A

H £ S « O ‘R Y

THE AGGREGATES,

CLUSTER-HEADED PLANTS:
COMPREHENDING

THE ENTIRE GEN ERA OF

SCABIOUS, GLOBULARIA, [| BRUNIA,
DIPSACUD §S, AR CTOPUS, JAS-1. ONE
XANTHIUM, ECHINOPHORA, | ALLIONTA,
DORSTENIA, GUNDELIA, ASTRANTIA,
GINSENG, | ECHINO?PS * “ ‘KNAUTIA,
HYDROCOTY.LE, ' 4] La@ O'& Cot fap 01 {hyst bolaiwwep! aE ti
SALE DC B08" ae OB BB 3p eer NC TUN,

AND ALL THE SPECIES or gacu, KNowN TO THIS DAY.
Their Descriptions, Cuaracrers, Virtugs, and Uses;

Their Prace or GrowTn, Time or Fiowsrine, SraTuRE, DuraTIion,
Cotours, and other Particularities :
And a Ficure of every PLANT, drawn and engraved from NATURE.
| WITH |
O B.S. RV UA ad... bo eee
_ , Ona Naturar Mervop, fo far as it regards the Cénnetion of the Claffes ;

On the Production and Propagation of Murisu or INTERMEDIATE PLANTS;

And on certain PLANTS which | are common ee and America. | -

eee at earn rma

By JOHN HILL, M. D.

MEMBER Fess at THE IMPERIAL ACADEMY.

———

LD: No D- Ge N-
Printed for the AUTHOR in St. James’s-Street :

And Sold by R. Batpwin in Pater-Nofter-Row; J. Rip.ey in St. James’s-Street;
J. Nourss, T. Becket, P, Ermsty, and J. CAMBELL, in the Strand; and

J. Barrour, at Edinburgh.
M.DCC.LXXIL.

This is one of the Volumes of a great Work, the Vegetable Syftem. It is perfect
in itfelf; and is printed feparate, and ina lefs expenfive Manner, at the Defire of

Gane who patronize the Study of Botany in England.

gf ope ioe mae
Many FLOWERS aflembled ina ComMoN CUP,
Having the CHIVES diftind.

REG Ge Riphee. £ ok ko
CH a Rat racine ‘of the CLASS.

PLAN TS with many ies F Lowers, forming a Head or Ball ; fur-
rounded by a common Cup ; each FLoweErR having alfo its own diftiné
Cup, and fimple FoorsT aux. |

SHIMON OSM OTEOTSEHNoTSSHEEEETeaSsaNeeS
CoH ACRES F

Of the Place of Accrecare Pants in an artificial, and a natural Method.

ftruction of that head, or ball of Flowers, which conftitutes its character : not only to
-eftablith with certainty its proper form; but to diftinguith it precifely from the fout
Claffes with affembled Florets which have gone before, and that.of the umbrella’d or um-_
belliferous Plants, which follows. Thofe four agree in one great character, of having many
Florets collected together to form one Flower : The umbelliferous Clafs is diftinguifhed
from them, by having each Flower, though little, perfect and entire, and placed alone |

upon its feparate Footftalk.

|: will be neceffary to explain very diftin@lly the marks of this Clafs ; and the con-_ 3

Ir would feem as if thefe laft had no conneétion with, or relation to the formers but
thus far the natural and artificial methods agree, for thefe Claffes in both (with the inter-
riamee of this) properly follow one another ; and nature never lofes the progreffion.

Ir is true there is no immediate conneétion between the four Claffes of Plants, whofe ge-
neral Flower is compofed of many affembled Florets, and the Clafs of umbelliferous or um~
brella’d Plants; but this is placed between them: This gives that connection which they
want with one another, and with this, they regularly conftitute fix fucceeding arrangements
of Plants ; each truly feparate i in its character, yet all united by their plain relation.

Tuis is not a place for entering at large upon the courfe of nature in the Vegetable chain ;
that will be fhewn when we fhall come to oe detail of Plants in a natiral method ; in which
there

4 tees 6 6 UC TT OLN.

there will be no diftin@tion of Series or Order, Clafs or Genus there; but every Plant will
follow thatathich it next exceeds, in fome mark of certaintys © The two methods are, and
mutt be, diftingt in their manner, as they are in their purpofe : hére we feek to Enow Plants ;
there we fhall fiudy, being known, to arrange them; here we are to look for general dit-
tinctions, there we are to obliterate them; we can only know things by diftintion ; and
- we can only underftand them by connection. The marks of Claffes and of Genera, are ar-
bitrary and artificial ; nature knows no difference but of Species, from Species. | Thete dil
tinGtions are vague and temporary, but her’connections certain and eternal.’ ~~ Fs

Two Genera differ by fome arbitrary charaéter; and it is by this diftin@tion that we know
the Plants which belong to each : but when we know them we can place them better ;
for we may then find natural relations eafily ; and we (hall certainly pive them the prefer -
ence to artificial Characters. Thefe doétrines, {trange to the minds of many who are filled
with modern fyftems, it may be needful to explain by iniftances,

THE great Swede obferves, that in many Plants the Chives cohere fengthwit, fo as to.
form atube ; and he makes this the character of an artificial Clafs : this Character is found
in Plants the moft unlikein nature: It is in the Violet, and in the Sun Fhwer. The Clafs
was ingenioufly devifed, and this mark anf{wers its purpofe ; for by obferving this tube of
Chives in the Violet, the ftudent is taught to look for it in the Syngenefious Clafs ; and by
the fubfequent diftintions of Orders and Genera, in that excellent writer; he will: foon find-

to what genus and what name it belongs. |

A MAN who had never feen a Violet, would thus plainly and eafily be led to know ‘the
Plant; but he mutt be a poor philofopher if he would reft contented with that knowledge ;

and he muft entertain very limited, and very humble notions of {cience, if he would cal] this
knowledge, Botany. ’Tis true that fo far only artificial fyftems carry him: they have
taught him to know the Plant with certainty ; but he will eafily perceive it has another —
place in nature : its general form does not agree with that of the Sun-Flower ; nor will he
be led to expect in it the fame Virturs. eS 3 :

PERHAPS it will be thought the Violet is placed with lefs violence to nature, here, in our
artificial method ; but it was not to court that praife the Plant is mentioned. There may be
a thoufand artificial methods devifed; and though that will be certainly bett, which, with
equal diftinétnefs, comes the neareft nature, yet none of them are to be valued for more than
they intend, nor preferved longer than they are wanted. They give the knowledge of in-
dividuals, and upon that, all other knowledge muft be founded 3 therefore there cannot be
too much care or labour employed in forming them: but when they have ferved their
purpofe, let them be rejected. Though particular knowledge is
ledge that is great: and when the ftruéture fhall be raifed, let
down the {caffold. ;

uleful, it is general know-
no one wonder we throw

_AccEPT favourably, candid reader, fo much on this great fubje@ of a natural method
We would have you entertain a juft as well as great idea of this fcience ;
having this {uperior light in view, you will perceive it more and more difc]
you; you will advance in one, as you purfue the other. The Cla of Aco
rank in this our artificial fyftem, is very near the real place the Plants
affords a plain and ufeful inftance ; it will encourage you perhaps,
the connection is much more ob{cured by neceflary diftin@ions,

and by always
ofe itfelf upon
Aggregates, whofe
will have in nature,
to purfue the track where

CHAP,

MeN T: RO) Di Ui GY Bis OUN, &

Of the true Cuaracrers of the Accrecare, and the Umarenia’p Pranrs.

| ie has been always feen, that the Affembled Floret? and the Umbrella’d Clufter had a

4% {trong connection ; though fomething very diffonant in form divided them: ’Tis thus
truth will flath at times upon the human mind, even where its cohitant light cannot fhine
freely. The relation in this cafe has been known, though the connection was not dif
covered ; and that could not be till this Clafs of Ageregates was formed.

Ir has been faid, that if the Florets of a Tubulate Flower, as T, anzy, were all raifed upon
long Footftalks, it would become an Umbell, from a Clufter ; this was a bold and not an
injudicious thought; but it would fail in many things: for, 1. The true effence of an
Umbell, though perhaps that has not been enough confidered, confifts in the Flowers being
perfect, and their Footftalks being fubdivided. Unlefs each Flower has its Cup; it lofes its .
perfect nature, and becomes a Floret; and unlefs there be a general and a partial divifion
of Footftalks, there is no Umbell. What has been called, by an error in terms, a Simple
Umbell, is no more than an Aggregate with long Footfalks. The Aftrantia and Statice;
though hitherto placed in remote Clafles, differ in this refpect no otherwife than by a
fomewhat greater length’ of Footftalk to each Flower in one than in the other. More or
lefs, longer or fhorter, make no diftin@tion between Species and Species ; much lefs be-
tween Clafs and Clafs: and it is no matter that the greateft names give fanction to fuch
Umbells. The modern fyftems have no fuch Clafs as Aggregates ; for the received me-
thod does not admit of their diftin@tions as a chataéter ; but in truth and nature, Scabious
has as much right as Aftrantia to be called an Umbelliferous Plant. bg

Iw the fecond place, if we could have got over this difficulty, and admitted fimple | Uini- |
bells, yet the Tubulate Florets would not have made an Umbell, for they have no Cups.

TuE proper character implied by any term, muft be eftablifhed juftly before we can {peak _
with that precifion which is required by {cience of any relation to it, or correfpondence
with it. This being regarded, and the diftinctive AruQure ef affembled Florets, and of —
the Umbell known, we may not only fee the general truth that there isa relation between
the Plants with aflembled Florets, and the Umbelliferous.; but we thall find alfo that

there is a connecting link between them.

Aw Umbelliferous or Umbrella’d Plant, has the Footftalks of many Flowers arifing
from one point, and again fubdivided in the fame manner; the fecond like the firit di-
vifion, rifing from one point again: there is naturally an Involucrum at the bafe of each
of thefe two divifions ; and every F lower is perfect, having its own cups. F
oN Ow it is eafy to fee that Tubulate F lorets, if raifed on Footftalks, would not make
an Umbell ; for, 1. There would be no fubdivifion or fecond rifing of Feotftalks from a
point; 2. There would never be any fecond Involucrum, nor any thing in the place of
it, although the general Cup might take the place of the firft; and, 3. Thefe would be
Florets ftill, not perfe& Flowers, as the Umbrella’d Plant thould have ; for they would
have no feparate Cups. | | |

Bur though this advance from tte Affembled Tubulate Flower to the Umbell, cannot
be made without a threefold violation of that unaltered and unchangeable law of nature, ~
which admits no gap in her gradations ; there is yet a method of connection to be found:
_and this Clafs of Agereeate Plants affords it.

B LET

6 INO RE ODUOT ON

Ler it be underftood that in the Brothiod of nature, the deftruétion of Claffes will be os t-
ed always by intermediate Claffes, as that of Genera will be by intermediate Plants. The ©
conne@tion which deftroys two Claffes by uniting them, is to be made by a Clafs which
_ is truly intermediate ; that is, which has part of the characters of the one, and part of thofe
of the other. Thus the Aggregate Clafs, properly and perfectly formed, having part of
the Tubulate character, and part of the Umbelliferous, ferves as alink or connecting joint
between them: being thus difpofed, it deftroys two other Claffes, which before were per-
fedtly diftin@ ; by uniting them, and itfelf the intermediate Clafs with them, into one
greater arrangement: this will be again united with preceding and fuceeeding Clafies by
dike means; till the whole Vegetable world is feen as one great and perfectly regular
affemblage of Individuals, gradually rifing one above the other. : :

WHEN the — of the Aggregate Clafs is explained and afcertained as difindily
as that of the Umbrella’d, we hall not only perfeély underftand the one, but, by the fame
means, as diftinétly know the other; and having before, with equal care, known the true
characters of Affembled Florets, we fhall fee shiv progrefs of Nature from thofe Affem-
blages of imperfect Florets, through the fimply-cluftered perfec Aggregate Flowers, to —
the more feparated Umbelliferous : and thus know incomes that moft eee part

of Vegetable Nature.

An Ageregate Plant has many Flofcules collected into a a head, furrounded bya icrican
Cup ; in thefe two particulars, it agrees with not only the Tubulate F lowers, but with the
Radiate, Ligulate, and Affociate, that is with all the four firtt clafles ; but it has F lowers, not
Florets,to conftitute this head; and each Flower has its /eparate and difiné# Cup; and in thefe
two particulars, of equal weight with the former, it agrees with the Umbelliferous Plants.

