | od sloda Es 3

/}

4}

Gat, Bs: gy eS
SPELT Fx ot. uy Lt OLGA. ben wags

MicrocrarHias 209

' Which,by the way,may hint us the reafon of that fo much admited ap?
pearance of thofe fo highly efteem’d bodies, as alfo of the like in mother. |
of Pearl!-fhells, and in multitudes of other fhelly Sea-fubftances; for they
each of them confifting of an infinite number of very thin fhells: or Ja+
minated orbiculations, caufe fuch multitudes of reflections, thatthecom-.
| pofitions of them together with the reflections of others that:are fo thin
| __ asto afford colours (of which I elfewhere: give the reafon): gives a vee .
ry pleafant reflection of light. And that this is the trae caufe,feems likely;
firft, becaufe all thofe fo appearing bodies are compounded of multitudes
| __-of plated fubftances. And next that,by ordering any trafpareént fubftance
| afterthismanner,the like Phenomena may be produc’d ; thiswill be made
| very obvious by the blowing of Glafs into. exceeding thin’ fhells,’and
then breaking theminto fcales,which any lamp-worker will pretently do; |
for a goodquantity of thefe {cales,laid ina heap together,have much the |
fame refemblance of Pearls. Another way, not lefs inftructive and plea-
fant, is a way which I have feveral times done, which is by working and
toffing,as ‘twere, a parcel of pure cryftalline glafs whilft it is kept glowing
hot in the blown flame of a Lamp, tor;by that means,that purely tran{pa-
rent body will be fo divided into an infinite number of plates, or {mall
{trings, with interpos'd aerial plates and fibres, that from the multiplicity
_ Of the reflections from:each of thofe internal furfaces, it may be drawn
_ ut into curious Pear]-like or Silver wire, which though fmall, will yet |
__ be opacous’; the fame thing I have done.with a compofition of red Colo- |
phon and Turpentine, and a little Bee’s Wax, and’ may be donelikewife
_ with Birdlime, and fuch like glutinous and tranfparent bodies : But tore+
turn to our defcription. Fisted Sid es So has oie aces mane
~The fall blunt head of this Infect was furnifh’d on eithér fide of it

probabl

p’an
F f

nS Sa. 2.
‘ % ~e

, MicroGRAPHIA.

through fo many fcourings, wafhings,dreflings and dryings,’ as the parts
of old Paper muft neceflarily have fuffer'd; the digeftive faculty,it feems,
of thefe little creatures being able yet further to work upon thofe ftub-
born parts, and reduce them into another form,

And indeed, when Iconfider what a heap of Saw-duft or chips this
little creature (which is one of the teetlt of Time) conveys into its in-
trals. [cannot chufe but remember and admire the excellent contrivance
of Nature, in placing in Animals fuch a fire, as is continually nourifhed and
fupply'd by the materials convey'd into the ftomach, and fomented by the
bellows of the lungs; and in fo contriving the moft admirable fabrick of
Animals, as to make the very fpending and wafting of that fire, to be
inftrumental to the procuring and collecting more materials to augment
Lone and cherifh it felf, which indeed feems to be the principal end of all the
2 oe contrivances obfervable in bruit Animals.

Obferv. LIII. Ofa Flea.

"He ftrength and beauty of this fmall creature, had it no other rela-
* tion atall to man, would deferve adefcription.. ,
For its ftrength, the Aficrofcope is able to make no greater difcoveries
of it then the naked eye, but onely the curious contrivance of its leggs
and joints, for the exerting that ftrength,is very plainly manifefted, fuch
-as no other creature, I have yet obferv’d, has any: thing like it; for the
joints of it are {0 adapted,that he can,as ‘twere,fold them fhort one with-
in another,and fuddenly ftretch,or {pring them out to their whole length,
that is, of the fore-leggs, the part A, of the 34. Scheme, lies within B,
and B within C, parallel to, or fide by fide each others but the parts
of the two next, lie quite contrary, that is, D without E, and E with-
out F, but parallelalfo; but the parts of the hinder leggs, G, H and I,
bend one within another, like the parts of a double jointed Ruler, or
like the foot, legg and thigh of a man; thefe fix leggs he clitches up al-
together, and when he leaps, {prings them all out, and thereby exerts
his whole ftrength at once. . ee . eer
But, asfor the beauty of it, the A4crofeope manifelts it to be allover
adorn'd witha curioufly polith’d fuit of j2b/e Armour, neatly jointed,
and befet with multitudes of harp pinns, fhap'd almoft like Porcupine’s
Quills, or bright conical Steel-bodkins ; the head is on either fide beau
tify’d with a quick and round black eye K; behind each of which alfo

nanan

tain thin film befet with many fmall tranfparent hairs,which probably may
-behis ears; in theforepart of his head, between the two fore-leggs, he
_ hastwo {mall long pointed feelers, or rather {mellers, MM, which have
four joints,and are hairy, like thofe of feveral other creatures ; between

»it hasa {mall probofeis, or probe, NNO, that feems.to confit. of a

. ae # ‘ tub Cy

os

“has Aaah:

appears a fmall cavity, L, inwhich he feems to move to and. fro .a.cer-

+

Schem 20OClY

— SS
\ ——I
=| = ——

Schem. XXXV.

MicrRoGRAPHIA.

tube NN, and a tongue or fucker O, which I have perceiv'd him to flip
jnand out. Befidesthefe, it hasalfotwo chaps or bitersP P, which are

] » fomewhat like thofe of an Ant, butIcould not perceive them tooth’d 5,
_ thefe were thap’d very like the blades of a pair of round top'd Scizers, |

and were opened and fhut juft after the fame manner 5 with thefe Inftru-
ments does this little bufie Creature bite and pierce the fkin, and fuck
out the blood of an Animal,leaving the fkin inflamed with a fmall round
red{pot. Thefe parts are very difficult to be difcovered, becaufe, for
the moft part, they lye covered between the fore-legs. ‘There are many
other particulars, which, being more obvious, and affording no great
matter of information, I fhall pafs by, and refer the Reader tothe Fi-
gure.

Obfery. LIV. Of a Love.

" His is a Creature fo officious , that ‘twill be known to every one at
~ §oone time er other, fo bufie, and fo impudent, that it will be intru-
ding it {elf in every ones company, and fo proud and afpiring withall,
that it fears not to‘trample on the beft, and affects nothing fo much as a

21T

Crown; feeds and lives very high, and that makes it fo faucy, asto pull |

any one by the ears that comes in its way, and will never be quiet till it
has-drawn blood’: it’ is troubled at nething fo: much as at a man’ that
{cratches his head, ‘as knowing that man is plotting and contriving fome
-mifchief againftit, and that makes it oftentime fculk into fome meaner
and lower place, and run behind a mans back, though it qorery much
againft the hairs which ill conditions of it having made it better known
then trufted, would exempt me from making any further defcription of

— itjodid not’ my faithful Azercury, my Microfcope, bring me other infor _
_» mation of it. Forthis has difcovered tome, by means of avery bright |

light caft on it; that it isa Creature of a very odd fhape 5 it hasa liead
fhap‘dJike that expreft in 35. Scheme marked with A, which feems al-
moft Conical, but isa little flatted on the oe and under fides, at the
__ biggeft part of which, on either fide behin r€

- ing the place where other Creatures ears {tand) are placed its two black
fhining goggle eyes BB, looking backwards, and fenced round with fe-
vetal foal cilia or hairs that incompals it,fo that it feems this Creature
_ has novery good forefight: It does not feemto have any eye-lids , and
therefore perhapsits eyes were fo placed, that it might the better cleanfe
them with its fore-legs; and perhaps this may be the reafon, why they
fo much avoid and run from the light behind them , for being made to
- Jive in the fhady and dark recefies of the hair, and thence probably their
eye having a great aperture, the open and‘clear light, efpecially that
of the Sun, ‘muft needs very much offend’ them} to fecure thele eyes
_ from receiving any injury from the ‘hairs through which it pafles , _

95 eee gee ee F f 2 wo

the head (as it were, be- |

212

MicROGRAPHIA.

two. hornsthat. grow before it, inthe place where one would have
thought the eyes fhould be 5 each of thefeCC hath four joynts, which
ae ined, as ‘twere, with {mall brifles, from which to thetip of its
{nout D, the head feems very round and tapering, ending in.a very
fharp nofe, D, which feems to havea fmall hole, and to be the paflage
through which he fucks the blood. _ Now. whereas if it be placid on its
back, with its belly upwards, as itis in the 35. Scheme, it {eems in feye-
ral Pofitions to have a refemblance of chaps, or Nt as is reprefented
in the Figure by EE, yet in other poftures thofe :

and having kept feveral of them in a box for two or three dayes, {fo that
for all that time they had nothing tofeed on, I found ,,.upon'letting. one
creep on my hand, that it immediately fell to fucking, and did neither
feem to thruft its nofe very deep into the fkin, nor to open any kind of

mouth, but I could plainly perceive a {mall current of blood,’ which |

came direétly from its fnout, and paft intoits belly 5 and about A there
feem’d a contrivance, fomewhat refembling a Pump, pair of Bellows, or
Heart, for by a very fwift /jffole and diaftek'the blood feemd drawn
from the nofe, and forced into the body. — It did not feem at all,though
L.viewed. it a good while as it was fucking, tothruft more of its nofein-
to. the {kinithen the very. {nout D, nor did it caufe the leaft difcernable

paints and yet the blood feem'd to.run. through its head very quick and

freely, fo that it feems there is no partof,the fkin but the blood: is di-
{pers d into, nay, even into the cuticulas, for had it thruft its whole nofe
infrom D to, CC, it would not have amounted to the fuppofedthick-
nefs of that teguvent,the length of the nofe being not:more then a three

hundredth partof aninch. It hasfix legs, covered witha very-tran{pa-

rent fhell, and joynted exaétly like.aCrab’s, or Lobfter'ss cach legis

divided. into.fix parts by thefe joynts, and thofe.have here and there
feveral {mall hairs; and, at the end of each leg it has two. claws, ve
‘properly adapted. for, its pecolianaiss being thereby inabled to; ok
very fecurely both. on the {kin and hair 5 and indeed this,contrivance of
the feet.is very curious, and could'not be made more commodiouflyi and
compendioufly, for performing both thefe requifite motions, of walking
and climbing up the hair of a manshead, then it is :, for, by having the
lefler. claw, (a) fet fo much fhort of thebigger (b) when. it:walks on
the fkin the fhorter.touches.not, and then the feet ‘are the fame with
thofe ofa Mite, and feveral other fmall. Infeéts, but, by means -of the
{mall:joynts of thelonger claw it can bend it round, and fo with both
claws take hold of a hair, inthe manner reprefented in the Figuse) the
long tranfparent Cylinder FF F, beinga Man’shairheld by itioy on:
~ The Thorax feem’dcas'd with another kind of fubftance then the bel-
ly, namely, with a thin tranfparent horny. fubftance, which’ tipomthe
Siting of the Creature did not grow flaccid ;- through this I could plain-
ly fee the blood, fuck'd from my hand, tobe varioutly difiributed,; and

= mov'd to and fro; and. about G there :feem'd. a pretty-big white fub-
ftance, which feem‘d to, be moved within its thorax; befides, theréiap-
_ pear’d very many fmall, milk-whiteveflels, which croft over the breaft

a3 se ' between

ark ftrokes difappear';

a oe

MicrocraPHitta.

___ chings,thefe feem'd to be the veins and arteries, for that which is analogus
- toblood in all Infeéts is milk-white. Asi

the skin in the palms of a man’s hand, and when the belly is empty,grows >
very flaccid and wrinkled 5 at, the upper end of ‘this is placed thefto-
mach H Hand perhapsalfo the white {por} may be:the liver.or pancreas,
which. by the perifialtick motion of the guts, isa little mov’d to and -fro,
not witha /yfole and diafiole, but rather witha thronging or. jultling.
motion... Viewingone of thefe Creatures, after it had fafted two dayes,

mov-d,; moft.of the white branchings difappeai’d ;-,and moftalfo of the:
rednefs or fucked, blood. in the guts, the. perifaltick motion of : which:
wasiicarce dilcernables but upon the faffering it to fucks , it prefently
fill’d the thin of the belly, and of the fix {colop'd/embofinents on ‘either
fide, as full as. it could -be {tuft ;. the {tomach and guts were as full as’
they could hold 3 ' the periffaltick motion of the gut grew quick,and the
juftling motion of IJ accordingly 5, multitudes of. milk-white -veflels
feem‘d quickly filled, and turgid, which were perhapsthe veins and ar-
teries,| and the Creature was fo greedy, that though it could not contain
more, yet it continued fucking as fattasever, and as faft emptying. it felf
_ behind: the digeftion of this Creature, mutt needs be very quick; for!
though I perceiv’d | the blood: thicker ‘and blacker when fack'd, yety:
when. in the gitts, it was of a very lovely ruby colour, and that part of}
it, which was digefted into the veins, feemed) white 5. whence ‘it appears,!
_ that.a further digeftion of blood may make it milk, at leaft dfarefem-
bling colour: -What is elfe ob{ervable.inthe figure of this Creature, may

: : ;
be feen by the'35..Scheme. "2
ae Bier ae pieys Sore ei sg £15 3) Vii ip is pi ETE ph iE Ste Bie
f : : eR Sie ee fete : = meee
be ee jy ome Pts et : et dere scte 3 tice es ogee iy tg “
io dete jes Sai oni i s1uI7eN ort OF Sitipiopos veel Fi 52 #8 Se aes es
‘ a it . - = —_ : t : Bee 2 ok ee
ft S208 OO bfery SB V2 IM ites oie 2 od Green gal 3
é Ve aad Veo 6 patent:
: i ‘ee rey tigi riety 3 t-¥¥% errs seo TE

eS ee aL have bichempimet ith, a Mites a Creatute
whereof there are fome fo very fmall , that the fharpeft fight, un
themfelves, they move on a black and fmooth. furface; and, the Eggs,
out of, which a Creatures feem tobe hatch’d, are-yet fmaller,, thofe
being ufually not above a four or five hundredth. part of a well rown
Mite, and. thofe well grown: Mites 09% much, above one hundredth
of aninch in thicknefs;, fo s rec
thena million of well grown Mites contain’d in a
ed times asn ny Wo sug 27" 2h WO! Ti esiiepotibas), 3
___ Notwithftands eee ce agood Aficrofcope dilcovets thole
{mall movable fpecks to be very prettily thapd Infetts, each of them -

ick iach, and.

