ae we ¢ = oo ee ee eee ee a ee mms, *
? . . “ ayer kane APaer, hie “ iy

NEW. , -/FZB

PRINCIPLES

FE

GARDENING:

Or, The Laying out and Planting.

PARTERRES SG Roy ks} Witve dx usses,
LABYRINTHS, AVENUES, Parxs, Ge.

git more Grand and Rurat: vem gr ig thea
“has been done before ;

. “With: Expetiiveneal’ Ditestions: ‘ahi at

For ceili ss feveral Kinds of Frunr-TREEs, pees re
TREES, EVER-GREENS and FLOWERING: SHR BS

“with, ares Lamhe ate. Adosnid. Del? od eel 2

= 4s wale esBllede: whe w ee
The various Names, Deseriprrons, Tenrinanvads,
MEDICINAL VIRTUES, Uses: and CurrivaTrons of:
feveral Roots, Punse, Heresy (fc. of the Kitchen and
_ Phyfick Gardens,” hat are abfolutely’ ne eflary for the Service-of

Families in general. os re)
” Hluftrated with great Varicty of Granp Desiens, serekp 7
Engraven on twenty eight Folio Plates, °F the beft Hands ~~ 3

‘\

«By BATTY LA NGLEY a Twickenham. ae

™

LONDON:
Printed for A. Berresworrn and J. BAtTvey in Pater-Nofter:
Row; J. PemBerron in Fleefreet; I. Bowres in St. Paai’s
—— }. Crarxke, under the Royal Exchange,

nd J. Bowxes at Mercer’s Hall in Cheapfide. : 4 Po PS 2. —_
MM DCCEAVES we 2 eo pee
a

ge es ”
ADVERTISEMENT,
To the Nobility and Gentry of Great Britam,

KV HEREAS the Pleafure of Gardens, and Succe/s of Plantations
wholly depend on their manner of Laying out, and Judgment in

the Choice and Planting fuch Kinds of Trees as are moft natural to their
Soils; This is to give Notice, that the Author's Advice may a readily

commanded at all Times to any part of Great Britain, or Ireland.

7 'y whom
___ Buildings in general are Surveyed, Valued, and Meafured, as alfo Timber
growing or felled. .

> ar .
rt

Grottos, Baths, Cafcades, Fountains, €?c. made, and Engines for
vaifing Waters to any height required, for the fervice of Towns, private
Families, Canals, Fifb-Ponds, &c. :

Cities, Lordfhips, Eftates, Farms, &c. Survey’d, Mcafur’d, and Mapp’d,
-and Sun Dials of all Kinds made for any Latitude.

Gardens in general, Made, Planted and Furnifi’d with Fruit and Fo-

of Coils aud Af pect. ea dd 6 elk hi deh

reft-Trees, Ever-Greens, Flowering-Shrubs, &c. of the beft Kinds, and
Growths-proper for all Kinds 5 Fy reafonable Rates.

BOT.
OUR! BOT «a
KEECE Ve aN
bs.” oe Be

APR 15 19

Sen
Sateen is

Aq }

/
at rg
ve J.

ani

7

TO THE

K°r nee.

“STR, |
Nquiries into vegetable Na-
ture, being the Delight of

_ Your Majefly, and Your Roya/

Confort, 1 humbly prefume to
lay at Your Maye/fy’s Feet, thefe
Plans of Parterres, Groves, Wit-
derneffes, Labyrinths, Avenues ,
Parks, &c. which are entirely
new, but embellifh'd with many
of the moft noble Antiquities
now extant in other OU

:

_lhum:

DEDICATION.

Y humbly offer the following
Work to Your. Maefy’s Patron-
age and Protection, whofe Roy-
al Regard tor the ufeful Arts of
Planting and Gardening will fuf-
ficiently recommend their Im-
provement to the Nobility and
Gentry of Great Britain,

May Your Maefy, and Your
Royal Confort, long live to be a
Bleffing to thefe Nations, and
at length tranfmit them, with
Your /mpertal Crown, to Your
Mofi LVujirious and. Royal Ifue; is.
the fervent Prayer of,

Tour Majefty’'s Moft Loyal,
Moft Obedient,
And faithful Subjef,

Batty Langley.

me = 4 A Ee 4 ; rare Pr re:
. ‘ ee: : 5 _ “J H ct f) F 7
Wenlane vs Cie hw Cine ont veobeyaidn

i ‘
:
co 5 SN ’ ee ey ee F ne :
: . “aN OS, tht: €2 a TE
. a4) * 4 vee ree bi4° Gil fis ce

Vie 16 qin oni Of pres
ra O confider how. mahy Aut Meagers

have a grand and elegant, Fafte in Defigning, kn own ToWery
few Gardeners. > |

_ Among all the, celebrated: Books that have been wrote on
the laying out Gardens) The T, heory and ‘Prattice-of Gardening,
tranflated from the French by Mr. ohn ames of Greenwith,
and thofe wrote by Mr. Stephen Switzer, are the vety bette
Bur even thofe are far fhort of that great: Beauty which Gar-
dens ought to conjift of: For fince the Pleafure of a Garden.
epends on the variety of its Parts, ‘tis therefore that we fhould
well confider of their Dilpofitions, fo.as to. have’ a‘continued
Series of Harmonious Oljeé?s; that will prefent new and de-
_ Jightful Scenes to our View at every Step we take," which re
A2 gular

q ,
& - Pe ¢ 4 . “Se *
Mere ikt i OFT Sieh, <F 24
al - ae ' e.
Pa : Aw oe ‘ 2 eS iim L alll via

The INTRODUCTION

gular Gardens are incapable of doing. Nor is there any Thing

more fhocking than a Stiff regular Gardens where after. we have
feen one quarter thereof, the very fame is repeated in all the
‘remaining Parts, fo that we are tired, inftead of being further
entertain’d with fomething new as. cxpeéted.

Thefe regular Gardens were firkt taken from the Dutch, and in- |
troduced into Exgland in the Time of the late Mr, London ang
‘Mr. Wife, who being Hien (opposes to bethe beft Gardeners in
England (tae Art being in its Infancy, to what it isnow} were—

mployed by the Nob:lity and Gentry of England to ay oor"
and plant their Gardens in that regular, Stiff, and ftuft up Man-
wer in which many yet appear.- :

And as Gentlemen, in thofe Days, were but flightly acquainted
with the Pleafure of Gardening, they were the caficr impofed
upon: Their Gardens were crowded with Evet-Greens and other
Plants, fo that they had more of the Afpeé& of a Nurfery, than
a-Garden of Pleafare : But whether this Over’ and above thick
Planting proceeded from the Fafhion of thofe Times, the Ig-
norance of the Defigners, or the Advantages that might acerge
from the greater Sales of their Plants, I am not able to deter-
m 3

_ 4

ey?

ine. As

And befides, their Aiff regular Plans were always ftufPd
with ¢réfing flower Knots, ‘Parterres of Cut-work, E mbroidery,
Wilderneffes of Ever-Greens, and fometimes of Fore? Trees,
(tho’ very: rarely, for their Nurferies then abounded moft
with 2ews, Holes; and other Ever. Greens) whole Walks ever
had.a wiggard Breadth: So that after afew Years the Growth
of the Plants. were fuch that they: were hardly paffable, © ©

Their Wilderneffes and Groves (when they planted any)
were always placed at the moft remote Parts of the Garden: So
that before we.can enter them, in the Heat of Sdmmer, when
they are moft ufeful, we are obliged to pafs thro’ the Scorching
Heat of the Sun. ;

Indeed, *tis oftentimes neceflary to place Groves and open
Wilderneffes in fach remote Parts of Gardens, from Whence
pleafant Profpeéts are taken ; but then we fhould always take
care to plant proportionable Avenues leading from the Houle to
them, under whofe Shade we might with Pleafure pafs and
tcpafs at any time of the Day.

The INTRODUCTION

There is nothing more agreeable in a Garden than good
Shade, and without it @ Garden is noi hing.

That fine Terrace Walk at His Majesty's Royal Palace of
Hampton Court, leading from the Parterre to the Bowling-
Green next the Thames, being naked of Shade, is thereby
ufelefs, when the Sunfhines; as is alfo that of His Royat Ma-
yestys at Richmond next the River. There are divers other
fine Walks in England that want this natural Embellifhment
of Trees that caufe Fins Suave, fuch as Puatanus, Enghfb
Ev, Horsse-Cuessnut; Lime, ¢yc. In whofe ftead, to my
great Surprize, are planted regular Yews and Holly only as in
Parterres, Gc.

The very great Exa€tnefs that was obferved in the laying
out thefe regular Gardens, were often the Lofs of many fine
Views, as well as furdy Oaxs, whofe Herculean A/pects, one
would have thought, fhould have forbid thofe 6a/e and zgnorant
Praétices.. What a Shame it is, to deftroy a noble Oak of
two or three Hundred Years Growth, that always produces a
pleafant Shade, and graceful Afpc& for the fake of making a
trifling Grafs-Plot or Flower Knot regular. |

Their Parterres of Embroidery, that confifted of Grafs,
Sand, Shells, Brickduff, &c. crowded with E-ver-Greens, were
the firftt Caufe of thefe ftiff Regularities ; which indeed, when
ufed, fhould be uniform; becaufe the Eye being ftruck with all
their Parts at the {ame Time, each oppofite part fhould: be equal :
But afterwards, when we depart from this firft regular Scene,
then all the remaining Parts fhould confitt of regular Irregulari-
ties: And the plainer Parterres are, the more Grandeur, for
when they are ftuffd up with fo many fmall Ornaments, they
break the Rays of Sight, and the whole appears. a Confufion.
Thofe great Beauties of Nature, Hinus and VALLEYS, were
always levelled at very great Expences to complete. thein Re-
gularity, or otherwife I may juitly fay, the total rain of the
Gardens. And their Bafins, Canals, and otherPieces of Water,
had always a very mean Latitude to their Length, as wellas 7-
proper Figures, broke into many Angles. which deftroy the
Beauty of fine Water.

Their Groves (whenever they planted any) were always ,

regular , like unto Orchards, which is entirely wrongs for
when we come to copy, or imitate Nature, ye fhould ae her
| teps

x

vi

The INTRODUCTION.
Steps with the greateft Accuracy that can be. And there-
fore when we plant Groves of Foreft or other Trees, we have
nothing more to regard, than that the outfide Lines be agree-
able to the Figure of the Grove, and that no three Trees to-
gether range in a ftrait Line; excepting now and then by
Chance, to caufe Variety. | .

And fince Parterres are moft beautiful when entirely plain,
I therefore recommend the removal of all Kinds of Evér-Greens
from thence, and to have no more Gravel Walks about them
than are neceflary for Ute. Whoever has feen thofe grand and
beautiful PLots or Parterres of Gra/sinthe-Gardens belong:
ing to HAM House in Surrey, oppofite to the Honourable JAMEs
JoHNsToN at Twickenham, will agree with me herein; and
were thofe eight Plots, or Parterres, laid into rwe only, they
would be the moft grand of any in England ; more efpecially
if that Grove of Fore/t Trees, joyning to them on the Laft,
were taken in and made a part of that Garden.

The Parterre Garden at his Mayesty’s Royal Palace of
LTampton Court, towards the Park, would have a very grand
Afpec?, were thofe trifling Plants of Yew, Holly, ec. and
their Borders taken away, and made plain with Grafs. So alfo
would the other Parterre, looking to the River Thames.

Befides all the aforefaid erroneous Praétices in the laying
out Gardens, I could mention divers others, almoft without
end; but as what has been hitherto faid is fully fufficient to
demonftrate how little the laying out of Gardens has been
underftood, I fhall therefore conclude on this Point. with
one other very great Error that’s often committed, and even
at this time, which may not bé unneceffary for my Readers
to take Notice of, viz. When the Situation of Gardens
fuch, that the making of Slopes and Terraces are neceflary, or
cannot be avoided, they not only leave them naked of Shade
as aforefaid, but break their Slopes into fo many Angles, that
their mative Beauty isthereby deftroy’d. Thus if by wafte Earth
a Mount be raifed ten or twelve Feet high, you fhall have its
Slope, that fhould be entire from top to bottom, broken in-
to three, if not four fmall trifling ones, and thofe mixt with
Archs of Circles, Gc. that ftill adds to their ill Effe@s - So that
inftead of having one grand Slope only with an eafy Afcentr,

you have three or four {mall ones, that are poor and trifling.

The INTRODUCTION.

And the only reafon why they are made in this Stair or
Step-like manner, is firft to fhew their Dexterity of Hand,
without confidering the ill Effe&; and laftly to imitate thofe
grand Amphitheatrical Buildings, uted by the Ancients, of which
they had no more Judgment, than of the excellent Proportions
of ArchiteGture that was ufed therein, when thofe noble Struc-
- tures were firft erected.

In this low mean Manner I find fome Slopes made at the
Head of his Majesty's Canal and Mount next the Thames

at Richmond, which Canal is much too narrow for its Length :.

I alfo find the Plantation of Foreff Trees on each Side thereof,
not only broken in the middle without a Reafon for fo doing,
but /47ff and regular in their Situations, without any Regard
to that beautiful Order, which Nature obferves in all. fuch
rural Operations. defor bs3

I obferve the like Error in the Slopes of the Garden of the

Honourable Mrs. Howarp at Twickenham, being) view’d at
the River Thames, and the fame at General Biffet’s Amphi-
theatre (as called by its Architect) in -his Garden at the fame
Town, as well asin that of the Honourable Fohn Gumley’s at
Ifeworth, and many other Gardens too tedious to mention.

When very large Hills of great perpendicular Heights are to be
cut into Slopes and Terraces, then we may juftly, endeavour to
imitate thofe grand Structures, (whercon theirGladiators exercis'd)
by cutting them Concave, Convex, cc. as thofe looking towards
Fair=Mile: Heath, in the Gardens of his Grace the Duke of
NewcastiE at his Grand Seat of Claremont ; but in {mall
Elevations they are poor and trifling, and therefore not to be
nfeds aac?

Having duly confider'd thefe erroneous Pradices, and, what
a great pity it is that Gentlemen fhould be thus led on for
want of being furnifhed with Defigns that are truly Grand and
Noble, after Nature's own Manner ; (thought that if 1 communi-
cated fome few in that Way, I might do no inconfiderable
Service to my Country, nor Prejudice to any of my Brother
Gardeners. a

This. Method of laying out Gardens, after the manner cxhi-
bited in the following Plates, being entirely New, as well as,
the moft grand and rural; I have thought it neceflary, not
only to lay down all the mofufeful Elements of Geometry,

Si es : ~ neceflary

Vu

Vili

s

neceflary to be well underftood by every good Gardener that's

imployed in making and laying out Gardens; but the manner
of raifing and planting all forts of Frajt and Foreff Trees,
Evver-Greens, and flowering Shrubs alfo ; together with the
right Ordering, and Cultivation of all fuch Vegetables: are
taifed in the Kitchen Garden. All which are handled at large
in the firft, fecond, third, fourth, fifth, and feventh Parts.

The fixth Part contains general Direétions for the laying out,
and planting of Gardens in the manner aforefaid, exemplified
by twenty cight-Folio Plates, :

Plate I. contains all the Geometrical Diagrams of the Pro-
blems conrain’d in the firft Part, with an odfangular Lawn, of
which hereafter.

Plate Il. is the Plan of a Fruit Garden, containing three
quarters of an Acre, planted with the bet Wall, Efpater, Dwarf,
and Standard Fruits now extant in England.

Plate HI. is the Defign of a rural Garden, after the new man-
ner, where the front of the Houfe opens upon 4 fine large plain
Parterre, environed with an cay agreeable S/ope and propor-
tionable Verges. of Grafs ; adorn’d with Apollo, Minerva’ and
Pallas, the feven liberal Arts, Mercury and Pytho, © se.
~~ The Goddeffes' Minerva and Pallas, to be placed at A and
B, Apolio at’ C, the feven Sciences at D;’E, FG, B34, Ru ane
Mercury and Pytho at L and M.. In the Center of this Par-
terre is an of?agon Bajin of Water which may be adorn’d with
Neptune. “This open Parterre is planted on the “Sides P: Q:
with double Lines of Pines and Scotch Firs. The Ferhace 8. $-
with Platanus. The littleGroves ROR: with Lime Trees) The

“open Grove O with Horfe-Chefnuts, and N with Englifo Elm:

The middle or center excepted, which are Standards of Scotch
Firs. T, T.. with Cedars of Lebanon, Cyprus, and Lignum Vite.
The Avenue VV. with Platanus: The Groves Y, with
Standards of Holly, Tew, Bay Tree, Laurel, Evver-Green, Oak,
Box and Phillyrea, Al which Trees throughout thefe feve-
ral Plantations are planted-at their Bottoms, with Toney Suckles,
Sweet Briers, white Seffamine, and the feyeral Sorts of Rofés:
And about the Stem or: Body of every Tree are cut Circles
about fourteen or fixteen Inches in Breadth fown with Dwar
Stock, Candy Turf, Pinks, Sweet Williams, Catch-fly, &c. which
make no little Addition to the Beauty of our Plantations.
The

The {NTRODUCTION. 1X

The Groves NO are adorn’d with Sylvanus God, and Ferona
Goddefs of the Woods. The Walks about the two Canals,
and the Centers Z Z with Apollo and the mine Mufes; the Ca-
_binets X, X, with Ceres and Flora, and V, with Harpocrates
God, and Agerona Goddefs of Silence. And the other Statues
in private Cabinets, with Nymphe Fairies of the Woods, Ac¢zon,
Diana, Eccho, gc. and the large circular plain W. is open ~
Without a Statue: But if any Gentleman fhould be inclinable
to place one in that Center, it fhould be Hercules flaying
Aiydra.

The Serpentine, and ftrait lined Walks within the Planta-
tions of Wood or Wilderne/s Work, are planted with Standards
of Oak, Beach, Elm, Lime, Maple, Sycamore, Hornbeam, Birch,
Platanus, Wicky or Quick-bearz, Alder, Poplar, Withy, and
the weeping. or mourning Willow that was brought from Ba-
bylon, and now.in great Plenty and Perfe@tion in England.
Pasticularly , in the Gardens of the late Thomas Vernon Eq;
at his Seat of Twickenham Park in Middlefex. The Diftances
that thofe feyeral Sorts of Foreft Trees are planted at, and the
Soil they delight in, are fully handled in the following Work.

The Hedges that are planted between the aforefaid Trees
which form the Sides of the Walks are of Englifh, Dutch and-
French Elms, Lime, Hornbeam, Maple, Privet, Yew, Holly,
Arbutus, Phillyrea, Norway Fir, Ilex, Bay, Laurel, Laurus-
Tinus, Piracantha, Funiper, and the Englifh Furze ; and indeed,.
a beautiful Plantation fhould not only be adorned with entire
Walks and Hedges of Trees of all Sorts, as well Fruit as others;
but intermix’d together in many parts, as if Nature had placed
them there with her own Hand. The agreeable Mixture of
Fruitsin a Wilderne/s, canes great Variety and Pleafure, as well
as Profit: Inthe Spring, when their beautiful Bloffoms appear, |
they then exceed allother Plants, and particularly the Adiraba’on
Plumb and Almond, ot which] advife Gentlemen to plant entire
Walks ; for they not only make the mot beautiful Appear-
ances in the Spring, which hold for fome Time, but after-
Wards are very pleatant, both in their Leaf and Fruits: As-
likewife are all our other Fruits, fuch as Plumbs, Pears, Ap=
ples, Cherries, the Bruxel Apricot, white and blue Figs, Grapes,
Mulbarries; Quinces, Medlars, Services, Walnuts, Ghefuits, »

b. Philberds,

x

The INTRODUCTION.

Philberds, Berberrys, Goofeberries and Currants: And altho’
they may not be in fuch great Perfection, as thofe that are planted
at greater Diftances in the free open Air, as in Kztchen and
Fruit Gardens, yet in kind Summers they will not be much
behind them ; fo that from Plantations of this Kind, Genz/p-
men will not only be entertained with the Pleafures that a-
rife from them, throughout the feveral Stages of their Growth,
but receive fuch Plenty of Fruits, as to make large Quantities
of Wine, Cyder, dc. for the Service of their Families,

The Borders of each Walk are planted with Violets, Pring-
rofes, Snow drops, Gre. as dire&ted in the 22 and 23 Sections.
Part V.

The Quarters are filled up with Standards of the aforefaid
Kinds, planted at proper Diftances, and under them by Plants
of Laurel, which thrive beft in the Shade, and Flowers of a
{trong Growth, as dire&ted in Se@. 23. Part V.

FLOWERING SuHrRuss are very beautiful when planted in the
Wildernefs as directed in Se&t. 21. Part V. which are not to be
‘omitted, if we intend to have our Garden complete.

Our feveral Plantations being thus performed, we are, at
‘coming into the Garden, entertain’d with a Plaim (but Grand)
‘Parterre of Grafs and Water, enriched with Statues agreeable to
their Situations, from which, on the right and left, we look
into two pleafant Groves of Foreft Trees, which complete the
Jirft Scene, at our coming into the Garden ; then through the
Walks P R, or Groves N O, we pafs in the Shade to V, the
Entrance into the Grand Avenue V, V, where on a fudden
we are entertain’d with twe pleafant Canals enrich’d with Sta-
¥ues, and Groves of Ever-Greens, and coming from thence to
the open plain W, we behold a pleafant crofs Walk, planted
with Standard Trees of all the Varieties of Ever-Greens, which
terminate in Cabinets, adorn’d with Ceres and Flora.

If we enter the Wilderneffes at b b, ec. we are led through
their pleafant Meanders, with the agreeable Entertainments of
flower Gardens, Fruit Gardens, Orangerys, Groves, of Foreft
Trees, and Ever-Greens, Open-plains, Kitchen Gardens Phyfick

, Gardens, Paddocks of Sheep, Deer, Cows, &c. Hop Grounds, Nur-

ferses of Fruit and Foreft Trees, Ever-Greens, &c. Vineyards, In-
clofiures of Corn, Grafs, Clover, &c. Cones of Fruit Trees, Foreft
Trees,

The INTRODUCTION.

Trees, E-ver-Greens, Flowering Shrubs, Bafins, Fountains, Canals,
Cafcades, Grottos, Warrens of Hares and Rabbets, Aviaries,
Manazeries, Bowling-Greens ; and thofe rural Objects, Hay-
Stacks and Wood Piles, as in a Farmer's Yard in the Country.

Which feveral Parts are difpofed of in fuch a Manner, and
Diftance, as not to fee, or know of the next approaching, when.
we have feen the firft; fo that we are continually entertain’d:
with new unexpected Objets at every Step we take; for the

Entrances into thofe Parts being made intricate, we can never
know when we have feen the whole. Which (if I miftake not)
is the true End and Defign of laying out Gardens of Pleafure.

By this Method of laying out Gardens, thofe that are but
fmall, will be made to appear as very large ones, and thofe
thar are fpacious and large, Grand and Noble.

If we imagine that the Avenue B, Plate IIL takes its Be-
ginning from an open Plain or Lawn lying before a Houfe, as
the Avenue V, doth of Plate Il. from the plaim Parterre there
defcribed, we have another Defign ‘that is Grand and No-
ble, which is fuppofed to be planted in the Manner aforefaid,
the Walks about the Canal excepted, which fhould be of /fately
Pines, and the Thickets B and D, which finifh the two crofs

Views, fhould end in a Mixture of Ever-Greens back’'d with.

lofty Pines behind them.
-The Groves E, and F, F, that terminate the Water, have a

much finer Afpe& being planted in that rural Manner, than.
when ranged in Lines like a Cherry or Apple Orchard, as be-

fore noted in the Beginning of this Introduction.
* Plate V. isa third Defign of an Avenue with its Wilder-
eh on cach Side, wherein is contain’d great Variety of
alking. The Avexue B, D, having its Cana/ terminated
at both Ends with Groves of Foreft Trees, is fomcthing out
of the common Road: But when the Bodies of fuch Trees are
kept prun’d up about twenty Feet high, the Water makes a
fine Appearance, being view’d through them ; as alfo have
diftant Hills, rv.
The Walk E F, is fuppofed to be a Terrace from whence
we have a fine View over the Country, which is planted with
Platanus, ot Englifo Elms, that always afford a pleafant Shade.

in this Manner there are many noble [Valks in England want
to

b 2

Xi

Hi

The INTRODUCTION

to be planted, to render them pleafant at all Times.

Plate VI. is a fourth Defign, containing /rait, angular, cir-
cular, and rural Walks after a different Manner from the pre-
ceding,

Plate VIL. confifts of four feveral Defigns: for Wilderneffes
and Labyrinths whercin A A, cee. arc Arbors, or Places of
Repote. & :

Plate VIII. is an Improvement of that grand Labyrinth at
Verfailles, wherein all the ftrait Walks are as they now ftand,
and the curved or ferpentine Walks BB, excepted with their
Groves, Cabinets and Statues, are Additions that may be made
to that beautiful Place. This I thought fit to communicate, as
being the fineft Defign of any I ever faw. .

Piate “8 ee ee ek of a beautiful Garden at Twicken-
ham, Mituated on the River Thames, which paffes by the Line

F, and has a free communication with the Canals X and
4. That of X, continues the View of the Walk I H, away
to X; and from thence over the River Thames, and there termi-
nates ina pleafant Wood. At R, there is a Ha, Ha, of Water,
which is a Fence to the Garden from the Road, and admits of
a free View, which Iron Gates or Grills cannot do. I men-
tion this to fhew, that Hah Ha’s fhould be made in every
part of a Garden from whence good Views may be had. _

The Earth that came out of the Ponds B, B, raifed the Mount
A, from whence is a very fine View to the Thames, as well as
to Richmond Hill, Peterfoam, &c. and underneath it isa very
good Ice Houle, —

_ fhe Reafon why I mention this, is to thew, that when the
Levels of Gardens are very fiat, and good Views are lof? for
want of proper Elevations, that then we mutt dig Fifo Ponds,
Canals, Gc. if the Springs are not too deep; and with their
Earth raile pleafant Mounts, Terrace Walks, ec. from whence
we may enjoy the pleafant Views of the diftant Countrics,
_ Af the Walks leading up fuch Mounts as A were contratted

at their Top K, to one third of their Breadth at Bottom J, that

Contraction would caufe the Walk to appear of a much greater
ength than it really is, being viewed at H. But then the

afcending Walk muft be the whole Breadth eae.

There being a fine View from the Houfe to the River, the

Quarters

The INTRODUCTION.

Quarters Q Q, muft be planted with Fruit Trees of a low
Growth; fuch as Apples upon Paradife Stocks, Gc. that will
afford great Variety of Pleafure as well as Profit, and not inter-
rupt the View. The other Parts here offered being Wilder-
neffes, Labyrinth, Groves, gre. as exhibited, need no further
Explanation.

Plate X and XI, are Defigns for Gardens that lye irregularly
to the grand Houfe. In Plate X, the Houfe opens to the North
upon the Park A, to the Eaf upon the Court B, to the South
upon the Parterre of Grafs and Water Cs and Laftly to the
Weft apon the circular Bafon D, from which leads a pleafant
Avenue ZX. The Mount F¥, is railed with the Earth that came
out of the Canal E E, and its Slope H is planted with Hedges
of different Ever-Greens, that rifing behind one another of
different Colours, have a very good Effeét, being view'd from
M. ‘L,I, are contraéted Walks leading up the Mount. The
remaining Parts being obvious need no farther Explanation.
~ Plate XI. hath its Houfe opening to the North upon a plain
Parterre of Grafs, and to the South, upon a Parterre of Gra/s
and Water : From the Terrace E leads an Avenue I F, wherein
at D isa pleafant Cabinet, from whence we have five different
Views, of which the Middle one through,.a rural Grove of
Foreft Trees, over a Canal of Water, terminated with the femi-
circular Grove of Ever-Greens, is very pleafant.

The Walk PQ is fuppofed to be a pleafant Terrace, planted

with Foreft Trees for Shade, in equalsight Lines 5 but the

Walk R S, is planted rural after Nature's own Manner.
The reft being very eafy to underfland, need no farther
Explanation. ui

It is to be obferved.in thefe two Plans, that there’s no re-
gard had to the Regularity of the Bounds of thofe Gardens, which
hitherto were fuppofed impoflible of making good Gardens,
when in faé& they make the moft beautiful.

_ Plate XII isthe Defign of a {mall Garden fituated in a Park,
where the Houfe to the North opens upon @ noble circular

Bajfin of Water B, in the Park, and to the South, ona grand

Parterre of Grafs, from which over the Canal you have a
boundlefs View into the Country. -

The feveral Avenues and Groves contain’d in this Defign, il
: luftrate

XL.

XIV

The INTRODUCTION.

luftrate the great Beauty thereof, without any Regard had te
the Wilderneffes, Labyrinths, é&c. which are very fine in their
Kindalfo. The other Parts being plainly exhibited, need no fur-
ther Explanation.

e having thus paffed through all the moft pleafant Parts
of a delightful rural Garden, we mu now {uppofe, that we
are entering from X Y, of Plate Ill, at Z of Plate XIII, where
we furprizingly behold a pleafant femi-circular Lawn, from
which the grand Avenue V, V, of Plate Ill. is conginued to H,
ge. throughout the whole Eftate.

And we are here again in every of its Parts entertain’d with
different Views, open Plains, Groves, Thickets , open and pri-
vate Fifh Ponds, and in brief every Thing that’s pleafant. -

From Plantations of this Kind, time would produce vaft
Quantities of Timber to the great Service of our Country and
Improvement of Eftates.

Plate XIV. is another Specimen of a Park, after a different,
but grand and noble Manner, where its Mand is laid out in
rural Walks and Cabinets, and the other Parts embellifh’d af-
ter Nature's own Rules, which is difcoverable at firft View.

Plate XV. is the Defign of a Garden and Wilderne{s in an
Ifland, \ying before the View of 2 Houfe, Terrace, &c. B is
a Temple of View ere&ed on a double Mount, called (tho’ im-
properly by Gardeners, an Amphitheatre) where tis to be ob-
ferved, that altho’ the Slopes thereof are broke by the Angles,
yet ‘tis in fuch an agreeable grand Manner, that they have a
noble Afpecé.

The other Parts being eafily underftood at View, need no
further Explanation. :

Plate XVI. contains great Variety of Lawns, or Openings,
before a grand Front of a Building, intoa Park, Foreft, Com-
mon, rc. with an elegant Cabinet in the middle of a Thicket,
on the top of a Hill, in whofe Center at A, is fuppofed to
be erected a {pacious Building after the Form of a Temple, from
whence fine Views may be feen about the Horizon.

Plate XVII. contains the Defign of a Fountain and Cafcade
after the-grand Manner at Verfailles. From whence we pafs
thro’ thote pleafant thady Walks B B, to other Parts of our
Gardens.

When

The TNT RODUCTION.

When Figures of Shell-work are ere&ted in the midft of
Fountains, we receive a double Pleafure of a Fountain and
Cafcade alfo, by the Waters agreeably murmuring down the
rocky Shells.

Plate XVIII, contains divers curious Fronti/pieces of Trellifs
Work for the Entrances into Temples of View, Arbors, fhady
Walks, Alcoves, &c.

Plates XIX, XX, and XXI, are Views of the Ruins of Build-
ings, after the old Roman manner, to terminate fuch Walks that
end in difagreeable Objecis ; which Ruins may either be painted
upon Canvas, ot attually built in that Manner with Brick,
and cover'd with Plaiftering in Imitation of Stone.

And fince we are to build no more thereof than as much
of the Shell, as is next to our View, I therefore recom-
'mend their Building before their Painting, not only as the
mot durable, but leaft expenfive (if the Painting is performed
by a skilful Hand) and much more to th¢ real Purport in-
tended. — .

To demonftrate what Effects they have when placed to ter-
minate Avenues, Walks, Gc. 1 have put one of them at the
end of an Avenue in Plate XXII, which being viewed with
one Eye through our Hand, or a piece of Paper rolld up,
fo asto look through the fame, you will behold its agreeable
Effe& with abundance of Pleafure. In the fame Manner, the
fhady Walks of the preceding Plates are to be feen, and not
according to the common way of viewing ObjeCts with both
Eyes at once. |

The fix laft Plates at the end hereof, are Defigns for Kztchen
Gardens, of which the firft is divided into equal Quarters, wherein
is exprefs'd the Quantity of each Vegetable that is neceflary for
the Service of a Nobleman’s Family, as is alfo Plate Il, and Ill.
The Italick Figures denote the breadth of each Walk, as 6
fignifies fix Feet, 15 fifteen Feet, ec.

Plate VI. is the Defign of the Kitchen and Phyfick Garden,
with its Quarters environ’d with E/paliers of Fruit. The Defign
of this Garden is for the Ufe of Families, which require
many Herbs for Diftilling, as well as for the Ufe of the Kitchen,
whercin the neceflary Quantities are nearly adapted to the Ufe
of moft Families. i

ate

XV

V1

The INTRODUCTION.

Plate V. is the Defign of a Kitchen Garden containing one

Acre, half, and twenty Poles, and Plate Ill, another of three

Rood and twelve Pole only, fit for lefler Families than the pre-
ceding. But asthe Defign of thefe Plans are more to infiruct in
the Forms of Kitchen Gardens, than their Quantities of Ground,
or Herbs of cach Kind as they may beft approve on; therefore
every one is at his Pleafure to fow and plant of each Sort of
Herbage, Roots, Pulfe, &c. fach Quantities as are neceffary
for their Ufe. Tae

For the Zemperatures, and Medicinal Virtues of the Kitchen
and Phyfick Herés contain’d in the laf Part, I am obliged to
that laborious Herbarz/t Gerrard ; which being well underftood
will prove of very great Service to us, in compofing our Sal-
Jads at all Times of the Year, fuitable to every {trong or

weak, hot or cold Stomachs, that are found in the different
Conttitutions of People.

NEW PRIN-

igi dea deel’.
ded

os

ret ils
=
} fe

YP: & R Dee £
Of Geometry.
See ¢ riety es
Of Lines. Page 1
Pros. 1 ee Be) xoM a Point 10. To find a third proportional

OS
vite; Line (c b.) €2

2. From a Point given (a) to : et
4 right Line (ae) equal to the given
Line (d g.) ibid.

3+ 4 right Line being given (ab)
to cut off a per (af) equal to the
right Line (d c.)

4. To make an Angle (abc) e
qual to an Angle given (d é f.)

J. To. divide. an Angle ae, (2)
into two equal Parts.

6. From a given Point (a or a

aks let fall, or raife a per pendicular,

or. - 0 divide a.right Line into ae
equal Parts, by a right Line, °
(ab, dy nm.)
8. To divide any Line as (a b) ‘
@ given proportion, as (ca, ce.) 6
° 1 find a unt prepyriiopat
(34) 2 three given, Viz. (ae: € C:
d b.) ibid.

tt ibid -

(n m) to two given (ZY, y X-) ibid,
11. Between two given Lines (ik,
n.0)¢o find ameanproportion(ch. jibid.
12. Yo divide a right Line (bf)
in extveam and mean proportion. 7
13. Zo find the center of an Arch
or Circle.
14. Io draw a Tangent fom a
Point given. bid.
1f. Le cut off a Segment ac a
Circle given, that may receive an
Angle equal to an Angle given. 9
16.. To divide aright Line into any
Namber of equal Parts. ibid.
17. Zo divide a right Line in
Lah FORE as another is “tee
divide bi
18, “7 odeferibe fingle, double, tre-
ie bari Sc. /piral Lines. 10
To defcribe a [erpentine Line
poe an Ellipfis. If
20. Zo defcribe with Compafes
any rural or ivregular curved fie.
ibi

b Set tT.

The © O-N. 7 ENE».

KEG Ti

oe

of fuperficial Figures. ?

To sce a Circle.
© 12

Pros. 1.

pa
2. To divide the saps of

a Gircle into any Number of equal
Parts, not exceeding ten. 13

0 divide the circumference of

-any Circle into 360-equal Parts or
Degrees. ibid.
4. To find the center of a circular
Arch, and the whole Diameter of
the Circle, of ese the given Arch
3s a Part or Segme 14,
ie A Circle a given to “ied ad
cen
a To peda an Ellipfis, t oy
soir bid.
T 0 deforibe an Ellipfis a diffe-
ret = from the preceding. If
To defcribe an Ellipfis accord-
ing 10 any Breadth and Length A

9. To defcribe the fame Blip s :
different Way.

10. To find the center and two
Diameters of any Ellipfis. _ ibid.
11. Zo defiribe an Ellipfis ano-
ther way. bid.
F2. To defcribe an Egg Osa

13. Io defcribe an eg i +e
angle.
14. To make an Tfoceles, and eae
lenum Triangle. 19
1s. Io defcribe a Geom. ange t
ibid.
16.0 defcribe a Parallelogram.ib.

17. To defcribe a Rhombus. 20
18. To defcribe a Rhomboides: ib.
19. To defcribe a Trapezia, pi
20. Io defcribe a Pentagon.

21. To defcribe a Hexagon. ibid.
22. To defcribe a Heptagon. 22
23. To defcribe an Oftagon. ib,

. To defcribe a Nonagon or En-
neagon, &c. 23

BP A, Kes a: 4,
Of Fruit-Trees.

Emonfirating the va-
riety of Gardens, their

SEc7. I.

Situation for Fruit, the Nature of

Soils, and their feveral Improvements

4. Of the feveral Kinds of Earth,
pipir for all Sorts of Fruit-Trees. 48
5. Containing a Catalogue of the
beft Fruits, with general Direétions

by Manures. 5 se their pruning. fz
2. Of the manner of raifing Stocks Of the Peach. 62
from Kernels, &c. time of Grafting, : Of the Pear. 6s
and inoculating Fruit Trees, with 8. Of the Apricot. — 71
Obfervations thereon. 36 6 «og. Of the Fig. 72
. Of the time and manner if 10. Of the Plumb. 76
planting all Sorts of Fruit-Trees, in 11. Of the Apple. 77
any kind of Land, as Clay, Loam, 12. Of the Vine. 79
Sand, Gravel, &c. 41 13. Of

Fhe’ GIO iN TE WTS.

13. Of the Cherry. page 84
14. Of the cee f
1s. Of the Currant. 86
16. Of the Rashes or ae

Of the Strawberry. ‘s
18. Of the Berberry.
19. Of Walnuts, Chefnuts, Phil-
berds and Hazel. ibid.
20. Of the Quince. 94
~2t. Of the Mulberry. oF

22. Of the Cornelion Cherry. 96

23. Of the Medlar.

24. Of the Service. ibid.

Corollaries or additional Die ec
ti0ns.

25. How to gather and prefre
Winter Fruits. ,

26. Of the planting Fruit target
in a more grand and delightful man-
ner than has been done before. 104

PAR Big Hlh
Of Foreft Trees, their Culture, &’c.

a= I. F the feveral Methods
O by which Foret § an

are raifed.
2. Of the manner of planting Nur: ure
feries and their Government. 118

9: Of the Sycamore. 135
10. Of the Hornbeam. ibid.

11. Of the Hazel. 136
12. Of the Birch. 138

13. Of the quick Beam or Wicky.

3. Of the Oak. 120 139

4. Of the Beech. 124. 14. Of the Alder, Poplar, Withy,
5. Of the Afb. : 127. Willow, Sallow and Ozier. 140

6. Of the Elm. 129 1s. Of the black Cherry Tree, 143

re Of the Lime or Linden. 131

16. General Direétions for plant-
14y

8. Of the Maple. 134 ing Foreft Trees, &c.

PART IV.
Of Ever-Greens.

SECT. I. F the feveral Methods
by which Ever-Greens
are raifed.

2. Of the Pine tree. 148
3- Of Firr Trees. exe)
4. Of the Ilex or Ever-green Oak.

I
6. Of the Hol i ne
: a”

y Tree e.
g. OF the Lawl : I Ao

9. Of the Laurus-tinus. — ibid.
10. Of the Phillyrea. 160
11. Of the Arbutus or Strawberry .
Tree. 16
12. Of the Piracantha. 162)
13. Of the Box Tree. 163
14. Of the Funiper. 164.
1s. Of the Italian green Privet.
ibid,
16. Of the Cyprus, Lignum Vite,
and Cedar if Lebanus. 165
2 PART.

"Eher GrO5 Ne Fs foN) E.'S

ROAR ¥& :

Of Flowering Shrubs,
SECT. I. ‘ the feveral Methods _ kes Chere'y. ibid.
8. Of the /weet Brier. 179

y which as
Shrubs ave Sil page 167
2. Of the Tulip Tree. 168
3. Of the Maracoc, or Pafion

: 9. Of the Furze Bufh, and Eng:
lith Broom. - |
20. Of the feveral Months of, 1B
Year, when flowering Shrubs are in
blaffom, and their duration. 180
21. Of the manner ;
and planting flowering Sra
proper Parts of a Wildernefs. 18
22. Of Odoriferous Flowers that
are truly beautiful, their Ufe in
— Wrilderneffes, Sac. 18
Of fuch Perfennial, bulbousa
eal and annual Flowers that are
truly beautiful, &e. 185
24. Of the feveral Sorts of Flowers
proper to adorn Chimnies, &c: du-
ring the Seafons of Spring, Summer,
and Autumn. 187

Plant. 169
4. Of est Broom. 170
~~. Of the ee ~ ibid.
6. Of Senna. 171
r Of ree saneg ibid.
8. Of Mez L772.
9. Of the Feffambde and Honey
Suckle. ibid.
10. Of the Lilac 174.
11. Of Rofes. 17f
12. Of the Pomegranate. 176
13. Of the Aithee Frutex. ibad.
14. Of the Syringa. 17;
1s. Of the Guilder Rofas 1
16. Of the Almond. is
17.. Of the mirabalon Plumb and
PAK

Bae

Of the Situation and-Difpofition of eden: in Conon

F Situations. 19%
2. Of the Difpofi-
tions of Gardens in general. 193

of the Parts of a@ delightful Gar-

SEcr. I.

9
eer) Direétions for laying ao
Gardens. 19
‘Of the Difpofition of Statues.
For open Lawns and large Cen-
ers. 203
Fer Woods and Groves. 204
For Canals, Bafins, and Fifh Ponds.
ibid,

For Feuit Gardens and Orchards. ib.

For Flower Gardens.
For the Vineyard
For Mounts, high Ferro
ces, &Ke:
For Valleys.
For Paddocks of Sheep, &c.'
in a Wilderne/s.-
For {mall Enelofures of
Corn, &c. ina Wildernefs. 3
For Ambufcadoes near Ri )
vers, Paddocks, &e,~
For Places of Banqueting.

For Bees. . .
PARMA;

205

> ibid

- 206

TaerC O-NTT-ENOT: §:

P ACUR&F. «VAL.
Of the Kitchen Garden.
Cuap. LL

of the right Ordering, and Cultivation of the feveral Sallee
Herbs which are in Seafon, ‘il be the Months of T estobagor:
FEBRUARY, and. Marcu,,

SECT. I. F Alexombers. pagez
2. Wd Salta 3

Sect. 3. Of Bee
Broo clas
g« Of Brooklime.

Seiad §
7 ; g of agi Saveyss &e: A

ps.
13. Of Corn Sallad.

31
14- Of Garden and Water cre

rs. Of Cucumbers.

| ay
16. Of b ugaihiree'g ond ore: :

e a
17. Of Garden Endive. "ae

18. Of Fennel.
19. Of Garlick.

20. Of Hop Tops, or young Hip.

“Sr, OF Lettate: °
tam. Of Leek IIMA:
23. Of white Muptard.

47
48

o
La
= *

24u' Of Spear and ‘Gariteh, Mins,

25. Of Nettle Tops.

26. Of Citron, Orange and Li-

mon Seedlings.
27. Of Onions.
28 Of Garden Parfley.
29. Of the Parfnip,

60

OI
64.
66
68

at Ln

30, Of Potatoes. vA
31. Of Penny- Royal. 73
32. Of Radi 74
33 yt Radifh. 76

934: OF Rampion 78:
<3f- ‘Of Coe, or Spanith Rocket,

» .of9
“36. Of red Nic, 80
37- Of Sampier. 81
8. Of Scorzonera.
39. Of Scurvy, Grafs. 84
40. Of Sellery.

At. Of Skikretss,. 87
42. Of Sorrel. 88
43, Of mea or acai 89

1. Of ol
4s. C fe Seats, 92
sp een pe sik. jez

47. Of: Turnips et ees %

and Cold, &c. Ota T in the fe-
veral Sallets , for the Months of

January, , py and March. 96
gee
» which oe Sablets for Janaaity, Be-

of the jeveral Bffects
bruary azd March, bave ve ——
Bodies.

A Tableof the raw: ‘Salter for
January, February and Marchi 100
—LIOf the boiled SaNets for ibid
——Of the pickled Sallets ibid.

Direéiong for the Gathering, Or-
dering, and Drefiing of Sallets. 10%

Char.

aah tiie (

Cua.

Il,

Of the feveral Sallet Herbs, Roots, . ce. for the ‘Monti of

APRIL, MAY aid JUNE, 4

Secr. 1. Of Afparagus. - ibid.
2. Of Artichokes. ibid.
3. Of Lisbon and Windfor woe

of
4. Of Balm 108
s. Of the Beet 109
6. Of Borage ibid.
7. Of Buglofs IIt
8. Of Burnet. 112

9. Of Chervil, Creffes, Corn-Sal~
tae white Muftard, Radifh, Spinage

ee Il3
3. OF Indian Creffes. 114

I a Of Cucumbers. Tis
12. Of the Collyflower. 117

13. Of Dill. 119
14. Of French or Kidney Bean.

Shige sa |
tuce. ee Sy B*
» 16, of Onions. ~ »

17. Of Orange and Lins 2 ee
Seedlings.
18. Of Purflane. -
I ei: Of ‘ale

Of the remaining Sallets for
ie: ‘Months of April, May and June.

A Table of the Degrees of Heat
and Cold, &c. 134.
A Table of sbbie Effetts, &c. 135
~ Table of the raw Sallet Herbs,
4 Table of the boiled Sallet Hes

A Table ss the pickled § ales, ec.

1s. Of the Jeveral Kinds of Lit: au
Sa BE,

Sec 137 ——Of raw Sallets, 8c. 140
A Ta sie of the Degrees of ie ——Of boiled Sallets, &ce. 24.
and Cold, & 138) ———Of pickled Sallets, &c. gibid.
SeuuOK che, Effetts, BccuiicF BBO Aaa

C ma p.- TV:

Of the feveral Sallet Herbs, Roots, ¢yc. for the Months of

OcTOBER, NOVEMBER and DECEMBER.

SEC bid.
a Ta ‘ale of the Degrees of. Hea
an
ear their Effetts.

a

141
Of raw Sallets.

Of boiled Sallets. bag
Of pickled Sallets.

Ce “ar.

Th CONTENTS.

CHAP.

+ V5

Of the Names, Defcriptions, Temperatures, Virtues and Cul-
tivations of fuch Diftilling and other phyfical Herbs, that are
~abfolutely neceflary for the Service of all Gentlemen (and

*Yother) Families in general.

‘Sect. 1. Of difilling Herbs. p. 14y

3. Of Annifeed. .-_- ~-: 147
4, Of Cammomile. 149
5. Of Carduus Benediftus, 150
6. Of Comfrey. 152
7. Of Clovegilly-fiower. 1f3
8. Of Dragons. . nodoires,
9. Of Dwarf Elder, & 16
10. Of Elicampane. — SZ
11. Of Feverfew. 158

12. Of Hyffop. 1Fs9
« 13. Of Lavender Spike, fweet
oy clothes Lavender, and Lavender -

Cotton. 160
14. Of Liquorifh. 162
1s, Of Marjorams, 164 fu

3 = Of Marigolds.
16.
19

16. Of Marfh-mallows. 166
| 168

Of the Garden Poppy. 169

. Of Rofemary. 172
20. Of Garden Rue. 173
21. Of red and damask Rofes. 175
22. Of Saffron. 176
23. Of Savory. 179
24. Of Self-Heal. 180
“25: Of Solomon Seal, 181

26. Of Southernwood. 183
27. Of Thyme. 18
28. Of Englith Tobacco. 185
29. Of Violets. - 187
o. Of Wormwood. 189
An excellent’ Receipt for a Con-

mptions or foortne/s of Breath. 190

A Cata-

A Catalogue of Herbs tovbe dry’d, for oe in Wants

fox ~ “ane Tt , 4

Sa Sieg tia det * (t.) For Diftilling. | sg Beret
Angelica, Balm, Cinshomile Flowers, Cardans peer Livlender,
Liquorifo , Summer Marjoram, Wat rg0lds, gaeis nica eid Sage
Ti Saag e and Wormwood.
DBI ripe! , \(2.) For the Kitchens
Ba1 | Summer Marjoram, Marigolds, and Mint.
* | A Table of aromatick Herbs. °° ?\th. (Og
seat Annifeeds Bala, Cammomile, Chervil, Clovegilli ‘fower, Dili,
Hyfop, Lave Ha Marjoram, Marigolds, Mint, Parfley, Sousbernivood
. ii e and Thyme

« Sweet Herbs = Selon Ulec. epee re
at rs Marjoram, Marigolas, Mint; Parfley, Penny- Royal Seoer7,

Soup Herbs for Kitchen Ufe.
A/paragus; Beet, Borage, Cabbage, Carrots Endive, Lettuce, Lecks;
hae el Mega aes Qxions, Peafes Sellery, Spinage, Serta and
nee

oe bs for Edgings in a Kitchen Garden.
Hoff tp, Lavender, Spike and Cotton, Rhue, Sage and Thyme.

ERRATA.

AGE 3. Problem. 7: an 2. read Interval, p. 12. Paragraph 3. 1. 1. 1. defcribe.

that naturally, 8. r, that are good bearer, ie im rt. shaban sake cpersioiacaael ugh T.
therefore that yor may not. - ak r. Boncretien, r, pte 54. Pp. $4. * ral let, and note that Cnife-
madam is a fummer frait. p. $5. Blackpear of wsiiaater, aa Parkinfon’s Warden are the fame fruit. p. 56. r.
Kirton . P- 57. the early Flanders and a Cherries are the fame fruit. p. a rls 5. r. all that a
5 60. rule 8. r. that are in perfect health. so 1. $+ fF. to Fp the contave. p. une. p. 65, Fr.

Raffelet, . 7G %. 42 oY felon to prune the Figs is the beginning or middle of June, and that se diredlion
is — the old me t. primordian. p. 78. r. Parterres. J, 4. parag. 5: bg wonderfully r. much. parag,
6. 1. 4 79. Se& la nd ii

oe sdeth that were. P-
£9. 1 6. 2 not admitting. p. 90, parag. q. |. + fe i ple Sa Ps + the fit so delight # in. p. ot.
t ~ i J dé

ot % 02. para 12.7

dian. parag. 4. 1.14. r. Ruffelet. é 106. 1. 14. 1. la Royal. i ae Orleanc ‘, 30. T ‘ie mt dee: pie
1. 4, that are excellent good. p. 115. Piast are. pai ie: -2. 1. bef? when pla subi, p- 118. Se&,
2. 1.2. 1. fach as is co ee 124. condi ji, @. p. 131. ane pe Oe Scere and fold. > 132.
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3. T. that is of a. colour. p. 194.1. 10. t. he never faw. |. 12. r. is mot the purpofe. 1. 16. r Dad
is ile. vine -2. 1, have been. p. Tys- diredtion 2. r. with breadths 2 gree and |,

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J PART

a ee Ww

P Roe DL eT PT yes

f

O F

“GG AR DEN Paes

eens
‘<eEEEepeeeeenes

Y 2.6 i FE
Of GEOMETRY.

a 1. L-
Of Lines.

@e| N Confideration of the great Ufe as Geometry is
ee Of to Gardeners, in furnifhing them with excel-
4 lent Rules for their fure and {peedy Execution of
] Surveys, Meafures, Levels, Drawings, Working, —
| Sc. therefore I have firft laid down all the moft —
|, ufeful Principles thereof, and in a very concife
and familiar Manner. eee

i asa . PRO.

Fig. I.

Fig. I.

New Principles of Gardening.

PROBDEM: fF

ROM a given Point (m,) to draw a Right Line (ez)
> parallel to the Right Line cb. 7

Derinition I. A Point in Pra&tice is underftood to be the
Jeaft fuperficial Appearance, as can be made by the Point of a
Needle, Pin, Pen, &c.

Derrnition Il. A Right Line is the neareft Diftance between
its two bounding Points, as ¢ b.

Derrinition II. Parallel Right Lines are thofe which do
not incline towards one another, and therefore if infinitely
continued, would never meet, as ea and cd.

Practice. Takethe neareft Diftance from the Point ™, to
the Line ¢ 4, as #0, and on any Part of the Line cd, asat f, de-
fcribe an Arch as; then by laying a Ruler from ™ to the Edge
or Convexity of the Arch 44, you may draw the Parallel re-
quired. For by the firft, 2d is equal to ae, dg equal to ge,
and ag is common to both;. therefore ge is parallel to be.
9. E. D.

PROBLEM Ih

fF ROM a Point given (a,) to draw a Line (a€) equal to
the given Linedg. |

Practice. From @ draw ae parallel to dg, and join the
Points, ¢d@ from the Point g draw ge parallel to 2d, and the
Line ae will be equal to dg. Becaufe in the Parallelogram de,
the oppofite Sides ae is equal to dg. Q. £. F..

PRGBLEM UL

Fig. 1H, A Right Line being given (ab) to cut off a Part Cah

equal to the Right Line dc.

PRACs.

New Principles of Gardening. 2

Practice. From @ draw az at pleafure, and longer than
dc. Ona, with the Interval dc, delcribe the Arch ef; then
fhall the Line fa, be equal to ed; becaufe fa is equal to (ae
and) cd. 9, £.D

PROBLEM IV.

O.make an Angle (abc) equal to an Angle givei, Fig...
(def.)

Derinition 1. An Angle (called in Latin Angulus) is the
Corner (d,) that is made by the Méeting of Lines, as fd, and de,
6c. which Angle is greater or lefs, according as the Lines lean
nearer, or ftand further off from one another: So the Lines id
and ed make an Angle leffer than the Lines ed and fd, and
the Lines bd and ed greater than edand fd, which is called
their Inclination.. Therefore, when feveral Lines havethe fame
Inclination, they make equal Angles. _

DerrntTion II. Angles are either right-lined, as 2; {fpherical
or curved, as 4, or mix’d, as4 When an Angle is mentioned
by three Letters, the fecond or middlemoft Letter always de-
notes the Angle or Angular Point: So @ denotes the Angle
bac, or cab, &e. :

Practice. Make ac equal todf With any Interval, as
df ond defcribe fe, and on a, with the fame Opening the
Arch ¢4, make cd equal to fe, and draw a6: So fhall the
Angle aéc be equal to the given Angle def, becaufe the Tri-
angle abc is equal-fided to the Triangle de f- F,

PROBLEM VV.
O divide an Angle given (a) into two equal Parts. Fig. V.

Practice. On 4, with any Iterval, defcribe the Arch 2¢,
and with the fame Opening on 4 the Arch ff, and on ¢ the
Arch ee, croffing in d: Join dé and de, and draw da, which fhall
divide the Angle 2 in two equal Parts. For the Triangles 4 a

: B2 te an

Fig. VI.

New Principles of Gardening.

and acd are equal-fided, being Radius’s of equal Circles, and
adcommon. Therefore the Angle ¢ da is equal to the Angle
bda. QE. F.

PIeesiLEM VI

ROM a given Point (a or-h) to let fall or raife a Per-
a pendicular (ah.)

Definition I. Perpendiculum, or Perpendicular, (from the
Latin, perpendo, to hang down,) is a ae Line falling upon
a Right Line with equal Inclinations, (as 4aon 6c.) where the
Angles on each Side (ba and hac) are equal to each other ;
and therefore are called Right Angles.

Practice. With any Interval make a¢ equal to 2d, and
with the Diftance 4c on 6 deferibe the Arch ee, and on ¢ the
Arch ff, croffing at 4, join 44, and twill be the Perpendicular
required ; for 4d is equal to bc, and a6 to ac, and ha com-

mon. Therefore the Angles at a are as and right-angled,
bs

and 2h perpendicular. Secondly, on 4, with any Interval,

_ defcribe the Arch bc, join hc andhd; divide the Angle ch,

Fig, VII.

(by the preceding Problem,) and the Line 4a is the Perpendi-
cular required: For the Angles at 2 may be proved to be Right
Angles, as before. Therefore, 6c. VU. E.F.

To let fall a Perpendicular from a Point, as at 4, over or
near the End of a Line, draw a Right Line (¢#0) from the
given Point (2) to any Part of the given Line, as to 0, which
divide into two equal Parts at #, and on m defcribe the Semi-
circle z/0, draw z/ the Perpendicular required. 0. E.F.

To raife Perpendiculars at the End of a Right Line, take
the following Ways, viz.

firft, From a raife the Perpendicular @ ig

Practice. With any Interval on @ defcribe an Arch, as
(y¢d,)make_y¢ and ¢d each equal to ayd; and with the fame
Openingon edefcribe the Arch 4d, and on dthe Arch c ¢, croffing
the other in ff draw g @ through £ the Perpendicular required.

Secondly, From & raifethe Perpendicular bp.
‘ PRACTICE.

New Principles of Gardening. 5

PracticE. With any Interva! on / defcribe the Arch 2/2,
make 2/ equal to 42, and with the fame Opening on # defcribe
the Arch zmuo, make 20 equal to thrice 47, draw o4, and
’ewill be the Perpendicular required.

Thirdly, From q raife the Perpendicular @ v. Fig. VII:

Practice. With any Interval of your Compaffes place
down ata Venture one Foot thereof as at s, and with the other
defcribe the Arches x x and ww; lay a Ruler from 7 to s,
and “twill cut the Arch ww in ¢; join 79, and ’tis the Per-
pendicular required.

Fourthly, From a, Fig. VIM. raife the Perpendicular ac.

Practice. Draw a Right Line, as de, and open your rig. 1x:
Compafles to. any {mall Diftance, as from 1 to2, and thereon
prick off ten of thofe Divifions: Take eight of the faid Divi-.
fions, and place it from ato 4, with the Interval of 6 on @;
defcribe the Arch ff; and with the Interval of 10 on 4, the
Arch gg, croffing the former in ¢; join ¢4, and ’tis the Per-
pendicular required.

When Perpendiculars are to be raifed from an Angular
Point, (as #m from #,) open your Compaffes to any Interval,
as 2b, and onthe Angle # defcribe an Arch, as g4; then open-
ing your Compaffes to any greater Diftance, as go, on g de-
feribe the Arch 77, and on / the Arch 00, croffing the former.
in m; draw wm, and ’tis the Perpendicular required..

PROBLEM. VIL

O divide a Right Line into two equal Parts, by a Right Fig. VU:
Line, asab 6y nm. |

Practice. Ona, with any Interval greater than a2, de-
{cribe an Arch,-as dd, and with the faine Opening on. 4, the:
Arch ¢¢, erofling the firft in »m; from which Points draw
the Line #m, and ’twill divide 24 in the Middle; for nb ie

3 equal.

Fig. X.

Fig. X,

Fig. XI.

New Principles of Gardening.

equal to the Radius of #@ and 77 common, and the Angles at
zright-angled ; therefore the Side az is equal toz6. Q, Z. F.

PROBLEM: Vitt.

O divide any Line (as ab) in a given Proportion, as
Cay ces oY

Practice. ab, ac, being drawn atany Angle, draw the
Right Line 6c, and draw ed parallel to it; therefore, as
ba is to da, fois¢ a toea. 1G Bakes shi hoa:

PROBLEM IX.

‘O find a fourth Proportional (bd) to three given, Viz
ae: ec i: ad: db. |
Practice. Join ed, and draw cb parallel, and continue
ad to 6, and dé is the fourth Proportional required ; for as
ae isto ec, foisadtodd. O=.E.F |

PROBLEM X.

< O jind a third Proportional (nm) to two given, (z y>
yx.) |

_ Practice. Make 2 equal to 2 at any, Angle, cand.

join y#. Continue 2% ” infinitely, and. from » draw the Par-

rallel xm; mu is the third Proportional: For, as 2.9 is to Iitge

foiszutonm. Q, E.F. |

PR’O BL E M: Xi.

PL) “tween two given Lines (ik, no) to find a mean Pro-
) portion (ch.) |

DerinitTion. A mean proportional Line, is fuch a Line, whofe
Length being multiplied into it felf, its Produ& is equal to both
the Products of the other two Lines between which it isa
mean Proportional.

PRAc-

New Principles. of Gardening. 7

Practice. Makedé equalto z4 and #0, make @¢ equal to Fig. XU.
no; and ftom, raife the Perpendicular ¢4. Bilect dé in
a, and on 4, with the Interval ¢ d, or 24, defcribe the Semicir-
cle dh, cutting the Perpendicular in 4; 4¢ will be the mean
Proportion. For, (44, 44, being joined) the Angle 4d is
right-angled. Therefore be is. the mean Proportion between
cbandcd QE...

PROBLEM XI.

30 divide a Right Line (bf) in extream and mean Pre-
portion.

Dermuition. A Right Line is faid to be divided ta extream
and mean Proportion, when the Wholeis to the greateft Segment,
as the greatelt Segment is to the Leffer.

Practice. Make wv equal to Of, and bifet wv by
xh,inr ; throughband x drawst and parallel to wv; and
through w and wv the Lines ¢ y, and s% parallel to bx;
on t, with the Interval. ty, defcribe the Arch 9 #75, cutting
hx in #, andwvino. Draw 04, and on 4 with the Inter-
val bo, cut 4x ina, fo fhall ba be the greater Segment, and
ax the lefler; and confequently 4x is thereby divided in ex-
tream and mean Proportion. Let x0 be drawn, and with that
Interval on x, defcribe the Arch ac, and on 4 the Arch 0 a, and
draw the Right Lines 0@ and oc; then will the Angle. heobe
equal to the Angles ¢ xo, and xoc; becaufe thefe two Angles
are within, the other without the Triangle ¢xo. Likewife
the fame Angle 4co is equal to the Angles aac and aoc
and oca equal to oc; alfo the Angles ox¢ and ¢oa@ are
equal toeach other. Therefore the Triangles x o¢, andaa¢,
have two Angles equal to two Angles of the Triangle ¢oa,
and therefore equal-angled. For as ox or oh is toc, fo is
oc, or oa, to ac. ‘Therefore oc or o@ is a mean Propor- Fig, XII:
tional between bo and ¢a. On the Right Lines ox, 04, make
hd and xe, equal to 4c, and join de and de; then will do
and oe be equal, and de parallel to 4, and confequently the
alternate Angles dea, xae, and eda, hed, ave all equal 3
, e€ac

g ~ New Principles of Gardening.

each other, and the Rhombus xeda equal to the Rhombus

ec. Therefore the Lines xe, ec, da, dh, hc, and oa,
are equal to one another. And as ’tis plain, that 0@ is a mean
Proportional between 4a and ¢ a, fo likewife is « @ (equal to
0a) a mean Proportional between 4a and ca; for twill be,
as ba to ax, fo ax to ca; and being compounded, as 4a
more ax, (that is, 4x,) tox 2 more ac, (that is; xc or 4a,)
fo likewife is ba to hc; therefore 4x is divided in ¢ and 4; fo
that the whole Line 4x, a Part 44, and the remaining Part
hc, likewife x4, a Part xc, and the remaining Part x a,
are continual Proportionals. Therefore fa (that is, 40)
is the greater Segment of the Right Line 4x, divided in ex-
tream and mean Proportion. Q, E. D.

N. B. Thofe Segments may alfo be found as follows:
Continue x4 to &, making 4 & equal to bv; on 4, with
the Interval &v, defcribe the Arch v ao, which will cut 4x
in 2; fo will 4a be the greater Segment. F,

PROBLEM XIiil.

Fig. XIV, O jind the Center of an Arch (or Circle) given ( ghi)
or to deftribe a Circle, whofe Circumference {hall pafs
through three Points given.

PRACTICE. Join any two, as 4g and 42, bife& each by
Perpendiculars, crofling in ”, which is the Center; for each
Perpendicular is a Diameter, and confequently the Center muft
be where they interfec&.

PROBLEM XIV.

Fig. XV. O draw a Tangent (nh) from a Point given (h)

DeriniT10n. A Tangent (comes from the Latin Word Tango,
to touch) is a perpendicular Right Line without a Circle falling
upon the End of the Diameter, as 74.

_Practics. Draw a Right Line from 4 to the Center 4,
bifect 44 in 7, and thereon deferibe the Semicircle kunh, cut-
ting

New Principles of Gardenzng, 9

ting the Circle in 3 join #4, 4, fo hall 74 be the Tangent
required. For the Angle £74 is right-angled. Q, EF.

PROBLEM XV.

O cut off a Segment (os) from a Circle given, that may Fig. XV1.
receive an Angle equal to an Angle given, viz. sno
equal to the given Angle t. |

Derinition. A Segment (Latin, from f2co, to cut) of a Circle,
is a Figure contain’d between a Right Line and any Part of
the Circumference of a Circle, as OX S, OF SWO.

Practice. By the preceding draw the Tangent rm,
touching in 0, making the Angle ros equal to?; therefore the
Angle so (in the oppofite Segment) is equal to /, fo that
swno, is the Segment required.

PROBLEM XVL

O divide a Right Line (za) into any Number of equal ¥ig.Xvtl
AD. Dire, Gop fic)

Practice. Draw a Line at Pleafure, as 7s, and thereon
prick off fix equal Divifions of any Size, as thofe at 1, 25 3,
4, 5, 6- Ons, with the Interval 7s, defcribe the Arch x x,
and on r the Arch oo. From 4, the Point of Interfection,
through 7, 1, 2, 3, 4) 5, 5, draw Right Lines infinitely ;
make 64 and 64 equal to za, and,join 42; then will 42 be
divided into fox equal Parts by theLines bu, bn, Sc. Q, F F.

PROBLEM XVI. |

O divide a Right Line (zn) in fuch Proportion, as an- Fig XVM,
other is before divided, (as ab.)

Practice. Draw a Line at Pleafure, as 7s, on which prick
off the feveral Diftances or Divifions of a4, as 41, Ty 2) 25
3, 3,4) 44; at the Points wm, Gc. make s¢ and r# equal
(by the preceeding,) and ffORm t through the Points # see
ae. raw

10 New Principles of Gardening.
draw Right Lines infinitely, make ¢g and ¢w equal to 2”,
and draw gw; then will gw (which is equal to 2) be divi-
ded in fuch Proportion as ab. E. F.

PROBLEM XVII.

O deferibe Spiral or Serpentine Lines, either fingle, dou-
ble, treble, or quadruple.

Single spi- Practice. (1.) Draw the Line 1, 2, at Pleafure, and bifeét it

ral Line. in y, on which, with half the affigned Diftance of the Line, (fup-

Dealer. pofe ax,) defcribe the Circle vw, and bifect vy and yw in
z and x, which are the two Centers on which the Line is de-
{cribed, as follows: On » defcribe vt, on 2, 25, on x, 549,
and on 2, 97, Sc. and fo in like manner, you may turn the
faid Line abdut as often as required.

Doublespi- 2.) Draw the Line 3, 4, at Pleafure, and bife& it iny, and, as

Fig. XX. in the preceding, defcribe the Circle rw, and its Centers x, x,
which being done, on the Center x defcribe wg, and on z
defcribe rv; alfoon x, up, andon 2, gf, and ps, and, fo
in like manner, on x, the Arches to and sv, 6c.

Treble Spi- (3-) Make the Equslateral Triangle ab m, with its Sides, equal

Pie, Xi to the given Line xa, and by Pros. V. divide all the dugles,

“and draw the Lines, a11, fw, 67, 28, m9, ando1o. Onm
with the Radius mb, defcribe the Arch 6c, on @ the Arch
me, and on 6 the Arch ad; then on 0, with the Interval
0c, deferibe the Arch cg, on f the Arch ¢4 and on #the Arch
dn. Again on a, with the Interval ag, detcribe the Arch g 4,
on 4 the Arch /1, and on m the Arch »v; then beginning
again at 0, with the Interval ov, defcribe the Arch vx, on a
the Arch xy, and on f the Arch yz, &c. and the like of
others, to any Number of Revolutions required.

Quadruple _(4-) Draw a Right Line at Pleafure, as gs, and bifeé&t it by the

Slee Line zo, and draw de and ab, as alfo bc and ad, parallel to

‘e**" the Lines 20, and sg, at the given Diftance of the Lines 5,
6, interfecting each other in abcd, the Centers, on which the
Lines are deferib’d, as follows, viz. on d defcribe the Arch
hi, on athe Arch 2y, ond, mm, and on c, op; then
beginning again at 4d, defcribe yk, at 2, wl, atb, pg, and
atc, pfs and fo in like manner may be continued about to
any Number of Revolutions required. PR OB-

New Principles of Gardening. II

PROBLEM XIX.
O deftribe a ferpentine Line about an Eliipfis. Fig XXUD

Practice. By Pros.IX. Sect. II. defcribe the Ellip/s
abed, according to its Diameters given, and extend out the
Lines eg, ¢4, and fg, f4, infinitely: Divide £4 into four equal
Parts, and make fz, 64, g 4, and em, each equal to one Fourth
of £4, which Points z, 4, /,m, are the four Centers on which
the Line is defcribed as following, vz. On / defcribe the Arch
np, on? the Arch po, on & the Arch ov, on m the Archv w,
on /the Arch wx, and on z the Arch +g, and fo (as before
in the circular Spirals) this may be continued about as often
as required. :

PROBLEM Xx.

O defcribe with Compaffes, &c. any rural or irregular Fig XXIV.
Curved Line, as zw m.

Practice. firfi, with a Pencil trace out the Line, and
at every Turning, as w,i,h, make a Point. Secondly, in eve-
ry fuch Dzvz/ion aflume another Poimt, as7v, and by Pros. XIII.
hereof defcribe the Arch 2 7w, and then proceed in like man-
ner to find the Cexters of the Arches ws, 24, Sc. till the
whole Line is defcribed as required.

SB Gebadk
Of Superficial Figures.

Urerricra Ficures, neceflary to be underftood by Gar-
deners, Sc. are the Circle, Ellipfis, Triangle, Square,
Parellogram, Pentagon, Hexagon, Septagon, Ottagon,

Nonagon, Decagon, Sc. whole Definitions and Confirucizons
are as follows. C2 PR O-

12-

Fig. KXV.

New Principles of Gardening.

PROBLE™M TI.
O defcribe a Circle of any poffible Magnitude required.

EFtnition: (1.)A Crrcve isa plain Figure, bounded with
cm Lime, called ie Circumference, in the Midft whereof is
a Point, from whence all Lines drawn to the Circumference
are equal, which Point is called the Center thereof, as a. (2)
The ‘Diameter of a Circleis a Right Line (bc) paffing through
the Center a, terminating at each End with the Cercumference,
and dividing the Circle into two equal Parts. (3.) The Ra-
dius of a Circle is the Semidiameter, as 6a, orac. (4.) A
Semicircle is the Figure (6”¢) contain’d between the Diameter
and half the Circumference. (5.) A Segment of a Citcle. Vide
Pros. XY. Sect. I.

Practice. ACixcve is ufually defcribed by the Revolution
of a Right Line, having one of its Ends fix’d on the Center,
while the other revolves round the fame; as if 74 was fix’d
at b, (as the Joint of a Sector, Two-foot Rule, Sc.) and to be
moved from d to 4, to”, to v, and to-d, its former Po/fition,
the End of the Line d would defcribe the Circumference, and
the Line the Circle itfelf. When a Circle is defcribed by Com-
paffes, the Diftance between the two Pozts or Legs ‘thereof,
is to be confidered as the Radius or Right Line aforefaids =It
often happens, that Czrc/es are required to be defcribed where
tis not poffible for the Radius to move round its Center, as

sia and therefore at fuch Times obferve the following
ule:

rigxxvi,_ How to aefersbe aCiacix without the Center being known ;
i

et dog be the given Diameter, which bife&t in 6, and there-
on raife the Perpendicular 64, which make equal to 6 d. Con-
tinue 6d towards f, and make fd equal to two Sevenths of
46; on 4, with the Interval 6 deferibe the Arch fm at Plea- |
fure, make .6v equal tob4 or bd; on d, with any Interval
greater than half d/, deferibe the Arches £4, ss, on J, the
Arches 22, and draw 46, cutting the Arch fm in a3 then
with the Interval dc, or 4a, on deferibe the Arch 00, on”
the Arches pp, rv, and on v the Arches 9g, tt; interfeCting
* each

New Principles of Gardening.
each other in the Points 2,.y, w, x; join the Right Lines @/,
Ly, Vy BW, WU, Ux, Xd, da, each of which divide into any
Number of equal Parts, as 1, 2,3, 4) 5, 6c. Draw Right
Lines from the: Divifions of 44, to thofe of 44, from dy to
thofe of yg, from gx to thofe of xv, and from vw to thofe
of wd, and their Interfections will defcribe the Circle re-
quired. Q.£.F.

PROBLEM I.
O divide the Circumference of a Circle into any Number of
equal Parts, not exceeding ten.

Practice. By the preceding defcribe the Circle afcg 5
draw the Diameter aec, and "twill divide the Czrc/e into two
equal Parts; make ¢dand ad equal to ae, and draw 6d, which
will divide the Circle into three equal Parts ; draw fg-at Right
Angles to ac, and join f4, which is the fourth Divifion , on
a, with the Interval af, cut ac in 7, and join fz, which
fhall divide the Circle into five egual Parts, the Radius ea,
ec, Sc. is the fixth Divifion, hb, or hd, isthe feventh, draw
ek through 9, and the Line’aé will be the eighth, one Third

3

Fig.
XXVIE

of the Arch ~*7 viz. dl, is the ninth, and e¢ the tenth Dic

vifion. Q. £.
ONCE 2p eg aiEs TE NEEM LS SPT

§ 1O divide the Gircumference of any Circle into 360 equal
Parts, or Degrees. cal

DeriniTion. A Degree is the three hundred and ‘ixtieth

Part of the Circumference of any Circle, (be it great or fmall,)

each of thofe Degrees are divided into fixty equat Parts, hed }

led Minutes; and» each of thofe into /xty Parts more, called
Seconds; and fo to Thirds, Fourths, ce. > But: fach Subdi-
vifions has no Place herein, any further than Minutes.

Practice.: Deferibe the Circle a che, diaw the two Dias
meters aband ec at Right Angles, and the Circle will be di-
vided into four equal Parts; make 4g, 4%, each equal to a d,

as.

14. New Principles of Gardening:

as. alfo cm, chk, bl, bh, ez, and ef, then will the Circum-
ference be divided into twelve equal Parts, each containing
thirty “Degrees: Divide a f, am, €c. each into three equal Parts,
and then will the Czrcle be divided into thirty fix, each con-
taining ten Degrees. Laftly, divide each of thofe Divifions
into ten equal Parts, by the preceding ProsLEMs of Sect. I.
and the Circumference will be divided into three hundred and
Sixty equal Parts, as required. 0, E.F.

PROBLEM ly.

O find the Center of a Circular Arch, and the whole
Diameter of the Circle, of which the given Arch is a Part
or Segment.

Fig.xxIX _ Practice. Let aéc be the Circular Arch given ; affume
three Points therein, as 2, b,c, and by Pros. XIll. Sect. 1, find
the Center, Sc. 9, E. F. ra |

ass S28 EM Vs"
; A Circle being given, to find its.Center,

a a
? : tote

Fig. xxx, . Practice. Let abc be the Circle given; affume therein

three Points, as 2, 6, c, and by Pros. XIIL Sect. I. find the
Center, Sc. Q, EF.

we On. Sis. yp. ROB LEM ep aro oe
G Fin ge an Ellipfis (aelbk h,) ¢o any Length given,
| acdb. 5 : |

Fig-XXXL DeFiniTion. AnELipsts (Greek) is 2 Geometrical Figure, »
comprehended in one only Line, but that not circular, nor ha-
. Ving all its Parts equally refpecting the Center, but two Focus
Pomts, as esd. tL
n Evtiesis is generated by an oblique Section of a Cone,
and is to be defcribed divers Ways, as following :

Prac-

New Principles of Gardening. 15

Practice. Divide a4, into three equal Parts, at ¢ and 4,
with the Interval ae 5 on ¢ defcribe the Circle edb, and on
d the Circle 4c; from 0, through cand d, draw odd, and
oce; alfo from #, through d andc, draw “dk, and neh;
extend your Compaffes from % to 4, and defcribe the Arch 44,
and with the fame Diftance on a the Arch e/; and thus is the
Ellipfis compleated as required. _

PROBLEM VIL

O deferibe an Ellipfis a different Way from the pre-
ceding.

Practice. Divide the Diameter xy. into four equal Parts xxi.
at eim, with the Radius xe; on e defcribe the Circle e x 4,
and on i the Circle zevm, and on m the Circle my; at z
draw 2f at Right Angles to xy: From f, through e and ™,
draw the Right Linesfmé, and fea, alfo from #, through
eand mthe Lines wmd and mec: With the Interval fg, on
f defcribe the Arch gz 4, and on # the Arch wf, and. the
Ellipfis will be compleated as required.

PROBLEM VII.
\ Odeferibe an Ellipfis according to any Length and Breadth .

given,as hand i.

Practice. Make ad equal to 4, bife&t ad ing by ef
at Right Angles; make fe equal to#, and fe, fo, or e%
eb, equal togd orga; {fo fhall dc be the Umbilque, or two
Focus Points; upon which two Pius, Nails, Sc. being faf-
ten’d, and about them put a String, whofe Ends faften toge-
ther in the Point e, this String being moved about the two
Pins with a Blacklead Pencil, Sc. will defcribe the E/ip/s,
whofe Length and Breadth fhall be equal to the two given
Lines hz. E. F. | ‘A

PRO-

16

Fig.
XXXIV.

Fig.

XXXV.

Fig.
XXX VI.

New Principles of Gardening.

PROBLEM IX
O defiribe the fame Ellipfis a different Way.

Practice. Make a/ andmé equal tos and ¢ at Right
Angles, as in the preceding; make /x and ay each equal
to bb, or hm; divide xh into three equal Parts, and make
x 2 equal to one of thofe Parts; make 4¢ equal to 42; with
the Interval sc, on @ defcribe the Arches #¢ and ww, and on
¢ the Arches vv and 22, interfeGting the former in gand f;
from f, through z andc, draw the Right Lines fz 7, and
fe 9, as alfo from the Point g the Right Line gcp, and gih,
Onc, with the Interval ca, defcribe the Arch a0, and onz
the Arch d/d; extend you Compafles from fto m, and on f
deferibe the Arch omd, as alfo.on gthe Arch 044, which will
compleat the Ellipfis as required.

ed PROBLEM X
“J O find the Center and two Diameters of any Eliipfis,

Practice. Within the E//ip/s draw at Difcretion two
parallel Right Lines, as ef and gh; bife& thefe Parallels in
z and &, and draw the Right Line 24, which bife@ in /, the
Center of the Eiiipfis; whereon with any Radius defcribe 2
Circle, as mno, interfecting the E/ipfis*in p andigs join pg,
ee = it in rand ee to , and s, which is the lon-
gelt Dzameter ; through 4 draw ed, parallel to p 7, ti
the lefler Diameter. "OLE F.. en Be EN

| PROB LE pe | ae
O deferibe an Eliipfis according to any Length “anid
A Breadth given, without knowing the Focus Points, or
by Segments of Circles, as by the preceding Problems.

Practice. Let d¢ be the longeft Diameter, and ab the
fhorteft; at the Diftance of 4d draw fi and eg parallel to
ed, and ef and g # parallel at 24, at the Diftance of hc, cut-

ting

New Principles of Gardening.
ting the former in efgi. Divide ae, ag, bf, de, df, cg,
and ¢z, each into equal Number of Parts; the more, the
more exact ; draw Right Lines from the Divifions of ae, to
thofe of ed, &c. as by Pros. I. hereof, and their Inter-
fe&tions will defcribe the Ellipfis required. Q, E. F.

Note, That the longeft Diameter of an Ellipfis is called,
the Conjugate ; and the fhorteft, the Tranfverfe Diame-
ter. |

PROBLEM Xi.

O deferibe a Figure, calld an Egg Oval, equal to any
Breadth given, as hn.

Practice. Make ac equal to 4%, and bifeQ acin 6;
whereon, with the Diftance a4, defcribe the Semicircle adc ;
On a, with the Interval ac, defcribe the Arch ce, and with the
fame Opening onc, the Arch @f, crofling the former in g, com-
pleting the Ova/ required. Q, E. F.

NN. B. That the Figure thus defcrib’d, is vulgarly called an
Egg Oval, tho’ in Ae. it is not; becaufe the Arches ce and
af interfeét each other, and conftitute an Angle at g, which is
contrary to the Curvature of an Ellipfis. Therefore to defcribe
an actual Egg Oval, proceed as follows, vzz. Having defcri-
bed the Figure according to the preceding Way, draw the Line
6g; which divide in/. On / with the Opening /g, defcribe the
Arch 0g, andon g the Arch p/&, interfetting the former in
ry and 2 Laftly draw /2, cutting the Arch ce in m, /r cut-
ting the Arch af in s, and on J, with the Opening /m, defcribe
the Arch #25, which will complete the true Egg Ova/, as re-
quired. | .

* PROBLEM Xi.
O defribe an Equilateral Triangle.

EFINITION. A Triangle is a plain Geometrical Figure,
bounded with three Sides, conftituting three Azg/es, and .
D ore

Fig:
XXXVII.

18 New Principles of Gardening.

fore calleda Triangle. When a Triangle hath all its Sides equal;
tis called an Eguslateral Triangle, as eab. ‘That Triangle as:
hath two Sides equal, and the third unequal, is called an L/o-
celes Triangle, and that Triangle whofe three Sides are un-
equal, as 401, is called a Scalenum Triangle.

Note, That what is here delivered in relation to the Names
of Triangles, is only with refpe@ to their Sides; therefore,
when Triangles are mentioned with regard ro their Angles,
they are diftinguifhed as following, viz. 4 Right-angled Trian-
gle, is that which has one Right Angle and two Acute Angles,
as gh/ right-angled at g, and acute-angled at 4and/. All
Angles are meafured by an Arch of a Circle, whofe Center is
the Angular Point; and the Number of Degrees contained in fuch
an Arch, is the Quantity of the Angle.

If the Quantity of the Angle is ninety Degrees, as the An-
gle 1, 2, 5, “tis calleda Right Angle; and when lefs than ninety
Degrees, ’tis called an Acute Angle, as the Angle 3,2, 4; but
when the Angle is greater than a Right Angle, containing more
than ninety Degrees, fuch an Angle is called an Obtu/e Angle.

Figs. An Amblygonium Triangle is that as hath one Obtufe Angle,
XXXVI and two Acute Angles, as boi. An Oxigonium Triangle is
that as hath all its Angles acute, as ahd. Inevery plain Tri-
angle, the Sum of the three Angles are always equal to 180
‘Degrees. In every Triangle, any two of the Lines being ta-
ken for two Sides, the other remaining (be which it wiil) is
called the Ba/é ; therefore any Side of a Triangle may be made

the Ba/e. aia

Inall right-angled Plain Triangles, that Side as is oppofite to
the Right Angle, is called the Aypothenufe, and the other two
Sides its Legs; and fometimes one of the Legs is called the Bafe,
and the other (Cathetus, a Greek Word for) Perpendicular.

Practice. Make edé equal to fg, and on e.and4, with
the Interval fg, defcribe the Arches 1, 1, and 2, 2, croffing in a;
join 24 and ae, the Triangle required; for as 26, be, and ea,
are ie — Circles, thereforethe Triangle is Equila-
teral. si.

PRO Bs

Wew Principles of Gardening. 19

PROBLEM XIV.

A O make an Ifeceles and Scalenum Triangle. Fig.
¥XXIX.
Practice. (1) Draw 2x equal to v, and with the Inter-
val w, defcribe Arches crofling in _y; join =y, 9 x, and ’twill
complete the L/éceles Triangle required.
(2) Draw 2p equal to /, and with the Intervals #c, on p and
n defcribe Arches croffing in 0; join #0, and op, and the S¢a-
lenum Triangle will be completed as required. Q, &. F.

PROBLEM XV.

O deferibe a Geometrical Square on a given Line,
(zx.

Derini1T1on. A GEOMETRICAL SQUARE, isa Figure which fig. xL,
hath four equal Sides, and the Angles right, as mmzx.

Practice. From » erect a Perpendicular xm, equal to
2x, and on mand 2, with the Interval 2x, defcribe Arches
croffing at #, joinw 2 and am. 9.£.F. For 2x is equal
to xm, equal to mn, equal to xz, and m=z is common; there-
fore the Triangles «mz, and m2, are equai angled; therefore
the Angle x is equal to the Angle w; but the Angle xm is
equal to the Angle x2m, and mz equal to wzm, each
equal to forty five Degrees; therefore m and 2 are right-an-
gled, and the oppofite Sides are parallel. Q, 2. ‘D.

NN

PROBLEM XVI.

WO deftribe a Parallelogram (zxy n,) equal in Length and
Breadth, to two given Lines, p, q: |

-Derinttion. A ParaLtLetocram isa Quadrilateral Figure, po x11,
whofe oppofite Sides are parallel; from the Words Paralle/ and
Gramma, a Figure or Letter. |

D 2 Prac-

20 New Principles of Gardening.

Practice. Draw 2x equal to p, and ereft the Perpendi-
cular xy equal to g, with the Intervals g and p, onzand y de-
{cribe Arches eroffing in # ; join zy and #2, and the Para Helo-
gram will be completed. 9, Z. F.

PROBLEM XVIL
O defcribe a Rhombus on a given Line xy.

Fig. xt, Derintrron. A Ruomsus isa Geometrical Figure of four
equal Sides, but the Angles are unequal, two oppofite ones be-
ing Acute, and the other two Obtufe: ’Tis called Rhombus, from
the Greek Word Rbumbos, a Fifh, called the Turbot, or Glafs
Quarrels ina Window.

Practice. On, with the Interval xy, defcribe the Arch
x zm, make x 2% and 2 equal to ~4, and join 2, 2m, and
ay, the Rhombus required. Q. E. F.

rao Ss £ eM XVAT.

O defiribe a Rhomboides, equal to the given Lines an
and Angle m.

DertniT10n. A Ruomsorpss is of the fame Derivationas
the Rhombus, and is a Figure between a Pavrallelogram and a.
R ; from the one it takes irs Correfpondency of Sides,
from the other Proportion of Angles, and therefore is called a

Fig.
xX LiL.

Rhomboides.

Practice. Draw bf equal to 2, and (by Pros. IV. Sect I.
the Angle df equal to m, making fd equal to a; on b =
d, with the Intervals av, deferibe Arches croffing in ¢, join
edand cb, the Rhomboides required. 0. E. F.

PROBLEM XIx.

“YT (0 aeferibe a Trapexia, equal to the given Lines abcd
ana Angle e.

Derr.

New Principles of Gardening. 21

DeriniTion. The Word Trapezia feems to come from thee Fig. LIV
Greek Trapeza, a Table: Tis an irregular Geometrical Figure
of four unequal Sides, were ncither the Sides nor Angles equal-
ly correfpond.

Practice. Draw fg equal tod, andthe Angle fgz (by
Pros. IY. Sect.I.) equal to ¢, and make gz equal toc; on
fand 2, with the Intervals 6 and 2, defcribe Arches crofling.
in 4; join bi, and bf, the Trapezia required. Q. 2. F.

PRO BLLEM* xe

O frame or make a regular Pentagon upon a Line given.

Dermnirion. A PenTacon (Greek, from Pente, five, and Fé *4¥:
Gonia, an Angle,) is a Geometrical Figure of five Angles,
and all equilateral, and thereby its Sides are all equal, as the
Figure ac ode.

Practice. Divide edin the Middle at », from which
erect the Perpendicular 7, equal to ed, extend etof, fo
that ef may be equal to e#; upon the Bafe ed, make the
Triangle dc e, each Side equal tof; on¢ and d, with the
Interval ed, defcribe Arches croffing in 4; as alfo with the
fame Interval on e and c, defcribe Arches crofling in 4; join
ea,ac, cb, and 6d, and the Pentagon will be compleated as.
required. Q,E.F. Pentagons may be defcribed by Pros. II.
hereof. By defcribing a Circle, and dividing its Circumference
into five equal Parts, (as there fhewn,) and then to draw
Lines from one Divifion to another, will frame a Pentagon as
required.. ?

PROBLEM XxXI. —
[YO make a regular Hexagon on a Line given, (de.)

Derinttion. A HEXAGON is a Geometrical Figure, con-
fifting of fix Angles, from Hex, fix, and Gouzz, an Angle-

3 | PRACTICE

22
Fig. XLVI-

New Principles of Gardening.

Practice. On de (by Pros. XIV. hereof,) make the
Equilateral Triangle ¢4e, and on 4e the Equilateral Triangle
hfe, and on bf the Triangle haf, continue ¢ 4b to 6, and

fb toc, making bc equal to fh, and hb equal to eh, laltly,

Fig.
XLVII.

Fig:
XL Vill,

eight Times, and drawing the Right Lines E], I Be

join 2b, bc, and cd, and the Hexagon will be compleated as
required. Y.E.F.

PROBLEM XXIL.
, O deferibe a Heptagon on a given Line (H1.)

Deriition. A Hertacon is a Geometrical Figure of fe-
ven Angles, from the Greek Hepta, feven, and Gonia, an
Angle,

Practice. ‘Bile@ HI in'C, and from thence raife the
Perpendicular CM; with the Interval HI, ont defcribe the
Arch 12345; divide this Arch into fix equal Parts, and
make AB equal to A1; on B, with the Radius BI, or BH,
deferibe the Circle I1CHm; laftly, take the Line HI in
your Compafles, and fet. off that Length from H to K, from
K to L, from Ltom, frommtoN, N toO, and join the
Right Lines. KH, KL, Lm, mN, NO, and OJ, they will
compleat the Hepragon required. Q,F. F.

PROBLEM XXII

‘. ] 10 defiribe an Oétagon, whofe Sides {hall be each equal
toa given Line (EC.)

DeriniTion. An OCTAGON is a plain Geometrical Figure,
confifting of eight equal Sides and Right-equal Angles, trom
Odo, eight, and Goa an Angle.

Practice. Bife& ED ia C, whereon raife the Perpendi-
cularc#; on D, with the Interval DE, defcribe the Arch
BE, which divide into fix equal Parts, as before; make BA |
equal to two of thofe Parts, and on A, with the Interval AD,
defcribe the Circle DEIFGHLM, wherein fet round ED,

H,

3

New Principles of Gardening.
GH, HL, LM, and MD, will compleat the Odfagon re-
quired. Q, BF.

PROBLEM XXIV.

O deftribe a Nonagon, or Enneagon, whofe Sides {hall
’ be each equal to a given Line, (D L.)

DEFINITION. ENNEAGON, from the Greek, a Regular Po-
lygon, or Geometrical Figure, confifting of nine equal Sides,
and the like Angles.

Practice. Bifett DL in C, and thereon raife the Per-
pendicular CH; on L, with the Interval LD, defcribe the
Arch DB, which divide into fix equal Parts, as in the pre-
ceding; make BA equal to three Parts of the Arch BD; on
A, with the Interval AL, defcribe the Circle L, D, E, F, G,
H, I, K, and therein fet off the Diftance DL, from D to E,
from EtoF, ©. 9, EF.

N. B. That the fecond Problem hereof may be ufed
when ’tis required, to infcribe a regular Po/ygon within a
Circle, Se. : ann |

N. B. That Regular Polygons of any Kind may be infcribed
by the following Rule, vzz.

Divide the Circumference of the Circle three hundred and
fixty Degrees, by the Number of Sides in the Polygon, and

the Quotient will be the Number of Degrees contain’d in each

Side: As for Example,

Let the Polygon be a Decagon, which is a Geometrical
Figure of ten equal Sides, and the like Angles. :

PRACTICE

#3

Fig.
XLIX.

24.

New Principles of Gardening. —

Practice. Divide 360 by 10, the Number of Sides im
the Decagon, 10) 360 (36, the Quotient or Number of Degrees
contain’d in each Side as required.