Here then are two articles of agreement with any one of thefe Claffes, and two with
_ the other. The Aggregate is ices perfectly feparate from both ; and is placed. at an
exact diftance between them. It muft be allowed then to be that connecting Link, which
was wanting to unite the four firft Claffes in our method, with the fixth ; lofing in that
ofeater ‘view, its own diftinctive character, while, by uniting, it deftroys alfo theirs ; and
thus far opening a way into a true natural method. —

Ir is ufeful to know this sarin not only with that higher — but for the leffer
ufes alfo of an artificial metlrod : for without thefe objects of the natural gradation, the cha-
racters of this artificial diftinction would never be fo deeply fixed in the ftudent’s memory F
nor are they fo perfe@ly neceflary in any other place ; fince, for want of a precife determi-
nation of them, or of an accurate attention to them, thisvery natural Clafs has been ftran gely
torn and divided ; and a great many Plants truly belonging to it, have been thrown into
others. Thus the Eryngium and Aftrantia, the Hydrocotyle and Echinophora, have been
called Umbelliferous Plants, though wanting the true and only diftinctive charaéter of that
alfo naturai Clafs ; and perfeCtly agreeing in every article of the diftinctions of this. The
common Thrift might as juftly be called an Umbelliferous Plant as any of thefe; and by
a very little lengthening of the Footftalks of its feparate Flowers, would be as well en-
titled to the character as any of them. But neither are they Umbelliferous Plants, accord-
ing to the true character of that perfectly natural arrangement ; neither could Thrift, by
lengthening the Footftalks of its F lowers, be made one; if that were the cafe, the union
of the fix Clafles would not exitt ; and nature woe | be more like art by far; than God

has made her.

Tue connection between the four affembled Claffes and the Umbelliferous, is not to be
fought from the Tubilate kind, as we have feen, for there want three s the four grada-
5 tions;

IyNoTr Re-@ Dy WW @ TH 17 Oy Ni 7

tions ; and therefore the Plants; which fhould in that way conneét the two Clafles, are not
at equal diftance from both: but taking the Aggregate; we fee the exact proportion: The
Affociate Clafs alfo: makes an advance between the three firft; and this fifth. Its Floret
opening into range seamente, and its Chives; though they ftand near; not being united.

THE lenoth of F ootftalk to the Flower, though an accidental and uncertain mark, yet
is the ftriking and obvious character by which the Aggregates differ from the Affociates

one way, and from the Umbelliferous Plants the other: let us fee the confequence of
giving more or le{s to this part:

SuorTEN the Footftalks of the feparate Flowers of an Aggres: te, and it will refemble
an affociate ; lengthen them, and it will refemblé an Umbrella’d Plant: but in the one |
cafe, it will not be an Affociate, for each Flower will ftill have its diftine Cup; ; and inthe
other it will not be an Umbelliferous Plant, for there will be no fecond divifion of the
Footitalks. It will thus be, even in an artificial fyitem, juft what we have thewn it truly
isin nature; it will refemble the two Clafles, but it can be of neither ; it is feparate from
both, and at equal diftance between them: It is therefore the thing we fought ; the true
connecting Clafs: its diftin@ions from both are certain, evident, and invariable ; and
while we thus trace its place in Nature, it fixes the true Characters of thofe feveral Claf-
fes diftinlly i in our minds.

‘Tue Clak af A apréwates thus Satealic: iid ting didtndioads rhetsGeerkiet admits into its
limits many Plants, which have before been arranged under different Claffes ; but it ex-
cludes none that have ever been numbered amon ¢ thofe related to any of its branches.

Tur feveral Genera which it bie Hehehe might be found capable of various diftribu-
tions ; but to us the moft obvious, always will appear the beft. Among thofe who are»
fond of feeking deep for Charaéters, the thicknefs, the flichtnefs, or the abfolute want of
a Receptacle, or the length, the fhortnefs, or total deficience of Footftalks to the feparate |
Flowers, might ferve as Characters of Orders, Se€tions and Subdivifions; but the one of
thefe methods requires the tearing the head to pieces, and the other the cutting it afunder, |
to know the diftinctions. We profefs a diflike to thefe torturings of Nature, and to all?
Characters which the eye does not at once diftin guifh ; but if it were otherwife, thefe far’
fought and deep laid Characters of mii Bese would be rejected here as indeterminate,
and therefore ufelefs. |

| _ As to the Receptacle, it confifts of two fkins sei a {pungy matter between. Its sha
~— nefs or flightnefs are only terms of more and lefs, not marks of true diftinGion, neither is
it ever totally abfent. It is very great in Teafell, it is fcarce to be {een at all in Thrift,

yet both thefe have it; and all Aggregates haveit. The Stalk terminates in a head, fur-
rounded bya Cup, within which, rife the feparate Flowets. This Cup i is formed of the
outer Rind of the Stalk. The inner Rind and Blea terminate juft within it in a kind of
Button : this Button is the Receptacle, and from this the Flowers rife. In_ fome, as in
Scabious, the outer part of the Blea, rifing up loofe and light, forms a kind of fpungy
matter between the two parts; in others, there is f{carce any thing of this, as in the Thrift,

yet even here there is fome ; and the Structure is the fame always.

‘In refpect of the Footftalks of the feparate Flowers, they are in fome fons which is
ufually where the Receptacle is thick, and in others longer, where that part is thinner ; 3
what would otherwife make the thicknefs of the Receptacle running up into thefe Foot~
{talks ; but the difference of longer or fhorter, is, like the former, only a mark of more or
~lefs, and can have no place in true diftinction.

THE

8 eNO het OD) Ut GT PON.

| Tue Receptacle in thefe Plants ts therefore of no importance ; and all that truly relate
to the Footftalks of the Flowers as diftinétive, is that they are always fimple and un-
divided: whether they are long, fhort, or feem wanting, is of no impottance; but if
they were divided, it would indeed be of confequence, for it. would remove > the Plant out
of the Clafs, placing it among the Umbelliferous kinds.

Ir is needful that a Clafs comprehending fo large a number of Plants, fhould have its
Qrders or Subdivifions. Thefe we fhall take, as in other inftances, from differences which
are obvious, in parts open to the eye ; and dependent not on degree, but abfolute form.

Art Ageregate Plants have the general Cup leafy in fome degree ; therefore no accurate
diftinétion can be made from that ; but every Flower having its feparate Cup; and thefe
differing effentially in their form, compolition, and divifion, and being always prefent
‘while the Plant is in Flower, and very evident and open to the fight, the Characters of
our néeceflary Subdivifions or Orders, may be properly taken from them.

Tuar the form, fteece. and compofition of the head of an Aggregate Plant, may be
perfecily laid before the eye, we have reprefented it in the firft eight F igures, Pl. 1. in two
very different Plants, the Scabioys and the Teafell. In the one of thefe, the Scabious, Fi ig.
I, 2, 2, 4. the compofition is very evident, and the parts all large and proportioned in the
ufual way ; the Receptacle rifing but a little, and the feparate Cups of the Flower being very
obvious : in the other, the Teafell, Fig. 5, 6, 7, 8. the Receptacle {wells to fo immoderate
a length, and the Chaffs which are placed between the Flowers, confufe the view fo much,
that the eye of a ftudent might be at firft fight perplexed. However, when the regular
- form of the Scabious head is firft known, the length of the Receptacle in the other will
be confidered only as a difference of degree, not of kind; and the Chaffs between the
Flowers in thefe heads, being of no importance to the Claflic Character, will give no con-
fufion. The cautious eye being thus informed in one inftance, the moft diffimilar in afpect
of all that can occur, will find no difficulty in any other. Let it only be remembered on
this and all other occafions, that the greater alliances of Plants, as Claffes, take in only
‘their greateft Characters, not all of them: the reft remain for a variety of fubordinate
diftinGions of Order, Genus, and Species. Thus the Chaffs of the Receptacle here
negleéted in the Claffic Charaéter, are fo obvious as to make part of a very diftinét Generic
~ mark; and fo it will be found of all the others. If we received all into the Charater of
Clafies, thefe would fhrink from their ufe and nature, and we fhould have only Genera.

seyeee premifed, Sup the whole fcheme of ra ie may be familiar, let us lead the
ftudent by the hand, from a view of the exterior form, to the compofition and conftruétion
of the Aggregate Head thus inftanced, at Pl. 1. Fig. 1. he fees the Scabious Head en-
tire, as it fhews itfelf upon the Plant while growing, he perceives this is a Clufter of
Flowers a. furrounded by a Common Cup 6. and thus conceives diftinétly enough the
general idea.

Let him blow thefe afunder with his breath, or part them with his finger, and he im-
mediately fees, as at Fig. 2. that every one of thefe leffer F lowers is perfect i in itfelf; he
perceives that each has its own Cup, Fig. 2. a. that the Body of it, 2. 6. no where j joins,
or is connected with any other, and that the union of fuch a number of them into one
head, refults only from their rifing from one Receptacle or Swoln Top of the Stalk, 2. ¢.
and being enclofed in one great Cup..

Lert him proceed farther, by tearing off fome of the F lowers, and he will lay bare the
Receptacle in part, as at Fig. 3. a. and let him afterwards, if he pleafe, cut open the Head
perpendicularly, and he will fee that this Receptacle is as reprefented at Fig. 4. a. no-
thing more than the Swoln Crown or head of the Stalk.

THIs

Ee ee
Page eT
*

y se
; Fak ¢ “tft O

Se See | (HARAC TERS of the Clafs of

Chi
Ag e RE ales.
}'} My,

Wp
B\Y.. tf,
Y EE w
i Gas aa AS
» Wil iy emer i a ‘
3 P aoe a
Wi IP 3 Sit amy aN
Sie Per (ge a f } , baw

i a
nite

LPT 7
isi g

(AON U
A\y ail u
ee

c Ge dnl feb is

lhe head foil iadendaladocticte
MTEL of ,

: soo ONL Cx

Te habia; fetid |
Kr Cut ~~ | |

: The seven Ordre of the Aggregate Chf,
AG sp A ,
cat : { i °

? : : ae : = ofr ie al

Seasell | Ylol, CW OKO
niith wwrelh ee wilh
ts Ue j es eG ¢ ‘ :

Plover Slower Slower, - — Hower we Uh ui ndlthils w ith ds
he! ) : rade loner: Slover’ Homer

KNOT BE OOD U © TI oOnNi 9

Tus Diffection is not needful to his underftanding the Character of the Clafs; fot he
knew it was an Aggregate, when he faw at Fig. 2. the feparate Cups of the Flowers ; but it
will prevent doubt, that the Head of Teafell, or any fuch Plant, affumed a different na-
ture for being extended in length. He will fee that the exterior form of Teafell at 5 and

6, do not more perfectly agree with thofe of Scabious, at 1 and 2, than the inner con-
{truction at 7 and 8, with the inner ftru@ture of Scabious at 4.

Tue Claflical form being now perfectly underftood, we may proceed to ne fubor-
dinate Diftinctions of Orders,

_Txoucu the Common or General Cup of the Aggregate Clat is alike or nearly alike in
_ many, there are great differences in the feparate Cups of the diftin@ Flowers. Thefe dif-
ferences are fufhiciently obvious and certain, to give the Characters of abfolute diftinétion
among the Plants, into a number of fubdivifions. In fome, this particular or feparate Cup
is hollow and plain; in others, it is folded; in others, it is fimply cut down into one
feries of Segments ; in others, there are two or more ranges ; and there are fome, in which

this feparate Cup, is only one hollow leaf ; and others, where it is compofed of feveral
fach hollow Leaves. |

THESE diftin¢tions will give a fixed and certain divifion of the Clafs, into no lefs than
feven Xi Orders, which will greatly eafe the fearch after any particular Plant.

The Seven Oxviins of the AGGrecare Cuass are thefe :
ORDER I,
PLANTS having a an Affembled Head of Flowers with feparate Cups, i in which this fea
parate Cup is of one piece entire, and even at the Edge or Brim. Bh 1. Fig. g. |
| ORDER J,
WHOSE particular Cup j 1s entire, but folded at the Brim. Pl. . Fig. 10.
ORDER I. —

WHOSE particular Cup is firtiple, or cut into a fingle Series or Range of Segments.
so tae Fig..rr:

O.R: DE R... IV:
Whofe particular Cup is double, or has two Ranges of Segments. Pl

OR DER ¥-

Whole particular Cup is til’d, or has feveral Ranges of thefe Segments. Pl. 1. Fig. 13.