/

__ between the legs, out of which,-on either fide, were many. finall brane.

E The belly is covered witha tranfparent fubftance likewife, biadiden.
_ fefembling a fkinthen a fhell, for ‘tis grain’d allover the. belly jutt likes

d with Glafles, is not able to difcern, them, though, being, white,of

that.according to Eines honing ea maybe |

arg

; | all the hinder part;was lank and faccid., andthe white {pot LI hardly: ®: °°”

214 MicROGRAPHIA.

nifh’d with eight well fhap'd and proportion'd legs, which are each of
them joynted or bendable in eight feveral places, or joynts, each of
whichis covered, for the moft part, with a very tranfparent fhell, and
the lower end of the fhell of each joynt is fringed with feveral {mall
hairs ; the contrivance of the joynts feems the very fame with that of
Crabsand Lobfters legs, and like thofe alfo, they are each of them ter-
minated witha very fharp claw or point ; four of thefe legs are fo pla-
ced, that they feem to draw forwards, the other four are placed ina
soe contrary pofition, thereby to keep the body backwards when
t

ere Is occafion.
Fig. 1. The body, as in other == Infects , confifts of three regions or
_ Sthem. 36. partss the hinder or belly A, feems covered with one intire fhell 5 the

middle, or cheit, feems divided intotwo fhells B C. which running one -
within the other, the Mite is able to fhrink in and thruft out asit finds
occafion, as it canalfo the fnout D. The whole body is pretty tranfpa-

rent, fo that being look’d on againft the light, divers motions within its

body may be perceived 5 as alfo all the parts are much more plainly de-
lineable, then in other poftures, tothe light. The thell, efpecially that
which covers the back, is curioufly polifht, fo that ’tis eafie to fee, asina
convex’ Looking-glafs, or foliated Glafs-ball, the picture of all the ob-
jets round about ; up and down, in feveral parts of itsbody, it has fe-
veral {mall long white hairs growing out of its fhell, which are often
longer then the whole body; and are reprefented too fhort inthe firft
and fecond Figures; they feem all] pretty ftraight and plyable, fave only
two upon the fore-part of its body, which feem tobe the horns, as may
be feenin the Figures; the firft whereof isa profpeét of a fmaller fort of
Mites ( which are ufually more plump ) as it was paffant to and fro ; the

_ fecond is the profpedt of one fixt onits tail ( by means of alittle mouth-

| glew rub’d on the objec plate) exhibiting the manner of the growing of
the legs, together with their feveral joynts. -

This Creature is very much diverfify’d in fhape, colour, and divers
other properties, according to the nature of the fubftance out of which
it {eems to be ingendred and nourifhed,being in one fubftance more long,
in another more round, in fome more hairy, in others more ‘{mooth, in
this nimble, in that flow, here pale and whiter, there browner, blacker,
more tranfparent, ce. I have obferved it to be refident almoft on all
kinds of fubftances that are mouldy, or putrifying, and have f€en it very

_ nimbly mefhing through the thickets of mould, and fometimes to lye

* dormant underneath them; and ’tis not unlikely, but'thatit may feed on

that vegetating fubftance , fpontaneous Vegetables feeming a food proper
enough for /pontaneous Animals, FOE CUBE Bia

_' But whether indeed this Creature, or any other, be fuch or not, Ican-

not pofitively, from any Experiment, or Obfervation, Thave yet made,

_ determine. But,asI formerly hinted, it {eems probable, that fomie kind

_ of wandring Mite may fow, as *twere, the firft feeds, or lay the firfteggs,

Inthofe places, which Naturehas inftruéed them to know convenient

for the hatching and nourifhing their young ; and though perhaps the

WAL

MicROGRAPHIA.

ime Parent might be of a thape very differing from what the off.
ring, after a little while, by reafon of the fubftance they feed on, or
e Region (as ‘twere ) they inhabite ; yet perhapseven oneof thefe
er'd progeny, wandering again from its native foil, and lighting on by
hance the fame place from whence its prime Parent came, and there fet.
ing. and planting, may produce a generation of Mites of the fame
apes and properties with the firft wandring Mite’: And from fomiefach
ccidents as thefe, I am very apt to think, the moftiforts of Animals, ge-
erally accounted jpontaneous , have their origination , and all thof{e vax
ous forts of Mites, that are to be met with up and down ‘in divers pu
trifying fubftances, may, perhaps be all of the fame kind, and have {prung
from one and the fame fort of Mitesatthe firft)» ae

} 2 Obferv.. L Vi Of a {mall Casitiege hatchd on a Vine.

_ #7 Here is, almoft all the Spring and Summer. time, a certain final,
_ + round, white Cobweb, as ‘twere, about the bignefs of a Pea,which
. fticks very clofe and faft to the ftocks of Vines nayl'd againft a warm
_ wall: being attentively viewed,they feem cover dy upon the upper fide
of them, witha {mall husk, not unlike the .fcalé, or fhell of a, Wood-
q sage or Hog-loule, p Salt Infect ufually found about sobre Arood,
_ which upon touching prefently rouls it felf into. the form of 4 peppers
corn: Sh Darating Pec of ede from the ftock.; I found them, with
my Nevedeme. to confit of a fhell, which now feemed more likely tobe

confifting of abundance of fmall filaments, or {leaves of cobwebs... In

of which hatching was ufually about the Jatter end.of Jue, or begin:
hing of July, Ihave often found abundance of {mall brown Eggs, fac

-asAand B in the fecond Figure of the 36. Scheme, much about the big-
_nefs of Mites Eggs; and at other times, multitudes of {mall Infects , tha-
ped exactly like that in the third Figure marked with X. Itshead large,
almoft half the bignefs of its body, which is ufual in the fetws of moft
Creatures. It had two {mall black eyes 44, and two {malllong joynted
and brifled horns 4B, < ‘The hinder part of its body feem‘d to confift of
Nine fcales, and the laft ended ina forked tay], much like that of a C#-
_ tio, or Wood loufe, out of which. grew two long hairs; they ran to
_and fro yery {wiftly, and were much of the bignefs of a common Mite,
_ but fome of them lefs ; The longeft of them feem'd; not the hundredth
part of an inch, and the Eggs wfually notabovehalf asmuch.: » They
te “ aru have fix legs, which were bot emlnanhis I have here deline-
ted, by reafon they were drawn underitsbody, . gor i
If the Minute eee were Wood-lice(as indeed from their own fhape
and frame the fkin,or thell,that grows on theim,one may with great pro-

bability

the midit of this, if they were not hatch’d,and runaway before, the time

215

the hafk-of one of thefe Infedts: And the fur feem’d a kind of cobweb, _

216

MicrRoGRAHPIA.

bability ghefs) itfaffords us an Inftance, whereof perhaps there are‘not
many like in Nature,and that is,of the prodigious increafe of thefe Crea-
tures,after they are hatch‘d and run about :for a common Wood-loufe,of
about half an inch long, isno lefs then a hundred and twenty five thou-
fand times bigger then one of thefe, which though indeed it feems very
{trange, yet Ihave obferved the young ones of fome Spiders have almoft
kept the fame proportion to their Dam.
This, methinks, if it be fo, does in the next place hint a Query,which

_ may perhaps deferve a little further examination : And that is, Whether

there be not many of thofe minute Creatures,fuch as Mites, and the like,
which, though they are commonly thought of otherwife, are only the ©
pul, or young ones, of much bigger Infects, and not the generating,
or parent Infect, that has layd thofe Eggs 5 for having many times ob-
ferv'd thofe Eggs, which eleatly are found ‘in great abundance where
Mites are found , it feems fomething ftrange, that fo {mall an Animal
fhould. have an'Egg fo big in proportion to its body. ‘Though onthe
other fide, I muft confefs, that having kept divers of thofe Mites inclofed
ina box fora good while, I did not find them very much augmented be-
yond their ufual bignefs,

What the husk and cobweb of this little white fubftance fhould be, I
cannot imagine, unlefsit be, that the oldone, whenimpregnated with
Fess fhould there ftay, and fix it felf on the Vine, and dye, and all the
body by degrees fhould rot, fave only the husk, and the Eggs in the bo-
dy: And the heat, orfire, as it were, of the approaching Sun-beams
fhould vivifie thofe Reliés of the corrupted Parent , and out of the
afhes, as twere, (asit is fabled of the Phenix) fhould raife a new off
{pring for the perpetuation of the fpecies. Nor will the cobweb, asit
were, in_ which thefe Eggs are inclos’d, make much againft this Conje-
éture 5 for we may, by thofe cobwebs that are carried up and down the
Airafter aFog (which with my Adcrofcope I have difcovered to be made
up of an infinite company of {mall filaments or threads) learn, that
fuch a texture of body may be otherwife made then by the {pinning of
a Worm. :

Obferv. LVII. Of the Eels in Vinegar.

F’ thefe {mall Eels, whichare to be found in divers {orts of Vine-

gar; I have little to add befides their Picture, which you may

find drawn in the third Figure of the 25. scheme: That is, they were
fhaped much like an Eel, ve only that their nofe A, ( which wasa lit-
tlemore opacous then the reft of their body ) was a little fharper, and
longer, in proportion to their body, and the wrigling motion of their

ah | body feem’d to be onely upwards and downwards, whereas that of
___ Ecls is onely fide wayes: They feem’d to have a more opacous part

about

a ee
aa

Me

es

_ prevented herein by many excellent ones already publith’d by th

| nious, Doctor Power, among his Azicrefcopical Obfervations, fave onely
| thata quantity of Vinegar repleat with them being included in a fail
_ Viol, and {top'd very clofe from the ambient air, all the included Worms

_ about B, which might, perhaps, be their Gills; it feetning always the fame
_ proportionate diftant from their nofe, from which, to the tip of their

MicrRocRApHta,

_ tail, C, their body feem’d to taper.
___ Taking feveral of thefe out of their Pond of Vinegar, by the net ofa

fmall piece of filtring Paper, and laying them ona black fitooth Gla

_ plate, I found that they could wriggle and: winde their body, as much

almoft as a Snake, which made me doubt, whether they were a kind of
_ Eal or Leech. | 13b

I thall add no other. obfervations made on this minute Anittial, being
inges

in a very fhort time died, as if they had been ftifled. |
_ And that their motion feems (contrary to what we may obferve in the
motion of all other Infects) exceeding flow. But the reafon of it feems
plain, for being to move to and fro after that manner which they do, by
waving Onely, or wrigling their bodys the tenacity, or ghitinoufneds,

_ and the denfity or refiftance of the fluid medinm becomes {0 exceeding.

«

4
Bich

fenfible to their extremely minute bodies,that it is to me indeed:a gréater
wonder that they move them (0 faft as they do,then that they move them
no fatter. For what a vaftly greater proportion have they of their fupers
ficies to their bulk, then Eels or other larger Fifhes, and next, the tena*

_ city and denfity of the liquor being much the fame to be moved, both by

the one and the other, the refiftance or impediment thence arifing to
the motions made through it, muft be almoft infinitely greater to the
{mall one then to the great.. This we find experimentally verify'd inthe
Air, which though a wedium a thoufand times more rarify'd then the was
ter,the refiftance of it to motions made throughvit,is yetfo fenfible to ve-
+y minute bodies,thata Down-feather(the leatt of whofe parts feet yet
bigger then thefe Eels, and many of them almoft incomparably bigger,
fuch as the quill and ftalle) is fufpended by it, and carried to and froas if
arhad siooweight. 20! guimatrs ni yen eerie Stet IOs

Gis fi a j j FO ere

veer ‘e ik f ss sd x

Oblerv. LVIIL. Of. naw Property in the Air, and feveral ober
~~ tranfparent Mediums nam'd Infle&ion, whereby very many con-
» fiderable Phenomena are attempted to be folu'd, and divers oober

J
~ t -
«

| Clie the vention (and perfeéting in fome meafure) of Tele(Coper, t has

been obferv'd = sara that the Sun and Moon neer the'Horizon,

“are it'd ‘( lofing that exa@tly-fmooth terminating: cifcular limb,
“which a are obiered to have when fituated teerer the Zenithy and

ed. with an edge every way pee: upon the right ant

217

218

MriIcROGRAPHIA.

fides) ragged and indented like a Saw: which inequality of their limbs} 1

have further obferv'd, notto remain always the fame, but to be conti-
nually chang’d by a kind of flu€tuating motion, not unlike that of the
waves of the Sea; foas that part of the limb, which was but even now
nick’d or indented in; is now protuberant, and will prefently be finking
again ; neither is this all,but the whole body of the Luminaries, do inthe
Tele(cope, feem to be deprefs'd and flatted, the upper,and more efpecially
the under fide appearing neerer to the middle then really they are,and the
right and left appearing more remote:whence the whole Area feems to be
terminated by a kind of Oval.It is further obferv d,that the body,for the
moft part, appearsred, or of fome colour approaching neer unto it, as
fome kind of yellow and this I have alwaysmark d, that the more the
\ limb isflatted or ovalled,the more red does the body appear, though not
"always the contrary. It is further obfervable, that both fix'd Stars and
Planets, ithe neerer they appear to the Horizon, the more red and: dull
they look, and the more they are obferv'd to twinkle; in fo much, that

I have feen the Dog-ftarr to vibrate fo {trong and. bright a radiation of

light, as almoft to. dazle my eyes, and prefently, almoft to. difappear.

{tis alfo-obfervable,that-thofe bright {cintillations neer the Horizon, are

not by much fo quick and fudden in their confecutions of one another, as
| the nimbler twinklings of Stars neerer the Zenith. This is alfo notable,
- that the Starrsneerthe Horizon, are twinkled with feveral colours; fo as

fometimes to appear red,fometimes more yellow,and fometimes blue,and

this whenthe Starr is a pretty way elevated above the Horizon. Thave —

further, very oftenfeen fome of the fmall Starrs ofthe fifth orfixth ma-
gnitude, at certain: times to: difappear for'a fmall: moment. of time, and
again appear more con{fpicuous, and with a greater, lufter. [have feveral
times,with my naked eye, feen many {mallerStarrs, fuch as may:be call'd
of the feventh or eighth magnitude to appear for a fhort {pace and then
vanifh, which, by directing a {mall Tele/cope towards that part they ap-
pear d arid difappeard in; I could prefently find: to be indeed {mall Starrs
fo fituate.as Lhad feen them with mynaked eye, 'and'to appeartwinkling
like the ordinary vifible Stars; nay, in examining fome very notable parts
of the Heaven,witha three foot Tube , me thought Inow and then, ‘in
feveral parts of the conftellation, could perceive little twinklings of
Starrs, making avery fhort kind of apparition,and prefently vanifhmg,

but noting diligently the places where they thus fedm'd to. playa
peep, I made ulcof.a very, good: twelve foot Tube, and with that
not unealie to fee thof -, and feveral other degrees of {maller Star 3. and
fome fmaller yet, thikeemd again toappear and: Cdifappeal anal thefe
alfo by giving the fame Object-glafs a much bigget. aperture, Apule
plainly and conftantly fee appear in their former places; fo that Fhave
ebferv'd fome twelve feveral magnitudes of Starrs lefs then thofe of the
tl

fix. magnitudescommonly recounted in the Globes. . lo mead
. oIt-has been obfery’d and confirm’d by the accurateft Obf

~ Jons of the beft of our modern Aftronomers, that all the Luminow ‘bodies

appear above the Horizon, when they really are below it.’ So,that se

feoba

it was —

Eg ee eee eee —

MrerocRaPHiaAg

~ Sun and Moon have both been feen above the Horizon, whil'ft the Mooti
hasbeen in an Eclipfe. I thall not here inftance in the great refractions,

have; all which feem’ to argue the Horizontal refraction, much greater
then it is hitherto generally beliév'd: t aimee leis $d4 40 caahss'

- [have further taken notice, that not onely the Sun, Moon and Starrs;
and high tops of mountains have fuffer'd thefe kinds of refraGtion, but
Trees, and feveral bright Obje&ts on the ground : I have often taken no-
tice of the twinkling of the reflections of the Sun from a Glaf-window
at a good diftance, and ofa Candle in the night, but that is not focon-
{picuous.and in obferving the fetting Sun,I have-often taken notice: of the
tremulation of the Trees and Buthes, as wellas ofthe edges of the Sun.
Divers of thefe Phenomena have been taken notice of by feveral, who
have given feveral reafons of them; but I have not yet met with any, alto-
gether fatisfactory, though fome ef their conjectures have been partly

true,but parly alfo falfe.setting my felf therfore upon the inquity of thefe

Phenomena, \ firtt endeavour'd to be very diligent in taking notice of
the feveral particulars and circumftances obfervable in thems, and next;
in making divers particular Experiments, that might cleer fome doubts,
and ferve to determine, confirm, and illuftrate the true and adequate
caufe of each 3 and upon the whole, I find much reafon to think, that

the true caufe of all thefe Pherxomena is from the inflection, or multi-

and that it does not proceed froma refradion caus'd by any terminating
fuperficies of the Air above, nor from any fuch exactly defin'd faperficies
within the body of the Atwo/phere. : +s
- This Conclufion is grounded upon thefe two Propofitions:
Firft, that a wedmm, whole parts are unequally dexfe, and mov'd by
various motions and tranfpofitions as to one another, will produce all
thefe vifible effects upon the Rays of light, without any other coefficient
caufe. peril 7 vain 5 cael de
Secondly, that there is in the Air or Atmofphere, fuch a variety in the
conftituent parts of it, both as to their denfity and rarity, and as to. their
divers mutations and pofitions one to another. |
__ By Denfity and Rarity, Lunderftand a property of a tranfparent body;
that does either more or lefs refrat a Ray of light (coming obliquely
upon its fuperficies out ofa third #edixm) toward its perpendicular : As
Icall Glafs a more denfe body then Water; and Water a more rare body
then Glafs, becaufe of the refractions (more or lefs deflecting rowardsthe
perpendicular) that are made in;them, of a Ray of light out of the Air
that has the fame inclination upon either of their fuperficies.
Soas to the bufinefs of Refraction, fpirit of Wineis a more denfé body
then Water, it having been found by an accurate Inftrument that meafures
_ theangles of Refractions to Minutesthat for the fame refraéted angle of
30700! in both thofe Avedinms, the angle of incidence in Water was
but 41°. 35. but the angle of the incidence in the trial with {pirit of
Wine was 42°: 45'. But astogravity, Water is amore denfé body then
a - Gg2 {pirit

that the tops of high mountains, feen at a diftance, ‘have been found to _

plicate refraction of thofe Rays of light within the body of the Ataiofpheres —

a

219

220

of theStarrs, though much quicker: which two» Phexouena (for I thal!