Having now exemplified all the moft ufeful Definitions and
Problems abfolutely neceflary to be well underftood by every
good GARDENER, F fhall in the next Part lay down the true
Management and Ordering of Fruit and Foreft-Trees, Ever-
green and Flowering Shrubs. |

Plate I, against page 2 a.

ee 2 *
ae a4 Leg PlCA A

: Se

a a #
| - oe x
PPSo oS SEPP PEaReS

Speier: &

Cake gt eet . : :
‘ Std Tae a ee
ee rao
s iW a3 4 ab
H a & *
$ A is
: : .
*, 4 .
‘‘ : © 3
bs ae
. = .* Bee
*, £ t
Q

PRINCIPLES

@KR DENING

we

yicorP iA RET IL.
Of Fruit-TREEs. Tos

Demouftrating the Variety of Gardens, their
Sttuation for Fruit, the Nature of Sails,
and thew feveral Improvements by Mauures.

oy HE ProduGions of Gardens being greatly difte-
i) rent, aretherefore divided into divers Clafes: As,”
peel! Virit, the Kitchen Garden, whofe Products is all-
eu |] Manner of Sallets, Herbage, Roots, &c. necefla-
pte ry for the Kitchen. Secondly, the Frait Gar-
_ den, which fupplies the Table every Month in the Year, with ~
; Ez: ae ihe:

RK Cony
Q

26 New Principles of Gardening.

beft of Fruits. Thirdly, the Flower Garden, which gratifies
the Sight and Smel/ with its Flowers. Fourthly, the Market

Garden, which produces all Sorts of Pulfe, as Peafe, Beans,
Roots, Sallets, Herbage,.&c. (as the Kitchen Garden,) for the
Service of Cities, Towns, &c. Fiithly, Nurfery Gardeners,
or Nurfery Men, who raiie all Sorts of Trees, Shrubs, Plants,
&e. for the Plantation of Fruit Gardens, Parterres, Wil-
derneffes, Groves, &c. And Sixthly, the Phy/ick Gar-
den, wherein is cultivated all Medicinal Plants for Phyfical
Ules.

Thefe Varieties of Gardens affords no lefs Employment for
Gardeners; and therefore they are diftinguifhed according to
that Part of Gardening in which they are employ’d, as the
Kitchen Gardener, the Fruit Gardener, the Flower Gardener,
or Florift, the Market Gardener, the Nurfery Gardener, (or
Nur fery Men,) and laftly the Phyfick Gardener ; to which Varie-
ty may be added, the compleat Groundworkman and Plauter,
who /urveys, defigns, lays out, and plants Gardens in general.

I having in the preceding Parts exemplified the Manner of
deferibing all Kinds of Geometrcial Lines and Figures, abfo-
lutely neceflary to be well underftood by every Gardener, fhall
now proceed to Dire€tions for raifing and planting all Sorts of
Fruit, Foreft, and Timber-Trees, Evergreens, and Flowering
Shrubs, as alfo the Time and Manner of Grafting, Inoculating,
Pruning, Nailing, Gathering, and Preferving all the beft Sorts of
Standard, Dwart, Efpallier, and Wall-Fruits- ee!
_ The firft Thing to be confidered for the Propagation of Trees,
is the Nature and Sztwation of the So, wherein they are to
be planted, as Rapin obferves, Book iv. Page 178.

Though to all Plants each Soil is not difpofed, ——_.
And on fome Places. Nature assniposek _ Oat:
Pecuhar Laws, which fhe unchang’d preferves ;
Such servile Laws Great Britain fcarce obferves.

z "

The adapting of Fruit-Trees to their proper Soils ‘they moft
delight in, caufes them to thrive infinirely better, than if they |
were planted in a Soil, ‘wherein they delight not. a

Ane

New Principles of Gardening.

All Grounds not all Lhings bear: The Alder-Tree
Grows in thick Fens ; with Sallows Brooks agree ;~
Alb craggy Mountains ; Shores fweet Myrtle fills.
And, lafily, Bacchus loves the funny Hills.

Tis obfervable, that the Apple called the Kentifh-Pippin,
will thrive better in Ke#t, thanany other kind of Apple; as al-
fo Codlins, when in divers other Places, neither of thofe Fruits
will thrive, but are foon deftroyed by the Canker; and even
amongft Pear-Trees, I have obferved, that Summer-Pears will
thrive in Land, where Winter-Pears will not.

In order to attain the Knowledge of what Species of Fruits
are moft natural to the So#/, where we intend to raife or plant
our Trees, I advife, that Obfervation be made of theididerent
Growth of Trees in the neighbouring Parts,’ and of Experi-
ments on Variety of Kinds planted in our own Garden. °

For various Plants, what Air and Soil -is good?
And that, which hurts them, muft be under ftood.
Warm Air and Moifiure is by Apples loved;

— But, if to fony. Hills they are removed,
You mufi not blame them, if they then decay :
Through a crude Soil the Fig will make its Way.

Af it be not supoled tothe Rude North,

The Pear when it has Room enough to bret, shai
~ Where it has Warmth fufficient over Head,

If it be feconded by the wet Ground,

With fwelling Fruits and Blofloms will be crowned.

The backward Mulberry chufes to be dry,

For confiant Moifture is its Enemy;

And a wet Soil the Apple vitiates ;

The Cherry deeply rooted, propogates

It felf with Freedom, as in Maly

The thriving Olives every where we fee.

AA milder Ground the Lemon moft defires :

One more fevere the yellow Quince reguires.

It 1s not fit that Apricots fhould fland Be

In a hot Mold; and Cherries love not Sand,

2 No

27

28

New Principles of Gardenme.
No more than Strawberries; which laff if fet
In Earth that’s well fubdued, if to the Heat
Of the warm Sun expofed, they foon abound | ,
With Juice, their Berries then. grow plump and round.
Thofe Hills, which favour Baccuus, Lemons flarve,
And Melons, which a gentler Clime deferve.
When a warm Situation Plums obtain,
They quickly recompence the Gardener’s Pain.

Ravin, Book iv. Page 202.

The beft Situations for Fruit-Gardens, are the South, and
thofe as declines from the South towards the Eaft,. to forty five
Degrees. Anexatt Zaf Wall is not to be difpifed ; for though
the Bud is checked or kept back in the Spring by the Halterly
Winds, yet it has the Advantage of the whole Anz:-Meridian
Sun in Summer and Autumn, which difperfes the cold Dews
early ina Morning, and by its Pofition, is defended from the
South-Weft Winds that blows in the Autumn, oftentimes de-
ftrutive to Fruit. Befides, the Fruit ripens very well, and of-
tentimes better than that of a South (Wall or) Situation; for
the Morning Sun in the Summer is the very bett; and although
the Sun departs there, from about Eleven in the Morning, yet
the Air being warmed by the Sun, is fully fufficient in the re-
maining Part of the Day, to preferve and continue the fame
Heat, without the Sun-Beams. ‘The Accidents attending this
Expofition, is the North-Eaff and Eafferly Winds, which blaft
Peach Trees, and kills other Fruits at the Time of their
knitting or fetting for Fruit... The South Expofition receives the
Sun foon after Six in the Morning after the Tenth Day of Marcé,
and continues till near Six at Night.

Its Accidents are the Zaft and by South, &c. Winds. which
often blight Peaches, Apricots, &c. as is faid before of the Haft
Expofition. The Weft Expofition is bleft with the Sun's Rays,
when it has pafled the Meridian, and continues till it defcends
the Horizon; The Fruit not receiving the early Warmth of
the Sun, is generally ten or twelve Days later in ripening,
and are feldom fo good as thofe of the Eaft Expofition, but al-
ways i greater Abundance, being defended from the. North. -
Laff, Haft and Eafterly Winds, which often blow in the
Spring, deltroying the Bloom and Tender Fruits of Haftern

Expo-
_

New Principles of Gardening.

Expofitions more than thofe of the Weft. The Accidents at-
tending this Expofition are 4igh and turbulent Winds, gene-
rally happening at the End of the Summer, as I obferved
before.

The North A/pect is of all others the mof cold, and expofed
to the North-Weft, North, and North-Eaft Winds, which
are deftrucfive to Fruit; and although this Expofition is fo
openly expofed, yet it produces Morella-Cherries, divers
Kinds of common Plumbs, and even Duke-Cherries alfo, at a
Seafon when all others are gone, and in very great Perfeétion.

Thefe Expofitions being thus explained, it now remains
to fpeak fomething of the Nature of Soils, proper for Plan-
tations of Fruits; for the diftinguifhing whereof there are
many Rules; but for fuch that cannot change their Situation
or Dwelling, muft be fatisfied with their own Soil, which, if
bad, may be improved, as hereafter directed. i

I fhall not here affign certain Depths of Soils, wherein w
are to plant, {eeing that oftentimes we are obliged to ufe what
we can find. ’Tis certain that the deeper Land is in Good-
nefs, the better it is for the Trees planted therein.

Some Soils hold #wo foot, and two Foot and half, and
others one foot, or nine Inches inDepth. When Land is very
fboallow, that is, when its Depth is lefs than twenty Inches,
which is a fufficient. Depth for Fruit-Trees, it muft be raifed
with good Earth brought from other Parts. There are divers
Kinds of Land, wherein Trees thrive: As, Firft, alight Sandy
Land: Secondly, a fandy Loamy Soil, with Brick-Earth at
Bottom: And, laftly, //2ff, cold, and wet Clay. And befides all
thefe, there are many other Kinds of Lands, as Marfh Lands,
Heaths, Boggy Grounds, &c. wonderfully different in their
Qualities and Compofition; fome being a perfeét Rock of
Gravel, others Clay, Chalk, Quagmires, &c. and fome of all
Kinds mix’d together : But above all, for our Purpofe, the fe-
cond Kind mention’d, namely, the /audy Loamy Soil, of a
brown Colour, with a ftrong holding Bottom, is of all others.
the very beft for Fruzt and Foreff-Trees. Of this Sort of Land

are the molt Parts of Twickenham, Ifleworth, Brentford, and

other Parts adjacent thereunto.

Chufe

29

3°

New Principles of Gardening.

Chufe a rich Soil when you intend to plant,

Not that which heavy Sand has render’d faint.

Avoid low Vales, which lie between clofe Hills,

Which fome thick Pool with noifome Vapours fills ;

Where pithy Mitts, and hurtful Steams a/cend,

Leaft an ill Tafte they to your Fruit may lend.

Learn that Pavoid, where deep in barren Clay

The /peckled Euts their yellow Bellies fay ;

Where burning Sand the upper Hand obtains,

Or where ‘wird Chalk anjruitful Gravel reigns :

And left th’ external Rednefs of the Soil

Deceive your Labours, and defpife your Toil,

Deeply beneath the Furrows thruft your Spade $

Outward Appearance many hath betrayed.

Larth under the green Sward may be kites

To a rough Sand, or burning Clay difpofed. ~~

Still fly that Place where Aufter always blows,

And for your Trees that Situation chufe,

Where m the open Air, on a Deftent,

Zo blefs their Growth, more gentle Winds confent.
Rapin, Book iv. Page 179.

Soils being different in Contexture, Colour, or Site, I
have reduced them into three Sorts, vzz. As, Firft, Light, San-
dy, and Gravel: Secondly, Melhw, Loam, and Brick-Earth-
And, laftly, Seif; Cold Land, and Clay.

The Manures proper for thofe feveral Kinds of Soils are
as follow: Firft, Fora lofé fandy Soil take of Mud, fcoured
out of Ponds, &c. and of firong Loam an equal Quantity ;
to which add a third Part of good For fe-Dung, well mix’d
together, and it will make an excellent Compoft for fandy
or ight Land. All Compofts may be made in any Quantity ;
fo that the Proportion of the Quantities of each Sort is care.
fully obferved, and well mix’d.

hen that you have mix’d a firfficient Quantity, caft it into

the Form of a Leffa/, and let it be turned three or four
Times in the Year, and always kept clean from Weeds; for
they exhauft the vital Parts thereof, and at the End of one
Year twill be fit for Ufe. If to one Rod of Ground be
allowed

New Principles of Gardening.

allowed one Load of Compoft, *twill be a very good Al-
lowance.

Marle (of the blue Kind) isa good Manure for light fandy
Land; which, if laid on with Difcretion, will laft fifteen or
twenty Years: For where Mar/e is ufed, the Poorne/s and
Depth of the Ground is to be always confidered. On tolerable
good Land may be laid eighty or an hundred Loads to an
Acre; and on that as is darren and deep, from two hundred to
four hundred Loads each Acre.

Clay of the lighter Sort is good Manure for Light fhelfy Gra-
vel, or fandy Land; but Care mult be taken that the Clay is
not digged in too deep. If an equal Quantity of C/ay and
Sand be equally mix’d together, the Compoft will be a very
good Loam.

Cow-Dung is an excellent Soil for hot Lands, as alfo Deers,
Sheep, Hogs, and Bullocks Dungs.

Sandy Loams are {ome of the very beft Lands for Garden-
zg, and require but little Help ; yet notwithftanding, Time
doth eraze out all the Signs and Marks of their Strength,
which may be reftored, or greatly improved as follows:

To one Load of Horfe-Dung (well rotted) add a Quarter

of a Load of Sea-Sand, (if to be had eafy, if not, other Sand,) -

the fame Quantity of Lime flacked, as alfo of Pigeon Sheep-
Dung, and Cow-Dung, half a Load of Cha/k, beaten fimall, and
half a.Load of Mare; mix them proportionally together, and
it will be a good Compoft, fit for immediate Ufe.

Chalk and Marle makes a good Compofi: Toevery feven
Load of Marle add ten Load of Chak: If you allow

Marle in greater Quantity, *twill make Lands too luxuriouge —

Secondly, The Mauures proper for mellow Loamy Land, whofe:
Bottom is inclinable to Brick-Earth, is Horfe-Dung well
rotted, with fome Sea-Coal Afbes, mix’d with it, well-tenc
to moit Gardeners. B23

ai

32

New Principles of Gardening.

wo Load of good rotten Dung, one Load of Sand, two Load

of the frit Spit of a rich Turf, Meadow, or Grafs-Ground,
half a Load of Street-Dung, or Sea-Coal Afbes, with a fmall
Quantity of Pzgeons Dung ; mix thefe proportionally together,
and lay the Compoft in a Heap, obferving to turn it once a
Month for the Summer Seafon, and in Winter it will be fit
for Ufe. Pzgeous-Dung, caft thin upon cold Lands early in
the Spring, is very helpful, efpecially for Corw and Meadow
Lands: Five Load will dung an Acre. Sea and Drift Sands
are very good Compoftts for C/ay Lands, making way for the
Koots to thoot; as-alfo doth Sea-Coat Afbes.

Rubbifb of Buildings is very good for the Roots of Trees .
in cold Land; and Chalk, broken fimall, is a good Compott :
The foft fat Chalk is the bett.

Lime is another good Compoft for /uff Clays, its Heat
caufing a Fume, and its Tendernefs «makes way tor the Roots,
to fetch home their Nourifhment. The Lime ufed herein muft
be flacked, and as its Heat is great at firft, therefore mutt
be ufed with Difcretion.

Cold and fballow Land is bef manured by the following
Compoft: Take one Load of the watural Mold, two Loads
of good rotten Horfe-Dung, one of Sand, or Sea Coal Afbes,
and one of Chalk, which mix proportionally together, and ’tis
fit for Ufe. :

N. B. that the oftner Clay Lands are dunged, and the kf
you lay on at a Time, is the detter; for Clay is of fuch a
Seeds Nature, that it foon eats out the ‘Dung, and oftentimes
binds it, fo that’tis of no Ufee

And befides the aforefaid Compotts, | fff Lands and
Clays may be improved by their being ridged carly in the
Winter, by the Help of Frofts, Se. which will fo melorate
the Ridges, that they will fall down like A thes. Befides,
the Winter’s Air greatly fweetens the Soil, by exhaufting and
difperfing the co/d and raw Vapours, which are fully expos’d to
the Air, by its being thrown up in Ridges. To explain the
Manner ot Ridging, Digging, and Trenching of Ground, is
needlefs, fince "tis well known to every Basin, and Garde-
ner’s Labourer.

When

New Principles of Gardening.

When cold or Clay Lands are troubled with Water, . dig
Drains to convey it away, with:a Defcent, that the Wa-
ter may pafs; and inftead of Arches, Se. of Brick Work, fill
them up fix or eight Inches with /arge Stoves, and over them
lay {mall Brufh Green-wood, and thereon the Mold. Thole
Drains fo made will convey away the Water, and drain the
Lands as defired.

Of all Sorts of Land for Plantations, none is fo bad as the
Clay, efpecially the rong Blue, ftrong White, or ftrong Red ;
but when naturally mix’d with Stones, not fo bad.

Befides the preceding Soils, viz. Sand, Loam, and Clay,
there are in many Parts two Sorts of Land, called Ruffet-Grays,
whofe Temper is between Sawd, Loam, and Clay; of which
One Sort is very /frong and heavy, and the other more 4ghter,
coming near to the Nature of Saud. The ftrong and heavy
may be melorated, as the C/ays, and the /ghter by the fol-
- lowing Compofition. To one Load of rotten “Dung add one
Load of Street Cleanings, one Load of Lime, and half a
Load of Coal Afhes, or Drift Sand, with a fmall Quantity,
or Sprinkling of Pigeons Dung, which being well ‘mix’d, is

a very good Compoft; and if to it you add old Rags, Pot-

Afhes, rotten Leaves, §c..twill greatly improve it. This

Compoft being turned once a Month, for four Months, will

be an excellent Manure.

NB. That the belt Time to make Compotts is in Sep-
“tember, to be ufed in~ Tab tey © to thereby there is but
little of the volatile Parts exhaufted away by the Sun’s
Fleat, or Growth of Weeds, which Compofts naturally pro-

uce.

This laft Sort of light Gray-Rufet Land hath two different
Situations; the firft is, when it. lies high, (for which the
foregoing Compoft is to be ufed,) and the other, when it
lies 4w. and wet, which requires a Manureof a more Lively
Nature than that as lies high: Therefore, for fuch /andy wer
Lands, take the following Manure, (vzz.) To one Load
and ahalf of Sea-Coal Afbes or Sea Sand add one Load of ror-
ten Horfe-Dung, one Load of Street Dung, with half a
Load of Sheep and Pigeons Dung; mix thele well a;

Bs: an

os
.

33

34

New Principles of Gardening.
and they will make an excellent Compoft for fuch Lands.
About eighty Loads is a good Allowance for one Acre. ;

Thefe Diretions being fufficient for the manuring any
Sort of Lands, “twill not be amifs to fay fomething in rela-
tion to their Bottoms, which are either advantageous or pre-
judicial to the Roots of Trees. Firft, Advantageous, and
fuch are Gravel, Chalk, and {belly Rock, mixed with Earth,
which always abounds with wstrous Particles, as nourifhes
and improves their Roots. Secondly, Prejudicial; as a bar-
ren Sand or Clay; the one drinking the Nourifhment away
from the Roots, and the other vetazuzmg it too long. Chalk
Bottoms are very good; they produce Fruit wonderful /weet,
and in great Plenty.

I fhall now conclude this Sec?zon with fome ufeful Obferva-
tions on good and bad Lands, known by their natural Pro-
dudtions. Fir/ff, then, fuch Lands as.naturally produce Ma/-
lows, Docks, Hemlock, andother Weeds of the like Nature, are
generally good and fruitful; for fuch Weeds love fat deep Land.
For ’tis ever to be obferved that fuch Land as produce Weeds,
or Grafs, naturally ftrong, is undoubtedly very rich and
fruitful. Sai ven | |

Land, as naturally produces Weeds, &c. ofa fmaller Growth,
as Dazies, Plantane, Clover, Sc. is often very good; but
feldom fo good as the preceding. :

Barren Earth is to be known divers Ways: As, Firft,
when inftead of good green Grafs, and a plentiful Crop; be

a pale fimall Grafs, inclinable to a d/ewifb Colour: Second-

ly, Broom, Furze, Heath, Mofs, Gc. denotes barren Land,
efpecially if they be fmall. Lands fituated near the Sea Coat,
is Often barren, being poifoned and ftarved by the #// Va-
pours and Storms proceeding from thence, which is alfo de-.
{tructive to. Trees and Plants. | |

Mountanous and rocky Lands, extream hot and dry, are
generally darren; {0 alfo is extream cold and moift Lands,
as firong Clays, whofe tough and Binding Nature in the Win-
ter will not admit the Razz or Sxow to foak into it, and in
the Summer locks up the Graiw or Roots within itfelf, that
they have not Liberty to fhoot or fprout forth.

Sands

New Principles of Gardening.

Sands upon mountainous rocky Places producing {mall moffy
and yellow Grafs, are generally barren.

Black moorih Sands produce four unwholfome Grafs; and
white or yellow Sand, a fhort blewilh moffy Graf.

Gravelly, gritty, loofe Sand, is alfo barren, caufed by
Cold, the Gravel wanting good Mold, to warm that as STOWS
in it.

Barren Lands always require much more. Manure than
better. Lands, notwithftanding ’tis confumed in half the
Time; for in Clay Lands the Toughne/s of the Clay is fo
great, the Soil cannot incorporate with it.

Great Rains is the Caufe of Barennefs in hollow hungry
Sands, as well as great Droughts: For the Sun exhales the
Moifinve and Heart of the Soil, which the Rains produce;
fo that “ght fandy Lands are deprived of their vital Juices
beth. Ways. 2

Land may be fit for Fruit-Trees, Corn, c. but not for
Timber-Trees ; fuch whofe Depth is one Foot, or fifteen Inches,
and its Bottom a cold wet Gravel, which is very difagreeable
to their Roots.

Note, when I {peak of Timber-Trees, 1 mean Oak, Afb,

fb
and Beach, and not Abeals, Elms, Sc. of the Aguatick

Tribe 22% 3

The like Depth of Ground is oftentimes found lying on an
undivided Rock, or Quarry of Stone, Marble, 6c. of a large
Extent; alfo improper for Timber-Trees ; and although the
Afb isa ‘Tree that naturally runs fhallow, yet “tis generally
a Pollard, and decays before it comes to any Perfection for
Timber.

F 2 ae SECs

35

36

New Principles: of Gardening.

= go es eae

Of the Manner of raifing Stocks from
Kernels, &c. and Time of Grafting and
Inoculating Fruit-Dvees ; with Observations
thereon. . we =

Cuttings, Seed, Grafts, and Inoculation. (1.) Thofe

from Kernels, are Apples, Crabs, Pears, Peaches, Al-
monds, Cherries, Abricots, Plumbs, Walnuts, Chefnuts, and
Filberts. (2.) By Suckers, are the Plumb, Quince, Medlar,
Filbert, Codlin, Goofeberries, Currants, and Rasberries, as
alfo Paradife-Stocks. (3.) By Layers, are Vines, Figs, Quinces,
Mulberries, and Cornelion-Cherry. (42) By. Cuttings, ‘the

I NRuit-Trers are raifed from Kernels, Suckers, Layers,

_ Vines, Codlings, Mulberries, Pomgranates, Barberries, Fags,

Quinces, Genitings, Paradife- Stocks, Goofeberries, and Cur-
rants. (5.) By Seed, the Service and Mulberry. . (6.).By
Grafting, and Budding, or Inoculating on Stocks of Plumbs,
Peaches, Cherries, Crabs,. Pears, all the Sorts. of Peaches,

- Abricots, Neétorines, Almonds, Plumbs, Cherries, Apples,

Pears, &c. 7

To raife young Stocks for Grafting and Budding, you mutt
preparea Border, (or many, if you faw much,) of good mel-
low frefh Land, about three Feet in Breadth each, and there-
on fow your Kernels, (not too thick;) after which, with
your Spade, turn them in about four Inches deep, and then
rake and finifh your Border, not forgetting to fet Traps for
Mice, as will vilit them in the Winter.

The Time for fowing of Kernels is from the Time as the
Fru't is ripe, until the Spring following, viz. February or
March. 3

If you are careful in keeping them clean from Weeds,
and that they be watered now and then, they will be greatly

| encou-

New Principles of Gardening.

encouraged, and thrive thereby. .N. B. The Sorts of Kernels
to be fown, are the Crab, Apple, Pear, Cherry, and Filbert :
The others, as Peach-Stones, Almonds, Apricots, Plumbs, Wall-
nuts,and Chefnuts, mutt befown or dropp’d in Drz//s made with
a Hough, about four or five Inches in Depth, and about two
Foot and half .afunder: The Kerne/s muft be placed in the
Drills, at the Diftance of wine or.ten Inches afunder, becaufe
they will not be removed before they are made Trees by bud-
ding or grafting. Thete Kernels delight in a Light rich Land,
and love to be clear of Weeds, and kept mozff by Wateringsin
very ary Seafons. |

In Autumn when the Seedlings has done growing, trench
a Piece of fre(b mellow Land, and therein plant all the largeft,
leaving the weak ones till the next Autumn.—”

The Rows you plant them in muft be two Foot and a half
afunder, and the Stocks Diftance in the Line, about one Foot.

You mutt alfo obferve, to prune of the Zap-Root of every
Plant, andthereby they will have good Reots in Plenty, which

otherwife would be but one, and that very bad for tranfplant- _

ing. When your Plantation has feen two or three Years, and
the Plants arrived to the Bignefs of a Man’s Thumb towards
their Bottom, you may begin to.graft or znoculate them with
fuch Fraits as you think beft, which being grown a Year or
two after their Inoculation or Grafting, will be fit to tranf{-
plancagainft any Vall, Efpallier, &c. Perhaps it may be expec-
ted that I fhould, according to the vulgar Way, defcribe and
explain the Method of graftimg and inoculating Fruit-Trees ;
but knowing that ’tis familiar with every Gardener, and is what
cannot be well underftood by bare Theory only, without the
Praétice, therefore I advife every one as is a Lover of Curio/i-
ties in Art and Nature, and is defirous to well underftand thofe
two Philofiphical Entertainments, to be boy! informed therein
‘by the Help of fome Nur/fery-Man or Gardener at the proper
Seafons for thofe Works, of which I fhall now deliver every
ufeful Obfervation to be made therein.

_ Firft, in Grafting, which is performed four feveral Ways,
viz. (1.) Whip-Grafting, generally ufed on {mall Stocks for
Cherries, Pears, Apricots, &c. (2.) Stock-Grafiig, uled in
grafting Apples on Crabs, or Pears on Quinces, or any other
Fruit, whofe Stocks are large. (3.) Rind-Grafiing, wed for “a

eraft-

37

29

)

New Principles of Gardening.

grafting of darge Stocks or Trees, as are too large to cleave, as
in Stock-Grafimmg. And, laftly, Inarching or Grafting by Ap-
proach, wfed chiefly for Oranges, Lemons, Citrons, &c.

The Time or Seafon for Grafting, is all February, March,
and about one Weck in 4pri/. The firft you begin with mutt
be Cherries and Plumbs, they being forward Fruits, after them
Pears, and, laftly, Apples.

In the Choice of Czons or Cuttings for Grafting, you mutt
obferve to take them from fuch Trees as are good Bearers, and
from fuch Parts of the Tree, as is truly vigorous and healthy,
and fuch Shoots as are fulleftof Buds. Note, that the /a/f Years
Shoot is what youare to ule, and not thofe of two or three Years

And further obferve, that ’tis beft to cut of your Cious or
Grafts a Month before you ufe them, and lay them in Earth,
half ‘buried, during that Time ; but obferve to lay the Bottom
End inthe Ground, inftead of the Top.

By Midfummer your Stock and Graft will be grown toge-
ther; and then they require to have their Bandage taken away,
that they may have free Liberty to thrive and profper.

Secondly, Inoculation, (called by Gardeners, buddin 5) by
which is raifed Peach-Trees, Neétorines, Apricots, Chervien,
Plumbs, Pears, Apples, &c.

The Seafon for this Work, is from the Beginning of Fune,
to the Middle of Augu/?; and ’tis beft performed very early in
@ Morning, in the Cool of an Evening, or in cloudy Weather, —
for hot Weather is very prejudicial to the Buds and Bark of the
Stocks, during the Operations. :

Great Care muft be taken to w#bind the Buds in due Time,
which may be known by the Swelling of the Stock, above and
below the Bud. Thofe Trees, as you bud early, may be unbound
at fixteen or eighteen Days after Inoculation: and thofe, as you ~
you bud late, fomewhat longer. In the Spring following you
muft cut off the Heads of the Stocks, about one Inch and half
above the Bud, after which your Bud will fprout out, and
make a handfome Tree. N. &. It is ufval to put in two or
three Buds in each Stock, at proper Diftances, in a f{mooth Part
of the Stock, for Fear of a Mifearriage, and bud them fuch a
Height above Ground, as to leave Room underneath, to bud
them again the next Year, in Cafe they mits the firft. There
are divers Sorts of Peaches as takes very well, and others very

LTli-

New Principles of Gardening.

difficult: As for Inftance, an Old Newington takes very well,
and a Minion very difficult ; therefore that yemay not be whol-
ly difappointed, when you bud a Stock with a Minion, put in
alfo over it a Bud of an Newington; for if the Minion mifles,
’tis ten to one but the Newzngton takes, (which is one of the
beft Peaches we have;) and provided that they both take, then
when you head your Stock down, cut away the Newéngton Bud,
and the Remains is the Minzon; and the like of other ea/y and
difficult Fruits in general.

When among other Seafons of the Year,

The Tine of Grafting comes, do not defer,

In proper Stocks young Cions to inclofe ;

Then Buds between the cloven Bark difpofe :

And if your Fruit be bad, as oft it will,

Make Choice of better, and remove the ill.

By thefe Improvements, greatef? Praife you get,

And thus your Gardens Honour you complete.

Luto your Stocks the Foreign Pears admit,

And far-fetch’d Apples place within the Shit.

Flence fprings a nobler Race and pee Store

Of hopeful Offpring than you had before.

Lhe Plants you want the Gardeners will give :

Lf not from diflant Countries them derive.

Greece jirft fought Plants in barb’rous Chimes, and then

She civilized “he Trees as well as Men.

Thefe fiill at Home, fhe fortunately plac’d,

And by Tranflation did correc? their Tafte. :
When Plants of a corrected Tafte are found,

And Stocks are chofen which are young and found ;

The Grafter then thadoptive Bough muft bring

Into thofe Stocks: Of this the Means I fing.

Which though they are diftinét, you learn with Eafe

How to graft fruitful Slzps in barren Trees. ee

Some cut down Trunks which bore a lofty Top,

And hollow them above, thus Woodmen lp

The a Oakes, and cut out four fquare Stakes ;

But firft of all a Wedge its Paffage makes.

39

New Principles of Gardening.

This done, the Cions may defcend downright

Into the Cleft ; and with the Stock unite.

Though others im the Rind, betwixt each Bud,
Make an Incifion, and the Graft include 5
Which, by Degrees, zs afterwards inclin’d
Tincorporate it felf with the moift Rind.

Some like a flender Pipe the Bark divide,

Or like a Scutcheon, fut it down the Side,

Or the hard Trunk, which a fbarp Anger cleaves,
Into its folid Part the Graft recetves:
Mean while, with Care, the Branches which are joined,
You with a feven-fold Cord muft firong bind,

And all the Chinks with Loam and Bafs defend ;

For if the cruel Air fhould once defcend

Into the Cleft, it would impede thew fuice,

And to the Plant its Noursbment ref ufe.

But if thefe Dangers i has ouce endured,

When the adopted Branch 1s well fecured.

By their Conjun&tion, Trees there Nature loofe ;
That which was wild before, more civil grows.
Unmindful of their Mother, they forfake
The Tafie, which they from her at firft did take.
From yellow Quinces and Cornelians 7z/é
Fruits, which are differenc’d by various Dies 5
The Pear thus mends ; the Slow affords good Plums 5
vide the ie Cherry better now ed bo

rom diffrent Boughs diftin uile’d Species [oo0t 3
But now I tell how soi muft orn ete iE
What Branches with each other you may oitt,

What Sorts will beft in Amity combine. —

All Kind of Pears the Quinces entertaim,—

And then receiv’d with their own Tincture flain.
The hoary Pears their Tajie to Apples give, :
They with the Shrubby Willow tao will live.

The Fig. would love the Mulberry, #f that

Its blacker Hue would fomewhat moderate.
Cherries with Laurels d/ufbes will compound 5
Apples with Apples do their Tafle confound.

40

They

New Principles of Gardening.

They of Auvergne, in Willows, Fruits inclofe ;
°Tis true, at firft their Colour grateful fhows:
But by this Marriage they degen’rate are, Si
And tafte but ill, although ibe look fo fair.
Ravin, Lib. iv. Page 194,

SECT. Il

Of the Time and Manner of Planting all Sorts
of Fruit-Trees, in any Kind of Land, as
Clay, Loam, Sand, Gravel, &c. |

IRST, I advife; that in the Spring you provide ten, twen-
FF ty, c. Loads of the frf? Spit of fome waffe Common or

Grafs Ground, whofe Soil is a fandy Loam, where Cat-
tle has been continually fed, and has not been broke up or
tild in the Memory of Man, which being done, throw it up
into the Form of a Leffal, obferving to bury the Turf as much
as poflible; or it may firft be pared thinly off, beforethe Earth
is digged, and afterwards mix’d with Difcretion. ‘The Mould .

thus prepared muft be turn’d oncea Mouth till Offober, at which
Time it will be fit for Ufe. If your Land be of the Clay Kind,
mix Drift Sand or Sea-Coal Ajbes with your Mould, to prevent
its being converted to the Natzve Soil, viz. Clay.

It is almoft impoffible to exprefs, how agreeable this Com-
poftis to the Roots of young Trees; therefore the more you can
afford them, the better ’tis for their future Growth and Pro-
{perity.

To plant Fruit-Trees in a /iiff Clay, &c. proceed as
follows : | a

Firft, Dip your Holes four or jive Foot fguare, and about
twenty Inches or two Foot deep ; carry away the native Earth,
and fill up the Holes ‘with good Mould and Dung well rotted,
and mix’d together; or if you have Plenty of the foregoing
Compoft to ufe that inftead, ’ewill add much to their Growth,

G it

42

New Principles of Gardening.

it having a very ffrange and uncommon Fertility in it, more
than any other Compoft of Made-Earths whattoever. Betore
you fill up the Hole, pave the Bottom with broken Tiles,
Brick-Bats, &c. to prevent the Roots getting into the poz/o-
nous Clay. fe

If your Land bea (harp hot Sand or Gravel, mix frefo Mould,
Cow-Dung, Hor fe-Dung, well rotted, and a mild Clay, toge-
gether in a Compoft, which if made in the Spring, and turn’d
monthly in the Summer, may be ufed in October.

When you plant in a very good fandy Loam, ’rwill not be
amifs to mix your Earth with the Compoft of freb Earth be-
fore preferibed, for *tis of admirable Service.

In the planting of Fruit-Trees, the following Methods are to be
obferved :

Firft, That the Zarth be truly prepared as before directed.

Secondly, \f your Land be not cold and wet, plant in Odfo-
ber, November, or December at lateft, for thereby, during the
Winter, the Roots will be /wellimg and preparing themfelves to
to put forth their tender Fibres and Strick-Root early in the
Spring.

But if your Land is saturally cold, wet, and heavy, ’tis beft
to plant in February, when the see is making its Entrance,
and the Earth growing warm, which wouribes the Roots of
Trees; whereas, was they planted in Oéfober or November, the
wet and cold might have kill’d their Roots.

To plant Trees late in the Spring, as. March or April, in
light Soils, is very dangerous ; “tis too often feen, that the parch+
ing Winds and dry Weather prove fatal to them.

Thirdly, That you don’t plant the Trees too deep; for there-
by, in four or five Years, the Roots will be got below the
good Earth, which will throw the Tree into a /ickly decaying
Condition.

If the upper Roots of any Tree be fix or feven Inches below
the Surface, ’tis fufficient, for all the bef? Fusces of the Earth
lies near to the Surface. |

Fourthly, That Fruit-Trees be not planted too near; for af
ter five or fix Years, they crowd one another, and caufe many
Branches to be nailed near a Perpendicular, which will leflen

theFruit, and foon rim the Tree, efpecially Peach. and Apr
. cot=

New Principles of Gardening.

cot-Trees, whofe Bark is thick, and will not admit young Shoots
to come where great Wood is cut away: Therefore always keep
Trees thin of Wood in the Middle, that their Branches may
have Room to fpread Horizontally, and thereby be kept in a
bearing Condition.

This Misfortune of too near planting 1s not the only one ;
for by the near Diftance, their Roots foon meet, and rob one
another of their proper Nourifhments, and deprive the Borders
of their Fertility, which, when once loft, is never to be recover-
ed again ; but by deftroying the firft planted Trees and plant-
ing others therein of different Kinds.

If Fruit-Trees againft E/palliers, Walls, or for Dwarfs, be
planted at eight, nine, ten, twelve, or fourteen Foot diftaace,
"twill be found to do very well, wz. May Cherries at eight
Foot; Peaches and Neé#arimes, when without Vines between
them, at nine or ten Foot; when with Vznes, at twelve Foot ;
Plums, Duke-Cherries, and Apricots, at twelve or thirteen Foot;
and Pears at fourteen or fifteen Foot; as alfo Apples, except
fuch as are grafted on Paradice-Stocks, which need not exceed
feven or eight Feot Diftance.

You who the Beauty of your Trees defign,
To each along the Walls its Seat affign.
Cherries with Cherries, Figs with Ei: may meet,
The Syrian and Cruftumian Pears are jit
To mingle with the Britith, but we find,
That Apples and red Plums muft not be join'd.
All that are of a Sort i aie plant,
They mufi_fucceed, if they no Culture want :
And when Affairs of greater Moment ceafe,
Yo fet their Stations be your Busne/s;
for if they have not ample Room to {pread,
“They then both Strength and Nouribment will need.
Ravin, Lib. iv. Page 215.

N. B. 1 do advife, that thofe Borders wherein your Fruit-
Trees are planted, be kept clean from Weeds, and that there
be neither Peafe or Beans /own or planted in them, as is com-
mon, or any edging of Box, &c. to exhauft the Richaefs and
Humidity of the Soil from the Fruit-Trees, which 1s eae

= the

43

44.

New Principles of Gardening.

the Death or Rui of them. And that the upper Part of the
Wall may be ufeful for the firft three or four Years, tis very fru-
gal and commendable to plant tail Standard-Cherry, Plumb,
and Apricot-Trees, Gf the laft be budded on a Mu/ftle-Stock,
and be of the Bruxel Kind,) in the intermediate Spaces between

. the other Wall-Trees, by which Means both Top and Bottom

will be filled together, and with good Care, may be done in
three Years Time. As the lower Trees comes up, the upper
ones ate to be cut away, to give Room, and at length, taken
quite away, and tranfplanted as Standards in the Orchard or
Kitchen-Garden. a ee Z

Vines are often planted in thofe intermediate Spaces, and foon
get tothe Top, producing Fruit the third or fourth Year.

In the placing of a Wall-Tree, at Planting obferve, that the
Bud or Graft is from the Wall, as alfo the beft Roots, and
that ’tis placed inclining at the Diftance of eight or nine In-
ches at Bottom, and twq or three at the Extremity of the Head;
for if you plant your Tree clofe to the Wall, when it has arri-
ved to be large at Bottom, it will naturally grow from it, fo
that you cannot keep them in good Order; and hefides, the
the Wall gauls them, and they foon die ; or otherwife are ren-
der’d very weak, and worth nothing.

°Tis a common Praétice in the pruning of the Roots of Tvees,
to reduce them both in Number and Length, but for what Rea-
fon I cannot imagine, excepting fuch {mall, tender, fibrous
Roots as are killed by the Wind, prefently after the Tree is ta-
ken up, which is abfolutely neceflary to be done, and-fuch Roots
as are inclinable to grow downwards, which we call Tap- Roots.
*Tis evident, that the more Roots is left to Trees, (fo as they are
not overand above large in Number and Quantity,) the great-
er Quantity of Juices fuch Trees are capable of receiving, and
confequently a greater Nourifhment. Ina Word, the only Rea-
fon for fo doing is, that Trees will live being fo pruned, and
much lefs Trouble in Planting.

If you plant Peach, Netforine, or Apricot-Trees in the Au-
?umm, leave their Heads on till the Sprig following before you

cad them, at which Time cut them off at about fix or feven
Inches above the Bud, and obferve, that the Cut is towards
the Wall. The Time for this Work is March.

Before

New Principles of Gardening.

Before I proceed any further, I fhall mention an 4bu/e which
moft Fruit and other Zrees receive as are bought of Nur /fery-
Men, which is the cutting and bruzfing their Roots in taking
out of the Nurfery, and breaking them in packing up: A
Crime unpardonable.

If by Tranfportation the Roots of Trees are very dry, ’tis
good to lay their Roots (but not Top alfo) ina Pond for twenty
four Hours before you plant them.

When Trees are above Ground, and their being planted pre-
vented by Frof, ’tis beft to put them in a Ce//ar, cover’d clofe
from the 47r, Sc. and when the Froft is gone, foak their
Roots in Water, as before directed.

The Diftances before deliver’d for Wall Trees holds good
in Dwarfs and Efpalliers 5 as Efpalliers and Wall-Trees are
planted with an Inclination to the Z/paliers or Walls, fo on
the contrary, Dwarfand Standard Trees muft be planted ex-
actly perpendicular.

The Height of Dwarf Trees, when firtt planted, muft be
regulated to the Land wherein they are planted. If the Land
is ary, fix laches above the Graft is a good Height; but if a
moift Land, about eight or nine.

Standards in any Land whatfoever fhould be headed at fix
or feven Foot at moft, except where particular Trees are re-
quired for high Walls, &c. that People may not eafily come at
the Fruit, Se.

When Standard.or Dwarf Apple-Trees are planted, the
Place of Grafting fhould be placed even with the Surface of
the Ground, if it does not caufe the Roots to be too deep, which
muft always be avoided.

Where any Frait-Tree decays having grown long in that.

Place, plant another of a different Species in its Place, and
not one of the fame, for the o/d Tree having exhaufted thofe
Juices appropriate to its own Kind, will /farve your new-plant-
ed Tree, when at the fame Time another of a different kind
will thrive, and profper very well.

Hence it appears, that every Plant hath its peculiar Juice ,
by which ’tis iupported;) and therefore the Earth contains as
great a Variety of Juices as of Plants, ©.

But

ie

4.6

New Principles of Gardening.

But Nature never fbew'd more Wantonnefs,
Then when fo many Shapes {be did imprefs,
From Wardens to the Pears which leffer grow,
And did to each its proper Fuice allow.
| Ravin, Lib. iv. Page 218.

Trees of the firf? Year’s Graft or Bud, are always the bett ;
which to make choice on in a Nuriery, obferve that their
Bark be finooth, and tree from Canker, Gauls, Sc. that their
yearly Shoots be ffrong and vzgorous, and that they be we//roor-
ed; iuch Trees as have but one Stem, or two at moft, are the
beft for planting. 3

When you prune the Root of a Fruit-Tree for planting,
obferve to cut away all dead fbrous Roots, all bruifed Parts
committed by the Spade in taking up, which perform with a

Knife, Gc. as cuts fmooth and ciean.

When you prune a Tree, hold it in your Left-Hand, with
the Head behind you; the Cuts at the End of every Root
will be downwards when planted, which is the right Way of
pruning Roots.

To plant Trees in the Summer Seafon, as muft of Neceffity
be removed, (otherwife ’tis beft to leave them till November,)
take of the Compoft I diretted for the planting young Trees
with, and an equal Quantity of Cow-Dung ; mix thefe well
together, and put to them as much Vater as will make it into
Pap , which is performed in the following Manner:

The Compoft of Earth and Cow-Dung being well mix’d
together, you mutt provide a Bearing-Tub, wherein mix the
mix’d Dung and Earth with Water: The Inftrument with
which ’tis ftirr’d in mixing, is fuch as Brewers ufe in flirring
their Ma/t in the Marfh-Tun. oo

When this Mixture is of fuch a Thicknefs, as to fupport
the Stirrer from falling, being put upright in the Tub, ’tis fit
for Ufe. The Pap being thus prepared, and the Hole dige’d
of fuch a Magnitude as is neceflary, viz. if in bad Ground,
Se. to be made good with frefh Land and Compoit, as be-
fore dire&ted, which being done, fill all the Sides of the Hole
up with good Mold, leaving in the Middle fufficient Room

for

New Principles of Gardening,

for the Root of the Tree, then place your Tree therein, and
with your Hands place or {pread all fuch Roots as are necef-
fary, in a borizontal Pofition, pouring thereon the Pap before
prepared, and putting frefh Mold about the outward Part
thereof, till it has caufed the Pap to rife and mix itfelf with
every Root in general, and flows out above the Crown of the
Root, treading it now and then very gently to force it up in
the hollow Parts of the Roots ; then fill up the Hole, making
a Cup about it, which fill up with rotten Horfe-Dung, and

in two Hours the Tree will be fix’d. This Way of planting is -

very good for Zews, Holleys, and all other fbrous-rooted Trees.
*Tis alfo an excellent Method for planting very large Trees;
and according to this Manner of planting, that celebrated
Planter the Honourable James Jounstone of Twickenham,
has planted fome Thoufands of Fruit, Forefi-Trees, and Ever-
Greens, with great Succefs.

Lafily, To preferve the Roots of new-planted Trees from
the Cold of the Winter, and Heat of the Summer, lay about
the Stem of every Tree good rotten Horfe-Dung, without long
Litter, Fern, &c. for that breeds Worms, Ants, and other
Vermin injurious to Fruit-Trees.

Let the Thicknefs of the Dung be about four Inches, or
not quite fo much, covering it thinly with a little Mold; and
if your Land be dry or hot, form the Dung and Mold in the
Form of a Dib or Cup, to receive the Water, which muft be
carefully given dufing all dry Sea/fons, both of Spring and

Summer.

SECT.

47

48

New Principles of Gardening.

Sr GT. TV.

Of the feveral Kinds of Earth proper for
all Sorts of Eruit-Trees.

IRST then, Pears, Apples, Plumbs, and Fig-Trees, will
F thrive in any kind of Land as is deep, be it moderately
hot or cold.

In hot, dry, and light fandy Land the Peach muft be bud-
ded ona Peach-Stock, and in wet and flrong Land ona Mufele,
or White Pear Plumb-Stock. :

Almonds love a light Land, when raifed from their own
Kernels; but if grafted ona Plumb, a ftrong Land.

When Aesbudle or Peaches are budded on their own Stocks,
and planted in /lrong Land, they are too fubje&t to Gum, which
impairs their Health. "

Quinces will not thrive in Light Land, delighting more in
Strong, wet, heavy Lands.

Pears grafted on Pear-Stocks delight in a dry Soil; and

when grafted on a Quince-Stock in a moderate wet ftrong Soil.

_ Cherries thrive well in Aight Lands, but better in a good

Sandy Loam.

Vines produce the beft Grapes when planted in dry light Lands,
as chalky, fandy, gravelly, rocky, Sc. Lands, and the Expo-
ure warm. | %

Peaches budded upon Almonds thrive bef in dry bot Lands.

The Winter Biitirvtics Pear produces the fine Colours of
Yellow and Carnation when grafied on a Quince, which it
will not do when grafted on a Pear-Stock.

Now, that the Plant may with the Mold comply,
What Fruits it mof? approve you Jirft muft try :
Whether the Vine thrives befi upon the Place,

Or other Trees; for there can be no Grace

In

New Principles of Gardening.

In any Ground that’s forced againft its Will
To bring forth Fruit; therefore remember ftill
Never with Nature any Force to ufe ;
For *tis injurious, zf fhe fhould refu/e.

When once the Land is levell’d and prepared,
Let it in equal Diftances be {bared :
Appoint the Seats in which your Trees hall fland,
Then chufe a Quince from a feletted Band :
And having cut the woody Part away,
Into warm Mold you then the Plant may lay:
Nor think it unworthy of your Hand
To make the Furrows hollow, or t expand
The Earth about the Roots; for fiill we find,
That he who does the Law of Planting mind, 3
He who from Parent Stocks young Branches cuts,
And then in Trenches the foft Layers puts,
Seldom repents thefe neceffary Pais,
But rather Profit by his Care obtaius.

While. Fortune waited on the Perfian State, —
Cyrus, who from Altyages the Great,
Himfelf derived, himfelf his Gardens til? d ;
' How oft aftonifh’d Imorus has beheld
TP Induftrious Prince iz planting Trees and Flowers,
And watering them, employ his vacant Hours ¢
How oft Oxontes ftopp’d bis hafty Flood, _
And gazing on the Royal GARDENER flood.

The Sabine Valleys heretofore have known
When nobleff Romans have forfook their Town ;
When they ther Pomp and Glory laid afide,
And to the Rake and Prow themfelves apply’d.

And this Employment warlike Fasius chofe,
When he returwd from vanquifbing his Foes.
He who in open Senate made ‘Decrees, Sait
Manures his Ground, and now gives Laws to Trees.
No longer o'er his Legions be commands, -
But fows the Earth with his vitorious Hands:
The Glebe, by this triumphant Swain [ubdued,
Repay’d his Pains with timely Gratitude :

H Became

50

New Principles of Gardening.
Became more fruitful than it was before,
And better Plants aud larger Apples Core.
Thus Masstnissa when he won the Day
And made falfe Syphax with his Troops obey :
In tilling of his Ground he {pent his Time,
Aud tryd Pimprove the barv’rous Libian Clime.
Illuftrious Georce, who carefully attends
His Kingdom Government /ometime defcends
From his high Tuxone, and in the Country deigns
To pleafe himfelf, and flack his Empire’s Reins.
He thinks not that he makes his Guory lefs
T’ improve his Ground ; his Servants round him prefs,
Thoufands with Fruits, Thoufands with Flowers frive
To fill the Place ; the Water fome derive |
Into the Gardens, while with watchful Eye,
He overfees the Work, and equally
To ev'ry Labourer his Duty fbews, —
And the fame on all the Field beftows. .
Nor does the King thefe Arts in vain approve ;
The grateful Earth rewards his Royal Love.
But why fhould I fuch great Examples name;
Our Age wants nothing that fhould more inflame
Its Zeal ; for fince the greateft Men now pleafe
Themfclves im cultivating of their Trees ;
Since °tis their Praife to do it, why fhould you
Refufe this fweet Employment to pur fie.
If Fruit of your own raifing can imvite,
Lf in your Villa you can take delight,
Or can the Country love, to that apply
Lourfelf and to your Plants no Pains deny.
The Stars if kind, or Goodnefs of the Soil,
Help not fo much as never-ceafing Toil.
Then let the Earth more frequent Tillage know ;
The ftubborn Globe is vanquilb’d by the Plow.
When Rain or ftormy Winds pernicious are,
When the Sun’s Influence or intemperate Air,
Injurious proves, the Tiller’s Induftry,
And Culture all Defeéts will foon fipply.
That this is true, a Marfian Clown bas fhewn,
Who in a little Garden of his own, ,
Which

New Principles of Gardening, 5L

Which he himfelf manured, had Store of Fruit,
While all the Country elfe was deflitute :
The flanding Corn you on his Ground might view,
And Apples broke the Boughs oz which they grew.

His Neighbours quickly envied his Succefs,
He by his Theffalian Arts his Ground did drefs ;
They faid, and haftened on his early Corn
By Herbs upon the Marfian Mountains born,
Or Magical Infufions; then repleat
With Rage and Envy to the Fudgment-Seat.
They haul the blamelefi Swain, where his Defence
He makes with Pain and rural Eloquence.
Fts Sickle he produces, and his Spade,
ind Rake, which by long Ufe were brighter made.
See here, faid he, the Crimes which I have done;
If Tools 6y Time and Ufage bright, are one:
Thefe are my Magick Arts, the/e are my Charms:
Then flretching forth his Labour-ftiff’'ned Arms,

zs Sabine Dame, and Daughter’s brawny Hand,
Inur’d to work, and with the Sunbeams tann’d.
Thus by his Induftry bis Caufée he gains ;
So much a Field tmproves by conflant Pains.
fence comes good Corn, and hence the Trees are crown’d
With heavy Boughs; hence tis that they abound
In their choice Fruits, in each of which we find —
A Colour proper to itfelf affign’d. )

Rapin, Bookiv. Page 181.

52

New Principles of Gardening.

So wie
Containing a Catalogue of all the beft Wall,
Ejpalier, Dwart, and Standard Fruits
now growing in England; with General

YQ -

Rules for thei pruning.

I, F Peaches and Neéforines, budded on the Peach,
Mu/fele, Plumb, or Almond Stocks,

Of Peaches : The bef are,

White and Red Magdalenes,
Mountabon, =. |
Bourdine,

Minion,

Early Admirable,

Old Newington,

Yellow Alberge,

Anne, °

Bell Chevreux,

Rambollion,

Nivet,

Perfique, — RAR

Peach Royal,

Swalfee, introduced by the Lord
- Peterborough,

Hative,

Swils,

Flanders,

Nobles, © j

Albemarle.

Ripe in the great Seafon of Peaches, vzz. from about Fuly 20:

to Auguft r0.

Their Expofitions to be full South, or declining to the Za/,

forty five Degrees at moft.

Of Neétorines : The beft are,

Newington,
Roman,

Ripe in Auguf. Their Expofition as the preceding.

Temple, 7zpens late,
Elrouge,

The

ew Principles of Gardening. 63

The late Peaches are,

Late Admirable, . Pourpree,
Catherine, -|| Wimbleton,
Malegotune, Bellgard,

Burdock, Late Purple,
Peach-Poe, Murry Nedorine.
Man-Peach, :

All which ripens in the End of Auguf? and September.
For thefe late Fruits, a Pud/-South Expofition is of all others
the very bett. ee Ee | '
The Goodnefs of Peaches is judg’d by the Nature and Good.
nefs of their Taffes; the beft haying fine musky, fugar’d, vi-
nous, excellent, noble, and delicious ‘fuices; and thole of a dad
Kind, dry, watry, and infipid. The Pulps of Peaches have.
two different Qualities ; the one when 7#pe, cleaving jaf? to
the Stone ; and the other coming c/ear from it. Thus faith Rapzn,

Some of a thicker Subjtauce flick faft on, x
While.others. which are thinner quit the Stone...
Thefe laff with Juice.and dewy Moitlture /well,
And all the other Sorts by much excel. ~ om

Il. Of Pears grafted or boddéd on Pear or Quince Stocks:
Of which there be three Kinds, viz. Summer Pears, Autumn
Pears, and Winter Pears.

The beft Summer Pears are,

Citron D’ camus, ripe Middle of j\ Quire-Song Pippin.

July ; afterwards comes Vermillion, .....
Primite, Mouille Bouche,
Jargonel, : Windfor, OS eae
Petit Mufcat, Fuly, Summer Bouchretien, Aug.
Sugar Mufcat, Cyprusy: casts os. oo. u 9a
Green Chizel, Royal. Bergamot, 7#fe 2m the
Goofeberry Pear, | Beginning of Augult.
St. Magdalene,

After

54

New Principles of Gardening.

After which comes the

Summer Buree, Grofs Blanquet,

Orange Bergamot, < ~ || Blanquet Mufque, Judy,
Summer Bergamot, — Rozate, |
Grofs Rouffellet, Caffolet, Aug.

Petit Rouffellet, Rouffellet.

Petit Blanquet, uly,
The beft Autumu Pears are,

Vert-longuee, O¢7. Greenfield,

Buree du Roy, Lovisbon,
Autumn Bouchretien, Deagoe,

Petit Oing, Meflire John, Od.

Rouflellet, Jug. Sept.

Cuifle Madam, July,
Doyenne, Sept. OF. = SS

Autumn Pears,

Craflan, Of. Nov. |Roy Musk,
Bizidery, O&. Nov. || Hambden’s Bergamot,
Swan’s Ege, St. Michael,

Lanfac, Nov. St. Andrew.

Salladin,

The beft Winter Pears are,
Winter Bouchretien, ripe in Amadote, Nov. Dec.
eb. March. |
Golden Bouchretien, Fan. Feb.
March. |

Salviati,

Royal D-hyver,
La Marquis,

Grey Buree,
Winter Buree,

4] Satin Pear, |
|] Martin See, Nov,

Spanifb Bouchretien, Nov. Dee.
Colmar, Nov. Dec. Fan. Feb.
Sit Germaine, Dec. Fan.
Ambret, Nov. Dec. Fan.
Virgoulee, Nov. Dec. Fan.
Lachaflerie, Nov. Dec. Fan.

Winter Thorn, Nov. Dec. Fan,

The

New Principles of Gardening. BS

The beft Baking Pears are,

Pickering, Black Pear of Worceffer,
Spanifh Warden, Pound Pear.
Englifh Warden, Cadilliac.

Perkinjon’s Warden.
Ill. Apricots grafted or budded upon Plamb-Stocks,

The beft Kinds are,
Matculine, | Orange,
“Bruxelles, | [Ti urky.

Which laft is an excellent Fruit, but a very tender Tree, and a
bad Bearer.

TV. Figs raifed by Layers or Suckers,

Ti be beft Sorts are,

Fig-Flower, or = white Fig, Yellow Fig,

with afbort Stalk, Flat Violet,
Fig-Flower, or large white Fig, |} Long Violet,

with a long Stalk, ' Melinga Fig, of aViolet Co-
Little Marfeilles wiiite Fig, @ four
good Bearer. Brugeotte Fig, of a Violet Co-
Black Madera Fig, Jour,
Grey Fig, Dwarf Fig, of aViolet Colour,
Brown-Purple Fig, Bouriageotte Fig, a deep Vio-
Genoa Fig, let,
Vernifingue Fig, Little Mignionne Fig, a brow-
Green Fig, nifo Violet.

Figs in general delight in much Sun; their Seafon of sigh
ing is in Auguft and September. 7

V. Plumbs grafted or budded on Plumb Stocks. — Z
The

56

New, Principles of, Gardening:

Musk Perdigon,
Purple Perdigon,
White Perdigon,
St. Catherine,
Roche Corbon,
Green Gage, »
Reineclaude,
Maitreclaude,
Queen-Mother,
Violet,

London Plumb,
Fotheringham,

_ Drapdor,

.4

The beft Sorts are,

Blew Diapree,
White Macchlefs,
Cerney Perdigon,
Imperatrice,

La Roe?
Damazin

is Mogul, a for ate
4) Plunib Ordin,

Morocco,

: Orleaince, or Orline, an erxcel-

lent Bearer, and a good fruit
On a este Wall.

The Goodnefs of all thefe Fruits defervesa South Wall, but
will do very well on an. Aafé or Weft Wall; ‘or any Decliner

to the South.

VI. Apples grafted upon Crab Stocks,

Non Pareill,
Golden Pippin,
French Pippin,
Holland Pippin,
Kentifh Pippin,
‘Kerking Pippin, —
Winter Pearmain,
Autumn Pearmain,
Summer Pearmatn,

ge ae

Golden PRusleting,

The beft Kinds are,

smectite

Corpendue. Rennet, .
Golden Rennet

_ || June a: 9 3 fo celied, becaufe

rtwill

keep tild June,

|| Quince Apple, excellent HIP the

Kitchen,
Ferufalem Apple,
yee

: pl,
‘}) White Calvil,

Red Calvil,

Montterous Rennet.
bron’ Pee Po od a hn digg,

Vil.

New Principles of Gardening,

VII. Of Grapes raifed by Layers or Cuttings.
The beft Kinds for this Climate are,

July Grape, White and Black Fronteniacs,
Black Currant Grape, Claret Grape,

Early Sweet-Water Grape, Burgundy Grape,

Mutcat, _ =) Black Clufter Grape, :

French Sweet-Water Grape, || White Raifin Grape, for Tarts.
White and Black Mufcadines,

To Plumbs and Grapes juft Commendations yield,
If on the Wall they are by Nails upheld.
Mufcat and Purple Vines, which both obferve
Their wonted Seafons, may our Praife deferve.
| Ravin, Lib. iv. page 219.

VIII. Of Cherries grafted or budded upon the Black-Cherry
Stocks.

The bef? Kinds are,
May Cherry, zs being ear-'| White and Black-Hearts, —
ly, | Caroon,
Holman’s Duke, ) }{ Carnation,
May Duke, | || Flemifh, :
Lukeward,) -10"> vee ff Englifh, <<
Early Flanders, Morella,
Clutter Cherry, Common-Black.
Bleeding Heart, |

IX. Of Goo/eberries railed from Cuttings, or by Suckers.

The bef? Kinds are,
Red and Green Champains, Walnut,
Old Red, Damfon, ~
White Dutch, ~~ Black hairy Goosberry.
Amber,

I 7 ines

57

BS

New Principles of Gardening.
X. OF Currants railed by Cuttings or Suckers.
The beft Kinds are,

Large whiteand red Dutch, || Black Medicinal Currant:

XI. Of Rasberries increas’d by Runners, or Suckers..

The Kinds are,
Purple; White.
ed, i
XIL Strawberries increasd by Runners.
The Kinds are, 3
Scarlet, | Hautboy, |
Wood, Great White Strawberry,

_ XL The Barberry raifed by Suckers, or Layers.
The Kinds are,

Berberry with Stones, | Berberry wzthout Stones. |
XIV. OF Nut or Shell-Fruit. a
, The Kinds are,
Englith and large French Wal-

nuts, bef for pickling.

Me on Red ris are of |
WHICH t ' the Pe
Chefnut, Pees siete

XV. The Quince railed by Layers, or Cuttings.
XVI. The Mulberry raifed by Layers, Cuttings. or Seed.
XVII.

New Principles of Gardening.

XVIL The Cornelon Plumb or Cherry, raifed by Layers,
Slips, and Stones, often lie two Years in the Ground before
they {pring.

XVIII. And Lafily, the Medlar, which is increafed by graft-
ing on the Wbhite-Thorn, Quince, or Pear-Stock, and the Ser-
vice by young Sets from the Woods, or by fowing their Seeds.

[having in the former Part of this Seé#ion, explained the Man-
net of preparing and planting of Fruit-Irees in general, and
have now delivered a Catalogue of the beft Fruits, and how pro-
pagated, either by Grafting, Inoculation, &c. I fhall in the next
Place proceed to lay down fome general Rules to be obferved in
their pranimg, and afterwards explain the Culture and Manage-
ment of every Sort particularly.

General Rules to be obferved for pruning Fruit-Trees.

_ I, The nearer Branches are laid toa Horizontal Pofition, the |

more apt they are to produce Fruit.

I]. The nearer Branches are laid to a Perpendicular Pofition,
the e/s apt they are to produce Fruit, but Wood in great Plenty.
Hil. ‘That the Middle of Fruit-Trees be kept clear of great
Wood ox thick Branches, efpecially Peaches and Apricots.
IV. That the Qutnityok Wood left after Pruning, be in fome
Degree of Proportion to the Strength and Condition of the Tree,
not tocrow’d in more Wood than Nature can well fupply.

V. That the Branches of ffromg and vigorous Trees be left
Jouger than thofe as are weak, and to cut away all as grow for-
ward from the Wall.

VI. That Branches be not laid a-crofs each other, except on a
very great Occafion, ec.

I. In the pruning young-plantedTrees, of one Year’s Shoot,
obferve, That if a ‘Tree has ove or two vigorous, or well-difpo-
fed Branches, with two or three weak Ones, prune them all to
an equal Length, of about five or fix Inches, leaving but two
of the weak, ‘wizh thofe two asare {tronger; but this is never to
be done, but when the Shoots are placed regular, viz a ftrong
Branch and a weak one on one Side, and the like on the <a

I2 lere=

59

60

New Principles of Gardening,

Therefore if all the weak Branches be on the one Side of the
Tree, and the ftrong ones on the other, difplace one of the {trong

- Shoots entirely, and leave one {trong Branch only with the other

two as are weaker. If the Pofition of the two weak Shoots
fhould be both above the ftrong ones, and they not on one
Side; then at fuch Times ’tis beft to cut away the two weak
Branches intirely, and form the Tree with thofe Shoots as will
proceed from the Buds of the remaining Branches.

VIL. Veak or decaying Trees fhould have their Wood pruned
much fhorter than thofe as are in perfe€t Health, and the Shoots
preferved muft be fewer in Number.

IX. When Trees of one Year’s Growth produce feven or eight
Shoots, chufe out three, or four at moft, of the middling Wood,
and difplace all the others.

X. When either young or old Trees produces ftronger Bran-
ches towards the Bottom than the Top, “tis a Sign that its upper
Part isin an il] State of Health; therefore at fuch Times ’tis be(t
to cut away the weak Part entirely, and form a new Tree with
the {trong and healthy Branches remaining.

XI. When Trees of any Age produce weak Branches at Bot-
tom, and vigorous ones at Top, ’tis beft to cut down that Tree
tothe weak Branches, and thereby they will be {trengthened,
and the Tree proceed upwards in anequal State of Health. ;

XII. To nail in bearing Branches over-thick, ftarves the
Bloom, caufes the Fruit to be fmall and infipid, and at length
ruins the Tree. Therefore avoid thick nailing ; for of the two
Extremes, ’tis beft to prune and nail too thin, rather than too
thick; for as I faid before, that thick nailing ruins a Tree, fo
- the contrary, thin nailing caufes fine Fruit and good Wood,

C. ;

XII. When you prune Dwarf-Trees, obferve that the Bud
you prune at ftand outward, and not inward, or Side-ways,
and thereby the Tree in its natural Growth will form itfelf,
without the Affiftance of Hoops, Sc. to extend out their Bran-
ches to form the Tree.

You cannot be fo often put in Mind
Of that Advantage which your Plants wil] jind:
By being prun’d, the Boughs will thus obey,
And by your Tool are falbion’d any Way :

3 Though

yr

New Principles of Gardening.

Though tough with Age, they ftoop to your Command,
Nor can the crooked Pruning-Knife withftand :
And when the Trees thus cut revive again,

When from their Wounds they borrow Courage, then
Oft exercife your Power, and fo reftore

Beauty to that which was deformd before.

Youth unadvis'd doth in Defire exceed,

And would without all Moderation breed.

The Pruner’s Care muf? fuccour each Defedt ;

He with his Knife their Vices muft correét ;
Superfluous his Servants may reprefs ;

Defiructive Pity makes them more increafe.

But in what Part they muft be cut, and how-
From the Experienced you will better know:
Always untouch’d the chiefeft Branches fave,
From whom you hope a future Race to have.

Now if the Seafon proves reciprocal,

You may behold your Fruit upon the Wall:

Your Garden’s Riches then will make you glad;

Nor think that any Thing can Colour add,

Or Bignefs to them, but that Influence,

AK bichon their Ranks kind Phoebus does difpenfe.

Nature your Wifhes then will fatisfy

Lf with thefe Methods only you eps

And though we Ripene{s to our Fruits impart

By Heat on Walls reflected, yet this Art,

By the Reports of dark Antiquity,

In the Records of Time is fet more bigh.
Ravin, Lib. iv. Page 220.

SECT.

61

New Principles of Gardening.

Se PGP on V 5h

Of the Native Place, Name, Expofition,
and Culture of the Peach and Neétorine-
Trees. | :

and South,) differ about ten Degrees of Latitude, which

Difference is fuppofed to be the Caufe of their feveral
Kinds being ripe at divers Seafons.

That is, *tis fuppofed, that our early Peaches were Natives
of the Norther, and our lateft of the Southern Parts.

The mean Latitude of Perfia is about thirty five Degrees
North, its Extremes being, the one thirty, and the other for-
ty Degrees Latitude.

Its Name. In Greek ’tis called moni pynrta fod wnvee 5
in Latin, Malus Perfica, in the Arabian Language Sauch, or
Chawch ; in Italian Perfiche; in Spanifh Pexigos; in Dutch
Perceboom ; in French Pefthe ; and by the Germans Pfefich-

I. ¢ S Native Place is Perfiz, whofe extreme Parts, (North

baum.

il. The South and South-Eaf? Expofitions are certainly the
very beft; but Peaches will do very well on a South-Wett,
and oftentimes on a Weft Wall, which ripens its Fruit, juft as
that of the South Wall is gone. Peaches ought not to
be planted on a cold wet Soil, their Fruit are always watry
and zujipid.

IV. In the Culture of Peach.Trees great Care mutt be had,
to well and timely pruning, &c. In which obferve

When Peach-Trees haften to bear very foon, ’tis a Sign of
Decay or Weaknefs; and the bet Help for them is, to dif-
burden the Tree of its Bloom, and prune it to fhort Wood.

When Peach-Trees ave vigorous, cut out fach large Wood
as appears to be ufelefs, and nail in the Remains at a long
Length, as twelve or fourteen Inches. In making Choice of

oots,

New Principles of Gardeving.

Shoots, always chufe the middling Wood, as are full of fwel-
ling double Buds, for thofe produce Fruit which the flat /ingle
Buds do not, their Produ& being Wood and Leaves only.

The beft Tzme to prune Peach-Trees is in March, when all
the hard Froffs are over: You muft obferve in pruning to cut
out all dead Wood, all Autumn Shoots, and yellow faple/s Bran-
ches; to cut your Shoots to about fix or eight Inches in
Length, and to lay in the Branches at a moderate Diftance,
as three Inches, c.

In May you muft carefully and difcreetly thin your Peach-

Trees of their fuper-abundant Fruit, leaving them not too
thick, which will caufe all the Fruit to be fmall, and good
for nothing; one good Peach is better than a thoufand bad
ones.
. About Mid/ummer top the Shoots with Difcretion, and nail
them to the Wall, without any great Regard to the Order,
becaufe at the next Pruning they will be all alter’d ; and about
this Time you may begin to introduce the Sw#z to your Fruit;
but do it gradually, which will give it its satural Colour, and
Maturity likewife.

When Peach-Trees have their Branches nailed, or placed
horizontally, the Sap is retarded, and the Blofoms will not
fall from the Trees, by being, as it were, ftrangled by the
Superfiuity of Sap, which often happens in Trees whofe Bran-
ches are perpendicular, or near thereunto: Therefore Regard
hereunto fhould be had, as I have before faid, that the Branches.
fhould be nailed borzzontally.

Be careful to difplace all Suckers as may rife from the Roots.

or Bottom of the Trees, and carefully keep all Side-Branches.
nail’dup, cutting, or rather rubbing offall Buds or Branches as.

grows forwards trom the Wall, and alfo cutting away all Shoots
infeted by Blights, Infects, Sc.

If the Summer be hot at the Time of your Fruit ripening,
make a Ba/on over the Roots, and give them Plenty of Water,

fo as not to over-do it, and the Fruit will be wonderfully aug-
mented thereby. If the Mowings of Gra/s-Plots, Sc. be laid

in thofe Bafons, it will prevent the (corching Rays of the Sus

from drying away the Moifture.
The

63

64

New Principles of Gardening.

The fir Peach ripe isthe Nutmeg, at the End of Fuly;
after which follow the reft in Order, in the Months of duguft
and September. ,

N. B. That Peaches are infinitely better when gather’d three

-or four Days before they are eaten. When you gather Peaches

take care they are not bruifed, and lay them on Vime-Leaves,
with their Heads downwards in your /rusttery, till they are
eatable, always remembering that if a Peach is laid on its Side,
will immediately be rotten.

When you prune new-planted Peach-Trees of the firft Year’s
Shoot, (which fhould be done in March,) do not leave zoo
much Nood, nor cut it allaway, as many do; but difcretio-
nally proportionate the fame to the State of the Tree, as I have
before mention’d. ~

In the pruning of Fruit-Trees in general, obferve when you
prune off the End of a Shoot, that you cut it off a little
above a Leave-Bud, the Slope cut at the Back thereof. The
more any Tree is pruned, the more it will fhoot.

When you defire a Fruit-bearing Tree to produce new Wood,
which of itfelf is not inclinable to do, rub off the Bloom, (or
mott of it,) and prune the Shoots to ba/f their ufual Length,
and the Tree will break out into Plenty of Wood, which mui
be govern’d as I have before dire&ted.

The Neétorime being a Kind of a Peach, or at leak one of
that Tribe, is to be managed in all Refpeéts as the Peach,

if Mr. Bra--/--y’s Report of the Peaches in Jtaly, (men-
tioned in his General Treatife for the Month of December,
Page 133-) growing to fixteen or eighteen Foot high in two
or three Years after planting, without Walls, be actually true,
‘tis evident that they love a warm Expofition ; and therefore
we mult allow them the beft Wall our Garden affords.

SECT.

New Principles. of Gardening.

Se, ON tema AA

Of the Native Place, Name, Expofition, and’

Culture of the Pear-Tree.

ly brought, were Alexandria, Numidia, Greece, and.
Numancia, as appears by their feveral Names.

Il. Its Name. The 4rabzans call it Humeeth ; the Italians.
Pere; the Arabs Cirmetre, or Kemetri; the Germans Bir, Bi-
ven, and Piren; the Spaniards Pyras ; the French Poire ; and.
the Dutch Berre.

Ill. The beft Sorts of Winter Pears (all which the Catalogue.
confifts of). deferve the very beft Wall and Afpett you can give
them. N. B. They will not be ripe, till fome Time after they.
aregatherd. All Baking-Pears may be planted againft North-

I. F I 1 HE native Places from whence Pears were original-.

Eaft or North-Weft Walls, as alfo the Rou/fellet, Orange, Ber-

gamot, Catherine, and other Summer and Autuma Pears.

The Soil wherein Pears delight, is a rich, fandy, deep.

Loam, asthe Reverend Mr. Lawrence, in his Pleafure and Pro-
Jit of Gardening improved, Vol.1. Chap. 7. obferves, “ That a.
“rich, deep, fandy, mix’d Earth, in fifty four Degrees of Lati-

* tude, will do more towards accelerating the ripening of the
beft Fruit, then a ftiff cold Clay will do in fifty one?” From.

which it appears, that the fo-much celebrated Mr. Bradley is.
very much miftaken in his New Improvements of Planting and
Gardening, Part III. Page 30. Where, fayshe, “ The Soil which
“ the Pear chiefly delights in, is a wet Earth, inclining to Clay.”
(And further adds, in the following Words) “ Nay, Ihave feen
“this Kind of Tree profper extremely in the ftrongeft Sort of
“blew Clay, which is accounted the worft of Soils; fo that
“ this Sort, no more than the Apple-Tree, delights in what we
“ call rich Earth.” Now ’tis true, that Pear-Trees will grow.
in cold wet Earths, and in Clay alfo ; but, alas! the Fruit they-

K pro-

*

65,

66

New Principles of Gardening.

produce is watry and zn/ipid, and confequently good for nothing,
-eyen in the beftof Scaions. And as-an Inftance to prove that

Pears do delight in what Mr. Bradley calls rich Earth, (by which
is to be underftood, a good mellow, fandy, deep, holding Loam,)
let any Perfon goto the Honourable Mr. ‘Fohbuftone’s at Twicken-
ham, where they will fee, on his Terrafs, are growing the very
beft Pears in England, and in the greateft Perfe@ion, whofe
Soil is a fine, rich, holding Loam, fomething inclinable to a_
Brick-Earth. Icould inftance divers other Places to prove the
Miitake; but in regard to its coming from a Gentleman, and

not from a Gardener, I will modeftly forbear, only adding,

that ‘ecg. of its being inclinable to Clay, he meant Bricik- |

rth. ;
When the Situation and Nature of Soils are inclinable to too
much Co/d or Wet, let the Holes be prepared as I dire&ted in
the former Part of this Seé#ion, and therein plant the Lachaffe=-
rie, Winter-Thorne, Virgoulee, St. Germain, or Amadot, which
are very fine in their Kinds, and will do on a South Afpeé: tole-
rable well. eae ge eget
Pears upon Quince-Stocks, are belt for low Walls, Dwarfs,
or Efpalliers, and efpecially in wet Lands. Thefe Stocks doth
effectually cure too great a Luxuriancy in the Pear, and caufés
it to produce Fruit much fooner than when ona Pear Stock ; but
then on the other Hand, it has this Evil attending it; it is a
fhort-lived Tree.
The feveral Bonchretien Pears, being grafted upon a Quince,
and planted in a warm Soil, produce much better and larger
Fruit than on a Pear-Stock. ioe sar cpr bE
Vhen young new-planted Pear-Trees (and indeed any other)
are t0O vigorous, running altogether into fruitlefs Wood, take
them up with Care, an immediately plant them again in the
fame Place without pruning: This Removal ‘will put a Stop to
a luxuriant Growth, and caufe the Tree to profper very
well. 3
The beft Seafon for pruning Pear-Trees, is at the Fall of the
Leaf, in which Care muft be taken, to cover all large Wounds
with a Mixture of Rofim, Mutton-Suet, and Bees-Wax, as foon
as the Branch is cut off. The laft Year’s Shoots may be pruned
to nine Inches, a Foot, or eighteen Inches in Length, according
to the Strength of the Shoot; always obferving to cut out all

falfe

New Principles of Gardening:

falfe Branches, called Water-Shoots, known by the extraordinary

Diltance of their Buds, and to lay in no more Wood, then the
Roots may be reafonably fuppofed capable of fupplying with fuf- -

ficient Juices.

In Nasling of Pear-Trees, always remember to place the -
Branches Horizontally, otherwife they will foon come to Ruin: -

Perpendicular Branches are ever deftructive.
To diltinguifh the proper Branches which produce Fruit
from thofe as produce Leaves only, observe the following Ac-

count, wz. ‘There be few Pear-Trees ‘as produce Fruit before

they are three Years old, or their Wood of the like Age, that
is, fuch Shoots as are produced this Year, are preparing them-
felves all the fecond Year to produce Fruit in the third. Hence

it appears, that Pear-Trees have their peuing Buds ia three -

er. The blow- -
ing Buds of three Years old difcover themfelves at the Fall of »
the Leaf, who, whilft the Fruit preceding them was growing -
and ripening, they were preparing to fucceed them the enfu-.

feveral States, continually fucceeding one anot

ing Year.

Thete Buds of three Years Growth are known by their: be- ..
ing very full, and larger than any others, in a feeming Swel- -
ling impatient State of breaking out into its beautiful Dref -
of delightful Bloom. The next preparative Buds of two Years, .
are of a fharp conical Form, and Red-ruffet Colour, growing -

very near to the fruitiul Bud before defcribed: And laftly, the

Junior Bud of one Year is a very fmall one, but full above |

the Bark, and always breaks out very near to that of two
Years Growth: And befides all thefe, there is another wonder-

ful Work of Nature, which is the Preparation of fmaller Buds
as are continually forming themfelves within the Bark, to break .

out, and fucceed thofe their next Seniors of one Year’s Growth,

and {0 on, ad infinitum: And in Confideration that this won- -

derful Work of Nature was never explained by any one,
therefore, for the Ufe of the Curious, and all others concern’d
in Gardening, I fhall foon communicate an entire, new, and
general Sy {tem of the beft Fruits now extant in England, wherein

the true Form of their Buds, Braaches, Leaves, Bloiffoms, and |

Fruits, are truly reprefented, as they appear in their feveral
Stages or Degrees of Growth: With Obfervations on their
Progrefs, and proper Diretions for their Managements, Sc.

L2 explain’d,

67°

68

New Principles of Gardening.

as the Life itfelf.
Prune Luxuriant Trees very late, and cut away one of the
largeft Roots, efpecially a Tap-Root, if any be; which will

-explain’d, and curioufly engraven on Copper Plates, as large -

retard its hafty Growth, and caufe it to bear.

Suffer not any Svzags or Branches pruned fhort, from which
good Fruit comes; to project from the Wall more than two
Inches at mott.

In May begin your Summer Pruning, obferving to cut all
forward and Juxuriant Branches to an uch and a half, or
two Inches, trom the Place they fhoot from. This fhortening
will check the Courfe of the Sap, and caufe-a good bearing
Branch (or more) to come in its Place, or break out into
bearing Buds itfelf, and produce Fruit in the progreffive Man-
ner before defcribed. 2

N.B. That what I have faid here in refpe& to itopping
the Juxuriant Growth of Pear-Trees, the fame is to be under-
{tood of all other Fruits, the Vives and Figs excepted.

The Summer Bonchretien fhould be always pruned in May,
obferving to nail in the Shoots at full Length; for they pro-
duce their Fruit at the Extremities of the Branches.

Both Summer and Winter Bonchretiens fhould be planted
againft high Walls, as Houfes, Sc.. They want more Room to
extend themfelves than any other Pear ; and if they are confi-
ned by Pruning, immediately grow full of Kuots, and produce
but little Fruit: A warm Soil is beft for them. easent/

When a young Pear, or any other Fruit-Tree, as a Peach
or Apricot-Tree, breaks out with Shoots on the one Side, and
not on the other, Care muft be taken to timely lead fome of
the tender Shoots tothe barren Side, that thereby both Sides may
be filled. The bending of thofe Branches are not any wife
hurt thereby, but rather helped, by reafon that early Check
caufes them to bear Fruit very foon.

If in Fuly your Pear-Trees are Over-vigorous, and break
out with forward Shoots, cut them off clofe, and nail in all
Branches as lie flufh with the Wall, ftill obferving that ’tis beft
to rub off the Buds of fuch Branches when they firft appear:
Suffer no Suckers to grow at the Roots of your Trees, any

more than Weeds, €c. |

At

New Principles of Gardening.

At the End of 4ugu/?, and Beginning of September the Au-
tumu Pears are fit to gather, which Work fhould be done in
the Middle of the Day, when the Fruit is perfe&tly dry.

ey are not ripe, or fit to be eaten till fome Time after they
are gathered, as a Week, ten Days, and fome a Month.

All Winter Pears, as Bonchretiens, Colmar, St. Germain,
Virgoulee, .Lachafferie, Ambret, c, muft not be gathered
_ till Michaelmas, or Middle of Oéfober; at which Time (as I
faid before) great Care mult be taken to gather them perfe€tly
dry; if otherwife, they will grow moldy, and be prefently
rotten.

About the End of November the Winter Pears begin to
ripen, as the Lachafflerie, Virgoulee, Ambret, Colmar, Crafan,
St. Germain, ¢c. which, with Care, moft of them will laft all
Fanuary, and Part of February, and the Winter Bonchretien
till A/ay. z

In the Autumn, when the Pears begin to drop from the
Trees, as the Winter Pears will do when their Time for ga-
thering is come, lay under every Tree the Mowzngs of Gra/s,
for the Fruit to fz// on, and carefully take them away as they
fall, to your Confervatory, leaft others fall upon the firft, and
bruife them. The Manner of preferving Winter Fruit I will
exemplify at the latter End hereof.

In March prune young Pear-Trees of one Year’s Shoot with

Difcretion, not for to take but litttle from them, or to take
all away, (as is too often done by many-) :

This Month of March is the proper Seafon to retard the
luxuriant Growth of Trees, by G@what Mr. Lawrence calls)
Plafbing, that is, cutting the luxurious Part near to whence
it fhot, fomething more than half through; which checks its
vigorous Growth, and thereby is fooner difpofed to bear Fruit.
If by Mifmanagement Fruit-Trees have many perpendicular

Branches as are unfruitful, ’tis beft to. plafh them, as before

. directed. |
N.B. But this Way of Plafhing is not to be prattifed on
any Trees but Wall-Trees, Peaches excepted, and very low
Dwarfs, whofe Branches are fecured by Stakes ; for was Stan-
dards to be cut in that Manner, the Winds would foon break
off thofe Branches. :
3

The

69

7°

New Principles of Gardening.

The beft Pears for E/paliers and Dwarfs, are the Citron,
a’ Camus, Primit, Sugar Mufcat, Fargonel, St. Magdalen,
Quire-Song a in, Vermillion, Mouille Bouche, Goofeberry
Pear, Green Chizel, Cyprus, Orange Bergamot, St. Germain,
Ambret, Spanifh Bonchretien, Virgoulee, Colmar, Lachafferie,
and indeed all others, with good Care, the Summer and Win-
ter Bonchretiens excepted for Dwarfs, but very well for A/-
patiers, where they have Room to extend themfelves. .

Your E/palier and Dwarf Pears being planted in the Au-
tumn, at the Fall of the Leaf, as I before directed, at their
proper Diftances, Gc. in May following pinch off the Tops
of perpendicular luxuriant Branches, within half an Inch from
whence they fhoot, and ’twill caufe others to break out as will
be good Wood. At this Time you may difcern what Buds
will be ferviceable in filling up empty Places, or for Fruit, and
all others fhould be difplaced. This Work being now done,
the Sap immediately heals the Wounds. :

The Proportion laid down for the Diftance of Efpaliers
from Walls, and their Height, by the Reverend Mr. Lawrence,
is very good, viz. as Eight to Twenty, that is, if the Diftance
of the Efpalier from the Wall be twenty Feet, the Height muft
be eight Feet, €c. |

The feveral Kinds of ufeful Wood in a Winter Pear-Tree
are three, viz. Wood with Fruit; Wood preparing itfelf for
Fruit, which is doing a Year beforehand; and laftly, the year-
ly Shoot ; fo that that Shoot as is made this Year, is {wel=
ling and knotting itfelf in the fecond Year, to produce Fruit
in the third Year; but yet there be fome Summer Pears as pro-
duce Fruit the fecond Year: Therefore Care muft be taken
every Year to lay in young Wood to fucceed the Place of the

old, which muft be cut out when grown barren of fruitful
Buds, &e. | |

SECT.

New Principles of Gardening.

/
as

SECT... VIL

Of the Native Place, Name, Expofition,
and Culture of the Apricot.

I. WTS native Place is Epira, Epire, or Epirus, a Pro-
vince inGreece, firft founded by the Romans, and there-
fore was called Mala Epirotica.

Il. The Apricot by the reeks, is called Benen apusyiare 5
in Latin, Malus Armenica; in Arabick, Mex, and Mermex ;
in Italian, Armoniache, Moniache, Bachofe, and Grifomele ;
in Spanib, Albiricoques, Alvaricoques, and Alberchigas; by
the Germans, Sir Fohau Pfferfitk; and the French, Abricot, ox
Carmaignoles.

Ill. Their Expofition is beft when South; but will do on
South-Eaft, South-Weft, or Eaft and Weft Walls very well.

IV. Their Culture, wherein obferve (after the Tree is
planted, as before direSted,) to prune and wail them accord-
ing to the Manner dire&ted for the Peach, to keep the Trees
clear of Suckers and Weeds, and to cut away all blighted Bran-
ches, or others infefted by In/feéfs, Sc. to thin the Fruit with
Difcretion in May; and when it is fully grown, to gradually
expofe it to the Sun, which in its Ripening will give its na-
tural Colour and Tafte. 2

”T will not be amifs, if ac the Time of your Fruits ripening,

that you make a Bafon over. the Roots of the Trees, and give

them Water plentifully, if the Seafon be very 4ot, and to lay
the Mowings of Gra/s therein, to prevent the Sua from drying
away the Moz/lure as is neceflary for the Trees. :
About the End of May, or Beginning of Fume, the Mafcu-
line Apricot is ripe; and towards the Middle of /#4 the

Orange and Turky ; which laft, is a Fruit of an excellent Fla- °

Apricots gather’d one Day before they are eaten, gives them
an excellent delicious Flavour.
3 The

7t

79°

New Principles of Gardening.

The true Bruxelles Apricot is an excellent Fruit, and will
profper very well on E/palers, Dwarfs, or Standards.

N. B. The Method laid down for. p/afbing of Pear-Trees,
&c. is not to be prattifed on the Apricot at no other Time but
the Month of May, the Sap being then capable to heal the
Wound inftantly.

In March prune all young-planted Trees of one Year’s Shoot,
which perform with Difcretion, not to leave more Wood than
is neceflary, nor to lay in the Branches over long; and laftly,
not to prune them too fhort, to add new Vigour, as fome call
it, too often to the Deftru&tion of good Trees.

oF Cdux bX.

Of the Native Place, Name, Expofition,
and Culture of the Fig,

long fince introduced into many Parts of Europe, as

frances Spain, Italy, England, c. where, by Length

of Time, and divers Improvements, the feveral Sorts are be-
come as numerous as Peaches, Apples, Ge. eee

- Its Name, in Greek, is called cio; in Latin, Ficus ;

hi [i Native Place: The Fig is an Native of Barbary,

in Arabick, Sin, Tin, or Fin; in Itahan, Fichi; in French,

Figue; in Dutch, Feigen ; in Spanifh, Fygos ; and by the
Germans, Feighen. 7 3

UI. This Favourite Fruit delights beft in a South Expo-
Jure, where its Soil is dry and ffony, like unto the Vine.

V. In the Cultivation of the Fig, you mutt obferve, that
it doth not delight in being much prun’d, or often digg’d
about: The belt Seafon to pleut the fig is in March or
April, when all the cold Froffs are gone and over; and if
the Spring prove dry, never forget to give them Plenty of
Water ; ‘twill greatly add to their Growth. In March take
of the Swckers of Figs, and tranfplant them where required,

and

New Principles of Gardening.

and at the fame Time lay down the Layers; which take off,
and tranfplant the March or April following: You muft not
cut or prune the Zops or Heads of either Suckers or Layers
of Figs; tis immediate Death to them, when fo cut.

The beft Seafon to prune Fig-Trees is in Fune; at which
Time you muft obferve, that you leave all the Shoots with
their Tops on, becaufe thofe extream Parts, (vzz. the three
laft Buds or Eyes) produce the Fruit the enfuing Year.

Cut out all large Wood, as is too much, which always cut
off as near the Ground as may be, and cover the Wound im-
mediately with the Mixture of Mutton-Suet, Rozin, and Bee’s
Wax, asi before mention’d. The /argef?, or ftrongeft Shoots
of the /aff Year are what produces the Fruit; all {mall weak
Shoots are now to be cut away. :

Admit not Suckers at the Roots of your Trees, except that
an Lucreafe is required. | ©

If in fune you pinch or nip off the End-Buds of the young
Branches, “twill ftop the over and above Courfe of the Sap,
and caufe the Fruit to come much earlier, and in greater Per-

fection: Sand, Lye-Afbes, &c. laid at the Roots of Fig-Trees,

greatly accelerates the Ripening of the Fruit. At the Pruning
of fig-Trees, obferve to nail up, or confine to the Wall, all
the large Branches ; but let the young Shoots, which produce
Fruit, be at free Liberty: The Fruit will ripen much better than
when confined tothe Wall. But in November following it will
be beft to nail them clofe to the Wall, the better to preferve
them from the Winter’s Frofts. ,

And although the common Pra€tice in England has been to
plant this Fruit againft Walls only, yet ’tis to be underftood,
that /7zgs will profper, and produce good Fruit in great Plenty,

when planted Dwarfs or Standards; as may be feen in the
Gardens of that great chet oS of Planting, the Honourable _

Fames Fobnfton, of Twickenham. The bef Figs as 1 know
of now in England, asare really good, are the White and long
Purple Figs, ripe atthe End of Augu/?: The others, mention’d
in my Catalogue, are of France; of which fome are, and

others might be alfo cultivated in England, with as much Eafe.
as the Purple and White; and that my Reader may be informed.
of their fevera] Qualities, take the following Defcription:.

‘he /7gs mention’d in my Catalogue, are either White, Black,
3 L

may
g. Ww 9

bie

New Principles of Gardening.

Yellow, Grey, Green, Brown, Purple, or Violet colour’d, con-
fifting of fixteen different Kinds. As, firft, Of White Figs,
which are three in Number, v#z. the Flower of Figs, the firft
ripe, called by the /’ rench Figue Fleru, having a fhort Stalk
fomething flat, The fecond is of the fame Name with a long
Stalk; and the third, called the {mall Mar/eslles Fig, of a flat
Make, and very fruitful Kind.

All thefe three Sorts bear twice a Year, #2. Spring and Au-
tumn; and their Fruit are richly fugar’d, have but few Seeds,
and are melting.

Il. The Black Fig, or Madera Fig, called by the French Le
Figue de Madere, is a black large zg, of a long Make, a very
great Bearer, and requires a very warm Expofition to ripen its
Fruit, as wellas a very high Wall to extend it felf.

Il. The Yellow Fig, called by the French Incarnadine, or

Incarnation, is a very large Fig, like unto the White Flower of
Figs : °Tisa great Grower, bears twicea Year, Spring and Au-
tumn ; it feldom produces much Fruit in the Spring, but gene-
rally in September great Quantities : It is of a Reddifh Colour with-
in Side, and a very good Fruit.
- Befides this Yellow Fig, there is another calledthe Golden Fig,
and by the French Figue Dorée: *'Visa large flat Fruit, its Skin
breaks in Ripening, and produces a much better Crop in the
Autumn than in Summer.

IV. The Grey Fig, called by the rench la Figue de Grife,
a large Fig of a long Make, greyifh on one Side, and a little
blewith on the other, an indifferent good Bearer, and a tolera-
ble good Fruit.

V. The Green Fig, called in French Figue Verte, and by fome
La Verdalle, or Figue d’ Efpagne, Spanifb Fig, by the Italians
Verdone, is a plump round Fruit, always green without, and
when ripe, very red within Side. :

’Tis a very hardy Tree, and produces a better and larger Crop
in September and Oéfober, than in Summer, and is a very good
ruit. Sa

VI. Brown-Purple Figs; of which there are two Sorts, viz.
the Genoa Fig, called by the French Figue de Gennes, or la
Figue Fievre, the Treavcr Fig. It is an excellent fine flavour-
ed /7zg, and produces Fruit larger than any other: Its SAape is

long,

New Principles of Gardeuing.
long, and Colour a brownih Purple, and withal an excellent
Bearer, when in a warm Expofure.

The other Kind of Brown-Purple Figs, are called Vernifingue
it is an excellent good Fruit, of a brownifh Purple Colour, and
delights ina warm Expofition.

Laftly, Violet Figs, of which there is /rx Sorts:

As, «ft, The long Violet Fig, called by the French Figue
Violette longue, Figue Pore, Pear Fig, and by fome Figue de
Bourdeaux, the Bourdeaux Fig: ’Tis a very large Fruit, a great
Bearer, ripe in September, when no other Fig is in Seafon; ’tis
very full of large Seeds, and its Pulp fomewhat dry. |

adly, The flat Violet Fig,called by the French Figue Violette

Jat: *Tis a plentiful Bearer in the Autumn, but not in the
Spring; of a middling Size, a fine delicious melting Tafie, and
indeed is one of the very beft Sort of /zgs.