Fok Fig. 12

ORDER. VI |

~Wuose particular Cup is formed only of one hollowed oval Leaf. Plate 1, F ig. 14
ORDER VIL. |

_Wuose particular Cup is formed of feveral oval hollowed Leaves, Pl. 1. Fig: 1 sre

In the feven preceding inftances, the Cups are figured alone, feparated from the Com- ©
mon Head, and divefted of their Flowers; that the diftin@ form of each might be feen,
without the incumbrance or confufion of any other part. But that it may be alfo feen

how they appear in complex yee they are reprefented in the fucceeding Fi igures with
the Flowers 1 in them.

Fig. 16. gives an example of the Even Cup in the Tea/e//, with its Flower.
Fig. 17. gives an example of the Folded Cup in the Thri ift, with its Flower.
Fig. 18. of the fimple Cup, in the Globewort, with its Flower.

4% Fig,

LO INTRODUCTION

Fig. 19. of the Double Cup, in the Scabious, with its Flower.

Fig. 20. of the Ti/’d Cup, in the Globe Thittle, with its Flower.

Fig. 21. of the One-/eav'd Cup, in the Birdweed, with its Flower.
Fig. 22. of the many-leav'd Cup, in the Threadwort, with its Flower.

Unper one ot other of thefe Orders, may be arranged all the Aggregate Plants s for
Nature, fo far as yet known, has given no other differences in their particular Cups: yet
it fhould feem, that between the Plants of the fixth and feventh Order, there will be at
fome time found whole Genera of intermediate Characters ; for i it is not ufual with Nature
to leave chafms in her works, or to pafs over great deficiencies in number of the parts.
We are here, though in an artificial fy{tem, tracing her fteps, fo far as may be in fuch

fetters, with an awful reverence.

Wirn refpect to the five firft Orders, their differences arife in a way perfectly natural,
and the four fucceeding may be deduced plainly from the firft, by a meéafured Scale, in
the fame method of gradual divifion, by which Plants themielves, in the true fcale of na-
ture, afcend above one another bya meafured addition of parts. The folded Cup is no
more than the even one, with an exuberant edge ; the fimple Cup is only the folded one,
cut down between the Plaits; the double Cup is the fimple one, throwing off its outer
- Rind toward the bafe, in one feries ; and the til’d Cup 1s only the double one, with Films

fplit off outward, in feveral {eries.

Tuus far we fee the courfe of Nature’s Diftinétions evident to reafon.. ‘Between thefe
five, and the two following, there is the Diftin@tion of a new tribe or family ; though we
- have not encumbered the Student’s mind with it in this place, becaufe the objects which
come under it are few. The other Cups are all compofed of Films, but thofe of this and the
fucceeding Order are of Leaves, That this Tribe fhould begin with a Cup of one Leaf,
is moft natural ; and it would feem alfo natural that it fhould afcend by two-leav'd,
three-leav’d, and by four-leav’d Cups, to the Order which ftands next in our account,
and which has five Leaves: but this is a refearch for farther time: Its place will not
_ come properly, till we have proceeded to thefe Plants in a natural method. There is
much of the world yet to be fearched ; and there is much time for it. I have reafons:
to conjecture that the Plants here fuppofed to exift, may be found far north ; that tract
of land will be now better fearched, than has been heretofore ; and gratitude demands this
public teftimony, that it is to the favour of the Hudfon’ S = Company alone, I owe the
means of this new enquiry.

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- Chara@er of the Gents. | | es |
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4 9if3 py 5 pradl L'ieds'¢ ‘Plate 2. 0. a6 8,

FULLER’s TEASELL.
Plate 2. Fig. 2 2.

Character of the Species. Dipfacus Fullonum,

The Leaves are cut pike a Saw along the edges, atid unite at the Bafe.

Fig. 2. @ b.
Tuts isa Biennial, native of our - ditch fides; and shied in ane; a Plant of fix Feet

high: The Stalk is pale, the Leaves are of a ftrong green, the Scales of the ‘Head are

reddifh, and the Flowers are crimfon.

Nature has given in the Head of this Plait 2 mechanic inftrument, a kind of Brufh

for dreffing cloth. We cultivate it; and the Heads grow sargers and the ends of their
Scales turn backward, and become more ufeful,

2 JAGGED TEASELL,.
| Plate 2. Fig. 1. as
Dipfacus Laciniatus.
The Leaves are cut in deep Segments, but unite at their Bafe.
Fig. 1.4 b.
T HIS is a fiereal native of France and Germany, and flowers in July. The Stalk is
‘Afirm, upright, five feet high, and whitith. The Leaves are of a frefh and fine green ; they
grow together at their bafe, the Stalk running through them ; {0 that they make a kind of
bafon for holding water. The Scales of the head are whitifh ; the Flowers are crimfon.

P GENUS

12 | fhe VEGER PADDLE SYS T EM.

Gar NU 3 1
5 HEP HE R- D's. R-O:D:.

. VaER SG A;
Character of the Genus, | | 3
The Head is round, and the general Cup is fhorter than the Flowers,

; Plate 3. 0. ab,
Of this Genus we know but one Species. |

§O0 GN SHE PH ER Ds ROD:

Meee

: SHEPHERD’s ROD.
Plate 2. .

Character of the Species, Dipfacus Pilofus,

The Leaves have two Appendages or fimall Leaves at their Bafe.

: : : | ; | Plate 3. ab,

_ Tuts is a Biennial, native of our wafte grounds, but not very common ; a fingular and °

_ pretty Plant, flowering in July and Auguft. The Stalk is a yard high, rough to the touch,

of a yellowith green, and fpreads into wide branches. The Leaves are alfo of a yellowith

green. The Scales of its buttony Heads are green. The Flowers are white. They cover

the Head at once, making a complete white Ball, which appears fring’d all over with black;
the Summits, which hang out beyond the Body of the Flower, being of that colour.

Ir is frequent about Denham ; we have it alfo in the neighbourhood of Woolwich ;
but I think not nearer London. | ee

‘Ler it not feem ftrange that I have disjoined this Plant from the preceding. Though
the generality of late, as well as earlier authors, have called it a Teafell 3 Nature difclaims
the alliance, and fome have feen it. Vaillant 4 has called it a Deviltbit, and referred it to
‘the Scabious kinds ; but ftill the Plant is neither Teafell nor Scabious, but a diftine
Genus ; andit is lucky that it has a diftiné and known name, as it fo much deferyes it.
> Linnzus, excellent and accurate almoft every where, acknowledges that Vaillant did not
much amifs in referring this Plant to the Scabious : but he would have not this alone, but
all the Teafells be referred alfo thither. I with I could, with juttice, {peak of his thought |
in this, as favourably as he of Vaillant’s. To unite Genera in artificial methods, tends
always to confufion; and here it cannot be done without violation of Nature - the fepa-
rate Cups of the Flower in thefe Plants, is the great Character ; and this in Teafell is
fimple and entire ; in Scabious, double and divided ; they differ more than as Genera,
they are of different Orders. Haller, obfervant always of Nature, calls in the Habit<
againft Vaillant, and the Scales between the Flowers ; but there is. a Scabious « which this
more refembles than it does the Teafell, and many Aggregates have Chafts between the
Flowers. Both will, I hope, allow me the new Genus. _ :

_ * Memoir. 238. > Hort. Cliffort, * Facies, p, 676. Enum. St. Hely, -
* Scabiofa Syriaca, Plate 27. of this Volume. Page 32, : rr

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Taz VEGETABLE SYSTEM 13

OR eo Ss ain
BURWEE D.
SAN OF BLUM

Character of the Genus:
The Head is an obtufe Cone ; the nie Cup is equal in length to the
| Flowers.
Plate 4.0. ab.
1 THORNY BURWEED.
Plate 4. ae I.
Character of the Sptsite } | Xanthium Spinofum.

The Leaves have no Footftalks ; and the Stalk is thorny. |

Fig. t.@ 5
Tus is an Annual ; native of Portugal, and flowers in Juné. It grows to two feet
and a half high. The Stalk is pale ; the Leaves are of a fine grafs green ; the Thorns,
‘which grow by three’s near the Bafes of the Leaves, are brown. The Flowers are whitith,
with a tinge of green; and the Fruit, which i is rough, and grows on other parts sh the
Plant, is of a pale Olive colour: | |

UNARMED BURWEED,
Plate 4. Fig. 2.

LESSER BURDOCK, —
Charset of the Species, ‘Xanthium Strumarium.

The Leaves have Footfalks; and the Stalks have no Thorns.

Fig. 2.@ b.

Turis is an fee, native of our ditch banks, wafte grounds, and old dunghills, but
not common. It rifes toa foot and a half high ; and flowers from July to September :
rugged Plant of irregular growth, but with fingularity enough to fupply the place it
beauty.. The Stalk is of dirty red, {potted with black ; or a very deep gloomy purple.
The Leaves are of a faint green. The Flowers are pale and whitifh: There are, befide
thefe, diftinét Fruits or Seed Veffels, on different parts of the plant. The Seed Veffels
are the part which occafioned its being called Burr, and Little Burdock, for they are co=
vered with a kind of hooked Spines. |

Ir is faid this Plant will cure the Evil: And one may be led to fuppofe there are va-
luable qualities in it, becaufe Nature has given it in a manner to the whole world:, 2
circumftance that occurs in very few Plants; indeed, with re{pect to America; in fo few,
that it has been thought Europe, and that vaft country, had noneincommon. .

Tuts is a problem fo much contefted ; and the prefent inftance decides it fo fairly, that
it may not be amifs to enter uponit, fomewhat at large, now we have fo fair an occafion.

America furnifhed us fo many new Plants, and we received from thence fo little that
bore even a refemblance to what we had before in Europe, that imagination; which al-
_ ways outruns judgment, and in its rath hafte, generally concludes upon too flight premifes,
-prefently declared there was no Plant common to the new world, as it is called, and the
D | old.

ss Tue VEGETABLE SYSTEM.

old. We std Beet pesiiianiad' to reccive very different Plants from different places, and
therefore fuppofed they produced only. different; and when we thought this of Europe
and of Afia, we might very well believe it of America, even in refpect of-all the world.
But it fhould have been confidered, that different countries might produce the fame Plants
with our own, though we had not received them; and there was the more reafon to
fuppofe this, becaufe as fingularity pointed out among many new. things which thould be
collected, what was leaft like our own, was mott likely to be firft regarded.

FARTHER refearches have fhewn, that howfoever different the climate may be in

_ Europe and in Afia, yet there are Plants common to both. I have received this Xanthium
from China; and Linneus declares it native of Ceylon, and of Japan. The Common
Englifh Water Lilly, both the white and yellow, grow alfo in, the Eaft Indies; and the

Common Arrowhead, is as frequent in Sumatra as. in England. It is fo with many other
Water-Plants ; but not with all, nor is it limited to thefe: there is much more to be yet
afferted concerning sic but let the truth, which is a ftranger, difplay itfelf by juft de-

: grees.

Ir fhould feem in the firft place, that there are a es number of univerfal Plants,
which grow in every kingdom ; and are Vegetables of int Globe, not of this or that
quarter of it.

!

We thall find moft of thefe to be the Plants, whok fituation renders'the power of Ele-
ments almoft equal in whatever part they grow. The greater number of them are inha-
bitants of high mountains and deep waters ; here the temper of the air is lefs altered by the
climate, and we therefore may lefs wonder at feeing the fame Plants: but all that are
common to fo remote regions, and fo differ ent climates, are not the natives of thefe pe-
culiar places. The Xanthium, our prefent fubje&t, grows upon the rubbith about Can-
ton, as freely as at Nottingham; nor is this a fingle inftance.

THERE is a certain tract about the North Pole, wherein for the ees circuit, the fame
Plants are found ; perhaps it is the fame about the South Pole, but the country is un-
_ known. As it is hard to fay | how far North America extends, or what are the limits where
it joins, if it does j join, with other northern countries ; we are accuftomed to call the ex-
tream northern world, by a name deduced from its place, and to give one term to the
extent of kingdoms this way, to whatever others they belong ; calling them the Polar
Countries. If we examine the Vegetable products of thefe countries, we thall find them
nearly the fame in all; and in a certain latitude, that- difference between America and
) European Plants, which has been fancied fo abfolute, ceafes entirely.