MicROGRAPHIA.

fpirit of Wine, for the proportion of the fame Water, to the fanie very
well rectify dfpirit of Wine was, as21.to19. . pee

~ Sovas to'Refration,Water is more Denfe then Ice; for] have found
by amoft certain Experiment, which I exhibited before divers illuftrions
Perfons of the Royal Society, that the Refraction of Water was greater
ther that of Ice, though fome confiderable Authors have affirm’d the con-
trary, and though the Ice be avery hard, and the Water a very fluid

body.

| "Phat the former of the two preceding Propofitions is true,may be ma-
nifefted by feveral Experiments: As firft,if you take any two liquors differ-
ing from one another in denfity,but yet fuch as will readily mix:as SaltWa-
ter,or Brine,& Frefh;almoft any kind of Salt diffolv'd in Water,and filtra-
ted, fo that it be cleer,{pirit of Wine and Water; nay, fpirit of Wine,and
fpirit of Wine, one more highly re¢tify'd then the other, and very many
other liquors; if(Ifay) you take any two of thefe liquors, and mixing
them ina Glafs Viol, againft one fide of which you have fix'd or glued a
fall round piece of Paper, and fhaking them well together (fo that the
partsof themmay be fomewhat difturb'd and move up and down)you
endeavour to fee that round piece of Paper through the body of the li-
quors; youfhall plainly perceive the Figure to wave, and to be indented
much after the fame manner as the limb of the Sun through a Telefeope
feemsto be,fave onely that the mutations here,are much quicker. And if,
in {teed of this bigger Circle, you take a very fmall {pot, and faften and
view it asthe former, you will find it to appear much like the twinklin

“—

take notice ofno more at prefent, though I could inftance in multitudes
of others) muft neceflarily be caus d by an znfieFiow of the Rays within
the terminating fuperficies of the compounded medium, fince the furfaces

_ ofthe tranfparent body through which the Rays pafs to the eye, are not

atall altered or chang’d. igs :

This z#fle&ion (if1 may fo call it) limagine to be nothing elfe, but a
multiplicate refradion, caufed by the unequal dexfity of the conftituent
parts of the medium , whereby the motion, a¢tion or progrefs of the Ray
of light is hindred from proceeding in a ftreight line, and sufleced or de-
flected by a curve. Now, that itis a curve line is manifeft by this Expe-

' riment : [took a Box,fuchas A D GE, inthe farft Figure of the 37.Scheme,

whofe fides ABCD, and EF GH, were made of two {mooth flat
plates of Glafs, then filling it half full with avery ftrong folution of
Salt, I filled the other half with very fair frefh water, then expofing
the opacous fide, D HGC, tothe Sun, I obferv'd both the refradion and

_ inflection of the Sun beams, D & K H, and marking as exactly as I,.could,

the points, P, N, O, M, by which the Ray, K H, pafied through the com-
pounded medium, I found them to bein a curve line; for the parts ofthe

_ medium being continually more denfe the neerer they were to the bot-
tom, the Ray p f was continually more and more deflected downwards
from the ftreight line. | } Serr

© This Infleétion may be mechanically explained, cither by Monfiewr
= | ag “i Des

+

LL ee

I I sags wa ——
o pe
SS

» Microcra PHA.

Dés Cartes principles,by conceiving thé Globulsof’ the thirdiElemeht td

find lefs-and lefs refiftance againtt that fide of themwhich: ;
or by a way, which Ehave further-explicated in debcuitantho ne
Jowrs, robe from an obliquatiomof the pulfe of light, whenee the alder
part!is continually promoted, and prices ‘refracted, towards the
pexpendicular, which cuts the Orbs at rightanglés. -, What! the pariticus
_lanFigure of the Curve line, defcrib'd by this way of light, is, I thall ns
now tand to examine, efpecially fince there may be fo many-forts of it ds
there tay be varieties of the Pofitions of the inter'mediat degrees of ders
fityxbd ‘rarity between the bottom and: the top: of :the infledting Mediuri
I could produce many more Examples be: riments, :t0 ilinftrate
and prove this firft Propofition, vz. that theres uch: a.conftitution of
fome bedies as will caufe intlection. As not to mention thofe I have ob-

.. Fake a {mall Gla&-bubble; made in the form of that in the fecond
Figure of the 37. Scheme, and by heating the Glafs very hot, and there- |
by a rarifying the included Air, or, which is better, by ravify+ |
ing a {mall quantity of water, included in it, into vapours, .which. will |
expel the moft part, if not all the Air, afd thenfealing up the {mall
neck of it, and letting it cool, you may find, if :you placeit in a conve-
ae Inftrument, that there will be.a manifeft difference, as tothe refta-
ons : : oe Al pant Ss 4
_. As if in this fecond Figure you fuppofe A to reprefent a {mall fight 0
hole, through which the eye looks upon an objedt, as C, through”
Glafs-bubble B, and the fecond fight L5 all which rethain'exactly fixt
in their feveral places, the object C being fo cized and placed, that i¢
may juft feem to touch the upper.and under edge of the hole L: and
fo.allof it be teen through the fmall-Glafs-ball of rarified Air 5 then by

breaking

221

22

Fig. 3.

MrcrocrRarHi a.

. breaking off the fmal! feal’d neck of the Bubble ( without at all ftirring

the fights, obje@, or glafs!) and admitting the external Air, you wil]
find yourdelf unable to fee the utmoft ends of the obje& 5 but the termi-

nating rayes' AE’ and A D (which were before refracted to G and F
by the rarified Air) will proceed almoft directly tol and H's which al-

teration of the ah (feeing there is no other alteration made in the
t

Organ by which the Experiment istryed, fave only the admiffion,’ or ex-

_ ¢lufionof the condens'd Air’) muft neceflarily be caufed by the variation

of the medium contain’d in the GlafsB; the greateft difficulty in the ma-
king of which Experiment, is from the uneven furfaces of the bubble,
which will 'reprefent an uneven image of the objet. .

_ > Now,that there is fuch a difference of the upper and under parts of the
Air,is:clear enough evinc'd from the late improvement of the Torriceliian
Experiment, which has been tryed at the ee and ‘feet of Mountains;
and may be further illuftrated , and inquired into, byameans, which
fome whilesfince Ithought of, and us'd, for the finding by what degrees
the Air pafles from fuch a degree of Denfity to fuch a degree of Rarity.
And another, for the finding what preflure was requifite to make it pafs
from fuch’a degree of Rarefaction to a determinate Denfity :, Which
Experiments, becaufe they may be ufeful to illuftrate the prefent Inqui-
ry, ifhall briefly defcribe. i} eof |

Itook then a {mall Glafs-pipe A B, about the bignef of a Swans quill,
and about four foot long, which was very equally drawn, fothat, as far
as I could. perceive ,:no one part was bigger thenanother: This Tube

being‘open at both ends) I fitted into another {mall Tube DE, that
id‘a {mall bore juft big enough to contain the {mall Pipe, and this was
feal'd up at one, and open at the other, end; about which open end I

faftned:a {mall wooden box C with cement, {6 that wie the bigger .

Tube, and part of the box, with Quickfilver, T could thruft the {maller
Tube intoit, till it were all covered with the Quickfilver : Having thus
done, I faftned my bigger Tube againft the fide of awall, thatit might
ftand the fteadier , ‘ed plunging the {mall Tube cleer under the Afercy-
ry in the box, I ftopt the upper end of it very fat with cement, then
lifting up the {mall Tube, I'drewit up by a {mall pully, and a ftring that
Thad faftned tothe top of the Room, and found the height of the Afer-

curial Cylinder to be about twenty nine inches.

Then letting down the Tube again, I opened thetop, and then thruft
down the {mall Tube, till I perceived the Quickfilver to rife withinit to
a mark that I had plac’d juft an inch from the top;and immediately clap-
ping on a {mall peice of cement that Ihad kept warm, I witha hot Iron

feald up the top very fait, then lettingit cool (that both the cement -

might growhard , and more efpecially, that the Air might come to its
temper, natural for the Day I try’d the Experiment in) I obferv'd dili-
gently, and found the included Air to be exaétly an Inch.

__ Here you are to take'notice.. that after the Air is feal’d up, thetop of
the Tubeis not to be elevated above the fuperficies ef the Quickfilver
: in

ee ee ee eee — ee cee —pP i

4 MiIcROGRAPHIA.’

_ in the box, till the furface of that within the Tube be equal to it, for
the Quickfilver (as I have elfewhere prov'd.) being more heterogene-

ous to. the Glais-then the Air, will not naturally rife ‘up fo high within
the {mall-Pipe,as the firperficies of the Afercury in the box 5,arid ‘therefore
youare toobferve, how much below the outward {uperficies of the
_ Mercury in the box, that of the fame in the Tube does ftand, When the
top beingopen, free ingrzfs is admitted to the outward Aith! 2/2 101¥
Having thus done, I permitted the Cylinder, or {mall Pipe, |tolrifé ovit
of the box, till I found the furface of the Quickfilver in the Pipe to:b
two inches above that inthe box, and found the Airto have’ expanded
_ it felf but one fixteenth part of an inch; then drawing up the. {malt
pipe, till Ifound the height of the Quickfilver within to nfo . Anglige
above that without, Iobferved the Air to be expanded only 4 ree inch
more then it was at firft, and totakeuptheroom of 17 inch: then I
raifed the Tube till the Cylinder was fix inches high, and found the Air
to takeup 12 inches of room in the Pipe; then to8, 18c42. ce.
the expanfion of the Air that I found to each of which Cyli ders are
fet down in the following Table; where the firft row igi the
height of the Mercurial Cylinder 5 the nextthe expanfion ofthe Air 5
the third, the preffure of the Atmofphere or the highelt QAnder of
Mercury, which was then _neer thirty inches : The laft fignifies the force
of the Air fo expanded which is found by fubftracting the firft row of
numbers out of the third; for having founds that the outward Air would
then keep up the Quickfilver to thirty inches, look whatever of that
height is wanting muft beattributed to the Elater of the Aird refling.
And therefore having tHe*Expanfion in the ond row,and th height of

223

the fubjacent Cylinder of, Mercury in the firftp and the greatelbheight of

the Cylinder of Mercury, which of it felf counterballances the whole
preflure of the Atmofphere ; by fubftracting the numbers of thefirft row
out ofthe numbers of thecthird, you will kaye the meafure ofthe Cylin-

ders {gdepreft, and confequently the foree.of the Air,in the (Gyeral Ex-

| anfions, regiftred.
D. Of. « 780 Ue
ts 0g go gee
* : : : *&:
2g of fOr oe
<8 og et 7s
i . 7 ‘
= O2 _ ran | 4 | .
‘ : ter = s The
Bed I

224 MircroGRAPHIA.

The height ofthe The Expan-
Cylinder of Mer- fion of the
curythat,together Air,

with the Elater of
the included Air,
ballanced the

preflure of the}
- Atmofphere,

The height of
the Mercury
that counter.
ballanc’d — the
Atmofphere

The ftrength
of the Elater
of the expan-
ded Air,

a ee maid

30.
28.

had

MicROGRAPHIA.

‘I had feveral other Tables of my Obfervations , and Calculations,
which [ then made; but it being above a twelve month fince I made
them and by that means having forgot many circtmftances and par-
ticulars , I was refolved to make them over once again, which I did

908

Auguft the fecond 1661. withthe very fame Tube which Iufed'the year

before, when I firft made the Experiment ( for it being a very good
_ one, I had carefully preferv'd it: ) And after having tryed it over and

_ Over again; and being not well fatisfied of fome particulars,’ I, at laft,

having put all things in very good order, and being as attentive, and
obfervant,, as poflibly | could, of every circumftance! requifite to be tax
ken notice of, did regifter my feveral Obfervations in this. followin:

Fable. In the making of which, I did not exactly follow the Madthod
that bhad ufed at firlt ; but, having lately héard of Mr. Tows#ly’s Hypo-
thefis, Uthap'd my courfein fuch fort, as would be moft convenient for

the examination of that Hypothefiss the event of which youhave in the |

lnttérpareof thé lat Tables: corer) vd belod.

The other Experiment was, to find what degrees of force were requi-
fite to comprefs, or condenfe, the Air into fuch or fuch a bulk.

The manner of proceeding therein was this: took a Tube about
five foot long, one of whofe ends was fealed up, and bended in the form
of a Syphon , much like that reprefented in the fourth Figure of the
37. Scheme, one fide whereof AD, that was opén at A, was about fifty
inches Jong, the other fide BC, fhut at B, was not much above feven in-
ches long; then placing it exa¢tly perpendicular , ¥ pour in,a little
Quickfilver, and found that the Air B C was €3 inches, or vety nearto
feven ’; then pouring in Quickfilver at the longer Tube, I continued
filling of it till the Air inthe fhorter part of it was contracted into half
the former dimenfions, and found the height exaly nine and twenty in-
ches; and by making feveral othertryals, in fevetal other degrees of
condenfation of the Air, I found them exactly anfwer the former Hypo-
thefis.. : ) : een
Ee. ut having (by reafon it wasa good while fince I firft made) forgot-

ten many particulars,and being much unfatisfied in others, I made the Ex-

_ periment over agaifi, and, fromthe feveral tryals, collected the former
part of the following Table : Where in the row next the left hand 24.
figniffes the dimenfions of the Air, futaining only the pretiure of the At-
mofphere, which at that time was equal to a Cylider of Mercury ‘of nine
and twenty inches: The next Figure above it (20) wns chee
-_onsof the Air induring the firft compreflion, made by a Cylinder of Ader-
cury 5%, high, to which the preflute of the 4rmo/phere nine artd twenty
‘inches being added s the elaftick ftrength of the Airfo compreft will be
found 34%, Gc. :

4

Hh - A

ae

226 MicROGRAPHIA.

A Table if the Elaftick, power of the Ait,
both Experimentally and Hypothetically calulased,
according to its various Dimenfions.

The height The Merce The fun | What they

The dimen-
fions of the of the Mer- | rial ‘apa "| or diffe-| ought to
included —— curial Glin-\ added, or\rence of | be accor-
Air. der counter- | taken from thefe two| ding ta
pois’d | by | the former. | Cylinders. | the Hypo-
the Atti | thefis.
“th phere. | .
pe 29 OS eae
13 29 + es ee
To 9 ye oe
RS 4. 5,43 43;
18 29+ eo 38; 38
Gee agenesis
ee Ort T ao = |
48. 29 14j— —4E 14e
ee 22;-— r
192 20.— 25¢= but o10 Bp
04. 29 a= tt 1 ,
576 il ate ie 1s
768 29 28.= 07. of
960 29-— 285 = OF oi |
1152 29—— 282— o% m |

MicroGRAPHtAs

_ From which Experiments, Ithink, we may fafely conclude, thatthe
Elater of the Air is reciprocal to its extenfion, or at leaft very neer. So
that to apply it to our prefent purpofe ( which was indeed the chief
_ caufe of inventing thefe wayes of tryal ) we will fuppofe a Cylinder in-
_ definitely extended upwards, [I faya Cylinder, not a piece of a Cone,
_ becaufe, as I may elfewhere fhew in the Explication of Gravity, that tri-
_ plicate proportion of the fhels of a Sphere, to their refpective diameters,

I fuppofe to be removed in this cafe by the decreafe of the power of Gra-
vit} and the preffure of the Air at the bottom of this Cylinder to be
{trong enough tokeep up a Cylinder of Mercury of thirty inches : Now
becaufe by the moft accurate tryals of the mott illuftrious and incompa-
rable Mr. Boyle, publifhed.in his defervedly famous Pneumatick Book,
the weight of Quickfilver, to that of the Air here below, is found neer
about as fourteen thoufand toone: If we fuppofe ‘the parts of the Cy-
linder of the Atmofphere to be every where of an equal denfitv, we thall
(as he there deduces ) find it extended to the height of thirty five
thoufand feet, or feven miles: But becaufe by thefe Experiments we have
fomewhat confirm’d the hypothefis of the reciprocal proportion of the
Elaters to the Extenfions we fhall find, that by fuppofing this Cylinder of
the Atmofphere divided into a thoufand parts, eachof which being equi+
valent to thirty five feet, or feven geometrical paces,that is,each of thefe
divifions containing as much Air as is fuppos'd in a Cylinder neer the
earth of equal diameter,and thirty five foot high, we fhall find the lower-
moft fo prefs againftthe furface of the Earth with the whole weight of
the above mentioned thoufand patts; the preflure of the bottomof the
fecond againft the top of the firft to be 1000 —1 == 999. of the third
againft the fecond to be 1000 2 998. of the fourth againft the third
to be’ 1c00 — 3997. of the uppermoft againft the 999. or that next be-
low it, to be 1coo—999—=1. fo that the extenfion of the lowermoft
next the Earth, will be tothe extenfion of the next below the upper-
moft, as 1..to 999. for as the preflure fuftained by the 999. is to the
preflure faftain'd by the firft, fo isthe extenfion of the firltto the ex-
tenfion of the 999. fo that, from this hypothetical calculation, we fhall
find the Air tobe indefinitely extended : Forif we fappofe the whole
thicknefs of the Air to be divided, as I juft now inftanced, into‘a’thou-
fand parts, and each of thofe under ‘differing Dimenfions, or Altitudes,
to contain an equall quantity of Air, we fhall find, that the firlt Cylinder,
whofe Bafe is fuppd ed to lean on theEarth, willbe found tobe exten
ded 3523, foots the fecond equal Divifion, or Cylinder, whofe bafis is
' fuppofed to Jean on the top of the firft,fhall have Its top extended higher
by 35235 the third 3533? 5 the fourth 35553) cs i os Bere c-
qual quantity of Air having its dimenfions meafured by 35. and =
additional number expreft alwayes in the manner of a fraction 5 -wl

Ww
whofe denoniinator isalwayesthe preflure of the Atmefphere a d by
that part, fo that by this means we ‘iay eafily calculate the height of 999-

may

294

228

MicrRoOGRAPHIA.

extend it felf more then as high again,nay, perhaps indefinitely, or
beyond the Moon ; for the Elaters and Expanfions being in reciprocal
proportions, fince we cannot yet find the plws ultra, beyond which the Air
will not expand it felf, we cannot determine the height of the Air: for
fince, as we have fhewn, the proportion will be alway asthe preffure
faftain'd by any part is to 35. fo 1000. to the expanfion of that part;

the multiplication or product therefore of the preflure, and expanfion, -

that is, of the two extream proportionals, being alwayes equal to the
roduét of the means, or 35000. it follows, fince that Rectangle or
roduct may be made up of the multiplication of infinite diverfitics of
numbers, that the height of the Air is alfo indefinite ; for fince (as far as
I have yet been able to.try) the Air feems capable of an indefinite Ex-
panfion, the preflure may be decreafed in infinitum, and. confequently its

7 a ay a indefinite alfo.