3dly, The Bourzageotte Fig, ripe in September, of a light Vio-
Jet Colour, a very large Fruit, a plentiful Bearer in the 4utummn,
but not at Mzd/ummer ; and withal an excellent good Fruit.

4thly, The Mel/inga Fig, called by the French Figue de Melingue,
an excellent delicious Fruit, of a Vzo/et Colour without, and Red
within; its Form is long and thin, and when near ripe, is fub-
je& to drop its Fruit: It loves a very warm Expofure, and will
not admit of any pruning for many Years after planting.

sthly, The Dwarf Fig, called by the French Figuier Nain:
The Buds of this Tree are very clofe fet, and its Shoots fhort;
its Fruitis large, and of a Violet Colour without, and Red with-
in; ’tisa plentiful Bearer, and avery good Fruit.

6thly, The Burgeotte Fig, an excellent Fruit in Tafte, /arge
and flat in Shape, of a Violet Colour without, and Red within,
and a very good Bearer in Autumn.

Laftly, The fmall Mignionne Fig, called by the Freneh Pe-
tite Figue Mignionne : \ts Fruit is of a brownib Blew without,
and very Red within, but {mall, being not much larger than
the Carnation Cherry, and is a very good Bearer. a

N. B. If Figs are planted in Tubes, as Oranges are, and in
the Winter fhelter’d in a Green-Hou/fe from the Cold, Sc. they
- will oftentimes produce Figs 1ipe in May. aie

N. B. That when any Kind of Fig at its Ripening, is obfer-
ved to have a Drop hanging at its And, ’tis then in great
Perfection, and fhould be immediately gather'd.

L,3 N. B

/

76

New Principles of Gardening.

WN. B. There are fome Figs as do not difcover their Ripening
by a Drop, therefore when ever they are obferved to decay or
fg at the Stalk, you may depend upon their being ripe.

figs mult wot be gather’d in the Heat of the Sun, therefore
"tis beft to gather them ina Morning after the Dew is gone, and
betore the Heat of the Day is come on; and being kept in
the #ruitry one Night after gathering, caufes them to eat much
fmer than when firft gather’d.

Oe kel. x,

Of the Native Place, Name, Expofition, and
Culture of the Plumb. |

ee ga HE native Places of the Plumb-Tree is Armenin,

whofe Latitude is about fourty two Degrees, and Da-

maftus (formerly a Town of Syria) fituated in thir-

ty five Degrees Latitude, from whence they were firft brought
into Ltaly.

Ml. A Plumb, in Latin is called Prunus, or Prunum s in

Arabick Anas, Avas, or Hlagias: in Italian Prune, or Succine ;

fou, Greengage, ec. nay, all in general are vaitly helped
thereby.

IV. Its Culture. The Plumb delights in good Land, inclining
to be rather firong and wet, than “ght and dry; and will ri-
pee veny well againit Zaft, Wef, North-Eaft, or North-W, eft

alls. |

The

New Principles of Gardening.

The Sea/fonx for pruning is Fanuary, or February at furtheft,
and the Manner the fame as that of the Pear.
When Plumb-Trees are vigorous and luxuriant, tis beft to

Plafb or prune them very late, and if need be, both Operations
may be ufed. :

Carefully mind to deftroy all Manner of Weeds, Suckers,
Sc. in the Spring, and to aail up all ufeful Branches.

In Fuly pick off the Leaves, and let in the Sun 3 but do it
by Desere’; and thereby they’ll receive their natural Colour
and Za/ffe.

rit the End of Fuly, the London-Plumb, Plumb-Mordin,
Sc. are ripe, after which comes all others in order, and con-
tinues till September.

Plumbs gather’d a Day ortwo before they are eaten, and kept
in Nettles, eat much finer than when fir(t gather’d:

ie OE Oeig WRENS

Of the Native Place, Name, E-xpofition, and

Culture of the Apple-Tree.

I. CCORDING to the Obfervation of Sir William
A Temple, on the Conqueft of Africk, Greece, Afia
Minor, and Syria, it appears, that foon after that
Conqueft the Romans brought into Italy all Sorts of Mala,
which we call Apples, and from thence were fent into divers
other Parts, and Propagated as other Fruits, ec. 3
Amongft the great Variety of Englifh Fruits, there is none
So univer fal as the Apple, for be Land of a hot and dry, wet
and cold Nature, one or other of the Sorts will produce Fruit; and
where Land is good, in very great Quantity. |
The Excellency of the Liquor extra&ted from this Fruit, is a
fufficient Encouragement for its Propagation, exclufive of its
profitable Ufes at Table, in the Kitchen, Se. ,

Apples

aT

79

New Principles of Gardening.

Apples are increas’d, being grafted on Crab-Stocks, as before
hater. and are generally “plated Standards, E:fpaliers, or
‘Dwarfs, and beft when the Land is a freb ftrong Loam, with
a good Bottom of Brick-Earth. ;

If Apples are grafted on Paradife Stocks, they will bear
Fruit the /econd or third Year, and are beft for ‘Dwarfs or low
Efpaliers. Tis a common Pra€tice amongft moft curious Gar-
deners to plant fmall Apple-Trees grafted on Paradife Stocks,
in large Flower Pots, or Tubes, wherein they produce Fruit ve-
ty plentifully, being kept in fmall Opex Heads, or Dwarfs ;
which are at great Embellifbments of Entrances, Partares,

inets, Sc.

The Codlin isa Kind of Apple, increas’d from Suckers, ta-
ken from its Root in the latter End of October, or Beginning of
November, and is an excellent Fruit, both for its Earlinefs of ri-
pening, and good Services in a Family. It may alfo be increas’d
by Cuttings, cut of in March, and planted under a North
Wall. The Apple-Tree does no Ways delight in being pruned
in the Winter with a Kuife, the Canker being commonly the
next as takes Place, which foon kills the Tree; therefore, I ad-
vife, that in May and Fune you carefull y obferve to rub or pinch
off all luxuriant, &c- Branches, and tie in others fit for Ufe,
and thereby your Trees will be preferved from that Diftemper.

The ef? Seafon for planting this Fruit is, when its Leaves are
juft fallen, viz. in Ocfober, at which Time ’tis beft to plant the
Cuttings of Paradifé Stocks, under a North Wall, which being
kept clean ftom Weeds, and water’d in the Spring, if very dry,
i: fit to graft on in three Years. Their native Place is

rance.

If Golden Pippins, Nonpareils, Holland Pippins, French
Pippins, 6c. were planted again an Laff Wall, and their pru-
ning perform’d in May and eae by pinching, as I before di-
rected, their Fruit would not Only be much finer in Tafte, but
wonderfully /arger and beautiful.

The Kernels of Apples, faved from fuch Fruit as were graft-
ed on Crab-Stocks, and fown, moft commonly produces a much
worfe Kind of Fruit then the Mother-kind, and very often _per-
fect Crabs and Wildings. If you fow the Kerwels as are faved
from Apples, produced by a Seedling without grafting, the

Fruit

New Principles of Gardening: 79
Fruit they produce are feldom either Crab or Wilding, but
are often as good as the Mother-Fruit, and fometimes (tho’-ve-
ry feldom) better.

5.4 FAIL
Of the Vine; tts Names, Culture, &c.

led by the Greeks durex@ sven ; by the Latins Vites,

Vinifera, Sativa, and Culta; by the Arabians Karin,
Karni, or Harin; by the Itahans Vite Venefera;, by the Dutch
Wungaert, or Winflacke, by the French Vigne; by the Ger-
mans Weinreb, and by the Spaniards Vid, or Parm.

Tis propagated by Layers, or Cuttings, which Works are
to be done in Odfober : And in the Operation you mutt obferve,
that three or four Buds at leaft be in the Ground; for’tis from
them their Roots put forth. In the Choice of Cuttings ob-
ferve to take thofe as are of the laft Year’s Shoot, /froug and vi-
Sorous, which cut to fixteen or eighteen Inches long, and plant
under an Eaft Wall, leaving but two Buds out of Ground, in
Rows, about a Foot or fifteen Inches afunder ; and in the Rows,
at the Diftance of eight Inches. When your Cuttings are thus
_ planted, cover the ground between them with Hor/e-Dung, a-
bout five or fix Inches thick, and if the Spring prove very dry,
you muft now and then give them Water, fo as to keep them
moift, which a Vine requires at its ftriking Root; and if
your Land be warm and light, in two Years Time will be fit
to tran{plant.

If the Cuttings of Vines be planted in the open Air, with-
out the Help of any Shade, and are about two Foot,
or two Foot and a half in Length, and all buried, two
Buds excepted; fuch Cuttings kept mozf in the Spring, will
grow and thrive very well, but in this Operation, you muft
obferve, that you lay the Cuttings in flping, the loweft Part

3

i 1 HIS Ghrious Plant the Vine, when cultivated, is cal-

wor

80

New Principles of Gardening.

not to exceed ten Inches, or a Foot in Depth, and to bend the
upper Part in fuch a Manner, as for the two Eyes or Buds as
are left out of the Ground to ftand Perpendicular.
The warmett Expofure is the bef? for the Vive, and there-
fore fhould be always defended by Woods, Hills, ©c. :
The beft Soil for Vines isa rich warm Loam, mix’d with
frefh hot Sand, or Gravel, or inftead thereof, Sea-Coal Afbes,
Wood Afbes, Brick-Rubbifh, Lime, or Drift Sand. When
you prepare Borders of tltis Mixture, they need not be
more than four Foot in Breadth, or deeper than one Foot;
for thofe Juices of the Harth as nourifhes the Vine, lies very
near to the Surface of the Ground. cas
The beft Seafon for planting Vines is Oéfober, or Beginning
of February, if the Weather be open ; but of the two, Irecom-
mend the Autumm Planting before that of the Spring. When
Vines are remov’d from a Nurfery, &c. great Care mult be
taken to preferve the Roots from the parching Winds, and that
they be not very dry at Planting. So foon as Vines are taken
out of the Ground, they fhould be ig, up with wet Mo/s,
or wet Hay, and clofely bound in AZzzs, which will preferve
cir Roots a long Time if need be. en
‘When you plant Vines, prune the Ends of their Roots with
Difcretion, and to the Top or Head of the Plant leave but
two or three Joints at moft; and when in 4pri/ they begin to
fhoot, make choice of the two ftrongeft Shoots, which pre-
ferve, and the others difplace; as alfo other fmall Shoots at
all Times, that thereby thofe two Branches may have the
whole Nourifhment, which will enable them to produce Fruit
much fooner than had they been weaken’d by other Branches as
would have robb’d them of their Strength.
To plant Vines at fuch Diftances as they will fill in Time,
as eighteen or twenty Feet, (their Branches being laid in a
horizontal Pofition,) is lofing the Ufe of a great deal of Wal-
ling for feveralt-Years; therefore, to prevent fuch Loffes, Lad-
vife that you plant your Vines at ten Foot apart; and when
they meet, and want Room, to cut away fo much of the in-
termediate Vine (v/z. the middlemoft of every three) as will
give fufficient Room for the others to extend themfelves. And 2
although Mr. Lawrence difcommends the PraGtice of now and
then laying down Branches to ffrike Root, ec. yet I aie
ut

New Principles of Gardening.

but commend the Practice; for thereby, as o/d Wood, or Plants
fails, they are immediately fucceeded by thofe new ones, and
the Wall kept full of Wood. The ObjeCtion made by Mr.
Lawrence again thofe Layers, being dire&ted perpendicularly,
is but forthe firftYear ; for the Shoots afterwards produc’d by
them, may be led Forzzontally, or otherwife, as the Pruner
leafes.

: "Tis true, that the horizontal Nailing of Trees greatly checks
the Sap, and caufes the Branches of many Trees to bear much
fooner,; but for Yimes, I am certain that although they are
luxuriant, and nail’d exa€tly perpendicular, will in many
Places produce wonderful Grapes, and in very great Quantity ;
witnefs the South-Wall of the honourable Mr. JounsTone at
Twickenham, next the Road leading to Richmond in Surry ;
whofe Grapes are ever in the greateft PerfeQion, both for
Goodnefs and Quantity, and are always nailed perpendicularly.
T could mention divers other Places, who nails in the fame
Manner with great Succefs, but for the prefent let the prece-
ding fuffice.

The vigorous Nature of a Vine is fuch, that though the
Branches are led up a Wall of twelve or fourteen Feet in
Height, yet the Fruit at the Top hath fufficient Quantity of
Juices for its Nourifhment, and is not inferior to that as
grows within three or four Feet of the Ground. To plant
Vines againft low Walls of four or five Foot high, as Mr.
Lawrence directs, at his Diftance of fix or feven Yards, and not:
to make good with Layers, &¢. would prove in the End to
bea very great Lo/s and Difappointment to the Planter, which
Experience will prove.

‘Tis good to have your young Vines out of rich Nurferies,
that is richer than wherein they are to be planted, that thereby
at firft Planting they may receive a fmall Check; for too
great Vigour at firft Planting is always bad. :

The beft Seafon for the general pruning of Vines is at tl
Fall of their Leaf; but if then neglected, not to exceed the
Middle of February at lateft. The moft vigorous Branches
ate thofe as produce the Fruit, which muft carefully be pre-
served, and the fmall fruitlefs Branches cut entirely out.

M Such

SI

82

New Principles of Gardening.

Such Branches as are very {trong may be allowed two Foor
in Length ; and others of lefs Vigour, to be fhorter, as a Foot,
fifteen Inches, &¢. according to their Strength and Vigour.

In the Cutting of a Vime, obferve that you cut about an

Inch above the Bud, and that the Cut be on the Back thereof;

fo that when the Sap moves in the Spring, it by running
may not burt or damage the Bud; and obferve further, that
*tis beft to make choice of fuch Buds were you top a Branch,
as will admit of the Cut or Slope-Part to be next to the Wall,
as well as behind the Bud; for when the Cut is vifible, it is
not Only more expos’d to the Prejudice of Weather, but is alfo
a difagreeable Sight; therefore, if you make choice of fore-right —
Buds, they will anfwer the End. 7

In the Nailing of Vines, or any other Fruit-Tree, ever
make ufe of Leather for Shreds; the beft is, Lift, or Cloth,
and obferve that you do not nail the Shred tight about the
Branch, but leave room for: it to fwell in its Growth. The
Diftance that you nail the Branches of Vines one from the
other, muft not be lefs than nine Inches, nor more than one

«Foot.

_ The Bruit of Vines is always produced by the laft Year’s
Wood, at one or more of the three firft Buds from the old.
Wood; therefore when Vimes are once got in a fruitful State,
you need not leave their Shoots more than four or five Buds
in Length at moft. :

For the well Management of Vines in Summer, obferve this
Rule, That no Kind of Branch be fuffer’d to grow, as is not
fit and perfeGly neceflary for Wood, Fruit, or Shelter.

Therefore in Mzy be diligent to pick off all {mall weak Shoots).
which will put out in many Places, and if not difplaced, rob
the Fruit of its Nourifhment; alfo nail in all ufeful Branches,
and in your Vineyards tie up the leading Shoots to Stakes. In
June (not in May, as Mr. Bradley dire&ts in his New Im-
provements of Planting and Gardening, as he calls them, pag. 8.)
is the beft Time.to ftop the /vxuriant Growth of the Vine,
by nipping off the Branches at two or three Joints beyond
the Fruit, and.to make choice of fuch vigorous Branches as
are required to fill empty Places, to be nailed in, without be-
ing ftopp’d by Nipping or Pinching, except they are of very

great.

New Principles of Gardening.

great Lengths: Alfo nail clofe to the Wall all Branches with
Fruit, and difplace all weak ones when they appear as before
directed; but obferve that the Fruit is not thereby /aid open
to the Sua, which will now either deffroy or fpoil its Growth.

N.B. The beft Grapes are always produced by vigorous Bran-
ches at the fourth or fifth Foint.

In Fuly, Vines ave in their full Strength and V; zgour, there-
fore keep them carefully pruned of falfe Wood, as is faid be-
fore, that the Fruit may not be deprived of its proper Heat and
Nourifhment ; and about the Middle of this Month examine
all vigorous Shoots pruned at Mid/ummer, whereon you'll
find fecondary Shoots from their feveral Buds, which difplace,
the uppermoft excepted, prun’d off at one or two Buds
Length, to admit Nature’s exerting herfelf in its la{t Shoot of
Autumn, and to preferve the Lofs of Fruit or Wood from thofe
Branches.

‘Tis abfolutely neceflary that ftri& Regard be had to Sum-
mer Pruning, that a fufficient Number of vigorous Shoots
be laid in to fucceed fuch old ones as will be cut out in the
Winter ; and although Vines will produce Grapes from Knots
of old Wood, yet they are never fo good as thofe produced
from firong and vigorous Branches. |

Great Care mutt be taken to tie up all ufeful Branches of
Ves planted againt & {paliers, or in Vineyards, and alfo to
difplace by Pinching all ufelefs weak Branches, as dire€ted for
Vines againft Walls. | 3

In Auguft give them the laft Pruning, and keep the Fruit
clofe to the Wall, difcreetly fhaded with Leaves, {0 as to part-
ly expofe them to the Suz, and preferve them from the co/d
Nights. =

In September the Vine produces its delicious Fruit, which
muft be very dry when gathered, otherwife they foon grow
moldy and rotten.

Grapes gather’d dry, and preferved from the Froft, will keep
a long Time; but ’tis beft to gather them a little before they
are ripe, and to hang them on a Line, with the End of
the Stalk feal’d witl Sealing-Wax. a 3

M2 SECT.

34

New Principles of Gardening.

oS “Besse SEE
Of the Cherry, tts Name, Culture, &c.

that the Cherry is a Native of Pontus, a Province in
Afia Minor, firft brought from thence Aun. Rom. 683.
by Lucullus into Italy; and about one hundred Years after

*twas introduced into Hiug/azd. Its Name in Greek is xepdco;
in Arabick, Serafi ; in Latin, Cerafus, or Cerafum; in Spa-
nifh, Cerafas, or Guindas; in Italian, Ciregie; in Dutch, -
Kriken ; in French, Cerifes, or Gunes 3 and by the Germans,
Kirfen, or Kir fehen. Bsc.

Amongft the feveral Kinds of Cherries, the May Duke,

Holman?s Duke, and Lukeword, deferve a Place againft
the deft Wall; the others will do very well Dwarfs, E/palers,
half and whole Standards, the Morea Cherry excepted, which
is beft againft a North-Wall, and if preferved on the Trees
till the End of Auguff, becomes a rich and noble Fruit for the
Table; for by its long hanging, lofes moft of its Acédity, or
Sournefs. spe

All Cherries ave propagated from the Black.Cherny, by be-
ing either budded or grafted thereon,..and delight in.a light
rich Loam. Be

The lefs Cherries are pruned, the better they like it; but
however, where weak or luxuriant Branches happen, they muft
be govern’d by the Knife; as alfo the Ends.of leading Shoots,
which muft be fhorten’d to eight or nine Inches. The be

Time for this Work is O¢foder.

_ When Cherry-Trees take to bear very early, and grow but
little, *tis belt to pull off mof? of the Bloom, and fhorten the
Branches, which will caufe the Tree to /boot with frefh Vi-
gour; or if your Trees are Bark-bound, what fome call Hide-
bound, °tis beft to flit open the Bark of the Body from Top
to Bottom, and its large Branches alfo, with the Point of your

3 Knife ;

I. [i appears by the Obfervation of Sir William Temple,

New Principles of Gardening.

Knife; but obferve to do it on the Side, and not in the Front of
the Tree: Be careful to difplace Suckers, and cut away all
Tops of Branches infected with the Black Fly, c.

In the End of May the early {mall May-Cherry is ripe,
after which comes the Early Duke, Holman’s Duke, and all-

others ; of which the laft are the Exg/ib, Carnation, and Morella..

If Duke Cherries were planted againit North-Eaf, Nortb-
Weft, and North Walls, they would produce Plenty of Fruit
when thofe of the South-/Val/ were all gone ; but they muft be

covered in the Sprzvg, when in Bloom, during the Time of

old Winds.

N.B. That the Morella, aud Early finall May-Cherry pro-
duce their Fruit at the very Ends of their Shoots; fo that they
mifi not be topp'd im Pruning, as other Cherries are..

S BA Peek Vo
_. Of Goofeberries, thei Culture, &c.

for Sauce to Green Geefe, and for that Reafon, by the-

_ Antients, were called Goofeberries. eee
This Fruit is fo agreeable in its Nature, as to be content-

ed in any Soil wherein the Cherry, Pear, or Apple grows,.

and will live under their Shade with great Pleafure.
The beft Kinds are thofe mention’d in my Catalogue of
Fruit, which would be greatly improved, was they bred up in

Uittle Dwarfs,as we do Apples, Pears, Sc. and the Branches.
not fuffer’d to run a-crofs each other, or any to rife in the Mid-’
dle; and befides the Improvement gain’d in the Goodnefs of
the Fruit, they make a very agreeable Figure to. the Eye, on.

which Account I place them in the Borders of the Fruit-Garden.
-B. They are increafed by Suckers, or Cuttings.

er BERRIES, area kind of Fruit as were formerly ufed®

is Mw Es.

35,

36

New Principles of Gardening.

Be 2 3 ee SF
Of Currants, their Culture, &c.

HE feveral Sorts of Currants are three, Vide the Ca-
talogue,) which are in general increafed by Suckers,
_ and delight in the fame Land as the Goofeberry.

If Currants were alfo bred in {mall Dwarfs, as I befure
mention’d of the Goofeberry, the Fruit would be greatly im-
proved, both in Size and Tafte, and their Forms very hand-
fome in open Borders.

if the large White and Red Dutch Curraats are planted and
nail’d againft a Full South-Wall, and the Wood kept thin,
they will produce wonderful pleafant Fruit, and very
large ; fo likewife if they are planted againft a North Walt,
they will produce good Fruit till the Middle of ‘December.

In the Management of both Goofeberry and Currant, Care
muft be takea to keep them free from o// Wood; for the beft
Fruit is produc’d by the Joung Wood, which ripens in Fuly.

SE: € Fe Ryet
Of Rashervies, their Culture, &c.

F Rasberries there be three Kinds, viz. the Red, the
Black, or Purple, and the White; all which delight —
in good ftrong rich Land.

They are in general increafed by Suckers, or Runners, and
fhould be planted in fingle Rows at three Foot and a half Di-
ftance each Row from the other, and in the Rows at a Foot
or fourteen Inches afunder. h

The

New Principles of Gardening.

The beft Time to plant them is November, (and not March,
as Mr. Bradley direéts in his third Part of New Improvements,
Page 50. for the drying. March Winds would greatly hurt their
Roots: ) Neither will Rasberries fucceed very well, as he fays
they do, when planted in beds, each having three Rows at 4
Foot and a half Diftance from each other; for by their being fo
thick planted, they cannot be digged every Winter to let in
Nourifhment, &c- nor can they be helped with good Dung, or
kept to fingle Roots, as they fhould be, to fucceed: (as he calls
it) very well.

"Tis beft to plant Suckers, or Runners, of one Summer’s
Growth, and to prune off the very {mall. fibrous Roots; lea-
ving the large Roots to about five or fix Inches in Length, and
the Top ten Inches, or one Foot.

When you prune the Roots and Fops, as before directed,
take Care that you do not break off that Bud at the upper
Part of the Root, as is to produce Wood for the next Year;

for if that Bud is broke off, ’tis in vain to plant the Plant;

therefore, as you plant Rasberries, be fure that every Plant
hath its /eading Bud at Bottom, and then there may be Hopes
of Succefs. } |

The firft Year they will produce Branches or Shoots about
two Foot and a half high, which in the Autumn (if not pre-
vented) will produce Fruit at their extreme Parts, which I
believe is no wife advantageous to them; therefore I advife
that fuch Shoots be topp’d as foon as the Bloom appears, ex-
cept that the Curious is inclin’d to preferve the Fruit for the
fake of its Novelty, more than its Goodnefs..

The fecond Year they will fhoot with greater Vigour than:

the firft; and the third Year greater than the fecond, &c. You
mut be very careful in deftroying the Suckers, not only be-
tween Row and Row, but alfo between Plant and Plant in
the Rows, and thereby you will have the Fruit in great
Perfe€tion.

Every Year’s Wood makes its Ewvit immediately after it
hath produced its Fruit, which dead Wood is beft broken our
in the frofly Weather of the approaching Winter. ,

The fucceeding Shoots being now got up, are to be topp’d

in March, cutting off all the upper Part as appears weak, fo
that the Remains. will be about three or four Foot high. |

87

98

New Principles of Gardening.

N.B. Before I conclude the Difcourfe of the Rasberry, I
muft admonifh you not to plant this Fruit in Land, as is trou-
bled with the Weed called Vervine, or Bearvine, which is of
the climbing Tribe, and will a@ually fmother and fpoil both

Fruit, Root, and Branch, in a very ihort Time. Couch-Gra/fs
is alfoa very bad Weed to difplace, when once got amongft

the Roots of your Rasberries. N. B. The Rasberry ripens in
Fuly, and continues for three Weeks or a Month, and fome-
times longer, when on rich ftrong Land. Note alfo, that
Horfe or Cow-Dung, well-rotted, is very good for Rasber-
vies ; but Sea-Coal Afbes, if dry Weather comes on them, is
prefent Death; therefore Care muft be taken to avoid that
Manure.

SB Cake XVik
Of Strawberries, their Culture, &c.
F Srrawserriss there be divers Kinds, as the Scar-
let, the Wood, the Hauthoy, the Green, and the White ;

which two laft are not fo preferrable as the preceding
three, whofe Culture I am now to explain. 1. The Scarlet

Strawberry is a great Bearer, and an excellent Fruit; it de-

lights ina moift, frefh, mellow Land, and loves much Water
when in Bloom. The beft Seafon to plant Strawberries in,
general is at Bartholomew-Tide, if the Weather permits, or as
foon after as poffible; and by this early Planting they will pro-
duce half a Crop the firft Year.

N. B. The wonderful Difcovery of Mr. Bradley’s, of his ma-
king Plantations of Strawberries in Aprii and May with good
Succefi, and to gather Fruit from them, fo prodigioufly fiom

after, as the fecond June following, is very furprizing.

I cannot conclude the Culture of this Plant, without mention-
ing, that I have made Plantations of them (even) in Fane (when
the Fruit has been near ripe on the Plants) with good Succefs jf

an

/

New Principles of Gardening.

and foon afterwards gather’d very good Fruit from them. And
whatthen? why nothing; for ’tis, and has been for many Years
paft, a common Prattice, to my certain Knowledge, amongtt di-
vers Gard’ners to plant at that Time, their Multitude of Bufi-
nefs nota dmitting of planting fooner. But to return:

Strawberries in general, do not love rich Land equally ; there-
fore that Preparation of Soil as will fuit this Kind, will de/froy
or v#im another; as for Inftance, Land richly dung’d produces
the belt Wood and Hauthoy-Strawterries; and if Scarlet-Straw-
berries be planted therein, the Produc will be nothing but an
Lnfinite Quantity of Leaves, with little or no Fruit; and on the
contrary, if Scarlet Strawberries be planted in frefh mellow
Land without Dung, they will produce Fruit in great Plenty.
Hence it appears, that the judicious Mr. Bradley knew nothing
of the Culture of Strawberries, when he fo much depended up-
on the fuppofed Practice of the Hammerfinith Gardeners, whofe
Rules, as he calls them, he hath prefcribed to the World, for the
Management of Strawberries, without taking the leaft Notice
of the different Soils they delight in. Vide his New Improve-
ments, Part Ill. Page 48.

His Directions there given is general, viz. the fame Land
forthe Scardet as for the Wood and Hautboy, which mutt be
dung’d too with Horfe-Dung and Sea-Coal Afbes, and dige’d or
trench’d in the Ground in February, and then to plant the Straw-
berry Plants or Runners (by him called Sips, a new Term)
therein, at about eight Inches apart. Now all Mankind as are
Gardeners, knows that the Scarlet-Strawberry and Hautboy_
are never planted nearer than a Foot one Way, and fifteen In-
ches the other, at leaft, and very often eighteen Inches: But for
Wood- Strawberries his Diftance of eight Inches is very right,
and his Preparation of Land alfo, if they have no other Straw-
berries at Hammerfmith, than Woods and Hautboys. I own I
have made a long Digreffion, and it is high Time to return to
to the Culture of Strawberries in general, which is the Subje€t
that led me into it. |

Scarlet-Strawherries muft be planted in Rows, about fifteen
or eighteen Inches apart, and their Diftance in the Rows one
Foot. They mutt be carefully ring’d all Summer, and digg’d
between in the Winter ; and being thus kept in fingle Roots, will

N pro-

89

New Principles of Gardening.

produce wonderful fine Fruit very early, for the Space of four
or five Years, but not jonger. If this Kind of Strawberry be
admitted to run thick in a Bed, they will produce fine coloured
Fruit, but not fo /oov asthe /mgle Roots by a Fortnight, and in
dry Seafons are very apt to burn up. |

The Hautboy hath the fame Duration and Management as the.
Scarlet, it differing only in the Goodnefs of Land. |

The Wood-Strawberry delights in a very rich Land, and are
planted in Beds, fomewhat more than three Feet wide, their _
Rows from each other being about eight Inches; and as the
Scarlet and Hautboy-Strawberries are generally kept to fingle
Roots, thefe are let run together in their Beds allina Mat, and
the Alleys between them digg’d in the Winter. |

N. &. That when you plant Wood-Strawberries, "tis beft to
plant the Runners as are got from Woods, where the Land as
they grow in is very poor, and not fuch Runners as may be had
from old planted Strawberries of the Guarden, for they degenerate
in fix Years Time. |

I cannot by any Means commend the Pra&tice of the Ham-
mer fimith Gardeners (as mention’d by Mr. Bradley, Part. Il.
Page 49.) of their planting Savoys and Cabbages for Winter in
the Alleys of the Strawberry Beds, whofe Roots doth very
much exhauft the Goodnefs of the Ground, and beggar the
Strawberries growing on the Sides of each Bed.

Wherever Plantations of Strawberries are made, gteat Care
fhould be taken to have Plenty of Water very eafily whilft they
are in Blioom, and during the Ripening of their Frait alfo;
paige in dry Seafors, for Want of Water, the Crop will foon

e over.

If Strawberries of three Years Growth be planted in Flower-
Pots, and placed in a gemtle. Hot-Bed, about the Middle of ¥a-
nuary, they will produce Fruit in March. :

You muft obfervein their Management, that they are vot over-
heated, that they are not confin’d too much, and deffroy’d by the
Steam, but give them enough of 47, fo as not to let in Froffs,
told Winds, c. that they have moderate W. aterings with warm.
Water when in Bloom, and not f{tifled for want of 4r.

S EG Tf.

New Principles of Gardening.

a SECT. XVIIL
Of Barberries, their Culture, &c.

the other without Stones ; which laft is efteem’d the beft.

The Soil it delights in, is a good mellow Loam: ’Tis
increas’d by Suckers or Layers, and makes a beautiful Hedge.
The Bloom of this Fruit appears very beautiful in the Spring,
as well as its Clufters of Red Berries towards the Autumn,
which muft then be gather’d for Ufe when the Dew is off, and
are perfectly dry.

O F Bareerrtesthereare two Kinds, the one with Stones,

SECT. XIX.
Of Walnuts, Chefuuts,; Philberds, and

Hazel. *

Walnut, wholeKernel is the exact Shape of a Bird,

and therefore fo called. (2.) The French Walnut,

a Fruit of a very large Growth; thick fhell’d, its Kernel but

{mall, and very infipid, and therefore much better for pickling

than for the Table. ( 3-) The commen Enghib W alnuts,, of

which fome are very good, others good for nothing, Sc. as

ee in all other Fruits in general. But’ their Culture is all the
fame. UA yest: | to sere .

Ga.) () F Watwnvts there be divers Kinds, as the Brd-

ST LAE:

Na | Tn

ot

92

New Principles of Gardening.

I. In order to obtain good Walnuts, I advife, that you make
Choice of the very beft you can find, both for Goodnefs of
Kernels and Thinuefs of Shell.

The Mother-Tree being pitch’d on, gather its Nuts when
they areobferved to fall from the Tree, and lay them by till their
Green Husks cracks ; at which Time peel them off, and dry them
in aconvenient Place, keeping them turn’d every Day, and
be fure that no Water comes near them at any Time, for that
will deftroy the Kernel. Your Nuts being dry’d, put them into
a Bed ot moift Sand placed in the Green-Houfe, Tool-Hou/e, 6c.
where wo Wet cancome to them. | he

About the Beginning of Fanuary, if the Weather be open, oi/fen
the Sand moderately, which will caufe them to prepare themfelves
for planting in the Beginning of February, at which Time they
areto be placed in good frefh Land that. is wor hot and dry, at
the {quare Diftance of fix Inches,andabout three Inches in Depth.

"Tis the Practice of many to plant or fow them intheir Husks,
and to foak or fteep them in Water; which Ican no wife com-
mend; for, to my Lofs, I have had the Experience.
~ During all the firft and fecond Years (for fo long they muft re-
main in the Seed-Bed) keep them very clean from Weeds, and
in very dry Seafons let them have moderate Waterings ; ’twill
greatly advance their Growth.

At the End of two Years take them out of the Seed-Bed, and
prune of all Zap or Dowwnright Roots and Side Branchess. but
uever touch the leading Shoot ; then plant them out in the Warfe-
vy in Rows at three Foot apart, and the Plants in the Rows, at
eighteen Inches afunder, keeping them clear from Weeds, and
digg’d every Winter, to keep the Ground mellow, and let the
Winter’s Rains to their Roots. When your Trees are got to be
five or fix Foot high, they may. be svaculated with any Kind
you approve off, which will caufe them to bear much fooner.
When you plant a Wa/nut-Tree, obferve to prune the End of
every Root, to cut away all as are inclinable to grow downwards,

‘to place every Root as near a Horizontal Pofition as you can,

and as fhallow as conveniently.may be; for ’tis the want of
Horizontal Roots as occafions their long Growth before they bear
Fruit ; and that you prune off all Side Branches, but never prune
or top the Head or leading Shoots. And the fame muft . —
erve

New Principles of Gardening.

ferved in the Chefnuts, and all other Trees as have a large Pith.
N. B. Vadvile, that /a/nut-Trees be forthwith planted with
all poflible Expedition after taking up, for their Roots are of fuch
a fpongy Nature, that they are prefently mouwldy and dead;
therefore till they are planted, preferve their Roots from Winds,
Sun, and Air.

The proper Seafon for planting the Walnut is Odfober. It de-
lights ina very deep Sotl of a ary rich Nature, on a gravelly
Bottom. ’Twill alfo thrive on a Gravel mix’d with Loam, or
on Clay naturally mix’d with Stones or Chalk, but will not pro-
fper in fhallow Land, or on a ftiff Clay.

II. The Chefnuts, both Spanifh and Hor fe-Chefnuts, are 'T rees.

as covet much Room to extend themielves, and are very beauti-
ful Trees, efpecially in their Time of Bloom.

For the agate of thefe Plants, Care muft be taken to.

procure the Nwts at the Time of ripening, and to take their
Husks off, as direCted for the Walnut; that they be perfeQly
dried, and put into Sand a little moift, where they muft remain
till the Beginning of February, not forgetting to give them a
little Moifture about Chriffmas, or Firft of January, to prepare
them for planting at that Time. The Manner of planting them

is exactly the fameas the Wa/nut, and delights in the fame Soils..

This Tree is very fubje& to put out many Side-Branches near
the Bottom, which will grow if laid in the Ground, but never
makes fuch good Trees as thofe raifed from Seed.

NN. B. That you do not fteep the Nuts in Water, (as many
do;) for fuch Nuts as thefe as are not of a quick Growth, are

killed thereby, the Water caufing the Kernel to {well to haftily,.

and crack before the /eading Bud has prepared it felf; and befides,
it Often mouldies and rots the Kernel entirely. Therefore have
fpecial Regard to all Seeds as are not of a quick Growth, that

of

they have not too much Wet at the firft fetting out.

Ill. Of Hazel or Philberds, which are excellent Fruit in their
Seafon. 7 é

They are increas’d by Nuts, as the preceding, or by Suckers

or Layers: They will thrive in moft Kinds of Soils, ig
’ | *

33

94

New Principles of Gardening.
they are not too wef, but beft on dry Ground; therefore I Te-
commend them tor Hedges, planted on dry Banks. There is
two Kinds of Philberds, viz. the White and the Red, of
which the Red is the moft valuable.

ee XN.
Of Quinces, their Culture, &c.

Confervatory Ufes, none aré more delicate than the
uinces

Of Quinces there are fix Sorts, vz. the Portugal Apple-Quince,
the Portugal Pear-Quince, the Barberry-Quince, the Englifh-
Quince, the Lyons- Nee. ,

ft, The Portugal Apple-Quince, a fine, large, yellow
Fruit, tender, and foon boiled, and is efteemed the very beit.
2dly, The Portugal Pear- Quince, as good as the former,
but different in Shape, it being of the Form of a Pear.

3dly, The Barberry-Quince, an excellent Fruit, but fmall.

4thly, The Exgli{b- Quince, the very worft of all: ?Tisa harfh
Bruit, and covered with a Coat of Dow like Cotton. —

sthly, The Lyons- Quince, a fine, large, yellow Fruit. And,

é6thly, The Brunfwick-Quince, a fine, large, white Fruit.

NV. B. That the four /aft ave all inferior to the two jirft.

The Quince (as many of the preceding Fruits) hath great
Variety of Names: In Greek, "tis Called unrta wove; in
Latin, Malus Cydonia, or Malus Cathonea, from an Ifland in
the Grecian Sea, from whence ’tis faid to have been firft
brought: But Pény affirms, that it received its Name of
Malus Cydonia from Cydone, a Town in Certe : The 4ra-
brans call it Seffarge/; the french, Pome de Coing ; the Spa-
wards, Membrilio, and oftentimes Marmel/p 3 the —

, Melo-

A MONGST all the fevera] Fruits for the Kitchen and

New Principles of Gardening:
Melocotognio ; the Germans, Kuttenopffel; and the Dutch;
ue- “pple.
This Fruit is raifed either from Layers, Suckers, or Cuttings,
and delights in a moif? Soil. *Tis beft when grafted, although
it is a natural Fruit; for by the Check given to the Sap

thereby, it produces Fruit much fooner.
N. B. That the Cuttings, or Cions, muft be taken from an

old bearing Tree, as is of the beft (or at leaft a very good)
ind

in id -
The Seafon for planting this Fruit-Tree. is October, Novem-

ber, &c. as for other Fruit-Trees.

SECT: XXr
Of the Mulberry-Tree, its Culture, &c.

the White: The Black Mulberry isa Tree of a very

ow Growth; but its Fruit is excelent, and ’tis a very

great Bearer. This Kind delights in good mellow Land ; and
is beft increas’d by Layers; wherein obferve, that you let:the
Layers remain upon the Stools, or Mother-Plant, for #wo Years
after laying, but beft when three Years; for the Roots are not
perfected in the firft Year, and therefore if you take them up
(as is ufual) at one Year’s End, ’tis very feldom that ever one

‘@) F Mulberries there are two Kinds, viz. the Black and’

in ten comes to any Thing. The Time to lay them down is

in March; but ’tis beft to plant them at the Fal/ of their Leaf,
and to well mulfh them with Hor/e-Dung. afterwards, to pre-
ferve their Roots from the Winters Froffs. In the training
up this Plant, you muft obferve the very firlt Year of its Shoot»
ing, to place a ftraight Stake perpendicular by its Side, again{t
which the Shoot muft be tied with Ba/, Mat, &c. For the
Nature of this Tree is fuch, that if this Care is not taken,
‘twill grow very crooked and deformed, as they generally are.
when young in moft Places. If Custings of this Plant are put

, in

95

96

New Principles of Gardening.

in the Ground in March, and not taken up again till two
Years after, they will make good Plants, But obferve in the
Operation, that the Cuttings be two Foot at leaf in Length,
that they be placed flopimg in the Ground, fo as not to be
in any Part deeper than one Foot at moft, leaving but two
Buds out of the Ground ; and though the Ma/berry is of
fuch a flow Growth, as never to produce (or at leaft very
feldom) Shoots of one Year, two Foot in Length, yet that
is not to be regarded: ‘The two and three Years Wood,
under the laft Year’s Wood, is as good for this Purpofe as
any. "Tis faid, that this Plant is raifed from Seed alfo; but I
never faw the Praétice, and therefore can fay nothing thereof.

The White Mulberry is of a much more vigorous Growth
than the Black: It delights in good Land as the other, and is
increafed by Seed or Layers ; but its Fruit is very infipid, and
tis a bad Bearer; fo that upon the whole, I cannot recommend
this Plant, except ’tis for Variety’s fake,-andto help fill up the
Quarters of a Wilderne/s, or for the Ufe of its Leaves for the
Silkworms. I cannot but acknowledge that I am of the fame
Opinion as the ingenious Botanift Mr. Bradley, who, in his
New acl Part iii. Page 19. believes, That ifthe
Black Mulberry was either grafted, budded, or inarched, wpon
the White Mulberry, much finer Trees might be raifed, and
in much lefs Time ‘than by Layers, Cuttings, or Seed, the
common Way. .

SECT. XXIL
Of the Cornelzon Cherry.

HIS Kind of Fruit is very dcautiful in a Wildernefs ;

tis increafed either by Layers or Seed, viz. its Stones,

which oftentimes lie two Years in the Ground before
they fpring. The Layers are to be laid down in February; and
the Stones to be fowed ina Bed of fine Mold, cover’d about
two Inches thick, as foon as the Fruit is ripe.

SECT.

. New Principles: of Gardening.

SECT): XXL
Of Medlars.

AMP EDLARS are a pleafant Fruit, whereof there are

feveral Kinds, viz. the Common Enghifb, a {mall

Fruit; the Dutch Medlar, a large Fruit, anda good

‘Bearer; and the Neopolitan Medlar, a Fruit without Stones,

very plentiful in J¢a/y, and but a Stranger to our Englifh

Climate. They in general love a rich Soil, and are propagated

by being either grafted on the White or Hawthorn in March,
or inarch’d in May, or budded im Fuly.

ern CES MXIT:
Of the Service-Tree.

HE Service makes a glorious Tree, and is very
beautiful when planted in Walks; they produce fine
Clufters of Fruit in September and Oéfober, which,
when ripe, are as if they were rotten, though not fo. “This
Tree is propagated by Suckers or Seed. If you increafe them
by Seed, when the Fruit is ripe rub off the Pulp, by rolling
them in Sand; after which dry the Stones or Seed in the Suz
or 4ir, and put them into Sand, as dire&ted for the Walnut,
and in Fanuary fow them in a moift Border, covering the Seed
about two Inches thick with fine Earth. ,
When they have been two Years in the Seed-Bed, tranfplant

them into a Nurfery, (as the Walnut,) always minding keep |

them clean from Weeds; and if your Border has an aft Ex-
pofition, tis much better than to be . fully expos’d to the ss
O un.

97

98

- New Principles of Gardening.

Sun. It delights in rich ftrong Ground, and when grown to
Jix Foot high, fhould be budded, with Buds taken from—a Tree,
as is known to be ofa good Kind: They will produce Fruit much
fooner, in greater. Plenty. and much finer in Tafte.

COR OLLAR IE S, or additional Direétions.

I. HEN at any Time ’tis faidthat a particular Fruit is beft
: againft a South, Eafi, or Weft Wall, it is not to be
underftood that thofé Walls mult ‘be dived to thofe Cardinal
Points, but to be within the Declination of ten Degrees, or
Sifteen at moft, either Eafevard or Weftward of South Walls,
or to the South of Eaffand Weft Walls. ~~

Wf. The Ha? Expofition is’better than the ef, becaufe ‘the
early Rays of the Suu difperfes ‘the’cold Dews from off the
Fruit in a Morning, which the Wef is ‘chill’d with, being not
difperfed till late in the Day.

Til. If Borders for Fruit-Trees be well prepared with frefh
untried Earth, (fach as is mention’d in the Se&tion of Plant-
ing,) and made fix Foot broad, and fifteex Inches in Depth,
tis fufficient for any Fruit-Tree. pee

IV. Obferve that the Earth wherein young Trees are plant-
ed, be not mix’d with new Dang of any Kind; for “tis Poi-
Sow to the Roots of every Tree, and very often prefent Death.

V: Gravel-W alks, Brich-Pavements, c. before Walls. re-
fletts an additional Heat to them, and greatly helps the Ripen-
ing Of therait, 32 Aa. . ea 7

VI. Brick-Walls are the beft for Fruit, as well as the moft
beautiful: Their Height, above. Ground fhould not exceed ten

Feet at moft. ’Tis much better for all Wall Fruit in general 5.

tobe planted thin, extending themfelves horizontally to a good
Length, than to be planted thick, and be carried perpendicular-
4y, and ina {mall Time rob each other of their proper Nou-
rifhment, as has been obferved before.

VII.

New Principles of Gardening.

VII. If pofible, keep all new-planted Trees well water’d, du-
ring the Mouths of April, May, Fune, and Fuly..

VIII. All Fruit-Trees planted for to make Dwarfs, muft
have their perpendicular Shoots pinch’d off in Spring, that
thereby they may break out into Side or Horizontal Branches,
and form the Treedefired: © ”

IX. Apples, when in Dwarfs or Efpaliers, mult have the
fame Pruning as the Pear. |

X. All Kind of Dwarf-Trees muft be kept open, entirely
free from Wood, as are not horizontal, and their Height fhould
never exceed five AM ae ee ~ Bet

XI. To preferve Fruit in its Bloom, place Pannels of Reed
(of the Height of your Wal/, and about four Foot in Breadth)
at about.twenty Yards Diftance from one another; but don’t

fix them fquare to the Wall, for that will rather confine’ the’.

Winds than difcharge them: If the acute Angle be about eee:
five or forty Degrees, the Wind will flide away eafily, whic
otherwife, when very ftrong, would tear them all to Pieces,

Eafi or Weft.

and efpecially thofe of a South Wall, when the Wind is at

XII. To preferve Fruit from Winds, whofe Courfe is
not parallel, but rather oppofite to a Wall, ’tis beft to co-
ver the Trees with Mats, or Sale-Cloths, old Blankets, ce.
and alfo in Time of Frofs: But always obferve to uncover
them in the Day-time, if it does not freeze, or cold cutting
Winds blow, which mult. always be guarded. againft, be it
Night or Day, tis the fame, all ought to be cover'd:

N- B. When you nail up thofe Coverings, be fure that
py ae igen by Nails, that the Wind pais sg re
oofe, an eating and flapping acainf? the Wall, knock o
moft of the Blooms fate ite o ath es ‘

The feveral Inventions lately publith’d of horizontal Shel-
vers, Sc. are Of fome Ufe in {till Nights; but when the Tree
is preferved, as aforefaid, which by divers Experiments I have

O 2 found

99

| Tole)

New Principles of Gardening.

_found to be the very beft Way, they are of no Ufe: Neither

do Dews or Raims always fall perpendicular, (tho’ ’tis their
natural Courfe fo to do;) for by the Situation of Winds are
obliged, when they blow, which is almoft always, to fteer fuch
Courtes as they direé&t, and thereby affe the Wall-Fruit zx an
Oblique, and not a perpendicular Pofition always, as fuppofed.

And befides, “tis evident, that although Dews are prejudicial when frozen
02 Trees in the Spring, yet when the Frofts are gone, they are avery great
Nourifhment to Fruits ; and as Mr. Lawrence did but only receive a Hint
of thofe Horizontal Shelters from an ingenious Gentleman, of or near Chel-
fea, who firft mentioned them to him, wis Something very odd, that the
Prattice thereof fhould be recommended before it had been proved.

XU. ’Tis too often feen that many Fruit-Trees are planted
ina Soil as they do not delight in; ‘therefore at fuch Times
obferve what Fruits do agree beft with fuch a Soil, and con-
vert your Tree to the fame by Grafting, Inoculation, 8c.

XIV. There is nothing fo much adds to, or Subfiratts from,
the Goodnefs of Fruit, as the Goodue/s or Baduefs of Soils.

XV. Hot and dry Summers caules Fruit to ripen before its -
natural Seafon, and wet and cold Summers the contrary ; there-
ore when Fruits have not their natural Seafons, they cannot
have their true rich Taftes. |

XVI. A dry Summer caufes Trees to bear Plenty of Fruit
the fucceeding Year, and a wet Summer caufes a great Produc-
tion of Wood, and but little Fruit. | :

XVI. When a Tree grows crooked, or inclining down-
wards, cut or fcore the Bark horizontally in divers Places in
the confined or hollow Part of the Tree, and in a fhort Time,
if the Tree be young, ’twill become freight, and grow up-
right.

XVIII. To prevent tempeftuous Winds from injuring new —
or old Plantations of Fruit-Trees, you muft plant fubftantial
and lofty Efpalier Trees and Hedges, on the Wei and North
Parts of your Gardens. ait

| e

New Principles. of Gardening.
The Kinds of Trees neceilary for this Work are Chef-

nuts, Walnuts, Limes, Elms, Pine, Scotch Fir, ce. (whofe.
Manner of Planting, ¢. follows in its proper Place of Foreft.

Trees in the fucceeding Part.)
This Work ought to be firft done, that when the Fruit-
Trees are planted, they may be defended from all fuch Injuries. .

The proper Places to plant thefe Efpaliers of Defence in, is.

without the utmoft Walls at about fifty nine or fixty Foot

Diftance from the Wall, in Rows tolerably thick, vzz. at the.
Diftance of ten or twelve Foot inthe Row; and ’twill be beft.
to plant two Rows at lea{ft, or three, at the fame Diftance from.
One another in fuch a Manner, as tor the Trees in the fecond:

Line to ftand oppofite to the intermediate Spaces of the firft,
and thereby every three Trees will conititute an equilateral

Triangle, and the Heads of the fecond Line clofe thofe of the:

firft, and the like of the third to the fecond, &c. ~

When you plant three Rows of Trees for an Efpalier, ob-.

ferve that thofe of the talleft Growth are placed in the back-

moft Line, thofe of the middling Growth in the middle Line, .

and moft of the fhorteft Growth in the firft Line; and if the
Bottom be filled up with Lawrel, ’twill make an admirable good
Efpalier of Defence.

Hipaliers of this Kind checks the Violence of tempeftuous.
Winds, much better than a Brick-Wall, which being clofe and.

compact, reflects back the Winds, and oftentimes deftroy or
greatly injure tender Plants; but when fuch Tempefts beat
againit thefe Efpaliers, they eafily comply with its Force, with-

out a dire€t Repulfe, (as a clofe Walt muft do,) or prejudice -

any ‘Tree which they are planted to defend.

XIX. When Walls are built againft Terrafs-Walks, they,
fhould be built double, that is, that Wall as fupports the

Weight of Earth, muft ftand about eighteen Inches backward

behind that, againft which you plant your Fruit-Trees; and’
when thofe Walls are brought up near to their Height, an.

Arch muft be turn’d from one to the other, in which, at eve-

ry fifty or fixty Foot, ’tis good to leave fmall Air-Holes, to.

~ out the Damps, whofe ill Effects would injure the Fruit-
recs.

N. B.

IOER

IO2

New Principles of Gardening.

N. B. That moft of thofe Fruits mentioned in the Catalogue
aré NOW growing in the Gardens of the Honourable James Fobn-
Jion at Twickenham, in the County of Middlefex, Latitude 51
Degrees, 32 Minutes, whole great PerfeCtions plainly demon-
{trate the indefatigable Care and Judgment of the ingenious
Mr. ‘fohn Lee, Senior, Gardener to that worthy and much ho-
noured Gentleman, by whofe judicious Management all thofe
Fruits are now arrived to the greatelt Perfeciion of Beauty,
Strength, and Fertility, as Art with Nature are capable to pro-

uce.

I cannot well conclude this Se&ion, without taking notice of
the great Happinefs a Gentleman poffefles, when he is fo well fix’d
with a skilful induftrious Gardener,by whofe Judgmentand Care

he is daily enjoying the Pleafures and Advantages of the beft
Fruits, Herbs, Sallets, c. in the greatelt PerfeCtion, which
Recompence is all as can be receiv’d for the Expences and
Labours thereof. And on the other Hand, how unhappy it is
for a Gentleman to have an unskilful Perfon defcended from the
Tail of a Coach, Stable, €¢. who taking upon him, firft a blew
Apron, and then the Name of a Gardener, affumes the Govern-
ment of choice Trees committed to his Care, becaufe he has been
much acquainted with cleaning Knives, {weeping Stables, &c..
which he thinks are neceflary towards their Pruning, as wellas
making Hot-Beds, &c. without confidering that thofe Trees and
Plants were obtained with much Labour, long Time, and great
Expence, which by his unskilful Hand thall in One or two Years.
Time be totally ruin’d, to the great Lots of his Mafter, and his
eternal Shame.

T fay where Misfortunes of this Nature happen, which is too
frequent, ’tis a very great Lofs and Difappointment, and a
Crime unpardonable; and therefore I cannot but take the Li-
berty to fay, that a good Gardener deferves a much greater Re-
{pect and Encouragement than that of Stewards, Butlers,
= Ww oftentimes undefervedly poffefs a much larger Share
thereof.

SECT.

New Principles of Gardening.

SEC. be XXy.

Flow to preferve Winter Fruit after
: Gathering.

N the Gathering of all Kinds of Fruits, as I obferved be-

fore, great Care muft be taken that they are perfe€tly dry,

otherwife they will rot prefently ; and that they hang upon
the Trees their full Time; for if Fruit be gather’d before, twill
fhrink and become good for nothing. To know when it has
hung its full Time, obferve when the Fruit naturally drops. of
it felt, now and then one, &c. alfo when Fruit will drop by an
eafy Touch, ’tis fully grown.

As you gather Fruit, be careful to place it in the Basket, that.

none be bruifed, for Bruifes caufe them to rot inftantly ; as al-
fo, that you do not mix your gather’d Fruit with that that Has
naturally fell of it felf, or by Winds.

That your fine Winter Pears may not be deprived of any
Rake their Beauty, take Care in gathering to preferve their
Stalks.

To prevent Fruit as is choice, from being bruifed, in forting
the {mall ones from the large ones, let two Perfons be appointed
to gather it, the one gathering the large and beft, and the other

the fmall; or one Man may perform the whole, by gathering

the beft firft, and the fmalleft at laft.

When your Fruitis gather’d lay it in your Fruitery, in middling —

Heaps, wherein they will {weat fora confiderable Time, which
muft be obferved; and when over, lay them on your Shelves
with clean Wheat - Straw underneath them, or, for want of

Shelves, upon the like Straw on the Ground, and of fuch a Thick-
nefs as to be eafily examined, and the rotten ones pick’d out as.

they happen, which muft be minded with great Diligence, at
leaft, every third Day.

3 Your:

shed 3

JO4

New Principles of Gardening.

Your Fruit being thus plac’d, cover it up very clofe with clean
Wheat-Straw, as is not in the leaft mufty, c. which will
caufe the Fruit to be the fame; as alfo ftop all Chinks, Holes,
Sc. to keep the external Air entirely out.

When hard Frofts happen, you muft be very careful to keep
-out the Froft, and to cover clofe all your Fruit in general.

In fhort, the clofer and warmer your Fruit is kept, the lon-
ger “twill keep, and the better ’twill be.

N. B. That oftentimes Fruit is deftroyed by Mice, Rats,
&c. therefore guard againft thofe Vermin by Traps, Cats, &c.

a ————eE_-:-:

ate oat Cine Nites, ©. 5 5

Of the Planting Fruit-Gardens m a move
grand and delightful Manner than has been
done before. | a.

Having in the preceding Sections fully demonftrated the
@ Management of Fruits in-general, I fhall now proceed to

inform you how to lay out and plant a Fruit-Garden, in
a more delightful and advantageous Manner than has been
practifed, or perhaps thought on by any.

~The Form which I here offer is a Paralellogram, whofe
Dimenfions are twenty Pole by fix Pole, and its Quantity
-one a and twenty Rods, or three Quarters of an Acre
exactly.

AndasI before have plainly demonftrated that a South or South-
Eaft Wall is of all others the very beft, therefore to that End I
have placed the Wall PQ, within the Bounds of my Plan,
whereby I receive the Benefit of the South-Side, as alfo
‘the like of the Wall DE, for the Advantage of its North-Sideé.

The Difpofition of the Whole is as following, viz.
I. The Line A B fituated at the Parallel Diftance of twelve
Foot, from the North-Side of the Wall DE, is compofed of
3 Standard

New Principles of Gardenzug. .
Standard Cherries, Damfon, and Mulberries; which Kinds of
Cherries therein are fo elected as to fucceed thofe againft the South
Wall DE, and to continue the whole Seafon in great Plenty.

The Kinds and Number of Cherries therein planted, are, two
Duke Cherries, two Early Flanders, two White Hearts, two
Black Hearts, two Caroons, two Lukewards, one Bleeding Heart,
two Clufter Cherries, two Englifh Cherries, two Flemifh Cher-
ries, two Carnation Cherries, two Black Cherries of the large
fort, with one Damfon, and four Black Mulberries.

(2.) The Wall DE, hath on its North-fide, Firft, feven forts
of Plumbs, vzz. The Orline, White Mogul, Greengage, Dama-
zen, Maiter Claude, Plumb Mordin, and Violet, which fucceeds
others planted againft South-Eaft and Weft Walls. Secondly, eight
Morella, and feven Duke Cherries; which laft, if their Bloom
be preferved in the Spring by covering, will produce Cherries
when thofe of the South and other Walls are gone.

TheSouth-fide of this Wall is planted with all the beft Peaches,
Grapes, Cherries, Summer Pears, and Figs, whofe Number and
Kinds are as following, vzz. Firft, of Peaches, one Red Mag-
dalen, one Nobleft, one Swifh Peach, one Albemarle Peach
One Belcheverux, one Ann Peach, one Yellow Alberge, one
Old Newington, one Early Admirable, one Minion Peach, one
Montabon, and one White Magdalen; in all twelve. Secondly, of
Grapes, one Mufcat, two black Mufcadines, two black Fronti-
niacs, two white Mufcadines, one Clufter Grape, one Claret
Grape, and one white Frontiniac; inall ten. Thirdly, of Cher-
ries, one early May Cherry, one Holman’s Duke, and one Luke-
ward in all three. Fourthly, of Figs, the White and the Blue;
inall two. Fifthly, of Summer Pears, one Buree, one Summer
Bonchretien, one Grofs Roufellet, one Vermillion Pear, one Royal
Bergamot, and one Autumn Bonchretien ; in all fix.

(3-) The Wall PQ hath on its North-fide twenty two Morella
Cherries, which, with the eight of the other Wall makes thirty
exact, and are what I fuppofe fufficient for the Service of any
Family to preferve for Ufe in Tarts, Beer, Brandy, &c.

The South-fide is planted with all the beft late Peaches, the
firft exceped, Grapes, Apricots, Plumbs, and Winter Pears,
whofe Number and Kinds are as follow, véz. Firft, of Peaches,
one Nivet Peach, one Bellgard, one late Purple, one late
Admurable, one Catherine, and one Malecotune; in all fix.

Secondly,

106

New Principles of Gardening.

Secondly, of Grapes, one black Currant Grape, one Burgundy
Grape, one July Grape, one Sweet-water Grape, and one Mul:
cat Grape; in all five. Thirdly, of Apricots, one Turkey Apri-
cot, and one Orange Apricot; inalltwo. Fourthly, of Plumbs,
one Blue Perdigon, one white Perdigon, one Greengage, and
one Musk Perdigon ; in all four. Fitthly, of Ne€torines, one
Newington Nectorine, and one Roman Neétorine. Sixthly, of
Winter Pears, one Winter Bonchretien, one Golden Bonchre-
ticn, one Spanifh Bonchretien, one Colmar, one St. Germaine,
one Winter. Thorne, one Lachaferie, and one Virgoulee; ‘in all
eight. + | pale Pees ,

4.) The Wall EQ, is planted on its Eaft-fide with Plumbs
to fucceed thofe of the South ; the Number and Sorts are as
follow, vzz. one Rochcorbon, one Reine Claude, one Queen-
Mother, one La Loyal, one White Matchlefs, and one Impera-
trice.

And again{t its Weft-fide, four Peachés and one Plumb, to
fucceed thofe of the South Wall, v#%. one Peach Royal, one
Bourdine, one Swalfe, and one Hative Peach, with one Green-
gage Plimmbecif, sco dbsst fiwe 280 21 : 2
-(5.) The Wall DP is planted-on the Eaft-fidé, with one Col-
mar Pear, three Baking Pears, viz.-The Pickering, La Marquis,
and Pound Pear, with one Orlin Plumb; and its Weft-fide witlr
Plumbs in general, two Figs excepted, viz. one Drapdor, one
Queen-Mother, one White Fig, one Blue Fig, one Maitre Claude,
and.one St. Catherine. sat

6.) The Wall GH is planted with the Satin, Ambret and Lan-
fac Pears on the Eaft-fide, and with two Orange and one Turky
Apricot on the Welt-fide. eT .

(7:) The Wall LO is planted on its Faft-fide, with one Vir-
goulee, one Royal d?Flyver, and one Lachaferte Pears; and on
its Weilt-ftde with one Perfique Peach, one Temple Nectorine,
and one Rambollion’ Peach. FF i

(S.) The Efpaliers A R and BS are planted with fixteen Cod:
lings, and the Efpalier RS with twenty eight Nonpareil,
Golden Pippins, French Pippin, Holland Pippins, Kentifh Pip-
pins, and Kirton Pippens; of which the two firft are to. be
ten of each and of the four laft two of each Kind. |

(9.) The Quarter F is encompafs’d with an Efpalier of Sum-
mer Pears, fixteen in Number; as alfo is the Quarter I, with

an

New Principles .0f. Gardening.
an Efpalier of Autumn Pears, fixteen in Number; as alfo
the Quarter K, with an Efpalier of the like Number of the beft
Winter Pears.

(10.) Within the Quarter F is four Dwarts, all Baking Pears ;
as alfo is'in the Quarter K, vzz. the Pickering Pear, Spaniih
Warden, Englifh Warden, Perkinfon’s Warden, Black Pear of
Worcefter, Pound Pear, Cadilliac, and Donvil.

(11.) The four Dwarfs in the Quarter I, to be White Figs.

N. B. That the Diftance of the Efpaliers from the Walls are |
fifteen Feet, therefore their, Height muft not exceed fix Feet;

all other Parts may be meafur’d by the Scale annex’d.

~ Having thus explain’d to you the Manner and Nature of the
Fruits being planted, fo as for every Fruit to have its true Ex-
pofition and Succeffion, &c., 1.dhall inthe next Place draw up a
Catalogue of the feveral Fruits planted therein.

I. OF the feveral Kinds of Chervies.

Early MayyyieS, io aro9-3 Lukeward,

May Duke, ashicW fii Carnation,

White Heart, aobicW cf Flemifh,

Black Heart,.......\,. Englifh,

Carroon, *- is- sa ~52.7 |] Large Black Cherry,

Early Flanders, .... > |... Morelia.’ pisterior. J
Bleeding Heart, |) Number of Kinds is fourteen. .

Clufter Cherry,
II. OF Peaches.

White Magdalen, Peach Royal,
Montabon, Bourdine,

Minion, Swalfe,

Early Admirable, Peach Hative,

Old Newington, Late Admirable,

Yellow Alberge, Catherine,

Ann Peach, Malecotune,
Belchevereux, Late Purple,

Albemarle, Belgard,

Swifh Peach, Nivet. a
Nobleft, Red Magdalen, Number of Kinds is twenty
Perfique, four.

Rambollion, | re Ii.

107

108

New Principles of Gardening.

Temple Neéctorine,

Newington Neétorine,

-Turky,

Orange,

Buree,

Summer ror sing
Grofs Roufellet,
Vermilion Pear,
Royal Bergamot,
Autumn Bonchretien,
Virgoulee,

Roya!-d’ Hyver,
Lachaferie,

Satin Pear,

Ambret,

Lanfac,

Colmar,

La Marquifs,
Pickering,

White Mufcadine,
Black Mufcadine,
3

Ill. Of Nectorines.

Roman Neétorine.
Number of Kinds is three.

IV. Of Apricots.

Bruxelles.
Number of Kinds is three.

V. 3 Pears.

— Pear, |
Cadilliac, ~~
Donvil, ig
Black Pear of Worceffer,
Spanifh Warden, <<?" \
Englifh Warden, @''>") Si
Perkinfon’s Warden, aba.
Winter Bonchretien,
Golden Bonchretién,
{{ Spanifh Bonchretien,

St. Germaine, ~
| Winter Thorn.
Number of Kinds is amp

—————

gens | —

a

feven.

VI. Of Figs.
White and Blew.
Vil. Of Grapes.

In Number two.

~ | White Fr ontinide,
Black Frontin iac,
Claret

New Principles of Gardening.

Claret Grape,
Clufter Grape,
Mutcat,

Black Currant,

Orlin,

White Mogul,
Greengage,
Damazeen,
Maitre Claude,
Plumb Mordine,.
Violet,
Rochcorbon,
Reine Claude,
Queen-Mother,

Codlins,.
Nonpareil,

Golden Pippin,

French Pippin,

Burgundy,

July Grape,
Sweet-water Grape:
Number of Kinds is eleven.

VIII. Of Plumbs.

La Royal,

| White Matchlefs,

Imperatrice,
Drapdor,
St. Catherine,
Blew Perdigon,

| White Perdigon,
Perdig

Musk

Damfon.
Number of Kinds is nine teen.

IX. Of Apples.

On,

Holland Pippin,
Kentifh Pippin,
Kirton Pippin.

Number of Kinds is feven-

X. Of Mulberries.
Black Mulberry. In Number one.

This being done, I will now fum up the whole in general :

iff,

2dly, Of Peaches
3dly, Of Nectorines
4thly, Of Apricots.
5thly, Of Pears
6thly, Of Figs
qthly, Of Grapes
8thly, Of Plumbs

les

tcthly,Of Mulberries

Of Cherries there are in Kinds

14

109

T10 New Principles of Gardening.

And all of different Kinds, and excellent good; to which we
may add nine other Sorts of Summer, Autumn, and Winter
Pears, as are to be planted in the Efpaliers, about the three
Quarters FIK, which requires forty eight Trees ; fo that the
Sum of our Variety of good Fruit may be placed at 120 different

Kinds at leaft. ;
The Number of Trees of each Kind, 1s

Cherries 7 26

_ Peaches REN 24

_ Ne€torines | 3
Apricots ~ 5
Pears 36
Morella Cherries 30 oes

igs 8 ES,

Grapes 15
Plumbs 17
Apples MP eat 28
Codlins . 16 ea
Mulberries | 4 CELL

| Total . 262
And every one at its proper Diftance. |

NN. B. If any one thinks that the Number of Pears are too
preat, *tis very eafy to introduce other Fruit in their Stead ; but
for my Part, I can’t but recommend them, feeing that they are
all good Fruit, and ripen in fuch Order, as to furnifh our Ta-
ble nine Months in the Year plentifully. :

N EW

——— a am so ies ara

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GARDENING

| jee AL. LIL. |
Of Foreft-Trees, their Culture, &c.

SO, ee ae

a ree

ie i oie iat
Of the feveral Methods by which Foreft-
Trees. are raifed.

> 4 Oreft-T eesare railed either by Cuttings, Seed, dick.

Se CS, Or Layers. (1.) By Cuttings,as the ¢ Sailow, Al-

i994) der, and all the Kinds of Oziers and Willows ; of

iA which the French Kind is of great Ufe in the nail-

WSbienal| ing of Wall-Trees, and bs all other Willows the
moft toughett.

Es.)

ilZ

New Principles of Gardening.

(2.) By Seed, of which is raifed the Oak, Afh, Beach, Horn-
Bean, Horfe and Ezg/fb Chefnut, Walnut, Philberd, Quick-
Beam, Scotch and Silver Fir, Pinafter, Holly, Yew, Elm,
Lime, Service, Wild Cherry, Wild Pears, Crab, Maple, Syca-
more, and Hawthorn.

(3.) By Suckers, fuch are the Elms, Poplars, Abeal, Maple,
Birch, and Hazel, or Philberd. 7

(4.) By Layers, as the Englib, Dutch, and Witch Elms,
Lime, Abeal, Platanus, Maple, Sycamore, and Philberd.

The feveral Kinds of Soil wherein Foreft-Trees moft delight
in, are as follow, v2z.. | :

-AvpER in boggy, drain’d, or dry poor Land. |

-Asu inthe fame, as alfo in chalkly Ground, moift Clay, crag-
gy or flinty Ground, Gravel mix’d with Loam, or a good
Thicknefs ot Mould.

A3EAL On dry poor Land, hungry Gravel, and on wet ftrong
Loam.

BeeEcH in fome dry barren Soils, in chalky, dry, rich,
fandy, hot, or flinty Land, Gravel mix’d with Loam, or deep
in Mould. mg

Brac in fome dry, barren, boggy, drain’d, or dry, fandy,
hot Lands.

Cursnuts inmoift Clay, black, fat, or dry, rich Land, and
on moift Gravel.

Exim onchalky and flinty Ground, Gravel if well mix’d with
good Loam, a moift Gravel, and in any good loamy Land
whatfoever, be it ever fo rich; but it will not do on a hungry

rave

Firs in fome barren mountanous Lands, a frefh, moitt,
gravels Soil, mix’d with Loam, and in a rich fandy Loam
alfo. |

Hotty ona dry poor Soil, and a Gravel when mix’d witha
tolerable Thicknefs of Mould, and in fandy rich Loam alfo.

HornsBEAn On dry rich Land.

JunrreR in chalky Land. ie

Lime on moift rich Land, ora very fat Soil, but not dry, fan-
dy, or hot Ground, for that caufes them to drop their Leaves
much fooner than other Trees.

Marve on dry, poor, clear Soil, and good rich Mould alfo.

OAK

New Principles of Gardening.

Oax in black fat clayey, moift clayey, craggy, dry, rich,
flinty Gravel, with Loam or Mould, and moift gravelly Lands,
but not in a hungry Gravel.

Pine the fame as Fir. |

Porcar on fome dry, barren, chalky, dry and poor Lands.

~ SALLow in moiit Clay, dry and poor Land.

WatnuT in chalky, dry and poor, dry and rich Lands, or
in Gravel mix’d with Loam.

Witxow in boggy, drain’d, moift clayey, and moift gravelly
Lands. |

Yew in dry barren Soils, and thofe as are very rich alfo,
efpecially a rich fandy Loam.

N. &. That although many of the above mention’d will grow
and thrive in many poor and barren Lands, yet you are to
underftand that almoft all forts of Foreft-Trees are much im-
proved by a frefh fat Soil, or what we call a rich fandy Loam,
if not mix’d with Dung, except ’tis well confum’d. |

Theretore a'ways beware of frefh Dung coming near the Root
of any Tree, for ’tis perfect poifon, and oftentimes prefent
Death. |

N. &. That Trees intended for flinty Lands, are beft raifed
by their Seed fown therein, fuch as Oak, Ath, Beech, &c.

N. &. That Poplar will not thrive in chalky Ground; Abeals
not on Clay; Willows not on dry poor Soils; Elm not on dry
fandy hot Lands; Oak, Elm, Walnut, and Afh, not on a hungry
Gravel; and none of the Aquaticks on any kind of Gravel, ex-
cept that as is very moift. |

N. B. That clayey Land produces the tougheft Oak; and that
in very ftrong Clay few Trees will live. |

Thaving now explain’d by what Methods Trees are raifed,
and the feveral Soils they delight in, I fhall in the aext place
lay down Rules and Dire¢tions to be obfervd in the feveral ope-
rations thereof. | !

Firfl, Of raifing Trees from Cuttings.

Trees rais\d by Cuttings are the Alder, Poplars, Willows,
©c. wherein obferve that the Ground wherein you plant them
be of a moift Nature; that you take your Cuttings from the
moft healthy Branches; that their Thicknefs be not lefs rar

a

i

‘II4

New Principles of Gardening.

half.an Inch, nor more than an Inch Diameter ; for when they
are lefs than half an Inch, they are very weak, and have
too much Pith for their Bignefs, which oftentimes take wet and
kill the Cutting; and when they are larger than one Inch °tis
long a healing over at top, and therefore Jonger expofed to the
wet lying thereon; therefore at fuch Times ’tis beft to put a little
Wax on the Cut. That their Length be about three Foot, of
which one third to be above Ground.

When you plant Willows, Sc. for tomake Pollards, they may
be of a greater Size, as nine, ten, or twelve Foot long ; but the
preceeding is beft for Hedges, Wood, ©c. The beft Seafon for
planting them, is O¢fover, and inthe planting obferve, that you
don’t ftrip up the Bark at bottom, that the Bottom is not fplit
or fhaken by cutting, as alfo the Top, and that the Earth be well
clofed about it, and kept water’d the firft Summer.

Others uo Roots require, the Lab’vor cuts
Young Slips, and in the Sotl fecurely puts. |
3 : OS DRYDEN:

a

ere \

And then again,

Some Trees their Birth to bounteous Nature owe,

- For fome without the Pains of Planting grow :
With Ozsers thus the Banks of Brooks abound,
Sprung from the watry Genius of the Ground.

yom the fame Principles green Willows come,

Herculean Poplar, and the tender Broom. |

DRYDEN.

Secondly, Of raifing Trees from Seed.

Wherein obferve that the Seed be not gather’d too foon be-
fore it has got its full Maturity, which will caufe it to fhrink;
or tco Jate, when it has fuftain’d Damage by Rain, Froft, ce.
Therefore when it appears dryifh and pretty hard, it may be
fafely gather’d; and be fure to preferve it from wet, till tis fow7d,
for that will caufeit to mould and rot. Their be divers Kinds
of Seeds, as will not come up after fowing till the fecond Spring,

as Yew-Berries, Holy-Berries, Afben-Keys, Hornbeam, f bite-

horns

New Principles of Gardening.

Thorn, &c. which fhould be kept the firft Year in Saad, or
Mould, to prevent their being deftroyed by Vermine, Sc. The
beft Land tor raifing all Trees from Seed, is a light frefh San-
dy Loam, which fhould be trenched two Spit deep, levelled,
raked, and divided into Beds of four Foot, and their Alleys be-
tween them about two Foot wide.

The beft Seafon for fowing Seed of Trees, is as foon as
they are ripe in Oéfober, in which obferve to fow fuch Seed
as are of a quick Growth, as 4b, Lime, Maple, &c. thinner,
than thofe of a flow Growth, fuch as Holly, Yew, Horubeam,
Beach, &c. :

After you have fown your Seed, tread all your Beds over,

‘to fix the Seed into the Earth, and cover it over with good fine
Mould about three or four Inches thick. .

When Frofty Weather approaches, ’tis neceflary to cover your:
Beds with Horfe-Dung to keep out the Froft, which take away

at the Change of Weather; and be fure that Traps are fet to
deftroy Mice, &c.

N. B. That fuch large Seed as Chefnuts, Acrons, &c. are
beft to be planted with a Dzbéer, as Beans, or fow’d in Drills,
like Peafe: But ’tis beft to plant Chefnuts at fix or feven Inches

Square ; and the Acrons to be dropp’d in the Drills, at about.

five or fix Inches Diftance. j

115

eee Pe
The better your Land is, and thecleaner’tis kept, the more -

your Oaks and Chefnuts will thrive, and indeed all other Seeds
in general. |

When the Weather in the Spring and Summer prove very
dry, you muft not forget to water your Seed-Beds, and to take
fpecial Care that the Force of the Water, in watering, do not
hurt or break the tender Shoots.

At Michaelmas fitt amongft the young Plants, fome rich
Mould, fuch as old decayed Hot-Beds, Sc. which the Wintefs
Rains will wafhin, and greatly ftrengthen their Fibrous Roots.

In February following, take our of your Seed-Beds all the
the largeft and ftrong Plants, leaving fuch as are weak till the
next dutumn or Spring, and plant them out in Beds in Lines
about four or fivéInches apart, and the like Diftance in the Rows,
always obferving to clofe the Earth very firm to their Roots,
and that the Land be good mellow holding Land, free from
Stones, Weeds, &c. NW. B. I advife that they be planted in a

: Q 2 | chop'd

116

New Principles of Gardening.

chopp’d Trench with the Spade, by the Side of the Line, and

not with a Dipper, as is common, for if their is not very great

Care taken with a Dipper, it will leave the lower Part of the
Hote unclofed, which undoubtedly caufes the Plant oftentimes

to per

ifh. :
The belt Expofure for Seed-Beds, and thefe tranfplanted, ts
the Eaf; for in the Afternoon, they will be free from the
feorching Sun, which oitentimes being too hot, prevents their
Growth.

If you have the Conveniency of Water, “tis good to keep them.
always moift ; ’cwill add greatly to their Growth. In April,
May, and Auguft, ’ris bet to water-them in a Morning, but in
Fune and Fuly, in an Evening.

Chefauts and Walnuts, mult ftand three Years in the Seed-
Bed, becaufe they will not endure often tran{panting. |

But fome from Seeds, inclos’d m Earth arifes
For thus the Maftful Cheftnut mates the Skies.
Hence rife the branching Beech, and Vocal Oak,
Where ‘Fove of old oraculoufly fpoke.

“Thirdly, Of raifing Trees by Suckers.

To raife Trees from the Spawn or Exuberance of the Roots
of others, fuch as Elms, Abeal, Poplars, &c. obferve that Care
be taken to prevent Cattle from cropping them, that they be
taken up at Michaelmas, and planted out in Beds as directed
for thofe taifed from Seed, and let them remain therein two
Years before they are planted out in the Nurfery, always ob-
ferving to keep them moift in the Spring and Summer, and clear -
from Weeds. :

Some from the Roots a rifing Wood difchfe,

Thus Elms, and the Savage Cherry grows:
Thus the grcen Bays, that binds the Poets’s brows,
Shoots and is fhelter’d by the Mother's Boughs.

—_—
a
——

DrybDEN-

Fourthly

New Principles of’. Gardening.

Fourthly, Of raifing Trees by Layers.

This Method of raifing Trees, is applicable to fuch that can-
not be raifed from Seed, as Alms, Platanus, &c. and even
many as may be raifed from Seed alfo, as the Lime, &c.

The firft Work to be done herein is to make choice of a
Piece of frefh Pafture, &c. as is very good and rich in Nature,
and beft when inclinable to, or is a fandy Loam.

Secondly, That the Ground be carefully trench’d two Spit and
Crum in Depth, and in very fmall Spits, wherein plant Mo-
ther-Plants (by Gardeners call’d Stools) of Elms, Limes, Pla-
tanus, Alder, Abeal, Poplar, Philberd, &c. infuch Quantity as
will be capable to produce the Number of Frees det'red.

If your Stools are made of very large well grown bodied
Trees, each will produce Yearly about thirty Layers, or Plants,

fo that you may proportionate your Number of each fort, to |

the Nature of your Soil wherein you intend to plant, and the
Magnitude of your Plantation intended.

The beft Time to plant your Stools is October; and if your
Land be very frefh and rich, they may be planted, at leaft
eight Foot from each other, both in the Row, as well as one Row
from the other, and it matters not what the Form of the Trees
are, as the Stools are made off, whether they be ftraight or
croocked, fo as their Bodies are but large and well rooted.

In February following, or rather Favuary, of the two Months,
is the Time to lay down thofe Branches produced the laft Year.

To every Stool you will have fix or feven principal Branches,
which you: muft plafh at their Bottom, that they may com-
ply with being laid down the eafier; which done, twift all the

Side-Shoots at fuch a convenient Place, as will admit of the
twilted Part to be about eight Inches deep, which may be let in:

with a Trowel or Spade, and the extream Part of every Shoot, to
be fhorten’d to five or fix Inches, or more, if need’ be, always
obferving to leave three Buds at leaft above Ground; to place
your Layers upright ; and that they are not too thick, where-
by they will be all fmall, and’ hardly worth the Trouble of
planting out. }

In Ofober following, if the Seafon permits, take off the Layers,
and prune away all the Parts of thofe principal Pare om

9 2 ore

/

117

118

New Principles of Gardening.
fore plafh’d, to give Room to thofe other Shoots as are to

to fucceed them; which mut be laid down in like manner
the Spring following ; and fo the like every Year.

Some bow their Vines, which buried in the Plain,
Their Tops in diftant Arches rife again. an
“ DryDENn.

SE Gol. E.

Of the Manner of planting Nurferzes and their
Government.

made of a proper Piece of frefh meliow Land, fuch as are
deep, and with a good Bottom of ftrong Loam or Brick-
Earth, rather than Sand or Gravel.

Your Ground being determin’d, Trench it as foon after M/z-
chaelmas as the Weather will permit, and divide it into con-
venient Quarters for the Reception of the feveral Trees as are
to be tranfplanted therein.

The beft Seafon for to remove your young Trees is O¢#ober
or November, which muft be planted in Rows about four of
five Foot apart, and their Diftance in the Rows, two Foot
or more, as the Nature of your Plants requires; for thofe or
a quick Growth, intended for Hedges, extend their Side-Branches
more than thofe of a flow Growth. In May following you
muft Vifit your new planted Nurfery, and difplace all the Side-
Buds, or Shoots of the leading Shoots, of fuch Trees as you
intended for Standards, and not refer that Work as 1s com-
monly done till AMéchaelmas, when thofe Side-Branches have
robb’d their Leader of as much or more Strength and Quan-
tity as they themfelves contain. ‘The ObjeCtion made to this

3 Practice

[: order to have a profperous Nurfery, good Choice mult

{

ae

New Principles of Gardening.
Practice is bare Theory only, vzz. *Tis fuppofed that when Trees
are thus train’d up, they will grow taper and weak, which when
admitted to diftribute part ot their Sap to their Horizontal or
Side-Branches, caufes the Tree to be much thicker in Proportion
to its Height, and confequently much itronger. Now inorder
to provethis, I have made the Experiment on Limes and Dutch
Elms, which are both ofa quick Growth; and that I might not
be deceived in the Goodneis of the Land, I disbudded every
other Tree of each Kind in feveral Rows, and at the Michzel-
mas following I pruned the others, whofe Buds I had left on in
the Spring, according tothe common Way. |

In the next Spring afterwards, as the Buds began to projet
out, I difplaced them, leaving the other Trees with theirs on,
as I did the Year before, and in the like Manner I proceeded
till the Michaelmas following ; at which Time I not only found
thofe Trees, as I had fo often disbudded, much larger and ftron-
ger Plants, but their Bodies were all fmooth and clear from Knots
and other Deformities, as the Knife is the Caufe off.

The only Caufe of ‘Trees being weak and flender, and hard-
ly capable of fupporting themfelves, is the too near planting
them in the Nurfery, not having fuch Quantity of Air as Is ne-
ceffary fortheir Support.

And that this may not be efteem’d bare Theory only, Iet
any but compare the Growth of the outfide Plants of any Nur-
fery, as is of fix or feven Years Growth, with thofe of the inward
Parts, and the prodigious Difference of their Growth and
Strength will be a fufficient Demonftration to prove the Truth
of what I have aflerted.
~ When your Trees have been thus managed for three Years,
they muft all be taken up, and replanted again in their fame Pla-
ces, carefully obferving to prune away all Tap-Roots and others,
as are bruifed by the Spade. This Removalcaues them to ftrike
frefh, whereby they get fine fibrous Roots, which had they not
been moved, could not have had. If Trees ftand long ina Nur-
fery, *tis feldom that they have any more than very large Roots
without Fibres, and therefore for want of them are fubjeét to
Mortality. Andon the contrary, if Trees are removed in the
Nurfery every three, or four Years at longeft, ’tis very feldom
one in fifty dies. | |

When |

119

120

New Principles of Gardening.

When your Nurfery has feen three Years pafled over its Head,
rwill.be high Time to lend a helping Hand, by giving ita good
Drefling of Dung well confumed, but beft when mix’d with
frefh Earth, and turn’d four or five Times in the Summer be-
fore *tis ufed; at which Time Care muft be taken that ’tis not —
.digg’d in too deep, but rather turn’d in, for ’tis better for the
Trees to havethe Salts of the Dung wafhed down to their Roots,
than to have it laid clofe to them, which oftentimes canker
and kill their tender Fibres. .

If your Land was not frefh and hearty at your firft planting,
it will be beft to give a Dunging in the Manner before delivered
-the fecond Year, inftead of ftaying untill the third.

—————

—
7a Se

SECT. IL
Of the Oak.

O: Oaks there are divers Kinds, which were they to be

diftinguifhed by the Difference of Leaves, Shoots, Acorns,
Sc. would admit of as great Varieties as Pears, or any
other Fruit whatfoever. .

The beft Kinds are what Mr. Bradley calls the upright and
fpreading Oak, which generally grow toa very large Stature,
and even fo very large, (if his Report is true,) that the Timber
alone of one Tree has been fold for upwards of fifty Pounds.
Vide his New Improvements, Part 1. Page 42. a

This very largeSum to be paid for one fingle Tree, obliges
me to make fome near Calculation of the Quantity of Timber
as mult be contain’d in fuch a Tree, to amount to fo great a Sum.

Admit that fuch a Tree was fold at four Pounds a Load, which
isa very great Price, and feldom or ever given for Oak, it muft
contain twelve Load, twenty five Foot equal to fifteen Tun and
a half, and upwards; and if the Tree was fold at fifty Shillings

per Load, which is a cuftomary and very great Price, its Quan-
tity mult be twenty Load, equal to twenty five Tun, which,
: is

New Principles of Gardening.

is very furprizing. The great Advantages arifing from
large Plantations of Oak, is fo well known to this Nation, that
I need not trouble my Reader with telling him of its great Ufe
in Civil and Naval Architecture, or its Bark when peel’d in
April, (for Tanners Ufe,) which is the proper. Time to fell this
Tree; or that its Acorns is excellent Food (as Mr. Bradley calls
it) for Hogs, well known to every old Woman.

{ fay the Excellency of this noble Plant is fo univerfally
known, that to offer any Thing in order to encourage its greater
Increafe, would be needlefs, feeing that all our Exghjb Gentle-
men of Fortune are not only good Judges of its great Ufe, Sc.
but at this Time are principally devoted to the Pleafures and Pro-
fit of Planting in general, wherein the Oak has a Place not in-
ferior to any.

This noble ‘Tree is raifed from an Acorn, which fhould be
fowed immediately after its falling from the Tree, and is al-
ways beft when the Acorn is planted in the Place appointed for
its future Growth ; but when it cannot be fo order’d, they muft
be fown in a Seed-Bed. In the removing of young Oaks from
the Seed-Bed to the Nurfery, or to the Spot where they are to
remain, becareful to prune off their Tap-Root, and head them
down to two Budsonly, which alfo obferve to do again the next
Spring after, and then let one leading Shoot arife to form the Tree.

The Reafon of heading down this Plant twice, is to enable
its Root to throw forth a {trong Shoot the third Year, which ne-
ver fails of making a handfome Tree. And during the Time as
the Oak is in the Nurfery, Care muft be taken every Spring and
Summer to difplace all the Side or Horizontal Buds, as I have
once before directed, that the leading Shoot may receive all the
full Nourifhment as the Earth produces, and be free from Kaots,
Wounds, c. which muft happen, if thofe Buds are admitted
to grow, at the Time of pruning.

Every third Year they muft be tranfplanted as before directed
in the Management of Trees planted in the Nurfery; at which
Time prune their Roots, but not their leading Shoots, always re-
membring that if you cut off, or only top an Oak, it ever af-
ake is but a Pollard, and will never become a Timber-
Tree.

To have good Oaks, or at leaft as good as can be, on wet
Clays or dry Banks, &c. ’tis beft to plant the Acorns ca

R rather

i2t

> 2

New Principles of Gardening.

rather than to plant large Trees from the Nurfery, whofe for-
mer Life were not acquainted with the different Juices of fuch
Soils, which thofe young Trees raifed from the Acorns will di-
geft, being by Birth naturalized thereunto; and the like of gra-
velly, flinty, and rocky Lands.

A good ftrong Land, like unto a light Brick-Earth, or a
a Loam inclinable to Clay, produces the beft and tougheft Oaks,
and the fooneft of all other Soils.

Gravel will produce Oaks of a noble Stature, very ftreight,
and a fine Grain, but they foon decay.

If at any Time the Heads of your young Oaks fhould be too
heavy for their Bodies, and thereby be inclinable to hang down
and be crooked, cut away thofe Side-Shoots of their Heads as is
the Caufe; but ’tis beft to lead them up, tied to ftraight Stakes
plac’d on Purpofe,which if practis’d, and the Side-Budsa!ways rub-
bed off, the Timber produc’d by fuchTrees would be perfectly found
and clear from Knots, which renders it of much greater Value
than that whichis otherwife. |

The proper Diftance as Oaks fhould be planted from one an-
other, in Woods, Groves, Parks, Sc. fhould never be lefs than
thirty five Feet. |

And thus the Means of raifing Woods I fing ;
Tho from the parent Oak young Shoots may [pring,
Or may tranf{planted flourifh, yet I know .~
No better Means than if from Seed they grow. .

°Tis true this Way a longer Time will need,

— And Oaks but flowly are produc’d by Seed :
Yet they with far the happier Shades are bleft,
for thofe that rife from Acorns, are the bef,

_ With deep-fix’d Roots beneath the Earth defcend,
So their large Boughs into the Air afcend. —
Perhaps becaufe, when we young Sets tranflate,
They loofe their Virtue, and degenerate ;

While Acrons better thrive, fiuce from their Birth,
They have been more acquainted withthe Earth.

Thus we to Woods by Acorns Being give :

But yet before the Ground your Seed receive,

To dig it firft employ your Labourer,

Then level it ; and, if young Shoots appear

. Above

New Principles of Gardening.

Above the Ground, fprung from the cloven Bud,
If th’ Earth be planted im the Spring, ’tis good
Thofe Weeds by frequent Culture to remove,
Whofe Roots would to the Bloffoms hurtful prove ;
Nor think it Labour loft to ufe the Phw,
By Dung and Tillage all Things fertile grow.

Whether you plant young Sets, or Acorns fow,
Still Order keep 3 for foithey beft will grow :
Order to ev’ry Tree like Vigour gives, |
And Room for the afpiring Branches leaves.
When with the Leaf your Hopes begin to bud,
~ Banilb all wanton Cattle from the Wood.
The browzing Goat the tender Blofom kills ;
Let the fwift Horfe then neigh upon the Hills,
And the free Herds fill tn large Pafture tread,.
But not upon the new fprung Branches feed; ~
For whofe Defence Inclofures fhould be made
Of Twigs, or Water into Rills convey’.
When ripening Time has made your Trees dilate,
And the firong Roots do deeply penetrate, |
All the fnperfluous Branches muft be fell d,
Left the oppreffed Trunk {bould chance to yield
‘Onder the Weight, and fo its Spirits loofe
In fuch Excrefcences ; but as for thofe
Which from the Stock you cut, they better thrive,
As if their Ruincaus’d them to revive;
Ana the flow Plant, which ftarce advanc’d its Head,
Into the Air its heavy Boughs will fpread. a
. When from the faften'd Root it f{prings amain, -
. Andcan the Fury of the North fuftain ;
On the fmooth Bark the Shepherds {hould idite
Their rural Strifes, and there ther Verfes write.
~~ But let no impious Ax By sp the Woods,
Or violate their facred Shades ; the Gods
Themfelves inhabit there. Some have bebela™
Where Drops of Blood from wounded Oaks diftilP a;
Have feen the trembling Boughs with Horror foake :
So great a Confcience did the Antients make
To cut down Qaks, that it was held a Crime
In that obfcure and fuperfirtious Time.

R2

124

New Principles of Gardening.

For Diyopeius Heaven did provoke,
By daring to deftroy th’ Amonian Oak;
And with it, but included Dryad 100,
Avenging Ceres here her Faith did fhew :
To the wrong’d Nymph, while Erefichthon bore
Torments as great as was his Crime before.
Therefore it well might be efteem’d no lefs
Then Sacriledge, when ev'ry dark Recefs,
The awful Silence, and each gloomy § hade,
Was facred by the Zealous Vulgar made :
Whene’er they cut down Groves, or {poi the Trees,
With Gifts the antient Pales did appeafe.