Tur Plants of the extream North, fo far as we know, are all the fame ; all low ; and all
of what are ufually called the imperfeé& Kinds : From this Northern tract, where the cir
cuit of the Globe is confined in very narrow Jimits, they feem to have oeinmgaed every
_ way, and to have encreafed-in parts, and ftature.

THERE will be a place in the courfe of this work, to examine that Ba 3; and fee
how much of it is owing to heat and other caufes : for when we thall come to treat Plants
in the method of Nature, it is from this northern point, and this moft fimple fate, we are
totracethem: A few fhort obfervations only can be admitted here, to lead the way toa
belief of that moft certain fact, that America and the other parts of the world, have fome
Plants in common. |

In the Latitude of 8 3, which is as far as men have failed, we find Moffes only ; the
Conferva i in the waters; the Ulva in the PORES 5 ; the Coralloide Moftes on dry ee ;

thefe.

Mei VEGETABLE 4 S57 EM 15
thefe are the fimpleft of all Plants; and thefe only are found at that extream North
diftenesn whatever be the country. |

I nave not had the opportunities for an exact refearch, which are now offered, nor in-
deed has any ; but what I know from faithful correfpondents hitherto, is this.

In the Latitude of 82, which is but a very {mall advance from that moft Northern >
part juft mentioned, are found Strawberries. “They are found every where round the Pole
at this diftance.

Bur this is not all; there are many other Plants which take in larger circles, at more
diftance, and yet are equally, and as certainly univerfal. ‘The common Violet is found on
the coafts of Baffins Bay, in Greenland, in Nova Zembla, and in Mufcovitic Tartary, in
the Latitude of 76. ‘This is a Circle, in all Parts of which, I doubt not, Violets are
— found, as we fee them in fo many places there, and thofe fo diftant.

I nave received our common Moufe-Ear from Cumberland Ifle, from Greenland,
Lapland, North Cape, and Siberia ; upon examination, all thefe places lie in the Lati-_
tude 73; and it is hence reafonable to conclude, that this Plant is alfo univerfal at that
diftance from the Pole.

FARTHER than this, my opportunities of perfonal enquiry have not enabled me to de-
termine ; but even upon this foundation, that the Plants are univerfal from 73 degrees to
the Pole, we might be very reafonably led to doubt the propofition, that any one quarter
of the Globe was altogether without thofe common to another.

Wuy fhould it be thought ftrange a Plant thould travel by its Saeils from 73 Aces
to 50? We know the great opportunities there are of conveyance by winds and fea; we
are fenfible that the quantity of Seeds produced by Plants is fo great, that if out of ten
thoufand, one only fhall live, the Plant will be preferved, and propagate sosieih where that
‘fhall fall. 3 )

Ir is not needful we fhould fuppofe a fudden flight of the Seeds of any Plant of 23
degrees: let us confider the length of time there has been for this migration ; let us take
into the confideration alfo, the nature of the Plant, and it will appear fo far from wonder-
ful, that Moufe-Ear fhould be found both in Europe and America, that there will be re-
quired almoft a miracle to prevent it. From Cumberland Ifle and Greenland, the courfe —
is almoft due South ; and we very well know, there are not wanting North winds, in that |
part of the world, to forward it. The Plant Moufe-Ear, produces Seeds altogether in-
numerable ; they are very minute, and they are winged with fuch a quantity of Down, that
’ they will float in the air a long time, even in a calm. They may then be carried very far
by winds; and the Plant is fo hardy, that no foil prevents its growth; rocks, abfolute
naked rocks, receive the Seed, and are often covered at vaft heights, and in an amazing
manner, by the Plant. What then prevents its propagating itfelf gradually Southward to
acertain Latitude ; and from the Northern Countries, fpreading itfelf, not only to New-
foundland, but thence alfo to Penfylvania, Virginia, | and Carolina ? |

Tuoveu it will grow in extreme cetd, we know that is not neceffary to it, becaufe it
grows in England, and other parts of Europe: nay it thrives better here; for in the very
cold Countries juft mentioned, it never exceeds three inches in height, whereas with us,
it will be five or fix.

To confirm this opinion farther, Moufe-Ear is found in Newfoundland, and in fome
other Parts of our Colonies ; it would be rath to have Jodged from this alone, that it was
_ Native

16 Poe sVhGE TABLE 8:¥ $ TEM.

fhative there; for the Seeds of many common Pafture Plants, may have gone from hence
with Grafs Seed, which our Planters often have from us; but the finding the Plant there,
and the feeing by what a natural and eafy courfe it may have come thither, from the more
Northern Countries, not from Europe, together, amount to as good proof as reafon can

expect in fuch a cafe.

Ir it be afked, why, on the fame principle, many more Plants are not alfo found native .
in North America and Europe? the anfwer is eafy. ‘This is not the only one; but many
are not to be éxpetted on this plan. The extreme North does not produce a very great
number ; and of thefe, few have the advantages of light Seeds and natural hardinefs, that
we find in Moufe-Ear. | | :

_ Anoruer obfervation will naturally occur here to the Reader; that the northern
Plants are, fo far as hitherto named, extremely fhort or low: it is fo univerfally, fo far as
I have feen: and height in Vegetables feems certainly, though not univerfally, to en-
creafe with the Sun’s power. ‘The Mofles of 83 degrees Latitude, are the loweft of all
Plants; the Strawberries of eighty-two lie on the ground, yet are a little higher than
thofe Moffes ; the Violet of Baffins Bay is fomewhat taller than the Strawberry ; and the |
Moufe-Ear of feventy-three, is, to all thefe, gigantick.

Ir would be vain and abfurd, to fuppofe that all Plants followed this law of encreafe
exactly, for then the difference of foils and accidents could be allowed no power; and
the Plants of every country would be all of one heighth: yet I muft be permitted to fay
here, what will be proved in its due place by a great number of inftances ; that notwith-
ftanding the multitude of exceptions, there is fuch a law; and that were all accidents
equal, which they never are, or can be, the effe¢ts would be more vifible. The Moufe-
Ear, which is ina manner univerfal in feventy-three, grows to three inches high; the
Jerufalem Artichoak, which is native of 3 degrees, grows to 12 feet. We may trace in
thefe extreme inftances, the outlines of a proportional advance in growth, as in climate.
The Jerufalem Artichoak is 70 degrees more South; and it is feventy times as tall. The
Hollyhock of Borneo, has the fame heighth of twelve feet ; and Moufe-Ear its original
three inches at the fame diftance North in Afia, as America.

Turse are the Extreams, fo far as I have found; he that would fill up the intermediate
degrees, muft find the Plants on which the climate aéts with leaft interruption; and he
muit meafure thefe in places where they have their genuine ftature. Nightihade upon the
Downs, is three inches in height; upon a Dunghill, it is a yard or more; but neither
of thefe is the true, that is, the natural height of the Plant.

TueEre will be an opportunity, in the courfe of this work, to examine thefe differences
of the fame Plant, and their caufes: the principles of that enquiry are laid down in a
preceding volume; only let the general idea of them have fo much weight here, as to
fhew that a rule may be juft, though liable to a million of exceptions.

| TuatT difference in the ftature of a Plant, which we fee can arife in the fame place,
from any one of many accidents, we muft not be aftonithed to find take place in very
remote countries ; nor muft we bring this different height, when there is no other, as a
reafon to fuppotfe two Plants not the fame, which are the produ of countries, {uppofed
not tohave any incommon. The XantTuium, which is our prefent immediate fub-
ject, is one of Nature’s univerfal Plants; more fo indeed, than any of thofe which take
their little circles round the Pole. Befide being found throughout Europe and Afia,

Africa affords it ; and what is more to our immediate purpofe here, America.
eee 4 Nor

“

TeeiVEGE FABLE AYET EM if
Nor is it limited to any one part of the new world any more than of the old; I have
received it from Quebeck, from Carolina, from Sf. Corifophers, and from “famatca ; nor
does the Plant in any of thefe places differ from the wild Englith kind, any other way
than in ftature and luxuriance of growth. With us the Plant is eighteen inches high ; |
in Canada it grows to fix feet: there is in the general afpedt, an appearance of difference,
but, when examined, it vanithes. Fike ®

Tuis Xanthium, therefore, isa proof that there are Plants common to America, and to
_ the other parts of the world; nor is it the only one by many. The queftion fo long dif~
puted, feems capable therefore of a tolerably fair decifion. | . |

Upon the whole, it feems that there are fome Plants, though not many, which are
common to Europe and to North America; and that there are: many common to South
America and Afia. | | : |

*

Wiru refpeé to the North American, there are befide thofe already named, a Conyza
common to that country, and the Pyrenxan mountains, and fome others. I had laft year
an opportunity of feeing, beyond conteft, that fome Moffes, common on Hampftead
Heath, grow alfo in America. Mr. Gray, Seedfman, in Pall-Mall, received many Plants
from thence, in a condition of growth, and their roots were covered with the Great:
Hypnum, the Bog Sphagnum, and two or three other kinds frequent there.

~ Rasu obfervations might add vaftly to the lift of thefe Plants ; for Plantain, Sorrell, and
many other common things in our paftures, are as frequent about our Plantations there :
but the Seeds of thefe have doubtlefs been acci dentally carried over from hence ; and in this

enquiry, great diftinGtion is to be obferved between fuch Plants and the proper natives.

WirHu refpe& to the produéts of South America, which are common to Afia, there is
alfo to be great caution ufed, to find out’ from their place and other accidents, which are
native, and which have been in reality brought thither from Afia: for we very well know
that the firft fettlers in South America, were very intent on raifing in the Weft-Indies,
the products of the Eaft. However, if we leave out of the account, fuch valuable ar-
ticles, we fhall find ftill a great number, which men could never be interefted to carry
over, and which are in places far from fettlements. The Coftus of Ceylon, is found
alfo in Surinam and the Brafils; the Canna is common to Coromandel and Jamaica; and
Feuille’s Alkekengi is equally common in Peru and Borneo. 3 3 |

WE fee therefore by this enquiry, that no part of the world has altogether diftin@ Plants
from all others. The Alpine Plants are commen to the high mountains, and the under-
water Plants to the deep Lakes of Europe, Afia, Africa, and America. In thefe parti- |
cular fituations, the univerfality of Plants, is as evident as in the circles mear the pole ;
and befide thofe we have already inftanced, there will be found in the courfe of this
work, feveral more American Plants, which, though underftood to be diftine Species,
are no more different than the Xanthium of Canada and England. |

3 ORIENTAL BUR WEED:
Plate*4.2 Fiow 2. | 7
| : es Xanthium Orientale,

Character of the Species.
| The Stalk is unarmed ; wedged, and cut into three Lobes.

Fig. 3. abe.

Tuts is an Annual; native of Egypt, a Plant of two foot high, but of no beauty ;

flowering in Auguft. The Stalk is pale, the Leaves are of a light frefh green; the
Flowers are pale olive colour’d. |

E | GE Sees

18 Tur VEGETABLE SYSTEM.

Ce U0. AV,
PINKWEED.
KNAUTIA.
Charadter of the Genus. | | | es : |
The Head is flat, and is compofed only of five Flowers : the general Cup is

entire, cylindrical ; and cut into a few fharp Segments at the Brim.
| , 7 Plate 5.0. ab

t CRIMSON PINKWEED.,
Plate 5. Fig. 1, ee

Charaéter sf the Species. | | | you Knautia Orientalis.

The Leaves are linear and wav'd ; the Heads ftand on fimple Footftalks.
| ) | | Fig. 3. ab,

Tuts is an Annual, native of the Greek Iflands, and flowers in July. It is a flender
twiggy Plant, of a yard in heighth; and of a very fingular and not unpleafing afpect.
The Stalk is of a dark green, and {preads towards the top in a wild, but picturefque man-
ner. The Leaves are of a freih and fhowy green; the F lowers are of a fine glowing
crimfon. ‘The feparate Flowers are ranged in fo even and regular manner in the Head
that the whole appears only as one Flower, not a little refembling, at a diftance, a com-
mon fingle Pink ; whence its Englifh name,

2 AZURE PINKWEED.

Plate 5. Fig. 2.