_ Experiment of the falt and frefh Water ) the ray
“Jiquely through the Air alfo, which isof very diffe

ae e being therefore fuch a difference of denfity, and no Experi-
ment yet known to provea Saltws, or {kipping from one degree of rari-
ty to another much differing from it, that is, that an upper part.of the
Air fhould fo much differ from that immediately febjacent toit, as to
make a diftinét fuperficies, fch as we obferve between the Air and Wa-
ter, ¢c. Butit being more likely, that there isa continual increafe of
rarity. inthe parts of the Air, the further they are removed from the
furface of; the Earth ; It will hence neceflarily follow; that (as.in the

of Light pafling ob-
rent denfity, will be
continually, and infinitely inflected, or bended, froma ftreight, or dire

» This granted , the reafon of all the above recited. Phenomena, con-
a appearance of the Celeftial Bodies, will very eafily be de-
ucec As, Gana Vieme 28 Sec st 60 OF 31 W
- Firft, The rednefof theSun, Moon, and Stars, will be, found, to be
caufed by the infleGtion of the rays. within the Atmofphere. , That it is
not really in or near the luminous bodies, will, [fuppole, be very eafily
granted, feeing that this rednefs is obfervable in feyeral places differing
in Longitude, tobe at the fame time different, the fetting and rifing:'Sun

of all parts being for the molt part ted: Lor pAeds 9 asada}
Andfecondly, Thatitis not meerly the colour of the Air interposd,

will, , without much more difficulty be yielded, {eeing that.we -

may. oblerve a very great interftitium of Air betwixt the ObjeCtand the

Eye, makes it appeatof a dead blew, far enough differing from. a red,

ently. , a if! 2vewils set
_ > Fake.a {pherical Cryftalline Viol, fuch asis <

Repainth-ahetsGde of the

or yellow... 4 S3L OY iHi 901 O37 SHINO Gholi OF PSI0dGs
-» But thirdly, That it proceeds from the refraGtion,or inflecion, of the

_raysby the tnepbere, ths following Experiment will, Lfuppofe, fiffici-

, ssib'd. in the, Alt Fi
gure A BCD, and, having fill'd it with pure clear Water, expofe itto
Sun beams 5 ene a piece of, very fine Venice Paper, apply it

that is oppofite to the Sun, as sal te

ee

OE ES TT eee eee a
yusedp rey oy oer po Ril y+ allel

MicrocrapHia:

_ fide BC, and you hall perceive bright red Ring to. appear, cans'd bir
_ the refraction ofthe Rays, A A A A, which Me dee Or the Globe. ey

_ which Experiment, ifthe Glafs and,Water be very cleer, fo that there be
no Sands nor bubbles in the Glafs, nor dirt in the Water, you fhall not.
_ perceive any appearance of any othercolour.. To apply which Ex peris

ment, we may imagine the Aimafphere to be a great tranfparent Globe.
which being of a fubftance more denfe then the other, or Cwhich comes.
to the fame) that has its parts more denfe towards the middle, the Sun
beamsthat are tangents, or next within the tangents of this Globe,will.

__ bestéfracted or inflected from their-direét paflage towards the'center of

theiGlobe, whence, according tothe Jaws of refractions made ina trian:
gular Prifw, and the generation of colour fet down in the defcription of
Mufcovi-glafs,there mutt. neceflarily appeara xed colour in the tranfitas

or paflage of thofe tangent Rays»,'To make this more plain, we will fup-

pofe (in the fixth Figure) ABCD, to reprefent the Globe of the i
mofphere, EF GH to reprefent the opacous Globe of the Earth, lying
inthe midft of it, neer:to which, the parts of the Air, fultaining a very
great preflure, md stp very much: condens'd, from whence thofe
Rays that are by infl€ction made tangents to the Globe of the Earth,and
thofe without them, that pafs through the more condens‘d part of the Af-

F mofphere, as fuppole between A and E, are by reafon of the inequality

of the medinm, inflected towards the center, whereby there mult necef

farily be generated a red: colour,,as ismore plainly hewn in the former

cited place ; hence whatfoever opacous bodies. (as vapours,or the like.)
{hall chance to be elevated into thofe'parts,will reflect a red towards the

~eyes.and therefore thofe evenings and mornings appear reddeft,that have

the moft ftore of vapours and halituous fubftances exhaled to a tonve-
nient diftance front the Earth; .for thereby the. inflection is made the
greater,and thereby the colour alfo the more intenfesand feveral of thofe
exhalations being opacous, reflect feveral of thofe Rays, which, through
an Homogeneous transparent medive would pafs unfeen; and therefdre we
fee, that when there chances to be any clouds fituatéd in thofe Regions
they reflect a {trong and vivid-red.' Now, though one great eaufe af
the rednefs may be this inflection,yet I cannot wholly exclude the colour
of the vapours themfelves, which may have fomething of rednefs in them,

-they. being partly nitrous,and partly fuliginous 3 both which fteamstinge

the Rays that pa throughthem, as is made evident by looking at bodies
through the pegeiror. oh Hae or Spirit of Nitre.,[as the newly menti+
oned Inftrious Perfon has demonftrated} and: alfo through the: of
a Fire or Chimne ys Said) 2AT I F20iF% ee: sérit of, M3501 TO HnOF nu

Having thereforemade it probable at leaft, that the a apt

evening rednefsmay paitly proceed from this-infleétion or refraction

de. ed. mae Herat ey Gu ob t 37300 agsrioss tae

~ Suppofe we therefore, EF GH in the fixth Figure of the 37-Scheme,
to reprefent the Earth ABCD; the Aiméperes E I,.and Ek, two Bay’
coming from the Sup, the one from the uppertheother fromthe mea ay

the Rays,we fhall next thew, how the Oval Figure will be like wie eafily

229

230

MicroGRAPHIa.

Limb, thefe Rays, being by the tmojphere inflected, appear to the eye
at E, as if they had come from the points, Nand O3 and becaufe the
Ray L has a greater inclination upon the inequality of the Atwofpbere
then I, therefore mutt it fuffera greater inflection, and confequently be
further elevated above its true place, then the Ray I, which has ale&
inclination, will be elevated above its true place; whence it will
follow, that the lower fide appearing neerer the upper then really it is,
and the two /ateral fides, viz. the right and left fide, fuffering no fenfible
alteration from the inflection, at leaft what it does fuffer, does rather
increafe the vifible Diameter then diminith it, as I fhall thew by and by,
ae Figure of the luminous body muft neceflarily appear fotnewhat
iptical, Piss |
This will be more plain, if in the feventh Figure of th 37. Scheme we
fuppofe AB toreprefent the fenfible Horizon ; C D EF, the body of the
Sun really belowit; GHIK, the fame appearing above it, elevated
by the inflection of the Atmofphere : For if, accent to the beft obfer-
vation, we make the vifible Diameter of the Sunto be about three or
four and thirty minutes,and the Horizontal refraction according to Ticho
be thereabout,or fomewhat more,the lower limb of the Sun E,will be ele-
vated to 13 but becaufe,by his account, the point C will be elevated but
29. minutes, as having not fo great an inclination upon the inequality of
the Air, therefore IG, which will be the apparent refraéted perpendicu-
lar Diameter of the Sun, will be lef then‘C G,which is but29. minutes,and
conlequently fix or feven minutes fhorter then the unrefracted apparent
Diameter. The parts, D and F, will be likewife elevated to H and K,
whofe refraction, by reafon of its inclination, will be bigger then that of

"the point C,though lefs then that of E;therefore will the femidiameter IL,

but

be fhorter then LG, and confequently the ,under fide of the appearing
Sun more flat then the upper. . | FIG) CUoTSH} Hin etn
Now, becaufe the Rays from the right and left fides of the Sun} ¢<c.
have been obferv'd by Récciolo and Grimaldus, to appear more diftant
one from another then really they are,though(by very manyObfervations
that I have made for that purpole,with a very good Tele(cope,fitted witha
divided Ruler) I could never perceive any great alteration, yet there be-
ing really fome,it will not be amifs,to fhew that this alfo proceeds from the
refraction or inflection of the Atmofphere; and this will be manifeft,if we
confider the Atmofphere as a tran{parent Globe, or at leaft a tranfparent
fhell, encompafling an opacous Globe;which, being more denfé then'the
medium - oxide it, refracts or inflects all the entring parallel Rays
into a point or focus,fo that wherefoever the Obfervatoris plac’d within
the Atmofphere, between the focus and the luminous body; the/ateral
Rays mutt neceflarily be more converg’d towards his eye by the refradti-
on or inflection, then they would have been without it; and therefore
the Horizontal Diameter of the luminous body muft neceflarily beaug-
mented. } at 210g que
This might be more plainly manifeft to the eye by the fixth Figure’
| boca it would baliarerat tedious, and the thing being ema

*

il 6 ta, sn a = — inhi “
Sapte cen ~ cs rene Bg

MicrocrapnHia,

enough to be imagin’d by any one that atteritively confiders it; Efhall ras
ther omit it, and proceed to fhew, that the mafsof Air neer the furface of
theEarth,confifts,or is made up,of parcels, which do very much differ from

4 one another in point of denfity and rarity 3 and confequently the R
_ light that pafs through them will be varioufly illntied bere owed ES

there another,according as they pafs fo or fo throu gh thofe differing parts;

__ and thofe parts being always in motion, either upwards or downwards,or
e to the right or left, or in fome way compounded of thefe, they do by this —
_ their motion inflect the Rays, now this way, and prefently that way.

_ This irregular,unequal and unconftant inflection of the Rays of light,
is the reafon why the limb of the sux, Atoon, jupiter, Saturn, Mars, and

Venus, appear to wave or dance; and why the body of the Starrs appear

_ to tremulate or twinkle, their bodies,by this means, being fometimes ma-
gnify:d,and fometimes diminifhed ; fometimes elevated, otherwhiles de-
___ prefsd 3 now thrown to the right hand, and then to the left.

And that thereis fuch* property or unequal diftribution of parts, is

_ manifeft from the various degrees of heat and cold that are found in the

Air; from whence will follow a differing denfity and rarity, both as to
quantity and refraction ; and likewife from the vapours that are inter-
os, (which,by the way, Iimagine,as to refraction or inflection; to do

e<the fame thing, asif they were rarify'd Air; and that thofe vapours that
__aicend,are both lighter, and lefs denfe, then the ambient Air which boys

themup; and that thofe which defcend, are heavier and more denfe)
The firft of thefe may be found true, if you take a good thick piece of

Glafs,and heating it pretty hot in the fire, lay it upon fuch another piece’

of Glafs, or hang it in the open Air by~a piece of Wire, then looking
upon fome far diftant Object (fuch as a Steeple or Tree) fo as the Rays
from that Object pafs directly over the Glafs before they enter your eyes
you fhall find fuch a tremulation and wavering of the remote Obje«t, as
will very much offend your eye: The like tremulous motion you may
obferve to be caus'd by the afcending fteams of Water, and the like.
Now, from the firft of, thef it is manifeft, that from the rarifaétion of the
parts of the Air,by heat,there is caus'‘d a differing refraétion,and from the
afcenfion of the more rarify‘d parts of the Air, which are thruft up by the
colder, and therefore more condens‘d and heavie, is caus'd an undula-
tion or wavering of the Object; for I think, that there are very few,
will grant, that Glafs, by as gentle a heat as may be endur'd by ones

hand, fhould fend forth any of its parts in {teams or vapours, which does

not feem to be much watfted by that violent fire of the green Glafs-houfe 5
but, if yet it be doubted, let Experiment be further made with that bo-
dy that is accounted, by Chymifts and others, the moft ponderous and.
fix'd in the world ; forby heating of a piece of Gold, and proceeding in
the fame manner, you may find the fame effects. Hern

This trembling and fhaking of the Rays, is more fenfibly caus d by an
actual flame, or quick fire, or any thing elfe heated glowing hot 5 as by
a Candle, live Coal, red-hot Iron, or a piece of Silver, and the like : the

fame alfo appears very confpicuous, if you look at pbs hae”

231

932

MicroGRAPHIA.
which and your eye, the rifing fmoak of fome Chimney is interpos'd ;
which brings into my mind what I had once the opportunity to obferve,
which was, the Sun rifing tomy eye juft over a Chimney that fent forth
a copious {team of fmoak ; and taking a fhort Te/e/cope, which Ihad then
by me, I obferv'd the body of the Sun, though it was but juft peep'd
above the Horizon, to have its underfide, not onely flatted, and prels‘d
inward, as it ufually is when neer the Earth; but to appear more pro~ |

tuberant downwards then if it had fuffered no refraction at all; and

befides all this; the whole bod y of the Sun appear’d to tremble or dance,
and the edges or limb to be very ragged or indented, undulating or wa-
ving, much in the manner of a flag in the Wind. !
This I have likewife often obferv’d in a hot Sunthiny Summer’s day,
that looking on an Objeét over a hot ftone,or dry hot earth,I have found
the Object to be undulated or fhaken, much after the fame manner, And
if you look upon any remote Object through aTelefeope (ina hot Sum-
mer's day efpecially ) you fhall find it likewife toa ppear tremulous. And -
further, if there chance.to blow any wind, or that the air between you
and the Obje@ be in a motion or current, whereby the parts of it, both
rarify'd and condens'd, are fwiftly remov’d towards the right or left, if
then you obferve the Horizontal ridge of a Hill far diftant,through a very

_ good Telefcope, you fhall find it to wave much like the Sea, and thofe .

waves will appear to pafs the fame way with the wind. ~ 3
_ From which,and many other Experiments, ‘tis cleer that the lower Re-
gion of the Air,efpecially that part of it which lieth neereft to the Earth,
has, for the moft part, its conftituent parcels varioutly agitated, cither by
heat or winds, by the firft of which, fome of them are made more rare,
and fo fuffer a lefs refraction ; others are interwoven, either with afcend-
ing or defcending vapours 3 the former of which being more light, and
fo more rarify’d,have likewife a lefs refraction ; the Jatter being more hea-
vie, and confequently more denfe,have agreater. =
Now, becaufethat heat and’ cold are equally diffus'd every way 3 and
that the further it is fpread, the weaker it grows$ hence it will follOar
that the moft part of the under Region of the Air will be made up of fe-
veral kinds of /ewtes, fome whereof will have the properties of Convex,
others of Coxcave glafes,; which, that! may the more intelligibly make
out, we will fuppofe in the eighth Figure of the 37. Scheme, that A te-
prefents an afcending vapour, which, by reafor of its being fomewhat

_ Heterogeneous to the ambient Air,is thereby thruft into a kind of Globular

, hot any where terminated, but gradually finifhed, that is, itis moft
rarity'd in the middle about A, fomewhat more condens’d about B B,
more then that about CC; yet further,about D D, almoft of the fame
denfity with the ambient Air aboutEE; and laftly, inclofed with the
more denfe Air F F, fo that from A, to. FF, there is a contintial nm
creafe of denfity. The reafon of which will be manifeft, if we confider the.
rifing vapour to be much warmerthen the ambient heavie Air; for by

“the coldne& of the ambient Air, the thell EE will be mote retrigerated

then D D,and that then C C,which will be yet more thenB B, and that

more

Microcrapuya.