Due Honours once Dodona’s Foreft had, :
When Oracles were through the Oaks convey’ ;
When Woods infiruéted Prophets to foretel,

And the Decrees of Fate im Trees did dwell,
RAPIN-

> ae ty Spat sae BS
Of the Beech; its Culture, &c:

HE Beech is a Tree well worth our Efteem, and highi-

| ly deferves the greateft of Encouragement for its Im-
provement, on Account of its great Ufes, not only for

the noble Shade and Shelter for Cattle, or Majft for Deer, but
for its great Services: Firft, To Carpenters, Foiners, &c. whofe
Plains in general are made of this Wood, and many other In-
fruments alfo: Secondly, 10 Mil-Wrights, for making the Rimés
of Wheels for Corn-Mills, Water-Engines, &c. and for Mud-
Cills, Conduit-Foiwe, &C Thirdly, For Keels of Ships, and other
Parts belonging thereunto: For this noble Timber is of fucha
Nature, that if it’s kept always wet, or always dry, "twill laft for
many Ages; but if it happens to be often wet and dry, "tis pre-
. fently

New Principles of Gardening.

fently rotten and ufelefs. Fourthly, For Pzrzug « Of which the City
of London deftroys many thoufand Loads every Year, being cleav’d
into Billets for that purpofe. And befides all this, ’tis of pro-
digious great Ufe in many other Services, as to Furuers, ‘Uphol-
fters, &c. which to mention here isneedlefs, fince’tis well known
to all our Country Workmen in general.

This Tree is propagated from its Seed, call’d Ma/f?, which
mu{t be gather’d about the middle of September, when it will
begin to fall; and when gather’d, and well dried, it mutt
afterwards be preferved in Sand till anuary, then fowed in
the Seed-Bed, and order’d in every Refpett as the Ozk, with
whom it greatly delights to grow.

’Tis obferved that the Land it delights moftly in, is Mountains,
chalky Hills, &c. as before defcrib’d.

The Diftance that thefe Trees are to be planted from each
other, fhould be never lefs than forty Foot: It makes a ftately
Tree, and well deferves to be planted in our Avenues, inftead
of thofe ufelefs Trees, the Lime and Dutch Elm.

Thefe Trees when planted young, at about two Feet apart, and
fuffer’d to throw. out their Side-Shoots, makes very beautiful
Hedges in Gardens, Wildernefs, &c.

When this Tree is intended to be propagated on poor Lands,
tis beft to fow the Maft, rather than plant the Tree from the
Nurfery, as is before faid of the Oak.

When @er you plant, through Qaks your Beech defu/fe +

The hard Male Oak, and lofty Cerrug chufe:

While Efculus of the Maft bearing kind,

Chief im Ilicean Groves we always find:

For it affords a far extending Shade ;

Of one of thefe fometimes a Wood ts made.

They ftand unremoved, though Winters do affail,

Nor more can Winds, or Rain, or Storms prevail.
To their own Race they ever are inclind,

And Love with their Alfociates to be join’d. —

When Fleets are rigg’d, and we to fight prepare,

They yield us Plank, and furnifb Arms for War,

Fuel to Fire, to Ploughmen Plows they give,

To other Ufes we may them derive.

But

125

126

New Principles of Gardening.

But nothing muft the facred Tree prophane ;
Some Boughs for Garlands from it may be tan:
For thofe whofe Arms their Country Men preferve;
Such are the Honours which the Oaks deferve.

We know not certainly whence firft of att,
This Plant did borrow its Original ;
Weather on Ladon, or on Menalus,
It grew, if fat Chaonia did produce ;
It firft, but better from our Mother-Earth,
Then Moderna Rumours, we may learn thei Birth.
When Jupiter the World's F oundation laid, —
Great Earth-born Giants Heaven did invade ;

J

And Jove himfelf, (when thefe he did fubdue,).

His Lightning on the fattious Brethren threw.
Tellus her Sons Misfortunes does deplore,

And while fhe cherifbes the yet warm Gore,

Of Rhacus, from bis Monjftrous Body grows,

A vafter Trunk, and from bis Breaft arofe

A hardned Oak; bis Shoulders ave the fame,
And Oak his bigh exalted Head became:
His hundred Arms which lately through the Airs «
Were fpread, now to as many Boughs repair.

A feven-fold Bark his now fiff 1 runk does bind;
And where the Giant flood a Tree we find:

The Earth to Jove ftrait confécrates this Tree,
Appeafing fo his ingur’d Deity s

Then ’twas that Man did the firft Acorn eat:
Although the Honour of this Plant be great,

Both for its Shade, and that iu Satred. a;

Yet when its Branches {boot into the Skies.

Let them take heed, while with his brandifb’d Flame,
The Thunder rages, {baking Nature’s Frame.

Left they be blafied by bis pow rful Hand,

While Tamarisks fecure, and Mirtles fland.
RApPIN:-

SECT.

New Principles of Gardening.

SECT. V.
Of the Afb; ws Culture, &e.

HE 4p is avery ufeful Tree, on many Occafions; as

for Watermens Boats-Staves, Oars, c. Coach and

- Cart-Wheels, Plows, and many other Works in Trade,

and therefore ought to be as much increafed, as any other Tree
whatfoever, aoe

is a very free grower, and is increafed from its

This ‘Tree 1
Keys, which are thorough ripe about the End of Oéfoder, or
the Beginning of November, at which Time they are to be
gatherd. In the gathering of Aben-Keys for anIncreafe, you
muft obferve, that thofe Trees from which you gather them,
be ftraight thriving Trees, and not of a fmall Stature, or any
ways decaying. Atter your Keys are gather’d, let them be
dry’d, and put into Sand, wherein let them remain till Zann-
ry, at which Time they fhould be fown in the Seed-Bed, as.
before directed, Sc. |

The firft Year after fowing, they lie in the Earth, and the
next Spring comeup. Theretore-tor the firft Year, the Ground
wherein they are fown, may be fow’d with a Crop of Barley,
Oats, or any other Crops of the like Nature.

But the moft advantageous Way is to keep them the firlt
Summer after gathering in Sand, and to fow them in the Spring
following, viz. about the middle of Fanuary. |

During that Time as you keep them in Sand, obferve that
the Sand be kept indifferently moift, and that the Air may have
free Accefs to them, and in the laying them therein, be care-
ful that they don’t lie in Lumps, or too thick, but in fuch a
Manner as for the Sand to encompafs every Key-

In the Spring, when you fow them, firft prepare the Bed
wherein they are to be fown; and as foon as that is done, fow
them of a reafonable Thicknefs, and immediately cover them a

| ne

127

129

New Principles of Gardening.

fine Earth, about two Inches tn Thicknefs; for if they lielong

in the Air before they are cover’d, ‘twill be a Prejudice to them,
as alfo will the Weeds, if they are fuffer’d to grow amongft
them. The Firft Year they fhoot but little, to what they will
the fecond after which they muft be trafplanted into the Nur-
fery, as before directed, &c.

When you tranfplant an Afh-Tree, young or old, obferve to
prune its Side-Branches, but never meddle or cut off the leading
Shoot.

Athes, in general, are of fuch a Nature, as to extend their
Roots toa very great Diftance from the Bodies to which they
belong, and entirely deprive all other Trees of their proper
Nouri{hment ; and, indeed, even Corn, and all other Vegitables of
the like Nature, will languifh and pine away to nothing.

And feeing that this Tree is pernicious to all others, there-
fore I advife that Plantations of Afh be by themfelves, that
nothing may be wrong’d by their ravenous Nature, and their
Diftance from each other be about twenty five Foot.

Thus in fome even Fields the Afh delights,
Where a good Soil the gen’rous Plant imvites:
For from an Afb which Pelion once did bear,
Divine Achilles took that happy Spear,
Which Hektor kill’d, and in their Champwn Fate
Involv’d the Ruin of the Trojan State.
The Gods were kind, to “let brave Hektor die
By Arms as noble as his Enemy.
Ath, like the ftubborn Hero in his End,
Always refolves to break rather than bend.
Ravin

SECT.

New Principles of Gardening.

D BAG 2h MA,
Of the Elm; its Culture, &c.

F &¢ms there are three Kinds, viz. the Exglifb, the Dutch,
C) and the Witch Elm, of which the Englifh is the moft
profitable, as well as the moft beautiful.

They all delight in one and the fame Soil; which fhould bea
good Loam, to have them in the greateft Perfection; not but
they will do on other Lands, as before deliver’d. Thefe Trees
are increafed by Layers or Suckers, which laft fhould remain in
the Bed two Years before they are tranfplanted into the Nur-

ery.
Of all the feveral Kinds of Foreft or Ever-green Trees, there’s
none makes fuch Beautiful Hedges in Gardens, Groves, Wil-
derneffes, Sc. as the Englifh Elm; and although ’tis a Tree of
a flow Growth, yet if ’tis grafted upon the Dutch Elm, ’twill
advance to a large Stature ina {mall Time.
The great Ufe of the Elm to Wheel-W rights, Mill-Wrights,Pipe-
orers, Pump-Makers, &c. is fo well known that it needs no
manner of Difcription, to exemplify the Excellency thereof.
And in the Park *tis delightful, being planted in Open Ave.
nues, where its noble Shade and Verdure demonftrates its Gran-
dure and Glory: Witnefs that matchlefs Spot of Ground, Green -
wich Park, whofe delightful Walks are chiefly adorn’d with
this beautiful and moft advantagious Plant.
And befides, ’tis one of the moft Hofpitable Plants growing
for “till admit of fuch under Shrubs, as /b; and divers other
Trees will not.

With Rows of Elm, your Garden or your Field
May be adorn’d, and the Sun’s Heat repell d.
They beft the Borders of your Walk compofe ;
Their comely Green till ornamental foows. P
| S dit

129

New Principles of Gardenmg.

On a large Flat, continued Ranks may rife,
Whofe Length will tire our Feet, and bound our Eyes 3
Where endle{s Walks the pleafed Spectator views, —
And evry Turn the verdant Scene renews.
The fage Corycian thus his native Field ;
Near fwift Oobalian Galefus 2Pd; |
A thoufand ways of planting Elms he found ;
With them fometimes he would tnclofe bis Ground:
Oft in direéter Lines to plant he chofe ;
From one vaft Tree a numrous Offspring rofe.
Each younger Plant with its old Parent vies,
And from its Trank like Branches fiill arife.
They hurt each other, if too near they grow
Therefore to all a proper Space allow.
The Thracian Bard @ pleafing Elm-Tree chofe,
Nor thought it was below him to repofe ;
Beneath its Shade, when he from Hell return’d,
And for twice loft Enrydice fo mourwd. *
Hard by cool Hebrus Rhodop des afpire 5
The Artif, here, no fooner touch'd his Lyre,
But from the Shade the fpreading Boughs drew near,
And the thick Tree a fudden Wood appear : :
Holm, Withy, Cyprefs, Plane-Trees thither preft ;
The prouder Elm advanced before the reft :
And fhewing him his Wife, the Vine, advis’d,
That nuptial Rites were not to be difpis'd.
Bat be that Counfel feorwd, and by bis hate,
Of Wedlock, and the Sex, incurr’d bis Fate.

N. B. That the Diftance to plant Elms at, isthirty or thirty-
five Foot from each other, or rather fo much fquare.

The Difference which in planting each is found,

Now learn; fince th’ Blm with happy Verdure's CTOWM de

Since its thick Branches do themfelves extend,

And a fair Bark does the tall Trunk commend.
RArine

SECT-

New Principles of Gardening.

ak ay Soe wee 6 EE

Of the Lime-Tree, by fome call'd the Lin-
: den-Tree ; tis Culture, &c.

of a very {mall Duration, if the Land wherein it grows

be hot, asa Saud or Gravel, &c. Tis a Tree of a quick
Growth, raifed from Seed or Layers; it makes very fine L/pal-
ers, or Hedges, and indeed is conformidable to any fhape what-
foever: Its Leaf is of a fine light Green, makes a pleafant Shade,
and is one of the very firft as welcomes in the Spring with its
beautiful Leaves: ’Tis avery ufeful Tree for an immediate Shade,
and for Avenues, Wilderneffes, &c. in fuch Places were future
Profit by Timber is not regarded. But for my part, I fhould
rather make Ufe of them, to fill up the Quarters of a Wilder-
nefs, than to plant them in Avenues, where na Tree is fo Beau-
. tiful and Profitable as the Englifh Elm.

But then again, altho’ the Elm is an advantageous Tree,
when full grown, if fell’?d and fold, and will fetch a great Price;
yet “tis fuppofed that a Lover of Gardening values thofe beau-
tiful Trees, when they are in their Prime, at a much higher
Rate, than to deftroy them for the fake of their Timber,
and thereby ruin grand Avenues, Walks, ©c. to the great
Prejudice of a noble Seat. Suppofe that Greenwich Park
had been planted with the View of cutting downthe Elms when
grown to their full Maturity, what would have been the Con-
fequence? Why, the Deftruction of the moft beauriful Spot of
Ground in the Kingdom, and the Ruin of the Town alfo. And
fince every Gentleman, is willing to polfefs the utmoft Pleafure
of fuch Trees Durations, which when they decline are no more
than Fire-wood, why may not the Lime-tree be admitted in
loamy holding Lands, interfperfed with the Elm, &c feeing

! i \HE Lime is a beautiful Tree in the Spring, but ’tis

oodnefs

that when either of their Beauty is over, and decaying, the
S

2

131

New Principles of Gardening.

Goodnefs of their dying Bodies are of equal Value for the Fire.
Tis certain that the Elm makes an excellent Shade, and a beauti-
ful Tree, but not handfomer than that of the Lime, whofe cu-
rious natural Shape exceeds all that Art can produce: Witnefs
thofe noble Trees before Ham-Hou/e, oppofite to the Seat of the
Honourable fFames Fobnfton’s at Twickenham, Middlefex; and
thofe in Buby and Hampton-Court Parks, whofe beautitul
Forms is not Inferior to any growing.

This Tree is of a very long Duration, and often of a large
Magnitude. Mr. Evelin, in his Difcourfe on Fore/t-Trees, Chap.
xxix. Page 82. makes mention of a Lime-Tree, growing at
Depenham in Norfolk, ten Miles from Norwich, whofe Circum-
ference at bottom, was fixteen Yards and half, and its perpen-
dicular Altitude about thirty Yards, which to me appears to
be more ftranger than Mr. Aradley’s Report of the Oak. How-
ever, though every Lime does not arrive to. that prodigious
Magnitude, yet they never fail of a proportionate Size.

The Nature of this Tree is to grow taper and ftreight ;
to conftantly keep its pyramental Form, to have Plenty of Leaves,
whereby it makes a good Shade; to preferve its felf by its tough
Bark from the violent Winds ; to produce good Quantity of Roots,
from which the Head is plentifully fuppited; to fend forth fla-
grant Flowers or Bloffoms in the Spring ; produces Branches,
whofe Wood is of a Beautiful red gloily Colour ; foon heals
over its Wounds by a Knife, &c. and therefore is preferved from
the wet, fo that ’tis very feldom they gow hollow; its Wood ts
of great Service in Carving, and is a very fweet kind of Fuel.

In the pruning of their Roots, obferve that you cut away all
their fmall woolly Fibrous Roots; for they are prefently dead
after taking up ; and befides they hinder the Earth from getting
to the principal Roots: But for their Heads, ’tis beft to leave
them on, pruning offall Side or Horizontal Branches clote to the
Body of the Tree, without leaving on Side-Snags as is com-

mon.

Tlie Seed of this beautiful Tree is ripe in Odfober ; at which
time ic muft be gather’d, and ina fine dry Day if poflible ; af-
ter which lay it to dry in an open Room ; for the Space of {ix
feven Days, and then 1t being very dry, put it into Sand as was
directed for the Afben-Keys, and in the middle of February fol-
lowing, muft be fown in the Seed-Bed, which would be beft 1

under

New Principles of Gardening.

under an Eafor North Wall, &c. After they have continued
two Summers in the Seed-Bed, tranfplant them in the Autumn
following to the Nurfery, as before directed.

When Limes are planted to make an Efpalier or Hedge, they
are planted at three Foot Diftance inthe Lines; in which ob-
ferve, that whenever you plant Hedges-of Lime, Elm, Sc. to
plant one low or fhort Plant between every two of the higheft,
and thereby your Hedge will be full at the Bottom, which other-
wife very rarely happens. Lime-Trees planted for fhady Walks,
may be atten, twelve, or fixteen Foot a-part; but for thofein large
Avenues, not nearer than thirty five or fourty Foot.

N. B. That Hedges of Limes, or of Elms, fhould at firit
planting be cut down within four Foot of the Ground, and all
their Side or Horizontal Branches fhorten’d, “twill add very
much to their Improvement.

The beft Lime-Trees for Standards, are thofe of fix or feven.

Years Growth.

High {hooting Linden next exatts your Care ;
With grateful Shades to thofe who take the Air.
When thefe you plant, you fiill fbould bear in Mind
Philemon and chafte Baucis: Thefe were jom’d

In a poor Cottage, by their pious Love,

Whofe facred Ties did no lefs lafting prove,

Then Life it felf. They Jove once entertain’d,
And by their Kindnefs on him fo much gain'd ;
That, being worn by Times devourin Jive,

He chang’d to Trees their weak pay 3 elefs Age:
Tho now trausformd, they Male and Female are ;
Nor. did their Change ought of their Sex impair.
Their Timber chiefly is for Turners good ;

They foon {hoot np, and rife into a Wood..

N. B. That the Platanus-Tree is propagated as the Lime--
Tree, by Layers: Its Leaves are very large and beautiful. *Tis-

133

a Tree of a quick Growth, delights in good Land; but ’tis late —

inthe Spring before its Leaves comes out, and in fome hor:

Summers drop very early.

SECT.

194

New Principles of Gardening.

SE Gt. eee
Of the Maple; us Culture, &c.

HE Maple-Tree is very proper to be cultivated in our
Gardens, in regard to its being a very free Grower,
and thickens the Quarters of W/derneffes, Coppices,
Woods, &c. when train’d up as a Shrub or Bufb, and notas a
Standard Tree- This Plant is very fubject to receive a Sort of
Honey-Dew on its Leaves, which being wafh’d off by Rains,
is prejudicial to all fuch Plants as it fallson; therefore for
that Reafon ’tis beft tocut them down near to the Ground, that
they may break into divers Branches, and make a Thicket from
the Bottom. |
Or if they are train’d up in Hedges, they make a very hand-
fome Appearance, and will thrive under the Drip of other Trees
although others cannot endure long under the Drip of them.
The Soil this Tree delights in, is a dry Ground, or Bank; ’tis
increas’d by Seed, Suckers, or Layers; and its Seed lies a Year
in the Ground before it comes up; therefore ’tis beft to keep it

~the firft Year in Sand, as the Afh, Sc.

Re/peét is likewife to the Maple due,

Whofe Leaves, both in their Figure, and thew Hue,

Are like the Linden ; but it ately grows,

And horrid Wrinkles all tts Trunk iclofe.
3 RAPIN-

SECT.

New Principles of Gardening.

S Ey Gecke 2
Of the Sycamore ; tts Culture, &c.

ther than a Wildernefs or Garden, on Account that

e HIS Tree is moft proper for a Wood or Coppice, ra-
its Leaves are fubje& to receive and retain fuch Honey-

‘Dews, that it draws to them feveral Kinds of F/es, which are.

very troublefome to People when walking near them.

Of Sycamore-Trees there is two Sorts, the one with plain
green Leaves, and the other varigated. °Tis a Tree as makesa
apa a very quick Grower, of a beautiful Colour and

eaf.

’Tis a Tree aS grows to a tolerable good Stature, its Timber

is of good Services in divers Affairs, and is very eafy propaga-
ted from Seed or Layers. The Seed fhould be fow’d as foon as
ripe, which is known by the Time of its falling, and will
come up the Spring following.

It thrives belt in a light and dry, rather than a wet and ftift:

and.

chee wipe, Stes secmaee. ©
Of the Hornbeam; its Culture, &e.

HE Hornbeam is a Plant that will make a Standard,
but not over and above large ; yet for Varicty’s lake,
‘tis proper to have fome of them in our Wildernets..

Tis beft for Hedges, which of thofe as fhed their Leaves se
V>-

135

126

New Principles of Gardening.

ly, none is fuperior to it. It is raifed from Seed, which lies
one Year in the Ground before it comes up, or otherwife, as long
in Sand asthe Afh, and fhould be fown in the fame Seafon and
Manner. It makes a very beautiful Thicket for the Entertain-
ment of Birds in the Quarters of a Wildernefs, Sc. and very
often holds on its Leaves all the Winter, till they are difplaced
by the young ones in the Spring.

If any Plain be near your Garden found,

With Cyprus, or with Hornbeam, hedge it round ;

Which in a thoufand Mazes will confpire,

And to Receffes unpercetv'd retire:

Its Branches, like a Wall, its Paths divide,

Affording a frefb Scene on every Side.

Tis true, that it was honour’d heretofore ;

But Order quickly made it valued more,

By its {horn Leaves, and thofe Delights which rofe

From the diftinguifh’d Forms in which it grows.

To fome cool Arbour by the Way’s Deceit,

Allur'd, we hafte, or fome oblique Retreat,

Where underneath its Umbrage we may meet

With fure Defence againfi the raging Heat.
RAPIN,

S E C:T.-Xt
OF the Hazel, tts Culture, &c.

HE Hazel is.a very fine Plant for the thickening of a

Wildernefs, and its Fruit 1s no lefs diverting tothe young

Men and Maids in the Nutting-Seafon. ’Tis a very

profitable Coppice-/V 00d, and is propagated from its Nuts, or by

Suckers: When by Nuts, they fhould be fown foon after they

are gathered, which fhould not be, until the Kernels have a
celv

New Principles of Gardening.

ceived their full Growth ; and the Soil as they will thrive in,
is poor, fandy, dry, or cold Lands, &c. but when better, ’tis
better {till.

When they have feen three Years over their Heads, in Fanua-
ry cut them down, leaving about fix or eight Inches above
Ground; and the Spring following they will break out into di-
vers Shoots, which in five Years, or thereabouts, will be fit to
make Hurdies, ©c. or if let growing until eight or nine Years,
will make fine Hop-Poles, Hoops, Fire-Wood, &c.

I cannot but recommend thofe propagated from Seed, before
thofe from Suckers, being fown as atorefaid, kept clean from
Weeds, and kept at the Diftance trom one another of about
three or four Foot.

But if you plant Suckers, the proper Time for that Work is
Odfober, at which Time you muft prune them down as before
dire€ted, vzz. within fix or eight Inches of the Ground.

N. B. That as this Plant may be eafily propagated by Lay-
ers, laid down from the Mother-Plant, or Stool, as Elms,

mes, Sc. *tis more fafer to plant the Layers as are well root-
ed, which one Year will perform, than to run the Hazard of
planting Suckers, which often fail.

Hafle di/pers’d in any Place will live =
In ftony Grounds Wild Ath, and Cornel thrive;
In more abrupt Receffes thefe we find,
Spontancoufly expos'd to Rain and Wind. .
APIN

T See 4.

gin

128

New Principles of Gardening.

SE CG iow
Of the Birch; its Culture, &c.

the fmalleft Number of any Foreft-Tree, therefore *tis con-

tented to live in the worlt of Soils; and altho’ this Tree
is but of fmall Ufe, befides its terrible Afpec to Children, Sc.
yet "tis a very beautiful Plant, and highly deferves a Place in the
Quarters of our Wildernefs. And befides, its Faculty of attrac-
ting and preparing from the Earth, that pleafant and healthy me-
dicinal Liquor, is a fufficient Reafon, that it highly deferves a
due Encouragement as well as other Foreft-Trees.

And although the making of Birch-Wine is known to fome:
People, yet I cannot but think, that if I infert it in. this Place,
it may oblige others, without any Difpleafure to any.

The Method that I fhall lay down, is the fame as Mr. Eve-
dyn makes Mention of in his learned Difcourfe on Forrelt-Trees,
Page 77-

In the Beginning of March cut an oblique Hole, or rather 2
Slit, under the Branch of a well-fpreading Birch-Tree, which
keep open by a fmall Wedge or Stone put therein. To
this Hole, or Slit, fix a Bottle to receive that clear Water or Sap
as will extill it felf out of the Aperture into the Bottle, which
a be taken away when full, and others fix’d in its Place,
DC.
Having in this Manner obtain’d a fufficient Quantity of the
Sap or Birch-Water, put to every Gallon thereof, a Quart of
Honey well ftirr’d together, and boil it almoft an Hour, with @
few Cloves and a littl Lemmon Peel, being kept well fcum-

| N Confideration that the Services of the Birch-Tree is of

med.
When it is fufficiently boil’d, as before, and become cold,
put to it two or three Spoonfuls of good Ale, which will caufe
it

New Principles of Gardening.

x to work like new Ale, and when the Yeaft begins to fettle,
bottle it up as you do other Liquors, as Wine, &c. and in q
competent Time ’twill become a moft brisk and fpiritous Wine,
and avery great Opener. N. &. That if you don’t like Honey,
(it being difagreeable to fome) inftead thereof, you may allow
one Pound of the beft double-refin’d Sugar, ‘or it may be dulci-
fied with the beft of Mla/aga Raifins; which laft will make it a
wonderful fine Wine.

And altho’ this Wine is very gentle and harmlefs in its Ope-
ration within the Body, yet ’tis fo {trong in the common Stone-
Bottles, that they cannot preferve its Spirits. This Wine
is very good for the Phthifick, diffolves the Stone in the
Bladder, and exceedingly fharpens the Appetite, being drank
ante Paftum.

SECT. XH
Of the Quickbeams

| HE Quickbeam, called by fome Wickey, or Wicking,

and by others Wild or Spanifh Alb, is a molt beau-

tiful Tree for a Wildernefs, not only for its pleafant

Leaves and Straitnefs of Shoots, but for its delightful Blof-

foms in the Spring, and curious Clufters of red Berries in the
Autumn.

’Tis raifed from its Seed, and requires the fame Culture as

the Afh. |

cee ee. ge Ole

‘59

140

New Principles of Gardening.

Sb C i. ae

Of the Alder, Poplar, Withy, Willow, Sal-
low, and Ozier , their Culture, &c.

lights in wet boggy Lands, River-Sides, Sc. is

increas’d by large Cuttings, as before directed.
The Shoots of this Plant fhould be cut down every third or
fourth Year, at longeft; for if they are fuffer’d to grow a longer
Time, the Wounds will be fo very Jarge, that with the Wet,
&c. they will foon rot, and become hollow, and thereby in-
ftantly decay- :

The beft Time to cut or head down this and all other Aqua-
tick Trees, is in February; for by the immediate Flowing of
the Sap, their Wounds are foon heal’d. | bb

(2.) Of Poplars there are four Kinds, vz. Firft, the
large White Poplar, commonly called Abeal, with a darge,
pale, green Leaf, and white underneath. | Secondly, the {mall
White Abeal, whofe Leaves are fomewhat fmaller, but of the
fame Form and Colour as the preceding. ‘Thirdly, that Kind
of Poplar as is called the A/pen or Afp-Tree. _ Fourthly, the
other Kind is the Water-Poplar ; its Leaf is of a pale Green, as
the large White, but in Form like the 4/pen. The young Shoots
is of a yellowifh Green, and delights to grow by Rivers
Sides. "The beft Ufe thefe Trees can be applied to, is for the:
breaking of Wefterly and Northerly Winds, and to be planted
in dry or wet Lands, where no other Tree will thrive;
for the Advantage as will arife from its Timber, &e. for
Fuel, Pofts, Rails, Stiles, Sc. is many Times better than
that from the Willow.

T hes

a ; 1 HE Alder, anamphibious Plant, who greatly de-

,

New Principles of Gardening.

This laft is increafed by large Cuttings, in the Manner as
directed for Willows, &c. in the firft SeGtion hereof; which
when plantéd for Stumps, to cut or lop, and thofe for Pol-
lards, may be planted five, fix, or eight Foot high, of any Thick-
nefs not exceeding three Inches (or little more) Diameter.

In the Planting thefe large Cuttings, be careful that neither
of the Ends be {plit in cutting ; and that the Bark is not difplaced
inany Part. Plant them about eighteen or twenty Inches deep ;
and the belt Seafon is Odfober, if your Land is not very wet,
or February if otherwite.

Thefe Sorts of Trees, well managed, may be lopp’d every five
Years, and will turn to a very good Account.

Into your Foreft, fhady Poplars bring,
Which from their Seed with equal Vigour Spring.
; R

(3-) The Vzthy: Itdelights in Land that is not over moift or
dry ; as Banks of Rivers, Hills, &c. wherein fmall Springs fpew
out, or Banks in Morifh Lands, and may be lopp’d every fifth
Year. :

(4-) The Willow delights in the fame Soil; and both are in-

creafed by large Cuttings, as before directed.
_ I fhall not trouble my Reader with the feveral forts of Willows,
feeing that they are all propagated by the fame Method ; and

_ therefore fhall only add, that no Gentleman fhould be without

the {melling Willow, which isa Plant of a quick Growth, bears
a fine fhining broad green Leaf, with beautiful Flowers, delight-
ful to Bees ; and the fine French yellow Willow, which is of as

tough a Nature as Whitleather, and: of great Ufe in nailing:

Fruit-Trees, ‘and other fuch like Works in a Garden.

(5.) Of Ozzers there are feveral Sorts, and all raifed: asthe.

preceeding. They love a more Moift or Moorifh Land than
the Willow or Sallow.

The proper Diftance to plant Oziers is about two Foot and
half, or three Foot, mixing Stumps and Pollards together ; and
the beft Seafon to plant them, is in February. Tis a Plant of
preanservace for Baskets, ¢. and therefore highly deferves our

otice.

3

6.) The

APIN-

[41

{42

New Principles of Gardenmne.

(6.) The Sallow is a Plant as delights on moift Banks: ’Tis
increafed by Seed, Layers, or Cuttings. ‘Thereare three Kinds _
common ; of which the Round-leaf Sallow delights beft
in moift Banks, as aforefaid, and the others in wetter Lands,
as Moors, c, |

Alder, and Withy, chearful Streams frequent,
And are the Rivers only Ornament.
Lf antient Fables are to be belter’d,
Thefe were Affociates heretofore, and liv’d
On fifhy Rivers in a little Boat,
And with their Nets their painful Living got.
The Feflival approach’d; with one Confent,
All on the Rites of Pales are Intent:
While thefe unmindful of the Holy Day,
Their Nets to dry upon the Shore difplay.
But Vengeance foon th’ Offenders overtook ;
Perfifiing ftill to labour in the Brook,
The angry Goddefs fix’d them to the Shore,
_ Mand for their Fault doom d them to work no more.
Thus to Eternal Idlenefs condemmn d,
They felt the Weight of Heaven, when contemn’d.
The Moifture of tho fe Streams by which they ftand,
Eindues them both with Power to sapene
Their Leaves abroad; Leaves, which from guilt look pale,
In which the never ceafing Frogs bewail.
RAPIN-

N. B. That the proper Seafon to fell the Oak is in April ;
the Elm, Chefnut, and Walnut, from Oéfober to February ; and
the Beech, Ath, Willow, Abeal, &c. may be lopp’d in any part
of the fame Months. ;

SECT.

New Principles of Gardening.

SE. Gt, cK
Of the Black Cherry-T ree,

. LTHOUGH the Black Cherry-Tree is not dire&tly a Fo-
re{t-Tree, yet in Regard to its being a beautiful Tree

in a Wildernets, I could not pafs it by without taking

fome Notice thereof. | | :
The Soilasismoft.natural to it, isa dry Soil, with a gravelly

Bottom, not but they will do very well in moft Kinds of Loam..

They are increafed from the Stones of the Fruit, which when
ripe {hould be gather’d, and the Pulp got off, either by rowling.
them in dry Sand under a Plank, ©¢. which mutt afterwards
be put into'Sand, not too thick foas.to heat, and inthe February
after, may be fown in a Seed-Bed, as already. defcribed.

This Tree makes a glorious Appearance in the Spring, when

in Bloom, and is ‘no lefs pleafant when its Fruit is ripe: ’Tis.

a Tree asdraws great Quantity of Birds to it, who arethe moft
delightful, and beautiful Embellifhments, asa wild and rural

143

Garden can be adorn’d with ; and befides, its Bloom gives great _

Relief to the moft induftrous Bee.

If the afpiving Plant large Branches bear,

And Cherries with extended Arms appear ;

There near his Flocks upon the cooler Ground

The Swain may lie, and with his Pipe refound

fis Love ; but let no Vice thofe Shades diferaces.

We ought to bear a Reverence to the Place:

The Boughs, th'unbroken Silence of a Wood,

The Leaves themfelves demonftrate that fome God

Inhabits there, whofe Flame might be fo juft,

To-burn thofe Groves which bad been fir’d by Luft.

But through the Woods while thus the Ruftick {port,

Whole Flights of Birds will thither too refort ; Whol
Pho fe

144

New Principles of Gardening.

Whofe different Notes and Murmurs fill the Air:
Thither fad Philomela wll repair ,

Once to ber Sijer {be complain'd, but now

She warbles forth her Grief on ev'ry Bough,

Fills all with Teveus Crimes, her own hard Fate,
And makes the melting Rocks, compaffonate.
Difiurb not Birds which on your Trees abide,

By them the Will of Heav’n ts fignified :

How oft from hollow Oaks the boading Crow,
The Winds and future Tempefts do forebow.

Of thefe the wary Ploughmen fhould make ufe ;
Hence Obfervations of his own deduce,

And fo the Changes of the Weather tell,

But from your Groves all hurtful Birds expel.

The riper Cherries are, when gather’d, the founder are the
Kernels; and if they are fown as betore dire€ted, they wiil come
up in the following Spring. But if they lie long out of Sand,
6c. to be very dry, after the Pulp 1s taken off, they will not
come up till the fecond Spring, and fometimes never.

The Fruit is ripe in Fw#/y, and in many Places they are very
large, and of an excellent fine Tafte.

The Tree is naturally ofa very large Growth: And Mr. Cook,
in his Treatife of Foref? Trees, tells us, that at Ca/biobury, he
meafured the Height of one Black-Cherry-Tree, and found it
to be eighty five Foot, five Inches.

$8:C 7.

New Principles of Gardening.

oS E- GAT 2 °XVE.

General Direttions for planting Foreft
Trees, &c.

per Bignefs, fit to be tranfplanted in the Park, Foreft,
Wildernefs, &c. they are to be tranfplanted in the
following Manner, vzz.

If your Ground is not in general to betrench’d, which fhould
always to be done for the Planting of Wi/derneffes, Coppice, &c.
then fir{t fetout the Diftance as each Tree isto ftand. as is before
direCted, and dig for each Tree a Circular Hole of ten Foot Di-
ameter, and about two Foot deep at moit, obferving to lay
the firft Spit of Earth by it felf, which afterwards mutt be caft
into the Bottom of the Hole; and if ’tis a Meadow, ©c. as
you plantin, the Turf muft be well chopp’d to Pieces with
the Spade before the Tree is planted thereon.

Your Hole being thus prepared, the next Work to be done
is the pruning of the Tree, wherein obferve that you don’t
head any Tree, and efpecially the Ozk, Walnut, Chefnut, Afb,
Elm, Beech, &c. and that you prune away all matty Fibrous
Roots, and fuch as are dead by the Winds, as will hinder the
Earth’s getting to the larger: Alfo mind that your Knife ts very
Sharp, that you cut clean, that you prune the ind of every
Root, and cut away all that are bruifed.

Your Tree being thus pruned, place it in the Hole as ’tis to
ftand, and fill in the Earth equally about its Roots, and be
careful to fee that every Root is well inclofed therewith, not
to be hollow, &c. which caufes the Tree to perifh ; the Earth
being firmly placed to the refpeCtive Roots, the Tree muft be

U

W HEN your Trees in the Nurfery are arrived to a pro-

fecured

145

146

New Principles of Gardening.

fecured by Stakes; that the Winds do not difplace it, and if
you pile up a great deal of Earth over their Roots, ‘twill be
a Means of keeping the Tree faft, and preferve them from
the Scorching Heat of the Sun.

But, as I faid before, take care that you don’t plant to deep,
and efpecially in wet and cold Lands.

PRINCIPLES
GARDENING

Eola Ay
Of Ever-Greens ; their Culture, &c.

ie ha Sie Pe

Of the feveral Methods by which Ever-
Greens are ratfed.

k a) Layers, or Suckers.

| (.) By Seed; as the Fir, Pine, Ever-Green,
aexcg|| Oak, Holly, Yew, Bay, Box, Laurel, Phillyrea,
a) Juniper, Piracantha, Arbutus, Italian Green Pri-

vet, Cyprus, Cedar of Labanus, &c.
U 2 (2.) By

Geen sgl V ER-GREENS are propogated by Seed, Guttings,
k a

G
©)
ae

172=9 GN
SSS 9
(a eo Ss;
SZ EMERY
4 HEZRNV

\
\

148

New Principles of Gardening.

(2.) By Cuttings; as the Yew, Laurus-tinus, Bay, Box,
Laurel, Phillyrea, and Piracantha.

(3.) By Layers ; as the Holly, Yew, Laurus-tinus, Bay,
Box, Laurel, Phillyrea, Alaternus, Piracantha, and Arbutus.

(4.) By Suckers, the Bay, Box, Laurel, and Phillyrea.

in the Propagation of fome Ever-Greens from Seed, as Yew,
Holly, &c. you mutt obferve that their Seeds, don’t come up
till the fecond Spring after gathering. Therefore ‘tis beft to
preferve them the firft Summer in Sand, as directed for the
Beech, Hornbeam, &c. andto fow them in Sced-Beds the Spring
afrerwards in the fame Manner.

Toraife Ever-Greens from Cuttings, ’tis beft to dothat Work
in Oéfober, placing the Cuttings in Chopp’d Trenches about
a Foot Diftance from one another, and in the Rows three or
four Inches afunder. The Length of Cuttings fhould never ex-
eed fifteen Inches, and mult be planted about eight or ten In-
ches in Depth, and between each Row fo planted, ’tis belt to lay
in a moderate Thicknefs of Horle-Dung, which preferves their
Roots, Sc. from the Froft of the Winter, and kceps them cool
in the following Spring and Summer, at which Times, in dry
and hot Weather, they muft be plentifully water'd.

The Method of increafing Ever-Greens by Layers, is perform’d
in the very fame Manner as that of Foreft-Trees; in which
you are to obferve, that ris belt to let the Layers of the Ar-
butus, and fuch hard-wooded Trees, remain on the Stools at
leaft two Years before they are taken oif. |

ee

T etniaaaeentnenenememeenedieneemtntaiiall

S\Bee Tubs
Of the Pine-Tree ; its Culture, &e.

HIS itately Tree deferves a much greater Refpeést than
of late it has receiv’d; but I believe “tis only owing,
to the great Miftake of planting it in a wrong Seafon,
which oftentimes caufes it to mifcarry, to the great Lofs and
3 Difcouragement

New Principles of Gardening.

Difcouragement of fuch Gentlemen as would gladly give it its
due Encouragement.

The Seafon for planting this Tree is the End of March, or End
of Auguft; and notin Odfober, November, December, fanuary,
or February, as has been the Cuftom hitherto, to the great
Prejudice and Lofs of many fine Plants. This Noble Tree de-
lights in a frefh gravelly Soil, mix’d with Loam ; but mortally
hates Dung of any kind.

At the planting of thefe Trees, good Care muft be taken to
fecure them with Stakes, that the Winds do not difturb them
in ftriking Root.

And whereas I advife you in the planting of Foreft-Trees,
to cut of their Fibrous Roots at planting, you are now to ob-
ferve the contrary Rule, which is to preferve all their Fibrous,
and other. larger Roots, feeing that their bruifed Ends are cut
clean, and all broken Roots taken quite out. The beft Me-
thod of planting this, and all other Ever-Greens in general, to
be certain of Succefs, is to make ufe of that fure and ingenious

Manner of Planting, mention’d in Sect. 3. Part II. firft, dif-

cover’d by the Honourable Mr. Secretary Fobnftone of Twic-
kenham ; and whereas the Roots of this Tree do naturally run
far from the-Body. in. few Years, therefore they don’t delight
in being removed when grown large, and for that Reafonl ad-
vife that they be planted for good, when but three or four
Years of Age; and that they be fafely preferv’d from Cattle,
till they have Strength to preferve themfelves from fuch In-
juries.

This glorious Plant is moft proper to be planted in Jarge
Avenues of boundle/s Views, to environ Canals, Bafons, Bowl-
ling-Greens, &c. and in the Quarters and other Parts of a Vz/-
dernefs, Grove, &c

*Tis raifed from Seed fowed in February, or Beginning of
March, ina Seed-Bed, as was direCted for Foreft-Trees, Sc.

N. B. That if you keep the Side-Branches prun’d off, as
they break out, *twill greatly add to their Growth: But al-
ways remember that Pines, Firs, Sc. muft not be headed at
any Time whatfoever. :

The Pine, which Spreads its felf im every Part,
And from each Side large Branches does impart, we
. iGas

14)

150

New Principles of Gardening.
Adds not the leaft Perfection to your Groves;
Nothing the Glory of ws Leaf removes.

A noble Verdure ever it retains,

And ver the bumbler Plant it proudly reigns.
To the God’s Mother dear; for Cybele

Turn’d her beloved Atys to this Tree.

On one of thefe vain-glorious Marfyas died,
And paid his Skin to Phoebus for bis Pride.
Away of boring Holes in Box he found,

And with his artful Fingers chang’d the Sound.
Glad of himfelf and thirfly after Praife,

On his Shrill Box he to the Shepherds plays.
With thee, Apollo, next he will contend,

For thee all Charms of Mu/fick do defcend.
From the bold Piper foon received his “Doom ;
(Who frive with Heaven never overcome.)

A firong made Nut thew Apples fortifies,
Againft the Storms which threaten from the Skies.
The Trees are hardy, as the Fruits they bear,
And where rough Winds the rugged Mountains tear,
There flourilb beft; the lower Vales they dread,
And languifh if they have not room to fpread.

§ E:C. Tie dl
Of Fir-Trees ; their Culture, &c.

EF Fir-Trees their are divers Kinds, as the Scotch fr,
p Sikver Fir, the Spruce Fir, and the Norway
ir.

The Scotch Fir is a beautiful Plant, and highly deferves
our Notices ’tis eafily propagated by Seed as 1s before fai
of the Pine, and delights in good Land alfo. The Spruce
Fir, is not fo fine a Plant as the Scotch Fir, nor likewife

the Silver Fir. However, they are both Beautiful Trees,
3 when

New Principles of Gardening.

when promifcuoufly planted in a Wilderne/s, Grove, Sc. The
Norway Fir is an excellent fine Plant for to make Hedges, it
being a very clofe thick Grower, and of a beautiful Green: And
the only Nurfery, that I know of, as has this ‘Tree, with all other
Ever-Greens, Fruit and Foreft-Trees, Flowering Shrubs, &c.
in their beft Perfection, is that of the ingenious Mr. Peter Ma-
fon, Nurfery-Man at Ifleworth in the County of Middlefex,
who I dare to affirm, has one of the beft Collection of Enghib
Fruits of any Nurfery-Man in Hagland; and on whom every
Gentleman may fafely depend of having, not only every Kind
of Fruit exaGtly of the right Kind defired, but the very beft
Growth, and at reafonable Rates.

Let lofty Hills, and each declining Ground,
(For there they flourib) with tall Firs abound,

151

Layers of thefe cut from fome antient Grove, Es a

And buried deep in Mould, in Time will move
Young Shoots above the Earth, which foon difdain
The Southern Blafts, and launch iato the Main.
RaApPin..

iF en Ohas ee ETE

Of the Iuex, or Ever-green Oak; its Cul-
ture, &c. |

of its Timber, as wall as the immediate Beauty of its

Form and delightful Leaves, which are green all the Win-
ter, &c. "Tis a Tree of a quick Growth, and is naturally very
large. Tis increas’d from its Acorn, and isas much inclinable to
have Tap-Roots as the common Exglifh Oak. The Time of
plaiting the Acorns is in February, when they fhould be planted
ina Bed, about five Inches fquare off one another, and the
Mould very frefh and good, always obferving to keep them —

ae HIS Kind of Oak is to be valued for the great Services

.

rom

ei z
ee ee z
=
ee

152

New Principles of Gardening.

from Weeds, and to water them in dry Seafons, ©c. Their
Continuance in the Seed-Bed muft be two Years; after which
Time, they fhould be tranfplanted at proper Diftances where they
areto remain, at two Foot and ahalf, when to make Hedges, and
if for Standards, not nearer than thirty Foot: They love a deep,
loamy, moift Land. Inthe Gardens of that beautiful grand Seat
of thelate Earl of Dyzart at Ham, near Richmond in Surry, are
many fine Hedges of this Plant, as well as a wonderful large Stan-
dard growing at the End of the Terrace, next to the Melancho-
ly Walk, from whofe Acorns thofe Hedges were raifed.

The Obfervation of Mr. B-d-y’s in his New Improvements,

Part I. Page 50. on the Tap- Roots of Trees, is entirely wrong ;

where he fays, “ If we confult the Anatomy of Plants, we

“ ought to be very careful, not to injure their Tap-Roots, which
“© are always anfwerable to the leading Shoot on the ‘Top of the
“ Tree; it is therefore reafonable to believe, that a Plant by

© lofing of that downright Root, is in Danger of lofing alto the

“ Top-Shoot, which is fed from it. And although a Tree may
“ ftrike frefh Roots after the Amputation of this leading Root,
“yet we may find by Experience that the Sap will thea pufh
“ forth Branches in the Side of the Stem, and difcontinue its up-
“ right Growth.” |

Now, when a Man writes to the World with a Defign to in-
form Mankind, ’tis abfolutely neceflary, when hefays, [kvow, or

have found this or that Thing by Experieuce, Sc. that heat the

fame Time fhould mention where, and when, and in what Man-
‘ner he made thofe Experiments, with Demonitrations to prove

the Truth thereof, which Mr. B-d-y has omitted. About ten
Years ago, I planted a Wildernefs of Oaks, Elms, Limes, Pla-
ranus, c. for the late Honourable Thomas Vernon, at his Seat
in Twickenham-Park, where in feveral Parts thereof, I made
Experiments on divers Oak-Trees planted therein; part of which
had their Tap-Roots carefully preferved, and others pru-
ned off; and the Confequence was thus, vz. altho’ thofe “with
Tap-Roots were planted near to thofe without, and in divers
Parts of the Wildernefs, whofe Land differ’d very much in re-
fect to its Goodnels, yet in every different Kind of Land, thofe
Trees whofe Tap-Roots were cut away, growed with much
creater Vigour, and produced finer Perpendicular Branches than
thofe whofe Tap-Roots were not difplaced; and indeed = “

eae. thofe

New Principles of Gardening.

thofe with their Tap-Roots dwindled away, and in three Years
Time died; whereas thofe whofe Roots were pruned, that is,
their Tap-Roots cut of, growed away with Strength and Vi-
gour, and foon became ftately Trees ; fo that the above Dotrine
of Mr. Bradley’s, of the Tap-Roots of an Oak being cut away,
*ewill continue its upright Growth, appears to be like the Ho-
rizontal Shelters of Mr. Laurence’s, viz. an Imagination or
Self-Conceit only.

ig ae, Doe CNS
Of the Folly ; its Culture, &c.

Berries, which muft be gather’d when ripe, and after-

wards fweated before they are put in Sand, as I have al-

ready dire€ted: In which Operation Care muft be taken, that

they do not heat over much in their Sweat, for thereby it O'ten

happens, that they become ufelefs, which greatly difappoints the

diligent Planter. ‘Vhe Soil that this Plant delights 1n, is adandy gra-

_ velly Ground, and is much inclining to have Tap-Roots, which

muft be prevented by being often tranfplanted, at leaft every
three Years, as before direSted for Fruit and Foreft-Trees.

The beft Time to remove this Plant, is in 4pri/ or Augu/i,
being planted in that Manner as direfted for the Pine-Tree. If
that you would graft or bud any of the varigated Kinds on the
Green Holly, you muft provide your felf with Cuttings of fuch
Kinds as youlike, which may be grafted on young Stocks, of five or
fix Years Growth in 4pri/, or budded, if your Grafts fhould
mifs, in Faly. And in the Operation of gratting you muft ob-
ferve, that the Leaves of the Cutting be carefully cut of, the up-
per one excepted 5 that they be exactly placed Bark to Bark; that
they be carefully tied with Baft, and well loam’d, that the Wet
or Air do not get in at the Top, or any Part thereof, which will
immediately kill the tender Graft or Cutting, and thereby difap-
Se xX

i A YHE Wild or Green Holly is generally raifed from its

point

153

154

New Principles of Gardening.
point you of the Succefs defired. The Bark of this Plant pro-
duces Bird-Lime, which may be made divers Ways, but none
better than that prefcrib’d by Mr. Bradley in his New Improve-
ments, Part Il. Page 11.

This Plant makes an excellent Hedge in either Garden, Wilder-
nefs, or common Field, and a good Fence again{t Cattle :
Tis a Tree as will grow in the Drip or Shade of Foreft-T rees,
and is a beautiful Plantinthe Quarters of a Wildernefs or Thic-
ket : Its Leaves are always beautiful, and the Berries afford a moft
delightful and agreeable Profpect in moft Months of the Year.

efides this Green Holly, as produces red Berries, there is another
Kind of Green Holly, that produces yellow Berries, and is a
very beautiful Plant ina Wildernefs, as aforefaid.

The feveral Kinds of Varigated or Bloach’d Hollies, are only
beautiful when promifcuoufly planted amongft the Green Hollies
ina Wildernefs, in fuch a wild Manner asif placed there by Nae

ture.

And alfo when planted in Hedges, to environ an open Com-
partment, Cabinet, Grove, ec. ina Wood or Wildernefs, but ne-
ver fo fine when train’d up in thofe ftiff Forms of round-headed
Plants, or what the Gardeners call Pediments, meaning ‘Pyra-
ments or Cones. Fora Holly isa Plant that loves Liberty, and ts
always in its greateft Beauty, when fufer'd to grow wild,
without the Trouble of clipping by Sheers, Gc. If Gentlemen
did but compare the mean Afpett of their {tiff clipp’d Hollies,
with the Beauty of thofe free Growers on wild Commons, 6c.
they would never after fuffer thofe fine Plants to be fo often in-
jur'd by the unthinking Gardener.

The pretty Invention, as called by Mr. Bradley in his New
Improvements, Part II. Page 15- of planting Ever-green Hedges -
with Columns and Pilaffers, or Varigated Hollies fet in them
at proper Diftances, is entirely wrong; for the Nature of
a Holly is fuch, that it cannot be pruned into thofe nice Members
-hat are contain’d in the Bafes and Capital of Columns and Pilaf-
ters. Icould fay much more on this Head, but at prefent fhall
forbear, feeing that it did not come from an Architect any more
than from a Gardener; and therefore do ad vife, that where Hed-.
ges of Holly are to be planted, good Choice be made of fuch kind
of Varigated Hollies as naturally grow thick, which mix in the

Hedge-Lines in.an irregular Manner with the Green Holly, jaft
3 as

New Principles of Gardening.

as if Nature had been the Planter or Director thereof, and by
this Means you will have the moft beautiful Hedges that Art
can produce. Of-this kind of Holly-Hedge are many now grow-
ing in the delightful Gardens of Sir Matthew Decas, at Richmond
in Surry.

I cannot well conclude this Seétion, without taking Notice of
thofe wretched Figures many Nurfery-Menand Gardeners breed
up their Hollies and other Ever-Greens in, asthe Forms of Men
on Horféback, ‘as. againit Hyde-Park Gate by Kenfington ; when
they know no more of the Anatomy or Proportion of thofe Fi-
gures, than they doof the beautiful Proportions of Architecture,
which they ignorantly attempt to execute, when they breed up
Yews, Hollies, &c. in the Forms of Balluftrades, Pedeitals, 6c.
with the moft deform’d Body plac’d thereon, by them call’da
round or fquare Column, which hath neither Bafe, Shatt, or Ca-
pital, or indeed any one Thing in them as is beautiful or plea-
fing. And feeing that our Britifb Nation does at this Time con-
fift of the moft noblegrand Planters and Encouragers of Gardening
of any in Europe, ’tis to be hoped, that, for the future, better Rules
“will be obferved therein, that is, fuch as are confiftent with
Reafon, Art, and Nature; and that fuch Plants as have received
fuch former Injuries, may be reftored to their proper and natural
Shapes as foon as Timecan operate the fame. ‘To mention the
feveral Gardens wherein thefe Abufes have been executed,
would be endlefs; and therefore I fhall only add, that moft of the
Ever-Greens now growing in the Parterres of his Majefty’s Roy-
~al Gardens at Kenfington and Hampton-Court, are of thofe dif-
proportion’d Forms, vzz. Columns placed on Pedeftals, without
aay Sort of Order, wherein the Beauty of a Column confifts,

x

To conclude: When any Part of an entire Order of Columns
in Archite@ture, as a Pedeftal, Column, or Entablature is juftly
executed, nothing is of fo grand and beautiful an Afpett. And
on the contrary, when perforin’d by an unskilful Hand, nothing
_ appears fo difagreeable. Hence it is that the Beauty and very
Life of Archite€ture depends on good Proportions:

» ee, * SE GU a.

155

156

New Principles of Gardening.

fe te OR yore, 5
Of the Yew-Tree , its Culture, &c.

HE Yew-Tree is produced of Seed, or raifed from Cut-
tings or Layers. Its Seed mult be order’d as the Holly,
becaufe it will not come up tili the fecond Spring after

gathering. |

'Tis a Tree of avery flow Growth, it loves a light fandy
Soil fomething moift: It makes a beautiful Hedge, as well as
fine Standards, to be mix’d with other Trees in Groves of Ever-
Greens, and to grow wild in the Quarters of a Wildernefs. To
make any further Complaints of the Mifapplication of this, Tree
in fet Forms would be needlefs, feeing that the fame has been fuf-
ficiently demonftrated in the laft Section. ~ ee

The beft Seafon to remove this Plant in, is 4ugufi or April,
and fhould be planted in the Manner as directed for the Pine-
Lee ,

Tis a Tree that generally has great Plenty of fibrous Roots, if
order’d in the Nuriery, by digging about them every Year, and

being tranfplanted every third, as before direCted. The Diltance

they fhould be planted in the Nurfery, muft be in the Rows
about three Foot afunder, and the Rows from each other two
Foot and a half.

SE Gal

New Principles of Gardening.

S E CT. VIL
Of the Bay-Tree; tts Culture, &c..

F : 1HE Bay-Tree is a beautiful Tree, and may be bred Stan-

dards, to be planted in an open Grove of Ever-Greens..

Tis encreafed from Seed, Layers, Suckers, or Cuttings.

It delights in a gravelly, moift, fhady Soil, and therefore beft in
a Grove or Wildernels.. It muft (as all. other: Trees). be kept
well water’d after planting, .which.is to be done in 4pri/ or Au-
uff. To raife this Tree trom its Seed or Berries, -you muft ob-
ferve, that they are not gather’d before they are quite ripe, that
afterwards you lay them thin, ina dry Place to fweat, which be-
ing over, put them into dry Sand, and keep them therein till the
Middle of Februvary.next enfuing, and then fow them ina Bed
of fine Earth, as dire@ed for.the Afhen-Keys, &c. When they
have ftood three Years in the Seed-Bed, you mutt. tranfplant

them:into the Nurfery, obferving to prune off their. Roots, and
keep them ‘digg’d. every Year, free from. Weeds, and tranfplanted

every third Year, till they are planted out in the, Places. where
they are to remain. Amongft all the Kinds. of Ever-Greens, I

know none more beautiful than the Bay-Tree, provided that its.

luxuriant Branches are pruned with a Knife, and not barbarouf-

ly mangled with Sheers. To increafe this Plant from Cuttings.

or Layers, you mutt obferve to perform thofe Works in Ogfober,

in. the Manner as before diretted. 1n fome very hard Wanters;.

the fevere Frofts will difcolour them, and the only Way to reco-
ver ig Plants, is to head them down to found and healthy.
Wood. :

The Dutch Bay-Tree is more tender than our Englifh Bay-
Tree, and therefore requires to be fhelter’d in the Green-Houfe
during the Severity of the Winter. Of this Kind of Bay-Tree,

the fineft, thatI ever faw, are thofe inthe Gardens of the Royal
3 ‘Palace

ST:

158 New Principles of Gardening.

Palace at Kenfington, and fome others at the Lodge-Gardens in
W ind for Sram. Perk, and in many Noblemen and Gentlemen’s
_Gardens at Twickenbam in the County of Middlefex.

In watery Vales where pleafant Fountains flow,

Their fragrant Berries lovely Bay-Trees fhow.

With Leaves for ever green; nor can we guefs,

By their Endowments, their Extraction lefs.

The charming Nymph liv’d by clear Peneus Side,

And might to Jove himfelf have been ally d,

But that {be chofe in Virtues Path to tread,

And thought a God unworthy of her Bed.
‘Phoebus, whol? Darts of late fuccefsful prov’d

In Python’s Death, expected to be lov'd ; |
And had fhe not withftood blind Cupid’s Power.

dhe fiery Steed and Heaven had been her Dower.
But {he by her Refufal more obtawd,

And lofing him, immortal Honour gain'd,

Cherifo’d by the Apollo, Temples wear

The Bays; and evry clamorous Theater,

The Capital it felf s and the proud Gate

Of great Trapeian Jove they celebrate.

Into the Delphick Rites, the Stars they dive,

And all the hidden Laws of Fate percetve.

They in the Field, (where Death and Danger’s found,
Where clabing Arms, and louder Trumpets found.)
Incite true Courage: Hence the Bays, each Mufe

Tb infpiring God, and all good Poets chufe. 3

APIN:

eR GA,

New Principles of Gardening.

o :44..5 Vad
Of the Laurel; its Culture, &c.

Ste: Laurel is a noble Ever-Green, and a Tree of @-

quick Growth. It delights in the Shade, and is a great

Embellifhment to the Parts of a Wildernefs. ’Tisa Tree.

that loves Liberty, and therefore very improper for headed or py-
rament Plants. It makes a beautiful Hedge, being carefully pru-
ned with the Knife,, and not with its great Enemy the Sheers.
Tis propagated from the Berries, Cuttings, or Layers; and when

bred up: as. Standards, is wonderful pleafant in Groves of

Ever-Greens, and within the Quarters of a Wildernefs, its
Cover is delightful to all Kind of Game, as Hares, Pheafants,
Woodcocks, €c.. and will. thrive in any Land as is not over
hot.

Os wt it ae
Of the Laurus-Tinus; its Culture, &c.

HE Laurus-Tinus is both an Ever-green and Flowering .
_ Shrub, and is all che Winter the moft beautifulleft Plant of

any in the Garden.

?Tis increas’d by Layers or Cuttings, and is a very quick.

Grower, but never makes a large Tree. The Soil ic de-

lights in, is a moift fandy Loam, and in a fhady Plat. The.
beft Form that this Tree appears in, is in either that of a Cone, .

or quite wild ina WildernefS. Alfo Hedges of this Plant is

wonderful

I 59:

160

> - . rr Pa oe’

New Principles of Gardening.
wonderful fine, if their Beauty is not deftroyed by the un-
skilful Hand of the Gardener, in clipping them at the fame
Seafon as he does Yews, Hollies, ©c. The proper Seafon for
to prune this Plant is, when all its Bloom is gone, which is in
the Spring; juft before they begin to {hoot out their young and
tendes Branches.

It is beft to lay down the Layers, or plant the Cuttings in
Oéfober, and to tranfplant them in Augufi following; as before
dire&ted for the Pine-Tree.

Of Laurus-Tinus there is two Sorts: The one, which
blows very early; andthe other, (called the black fhining
Laurus-Tinus,) as blows late in the Winter, which continues
until the end of May, and of the two, is the moft beautiful. y

Of the Phillyrea ; its Culture, &c.

HE feveral Kinds of Phillyrea’s are five, viz. The

| TruePhillyrea, the Plain Phillyrea, the Bloach’d Philly-

rea, the Dutch Silver-leafed and the Dutch-guilded
Phillyrea. ob i ta

Thefe Kinds of Phillyrea’s, in general, are beft increafed from
Layers». They delight in a light Soil, and fhould be laid down
Me September, or Oéfober at lateft, and planted the 4% uft
after.

The true Phillyrea is a very flow grower; but makes a molt
beautiful Tree, and efpecially when bred up in the Form of
a Cone. It will endure hard Weather, and values not the
Infults of Winds.

The other four Kinds are lefs able to engage the Violence
of a Storm, or to endure great Colds; therefore are beft again
a Wall, or in Thickets of Wildernefles, ©c.

Let

New Principles of Gardening.

Let Phillyrea on your Walls be placd,
Either with Wire, or flender Twigs made faft.
Its brighter Leaf with proudeft Arras vies,
And lends a pleafing Object to our Eyes.
Then let it freely on your Walls afcend,
“And there its native Tapefiry extend.
Rapin.

S59 EC fT. XL

Of the Arbutus, or Strawherry-Tree ; its
Culture, &c.

HIS beautiful Plant produces Bloffoms twice a Year, and
its Fruitis ripe in the Winter: ’Tis a Plant that greatly
adds to the Beauty of a Garden, Wildernefs, Sc. but will

not admit of being clipp’d as moft other Ever-Greens are; ’tis
a very great Ornament to a Wildernefs, and makes the moft
agreeable Hedge as can be defired: The Leaf is ofa very agree-
able Form, and of a pleafant lively Green} ’tis increafed from Seed
or Layers, which laft, fhould be laid down in September, and re-
main upon the Stool two Years at leaft, to be well rooted, being
always waterd in dry and hot Seafons. The Fruit is ripe about
Chrifimas, whofe Form is very like that of a Strawberry ; but its
Tafte is like untothat of Service. When the Fruit is gather’d, let
itdry ; then break them to Pieces, which put into Sand, where
they muft remain until the End of March, or Beginning of Apre/,
at which time they muft be fow’d in a Bed of fine HKarth, co-
verd about half an Inch with fine Mould fitted thereon.

Your Seed being thus fown, you mutt be careful to keep
the Earth moift; and when you water it, take care that
the Water’s Force do not difturb the Earth, whereby the young
Seedlings may be prejudiced. N. B. If you were to fow the
Seed on adecay’d Hot-Bed, *twould greatly help the Germi-
nation of the Seeds.

Y SECT.

161

162

New Principles of Gardening.

ee
——— |

Sant anne

SECT. XIL
Of the Piracantha; its Culture, &c.

Fr : NHIS Ever-Green is increafed from Layers, or its Berries,
which are to be order’d as thofe of the Yew, Holly,
Sc. becaufe they do not grow, or at leaft come up,
till the fecond Spring after they ripen.

The Perfe@tions of this Plant are many ; as, firft, ’tis a free
Grower, and with good Care will make a large Tree; fecond-
ly, its Leaves are of a very beautiful Form, and a pleafant
Green; thirdly, its fine Bunches of white Bloffoms, produced in
May, and, laftly, its beautiful Clufters of red Berries which hang
all the Winter. ,

?Tis a very proper Plant for a Hedge, in refpect to its Thorns,
and is very beautiful in the Quarters of a Wildernefs.

Its Wood is of a very hard Nature ; and therefore the. moft
tender Branches of the laft Years Shoot, are thofe you mutt
lay down for Layers; which fhould be done in Odfober, and
remain upon the Stools two Years, before they are taken off,
and in that time they will be well rooted, and fit to tran{-
plant; which may be done in Auguft or April. Its propet
Soil is a dry Gravel; but it will thrive in moft loamy Lands,
that are not very wet or cold.

SECT.

New Principles of Gardening.

SF Gre EL
Of the Box-Tree ; its Culture, &c

other varigated; which are both raifed from Slips, Lay-
ers, or Seed.

Their natural Soil is chalky mountanous Lands, but will
grow very well in moft loamy Soils. ’Tis a Tree that will grow
to a very large Size, of which Box-Hill in Surry is a good
Evidence.

It is a very pleafant Tree, to be mix’d with other Stan-
dards in a Grove of Ever-Greens: It makes fine Hedges, and is
very beautiful in the Quarters of a Wildernefs. “Lis a Tree
of a very flow Growth ; but its Wood 1s of great Service for
the making of Seétors, Quadrants, and other Mathematical In-
ftruments ; and will endure the hardeft Frofts our Winters
produces. Its Leaf is very fmall, and of a beautiful light Green,
and is never fo difagreeable as fome makes it, in refpect to
its Smell.

Dutch Box is ofa much lefler Growth, then the preceeding,
being only ufed for the Edging of Borders, inftead of Bones,
Border-Boards, €c. and is of all others the moft cheapeft,
handfomeft, and lafting Edging; but the moft improper to Edge
fuch Borders with wherein Fruit-Tvees are planted, except
they are very broad,and the Roots of the Box cut away every
Year, on that fide that is next to the Fruit-Trees, by a Spade, or
the like, at the Time when thofe Borders are digg’d; for you
mult underftand that this kind of Box grows more in its Roots,
than its Top, and is an open Robber of every Plant or Shrub
that grows near It.

(): Box-Trees there are two Kinds; the one plain, and the

ee SECT.

163

164

New Principles of Gardening.

SFC T.--X1V:
Of the funiper ; its Culture, &c:

FE this Kind of Ever-Green we have two Sorts, vzz. -
() the common Engh and Swedifh Juniper ; which are
both hardy Plants. They are of a beautiful Green, and
makes a very fine Variety, being planted wild among{t other
Ever-Greeas in a Wildernefs Thicket, Sc. They both delight in a
dry poor Soil ; but are improved by a good fandy Loam.
They are increafed from their Berries fown in March, in dry
light Ground, and will come up in fix Weeks or two Months
after fowing. They muft remain in the Seed-Bed two Years
before they they are tranfplanted, during which Time they
muft be carefully kept clean from Weeds, and water’d in a
very dry Seafon. N. B. That the oftner thefe Sorts of Trees
are tranfplanted, the better they will be rooted; and in the
pruning of them, obferve to cut off their Tap-Roots, and in plant-
ing to place their other Roots, in a Horizontal Pofition.
I will not here undertake to defcribe the feveral Virtues be-
longing to that fo much celebrated Liquor as 1s diftill’d from
the Berries of this Plant, becaufe ’tis already known to every
old Woman; but for fuch as are curious herein, I believe, may
be fully inform’d in the Ladies Diary, not long fince pub-
lifhed, or other fuch Books of the like Nature.

ee ree

ea

SE Cre ay
Of the Italian Green-Privet.

HIS kind of Privet, is increafed from its Berries, fown in
March on a Bed of light Earth, inclinable to a Gravel;
which is the Soil it moft delights in, covering the Ber-

ties about an Inch thick with fine Earth fifted over them, ob-
3 ferving

New Principles of Gardening.

ferving in dry Weather to keep them frequently water'd, and
always clear of Weeds. | .

When they have ftood two Years in the Seed-Bed, they fhould
be tranfplanted into Hedges, or the Quarters of a Wildernefs ;
which in both Places are very beautiful.

This Plant is of a very quick Growth; and altho’ ’tis a Fo-
reigner, yet “twill endure the Violence of our Winters Frofts,
Sc. without any kind of Prejudice to its Verdure.

This fort of Privet was brought from Italy by the inge-
nuous Mr. Balle of Kingfngton, which by the Italians is
called Olivetta, becaufe its Leaves are not unlike thofe of the

Olive.

§ EC dy: RE

= Of the Cyprus, Lignum-Vite, and Cedar of

‘Lebanus ; its Culture, &c.

MONGST all the Ever-Greens hitherto treated off, none

7% make a more grander Appearance in a Gardea, than

the Cyprus, and Cedar ot j IT neither is any Tree

fo eafy to be cultivated; for their Ordering has no fort ot Dif-
ference from that of an Ever-Green, Oar, ‘Pine, &c.

I have obferv’d in feveral old Gardens, divers fine Walks of
thofe Trees, far exceeding all oihers I ever faw of any kind,
which of late have been deftroy’d ; to the great Shame of thofe.
as were the In{truments of their Deat!..

Iam not infenfible of diipicafing fome People herein ; but
that regard not, fince my Abilities are capabie to prove the
Truth of what I have aiferted; andindeed, amongft all thofe
Sacrifices, | can’t but fay, thac I was heartily forry to hear
of the DeitruGtion of that old and grand Walk of Cyprus Trees,
not long fince growing in the Gardens lately in the Poffcffion
of the Lady Humble at Twickenham. However, for the future,
I ope to tee thefe Trees flourifh, and be kindly received in _

moO

165

166 New Principles of Gardening.

moft grand Parts of our Plantations, wherein they are a very
great Enrichment.

Though Cypreffes contiguous well appear ,
They better fbew, if planted not fo near.
And fince to any Shape with Eafe they yield,
What Bounds more proper to divide a Field ¢
Repine not Cypariffus then_in vain,
For by your Change, you Glory did obtain.

Silvanus aud this Boy with equal Fire,
Did heretofore a lovely Hart admire:
While in the cooler Paftures once it fed,
An Arrow {bot at random firuck it dead.
But when the Youth the dying Beaft had found,
And knew himfelf the Author of the Wounds;
With never-ceafing Sorrow he laments,
And on his Breaft his Grief and Anger vents.
Silvanus mov’d with the poor Creatures Fate,
Converts his former Love to prefent Hate, Bae
And no more Pity in bis angry Words, Seg
Than to himfelf th’ afflitted Youth affords. | |
Weary of Life, and quite oppre[s'd with woe,
Upon the Ground his Tears m Channels flow:
Which baving water’d, the productive Earth,
The Cyprus firft from thence deriv’d its Birth,
With Silvan’s Aid; nor was it only meant,
T’ exprefs our Sorrow, but for Ornament.
Chiefly when growing low your Fields they bound,
Or when your Garden’s Avenues are crown'd,
With their long Rows, fometimes it ferves to hide,
Some Trench declining on the other Side.
Th’ unequal Branches always 9s that green ;
Of which its Leaves are ne'er devefted feen:
Though {hook with Storms, yet tt unmov d remains.
And by its Trial greater Glory gains.

Rapin:

NEW

PRINCIPLES
GA kk DEN IN G.

ay. ae ee eae
Of Flowering-Shrubs ; their Culture, &c.

OS Cos =.

Of the feveral Methods by which Flower-
ing-Shrubs are vatfed.

PH tes Cartingsy 0 Seed are propagated from Layers, Suc-
kers, Cuttings, or Seed.

(s.) Thofe propagated from Layers, are the Jeflamine,
Honey-Suckles, Lilacs, Rofes, Senna, Pomegranate, and Althea
Frutex. (2.) From Suckers, are the Lilac, Spirea Frutex, Sy-
ringa, and Guilder-Rofe. (3.) From Cuttings, are i

oney-

168

New Principles of Gardening.
Honey-Suckles,and Pomegranate. And, laftly from Seed, are the
Tulip-Tree, Maracock, or Paffion-Flower,Spanifh Broom, La-

-burnum, Bladder Senna, Scopion Senna, Arbor Judz, and Me-

zerion. :

I need not here repeat the Method of laying down the Lay-
ers, planting the Cuttings, or fowing the Seeds, of the moft com-
mon Sorts, becaufe that the fame Method is to be obferved
herein, as dire€ted for the Ever-Greens, Sc. But for the un-
common Kinds, as the Tulip-Tiee, Sc. I fhall be more par-
ticular therein. .

SE G Pik
Of the Tulip-Tree; its Culture, &c.

Uy VHIS beautiful Tree, though rank’d amongft the Shrubs,
in regard -to its Flowers, yet ’tis a Tree of a vety
great Growth.

In the Lord Peterborough’s Wildernefs, at Parfon’s-Green,
near Fulham in Middlefex, is growing a molt beautiful and
ftately Tree of this Kind, and of as great a Height as moft
Timber-Trees. ”Tis an Inhabitant of the Wood, which is de-
monftrated by its not thriving in an open Expofure, and is a
beautiful Tree to compofe Part of a Grove of Foreft Trees.
The Leaves are like the Maple, and of a pleafant Green; and
its Flowers like unto a Tulip, from which ’tis called the
Tulip-Tree, which are produced at the Ends of the Branches-

The Petals of the Flower are mighty beautiful, being of a
yellow Ground, varigated with a delightful Red.

The Fruit which fucceed thofe curious Bloffoms, areof a c0-

nical Form, but never ripens in England.

And as this noble Tree is a Native of Carolina and Virginia,
(at which Places its Seed ripens very well,) ’tis from thence
we muft receive the Seed that we propagate our Plants from in

Englan

New Principles of Gardening.

England. But if we futler young Shoots to break out at bot-
tom, or cut down the Plant as a Stool, and the young Shoots
being laid duwn, as Layers of Lime, ec. they will {trike Root,
and grow very well. ‘The Soil it delights in, is a fandy warm
Loam: Its Seed muft be fown in Auguff at lateft, in Pots fill’d
with the aforefaid Soil, which mult be fheltered all Winter ;
and inthe Spring they willcome up: At which time keep them
clean from Weeds, and do not fufler them to be over dry
for want of Water.

When your young Nurfery, has lived two Years in the Seed-
Pots, they muft be tranfplanted into larger Pots fingly, where-
in they muift remain for eight or ten Years, being fheltered
every Winter, and taken up, and replanted again in the fame
Pots, to create good Roots, every third Year; which will fuppore

169

its Trunk when planted out, with fufficient Plenty of Juices,

and gaeatly add to its future Growth.

ae rs
Gi Rl in ZEST

I OF : , ot - ————

$c Tak
Of the Maracoc, or Paffion-Plant.
| ‘ LTHOUGH there may be many Kinds of Paffion-Trees in

other Parts abroad, as in Am/fferdam Phyfick Gardens, Sc.

as mention’d by Zournefort inhis Elements of Botany,

p- 206. yet we have but one that will refift the Severity of our
Winters. This Flower was firft difcover'd by the Spamib Friars,in
the Weft-Indies, of which Place ’tis an Inhabitant: ‘The Magai-
tude of each Flower, when full blown, is generally about fouror
five Inches Diameter, wherein are ten Petals, divers {taminous
Threads, and other Particles; which together, the Friars fuppofed
was an Epitome of our Saviour’s Paffion, and therefore called it the
Paffion-Flower. Vide Bradley's Improvements, Part Ml. Page 52.
The Soil ic beft delights in, is a very moilt cool Soil, well
mix’d with Cow Dung: Tis increafed from Layers or Cuttings;
the firtt laid down in March, towards the Beginning of the
A Month,

r'7oO

New Principles of Gardening.
Month; andthe latter planted in the End of May, or Beginning
of June. ’Tis a Plant of a quick Growth, beft againft a Wall,
and is a very great Embellifhment to the Pleafure-Garden.

peel

a ot. DEST

oe an See Re 48
Of the Spanifh-Broom ; its Culture, &c.

amongit other Plants: Its Leaves are of a delightful

Green, and its Flowers of a pleafant Yellow, which
put forth in Fuse and Fuly. *Tis genet ally increafed from its.
Seed fownin March, ona Bed of light Earth; but it may be
increafed from Layers, laid down with a Twift as an Elm, or
being cut ata Joint as a July-Flower:

r NHIS is a beautiful Shrub for a Wildernels, being mix’d

pe ———

eae Oe Ox tae
Of the Laburnum, its Culture, &e:

great Beauty in a Wildernets, when it produces tts

beautiful Clufters of yellow Bloffoms in May and Fune.
Its Nature is very agreeable to: either Shade, or open Expofure;
but beft when mix’d with Foreft-Trees, as. Platanus, Elm,
Lime, &c. ’Yis propagated from its Fruit, or Seed, which 1s
ripe in September, and very like unto young, Peafcods, juft be-
fore ripe. The Time to fow this Seed is in March, and mult
remain in its Seed-Bed for two Years ; after which, it may be
tranfplanted at Pleafure, when other Trees are planted.

SEC T-

? IMIS. delightful Shrub is of a quick Growth, and of

New Principles of Gardening.

SC iV
Of Senna, its Culture, &c.

F this Kind of Shrub, thereare two Sorts, vz. the Blad-
() der-Senna, and the Scopion-Senna ; of which, the laft is
the moft beautiful. They both delight in a good
loamy Soil, and may be propagated by Seed fown about the
Middle of March, or by Layers laid down in Of¢fober, or
April. . They are Lovers of the Shade, and are mighty beau-
tiful in the so ag of a Wildernefs. The latter of the two
produces Bloffoms, as well in the Autumn, as in the Spring ;
that are very delightful.

EE i A

SSS > LK LP rr

SEC 1 Vi
Of the Arbor Fude ; cts Culture, &c.

HIS Shrub is naturally a We/ff-Indian, and has not

long been brought into Emgland. Tis of a large

Growth; it delights in a‘loamy Soil; produces beau-
tiful Clufters of Bloffloms in March, April, and May; it refifts
the Severity of our Climate; ’tis propagated from Seed fown
in March; and is a beautiful Plant ina Wildernefs.

Zh Si Cr.

172

New Principles of Gardening.

SEC: TF. -Viae
Of the Mezerion ; its Culture, &c-

F Mezerions there are two Kinds, wz, the White Me-

() zerion, and the Red Mezerion; of which, the laft is

the moft common. They are both of a {mall Growth,

and therefore are rather more proper for open Borders, than the
Quarters of a Wildernefs. ,

In Faauary, the Air is perfum’d with the delightful Odour
of their Bloffoms, which cover their Branches long betore their
Leaves come out, and continue a long Time in Bloom. When
their Bloffoms .are gone, they ftill appear no lefs beautiful, be-
ing adorn’d with their Vermillion Berries, mix’d amongft their
beautiful Leaves, which makes a-moft delightful Compofition..

They are increafed from their Berries fown in March, and
love a fandy Loam.

————
aaa

SECT. IX Z

Of the Feffemine and Honey-Suckle, thei
| Culture, &c.

receding, in regard to thofe moft pleatant (J may
. fay heavenly) fragrant Odours which periume the Alt,
even into its ditant Atmofphere, produced by their beaunful

Bloiloms.

Tes E Flowering Shrubs are not inferior to any of the.

(1.) JessEMINES >

New Principles of Gardening.

(x.) Of JesseEmINEsS, there are three Kinds, vz. the
White, the Yellow, and the Perfian. The common White
Jeffemine is a free Grower, and refifts the Severity of our
Winters: It produces its beautiful fragrant Flowers in Fune,
and continues in Bloom till September: "Twill grow in any
loamy Land, and is increafed from Layers laid down, or Cut-
tings planted in September, wherein obferve, that in Confide-
ration of their Roots ftriking at their Joints, therefore be care-
ful to bury two or three in the Ground to either Layer or Cut-
ting, and they will fucceed to your Defire.

The Beauty of this Plant is fo great, that in my humble
Opinion, a Garden cannot well have too many of them. And
as this is a Plant of Liberty, ic muft therefore be planted at the
Bottom of Standard-Trees, in Groves, Walks, Sc. and even in
Hedges alfo, whereia “twill interfperfe itsfelf with its delightful
Blofloms, and plea.ant Odour.

And altho’ it has been the Praétice of Breeding this Plant up-

in headed Plants, yet I cannot commend it, feeing that it naturally
hates to be either confined, or {tump’d with Sheers.

The Spanifh White Jeffemine may be grafted _on this common
White: Tis a fweet delightful Flower; as alfo are the Ltahan

and Portugal Jeflemines, whofe Bloffoms are very large and.

beautiful. :

The Perfian Jeflemine is a beautiful Shrub: Its Flowers are
Purple, and will endure the Winter’s Frofts.

The Yellow. Jeffemine, is alfo a very agreeable Shrub, and will
endure the Severity of our Climate... =

(2.) Honey-Sucktes ; of which, there are feveral Kinds,

as the Ever-green, the Early-red, the Late-Whire and Red, and

the Scarlet-flower’d Honey-Suckles. They, in general, are in-
creafed from. Layers, or Cuttings, as the Jeflemine. They are
all Lovers of Liberty, and when bred up in headed Plants, make
a moft terrible Figure all the Winter.

They delight in the Shade, and love to clamber on other
Trees. They are Natives.of the Woods, of a quick Growth, but
incapable of fupporting their own Bodies, and therefore borrow
the Ute of their neighbouring Trees to affilt them therein.

And as their Bioffoms perfume the Air with their delight-
Odours all the Summer, ’tis impoTib’e that a Garden can have
too many, being carefully planted, fo as to run up Standard-
Trees, Hedges, c. as before is faid of the Jeflemine.

(73

Thus

i

ny ,

New Principles of Gardening.

Thus fays Ravin of the Gardener.

Nor knows he well to make his Garden {bine
With ali Delights, who fragrant Feffemime
Negleéts to bert, cuberein heretofore
Pidaprions Bees laid up their precious Store.
Unlefis with Poles you fix it to the Wall,

Its own deceitful Trunk will quickly fall.

Thefe Shrubs, like wanton Ivy, firll mount high,
But wanting Strength, on other Props rely.

The pliant Branches which they always bear,
Make them with Eafe to any Thing adhere.
The pleafing Odors which their Flow’rs expire,
Make the young Nymphs and Matrons them defire,
Thofe to adorn themfelves withall ; but thefe

To grace the Altars of the Deities. |
RAPIN

love a Jight Soil.

S EG Tiaoks
Of the Lilac; ws Culture, &c.

HE Lilack is a very handfome flowering Shrub ; of
which there are two Sorts, viz. the White, and the
Blue, whofe Flowers are very beautiful: "Tis a great
Embellifhment to a Wildernefs,and is a Shrub ofa large Growth;
they are both raifed by Layers laid down in March, or by
Suckers taken off and plaated in J eptember or Oéfober : And

,

sEC 1.

New Principles of Gardening.

‘oR Ga, Xx
Of Rofes; their Culture, &c.

F Rofes we have a very great Variety, which are in ge-
| () neral, very pleafant and delightful; as, F27/?, the Month-
ly Rofe, that blows fingly,. and that which blows in Cluf-

ters. °lis beft to have fome of this Sort planted againft a South-
Wall, which will caufe them to blow early, as at the End of
March, or Beginning of 4pri/, and continue till the Middle of
‘Fune. Thofe of the fame Kind, planted in open Borders,
will not produce their Bloom till the Middle of M/zy, and will
continue till the Beginning.of Auguff, And you mutt obferve
as {oon as their Bloiloms are gone, to top their Branches; which
will caufe a fecond Bloom in the Autumn, that will con-
tinue till near unto Chrzfimas.

Secondly, The Cinnamon Rofe, a forward Blower, and a
fine Flower. ;

Thirdly, The Damask Rofe, of an excellent pleafant Odour:
It blows in May, and will lait for fix or feven Weeks..

Fourthly, The Cabbage Rofe.

Fifthly, The Rofamund:, or York and Laucafler Rofe.

Sixthly, The Province Rofe.

Seventhly, The White Musk-Rofe.

Eighthly, The Red Rofe.

Niathly, and laftly; The Yellow Rofe..

Allwhich are propagated from Suckers or Layers: The laft

laid down in September or Oéfober, and the firft planted in
Otéober. 'They are, in general, beautiful Ornaments ia a Grove,

Wildernefs, or any other Part of the Garden, and highly de-.

ferves our Notice, much more than they have had hitherto.

SEC T.

175

~176

“the Winter Frofts, cold Winds, &c. |

New Principles of Gardening.

Sf Gr “Sr.
Of the Pomegranate ; its Culture, &c.

and the Double-bloffom’d Pomegranate, whote Biof-
foms are of 2 beautiful Vermillion Red. Of which, the
firft frequently produces Fruit, and fometimes ripens with us.
Thefe Plants delight in a light Soil, and are propagated from
Cuttings, planted in Augu/é or September, on an Halt Border;

Ey hid Plant there are two Kinds, viz. the Single,

or from Layers laid down at the fame Time, or in March. —

They are both beautiful Plants, and are belt for a Wildernels,

‘rather than for headed Plants, which, by being often clipp'd,
foon proves: their Ruin: °Tisa hardy Plant, and will endure —

et ae OR ND

ss S.E.C. 7 Xai
Of the Althee Frotex ; its Culture, &e.

F-HCIHIS Plant is ufed chiefly to adorn the Quarters of

| a Wildernefs: Of which, there are two Sorts, véz. the
White, and the Purple-lower’d: They are both propa

gated from Suckers, or Layers, laid down in September, OF

from the Seeds, fown in the Middle or End of March. ‘Theit
Bloffoms are very beautiful, which do appear in great Plenty 1
Auguf. They aftord a good Profpeé&t; and will thrive in an

Kind of fandy Loam, or other Soil whatever, Clay exceptees

The Time for Planting this Shrub, is O¢fober.
ae sECT:

New Principles of Gardening.

omens mngnanae

St Cw.
Of the Syringa; its Culture, &c.

“cing fine Bunches of fragrant Blofloms in May, whofe

- Odour is very pleafant, and not unlike that of Orange
Blofloms. It delights in fuch Part of a Wildernels as is not en-
tirely fhaded, or quite open “Tis propagated from Suckers
taken off, and planted in O¢7oder, and is a very free Grower.

She Shrub is of great Beauty in a, Wildernefs, produ-

= gE T XY,

Of the Guilder-Rofe; us Culture, &e.

. MONGSTT all the FlowerTribe hitherto -mention'd,

fA none makes a more grand Appearance in AZay, than the
Guilder-Rofe, whofe beautiful Bloffoms are produced in

-great Clufters; and each Flower a perfe&t Globe of three or

fout Inches in Diameter.’ "Tis a Plant that will rife twelve or”

fourteen Foot high, and is very beautiful and pleafant ina Wi
dernefS. The Soil it delights in, 1s a good ftrong Loam; “and
it is propagated from Suckers taken ftom the Mother Plant and
plarited ‘si Obbaiere” 48a ee Oe aes ——-

ae EEC Tt.

177

178

New Principles of Gardening.

SECT. AVE
Of the Almond; its Culture, &c.

f VHE Almond-Tree is a very beautiful Tree during the

| ‘Time of its Bloom in the Spring, and highly deferves

a Place in our Wildernefs. ’Tis propagated from the

Kernels fown in March; or it may be grafted on the Plumb-

Stock in February, or budded thereon in Fuly. The Soil-pro-

per for this Plant, is a fandy Loam, if raifed from its Kernel 5

and when grafted or budded on the Plumb-Stocks, on a ftronger.
Land. | |

SECT. XVIL

Of the Mirabalon Plumb, and Double-Blof-

Som’d Cherry. \

HESE two Plants produce great Quantities of Bloom

in the Spring, and continue their Bloffoms a long ‘Time.

They are wonderful beautiful, when mix’d in a Wilder-

nefs amongft Almond-Trees, and will thrive in moft Soils.

They are both propagated by being grafted, the firft on a.
Plumb-Stock, and the Jatter on a Cherry-Stock.

SECT.

New Principles of Gardening.

S E- Gils XVI.
Of the Sweet-Brier ; its Culture, &c.

A LTHO’ the Sweet-Brier is not directly a flowering
Shrub, yet its fragrant Odour highly obliges us to plant
it in all Parts of our Gardens and Wilderneffes, and

efpecially for Hedges, and at the Bottoms of Standard-Trees, Sc.
And. befides this..co Sort, there is another Kind of it called
Eglantine, which produces a fine red Flower, with broad
Leaves, that perfumes the Air very ftrongly with its pleafant
Odours. The firit Kind hereof is raifed from Berries fown in
February; and the latter propagated from Layers laid down in
September. This laft Kind makes very beautiful headed Plants,
which are very proper to be raifed in Pots, to adorn the Ladies
Chimneys, and perfume the Air of their Chambers with its plea-
fant and moft delightful Odours. |

A
SEE” —

SECT. XIX

Of the Furze-Bufh, and Englifh Br oon ; thee |

— Culture, &c.

HE Beauty of thefe two Shrubs, feems to be valued
much after the very fame Manner as a curious. 1 ulip,
Auricula, Julyflower, &c. is by Florifts, when ’tis be-

eome common, and in every. Garden. Whilft on the other
Hand, if they chance to have a Seedling whofe Bloffom is an

indifferent good one, and not near fo good as that which is
Aaz common 5

179

180

%

New Principles of Gardening.

common ; yet the Seedling fhall carry theBell,and that which far
exceeds it, be not regarded: , Which indeed 1s the Cafe of thefe -
two Shrubs ; for were they not common, they would be valued,
and cultivated with as much Eagernefs as any Ever-green or
Shrub whatfoever; for, in Fat, the Furze is capable of any Form.
required, but much finer when let grow in its own rural Man-
ner as Nature directs. Ifthe Beauty of this Shrub, that is, its.
fine green Leaves, which ferve for a proper Ground to caft forth
the Beauty of its yellow Flowers, with which it abounds in all.
Seafons of the Year, was compar’d with that of the long-
effeem’d Yew, whofe Afpe& is melancholy, and the true Image
of Sadnefs; ’twould not only be found to be much the finer
Plant of the two, but more deferving the Gardener’s Care.

For to fpeak the naked Truth, the Yew-tree 1s never better
placed, than when planted ina Church-yard as an Emblem of
Mortality, which is its true Reprefentation, and, in my humble
Opinion, very improper for a delightful Garden. : .

But to return to the Culture of thefe Plants; obferve that
they are botli raifed from Seed fown in February or March, but
are dificult to remove; therefore tranfplant them the Odfober
next after Sowing, in fuch Places. where they are to-remain.
They both make good Cover for Game ; and. the Furze makes
a moft beautiful Hedge, wherein many Birds take great Pleafure
to build their Nefts, which is not a fmall Ornament to either
Garden or Wildernels.

Sk Cry xx

Of the feveral Months of the Year, when
Flowering Shrubs are in Bloffom, and their
Duration. 7

prefents its beautiful Bloffoms in fanuary, and conti-
nues in Bloom to the Middle of February.
In February, the Furze opens its golden-colour’d Bloom,
which continues till Odfober.
n

r THE firft blowing flowering Shrub is the Mezerion, which

New Principles of Gardening.

March ;
3 April, the Arbor Fudea, and holds till May.
— ‘—In May, the Lilac, Syringa, Guilder-Rofe, Laburnum, and

Honey-Suckles; of which, the feveral Kinds of the laft keep
sha till September ; but the others, about fix or feven Weeks
at moit.

In Fune, the White Feffemines, and Spanifh Broom, the firft
till September, and the lalt till Augu/t.

In Faly, the Tulip-tree, which continues till Augu/t.

In Auguf?, the Althea Frutex, which lafts till September..

and foon after them comes that beautiful Ever-green and flow-
ering Shrub, the Laurus-tinas, which is not only a Grace to
the Garden all the Winter, but in the Spring alfo, till the Be-
ginning of March. _

This being a fufficient Information of their feveral Seafons
of Bloom, from which a Garden may be fo planted, as to have
one or other of the feveral Kinds always in Bloflom through-
out the whole Year; I fhall, in the next Seftion, inform my
Reader in what Manner they are to be difpofed of, fo as to re-
ceive a beautiful and grand Appearance, as well from thofe:
whole Growth is fmall and low, as from them of a large and
higher Stature. :

SS Oo aoe

Of the Manner of Difpofing and Planting
Flowering Shrubs in the proper Parts of @
Wilderness.

EFORE we can come to the Planting of thefe beautiful
Shrubs, we muft confider the Nature of their Growth, in
refpect to Stature; and alfo the great Varicty of their

Colours, which ought to be fo intermix’d, as for every Flower
to be an Oppofite or Ground to throw forward the Beauty of

the other.
The

181

162

New Principles of Gardening.

The feveral Statures of thefe Plants may be reduc’d to three
Sizes, viz. thofe of the talleft Growth; thofe of the middling
Growth; and thofe of the lowelt Growth. |

Firff then; ‘Thole of the higheft Growth are the double-
bloflom. Cherry, Lilac, Guilder-Rofe, Spani{h Broom, Labur-
num, Mirabalon Piumb, Tulip-tree, White Rofe, and Almond.

Seconily ; Thofe of a middling Growth are the Syringa, Da-
mask Rofe, Musk Rofe, Spira Frutex, Arbor Judez, Senna’s,
Althea Frutex, Almond, being grafted a halt Standard, as alfo
the Mirabalon Plumb, and double-bloflom Cherry.

Thirdly and lafily; The low Tribe are. the Mezerion, the
Furze, the Red Rofe, the Cabbage Rofe, the Province Rofe, the
Monthly Rofe, the Mundi Rofe, the Cinnamon Rofe, the Yel-
low Role, the Almond, being grafted low; as alfo the double-
bloffom Cherry, and Mirabalon Plumb,into which Clats Pintro-
duce the Sweet- Brier. |

Having thus divided them into their feveral Clafles, we mult
next confider their feveral Colours, that we may thereby difpofe
of them inthe beft Manner, fo as to caufe the greatelt Variety 5
and in order thereto, we’ll begin with thofe of the firft and _
largeft Clafs. . eee

Firft, then, of thofe the double-bloffom Cherry, the “White
Lilac, the Guilder-Rofe, the Mirabalon Plumb, and the White
Rofe, are all entirely White Bloffloms. The other Kind of Lilac
blue, the Spanifh Broom, and Laburnum, yellow ; the Tulip-
tree, a mix’d Colour; and the Almond, a Peach Colour; fo that
the Colours produced by this Clafs are white, blue, yellow, a
mix’d, anda Peach Colour. -The-feveral Sorts of White are
five; of Yellow, two; of Blue; Mix’d; and Peach-Colour; of
each, one only. Their feveral Colours being thus diftinguifh’d,
we muft now come to their Planting; wherein, firft, obferve,
that thefe of the higheft Rank muft be planted backward from.
the View, to give Room for the others to come.before them,
in fuch Manner as to form, by the Difference of their feveral
Growtlis, a perfect Slope of beautiful Flowers.