‘Character of the Species. | Knautia Occidentalis,

The Leaves are lanced and indented; the Heads ftand on divided Foot-
| | ftalks. |
‘Fig. 2.@ 3,

Tuts is a Biennial, native of Canada and other parts of North America ; a very hand-
| fome Plant, flowering in Auguft. The Stalk grows to two foot and a half high ; it is

flender, tough, of a {trong green, and very much branched. ‘The Leaves are of a dark
and coarfe green: the Flowers are of a perfectly fine blue. The Plant is little known ~
in Europe, and does not fucceed well with us in gardens. Ifthe Seeds be fown in Spring,
they feldom come up ; if in Autumn, the young Plants die in the Winter. I had it
here at Bayfwater, in 1762, on one of my Sand Hills, from Seeds from Canada, fown —
in Autumn, and care in fheltering the Seedlings in hard weather. Pluckenet ¢ feems
to have named this, and, as I think, no other Author, |

° Alms 335. |
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Gor Nw Uist vy.
EAT ROWE E*D.
ALLIONTA.
CharaGtet of the Genus,
The Head is flatted, and compofed alt of three Flowers ; the ederat Cup

is entire and cylindrick ; but cut into deep {harp Segments at the Brim.
Plate 6. 0. ab.

; HEAR -1 £4 Vi FA LR SD

Prate’'6:* ‘Fig. «¥.
CharaGtet of the Species. | | Allionia Viclacea.

The Leaves are Heart-fhaped ; and the Cup is cut into five Segments.

Tuts is an Annual, Basive of Portugal, and flowers in ee ; a very handfome Plant,
and well entitled to its fair name; which is but its country name in another language. It
rifes two feet and a half high. The Stalk is tender and branched. The Leaves are of a
very fine Grafs green; and the Flowers are of a beautiful Violet blue.

2 OVAL FATIRWEE D.

Plate 6. Fie. 2.

Character of the Species. , | Allionia Incarnata. |
The Leaves are oval, with one half running farther down the Footftalk

than the other. The Cup is cut very deeply into five Segments.

oat Fig. 2.45.
Tuis is a Biennial, native of Spain; a Plant of two feet high; flowering in May and
June. The Stalk is tough, and of a blueifh colour. The Bente are Le a {trong blue-—
green. The F lowers are of avery delicate pale crimfon.

Ir mutt be eafily feen that this Genus approaches very nearly to the preceding; but
they cannot be joined. Difference i in degree, be it ever fo great, can never conftitute a
jutt diftinGtion ; but difference i in number, be it ever fo little, fo long as it is fixed and
certain, may. ‘There is alfo a mark of difference in the Seeds, but we do not fend the
Student fo far; nor delay him fo long for a genuine character: in Pinkweed, the Seeds
are hairy at the top; in Fairweed, they are {mooth. This is mentioned to confirm the
propriety of keeping the two Genera diftin@ ; but the obvious character in the Flowers is
- fufficient to eftablith it.

GEN:U:S

©

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G E..N; Wo: WL.
F.EV ER W:O;RiT.
DORSTENITIA.

CharaGter of the Genus. | | 3
The Head is flat, and compofed of many Flowers ; the general Cup is
entire, flat, and undivided at the Edge. |

Plate 7.0. 4.
fh Ueee T-LEAV'’D FEVER WO RT.
; Plate 7. Fig. 1.

Character of the Species. ae : | : 2 | Dorftenia Alexiteria,
The Leaves are Heart-fhaped, fharp pointed, and indented ; and the Head
| is {quared, and wav’d along the Edge.

| ; Fig. 1.a5,

Tus is a Perennial, native of Campeachy ; and flowers in May. A Plant of moft ex
treme fingularity, refembling nothing in the whole Vegetable world, except two other |
Species of the fame Genus ; and of qualities as peculiar as its form. The Leaves are
three or four inches long, and rife feparately from the ground, with long flender Foot-
ftalks, They are ofa fine bright green; but the colour foon fades, and they become
brown, and droop. The Stalk, which fupports the Head, rifes naked and fimple from
the Root, and is flender, and ten inches high. At its top ftands a flat head of F lowers,
half buried in a {pungy receptacle of a {quare form, which fills the bofom of the Cup,
and grows into one body with it. The colour of the Receptacle is pale; and the Flowers
are of a whitith green. They are {mall, one leaved, and inclofed in a little Cup, which
_ grows to them, as the Cup does to the Receptacle; fo that they are very difficultly {e-
parated or examined. Hence has arifen the difficulty of giving a true character of the
Plant, by thofe, whofe fyftems made it neceflary to introduce every part.

es,

2 PINNATIFID FEVERWORT.
) Plate 7. Fig. 2.

_ CharaGer of the Species, : ~ Dorftenia Drakena,

The Leaves are cut almoft to the middle Rib, into a few Segments, with
entire Edges ; the Head is oval.

: , Fig.2. ab.
_ Tuts alfo is a Perennial, native of Vera Cruz, and other parts of the Spanith Weft-

_ Indies ; a Plant not at all lefs fingular than the preceding ; and flowers in June. The
_ Leaves are of a deep ftrong green; they rife fingly from the ground, with long Foot-
ftalks, to the height of about eight inches. The Stalk which {upports the Head, is

about feven inches high, naked and flender. The head is green, and the Flowers are of
a greenifh white. .

3 EN GER ED

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Character of the Species. . Dorftenia Contrayerva.
The Leaves are pinnatifid, viel a ‘Gndaoid spits and the Segments are

ae : the Head i is ianets, and undivided at the Edge.

Fi “ 1.4.

THIs is a Perennial alfo,. native of hae and flowers in May; a Plant agreeing in its
manner of growth with the two preceding. _ The Leaves are eight or ten inches high ;

they grow fingly from the ground, on long flender naked Footftalks. ‘They are of a

faint green ; and their Stalk and the middle Rib, are often brown or reddifh. The

‘Head is perfectly fquare, flat, and undivided at the edge ; it is of a green colour; and

the Flowers are alfo of a greenifh white. The Stalk, which fupports this, is fimple,
naked, flender, and brown ; and is about eight inches high.

Tue root of this third kind, is the Chabipaeeened by Apothecaries : and a much larger
quantity than they employ, is confumed in dying. The three Plants are fo like, and the |
people who collect Drugs fo negligent, that the Roots of them all are gathered under this
name; as the Roots of three or more Plants, are ufed under the name of Virginian Snake-
weed ; or, as the Swifs wound Herbs, confift of every Plant they lay their hands upon.

:. |
7,
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4 SIMPLE LEAVED FEVERWORT.

Plate 8... Pigs, 4.

Character of the Species. | $ Dorftenia Caulefcens.

The > Leagan ate lane’d; and the mae are te

co
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Ley 7 Fig, 2, ab.

THis isa Perennial, holder, Campeachy ; ide it grows ¢ on the moft barren rocks, to |
the height of two or three feet : A Plant altogether unlike the three preceding in its ge-
neral ates but having the fame wonderful kind of Head as _ have.

= STHE Stalk j is weak, reddith, and bene ; and has but few Bites The Leaves are
“broad, but of a lanced fhape ; ; and waved at the Edge. The Heads do not rife on pe-
culiar Stalks from the ground, as in the three preceding kinds, but one Stalk produces

a great many : each is placed on a flender Footftalk, growing from the bofom of a Leaf.
The Heads are greenifh, and the Flowers are whitith, but nearly of their own colour. It
flowers in Auguft.-

Narure feldom | varies fo extremely i in the Spectes of the fife eines as in this

Plant ; but the genuine character is fo abfolute, and fo wonderfully diftin@ from all

others, that there carte | no doubt about the joining them.

ee GENUS

a — Hei VEGETASLE SYSTEM,

GE oN es. vi

SHEEP ROT,
| | | HY DROC OT YL E,
Charatter of the Genus, | i 7
The Head is rounded ; the general Cup is compofed of four fharp pointed
Leaves, The feparate F lowers are raifed on fhort and {lender Footftalks.

Plate 9.0. abc,

1 FIVE FLOWERED SHEEP ROT.

1 \9

Plate’ 9. Fig. I.

Chara@ter of the Species, 7 Hydrocotyle Vulgaris.
_ The Head is compofed only of five Flowers. ‘The Leaves are round and

crenated ; and have their Footftalks inferted in their Centre.
| Fig, 1. @ b.

Rae THIs is a Perennial, native of our bogey grounds; a very low and {mall, but very ;
fingular Plant; flowering in June. The Stalk never rifes from the ground, but runs.

- upon it, rooting at the joints, and is of a whitith green. The Leaves are of a freth,

though not ftrong green; their Footftalks are pale, and about an inch or little more in
heighth. The Flowers are {mall and white; the Heads ftand upon very fhort Foot-
ftalks, rifing from the main Stalk, ufually together with a Leaf.

Ir has been a cuftom to range this with the Umbelliferous Plants, but its very afpect
might have fhewn with how much violence to N ature. Here are no fecond Involucrum,
nor divided Footftalks ; and we have thewn there is no Simple Umbell. The Plant is a
true Aggregate. If the Segments of the Cup are united into one Body, and the F lowers
drawn down into it, you would have a Dorftenia.

ooo’ FLOWERED SHEEP: ROT.

Plate 9: baeces

Character of the Species, my Hydrocotyle Umbellata,
The Head is compofed of a great many Flowers. The Leaves are waved

at their Edge ; and have the Footftalk fixed in the Centre.

; Fig. 2:-@ 3.
Tuts is a Perennial, native of Penfylvania ; a Boge Plant as ours, and very like it in

the general afpect. It flowers in June. The Leaves are of a fine freth green, and are
placed on long Footftalks; the Flowers are {mall and white.

-Onr’would imagine Linnzus had excepted againft the other Species of this Genus, as
not belonging to the Umbelliferous Plants, by giving the word Umbellata, as the trivial
name of this: but whatever exception (and there is fufficient) lies againft them, is good
againtt this alfo,

5 | 3 RDN EY

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2 KIDNEY-LEAVED $HEEP ROT,
| | Plate 10. Fig. 1.

Character of the Species, : — ‘Hydtocotyle Americana,
The Leaves are roundifh, {lightly lobated ; and have a flit in the Front,
which reaches quite to the Centre.
: | Fig. 1. b:
Tuis is a Perennial, nativé of North America, and flowers in June. It creeps upon the
ground, with pale, flender Stalks, irregularly extending themfelves every way. The Roots
are little Tufts of flight and fhort white Fibres at the Joints; from which the Leaves and,
Flowers rife alfo. The Leaves are of a delicate, but not’ {trong green on the upper fide ;
and paler underneath. The Flowers are fmall and white. | |

Ir will be obferved, that we retain the received trivial Latin names of all the Species in
the Margin; but the reader will be juft ¢nough to underftand, that we retain them cs
convenient, rather than good ones ; and though we ufe them, we by no means approve.
them. They are a kind of fimple, thort notices of Plants, which though they might eafily
have been better, as in this inftance (for why thould this Species be called American, more
than the former?) yet will ferve the purpofe as they are. They are appellations in which
the Botanic world at prefent, feem to be agreed ;-and they ferve here inftead of a mul-
titude of Synonyma, often as bad as themfelves ; fo

r they make a kind of catalogue, to
which every modern book is an Index. - | |

Ir is the more proper for us to retain them, becanfe we often find it neceflary in
compliance with the natural characters of a Plant, to change its Genus ; but this, by the
help of the trivial key, is always to be underitood by thofé who chufe to confult other
Authors, without confufion, SOE 3 3 |

4. OR ROR DWE D8 FE PeoR oO Orp
z Plate 10. Fig, 2. ) |
Charaéter of the Species, | aisolip s - Hydroeetyle Afiatica,
~The Leaves ate arrowed with a Kidney-thaped Bale; and many rife to-
| | gether at a joint. . oe 3

| | a Fig. 2. ab.
Tus isa Perennial, native of the Eaft Indies, a low Plant, but very leafy, sd thee.
fore exceedingly confpicuous on the ground ; flowering in May. ‘The Stalks are weak
and tender; the Leaves are of a very fine and freth green. The Flowers are white and
inconfiderable. | | |

Au THORS were by no means agreed to what Genus to refer this Plant ee fome time. |
Herman ‘ underftood it to be a kind of Corn Sallad (I am afraid it would have proved a
fatal one ;) and Plukenet 8 thought it of the family of Crowfoots. ;

€ Par, Bat: 238% 3 : ® Alm. 314.

m8 Be TVR GE Ber sAiBoL Bi S:y'S.T EM.

S Eee EAR SHEEP ROT.