- more then A; fothat from F to A, there is @ continual mereale of heat,

and confequently of rarity 5 from whence it will neceflarily follow, that
the Rays of light will be infle@ted or refracted in it, in the fame man-

ner as they would beina Concave-glafe , for the Rays GKI, G K I will

be inflected by GK H, GK H, whichwill eafily follow from whatI be-
fore explained concerning the inflection of the Atmofphere..

On the other fide, a defcending vapour,or any part of the air included

__ byan afcending vapour,will exhibit the fame efle@s with a Convex lens j
_* for,if we fuppofe,in the former F igure,the quite contrary conftitution ta
~ that laft defcrib’d 5 that is,’ theambient Air’ FF bemg hotter then any
_ partof that matter within any circle, therefore the coldeft part mult
_neceiflarily be A, as, being fartheft remov'd from. the heat , all the
intermediate: {paces will be gradually difcriminated by the continuall
mixture of heat and cold, fo that it will be heétter at E E, then DD, in

_ DDthen CC, inCC thenBB,andin BB then A. From which, a like —

refraction and condenfation will follow; and confequently a lefler or
greater refraction, fo that every included part will refraét more then the
- including, by which means the Rays, GK I, G K I, coming {rom a Starr,
or fome remote ObjeG, are fo inflected, that they will again concurr and
micet, in the point M._ By the interpofition therefore of this defcending
vapour the vifible body of the Star, or other Objet, is very much aug-
mented, as by the former it was diminifhed. — - 1 3

_ From the quick confecutions of thefe two,one after another, between
the Object and your eye,caufed by their motion upwards or downwards,

_ proceeding from their levity or gravity, or to the right or left;proceed=_

ing from the wind, a Starr may appear, now bigger, now lefs, then really —

__. it would otherwife without them; and this is that property of a Starr,
whichis commonly call'd twinkling, or {cintillation. pan

The reafon why a Star will now appearof one colour,now of another,

which for the moft part happens when ‘tis neer the Horizon, may very

eafily be deduc'd from its appearing now in the middle of the vapo

other whiles neer the edges for if you look againft the body of a Starr

with a Zele/cope that has a pretty deep Convex Eye-glafs, and fo order it,
that the fis may poeear eas in one place,and {ometimies in another
of it;you may perceive this or that particular colour to be predominant
in the apparent Figure of the Starr, according asitis more or lefs remoté

from the middle of the Lezs. This I had here further explain’d, but that

it does more properly belong'to another placee 6
vital sadetewec ies add fome few Queries, which the confideration
of thefe particulars hinted, and fo finifh this Section,
~ And “a firftI fhall propound is, Whether there may notbe a
artificial tranfparent body of an exact Globular Figure that fhall fo
infle& or refraé all the Rays, that,coming from one point, fall bi cepa
Hemifphere of it; that every one of them may theet on the oppo , ides
_and crofs one another exactly in a points and that it may do the li of
__ withall the Rays that, coming from a Jateral point, fall upon any oe
_- Yemtifphere; for if fo, there were to be twpee a perfection of omen ;

*

233

234

- pMteR OGRAPHTA |.

and a tranfmigration into heaven, even whil ft we remain here upon earth
inthe flefh, and a defcending or penetrating into the center and inner-.
moft recefies of the earth, and all earthly bodies; nay, it would open not
onely a cranney, but a large window (as I may fofpeak) into the Shop of
Nature, whereby we might be enabled to fee both the tools and opera- -
tors, and the very manner of the = it felf of Nature ; this, could
it be effected, would as farr furpafs all other kind of perfpectives asthe
vaft extent of Heaven does the {mall point of the Earth, which diftance
it would immediately remove, and unite them, as twere, into one,at leaft, ©
that there fhould appear no more diftance between them then the length
of the Tube, into the ends of which thefe Glaffes fhould be jnferted:
Now, whether this may not be effected with parcels of Glafs of feveral
denfities, I have fometimes proceeded fo farr as to doubt (though in

© truth, as to the general, | have wholly defpair'd of it) for I have often

obfery d in Optical Glafies a very great variety of the parts, which are
commonly called Veins; nay, fome of them round enough (for they are
for the moft part, drawn out into ftrings) to conftitute a kind of Jens.

This I fhould further proceed to“ope, had any one been fo in-
quifitive as to have found out the way of making any tranfparent body,
either more denfe or more rare} for then it might be poflible to compofe
a Globule that fhould be more denfe in the middle of it, then in any

other part, and to compofe the whole bulk, fo as that there fhould be a

continual gradual tranfition from one degree of denfity to another; fuch
as fhould be found requifite for the defired infle@tion of the tranfmigra-
ting Rays; but of this enough at prefent, becaufe I may fay more of it
when I fet down my own Trials concerning the melioration of Dzoptricks,
where I fhallenumerate with how many {feveral fubftances I have made
both Aficrofcopes, and Telefcepes, and by what and how many, ways: Let
fuch as have leifure and a epee! farther confider it. EB

The next Query fhall be, whetherby the fame collection of a more
denfe body thenthe other, or at leaft, of the denfer part of the other,
there might not be imagin’d a reafon of the apparition of fome new fix'd
Stars, as thofe in the Swan, Caffiope's Charr, Serpentarius,- Pifcis , Ce-
4ws,&e )

Thirdly, Whether it be poffible to define the height of the Atmofphere
from this inflection of the Rays, or from the Quickfilver Experiment of
the rarifaction or extenfion of the Air. ~ . : Wace

Fourthly, Whether the difparity between the upper and under Air be
not fometimes fo great, as to make a reflecting fuperficies; I have had fe-
veral Obfervations which feem to have proceeded from fome fuch caufe,
but it would be too long to relate and examine. them. An Experiment,
alfo fomewhat analogous to this, I have made with Salt-water and Frefh,
which two liquors,in moft Pofitions,feem’d the fame, and not to be fepa-
rated by any determinate fuperficies,which feparating furface yet in fome
other Pofitions did plainly. appear. ave

And if fo, Whether the reafon of the equal bounding or terminus of ©

3 ‘the under parts of the clouds may not proceed from this caufe 3 whether;

Microcrapnia.
fecondly, the Reafon of the apparition of many Suns may not be found
out, by confidering how the Raysof theSun may fo be reflected, as to

defcribe a pretty true Image of the body,as we find them fromany regu-
Jar Superficies. Whether alfo thismay not be found to caufe the appa-

"-gition of fome of thofe Pare/i7, or counterfeit Suns, which appear colous

red,by refracting the Rays fo, asto make the body of the Sun appear in
quite another place thenreally it is. But of this more‘elfewhere.

5. Whether the Phenomena of the Clouds may not be made out by
this diverfity of denfity in the upper and under parts of the Air, by
fuppofing the Air above themto be much lighter then they themfelves
are, and they themfelves to be yet lighter then that whichis fubjacent
tothem, many of them feeming to be the fame fubftance with the Cob-
webs that fly in the Air after a Fo! 7 +3 ‘b

Now that fuch a conftitution of the Air and Clouds, if fuch there be,
may be fufficient to perform this effect, may be confirm'd by this Expe-
timent. ely

Make as ftrong a Solution of Sale as you: are able, then filling a Gla
of fome depth half full withit, fill the other half with freth Water, and
poyle alittle Glafs-bubble, fo as that it may fink pretty quick in frefh
Water, which take and put into the aforefaid Glaf, and you fhall find
it to fink till it comes towards the middle, where it will remain fixt,
without moving either upwardser,downwards, And by afecond Ex
periment, of poifing fuch a bubble in waters whofe.upper part is warmer,

and confequently lighter, then the under, which is colder and-heavier 5

the manner of which follows in this next Query, whichis,
6. Whether the rarifaGtion and condenfation of Water be trot made

after the fame manner, as thofe effects are produc’din the Air by heats ©

for Lonce pois'da feal'd up Gla&-bubble fo exactly, that never fo imal
an addition would make it fink, and as {mall a detraction make it {wim,
which fuffering to reft in that Veflel of Water for fome time , Talwayes
found it about noon to beat the bottom of the Water, ee nights one
in the morning, at the top: Imagining this to proceed from the Ka
faction of the Waters caus d by the heat , Imadetryal, and found moft
true; for Iwas able at any time, either to deprefs, or raifeit, by heat
and cold ; for if I let the Pipe ftand for fome time in cold water, I
could eafily raife the Bubble from the bottom, whither I had a littlea-
fore detruded it, by putting the fame Pipe into warm Water. And a
way [have been able, for a very confiderable time, to keep a Bubble
poys'd in the Water, asthatit fhould remain in the middle, anid neither
fink, nor {wim : For gently heating the upper part of the Pipe ail
Candle, Coal, or hot fron, till I perceived the Bubble begin to a end,
then forbearing, Ihave obferved it to defcend to fuch ot fuch a ftation,
‘and there toremain fafpended for fortie hours, till the heat by ae
“were quite vanifhed , when it would again afcend to its former a dhe
This [have alfo often obferved naturally performed eh a aed ed
Air, which being able to rarifie the upper parts of the . Of a ; re
then the lower, by reafon of its Se contatt, the heat 9
i 2

23

5

236

MicrocGRapuHaia, |
has fometimes fo {lowly increafed, that I have obferved the Bubble to be

{ome hours in pafling between the top and bottom.

7. Whether the appearance of the Pzke of Tezerif, and feveral other

- high Mountains, at fo much greatera diftance then feems to agree with

ae ame

their refpective heights, be not to be attributed to the Curvature of the
vifual Ray, that is made-by its pafling obliquely through fo differingly
Denfe a\‘Medium from the top to the eye very far diftant in the Horj-
zon: For fince we have a I hope, made it very probable, that
there is fuch an inflection of the Rays by the differing denfity of the
parts of the Air; and fince Ihave found, by feveral Experiments made
on places comparatively not very high, and have yet found the preffure
fuftain’d by thofe parts of the Air at the top and bottom, and alfo their
differing Expanfions very confiderable : Infomuch that I have found the
preffure of the Atmo/phere lighter at the top of St. Paul's Steeple in Lon-
dow { which is about two hundred foot high ) then at the bottom by a
fixticth or fiftieth part, and the expanfion at the top greater then that at
the bottom by neer about fo much alfo; for the Aéercurial Cylinder atthe
bottom was about 39. inches, and at the top halfaninch lower 3 the Air _
alfo included in the Weather-glafs,that at the bottom fill d only 155. fpa-
ces, at the top fill’d 158. though the heat at the top and bottom was
found exactly the fame. witha fcal’d Thermometer: I think it very rational

to fuppofe, that the greateft Curvature of the Rays is made neareft the

Earth,and that the inflection of the Rays, above 3. or 4. miles upwards, is
very inconfiderable, and therefore that by this means fuch calculations of
the height of Mountains, as are made fromthe diftance they are vifiblein

the Horizon,from the fuppofal that that Ray isa ftraight Line (that fom

the top of the Mountain is, as'twere, a Tangent to the Horizon whence it
is {een ) which really is a Curve, is very erroneous. Whence, I fuppofe,pro-
ceeds the reafon of the exceedingly differing Opinions and. Afflertions of
feveral Authors, about the height of feveral very high Hills. ass

' 8. Whether this Inflection of the Air will not very much alter the fup-

poled diftances of the Planets, which feemto have a very great de

. dence upon the Hypothetical refraction or inflection of the Air, and that

refraction upon the hypothetical height and denfity of the Air: For
fince (as I hope ) Ihave here fhewn the Air to be quite otherwife then
has been hitherto fuppos'd, by manifefting itto be, both of a vaft > at
leat an uncertain, height, and of an unconftant and irregular denfity ;
It mutt neceflarily follow, that its inflection muft be saat accordingly’:
And therefore we may hence learn, upon what fure grounds all the A-
{tronomers hitherto have built, who have calculated the diftance of the
Planets from their Horizontal Parallax 5, for fince the Refraction and Pa-
rallax are {o nearly ally’d, that the one cannot be known without the
other, efpecially by any wayes that have been yet attempted, how uncer-
tain muft the Paral/ax be,when the Refraction is unknown? And how eafie
is it for Aftronomers to affign what diftance they pleafe to the Planets,and
defend them,when they have fuch a curious ubterfuge as that of Refratti-

‘ on,wherein a very little variation will allow them liberty enough to place

the Celeftial es at what diftance they pleafe,

MicrocGRaPHta.
if therefore we would come to aity certainty in this point, we multge
other wayes to work 5 and asI have bee ehaningdthn ciel am,
Give property of the Air by other, wayes the are, wual, foimuftwe
find the Parallax of the Planets by wayes not yet ‘practifed > and to ai
end, cannot imagine any better way, thenthe Obfervations of thes b
two perfons at very far diftant parts of the Earth, that lye as feekas my

ok

be under the fame Meridian, or,Degree of longitude , but differinig-as
muchin latitude, as there can be ae eocesiehdae toa : Tee
-perfons, at certain appointed times, fhould (as ne —
atthefamietime, obferve the way of the, Alvony Afars,. Venus, “Fapiter,
and Saturn, amongft the fixt Stars, witha good large Telelcope, , and. mar
king little-Iconifmes, or pictures, of; the fall fixed Stars, checareeee
each of, them to lye in or near the wayof the Genter of the Planet, -arid
the exa¢t meafure of the apparent Diameter 5 from. the comparing’ of
fuch Obfervaticns together, we might, certainly know'the true diftance;
or Parallax, of the Planet. And having any one true Parallax of thefe
Planets, we might very eafily have the other by, theirapparent,Diame>
ters, which the Tele(copelikewile affords us very. accurately. And thence
their motions might be much better known, and-their Theories. more,ex-
actly regulated. And _for this purpofe; I know, inot,any’ one place.more
convenient for fuchan Obfervation to be made in, then in the Ifland.of
St. Helena, upon the Coatt of Africk,, which lyes. about fixteen degrees
tothe Southwards of the Line,, and, isvery mears,according to the lateft
Geographical Maps, in. the fame Meridian with Lendom; for-though
they may not perhaps lye exactly in the fame, yet.their Obfervations,
being ordered according to what 1 hall anon fhew, it will not be diffi-
cult to find the truediftance of the Planet. But were they both under
- the fame Meridian; it would be muchbetter. ie 2 A tg HEE
“And becaufe Obfervations may. be much. eafier, and more accurately,
made with good Telefcopes, then with.any, other Inftruments, it wall.not,
Ifuppofe, feem impertinent to explain a. little what, wayes| judges
fit and. convenient for that particular... Such: therefore as fhall be

ao
sts

Obfervators for this purpofe, fhould be furnifhed withthe belt pelghapest

that canbehad, the longer the better. and. more,exaét will their Oblet=
vations be, though.they are. fomewhat the more. diflicultly manag'd.
Thefe fhould be fitted with a Rete, or divided Scale, plac’d at fuchaydi-

{tance within the Eye-glafs,that they may be diftin@ly feen, which thould

be the meafures of minutes and feconds 3 by this Inftrument_ each Ob-
fervator fhould, at certain prefixt times, obferye the Moon;.or other
Planet, in, or very near, the Meridian 5. and becaufe it may be very, diffi-
cult to find two convenient {tations that will happen, tobe. jut under the
fame Meridian, they fhall, each of them, obferve,the

both for an hour before, and an hour after, it. arrive at the h

and bya line, or ftroke, amongft the {mall fixed. Stars; they.f
N: bfery'd the Center of; the Fiat

out the iy ae each.of them obierv, ter cath
mov'd in for thofe two hours : Thefe Obfervations each:

repeat for many dayes together, that both it may happen, that-both of

way of the Planet

2a4

(298

MicroGRaPpula.