But to the Purpofe: Let the firft Plant be the double-bloffom
Cherry ; the fecond,an Almond; the third, the Mirabalon Plumb ;
the fourth,a Blue Lilac; the fifth, a Guilder-Rofe; the fixth, a
Spanib Broom; the feventh,a Whire Lilac; the eighth, a La-
burnum; the ninth, the White Rofe; and the tenth, a Tulip-
tree; and then beginning again with the double-bloffom Cherry,

| [mond,

New Principles of Gardening.
Almond, Mirabalon Plumb, Blue Lilac, Guilder - Rofe, Spanifh
Broom, c. you will have placed them in fuch a Manner, as
to be always beautiful. And altho’ they are not all in Bloom
at one Iniftant, yet one or other of them are: And even thofe
as have no Bloiloms, are extremely beautiful, in refpet to the
great Variety of Colours contain’d in their Leaves and Shoots.

The fecond Cla‘, which is to be planted immediately be-
fore the firft, muft have its feveral Colours difpofed of in
the like Manner; wherein always obferve, that you never place
a Flower-Shrub that is white, yellow, Sc. before a Plant of the
firft Clafs whichis of the fame Colour, or Kind, always regard-
ing to follow the. Steps of Nature as near as poffible.

The third and lowermoft Clafs being to be order’d in the
fame Manner, I need not fay any more thereof; but that if
Sweet-Brier was judictoufly—intermix’d in this Plantation,
*rwould add a great Grace co the whole; and whien the Stan-
dard-trees planted in the Hedge-lines of Walks, and Hedges
alfo, which fhould never be fuffer’d to grow very high, are
fild with the-feveral Kinds of Jeflemines and Honey-fuckles
to run up and about them in a wild and rural! Manner; the
Whole muft then make a moft agreeable Compofition, being al-
fo back fwith ‘the great Varicties of Foreft-trees, planted ta
the Mid{t of the Quarters. :

Having thus laid down the moft agreeable and pleafant Man-
ner, of diipofing and planting of flowering Shrubs ina Wilder-
nefs, they being proper for fuch Plantations only; I fhall, in
the next Place, proceed to the Confideration of fuch odoriferous
Flowers, whofe Smell and Afpect are both curious and de-
lightful.

5 E.Cy,

[92

134.

New Principles of Gardening.

ee ee eg LOIN

SECT. XXIL

Of odorsferous, or frweet-fmelling F lowers, that
are truly beautiful; their Ufe m Groves,
W ildernefs, Cabinets, open Plains, &c.

N the twelve Months of the Year, there are eight which will
produce Flowers, both grateful to the Eye, and pleafant to
the Smell; as :

In Fanuary, the feveral Kinds of Polyanthos.

In February, the Polyanthos, Hyacinths, and Violets.

In March, the Polyanthos, Hyacinths, Stock July-Flowers,
and Violets, Rofes, if againft a South Wall. | eae

In April, the Hyacinths, Stock July-Flowers, Wall-Flowers,

Auriculas, Junquils, Rofes, white Narciffus, and Narciffus, Po-

lyanthos.
In May, the Wall-Flowers, white Narciffus, Lillies, and dou-
ble flower’d Rocket, Rofes. Bo
In Fune, the fweet William, Lillies, Primrofe ‘T'ree, Pinks,
Rofes, and Carnations.
‘In Fuly, the Sweet William, Pinks, Carnation, and Tube-
rofe, and laftly,
In Auguft, the Pink, and July-Flowers, commonly called
Carnations.
The Odours of thefeFlowers being extreamly pleafant, are there-
fore to be planted inevery Walk, and of each an equal Quantity ;

that thereby they may always be adorn’d with one or other ac-

cording to their natural Succeffion,

~

SECT.

New Principles of Gardening.

§ BC <P> < XAT.

Of fuch Perennial, Bulbous-rooted, aud An-

nual Flowers, as are truly beautiful
and proper to adorn the not noble and

rural Parts of a delightful Garden.

_and may be fo difpofed of, as to adorn our Gardens
every Month in the Year, v7z.

In Fanuary, Snow-drop, Winter Aconite, Hepatica.

In February, Snow-drop, Crocus, Hepatica, Dazies.

In March, Crocus, Tulips.

In April, Tulips, Ranunculus, Anemonies.

In May, Tulips, Ranunculus, Lillies, Crown Imperials, Mar-
tagons, White Hellebore, Valerian, Monkfhood, 4frican Ma-
rigold, French Marigold, Double Poppies, Lupines, Scarlet
Beans, Annual Stock, Venus Looking-glals, Candy Turf, Heart's
Eafe, Foxglove, Thriit. |

in ‘fune, Lillies, Martagons, Foxglove, Valerian, Monkihood,
Rofechampion, Batchelor’s Buttons, Scarlet Lychnis, 4/774"
and Hrench Marigolds, Female Balfam, Larkfpur, Double Pop-
pies, Lupines, Annual Stock, Venus Looking-glafs, Candy Turt,
Heart’s Eafe. :

In Fuly, the Hollyhocks, Campanula’s, Rofechampion, Batche-
lor’s Buttons, Scarlet and White Lychnis, African and fr encl

Bb Marigolds,

F : 1HLESE Kinds of Flowers are only pleafant to the Eye,

185

186

New Principles of Gardening.
Marigolds, Capcicum Indicum, Marvel Peru, Female Balfam,
Larkfpur, Double Poppy, Scarlet Beans.

In Auguft, Hollyhocks, Sun-flowers, Campanula’s, Colchi-
cum, Saffron Crocus, African and F vench Marigolds, Cap-
cicum Indicum, Marvel Peru, Female Balfam, Lark{fpur, Double
Poppies, Scarlet Beans. .

In September, Anemonies, Colchicum, Saffron Crocus, 4fri-
can and French Marigolds, Capcicum Indicum, Marvel Peru,
Female Balfam, Larkfpur, Scarlet Beans.

In Odfober, Starwort.

In November, none worth our Notice. And, laftly,

In December, the Black Hellebore.

I fhall not, under a Pretence of Difcovery, offer any Direc-
tions, that Flowers of the higheft Growth, ought to poflefs
the Middle of a Border; while thofe of the loweft Rank, the
extream Parts; and them of a mean Growth, a Medium Place
between the two Extreams: Becaufe that every Gardiner 1s
perfectly acquainted therewith; and ’tis what they have practt-
fed many Years before Mr. B--d--y, in his New Improvements,
Part Il. Page 135. gave himfelf the Trouble to publifh the Dif-
pofition of Flowers in a Border, as a new Thing ; which every
one long before knew as well, as that feven Days make one
Week, or twenty four Hours, a natural Day, &c.

But as thefe Flowers do not afford pleafant Smells, which
thofe of the preceding Seftion do; tis therefore that I advile
that thofe which are both grateful to the Smell and Eye, be the
Inhabitants and only Pofleffors of Borders in general; and that
the others which are contain’d in this Se€tion, or the greateft
Part thereof, be the Inhabitants of the inward Parts of an open
Wildernefs, c. planted promifcuoufly in the Quarters thereof;
but not in regular Lines, as has been the common Way: But,
on the contrary, in little Thickets, or Clufters, feemingly with-
out any other Order than what Nature dire¢ted, which, of all
others, is the moft beautiful.

N. B. That in the Difpofition of thefe Clufters of Flowers,
Care mutt be taken to mix the feveral Sorts in fuch a Manner,
3 for every Part to be equally adorn’d throughout the whole

Cars
Perhaps

New Principles of Gardening.

Perhaps it might be expected here, that I fhould demontftrate
the Culture of Flowers in general ; which I have here
Omitted, becaufe I {hall communicate that in another Volume;
wherein I fhall not only demonftrate thé true and genuine Prac-
tice thereof, but alfo the feveral great Errors of many late
Authors. Together with a Parallel of the Theorical or
Paper Botanift, with the Pra€tical and Experienc’d. Planter

and Gardiner. |

i Ee —_—

Of the feveral Sorts of Flowers proper to
adorn Chimneys, &c. during the Seajons
of Spring, Summer, and Autumn.

ted the true Pra€tice of Ordering Fruit and Foreft-Trees,
Ever-Greens, and Flowering-Shrubs; with proper Di-
retions for the feveral Sorts of Flowers to adorn a beautiful
Garden, €c. I fhall now lay down exa&t Rules|tor the Adora-
ing the Chimneys of Halls, Chambers, Sc. with fuch fragrant

H ING, in the feveral Parts of this Work, demonftra-

Flowers as are moft fuitable, viz. Truly Innocent, Beautiful, —

and Pleafant. .

In Order to truly execute this Work in the beft Manner,
we mutt, firft, be furnifhed with beautiful Flower-Pots of Dutch
Ware, China, Sc. wherein other Garden Flower-Pots muit be
placed, in which our Flowers are to grow:

B b 2 Thefe

187

138

New Principles of Gardentng.

Thefe being provided, we muft, in the next Place, confider
which of the feveral Sorts of Flowers are beft for our Purpofe,
that are, asI faid before, T'ruly Innocent, Beautiful, and Pleafant.

Firft then, to begin the Year, prepare fome indifferent good
Mold, with which fill as many Pots as are fufficient for your
Chimney; and in the Middle of each Pot, plant a very large
Root, or two, of Snow-Drops, of the double Kind, which en-
viron with a Circle of the feveral Sorts of Crocus: This Work
being done at the Time when Snow-Drops and Crocus have
done Blowing, will, in the fanaary following, make a glorious
Appearance, and grace their Places of Abode, wherein they
then are placed. %

The Polyanthos prefents its beautiful Flowers in February,
as alfo the Hepatica, Hyacinths, and Violets; all which being
planted in the like Manner, will fucceed the preceding, and be
very entertaining.

In March, we have Stock-July-Flowers, Hyacinths, and Vio-
lets; and if they are all planted together in one Pot, vzz. the
Stock-July-Flower in the Center, and the Hyacinths and Violets
about it, they will make a very beautiful Appearance, and their
{weet Odors be very agreeable. |

The moft beautiful Flowers of 4fri/, are Hyacinths, Stock-
July-Flowers, Wall-Flowers, Tulips, Ranunculus, Anemonies,
Jonquils, Narciffus,and Auricula’s; which are thus to be difpofed
of, vzz. In the Center of fome Pots plant a Wall-Flower; in
others, a Clufter of Tulips, or Jonquils, becaufe they both grow
indifferent high; and in Order to have them in the greateft
Beauty, let every Tulip in each Pot be of a different Colour ;
and that they may make their beft Appearance, place a
handfome Flower-Stick in the Center of each Pot, with a gilt
Head, to which tie up every Flower with Thread, &e.- but
in a free loofe Manner, fo as not to reprefent a ftiff Bundle ot
Flowers, void of Freedom, in which the Beauty of every
Thing confilts. The Jonquils muft be encompaffed with a
Circle of Ranuncuius; the Tulips, with a Circle of Hyacinths ;
the Stock-July-Flowers, with Anemonies ; and the Wall-Flow-
ers with Narcillus.

N.. B.

New Principles of Gardening:

N. B. lf Care is taken to plant Tulip, Ranunculus, Anemo-
nies, Narciflus, Hyacinths, and Jonquil Roots, at different Sea-
fons of the Year; they may be fo order’d as for their Blooms
to be divers ‘Times repeated, véz. as foon as the firlt Bloom of
Tulips, ec. is over, which were in the firit Pots for April, they
fhall be fucceeded with a fecond Bloom of the fame Kind of
Flowers, in other Pots, which fhall endure the Month of May ;
and after them a third, for the Month of une; and fo on.

The Manner of performing this, is by Planting their Roots
inthe Autumn, at feveral Times, vz. about fix Weeks diltant
f-om the Time of the firft Planting, to that of the fecond, and
the fame from the fecond to the third, &c.

In May, the White Lillies, and Crown Imperials are in
their Beauty, which being planted as aforefaid, and environ’d
with a Circle of Double-White Narciffus, are very beautiful.
If the Roots of Lillies and Crown Imperials, are kept out of
the Ground the whole Month of Feéruary, in a moitt Place,
where the Sun and Air cannot deftroy them, and planted again
in Flower-Pots at the Beginning of March, they will produce
fine Flowers in awe, which being environ d with Pinks, yield
a very graceful: Afpe&t, and pleafant Odor.

In une and Fuly, our beit Ornaments are, the feveral Kinds
of Pinks, Carnations, Amaranthus, T ricolor, and Coxcomb,
Lychnis, Campanula’s, Tuberofe, Larkfpurs, Sweet-Williams,
and Sweet-Bazil; all which are beft to be planted fingly, being
tied to a handfome Flower-Stick placed in the Center of each

Pot.

In Anguft and September, the Amaranthus’s, Pinks, July-
Flowers, Campanula’s, Marvel Peru, Female Balfam, Capcicum
Indicum, and Larkfpurs: To which may be added, the White
and Red Calvills, and other beautiful Sorts of Apples grafted
on Paradice-Stocks ; as alfo round-headed Plants of the large
S,veet-Brier, White Jeffemine, and Honey-Suckles, for the fe-
veral Months of their Blooming. =

In the Months of Oéfoder , November, December, and indeed
Fanuary alfo, a good Fire is the be(t Ornament for Chimneys ;
excepting fuch where little Ule ts made of the Rooms, whofe
beft Furniture is fmall Hedge Laurus-Tinus Plants, planted in
large Flower-Pots, as directed for Flowers, Se.

Having

189

190 New Principles of Gardening.

Having thus defcribed the feveral Sorts of Flowers fit for
this Purpofe; I don’t doubt, but that the diligent Gardiner
will find a very great Satisfa€tion therein, who mult always
obferve to remove away fuch as are fading, and introduce
frefh ones in their ftead, that thereby there may be a continued
Series of Pleafure and Delight, free from a Mixture of dilagree-
able fading Objects.

NEW

Nias
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sr

PRINCIPLES
GARDENING

EE

——

Pi Ae RET VE
Of the Situation and Difpofition of Gardens

in general.

Side Sar hae ae
Of Sztuatzons.

SSeeeIHE moft noble and pleafant Situation of all
he > Sy aq others, is that on the Top of a Hill, as Richmond
| ll Hill in Surry, Harrow in Hertfordbere, Sc. where
SV) the Air is fine and clear, with noble Views.

The greateft Misfortunes attending thefe noble

Situations, is their open Expofure to all Kinds of

Weather, and the great Want of that moft ufeful and pleafant
Element, Good Water. at

192

New Principles of Gardening.

And, on the contrary, where Situations are low, they often
abound in too great a Plenty of Water, which, when ftagnant,
or of a flow Motion, is very unhealthy. 3

All Kinds of Fenny, Boggy, Marfhy Lands, Sc. whence Fogs
and noifome Vapours arife, are always to be avoided.

Bogs, Se. on the North Side of a Houfe or Garden, are un-
healthy ; for they being interpofed between the Sun and the
Bogs, Sc. receive the noifome Vapours, as they are exhaled by
the attractive Power of the Sun.

Situations on the South Side of a Hill are to be preferr’d
before thofe atthe Top; foraltho’ their Views are not {o exten-
five, yet they are well guarded from the Northern Winds, and
ssa abounds with a much better Soil, and Plenty of

ater. |

The beft and moft healthy Soil to dwell.on, is that whofe
Surface is a fine fandy Loam, with Brick-Harth underneath,
and a Gravel at Bottom, wherein are generally good Springs
for Houfhold Affairs. t

Thefe are the moft general Cautions to be obferved, when
Situations are to be chofen: But when they happen to be un-
alterable, every one muft be contented ; and therefore I fhall
conclude this Section with the Advice of Ravin.

If on thy Native Soil thou doft prepare
T’ ere a Villa, you muft place it there, —
Where a free Ereppets does itfelf extend
Into a Garden, whence the Sun may lend
His Infl’ ence from the Eakt ; his radiant Heat
Should on your Houfe through vartous Windows beat :
But on that Side which chiefly open hes
Zo the North Wind, whence Stormsand Show’rs arte,
There plant a Wood; for, without that Defence, :
Nothing refifts the Northern Violence,
While with deftructive Blafts o'er Cliffs and Hills
Rough Boreas moves, and all with Murmurs fills ;
The Oak with fbaken Boughs on Mountains rends,
The Valleys roar, and great Olympus bends.
Trees therefore to the Winds you muft expofe,
Whofe Branches beft their powrful Rage oppofe.

S26 4.

‘New Principles of Gardening.

S EGocdsstdd.
Of the Duifpofition of Gardens in general.

4 N this very Point depends the whole Beauty or Ruin of
3 a Garden, and therefore every Gentleman fhould be

very cautious therein; I muft needs confefs, that I have
often been furprized to fee that: none of our late and prefent
Authors did ever attempt to furnifh Gentlemen with better Plans
and Ideas thereof, than what has hitherto been practifed.

The End and Defign of a good Garden, is to be both prefi-
table and delightful; wherein fhould be obferved, that its Parts
fhould be always prefenting new Objects, which is a continual
Entertainment to the Eye, and raifes a Pleafure of Imagi-
nation.

If the Gentlemen of Exgland had formerly been better ad-
vifed in the laying out their Gardens, we might by this Time
been at leaft equal (if not far fuperior) to any Abroad.

For as we abound in good Soil, fine Grafs, and Gravel,
which in many Places Abroad is not to be found, and the bett
of all Sorts of Trees; it therefore appears, that nothing has
een wanting but a noble Idea of the Difpofition of a Garden.
I could inftance divers Places in England, where Noblemen and
Gentlemens Seats are very finely fituated, but wretchedly
executed, not only in refpe€&t to difproportion’d Walks, Trees
planted in im proper Soils, no Regard had to fine Views, Sc.
but with that abominable Mathematical Regularity and Stifl-
nefs, that nothing that’s bad could equal them. |

Now thefe unpleafant forbidding Sort of Gardens, owe their
Deformity to the infipid Tafte or Intereft of fome of our The-
orical Engineers, who, in their afpiring Garrets, cultivate all
the feveral Species of Plants, as well as trame Defigns for Si-
tuations they never faw: Or to fome N urfery-Man, who, for
his own Intereft, advifes the Gentleman to fuch Forms and
Trees as will make the greateft Draught out of his N urfery,

Cec without

193

194

New Principles of Gardening.

without Regard to any Thing more: And oftentimes to a Cox-
comb, who takes upon himfelf to be an excellent Draughtfman,
as well as an incomparable Gardener ; of which there has been,
and are ftill, too many in Exg/and, which is witnefs’d by every
unfortunate Garden wherein they come. Now as the Beauty
of Gardens in general depends upon an elegant Difpofition of
all their Parts, which cannot be determined without a perfeét
Knowledge of its feveral Afcendings, Defcendings, Views, &c.
how is it poflible that any Perfon can make a good Defign for
any Garden, whofe Situation they never faw?

To draw a beautiful regular Draught, is not to the Purpofe;
for altho’ it makes a handfome Figure on the Paper, yet it has
a quite different Effe&t when executed on the Ground: Nor is
there any Thing more ridiculous, and forbidding, than a Gar-
den which is regular ; which, inftead of entertaining the Eye with
frefh Objects, after you have feen a quarter Part, you only fee
the very fame Part repeated again, without any Variety.

And what ftill greatly adds to this wretched Method, is, that
to execute thefe ftitt regular Defigns, they deftroy many a noble
Oak, and in its Place plant, perhaps, a clumfey-bred Yew, Holley,
Sc. which, with me, is a Crime of fo high a Nature, as not
to be pardon’d.

There is nothing adds fo much to the Pleafure of a Garden,
as thofe great Beauties of Nature, His and Valleys, which, by
our regular Coxcombs, have ever been deftroyed, and at a very
great Expence alfo in Levelling.

For, to their great Misfortune, they always deviate from Na-
ture, inftead. of imitating it.

There are many other Abfurdities I could mention, which
thole wretched Creatures have, and are daily guilty of : But as
the preceding are\fufficient to arm worthy Gentlemen againi{t
fuch Mortals, I, fhall. at prefent forbear, and inftead thereof,
proceed to General. Dire&tions for laying out Gardens in a more
grand and delightful Manner than has been done before. But
firft obferve, }

That the feveral Parts of a beautifulRural Garden, are Walks,
Slopes, Borders, Open Plains, Plain ‘Parterres, Avenues,
Groves, Wilderneffes, Labyrinths, Fruit-Gardens, Flower-Gar-.
dens, Vineyards, Hop-Gardeus, Nur Series, Coppiced Quarters,

Gr

Cen

9 ft y
27

New Principles of Gardening.

Green Openings, like Meadows: Small Inclofures of Corz,
Cones of Ever-Greens, of Flowering-Shrubs, of Fruit-Trees, of
Foreft-Trees, and mix’d together: Mounts, Terraces, Winding
Valleys, Dales, Purling Streams, Bafons, Canals, Fountains,
Cafcades, Grotto’s, Rocks, Ruins, Serpentine Meanders, Rude
Coppies, Hay-Stacks, Wood-Files, Rabbit and Harc-WVarrens,
Cold Baths, Aviaries, Cabinets, Statues, Obelisks, Manazeries,
Pheafant and Partridge-Grounds, Orangeries, Melon-Grounds,
Kitchen-Gardens, Phyfick or Herb-Garden, Orchard, Bowling-
Green, Dials, Precipices, Amphitheatres, &c.

General DIREC TIONS, &.

I. HAT the grand Front of a Building lie open upon

an elegant Lawn or Plain of Grafs, adorn’d with beau-
tiful Statues, (of which hereafter in their Place,) terminated on
its Sides with open Groves.

II. That grand Avenues be planted from fuch large open
Plains, with a Breadth proportionable to the Building, as well
as to its Length of View.

Iif. That Views in Gardens be as extenfive as poffible.

IV. That fuch Walks, whofe Views cannot be. extended,
terminate in Woods, Forefts, mifhapen Rocks, ftrange Precipi-
ces, Mountains, old Ruins, grand Buildings, &c.

V. That no regular Ever-Greens, Sc. be planted in any Part
of an open Plain or Parterre.

VI. That no Borders be made, or Scroll-Work cut, in any
fuch Lawn or plain Parterre; for the Grandeur of thofe beau-
tiful Carpets confifts in their native Plainnefs.

VII. That all Gardens be grand, beautiful, and natural.

VIII. That fhady Walks be planted from the End-Views of
a Houfe, and terminate in thofe open Groves that enclofe the
Sides of the plain Parterre, that thereby you may enter into
immediate Shade, as foon as out of the Houfe, without being
heated by the fcorching Rays of the Sun. _

Without a Shade no Beauty Gar dens kaos $ ieee
And all the Country's but a naked Show.

eek IX. That

195

196

,
New Principles of Gardening.

IX. That all the Trees of your fhady Walks and Groves be:
planted with Sweet-Brier, White Jeflemine, and Honey-Suckles,,
environ’d at Bottom with a {mall Circle of Dwarf-Stock, Candy-
Turf, and Pinks.

X. That all thofe Parts which are out of View from the
Houfe, be form’d into Wilderneffes, Labyrinths, Sc.

XI. That Hills and Dales, of eafy Afcents, be made by Art,.
where Nature has not perform’d that Work before.

XII. That Earths caft out of Foundations, &c. be carried to
fuch Places for raifing of Mounts, from which, fine Views-
may be feen. |

XI. That the Slopes of Mounts, c. be laid with a mode-
rate Reclination, and planted with all Sorts of Ever-Greens.in
a promifcuous Manner, fo as to grow all ina Thicket; which
has a prodigious fine Effect.

In this very Manner are planted two beautiful Mounts in
the Gardens of the Honourable Sir Fiber Tench at Low-
Layton in Effex.

XIV. That the Walks leading up the Slope of a Mount,
have their Breadth contratted at the Top, full one half Part;.
and if that contrafted Part be enclofed on the Sides with a
Hedge whofe Leaves are of a light Green, ‘twill feemingly add
a great Addition to the Length of the Walk, when view’d
from the other End.

XV. That all Walks whofe Lengths are fhort, and lead away
from any Point of View, be made narrower at their further -
Ends than at the hither Part; for by the Inclination of their —
Sides, they appear to be of a much greater Length than they
really are; and the further End of every long Walk, Avenue, &c.
appears to be much narrower than that End where you ftand.

And the Reafon is, that notwithftanding the Sides of fuch
Walks are parallel to each other, yet as the Breadth of the
further End is feen undera lefler“Angle, than the Breadth of
that Part where you ftand, it will therefore appear as if con-
tracted, altho’ the Sides are actually parallel ; for equal Ob-
jects always appear under equal Angles, Q. E. D.

XVI. That the Walks of'‘a Wildernefs be never narrower
than ten Beet, or wider than twenty five Feet.

XVII. ‘That the Walks of a Wildernefs be fo plac’d, as to
refpect the beft Views of the Country.

XVII. That

New Principles of Gardening: 197

XVII. That the InterfeGtions of Walks be adorn’d with
Statues, large open Plains, Groves, Cones of Fruit, of Ever-
Greens, of Flowering Shrubs, of Foreft. Trees, Bafons, Foun-
tains, Sun-Dials, and:Obelisks.

When in the Garden’s Entrance you provide,
The Waters, there united, to divide:
Firft, in the Center a large Fountain make;
Which from a narrow Pipe its Rife may take,
And to the Air thofe Waves, by which ’tis fed,
Remit agen: About it raife a Bed
Of Mo/fs, or Grafs; but if you think this bafe,
With well-wrought Marble circle in the Place.
Statues of various Shapes may be difpos'd
About the Tube ; fometimes 2t2s-snclos'd
By dubious Scy\la, or with Sea-Calves grac’d,
Or by a Brazen Triton tis embrac’d.
A Triton thus at Luxembourg prefides,
And from the Dolphin which he proudly rides,
Spouts out the Streams: This place, though beautify'd,
With Marble round, though with Arcueill fupply’d,
Yet to St. Cloud muft yield, in this out-biwd,
That there the Hoftel D’ Orleans. we find;
The little Town, the Groves before fearce known,
Enabled thus, will now give Place, to none.
So great an Owner any Seat improves ;
One whom the King, and all the People loves.

This Garden, as a Pattern, may. be fhown
To thofe who would add Beauty to their owns
All other Fountains this fo far tranf{cends,
That none in France befides with it contends ; a
None fo much Plenty yields, none flows fo high sy, Ale
A Gulph, 2? th’ Middle of the Pond does he, .. oak 12:\7at
In which a fwollen Tunnel opens wide 3s, soiw 18% a6i
Through hiffing Chinks the Waters freely flidesis °°
And in their Paffage in. a Whirlwind. movéy. 8
With rapid Force into the Air abowey a |
As if a watry Dart were upward throwns
But when thefe haughty Waves do once fall down, ~~
Refeunding

190

New Principles of Gardening.
Refounding loud, they on each other beat,
And with a dewy Shower the Bafon wet.

XIX. That in thofe ferpentine Meanders, be placed at pro-
per Diftances, large Openings, which you furprizingly come to;
and in the firft are entertain’d with a pretty Fruit-Garden, ‘or
Paradice-Stocks, with a curious Fountain; trom which you are
infenfibly led through the pleafant Meanders of a fhady de-
lightful Plantation; firft, into an oven Plain ehviron’d with
lotty Pines, in whofe Center is a pleafant Fountain, adorn’d
with Neptune and his Tritons, ©c. fecondly, into a Flower-
Garden, enrich’d with the moft fragrant Flowers and beauti-
ful Statues; and from thence through fmal! Inclofures of
Corn, open Plains, or {mall Meadows, Hop-Gardens, Orange-
rics, Melon-Grounds, Vineyards, Orchards, Nurferies, Phyfick-
Gardens, Warrens, Paddocks of Deer, Sheep, Cows, Se. with
the rural Enrichments of Hay-Stacks, Wood-Piles, &c.

Which endlefs are, with no fix’d Limits bound,
But fill in various Forms the {pacious Round.
And endlefs Walks the pleas'd Spe€tator views,
At evw’ry Turn the verdant Scene renews.

Thefe agreeable furprizing Entertainments in the pleafant
Paflage thro’ a Wildernefs, muft, without doubt, create new
Pleafures at every Turn: And more efpecially when the Whole
is {0 happily fituated, as to be blefs’d with {mall Rivulets and
purling Streams of clear Water, which generally admit of
fine Canals, Fountains, Cafcades, ce. which are the very Life
of a delightful rural Garden.

Of pleafant Floods, and Streams, my Mule now fings,
Of chryftal Lakes, Grotts, inetd trent ene -
By thefe a Garden is more charming made,

They chiefly beautify the rural Shade.

Lou who employ your Time to cultivate

Lour Gardens, and to make their Glory great ;
Among your Groves and Flow’rs, let Water flow:
Water, the Soul of Groves and Flow rs too.

Water,

New Principles of Gardening. 199

Water, tis true, through Pipes may be convey d
From hollow Pits; fo Fountains oft are made,
By Art, when Nature aids not our Defigns,

The penfile Machine to a Tunnel yoins ;

Which by the Motion of a Siphon firaight,

The Element attracts, though by its Weight —
It be deprefs’d ; and thus, O Sein, thy Waves
Beneath Pontneuf, the tall Samarian Laves,
And pours them out above: But let all thofe
Who want thefe Helps, to him addrefs their Vows,
Whofe Arm, whofe Voice alone can Water draw,
And make obdurate Rocks to Rivers thaw.

And to add to the Pleafure of thefe_delightfal Meanders, I
advife that the Hedge-Rows Of the Walks be intermix’d with
Cherries, Plumbs, Apples, Pears, Bruxel Apricots, Figs, Goofe-
berries, Currants, Rasberries, &c. and the Borders planted with
Strawberries, Violets, Sc.

The moft beautiful Foreft-Trees for Hedges, are the Eng-
lifhb Elm, the ‘Dutch Elm, the Lime-Tree, and. Hornbeam :
And altho’ I have advisd the Mixing of thefe Hedges of
Foreft-Trees with the aforefaid Fruits, yet you muft not for-
get a Place for thofe pleafant and delightful Flowering-Shrubs,
the White Jeflemine, Honey-Suckle, and Sweet-Brier. ;

XX. Obferve, at proper Diftances, to place publick and pri-
vate Cabinets, which fhould (always) be encompafs’d with a
Hedge of Ever-Greens, and Flowering-Shrubs next behind
them, before the Foreft-Trees that are Standards.

XXI. Such Walks as muft terminate within the Garden, are
beft finifh’d with Mounts, Aviaries, Grotto’s, Cafcades, Rocks,
Ruins, Niches, or Amphitheatres of Ever-Greens, varioully
mix’d, with circular Hedges afcending behind one another,
which renders a very graceiul Appearance.

Befides the Fountains which to Art we owe,
That Falls of Water alfo can befowy
— Such, as on rugged Jura we. defiry, a at ,
On Rocks ; and on the Alps which touch the Sky
Where from the fleep Precipices it defcends,
And where America it (elf extends

New Principles of Gardening.

To the rude North; expos’d to Eurus’ Blaft:. — —
On Canada’s bold Shore the Ocean pafl,
There among Groves of Fir-Trees, eversgreety. >.
Streams Falling headlong from the Cliffs are feen-3.° -
The Cataracts refound along the Shore ; ss
Struck with the Noife, the Woods and Valleys roars
Thefe Wonders which by Nature here are fhown,
Ruellian Naiads have by Art out-done.
Into the Air a Rock with lofty Head
Afpires, the hafty Waters thence proceed.
Dafh’d againft rugged Places they defiend, *
And broken thus, themfelves in Foam they fpend,. _
The Sound, as when fome Torrent uncontroll d,
With mighty Force is from a Mountain rolVd,
The Earth, with horrid Noife, affrighted groans,
flints which lie underneath, and.moiften?d Stones,
Are beat with Waves ; th untrodden:Paths refound, —
And Groves and Woods do loudly eccho round. — -

Nor fhould it. lefs deferve of our Efleem, —.
When from an even Bed diffus’d, the Stream
Runs down a polifh’d Rock; and as it flows,
Like Linen in the Ai expanded fhows.
Lhe Textile Flood a flender Current holds,
And in a wavy Veil the Place infolds. ~

XXII. Obelisks of Trellip-Work cover’d with Pafion-Flow-

ers, Grapes, Honey-Suckles, and White Jeflemine, are beautiful

Ornaments in the Center of 2n open Plain, Flower-Garden, Se.
XXIII. In the Planting of a Wildernefs, be caretul of ma-
king an equal Difpofition of the feveral Kinds of Trees, and
that you mix therewith the feveral Sorts of Ever-Greens ; for
they not only add a very great Beauty thereunto, by their dif-
ferent Leaves and Colours, in the Summer; but are a great
Grace to a Garden in the Winter, when others have ftood the
Strip of their Leaves. : :
XXIV. Canals, Fifh-Ponds, &c. are moft beautiful when en-
viron’d with a Walk of flately Pines, and terminate at each —
End with a fine Grove of Foreft-Trees, or Ever-Greens.

Or;

New Principles of Gardening.

- Or, if an extenfive Canal terminate. at one End in an ele-
gant Piece of Architeéture, with a Grove on each Side thereof,
-. and the other End in a Wood, Grove, Sc. ’twill havea noble

© and grand Afpect.

XXY. Groves of Standard Ever-Greens, as Yew, Holly,
Box, and Bay-Trees, are very pleafant, efpecially when a
delightful Fountain is plac’d in their Center.

XXVI. All Grafs-Walks fhould be laid with the fame Cur-
vature as Gravel-Walks, and particularly in wet and cold
Lands; for, by their being made flat or level from Side to Side,
they foon fettle into Holes in the Middle, by often walking on,
and therein retain Wet, c. which a circular furfaced Walk

201

refifts. ‘The Proportion for the Heights of the Crown, or mid- _

dle Part-of Gr. "is as five is to one,
that is, if the Walk be five Foot in Breadth, the Height of
the Middle, above the Level of the Sides, muft be one Inch;
if ten Foot, two Inches; fifteen Foot, three Inches, Sc.

XXVII. The Proportion that the Bafe of a Slope ought to
have to-its Perpendicular, is as three to one, that ts, if the
perpendicular Height be ten Feet, its Bafe muft be thirty Feet ;
and*the dike:ofcall. others. © :

XXVUE Diftant Hills in Parks, Sc. are beautiful Objects,
when planted with little Woods; as alfo are Valleys, when
intermix’d with Water, and large Plains; and a rude Coppice
in the Middle of a fine Meadow, is a delightful Object.

XXIX. Lictle Walks by purling Streams in Meadows, and
through Corn-Fields, Thickets, ©c. are delightful Entertain-
ments.

- XXX. Open: Lawns fhould be always in Proportion to thie
Grandeur of the Building; and the Breadth of Avenues to the
Fronts of Edifices, and their own Length alfo. a

+ The entire Breadth of every Avenue fhould be divided into
five equal Parts: Of which, the Middle, or grand Walk, mutt
be three Fifths ; and the Side, or Counter-Walks om each Side
‘one Fifth each. But let the Length of Avenues fall as tt will, you
muft always obferve, that the grand Walk be never natrower
than the Front of the Building.

‘The moft beautiful and grand Figures for fine large open
Lawns, are the Triangle Semicircle, Geometrical Square, Circle

Or Elipfis, as the Figures A, B, C, D, E.
Dd XXXI.

202

New Principles of Gardening.

XXXI. The Circle, Elipfis, O&agon, and mix’d Figures
compofed of Geometrical Squares, Paralellograms, and Arches
of Circles, makes very beautiful Figures for Water, as may be
{een in the feveral Parts of the Defigns at the End hereof. But
of them all, the Circle is the moft grand and beautiful.

Nor will the plenteous Waters pleafe you lefs,

When in the Ground a Circle they poffefs :

Which Figure with a Garden beft agrees 5

If on the grafy Bank a Grove of Trees,

With {bining Scenes, and Branches hanging down,
The Seats of Stone, and verdant Shores does crown.
But whether they fland fiill, or fwiftly glide, _
With their broad Leaves let Woods the Rivers hide,
Beflowing on each Place their cooling Shade |
For Springs by that alone are pleafant made.

XXXII. In the Planting of Groves, you muft obferve a re-
gular Irregularity ; not planting them according to. the
common Method like an Orchard, with their Trees in ftraight
Lines ranging every Way, but ina rural Manner, as if they
had receiv’d their Situation from Nature itfelf. |

XXXIII. Plant in and about your feveral Groves, and other
Parts of your Garden, good Store of Black-Cherry and other
Trees that produce Food for Birds, which will not a little add
to the Pleafure thereof.

----- We wandring thro a Grove, Pi
‘Trees green beneath us, and all Shade above, 9
Mild as our Friend{hip, {pringing as our Love 5:

Hundred of chearful Birds fill ev’ry Tree.
And fing their joyful § Si Piberty: _

XXXIV. Where Water is eafy to be had, always introduce
a Bafin or Fountain in every Flower and Fruit-Garden, Grove,
and other pleafing Ornaments, in the feveral private Parts of
your rural Garden.

Ye Springs and Fountains in the Woods refound,
And with your Noife the filent Groves confound. v
XXXV.-

New Principles of Gardening.

XXXV. The feveral Kinds of Foreft-Trees make beautiful
Groves, as alfo doth many Ever-Greens, or both mix’d toge-
ther; but none more beautiful than that noble Tree the

ine. ;

The Winds within the quiv’ring Branches playd,
And dancing Trees, a mournful Mufick made.

Lhe Place it felf was fuiting to his Care,
‘Oncouth and favage as the cruel Fair:

He wandred on, unknowing where he went,

Loft in the Wood, and all on Love intent.

XXXVI. In the Difpofition of the feveral Parts of Gardens
in general, always oblerve that a perfect Shade be continued
throughout, in fuch a Manner as to pafs from one Quarter to
another, ©¢. without being obliged at any Time to pals thro’
the fcorching Kays of the Sun.

‘Twas in a Grove of pleafant Pines he fray d; ,

O bleft Abodes! O dear delicious Shade!

ad I for you, or you for me been made,
How gladly would T fix my wandring Cour fe
With you? How willing bear the World’s Divorce?
And only bleft in yours, her Charms forget,
Renounce her Pleafures, and to yours retreat.

_ XXXVII. There is nothing adds fo much to the Beauty and
Grandeur of Gardens, as fine Statues; and nothing more dif-
agreeable, than when wrongly plac’d; as Neptune ona Ter-
race-Walk, Mount, ce. or Pan, the God of Sheep, in a large
Bafin, Canal, or Fountain. But to prevent fuch Abfurdities,
take the following Dire@tions.

For open Lawns and large Centers: |

Mars, God of Battle, with the Goddels Fame; Jupiter,
God of Thunder, with Venus, the Goddefs of Love and Beauty ;
and the Graces Aglaio, Thalia, and Euphrofyne ; Apollo, God
of Wifdom, with the nine Mufes, Cleia, Melpomene, Thalia, Eu-
terpe, Terpficoce, Erato, Calliope Urania, and Polymnia ,

Dd2- Minerva

t

202

204.

New Principles of Gardening.
Minerva and Pallas, Goddefles of Wifdom, with the feven
Liberal Sciences; the three Deftinies, Clotho, Lachefis, and
Atropos, Demegorgon and Tellus, Gods of the Harth, Priapus,
the Garden-God ; Bellona, Goddefs of War; Pytho, Goddels of
Eloquence; Veta, Goddefs of Chattity,; Voluptia, Goddefs of
Pleafure; Atlas, King of Mauritania, a famous Aftronomer ;
Tyfias, theInventer of Rhetorick; and Hercules, God of Labour.

For Woods and Groves:

Ceres and Flora, Sylvanus, God, and Ferona, Goddefs of
the Woods; Aé@ox, a Hunter, whom Dzaza turn’d into a.
Hart, and was devoured by his own Dogs; Eccho, a Virgin
rejected of her Lover, pined away in the Woods for Sorrow,
where her Voice ftill remains, anfwering the Outcries of every
Complaint, Sc. Philomela, a young Maid ravifh’d by Tereus,
who afterwards imprifon’d her, and cut out her Tongue; which
cruel A€tion Progne, Sifter to Philomela and Wife to Tereus,
reveng’d, by killing her own Son Itzs, whom fhe had by 7e-
reus, and mincing his Flefh, drefs’d up a Difh thereof, which
fhe gave her Husband Terews to eat, (unknown to him,) inftcad
of Meat. ‘Philomela was afterwards transformed into a Nigh-
tingale, and J¢és into a Pheafant; and laltly, Nuppee Fairies
of the Woods.

For Canals, Bafins, and Fifb-Ponds :

Neptune, Palemon, Panifcus, and Oceanus, Gods, and Dzone,
Melicerta, Thetis, and Marica, Goddeffes of the Sea; Salacia
GoddefS of Water; Natades Fairies of the Water; and the Sy-
rens Parthenope, Lygi: and Leufia..~ 3 ree

Niches to be adorn’d with Diz.mimorese,

Spite OU

For FruiteGardens and Orchards :

Pomona Goddefs of Fruit, and the three He/perides, Eagle,
Aretufa, and Hifperetufa, who were three Sifters that had an
Orchard of golden Apples kept by a Dragon, which Hercules
flew when he took them away.

4

For

New Principles of Gardening,

For Flower-Gardens :

Flora and Cloris, Goddefles of Flowers; and alfo Venus, Diana,
Daphne, and Runcina the Goddefs of Weeding.

For the Vineyard :
Bacchus God of Wine.
For Mounts, high Terrace-Walks, &c.

fHolus, God of the Winds and Orcedes Fairies of the Moun-
tains.

, ——— . : oagasind
For Valleys :
The Goddefs Val/onta.
For private Cabinets in a Wildernefs or Grove:

Harpocrates God, and Agerona Goddels of Silence, Mercury
God of Eloquence.

For {mall Paddocks of Sheep, &c. in a Wildernefs :
Morpheus and Pau Gods of Sheep ; Pates the Shepherds

Goddefs; Budbona the Goddefs of Oxen; and Nz// a famous
Glutton, who ufed himfelf to carry a Calf every Morning, un-

til it became a large Bull, at which Time he flew it wich his |

Fift, and eat him all in one Day.
For fall Enclofures of Wheat, Barley, &c. ia Wildernefs:
Robigus a God who preferved Corn trom bein blafted ; Se-

gefta a Goddefs of the Corn, and 7; utelna aGc efs, who had
the Tuition of Corn in the Fields.

For

205,

206

New Principles of Gardening.

For Ambufcadoes near Rivers, Paddocks, or Meadows :

For thofe near a Canal or River, UAfes, who firkt invented
the Shooting of Birds; and for thofe near a Paddock, wherein
Sheep, Sc. are kept, Cacus laying by Hercules. For Cacus be-
ing a Shepherd, and a notorious Theif of great Strength and
Policy, {tole feveral Sheep and Oxen from Hercules, who per-
ceiving his Lofs, lay in Ambuth, and took Cacus in the Fact,
for which, with his Club, he knock’d out his Brains.

Lafily, for Places of Banqueting :
The God Comus.
Where Bees are kept in Hives :
The God riffeus.

Thefe general DireGtions, with the preceding deliver’d in
the Cultivation of the féveral Kinds of Fruit and Foreft-Trees,
Ever-Greens, and Flowering-Shrubs, join’d with the moft ufe-
ful Obfervations on the feveral Defigns hereunto annex’d, is ful-
ly fufficient for any Perfon whatfoever, to defign, lay out, and
plant Gardens in general, in a more grand and beautiful Man-
ner than has been done before. I therefore fhall now conclude
for the prefent, in the Words of Rapin on the Happinefs of a
rural Seat ; : —

“And bleft is he, who tir’d with his Affairs,
Far from all Noife, all vain Applaufe, prepares ~~
To 20, and underneath | 1e filent Shade,
Which neither Cares nor anxious Lhotights invade,
Does for a while, himfelf alone Pofefs,
Changing the Town for rural Happine fs.

e, when the Sun’s hot Steeds to th Ocean bafte,
Ber fable Night the World has overra ; |

May from the Hills, the Fields below defery,
At once diverting both his Mind and Eye ;

New Principles of Gardening. 207
Or if he pleafe, into the Woods may fira me
Lifer ike Birds, which Jing at Bréak of Day :
Or, when the Cattle come from Pafture, hear
The bellowing Ox the hollow Valleys tear
With his hoarfe Voice. Sometimes his Flowers invites.
The Fountains too are worthy of his Sight.
To ev'ry Part he may his Care extend,
“ind thefe Delights all others fo tranfcend,
That we the City now no more refpe,
Or the vain Honours of the Court affect ;
But to cool Streams and aged Groves retire,
Mind thunmix’d Pleafures of the Fields defire, ,
Making our Beds upon the graffy Bank,
For which no Art but Nature we muft-thank.
No Marble Pillars, no proud Pavements there,
No GalPries, or fretted Roofs appear.
The modeft Rooms to India nothing owe ge
Nor Gold, xor Ivory, vor Arras know :
Thus liv'd our Anceftors when Saturn reign’d,
While the firft Oracles in Oaks riled
A harmlefs Courfe of Life they did pur fue,
And nought beyond their Fills, their Rivers knew...

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tes QE TRANNCT .

es oo ee

PRINCIPLES

O F

GARDENING.

er So Se

‘Pp A R aN VIL |
~ Of the KircHEN ‘Garpen.

INTRODUCDION.

sa--)}MONGST the feveral parts of Gardening,
sf2<'\1 which in general are delightful and advantageous,
4} none is more neceflary to be well underftood,
than chat of the right Ordering and Cultivation
of Sallets, | t the feveral Seafons of the
: Year. And in Confideration, that a Work of
this kind might be very ufeful to every one, if communicated
to the Publick in a manner abfolutely practicable, and free
from the feveral Chimera’s, and Imaginations fo much ufed
by our late theorical Writers on the feveral parts of Gardening,
B

which

2

New Principles of Gardening.

which greatly deceives every one who follows their Directions ;
I fhall therefore demonftrate the true and genuine Cultivations
of thofe wholefome Vegetables, ina more concife, familiar and
authentick manner, than has been done before.

iT

ND

Sma tee
Of the right Ordering and Cultevation of the
feveral Sallet Herbs which are in Seafon,
“duving the Months of January, February
and March. :

SFC Tew
Of Alexanders.

1. Its Names.
LEXANDERS is called in Latin Hippofelinum, in
FX Greek ixocéAwoy or great Parfley of Gaza Equapium.
"Tis alfo called O/ufatrum, or the black Pot-Herb, and by many
Sylveftre or wild Parfley. The Germans call it Grofz Epffich,
The French Alexandre, and the Englifh Alexanders.

2. Its Defcription. |

The Form of the Leaves of this Vegetable is like unto thofe
of Smallage, but fomething larger, being {mooth and of a very
deep green. When it’s fuffered to grow up to Seed, it will rife
about eighteen Inches high. Its Bloffoms are white, and the
Seed is black when ripe in Auguff, and very bitter, but af
an aromatic Smell. The Root is of a black Colour ‘without,
but white within, and may be eaten.

s 3. Lts Temperature. — |
The Seed is hot in the fecond Degree, and almoft dry in the
third. Its Roots are of a moderate heat, as are alfo the Leaves,
seks, Of. o tHe tees, 24 2058
Se 4. The

New Principles of Gardening,

4. The Medicinal Virtues.
A Decoétion of the Root made with Wine, will expel Wind,
provoke Urine, and is excellent againft the Strangury, as alfo
are the Seeds.

5. The Parts for ufe in Sallets are,

(1.) The frefh Sprouts, Tops and Stalk, while tender, being
blanch’d. (2.) The Root being peeled, and eaten raw or boiled
in Soup, is very good for the Stomach, and its tender Shoots
make an excellent Pickle.

6. lts Proportion or Quantity in a Sallet is difcretionally, and
is eaten with Oyl, Pepper, Salt, &c.

7. Its Cultivation.

The Seed may be fown as foon as ripe in Auguft, or in the
March following. It delights in good mellow Land, being
fown thin; its Seed is not produced under two Years growth,
after being gathered and fown in Augu/f, in {mall Borders of
three Foot in breadth, ge.

5 EO essa

Of Afparagus.
1. Its Names and Kinds.

SPARAGUS is called in Latin (1.) Afparagus Sa-
tivus, Garden Afparagus. (2.) 4/paragus Paluftris, Marth
Sperage. (3.) A/paragus Petreus, Stone or Mountain Sperage.
(4.) Afparagus Silveftris, wild Sperage. (5.) Afparagus Silveftris
Spiniofes Clufi, wild thorny Sperage; but of all thefe kinds —
we cultivate none but the firft, whichis calledin Greek cardeayos,
in High Dutch Spargen, in Low Dutch Afperges and Coralcruut
or Herba Coralli, Coralwort in refpe& to its red Berries; in
Spanifh Afparagos, in Italian Afparago, in French Afperges,

and yulgarly in Englsfh Sparrow-grafs.

B 2 a. ds

New Principles of Gardeming.

2. Its Defcription. >
“The tender Shoots, which naturally begin to come forth

about the End of March, are foft and brittle, and of divers

Sizes, fome being very (mall, as the Size of a-Goofe-quill,-
and others as large as a Man’s Thumb, and oftentimes larger,

being in Tafte when raw like unto green Beans. .The Top

or Bud is of the form of a Sparrow's Bill, and from thence
vulgarly called Sparrow-grafs. When the young Shoots are
about. cight:\Inches. in. height (or thereabouts) they open their
foft {calic Tops or Buds, and break out into divers Branches,.
adorned with {mall hairy -like Leaves, mixed with yellowifh
Bloffloms, which afterwards produce Berries wherein the Seed.
is inclofed. Thefe Berries are firft of a green-Colour, and
afterwards become red, of the Size of a common Pea; and
make a very beautiful Appearance, being mixt amongft their
beautiful verdant Leaves. ‘Ihe Roots are of avery foft and
fpungy Nature, and when planted in rich. Land, as 1 fhall in-

- its Place direct, profper well, and continue for many. Years.

_ a ZS mT
Gp Ghie Ghee Sheestta O64

3. Its Temperature...
Is temperately hot and moift.
4. The Medicinal Virtues.
The young Shoots being eatenjas hereafter directed, are very
nourifhing, and is a Cordial Diuretic, good for the Kidneys and
Bladder, loofens the Belly, and very much helps Digeftion.
. $: The Parts for ufe are, a
“The tender Shoors when grown about three Inches in height,
being carefully cut with a Knife; whofe Edge muft be ground
very thin, and’ afterwards hacked with the Edge of another
Knife, fo as to be rough like the Teeth of a fmall Saw, or
otherwife fil’d, as the Teeth of a fine Saw. The Knife being
thus prepared, place the end of the fide of the Blade clofe
down by the fide of the Afparagus, ‘cutfing it off about three
inches-Within the Ground. But before’ you: put down, your
Knife, as-aforefaid; open the Ground withthe point of your
Knife, to fee ifthere are not other young Buds coming througir
the’ Surface, .which care muft be taken of to preferve 5 “
Uh es es wo eS a when

- al

%

New. Principles of Gardemng.

when you areicutting the Afparagus off, as aforefaid, be care-
ful that you don’t turn your Knife about, which oftentimes de-
ftroys three or four other Buds as would have fucceeded the
firtt. ‘Alfo be:careful that you don’t.jaub, or haftily thruft down
your Knife into: the Head of the:Roots' from: which. the young
Shoots arife; for by fuch doings I have known many fine, Pieces
of Afparagus killed. But to prevent fuch Misfortunes, care
muft be ‘taken to plant the Roots a’ fufficient Depth, as I fhall
in its. Cultivation dire@.onct bio2 (eos) Bi 2o8 AM & bas
wo ot aie Pesbb espe eee oe de.goirrt 2" dsrltniion

-.6t .6.:The Proportion or Quantity to be eaten,

‘Is Arbitrary, its white Parts being fcraped, and: bound up in
{mall Bundlés and boiled, is eaten with melted Butter, Bread
toatted, ec. alone, or with Chickens, Lamb, ere. well known
to moft People. 008 dw CYRWS WOR e pieibar i
beg ry 7. Its Cultivation. 0 199H adeyd ot

The proper Soil wherein Afparagus naturally delights, is a
rich fandy Loam; and-is thus cultivated.

(1.) Having made choice of fuch large and found Buds of
the! beft! Kind) (which firft:appear in April) as may be thought
neceffary;) the: Michaelmas following,’ when their Haulm is
deadj"their Seed will be fitsto gather, at which Time obferve
that you are not difappointed therein by Birds, which will de-
ftroy the Seed, if Care is not taken to preferve ‘it.

' (ay) Your Seed, being arrived: to- its full’ Maturity’ of Ripe-
rie(s; gather all thofe large Stems’ eleéted, and fri ‘off ‘thei
Berries intoa Tube, wherein’ put’a little ‘Water, dnd ‘between
the Palms of your Hands, rub the Berries'to pieces, to feparate
the Pulp of the Berries, which will {wim on the Surface of the
Water, from the Seed that finks to the Bottom. ;
».(3:) Having: thus feparated ithe Seed from the Shell and Pulp
of the Berry, pour off the Water; and Jay the*Seed to dry on
a dry! Floor; ee-obferving to-lay it very thin, and to keep’ it
{tirring about once a day, till’ perfeatly ‘dry. ad

(4.) The Seed being thus faved, keep it in a dry Place until
the middl@of the next March, at which time it'muft be fown

either in flat-bottom'd broad’ Drills, made with the full breadth
of a Hough, or at randony in Borders abour three Feet wide, being
29 pak ep en. ode to: ering v2th 29909 Coverd

New. Principles of Gardening.

covet'’d with the natural Earth made fine, about two Inches
thick. :

And as Afparagus Plants of one Year's Growth are the very
beft of all others, therefore be careful to fow the Seed of a
moderate Thicknefs, that the Plants may receive their full
Nourifhment, and not ftarye one another by their being too
numerous. |

(s.) The beft Seafon for planting A/paragus in light or hot
Lands, is April, and in fandy cold Lands, the beginning of May,
and not inthe beginning of March,as Mr.Brad/ey dire&s in his new
Improvements, Part the Thitd CoRRECTED, page 141. Forto
my certain Knowledge, Ihave known many Labours loft, by
planting fo very early, before that their Roots are difpofed to
ftrike, which they never fail of doing about the middle of Apri/,
and immediately grow away with good Succefs. . Whereas
when they are planted at the beginning of March, before they
are by the Heat of the Spring put into a State of Growth, and
wet and cold Weather comes thereon; ’tis very rare that one
Root in ten ever comes to one tenth the Perfection as thofe
planted in Apri/. ‘é i :

_(6.) The proper Seafon, for trenching and preparing the:
Land, wherein A/paragus is to be planted, is November, or the
beginning of December, and not-at the time of planting in
April, &c. as has been always practifed.

The manner of performing this Work is as. follows.

About the beginning of November, or fooner, if the Ground
will work, open a Trench the length or breadth of the Ground.
you/intend to plant; ef two Spit and two Crums in depth,
which being done, throw into the Trench as much well rotted
Horfe Dung, dye. as will fill it up about one Foot from the Bot-
tom, and thereon caft the firft Spit of the fecond Trench, which
muft be afterwards well mixed with the Dung underneath, by
the help ofa Dung-Fork, Sparrow-grafs-Fork, de. before that the
Crum and fecond Spit come thereon. This bottem Spit being
thus well worked in with the Dung, throw on the firft Crum,
and thereon a fecond laying of Dung of the fame Thickne(s of the
former, and on that, the bottom Spit of the fecond Trenchs
but herein obferve that this bottom Spit of the fecond Trench
mutt be thrown into Ridges, and not levelled down as is ufual,
and to cover fuch parts of the Dung as is between the wee

ca

New Principles of Gardenmg.

aft thereon the fecond Crum, and then begin again with a
Foot thicknefs of Dung in the Bottom of the fecond Trench,
which mix with the upper Spit of the third Trench, ec. till the
whole is compleated.

The Quantity of Dung necefflary for one Rod of Ground,
is about one good Cart Load and an half, or three quarters,
ifto be had. And altho’ I have nor hitherto mentioned any
thing of the Care, as ought to be taken, in haying the Land
perfectly clean from Couch-grafs, Thiftles, Vervine, Gc. yet
that mutt be carefully executed, or otherwife ‘twill be of a very
bad Confequence.

About the middle of April, when the Seafon of planting is
arrived, andthofe Ridges {weetened and meliorated by the Win-
ter’s Frofts, ¢xc. (for which I dire&ted their being ridged) throw
them down, and with a Dung-Fork, dc. mix the upper laying
of Dung therein, and level it as you go on, ready for planting.

Having thus prepared the Ground fit for planting, fet out
your Beds (which ought to be) four Feet in breadth, and the
Alleys between them two Feet and half. This being done,
divide the breadth of each Bed in four equal Parts, which
being each one Foot, is the Diftance that the Rows muft be from
one another.

The manner of planting Afparagus Roots with Dibbers is
entirely wrong, for by crowding all their Fibres together the
Earth cannot encompa({s them, and therefore die in great Quan-
tity. But to prevent fuch Lofles. and Difappointments, obierve
the following Direction, véz- Prepare a Line mark’d with Knots
of Thread, at nine Inches apart, which fet on the firlt Divifion
of your Bed, and againft every Knot make a chop with a
Spade, wide enough to receive one A/paragus Plant, which
place againft the Knot of the Line about fix Inches below the
Surface, {preading their Root fingly againft the fide of the Chop,
and clofing the Earth well between and over them, and in like
manner proceed till the whole Plantation is completed.

The Cuftom of fowing Onions amongft the Plants in the
Beds, and planting Colly-flowers or Artichokes in the Alleys,
I cannot any wife commend, for they. in generalare Robbers of
the Nourifhment as fhould be preferved with care for the Af-
paragus only, which will foon repay the Value of fuch Onions,
Colly-flowers, Oc. ten-fold. Therefore I recommend, that

+ Care

‘New Principles of Gardening.
Care being taken to keep them perfeétly clean from Weeds,
and that no Plant of any kind be fuffered to grow amongft
them. . | ; Sht o

Towards Michaelmas, before that the young Haulm is decay-
edj examine the feveral Lines of all your Beds, to find what
Number of Plants has mifcarried ; and in fuch places, when
they have fo miffed, place down a {mall Stick, &e. which
will inform you where to make good your Plantation the April
following.

About the middle of Odfodber,divide the Alleys in the middle and
on each fide, fet off the breadth of half a Spit, and then ftrain-
ing a Line on each fide, chop out the Alleys, and throw them
upon the Beds, which will raife the Beds about two Inches in
height, whereby the Buds of the Roots will be about eight Inches
deep, out of the Danger of the Knife in cutting, (as l obferved
before) Frofts, Gc. and the Alleys exatly between the extream
Lines of each Bed. |

At the latter End of February, if the Spring be very for-
ward, or beginning (but not later than the middle) of March,
fork and rake the Beds, breaking the Earth very well, and
picking out fuch Weeds as may have crept therein.

When A/paragus is planted very fhallow, ‘twill come much
fooner in the Spring than that which is planted deeper; but
then it is attended with thefe Misfortunes, ‘tis always fmaller,
more expofed to the Winter's Frofts, fubje& to be killed by
the Fork in forking, and by the Knife in cutting; fo that al-
tho’ A/paragus be planted a moderate depth, and does not come in
quite fo foon, as that as is planted fhallow; yet £ cannot but
recommend that manner of planting, becaufe ‘tis out of all
= Dangers aforefaid, and is much latger and finer than the

About the middle of Ogfober cut down the Haulm, throw up
the Alley, and at the End of February, or beginning of March
following, fork and rake the Beds as before directed, and fo in
like manner every Year. When your Plantation has been thus
managed three Years, twill then produce good A/paragus ; but
the lefs’tis cut this third Year, the better it will be ever after;
fo that I would not advife you to cut longer than the End of
April in the third Year, the middle of May the fourth Year,
three Weeks in May the fifth Year, and the End of May Ts

4 Car

New Principles of Gardening.

Year after. And in order to have this Plantation of a long
Duration, you muft every third Year lay on the Beds a good
Coat ‘of Horfe Dung, ce.'well rotted, which Work fhould ‘be
done at the end of Oéfober} or: beginning of November, and
at the fame time the Alleys digg’d up, and fpread over the
Dung to preferve the faline Particles from being exhaufted by
the Sun, Wind, ec. — , is]

A Plantation cultivated ling tothefe Direétions, will pro-
duce the very beft of Afparagus in great Quantity, and con-
tinue thirty Years, and up

wards. Having thus demonftrated
the true Praétice of raifing A/paragus in the natural Ground
without artificial Heats, 1 fhall in the next place explain its
Propagation by artificial Heats, as hot Beds of Horfe Dung, cc.
The firft Work to be done herein, \is to provide or make choice
of a piece of Land, that was very well dunged the laft Year, and
is very rich and mellow : Wherein plant ‘the young Seedlings |
at the time, and in the fame manner as before directed, except-
ing! their diftance and’ depth, uwhich« herein need not be fo
great; therefore if you plant ‘them in: Rows, about feven Inches
apart, and four Inchesafunder in the Rows, with their Buds two
or three Inches under Ground;’’tis fully: fufficient, becaufe that
their Duration therein is but for two or three Years, or there-
abouts 2 civ ist to 2iusp 2 inset 1019s 353 :
Your Nurfery being thus planted of fach a-Magnitude as ‘is
neceflaty, care:muft be taken ‘to keep them ‘clean from Weeds,
for the: fpacéi‘of two: Years after’ planting, sat which time they
dre often ufed“in the Hot Bed; bur for'my part, I cannot com- ~
mend that Prattice, having found by Experience that they pro-
duce much finer A/paragus when let alone until the third or
fourth Year after planting. “And in order to have plenty of
Afparagus every Winter, viz. from the beginning of Novem-
ber, until the end of March, ot ai Week in Aprils you mutt
every Apri] make a new Plantation, that as you take up and
force one Plantation this Winter, another may be coming in
Readinef$ to fucceed that the next’ Winter, and after that ano-
ther, and fo on. 2 Bo! ERG

Being thus prepared with a good Stock of Plants, we will
now proceed to the main Thing, that is, to receive a recom-
pence for our Labour, which muft thus be acquired.

C At

1®

New Principles of Gardening.

At the latter end of Oéfober throw up ina heap fix, eight, or
ten Cart Loads of frefh Horfe Dung, mixed with Sea-coal Afhes,
and watered, if very dry; and in the Operation hereof obferve,
that you fhake and feparate the fettled parts ofthe Dung, fo that
it may be all free and fit for working; alfo obferve, that the
Sea-coal Afhes be well mixed, for they add very much to the
Duration of the Heat. After your Dung has laid ina heap,
working for the ‘Space of three or four Days, if the Quantity
does not exceed three or four Loads, or fix or feven Days, when
as many Loads, gc. fet out the Dimenfions of your Bed, which
in breadth fhould be about eighteen Inches more than the breadth
of your Frame, fo that the back and forepart of the Frame
may ftand about nine Inches. within the upright of the Bed:
The length of your Bed being always governed by the length
of the Frames, I need not fay any thing on that head more,
than that the length of the Bed fhould be always as much
longer than the Frame as it is in breadth, vz. eighteen Inches,

The Magnitude of. your’ Bed being thus determined, place

in dire@ Eaft and Weft, that the reclining Glafles may be direct

*

South. Then: work. up the fame cqually, fhaking and mixing
the: Dung and Afhes in all parts alike, free from Clods; ee.
But do not tread it down asyou work it up, according to the
common Way, for that Error is the caufe of that violent Heat
which alwaysattends new Hot-Beds made that» Way. » Therefore
to prevent fuch.immoderate Heat, which oftentimes deftroys
good Plants, Gc..and to caufe a moderate, moift Heat, of a
long duration, moft natural to all Vegetables, work up your Bed
firm and tight with your Dung Fork, and, as Ifaid before, equal
in all its parts, of fuch aheight as; when fettled, to be about
three Feet, or three Feet and half high: Making the back part
fome fmall matter-higher than the foremoft part, that it may
lie a little oping towards the Sun ceat “lo bas si dindny aes

About three Days after your Bed is made ‘twill have fettled
its felf, at which time cover it about four or five Inches thick
with any common fifted Earth, whicl.encompafs with: Straw-
bands pinned down, to preferve the Earth from falling fronnoff
the fides ; and thercon place the Afparagus Roots as) thick as
poflibly youlcam place their Buds together, without pruning any
part of their Roots; covering them about three Inches thick
with common Mould, fifted or skreen’d tolerably fine.

New, Principles of Gardeniug.

The Plantation being thus executed, letoit remain in this
State for fix or feven Days, if the Bed proves very hot, before
you place the Glafies on the Frames: Which may be very eafily
difcover’d by thrufting three or four tolerable large Sticks, into
divers parts. of. the/ Bed ‘at the time of making, ‘which .will
be heated by the Bed» in Proportion to the Heat, and by pul-
ling thofe Sticks out and feeling them, may give a very good
Judgment of the Heat of the Bed. At the aforefaid time of

putting off the Lights of the Frames, add a Thickne(s of Earth

more over the A/paragus, that will (with the former) bury
the Buds about five Inches deep, and about three Days after-
watds the Buds will appear above Ground, when you muft
carefully obferve to give them as much Air as the Weather will
permit, that they thereby may. receive their natural green Co-

lour, and a good Tafte withal. If the Nights are not very

cold or frofty, one fingle Mat isa fufficient covering, and when

very cold the Mats may be doubled. A~Plantation of:this»

Kind will produce'very good A/paragus, plentifully every Day,
for the {pace of a Month, and when the Bed begins to decline
its Heat towards the end of the Month, cover the Gtaffes every
Night with freth long Horfe Litter, which will draw the Bed
very much, and caufe the Shoots to afcend with as much Vi-
gour as if the Bed had been new lined. ‘

It very often happens that good Plants will produce 4/para-
gus longer than the Heat of the Bed continues, and at fuch
times when the Heat of the'Bed: isin’ a manner over, take a
cutting Knife as is ufed to cut Hay,.Straw, éc. and cut down
the fides\and end of the Bed, and as-much underneath the
Frame, as will hot caufe the Plants to fall, which fill up with
frefh Horfe Dung, and Sea-coal Afhes, very firm and tight un-
derneath, and about ome Foor and half without at the Bottom,
carried up diminifhing, fo as to be about eight Inches with-
out.the Frame at the Top. . cig.) Sener ore BIOS 3)

This additional Dung. is called the Lining of a Bed, and
may be repeated as often as ismeceflary, for it never fails of re-
covering the loft Heat, and continues the Growth of the Plants
their whole Duration. CH

When the Afparagus Shoots begin to come {mailer than
at firft, prepare more Dung; as before direted, and make another

G4 Bed,

.
~

If

12

New: Principles: of Gardening.
Bed, to fucceed thefirft, and after that-a third, dc. during the
whole Seafon.

If that your Earth grows dry ‘tis requifite to give it a mode-
rate watering, which thus prepare. In fome convenient part
of your) Bed place alarge Pan or Pail of Water; at the time
of your covering up at Night, and by the next Morning it will
have received fuch a Heat, as is moft natural to the Heat of
the Bed, and may then be fprinkled about, with a watering Pot
and Rofe, without cooling or giving any check to the ‘Heat
of the Bed, or Growth of the Plants.

And. as‘Heat and Moifture are the Principles of Vegetation,
therefore never fuffer your Plants to be over dry and hot, which
cauifes their Shoots to be very {mall and infipid, which on the
contrary, when moderately hot and moift, are very large and of
a delicious Tatte.

N. B: That thofe Direétions laid down for cutting 4/para-

us in the natural’ Ground, are to be obferved in the artificial
Beds alfo: And the beft time for this Work is the Morning.

“bibhEoGnobi2 ial,
Of the white and red Beets.

1. Their Names. as
A Beet is called in» Latin Beta; by the Grecians xéirdovs
réitroy, the Germans Maugolt, the Spaniards Afelgas, the
French de la Porée, des Fotes, and Betes. 5

> 20 Their Defcription. eb

1, The white Bect isan Herb which produces very large, broad,
{mooth and plain Leaves, from which afcends‘one, and fometimes
two Stalks, of atolerable thick Subftance channel’d on the outfides,
from whence break out {mall Shoots, which produce much
lefler Leaves than thofe atthe Bottom, with their Clufters of
Flowers or Bloffoms towards their extream parts, which is fuc-
ceeded by its! uneven prickly Seed; but neither Stalk, Bloffoms,
or Seed are produced: till the fecond Year after being fowed.

The

New Principles of Gardening.

The Root is generally very large, and runs downward like unto
a Parfnip, being attended with many fibrous Roots, which break”
out of its Sides. "

2, The red Beet is of make and growth much like unto the
white Beet, excepting its Colour of Leaves, Stalk, Bloffoms,
and Root, which laft, when fliced, produce wonderful fine
delightful Colours. But befides the common white and red

Beets, there are many other Kinds, asthe large Turkey red Beet,

whofe Leaves, Stalk, and Bloffoms are ofa very deep red, and
its Root alfo, which in Form is very like unto our long rooted
kind of Turnep. The variegated or ftriped Beet, oc. whofe
- difference is chiefly in Colour, more than Form.

3. Their Temperature.
The white Bects are temperately. moift and cold, and the
others in general are cold and dry. 7

4. The Medicinal Virtues.

Being boiled and eaten in Soop is a great loofener to the
Belly, and its Juice fnuffed up the Noftrils gently draws forth
Phlegm, and purgeth the Head.

5. The Parts for ufe.

The Leaves of the white Beet, boiled and eaten in Soop, are
excellent good, as obferved before : And the Leaves of the
large red Beet, boiled and eaten with Oyl, Vinegar, and Pepper,
make a delicate Sallet. The Roots of the red Beet are; chiefly
ufed in the garnifhing of Difhes, oe. bls

6. The Quantity of either is at Pleafure.

: 7, Their Cultivation.

_ Altho’ there be divers Kinds of Beets, as before defcribed; yet
their Difference makes no Alteration in their Culture. Theyiin
general love good fandy moift Loam, are fown in March, either
in fmall Borders, and afterwards tran{planted out at about fif-
teen Inches apart, or in Quarters, fingled out with a Hough,
at the like Diftances., | 212 ff

SECT.

43

14

New Principles of Gardening

*

S:E.C 38s ee
Of Broom Buds.

1. The Names.
HIS Shrubis calledin Latin Genifta, and by fome Genefta,
in Italian Geneftra, in Spanifh Geneftra, or Gieftra, in
High Dutch Pfrimmen, in Low Dutch Brem, in French Geneft,
and in Englifh Broom, and as ’tis {uppofed from its Ufefulnefs
in making good Brooms, for the {weeping of Houfes, Oc,

2. lts Defcription.
- The Sort of Broom that I am now treating of, is the com-
mon Broom, which is found growing in moft dry Pafture Lands
well known to every good Honfe-wife, and therefore needs no
farther Defcription.

3. Its Temperature. :

The Branches, Buds, Bloffoms and Seed are hot and dry in
the fecond Degree.

4. Its Medicinal Virtues.
The Decoétion of the young Shoots, made with Water, is
a great cleanfer and opener of the Liver, Milt, and Kidneys;
and with Wine, brings away by Stool all Kind of watery
and dropfical Humours. at

5. The Parts for ufe are, |
The young Buds and fmall Flowers prefervedin Pickle.

6.. The Proportion or Quantity of them tobe eaten in a Sal-
let is at Pleafure, they ftir up, and create a very good Appetite,
and are excellent againft the Splecn and Scurvy.

7. The Culture of this Plant has not been as yet confidered
in the Garden, which I believe proceeds from its being matu-
rally a plentiful Grower in moft (if not all) Parts of this King-
dom without any Cultivation whatfoever.

LOS 4 moft

New Principles of Gardeuig.

SoBHO2'T. oN.
Of Brooklime.

‘1. Its Names.

ROOKLIME, or Water Pimpernel, is of four Kinds;

As firft, That which is gathered and eaten in Sallets, called
Brooklime only, and in Latin Anagallis feu Becabunga. Second-
ly, That which is called Water Pimpernel, and in La-
tin Anagallis Aquatica. Thirdly, Small Water Pimpernel, in
Latin Anagallis Aquatica minor. And laftly, Pale flowered /Va-
ter Pimpernel, in Latin Anagallis Aquatica minor fire pallido.
But as my Bufinefs at this time is with the firft only, therefore
I fhall be very full in explaining its Virtues in Sallets, and pafs
over the others in Silence.

2. Its Defcription.

The Stalks of this Herb are of a cylindrical Form, divided in-
to divers Joints, from which {pring their Leaves, that are of
a deep green, and placed oppofite to cach other. The Flowers
put forth from the Stalks of the Leaves, as ‘twere from their
Bofoms, and are of a very beautiful blew Colour, not unlike
unto the Flowers of Land Pimpernel. Its Root is white, and
of a creeping Nature, like unto Spear-mint, breaking out Run-
ners at every Joint, as alfo its fibrous Roots.

3. Its Temperature.
Is temperately hot -and dry.

4. Its Medicinal Virtues. . |
This Herb eaten in Sallets is good againft the Scurvy, and

being ftamp’d and its juice taken in Wine, helps the Strangury,

and Griefs of the Bladder, as Gravel, Stone, cre.
5. The Parts to be eaten in a Sallet are the tender Leaves.

6. The

15

16

New Princples of Gardening.

6. The Proportion or Quantity that fhould be eaten ina Sallet,
is an equal Quantity, wiz. if the Sallet i$ compofed of three

- Kinds of Herbs, there muft be of Brooklime one third part ; if

of four Kinds, one fourth; if of five Kinds, one fifth, dc.

7. Its Cultivation.
This Herb delighting to grow by. Rivers Sides, purling
Streams, Brooks, gc. is there found in great Plenty, and there-
fore its Cultivation in Gardens is not regarded.

se

§: Ee Gistus Vi
Of Cabbages, Savoys, &c.

‘ Ltho’ Cabbages, Savoys and Colly-flowers are now fo cal-

led and diftinguifhed from what is generally called Cole-
worts, yet they are all of the Colewort Race,as doth appear by their
Latin Names. The Garden Colewort is called in Latin Braf-
fica vulgaris fativa; the white Cabbage, Braffica Capitata alba.
the red Cabbage Braffica Capitata rubra; the Savoy Braffica
Sabauda; the Colly-flower, Braffica Florida, being no more
than clofe growing (or headed) Coleworts, and-the like of all
others of the Cole Tribe. ;

2. Their Defcription.-

To make an Attempt of informing Mankind what a Cab-
bage, Savoy or Colly-flower is, would be both a ridiculous and
fimple Thing, feeing that every Perfon living are perfectly ac-
quainted therewith; and therefore. I will, inftead thereof, men-
tion fuch Kinds as are worth our Notice. ~

The beft Kinds of Cabbages are thofe which, tho’ firm, clofe,
and very large, yet are very light, as the true Sugar-loaf, the
eatly white Batterfea, and the French Cabbage; and of Sayoys
the fame. But ofall the feveral Kinds, the curdled Savoy, yel-
low in the middle, environed with deep green curdled Leaves,
is, of all others, the moft beautiful, fweeteft, and defpifes the
Severity of our Winters Frofts, which the other Kinds will

; 4 ne

New Principles of Gardening.

The red Cabbage is alfo worth our Notice, in Refpe& to
its making a fine Sallet when pickled, or eaten raw with Oyl
and Vinegar, being fliced very {mall.

N. B. That the beft Cabbages, dc. are produced from fuch
Stalks as are very fhort, and indeed, fome are fo very fhort, as
for the Cabbage, when growing, to almoft reft upon the
Ground.

Colly-flowers are of the Cole Race, and their Leaves not
much unlike the Colewort ; but as this Plant is notin Seafon,
during thefe Months of Fanuary, February and March, 1 fhall
refer its Defcription to the proper Seafon.

3. Their Temperature.
All Coleworts, and others of the cole Race, are dry and
binding.
4. Their Medicinal Virtues.
The Nature of Cabbages, gc. are fuch, that when they arc
boiled moderately, they are loofening, and when over much,
aftringent.

5. The Parts for ufe are,
The young Plants in the Spring, when well grown, their

Leaves cabbaged; and afterwards their tender Sprouts, which

fpring from the feveral Joints or Buds of the Stalks.
6. The Quantity to be eaten is at Pleafure.

7. Their Cultivation.
To be well furnithed with Cabbages and Savoys, in the

Months of Fanuary, February and March, fow the Seed at three

different Seafons, viz. March, April, and May, which plant out
in Rows at two Feet Diftance from cach other 5 and the like in
the Rows, in Fuly, Augu/?, and beginning of September. That
is, thofe fown in March, to be tranfplanted out in Fuly 5 thofc
of April, in Auguft; and thofe of May, in September 5 which
will very-orderly fuccéed one another, during the Months above-
mentioned.

‘When the Heads of Cabbages are cut from the Stalks, ob-

ferve to cut them off floping, with the Slope or Cut towards
D the

ey

18

New Principles of Gardeuzng.
the South; as alfo to cut away from the Stalk all the bottom
Leaves, to give Liberty for the free Growth of their Sprouts,
which are preferable to the Cabbages. themfelves, and will
plentifully furnifh your Table till the middle of April.

N. B. My Reafon for advifing the aforefaid Care of
cutting off the Cabbages from the Stalks, is, that the Rains,
Snow, @c. may not rot them by falling on their upper-parts,
when cut off horizontally, and thereby be deprived of that ufe-
ful fecond Crop of Sprouts.

SEC 4... il
Of Carrots.

1. Their Names. -

F CARROTS we have three Kinds, viz. The yellow or

orange Carrot, the red Carrot, and the wild or white Carrot ;
of which the yellow Carrot is the moft valuable, called in Greek
saQuaives, in Latin Paftinaca fativa tenuifolia, in HighDutch
Geelruben, in Low Dutch Geel Peen, Geel Pooten and Geel
Wortelen, in French Carotte, and Racine jaulue, in Italian Paftina-
ca, in Spanifo Canahorta, and in Enghfh yellow. Carrot.

2. Their Defcriptions.

t. The yellow Carrot, its Leaves are of a deep green, com-
pofed of many fmall Leaves like unto Fennel, from the midft of
which rifes its Stalk about four Feet in height, being pithy in
the middle, and fomewhat hairy without, producing at its
extream parts round Tufts, which afterwards open into large
Tufts of Blofloms of a whitifh Colour, which is fucceeded by
their rough and hairy Seeds, of avery pleafant {weet fmell when
rubbed.

The Root is of an Orange (rather than a Limon) Colour
both without and within, delighting in a deep fandy Soil,
and very often grows to a large Size. Ihave had Carrots of
this Kind that have been twenty two Inches in Length, and of
twelve Inches and half Circumference at their greateft End.
And altho’ Carrots of a very large Size are much valued by

: many,

New Principles of Gardening.

many, yet I cannot recommend them, fo much as thofe of a
middling Size, which are always much fweeter, and nothing
near fo watry and infipid as thofe very large ones are.

2. The Red Carrot is of the fame Form, both in Leaves,
Stalk, Seed, and Root, but very rarely grows fo large. Its
Leaves are of a dark reddifh green, and its Root of a blackifh
red without, and yellowifh within ; and is very feldom culti-
vated in our Gardens.

3. The wild Carrot iscalled in Greek sapuaives ayeus, in Latin
Paftinaca Sylveftris tenuifolia, by fome Daucus, in High Dutch
wild Paftenen, Vogol neft, in Low Dutch Vogels neft and wild
Caroten, Crookens cruyt, in French Paffenade Saunage, in Eng-
lifo wild Carrot, and after the Dutch Birds neft.

The Leaves of this Carrot are in Form very like unto the
orange or yellow Carrot, but fomething whiter, and more
hairy, as alfo are the Stalks, being a little rough withal. The
Bloffoms are produced at the extream parts of the Stalks, as the
others, but in much leffer Tufts, which when the Seed is ripen-
ing, are drawn together, fomething refembling the form of
Birds neff, from which, by fome, it has been called Bzrds neft.
The Roots are very fmall, of a mean length, and a whitifh
Colour.

3. Lheir Temperature. :
t. The Roots of the yellow or orange, and red Carrots are
temperately hot, and fomething moift, and their Seeds hot and

dry.
2. The wild Carrot, both Root and Seed, are hot in the fe-
cond Degree.

4. Their medicinal Virtues.

1. The Virtues of the yellow ot orange, and red Carrots, are.
very little’ more than that they are a pleafant Saller, when boiled
and eaten with Meats, &¢. They are long digefting in the Sto-
mach, and are fomething windy.

+. The wild Carrot, its Root being boiled in Wine, and
the Deco@ion drunk, provokes Urine, and expells the Stone,

The Sced infufed in white Wine, and the Infufion being

drunk, greatly helps the Dropfie, breaks and diflolves Wind,
i) 2 cures

9

20

New Principles of Gardening.
cures the Cholick, and is very good againft the Stone and
Gravel.

5: The Parts for the Kitchen ufe are the Roots only.

6. The Quantity or proportion is at pleafure.

7. Their Cultivation.

The proper Soil (as I have before obferved) for the yellow
or orange Carrot, whofe Cultivation I am now {peaking of,
is a light fandy Soil, rather than a ftrong Loam, which ge-
nerally infefts them with numberlefs Quantities of Worms,
and gives a very bitter infipid Tafte. We muft therefore fur-
nith our felves with found Seed of the beft Kind; and make
choice of a piece of fuch light Land, as is moft agreeable to
their Nature.

This being done, caufe the fame to be well digg’d about the
middle of Fume, and therein fow your Seed, treading the Ground
all over, that the Seed may be well fettled therein ; and being
afterwards kept clean from Weeds, and fingled out with a {mall
Hough, at about three Inches apart, will, by the Michaelmas
following, be of a tolerable good Size, and fit for the Table.

But as my Bufinefs at the prefent is to provide a plenty of
young Carrots, for the Months of January, February and March,
I thall therefore give proper Dire¢tions forthe fame. ~~

As foon after Michaelmas as the Carrots, before raifed, are
obferved to have done growing, take them out of the Ground,
cut off their Tops fo clofe to their Heads, as to leave none
of the Leaves, gc. and dry them well in the Sun. Then hav-
ing made choice of a dry piece of Ground, dig a Trench of
two Feet deep, and about twenty Inches or two Feet in breadth,
and of fuch alength as is neceffary. :

This being done, place therein your Carrots, tn regular
courfes, one over the other, till the Trench is filled within fix
Inches of the Surface of the Earth, and then placing the Earth
over them, well fettled, inthe Form of a Ridge, to caft off the .
Water; you will have finifhed your Magazine, from which you
may befurnifhed with plenty of Carrots in a much betrer Man-
ner, than when let growing all the Winter in the Ground 3

2 which

New. Principles of Gardenmg. 21:
which generally fills them full of the Worm)and gives a very
difagreeable earthy Tafte. A Magazine or Pit.of Carrots, well
managed, will plentifully farnifh the Table, not only the Months
of Odfober, Novemir and December.5 but jfanuary; February,
March and April alfo. Aad. if. 1.may. beallowed to give my
Opinion, they are much preferable to thofe, that are fown in Fe-
bruary or March, which are fully grown when, taken up in Sep-
tember. or. Ofober..... -. > a i |

N. B. That the manner of fowing Carrots. in February or
March for the Winter,.is performed as before dire&ed:;| but in
the houghing or fetting them out, care muft be taken to leave
them fingle, and not nearer, to, one another, than feven or eight
Inches,

And as we are. obliged, to hough amongft them, twice) at
the Jeaft, ‘tis generally praQiled.in the /firkt, time of, hough-
ing, to leave them rather thicker than) aforefaid, as at. the Di-
fiance of five or fix Inches; and.at the fecond houghing, give
them their proper Diftance.as before dire&ted. If that your Car-
rots are yery. well grown when you come to the fecond hough-
ing, be careful that the corner of the Hough don’t.cut or. bruife
their, tender fides, which) will, caufe them togrow deformed,

and very difagreeable to, the Eye. ,

When the Seafon for taking.up.thefe winter, Carrots is ar-
rived, as. in October, and they have received their full Maturity
of Growth, be carcful in taking them out of the Ground, that
they are .not.cither broken, or, bruifed-with the Fork which in
the Winter,caufes them to ,rot,;, that they, be well dried; and
pitted. as, above dire&ted, and entirely, free from every, patt of
their green Top, which never, fails.of making a very great rot
amongft them, wherever it happens. 43

‘The manner of preferving Carrots.in Sand where.’tis to. be
had, and fufiicient Room within Doors alfo, isa, very.good
Method ; but where large Quantities .are required, for darge
Families, @yc.. and. very feyere Frofis, ‘twill:not do; and there-
fore the aforefaid Method, whichI haye recommended, is much
preferable thercunto.. 4

And before that: I conclude this.Seétion, I fhall fpeak,.a
Word or two in, Relation to. the saving, of Carrot |Sced, «and
the manner_of preferying, a good Kind., He scnosed meen

- Amongtt

22

New Principles of Gardening.
-Amoneft the! feveral Vegetables cultivated in Gardens, there
are none fo difficult to preferve from Degeneration as good Car-
rots; for if very great Care is not taken in the choice of thofe
planted for Seed, they immediately degenerate, and foon after
become wild, or very near thereunto.

The common received Notion amongft divers People, of good
Catrot Seed once acquired, will always continue fo, is ab{o-
lutely falfe; and is the true reafon of fo many indifferent Kinds
of Carrots now in England.

And to prove this, 1 made the following Experiment, v2z.
Fir, Imade choice of a very beautiful orange Carrot, of a fine
length and’ magnitude, which during the Winter, I preferved .
in Sand; and when March came, planted it in a very light
fandy Loam, wherein it thrived with great Succefs, and pro-
duced feveral very large Heads of found Seed, which I ga-
thered and faved very dry. |

In. March following I made choice’ of a frefh piece of Land,
very light and agreeable to their Nature, wherein I fowed the
Seed before faved, which foon after came up in great Plenty,
and: grew! to avery large Size; but not ‘above one in ten
was truly as beautiful in Colour as their original ; not but that
the others were in general: Very good, fome few excepted,
which were perfeétly white and wild.

Having received thus much Satisfation from my Experiment,
I was refolved to carry it on farther, and to that end I made
choice of another Carrot, the fecond beft; or degenerated one
Degree of Colour from the’ original, which Carrot I preferv-
ed during the Winter, planted it in March, and it grew with
good Succefs, and produced very near as much Seed as the
former, which the Spring following I fowed, (as before)
and the product was avery pale yellow, and agreat many quite
white, without fo much’ as one of fo good a Colour, as that
from which I faved the Seed. : | |

This laft ‘part’ of my Experiment gave me a plain Proof
ot the Caufe of the feveral bad Kinds of Carrots in England,
(as I before obferved) as wellas of the great Care that ought to
be taken to preferve a good Kind. ‘And ’tis my real Opinion
that had I carried on the Experiment farther, they would at
length become all white ahd wild, as the wild Carrots them-
felves are. | eS

The

New Principles of Gardening.

The fir! Motive that moved me to this Experiment, was .

from the prodigious great Care and Exaétnefs obferved by my
Father Mr. Daniel Langley, Gardener at Twickenham, in his an-
nual Choice of the beft Carrots, from which he yearly raifes
great Quantities of Seed, and furnifhes many at very reafonable
Rates.

gigs ee ps Vb
Of Chervill.

1. Its Names.
Olumella calls Chervill. Cherephyllum, in Latin ’tis called,
Cerefolium, in High Dutch Korffeskraut, in Low Dutch
Kervell, in Italian Cerefoglo, in French ‘Du Cerfueil, and in
Englifh Chervell or Chervil.

2. lts Defcription. :

The Leaves of Chervil are flender, and very beautifully in-
dented, being fomething hairy and of a light green when young,
but tending toa red when its Seeds arenearripe. The Stalk fel-
dom rifes above one Foot, or thereabouts in height, and is
very flender, at, whofe ends are {mall Tufts, which produce
white Flowers, that are fucceeded by its Seed, of a long flender
fharp pointed Form.

And befides this Kind of Chervil cultivated in Gardens for
Sallets, there is another Kind, called the great Chervil, ot
Myrrhe, and in Latin Cerefolium magnum, whote Leaves are
deeply indented like unto Hemlock, but-of a very pleafant Smelt
and Tafte, and by many called {weet Chervil,

3. Its Temperature.
The Temperature of Chervil is temperately hot and mode-
rately dry.

| 4. Its Medicinal Virtues.
The Nature of Cheryil is fuch, that if *tis boiled in Wine,
: 2 and

->

24

New Princples of Gardening.
and drank, it greatly provokes Urine; and its tender Leaves
eaten in’ Sallets are very refrefhing, and cherifh the Spirits.
§. The Parts for ufe in Sallets,. are the Seed-Leaves, and
the next to them, being eaten with other Sallet Herbs in Com-
pofition. | ) .
The green Tops or Secds of Chervil, after the going off
of the Bloffoms, is an excellent Sallet, for cold and weak
Stomachs, being eaten with Oyl, Vinegar, anda little Pepper.
6. The Quantity to be eaten in. a Sallet, amongft other Sal-
let Herbs, is an equal part, as a third, a fourth part, Orc. if
the Sallet is compofed of three, four, &c. forts of Herbs.

7. Its Cultivation.

The ufual and beft Method of propagating this Sallet Herb,
during the Months of fanuary, February and March, is to make
a gentle Hot Bed, covered about feven Inches thick, with fine
mellow Soil, and therein fow your Seed in little Drills, of an
Inch deep, and about two Inches afunder, as alfo Creffes, Muftard,
Radifh, Turnip, Spinage, and Lettuce: Wherein obferve that
you make your Bed large enough to have two Crops, always
fucceéding each other; and that whenever you gather a Saller,
be fure that you firft pull up the fame, and cut off the Roots
when out of the Ground, and not leave them ftanding in
the Bed, after their Leaves are cut away. Alfo obferve, that
whenever you gather a Sallet, be it little or much, that you at
the fame time fow as much a8 you gather, changing the Kinds
of each Drill ‘every time of fowing, that is, the Drill wherein
you fowed Chervil the fir time, fow with Muftard the fecond ;
Turnips the third; Spinage the fourth, dc. ftill changing the
Species ; and thereby the Earth of one Bed will produce very
good falleting as long as the Heat endures.

SEG?: .

New Principles of Gardening,

rae Sg Gaae gee, 9S
Of Chives.

, 1. Their Names.
IVES are called in Greek Sxyowereace, Schenoprafum, in
Dutch Bicfloack, or Funceum Porrum, or Rub Leeke,
in French Brelles, and in Englifh Cives, Chives, Civet and
Sweth.
Pe
2. Their Defcription.

The Leaves of Chives feldom rife above four or five
Inches high, of a long, flender, round form, like unto com-
mon Ruhfhes, from which rife fmall and tender Stalks, at whofe

~ extream parts are produced globular Blofloms. Their Roots are
compofed of a great Number of very {mall Bulbs joined to-
gether, from which ftrike great Quantites of fibrous Roots, in
a perfec Matt down into the Earth. Their Tafte is be-
tween an Onion and a Leck, and are by many called the Leck-
rufh, | :

3. Their Temperature.
Hot and dry.
4. Their Medicinal Virtues.

Chives are great Provokers of Urine, but are hurtful to the’

Eyes, and do ingender hot and grofs Humours.

5. Their Parts for ufe are’ the tender Tops, eaten alone with
Oyl, Pepper and Vinegar, or in Compofition with other Herbs.

6. The Quantity to be caten, in Compofition with other
Sallet Herbs, is an equal part.

7. Their Cultivation.
Chives are increafed by their off-{ets, or parting their Roots.
They delight in the Shade, and love a light rich Land. The
E. beft

26

New. Principles. of Gardening.
beft Seafon to tranfplant them is in March, at which Time
tit of Leaves or “Grafs; and plant” them in Borders, at about
feven Inches apart in. the Rows, as well as one Row from the
other. erties ste “

N. B. That a Border about three Feet and half in breadth
(which will receive feven Rows) and twenty five or thirty Feet
in length, is fully fufficient to ferve a very large Family. Note
alfo, That the oftener Chives are cut, the finer their Leaves
conie, and confequently more agreeable in Sallets, than thofe
Leaves that-are coatfer ‘and tough.

- nat

SB Ee Teles
Of Clary.

1. Its Names. i
ALARY is called by the Apothecaries Galkitricum, as alfo
& | Oruala, and by fome Tota bona, but not properly ; in [ta
lian Sciavia, in French Oruale, in High Dutch Scharlach; io
-Low Datch Scharleye, and in Englifh Clarie, Cleere, or Clary.

2. Its Defcription.

Altho’ there be divers kinds of Clary, befides the garden
Clary, as the fmall Clary called in Latin Galhtricum alterum,
another fort called Fupiter’s Diffaff, and in Latin Colus Jovis:
The wild Clary, or Ocalus Chriftt, called in Latin Horminum
Sylvefire, and the Clary with purple Leaves, Horminum Syl-
weftre foliis purpureis : Yet that Clary of which lam now to treat
on, is the garden Clary, without farther Regard to any other.