Plate 11. Fig. 1
CharaGer of the. Species. | Hydrocotyle Chinenfis.
The Leaves are linear and obtufe ; the Head has many Flowers.

di ; Fig. t.ab.
Tuts is a Biennial, native of China, a Plant altogether fingular, for one of this Genus,
by the difcordant fhape of its Leaves; flowering in Augutt.

Tur Stalk iS flender but firm ; it creeps upon the ground as the others; and fends
ufually two Leaves from the fame j joint, with each Tuft of Roots. The colour of the.
_- Stem is pale; the Leaves are of a very fine frefh green; the Flowers are white.

Tue Leaves of this Plant, fo perfectly different from thofe of the four other Species,
_rob us entirely, of what they would indeed but ill have left, the common Englifh name.
The Leaves of the firft are fo well rounded, and ftuck on the Stalk in fo odd a way,
without breaking in upon the margin, that the Englith fhepherds, who had too much ~
caufe to know the Plant, called it Pennywort ; and as there was a different Plant entirely,
which had the fame kind of Leaves", they were foon taught to diftinguifh the two by -
the places of their growth, calling this Marth Pennywort, and that Wall Pennywort:
Thus far the difficulty was to be got over by the help of an epithet: but here is a Plant, |
whofe Flowers plainly declare it to be of that Genus, Burt whofe Leaves are not in the
leaft like pieces of money.

We think it very effential to have a diftina Englifh name to every Genus, but cannot
always anfwer for the propriety of thofe we ufe; becaufe where there is an old received
one, we prefer it always, for that reafon, to a better that fhould be new or but lefs
known: therefore we have retained to this Genus, an Englifh name, as old and well re-
ceived as the other, though perhaps founded in error, and which will {uit all Species, be-
_ Caufe it is not taken from the fhape of the Leaf; this is Suzerp-Ror. The Shepherds
have long thought it gives that terrible difeafe, the rot, to their theep, becaufe they ufually
fall into it when they are kept in paftures where it grows; but the fa@ may be . true,
though owing to another caufe: this Plant never grows but in wet ground; and wet
ground will give the rot, whether this grows there or no. They called it White-Rot, to
diftingnifh it from Sun-Dew, which is another boggy Plant, accufed of the fame mif-
chief. As we ete no- -teafon for the epee: in one cafe, we may drop it in the
other.

* Cotyledon umbilicus veneris.

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G: EN. U8) 29:
HEALTHWORT.

PANG X,
Generic Character.

The Head is broad dnd flat; the general Cup is thot, and cotpofed of
narrow fharp pointed Laabes: the feparate Flowers are taifed upon long
Footftalks, and are coniplliad each of five Petals, which turn back at the
End. |

Plate 12,0.4b6
Tus is the charaGter of the Seed- -bearing or Female Plants; there are befide thefé
Male Plants of the fame Species, whofe Head is globular.

FERRE LEAVED Hb AIT. HWORT:
3 Plate 12. Fig. 1 | GINSENG,
Character of the Species. Panax Quinguefolium,
‘The Leaves ftand by threes; and each diviGo ion is into five.
Fig. 1.ab,
- Tus is a Perennial, native of Tartary; and of Canada, Virginia, and other places in
North America; a Plant of wonderful eftimation in many parts of the world. It grows
to a foot or more in heighth. The Stalk is ting’d with crimfon; the Leaves are of a
frefh and bright green ; the Flowers are white ; after thefe come Berries of a Kidney=
like fhape, and of a ftrong crimfon, full of errs. pulp, in each are two Seeds. It
flowers in Auguft.

Tus is the Plant whofe Root is the famous Ginfeng, of which the Chinefe think fuch
wonders : they efteem it a cure for aloft all difeafes ; and fancy it will make men any
thing but immortal. It has been try’d with us, and is found a cordial and reftorative, but
its virtues by no means anfwer the Chinefe accounts.

Try might well be deceived who looked for the fame virtues in the Root Nindf,
which is a Species of an umbelliferous Plant Sium, altogether different from this. We
have it ufually ftale and bad, and to encreafe the difappointment of thofe who have fome-
times thought of taking it, we have found that when it has been bought at its weight in
gold, the ingenious Chinefe has lodged lead in its middle to encreafe the profit.

a. 5 2.8 ELS LEAVED HEALTHWORT
| | Plate 12. Fig. 2. oe es
Chara&ter of the Species, 3 Panax Trifolium,
The Leaves ftand by threes ; and each eee. is into threes again.
| | Fig. 2. @ b.
Tuts isa Perennial, native of Virginia, a low Plant, flowering in July. The Stalk is
pale ; the Leaves are of a faint and yellowith green ; the Flowers are white; the Root has |
the parour of the other, but weakly.

3 WOODY HEALTHWORT.
Plate 12. Fig. 3.

Charaéter of the Species, Pies F ruticofini.

The Stem is woody ; the Leaves are four times winged ; and eyelafhed.

~ 'Thisisa Worenaid: native of the Ifland of Ternate ; a little woody Plant of two foot
high ; branchy and fpreading. The Stem is of a deep brown ; the young Shoots are olive-
coloured. The Leaves are of a freth green ; and the Flowers are white.
G -— AGGREGATES.

26 on WhO 8 PA BT ES YY 6 EM.

kG tk 2G AST ES.
Oo Re DE: -R- ib

Whofe particular Cup is entire, but folded at the Edge or Brim. |

GEN U 6."
T eR 1 ET.
Oe AT ol Cn hy

Pssstie: of the Genus,

The Head is globular, and compofed of many Flowers. The general Cup
is til’d with broad Scales ; the Flower is compofed of five Petals; and
the feparate Cup is membranaceous toward the Rim.

Plate 13,.0.a bcd.

LUN 2 ARo:T HRP Ty
Plate 13. eas

Ghatsiied of the aay Statice Armeria,

The Leaves are linear ; the Stalk is round, and a a one Head.

| Fig, 1. ab
_ Tuis isa Perennial, native of our fea coafts in ‘many Places; a very beautiful Plant,

flowering in June. The Leaves are of a very fine grafs green. The Stalk is round,
{mooth, of a pale green, and eight Inches high. The Flowers are of a very beautiful

~ crimfon.

THis is one of thofe Plants which we have termed univerfal, or common, in a man-
ner, to every part of the earth. Befide its moft natural place of growth, the fea coatts,
it is frequent on mountains ; the Alps in Europe, and the Andes in America, afford it;
and the fea coafts almoft every where. Its afpect varies as much as its place ; on moun-
tains the Stalk {carce rifes to a Fi inger's heighth ; in falt marfhes it grows to feven or
eight inches, and the Flowers are larger in proportion: for this reafon, two or three
Species have been made out of it by the lefs accurate writers, even while they over-
Jooked fuch as were truly diftin@. I have received it from Cumberland Ifle, not an
inch high, and with the head fcarce fo big as a large Pea; but the very fame Plant has
grown in my garden to the ufual ftature. It is eafily traced from the extreme North
countries, down throughout North, and even South America, as we have mentioned of
fome other Plants.

2 L A NCB D.-0eeER T For.
Plate 3 Fig. ry
pharacler of the Species. | Statice Speciofa.
The Leaves are lanced; the Stalk is fond aa and forked, and has

fome Films.

Fig, 2.abe.
Tus

| <Y 73.

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LHRIFT

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Ta VEG E Fo ACBLI Boosey Sor M. 27

Tuts is a Biennial, native of Ruffia and China; a very handfome Plant, flowering in
July and Auguft. The Leaves are of a deep, but fomewhat blueifh green. The Stalk is
ten inches high, pale and firm. It ufually divides into two branches in a forked manner,
and each fupports feveral heads of Flowers; thefe are large but pale, often white en-
tirely. | ‘hone

3 HIGH RIB‘D. THRIFT.

Plate 14.3 Bag. 1.

Character of the Species, | Statice Flexuofa. —

The Leaves are oblong, oval, obtufe, and high rib’d ; the Stalk is branch’d.

Ce Fig. 1.a@5,

Tuts is a Perennial, native of Siberia; a very handfome Plant, flowering in September.

The Leaves are of a very pale green, with high white ribs. The Stalk is whitith, weak,
and about a foot high. The Flowers are of a very fine crimfon. .

Tuts Plant varies like the common Thrift in ftature, and in the bignefs of the heads. I
have feen it from three inches to half a yard in heighth, and in fome Plants the Heads are
full as big as a Nutmeg, and perfectly regular ; while in others, they are flight, fmall, —
irregular, and divided. Soil and Situation do all this. They often change the afpect of
a Plant in fome degree; but never affect its charaéteriftic parts. 7

4 WOOD YM Rie.

/

| Plate 14.:° Fig? 2.
Charaéter of the Species. 7 | Statice Suffruticofa.
The Stem is woody ; the Leaves are lanc’d, round pointed, and embrace

it at their Bafe. :

: Se 2 ig, 3 aby’

Tuts is a Perennial, hard and woody Plant, native of the north of Europe and of Afia ; —

and flowers in Auguft. It grows to two foot or more in heighth ; the lower part of the

Stem is brown and hard; the upper Branches are green and tender; the Leaves are of a
very fine green ; the Flowers are of a pale, but delicate crimfon. ;

‘Ir has of late been a cuftom to join the Thrift, and the Sea Lavender‘ together in one
- Genus, but they were always, till of late, divided; and we retain the old diftinétion:

the. difpofition of the Flowers demands it; and the charaéter it gives, is plain and
obvious. | | :

i Limonium.

AGGREGATES. -

28 of TarxoVEGETABLE SYSTEM.

fo @ REG ANTE: 8
oO 8 Oo Pek UL...

Whofe particular Cup is fimple ; or cut into a fingle feries or range of
| Segments. |

G E: N 4 .S ::
GL oO B'S W oO-.R T.
GLOBULARIA.

Character of the Genus,
The Head is globular, and ehieleifet with Flowers. The penenak Cup i is

equal to the Flowers in length. Each feparate Flower is tubular at the
Bafe, and cut into four Segments at the Rim ; the upper one is fhort, and
turn’d back; the three others mone | flender, and pointed.

&

| Plate 15. 0. ab 5
1. OVALE AV ED GLOBE WO RT,
— tgs Pigs 74 ‘

| 7 Buve Daisy.
Character of the ‘Species, Globularia Vulgaris.

The Leaves from the Root are oval, and unarmed ; thofe on the Stalk
; are lanc’d, but not harp at the point.

| Fig. 1.a5,

THIs isa Perennial, native of France, dad other parts of Europe. It is moft frequent
about Montpelier, but is no where fo perfectly fine in the Flower as near the Edges of the
upland Forefts in Germany. It flowers in May.and June. The Leaves are of a deep and
dutky green; the Stalk is five inches high, thick covered with {mall Leaves of a deep co-
lour alfo ; the Flower is of a ery beautiful blue.

*

‘
2-PR TOK UY GL ORE WOR:

Plate 15. Fig. 2.

Charater of the Sockies. | ‘ | “Gipkutat Spinofa.
The Radical Leaves are broad, lane’d and dented ; aa re point of every

Tooth forms a Thorn: the Leaveson the tall are narrow and thorny.

: Fig. 2. a b.
Tuis is a Perennial, native of the mountainous parts of Spain, and flowers in June.

The Leaves are of a ftrong, but not pleafing green; there is a tinge of a dirty blue in it.

The Stalk is not more than four inches high ; and its Leaves are like thofe of the Root; in

colour, only a little paler; the Flower is of an exceeding beautiful blue; finer even than

| the former. It covers whole {pots of many yards in fome places, and*makes a very beauti-
ful appearance.

3. VARIOUS

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Tut VEGETABLE SYSTEM. 29

gz VARIOUS LEAVED GLOBE WORG,

Plate 16. Fig. 1

Here TERRIBLE.
Character of the Species. Globularia Alypum.

The Stalk is woody : fome of the Leaves are fimple lanced ; others are
cern into three Points at the End.

3 Fig. t.abe,

Tuis is a woody Plant, native of the South of France, and common alfo in Spain and
Italy. It grows to two feet high. The Bark is of a ftrong coppery brown in its native
places, which is a fine contraft to the colour of the Leaves and Flowers ; but is often
loft in gardens. The Leaves are of a very fine green ; the Flowers of a beautiful blue. A —
- great many of them are in perfection at once, on the feveral branches of the Shrub, in
June: at which time, it makes a tery beautiful appearance.

Tits is the Plant Authors call Hers TERRIBLE and CV iMoney from a very harfh
cathartic virtue in its Bark.