them:may fometimes make their Obfervations together, and that from
divers Experiments we may be the better aflured of what certainty and
exactnef§ fuch kind of ‘Obfervations are like to prove. And becaufe ma-
ny of the Stars which may happen to come within the compals.of fich
an Iconifm, or Map, may be fuch as are only vifible through a good Teh-
Jeope, whole Pofitions perhaps have not been noted, nor their longitudes,
or latitudes, any where remarked; therefore each Obfervator fhould in-
deavour to infert fome fixt Star,whofe longitude, and latitude, is known 5
or with his Te/e/cope he fhall find the Pofition of fome notable telefcopical
Star, inferted in his Map, to fome known fixt Star, whofe place in the Zo-
diack is well defin’d. aya
Having by this means found the true diftance of the Moon, and ha-
ving obferved well the apparent Diameter of it at that time with a good
Telefcope; it is eafie enough, by one fingle Obfervation of the apparent
Diameter of the Moon with a good Glaf, to determine her diffances
in any other part of her-Orbit, or Dragon, and: confequently, {ome few
Obfervations will tell us, whether fhe be mov’d in an El/ipfis, Cwhich, by
the way, may alfo be found, even now, though think we are yet igno-
rant of her true diftance)) and next ( which without fich Obfervati-
ons, I think, we thall not be fure of ) we may know exactly the bignefs of
thar E/4pfis, or Circle, and her true velocity in each part, and thereby be
much ‘the better inabled to find out the true caufe of all her Motions.
And though, even now alfo, we may, ‘by fuch Obfervations in one ftati-
on, a5 here at Lowdox; obferve the apparent Diameter and motion of the
Moon in her Dragon , and confequently be inabled to make a better
ghefs at ‘the species or kind of Curve, in which fheis mov'd, that is,
whether it be {pherical, or e//iptical, or neither, and with what propor-
tional velocities fhe is carried in that Curve 3 yettill her true Parallax
be knowii, we cannot determine either. | iG eae
. Next, for the true diftance of the Sun, the beft way will be, by accu-
rate Obfervations, madé in both thefe forementioned {tations, of fome
convenient Eclipfe of the Sun, many of which may fo happen , as to be
feen by both; for the Pexumbra of the Moon may, if the be fixty Semi-
diameters diftant from the Earth, and the Sun above feven thoufand, ex-
tend to about feventy degrees on the Earth , and confequently be feen
by Obfervators as far diftant as London, and St. Helena, which are not
full fixty nine degrees diftant. And this would much more accurately,
then any way that has been yet ufed, determine the Parallax, and di-
ftance, of the Sun; for asfor the Horizontal Parallax Ihave already
fhewn it fufficiently uncertain 5 nor is the way of finding it by theEclipfe
of the Moon any other then hypothetical ; and thet by the difference of
the true and apparent quadrature of the Moon is lefs‘net uncertain, wit-
nefS their Dedurttions from it,who have made ule of it 5 for Vendeline puts
that difference to be but 4’. 30", whencé he deduces a vaft diftance of
the Sun, asI have before fhewn. Ricciolo makes it full 30°. 00. but Re

_ noldué,and Kircher, no lef then three degrees. And no wonder, for if

We examine the Theory, we fhall find it fo complicated with uncertain-
ties, | : Firft,

MIcROGRAPHItA

Firft, From the irregular furface of the Moon, and ftom feveral Paral-
laxes, that unlefs the Dichotomy happen in the Nonagefimus of the Eclip-

tick, and that in the Meridian, ec. all which happen fo very feldom,

.

that it is almoft impoffible to make them otherwife then uncertainly.

Befides, we are not yet certain, but that there may be fomewhat about

the Moon azalogws to the Air about the Earth, which may caufe a refra-
étion of the light of the Sun, and confequently makea great difference
in the apparent dichotomy of the Moon. Their way indeed is very
rational and ingenious ; and {uchasis much to be preferr'd before the
way by the Horizontal Parallax, could all the uncertainties be remov'd,
and were the true diftance of the Moon known. | |

But becaufe we find by the Experiments of Vendiline, Reinoldws, &c:
that Obfervations of this kind are very uncertain alfo? It were to be
wifht, that fuch kind of Obfervations, made at two very diftant ftati-
ons, were promoted. And it is fo much the more dchttistes ecaute, from

_what I have now fhewn of the nature of the Air, itis evident, that the

oat dhicn may be very much greater thenall the Aftronomers hitherto

have imagined it: And confequently, that the diftance of the Moon, and
other Planets, maybe much lefle then what they have hitherto made
it, iad tom

For firft, this Inflection, I have here propounded, will allow the fha-
dow of the Earth to be much fhorter then it canbe made by the other
Hypothefis of refraction, and confequently, the Moon will not fuffer an
Eclipfe, unlefs it comes very much nearer the Earth then the Aftronomers

hitherto have fuppofed it. —

Secondly, There will not in this Hypothefis be any other fhadow of the

: Earth, fuch as Kepler fuppofes, and calls the Penumbra, whichis the fha-

dow of the refracting Atmofphere 5 for the bending of the Rays being al-

. together caus’d by Inflection, as I have already thewn , all that part

which is afcribed by Kepler, and others after him, to the Penumbra, or
dark part, which is without the wbra terre, does clear vanifh 5 for in

_ this Hypothefis there is no refracting furface of the Air, and confequently —

there can be no fhadows, fuch as appear inthe ninth Figure of the 37.
Scheme, where let ABC D reprefent the Earth, and EF GH the 4-
mofphere;which according to Keplers fuppofition,is like a Sphere of Water
terminated with an exact furface EF GH, let the lines MF, LB, ID,
K H, reprefent the Rays of theSun; ’tismanifett, that all the Rayes be~
tween LB, and ID, will be reflected by the» furfaee of the Earth
BAD, and confequently, the conical fpace BOD would be dark and
obfcure; but, fay the followers of Kepler, the Rays between MF, vand

LB, and between’ 1D, and K H, ‘falling on the Atmofphere , are re~

fracted, both at their ingrefs and e refs out of the Atmofphere, nearer to~
wards the Axis of the {perical fhadow CO, and confequently, inlighten®

a great part of that former dark Cone, and fhorten, and contract, its top
toN. And becaufe of this Reflection of thefe Rays, fay they, there 1s
fuperinduc’d another fhell of a dark Cone F P H, who eApexP is yet
further diftant from the Earth: By this Peewmbra, fay they, =r

239

240

MicrocGRAPHuHia.

is. Echpfed, for it alwayes pafles between the lines 1 2, and

4 To which I fay, That if the Air befuch, asI have newly fhewn it to
be, and confequently caufe fuchan inflection of the Rays that fall into
it, thofedark Pexumbra's FYZQ, HX VT, andORP S, willall va- —
nifh. For if we fuppofe the Air indefinitely extended, and to be no
where bounded with a determinate refracting furface, as Thavethewn
it uncapable of having, from the nature of it; it will follow, that the

Moon will no where be totally ob{cured, but when it is below the A pex

' Nj of the dark blunt Cone of the Earth’s fhadow:Now,from the fuppofi-

tion, that the Sun is diftant about feven thoufand Diameters, the point

_N, according to calculation, being not above twenty five terreftrial Se-

midiameters from the Center of the Earth: It follows, that whenfoever
the Moon eclipfed is totally darkned, without affording any kind of
light, it muft be within twenty five Semidiameters of the Earth, and con-

_ fequently much lower then any Aftronomers have hitherto put it.

This will feem much more confonant to the reft of the fecundary Pla-
nets 5 for the higheft of Fupiter’s Moons is between twenty and thirty
Jovial Semidiameters diftant from the Center of Jupiter; andthe Moons .
of Saturz much about the fame number of Saturnial Semidiameters from
the Center of that Planet.

» But thefe are but conjectures alo,and muft be determin’d by fuch kind
of ObfervationsasI have newly mention’d. =

Nor willit be difficult, by this Hypothefis, to falve all the appearances
of Eclipfes of the Moon, for in this Hypothefis alfo, there will be,on each
fide of the fhadow of the Earth, a Pezumbra, not causd by the Refratti-
onof the Air, as in the Hypothefis of Kepler; but by the faint inlight-
ning of it by the Sun : For if, inthe fixth Figure,we fuppofe ES Q.,, and
G SR;to be the Rays that, terminate the ye at hen eitherfide of the |

Earths ESQ coming from the upper limb of the Sun, andG SR. from

the under it will. follow, that the fhadow of the ‘Earth, within thofe
Rays, that is, the Cone GSE, willbetotally dark. But the Sun being

nota point, but a large area of light, there willbe a fecondary dark

Cone of fhadow EPG, which willbe caus’d by the earth's hindring
part of the Rays of the Sun-trom falling on the parts G PR, and EP Q.
of which halved thadow, or Penumbra, that part will: appear brighteft
whichlyes neareft the terminating Rayes G P, and EP, and thofe dar-
kerthat lye neareft to GS, and ES: whentherefore the Moon ap-

, povaiytsc dark in the middle of the Eclipfe,fhe muft be below §,that is,
Ww

vy fs
s - tray :
and Py. pat
‘ ee
ere : -
LS 2 ae
ahh

vech § and. Fs when fhe appears lighter near the middleof the
Eclipfe; the muft pafs fome where between RQ:and $3 and when the
is altke light through the whole Eclypfe, the muft pafs between RQ,

*

Stellarum magnatuvines =

3 "ee a 6 73 9 tusy

ee

‘+

~ Scbem : XXxvin-

;*
x
*
>
cS)
>»
» +
+ t
vk
*
; ©

iO}
+
oe

3
q
F
A

je
: ‘

MicRocRaPuHiiag

— Obferv. LIX. Of multitudes: of fall Scars. difcoverable by ibe
Telefcope. | O.codse "mods msctily os olda
,premisd fome aby obleryable
pon Celefiial Objects,
thenlelves ; mae a
venStars, commonly fo
appear no more, then fix
the defervedly fa-
Afterifine, was able, it

Aving,in the laft Obfervation
in the wedinm,through whic
Itball here add ene Obfervationof the, Bodies
jpecimen | have made choice of the Plezades, or fe
called ( though in our time and Climate there
tothe naked eye ) and this I did the rather, becaufe
publitht.a Picture of this

hwe,muft look u

- mous Galileo, having

feems, with his Glafs to difcovernomore then t

, | rty ix, whereas with a
_ apretty good twelve foot Telefcope,by which I drew.this ifm,\.could
very plainly, diicover feventy cigMt: placed inthe order re ranger
in the Figure, and of as many differing Magnitudes as the Afferishs,
wherewith they are Marked, do fpecifie ; there being no lefs then four-
teen feveral Magnitudes of thofe Stars, which are compris’d within the
draught, the biggeft whereof is not accounted greater then one of the
third Magnitude; and,tadeedithat acoount ismnch too big,if it be coms
pared with other Stars of the third Magnitude, efpecially by the help of
a Telefcope ; for then by it may be perceiv'd, that its{plendor, to the na-
ked eye, may be fomewhat \augmented by the three Jintle Starsinmmedg.
ately aboveit,; which are nearadjoyning to it. The Jelefcope alfo difce.
wers a great ‘variety, eveminthe bignefs of thofe, commonly reckon’‘d, of
the firlt, fecond, third, fourth, fifth, and fixth :
eby, thofeilx Magni

tude; fo that thould
és'would, at leaf, af-

hey bedi
> a ear Magnitudes, plainly enough di-

ford no lefs then ae anergy aya ae
nguifhable by their Magniunde, brightnefss {oithat.a good twelve

| foor Glak ape afford 1s no lefs then twenty five fevesial Magnitudes,
© Norare thefeall, but a longer Glafsdoes yet further, both more nicely
an itudes.of thofe already noted, and alfo difoover fe-
, not difcernable by ithe twelve foot

veral other of fmaller Magnitudes
¢ od thincy fix foot Glas, to difeo-

| GlaG: Thus have Tbeen able witha good i
y more Stars inthe Pleiades thenare here delineated, andthole
itudesie{s then amy of t
inkling of diversothe

theremight be
i Andane

SF eked oF for difting Magnitude

: h Magnitude.» And by the tw |

ersfine, when the Sky was very clear,’ lam apt tot

Glafles; or fach-as would beara bigger aperture,

=i og {mall ee
he difcovery of fmall Stars, the Diggs

rer adapted is the GlaGé forthough pechaps tt does tmake the feveral

thavmeans, umiting more Rays

hofe.radiant points

difcovered ‘multit
for the i

secks more radiant, and glaring, yerby
| vey west Up pons toe coke

244.

__ like the {pots of the Moon, the top ‘of thofe Hills are like adith;!orbae .

MicroGRarHtia.
bafter., there feeming to be generated in the Earth fromfome fubtéy-
raneous fires, or heat; great quantities of vapours; that! is, of expan-
ded aerial fubftances, which not prefently finding a: paflage through the
ambient parts of the Earth, do, as they are incréafed by thefupplying
and generating principles, and thereby¢ having not fufficientiroom to
expand, themlelves.) extreamly condens‘d:,\atJaft overpower; with
their elafiick properties, the refiftence of the incompafling Earth, ‘and
lifting it up, or cleaving it, and fo: fhattering of the parts of the'Earth

above it, do at length, where they find the parts of the Earth abovethem

more loofe, make their way upwards, and carrying a great part of the
Earth before them, rot only raife a {mall brim roel about the place,out
of whichthey break , but for the moft: part confiderable high’Hills and
Mountains, and when they: break: from under the’ Sea, divers ‘times,
mountainous) fflands 5 this feems confirm'd by the Vulcans: in feveral
places of the Earth, the mouths of which, for the moft part) areincom-
pafied withia Hill of aconfiderable*htight, andthe tops of thofe Hills,
or Mountains, are ufually thap'd very much like thefe: pits; or dithes, of
the Moon «' Inftances of 'this'we have inthe defcriptions of Ztva in sx
ctl, of Heclain Iceland, of Tenerif in the Canaries, of the feverabval-
cans in New-Spain, delcrib'd: by'Gage, and more efpecially inthe erupti>
onof late yearsin one of the Cavary I{lands: » In all'‘ofwhich there is: not
only a'cdnfiderable high Hilt raifed-about the mouth of the Vz/eax, but,

fon. . And indeed, if -oneattentively confider the nature of the thing,

| One may find fufficient reafon to judge’, ‘that it cannot be otherwife 5; for

thefe eruptions, whether of fire, or fmoak;' alwayesrayfing great quan:
tities of Earth before them; muft neceflarily; by:the fall of thofe parts
on eitherfide, raife very confiderable- heaps. Hvwdup 2d bluow Hist
» Now; both from the “figures of them, and from féveral other: cir-
cumftahces; thefe: pits inthe Moonfeem to have ‘been’ generated
much after. the fame manner that ‘the holes inAlabafter, and: the Vals
caus of the Barth are made. ‘For ‘firfty.itis not improbable, ‘but that
the fubftance of the!Moon may be! very ‘much like that'of our Earth,
that is, may confift‘of anearthy, fandy, or: rocky fubftance,'in feveral of
its fuperficial parts, which parts being agitated; undermin'd; or theav'd
up, by. €ruptions. of vapours; may’ naturally ‘be thrown into thefame
kind of figured holes,'as the {mall duft, or powder of Alabafter;| Next;
itis not improbable, but that there may be'generatéd,!wichin the body
of the Moon, divers fuch kind of internal’ fires and) heats, asmay pro
duce fiich Exhalations’ 'for fince we can ‘plainly enough difcover with 4

Telefeope;:that there ‘are: multitudes of fach’ kind ‘of¢eruptioné im thé

body of:the Sun itelf;: which is accounted the moft'noble Atheriali bo-
dy, certainly we need not be much fcandaliz’d:at fueh kind of aleera4

4 tions, ‘or corruptions, inthe body: of this lower and lef confiderable

"Ratt of the univerfe, the Moon, which is only fecundary,"or attendant,
-On-the bigger, ‘arid moreconfiderable body-of theEarth.' ‘Thirdly; tis

not unlikely, “but that ‘fappofing fuch 'fandy or mouldring fabftance ry

, ae

i al i a i a

MicrocrarHin

be there found, and {uppofing alfo a poffibility of the generation of tt
internal elajtical body (whether you will call it sath vapours ) a
not unlikely. I fay, but that there isin the Moon.a rinciple of gravita-
tion, fuch as inthe Earth. And to make this Seobabile, I think, we need
no better Argument, then the roundnefs, or globular Figure of the bos
dy of the Moon it {elf, which we may perceive very plainly by the Te
lefcope, to be ( bating the fmall inequality of the Hills and Vales init,
which are all of them likewife fhap'd, or levelled, as it were, tw anifwer
to the center of the Moons body }) perfectly of @ Spherical figure,’ that
is, all the parts of it are forang’d ( bating the comparitively {mall rug-
gednefS ‘of the Hills and Dales )) that the outmtoft bounds of themare
equally diftant. from the Center of the Moon,’ and confequently, it is
exceedingly probable alfo, that they are equidiftant from the Center of
gravitation; and indeed, the figure of die hupeeRcia! parts of the Moon
are fo exactly thap'd, according as they fhould be, ‘fuppofing it had a
gravitating principle «as the Earth has, that’even the figure of thofe
parts themfelves is of fufficient efficacy to make the gravitation, and the
other two fuppofitions probable: fo that the other fippofitions may be
rather prov d ‘by this'confiderable Circumftance, ‘or Obfervation, ‘then’
this: fuppos'd Explication can by ‘them 5 for he that thall attentively
obferve with an excelent Tele/eope, how ali the Circumftances, notable in
the fhape of the fuperficial parts, are, as it were, exactly adapted to
fede-wvieh Gich 4 principle will he wem Conidete Che ulaal mepiod GFN:
tured its other proceedings, find abundant argument to believe it to have
really there alfofuch a principle; for Tcould never obferve,among all'the
mountainous or prominent parts of the Moon ( whereofthere isa huge
variety ) that any one part of it was plac’d in fuch a manner,that if there
fhould be a gravitating, or attracting principle in the body of the Moon,
it would make that part to fall, or be mowd out of its vifible pofture.
Next, the fhape and pofition of the parts is fuch, that they all feem put
into thofe very fhapes they are inby a gravitating power - For firft,there
are but very few clifts, or very fteep declivities in the afcent of thefe
Mountains; for befidesthofe Mountains, which are by Hevelizs call’d the
Apennine Mountains, and fome other, which feem to border on the Seas
of the Moon, and thofe only upon one fide, asis common alfoin thofe
Hills that arehere on the Earth; there are very few that feemto have
eg {teep afcents, but, for the moft part, they are made very round,
and much refemble the make of the Hills and Mountains allo of the
Earth ; thismay be partly perceived by the Hills incompafling this Vale,
which Ihave here defcrib’d ; and as on the Earth alfo, the middlemoft
of thefe Hills feems the higheft, fo is it obvious alfo, through a good Te-
lefeope, in thofe of the Moon ; the Vales alfo in many are much fhap'd
like thofe of the Earth, and Iam apt to think, that could we look upon
the Earth from the Moon, with a good Telefcope, we might eafily enough
perceive its furface to be very much likethat of the Moon.
Now whereas in this {mall draught, (as there would be multitudes if

the whole Moon were drawn after this manner) there are feveral little
Ebullitions,

245

246

MicROGRAPHIA.