The Leaves of the garden Clary are of a broad oval

Form, ‘with their Edges a {mall matter indented, of a whitifh

Colour, and fomewhat rough and hairy, as alfo are the Stalks,

swhich produce their Blofioms in June, Fuly and Auguft, that

are not unlike thofe of Sage, which are fucceeded -with long
Husks, whercin is their Seed of a black Colour which ripens foon
after. The Root is divided into many fmall fibrous Roots, and
the Herb in general is of a very flrong Smell. ‘When its Seed

4is ripe, which is always the fecond Year after fowing,, the Roor,
+l 2 St

New Principles of Gardening.
Stalk and Leaves immediately perifh; fo that to have this
Herb always fit for ufe, ‘tis beft to fow a {mall Quantity every
Year, to fucceed each other, as they decay. :

hae 3. The Temperature.
Clary is hot and moderately dry in the third Degree.

: 4. Its Virtues. |
. The Leaves being ftamped or fried whole with Eggs, in the
manner of a Tanfie, is a yery great Strengthener to the Sto-
mach, Eyes and Back.

5. The Quantity to be eaten is at Pleafure.

_ 6. The parts for ufe are the young Leaves of the firft Year's
rowth, fried in frefh Butter, with Cream and Eggs, beaten
with Sugar, and juice of Orange or Limon. :

7. Its Cultivation.
The Seed being faved when ripe, and fow'd in March, ina
{mall Border of about four Feet wide, and fifteen or twenty
Feet long, will produce avery great Quantity, {ufficient for
any Nobleman’s Family whatfoever, and delights in a rich
fandy Loam. e : -

ye oe el
Of Clivers or Goofe-Grafs.

1. Its Names.

LIVERS is called in Greek dxagjn, Aparine, in Latin

Lappa minor, but not properly. “Pliny affirms it to be
Lappaginis Speciem, of fome Philanthropos, a Man’s Friend, be-
caufe that it takes hold of Garments, @c. when touched by
them. In Italian Speronella, in Spanifo Prefera, or Amordt
Hortalano, in High Dutch Kleeb, Kraut, in French Reble ou
Grateron, in Low Dutch Kleeferugt, and in Englifh Goofe-

fbare, Goofe-grafs, Clever, Claver, or Cliver.
2s 2: Ate

7

28

New Principles of Gardening.

: 2. Its Defcription.

Clivers or Goofe-grafs, hath many fmall fquare Branches very
rough and fharp, fuli of Joints, which are befet with fmall hairy
Leaves, and are generally fix in Number at every Joint. The
Flowers or Bloffoms are produced at the tops of the Sprigs of
a white Colour, and very {mall, as alfo is the Seed which are
of a fpherical Form, but indented or hollow on one Side,

The Roughnefs or Ruggednefs of this Plant being very great,
tis reported by Déofcorides, that the Shepherds ufed this Herb,
to ftrain or take the Hairs out of Milk, inftead of a Cullander,
or other Strainer, now ufed.

: 3. Its Temperature.
According to Ga/en, ’tis moderately hot and dry, and fomes
what thin of parts.

4. Its Medicinal Virtues.
Clivers being boiled and eaten in Soup, or fpring Pottage,
prevents Fatnefs, and its Juice is good againft Poyfon, being
drank in Wine.

3. The Parts for ufe.
The tender Tops, gathered when young in the Spring.

6. The Quantity to be eaten, muft be proportional, to the
other {pring Herbs eaten with it, as half if but two Kinds ; three
Parts if three Kinds; four Parts if four Kinds, éc.

7. Its Cultivation.
This Herb being a great Delighter in Hedges, Ditches, ee.
is very cafy to be had in great Plenty during the Spring and
Summer, and therefore is never cultivated in our Gardens.

SECT.

New Principles of Gardening.

SEG 1, xm
Of Cow/lips.
1. The Names.

Ow/flips are commonly called. Primula veris, and by fome

Arthritica and Herba Paralyfis, good again the Pains
of Joints, Sinews, crc. In Italian Brache Cucult, in Englifh
Pettie Mulleins or Palfie-wort, and vulgarly Cowflips.

There are alfo divers other Flowers of this Tribe that are very
pleafant in Sallets; as firft, the Field Oxelip, called Primula pra-
tenjfis inodora lutea; fecondly, double Paigles, Primula hortenjis
Anglica; thirdly, double Cowflips, Primula veris flore gemina-
to; fourthly, the ficld Primrofe, Primula verts minor ; fifthly,
the double white Primrofe, Primula veris flore pleno ; and laftly,
Primula flore virid:, the green Primrofe.

2. Their Defcription. .

t. Thefe kind of Flowers, are very nearly related to the
Mulleins, and was by the Ancients called Verbafculi, {mall Mul-
leins. The common Cowflips being well known to every Boy,
I need not trouble my Reader with any Defcription thereof.

2, The Oxelip differs but very little from the Cow/ip, in the
form of its Leaves, but are fomething leffer, as alfo are its
Flowers, which fall very fhort of that delightful Smell, which
the Cowflip greatly abounds in.

3. The double Paigle, called of Pena Primula hortenjis an-
glica omnium maxima Cc ferotina Flortbus plenis, the great-
eft Englifh garden Cowflip with double yellow Flowers,
being. alfo well known to every one, needs no Defcription.

4. The double Cow/flips, or thofe that are two in a Hofe, cal-
led Hofe in Hofe, is alfo well known, and therefore needs no
Defcription. As alfo, the common white field Primrofe, the
garden double Primrofe, and the green Primrofe, whofe Flow-
ers are fomewhat welted about the Edges, and therefore were
called by Pena, filvarum primula Floribus obfcure virentibus fim-
briatis.

3. Their

*

30

New Principles « of Gardening.

oe 3. Their Temperature.
Cowflips and Primrofes are of a dry. Temperature, and little
if at all hot. etid ©

4. Their medicinal Virtues.
The Flowers being eaten in Sallets, are very good againft the
Gout and Palfie, and a Conferve made with their Flowers ang:
Sugar ‘ prevaileth wonderfully againft the Palfie,; Convialfions,
Cramps, and other Difeates: of the Sinews. PINE é

5. Their Parts for ufe. 7
~The Flowers being’ gathered and picked out of their Hofe
are the parts to be eaten, being firft infufed in very good
Vinegat, and eaten with other Sallet Herbs in’ Compofition.

6. The Quantity to be eaten in a Sallet is double the Quan-
tity of any one of the other Herbs in the Compofition.

7. Their Cultivation.

Both Cowflips and: Primrofes being very plenty, in moft moift
meadow Lands, are therefore very feldom cultivated in out
Garden. But if any one is defirous to encourage thefe Flowers
in their Garden, which 1 cannot but acknowledge that they
very well deferve, ‘tis performed by parting their Roots, and
tranfplanting their young Off-{ets. And altho’ thefe forts of
Flowers are very common in Meadows and Fields, which
make them of fo {mall a value among Florifts; yet when they
are promifcuoufly planted amongft other Flowers, as Polyanthos’s,
Hyacinth, Daffodills, Wall-flowers, Flos Adonis, Virginia Stock,
éc. they make as pleafant and delightful an Appearance, as
thofe others which require much more Labour and Charge in
their Cultivations. They begin their Bloom at the End of Fe-
bruary, and continue to the End of May, the Cowflip except
ed, which feldom comes into Bloom till April.

ego T;

New Principles of Gardening.

ae

Sh Aiea
Of Corn Sallet.

re. | 1. Ts, Naméso 2 \
Orn Sallet is called in Greek revxorczavey, in Latin Lattuca
_) Aénina latifolia, in Dutch Wytmoes, in Englifo the white
ot-Herb, or Lambs Lettuce, and Corn Sallet,

eu 2..lts Defcription. . ;

Corn Sallet is naturally an Inhabitant of the Field, but for
its being avery refreshing pleafant Herb,’ is. now>received into
our Gardens,-and: was introduced «by the: French and»Dutch,
who were the firft that eat it in Salletsin Emgland.

Its Leaves are in Form longand narrow, of a pale green (and
was therefore called the white Pot-Herb) from which rifes a
flender Stem; about ten or twelve Inches high, wherein are rfe-
veral Joints, out of which proceed two Leaves; and: between
them ‘fmall Stems, bearing at the Ends fmall Tufts of, white
Flowers, very clofe and compact together, which are after-
wards fuceeeded: by Seeds 2555¢ Lenistzoz sie cistew oul

3. [ts Temperature, # : i aa ,
This Sallet Herb-is cold and: fomething moift, like unto:Cab-
age -Letruce.’ © ) i102 3 ot Mi 2eldaue
aid 4. Fhe Medicinal Virtues.
"Tis a very reat loofener ahd ‘refrefher. ofthe Spirits. ©0001
iM, 97 fii Gl mont 9923-963 2: Joly. .fi789p3SbAN Bo9T>
segues bis sia w sige Lhe Parts forufer ada. sod bai7l lest:
>The tender Fopsdad Leavesui1 1 sitot) ci SHivoig rg i
6. The Quantity to be’ catenin a Sallet, is double the’ Quan-
tity of any one other Sallet Herb eaten in Compoflition.

ip} Tis Cultivation. ioe ees: te

This Sallct Herb is raifed from Seeds fown at’ any time of
the.Year, ‘tis a very hardy Herb, will grow on moftLands, and
ie is

ig

>

~ New Principles of Gardening.
‘5 an excellent good Sallet at all times, but particularly in the
Winter and Spring. :

S. BAG? Bal SV.
Of Garden and Water-creffes.

| 1. Their Names.

y Arden Creffe is. called in Greek napoaoy, in Latin Na-
fturtium, in French Creffon, in Italian Nafturtio and

Agretto, and in Englifo Creffes, borrowed from the Germans,

who call it Ker/fe.

=a. Water-crefles, in Latin Nafturtium Aquaticum, and Laver

Cratene, and in Englifh Brown, or Water-Crefles.

2. Their Defcription.

1. Garden-crefles, Nafturtium Hortenfe, or Town-creffes, has
{mall narrow ragged Leaves, mordicant and hot in Tafte, The
Stalks are round, and generally rife near two Feet in height,
producing many {mall white Flowers, which are fucceeded by
little fat Husks or Seed Veffels, like unto thofe of Shepherds
Purfe, wherein are contained Seeds of a brown reddifh Colour,
which when ripe (may be fown again, and) its Root then dies.

2. Water-crefies, the Stalks are weak and hollow, creeping
upon the Ground, and ftrike Root at moft of its Joints, which
enables it to cover a large compafs of Ground; the Leaves are
compat, and their Edges fomething indented or jagged, grow-
ing exactly one againft another, the end Leaf excepted, which
ftands alone. The Leaves: are of a brown Colour. above, and
green underneath, which is the truc fign to diftinguifh the phy-
fical Kind from the others. _ The Flowers are white, and appeat
in Fuly, growing in fpokic Rundles or Clufters, and the Root
is a perfect Thrum or Bundle of Fibres.

3. Their Temperature.
1. Garden-creffes are hot and dry in the fecond Degree. And
2, Water-creffes are evidently the fame.
2

4. Their

New Principles of Gardening.

4. Their Medicinal Virtues.
Garden and Water Creffes being eaten raw in Sallets, are
very good againft the Scurvy, and are very loofening and re-
frefhing.

5. The Parts for Ufe.
Of Garden Creffes, the Seed Leaves; and the next to them—
Of Water Creffes, their tender Leaves and Shoots.

‘4 6. Their Proportion in Sallets.

The Quantity of each in a Sallet, where are many other
Herbs that are cold and moift, as Cucumbers, Lettuce, de.
is of each three Times the Quantity of any other Kind of
Sallet Herb ufed therein. Bris

7. Their Cultivation.

Garden Creffes muft be fown on gentle Hot-Beds, during
the Months of Fanuary, February, and the firft Fortnight in
March, as direéted for Chervil, after which they may be fown
in the natural Ground under a South Wall, cc.

The Water Creffes are beft in March, when they firft ap-
pear, and as they delight in gravelly Springs, running Brooks,
@vc. are never cultivated in the Garden. — ios ?

SE Gti av.
Of Cucumbers.

N Confideration that many ingenious Gardiners raife early
Cucumbers, and oftentimes cut Fruit for the Table in
March, and fometimes in February, I have therefore plac’d
them amongft the firft Salleting, notwithftanding that I cannot
recommend their being eaten fo very foon as February or March,
they being much too cold for the Weather of thofe Months.

F 1. The

33

34

New Principles of Gardening.

~ 1. The Names.

Cucumbers, are called in Latin Cucumis fativus or Garden
Cucumber, in Italjan Concomero, in Spanifh Cogombro, in High
Dutch Cucumern, in Low Dutch Coucommeren, and in Eng-
lifh Cucumber, and vulgatly Coweumber.

2. Their Defcription.

Altho’ there be divers Kinds of Cucumbers, as the long and
fhort prickly Cucumber, the long and fhort {mooth Cucumber,
the white Cucumber, the Turky Cucumber, the Adders Cu-
cumber, Pear fafhion Cucumber, Spanifo Cucumber, wild Cu-
cumber, @vc. yet I cannot-recommend any but the long and
fhort prickly, the fmooth and Turky- Cucumbers, which in
general are well known, and therefore need no Defcription.

3, Their Temperature.
All Sorts of Cucumbers are temperately cold and moift in
the fecond Degree. :

4. Their medicinal Virtues.

Cucumbers in general are foon putrified in the Stomach,
but do not. much. nourifh the Body, and what is, (as before) is
cold and moift, and therefore not good. Being eaten raw
with Oyl, Pepper, Salt and Vinegar provokes Urine, fharpens
the Appetite, opens and cools the Liver, and helps the Cheft and.
Lungs that are inflamed.

5. The Parts for Ufe.

When Cucumbers are very young and pickled, ’tis ufual to
eat the out-fide Rind of the Fruit with them; but when they
are largely’ grown, as fit for flicing; to be either fried, ftew'd
or caten raw, they are generally pared, and then ufed. “Tisa
very great Cuftom amongfta great many People to make choice
of the very largeft Cucumbers, believing them to be the beft,
which are not, but inftead thereof, are the very worlft, except
fuch asare quite yellow. Therefore in the Choice of Cucum-
bers, lrecommend thofe that are about three Parts grown, Or
hardly fo much, before thofe very large ones, whofe Seed are

| : ee aS generally

New Principles of Gardening.
generally large, and not fit to be eaten, excepting by fuch Per.
tons whofe Stomachs are very hot.

6. The Quantity to be eaten is at Pleafure.

But herein obferve, that ’tis better to eat too few, than too
many; and if your Stomach will bear, to eat a good many
Onions fliced amongft them, ‘tis much better than to-eat them
alone.

7. Their Cultivation. .

The Cucumbers that are eaten inthis Seafon, being raifed on
Hot-Beds, I fhall now proceed to give proper Directions for
the Performance of the fame as practifed by every good Gar-
diner, who raifes this Fruit.

The firft Work to be done, is ‘to prepare a Parcel of frefh
Horfe-Dung and Sea-Coal Afhes, as direé&ted for the forcing of
Afparagus, Set. II. and about the End of December, or Begin-
ning of Fanuary, make a very ftrong Bed, of fuch a ‘breadth
and length, as may exceed the Bignefs of your Frame about
fix Inches all round, and three Feet and a Half or four Feet
high, when fettled. And in the making of this Seed-Bed, ob-
ferve that the Dung be equally fettled with the Fork, but not
trod down, .as is ufual, for that caufes the Bed to fire and bura
very much on a fudden, which when:over lofes its Heat prefent-
ly, and chills the Plants: Whereas on the contrary, if a Bed be
made, as directed for the forcing of Afparagus, its Heat will
come.gradually, and endure a very long Time.

About two Days after the Bed is made, place on the Frame
and Lights, and fix or eight Daysafter that, earth the Bed with
dry, rich, light Mould, preferv'd from the Winter's Rain in fome
Out-Houfe, ce.

The Thicknefs of Mould need:not exceed feven or eight In-
ches, which, the Day after earthing, will have received a fuffici-
ent Heat for the fowing of your Seed, which is beft done in
little Drills about an Inch deep, at about two Inches afunder ;
and if the Weather is not very cold, I would advife that
you cover the Lights every Night very thinly; for as the Bed is
now coming into its Heat, if you fhould cover very thick, as
many do, you would fet the Bed on fire by drawing its Heat up
fo very haftily, which clofe covering never fails of -doing.

F 2

35

36

New Principles of Gardening.

The Heat of your Bed being moderately drawn, will caufe
the Seed to appear above Ground about the fourth or fifth Day
after fowing, at which Time give them all the Air and Sun that
is poflible, fo as not too much, whereby you may lofe your Plants
by too much Air, which is of as bad a Confequence as when
they are ftifled for want of Airs which is difcover’d by their be-
ing of a very pale Colour, inftead of a lively Green, and
very much drawn up and long ftem’d. BHOs

The only Care that is now to be taken, is more to defend
them from cold Air, and'to ftrengthen, than to draw and force
them. And during all this Work; great Gare muft be taken to
wipe away the cold Steam, which by the Morning is con-_
denfed into Water, hanging in Drops on the Glafies, which is
beft performed by a Woollen Rag, ec. This cold Steam is pre-
fent Death to every Plant it falls on, and therefore great Care
mutt be taken to prevent its ill Effects. If your Lights are well
made and firm, ‘tis fufficient if you. turn the Glafles inftead of
wiping them; and indeed is much the better way, becaufe tis
fooner done, and. the Bed lefs expofed tothe Air, If you find
that the Bed heats very much, and: a great Quantity of Steam
arifes, tis beft to'abate the Covering, and to give a little Air in
the Night; for in fhort, if they have not good Air, they are foon
deftroy’d: And in the Day Time, when the Sun fhines very free-
ly, be fure that they have fafficient Air, or otherwife the Steam
that is then drawn up, will immediately kill ¢hom, iiss bss .

In the giving, Air to. Cucumbers, _obferve that,’tis given in
fach Parts of the Frame, where the Wind: cannot affect the
Air of the Bed; which oftentimes kills the Plants.) |

Thefe Dire&ions being duly obferved, your young Seedlings
will thrive with good Succefs, and become very good Plants.

When they begin to thew their third Leaves, they muft be
tran{planted into (mall Flower-Pots,or Baskets, of feven or
cight Inches Diameter, and four or five Deep, as direéted by
Mr. Bradley, in his New Improvements, Patt il. Page 118. at
about four Inches apart, placing four Plants ina Basket or Pot:

ind as Mr. Bradéey obferves, that of the two, the Baskets are
the beft, bcing made open on their Sides; with Oziers: I do
alfo recommend the {ame, in regard. to their great Conveni-
ency in removing Plants from one Bed to another, as they de-
creafe in Heat,without any ways difturbing theRoots ofthe Plants,

New Principles of Gardening.
which ¢annot be avoided when they are grown too large for
the Pots; and befides, if a Bed happens by Winds fuddenly to
work and heat, and thereby fcald or burn, the Baskets, tho’
very hot, are inftantly cool at railing up, which Pots are not,
for they retain the burning Heat along Time.

The Baskets are beft when made with young Oziers,
which muft, before they are ufed, be caft into fcalding or
boiling Water, to prevent their growing when in the Hot-
Bed. bALS :

Your Plants being thus managed, will be very clofe jointed,
if you have allow’d them fufficient Air: And when they are
arrived into their fecond or third Joint, make a good ftrong
Ridge of about three Feet in Height when fettled, which when
its Fury of Heat is over, as will be in about ten Days ora Fort-
Plants.are to ftand for good, andthe next Day afterwards place
or plant your Baskets of Plants therein, at the Height of feven
Inches above the Dung; andat the fame Time obferve to cover
the other Parts of the Ridge with Earth very thinly, to pre-
vent the Steam of the Dung rifing, which is prefent Death to
thefe Plants at all Times. When you find that the Earth of
ur Bed grows dry, ‘tis neceflary to give the Plants Water,
which prepare by its ftanding one Night within the Frame, be-
fore ’tis ufed, as diretted for Afparagus forced, Sect. Il. .

Having thus tranfplanted your Plants for good, obferve the

Temperature of the Bed, and as its furious Heat declines, make
good the remaining Earth within the Frames, always remem-
bring to allow them fufficient Air, and that they are not any
ways affeéted by the cold Steam within the Bed, or by any
which may arife from the out Parts, which may be prevented, by
covering the Dung from whence it arifes, with any common
Earth or Mould.
- Your Plants being thus govern’d, will foon make great Pro-
grefs; and thatthey may break out in many Runners, from which
comes the Fruit, ’tis beft to pineh or cut off witha Penknife the
third or fourth Joint of every Plant, always obferving to peg
down’every Runner, ‘that they may not be burnt or deftroy’d by
the Glafs (which too often happens) when their tender Shoots
bear againft it. A

The

night after making, then earth it in thofe Places where your

37

38

N ew Principles of Gardening.

The Fruit {prings forth from between the Stalks and Leaves,
and appears very large before that the Bloffom at its end opens ;
and when thefe Blofioms blow ftrong and large, ‘tis a very great
proof of the Vine being in .a good State of Health : So alfo
tis to be obferved in young Plants, when they hold their Seed
Leaves with Strength and good Colour. And befides thefe
Blofloms produced at the end of the Fruit, there are others,
which grow at the Joints, called falfe Bloffoms, which never
produce any Thing; and are therefore by Gardiners picked
off, as foon as ever they appear, to prevent their drawing any
Nourifhment from the Vines, which is fuppofed to prejudice
the Fruit belonging thereunto.

As to Mr. Bradley’s Opinion of the male Duft contain’d in
thefe male Bloffoms, and convey’d by the Air or Wind, to the
female Bloffoms at the end of the Fruit; Iam not fo good a
Philofopher, as to confirm or {peak one Word of the fame. Per-
haps it may be fo, and that he may have feen, and been privy
to fuch like Sports more than I have as yet thought on; but
I.can affirm this for Truth, as alfo can many good Gardiners
at Twickenham and other Places befides ; That I have raifed
many a good Crop of Cucumbers in very great Perfection, on
whofe Vines I never fuffer’d one fingle falfe (or male) Bloffom
to open, or even attain one fourth part of its Growth; for as
foon as ever they appear’d, I inftantly difplaced them (as every
good Gardiner always does) and never could obferve, that for
want of their familiar Converfation with the female Blofloms
at the ends of the Fruit, did ever lofe one fingle Cucumber
thereby : However as 1 am not fo proper a Judge of Procrea-
tion, as Mr. Bradley may be, I fhall fubmit to his better
Judgment.

When your Vines are tolerably grown, and feveral Fruit fet,
be careful that they are not check’d, or ftarved for want of Wa-
ter, which will caufe the Fruit to be both deform’d and of a
bitter Tafte: And as the Vines make their Progrefs, ftir up the
Surface of the Earth at the Ends of their Shoots very gently,
that their tender Roots may the cafier ftrike therein ; for the
Nature of the Roots of a Cucumber is fuch, as to extend
themfelves as far from the main Stem within the Ground, as
the Vines do without. The extenfion and fize of the Roots,
and Vines of every Kind of Cucumber, is always in proportion

3 to

New Principles of Gardening.

to the magnitude of its Fruit ; as for Example : The Turky Cu-
cumber, whofe Fruit is very large, produces a much larger
Vine, and extends it felf much farther than the long prickly
Gucumber, and that alfo much larger, and of greater extent,
than the fhort early prickly Cucumber.

Therefore feeing that every different Kind of Cucumber is
of a different Growth; great Care fhould be taken in their
Pianting that they are difpos’d of, at fuch Diftances, as is pro-
per and fuitable to their refpective Growth.

The different Growth of Cucumbers being thus confidered,
as to their Diftance, each Hole from one another; we fhould
alfo confider the number of Plants neceffary for each Hole ac-
cording to their difference of Growth; for was we to place
but one or two at moft of the fhort prickly Cucumber Plants
in one Hole, which is fully fufficient for the Turky Kind, we
fhould not receive a half Crop; and on the contrary, if of the
Turky Cucumber we plant three or four Plants,. as is ufually
done with the prickly Kind, their Vines would rob one ano-
ther of their Nourifhment, and run into Confufion.

‘Tis obfervable, that. new Cucumber Seed draws a much
greater Nourifhment, and. is lefs fruitful, than fuch Seed as is
fix. or feven Years old, their Vines being more luxuriant, and
lefs prolifick, with their Joints at a very great Diftance ; which
in old well faved Seed, are very clofe.and nearly fituated to-
gether. Now in order for the Difcovery of the Caufe, why
old Seed fhould produce a much better Crop. of Cucumbers,
than new Seed, I have made the following Experiment, where-
in I have difcovered the Caufe.

Having early in the Year made choice of the very beft and
earlieft Cucumbers that came to perfectionin the Spring ( which
muft always be obferved, and not delayed to the latter part of
the Crop, when the Fruit has not half its Strength and Good-
nefs) to fave Seed from when rotten ripes I then wafhed
it out and dried the fame in the Sun, and put it into a Seed
Bag, very fecure from Mice, which are great Loyers of this
kind of Seed, and therefore muft be carefully guarded againft.

This being done, I took part of the Seed, and caufed it to
be fewed up in a fmall Linen Bag, which about the begin-
ning of Augu/ft I put into the Watch Pocket of my Breeches,
wherein it remain’d till the end of December following ; at pose

ime

39

490

New Principles of Gardening.

Time I took it out of the Linen Bag, and obferved that it had
fhrinked very much, and was become very hard, And having
prepared a Seed Bed, 1 fow’d the fame, as alfo fome of the
{ame Seed, as was kept in my Seed Drawers, and others of
eight Years old, of the fame Kind: The Seed that was kept
in the Seed Drawer, of one Year's Age, came up immediately :
But the others, v#z. That of eight Years old, and that of one
Year preferved in my Pocket, as aforefaid, did not come up
within two Days after the firft, and were much weaker: How-
ever, being very eager to fatisfy my Curiofity herein, I gave
them an equal Attendance in every part of their Government,
and at length found, that the Seed of one Year's Growth,
kept in the Seed Drawer, produced very large Vines, and. little
or no Fruit; but the Seed of one Year, which I preferved in
my Fob, produced rather a much better Crop, than that which was
eight Years old : From which it appear’d, that the moderate
dry Heat of my Body, communicated to it when in my Watch
Pocket, had the very fame Effcét as when gradually dried by
time in the Term of feven or eight Years. |

When hot Beds or Ridges decay very much in their Heat,
let them be lin’d as before directed for Afparagus, Se&. Il. and
when many Ridges or Frames are placed before one another,
cut away as much of the old Dung as is neceflary, and fill
up the Alleys or Spaces between, even to the top of the Ridges,
with frefh Horfe Dung, covering it with indifferent Earth, to
prevent the Steam from rifing, which (as I faid before). is de-
{ftructive to your Plants,

The lefs that their Vines are difturbed on any Account, the
better for the Veffels which convey the Juices to the Fruit,
for being very tender, they are cafily bruifed and prejudiced by
every Accident, dc. that caufes their removal, cwie

The more Shade every Fruit poflefles, the better it grows:
for when Fruit of any Kind is fully expofed to the Sun, before
they have done growing, the direct Beams of the Sun dry
and pinch the Veflels of it, (as Mr. Bradley obferves) that the
Sap cannot pafs with fuch Freedom, as in thofe Fruits growing
in the Shade,. whofe Veffels are open and free: Therefore al-
ways remember that the immediate Heat of the Sun is only
neceflary for the ripening the Juices of Fruit, when fully grown,
and giving its natural Colour, and not for the Growth of it,
as many have thought. When

New Principles of Gardening.

When a Bed grows cool, if under the Vines you cover it
with Mofs, fo as not to difturb or damage them, ‘twill draw a
frefh Heat, and endure a long time.

Whenever you water Cucumbers, be careful that the force
of the Water do.not difplace their Roots, and that you wet
their Leaves as little as poffible, which Work is beft done in
an Evening, and thereby will be dry by the Morning: And if
the Weather is warm in March or April, and inclinable to
Rain, take off the Lights, and let them havea gentle Shower;
"twill add very much to their Increafe and Welfare ; after which
lay on the Glaffes, which will draw up a frefh Heat to the Moi-
fture then received, and caufe them to flourifh and thrive greatly.

This firft Crop is generally preferved by the Frames to the
very laft; and that your Table may not be deftirute of a fecond
Crop , to fucceed the firft, ‘tis highly neceflary and very com-
mendable to fow a fecond Crop, at the back of your Frames,
about the middle of February, and a third Crop about the mid-
dle of March; both of which, when in the fecond or third
Joint, may be tranfplanted out for good on Ridges, and pre-
ferved with Bell, or fquare Glaffes, inftead of Frames, being
fhaded with Mats for the {pace of a Day or two after Plan-
ting, till they have ftruck Root, and able to endure the Sun ;
as alfo every Night to preferve them from the Cold.

N. B. That thefe Ridges need not be made fo very ftrong,
as directed for the firft Crop.

N. B. That the fowing and tranfplanting of Melons has
no fort of difference from that of the Cucumber: Therefore
whoever are Lovers of this noble Fruit, may fow their Seeds
about the middle of February, and order them, in every Refpect,
as the fecond Crop of Cucumbers, the pruning of their Vines,
and manner of watering excepted, which is thus performed.

1. The Manner of Pruning. a

When your Plants are in the fecond Joint, cut or nip that

off, and ‘twill caufe two other Runners to break out from the

Stem, at the Seed Leaves, which ftop at the third Joint, and all
others alfo, as they come forth.

This Method being duly obferved, will caufe the Vines;to

threw out great plenty of Fruit, which when fet, ftop the Vine

whereon it grows, at two or three Buds or Joints beyond the
G ruit,

Al

42

New Principles of Gardening.
Fruit, which will caufe it to grow away with good Succefs.
‘The nearer the Fruit is fet to its Root, the betters becaufe
the Sap is not fo much {pent in a fhort Paffage from the Root,
as when it has a long way to travel before it arrives at the
Fruit, when the Fruit fets very remote from the Root, as at
the very extreme part of the Vine. :

It often happens in both Melons and Cucumbers, as well
as in Fruit Trees, that there are many very weak Shoots or
Vines, which are called water Shoots, never producing any
‘Thing more than Leaves and falfe Bloffoms, which greatly rob the
Fruit of its Nourifhment, and therefore ought to be pruned away.

Melons in general require a much lighter dryer Earth, and
a greater Heat than Cucumbers do, which delight in frequent
Refrefhings of Water, and will not thrive without it. Inthe
watering of Melons, obferve that you place a Bell Glafs over
their Roots, to prevent the Water coming to them, which in-
ftantly caufes them to canker or rot, and foon die; and at all
Times ’tis very neceffary to preferve their Roots as well from
the cold of the Night, as the Rains alfo.
~The Nature of a Melon is fuch, that when their Fruit is fet,
they delight to be fhaded by their Leaves, to have moderate
Waterings when the Earth is extreme dry, and not to be kept
very moift, which caufes their Fruit to have a watery and in-
fipid Tafte. |

As foon as the Fruit is fully grown, it cannot be too much
expofed to the Sun; and that it may receive the very greateft
Advantage thereby, I advife that a Bell or fquare Glafs be
placed over the Fruit, which fhould be laid on plain Tiles, and
turned every Day till ripe, which is known by their agreeable
Odour, as well as by the fmall Cracks about the end of the
Stalk, as if it was feparated from the Fruit in order to be dif
charged, having then perfornrdits great Office. When Melons are
to be fent ten, twenty, or thirty Miles, ’tis beft to cut tnem 4
Day or two fooner than when ripe, and to be eaten immedi-
ately; and in the cutting of a Melon obferve, that you cut
its Stalk to the length of one Joint at leaft, with a Leaf or
two alfo; It addsa great Beauty to the Fruit when at T able.
© "To enumerate the feveral Kinds of Melons would be too te-
dious a Task, and not any way ferviceable : Therefore I fhall
only add, that the very beft are thofe of a middling Size, and
re not

New Principles of Gardening.

not thofe as large as Pumkins, which by many are moft va-.

lued, for want of better Judgment therein.

The Melon is called in Greek pia, viz. An Apple, in La-

tin Melo, in Italian Mellone, in Spanifh Melon, in High
Dutch Melaun , in Low Dutch Meloenen , in French Melons,
and in Englifh Melon, or Musk Melon.

The Meat of the Musk Melon is very cold and moift, and
much harder of Digeftion than the Cucumber; and when any
Perfon eats too much of it, it lies very long in the Stomach,
and very often caufes Agues, Fevers, &c.

- The Italians and Spaniards, who have them in much greater
Perfection than we can in England, are faid to eat them, more
to reprefs the rage of Luft, than for any medicinal Virtue.

SECT. XVI.
Of Elder Buds and Flowers.

1. Its Names.
| HIS Tree is called in Greek aurj, in Latin Sambucus,
in High Dutch Holunderholder, in Low Dutch Viier,
in Italian Sambuco, in Spanifh Sauco, Sauch, Sambugueyro, in
French Hus and Suin, in Enghfs Elder ox Elder Tree, bear-
ing large Bunches of black Berries which are ripe in September...
But. befides this black Elder, there is another Kind, which
produces white Berries, called by divers People Sambucus Syt-
veftris, wild Elder ; but Matthiolus calls it Mostana or Moun-
tain Elder.
2. To give a Defcription of Elder would be needle(s, fecing
that tis known by every Boy that ufes a Pop-gun. 7

3. Its Temperature.
The Temperature of Elder, according to Ga/en, is of a dry-
ing Quality, and moderately digefting. ;

4. The Medicinal Virtues. |
The tender Buds and Leaves of -Elder, boiled in Broth or
Soup, open the Belly, purge all manner of flimy Phicgm,
G 2 A and

43

44

New Principles of Gardening.

and cholerick Humours; as alfo doth the middle Bark, but in
a more violent Manner.

The Leaves pounded with Deers Suet are good for hot Swel-
lings and Tumours, and greatly help the Gout.

The inner and green Bark is a very ftrong Purge; being
ftamp’d, and the Juice prefs'd out and drank in Wine, is very
good againft Choler and watery Humours, and efpecially the
Dropfy.

The Flowers gathered in April or May and dried, being
fteep’d in Vinegar, are very wholefome for the Stomach, fweeten
the Blood, create an Appetite, cut, and make thin all grofs
and raw Humours, \

5. The Parts for Ufe.

~The young Buds and tender Leaves for Pottage.

The Flowers being dried for Vinegar, and

The Berries, which are ripe in September, for Syrup or Wine ;
of which Kinds, the white is the moft agreeable for Wine,
it being free from that very ftrong Tafte which the black Elder
much abounds in. About five Years ago I drank part of a: Bot-
tle of white Elder Wine, made by that zygensous Nurfery Man,
Mr. Peter Mafon of Ifeworth in the County of Middlefex ,
which was fo very foft, and of fuch a delicious Tafte, that ’twas
judged by many, who were competent Judges of good Wine,
to be as good a White Wine as. they had ever tafted before :
And ‘tis a very great pity that this, as well as many other Eng-
lifo Wines, are not propagated much more than have hitherto
been done.

6. The Quantity of Buds or Leaves, to be ufed in Pottage,
muft be a proportionable part with other Soup Herbs: And
the Flowers for Vinegar are at pleafure; as alfo are the Quan-
tity of Berries for Wine.

7. Its Cultivation.

Both Kinds of Elder are increafed by Slips or Cuttings,
and will thrive in any fort of Land that is tolerably good, and
are often found growing wild in Hedges, Woods, ce.

And altho’ ’tis but very little regarded by Gardiners, yet I
am well affured, that were they to plant it in Hedges, running
Eaft and Weft, ix would not only be a great Prefervative, by

“8 — ; ~ breaking

New Principles of Gardening.

breaking off the cold Northern Winds from their tender Plants ;
but by its Produce of Flowers and Berries, would turn toa very
great Account alfo.

S EC T. SViL
Of Samet Endive,

; ae Names.
N DIVE is called in Greek xéps nueoos, in Latin, Inty-
bum fativum, and of fome Endivia, in Italian Scariola,
in Spanifh Serraya beads, and in Englifh micas

fee Defeription. :

Garden Endive is a Sallet Herb, whofe Leaves are very long

and narrow with jagged Edges, and fomething ‘curling, like
unto the curled Endive, but the Leaves are,much larger; from
which in the Spring rifes a. round.and hollow. Stalk, divided
towards the upper. part. into,many {mall Branches, which be-
ing broken, immediately iffues out a great Quantity of Sap,
like unto Milk, but of a bitterifh. Tafte.
_ On the extreme parts of the. Stalk its Flowers are pro-
duced, which are of a,blue (and fometimes.a white) Colour :
The Root is long and white;. with {mall Fibres breaking out
of its-Sides, which in general die as {oon as the Seed is ripe.

3. Its Temperature.
Endive is cold and, dry, in the fecond Degree, and a
fomething bitter, doth cleanfe and. open.

4. Its Medicinal Virtues.

This Herb being caten raw in Sallet with Oil and incase Orte'
comforts weak and feeble Ston refrefhes Stomachs.
over heated, cools the hot burning of the Liver and opens its
Obftrucions, caufes Sleep, and is very good imshot burning
Fevers,

5. The

45

46

New! Piineiples of: Gardening.

yO? | 5. The Parts for Ufe.. « dy
“The tender Leaves, when blanch’d as hereafter dire&ted.
6. The Quantity or Proportion in a Sallet is generally two
Roots in fmall Sallets, and more in larger, at Pleafure.

7. Its Cultivation.

Endive is an excellent. Winter and Spring Sallet, and highly
deferves our Care, in refpect to its excellent Virtues before de-
{cribed. 2

It loves a very rich Soil, and muft be fown about the begin-
ning of May for the firft Crop ; the beginning of une for
the fecond; ‘the beginning of “Fuly for the third, &c. When
it has grown in ‘the Sced Bed to a tolerable good Size,
tranfplant it in Beds, or in fingle Rows between your Sel-
lery at about eight Inches apart ; and when ‘tis well grown,
take fome Baft-mat, and tye fome of it up, viz. as much as
may be required in a Week's Ufe, and the next Week after
tye up the like Quantity , andfo on during the whole Sea-
fon’: But whenever you tye any up, be {ure that ’tis perfectly
dry, or otherwife “twill immediately be rotten and difappoint
you of your Hopes.

The Ancient’s Method for blanching of Endive was as fol-*
lows. ‘Firft; They fow’d their Seed in Faly and Auguft, from
which came very good Plants, which would endure the Win-
ter,’ and were planted out at about ‘the Diftance of feven
or cight Inches, as practifed by the modern Gardiners: And?
when the Winter came on, that the Endive had done grow-
ing, they uled to take it up ina very dry Day, and bind up
the Leaves together, with {mall Withs or Baft-mat, and then
bury it in the Ground with the Roots upward, to prevent
the Earth’s getting amongft the Leaves, which would inftantly
rot them; and as they had Occafton*for them during the Win-
ter, they ufed to take them, even at any Time, either in Froft,
Snow, dc. ‘when they were finely blanched, and in greateft
Darfettion. © 27711 901 te Pugdodt vleo: .

This manner of preferving Endive is certainly the very beft,

for let the Winter have ever fo much Snow, Rains and Frofts,-

which fdon deftroy this Sallet Herb, it cannot any ways affeat,
or damage their Leaves, being buried as aforefaid.
52 SECT.

> -

New Principles of Gardening.

SECT. XVIUL
Of Fennel.

_. 1. dts Names.
ENNEL iscalled in Greek pacabeev, in Latin Marathrum
{ and Feniculum, in Italian Finocchio, in Spanifo Hinoio,
in High Dutch Fenckell, in Low Dutch Venckell, and in Eng-
lifo Fennel, Of Fennel there are. two Kinds, viz. The com-
mon and the {weet Fennel, which laft, in the Space of two
Years, will degenerate and becom¢ common Fennel.

en ee ia? St ery y ¥
2. The Defcription.
Both thefe Kinds of Fennel being perfeétly known to every
one, need no Defcription.

ge 3.. Their Temperature.
_ Hot and dry in the third Degree. .

‘The tender Suckers being eaten in the’ pring as a Sallet, are
very good for the Lungs, Liver and Kidneys, opening their
Obftru@ions and comfort. the inward parts. The Seed drunk
in, Wine, expels, Wind, eafes the pain of the Stomach, and pre-
vents Retchings to vomit. The green ‘Leaves, being eaten in
Sauce with Mackerel, dye. caufe great Quantities of Milk in
the Breafts of Women who fuckle young Children. |
~The Decoétion of Fennel drunk, provokes Urine, eafeth the
Pain of the Kidneys, and is very good againft the Stone; as
alfo are the Roots, bein boiled in Wine and drank, and are
likewife very good againft the Dropfic. © a io

5. Their Parts for Ufe in Sallets or Sauce.
1. The Stalks and Suckers, whilft young, for Sallets, being

pecied and eaten as Sellery, and —
2. The green Leaves for Sauce, Ore.

—
“

; ay
*

ed

6. The

47

New -Principles of Gardening.
6. The Quantity of young Shoots in an indifferent large
Sallet to be about ten, but-the green Leaves are at Pleafure.

7. Its Cultivation.

Both kinds of Fennel delight.in good mellow deep Land, and
are increafed by Seed fown*in the Spring, which was ripened at
the end of the preceding Auguff; or it may be increafed by
dividing the Roots, which are lafting for many Years.

In the Spring,’ before the Root puts forth its tender Shoots,
cover the Top. about fix Inches thick with Earth, which will
blanch the young Shoots, as they make their Way through it,
and will be fit:for Ufe as foon as above Ground.)

eet

SFC. Ty wanes.
Of Garlick.

1. Its Names.

i ARLICK is called in Greek oxipoder, in Latin Allium,

by the Germans Knoblauch, in Low ‘Dutch Look, in
Spanifh Aios, Alho, in Italian Agho, in French Ail or Aux;
the Bohemians call it Cze/nek, and the Englife Garlick, ox Poor

Man's Treacle.

2. Its Defcription.

Garlick is a bulbous rooted Herb, covered with very thin
Skins, (finer than Gold-Beater’s Skin) of avery light white Co-
lour towards the Bottom, (from whence the fibrous Roots
break forth) and of a very light purple towards the upper Part
or Bud, from which afcends the Stalk; the Bulb, or Root con-
fits of many {mall Cloves, which havea general Communica-
tion at the Bottom of the Bulb: The Leaves are green, and
in form much like unto thofe of the Leck.

At the end of two Years its Stalk {prings up, (as aforefaid)
beating at.its end a little Pod, which when open’d produces @
tuft of Flowers, covered with a white skinny Subftance, where-
in, when ripe, are round black Seeds, but are never faved for
any ufe.

3 3. Its

New Principles of Gardening.

: 3. Its Temperature.
Garlick is of a very fharp, hot and dry Nature, in the fourth
Degree, according to Galen.

4. Its Medicinal Virtues.

It being eaten, heats the Body very much, attenuates thick
and grofs Humours, cuts fuch as are tough and clammy, and
confumes them; opens Obftrudtions, and is a very great Ene-
my to cold Poifons, and bitings of venomous Beafts, for which
Virtues, Galen called it Theriaca Rufticorum, ox the Husband-
man’s Treacle.

It greatly helps an old- Cough, provokes Urine, breaks and
confumes Wind, and is very good for a Dropfie procecding
from a cold Caufe. It kills Worms in both Men and Chil-
dren, being eaten raw by Men, and boiled in Milk for Chil-
dren.

’Tis a very great help to acold Stomach, and isa very great
Prefervative againft Contagions and Peftilence.

5. The Parts for Ufe at Table,
Ate the Cloves, more to rub the Plates withal to give a
-Relifh to the Meat, than to eat the Cloves themfelves.

6. The Quantity is at Pleafure.

7. Its Cultivation.
Garlick is very eafily increafed from the Cloves of its Root,
which is beft done in March, being then planted in light fandy

Loam, (rather then ftiff cold Land, wherein it will not thrive)’

in a Border, about five or fix Inches {quare from one another 5

and in Fu/y, when the Leaves turn yellow, the Roots muft be
taken up, and very well dried in the Sun, otherwife they will

foon rot, as will all other Roots that are to be kept the Win-
ter, if not well dried at firft taking up.

N. B. That Rocambole, by fome called Spanifh Garlick, is
a very ufeful Vegetable , and is much efteemed for its high Re-

lifh in Sauces. The Parts for Ufe are the fmall Cloves or lit-_

tle Bulbs, contained in the Head of the Stem. It delights in
H a light

49

59

New Principles of Gardening.
a light frefh Land, and is propagated by planting the Off-{ets
of the Roots in March, as directed for Garlick.

Efchalots, or Shallots, being of the fame Family with the
Garlicks, are therefore annexed hereunto, ..

They are of great Ufe in Sauces, and therefore a Kitchen
Garden ought not to be without them. They delight in the
{ame Land as the Rocambole, and are propagated in the fame
Manner.

About the Beginning of Fwly their Blades will turn yellow;
and ought then to be taken up, well dryed, and laid up for
Ut

e,
N. B. That a Border of four Feet wide, and about thirty
five or forty Feet long is fufficient for a very large Family.

Son bes pel’ Sey,
Of Hop Tops, or young Hops, -

1. The Names. > |
F Hops there are two Kinds,the one called Lupus Saliétarius,
the manured Hop in Hop Gardens, and the other, Lapus
lus Sylveffris, the wild Hop; in High Dutch they are called
Hopffen, in Low Dutch Hoppe, in-Spanifo. Hombrezilles >in
French Houblon, and in Enghfo Hops. | =
2, Their Defeription.

The Garden Hop being fo univerfally known, needs no fort
of Defcription ; and the wild Hop, having little or no Diffe-
rence from the Garden Hop, excepting that. its Leaves and
Bloffoms are much leffer, which | fuppofe to. be caufed by its
net being cultivated as the other, is alfo_needlefs to defcribe ;
knowing that there are but few Boys in the Country, but are
well acquainted with Hops and Hop Tops.

ik "3, Their Temperature. Daag
The tender Shoots or Tops, Leaves and |Elowers of Hops, are
hot and dry in the fecond Degree. >

4. Their

New Principles of Gardening.

| 4. Their Medicinal Virtues.
The tender Sprouts or. Tops being boiled, and eaten as
Afparagus, cleanfe the Blood, provoke Urine, and comfort
the Entrails.

5. The Parts for Ufe,

Are the young Shoots or Tops gathered in March and April,
when they firft come up, and about eight Inches in height
a _

6. The Quantity to be eaten is at Pleafure.

7. Their Calculation. |

The Hops from which the young Shoots are gathered, are
generally from thofe that grow wild in Hedges, and do natu-
tally love a very rich fat Soil. To lay down proper Direc-
tions (in this Place) for the Propagation of Hops, for the
fake of their Flowers only, would be a Subje& very foreign
to our purpofe, therefore I fhall omit that for the prefent, and
purfue our other Sallet Herbs, as they come in order.

Bo
re at

a rome nfo Steet TH
S BG’ Poa
Of Lettuce.

pre 1. Its Names. 7
ABBAGE LETTUCE is commonly called Laétuca capi-
C tata, and Lattuca fefilis. Purny calls it, Lattuca La-
conica : Columella, Lattuca Betica : Petrus Crefcentius, Lac-
tuca Romana, and in Englifh Cabbage Lettuce.
~~ But befides this common Cabbage Lettuce, there are many
others which cabbage very well, as the Capafcen Lettuce,
the Brown Dutch Lettuce, the Roman Lettuce, the Lmperial
Lettuce, and the Sélefa Lettuce: To which I may add divers
French, and Gofs Lettuces which are extreme good, and cab-
bage very well with a very fmall Afliftance of the Gardiner in
tying them clofe up. ’

ts | m2 To

23

52

New Principles of Gardening,

To makeaDefcription of the feveral Sorts of Lettuce is need-
Jefs, in regard to their being fo well known to every Perfon.

2. Their Temperature.
All Kinds of Lettuce are moderately cold and moift.

3. Their Medicinal Vertues.

This Sallet being eaten raw, allays Heat, Choler, Thirft, ex-
cites Appetite, and reprefles Vapours ; and when boiled and
eaten in Soup, or (as Spinach ) with Meat, makes the Body
loofe and open.

4. The Parts for Ufe,

Are the young Lop Lettuces fown on gentle Hot Beds, as
before dircéted for Chervil, Sect. viii. and Creffes, Sect. xiv.
or fuch Lettuces as have endured the Winter, which were
fown the Auguft before.

5. The Quantity in a Sallet.

Of whatever Number and Kinds of Herbs the Sallet is com-
pofed of, the Quantity of Lettuce ought to be equal to one
of thofe Parts, viz. If compofed of three Kinds, to be ong
third part, if of four Kinds, one fourth, ee.

6. The Cultivation.

The beft Sort of Lettuce, for the Service of thefe three
Months, is the Brown Dutch Lettuce, which if fown in Au-
gut, may be tranfplanted out in September for good, and is beft
whenina light rich Loam, under a South Wall. And for fmail
Lettuce in Salleting, the Lop Lettuce fown on a Hot Bed, as be-
fore direétcd, is as good as any other Kind. § 9) s ee

To have Lettuces cabbaged very carly in the Spring obferve
the following Dirc@tions, viz. About the middle or end of
Auguft Sow Brown Dutch, Imperial and Silefia Lettuce in
the Border of a South Wall, which will be fit to tran{plant out
for good about a Month or five Weeks after fowing, provided
that you kecp them moift by Refrefhings of Water given im
a Morning, if the Seafon is very dry. pe

N. B. That the Reafon why I advife their, being waterd
in a Morning is, in regard to the Coldnefs of the Nights Aa

often

New Principles of Gardening.

often happen at this Time, which if waterd then, would ra-
ther chill and check the Growth of the Plants, than forward
them; and the like of all others. _ /

‘Your Plants being of a fufficient fize for tranfplanting, dig
up a South Border, that is very rich and of a light Nature, where-
in plant your Lettuce; the brown Dutch at fix Inches, the
Silefia~ at nine Inches, and the Imperial at a foot Diftance
from each other, and the nearer you plant them to the “Wall,
the eafier-you may preferye them in Snow and frofty Wea-
ches by thvering, Gre ee
“And altho’ I did not before take Notice of the Capafeen
Lettuce, yet we muft not forget to fow fome of that at the
famé Time; for’tis a beautiful yellow, well tafted Lettuce, and
one of the firft which cabbages in, the Spring.
~ And as thefe feveral Kinds of Lettuces differ in their height,
we fhould therefore confider how to difpofe of them, in fuch a
manner that they may all receive an equal Benefit of the Win-
ter’s Sun. ms

Firft then the Imperial being of the greateft Growth, ought
to pofiefs the back or hindermoft part of the Border, next the
Wall; and inthe next Line before that, the Silefia ; next before
that; the Brown Dutch, and laftly the Capa/een Lettuce without.

- N. B. That about the middle of September you fhould tow
a fecond Crop to fuccced the firft, which, when planted out,
may be fo planted, as to be help’d forward, and theiter’d from
bad Weather, by the Affiftance of Bell andSquare Glaffles, which
at thofe Times are of no other Ufe. : :

oN. B. Alto, that the Roman Lettuce is more tender than
the preceding Kinds , and will feldom bear the Frofts, fo that
we very rarely make ufe of it for this Seaton.

About the middle of February, when our hor Beds are grown
too cold for our Cucumbers, fow therein Brown Dutch, St-
lefia'and Imperial Lettuce , which ‘by the middle of March may
be tranfplanted ont on fome orher decay’d Bed, or a new one

made very weak on purpofe, ander Square or Bell Glaffes , and

they will be finely cabbaged and fit for the Table in Apri/.
The Cabbage Lettuce which is fown in the Autumn, and cab-
bages in the Spring, is certainly very goods but nothing near
fo fine as that taifed early im the Spring, as before directed,
whofe Leaves are in general tender, and much cafier for the
Bork tia 7 Stomach,

93

54

a ia
New Principles of Gardening.

Stomach, which the others are not, being harden’d by the Win-
ter’s cold. ayer

In March all the Kinds of Lettuce are fown in the open
Ground amongft Carrots, Parfnips, gc. which fhould be re-
peated in every Month, or rather oftner during all the Sum-
mer Seafon, that we may always have a conftant and plentiful
Supply of them. a aes

It is obfervable, that if you leave Lettuce Plants in the Seed
Bed, and fuffer them to grow therein to their greateft Per.
fe@tion, they never are near fo well cabbaged, as the others
which were drawn from thence and tranfplanted : Therefore.'tis
evident, that tran{fplanting of Lettuce contributes greatly to
their cabbaging. : ae

The Lettuces of any Kind whatfoever, which are defign’d for
Seed, are beft when planted under a Wall or Pale, that when
the Stalks are in Bloom, they may be tacked thereunto with
a Nail and Thread, which will not only preferve them from
being annoy’d by. Wind, but greatly helps the Seed in ripen-
ing, when the,Seafon is yery wet and cold, as oftentimes
pape ego a: 5 svon dee een
““N. B. That fuch Lettuces as produce large and fine Cab-
Bages early in the Spring are thofe that muft be chofen to let
run for Seed; and altho’ you make choice of the very beft
Plants for Seed, yet notwithftanding thofe Seeds will dege-
nerate, if often fownin the Earth wherein. the, mother Plant
grew: Therefore to prevent fuch Degencration, the. only
Method is, to keep changing the Land wherein ‘tis fown, which
may Be done, by, being, fown.1n diferent Farts of your Garden,
or by exchanging the fame Kind of Seed, raifed in fome o-
ther Garden, by an honeft Brother Gardiner, whofe Care and
Word may. be depended on. ge ae |

N. B. That the Imperial Lettuces, defigned for Seed, muft
have their Cabbages cut on the top, at right Angles, or there-
abouts, to give leaye for the Stem to rife: But make not the
Incifions fo large as to Jet in the Rains, which. will inftantly
rot the Plant : Therefore a vey {mall Incifion is fufficient.
~All Lettuces fhew a Kind of a Down on their Seed Pods,
when their Seed is ripe, at which Time they fhould be pull’d
ip, and fet to dry, in a Too/-houfe, Green-houfe, ac. and then
rubd or thrath’d out, and kept for ufe.

4 Smt A

New Principles of Gardening.

1g AERO Baie 03:2 gna baa OT
- Of Leeks.

1. Its Names. c eyhp

HE Leek is called by the Grectans moar, in Latin
_ Porrum; but Palladius in the mafculine Gender calls it

Porrus ; the Germans Lauch, the Spaniards Puerro, the French
Porreau, and the Englifh Leek or Leeks.

| ; 2. Its Defcription.

- The Leaves of the Leek are of a very dark green, and in
Form fomewhat broad, and very long; ‘having a Keil or Crett
in the backfide, and in Tafte and Smell are fomething like unto
the Onion.

The Stem rifes from the midft of its Leaves, which alfo rife
with it on the Sides, bearing on the top a globular Head of
‘{mall Flowers which are fucceeded by black Seed, very like
untothat ofthe Onion.

~The Bulb or Root is long and flender, and efpecially when
*tis not tran{planted. Therefore ‘to have Leeks with very large
bulbous Roots, Care muft be taken, that they may be tran&
plahted into a rich and light Soil. |
Ss 3. Their Temperature.
Hot and dry.
4. Their Medicinal Virtues.

The Root being boiled, brings up raw Humours that offend
the Cheft. A quarter of an Ounce of Leek Seed, with the
like weight of Myrtle Berrics, being beaten and drank in Wine,
{top the {pitting of Blood, which has continued a long time,
and is an excellent Remedy againft grots and rough Humours.

5. Its ill Effects.
* Leeks being hot and dry, ingendet bad Blood, offend the
Eyes, is very bad for thofe that are by Nature hot and chole-

tick, and with fome is very difagreeable to the Stomach.
: 6. Their

New Principles of Gardening.

| 6. Their Parts for Use.” |
The bulbous Root, and hard part of the Stem, with fome of
the tender Leaves. tt :
7. The Quantity is generally at Pleafure, being chiefly eaten
in Spring Pottage, which may be made in lefs or greater Quan-
tity as defired.

8. Its Cultcvation.
. The Leck (as I obferved before) delights in a light rich
Soil, and is fown in March, cither in Borders to be afterwards
tranfplanted out or thinly in Quarters, to remain there, and be

houghed out as Onions, at about four or five Inches apart.
But the beft Way is to tranfplant them in uly at the afore-
{aid Diftance, which will very much contribute to their largenefs5
and if poflible, make ufe of wet Weather at planting; for
is much more natural to every fort of Vegetable, than any
Water that can be given to them : However if the Seafon proves
dry, they muft be plentifully watered at planting. ms
The Seed (as before faid in its Defcription) is not pro-

duced till the fecond Year; and as foon as the Seed Veffels
begin to open, cut off the globular Heads of Seed, and tye

them up with Lines to the Cicling, fo that their Heads may
hang clear of one another, and be the fooner dry, at which

time the Seed may be beaten out of its Husks, and kept for

Ufe in a very dry Place, free from Wet, Damps, ec.

See
Of White Muftard.

1. Its Names.

USTARD, is called by the Athenians varv, in Latin

Sinapi, by the Germans Senff, by the French Seneue
and Mouffarde, in Low Dutch Moftaert Saét, in Spanifo
Moftaza and Moftalla, the Bohemians Horcice 3; Pliny calls it
Thlafpi, and fome others Saurion.

* ps

.

a

CXCILCS, ALP DREING reeset os.

New Principles of Gardening.

2. Its Defcription.

The Leaves. of the white Muftard, when fully grown, are
large and rough, like unto thofe of the Turnep, but much
rougher, and not near fo large. The Stalk is round, rough and
hairy, divided into many Branches, which produce yellow Flow-
ers, that are fucceeded by long, flender, rough Cods, wherein is
contained round Seed, which, when ripe, is of a whitifh Co-
lour, fomething inclining to yellow, being very fharp and mor-

i

“ Befides this Kind of Muftard, there are two other, the

one called Simapi Sativum alterum, Field Muftard, whofe
Stalks and Leaves are in Form like unto the preceding,
only fmaller, and are more white and rough. The Flowers
are alfo yellow, but the Seed is brown like unto Rape, and
not quite fo biting as the former. -The other Kind of Mu-
ftard is called, Szmapi ie ae wild, Muftard, whofe Leayes
are like thofe of the Shepherd’s Purfe, but rougher and more
deeply indented, with a Stalk growing about two Fect in

height, bearing at its Ends, or upper Parts, fmall yellow Flowers,

confitting of four Leaves.only , which are fucceeded by {mall
flender Cods, wherein is contained the Seed of a reddith Go
lout, but {maller than both thepreceding, and not fo biting.
3. Lhe Temperature. .
Hot and dry in the fourth Degree:
; 4. The Medicinal Virtues.

White Muftard being eaten, when in its Seed Leaves, quickens,
and revives the Spirits, ftrengthens the Memory, expels Heayi-
nefs, and prevents the vertiginous Palfic. :

~The Sced of Muftard pounded or bruifed with Vinegar, is an

excellent Sauce, it helps Digeftion, warms the Stomach, and

5. Lhe Parts for Ufe,
The Sced Leaves for Sallets, and its Seed when ripe in uly or
Anguft, but of their feveral Seeds to make Muftard with for
Sauce, the Field Muftard is the beft.

I 6. The

57

68

New Principles of Gardening.

6. The Quantity in a Sallet.
If the Sallet is compofed of four Kinds of Herbs, the Mu-
ftard muft be one fourth Part, if of five Kinds, one fifth, dc.

7. The Cultivation.
The manner of cultivating this Sallet Herb is directly the
fame as the Chervil and Creffes, in Se&. VIII and XIV.

rn

SEC T. XXIV.
Of Spear and Garden Mint.

1. Lts Names.

INT is called in Greek ydverpos and pi$7, the /weet Smell,

(vide Pliny, Lib. XIX. Chap. VUL) It hath changed the
Name amongft the Grecians, whereas otherwife it fhould be cal-
led Mintha, from whence our ancient Writers derivedthe Name ;
for 4dvs fignifies Sweet, and écucg Smell: The Itahkan and
French call it Mentha, as the Latines; the Spaniards Yerva
buena and Ortelana ; in High Dutch Muntz; in Low Dutch
Munte, and in Enghifh Mint.

2. Their Defcription.

1. Garden Mint, called in Latin Mentha Sativa rubra comes
up in the Spring, with reddifh coulour'd Buds, fucceeded by
Stalks of a fquare Form, and fomething hairy, whofe Leaves
are of a deep green Colour, and indented on their Edges,
like unto the Tecth of a Saw. The Root grows very fhal-
low, divided into many Joints, from which iffues forth many
fibrous Roots, as well as its Stalks: It delights in moift rich
Land, and loves to extend its Roots to a very great Length.

2. The Leaves of Salvia Romana, or Spear Mint are very
long and narrow, and in Form not unlike the Willow, but
whiter, fofterand more hairy ; and the Roots are of the fame _
Form asthe red Garden Mint, and love the fame Soil alfo.

3. Their

New Principles of Gardemng.

3. Their Temperature.
Mint is hot and dry in the third Degree, and according to
Galen, fomething bitter and harfh.

4. The Medicinal Virtues.

The tender Tops of Mint being eaten raw, wonderfully help
and ftrengthen a weak Stomach, and dry up all fuperfluous Hu-
mours, caufe a very good Digeftion, and are very powerful a-
gainft nervous Crudities.

Mint being diftilled, the Water is very good againft Gripings
and Pains*in the Bowels, the Head-ach, and Vomiting.

And being boiled in Wine and drank, is good againft the
Gravel, Stone and Strangury. eree

5. The Parts for Use in Sallets.
The tender Tops when firft {pringing out of the Ground.

6. The Quantity in a Sallet.

When young Mint is eaten in Compofition with other Herbs,
The Quantity is$,4 4 Ge. if the Sallet is compofed of 3,
4,5, @re. Kinds of Herbs: But when eaten alone with the
Juice of Orange and Sugar, the Quantity is at Pleafure ; as alfo
when ufed in Soups, Sauces, oe. :

7. The. Cultivation.

Mint is propagated by parting the Roots any time in Fe-

bruary ox March, being well water’d at planting, if adry Spring.
To have young Mint very early in the Spring, you may take
up fome of the Roots and put them in the back part of your
hot Beds, or ftrewing a few Seacoal-Afhes on the Border
wherein it grows, and placing thereon fome {quare Melon

or Bell Glaffes, they will caufe the Mint to {pring very early.
Then Mint is about ten Inches, or one Foot in height, ‘tis
then in its greateft Perfeftion for drying : Therefore then cus
it clofe to rhe Ground, being perfectly dry, otherwife let it re-
main till it is, and drying it in the Shade, tye itup in Bunches

for the next Winter's Ufe. :

ee: a an Oe °7

59

60

New Principles of Gardening.

CEC. bey
Of Nettle Tops.

1. Its Names. :
ETTL Eis called in Greek axamy, in Latin Urtica
urens of its burning and ftinging Quality.

: : a. The Deferiptionn.

- ‘This Herb being fo well known, and fo eafy to be found,
even in the very darkeft of Nights, needs no kind of Deferip-
tion.

3. The Temperature. . me

Stinging Nettles are temperately dry, and a little hot, {carce
in the firft Degree, and of fubtile patts: — —
2) sais Medicinal Virtues. © 0 psec »
~ Being boiled in {pring Pottage, makes the Body foluble, pro-
vokes Urine, expells the Stone out of the Kidneys, and putt
fies the Blood. ‘YO II xe 4 nits

The young Tops being ftamped, and the juice {nuffed up
the Noftrils, ftop the bleeding of the Nofe.

5. The Parts for Ufe.
‘The young Shoots or Tops, whemfirftiout of Ground in the

ro} OF

~

eye, St

3. The Quantity.

When fpring Pottage, or Soup ‘is made with Nettle Tops,
Clivers, Elder Buds, Oc. there mutt be of each an equal Quat-
tity, in Proportion to the Quantity of Soup made.

7. The Cultivation. f

Nettles growing fo very common almoft under every Hedge,
are-therefore never cultivated on purpofe in the Garden.

4 SECT

New Principles of Gardeuiug.

S BLOG Ts AXVE
Of Citron, Orange and Limon S. eedlings.

. 1, Their Names.
1, 7JTHE Citron Tree is called-in Greek parte wedior, im
Latin Malus Medica, and Malus Citria; the Fruit is
- called in Greek prov pedincy, in Latin Malum Medicum, or Ma-
lum Citrium and Citromalum. ¢«/Emylianus in Atheneus thews
that Fuba King of Mauritania has made mention of the Citron,
and calls it Malum Hefpericum: But Galen denies the Name of
Malum Medicum, and juttifies it to be Malum Citrium, adding
that thofe who call it Medicum, call it fo onpurpofe, that none
fhould underftand what they fay; whichis very common amongtt
Apothecaries, Attorneys, cc. however the Apothecaries call
the Fruit, Citrones; in High Dutch Citrin Opffell, Citrinaten ;
in Low Dutch Citroenen; in Italian Citron, and Cedri; in
Spanifh Cidras; in Brench Citrons; in Englifh Citron Apple,
or Citron.

2. The fecond kind of Citron, is that which we call Limon,
tis called in Latin Limonyum Malum, in Low Dutch Limonen,
in French Limons, and in Englifh Limon, Lemon, ox Lem-
mon.
3. Oranges called Malum Aurantium or Aurengium, of the
yellow Colour of Gold. Some call them drantia of Aran-
tium, a Town in Achaia, ot Arania in Perfia, the Italians
call it Arancio, in High Dutch ‘tis called ‘Pomeranken, in
Low Dutch Araengie Appelin, in French Pommes dOrenges ,
in Spanifh Naranfas, and in Englifh Orange. 4

2. Their Defcription.

1, The Citron is a Tree which never was Known to grow

very large, but is generally very full of Wood. The Branches

are of a tough and pliable Nature, and the bark of adecp Co-
Jour.

The Leaves are of a light green, long and broad, very

{mooth, and of a very delightful fweet Smell. The Branches

are

61

62

New Principles of Gardening.

are adorned alfo with fmall Thorns, from whofe lower parts
next the Branch the Bloffoms are produced, each compofed of
five fmall Leaves of a whitifh Colour, fomething inclining to
a purple. The Fruit is of a {pheroidical Form, and very of-
ten larger than aLimon; whofe Kind is of a light golden, or
yellow Colour, fet with feveral Wart like Knobs, and of a very
pleafant Smell.

The Limon Tree differs very little from the Citron, ex-
cept in its Bloffoms, which are much whiter, and Fruit much
lefs. |

The Orange Tree does naturally grow much larger than
either Citron or Limon, but the Form of its Leaves and
Shoots differ very little from cither of the preceding. The
Flowers are very white, of a very pleafant fweet Smell, and
the Fruit of a globular or {pherical Form.

N. B. That this Defcription is to be underftood as general,
and not particular to any one kind of Citron, Limon or
Orange, of which there are great variety of Sorts, which par-
ticularly to defcribe would be both needlefs as well as endlefs ;
and indeed I cannot but acknowledge, that as my Defign here
is to {peak of the Excellency of the young Scedlings when
eaten in a Sallet only, I might have omitted even what is above
delivered ; but confidering that the various Names and gene-
ral Defcription might be an Entertainment to fome, I there-
fore thought it neceflary that the fame fhould not be omitted.

| 3. Their Temperature.
_ Moderately hot and dry.

4. Their Medicinal Virtues.

~ The Flowers or young Seedlings being eaten raw, are exceed-
ing grateful and comforting to the Stomach. :
The Rind of Citrons .being eaten, is very good againft all
Poifons. There is now extant, in the third Book of Atheneus,
a Story of a Malefactor, who being convicted of divers no-
terious Offences, was condemned to be devoured of Serpents ;
but the Conviat by Accidence, having eaten divers Citrons on
the Day that his Execution was defigned, and being caft amongft
the Serpents, remained in Health and Safety; for inftead of
their coming to devour him, as they had many others, they
4 ran

New Principles of Gardening.

ran away intothcir Holes, without doing the leaft hurt imagi-
nable. Hence ’tis very plain that there is nothing in this
Life but has its Oppofite or Abhorrency.

Limons diftilled with their Rinds, dc. and the Water being
drank, provokes Urine, diffolves and expells the Storie.

If to two Ounces of Limon Juice, you add the like Quan-
tity of good Brandy, or the Spirit of Wine rectified, and drink
it at the coming of an Ague, it will take away the fhaking Fit ;
and if taken three Times in like manner, never fails of a perfect
Cure, provided that the Perfon affli€ted be covered very warm
in a Bed at the Time of taking, and kept fome Time after in
a breathing Sweat.

The Kernels of either Citron, Limon, or Orange, being
eaten, kill and expel Worms, and mightily refift Poifon.

5. Lhe Parts for Ufe.
The young Seedlings, when about an Inch or thereabouts in
height above Ground, and the Flowers, being firft infufed in
Vinegar.

€. The Quantity of each in a Sallet.

If the Sallet is compofed of four other Herbs, the Quantity
of Seedlings muft be equal to any one Quantity of the other
Herbs, and the like of the Flowers; fo that each will be one
fixth Part of the whole, and the like of others.

7. The Cultivation.

The Kernels being fown on a moderate Hot-Bed, as dire&ted
for Chervil, Creffes and Muftard, in Se@tions viii, xiv and
xxiii, and cut as other fmall Salleting , give a very agreeable
and grateful Tafte, when caten in Compofition with other
Sorts of Salleting, The Flowers are to be gathered as re-
quired. :

SECT,

63

64

New Principles of Gardening.

SECT. XXVIL
Of Onions.

1. Their Names.
HE Onion is called in Greek xgeupuo, in Latin Cepa, and
many Times Cepe, in the neuter Gender.

The ancient Writers called it by the Name of the Place
where it grew, fome being called Cypria, Sardia, Crettca,
Samothracia, Afcalonia, of a Town in Judea, otherwife called
‘Pompetana. 59

Columella faith, that there is one fort called Marzfca, which
the Countrymen call Unio, and from thence the Frenchmen
eall it Ozgnon, if Ruellius is right, who is of that Opinion.

And ’tis fuppofed that the Low Dutchmen call it Aueum,
of the French Word corrupted. They are alfo called Setania,
when very little and {weet, and are thought to be thofe which
Palladius calls Cepulle, though he called them Parve Cepz,
or little Onions.

2. Its Defcription.

The Form of young Onions for Sallets, as well as the Bulbs
for Sauce being well known to every one, needs no fort of
Defcription ; and for its Seed which is produced the fecond
Year, ‘tis alfo well known to every Gardiner.

3. Their Temperature. |
Onions are hot and dry in the fourth Degree, but not fo
extream hot as Garlick. ‘i

4. Their Medicinal Virtues.
Being eaten raw in Sallets or boiled in Sauce, raife the Ap-
petite, deftroy Phlegm, and corroborate the Stomach.

| 5. Ther Il] Effects.

*~ Their Bulbs being eaten raw in too great a Quantity, dull
the Senfes, hurt the Eyes, caufe over much Sleep, and over-
heat the Body. 7 6.DThe —

New Principles of Gardening.

6. The Parts for Ufe.
The young Seedlings when as ‘large. as a Wheat Straw for
Sallets, and the Bulbs or Roots for Sauce, when full grown.
N. B. That the kinds of Onions worth the Gardiner’s Care
is the Spanzfb Onion, which is generally very large, and {weet ;
and the Strasbourg Onion, whigh, is more eaeiee and keeps
much jones! than the former. - : B39 |

Nee MPF Doe He ahi Ufe. :
The Quantity of young Onions in a Sallet, fhould be equal
to two thirds of any one fort of Herb contained in the Saller,
and the Bulbs or Roots for Sauce at Pleafure.

ot 's, | Their Cultiv vation. of

—-Onrons are belt cultivated in rich Soil, pt are 1 fh at
the end of February, or beginning of March, and when they
are almoft large enough to draw for Salleting; they muft be
houghed out, at about two Inches and half, or three Inches
apart, and when fit for Salleting may be drawn for Ufe, leav-
ing thofe which you intend for a Crop, at five or fix Inches Di-
ftance from one another, and by fo doing, you will havea plen-
tiful Crop, and very large, which they cannot be, when left
nearer to each other, as iscommon amongft many.

In fowing of Onion Seed ibe careful in allowing Seed
enough, for it is of {uch a Nature, that there is feldom more
than one Seed in five that is found. Therefore when you fow
{paringly, you are very often difappointed of a full Crop, which

66

is cafily prevented, by allowing a fufficient Quantity of Seed

at firft fowing.

When your Onions are about three Quarters grown, it is
ufual to prefs down their Tops quite flat to the Ground, to
prevent them from robbing the Bulbs of their proper Nou-
rifhment, and hinder their being very large, and as often as
they rife, they muft be preffed down again till‘the Root has

done growing, which is known by the Leaves changing their

Colour, at which Time they muft.jbe pulled up, and laid sin
Parcels to dry in the Sun, being turned every Day, till very
dry; and then taking them away, lay them thinly on the Floor
of a Greenhoufe, oe. to dry more thorowly, which when

K done,

66

New Principles of Gardening.
done, fort the large from the fpnall ones, and tye them up
in Ropes, dc. for ufo.

if this Work ‘is paeforsell' with great Exa@tnefS' in Refpect
to their being thorow ‘dry, and fo kept afterwards, many of.
them will remain found ‘and good till the middle of pri.
About the beginning or middle of February, feveral of them.
will begin to /pire or fhoot out, it then being their Seafon
to be planted for Seed; and at that’ Time’ prepare a piece of
rich mellow Land, wherein. they_may, be planted in Rows,
about one Foot afander (that there may be Liberty to come:
between them, to deftroy the Weeds, cc.) and in the Rows,
four or five Inches apart.

When the Stalks begin to-open. their globular headed Flow-
ers, which are fucceeded by their Seed, ‘tis good to fecure
them from the A flaults of ‘the’ Wind, with fmall Stakes placed
in their Rows at fix or eight Feet Diftance, to which tye
Lines-of Packthread or Bafs-Matt on cach Side the Stalks to-
wards their rors 3 which will preferve them from Being broken
down by the Winds. -

When the Seed Veffels: begin: to open, gather, and dey them
a$ directed for the Leek Seed, Se&. XXII. cc:

Searions or Off-fets of Onions produced in the Spring, when
tlie Onions are growing to Seed, fupply their Place till fucceed-
ed by a frefh Crop; they are hot and dry, but not fo much.
as the Onion 3: they quicken the Appetite, corre& Crudities,
and promote Concodtion:. The Parts for Ufe are the bul-
bous Part, and tender Stalks; and the Quantity to be eaten.
in a Sallet or in Soup is at Pleafure. /

wm

wig ketene lee’
Of Garden-Parfley.

1. Its Names.
PARSLEY is called in. Greek cérwy, but this kind is
called ctAsvey xyxraiv, viz. Apium hortenfe ; the Apothe-
caries and Herbarifts call it Petrofelinum ; ‘tis called in High
“Dutch antec in Low Dutch Trimen Peterfelie, in “a

New. Principles of Gardening.

du Perfil, in Spanifh Perexil Fulivert and Salfa, in Italian
Petrofello, in Englifo Perfele, Parfely, common Parfely, and
Garden Par/ley.

2. Its Defcription. |

Garden Parfley being fo very common and ufeful, is known
to every one, and therefore needs no Defcription. © ae

But that my Reader may not be deceived in the Parfley,
whofe Leaves are crifped or curled, called 4pium crifpum five mul-
tifidum, or curled Parfley, he is to underftand that, that is alfo
a Garden Parfley, as the former, whofe Leaves are {mooth, and
of the fame Ule. "

The other Parfleys are firft, the water Parfley or Smallage,
called in Greek jauctawe, of Gaza paludapium; in Latin ‘Pa-
luftre Apium, and Apium rufticum, in High Dutch Epffich, in
Low Dutch Eppe, and by many Fouffrouwmerk, in Spanifh and
Italian Apio, in French d Liache;in Englfh March marith
Parfley, and Apium aquatile, or water Parfley, but the truce
water Parfley is Hydrofelinum, or Sium majus. —

Secondly, mountain Parfley, called by the Grecians cocartAivey
by the. Latins Apium Montanumand Montapium.

_ Thirdly, Stone Parfley, of which there are two kinds, the
one called, Petrofelinum Macedonicum ogi ae or baftard Stone
Parfley, and the other Petrofelinum Macedonicum verum, ox the
grue. Parfley. of Maredonth.. ep a pe ae

Fourthly, Wild Parfley Apiuam Sptyebe five Thyffelium: And

Laftly, Baftard Parfley with white Flowers, called. in Greek
xeunadse, in Latin Caucalis albis floribus, and by fome Daucus
Sylveftris, or wild Carrot, but very improper. The ¢« Zgyptians
call it Sefelis, and the Englifh Baftard Parfley, and Hensfoot.

Thefe laft five kinds:being of no) ufe ip our Sallets, 1 hall
not defcribe them, or {peak of their Temperatures, Virtues or
Cultivations, ike Ade Ae

3. The Temperature.of Garden Parficy.

A4e? ct

ote rll “4. Their

67

63

New Principles of Gardening.

4. Their medicinal Virtues.

Both of thefe Garden Parfleys being eaten in Sauce, pro-
voke Urine, are very grateful to the Stomach, open Obitruc-
tions, and are good againft the Stone, as alfo are the Seeds, being
tiken inwardly. °o> HOSTo2 Yios :

5. The Parts for Ufe.

The young tender Leaves; proceeding from the Crown of.

Heads of the Roots.

i 6. The Quantity.

Parfley is very feldom eaten in Compofition with other Sallet:
Herbs, and therefore whenever it is, the Quantity is at Plea-
fure. | :

5 ay The Cultivation.

Parfley delights in mellow rich Land, and is propagated from
Seed fown in March, in {mall Drills at the edge of a Border, Cre.
or all over the Border in general... ribet oe.
__N..B. That when your Parfley begins to grow ftrong, or
rather too rank for Ufe, ‘tis beft to’ cut down part of it clofe
to the Ground, which will caufe it to fhoot afrefr, and be
very young and tender fit for Ufe, |

The Seed lies avery long time in the Ground before it
comes up, ‘tis produced the fecond Year, and is ripe in fuly
eT RTE Ea ARE PSE RON FOR EAU :

~ , “ > —_— :
Roar 2 See bud ss had . Ke, Sees oe

Of the Parfaip. ;,

: 1. Its Names.
HE ancient Herbarifts called the Garden Parfnip in

Greek saQurives, and Paftinaca ; and therefore {ome of
the latter called or furnamed: it Latéfolza, or broad leaved, to.
diftinguifh it from the other Garden Parfnip with narrow
Leaves, which is truly called Staphylinus, viz. the Garden
Carrot. a necits z ome

New Principles of Gardening.

Some Phyficians not knowing to what. Herb the Parfnip
could. be compared, have feign’d the wild Kind to be Pana-
cis Species or a kind of Allheal ; others have named it Bancia,
and fome Brancia Leonina , but the Garden and wild Parfnip
are now called, in Latin, the firtt Pa/ftinaca Latifolia Sativa,
and the latter Paftinaca Latifolia Sylveftris.

| 2. The Defcription.

The Leaves of the Garden Parfnip are very broad, confifting
of many {mall indented Leaves, placed on a large Stalk one
oppofite to the other. The Stalk rifes from the Head of the
Root in the fecond Spring, divided into many Joints, from
which Leaves come forth of the fame Form, as thofe on the
Head of the Root; but: much lefs, The Seed: is produced
in f{pokie Tufts. growing at the top of the Stalk, ‘tis of a
circular, flat, and very thin Form, and.is feldom good after the
firft faving.

The wild Parfnip is like unto the Garden Parfnip, in Leaves,

69

Stalk, Tufts, yellow Bloffoms and Seed, but all together much ~

Jefs; the Root is fmall and of a woody Subftance, not fit to
be eaten, which the Garden Parfnip is, its Root being very
white, fweet, and foft when boil’d, and an excellent Root for
the Kitchen. — meta eget | se

3. The Temperature.
The Root of the Garden Parfnip is moderately hot and dry.

4. The Medicinal Virtues.

Parfnips are a much greater Nourifhet than Turnips or Car-
rots, they provoke Urine, and are very good for the Stomach,,.
Kidneys, Bladder and Lungs.

7 92. The Parts for Ofestae Pane! 7706

The Roots when full grown, being preferved for thefe
Months, as directed for Carrots Se&. VII.

6. The Quantity is at Pleafure.

7. Their Cultivation.

The natural Soil for Parfnips is a very deep rich fandy
The

Loam, wherein the Roots will become very large.

79

New Principles of Gardening.

The Land wherein they are fown fhould be digged very
deep, or rather trenched, and being fown about the end of
February, ot beginning of March, will be fit to hough out a-
bout the middle of Apri/, at which time leave them about eight
or ten Inches afunder, which will give fufficient room for their
being large; which they cannot be, when they are left at
the Diftance of five or fix Inches, as direéted by a late Wri-
ter, onthe Theorical Parts of Gardening, Part 3. Page 126.
And as Radifhes, Lettuces, Spinage, dvc. are of a very fhort
Duration in the Spring, therefore amongft your Parfnip Seed,
mix their Seeds to be fown thinly,’ and thereby you may re-
ceive their Benefit, without the leaft Prejudice to the young
Par{nips. “Tis the common Praétice amongft many Gardiners,
to give their Parfnips but two Houghings: But lam well af-
fured by Experience that the oftener cither Parf{nips, Carrots, CMC.
are houghed, the better they thrive, for the oftener that the
-Cruft of the Earth is broke, and the deeper they are houghed,
the more Liberty they have to fwell, which they cannot do,
when the Ground is very hard, and baked with heat about them.
For it isnot their being kept clear from Weeds only, which caufes
their Growth, fo much as often and deep houghing the Sur-
face of the Ground, which not only gives Liberty for their
{welling but for the Rains, Heat, Gc. to act with greater
Freedom and Power.

To prove this, fow a piece of Parfnips, Carrots, crc. at the
proper Seafon (as aforefaid) and when they are come up hough
one part of them as before direéted, and only weed the other
by hand without -houghing, keeping them both very clean

-from Weeds, during:the whole Summer, and in O¢fodber, which

is the Seafon to take them up, you'll find thofe that were con-
tinually hough’d, dc. will be ten times larger and better tafted
than the others, that were always kept clean from Weeds and

never hough’d, and the like of other Vegetables in general.

Sec T.

New Principles of Gardening.

S ee See ce oe
Of Potatoes.

1. Their Names.
Lujius calls Potatoes, Battata, Camotes, Amotes, and Ig.
nanes, and in Englifh they are called Potatoes, Potatus,
and Potades.

2. Their Defeription.

To defcribe Potatoes would be a needlefs Work, feeing
that they are now very well known by moft (if not every}
Perfon in Exgland. But as there are divers Kinds of them
that grow very well in England ( which I {uppofe came originally
from Ireland, they being very plentiful in that Country ) it will
not be amifs to fay fomething of their Kinds.

The firft is the white Kidney Potatoe, fo called, in regard
to its Form, whichis the true Form of a Sheep, or Hogs
Kidney. ;

The fecond is the white round Potatoe of Colour and Tafte
like unto the preceding, as alfo its Skin which is very thin ;
both thefe Kinds are very pleafant in Tafte, and oftentimes
very large, but don’t increafe fo much as the following.

The third Kind is that, which is called the Lancajbire Potatoe,.
of a very pale reddifh Colour, and of a very large Growth,
but very watery and infipid in Tafte to what fome of the
others are, and efpecially when planted in a cold and wet Land.

The fourth Kind is the red Potatoe, with a rough Coat,
the very beft of any, and the greateft Bearer: ’Tis a Potatoe
that is generally very large, and of a much finer Tafte than the
Lancafbire, and a much better Bearer, but docs not come fo
very early, for which that is moft valued.

3. Their Temperature.
The Roots of Potatoes are temperately dry.

4. Their

71

72

New Principles of Gardening.

4. Their Medicinal Virtues.
They comfort, nourifh and ftrengthen the Body.

5. The Parts for Ufe.

The Roots, vig. The Potatoes themfelves being preferved
from the Frofts in a warm Cellar, @e. 3

6. The Quantity is at Pleafure, being boiled and eaten with
roafted Mutton, boiled Beef, gc. and require a great deal of
Butter, Gravy; dre. They are oftentimes baked and caten with
baked Meats, or roafted in the Afhes, and eaten with Butter as
an Egg, when boiled in the Shell. I have (een divers of the
Irifh People boil and eat’em with Milk, Cheefe, or Salt only,
avhich for my part is not fo agreeable, as when eaten with
Mutton, Beef, de. as before delivered.

7. Their Cultivation.

The beft Land for Potatoes is a light fandy Loam, and ra-
ther a green Sward than any other, not but that they will
do very well in Land which is cultivated every Year.

The proper time for planting them is February, at which

time the Ground being digged, they are planted in Rows, at
a Foot apart from one another in the Rows, and the Rows
at fifteen Inches afunder, and: about fix Inches deep. But in-
ftead of planting thefe {mall Potatoes, ’tis beft to take fome of
the very largeft, and cut each of them into as many Pieces as
there are Buds, planting one Bud or Piece in a Hole, inftead of
a whole {mall Potatoe as is ufual.
. When they are come up, (or fooner if the Ground is foul
with Weeds) they muft be houghed, and fo continued during
the whole Summer, rill their Haulm fhades the Ground and.
prevents the Growth of the Weeds.

When their Haulm produces Bloffoms, their Roots are then
knotting for Potatoes, which may be difcovered at that time
by taking up their Roots, wherein they then appear in great
Plenty. And I have often experienced, that thofe Roots which
J have taken up to obferve the Progrefs of their Growth, have
been always much larger than the others, which were not then
difturbed : For ‘tis always a certain Rule, that thofe Roots,
whofe Haulm is very fhort and thick, has the very beft Po-
tatocs, And

New. Principles of Gardening.

And thofe whofe Haulm is very rank and large, nave fel-
dom any that are worth taking up. The Nature of moft
Potatoes is: to run with their Roots in a kind.of Mat, about
fix Inches round the Stem, at whofe bottom are. often found

very good middling Potatoes ; but the very beft are generally.

about eight or nine Inches in depth, near.to the Place of the
Mother Plant. | | :

In the digging up Potatoes, obferve that you place the Spade
at a proper diftance from their Roots, that you don’t cut them,
and that you fearch the bottom of every Hole, left the beft Po-
tatoes are left behind : When Potatoes are planted about fix
or eight Inches apart, as directed by the aforefaid Theorical
Writer page 132. they feldom are fit for any other Ufe than
to feed Hogs, as alfo when planted under Trees; therefore. of

73

thofe beware, left after a great Expence, you have a fruit- —

lefs Harveft.

Soon after Michaelmas their Haulm decays, and ’tis then that
you are to take them out of the Ground, and keep them in
a ‘warm Cellar (from the Frofts) for Ufe,

eee

“I os
Of Penny Royal. ,

1. Its Names.
Enny Royat is called in Greek yajveyv, and oftentimes
" Bajxav; in Latin Pulegium’ and Puleginm regale, to
diftinguifh it from Pulegium montanum; in Ktalian ‘Pulegio ,
in Spanifh Poleo, in Dutch Poley, in. French Pouliot, and

by fome Organie.

in Engh Penny Royal, Pudding Grafs, Pulial Royal, and:

2. Its Defcription.
The common Penny Royal, called Pulegium regium vulga-
tum, is fo well known, needs no Defeription.

3. Its Temperature. :
Penny Royal is hot and dry in the third Degree, and accord-
img to Galen, is of fubrile Parts.
| 4. The

a

New Principles of Gardening.

, 4. The Medicinal Virtues.
Being boiled in Wine, and drank provokes Utine, and ex-
pels the Gravel in the Kidneys, ~~ | ‘
Being taken with Honey, it cleanfes. the Lungs and Breatt:
from all grofs and thick Humours: And with Water and Vi-
negar aflwageth the inordinate defire to yomit, and Pains of.

the Stomach, )
to! 5, Lhe Parts-for Ufe.
‘The tender Shoots for the Kitchen Ufe, and the Stalks,.
Leaves, éc. when near full grown for Diftilling.
6. The Quantity of either is ‘at! Pleafure.

| 7. The Cultivation. | Bre 2
Penny Royal delights in moift and fhady Places, and is there:-
fore planted in North Borders. It loves a good holding Loam,.
and is propagated by Slips, planted any time in March, =

i i A I ta

Sp: Ofte KXXIEs
Of Radifh. Z

bs 1. dts Names. |
_ADISH is called in Greek, of Galen; Theophraftus, Diof-

X. corides, and other.ancient Writers, padavic. By Apothe-
caries, Raphanus and Sativa Raditula; and by. others Rapha-.
nus Satevus; the Garden Radifh, in High Dutch “Rettich,
in Low Dutch Radiis , in French Raifort ,~in Spanifb-Ra-
vano, in Italian Raphanos by. the Bohemians ’tis called
Rzedfew, and in Englifo Radith..

. 2. Its Defcription. ;

The Garden Radifh’ produces very large Leaves, whofe ftalky
part at bottom is of a dark reddifh Colour, and the upper
or leafy part very rough, and of a pale green, being indented
on its Edges, not much unlike the Leaves of Turnips.

New Principles of Gardening.

The Stalks are round, of a reddifh.and pale green Colour,
divided into many {mall Branches, at whofe Ends {pring forth
fmall light purpled colour’d Flowers, each confifting of four
Leaves only, which are fucceded by fharp pointed Pods, feem-
ingly puft or blown up, ; and full of a {pungious or pithy Sub-
ftance wherein is contained the Seed, which when ripe is of a
light brown Colour, of a round Form, and much larger than
the Seed of Turnip. The Root is of a taper Form, running
pee about fix or cight Inches, with divers fmall Fibres break-

fcom, its. Sides: The top part of the Root is of a very
dark or blackith red, its middle part of a beautiful red, and
the lower part quite white; as alfo are the inward Parts in
general, and of a fharp or mordicant Tafte.

The beft Kinds of Garden Radifhesmow in being, are the
Dwarf.or fhort top, Radith, which comes very, eatly, and the
London Radifh, that fucceeds it, and. eqneinues a 1e08 Y while.

“a Their. Temperature,’
According to Galen, Radifhes are hot in the third Degree
and dry in the. fecond,

4. Their Medi inal Vi rines.

‘The tender Pee or Roots.of Radifhes, being eaten raw
in Sallets, procure a good Appetite » a Urine, diffolve
cluftered Sand, and expel it. -

The diftill’d Water of Radifh expels the Gravel and Stone
in the Kidneys.

5. Their’ I Effects.
Being eaten before Dinner, are troublefome to the omy
and caule — Belching.

ei wee

BS 6. ‘Their’ ‘Panes fortis wikeee sedi Mi
The Seed Leaves; and Roots when as: large’’as \the\ thick
part of a common "Tobacco _ and the Secd-Pods make
a very fine Pickle,

7. The uantheyifin Caer 3!
The Quantity of Seed Leaves, in a‘Sallet of {mall Werte:
3 ought

75

76

necdlefs to-give its. De(cription..

‘New Principles of Gardening.
ought to be three times the Quantity of any other; and‘for
the Radifh Roots, they may be caten: at Pleafure.

8. Their Cultivation. rs

All kind of Radifhes love a fandy Loam, that they may freely
frrike down with their Roots. To have Radifhes early in the
Spring, at the end of Auguft, or beginning of September, fow
fome Seed under a warm Wall, or rather ona decay’d Hot-Bed,
that during the time of Frofts, Snow, ¢@xe. they may be pre-,
ferved therefrom; and about the middie of February, or fooner,
they ‘will be fit for the Table. ‘And that thefe may be fucceeded
by a fecond Crop, at the end of September, or rather a lit-
tle fooner, fow fome Seed in the Border of South Wall, that
they may get above Ground in'their: Seed Leaf, before their.
Gtowth is ftopt by the Winter’s Cold; and if they are pre»
ferved from very great Ftofts:and Snow in the Winter; they
will be in Seafon about the middle of March.

To have the feedling Leaves for eating in Compofition:
svith other Sallet Herbs, you mutt fow it in little Drils, on a
gentle Hot-Bed, during fanuary, February, and the fir Weck
in March, as dire&ted for Cheryil, S¢e&, Vil.

s tensinemenieemeesiiindiad “se

SECT. XXXill,.
Of Horfe Radifh.

1, Its:Names- -
Fi: sp: RapisH is vulgarly called aphenus Sates;

——_-—

or Magnus, and by many Raphanus Sylvefiris , in High

utch Merrettich, Krain ot Kren, by the Low Germans

Meradiis, and in Englifh, Mountain Radifh, Great Raifort,

and Horfe Radifh ;. and in the North part of England ,’tis.
called: Red Cole, se

2. Its Defcription.
Horfe Radith being now fo well Known to every one, "tis
38 Its.

New Principles of Gardening.