4+ HEAR TOLGEAN-E:D GLOBEW.OR TH

Plate 162° fig. 2.

’ CharaGer of the Species, Globularia Bieiawee ws

ae 3 he lower Leaves are heart-fhaped ; but they are lanced toward the upper
ay of the Syalks. ;

| Fig. 2. ab.
| Tas is a Perennial, a very beautitel Plant, common to Spain, and to fome parts of
Africa ; it flowers in May. The Leaves are of a ftrong, but fomewhat yellowith green.
The Stalk grows to two feet in heighth; and is brown and hard towatd the Bafe, but
green and tender upwards. The Flowers are large, and of a celeftial blue. |

s

5 WEDGE LEAVED GLOBEWORT,

Ps - Plate 16. Fig. »

~ Charater of the Species. Globularia Cordifolia,
The Leaves are wedge-fhaped ; ee End ie broad, and divided into
three parts, of which that in the middle is the leaft.

; Fig. 3.4.
Tuts is a Perennial, native fof the Pyrenees, cad of the Swifs mountains; a low and |
very fingular Plant; but far from wanting beauty: it: flowers in July. The Leaves are
of a coarfe green ; the Runners or Offsets from the Roots, which lie upon the ground, are
thick and brown. The Flower Stalk is flender and greenifh, only a little brown at the
bafe. The Flower is large, and of a delicate and fine azure.

ee 6 NAKED

20 Tur VEGETABLE SYSTEM.

6. NAKED GLOBEWORT.

Plate 17. Fig. fy

Character of the Species. | | Globularia Nudicaulis.
The Leaves are lanced ; the Flower Stalk is naked,

: Fig. tr. ab.
Se is a Perennial, native of the hills in Italy and Germany, but no where fo abun-
dant, or fo beautiful as at the foot of the Pyrenees, where it often covers whole acres ; as
common and as hardy as our Daify, which, but for the fulnefs and fky tint of its
Flowers, it very much refembles. The Leaves are of a deep and ftrong green ; and rife
in Clufters like thofe of our Daify. The Stalks are numerous, fix inches high, flender
and delicate ; but of fufficient ftrength to bear the weight of the Flower, and of a ftrong
green. The Flower is large, and of the perfect colour of the clear firmament. It
flowers in June. The firft kind has been called Blue Daify, and Mountain Daify; but
this much better deferves the name, becaufe the Stalk is like that of our Daify, naturally
and ufually naked; but this is not a ety for in luxuriant foils, there will grow
now and then a Leaf upon it.

Tuis may fhew the neceflity of taking in more parts than one, into the fpecific cha-
rater of a Plant; I remember to have obferved the fame thing in refpeét to fome of the
Hawkweeds ; : and that when I was new in thefe ftudies, it perplexed me ftrangely.

7 MANY FLOWERED GLOBEWORT.

Plate -17i: = SS

Charadter of the Species. | 3 Globularia Orientalis,
The Leaves are oval revers ‘d; feveral Heads are placed along the Stall, }

growing clofe a without Footftalks.

Fie. 2.46,
Pars | is a Perennial, native of Natolia, a very beautiful Plant, indeed the moft @le-

- “gant of this whole handfome family : it flowers in June. The Leaves are of a very fine
grafs green, and have a glofly furface. The Stalk is near a foot in. heighth, fometimes
: tolerably thick fet with Leaves, but in bad ground almoft naked. ‘The Flowers are per=
fectly Kone and are of a heavenly blue.

ee GENUS

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Gib Us ar
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Character of the Genus: i :
The Head is convex, loofe, and compofed of many Flowers ; the General

Cup is longer than the Flowers. Each feparate Flower is formed of five
Petals, which are a little {plit, and turn back at the ends.

Plate 18. 2. a5 ce |

oF LV Eee wey ED MASTERWEED.
Plate 18. Fig. 1.

Character of the Species, — Aftrantia Major.
The Leaves are formed each of five large Lobes, divided nearly to the

Bafe; and each Lobe terminates in three Points.

Fig. 1. @ 6.
Tuts is a Perennial, native of the Apennines, and peas mountains throughout the
greateft part of Europe, but not of our country; a very fingular, and not unhandfome
Plant, of a foot or a little more in heighth, flowering in July. The Stalk is rib’d up- |
right ; and of a pale green. The Leaves are of a vety ftrong and fine green. The Flowers
are of a greenifh white. There is a tinge of crimfon always feen among them; this is
from their Footftalks, which are of that colour. The general Cup is of a greenifh
white, and has, in fome degree, the afpect of a Flower.

2 SEVEN LEAVED MASTERWEED..
| Plate 18. Fig. 2.
Charater of the Species: Aftrantia Minor,
The Leaves are formed each of feven Lobes, cut almoft to the Bafe ; and
each Lobe is entire, only f faw'd at the Edge, and ends fingly.
| Fig. 2, a8
TuIs is a Soke native of the mountains of Siiedeeland; a Plant of little beauty,

but fingular in a high degree. The Stalk is fingle, and about feven inches high; the
Leaves are of a bright green; the Flowers are white. It blows in Auguft. _

In each of thefe Plant there are male and female Flowers in the Gienis general wet ;
_ The Female are placed with their Cups on the top of the pune of the Seeds; the
Male on naked Footftalks. Seeo. cd. °

It has been cuftomary to range the Aftrantia among the Ciabeliitiess Plank: but the
impropriety of this we have thewn'. :

,

' See Page 4, and the fucceeding,

GENUS

32 Tue “VE G B:T!AC BL Es $:Y'S-T EME

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AGROSTANA.

BU-PE Ee A RUM TN: N: 4 TI.
Character of the Genus, |

The Head is flat and loofe; the Cup extends every way beyond the
Flowers ; and is of one piece, only dented lightly in five places at the
Rim.

Plate 18. 0. ab &

Of this Genus we know only one Species. -

PEL LOW. GRASS-W EE DPD.

| Plate 19.

: -Charaéter of the Genus, | . | RES |

The Leaves are nearly linear, but {well a little into breadth in the middle:
The Cup has a little Point at the centre of each divifion.

; | : Plate 19. ab.
‘Tuts is a Perennial, native of Switzerland, and of fome parts of Italy; a very pretty

looking Plant, flowering in July and Auguft. The Stalk is pale, firm, and not much
branched : it rifes to’ a foot and a half high in good ground; though in fome places not
to more than fix or eight inches. The Leaves are a foot long or more; they are of a
ftrong, but fomewhat yellowith green on the upper fide, and paler underneath; and as
they rife in vaft clufters from the Root, and remain all the year, they for a very con- |
fiderable part of that time, have perfectly the look of Grafs.. The Flowers are {mall
and yellow : their general Cup is by much the moft confpicuous part ; and itfelf, in fome
degree, refembles a large whitifh Flower ; in which at any diftance, the feparate F lowers
feem only as a clutter of yellow Filaments. |

Tuoucu the name be new, the Plant is not altogether fo; the accurate Haller
plainly and certainly knew it. He and Linneus both, have thought that it is one of
Bauhine and Ray’s Beupleurums ; but if their accounts of that Plant are fairly com- -
pared with this, it will, I think, be found otherwite. 3

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Go EN U6. ly,
Bu ES AOR WCE Ds

An he Co -T 9: PP Us.
Chara&ter of the Genus,
The Head is flat, and compofed of many Flowes without F sahil, The

general Cup is larger than the Head, formed of one piece, divided into
four parts, and thorny at the Edge.

Plate 20, 0. a b.
THIs is the character of the female or feed- bearing Plants : thie are barren or male

Plants of the fame Species, in which the Flowers have Footftalks ; and the general Cup
is equal to them in length, and formed of five Leaves.

Plate 20. 2.

Of this Genus we know but one Species,

STARRY BEARWEED.
Plate 20.

Character of the Species, . | eee Arétopus idireel :
The Leaves are fringed with yellow T Dhireadl and armed on the furface —
with flarry Thorns. — |

: Plate 20.ab,
Tuts is a Perennial, native of the Cape of Good Hope 3 a mott fingular Plant, ragged See
as it were, and fringed and covered with a kind of native horriblenefs, not found in any
other Plant. It lies upon the ground, unlefs that in fome circumftances a part of its. :
rough and thick black Root, thrufts itfelf up above the furface ; and bears up the reft ofa.
the Plant like a Cabbage on its rooty Stem. )

Tue Leaves are of a deep and very ftrong green ; their Edges only have a yellowith
tinge ; and the ftarry Thorns which grow upon their furface, are alfo yellow, bright,
and fhining. ‘The Flowers are white, and the Cup which holds them is of a reddith
green, and has a gees rednefs in the Thorns. 3

ALTHOUGH there are ‘diftin@ male Plants of the Bearweed ; there are alfo male Flowers
in the fame general Cup with the others on thefe Plants. The male Flowers occupy the
Difk of the Cup; the female are only four; they ftand at the verge at a diftance from
one es igeale and in the bafe, as it were, of the Spine that terminates each divifion.

We owe the firft knowledge of this fingular Plant to Plukenet ; but it is to Burman we
are indebted for its characters. i

Tue Cup of the Dorftenia will appear lefs wonderful weno we have feen that of this
Plant ; which i is nearly as much a Placenta.

1 “i GRAN Us

24 ee 4 GE Ft AD LES Y Sb EM.

Ge FON = 5 --V.
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BCHIN OPH OR A
Piaoade of the ck:
‘The Head is flat, and compofed of feveral Flowers wittiont Footftalks. The
general Cup is longer than the Flowers ; it is formed of one‘ piece oblong,
flender at the bottom, expanded at the T op, and flightly cut’ there into

‘fix irregular parts.
Plate 21.0. abc.

1 FLESHY THORNWEED.

Plate 21. Fig. 1.

oe ee PricKLy SAMPIRE,
Charafter of the a | | Echinophora Spinofa,
«The Leaves are flefhy and pinnatifid ; > and the —— are thorny at

the Points.

Tuts is a Perennial, native of the fea-coafts of moft parts of Europe, our own not
excepted ; and flowers in June ; a very {pecious, and exceedingly fingular Plant. It grows
to half'a yard high, but ufually leans in part upon the ground. The Stem is thick,
firm, and almoft woody, rib’d and jointed in a very ftriking manner. Its colour is
—ufually brownith toward the bafe, but elfewhere of a blueifh green. The Leaves are
— flefhy and firm ; they are alfo of a blueifh green, but their points are darker. The Flowers
are ni but with a bluth of. crimfon, and fometimes of yellow. ie

So 7HIN TRAVE D THORN Wb "dD.

Plate 21. “Fig. 2.

Citabadter of the Species. _ | a3 Echinophora Tenuifolia, |
The Leaves are recompound, thin, and divided at the Ends into unarmed
Segments.
Fi ig. 2. ab,

THis’ is a Perennial, native of Italy ; sptieipally’ upon the open fea-coafts ; a freth look-
ing Plant ; flowering in July and Auguft. It grows to two feet high. The Stalk is
tender, and of a dufky green. The Leaves are fomewhat thick, but not in the leaft like
the former: Their colour is a yellowith green ; but the nearer the fea the Plant grows,
the more and more they become of a blueifh tint. The Flowers are yellow: and the ge-
neral Cup is always paler than the reft of the Plant. : | A.

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Charaéer of the Genus.

The Head is egg-fhaped. The general Cup is i and thicvteg than the
Flead, and is defended by a circlet of perfeé&t Leaves beneath.

« Plater2,oabe,

Of this Genus we know only one Species. ,

THORNY EGGWEED.

“i Plate eh
Charade of the Species. Gundetia Tournofertii. |

The Leaves ; are pinnatifid, and their Edges thorny.

| Fig. 22.4 6,
Tuis is a Biennial, native of Syria and Armenia; a moft fingtilar and elegant Plant,

flowering in June. It grows to a foot and a half high. The Stalk is thick, firm, and
high rib’ d, of a teddifh brown, and not much branched. The Leaves are of a {trong —
and fine green on the upper fide, and paler underneath ; ; and they are edged with toler- _
ably firm Thorns of the colour of the Stalk. The Flowers are crimfon ; and the whole —
Head, though white at firft, acquires by degrees that colour.