Ebullitions, or Difhes, even in the Vales themfelves,and in the incompaf-
fing Hillsalfo 5 this will, from this fuppofition, ( which I have, I think, up-
on very good reafon taken) be exceeding eafily explicable; for, as I
have feveral times alfo obferv'd, inthe furface of Alabafter fo ordered,
as I before defcrib’d, fo may the later eruptions of vapours be evenin the
middle, or on the edges of the former 5; and other fucceeding thefe alfo
in time may be in the middle or edges of thefe, ec. of which there are
Inftances enough in divers parts of the body of the Moon, and bya
boyling pot of Alabafter will be fufficiently exemplifi'd.

To conclude therefore, it being very probable, that the Moon has a
principle of gravitation , it affords an excellent diftinguifhing Inftance
in the fearch after the caufe of gravitation, or attraction, to hint, that it

. does not depend upon the diurnal or turbinated motion of the Earth, as

fome have fomewhat inconfiderately fuppofed and affirmed it to do; for
if the Moon has an attractive principle, whereby it is not only fhap'd
round , but does firmly contain and hold all its parts united, though
many of them feem as loofe asthe fand on the Earth, and that the Moon
isnot mov'd about its Center; thencertainly the turbination cannot be
the caufe of the attraction of the Earth; and therefore fome other
principle muft be thought of, that will agree with all the fecundary as
wellas primary Planets. But this, Iconfefs, is but a probability, and
not a demonftration, which (from any Obfervation yet made) it feems
hardly capable of, though how fuccefsful future indeavours (promoted
by the meliorating of Glafies, and obferving particular circumf{tances)
may bein this, or any other, kind, muft be with patience expected.

> gs
E . di é
ote ain cle ole clo ate ote ale te cl ote ale abe ale ote ale ole ale ols cle ofe 2
PaO Tetate Ta : oA 7 AP : le ofe obo ake ote
BQO ARS. y ane Ste t xg IDs @ ORORE 2 2582 Heo
Gied Cis y BHD BHD DOWD BT: CHABAD HIGHS AOE ; DOwaGHar A Feo
Ce Us GS GS GIBogs p> USSU CR SERESES ae pee

Pag. : 6 Stet
1 Obfervat.1..Ofthe point of a Nee-
4 - Deleription of it: what other
A Bodies have the fharpeft points :
of the ruggednefs of polifht Atetal. A
3 defcription of a printed point. Of ve-
ry {mall writing, and the ufe of zt for
fecret intelligences the caufe of the
courfnefs of printed lines and points-

3 A defeription of it 2 the caufes of
5. its roughnefe: of the roughnefs of very
well polifht optick Glaffes.

-. Obler.3OF fineLawn,
| A defeription of it: A filken Flax

mention dan attempt to explicate the
Phenomena of it, witha .conjecture
at the caufe of the glofvof Silk.

Obferv. 4. OF Tabby.

- A fhortdelcription of it. A conje-
7 dure about the reafom why Silk % fo
> fifeeptible of vivid colours: and why
Flax and Hair is not. A conjecture,
°< that it may perhaps be poffible to fpin
a kind of artificial silk out of fome

THE T

f es Obferv.2. Of the Edge.of a Razor.

iss’ 1% aa Pe Sa 0 VSbh

he, has nace SAC oe hee Pag.
fome other Phenomena. mention'd 10
depending on the fame canes

ia Obferv: 6 Of Glaf-Canes.

‘The exceeding fmalnef of fome of
thefe Bodies . By ae oar. sob
lownefs of thefe farall pipes was difco-
ver d: feveral Phenomena of it men- 11
tion'd. An attempt to explicate then
from the congruity and incongruity of 12
Bodies: what thofe proprieties are. A 13
Aypothetical aah: fat sof
the fluidity of the air,and feveral other 14
Phenomena of 7t : of congruity @ in- 15,
congruity; illuftrated mith several Ex- 16

eriments:what effets may beafcrib'd 17
to thefe properties - an explication of 18
the roundnel® of the furface of finid

Bodies : how the ingrefs of fluid bodies 19 :

into a fimall hole of an heterogenious 20
body is hindred by,incougruity; a
wmltitude. of Phenomenaexplrcable 23

hereby. Several Queries propounded ,

1. Concerning the propagation of light «
through differing mediums: 2. Con- 22
cerning Gravity. 3. Concerning the
roundnefs of the Sun, Moon, and Pla~
nets. 4. Concerning the roundnefi of
Fruits, Stones, and divers artificial
Bodies. His Highnefs Prince Ruperts 23
way of making Shot. Of the roundnefs 24.

glutinows fubftance that may equalize | of Hail. of the grain of Kettering
auietid oe yy cs yt | Stonezand of the Sparks of fires5.Con> 25
Ma Teles Yo ths 9 Sous | cerming. fpringy ‘and tenacity.

- Obfery. 5. OF water'd Silks,
? gee Fe A as AN e % Aes : veh
~ © \ghepreat unaccuratenels of artifi-

cil ior hes 8 defeription Piece |e concerning tbe uviverfality of this 28

water d Silk; an Explitation of the
cane of the Phenomena’ ‘the way by
“< which that operationvisperform'd

*

3 HAC
6) Concerning the original, of Foun- 26
tains; feveral Hiftories amd Expert
ments relating thereto..7.Concerning 27.
the. diffolution of Bodies in:Liquors.

Principles what method was taken in
making andapplyingexpermments. T he

explication — S

=

The. Taste.

explication of filtration, and feveral
29 aR “ef 3fuch as the motion
of Bodies on the furface of Liquors; fe-
30 veral Experiments wtention d to this
__-purpofe.Of the height to which the wa-
ter may rife in thefe Pipes,and a conje-
31 Pure about the juices of Vegetables,
the ufe of their pores. A further expli-
cation of Congruity:.4nd an attempt of

folving the Phenomena of the firange —
Experiment of the fufpenfion of the

32 Mercury at 2 much greater height
then thirty inches, The efficacy of ime-
seediate contad, and the reajen of it.

breaking and flawing of them, expli-
— inthe fame man

ner : fome other tryals, and a defcrip-

1 tion f the tig kh
conjedures atthe caufe of the Phx-

- nomena,i#deavonred to be made pro-
36 bable by feveral Arguments and Expe-
riments.An Experiment of the expan-
fionof Water by heat,and fhrinking by
cold + the like Proprieties fuppos'd in

37 Glefdrops, and what effets proceed
from them: the feven Propofitions on
which the conjedures are grounded,
Experiments to shew, that bodies ex-
38 pand by heat. The manner of making
Thermometers , avd the Inftrument

3 , 39 for graduating thene, The manner of

“graduating them, and their ufe- 0-
ther Experiments to prove the expan-
4° fron of bodies by heat.F our experimen-

tal Arguments to prove the expanfion
40 of Glaff by heat: Ferther grant digeils
A which isexplicated. Anexplication

42 Omeooling. An explication bow the

3 adr rete bent by fad- | reafons of

cold, and how kept frome extrica-

iis

age
os

Figures:what other Bodies are-like it:

ting themfelues by the contignation of —
the Seren ; which a further ex-.
plicated by another Experiment made ,
with a hollow Glafs ball: the reafon of 43
the flying afunder of the parts further
explicated : that ‘ta probable thefe be-
diés may have many flaws, though uot
vifible,and why: how a gradual heat-

ing and cooling does put the parts of 44 -

Gla, and other hardwed bodies ,
into a loofer texture. |

Obferv..8. Of Fiery Sparks. ‘< ee

The occafion and manner of ma-
hing this Experiment: divers Obfer- 45
vations fet down in order to the find
ing out thereafous : fome conjetiures
concerning it, which are endeavoured
to beexphicated and confirm'd by fe-
veral Experiments and Reafons: the 46
Hypothefis # Little further: explica-
ted, Some Obfervations about the
Globular Figure: and an Experiment
of reducing the filings of Tin or Lead
to exattly round Globules. |

Obferv, 9. Of Fantaftical Colours. 4_

The texture of Muftovy Glas its
that it exhibits feveral colours , and bi
how:fever al Obfervations and Experi-
ments about

till it become colour'd. Secondly, by
producing all kinds of colours with
two flat Plates of Glafs,. Thirdly, by

| blowing Gla fo thin im the Lamp, till :
| a eee :
Of the contratting of heated Glaf np- | doing the with Bubbles of di-

4 alling of ad vers other tranfparent pte the

efled. Fourtbly,by

: the colours on nealed Steel,
where by the may the. canjes of the 5?
hardning ©

eRe chat ai. s eiR iuiteheitniiiemenain sine eis a

lpn

‘
’

The: Ff ae pi

| 4 52 hardning and tempering of Steel,
: endeavour d to be hewn andexplica-

ted by feveral Reafons and Experi-

ments: the yeafon of the colours:on

i | 5 3 Lead, Brafs, Copper, Silver, Ke..other.

Inflances of fuch colour'd-bodies ix
animal fubftances: feveral other di-
—sftinguifhing Obfervations. Des Cartes
54 Hypothefis of Colours examin'd.: An
Hypothefis for the explication, of
light by motion, indeavoured tobe
a explicated and determined by.feve-
«+55 ral Reafons and Experiments : three
_ diftingnifhing Properties of the moti-
56 Of light. Tbe dijtinguifbing Broper=
ties of a trafparent Medium {that
there feems to be no Experiment that
"proves the. Infiantancows motion. of
7 light | the manner of the propagati-
on of light through them. Of the ho-
-omogeniety avd heterogeniety of
tranfparent Mediums , and what ef-
fe&s they canfeon the Rayes of light,

58 nation of ‘ther cfrattion of the Rays
by a plain Surface, which caufes.Co-
lours, An Examination of the like ef-
feEs produced by a fpherical Surface :
the ufe that may be wade of thefe Ex-
periments , for the examination of
feveral Hypotheles of Colours. Des

60 Cartes Hypothefis examin'd. Some

61 Difficulties taken notice of in it. What
feenes moft likely ta be the a of ¢o-

“fours that propriety 7s indeavoured

92 10 be hewn ina Glafs ball: that the
reflection is not neceffary to produce

63 Colours nor adouble refrattion : the

: is er examined,both in

64 the pellucid Medium aud in the Eye.

‘The definitions of Colours;and a fur-

65 ther explication and examination if

66 the Proprieties of Jaminated Bodies 5

67 by what means they conduce to the
produttion of Colours.

Obferv. 10. Of Metalline Colours.
63 © That all Colours feem tobe cans d by

refradion. .AnHypothelis confonaut..
hereunto,explicated by Figures. How 69
Jeveral Experiments, of the fudden
changing of Colours by Chymical Lim -
quors, may be hereby explicated : how 70
many twayes fuch Chymical. Liguers
may alter the colours of Bodies; ©
Objettions made againft this Aypo=7t
thefis of two colours only,indeavour-
ed t0 be: anfirer'd, by fever al Reafons)
and Experiments. The reafon why 72
fome Colours are capable of beingdi-

luted,others not : what thofe ares that
probably the particles of moft, metal-
Line Colours are tran{parent 5 for this.
Several Arguments.and Obfervations,
are recited : how Colours become in-.73
capable of diluting, explicated by.a
Similitude, An Inftrument, by which 74
one andthe fame coloured Liquor. at
once exhibited all the degrees of co-
lours. between the paleft, yellow and

| deepal eda. Leif another that.
explicat ed bya Figure: .an-Exami- | exbi

ibited all varieties of blues: fe-
veral Experiments try d with the ba
Boxes, An Objedion drawn from the 75

| nature of Painters colours anfwered:
that diluting and whitening a colour

are different operations 3 as are
deepening and blackening: why fome
may be diluted by grinding, and fome
orher by being tempered with Oylr
feveral Experiments for the explica- 76
ting of fome former Affertions : why 77
Painters are forced to make ufe of ~

colours : what thofe colours are :
and how mixt. The conclufion, that 78
moft coloured Bodies feem to confift
of tran{parent particles : that allco- 79
lours diffoluble in Liquors are capa- |
a ftrange variety may thereby be pro-

Obferv. 11. OF

"pe ha lanes “ahi
of pipers :

Shapes. of 8a

COMMON —

-

~The c¥ Apres:

common and other Sands : -a.defcri-
ption of avery fmall Shell,

81 Obferv. 12, Of Gravel in Urine.

A defcription of fuch Gravel, and
82 fometryals made with it, and conje-
Fures at its caufe.

Obfer. 13. Of Diamonds in Flints.
A defeription and examination of
fome of them, explicated further by

83 Corkifh Diamonds : feveral obférva-
tions about reflection and refraction :

and fome deduttions therefrom ; as
an explication of whitene(s; that the
Air has a fironger refletion then Wa-

84 ter. How feveral Bodies may be made
tranjparent > an explication of the
g5 Phenomena of Oculus Mundi. of
thé regen ‘ar Geometri al. Figures of

96 feveral Bodies : an hypotheticalexplh-
| Gz cation mentioned: the method of pro-
Seenting this inquiry.

38 “Obfery 14: Of frozen Figure’.

The Figures of hoar Froft, and the
Bq Vortices on windows : feveral Objfer-
vations on the branched Figures
9 Urine: the Figures of Regulus Mar-
; tisftellatus, avd of Fern. Of the Fi-
g2 Sures of Snow. Of frozen water.

: Obferv. 1 5. Of Kettering Stone.

A defcription of the Figure of the

94 Particles, and of the Pores, and of the
gs Contexture. Several Obfervations and
96 Confider ations therenpon : fome Con-
” jecfures about. the medium and pro-
97 pagation of light, and the conftitution
“of fiuid and tranfparent Bodies. Se-
98 weral Experiments to prove the po-

——— toufnelS of ; Marble, and fome other
Stones. An account of fome Experi-
“ments to this purpofe made on an

Oculus Mundi : fome other Confide- 99,
rations and Experiments about the. —
poroufnefof Bodies: fome other Con- yoo
Jiderations about the propagation of.
light and refration. 7 ee

Obferv. 16. OF Charcoal. >

Of two fort of Porestobe found yo,
in all Woods and Vegetables; the —
Shape of then, the number , thick-
nef, manner and ufe of thefe Pores. -
An explication of the Phenomena 102
of Couls.. The manner of charring .
Wood, or any other body. What part
of Wood is combuftible, An Hy po- 463
thefis of fire explicated in twelve 6
particulars , wherein the Aion of -
the tir, as a Menftruum, ix the dif-
Solution of all fulphureous bodies, is
very particularly explicated, and 105
fome other Confiderations about the
Air propofed: the examination of
a piece of Lignum foflile feat from 106
Rome, and foue Conclufions thence

deduc'd.