3. Its Temperature.
Horfe Radith is hot and dry in the third Degree, and has
a drying, cleaning, digefting Quality.

4, Its Medicinal Virtues. |
Being eaten with Vinegar, as Sauce, it heats the Stomach,
amd caufes a very good Digeftion. :

- 5. The Parts for Ufe. -
The Roots being very white, and about two Years Growth,
are the Parts for Ufe, when f{craped, or grated very fine.

6. The Quantity is at Pleafure.

7, Its Cultivation. ;

The natural Soil for Horfe Radifh is a rich fandy Loam,
and is thus propagated.

“Firft open a Trench as is ufual for trenching of Land
three Fect wide, and a full Spit and half deep, and therein
place Cuttings of Horfe Radifh, cach having two Buds at leaft,
at about fix Inches apart; then moving your Line, fet out
the next Trench, which muft be but haif the breadth of the
former, and caft its Earth. to the further. Side of the firft Trench,
without laying any Roots in this fecond. Trench, This being
done, fet out the third Trench. equal to the firft, viz. three
Feet, and cafting its Earth into the others, will make them
good’; then in the bottom of this third Trench place the
Horfe Radifh Cuttings all over at the Diftances aforefaid; and
afterwards. fetting out a half Trench, as the fecond, caft in
the Earth, and in like manner procced till the whole Piece is
fo planted. ;

This Method being obferved, you will have your young
Shoots come up in good Order, in Beds of three Feet wide,
with Alleys of one Foot and-half between them, which gives
leave for their being kept clean from Weeds.

If this Work is performed in Odfober, the young Shoots
will be up in the Spring, and at Michaelmas {ome will be fit
for: Ute; by the Michaelmas following, they will in general
be fic for Ufe.

3 When

77

78

‘New Principles of Gardening.

When your Horfe Radifh is become large enough for the
Table or Market, in taking it up, ‘tis beft to trench the
Ground back again, obferving to bury its Prunings in the bot-
tom of Trenches, which. will come up again, and produce a
new Crop, whofe Roots will be fine and fmooth, free from
‘Knots, Canker, @c.

$ 8:0. TT... oXRXIY.
Of Rampion.

1. lts Names.

AMPIONS are called by many, /opecuros, becaufe that
R the Ear or Spike of Flowers are very like unto Alope-
curon, or Fox Tail, which is another Herb; and by others it
has been called Rapunculum <Alopecuron, that it may differ
from the true and right A/opecuros, or Fox Tail. In Latin
‘tis called Rapuntium majus, and in Englfh Great Rampion,
or Garden Rampion. ya

2. Their Defcription.
The Leaves of the Garden, or great Rampion, are.tolerably
large, {mooth and plain, very like unto thofe of the Beet.
From the Head of the Root fpring up divers Stalks, fet
with the like Leaves, but decreafing in their Magnitude, as they
approach the top. The Flowers are produced at the top of

the Stalks in a thick Clufter, like unto an Ear of Wheat in

Form ; and before they are open’d they appear like fmall crooked
Horns, after which, when full blown, they are like {mall
Bells (which makes me believe them to be of the Bell Flower
Tribe) being fometimes purple, and at other times white.

3. Their Temperature.
The Roots are of acold Temperature and fomething binding.

4. Their Medicinal Virtues.
*Tis reported by many, that the Decoétion of the Roots are
good for all Inflammations of the Mouth, and Almonds of

‘the Throat, ec. and is a very great Nourifher. tf The

New Principles of Gardening,

s. The Parts for Ufe. __
The Roots boiled, and eaten with Oyl, Vinegar and Pepper;
the Seed Leaves, or.young Tops in Compofition.

6. The Quantity.
When a Sallet is compofed of five, fix, dc. forts of Herbs,
and of each a Pugil, vze. as much as is generally taken up with
the Thumb and two Fingerss to fuch a Sallet we generally

add twelve Roots; and of the Seed Leaves or tender Tops .

an. equal Quantity with any other Herb, Radifh excepted.

7. Their Cultivation.
Rampions delight in. a fhady, rich and ftrong Soil.
The Sced is fown early in the Spring, and the Plants are af-
terwards tranfplanted out in a fhady Border, at the Diftance of

four or five Inches, wherein they remain (being kept clean «:

from Weeds) till fit for Ute..

eT Xe Y,
Of Garden, or Spanifh Rocket.

1.. Its Names.

ativa, in Italian Ruchetta,. in Spanifh Oruga, in High -

R farce, is called in Greek evC@wu, in Latin Eruca :
Dutch Rauckenkraut, in French Roquette, in Low Dutch -

Rakette , and in Englifh Rocket, or. Racket.
2. Its Defcription.

The Leaves. of Garden Rocket are very like unto thofe of:

Turnips, but not altogether fo large, or rough. 3

_ When it runs up to Seed, the Roots break out into two
or three Branches, or-Stems which produce Flowers of a whi-
tifh, and fometimes yellowifh Colour, and are. fucceeded by

79

fmall long Pods, wherein are contained the Seeds, which. in .

Form are very like unto Rape Seed, but much lefs.

3 3. ite

89

New Principles of Gardening.

0 J Temperature.
- Rocket is hot and dry in the thitd Degree, therefore Galen
advifes it not to be eaten alone, being rather too hot for
the Stomach.

4. The Medicinal Virtues.
_ Being eaten in Compofition with other Sallet Herbs that are
cold, .as Lettuce, Purflane,. ¢yc. is very wholefome for the
Stomach, and provokes Usine, . but .when eaten.alone, caufeth
the Head-ach. ;

; s» The Parts for Ufe,
Are the young and.tender Leaves.

6. The Quantity. |
If the Sallet is compofed of cooling Herbs, as before obferved,
there may be one Pugil, or equal Quantity of Rocket.

ees . 7. Its Cultivation.

The Seed is ripe in September, and fhould then be fown;
it delights in a warm rich Soil, and is very hardy, efpecially
the Roman Rocket, which is an Annual, and dying every
Year, as foon as its Seed is ripe, rifes again from its own Seed, —
if fuffer’d to fall.

9: Es h sce Vi.
| Of Red Sage.

1. Its Names.
S‘ GE is called in Greek tAcAicQanes, in Latin, Italian and
Spanifo Salvia, in High Dutch Salben, in French Sauge ,
in Low Dutch Sauie ; and in Englifh Sage. |

2. Its Defcription.
To defcribe red Sage, which is fo well known, would benced-
lefs, and therefore | fhail only add, that the Flowers are in
blaom in the Months of Fume and Fuly, 3. Its

New Principles of Gardening.

3. Lts Temperature.
Sage is hot and dry almoft in the third Degree.

4. The Medicinal Virtues.
Sage is fingularly good for the Head and Brain, quickens the
Memory, and ftrengthens the Sinews.

5. Ihe Parts for Ufe.
The young and tender Leaves, and Flowers eaten in compo-
fition with other Herbs.

6. The Quantity is at Pleafure.

7. [ts Cultivation.

-Red Sage is propagated from Layers, or Slips twifted at the
lower end, and planted in September or O€fober, or if planted
in March or April they will grow, but not near fo well as
when planted in the end of Autumn.

The other Kinds of Sage, vzz. The Tea Sage (called by many
Sage of Virtue) the Mountain Sage, and the Wormwood Sage,
are propagated in like Manner; and as they are in general
well known, they need no Defcription.

Soh ee XXXVI.
Of Sampier.

1. Its Names.
# ‘HERE are three different Kinds of Sampier, the firft cal-
led Rock Sampier, the fecond Thorny Sampier, and the
third Golden Sampier ; but the Sampier caten in Sallets is the
Rock Sampier, which is called in Greek xpibuov, in Latin Crith-
mum marinum, and by many Bati; in High Dutch Meerfen-
chell, which is in Latin Faniculus Marinus, Sea¥Fennel; in
Italian Fenocchio marino, Herba di San Pietro, and hereupon
divers call it Sampetra ; in Spanifo Perexil de la mer, Hinoioma-
vino, Fenolmarin, and in Englifo Sampier, or Rock Sampier,
M becaufe

Sr

82

New Principles of Gardening.
becaufe it delights to grow on Rocks, Clefts, de. as at Dover,
Winchelfea, ec. and by fome ’tis called Crefémarine.

2. Its Defcription.

Rock Sampier is very like, in its Leaf, unto that of Purflain,
but fomewhat lefs, and of an aromatick Tatfte.

From the Head of the Root rifes the Stalk, which, as it
rites, fends forth many collateral Branches, on whofe ends grow
fpokie Tufts of white Flowers, like unto thole of Fennel or
Dill, which are afterwards fucceeded by Seed, in Form very
like unto Fennel Seed, but much larger. The Root is ge-
nerally very thick, and of a very agreeable pleafant Smell.

3. Its Temperature.
Sampier, according to Galen, is dry and warm,

4. The medicinal Virtues.
The Leaves being pickled, and eaten in Sallets with Oil
and Vinegar, are very good for the flopping of the Liver, Milt,

Kidneys and Bladder; it gently provokes Urine, and excites
an Appetite.

5. The Parts for Ufe.
The tender Leaves and Shoots.

6. The Quantity to be eaten in a Sallet.

When a Sallet is compofed of four Kinds of Herbs, there
muft be of Sampier one fourth part, when of five Kinds, one
fifth, ¢&e.

N. B. Sampier being an Inhabitant of Rocks, Clefts, gc. is
therefore gather'd from thence in great Plenty, and feldom or
ever cultivated in the Garden.

SEC T.

New Principles of Gardening.

S Fee AN
Of Scorzonera,

| 1. Its Names.
CORZONERA, or Viper Grafs, called by the Spaniards
Scorzonera, in Latin Viperaria five Scorzonera, and {ome-
times vzperina, or ferpentaria, becaufe ’tis of force againft the
Poifons of Vipers; for Vipera, or a Viper is called in Spanifh
Scurzo, and in Englifh ‘twas firft called Scorzoner, and now
Scorzonera, from the Spanifh Name, or Vipers Grafs.

2. Its Defcription.

Scorzonera or Vipers Grafs, hath long and plump Leayes,
with a large Rib or Stem down the middle of a light green
Colour.

The Stalk rifes from. the Crown of the Root, bearing Leaves
of the fame Form, but fmaller, and ycilow double Flowers on
its top part.

The Root is almoft like a Carrot, its Colour without. is
black, and white within, yielding a milky Juice, as do the
Leaves alfo.

And befides this kind of Vipers Grafs called Scorzonera, there
are five other Kinds; as firlt, Viperaria humilis, Dwarf Vipers
Grafs; fecondly,Viperaria Hi/panica, Spanifh V ipersGrafs; thirdly,
Viperaria Hifpanica humilis, Dwarf SpanifbVipers Grats; fourthly,
Viperaria ‘Pannonica, Hungary Vipers Grafs ; and Laftly, Vipe-
raria Pannonica anguftifolia, narrow leafed Vipers Grafs.

Thefe laft Kinds being of no Ufe in our Gardens, I fhall not
trouble you with their Defcription.

3. Their Temperature.
Temperately hot and moift.
4. Their Medicinal Virtues.
The Root being eaten, caufes chearfulnefs,
5. Their Parts for Ufe.
M 2

The Roots. 6. The

83

84

New Principles of Gardening.
6. The Quantity is at Pleafure.

7. Their Cultzvation.
Scorzonera delights in a fandy Loam, ‘tis propagated by Seed
fown in March, which ripen’d the Fuly or Auguft before.

el oe Dees Carer. 2, ©.49.€
Of Scurvy Grafs.

1. Its Names. :

CURVY Grafs or Spoonwort, fo called in regard to the
Leaves being of the form of a Spoon, called in Latin
Cochlearia rotundifolia, or round leafed Scurvy Grafs. And be-
fides this Kind there is another Sort which is more common
called Cochlearia Britannica, the common Enghfh Scurvy Grafs.

2. Its Defcription.

The round leaf Scurvy Grafs is of a very low Growth, pro-
ducing many Leaves from the Head of the Root, which are of
a round hollow Form, and a very deep fhining green Colour.
The Flowers or Bloflom rife from the Head of the Roor, of
a white Colour, and are generally in Bloom about the middle
of May, and the Seed ripe in Fune. |

The common Scurvy Grafs being well known, needs no
Defcription.

3. Its Temperature.
Hot and dry.

4. Its Medicinal Virtues.
Being fteeped in Ale and drank, is very good againft the
Scurvy, and is a great Sweetner of the Blood.
5. The Parts for Ufe.
In Sallets, the very young and tender Seed Leaves; and
in Drink, Diftilling, dye. the larger Leaves more grown.

6. The

New Principles of Gardening.

6. The Quantity in Sallets.
The Quantity eaten with other Herbs is at Pleafure, as alfo
in Drink, &&e.

7. The Cultivation. ,
The Seed gather'd when ripe in Fume or Fuly, may be fown
on a frefh Border any time in the Spring; it delights in a
moift Soil wihch is not fully expofed to the Sun.

8. 6.C. 7: . Xn

Of Sellery.

HERE is no Herb adds fo rich a Flavour to our Spring

Sallets, as blanch’d Sellery. It is a Herb generoufly
hot, and very eafily propagated. To defcribe this Herb would
be a needle{s work, feeing that its great Ufe has made it. uni-
verfally known to every one; and therefore I fhall pafs over
that, and proceed to the Propagation thercof.

To have Sellery very early, ‘tis beft to fow the Seed upon
an old decay’d Hot-Bed at the end of February or beginning
of March, and when the Sced iscome up, and about three
Inches high, or thereabouts, prepare a Border of a light and
rich Nature, or rather a decay’d Hot-Bed, and therein prick
out the young Plants at four Inches apart, giving them good
Waterings when required.

Having thus tranfplanted them out, when they are about
feven or eight Inches high, and become good ftrong Plants,
you muft then plant them out for good, which perform as fol-
lows, viz. Having made choice of a good piece of Land pro-
per for the purpofe , ftrain a Line the whole length thereof,
which chop out with your Spade, and then remove it parallel
to the firft, at about cight or ten Inches diftance, viz. equal
to the breadth of one Spit.

That being done, dig out the firft Spit, about eight or nine
Inches deep, throwing the Earth on each fide of the Trench,
and about three Feet from the firft Trench, dig a fecond, and

after

85

86

New. Principles of Gardewing.
after that a third, gc. The Trenches being thus open’d, ‘twill
not be amifs if in the bottom of every Trench, you prick in
a itolerable good ‘Coat of well rotted Horfe-dung, ‘and e{peci-
ally if your Land is poor, ’twill greatly add to the Growth of
your Sellery.

The Trenches being thus prepared ready for planting, take
an old Knife or piece of a Sythe, and cut out the Plants, put-
ting them into a fhallow Basket with Care, that you do: not
knock off the Earth from their Roots, and plant them in the
bottom of the Trenches, at about fix or feven Inches apart.
Having firft pruned their Heads to about five or fix Inches in
length.

Some are fo curious as to tye up their Leaves together with
a {mall piece of Baft, that they may not, when a little flag’d
at firft removing, lie down upon the Ground.

After your Plantation is ended, be fure to give them a very
good Watering, and indeed at all other Times, when the Earth
is dry. : |
When your Plantation is about nine or ten Inches in height,
you muft earth them up within four or five Inches of the top,
and fo continue during all the time of their Growth. |

About fix or feven Wecks after earthing up, they will be
whiten’d, that is, what we call blanch’d, and are then fit for the
Table.

To have a plentiful Supply of Sellery, ’tis beft to fow and
raife Plantations at different Times, about one Month after
the other, by which Means we may be well furnifl’d through-
out theewholei Mearjises eou2tu 3

The mof grofs or rank ftrong Roots are more fit for
Soup, than for Sallets; therefore I advife that the midling
fized Sellery be chofen for Sallets with their fmall Suckers,
which break out from the fides of their Roots.

I have’ feen fome Gardiners, who have been very curious in
the fplitting of the blanched Leaves of Sellery with a Pin, which
being afterwards thrown into clean cold Water curl themfelves
up, and make a very agreeable Figure, when weli difpofed
of amongft the other Sorts of Sallet Herbs.

The number of Roots eaten in a Sallet is generally about
five or fix, when of other Kinds there is but a Pugil of each,
viz. as much as one commonly takes up between his two Fin-
gers and Thumb, Scllery

New Principles of Gardening.

Sellery may be eaten in Compofition with other Sallet Herbs,
or alone, with Oil, Vinegar, Salt and Pepper.

ee Ts eet
Of Skerrets.

7 | 1. Its Names,

HE Skirret is called in Greek cicapo, in Latin Sifarum,

by the Germans Sierlin, Tragus Zamgarten Rapunkelen,
in the low Countries Suycker Wortelen, viz. Sugat Roots, and
oftentimes Secrillen, in Spanifh Cherinia, in Italian Sifaro, in
French Cheruy, and in Englifh Skirret or Skirwort.

2. Its Defcription.

The Leaves of the Skérret confift of many fmall Leaves faftned
to one Rib, very like untothofe of aPar{nip, but lefler, fmoo-
ther and of a deeper Green. The Stalk rifes from the Head
of the Root, bearing at its ends little fpokie Tufts of white
Flowers ; the Roots are of a white Colour, and of a very
{weet and pleafant Tafte. — |

_ 3. Their Temperature.
The Roots, which are their Parts for Ufe, are moderately hot
and moitft.

4. Their medicinal Virtues..

They create an Appetite and provoke Urine: And according
to Hieronymus Heroldus, the Women of Swevia prepare the
Roots hereof for their Husbands, and know full well where-
fore and why, @c. I{uppole they find a fecret Pleafure therein,
for they are very great Proyokatives.

5. The Parts for Ufe.
The Roots caten either raw, in Compofition, or boiled and
eaten with Vinegar, Oyl, Salt, &e.

6, The Quantity is at Pleafure.
4 7. Their

87

New. Principles’ of “Gardening.

7. Their Cultivation. |
The Skirret delights in a light, rich and moift Soil, and may
be propagated by fowing the Seeds in March; but are more

generally raifed from Slips or Sets planted in the fame Month.
The manner of increafing them is as follows. In March, when
they begin to fhoot forth their Leaves, take up the Roots, and
part or divide them into as many Slips as poflible, taking
away all the old Roots, and preferving none but the frefh grow-
ing Fibres. This being done, take a large Hough, and draw
deep Drills, about fix Inches in depth, wherein place or plant
the young Slips at about five or fix Inches diftance from each
other, and during all the time of their Growth keep them

well water’d, which will add very much to their Growth.

S, Ee © ikea) ees
Of Sorrel.

7 1. Its Names.
HE Garden Sorrel is called in Greek cZanric, and civazugic,
and by Galen cfuadrabey, viz. Acidum lapathum, or Aci-
dus Rumex, fower Dock, the Germans call it Sawrampher, in
Low Dutch Surckele and Surinck, the Spaniards Azederas,
Agrelles, and Azedas, in French Ozeille, and Surelle Aigrette,
and in Englifh Garden Sorrel.

The feveral Kinds of Sorrel are feven, viz. the firft called
in Latin Oxalis five Acetofa, Sorrel. The fecond, Oxalis tude-
rofa, knobbed Sorrel; the third, Oxalzs tenuifolia, Sheeps Sorrel 5
the fourth, Oxalis Franca feu Romana, round Sorrel, called
alfo French Sorrel ; and fifthly, Oxals Cri/pa, curled Sorrel;
fixthly, Oxalis minor, fmall Sorrel ; and laftly, Oxalis minima,
the fmalleft Sorrel: But French Sorrel is the beft for Sauce,
Sallets, cc.

2. Their Defcription.
The feveral Kinds of Sorrels being well known to every
one, need no Defcription.

4 | 3. Their

New Principles of Gardening.

| 3. Their Temperature.
Moderately cold, moift and acid.

4, The Medicinal Virtues.
Cools a hot Stomach, creates an Appetite, opens the Ob-
ftrutions of the Liver, and affwages the Heat thereof, * cuts
tough Humours, and ftrengthens the Heart. -

s. The Parts for Ufe.
The tender young Leaves.

6. The Quantity in a Sallet.

The Quantity of Sorrel in a Sallet is generally at Pleafure;
fome loving a greater Quantity of acid than others: But the
ufual Quantity is an equal part, proportionable to the other Sorts
of Herbs, as a fourth part, when the Sallet is compofed of
four Kinds of Herbs; a fifth, when of five, dre.

7. Its Cultivation.
The Garden and French Sorrels are propagated from Seeds
fown in March in Drills on the edge of a Borde. : and thake a
very handfome and profitable Edging.

hh 1 oat aga 4 Bd
Of Spinach, or Spinage.

. Its Names.

YPINAGE was ancient called Spinachia, and Spinachium
olus., , and by fome.Hifpanicum olus. Fuchfius calls it
Smwaggle § ; the Arabians and. Serapio call it Hi/pane, the Ger-

mans Spinet, the French Efpinas, and the Englifh Spinach,

or Spinage.
2. Its Defeription.

It is fuppofed by many Herbaliffs that Spinach is a Sort of

Orach ; the Leaves being foft and tender, of a dark green
N Colour,

89

99

New Principles of Gardening.

Colour, full of Juice, fharp pointed, and deeply indented to-
wards the Stalk end, The Stalk rifes about a foot and half
high, and is hollow within, bearing on its top divers Clufters
of Flowers, which are fuccceded by a prickly Seed, and is there-
fore called prickly Spinage. But befides this Kind of Spinage,
whofe Leaves are deeply indented, there is another Kind cal-
led round Spinage, on Account of its Leaves being of a round
Form, without being indented, as in the other.

3. Their Temperature,
Spinage is cold and moift, almoft in the fecond Degree.

4. The Medicinal Virtues.

Laxative and emollient.

5. Ihe Parts for Ufe.
Fhe tender Seed Leaves when eaten in a Sallet, and the
well grown Leaves when ufed in Soup, Oe.

6. The Quantity.
When the young Seed Leaves are eaten in Compofition.,
there muft be the fame Quantity of them as of other {mall Sale
let Herbs, Radifh excepted.

Fs The Cultivation.

Spinage is propagated by Seed, and to. have a plentiful Store
thereof during the Winter and Spring, we mutt fow the Seed
about the beginning, middie, and end of Auguft, on good rich
Land, which when come up, and large enough to hough out,
muft then be run over with a hough, and left at about five or
fix Inches apart; and as I before directed its being fown at three
different Seafons, fo you muft obferve in the Spring alfo, to
keep fowing fufficient Quantities every Fortnight ; for in the
Spring ‘tis very rare to find that one Crop will laft longer
than a Fortnight.

The prickly Spinage is of the fame Tafte when boil’d as the
round Leaf, but is not fo much efteem’d by Gardiners.

SECT.

New Principles of Gardening.

S, -BGer Po ALY,
Of Succory.

1. Its Names.

uccory is called in Greek xiyaigiev, in Latin Cichorium
5 fativum, the Germans calls it Wegwarten, the Italians Ci-
chorea, the Spaniards Almerones, the Bohemians Czakanka, and
the English Cichory and Succory. ‘Pliny named the broad Leaf
Succory Hedypnozs, and the bitterer Diofcorides calleth aims, in
Latin, Intybum [plveftre, Intybum agrefte, Intybum erraticum,
and Cichorium. : _

2. The Defcription.

Garden Succory is of two Sorts, the one with broad Leaves,
and the other with narrow deeply indented: The Leaves of the
firft Kind are fomething hairy, and very like unto thofe of En.
dive. The Stalk rifes from amongft them dividing irs felf towards
the top, into many Branches, whereon grow little blew Flowers
confifting of many Leaves, which’ are afterwards fucceeded by
white Seed. The Root is of a long duration, producing a white
milky bitter Juice, as alfo doth the Leaves and Branches when
broken. ih it seaeaiid a

| 3. The Temperature.

Cold and dry in the fecond Degree.

4. The Medicinal Virtues,

Being eaten raw in a Sallet, comforts the weak and feeb!ec
Stomach, cools the Liver, and opens the Obftrucions of Urine.

5. Ihe Parts for Ufe.

The Leaves being blanch’d, or whiten’d as the Endive :

Sect. XVII 7

6. The Quantity to be eaten in a Sallet is at Pleafure, it
N 2 being

gt

92

New. Principles of Gardeueng.
being more pleafing to the Stomach than the Tafte; ‘tis alfo.
yery. good being boiled in Soup.
17.) Lhe Cultivation. «

Succory is encreafed by fowing the Seed in Faly, and or-
dered in every Refpect asthe Endive, Sect. XVII.

S Boe Te? KLVE
Of Tanfie, °°
bs ANSE, called in Latin Tanacetum, being univerfally
# known, needs no Defcription. ~ |

2. Its Temperature.
The Garden Tanfie is hot in the fecond Degree, and dry in

the third. oe. a
febto sient o10u 3. The Medicinal Virtues. ‘

“anfie being eaten with eggs fried, or in a Tanfie, oc. is
very good for the Stomach: For if any bad Humours: cleave:
thereunto, it doth perfe@tly concoct them, and fcowre them.
downwards. : nies

The Seed of Tanfic is a fingular and approved Medicine againft:
Worms, for in what fort foever it be taken, it kills and ex-
pells them; and being drunk with. Wine, is very good a-

- gainft the pain. of the Bladder, and ftoppage of the Urine.

: 4. The Parts for Ufe.
The young and tender Leaves.

§. The Quantity is at Pleafure,

5. The Cultivation: |
Tanfie is increafed by parting the Roots, and planting them
any time in the Spring: "Tis a valuable Plant, and ought not
to be wanting in our Kitchen Garden.

*: The

New Principles of Gardening.

The ingenious Mr. Brad/ey tells us, in his new Improvements,
Part Ill, page 172. that he has experienced the great Virtue of
this Herb, and found that one handful being boil’d in a half
pint of {trong White Wine, and the Decoétion drank as hot as
is poflible to be drank, immediately removes the pain of the
Gout in the Stomach,

When Tanfie is qualified with the Juice of Spinage and fried,
‘tis very pleafant and grateful to the Stomach, and efpecially
being caten hot with the Juice of Orange and Sugar.

SE CF. XLVI.
Of Tarragon.

1. Its Names.
ARRAGON iscalled in Greek rorvetdes, in Latin Draco,
- in Italian Dragoncellum, in French Dragon, and in Eing-
lifb Tarragon.

2. Its Defcription.

Tarragon hath long and narrow Leaves, of a deep green.

Colour, broader and longer than thofe of Hyffop, with flender

brittle round Stalks, about which hang {mall round Flowers of

a yellow Colour mixed with black like unto thofe of common
Wormwood.

The Root is long, with many Fibres breaking out of the
Sides and extending themfelves like unto Couch Grafs.

3. Lhe. Temperature.

Tarragon is hot and dry in the third Degree.

te The Medicinal Virtues.

Very good fora cold Stomach, being eaten raw ina Sallet.

‘, The Parts for ufe.

Their tender Tops, or young Leaves.

6. The

93

94

New Principles of Gardening.

6. The Quantity.

This Herb being well mixt in a Sallet, gives it a very agree-
able Relifh, altho’ fome cannot endure any part of it in a Sallet.
When a Sallet is compofed of fix or feven Sorts of Herbs, and
of each a Pugil, to them may be added about twenty five large
Leaves of Tarragon, and the like of a Sallet of any other
Size.

7. The Cultivation.
This Herb delights in a warm Expofure, and is increafed by
Slips taken from the Roots, and planted any time in the Spring.

_—_—

S E.C 2. iL,
Of Turnips.

1. Its Names.
HE Turnip is called in Greek yoyyiay, in Latin Rapum,
and by fome Rapa. The Lacedemonians call it yasne, in
High Dutch Ruben,in Low Dutch Rapen, in French Naueaurond,
in Spanifo Nabo, and in Englifh Turnip and Rape.

2. Their Defcription.

To defcribe the feveral parts of a Turnip, which is already
well known, would be a neediefs work, and therefore I fhall
pafs over the fame in Silence, and only add, that the very beft
Kinds are the yellow and flat white Turnip, red on the upper
part, and of thefe the beft are thofe of a midling Growth; the
very large ones being, for the moft part, either fticky and hard,
or woolly and foft like unto the Pith of an Elder Tree.

3. Their Temperature.
Windy and moift.

3 4. The

New Principles of Gardentng.

4. The Medicinal Virtues.

The young tender Shoots or Tops, boiled and eaten pro-
voke Urine. The Decoétion of Turnips is good againft a Cough
and Hoarfnefs of the Voice, being drank in an Evening with
a little Sugar, or Quantity of clarified Honey.

5. The Parts for Ufe.
The Seed Leaves when eaten in Salleting, the Roots when
boil’'d, and the tender Tops in the Spring for Soup.

6. The Quantity for Ufe.
The Quantity of the Seed Leaves to be eaten ina Sallet is
an equal part with others; but the Roots and tops are at
Pleafure.

7. Their Cultivation.

The fweeteft Turnips are produced on a light fandy Loam.
The time of fowing Turnips to come in, for the Months of
Fanuary, February and March, is Auguft: But to have them
fooner for the Months of Oégfober, November and ‘December,
they may be fown in Fume or Fuly; and indeed I can't fee
any Reafon why we may not fow them earlier, as in March,
April or May, that thereby our Table may be plentifully fup-
plied throughout the Summer. However. let them be fown at
any time, the manner of fowing and ordering after is the fame.
To explain the Method of fowing Turnip Seed for a Crop, is
as needlefs as to defcribe what fort of a Root a. Turnip is:
The only Care therein is, that you do not fow them too thick,
which will caufe a very great Trouble and Expence in their
houghing, or too thin, whereby you will be deprived of a Crop.
Their proper diftance ought to be about feven or eight Inches,
and twice houghing them over is generally fufficient.

If in the Winter the Frofts are very fevere, ‘tis beft to pull

them up and pit them, as direéted for the Carrots, Sed? VII. or.

keep them in Sand in a warm Cellar.
The manner of fowing Turnips for young Salleting is the
very fame with that of Creffes, Muftard, Chervil and Radifh.

Having

95

96

New Principles of Gardening.

Having thus given a general Account of the feveral Sorts of
raw and boil’d Salleting for the Months of Fanuary, February
and March , I hall now proceed to the Conftru@tion of two
Tables, of which the firft will exemplify all the feveral Herbs
in their refpective Degrees of Heat, Cold, Moifture, re. by
the help of which we may be capable of compofing a Sallct to
any Degree required: And the fecond Table, the feveral Kinds
of Herbs good againft every one particular Difeafe, the whole
being digefted in an alphabetical Manner, for the more ready
finding any part required.

A Table of the Degrees of Heat, Cold, 8c. contain'd im
the feveral Sallets, for the Months of JANUARY,
Fepruary and MARCH.

Sallet Herbs hot and dry.
ROOM Buds 24Degree. Onionsalmoftinthe 4% Degree,

Chives. Penny Royal 34 Degree.

Clary 34 Degtce. Radifh hot in the third Degree,
Garden Creffes 24 Degree. and dry in the fecond,
Water Creffes. Horfe Radifh 34 Degree.
Elder Buds and Flowers. Garden Rocket 34 Degree.
Fennel 34 Degree. Red Sage almoft in the 34 De-
Garlick 4** Degree. gree.
Hop Tops 24 Degree. Scurvy Grafs,

' Leéek. Ee Tanfie, hot in the fecond, and
Muftard 4 Degree. dry in the third.
Mint 34 Degree. Tarragon 3% Degree.

Sallet Herbs temperately, &c.

Brooklinte. Orange and Limon Seedlings.
Chervil. Parf{nip.
Clivers,

Sallet

New. Principles.iof Gardening.

_Sallet Herbs temperately hot and moift.
Carrot, Scorzonera, and Skirret.

Sallet Herbs generoufly hot.
Sellery.

‘Salles Herbs. cold ond moift.
White BEI era etaee a
-yit-Cucumber 24? Degree. Peihace a a

Sallet Herbs cold and dry.
Red Botte ba igule and SU CCOLY

Sallet ‘ee oe ahd fometbing binding

Rampions,

Sallet Herbs moderately cold and acid.
The feveral Sorts of Sorrel.

Sallet Herbs dry and binding.
The feveral Kinds: ‘of Cabbages, cc.

Sallet Herbs temperately’ dry, and little or nothing binding.
The feveral Sats of Cowl ae and Mette Tops.

“Sallet Herbs windy ‘and moift. /
The feveral Sorts of Turnips.

Sallet Herbs warm and Ds Re
aS oo aa demenisic <6 ~*~.

‘Sallet Herbs barifbing.
A{paragus, Parfnips, Potasoes, and Rampion,

tpt aes

0 avi’ bus cot ABLE

‘97

98 New Principles of Gardening.

fast I.
Of the feveral Effects, which the Sallets for JANUARY,,

FEBRUARY and Marcu have on human Bodies.

1. BLoop fo cleanfe and fweeten..
LDER Buds, Hop Tops, Nettle Tops, and) Scurvy-
Grafs. : |

_ 2» DIGESTION 10 help.
Afparagus, Muftard, and Horfe Radiffy

3 DROPSLE acquired by Cold.
Broom Buds, and Garlick.
4 FATNES9:t0 prevents
Clivers boil’d in Soup, &e.
5. Heap. and BRAIN.
Red Sage. .

6. HuMOURS (grofs) to uae thin.
Garlick, Nettle Tops, and Sorrel.

7. Lunes.to frrengthen.
Leek, Parfnip, and Penny-royal.

8. MEMoRX to0 ftrengthen.
Red Sage.

vol bow. Laver | t0ccool! |
Broom Buds, Endive and Sellery.

/ 10. LOOSENING,
White Beet, Cabbage, Corn Sallet, Elder Buds, Hop Tops,

%

Nettle Tops, and Spinage. it, RE

New Principles of Gardening.
11. REFRESHING.

Corn Sallet, Creffes, and Scorzonera.

12. OBSTRUCTIONS fo open.
Garlick, Hop Tops, Onions, Sampier, and Sorrel.
2 13. SCURVY.
~~ Brooklime, Scurvy-Grafs.

14. STOMACH, cold and feeble.
Chervil, Clary, Elder Buds, Garlick, Leek, Muftard, Mint,
Orange Seedlings, Onions, Parfnip Penny-royal, Horfe Radish,
Garden Rocket, Tanfie, Tarragon, and Alexanders.

I5. STOMACH ot.
All the Sorts of Lettice and Sorrels,

16. STONE and GRAVEL.
Wild Carrot, Water Creffes, Fennel, Mint, Nettle Tops,
Parfnip, Penny-royal, and Radifh.

17. URINE #0 provoke.
anatase wild Carrot Seed, Chervil, Chives, Water Creffes,
Endive, Fennel, Garlick, Hop Tops, Nettle-Tops, Onions,
Parfnip, Penny-royal, Radifh, Sampier, Skirret, Scurvy-Gralty
Tanfie and Turnips.

18. Winp in the Stomach.
__.,. Garlick.

19. Worms,
on pp arlicks

. 20. To excite an ArPETITE.
Cucumbers, Muftard, Radifh, Sampier, Skirret, and Sorrel.
: * di? I

O2 TABLE

99

roo }«©— Néw Principles of “Gardening.

oxE A B.:Eh Te
1, The a Salle fo JANUARY, Fepruary and
MarcH are, The

OUNG Tops of Alex-. Mint,

_ anders. Orange and Limon Seedlings.

Brooklime. 3 Young Onions.

Chervil. Pe Re Radifh. _ .

Chives re Horfe Radifh.

Cowflips. ee Rampion Seed Leaves” and

Gor Saket? 8 to" he TROps.

‘Garden Creffes. Red Sage.

Water Crefles. Sampicer.

Cucumber. ~ Scorzonera.

Endive. Sellery.

The young Shoots of Fennel. Sorrel.

Lettice. \. Spinage.

White-Muftacd. . Succory-- :
- ‘Tarragon. — Turnip.

2, The boiled Sallets for JANUARY, FEBRUARY, and
ARCH et ee

Aiparse | _ Lettice.
Tin GGG,

Cabbages and Coleworts. 7 Nettle-Tops,
Savoys. .. Onions.
Carrot. , Parfnips.
Clivers. ~~ Potatoes.
Elder-Bubs. Rampion.
Hop-Tops. Skirrets.
Turnip. Spinage.

3. The "lege Sallets for JANUARY, FEBRUARY, and
Marcu 4@re,

‘The Tie Buds, red Cabbage, Cucumbers, fraall Onions,
Radifh Pods, French Beans, Walnuts, Nafturtium Seeds, Ber-
berries, Mufhrooms, ¢rc.

rk phat I proceed to the Sallets for the Months of

April,

New Principles of Gardening. IO.

April, May and Fune, twill not be amifs, if 1 firft lay down
proper Directions for the gathering and ordering of a Sallet
after the beft Manner: And altho’ I place thele Directions
now immediately after the Sallets for fanuary, February and
March ;. yet the fame is to be obferved at all Times throughout

the whole Year. ©

= a Sallet. .
In the Choice of Sallets obferve,

Firft, That the Kinds are young and delicate.

Secondly, That they are picked very clean from imperfect,
flimy, @c,. Leaves.

Thirdly, That each Kind be wafh’d feparately in two clean
Waters.

Fourthly, That they are well drain’d in a Cullender, and af-
terwards {wing’d dry in a clean Napkin.

Fifthly and Laftly, That every fort be proportion’d as dire¢ted
in the preceding Se€tions, and laid fingly in the Difh, in fuch
a Manner, as to form a pyramidical, or other agrecable Figure.

B. That during the Months of Yanuary, February and
March, Sallets may be cut at any time of the Day; but when
the Weather increafes in heat, the beft time to gather or cura
Sallet, is about eight or nine of the Clock in the Morning, to
be afterwards kept in a cool place, till within one Hour before
‘tis eaten, at which time, it fhould be wafhd as before directed,
and not immediately before ‘tis eaten, as practifed by many.

And when you are obliged to cut a Sallet in very hot Wea-
ther, put it into Spring Water for the fpace of half an Hour
or more, and then take it out,,and order it as before dire&ted.

And having thus gather’d and wafh’d your Sallet, the next
Work is the drefling, wherein obferve, :

Firft, That the Oil be very clean, fmooth, light, and per-
fedly fweet,; without any fort of rancid Smell.

Secondly, Fhat the Vinegar, or other acid, be perfeGly clear
and frefh.

Thirdly, That the Salt be of the brighteft and beft refined
Kind, and moderately dry. :

Fourthly, When Sugar is ufed, that it be the very beft refined.

Fifthly, That the Vinegar, Salt and Sugar, be proportioned
to the heat or cold of the Stomach, as near as can be.

Sixthly,

Directions for the gathering, ordering, and dreffing
| _ of a §.

iO?

New Principles of Gardening.

Sixthly, That the Sallet be compofed of fuch Herbs as are
agreeable to both Weather and Conftitution ; which laft may
be performed by the Directions of the firft Table, and the for-
mer by Difcretion.

N. B. That Sallets fhould’be fo chofen, as to be agreeable
to both Weather and Conftitution, as is faid before, vzz. thofe
which arechot, forcold Weather and cold Stomachs; the tempe-
rate ones, for temperate Weather, and the very cool ones, for
very hot Weather, as well as hot Stomachs,

N. B. That Sallets may be fo -mix’d, as to be hot and moitt,
hot and dry, temperate, ¢c..as for Example, Onions and Cu-

-cumbers being mix’d together, viz. double the Quantity of

Cucumbers as of Onions, the one being cold and moift in
the fecond Degree, and the other hot and dry in the fourth
Degree.

This Mixture moderates the oppofite Natures of both, and
caufes them together to be of a temperate Quality, and the
like of all others.

The bef Difhes-to drefs Sallets i in, are China Difhes, on
Account that the Oil and Vinegar are difagreeable to both Silver
and Pewter.

The Oxoleon.
Take of clear and perfec good Oyl Olive three parts; of
fharp Vinegar, Limon, or Juice of Orange one part ; and therein

let fteep fome Slices of Horfe Radifh, with a little Salt, and

fome in Vinegar alone; gently bruife a pod of Guwinea-
Pepper ftraining both the Vinegars apart, to make ufe of cither,
or alone, or of both as they beft like. Then add as much good
dry Muftard grated as will lie upon an half Crown piece, beat
and mingle all thefe very well together; but pour not on the
Oyl and Vinegar, till immediately before the Sallet is ready
to be eaten; and then with the yolk of two new laid Eggs
boil’d, fquafh and bruife them all into math with a Spoon :
And Laftly, pour it all upon the Herbs, ftirring and mingling
them till they are well and throughly imbib’d, not forgetting
the fprinkling of Aromatick Flowers that are in Seafon, as well
as thin flices of red Beet, Horfe Radifh, Berberries, gc.

N. B. That the Liquids may be made more or lefs acid, as is
moft agrecable to the Tafte.

CHAP.

New Principles of Gardening.

iH: AO Pos XL,

Of the feveral Sallet Herbs, Roots, &c. for
the Months of April, May aad June.

SC. TI,
Of Afparagus.

HE feveral Names, Defcription, Temperature, medicinal

| Virtues, Parts and Quantity for Ufe, being already de-

clared at large in the firit Part hereof, needs no Repetition:

And therefore, as this Herb is now in its greateft Perfection, I

therefore advife that great Care be taken in the cutting, as I

have before advifed, and that the lateft time of cutting be ne-
ver longer than the firft Week in Fune.

SECT. I
OF Artichoke.

1. [ts Names.
TYHE Artichoke is called in Greek xawaga, in Latin Cinara
of Cimzs, Afhes, a Manure wherewith it delights to be
drefs'd, in Italian Carcioffi Archiocchi, in Spanifh Alcarrhofa,
in High ‘Dutch Strovildirn, in Low Dutch Artichoken, where-
upon divers call it in Latin Articocalus, and Articoca, in French

Artichaux, and in Enghfh Artichoke.

pee i

FO3

104,

New Principles of Gardening.

2. Its Defcription.

ARTICHOKES being univerfally known, I need not give any
Defcription thereof; but as they by Degeneration are trow be-
come of many Kinds, fome good, and other very bad, I fhall
by the way advife, that when Plantations of this Herb is made,
that the Slips are taken from a very good Kind, as from thofe
‘planted in the Neat-Houfe Gardens near London ,. or other
Places, where the Kind is known to be very good.

3. Fee Temperature is windy, and medicinal Virtues little
or any at all. :
4. The Parts for Ufe.
The young Leaves blanch’d, and the Chokes when fully grown,
before they offer to blofiom.
5. The Quantity of either is at Pleafure.

6. Their Cultivation. “
Artichokes delight in a warm, rich and deep Soil,. and are

propagated from Suckers or Slips, taken off and-planted in March

or April, in Holes or Cups as pickling Cucumbers, about two
Feet and half apart in Lines, and about four Feet diftant from
cach other. In every Hole or Cup you mutt plant three Plants
in the Form of an equilateral Triangle, at about cight or nine
inches apart, having firft prun’d their Heads to about the fame
Number of Inches,

This young Plantation being kept very well water’d will
thrive very flrongly, and many of them produce good Chokes
about September, but 1 cannot recommend that they fhould ;
for it very often happens that they die after, or are greatly
weaken'd thereby. Therefore to prevent the Lofs of your
Plantation, as foon as the young Chokes appear, break them

off, and the Plants will be greatly ftrengthen’d thereby.

‘When you flip Artichokes, be careful of leaving-a fufficient

“number of Slips behind fora Crop, which ought always to be

are weaker, two or three at the moft.

confidered, with re{peé@ to the ftrength of the Plant. |
Therefore when your Plants are very ftrong, you may allow
to cach Root, three Heads, or four at the moft, and to thofe that

When

*

New Principles of Gardening.

When the old Stems have done blowing, which is about
July, break them off clofe to the Ground, and their Roots will
afterwards break out and furnith themfelves with freth Shoots
for the Winter.

About the middle of November they require to be dig’d, and
at the fame time their large {preading Leaves muft be pruned
away; and inftead of flat digging them, they muft be tidged in
fuch a Manner, as the Roots may ftand in the middle of every
Ridge, to preferve them from the Frofts of the Winter, which
if they prove to be very hard, you muft not fail to defend them
with frefh Horfe Dung, or other long Litter, that will keep the
Frofts from their Roots.

When Artichokes are planted in ftrong wet and cold Lands,
they feldom laft longer than the firft Year.

. B. That altho’ I advifed the breaking of the young
Chokes or Flowers of the young Plantation, which is intended
for future Times; yct ‘tis very neceffary that a {mall Piece be
planted every Year, and fuffer’d to. grow.up to large Chokes
fit for the Table, to fucceed thofe produced from the old or
mother Plants in Fue.

ob Oa an
Of (Lisbon and Windfor) Beans,

1. Lts Name.
age Bean is called in Latin Faba, and that which we
call the great Windfor, or Garden Bean, Fabg major
hortenfis, the great Garden Bean, and the Hog or Horfe Bean,
mo aay growing wild, was called Fada Sylveftris, the wild
ean,

2. Their Defcription.

To defcribe what a Garden Bean is, would be a needlefs
Undertaking, feeing that every Boy is well acquainted there-
with: And therefore I fhall Proceed to the Defcription of fuch
Sorts as are molt advantageous and worth our Notice.

P The

105

106 New Principles of Gardeiing.

The Bean having very great Varieties, it would be endlefs,
as well as ufelefs, to defcribe all its feveral Kinds, and as
there are but two Kinds that are very good, and valuable among
Gardiners , therefore I fhall take notice of thofe two, and o-
mit all the other. The firft is the Spanijb or Lisbon Bean ,
which in Nature ishardy enoughto endure moft of our Winters
Frofts, gc. and produces an early Crop about the end of Aprel
or beginning of AZay.

This Kind of Bean is commonly planted under Eaf,
South or Weft Walls, in October, or November, at about fix
or eight Inches diftant from the Wall, and the like diftance
in the Row: And altho’ by this Means they come in very early
in the ‘Spring, and at firft gathering receive a kind Welcome,
or if fold, a tolerable good Price ; yet I cannot by any Means.
advife their being planted fo very near to the Fruit Trees,
which, if great care is not taken, are very much damaged thereby.
I have too often feen, that for the fake of three or four Beans,
not worth one Penny, a good Peach or other Fruit Tree,
worth half a Crown, .:as been deftroyed, by fuffering thofe Beans.
to grow fo very near, as totally to deprive the Tree of its pro-
per Nourifhment, and thereby became (if not quite dead) good
for nothing and irrecoverable.

And befides, itis not the Lofs of the prime Coft and Ex-
pence of planting it only, but the great Difappointment and
Lofs of one Year, which is a very great part of a Man’s Life.

Now that this Praétice may be laid afide, the Fruit Trees no
ways injured, and the Table be well and early furnifh’d with a
good Supply; I advife that about the, end of Augu/f, or mid-
dle of September, you plant or fet as many of thefe early Kinds:
of Beans, in an open Border, at about three Inches every way
diftant from one another, as you may have Occafion for, for
your firt Crop, which when grown about three Inches or there-
abouts in height, muft be taken up and tranfplanted againft
fuch parts of your Walls as are naked, but never nearer to
the Root or Stem of any Fruit Tree, than three Feet on each
fide thereof at the leaft: And others may. be tran{planted in
Lines about fix Inches apart, at two Feet and half afunder. But
the neareft Line of thofe planted from the Wall, muft not be
nearer to the firft than fix Feer at the neareft. A Plantation
of this Kind will produce a much greater Crop, and ss tp

than

New ‘Principles .of Gardening.
than thofe fet with the Dibber, and not tranfplanted’ after-
wards.

In March when your Beans are in full Bloffom pinch of
their Tops, and carefully cut away all Suckers that may break
out, and grow from the bottom of their Roots; which if
carefully perform’d, .as they firft appear will caufe the mother
Stem or Stalk to fet its Bloom and produce its Beans a fort-
night or three Weeks fooner than if let run, without being
top’d and {ucker’d. |

And:as foon as the Stalks are clearéd of their Beans, pull
them up, and clear the Ground; or if you cut them down
clofe to the Ground, they will break out again, and produce
a fecond Crop.

By the time thofe planted under your Walls are gone, the
others planted from the Walls will fucceed, and produce {uch a
plentiful Crop, as will afford a very confiderable fupply to
a Family. And that our Table may be always furnith’d ;
‘tis beft to plant fome others in open Quarters, at different
Times, vzz. Some about the middle of December, other about
the middle of Fanuary, and again about the middle of Febry-
ary, at which time we may begin to plant our noble large Bean,
called the Wiudfor Garden Bean, and continue Plantations
thereof during the Months of March, April, May and June:
And if the Weather happens to be very dry at any of thofeé
Times of Planting, ‘tis beft to foak the Beans in Water before
they are planted, as alfo to water the Drills wherein they are
fown; for in thefe hot Months, ’tis better to drop them in
Drills at five or fix Inches apart, than to plant them with Dib-
bers, as in the Spring.

If the Seafons continue very hot, be fure to let them have
Water enough, and particularly when in Bloflom and Fruit,
‘twill very well anfwer your Labour. ;

107

108 New Principles of Gardening.

Sor ie OF Mie 36
Of Balm.

1. Its Names.
ALM is called in Greek percoeQuarw, of Pliny Melittis ;
in Latin Meliffa“Apiaftrum and Citrago, of fome Mel;/-
fophyllonand Meliphyllon, in Dutch Conjfille de greyn, in Italian
Cedronella and Arantiata, in Spanifh Forongil, in French Pou-
cyrade ou Meliffe ; and in Englifh Bawme or Balm.

2. The Defcription.

The common Balm, called in Latin Meliffa, is very well
known to moft People, being valued by many for its fragrant
Smell, which is not much unlike that of the Citron: But
befides the common Balm, there is another Kind much more
valuable called Melef/a Turcica, the Turky Balm, whofe Leaves
are of a more acute Form and more indented, producing {mall
Clufters of purple Flowers. The Root is fmall,. and dies at
the very firft approach of Winter, ‘tis propagated by Seed fown
in April or May, and loves a rich Soil.

3. Their Temperature.
Balm is hot and dry in the fecond Degree, according to
Avicen. |

4. The Medicinal Virtues.

Balm being infufed in Wine, and that drank, comforts the
Heart, drives away Melancholy, and is good againft the Bitings
of venomous Beatts.

Serapio affirms it to be comfortable to a moift and cold Sto-
mach, to ftir up Concodtion, to open the Brain and drive Sor-
row and Care away.

Avicen, on the Infirmities of the Heart, affirms that Balm
makes the Heart merry and joyful, and ftrengthens the vital
Spirits, which 1 {uppofe good Wine will do alone alfo.

5. Lhe

New Principles of Gardening.

5. The Parts for Ufe.

The young Shoots, or tender Leaves.’
6. The Quantity is at Pleafure.

7. Its Cultivation.

Balm is a very ufeful Herb for Diftilling, as well as for ufing
in Wine, and therefore fhould never be wanting in our Kitchen
Garden. “Tis propagated by parting the Roots any time in the
Spring, and will thrive very well in moft Kinds of Garden Soils.

|

ER AES Soars Ware * SS
Of the Beet.

HE two Kinds of Beets being already defcribed in Sec-

tion III. Part 1. with their Culture, ¢c. I need not
fay any more thereon, but that they are now in their greateft
Perfection, and are of very great Service in Soups, &c.

ob A 2 ee
Of Borage.

1. Its Names.
ORAGE is called by many Borago, of the ancient Wri-
ters BovyAwocoy, which is in Latin Lingua Bubula: Pliny
calls it Euphrofinum, becaufe it makes a Man merry and joy-
ful, as teftified by the old Latim Verte,

Ego Borago gaudia femper ago.
_. Thus Englifh’d
I Borage bring always Courage.

‘Tis called in High Dutch Burret{ch, in Low Dutch Bernagie,

_

© Zo)

New Principles of Gardening.
in Italian Boragine, in Spanifh Boraces; and in Englifh Bo-
rage.

2. The Defcription.

Of Borage there are four different Kinds, vig. The Garden
Borage, call’d in Latin Borago hortenfis; the white flower'd
Borage, Borago flore aloo ; the never dying Borage, Borago fem-
per virens ; and a fourth Kind whofe Leaves are like unto the
jaft, but much thinner, leffer, rough and hairy, dividing its felf
into many Branches at the Head of the Root, which produce
very beautiful fair red Flowers. And altho’ there is this va-
riety of Borage, yet the three laft are to be rejected; the firft
being for our ufe only. The Leaves of Garden Borage are
broad, rough and of a yery deep green Colour, and generally
lying flat upon the Ground: From the Head of the Root, a-
mongft the Leaves, rifes a Stalk, fometimes about eighteen or
rwenty Inches high, divided at the upper part into many Branches,
producing beautiful blew Flowers, each compofed of five Leaves,
which are fucceeded by Seed, ripe in the Autumn.

3. Its Temperature. © :
Borage is evidently moift, and temperately hot and cold, or
rather a mean between both.

4. Its Medicinal Virtues.

The Flowers being eaten in Sallets, exhilarate and make
the Mind glad. “

The Leaves being boiled in Soup make the Body foluble.

Diofcorides and Pliny affirm, that the Leaves and Flowers
being put into Wine and drank, drive away all Sadnefs, Dul
nefs, and Melancholy, and make Men and Women glad and
merry.

A Syrup made of the Flowers comforts the Heart , purges
Melancholy, and quiets the phrantick or lunatick Perfon.

The Flower of Borage made up with Sugar performs all the
aforefaid, with greater force and effect,

The tender Leaves being eaten raw in a Sallet, with other
Sallet Herbs, create good Blood, and efpecially in thofe that
have been lately Sick,

2 | 5. The

New Principles of Gardening.

? s. Ihe Parts for Ufe. |
The Flowers and tender Leaves, when eatén in a Sallet, the
Leaves, or young Tops with their Bloffoms, when ufed for a
cool Tankard, in Wine, ee.

6. The Quantity of cither is at. Pleafure,

7. Its Cultivation. ya
' Borage delights in good rich mellow Loam, and is raifed
from Seed fown in the Spring.

SEG Fe. Vil.
Of Bughfi.

1. Lis Names.

UGLOSs is thought to be a kind of Borage, degenerated
B therefrom ; but as ‘D/ofcorzdes, Pliny, and other ancient
Fathers have divided them, I fhall therefore follow their Rule
of Buglofs: There are two Kinds , the one called Bugloffa, and
Bugloffa Domeftica, or Garden Buzlofs ; and the other Lange
de beefe, in Latin Lingua bovis, and Bugloffum luteum, andof
tome LHieracio cognatum, and Buglofja Sylvefiris or wild Buglofs.

2. Their Defcription. :

The Leaves of the common or Garden Bugloft, are longe
than thofe of the Borage, fharp pointed; rough and hairy; and
longer than the common fize of Beet Leaves.

The Stalk rifes to the fame height: as tlre: Borage; and-is
divided into many Branches alfo, which produce Flowers* of a
bluifh Colour, fomething inclinable to a purple before they
are open d, and when quite open’d, more inclinable toa blue.

The Root is long, thick, grofs, and of aJongeDuration.
The other: wild Kind, called Langede beefe, isomuch lefs\;
but the Leaves more rough,. like untothe Tongue of an. Oxe;
from which it took its Name,

III

3. The

112 New Principles of Gardening.

3. The Temperature and Virtues.
The Leaves and Flowers are of the fame Temperature as the
Borage,-and their Virtues alfo.

. 4. The Parts for Ufe.
The fame as of the Borage.

s. The Quantity is at Pleafure alfo.

6. Ihe Cultivation.
Tis encreafed as the Borage from Seed, but its Root doth
~ not die in the Winter as the Borage, wherein is the only dif-
ference between them.

$.E C 4. 3am
Of Burnet.

1. Its Names.
“7 ™ F Burnet there are two Kinds, the one called Garden Bur-
net, and in Latin Pimponella Hortenfis, and the other
Pimpinella Sylvefiris or wild Burnet.

The later Herbarifts call Burnet Pimpinella Sanguiforba, that
it may differ from the other, and yet ’tis called by many San-
Luiforba, and Sanguinaria.
~ Gefner chufes to call it Peponella of the {mell of Melons
to which it is like, and by others ’tis called Pimpinella, or
Bipennula, and Solbaftrella; in High Dutch ’tis called Kol-
bleskraut, her Gots Bartlin, Blutkraut, Megelkraut, in French
Pimpennelle, Sanguiforbe, and in Englife Burnet.

2. The Defcription.

The Leaves of Garden Burnet are very fmall, indented, and
thick fet upon fingle Stems or Ribs, each Leaf oppofite to an-
other, and withal fomewhat hairy. y

The Stalk rifes from the Head of the Root, bearing divers
of thofe compofed Leaves on its Sides, dividing themfelves

ee into

New Principles of Gardening.

into feveral Branches towards their Tops, whereon they pro-
duce little round Heads of fmall brown purpled colour’d Flowers
which are fucceeded by Seed, clofely placed together. The
Root is, in make, not much unlike that of a {mall Parfnip, and
fells fomething like a Melon. |

The wild Burnet is much larger in all its Parts, but has not
that pleafant {mell as the other.

3. The Temperature.
Garden Burnet is temperately cold.

4. The Medicinal Virtues.
The tender Leaves being eaten in a Sallet, with other Herbs,

113

make the Heart merry and glad, as alfo being put into Wine, -

to which it yicldeth a pleafant Tafte in Drinking. -

5. Ihe Parts for Ufe.
The young Sprigs or Shoots in Wine, the tender Leaves in
Sallets.

6. The Quantity is at Pleafure, as of Balm, Borage, and
Buglofs,

7. The Cultivation. |
Burnet produces its Biofloms from Fune te the end of. 4a-
guft, at whichtime, or very foon after, the Seed is ripe, which
may be fown in the Spring, and the young Plants, when large
enough, tranfplanted out in Borders at fix or eight Inches di-
ftant from one another,

thineetinsiiea

SE C Reema

Of Chervil, Creffes, Corn-Sallet, white Muftard, Ra-
difo, Spimage and Turnip.

HERVIL being an excellent Sallet Herb, is ftill to be
cultivated, but need not be fown upon old decayed hot

Beds under Glafles, Ge. as before. The Scafon being now
Bins Warm

114 New Principles of Gardening.
warm enovgh for its Growth in the natural Borders, as the
heat of the Spring advances, make choice of fuch Borders to
fow your Seed in, as are not fo fully expofed to the heat, as
a South Border. !
When you find your young Salleting begins to ftart, or
min away as foon as out of Ground, then remove your place
of raifing to fome af Border, which the Sun will depart from
about eleven in the Morning, and your Salleting will be much
finer: And whenever you find that in very hot Weather your
Salleting begins to run, as before in the Sozth Border, then
remove to a North Border, wherein you may raife it with
Pleafure. |
~ WN. B. That what is here delivered in relation to the fow-
ing of ‘Chervil, the fame muft be underftood in the fowing
of Creffes, Corn-Sallet, white Muftard, Radifh, Spinage, Tur-__
nip, Lettuce, de. and all other {mall Salleting in general.

eneuieeeameetinnmaieereae tel

secTr xX
Of Lndian Creffes.

NDIAN Creffes, called in Latin Nafturtium Indicum, is

raifed from Seed fown early on a hot Bed, at the back
of Cucumbers, Melons, dc. which produce great plenty of
Flowers very early, that are very beautiful and agreeable in
our Sallets.

There are two Kinds of Naffurtiums, the one of a {mall
Growth, which is that commonly raifed in a Hot-Bed, and.
the other of a larger Rind, which would run beyond the Bounds
of a Frame if planted therein.

And altho’ the {mall Kind is raifed in a Frame for the fake
of having them early, yet it will grow very well in the na-
tural Earth, as alfo will the larger Kind.

The Sceds which fucceed the Flowers, being gathered be-

fore they are fully ripe, and pickled, make a fine Sallet in
the Winter,

_ When

New Principles of Gardening. 15

When this Plant is planted at the foot of Standard Trees,
or clofe under Hedges of Elm, Hornbeam, eye. they make a
very agreeable and plealfant Figure, being tyed up in and about
the fame... Their Branches are many, and incapable of fupport-
ing their own Weight, and therefore require help.

Their Nature is, to extend themfelves a very great way from
their Roots, and delight in a rich moift Soil.

Their Leaves are of a round Form and light green Colour,
and in Tafte and Smell like unto the Garden Crefles,

The Flowers are difperfed throughout the whole Plant, of
a yellow Colour, intermixed with Purple; having aSpur or Tail,
exactly as the Lark{pur or Larkhee!, but much larger. The Seed
is rough, of a brown Colour, and in Form very like unto the
Beet, but f{maller.

S B-G: lo:dh
Of Cucumbers.

HE Cucumbers raifed on hot Beds, having hitherto plenti-

fully furnith’d our Tables, we may now make {mall

Holes in the natural Ground, and be plentifully ferved there-
from. ) ‘

The only care to be obferved herein is, that the Ground be
tolerably rich, and if not, to be made fo,

The Manner of performing the fame is as follows, Firft,
fet out the diftance of your Holes, which ought to be about
four Feet (fquare) from one another; then if the Ground was
dug before, open {mall Holes about eighteen Inches over, and
one Spit deep, and therein throw a Spit or two of good rot-
ten Horfe-dung, which work in and mix very well with the
Earth, and having workd it very fine, form it with a Con-
cavity like unto a Bafon, as termed by Gardiners, viz. hol-
low like unto a Difh to receive the Water: And therein fow
at leaft ten or a dozen Seeds, at about two) Inches apart from
cach other, and the like Depth; for: ’tis much better to have
too many Plants than too few; and if the Seafon be very dry
at the time of fowing, ‘twill not be improper to give the

Q2z Secd

116 New Principles of Gardening.
Seed a gentle refrefhing of Water, as alfo at all times: when,
above Ground, if the Weather proves hot and dry.

About the middle of May is a very good time to fow, in the
very fame manner, {uch Quantities as you may have occafion
to pickle, which will alfo %.uiff your Table, during the
Months of Fuly and Auguf?, plentifully : For be as careful as
poflibly you can, fome will efcape your Eye; which will ap-
pear the next time of gathering and be fit for the Table.

‘Tis a Practice amongift many to put the Seed, at the time of
fowing, all in‘a heap, which caufes the Plants to grow ina
Clufter, but in my Opinion cannot thrive fo well, as when.
each Plant is about two Inches apart. There is another Prac-
tice amongft many Gardiners, to fow theit Seed for Pick-
ling on a gentle Hot-Bed, and afterwards tran{plant them in-
to their Holes at the diftances aforefaid. Now I confefs that
this Method is a very good one, when the Land defign’d for
them is not clear of its firft Crop, at the Time when ’tis.
the Seafon for the Seed to be fow’d; for whilft the Crop is.
clearing away, the Seed is coming up, and when quite clear’d,.
the Plants may be taken up with Earth, and tran{planted therein, .
and the Land fully crop’d again.

But where Land has not a Spring Crop in like manner ’tig
much better, and lefs extenfive, firft; to {ow the Seeds: in the
Holes where they are to remain as before directed, and thereby
the Trouble and Danger of tranfplanting is faved.

When young Cucumbers are thus tranfplanted, they fhould

be fhaded with Flower-Pots, ¢yc. for: the {pace of three or
four Days, in which time they will have {truck Root, and be;
able to withftand the heat of the Sun.
») And as I directed in Se&. XV. Part 1. continually to keep.
the Earth about their Roots from binding, by often removing
it gently ; fo you: muft obferve the very fame hercin, and
when they are arrived into their third Joint, to peg them
down, and raife the frefh Earth amoneft their Stems, which will
caufe them: to ftrike frefh Roots therein ,. and» grow away
firongly. e ,

As foon as ever you obferve them to turn out Fruit, you
muft not fail of giving them plentiful Refrethings of Waters
atherwife the Fruit will dwindle and die away, and you'll be
difappointed of your Hopes. way : ;
ee : : ee The.

New. Principles of Gardening.
.. The beft Kind for pickling is the long prickly Cucumber,
the choiceft of which leave for. Seed, as before direéted in See.
XV. Part 1, Ziea-a¥olt

- Li -

~u§ Bot te Oe

117’

; [ ‘HE Collyflower is called in Latin Braffica florida; and

Cauliflora, and in Italian Caulifiore, is one of the mok
delicious boil’d Sallets that we have in England, and the mok

.

difficult to have of.a good Kind,

The greateft Care herein, is to be well furnifh’d with good.

Seed; otherwife all the Labour will prove unfuccefsful :- But
that being taken for granted, about the beginning, or tenth
Day of Augu/fi at lateft, prick or dig upa {mall Border that is
in tolerable good Heart, and therein fow. your.Seed ; or if you
have any decay’d Hot-Bed, .’tis better to make ufe of that, in

which fow your Seed, giving it when dry gentle refrefhings.

of Water, and when.the Plants are come up, and in. their firft
Leaf, exclufive of their Seed Leaves, then tran{plant them upon

fome other well prepared Bed, at about three or four Inches.

diftance from each other; and therein ler them remain till near
Michaelmas, at which time, ‘tis beft to tranfplant them. out
for good in the Places where they are to bloflom:. And for
fear of lofing any by Frofts, Gc. plant in every place where
you intend one ta continue, five Plants,.and in fuch.a Com-
pafs, as all to be.cover’d with a, (quare or.Bell-Glafs during
the Severity of the Winter: And. if they all endure the Win-
ter’s cold, ’tis.a very eafy thing for the Gardiner, with his

Trowel, to take up and tranfplant fuch as are unneceffary in -

that place, in.fome other prepared part of the Garden.

But that we may. not be difappointed of a Crop, in Cafe
we fhould lofe. all thofe planted out at Michaelmas.under the
Glaffes, we muft, at the fame time, tranfplant other Plants, ei-
ther on a very warm South Border, to be hooped and covered
ter in time of Frofts.and. Snow, (which. laft.is. the. moft

preju-

118

: rhe § aT 7
New: Principles of Gardening.
prejudicial to them) or on an old decay’d Hot-Bed, where
we can place over them a Frame and Glaffes to preferve them ;
or in large Flower-pots, to be lifted into the Greenhoufe, de.
during all fuch hard Weather; and in the Spring, when all
the cold Blafts are blown over, tranfplant them out for good
in Rows about two Foot and half apart, and the Rows three

Feet afunder. 2

The Soil wherein you plant Collyflowers ought to be very

rich and naturally moift, and for want of the lait, great Care
muft be taken to give them plenty of Water, and always clean
from Weeds. : .
- When Collyflowers are planted out for good at Michaelmas,
and withftand the Winter’s Frofts and Snow, they never fail
of producing better Flowers, and much fooner than thofe
planted out in the Spring ; for whilft they are recovering their
Removal, the other is soine forward, getting very ftrong Roots,
which enable them to produce thefe Flowers about three Weeks
fooner than the other. |

However, altho’ they don’t come in fo very foon as the other,
yet they come ina very good time to fucceed them, and there-
fore I advife their being planred at both Seafons.

And that your Table may not be deftitute of this matchlefs
Sallet, I advife, chat at the beginning of March you fow more
Seed upon a gentle Hot-Bed, which when io their firft Leaf
tran{plant out at about three Inches apart, and as the heat of
the Spring comes on, make them more acquainted ‘with the
Air; fothat when they are large enough to tranfplant out, they
may be perfedtly hardy, and not any ways unacquainted with
their Removal.

About the middle of 4pri/ we may fow another fmall Quan-
tity of Seed in the natural Ground, which being ordered as
the others before directed, will prodae Flowers that will fuc-
ceed the former, as well as produce’ large “Flowers in the
Autumn.

When their Flowers begin to appear, break down over them
two or three of their Leaves, to preferve them from the Rains,
and “heat of the Sun, which caufe‘them’to be either green
or yellow, inflead of a beautiful white; and during all this
Work, great Care muft be taken to keep them well water'd,
for ‘tis what they are great loyers of ; and efpecially at ferft

4 planting

New®Principles of Gardening.
planting in May, dc. If the conveniency and quantity of your
Water is fuch, that you can flow their Alleys between them,
‘twill add a much greater Nourifhment to them than the com-
mon way of watering the Holes only.

119

Tt often happens, that matty of the laft Plantation, if planted .

in a fhady Place, will not produce their Flowers till after
Michaelmas, at which time fuch Plants fhould be taken up
with the Earth to their Roots, and planted upright in Sand,
within a Greetthoufe, ‘dc. giving them plenty of Water at
planting ; which will produce very good Flowers! fir for wfe
in the Winter, even until Chriffmas, as 1 have oftem experi-
enced.

To continue a good Kind’ of Seed, miake choice of fome
of the very beft and earlidt Flowers, which let run to: Seed,
fecuring them from the Injuries of Winds, by Stakes, Oc. And
as foon as the Seed Veffcls and Seed are fully perfected, cut
away the whole Stem, and carry it into your Greenhoutfe ,
and there let it be throughly dry’d before you rub-or thrafh it
out: For as Mr. Bradley ingenioully obferves, ‘tis not neceflary to
leave the Seed upon the’ Plants ‘till the Pods are dry, left they
fhed the Seed, or be damaged by ‘Rains, {Milkidelws; ode. |

i rr Pa . . Pee ee

SECT. XU.
2) Of Dill:

1. Its Names.
ILL is‘called in Greek avy4ov, in Latin Anethum and Ane-
tum, in High Dutch Dylfen, in Low Dutch Dille, in
Italian Anetho, in Spanifo Eneldo, in French Anct, andjin
Englifa Dill and Anet. Ne Sar" eae

2. Its Defcription.

Dill for the generality produces a little Stalk, about fixteen
or cightcen Inches high, round in’ form, and jointed like unto
Fennel, as alfo are the Leaves which are finely ‘cut, but much
{mallér. The Flowers are very fmall and of a yellow Colour,

eer getter
c

srowing in {pokie Tufts like unto thofe of Parfnips, ibut no-
| | The

thing near fo large,

120

New Principles. of Gardening.

The Seed-is.round, flat and-thin, in. form. very like Parf-

njp Seed, and has a {mell yery like unto Caraway Seed,

3. Their Temperature
According to Galen, Dill is dry in the end of the Arh, and
hot in the end of the fecond Degree. |

4. The medicinal Virtues. |
The Dece&ion of the Tops of Dill. dried, and. likewife of
the Seed, being drank, aur ORSAees and pane yet and

provokes Urine. .

5. The Parts for. Uf.
The sreen ae and Bloffoms in _— being then ufed in
the pickling of sich nape

6 The Quantity is at Pleafuure, in proportion to. the Guay
tity of Cucumbers pickled.

Fo, ASS) Galina.
The Seed: beeen ripe about the end of eee may Se fown
any time in February ot March, and a very {mall Quantity
is fuficient fora large Family.

S E Cwh. \OXIV.
Of French or Kidney Beans.

1. Their Names.

HIS Herb iscalled by Hippocrates, Diocles, T: eophraltas
and moft of the other ancient Writers Joaryev, and fome

others call it Ac@ev, and acCiv, in Latin Siliqua.

‘Diojcorides calls it Smilax, becaufe it climbs up Branches,
Sticks; gc. as Smilax doth, Others call it Pastore, a Dimi-
nutive derived from Qdendos 5 for Daonros and Oaceorcc, are not
one and the fame Pulfe called by different Names, as fome
fuppofe; but are different from one another, as Galen has very
Plainly peereas in his firtt Book of the Facultics of Nourifh-

mients.

i 8 ' ‘ ‘
New Principles of Gardening. 121
ments. The Dutch call it Turcksboonen, the French Feues de
Romme, and the “Englifo call it Kidney Bean, in regard to the
Bean being of the form of a Kidney. It is alfo called Sperage
Bean, Fafelles or long Peafon, Garden Smilax, which I fup-
pofe to be taken from Diofcorides, who, as I {aid before, named
it cpira¥ xuyraia, viz. Smilax hortenfis, Garden Smilax ; the
Englifo alfo call it Roman Bean, and many French Bean.

2. The Defcription. }

The white Kzdney Bean, called in Latin Phafeolus albus,
hath long and fmall Branches growing very high, taking hold
with its clafping tendrels upon Poles, Sticks, Branches of
Trees, dc. as Hops do, for without fuch Supporters, they are
not able to bear their own Weight, and therefore run ramb-
ling upon the Ground, which caufes them to be almoft fruir-
lefs or barren, to what they are when ftick’d with Branches
of Trees to climb upon. Their Leaves are very round on that
part whereunto the Stalk is fix'd, and the oppofire part very
acute. Their exterior form is very like unto the [vy (but
are not fmooth) each Stem or grand Rib having three Leaves,
the one at the end thereof, and the others near thereunto, op-
pofite to one another.. The Flowers are produced from the
upper part of thofe grand leaf Sralks, at their communication
with the grand Stcm or leading Branch, and are of divers Co-
lours, as white, red, pale, mixt, ec. which are fucceeded by
long Cods, whereof fome are ftraight and others crooked,
wherein their Seed or Beans are contained, and when ripe are
of a fhining white Colour.

But befides this white Kidney Bean, there are many other
Sorts cultivated in our Gardens, and 1 believe more for Varie-
ty’s fake, than that they are better, or even as good, as the,
white Kidney Bean: However, as moft ingenious Gardiners
think it worth their while to give them place in their Gardens, |
I fhall not difpure them a place herein, of which the firft is
the black Kidney Bean, called in Latin Phafeolus migers the
fecond, the red Kidney Bean, called in Latin Smilax horten|is
rubra; the third, Smilax bortenfis flava, or the pale yellow
Kidney Bean; the fourth, the Kidney Bean of Brajil, called
in Latin Phafeolus Brafilianus, and the Party-colour'd Kidney
Bean of Egypt, called Phafeolus _Lgyptiacus. .
R 3> Thiir

114.

New. Principles of Gardening.

3. Their Temperature.
The Arabian Herbarifts allow themto be of a hot and moitt
Nature, but I don’t find that our Englijb Herbarifés have taken
any Notice of their Temperature.

4. Their medicinal Virtues.

The Cods being boiled when young make an excellent Sallet,
they gently loofen the Belly, provoke Urine, ereate good Blood,
and are very great Nourifhers.

The Beansthemfelves, when ripe and dry, are eaten by many,
being boiled and: butter’d, but are very unwholefome.

s. The Parts for Ufe.
The Cods when about half grown, fo as, when broken, not
to have Strings on their Sides, holding the parts together: And

when ufed for pickling, they muft be very young, and frefh
gathered.

6. The Quantity is at Pleafure.

7. Their Cultivation. :

Altho’I did not mention the different Kinds of white Kid
ney Beans in the Defcription, yet I cannot proceed to their
Culture, before I explain the fame.

Of the white Kidney Beans there are divers Kinds, which to
mention in general, would be both a needlefs and endlefs Work, ©
and therefore fhall defcribe but one Kind; for in fa@, I cannot
recommend any other, and that is the true Batterfea Bean,
which is of the fame form as the others, but very {mall, ’tis
a very great Bearer, comes early, and of an excellent delicious
Fafte ; all which Qualifications are not to be found in any O-
ther Bean of the Kidney Tribe.

This Kind of Kzdney Bean delights in a light, warm, frefh Soil,
(and not in wet, for that is pre{ent Death to them) if it takes
them before they are above Ground 3 therefore to fow them
very carly in wet Weather, is needlefs, for ’tis very feldom or
ever that they efcape being rotted by the wet: But if the
Spring is not over dry, we may begin to fow fome for our
fet Crop, about the latter end of March, or a Week fooner,

pro-

New Principles of Gardening.

provided you give your felf the trouble to ‘fow them in the
following manner, viz.

About the middle of March (your Ground being dig’d)
draw Drills (under, or near unto a South Wall) at about
two Feet and half or three Feet apart , or rather double Drills,
within a Foot of one another, and then leaving a fpace be-
‘tween them of four Feet, wherein may (at the Seafon) be planted
a Crop of Savoys to fucceed them when done bearing. Your
_ Drills being thus drawn drop in your Beans about an Inch di-
{tant from one another, and coverup the Drills with the Earth,
leaving a {mall Ridge over the Beans to throw off the Rains.

This being done, ftrain a Line within three Inches of the
Beans in the Drills, and with your Spade chop out, and open a
{mall Trench, about three or four Inches deeper than the bot-
toms of the Drills, which leave open till your Beans are above
Ground, and got out of their Seed Leaves, for then they are
paft all the Dangers that can happen from wet; and then fill
them in again and earth up the young Plantation as is ufual.

The Reafon of my advifing thofe Trenches, isto draw off
the great Rains, gc. (if any fhould happen) from the Beans,
which, if invaded by it, would deftroy them. This Method of
opening Trenches , 1 have practifed with very great Succefs
in divers Springs, and often in very wet ones; for let the
Spring be ever fo wet, thefe Trenches never fail of preferving
the Beans from it. When you make ufe of fingle Drills, ‘tis
beft to draw them Ea/ and Weff, that the Trench may be made
on the South fide, the better to receive the advantage of the
Sun, to keep dry that part of the Drill next thereunto. But
when you make ufe of double Drills, they muft be drawn
North and South, that the Morning Sun may dry that Drill
next to the Haff, and the Afternoon Sun that next to the
Weft : For was you to draw double Drills Ea and We/?, the
hindermoft Drill towards the North could have very little or
no help from the Sun in keeping it dry.

As foon as you find your Beans are in a thriving State,
then they muft be thin’d, and left at about five or fix Inches
apart, and thofe which you draw from them may be tran{planted
at the fame Diftances, in fome other warm part of your Garden.

The Reafon why I advife their being fown fo very thick is,
that in cafe fome fhould fail by badnefs of Seed, wet, cre.

3 R 2 there

115

x18 New Principles: of Gardening.

S£ C7T> XVI.
Of Onions.

JHE Onions neceflary for our Sallets are thofe that ate

very young, and that we may be well furnifh’d with

them, they muft be fown every Fortnight or three Weeks at

moft, by which Means they will be always very young, tender,
and fit for our Purpofe.

HD Oy ORs Were, 74 1
Of Orange and Limon Seedlings.

y ‘HE feedlings of Oranges and Limons being raifed, and

eaten in Sallets, (as before directed in Se&. XXVI. Part

the 1ft.) are very grateful to the Stomach; and altho’ I mention

them here again, being proper amongft our Sallets for thefe

Months, yet their Culture is the very fame as before, the dif-
ference of the Weather’s heat only excepted.

S £6. 30e 4 Van.
Of Purflane.

1. Its Names.
URSLANE is called in Greck dvdoayy, in Latin Por-
tulaca, in High Dutch Burkelkraut , in Italian Procac-
chia, in Spanifh Veraolagus, in French Poupzer, and in Englifo
Purflane and ‘Porcelaine.

2. Their Defcription.
We have two Kinds of Purflane cultivated in our ee
4 ots the

New. Principles: of Gardening. II9
the one called the green, and the other the golden Purflane,
but are both. vulgarly. called Garden. Purflane.

The Stalks of both Kinds are in their Form like unto one
another, as alfo theity Leaves’; the difference being in their
Colour only; and to defcribe their Forms of Leaves, Stalks, ve.
would be but a needlefs Work, they. being well known to every
one that delights in Sallets, and therefore I fhall proceed to their
Temperature. ie
> on ° 3. Their Temperature.

Purflane is moift in the fecond Degree, and cold in the
third.

4. Its Medicinal Virtues.

Purflane being eaten in Sallets, cools ahot Stomach, recti-
fies inflamed Blood, provokes Urine, and is very good for the
Bladder and Kidneys.

The Juice of Purflane being drank, ftops the bloody Flux,
fpitting of Blood, and all other Fluxes whatfoever.

5: The Parts for Ufe.
The young and tender Shoots or Tops.

6. The Quantity in a Sallet.

This Sallet Herb not being in Seafon until the Weather be-
gins to be yery warm, and of fuch admirable Virtues, is there-
fore eaten in much greater Quantity, than any other fort of
Sallet Herb. The common Quantity is fix times as much as
of any other, young Radifh excepted.

7. Its Cultivation.

Purflane of both Kinds are raifed from Seeds fown in March.
under Glaffes upon a decay’d Hot-Bed, or in April, in fome very
warm place in the natural Ground: It delights in a rich Soil,
and to be plentifully water’d in hot Weather.

~

SECT.

128 New. Principles of Gardening.

SECT. XIX.
Of Peafe.

1. Their Names.
HERE being divers Kinds of Peafe, are therefore called
by many, Names, and are diftinguifhed by their {everal
Degrees of Magnitude, as well as by the Perfons or Places by
whom they were firft cultivated.

The great Peafe are called by Theophraffus and other old
Writers, in Greek. zicov, in Latin Pifum Romanum, or Pi-
Sum majus, in French des Pots, in Low Dutch, Koom[cheerwiten,
and in Englifh Roman Peafe, or Peafe of the Garden: We
have many other, Sorts much fmaller, that are cultivated in the
Gardens alfo, which the Ancients call’d Ps/ium minus, and in
Englifh little Peafe, or the common Peafe.

But fince that Peafe were firft cultivated in Gardens they
have been greatly improved, and now confift of a great many
new Kinds, which our ancient Herbarz/is and Gardiners never
knew, or heard of.

. The feveral Sorts of Peafe now cultivated in Gardens are as
follow.

Firft, of {mall Peafe, viz. fuch as the Ancients called Pfam
MINUS, ViZ.

The feveral Sorts of Hot/purs, of which thofe are the beft that
were firft raifed and improved by Mr. Cox, lateof Kew Green
near Richmond in Surrey, Nurfery Man, deceafed: And another
Kind, called and known by the name of Maffer’s Hots, firtt
raifed.and improved by an ingenious Gardiner and Nurfery Man
of that Name, now living at Strand in the Green, near old Brent-
ford in Middlefex. The other Sorts of fhort and long Hot{pur
Peafe, are the Reading Peafe, Rofe Peafe, and Dwarf Peate.

Secondly, of large Peafe, fuch as the Ancients called P-
[um majus, viz.

es ; 4 (1.) The

New. Principles of Gardening. P29

(1.) The marrow Peafe, vulgarly called marrow fat Peafe.

(2.) The fugar Peafe, yulgarly called fugar Polands.

(3.) The grey or blew Roncivals, or Dutch Admiral, and

(4.) The Spanifa Marratta., >. «> cw bee ehiw

And befides all thefe,there are many other Kinds, which are very
difficult to diftinguifh from the abovenam’d, fome few excepted,
whofe Names I fhall forbear to mention, knowing that thefe
Sorts are. not, only the very beft Kinds, but will faffice. for
any. Garden , and plentifully furnifh the grandeft Table re-
quisedas fad biov10 tor rodiisn om vod fit noiniqO sidminnt

6 ae 232!

2. Their Defcription.

_. To defcribe the Forms of the Leaves, Shoots, Cods, and
Seed would be very unneceflary, they being fo well known;
therefore I:fhall.only take: notice of the difference ‘of their
Growth.

Firft then, all Sorts of Hotfpurs and Readings are of a mid-
ling Growth, rifing (when fticked) about two Feet and half
in height, producing their Blofloms at their feveral Joints,
from the bottom to their. Tops, which are of a white Co-
lour, with a purple fpot in their middle. The firft Bloffoms
are from the firft or fecond Joints, which at firft appearing
before they are in Bloffom, are then faid to be in Be// (a term
ufed by Gardiners only.) The Bloffoms of all other Peafe
that are white, are of the fame Colour, but the Blofloms of
thofe Peafe as are grey, or any other Colour, are of a tran-
{parent blew on the outer Parts, and a very fine purple mix’d
with crimfon within. '

The Rofe Peafe, fo called in regard to their Blofloms, which
are produced at the extreme part of the Haulm (growing
about the fame height as the Hotfpur) in a cet Tato 3
Clufter, i tride deggie . osweagsQe tdjon
The Dwarf Peafe, fo named from the fmalinefs of their
Growth, their Haulm being feldom above one Foot in height ;
‘tis. a great Bearer, and a very fweet kind of Pea. ‘There are
avery fhort kind of Dwarf Peafe, that I have-raifed very carly
on gentle Hot-Beds, which have. produced great Quantities
during the Months of Feéruary, March and April, that feldom

rife higher’ than fix or eight Inches, and altho’ fo very fmall,
S yet

130

New Principles of Gardening.

yet they will yield very near as many Peafe for the Quantity
of Ground, as any of the largeft Kinds.

The other Kind of Peafe are in general of a much ftronger
Growth, and will, when ftick’d, climb up five or fix Feet high,
producing great Quantities of Cods as they afcend,

3. Their Temperature and Virtues.

Astotheir Temperature of Heat or Cold, neither the ancient
or modern LZerbarifts have difcovered in publick ; and ‘tis my
humble Opinion that they are neither hot or cold, but ofa Tem-
perature between both.

Galen, in his Book of the Faculties of Nourifhments, fays,
that their whole Subftance are very near like unto that of
Lisbon and Garden Beans, but are not fo windy, and withal,
have not that cleanfing Quality as the Bean hath.

4. The Parts for Ufe.

The young Peafe or Seed, when near full grown, whilft
green and tender, before they begin to turn, of a. very pale
white Colour, and mealy when boiled.

The tender Leaves, when about three Inches high,’ are an ex-
cellent boil’d Sallet.

s. The Quantity of either is at Pleafure.

6. Their Cultivation.

All the feveral Kinds of Peafe delight in good frefh Land;
rather than that which is very rich with Dung, which caufes them
to grow very rank, |

The Seafon for fowing the fir Crop is about the mid-
dle of O€¢fober, or beginning of November, and fometimes
not till December, which I think is rather too late to have
them carly, and efpecially when the Winter proves very mild:
But however, for fear it fhould not, ‘tis beft to fow at both
Seafons, and then, if the firft ftands the Winter's Froft, that
Crop will come very early in April, and be fucceeded by
the other in May. The Horfpur Peafe are the Kinds we
fow for our firft and fecond Crops, the Readings for the third,
the marrow Peafe, fugar'd Peafe, ec. for the fourth, and the

dwarf
ys

New Principles of Gardening.

dwarf and marrow Peafe, dc. for the remaining part of the
Summer.

The Hotfpur Peafe for the firft and fecond Crops may be
fown at the times aforefaid in Drills, about two Feet and half
diftant from each other, of a tolerable thicknefs in the Drills ;
for you muft always remember that you are not in danger
of the Frofts only, but of Mice, Crows, and Slugs, againtt
which you muft carefully guard, otherwife few will come to
your fhare ; and for thefe Reafons ’tis beft to allow Seed enough
at firft fowing.

When your Peafe begin to appear above Ground, be dili-
gent in furveying them every Morning, and to deftroy all the
Slugs you can find near them.

Slack’d Lime, and Sea Coal Afhes firewed, upon the. Drills;
before the Peafe are come up,, will prevent theiz being deftroy'd;.
be careful to do the fame after Rains; and when they are grown
about four Inches high, draw up fome Earth on each fide clofe to
their Roots to preferve them from cutting Winds, gc,

It has been the common Praétice for. many Years amongft
Gardiners, to fow. one Drill of Peafe clofe, under a South,
Eaft, or Weff Wall, and very often under every one, when
they have them; but I cannot recommend that Method, for
it {eldom fails of doing the Fruit Trees very great Damage:
But however, I am not for entirely banifhing of Peafe from
warm Walls, which caufe them to.come much earlier; and
therefore I advife that they be fown under fuch Walls, but not
nearer than three Feet at the leaft.

When you fow Peafe in open Quarters, ‘tis beft to draw
their Drills North and South, that when the very cold and
blating Eaffern Winds do blow, they may be defended. there-

Igt

from by fmall Ridges or Banks drawn up with a Hough on

the Eaffern Sides thereof. |
The ufual diftance that Hotfpur Peafe are fown, is about
two Feet and half each Drill fromthe other: And when they
are about eight or nine Inches high they fhould be well earth’d
up, and ftuck with Sticks about three Feet high, and to pre-
vent their being damaged by Winds, ‘tis beft to place a dou-
ble Row of Sticks, that the Peafe may be between them, and
as they run up be fecured from the Winds, and much better
expofed to the Sun, than when lying on the Ground,
9 2 To

I 32:

New’ Principles: of Gardening.
Tovhave Peafe come in very early, obferve to ftop them
as foon as they appear in Bell, that is, pinch off their lead-
ing Shoots,: and “will caufe them to tipen a full Fortnight
before the others which*are not fo ftopt 3 and indeed “tis very.
prudent to leave fome untop’d'to come in.and fuecceed the firft.

About the middle of Fanuary we fow a third Crop, which
may be of Readings,’ if you have not ot /purs, in the fame.
manmer as before direéted ;\'as alfo-again in the middle. of Fe-
bruary and-March, for the pleafure “of Gardening confifts in
having great plenty throughout the whole Summer, and not
for a very. {mall Seafor; and then no more, as is too often
feen.

This lat fowing of Hotfpur or Reading Peafe is very. fufh-
cietit' for’ thofe Kinds, and therefore we’ muft about the begin-
ning of Apri think of fowing thé other Kinds, viz. the Dwarf
Pea, the Marrow Pea, the Sugar Pea; gc. which Sorts alfo
ought to be fown in’ May and Fune, and thereby we {hall
have a conftant Supply throughout the Summer.

“The manner of fowitig thefe laft Kinds’ of 'Peafe, differs.
very much from thofe af the Hotfpurs, or “Readings, ; as will:

appear by the following.

“1. Dwarf Peafe are fown in Drills as the Flor fput Peafe, but
with thefe Differences: Whereas Hot{pur Peafe are fown very
thick in the Drills, to allow for Accidents, gc. or cyen free
from them; thefe'muftnot bé fown, or drop’d nearer to onc
another than four-or five Inches, excepting in 4 Very wet Year, |
when the Slugs are very numerous, when they may be drop'd”
at’ about’ two Inches apart, to allow for fuch a lofs: And in-
fiead of drawing the ‘Drills at'two: Feet, or two’ Feet and half
apart,’ they muft notibé'niore than cighteen or twenty Inches.
And when Dwarf’ Peafeare’ fow'd for Seed, ’'the diftance ‘be-
tween the Drills need not exceed one Foor becaufe there will
beno occafion to go between them, except to hough the
Weeds, Oe. till they are ripe and fit'to pull up.

» Nis B. tas obfervable, ‘that altho’ a Perfon is as careful.
and nice as‘poflible’a’‘Mant canbe, in the faying of Peafe for
Seeds ‘yet there are always, among all Sorts of Peale, fome
few that will degenerate the very firft Year of fowing, and
will not cither‘be in bloom, or ripe fo foon as. the others,,
oh a full Fortnight, and oftentimes three Wecks.

_ Thefe

New Principles of Gardening.

Thefe degenerate Peafe are by the Gardiners called Rogues,
and are difcovered by the Over-ranknefs of their Haulm, as
well as by their late and untimely Produce. .

The Reafon why I mention thefe degenerate Peafe is, that
you may take a careful Survey of them amongft all your Peafe
intended for Seed: For if they are not carefully pricked out
from the others, but are fuffer'd to mix therewith, your Kind
will immediately be worth. nothing, and very much deceive
every one that fows' the famié-

The other’ Kinds of Peafe, as the Marrow Pea, the fugar'd
Poland, the Roncival, ec. are alfo fubje& to’ the like Dege-
neracy; which with a very little Care may be eafily pre-
vented:

n bso gn 29
ee ae

133

The large Kinds of Peafe are fown in Drills, as 1 directed
for the large Kind of white French Beans, wz. in double

Drills about fixteen or eighteen Inches apart, with Alleys be-
tween them of two Feet and half, or three Feet wide, and are
ftuck with high Branches of Trees, @c. for them to run up;
which they in general delight todo, and will bear plenti-
fully, which they never will do if not flaked up, of if planted
nearer, and have not fufficient Air.

The large Kinds of Peafe muft not be fown or drop’d near-
er to each other in the Drills than three Inches, for they
break out into many Shoots when above Ground, and become
very thick and fruitful...

SB Cures XX.

Of the remaining Sallets for the: Months of April,
May and June.

HE remaining “Sallet’ Herbs’ for’ thefe Months, are Cab-
bages, Parfley, Spinage, Succory, the French and Green-
land Sorrels, Sampier, red Sage, Turnip and Mint, whofe Cul-
ture being delivered at large in the firft Patt;/need not be re-

peated here again 3, and having thus gone through’ the, cwo firft

parts of the Year, Ifhall now prefent you with Tables of the
Temperatures, and medicinal Virtues of fuch Sallets as have
AA

been in Seafon forthe laft Quarter. Ta-

124 New Principles of Gardening.

Al Table of the Degrees of Heat, Cold, &c. contain'd in
the feveral Sallet Herbs, for the Months of Avxit,
May, and June. |

Sallet Herbs hot and dry.
ALM fecond Degree. _ Radifh hot in the third Degree,
Garden Creffes, D°. and dry in the fecond,
Dill, De, Horfe Radifh 34 Degree.
White Muftard 4% Degree. Red Sage, almoft in the third
Onions almoft in the 4" Degree. Degree.

Sallet Herbs temperately hot and dry.
Chervyil, and Seedlings of Oranges and Limons.

Sallet Herb hot and moift.
Young Carrots fown at Michaelmas \att.

Sallet generoufly hot.

Sellery.
Sallet Herb cold and moift.
White Beet. Spinage,
Cucumber. and
Lettice. Purflane,
Sallet Herb cold and dry.
Succory. -

Sallet Herbs moderately cold and acid.
The feveral Kinds of Sorrel.