Obferv. 17.. Of Wood, and other 107
Bodies, petrified. .
Several Obfervations of divers
kinds of thefefubfiances.A more par- 108
ticular examination and explicati-
on of one very notable piece of petri-
fied Wood 3 and fome Conjettures.a~.
bout the canfe of thofe productions... -
Jeveral Obfervations made.on ether 109
petrified Bodies, as Shells, &e..dad 15
Some probable Conclufions thence de- 11
duc'd, about the original canfe of 14>
thofe Bodies. alitieh soe

Obferv.18. Of the Pores of Cork, |, 3(
-and other Bodies... 7

erations about the nature of Cor.
the number of Pores ina cubical

Several Obfervations and cof 114

| The | TA B BE

Inch, and feveral Coufiderations a-
115 bout Pores. Severa Experiments
and Obfervations about the nature
of Cork: the Texture and Pores o
the Pith of an Elder, and feveral o~
ther Trees + of the Stalks of Bur-
docks Teafels Daifies Carret,F ennel,
Ferne,Reeds, &c. of the frothy tex-
ture of the Pith of a Feather : ome
' Conjedures about the probability of

116

values in thefe. Pores. Argued: alfo.
from the Phenomena of the fenfi-
117 ble and humble. Plant: fome objer-
120 vations on which are inferteds.

121 Obferv. 19. OF a Vegetable
_ growing on blighted Leaves,

122 Several Obfervations and Exa-
123 minations made of them: feveral
124 Confiderations about {pontaneows
125 generation hie! from the putre
failion of Bodiese ———
Obferv. 20. Of Blew Mould and
_ ~\>»Mufhromes. oy
126 The defcription of feweral kinds
127 of Moulds. The method of proceed-
ay ing in natural Inquiries, Several
Confiderations about the nature of
_ Mould and. DMufbromes, 1. That
they may be produc’d without feed.
2. That they feem to have none.
—- Be, That Salts,&c.are fhap'd into as
128 cHrions figures without a feed. 4. Of
-. akind of Mufprome growing in a
Candle: A more particular explica-
tion of this laft fort of Mufbromes.
129 5- Of the figure and manner of the
produttion of petrified Iceicles:feve-
ral deductions from thefé Confidera- |
tions, about the nature of the vege-
tation of Mould and Mufbromes.

1 3i ~~ Obferv. 21. OF Mofs,

130

of | contrivancesas the

| Obferv. 22. Of Sponges,and other .

1 32 ‘The defcription of ‘feveral forts of

Moffes upon this ocafion feveral

| Conjettures.about the manner of the

production of thefe kinds of Bodies,

of | are hinted, and fome of them expli-

cated by a Similitude taken from a 433
piece of: Clock-work. The va diffe- , 3
rence of the bigne( of vegetable Box - ¥
dies 5 andthe probability that the
leaft may comprehend as curios
reate/t; Of mul-
tetudes of other Tastisseapeinoas Be
Mufbromes ,: and other vegetating
Principles, in Water; Wood, &e.°*

+

fibrous Bodies,

Several Obfervations and Conje- |
Cures about the making of. thefé Bo- 3
dies; andfeveral Hiftories out
Authors. Scarce any other Body hath 137

Juch atexture 3 the fibrous texture ¥ 38.

of Leather, Spunk, &c, (which are 139 —
there defcrib'd ) come neareft toit.

That upon tryal with a piece of
Spunge and Oyl the necelfity of re-

140
fpiration could not be alter d.
Obferv. a Of the Form of Sea- »
weed, ) ee

From the curioufly fhapd sur ,
face of this Sea-weed, and fome o-
thers,is conjettured the polftbility of 141
multitudes of thelike. ~ °°)
Obferv. 24. Of the Surfaces of = =/
Some Leaves Ging Fo. ¢;

The defcription, 1. Of the bald
Surfaces of Leaves. 2. Of the dow-
ny Surfaces of -feveral others.
3. Of the gummous exfudation, or | 42
fuall tranfparent Pearls, difcovered
with a: Microfcope in: feveral v-
thers. An Inftance of all which is

afforded in a Rofemary Leaf. ,
Oblervas”

at

The

Obfery..25. Of the. ftinging
- Points of a Nettle, «..°-

143, 4 defcription of the Needles.and
| feveral ather contrivances in the leaf
144 of a Nettle: how the flinging pain ws
created : upon this feveral confidera-
tions about poyfoning Darts are [et
down. An Experiment of killing Effs,
and Fifbes with Salt. Some conjettures

at the efficacy of Baths 3 the ufe that

_ may be made. of injeéting into the
145 Veins. A very remarkable Hiftory
out of Bellonius ; and fome Conjide-
rations about (taining and dying of

Bodies,

Obferv.. 26, Of Cowage.

_ : The defcrtption of ct out of Parkin-

mni:an Experiment made of it: a de-
cription, and (ome conjectures at the
cau/e of the Phenomena.

Obferv. 27. Of the Beard of is
| wild Oat. —
147

148° The defeription of its Joape and

149 properties: the manner of making a |

150 Hygrofcope with tt; anda Conje.
x51 “ure at the caufes of thefe motions,
152 20d of the motzons of the Mufcles,

Obferv. 28. Of the Seeds of Vee
nice Looking:glafs.

I = The defcréption of them,
7 Obfer, 29. Of the Seeds of. Time,

154 A drone. defi

3 about Natures method,
* Olilecs: 30- of : Poppy Seeds,
155 ~The d efeription and ale of

pes 2
0 se ee

TABLE.

Obferv. 31. Of Purflane Seeds, x 56

A de[cription of thefe and many
other Seeds, 3 we Ses
~Obferv. 32. Of Hair. aS |
The defcreption of feveral farts of 1 58
Hair; their Figures and Textures:
the reafon of their colours, de[cripti- 1 5g

onof the texture of the skin, and of 165
Spunk and Sponges se by what paf- I6r
[ages and pores of the skin tranjpira-
tion feems tobe made. Experiments

to prove the poroufne/s of the skin of

| Vegetables, | FIGy |

Obfery. 33. Of the Scales of ay,

~ + -Soale.

| \h-aefoription of their buibiton:
mM. ee %. -s ty

Obferv. 34.Of the Sting of a Bee. 163
_A defcription of its foape, mecha: 56 4

| 1t{me, and ufe,

Obfery. 35. Of Feathers, 16s
oo | APA DR ggg

A defeription of the foape and cu: 167
rious contexture of Feathers : and
[ome conjeffures thereupon,

Obfer. 36, Of Peacocks F eathers, ¢
A defertption of thet curiouy form 168

and proprieties ; with @conjedlure at 169
the cauféof their variable colours,”

Obfer. 27, Of the Feet of Flyes, = /
A defeription of their figure parts, 170

and ufe; and fome santido siti 17!

thereupon,

oes ‘Obfery,

,e2=

iii ng RON es

ay TAS us

172 Obfeis8 “Ofth the Wings of Flyes

After what mannerand how (ivf
173 lythe: wings of Infets roves. A de-
_— feription of the Pendulums under the
174, wings; cand their motions: the foape
frattere of the' inooaefe —_
Qoo’ My a

175 Obler: 39. € Of she: dad why Ely

1. AB the fase of a Drone-fly i ws no-
thing ulmoft but: eyes.» 2,:Thofacare
176 of two magnitudes. 3. They are

Hemi/pheres,\and very reflediveand

[mooth..4..S ome diretted towards eves
ryquarter. 5. How the Fly cleanfes
them.6 Tbetr number. 7 /T heir order >
177 diversiparticulars objero'd inthe dif:
I Eh [e& Hes ahead. That thefe are _
- probably:the eyes of \the Creature } ar:
gued from feveral Objervatiens and
I e- Experiments, tbat Crabe:, Lobfters,
Shrimpssfeem nfecdts,and
to. be. framed hack likes Air Infets;

180 5: everal: a ere thei

=

sweanere amet
4 io Bs

“Ober. 40. Of the Teeth of Sil

an A rif eeripion fit aust int

“ao 4u OF the yer of Sik
worms. say

4

% a Vv

a8a « Seberal. Obfervables bout. he

ors nm ey Sa Si
Oblerv: 42. of ablue Fly:

sdb difesigtion il its iaieeind nad
inward. ‘parts. Its bardine/s to indure

185 freetengsaud espn snSprit of twine.
Oberr. 43: Of a eae Infee>.

136 Mg defeription a its + floape, Poa:

184°

*

“é

rency, motion, both internal and prox’

|

| Birds.

|

—

;

; | BPifo; Several

preffivesand transformation A Hifo-18 4
ry fomewbatAnalogus.cited out: of
LObfervations about the . 39
pile: 3h mayes® of the genbration’' of
Infeéks : by what means they ait fo , 89

eemingly svigel$.and prucedtly Seve- 79
ral Queries propounded. Poff Grint, ¢ t 4 P
et aVelation of ‘dota ery
‘of way ofthe beni wala *?
‘An Objereabian abou) be reahiey oF
the Earth of our Clemate, on \producing
Infeths; and ofedivers otherwa tc
ent agen nope on att rh 3
1 a Yerao Waety vero {a " wh
Obert, 4h Of the ceed Gnat.
tbasw tii 4 adc ;
: S olerah Objeroables about In os,
and amore’ particular _ ere) von sof I
este of this Gnat, oe a
1 od W. Pendanes 4

Ob. 45. Of the great sree Get: 195

Ral
| Gs

i Aor defertption of it, 012150

Obfer. 43y Of awhite Math.

A defeription of the feathersiand \o¢
wings of this, and feveral other In- 197
fees. ‘Divers Confiderationsabet.the 198
wings, and oe fying - Infetts and

bs | : ies =
ati A OL ‘ Hts

he + HOSS

Obf. 47. Of the Sheshuid Spider,

A de(éription of its Eyes’: and the
fockets of ttslong legs: anda Conje- 199
| lure of the mechanical reafom of tts ; ; «
pseirieks together with a (uppo/stion,
| that tts not unlikely but sisonoaeth ;
have the make of their inward
exattly likea\ Crab, which r ‘may be 250
call da a water Spider,

Obfer.48! Of the hunting Spider.

A foort defertption of it sto Sbich
is annext an excellent. Fiiftory of it, gee?
made by Mr, Evelyn. Some further : ia

Mm OO era FS

m srs

{33 3 oe 1%

20% gee

202 Ob/érvations on other. Spiders:, and |
their Webs» together:with anexami-

_ nation of awhite Subftanse flying wp
and dawn in the Arr after.a Frag ess

_.. Chae. oll, fall Bodies, both Vege-
table. and.Ammal,.do quickly dry and
wither.The beft remedy I found to hin-
der it,and to make the Animal lye fiil
204 tobe obfervd, Several particulars re-
dated of the aétions of. this:Creature;
205 and a lbort defcription of its parts.
sseOthszist 97/1 Tr an:
Obf. 50. Of the wandring Mite.
206°. ff defeription of this Creature, and
of another very {mall ane » which ufts-
207 iy bore tt company. A Conjetture at

Obferv. 51. Ofa Crab-like Infedt.

|
Scie ed
i

208 brief, defertption of tt.
Obfery..52. OfaBook-worm.
209 \\Adefeription of it's where by the

way ts inferted a digreffion, experi-
mentally explicating the Phenome-

210 na of Pearl.
degeftive faculty...
se Obferv. $3-: Ofia Flea,
pe . A. bore de fonipttobasak ids :
3 oOblert. 54. Of a Satin: .

giz A defeription of 2ts parts,and fome
213 notable circumftancess.

‘ 9 /.Obferv. 55. Of Mites.
“ an The exceeding {malnef of fome

* "Mites yand their Eggs. Adefeription
214 & ites of Cheefe: end an inti.

= aes i
a ee
a

A confideration of its | re
() | explicattanef inflection 5 mechani» “**

| wud defertption of

mation of the variety of forms in other

Mites, with a Conetiure atthe das 2¥%
fon.
AY sont SGA

v8 $f § 35) fh a ths vA 2
eV} TTR LAN SL SG tO Stott)

fd defcriptionef them 3-0 ghefat br
their original's.their exceeding (male
nefs compar’d with that of a Wood- 216
loufe,from which they may be [uppos'd ~~

to come,

i, 44

Sot LE .T
inegareworms,
SURRE OGtt ic
hem , with fome 21
confi derations on their meitoms. oo

‘ ’ \ ‘4 % : .

Obf. 58. “Of chesInfle ibn oh the
o) Rays of Light in the Aires. of!

vad fort rebearfal of feveral Phee- 218
nomena.» 4n attempt toexplicate 219
them:the /uppofition oleae oe
Prepoftions , both which are indéa-
voured to be made out by feveral Ex-
periments... What denfity and-rartty ... .
is imrefpeét of refrakion: the refradli-
on of Spirit of Wine compared mith
that of common Water :the refrattion 22°
of Ice. An Experiment of makingan
Undulation of the Rays by the mixing Ry
of Liquors of differang denfity, The

™ _
Ps

7

cally and hypothetically : what Bodies

| have [uch an inflettion. Several Ex-

| periments.to fbew that the whirhas © <

this propriety 5 that «' precects frm 222

scat Eales
SS

a

the differing denfity of the Air: that

the upper and. under partof tbe Wir - 2:
are of differing denfity, fome Experi- ., 3
ments to prove this, «A Tableof the »—-

| Arength of the {pring of their yan

/wering toeach degree of extenfron'3 ©.
when eA made , and when repeated. 224
Another’ Experiment of compreffiag 225
the Air. Table of the ftrength of the 224
Air s:an/wering to each ‘comproffien |

| and expanfion’s from which he z
| mene?

4
. Beare
~~ s LS ee ee

227 of the Air may be (uppos'd indefinite s
228 to what degree the Air ts rarifid at
any diftance above the Surface of the
Earth : how, from this, Inflectionis
229 inferr’ds and feveral Phznomena
230 explain’d. That the Air near the
Earthis compos'd of parts of differing
231 denfity; made probable by feveral
232 Experiments and Obfervations ; how
this propriety produces the effetts of
the waving and dancing of Bodies ;

Rees of. the, Stars.

i Phaswomera explicate. | arp

Some Queries added. —
1. Woether this Principle may not
be made ufe of, for perfecting Optick
234 Glaffes ? What might be boped from
it of at were to be done ¢
2. Whether from this, Prepeipl
“the apparition of fome net Stars ma
not be explicated ?

Surface £
. 5. Whether, if fo, this will not ex-
35 plicate the Phenomena of the
Clouds. An Experiment to this pur-

7. Whether the Rayes from the
ains ate -not.bended into

“> Criroe-lines by inflettion,? An Argu-
ment for it,raken from an Experiment | g

made on St, Paul's Steeple.
3. Whether the diftance of the
Planets wilh not be more difficult to
237 be found? What wayes are moft lthe-
ly torettifie the diftance of the Moon:

the #i of fitting Telefcopes for | /é
fe

fuch Obfervations. How te make the
323 Qvfervations » and how from them to
3 find thetrue diftance of the Meon at
any time, Hore the diftance of the Sun

may be found by two Obfervators. The

739 may by the Dicotomy of the Moon un-

certain. That the diftance of the
Moon may be le/s then it has been
bitherto fuppos'd. Kepler’s Suppofit7-
onnot [0 probable: the explication of 240
if ee by another Aypo~
thelisy, r

Obferv. $9. Of the xt Stars;
Of the multitudes of Stars difco-
verable by the Telelcope, and the
vartety of their magnitudes:78, Stars
lades:tvat there |

Be

24r

ay oli

accounted of the [ame magnitude : the
longer the Glafes are, and the bigger
apertures they wtll indure, the more

2 : . * 723 48 Eo, 1; isppl . re
:sulfjty hetteert the upperand.under parti,
"OF DE Air, as to make w reflecting

: > seOpe ities @ <t.4:8 / vee!

fit they are for thefe difcovertes : that

‘tes probable, longer.Glaffés would yet

megke gepat difcovertes, §. Stars 343

difcover'd in the Galaxie of Orion’s
Sword,

3. Whether the heig bt of the Air» ee ee

ee er ae the Moon....¢
511 ge Whether there aay te Jomen |. A Me Viale in the!
2 bimec be fo great a wifparrty of dem» M y\Hevelius ands."

;

bi:
i)

their effets feem very fimilar.dn Are
gament that there may be [uch varia~
tions inthe Moon, besaufe greater
have been obferv'd in the Stn:becaufe ,4¢
the /ubftance of the Moon and Earth
zem much alike: and becau/e “tis pro-
bable the Moon has a gravitating
principle : this is argued from feverat
particulars, Thereafonwhy feveral 46
pits arene within another. The u/e
that may be made of this Inflance of

a gravity tn the Moon, |
ERRATA

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