Sallet Herbs dry ana binding.
The feveral Kinds of Cabbages, Coleworts and Colly-flowers.

Sallet

New Principles of Gardening.
Sallet Eerb nourifhing.
Afparagus.

Sallet Herbs windy.
Artichokes and Garden Beans.

TABLE IL ,
Of the feveral Effects, which the Sallets for AvRit,

May and Jung have on human Bodies.

1. Toexcite Appetite.
G UCUMBERS, Muftard, Radifh, Onions and Sorrel.

2. Lo help Digeftion.
Afparagus, Muftard and Horfe Radifh.

3. Good for the Head and Brain. .
Red Sage.

4. To attenuate grofs Humours.
Garlick, Onions, and Sorrel.
5. Loofening.
White Beet, Cabbage, Corn Sallet, and Spinage.
6. Refrefhing.
Gorn Sallet, Crefles and Chervil.

7. To comfort the Heart.
Balm, Borage, Buglofs and Burnet.

8. To open Objtructions.
Garlick, Onions and Sorrel.

135

1 sh New Principles of Gardening.

9. To help acold and weak Stomach.
Balm, Chervil, Garlick, Muftard, Mint, Orange and Limon
Seedlings, Onions, and Horfe Radith.

10, Lo help a hot Stomach,
All Sorts of Lettice, Purflane, and Sorrel.
11. Zo provoke Urine.
Afparagus, Chervil, Garlick, Onions, Purflane and Radith.

12, Ta ftop the Spitting of Blood or bloody Flux.

Purflane.

TA BL an

1, The raw Sallets for Aprit, May, and June are,

ORAGE Flowers. Orange and Timon Seedlings.
Chervil. Young Onions.
Cowllip Flowers, Purflane.
Corn Sallet. Radifh.
Garden Creffes, Horfe Radith.
Cucumber, Red Sage.
Lettices. Sorrel.
White Muftard. Spinage.
Mint. Turnip in Seed Leaves.

t

Nafturtium Indicum Flowers.

2. Lhe boiled Sallets for APR1L, MAY, and JUNE are,

Afparagus, Colly-flowers.
Artichokes. Carrot.

Garden Beans. HRB ST ettice..

White Beet. Kidney or French Beans.
Early Cabbages. Peat:

Coleworts. Spinage.

3. The

New Principles of Gardening.

3. The pickled Sallets for APRIL, May, and JuNE are,

Broom Buds. Red Cabbage.
Cucumbers. Small Onions.
Radifh Pods. French Beans.
Walnuts, Nafturtium Seeds,
Muthrooms. Berberries, ¢>c.

As in the laft Quarter.

CHAP. ill

Of the feveral Sallet Herbs jor the Months
of July, Auguft, and September.

ott. 1. 1,

HE Sallet Herbs for this Quarter are Balm, Garden Beans,

Beet, Borage, Burnet, Buglofs, Chervil, Garden Crefies,
Corn Sallet, Cucumbers, Collyflowers, Cabbages, French beans,
the feveral Kinds of Lettice, Nafturtium Flowers, Onions,
Purflane, Peafe, Sorrel, Tarragon and Melons: And as their
Culture is alréady laid down in the preceding Parts, I refer
you thereunto.

137

138 New Principles of Gardening.

ds AB LE I.

Of the Degrees of Heat and Cold, &c. comtain’d in
the feveral Sallet Herbs for the Months of Jury,

AuGUST, and SEPTEMBER.

Sallet Herbs hot and dry.
¥) ALM fecond Degree. —_ Onions.

Garden Creffes, De. Horfe Radith.
Tarragon.
Salles Herb temperately hot and dry.
Chervil.
Sallet Herb hot and moift.
Carrots,
Sallet Herbs cold and moift.”
White Beet. Melons,
Cucumber. Spinage.
Lettice. Purflane.

Sallet Herbs moderately cold and acid.
The feveral Sorts of Sorrel.

Sallet Herbs dry and binding.
The feveral Sorts of Cabbages and Collyflowers.

Sallet Herbs windy.
Artichokes and Windfor Beans.

TABLE

New Principles of Gardening. — 39

LAS i 2 on,
Of the feveral Effects, which the Sallets for Jury,

AuGust, and SEPTEMBER have on human Bo-
dies.
1. Lo create an Appetite.
C UCUMBERS, Muftard, Onions, and Sorrel.

2. To help Digeftion.
Muftard, and Horfe Radith.
3. To make thin grofs Humours.
Garlick, Onions, and Sorrel.
_ 4. Loofening.
White Beet, Cabbage, Corn Sallet, and Spinage,
™ 5. Refrefhing. 7
Corn Saller, Creffes, and Chervil.
6. To comfort the Heart.
Balm, Borage, Buglofs and Burnet.
7. To open Objtructions.
Garlick, Onions, and Sorrel.
8. To help acold and weak Stomach.

Balm. Mint.
Chervil, Onions,
Garlick. an
Muttard. Horfe Radith.

9. To help a hot Stomach. ;
All the Sorts of Lettice, Purflane, and Sorrel.
10. Io provoke Urine.
Chervil, Garlick, Onions, and Purflane,
T 2 11. Zo

140 New Principles of Gardening.
| 11. To ftop the (pitting of Blood, or Bloody-flux.

Purflane.

Ae

1. The raw Sallets for Jury, Aucust, and
SEPTEMBER.

ORAGE Flowers. Melons.

Chervil. Nafturtium Flowers,
Corn Sallet. Young Onions.
Garden Crefles. Purflane.
Cucumber. Horfe Radifh.
Lettice. Sorrel,

Muftard. Tarragon.

2. The boiled Sallets for Jury, Aucust, and Serrem-

BER 4fe,
Artichokes. ~ Carrot.
Garden Beans. Lettice.
White Beet. Kidney, or French Beans. .
Savoys. Peafe,
Collyflowers, Spinage.

3. The pickled Sallets for JuLy, AuGust, and SEPTEM-
BER are as before, Viz.

Broom Buds. Melons.
Cucumbers. Small Onion.
Radifh Pods. 3 French Beans,
Walnuts. Nafturtium Seeds.
Mutfhrooms. Berberries.

N. B. That the above Pickles are feldom eaten in thefe
two laft Quarters, except by fome particular People, who de-
light more thercin than raw Salleting, for whofe Ufe they are
herein inferted.

Ga a-P,

New Principles of Gardemug. IAL

Gua F..,1Y.

Of the feveral Sallets, Roots, &c. for the
Months of October, November, and

December. ©

es To ee

HE feveral Sallet Herbs for this Quarter are Beets, Cab-

bages, Savoys, Carrots, Creffes, Chervil, Clary, Corn

Sallet, Endive, Garlick, Horfe Radith, Lettice, Muftard, Onions,

Parfnips, Potatoes, Parfley, Radifh, Sellery, Spinage, red Sage,

Sorrel, and Turnips both in Seed Leaves and Roots. And as

aaa of all thefe feveral'Herbs are already declared, I
1 proceed to the Tables of their Temperatures, cre.

JT. ABLE,

Of the Degrees of Heat, Cold, &c. contained in the.
feveral Sallet Herbs for the Months of OCT oO

BER, NOVEMBER, and DECEMBER.

Sallet Herbs hot and dry.
RESSES 24 Degree. Onions aimoftin the4™ Degrees
Clory 34 Degree. _ “adith 32 Degree. = f\3
~Muttard 4% Degree. Red Sage, almoft in the 3¢De-
Horfe Radifh 34 Degree. grec.
Garlick 4" Degree. ,

Sajlet Herbs temperately hot and dry.

Chervil, and Parfoips.
Sallet

142 New Principles of Gardening.
Sallet Herbs temperately hot and moift.
Carrots, and Skirrets. :

Sallet Herb generoufly hot.
Sellery.

Sallet Herbs cold and moift.
White Bect, Lettice, and Spinage.

Sallet Herbs cold and dry.
Red Beet, Endive and Succory.

Sallet Herbs dry and binding.
The feveral Sorts of Cabbages and Savoys.

Sallet Herbs windy and moift.
The, feveral Sorts of Turnips. |

Sallets nourifbing. | -
Parfnips, Potatoes, and Rampions. -

TiAkis mm
Of the feveral Effetts which the Sallets for Octo-

BER, NovzEmsER, aud DECEMBER, have on

human Bodies.

1. Lo create an Appetite.

LY, de TARD and Onions.

2. Le help Digeftions
Muftard, and Horfe Radifh.

3. To make thin grofs Humours,
Garlick, and Onions.

a 4, Leofening.

New Principles of Gardening. 143
4. Loofening.
White Beet, Cabbage, Corn Sallet, and Spinage.

5. To cool the Liver.
Endive, and oclaey

6. Refrefhing. ~~ |
Corn Sallet, Creffes, and Chevvil. | Ary

7. Lo open Obftructions. ~~~ m0) J
Garlick, and Onions. : |

8. To help a cold and weak Stomach,

Chervil. 1T Mine. jane iad
Clary. Onions. Seusliciea
Garlick. Par{nip, and,
Muftard. : ‘\Horfe Radifh.

9. Ta help @ hot Stomach. _

All Sorts of | Winter Lettice.
TO, ey 0 provoke Urine.

Chervil. Par{nip.

or Endive, : 1} rig} Sly Baslifisp(it2 bolxcig sdT
Garlick. and 2130!
Onions. Turnips.

11. Stone and Gravel.
Wild Carrot Seed, Mint, Parfnip, and Radifh.

12. Wind in the Stomach.
Garlick.

13. Worms.
Garlick.

ZABLE

144. New Principles of Gardening.

~ AB El.

1. The raw Sallets for the Months of Octo-
BER, NovEMBER, avd DECEMBER.

RESSES. | Chervil.

Corn Sallet. | 4 Endive.
Horfe Radifh. sey cahametca Léttice. °
Muttard. : Onions.
Parfley. Soa
cc Spinage. ©
Red Sage. “ad Turnip.

2. The boiled Sallets for the Months of OctoBER, No-
VEMBER, 4nd DECEMBER. :

Beets. oe 5 Sabbapes.
Savoys. ee a Matters, >
Onions. on Parfnip.
Potatoes. Parfley.
Spinage. , Turnips.

3. The pickled SalletSiiare. the fame as in the preceding
Months. bcs .

C HA.

New Principles of Gardening.

Sin PP, V.~

Of the Names, Defcriptions, Temperatures,
Virtues and Cultivations of fuch Diftil-
ling, and other phyfical Herbs, as are
abfolutely neceffary for the Service of all
Gentlemen, (and other) Families in ge-

neral.,

§ iG Pek

Of rhe feveral Difiilling Herbs, neceffary for the
| Ujfe of every Family.

HE feveral Phyfick Herbs neceflary to be cultivated for

the Ule and Service of a Family are, Angelica, Annifeed,
Balm or Baum, Camomile, Carduus, Clary, Comfrey, Clove-
gilli flowers, Dragons, Dill, Dwarf Elder, Elicampane, Fennel,
Featherfew, Hyffop, Lavender, white Lilies, Lavender Cotton,
Lavender Spike, Liquorifh, Mint, Marjoram, Marfh-mallows,
Marygolds, Penny-royal,Parfley, Peonie, white Poppy. Rofemary,
Rhue, red and damask Rofes, red Sage, Tea Sage, Wormwood
Sage, Savory, Solomon Scal, Saffron, Thyme, Tanfie, To-
bacco, Scurvy-grafs, Violets and Wormwood. And as I have
already explain’d the Culture of Balm, Dill, Fennel, Mine,
Penny-royal, Parfley, red Sage, Tanfie, and Scurvy-grafs in
the preceding Parts, 1 fhall now proceed to the Defcription,

Culture, @e. of the others,

U yk CA

i

146

New Principles of Gardening.

Bo T::. Th
Of Angelica.

| 1. Its Names. ;

YArpven ANGELICA, is called in Latin Angelica Sativa,

in High Dutch, Angelick, Bruftwurtz, or Deshetlighen

Gey/t Wurtzel, that is Spiritus SanGi Radix, or the Root of

the Holy Ghoft, as witnefled by Leonhartus Fuchfius, in Low

Dutch, tis called Angelijka, in French Angelic, and inEnglifh
Angelica.

.

wa

2. Its Defcription.

The Leaves of Angelica are very large and broad divided into
many Parts or lefler Leaves, which are indented like unto the
Leaves of Spondilium or Cow Partinip, but grow much nearer
to the Eye, are much thicker, of a deeper green, and of a.
ftrong Savour, The Stalk rifes up from the head of the Root,
and very often rifes fix or {even Feet in height, and efpecially
when ‘tis planted in good Land, Tis very large and hollow,
divided into many Joints, from which grow. out other {mall
Branches, at whole ends grow Tafis of whitifh Flowers, very
like unto thofe of Fennel, which are afterwards fuccecded by
Seed. :

It flowercth in Fuly and Augu/t, and the Seed is ripe in Sep-
tember.

_. The Root is generally very large, producing an. oily Li-
quor when broken, and the whole Plant is of a very pleafant
Smell.

And befides the aforefaid Kind of Angelica, there is ano-
ther Kind, which in Form is exaétly the fame, but the Leaves
next the Ground are of a purple red Colour, the Roots of
a more aromatick Sayour, and the whole Plant of a lefler
Growth. ;

The wild Angelica, called Angelica Sylveftris, delights in
cold and moift Meadows, and is very like unto the Garden
Angelica, excepting its Leaves, which are not fo much ag

: I an

New Principles of Gardening. 747
and are of a blackifh green and narrower, the Stalks are alfo _ |
much flenderer and fhorset; the Flower much et the Root
much leis, and of not fo ftrong a Savour.

. Ihe Temperature.
The Garden Frvlice is hot and dry in the third Degree.

4. The Medicinal Virtues.

The Roots of Garden Angelica is a fingular Remedy againtt
Poifon, the Plague, and other Infections taken by bad Air:
For if the Heart is infedted by Peftilence, ‘tis faid by many
famous Men, that the Root being chewed a the Mouth, will
inftantly drive it out again by Urine and Sweat.

"Tis a very great Opener of the Liver and Spleen, and exte-
nuateth grois ail tough Phicgm..

The Leaves put into Wine and drink rivaike ike Heart mciny!
"Tis a fingular-Medicine againft Surfeits, and bad Stromachs, and
eures the Bitings of mad Dogs, and all other venomous Beafts:

; 5. Its Cultivation.

‘The Sced is ripe generally in September, and: may then be
fown, or in the Spring following, and afterwards traniplanted
out at two Feet aad half, or three Feet» apart.

When the Plants are fuffer'd to run up to Seed, their Roots
die foon after their Sccd is ripe, but 1f you prevent its growing
to Seed, by cutting off the Stem as it appears, ‘twill endure
a great many Years,

‘N. B. That the tender Stalks are of a very pleafant Tatfte,

when candied.

SBC. T, Weis fk
Of Annifeed.

. Its Names.
Nise or ANNISEED, is called in Greek a avcey, in La-
tin Anifum, in High Dutch Anifz, in Low Dutch A-
niffjaet, in Italian Anifo, in ai i eam in French Anis,
and in Englifh Annifeed. 2. Its

148 New Principles of Gardening.

| 2. lis Defcription.

The Stalk is round and hollow, divided into many Branches
which are fet with indented Leaves, and thofe that grow towards
the top of the Branches ate very like thofe of young Parfley,
but the others nearer the Ground are much larger. On the
ends of the Stalks, about the end of ‘Fame or beginning of Fu/ly,
the Bloffoms appear in fpokie Heads or Tufts, like unto thofe
of Parfnip, Parfley, ac. which are fucceeded by Seed that
ripens in Augu/?, which is of a very delightful Smell.

3. The Temperature. ;

According to Galen, the Seed of 4nife is hot and dry in the
third Degree, but by others ‘tis faid to be only hot in the fe-
cond Degree, and not very dry; and indeed ’tis my Opinion,
that it is fo, for was it dry in the third Degree, it could not
breed Milk in Women, as it is known todo. However, al-
tho’. Galen and others of his Time could not agree about
the Temperature of this Herb; yet others of latrer Days have
found it by Experience to be dry in the firft Degree, and hot
in the fecond. : Bi

4. The Medicinal Virtues.

The Seed is very good for thofe who are troubled with Wind,
Belchings, Upbraidings of the Stomach, Gripes, provokes Urine
gently, and breeds plenty of Milk in the Breafts of Women
who fuckle young Children.

5. Its Cultivation.

This Herb is a Native of Candie, Syria, cZgypt, and other
of the Eaffern Countries; but if ’tis fown wes in a rich
warm Soil in May, ‘twill thrive very well, and ripen its Seed
in Auguft as aforefaid,

SEC T.

New. Principles of Gardening.

agupneayet af
Of Camomile.

1. The Names.

AMOMILE, is called Chamamelum, and by fome Leu-

canthemis, and alfo Leucanthemon, e{pecially the double
Flower Camomile; and altho’ there are four Kinds of this
Herb, yet they are all call’d Camomile, as the fingle Camo-
mile, the {weet naked Camomile, the double flower'd Camo-
mile, and the Romifh Camomile.

2. Their Defcription.

(1.) The fingle Camomile growing in great plenty on Com-
mons, Meadows, ee: is well known to every one,

(2.) The {weet naked Camomile has no difference from
the preceding, excepting inthe Flowers, which are quite naked
of thofe {mall white Leaves, which are placed round the lower
part of their Flowers.

(3.) The double Camomile is of the fame make as the
two others, its difference confifting in the Flowers only, which
are as clofe fet with fmall white Leaves, as the laft was want-
ing, being very like unto a double white Daify.

(4.) The Roman, or Romith Camomile has many flender
Stalks, but much ftronger than any of the others, nor doth it
creep upon the Ground, as the others do. :

The Leaves are of a pale Colour, and their Flowers very
like unto the fingle Kind.

N. B. The double Camomile is the beft Sort for our Ufc,
and therefore the others may not be regarded.

3. Its Temperature. |
Camomile, according to Galen, is hot and dry in the firf
Degree, and is of thin Parts.

4. ate Medicinal Virtues.

ile i 4 againft the Cholick and Stone,
eure is very good ag ovoid

149

150 New Principles of Gardening.

provokes Urine, and is moft fingular in Glifters, againft the
aforefaid Difcafes.

The Oil of Camomile is exceeding good againft all man-
ner of Aches, Pains, Bruifes, Cold, Swellings, and fhrinking
of the Sinews.

The Deco&ion of Camomile made in Wine and drank is
yery good for a cold Stomach, fower Belchings and Wind,

Galen reporteth, that the « Zgyptians ufed it againft Agues,
wherein it had fuch Succefs, that for its great Virtue, they did
therefore confecrate it. Danese: RELY

The Herb boiled in Poflet-Drink, and drank, eafeth the Pains
of the Cheft, expells tough and clammy Phiegm. |

The Herb ufed in Baths caufes Sweat, opens the Pores, cafeth
the Gripings and Gnawings of the Belly, foftens'hard Swell-
ings, and waftes raw and undigefted Humours.

. | §. Its Cultivation, 0 0)
Camomile is encreafed by parting the Roots, ‘and is beft when
new planted every Year. - ahi’ gee SO NE 0
It delights in good mellow holding Land, and may be planted
any time in March, in Beds or Borders, each Root a Foot apart. ~~

SB Go Bee VR sis
Of Carduus Benediflus.

| 1. Its Names..20000) - .
Arpuus Benepietus or the Holy Thiffle, is called by
C many Apothecaries Cardo Benedittus, and by fome ’tis
calicd traciyhs wild baftard Saffron, “and? often Atraétylis
hirfutior, hairy wild baftard Saffron. ~
Valerius Cordus names it Cnecus fupinus, and in High Dutch
“tiscalled Befeegnete Diftell, Kardo Benedié#, which aft Name is
known by the Low Dutch, in Spanifh’tis called Cardo Santo,
in French Charaon Benoift, ot Beneif?, and in Englifh: Bleffed
Lhiftle, but more commonly by the Latin Name Carduus Be-
neaitlus. .

zs, Its

~ 20° Its Defeription.

The Stalks of the Bleffed Thiffle are round, rough and pli-
able, divided into many Branches, *moft of which reft upon
the Ground. The Leaves are jagged, and full of tender Prickles
on their Edges, and on the Tops oftheir Stalks they produce
Heads of Bloffoms fet with Prickles, and environ’d with fharp
peckis Leaves. The Flowefs’ are yellow, which are fucceeded

y long Sced, fet with a fort of @ Kairy down om their Tops.
The Root is white, and the gape Plant above Ground, wi.
its Stalks, Leaves, and Heads of Bloffom or Seed, are cover'd
with a foft. and thin spr Subftance.

. Tis Temperature.
Hot and dry | in the feeond Degrée; and Pipvegl cleanfi ing and
opening. ~° ©

. Its Medicinal Virtues.

Carduus Basemsned being ‘boiled’in Wine ‘and drank hot,
healeth the griping Pains of the Belly; kills and’ expells Wormis,
caufes Sweat, provokes Utine, expels Gravel’, mae arg the
Stomach, and is very good-againft'a-quartane. Bevée.)

Hierome Bock witneffeth, that the Juice of Catduus ‘edie in
Wine or any other way, is fi ngular’ good againft all Poifon,
and according to ‘Joachimus Camerarius ws Noremberg; , it a
the Inflammation of the Liver. - 7"

The Powder of the Leaves given in. she quantity of half a
Dram, is very good againft Peftilencé,” provided that ’tis taken
within twenty four Hours ftom the time of the InfeCtion and
the Party fweat upon the fame.

N. B. That the Wine moinegais £ ee hse have been infufed
has the boar one HOD ale a o a

ip eatin S -
| og its Calbia
The Seed of Cardins Beneditfus is ripe in September , and
Mould at that time be fown: It delights in good Land, and
when large enough to tranfplant out, fhould be planted in Beds
at one Foot diftant’ each Plant from the other.
N. B. That the time ‘of its greatelt Petfe&tion for stil cal

‘Ures is Fuly and Anguft, when’tis in its full — oe

T5t

152 New Principles of Gardening.

SNE Oe a te
Of Comfrey.

1. Lts Names.
Omerey otherwife called Bugle, is reckon’d amongft
- 4 the Confoundes or wound Herbs, and is called by fome
Confolida media, Bugula, and Buglum, in High Dutch 'tis cal-
led Guntzel, in Low Dutch Senegroen, and in Englifh Brown
Bugle, Sicklewort, and middle Comfrey.

2. Its Defcription.

The Nature of this Herb is to fpread its felf and creep a-
long the Ground like Moneywort. The Leaves are long and of
a brownifh Colour. The Flowers grow in Parcels, encompafling
the Stalk towards the Top with {mall Intervals between each
Parcel , and are of a fair blew Colour, and fometimes very
white ; butIrake the Bugle which produces white Flowers to be
that called the white Bugle, andin Latin. Bugula flore albo,

3. Ihe Temperature.
This Herb is of a mean Temperature, being neither hot nor
dry in any Degree whatfoever. .

4. Lhe Medicinal Virtues.

This Herb is yery good for inward Burftings, Member torn,
rent or bruifed, and therefore ’tis put into Potions that ferve
for Nodes, in which ’tis of fuch wonderful Virtue, as to dif-
folve and wafte away congealed and clotted Blood.

Ruellius writes, that ’tis a common faying in France, that
she who hath Bug/e and Samick/e, necds no Phyfician or Surgeon :
For its Virtues are fo great, that it does not only cure Wounds
being inwardly taken,but outwardly alfo, being applied thereunto.

Tis alfo yery good for the Infirmities of the Liver, it takes
away the Obftructions, and gives great Strength thereunto.

The Decoétion of Bugle being drank, diffolveth clotted or
congeal’d Blood within the Body, and heals all manner of
Wounds sither inward or outward. | The

New Principles of Gardening.

‘The DecoGion doth alfo open the ftoppings of the Liver
and Gall, is very good againft the Jaundice, Fevers of long
continuance, and cureth the rotten Ulcers of the Mouth and
Gums.

In fhort, this Herb; called vulgarly Comfrey, and that cal-
led Self-Heale, are two of as good wound Herbs as any the
Earth produces, and for which Reafon I recommend their Cul-
tivations in the Phyfick Garden, to be ready at Hand upon
every Occafion that may happen.

5. Lhe Cultivation.

Bugla, or Comfrey delights in moift and fhady Lands, and
is propagated by Seed fown in Warch.

£53

SE..C.T.. VIL
OF Clovegilliflower.. .
his ‘ Its Names.
POHE Clovegilliflower is called: by the modern Herbari/ts

Caryophylleus. fos, of the fmell of Cloves , wherewith
"tis poficfled : In Latin, of moft Ocellus Damafcenus, Ocelliu

Barbaricus, and Barbarica, in Itali in
in Low Dutch Ginoffelbloemen, in French Ocilletz, and in
Englifo Carnation and Clovegilliflower, -and of fome ’tis cal-
led Vetonica, and herba Tunica.

2. The Defcription.

The Stalks and Leaves of the Clovegilliflower, have little
or no Difference from thofe of ‘the Carnation, which are well
known.to every one,» and the Flowers are notunlike thofe of
the clofe blowing Kinds, excepting im their Colour, which is
all.red; without: any. Streaks or Variegations of any “other Co-
lour whatfoever;: and\aresas\ double as os ee al
Tribe, but:are not near fo»large.asifome of them “are. .
. There is oe Kind of Clovegilliflower, which novway
differs front the! other in its Leaves and Stalks, that produces

; . hi to. avery large -fingle Pink, which a-
nlite Kaci, GS unto, a sa arg dovil

154 New Principles of Gardening,

mongft Gardiners is called a Stamel, and is of no Ufe in Phy-
fick ; therefore not to be entertain’d in a Garden,

3. The Temperature.
The. Gilliflower is temperately hot and dry,

loo io) busrencte Dhe Medicinal Virtues. 7
“° The: Conferve made of the Flowers and: Sugar is an ex-
ceeding good Cordial, and being eaten now and then comforts
the Heart beyond Expreflion, as alfo doth the Syrup being
drank in Brandy, and is very opening.
~The Conferve is very good againft peftilential Fevers, ex-
pelling the Poifon and Fury thereof, and greatly comforts the
Stomach,

5. Its Cultivation,

The Clovegilliflower is propagated by- Layers, as the Carnaz
tions ( well known to every Gardiner and Florift) in June, or
the firit Fortnight in Fly; they love alight rich Soil, and are
very great Bearers, and I believe are therefore called in Latin
Caryophyllus Multiplex. 26% 0
> WN. B. df the Flowers are gather’d when wet, and lay’d clofe
together,, they. will immediately heat and turn: black:

; ; ; 3 sama £ a SN

. ae
ne
:

I} % %
Raa bev &

SECT. vil.
Of Dragons, _

; a fee
pated ae eee

1. Ther Names,» -
HE_ Herb called Dragon, »:is ‘called in Greek Ovanovriey 3
in Latin Dracunculus; or. ‘Dracontium; andias there are
two Kinds cultivated in. our Gardenss:7#%.) the: majory ahd the
minor; they are therefore called ‘Dracontium majus, and Dra-
contium minus, and very. often Serpentaria major, and of. tome
Bifaria, and Colubrina, LACT at
Cordus calls it Dracunculus, Polyphyllos, and Luph, Crifpum,
andiin Lta/ian tis galled Dragontea > im: High Dutch Schlan-

ee oe

genkraut,

New» Principles of Gardening:

genkraut, in Low Dutch Speerwortele, in Spanifh Taragontia,
in French Serpentaire, andin Engle Dragon, or Dragon-wort.

Apuleius calleth Dragon Dracontia, and to that adds many
ftrange Names, but whether they agree with the greater or the
leffer; or both, he has riot demonftrated:, As Pythonion, \An-
chomanes,- Sauchromaton, Therion, Schenos, “Dorcadion,, Ty-
phonion, Theriophonon, and Eminion. Atheneus theweth that
‘Dragon is alfo called Aronia, becaufe’tis like unto Aron.

J ” 2 ia aa red a ee ISG TR f z :

6 ee 2. Lhe Defcription. eT eS

. The great Dragon rifeth up with a fteaight Stalk about. two
Feet and half, and fometimes three Feet: high, being generally
very thick, f{mooth, and fpotted with Spots of divers Colours,
very like unto the Belly of a Toad, or back of a Snake, the
Leaves are very large, confifting of feven or eight Parts, or
rather fo many leffer Leaves, which in Form are very like thofe
of the Dock, being very {mooth and flippery. And out of the
top of the Stalk grows a long large Husk very like that of
the Cuckow Pintle, but much larger, of a greenifh Colour
without, and Crimfon within.

The Pe/fal which grows inthemid& of the Husk is of.a blackifh
Colour, very. long, thick and blunt, pointed, .and when the
Seed is grown pretty large, the Skin or Film that covers them
being ftretch’d and broken thereby, they appear like unto a
Bunch of Grapes, which at firft appears of a green, and after-
wards of ared Colour and full of Juice, wherein are contain'd
the Seed, which are fomewhat hard.

The Root is bulbous, cover'd with a white thin peel, with
many {mall fibrous Roots appendent thereto. oe

The leffer Dragon is like unto Aron or Wake- Robin, in
Leaf, Husk, Peftal and Berry, but infiead of their Leaves being
{prinkled with black Spots, they are {prinkled with white Spots,
and the Berries are not of a deep red as the other, but of a ;O-
lour inclining to Saffron. The Buds is very like that of Cuckow
Pintle, full of {mall ftringy Roots and young Off-{cts whereby
“tis propagated. oe -

3. The Temperatures 0.
Dragon is hot, and of thin Parts.

as 4. The

£55

186

New Principles of Gardening.

4. The medicinal Virtues.

The Root of ‘Dragon cleanfes the Entrails, and attenuates
thick and tough Humours.

The Leaves are good for Ulcers and green Wounds, being
apply’d green, for when they are dry, they have very little
Virtue to heal, and are of a more fharp or biting ey than
is neceflary for green Wounds.

Pliny affirms, that Serpents will not come near any one
that hath Dragons about him. ~The diftill'd Water of Dragons
is very good againft the Peftilence, or any: peftilential Fever or
Poifon, being drank warm with the beft-Treacle‘or Mithridate.

ik RYIttr ae

$1 B CisF cod
Of Dwarf Elder.

1. Its Names.

WaRFE ELDER is commonly called Disndavorts audi in
Greek xapasenry, that is, Humilis Sambucus, or low
Elder, in Latin Ebulus and Ebulum, in Hi igh Dutch Attich,
in Low Dutch Hadich, in Italian Ebulo, in Spanifh Yezgos,
in French Hiebles, and in Englifo Wallwort, Danewort and

| Dwarf Elder.

2. The Defcriptian.

Walltwort or Dwarf Elder is very like the common Elder
in its Leaves, {pokie Tufts of Bloom, and Fruit; but hath not
woody Stalks, as the common E/der hath.

It produces green Stalks which die in the Winter, | aud: are
jointed as the young Shoots of Hider. The Leaves grow in
Couples, and confift of many fmall Parts or lefler indented
Leaves, which are placed upon a thick rib’d Stalk, and their
Flowers are produced at the top of the Stalks in white Tufts,
which are fucceeded by Blackberries, very like unto thofe of —
the common black Eider, wherein are contain’d {mall Ja86 |
Seeds.

The |

New Principles of Gardening.

The Root is very tough, of a reafonable fize and length, and
of greater Virtue than the Roots of the black Eider.

3. Its Temperature.
Hot and dry in the third Degree.

4. Its Medicinal Virtues.
The Roots of Dwarf Elder boil’d in Wine and drank is
very good againft the Dropfie, by purging away the watery Hu-
mours. ~

157

The Leaves wafte and confume hard Swellings, being ap-

plyed as a Pultife, or inaFomentation; one Dram of the Seed
being drank in Ale, de. is the moft excellent Purger of watery
Humours of any in the World, and therefore very good againft
the Dropiie.

5. Its Cultivation.

Dwarf Elder ox Danewort is increafed by parting the Roots
in the Spring, and delights in mellow Land.

_

Sk Cot
Of Elicampane.

1. Its Names.

J LICAMPANE is called by the Grecians éxivey, in La-

tin Inula, and Enula, and by fome Enula campana, in
Tralian Enoa, and Enola, in High Dutch Alantwurtz, in Low
Dutch Alandt-wortele, in French Enula campane, and in Eng-
lifh Elicampane, Scabwort, and Horfe-heal : And 'tis reported
by fome, that this Herb took its Name Helenium, of Helena,
Wife to Menelaus, who had her Hands full of it, when? arcs
ftole her away into Phrygia.

—- >, Ihe Defeription. d
‘The Leaves of Elicampane arc vety like thofe of the large

Comfrey, but foft, and covered with a hairy Down, of a yen
a ti

159 New Principles of Gardening.
tifh green Colouron their upper Parts, and very white under-
neath, being flightly indented about the Edges. 23

a The Stalk very often rifes four or five Feet high, and fome-

* thing more than a Fingers thickne{s, coverd with a fort of
downy Subftance, very like the upper part of the Leaves, and
divided towards the upper part into many Branches, upon whofe
extreme Parts are produced large round yellow Flowers, which
are fucceeded by long and flender Seed.

The Root is very large, of a darkifh Colour without, and
white within, whofe Subftance is {weet of Smell, but very
bitter in Tafte.

}

3. Its Temperature.
The Root of Elicampane is hot and dry in the third De-
gree. .

4. Its Medicinal Virtues.

"Tis good for fhortnefs of Breath, and an old ftanding Cough;
the Root preferved is very good for the Stomach, and being
caten after Supper helps Digeftion, and keeps the Belly fo-
luble. The Root taken with Honey or Sugar, made into an
Electuary, cleanfes the Breaft, ripens tough Phlegm, and caufes
it to be eafy {pit forth.

5. Its Cultivation.

This Herb is in bloffom in une and Fuly, after which their
Seed ripens, which fhould be fown as foon as gather’d; it de-
lights in deep mellow frefh Land, and the Roots are in greatett
Perfection in April or the Autumn. |

S.E.C de aah
Of feverfew.

1. Its Names.
EVERFEW is called by Déofcorides in Greek rapbhéyor,
of Galen and Paulus, Audegacs; in Latin Parthenium,
Matricaria, and Febrifuga, of buch/ius Artemifia Tenuifolia,
eo in

New Principles of Gardening.”
sa Italian Amarella, in Dutch Moedercruyt, in French Efpar-
goute, in Englfh Fedderfew. and Feverfew.

2. Its Defcription.

159

Feverfew produces many {mall round Stalks divided into

many Branches. The Leaves are tender, and as it were torn
and jagged, and fomething indented on their Edges.

The Flowers are produced at the tops of their Branches,
whofe yellow Balls are environ’d with {mall white Leaves,

The Root is of a hard and tough Subftance, and of a {trong
Smell and bitter. Tafte.

There is another Kind of Feverfew, called. in Latin Ma+
tricaria duplici flore, ot Parthenium, whofe Smell, Stalk and
Leaves are the fame as the preceding; but the Flowers are
double,. and is therefore called in Engilifh double Feverfew.

3. Their Temperature.
Feverfew is diy in the fecond Degree, and.hot in the third:.

4. The Medicinal Virtues:

This Herb is of a cleanfiag Nature, and purges, opens, and:

fully. performs. all that bitter Herbs can do.

cb Giada > 408
Of Fyffop:
1. Its Names.

WW Yssor iscalled in Latin Hyfopus, 4s alfo in Italian;
Spanifo, French, and German. .

2. Its Deferiptio.

Hyffop being. a very commorm Herb in the Garden, needs no
re adh altho’ there be four Kinds of this Herb, yet
their difference is fo very little. as not, worth the trouble of
de(cribing the fame : but however it may not be .amifs to de-
clare their feveral Names.

The

160

New Principles of Gardening.

The firft Kind is called in Latin Hyffopus Arabum, Ly ffop
with blue Flowers; the fecond Hy/fopus Arabum flore rubro,
Hyffop with reddith Flowers; the third Ely ffopus albis floribus ,
and laftly, Hy//opus tenutfolia, thin leafed Fy ffop.

3. Ihe Temperature and Medicinal Virtues.

A Decodion of Hyffop made with Figs, and the Mouth
and Throat gargled therewith, ripens and breaks the ‘Tumors
and Impofthumes of the Mouth and Throat, and heals the
Parts, fo as to {wallow with eafe.

A Decottion of Hy/Jop made with Figs, Water, Honey, and
Rhue, being drank helps the Inflammation of the Lungs, an
old Cough, fhortnefs of Breath, and the Obftructions of the
Breaft. S75 :
The Syrup or Juice of Hyffop, taken with the Syrup of Vi-
negar, purgeth by Stool tough and clammy Phlegm, and ex-
pels Worms being eaten with Figs.

The diftill’d Water is alfo very good for the aforefaid Dit
eafes, but not with that Speed and Strength.

— 4. Its Cultivation. > PE Sie

The blew flower’d Hy/fop, being the bet for our Purpofe,
may be raifed from Seed fown in March or April, or propa-
gated from Slips, planted any time in the Spring, and delights
in a frefh mellow Soil.

<i tilna lr eR E ERI

S E.G. Bae
Of Lavender. Spike, fweet. or Clothes Lavender, aud
Lavender Cott0tte0 9% exc, 7

1. Their Names.

f; AVENDER SPIKE is called in Latin> Lavandula
and Spica, in Spanifh Spigo and Languda, of which there
arc two Kinds, the one called in Latin Lavandula flore cas
ruleo, common Lavender Spike, and the other Lavandula flore
alto, white flower'd Lavender Spike ;. the firft being the Male,

and the fecond the Female.
Zz. ane

New Principles of Gardening.

(2.) The other Kind of Lavender common in out Gardens,
and chiefly. ufed by the common People, who put the Flowers
amongtt their Linen, is called in Latin, Lavendula hortenjis
minima, the {mallet Lavender. y

(3.) Lavender Cotton is called in Latzn Chameacypariffus,
and by the Italians Santolina, and there are many that would
have it to be Abrotanum femineum, or the female Southernwood,
but they are abfolutely as wrong, as thofe who take it to be
Scriphium, Sea Wormwood ; for ‘tis impoflible to refer it to
onc particularly, becaufe’tis a Plant participating of both Worm-
wood and Southernwood.

2. Their Defcription. ,
All the Lavenders being already well known, need no De-
{cription. EEEe | | ,

3. Their Temperature.
Lavender is hot and dry in the third Degree, and is of a
thin Subftance, confifting of many airy and fpirituous Particles.
The Seed of Lavender Cotton is of a bitter Tafte, and is
hot and dry in the third Degree.

4. Their Medicinal Vertues. Bi
The blew Flowers of Lavender, exclufive of their Husks, be-
ing mixed with Cinnamon, Nutmegs and Cloves, made into
a Powder and drank in the diftill’d Water, help the panting
and paflion of the Heart, Giddinefs, and the Members fubject
to the Palfie: As alfo doth the Conferve made of the Flow-
ers with Sugar, taking the Quantity of a Bean in a Morning

fafting.
dry kills Worms

165

The Lavender Cotton being given green oF .
it hath the fame —

in human Bodies, and if the Seed be taken,
Effet, but expels them with greater Force,

Pliny fays, that Lavender Cotton drank in Wine is an ex-
cellent Medicine again the Poifons of Serpents and venomous
Beafts. ails ,
te 5. Their Cultivation. — |

All the Kinds of Lavender are encreafed by Slips of the laft
Year's Growth, planted in March or April, and ae in a
light frefh Soil. = pmuet SE CT,

162

New, Principles of Gardening.

RNS

Sybil Tea KEY:
Of Liguorifh,

1. The Name.
HERE are two: Kinds of Liquorifh, the one called Giy-
: cyrrhizaEchinata ‘Diofcoridis, H edge-hog Liguorifo, and
the other Giycyrriga vulgaris, common Liquorifh.
The firft is called in Greek yAvuvppila, in Latin Dukis radix
or {weet Root, and in Englifh Diofcorides's Liquorifh.

altho’ the Apothecaries call it by the corrupt Name of Ligui-
ritia ; the Italians call it Regolitia; and the Spaniards Rega-
liza and Regalitia; in fligh Dutch Sufzhotz, Sufzwurtzel;
in Low Dutch Calli ehout, Suethout 3 in French Rigoliffe ,
Raigaliffe and Resliffes and in Englifs common Liguorifh.

Pliny calls it dcythica herba, and fuppofe, becaufe *tis a
Native of Scythia, where it Stows in great plenty.

2.. Their Defcription.

The Hedge-hog Liguorifo; is compofed of feveral Branches of
a Woody. Subftance, tiling about three or four Feet high, and
adorn'd. with Leaves of a light green Colour , confifting of
many {mall Leaves fet upon a large Rib, and fomewhat glu-
tinous in handling. The Flowers are produced out of {mall
Knobs which grow upon fhort Stems, betwixt the foot of the
Leaves and main Stem, cluftering together, and making a round
Form, which in Colour arevery like the blew Englifo Hyacinth,

Tafte.

The common Liquorifh in its Stalks and Leaves are very like
the former, except in their Colour and Magnitude, which
are.of a deeper green, and much larger. The Flowers are of
a thining blew Colour, but are not produced in fuch thick
Clufters as the former. oe The

“New Principles of Gardening.

The Cods ‘are of a fmall Magnitude, and in form like unto
the Lare. The Roots are of a ftraight Make, much {weeter
in Tafte than the other, of a brown or earthy Colour with-
out, and of a beautifal yellow within.

3. The Temperature.
The common Liguorifh is temperately warm and moilt.

4. The Medicinal Virtues.

The common fort of Ligquerifh is good againft Hoarfenefs ,
Inflammation of the Lungs, Pleurifie, {pitting of Blood and
Matter, Confumption, all Infirmities of the Cheft, and greatly
helps fhortnefs of Breath, and decay’d Lungs.

It takes away Inflammations, mitigates the fharp and falt
Humours, concoés raw Humours, and canfes eafy fpitting: -

The Deco@ion being drank very much helj ps the Kidneys and
Bladder that are ulcerated.

It cures the Strangury, and generally all Infirmities that pro-
ceed from fharp, falt, and mordicant Humours.

5. Its Cultevation.-

The common Liquorifh ‘thrives beft when on in very
deep mellow frefh Land, for its Nature is to ran down very
deep : Before that Liquorifh is planted, the Land matt be very
well trench’d, fall two Spit and both Crumbs in Depth ; ; and
if ’tis trench’d in the Autumn, as diretted for 4/paragus in Sect.
II. Part I, having the bottom Spit ‘ridged, to be meliorated

162

by Frofts, dc. during the Winter, ‘twill very much add to the

fuccefs of your Plantation:

Liquori{b is propagated from Runners, or f{ntall Roots, as thofe
of Horfe Radifh, cach being prun’d to about fix or feven. TG |
in length, and planted about ‘eight ‘or pins In es apa. teat
Beds about three Feet wide, with h Affeys of t ‘Feet wi
between them, for the conveniency ‘of cleaning them, during
the time of its Growth, which is generally three, and very
oftentimes four Years.

And that you may (

after three Years ‘time ) “have a fi
coming in every Year ; you mt ft't ‘ore plant as m
pat nahi as you Raves ‘taken up the Autumn and Winter
before, and thereby you will be plentifully and conftantly fur-
nifh’d at all Times. x 2 To

164 New Principles of Gardening.

To preferve Liquorifh from drying after being taken up, you
muft prepare a Bed of Sand within your Greenhon(e, @c. and
therein place all the Roots in Beds or Rows; about half an
Inch afunder, which will prefecve them very moitt throughout
the whole Winter.

Meta; OY.
Of Marjorams.

1. Their Names,
ARFORAM is called in Latin Majorana, and Av a-
racis, and alfo Sampfychum, in High Dutch Mayoran,
in Spanifo Mayorana, Moradux, and Almoradux,.in French
Mariolame, and in Englifh tweet Marjoram oc Summer Mar-
Joram, and Pot Marjoram or Winter Mar joram.

f
4h vA
ae /

2. Their Defeription. <—
Summer fweet Marjoram, or the great {weet Marjoram cal-
led in Latin Majorana major, is a low and fhrubby Plant, of
a very light green Colour, and pleafant aromatick Smell. The
Stalks are flender, rifing about one Foot in Height, divided
into many {mall Branches, about which are placed divers {mall
foft and hoary Leaves. The Flowers are produced near to the
‘upper. parts of the Stalks, in chaffy or fpiked white Ears, The
Root is compact ‘of many fmall Fibres, and the whole Plant
is of a moft delightful aromatick Smell.

», Pot. or Winter Marjoram, called in Latin Majorana ma-
jor Anglica, confifts of feveral {mall Branch es, whereon are placed
fuch Leaves as the former, but not fo hoary, nor of fo plea-
fant an aromatick Smell.

The Flowers are produc’d at the tops of the Branches in {mall
Tufts, of a whitifh Colour, and withal fomething tending to
a purple. The whole Plant is of a long Duration, which the
other is not, for that being not able to endure the violence of.
the Winter, is then perifh’d. Whereas the Pot Marjoram kceps
greenall the Winter, and is therefore called Winter Marjoram.

And

New Principles of Gardening.

And befide thefe two Kinds of Marjoram, there are two
other Kinds, the one called Marjoram gentle, and in Latin
Majorana tenuifolia, and the other laced Marjoram, in Latin
Epimajorana. ;

The Marjoram gentle confitts of feveral Branches, which are
adorn’d with foft and ruffet colour’d Leaves, of a very pleafant
{weet Smell. The Flowers are produced at the very extreme
parts of the Stalks, compofed of divers fmall Leaves of a white
Colour, fomething ting’d with a blufhing red. The whole
Plant is in form very like unto the great {weet Marjoram, but
fomething leffer of Growth, and of a much finer Smell.

The laced Marjoram, ot Epimajorana, is alfo a very fine
Kind of Marjoram, and differs very little from the preced-
ing. “Tis a Native of Candia, where its Branches are adorn’d
with Laces, or fmall Threads, which are nor produced in this
Climate.

The other Kinds of wild Marjorams, as the baftard Marjo-
ram called in Latin Origanum Heracleoticum, the white baftard
Marjoram, Origanum Album, the Origanum Creticum or wild
Marjoram ot Candia, the Origanum Anglicum or Englifh wild
Marjoram, the Tragoriganum or Goats Marjoram, the Tragori-
ganum Clufi, ot Candia Goats Marjoram, being very rarcly culti-
vated in our Gardens, the firft two Kinds being fully {ufficient 5
I thall therefore filently pafs over their Defcription, and proceed
to the Temperature of the Summer and Winter Afarjorams.

3. Their Temperatures. 3

Both the Summer and Winter Marjorams arc hot and dry

in the fecond Degree, and by tome faid to be the fame in
the third Degree.

4. Their Medicinal Virtues.
“Sweet Marjeram is a very good Remedy again cold Dit
eafes of the Brain and Head, being dry’d and fnuffd up the
Noftrils. sida 04. ih
Dryed {weet Marjoram mix’d with Tobacco and fmoaked,
is-very good for a cold Stomach, and being fteep'd in Ale or
se and drank provokes Urine. —
bade Leaves Mee: the Decodtion drank, is very good
for thofe that are entering into a Dropiic, provokes Urine and

eafeth the Pains of the Belly. he

165

166 New Principles of Gardening.

The Leaves dried and mingled with Honey, and taken in-
wardly, diffolveth congeal'd and clotted Blood.

The Oil.of Marjorams is very good againft the fhrinking of
Sinews, Cramps, Convulfions, and all kind of Aches, proceed-
ing from a cold Caufe. ,

5. Iheir Cultivation,

The Summer fweet Marjoram is raifed from Seed fown in
March upona very gentle Hor-Bed, and afterwatds is tran{planted
out at about four Inches apart, Or in {mall Flower-pots, as the
Gardiner pleafes,

The’ Winter or Pot Marjoram is increafed by planting the
Slips in March or April, at five or fix Inches apart, and de-
lights.in a moift frefh Land.

And becanfe, that the Summer {weet Marjoram will not en-
dure the Sharpnefs of our Winters, we mutt therefore gather
and dry a fufficient Quantity for our Ufe, when ’tis well grown

+

and fit for our Purpofe,

dian ———
Pare d. SVE
Of Marfhnallow,

1. The Names.
HE common Marfomallow is called in Greek arbaia, and
i IGicxess the Latins retain the Names Althea, and Lbif-
cus, and fome others Bifmalva and Malvavifius, as though

Lbifcth, in Low Dutch Witte Maluwe, and flemft, in Italian
and Spanifh Maluavifco, in French Guimaulve, and in Englifh
Moorthh Malow, white Mallow, and Mar fomallow,

The Tree Mallow, called in Latip Althea Arborefcens, be-
ing but of little Ufe, I thall not trouble my Reader with its
Defcription, Temperature, gc. but fhall proceed to the De-
{cription of the Marfhmallow..

2. Its Defcription.
Marfomallow isa kind of Mallow, whofe Leayes are very
2 broad

New Principles of Gardening.

broad towards the bottom of the Plant, and leffer towards the
top, being very foft, of a whitifh Colour, and flightly in-
dented about the Edges.

The Stalks are ftreight and round, of a grey Colour, and
often rife about three or four Feet high.

The Flowers are produced at the feveral Joints of the Stalks
from the upper part of the Stem of each Leaf, wherethey joyn
to the feveral Stems, and are in Form like unto the wild Mal-
low, but not red as they are, being commonly white, and
ting’d with a purple. The Knob or Button, which fucceeds
the Bloffoms whercin their Seed is contain’d, is very like that
of the wild Mallow.

The Root is generally very large, tough, white within, con-
taining a clammy and flimy Juice.

3. Its Temperature.

Marfomallow is moderately hot, and drier than the wild
Mallow. The Root and Seed are more dry, and of thinner
Parts, and likewife of a digefting, foftning, and mollifying
Nature. :

4. The Medicinal Virtues.

The Leaves of Marfbmallows, digett, flacken, and mitigate
Pain, and are very good, being mixed in Fomentations and’
Pultifes, againftthe Stone, pain of the Sides, and of the Bladder.

The Decoétion of the Leaves drank does the fame, and not
only affwages the Pain, but eafily expellsit. |

- The Decoétion of the Roots is very good againft the Bloody
Flux, and that not by a binding Quality, but by mitigating the
Gripings and -Frettings thereof ; for they are not of a binding
Nature. :

The Roots boiled in Wine, and the Decodion drank expels”
the Stone and Gravel, is very good againft the - Flux,
Sciatica, Cramps, and Convulfions ; and the Seed beaten to

Powder, and drank in good’old Port Wine, ftops the Bloody

167

Flux; and: all other likes Ifues of Blood. i “iy

5. The Cultivation. ae

Mar omallow is encreafed from Seed fown any time in d¢p-

Bale March, the Leaves and Stalks being xed -
i

168 = New. Principles ‘of Gardening.

refit our Winter’s cold, are thereby perith’d, but the Root
remains good, which in the March following fends forth a
new quantity of Stalks, Leaves, and Flowers, which blow in
Fuly and Auguf?; and the whole Plant fhould be gather’d for
Ute in September. The Roots are generally planted about one
Foot apart, and delight in a moift freth Soil.

TE OR Oiad ween Ss F459
OF Marigolds.

1. Their Names. x
‘HE Marico xp is call’d Calendula, in regard toits being
in blofiom moft Months of the Year. It isalfo called Chry-
Santhemum, of its golden Colour, in High Dutch K ingleblumen,
in Low Dutch Goudt Bloemen, in French Soufit and Goude, in
Italian Fior dognimefe, and Englifh Marigolds, and Ruddes,

2. Their Defcription.

Of Marigolds there are a very great Variety, as firft, the
Sreatett double Marigold called in Latin Calendula multiflora,
Maxima. Secondly, The next greater double Marigold, called
Calendula major polyanthos. Thirdly, The fmaller double Mz-
rigold, called Calendula minor polyanthos. Fourthly, The dou-
ble Globe Marigold, called’ Calendula multifora orbiculata..
Fifthly, The Straw coloured double Marigold, called Calen-
dula polyanthos melina. Sixthly, The fingle Marigold, called
Calendula fimplici flore. And Seventhly, The French or Afri-
can Marigolds, called in Latin Caryophyllus Indicus, where-
upon the French call it Ocilletz d'Inde. Ia Low Dutch ’tis
called Thunis Bloemen, and in High Dutch Indianifchnegelin,
that is the Gillifower of India. Cordus calls it Tanacetum
Peruvianum, becaute its Leaves are like unto thofe of Tanfie,
and of its being a Native of Peru, a Province of America,
from whence ‘tis thought “twas brought into Eyrope.

To defcribe the Stalks, Leaves, dye. of thefe feveral Kinds,
Would be a very tedious and ufelef Work, fecing that they
are in general pretty well known. eater.

=. 3 3. Their

» New Principles of Gardening.

| 3. Their Temperature.

The Flowers of the firft fix Kinds of Marigolds are tempe-
rately hot, almoft in the fecond Degree.

The two laft, viz. the French and African Marigolds, are
of a cold and poifonous Quality, and altho’ they produce very
beautiful Flowers, yet they are not to be ufed in cither Meat
or Medicine; and therefore are only ufeful to mix amongft
other Flowers for Variety’s Sake.

4. The Medicinal Virtues.
The Flowers of the firft Kind of Marigolds ftrengthen and
comfort the Heart, and withftand Poifon, being boiled and
caten in Soup, Broths, ce.

5. Their Cultivation.

The feveral Kinds of Marigolds begin their Blofloms in
April, and continue ‘till the Winter's cold deftroys them; and
as they are continually blowing and decaying, fo they are con-
tinually fucceeded by crooked Seeds, which may be fown as
foon as ripe, or any time in the Spring.

Itis obfervable, that thofe Seeds which grow on the outermoft
‘of the Pods, or Heads, generally produce fingle Flowers,
and thofe of the middle part double: Therefore to preferve a
good kind from degenerating, ‘tis beft to make ufe of thofe Seeds
which grow in the middle, and to reject the other.

part of

ann "

sEC T. XVili.
Of Garden Poppy.

| 1, The Names. er
OPPY is called in Greek pyxwn, in Latin Papaver, in
High Dutch Mag/amen, in Low Dutch Huel Pe Mancop,
in French Pauot and Okette Gallobelgis , and in Englifh Peppy
and Chefs-boul. The white Garden rere me cue -
j eds,

tin Papaver fattvum album, es aid Ww 2

169

170

New Principles of Gardening.

is furnamed of Diofcorides aye, ot Wild, andis, as he faith,
called pos, becaufe Opium is gather'd from it. But the black
Garden Poppy is called Papaver fativum nigrum,

z. Their Defcription.

The Leaves of the white Poppy are of a very irrecular Form,
being long, broad, fmooth, and cut or jagged on their Edges.
very much, and of a very light green Colour.

The Stem or Stalk is very ftreight and brittle, and is very
often towards the middle divided into two, three, four, or five
{maller Stalks, each bearing a white Bloffom, which before
open’d, is enclofed with a foft green Husk, compofed of two
‘light-colour’d green Leaf-like Skins, or Coats, between which
the Bloffoms break forth, in which at the very firft appears a
{mall Head, fet round or adorn’d with a great Number of
{mall Petals or Thréads, like to a Fringe; which Head, when
fully perfected, is of a round Form, but fomething flat on the
upper part, (excepting thofe who are degenerated from the
true Garden Poppy, which are of a {pheroidical rather than a
globular Form) whereon is placed a very beautiful Cover or
Coronet.

The inward part of the Shell js wonderfully divided into
many curious Cells, between which its white Seeds are genc-
rated, and are many in Number. Out of one Poppy Head,
which was produced from one Seed only, Ihave taken up-
wards of twelve hundred Seeds, and all very found and good.

The Root runs down in the Ground, like a very fmall Parf-
nip, with fome few horizontal Roots, breaking from the
Sides of that which grows downright. When the Heads are be-
ginning to turn hard, and become almoft dry, ‘tis then that
they are to be gather’d, which, when ftring’d, are hung up in
Lines for Ufe. :

The black Garden Poppy very little differs from the preced-
ing in its Leaves and Stalks; but the Flowers or Bloffoms are
not altogether white, they haying a mixture of purple there-
with, nor are their Heads near fo large as the white Poppy ;
and whereas the Coronet of the white Poppy is very clofe in
al! its Parts, fo, on the contrary, the Coronet of the black
Poppy is open on the lower Parts thereof, through which it
theds its Seed, which when ripe is of a black Colour, and is
therefore called the black Poppy. And

New Principles of Gardening.
_ And altho’ by Garden Poppies, the white and black Kinds
are underftood only ; yet there are many other Kinds culti-
vated in the Garden, but more for the fake of their beautiful
Bloffoms, than for any medicinal Ufe; and fuch are, firft, the
double black Poppy called in Latin Papaver nigrum Polyan-
thon, Secondly, The double white Poppy, or Papaver album
multiflorum. Thirdly, The double purple Poppy, or Papaver
purpureum Polyanthon. Fourthly, The fcarlet double Poppy, of
-Papaver. multsflorum coccineum. Fifth\y, Papaver album Poly-

LE

anthon minus, the {mall double Poppy; and Laftly, the wild.

double Poppy, called Papaver multiflorum [ylvefire.

, 3. Their Temperatures.
. All the feveral Kinds of Poppies are cold, as teftified by
Galen. )

4: Their Medicinal Virtues.
The Heads of white Poppies being boil’d in Milk, caufe
Sleep, reprefs Diftillations or Rheums, and come very near in
force to Opium, but are more gentle.
ee or the hard Juice of Poppy Heads, is the ftrongeft
of all.

Meconium (which is the Juice of the Heads and Leaves ) is
weaker, but either of them taken , either outwardly or in-
wardly, caufes much Sleep, and if taken inwardly in too great
a Quantity caufes DEATH.

A piece of the white Poppy Shell, aslarge as a half Crown

iece, being boiled in Milk or Wine, is a very good Quan-
ed; and if that has not

ntity, but never
hofe that take the

P
tity to be ufed, where Sleep is requir

the defired Effet, you may double the Qua
more, left the Confequence proves fatal tot
Decoétion. | ba
s. Its Cultivation. —- igs
The Seed of the Garden Poppies is ripe about the beginning

uft; and if ’tis then fown ‘twill. come up before the
a Aue and will come much

Winter. comes on, whofe Frofts it refilts, an
earlier to Perfection than when fown 10 February ot March, as
is ufual. :

Zr | The

172

New Principles of Gardening.

The white Poppy delights in a fandy freth Loam, and is
the chief that is cultivated for phyfical Ufes, which when the
young Plants are about the fize of a half Crown, or fome-
thing fooner, are to be thin’d with the Hough, as Turnips
are, but mutt be left at greater Diftances » UZ. about ten or
twelve Inches each Plant from the other; and when they
are got about four or five Inches high, they muft be houghed
over again with a great deal of Care; for wherever the corner
of the Hough either cuts or bruifes any of the Plants, they im-

* mediately decay and become ufelefs.

And as I told you, in their De(cription, that they threw out
Lorizontal Roots; therefore this laft time of Houghing, you
miuft take Time and Care to remove the Earth very deep, that
thofe Roots may eafily ftrike therein, and receive theit proper
Nourifhment, otherwife, tho’ clear from Weeds, they will be-
come very {mall, and not worth your Labour

ne rreeepereenesetieee

oS EF Cota owe
Of Rofemary,

1. Its Names.

O SEMARY is called in Greek AGavaric SeDaveueriny)

R in Latin Rofmarinus Coronaria, which Surname is given

it, to diftinguifh it from the other Libanotides, which by

fome Herbariffs are reckon’d to be Kinds of Rofemary; the

Italians call it Rofmarino coronario, the Spaniards Romero, the
French and Dutch Rofmarin, and the Englifh Rofemary.

2. The Defcription. ve
Rofemary is a fmall Evergreen Shrub, which when planted
againft a Wall, will rife to feven or eight Feet high, but not
near fo much when planted alone. |
It confifts of many fmall Branches, which are very thick fet
with {mall, long, and narrow green Leaves, fomewhat hard,

and of an aromatick Tafte, and pleafant Smell, amongft which

their Flowers are produced in very great plenty ; firft im the
Spring, and again in Auguft, being of a very light blue
Colour, and pleafant Smeil, 3. The

‘New. Principles of Gardening.

3. The Temperature.

Rofemary is hot and dry in the fecond Degree, and of an

aftringent or binding Quality.

4. The Medicinal Virtues. .

Rofemary is given againft all Fluxes of Blood. The Flowers
are very good againft all Infirmities of the Head and Brain,
proceeding from a cold and moift Caufe. They dry the Brain,
quicken the Senfes and Memory, and ftrengthen the mufcu-
lar Parts. |

The diftill’d Water of the Flowers being drank every Mor-
ning and Evening, the firft and laft rhing after rifing and going
to Bed, takes away the Stench of the Mouth and Breath, e{pe-
cially when there are afew Cloves, Mace, Cinnamon and An-
nifeed fteep’d or infufed therein. Bre only" :

5. Its Cultivation.

Rofemary is increafed by Slips of the laft Year's Shoot, be-
ing twifted at the lower end, and planted in March or Aprit
in any kind of Soil.

N. B. That Slips of two Years Growth will not firike Root,
the Wood being too hard; the like of Lavender. _

ao oe.
Of Garden Rue. |

suesl at. dts Names. ai ii
RUE is called ine Latin. Ruta hortenfis, as
aes a ) led Rauten, in

“alfo in Italian, in High Dutch ’cis called |
Low Dutch Ruijte, in Spanifh Aruda, in French Rue de
fardin, and in Englifo Herb-Grace and Rue.

There is another kind of Rue that 1s wild, called in Greek
aiyavey, in Latin Ruta fylvefiris, in Galatiasand Cappadocis
uaav, and of feveral Harmala; the Arabians call it fHarmel,
and the Syrians Befara.

To

Ens

r74 New. Principles. of Gardening.
To give a Defcription of Garden Rue is needlefs, it being
fo well known. |
The wild Rue is very like the Garden Rue in Stalks, Leaves,
Flowers, Colour, Tafte and Savour, but much lefs;. it being
an Annual, dies every Winter.

2. The Temperature. 2
Garden Rue is hot and dry in the latter end of the third De-
gree; and is of thin and fubtile Parts; wild Rue is hot and
dry in the fourth Degree.

, 3. The Medicinal Virtues...

Garden Rue being taken, breaks and confumes Wind, di-
gefts all grofs and tough Humours, and provokes Urine. Be-
ing boiled in Vinegar and drank, is very good againft Gripes,
Stitches of the Side and Cheft, Shortness of Breath upon a cold
Caufe, and Pains in the Joints.

The young Shoots being boiled, or rather fcalded and kept
ina Pickle, and eaten, are avery great help to the Sight, whereof
is written ie Huste bug bas a2 bei

Nobilis ef? ruta, quia lumina reddit acuta ;
Auxilio rute, vir lippe videbis acute.

The Juice of Rue made hot in a Pomegranate Rind, and
dropp’d into the Ear, takes away the Pain inftantly. The
“Leaves of Rue, beaten and drank with Wine, are an Anti-
dote againft Poifons.

The Leaves of Rue eaten with the Kernels of Walnuts or
Figs ftamped together and made into a Pafte, are very good
againft all infectious Airs, Peftilence, Plague, Poifon, ¢&c.

Rue boil’d with D7//, Fennel Seed, and fome Sugar in Wine,
and drank, affwages the Torments of the Belly, as Gripings, ge,
the Pains in the Sides and Breaft, helps thofe that are fhort
winded, or breathe with great Difficulty, is very good againft a
Cough, and ftopping of the Lungs, and very much helps thofe
that are inclining to the Dropfie. ai.

WN. B. That Rue ufed very often in Meat or Drink drieth
up the natural Seed of Generation, as alfo the Milk of thofe
that give fuck,
ag N. B. Ruta

New Principles of Gardening. 175
N. B. Ruta Sylveftris, or the wild Rue, is much more ve-
hement, both in Smell and Operation 5 and therefore the more
virulent and pernicious, and not to be ufed in either Meat or
Medicine. .

j 4. Its Cultivation.

Garden Rue delights in a light, frefh, fhady Soil, wherein
is no Dung, that being its mortal Enemy’ ‘tis encreafed by
Slips planted any time in March or April, being twilted at the
bottom at the time of planting. : | Sie

a

SECT. XXI.
Of Red and Damask Rofes:

1. Their Names.

HE Rofe is called in Greek pede, and the Plant it felf
jodavie, and in Latin Rofa, and according to Plutarch,
tis called Rodon, becaufe it fends forth great plenty of Smell,
or- pleatanit Otloturs tac" oe

The Red Rofe is called in Latin Rofarubra,in French Rofe
Franche, Rofe de Provins, a Town in Campaigne, ané by
Pliny Trachinta, or Pranefina. ae

The Damask Rofe is cailed in High Dutch Leibfarbige Roofen,
in Low Dutch Provencee , and of fome: Provincialis or Role
of Province, in Italian Rofa Incarnata, io French Melefia,.
the Rofe of Me/axo, a City in Afia, from whence ‘tis thought
*rwas firft brought into thefe parts of Europe.

And as both of thefe Kinds of \Rofes are very well known,
there needs no Defcriptienis=® aicboliso + Vito Aoi te SD

neath 608 sees Oakes oe sea © Sos a

S 3. Their Temperatures. —

Red Rofes being dried, do bind and dry, and alfo cool, bus
Damask Rofes are of a moift, aity-and {pirituous Nature.
: 4. Their Medicinal Virtues: - of
I'd Water of Rofes is a great Strenethener of the

he difti Sf
y great Refrefher of the Spirits,
/ The

Heart, and a ver

oS

176

New Principles | of Gardening.

The Juice of the Damask Rofe makes the Belly foluble, as
alfo will the Juice of the Musk Rofe.

The Syrrup doth moiften and cool » allays the extreme Heat
of hot burning Fevers, and quenches Thirft.

The Oil of Rofes mitigates all kind of Heat, and will not
fuffer Inflammations or hot Swellings to rife, or being rifen, it
inftantly affwages them. 7 :

The Conferve of Rofes being taken fafting in the Morning,
and the laft thing at Night, comforts the Heart, and weak
Stomach that is moift and taw, ftrengthens the Liver, Kidneys,
and other weak interior Parts, |

5. Their Cultivation.

Both Red and Damask Rofes are increafed by Layers, or
Suckers, and delight in a freth fandy Loam.

The beft time to tranfplant them is Odfober or November,
in Rows about three Feet apart; but in the Gardens about
London, they generally plant them in the midt of their Straw-
berry-Beds at the aforefaid Diftance, or fome {mal] Matter more
or lefs. as

AN, B.. That the Red Rofes are gather'd for Ufe when in

“Bud before they are near blown open, and the Damask Rofe

not till they are full blown.

SECT. xxi
Of Saffron,

fut 115 vay ts Its Names. =

AFFRON is called in Greek xeonde, in Latin Crocus, j
S Arabick Tahafaran, in Spanifh earn, and in Englifb
affron. 3

2. ts Defcription.

Saffron is a bulbous rooted Flower, as the feveral Kinds
of Spring and Autumn Crocus’s are, but much larger. The
Flower appears in the Autumn, and is of a purple Colour,
fomething inclining toa blue, and not much unlike the blue

I : | —— Crocus

New Principles: of Gardening.

Crocus that. blows in the Spring. The Flower appears be-
fore the Leaves, wherein is contain’d a Stz// or Piftillum, which
is the pure Saffron its felf,and not the Fiower wherein it grows.

This Sti// or Piftillum of the Saffron Flower muft be gather'd
very early in a Morning before the Sun rifcs, otherwile when
the Sun begins to influence them, they fhrink very much, and
withdraw themfelves almoft into the Earth.

The Soil wherein it has been known to thrive very well, as
at Saffron Wald.n, isa fhallow chalky Loam, not but I have
feen very good Saffron produced in the Kitchen Garden of
the Honourable Fames fohnftone of Twickenham, whofe Soil
is inclinable to a brick Earth. And I my felf have had it in
very great Perfection on a frefh {andy Loam. So that ‘tis my
humble Opinion, it will thrive in moft Sorts of Land, a hot
Sand or Gravel, and cold Clay excepted.

3. Its Temperature.
Saffron is dry in the firft Degree, and hot in the fecond.

4. Ihe medicinal Virtues.
Too much Saffron being taken prevents Sleep, but when
taken with Moderation, ‘tis good for the Head, revives the
Spirits, expells Drowfinefs and makes the Heart merry.
It alfo ftrengthens the Heart, concoés crude or raw Hu-
mours of the Cheft, opens the Lungs, and removes Ob-
ftruGions.
‘Tis an excellent Remedy for thofe that have a Confumption
of the Lungs, when ten or fifteen Grains are given in good
Stomach Wine, and is alfo a very great Reftorer of Breath,
where People breathe with great Difficulty 5 ‘tis alfo very good
againft a Surfeit, and Zellow Faundice.

Leoiiat a eae 5- Its, Culstvatians cD yeh Oe 9 m7
The proper Seafon for planting of Saffron is os Mid-
‘ummer, at which time having digg’d and prepared your round,
and divided the fame into Beds about three Feer wide, with
Alleys between of one Foot or fifteen Inches , plane therein
sour young Bulbs three or four Inches diftant from one an-
a and about three Inches deep; but that you may be fure
sae obferye the following Method.
Aa

‘; Growth, | :
of their Vous

TT

178

New Principles of Gardening,

Your Beds being prepared and fet out as before mention’d,
{train a Line on the Edge or beginning of a Bed, by which
draw a Drill with the corner of a {mall Hough about three
Inches in Depth, and therein place your young Bulbs at about ©
three Inches apart, with their bottom clofe to the Earth ; then
remove your Line three Inches farther into the Bed, and draw

a fecond Drill, wherein place the Bulbs as before, and fo on till

the whole Bed is planted ; then taking a Rake, level down the
{mall Ridges of the Drills, and rake the Border or Bed level, and

in like Manner proceed till your whole Plantation is ended,

This manner of planting being duly obferved, you will have
your new Plantation come up every Year in a very regular
Manner, and if the Bulbs are all found, there’s none can
mifcarry, except fuch as are deftroyed by Vermin. — -

The common Method of planting dz/bous Roots with a
Dibber, occafions many great Mifcarriages ; for the Hole made
by the Shoe of the Dibber being much fmaller at bottom than
it is in the thickeft part of the Dibber, prevents the Fibres of
the Bul from ftriking Root, and therefore mug inevitably pe-
rifh; for when the Bulf is put into the Hole and cannot get to
the bottom, but fticks by the way at fucha Depth as the Plan-
ter thinks is neceflary, it then has but one only Chance for its
Life, and that is, being carelefsly put in the Hole, fideways,
with the bottom of the Root to the fide of the Hole, inftead

therein and preferve its Life ; as alfo when the fibrous or lower
part of the Root is placed upwards inftead of downwards, and
then at fuch times the leading Bud is obliged to extend its
{elf in a horizontal Pofition (which is againft their Nature )
beyond the outfide of its Bu/é before it can Proceed to its natu-
ral perpendicular Pofition. However, as’tis a very difficule mat-
ter to beat fome flubborn Humours out of their old Road who
will fooner fubmit to a great Lofs, than hearken to good In-
ftructions ; I have only this to fay, that My particular Plea-
{ure is to oblige the Wife and Curious, without any regard to

the ftubborn Coxcomb.
To give Dire@ions for the keeping of your Plantation is
Meedicfs, fince that is natural to every good Gardiner. F
¢

New Principles of Gardenmg. 179

You will reap the firft Fruits of your Labour the fecond
September after planting, at which time you'll gather about one
fourth part of the Quantity that is gather’d in the third and
fourth Years, when ‘tis in its greateft Perfection; and when
your Saffron /has-thus remain’d in the Ground for the {pace of
four Years,it muft then be taken up, and replanted, as at the
firt time of planting four Years before: But to have always
a full Crop, you fhould plant an equal Quantity every Year to
come in and fucceed the other that is taken up.

The manner of drying Saffron after ’tis gather’d, is perform’d by
putting it between two Sheets of clean writing Paper, and dry
it over a very gentle Heat.

At Littlebury near Walden in Effex, where Saffron grows in
great plenty, every one that propagates it is furnifh’d with
a (mall Kiln, whereon they dry their Saffron with Charcoal
Fires.

a NN

SECT. XXII,
Of Savory.

1. Its Names. .

AVORYD is calledin Greek 9vCea,nor has it any truct Name -
S in Latin than Thymora, notwithftanding ‘tis called Satureza,
which is repugnant to Co/umella, an old Latin Author, who de-
monftrates a manifeft Difference between Thymbra and Satureia,
-n his tenth Book ; wherein he fays, that Savory has the Tafte
of Lime, and of Thymbra, or Winter Savory.

Et Satureia Thymi referens Thymbraque Saporem.
Savory is called in High Dutch Kunel Saturey and Sadancy, —
in Low Dutch Ceulen, in Italian Savoreggia, in Spanz{b Axe-
rea and Sagorida, in French Sarriette, and in Englifo Savory.
©" Of Savory we have two Kinds, the one called Satureza hor-
tenis, Ot the Garden Winter Savory, and the other Saturesa
hortenfis 24a, ox Summet Savory. rue” fs

Aaz 2. Their

180

New Principles of Gardening,

2. Their Defcriptions.

(1.) Winter Savory is an Herb very like unto Hyffop, but
lefs, more tender and brittle. It confifts of many {mall Branches,
beautifully befet with narrow fharp pointed Leaves, which are
fomething longer than thofe of Thyme, among which out of
Husks grow white Flowers, fomething inclinable to 4 light
purple. The Root is very fmall, as alfo are the feveral Branches
(as is faid before) but are in general very hard.

(2.) Summer Savory has very little Difference from the Win-
ter Savory, excepting that its Leaves are not fo clofe fet toge.
ther, and when its Seed is Tipe in the Autumn, it immediately
perifhes.

3. Their Temperatures,

Winter Savory is hot and dry in the third Degree, but
Summer Savory is not quite fo hot.

4. Their Medicinal Virtues.
Both Kinds of Savories doth naturally make thin, and clean{e
the Paflages, and are very good againft Wind, being boiled and
eaten with Beans, Peafe, &c. which are of a windy Nature.

5. Their Cultivation.
They are both propagated from Seed fown in March, and

delight in a frefh mellow Soil.

3. BG Tio XML)
Of Self:-Heal

1. Its Names.
» ees, A! is called in Latin Prunella, and by fome

alfo fooke- Heal, Sicklewort and Self-Heal> And altho’ ’tis a
very common Herb in the Fields, and well known to every
one; yet I cannot but recommend its being cultivated in the

cua ig &! eee a Phyfick

New. Principles of Gardentng. 181

Phyfick Garden, for.of all Herbs that are growing, there are
none more ufeful than this, and .as ‘tis no Stranger amongft
us, I fhall omit the Defcription.

2. Its Temperature.
Seif- Heal is hot and dry, and fomething binding.

3. The Medicinal Virtue.

The Decottion of Self-Heal made with Wine or Water, doth
join and make whole and found all kind of inward and out-
Wounds ; and the Herb being bruifed with Oil of Rofes
and Vinegar, and apply’d to the fore part of the Head, af-
{wages the Pain thereof, and in fhort, ‘tis good againft all
the fame Difeafes as the Bugle.

4. Its Cultivatzon. 7 |

Self-Heal doth naturally grow wild in mott Fields in England,
and keeps in Bloflom for the greateft part of the Summer, en-
creafing its felf by Sced, which ripens at different times of the
Summer, which then is fhed, and from thence it rifes again. But
when the Seed is carefully faved , and fown about Bartholo-
mew-tide, wit willjoby the nex Summer, be greatly improved,
which I have expericne’d to be true. oe

gE. GulvwRhNs
Of Solomon Seal. -

iy ou ai dts Names) 10 8 b ade,
SS ikewile Pol onatum, of many Knees,” the Gree
likewife - sia om “ris. called Sugellum: Salomonis ,

de Salomon, of “the Hetrurta | fa Or
in Englife Scala celi, Whitewort, : V [niteroots
Seal. at ay etm:

Of Solomon

Seal siege : orer: fix Kinds,
but two worth

our Notice,
natums

182 New Principles of Gardening.

natum, or Solomon's Seal, and the other called Polygonatum
Minus, the {mall Solomon's Seal.

2. Their Defcription.

The firft kind of Solomon Seal hath long round Stalks, which
for the moft part, are adorn’d with long furrow’d and rib’d Leaves,
very like in form unto thofe of P/antane, which are generally
placed all on one fide of the Stalk, with very {mall white Flowers,
refembling the Flowers of Lily Conval. On the other fide
when the Flowers are faded, there appear round Berries of a
green Colour, which afterwards turn to a very dark or blackifh
blue, which when ripe, are as large as-Hotfpur Peafe, and
of an exceeding fweet and pleafant Tafte: The Root is of a
white Colour, and very full of Knobs or Joints clofe fet to-
gether, which in fome Places have very odd Marks, that the
Ancients {uppofed to be the refemblance of an Impreflion or
Mark of a Seal, from which it took the Name of Sigillum
Solomonis ; its Tafte is {weet at firft, and of a fharp Bitter at latt,

The fecond kind of Solomon Seal, differs but very little
from the preceding, excepting in the Leaves which are nar-
rower, and are placed round about the Stalk; and-not on one
fide only as the other. The form of the Flowers are the fame,
but are of a light green Colour, and are fucceeded by Berries,
as the former, but of a reddifh Colour. The Root is like untae
the former, having fome few Fibres breaking out-of its Joints,

3. Their Temperature and Virtues.

Diofcorides makes mention, that the Roots of Solomon Seal
are excellent good to feal or clofe up green Wounds, being
ftamp’d and laid thereon; whereupon he faith it was called Si-
Lillum Solomonis, of the fingular Virtue that it hath in heal-
ing of Wounds, broken Bones, ce. LA? ett
~The frefh Roots of Solomon Seal being ftamp’d and applied
to any Briife, black or blue Spots acquired by Falls, dye.
take them away in one night or two at motft.

- Galen was of the Opinion, that neither the Herb or Root
fhould be given inwardly ; but People of lefs Capacity fince his
time have experienc’d the contrary; for in Hampfbire and many
other Places, ’tis adminifter'd inwardly with great Safety ; For
When any unhappy Accident happen’d, fuch as Brnifes, broken

2 ones,

New Principles of Gardening.

y part of the Body, their Remedy is to
the Patient in Ale to drink, which
and that in

Bones, Gre. in an
— ftamp the Roots, and give it

very {peedily (odders or knits the Bones together ,
a very ftrange manner > for alt
differently placed and wrapp'd up, yct st never fails of Suc-
cefs, And when the like Accidents happen f° Horfes, or other
Cattle, they ftamp the Roots, and applying them as a Pultife,
have the fame Effect.

ed in manner of a Pultife, and

apply'd to Members that have been out of Joint, and newly re-
frored to their Place, drive away the Pain, and knit the Joint
very firm, and take away the Inflammation, if an

The Roots ftamp’d, and the Juice giv
or white Wine as before, or the Deco

Wine, helps any nw
clotted Blood: an in one Word, there is not fuch another
Herb growing in the Earth that is known to be fo good for

Bruifes, broken bones, évc. as this of Solomon Seal.

4. Its Cultivation.
Both thefe Kinds delight in frefh mellow Land, and are
sncreafed by dividing their Roots, which may be planted any
———

SECT. XXVI.
Of Southernwooa.

x. Its Names. '
OUTHERNIVOOD is called in Greek al Fever 9. 4 oe
~ in Abrotonum, in Italian Abrotano, in Spanifh Terva Com-

riser as and Abrotano; alfo in High Dutch Stabwurtz, in
and Avercruut, in French Aurone and
andin Englifh Southernwood and Sothernwood ; and

Auroefnes 0°. , |
as this Shrub is very common and well known in England ;
it needs HO Defcription.

183

184 ~ New Principles of Gardening.

| 2. Its Temperature,
Southernwood is hot and dry in the end of the third Degree.

3. The Medicinal Virtues.

The Tops, Seed, or Flowers being boiled or ftamped raw
with Water and drank, are a very good Remedy for thofe that
are troubled with the Cramp, the Sciatica, and greatly help
thofe whofe Sinews are fhrunk.

Being taken in Wine, it kills Worms and expells them, and
is very good againft deadly Poifon. _ , at

The Leaves of Southernwood boiled in Water until they be
foft, and being ftamp’d. with Barley Meal and Hogs.Lard, and
apply'd asa Plaifter, diffolveth all cold Humours and § Wellings,

4, Its Cultivation,
Southernwood or Sothernwood -is increafed by Slips planted
in March or April, and delights in freth mellow Land,
- B. That when you plant the Slips, you muft twift their
lower Parts, as “directed for. Lavender, Ore, >, obs

Se oe re
S E-C-T-XXVIE
Of Thyme.

- The Kinds and Names.

HE feveral Kinds of Thyme cultivated in our Gardens are

Pot Thyme, Limon Time, Maftick Thyme, and marum

Syriacum or Cat T; Ayme, which in general are well known to
every one, and therefore need no Defcription.

2. Their Temperature.
Thefe Kinds of Thyme are hot and dry in the third Degree.

2 3. Their

New Principles of Gardening.

3. Their Medicinal Vertues.
Pot Thyme or Mother Thyme which grows wild in Meadows,
being boiled in Water with Honey and drank, is very. good
againft a Cough, and Shortnefs of Breath; it provokes Urine,

ro]
and diffolves congealed or clotted Blood.

4. Their Cultivation.

All the feveral Kinds of Thyme are raifed either from Seeds
fown in March or April, or increafed from Slips planted at the
fame time ; but of thefe two Ways, 1 recommend the former.
The Pot Thyme and Limon’ Thyme will thrive in any kind of
Soil that is not over hot or colds fo likewife the Maftick
and Cat Thyme, provided they are planted in the warmeft part
of the Gardens Ss do 18UQ) Greatest OF 30g

SECT. XXVIIL
Of Englith Tobacco, or yellow Henbane..

tg vot? men? es <2! inoasd | boos iu

| he TN) Fok is Nemes, coq eodiseo? Barbe
NGLISA Tobacco, or yellow Henbane, is called in La-

tin Hyofcvamus luteus, and of fome Petum; and Petun,

hers Nicofiana of Nicot a Frenchman, who is faid

This Herb when fully grown
Height, comnins of a. very larg |

4. and is divided into many Branches, which are fet
Leaves that are very (mooth, even, thick, and full

of Sap or juice. { wie 1001 4 ls
he Flowers are produced at the top of the Branches, and
are very orderly placed, being of a pale yellow Colour, and
fomething iefs than thofe of the black Henbane.

a Jarge

Bb The

185

i86 New Principles of Gardening.

The Cups whercin their Flowers are fituated, are very like
thofe of the Henbane, but much lefs, and without acute Points,
wherein is placed the Husk or Pod, of around Form full of
very {mall Seeds, not much unlike thofe of Marjoram.

3. The Temperature. |
This Herb is thought by fome to be cold and moift, but
according to L’Odelius, it rather heats than cools.

4.. The Medicinal Virtues.

This Herb is very good againft all Apoftemes, Tumours,
inveterate Ulcers, Blotches, ec. being made into an Unguenr
or Salve as following. . Take of the green Leaves three Pound
and a half, ftamp them very fmall in a Stone ‘Mortar, and
put to them one Quart of Ofve Oil: Having put them in
a Brafs Sauce-pan, @v¢. over a gentle Fire, let them boil un-
til the Herb appears of a blackifh Cotour, keeping it contintially
ftirring all the while ; and when it will not boil or bubble any
more, take it off and ftrain it, and»put the clear Oil (which
will then be of a green Colour) over the Fire again, with an
Addition ‘of half a Pound of Bees-wax, four Ounces of Rofin,
and two Ounces of good Turpentine, and when they are all
melted together, pour it Ott into-a large Gallypot, cc. for
Ut

R. 6)

This green Salve thus made, is of very great Ufe to all Fami-
fies, and is what they ought to ‘be never without. :
"Tis alfo of great Service, being applyd to Burnings, grcen
Wounds, Cuts, «ec. | . : :

This moft ufeful Herb is raifed from Seed, which is ripe in

_ the Autumn, and may at that time be fown, or in the March
following: The Seed -is very hardy and will refit our Winter's
cold, and whetever ‘tis planted and fifferd to grow up to
Seed, ‘tissvery difficult to-get clear of it again. It delightsin
frefh rich meliow Land, and when the Plants ‘are of ithe big-
Refs ‘of a half Crown or more, are tran{planted into: Rows
at a Foot afunder each Plant from the other...

ye UT,

New »Principles of Gardeneng.

oa ak Genitoa tr DADE
Of Violets.
1. Their, Names.

HE Violet is called in Greek ioy, ‘of Theophraftus both
vy, and perdvoy, in Latin Nigra Viola, or black Violet
of the blackifh purple Colour of the Flowers. The Apothe-
caries retain the Latin Name (which is fomething wonderful,
for they {eldom care to. call any thing by the true Name as
other People do) viz. Viola, Ot Herba violaria Cy mater

violarum ; in High Dutch ris called Blanviel ; in Low Dutch
violeten ; in. Italian. viola mammola; in Spanifh violata;. in
French violette de mars and in Engli(h Violet. 2 ey
Nicander in his Geoponicks belicyes (as Hermolaus theweth)
that. the, Gracians, did, call it, sv, becaufe thar fome certain
Nymphs.o Tonia 5. gave that Flower firft to Fupiter ; and others
fay, that it, was called ov, becaufe that when & piter had turn’d
the young Damfel Jo, whom he tenderly loved, into a Cow,
the Earth brought f rth this Flower for her Food, and _as it
was made for het Sake, «received that Name from her. And
thereupon ‘tis thought that the Latins alfo called it viola, as
though they. fhould fay vitula, by leaving or blotting out the
Detter fein -s «0 wie peasant a Naim 7
Servius alfo reporteth, that for the fame Caufe, the La-
tines do likewife Name it vaccinium, ailedging the place of
Virgil iti his Bucolicks. | |
Alba liguftra cadunt, vaccinia nigra leguntur.
Notwithftanding Virgil in his to Eelog. thews that Vaccr-
nium and Viola do differ. Sy vem, ;
7 ——Et. nigra viole dm vaccinia nigra. °
Of Violets we have a very great Variety, as fitft, The put-
ple Garden Violet, called’ in Tatin Viola nigra five purpurea.
Secondly, The white Garden Violet called Viola flore albo.
Thirdly, The double purple Garden Violet called Viola martia
purpurea multiplex. Fourthly, The double white Violet called
as soz 6 Viola

187

183 New ‘Principles of Gardening.
Viola martia alba multiplex. Fifthly, The yellow Violet, cal-
led Viola martia lutea. And Laftly; Dog’s Violets; or wild
Violets, called Viola caning filueftris. Thefe feveral Kinds of
Violets are in general very common, -and therefore need no
Defcription. oat

2. Their Temperature.
The Flowers and Leaves of Violets are cool and moift..

3. Their Medicinal Virtues.
The Flowers are good for all Inflammations, efpecially of
the Sides or Lungs. They take away the Hoarfnefs of the Cheft,
allay the extreme Heat.of the Liver, Kidneys and Bladder,
mitigate the fiery, Heat of burning Agues, temper the Sharpne(s
of Choler, and take away Thirft. mapa creaet eens a

The Leaves of Violets being taken inwardly, do cool, moiften,
and make the Body foluble ; and being outwardly apply’d, mi-
tigate all Kind of hot Inflammations, © © 3

The Syrup of Violets foftens the Belly, and purges Choler: ’

The Decoétion of Violets is good in hot Fevers, atid the In-
flammation of the Liver, and other interiour Parts; as alfo is
the Juice, Syrup, or Conferve of the fame.

The Syrup is alfo very good againft the Inflammation of the
Lungs and Breaft, againft the Pleurifie and Congh, againft Fe-
vers and Agues in young Childrens ‘and efpecially if you put
to one Ounce of Syrup eight or nine Drops of Oil of Vitriol
mix'd together, giving the Child a Spoonful at a time: .

The fame being given as aforefaid is very good againft burn-
ing Fevers, and peftilential Difcafes, greatly cooling the in-
ward Parts, and comforting the Heart. (8

4. Their Cultivation. *

Violets are increafed by parting their Roots, they love a
good mellow Soil, and delight very much, when Partly fhaded.
The beft time to make new Plantations of Violets, is the latter
end of March when they have done blowing, and.are planted
in Beds of three Feet wide, about nine Inches apart, :

2 % i ee : Hyitiges ’ an" ny rE C r.

New Principles of Gardening.

S E.G oT, .. XXX.
Of Wormwood.

) 1. Its Names. :

ORMW OOD is called in Greek aibivbsoy, and is named
of Apuleius Abjinthium rufticum, Country Wormwood,
or Peafants Wormwood, in Latin ‘tis called Abjmthinm la-
tifolium five ponticum, and Abjinthium latifolium, broad leaf'd
Wormwood, to diftinguith it from the Abjnthium tenuifolium
feu Romanum, or {mall leafd Roman Wormwood, commonly
‘called Abfinthium Romanum, and in Low Dutch Roomfche al-
fene. The Italians call Wormwood Affenfo; the Spaniards
Axenxios, Affenfios, and many of them Donzell ; the Portu-
guefe Alofna; in High Dutch Weronmut, wermut ; in French
Aluyne ; and in Engh{o Wormwood.
And as both the common and Roman Wormwood are very
plentiful throughout moft, or all Parts of England, theretore

I need not trouble you with their Defcriptions.

2. Their Temperatures.
The common or broad leafd Wormwood is hot in the f{e-
cond Degree, and dry in the third.
The {mall leafd or Roman Wormwood is alfo hot and dry,
and bitter alfo, but nothing near fo much as the other, its
ereateft Force being in binding.

3. The Medicinal Virtues.
Wormwood is very good for a weak Stomach, that is trou-
bled with Gholer, for it cleanfes through its Bitternefs, and by
its binding Quality, it ftrengthens and comforts the Stomach.
‘Tis oftentimes a good Remedy againft a long and lingering
Ague, efpecially Tertéans, it greatly ftrengthens the Stomach,
creates an Appetite, and clears away Qbftrudtions, bad Hu-
mours, ¢re. by Urine.
The Herb being boiled in Milk, or the Seed given in Trea-
cle to young Children or older grown People, kills and ex-
spels Worms out of the Guts. The

190 New Principles of Gardening,

The Herb withftands all Putrifactions, and is good againft
a ftinking Breath, and prevents Moths fram deftroying Clothes.

4. Their Cultivation.

Both the Kinds of Wormwood are either raifed from Seeds
fown, or Slips planted in March, and will thfive in any Sort
of Garden Soil.

And as I have now pafs'‘d through the feveral Kinds of Phyfick
Herbs neceffary for the Ufe of every Family, as appears by their
feveral Virtues; I fhall now conclude with an excellent Receipt
for a Confumption, or Shortnefs of Breath, which 1 have known
by Experience to have made found and perfe& Cures of fome
Hundreds of poor afflited People, who after a long and ex-
penfive Time have been given over by fome of our learned
D.-.0--c--t--o--r--s as incurable.

The Receipt is as follows.

Take of Solomon Seal, Comfrey Leaves and Roots, Mar fh-
mallows, Hyffop, Pot Thyme, Mother Thyme, Succory, Agri-
mony, Plantane Leaves and Roots, Clivers, Nettle Tops, Sca-
bious both Kinds, Dandelion, Rofemary, Violets (or their
Leaves if the Flowers are gone,) {carlet Strawberry Leaves,
Ground-lvy, Borage Leaves, Balm, Mint, Pimpernel, and of
Colts Foot, each one Handful.

OF Couch-grafs Roots, and five leafed Grafs, each one Hand-
ful and half, with a (mall Quantity of Rae, and one Head
of Garlick. ‘ait,

Of Figs one pound fliced, of Raéfins in the Sun, one pound
ftoned, and one quarter of a pound of Liguorifh fliced.

Put all thefe Ingredients into a large Saucepan with one —
Gallon of Waterg@and boil theta till one half of the Warer
is confumed: Then ftrain off the Liquor and let it ftand and
fettle, which being done, pour it off clear, and boil it up with
one pound of brown Sugar-candy, and four pound of the bet
double refined Sugar; and when all the Scum ‘jis boil’d and
taken off, and the Syrup appears clear and {parkling, ’tis then
completed, and is fir for Ufe. The manner of keeping it is
in Glafs Bottles, being well dry’d when put in, and bound over
Clk a piece of Leather pierced full of Holes inftead of a

- IN..B. That

New Principles of Gardenzng.

_\N. B. That the affli&ted muft take three Spoonfuls every
four Hours, or oftner if their Stomach will bear it, and “tis
beft taken when fuck'd from off a Liquorifh Stick, cut jagged
at the end... . |

"To fay any more in the Praife of this excellent Syrup is
- fuperfluous, for whocver makes Ufe of it will receive fuch
Benefit'as will be fufficient to eftablith its Praife, fo that Ineed
not give my felf any farther Trouble than what I have already
done, in communicating it for a publick Good, which wiil al-
ways be my only Study, durante vita.

Fo Lon Fos.

191

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