Tuts Plant, in-the order of nature, joins Dipfacus and Eryngium ; and fhews how

little regard in the true arrangement of Plants, is to be paid to the diftinGtions of arti-
ficial Claffes. :

HERE it is Heceffaty to place the Plants together under arbitrary fchemes ; and though
we know that the nearer they ftand to the juft order of nature, the better, yet we can-
not but often divide them. We have faid in the Introduétion to this our artificial me-
thod, that it is deftined to the mere knowledge of Plants as we fee them ; and that in
the purfuit of it, we fhall have no mercy on any Clafs, Order", or Genus that would
{top our courfe. The reader has here an inftarice: while we acknowledge that this Plant
in the method of nature, has its juft place between Teafell and Eryngium ; we give it
under an Order different from either, and near Plants it does not belong to; becaufe
the feparate Cup of its Flower is of a different conftru@tion ; and it is by that the ftudent
is to know how, and where to find the Plant: we fhall thew him afterwards, according
to this hint, where‘to place it. :

= Vol, II. Page 44.

GEN U 3

36 yee VEGETABLE SYS.TEM.

G EON Us VII.
SHEEPS RAMPION.
JASION E,

Character of the Genus.
The Head is globular ; i. general cis is formed of two ranges of

Scales; the one erect, the other dependent, and properly a fringe.

Of this Genus we know but one Species.

HAIRY SHEEPS RAMPION.
- Plate ie Fig. 1. ae ;
, SHEEPS RAMPION, |
Character of the Eaecis. 3 | Jafione Montana.
~The ee are : near, and flightly ferrated. +s. |

| Plate 23. a.
| Tus j is an annual, native of dry hilly Recs: and common to England, and oat
= other parts of Europe; a very handfome Plant. It grows to a foot or a little more in

| heighth ; the Stalk is flender and weak ; pale, and’a little hairy. The Leaves are of a
_ pale and brownith, or greyith green. The Flowers are of a celeftial blue, large and very
beautiful. It flowers in June. It is common about the farther edge of Hampftead
_ Heath, near the Spaniard’s ; and in many other Places in dufty clofes, and by the fides
of roads: but it is in gardens only that it appears in its full and proper luftre; the

~ clufter of Flowers detains the duft, and we fee little of their clegance, unlefs where they

are kept in cleanly places.

Tuts Plant is altogether fingular. It not only conftitutes a Genus of itfelf, of which
there is no other Species ; but is properly of no Clafs, natural or artificial. It is one of
_ thofe which writers ufually call Anomalous ; but in the higher views of Botany; it is

Mes one of the Intermediate or Connecting Plants. It has partly the charaéter of the Tubu-

_ late or naked flowered Clafs, for its Chives cohere ; apd partly of this of Aggregates, for
each Flower is perfect, and has its proper Cup. Therefore in the order of nature, it
. leads from one of thefe Claffes to the other ; fills up an imagined gap between Clafs and
Clafs in artificial methods, and joins the two, by deftroying the diftin@tion. The Union
of its Chives, obliged us to give a figure of it before at the end of the fecond Clafs*, to-
gether with fome other fingular and conneéting Plants, for it claimed thereby that cha-
raéter ; here we repeat it more at large, as in its more proper place, according to our
plan °, for the union of its Chives is s flight and imperfect, but its feparate Cup is perfect
and entire. ;

® Vol. Ill, Page 145. 1 * Vol. Il. Page 43.

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‘Tk VEGETABLE SYSTEM. 29

On RS RIV:

Whofe particular Cup is double; or has two Ranges of Segments.

(GRY NU set

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$.CHA GE. 1 Ow
Character of the Genus,

The Head is convex, and the general Cup : is compofed of Several Ranges
| of leafy Scales. )

Plate 24. 0. ee.
1 HARSH SCABIOUS,

Plate 24, Fig, Is as.
3 Common ScaBIous,
Charadter of the Species. - Scabiofa Arvenfis: —

The Plant is covered with long firm Hairs which feel harfh ; the Flowers
{pread, and form a broad open: Verge. )
Fig. I.ah,

Tuis is a Biennial, native of our Corn-Fields, and flowers in July; a ftately hand-
fome Plant, that would be thought an ornament in gardens, were it not found in fields.

It grows to two feet and a half in heighth. The Stalk is pale and branched. The

Leaves are of a light, but pleafing green; and the Flowers are large, and of a very deli- :
cate pale crim{on. 3 3 |

Tuis Plant ftands at the Head of a very large Genus, of which I am afraid all are |
not genuine Species which are honoured with that name. It is evident, that but the laft ~
year, I had at Bayfwater, a Plant of the mongrel or mixt kind, between the Eryngium ©
Planum, and this common Scabious ; and I fufpect extremely, that the Syrian Scabious
has the Paftoria, or little Teafell for one of its parents: perhaps there are fome others
that fhould be marked with the fame character, which experience and {trict obfervation
will fhew. |

Tuis common Scabious, isa Plant of very confiderable virtue, but at this time much
neglected. Chymical medicines have taken, in too great a degree, the place of often
more effectual, and always more innocent preparations from Plants. What I perfonally
know of the virtues of this, is worthy to be known by all. I have cured afthmas, with
a fyrup of Scabious made with honey: and terfibly ulcerated legs, re a Pathe of the
Leaves of Scabious, boiled to foftnefs.

K el; A NOD

go - Tux VEGETABDLE SYSTEM.

@ LANG@’D LEAV’D $CABIOUS.

Plate ge.) Fiovt,

| Devitsgit ScaBious,
Character of the Species. = | | | Scabiofa Succifa.
The Leaves are broad, fimple, lanc’d, and ferrated at the edges.

ron ; Fig, 1.@6.
Turis is a Perennial, native of our dry Paftures ; and flowers in July. It srows to two
feet or more in heighth ; but the Stalk naturally leans, in part, toward the ground.
: The branches are few and afcendant; the Leaves are of a very deep and ftrong ereen 3
_as isalfo the Stalk, except that on the funny fide ’tis often purplith. The Flowers are
of a very deep and beautiful blue. — | :

_ Tuts Plant is faid to have the virtues of the preceding in medicine; and fanciful
writers have given it their name of Devilfbit, becaufe as they or the grandmothers fancied
the Devil bit off its Roots, envying their virtues to mankind. The Plant has an abrupt

= Root, as have fome of the Hawkweeds; one of which has alfo had the fame Englith and
Latin name for the fame reafon 3; and many other Plants. With re{fpect to its virtues,

4 think it is inferior to the former; but fome of the northern natidns have found that:
it is excellent in dying ; ‘and it were well if we, who with all our boafted improvements

in the arts are very deficient in that, would cultivate the thought. Perhaps this innocent

Weed would yield a green more elegant and lafting, than that we fought to make with

Arfenic after the Saxons. |

SR 0.0 PINGS CABIOU s.”

Plate 25. Fig. 2.

_ Charaéter of the Species. g Scabiofa Alpina. |

_ The Flowers droop : the Leaves are deeply pinnatifid ; and the Segments
, ferrated. : :

: : Fig, 2.@ 6.
Tuts isa Perennial, native of the Swifs mountains, and of many parts of Italy: a

Plant of two feet and a half high ; flowering in June. The Leaves are of a very ftrong,
but fomewhat blueifh green. The Stalk is of a deep green ; foft and tender. The
_ Flowers are of a very deep blue. The Stalk, juft under the Flowers, fwells a little and
turns, hanging the Flower a little drooping. |

5 i 4: st Ak PD)

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Plate 26. Fig. 1.
Character of the Species, , | . | Scabiofa Tranfylvanica,
The lower Leaves ate harp’d ; but the upper ones fimply pinnatifid : the
feparate Flowers are fhort, and ftand low.

| ss | Fig. 1. abe.

Tus is an Annual, native of Tranfylvania ; a tall and very handfome Plant, flowering
through all the middle part of Summer; and very worthy a place in gardens. The Stalk
is firm, erect, thick jointed, and above a yard high. The Leaves are of a faint, but de=
licate green ; and area little hairy. ‘The Flowers are of a very fine rofe colour. They
ftand much more regularly on the top of the Plant, than in many of the other kinds ;
and this adds a great deal to their beauty. | ot }

¢s SNOWY SCAB LOS

Plate 26, “Fig. 2,
Charadter of the Species, = | | Scabiofa Leucanthema,
The Leaves are irregular] y pinnatiid: The Flowers are globular and
compact, i edie
ee | : Fig. 2. a
Tus is a Perennial, native of the South of France; a Plant of very fingular afpect,
flowering in July and Auguft. The Stalk is brown, and woody at the bafe; the upper
part is pale and tender ; and its Branches fall wildly, not with that regularity we fee in |
many of the Scabious’s. ‘The Leaves are of a whitith green ; and have a glofly furface.
The Flowers are {now white. od nee

Ir is fingular that this Plant, evidently the fame {pecies, is found at the Cape of Good
Hope, where its Stalk is much more woody, and its Leaves lofe much of their divifion. —
_ Thefe variations, though they feem great, yet are reduced to nothing, when we ex-

_ amine into their caufes. The Cape Plants have often woody Stems, becaufe the force
of winter does not deftroy them ; and even with us, a high or low ground, give more
or lefs divifions to the Leaves. The firft is an article of confequence in the hiftory of
Plants, becaufe unlefs underftood, many herbaceous Plants will be confounded with
Shrubs; but the caufe is familiarized to us by good obfervation here. Laft winter be-
ing a very mild one, many of the Mufk Scabioufes lived through it; and have now

woody Stems.

g FOR K ED

ve THe VEGETABLE SYSTEM.

Pe RORKED SCABIOUS.

Plate 27. Fig. I.

Chasse of the Brecie > | Scabiofa Syriaca.
ok he Stalk fplits in a hed: manner; the 1 eiees are ss d, and ead
-ferrated, efpecially toward the bafe.

| | Fig. 1 sa;
Tuis i is an A inak native a, Syria, and many other warm parts of the globe ; Bae is

no where fo plentiful as about Aleppo; ‘though this is not always, but in certain years,
for fometimes in the fame places, which were before in a manner covered with it, there
s fcarce a Plant to be feen: the caufe of which will be confidered. The Plant is

me = yard and a half high, very beautiful, and lafts many months in flower. The Stalk x
ridged, ereét and robuft, of a pale green, and always rifes unbranched for fome heighth

~ above the ground. The proper fummit of it is terminated by a Flower, a little below
which, rife two Branches in a forked manner; and each of thefe terminating at the

eee ee Stem give the fame forked afpect to the whole upper part of the Plant, with a Floweron _

aed

: a fhort Footftalk in the divifion,

| eT caves re of a pale, and very delicate green the Flowers are of a perfeélly
coeleftial blue: shoush they will vary from this, and fometimes be white.

THE afped and habit of this Plant, and the extreme uncertainty of finding it in the
fame place ; together with the free growth of the Seeds with us at fome times; and —

- their perfect failing at others, though feeming very good and found, give me a fufpicion

that the Plant is not a genuine {pecies, but is produced between the Shepherd’s Rod
and fome one of the Scabious’s. The habit more refemhles the Shepherd’s Rod
than the Scabious, but is truly of a kind between them. The Leaves have much of the
_ Shepherd’s Rod form ; and their deep divifion toward the bafe, feems an attempt toward

the diftinct appendages of that Plant: neither does the form of the general Flower deny
this alliance. ‘There is in this cafe lefs wonder that the Seeds fail often ; than that they
- fometimes grow.

We fhall have an opportunity of enquiring farther into the doétrine of Mulith Plants, —
at the end of this Genus.

7 HOLLOW’D

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Plate 28... Fig, 1

CharaGter of the Species. Scabiofa Tartarica.

The Leaves are lanc’d and deeply tiv d; the lower ones are lightly pin-
natifid ; and their Segments turn in, kad make the Leaf hollow. -

Fig. I.ab,
Tuts is.a Biennial, native of Tartary, and flowers in Tay a very tall, ftately, and

handfome Plant. ‘The Stalk is five feet high, thick, and very upright and robuft; the

Branches are alfo coarfe and ftrong, and all covered with that fort of hairynefs, which
~ gives the harfhnefs our Scabious has to the touch. The Leaves are rugged, and of coarfe
green. The Flowers are very large, and of a fine light crimfon when firft blown; but
they grow paler with ftanding, and get a very faint look as they fade.

€& SPREADING SCABIOUS,

Plate 28. Fig. 2.

Charader of the Species. Scabiofa Integrifolia.

The Stalk is fmooth, and fpreads at the top with wide Branches ;_ the.
Leaves are lanc’d, dented at the edge, and hairy.

!

Fig. 2. te
THis is an nial, native of the South of France; and flowers in June: The Stalk is

firm, of a dufky green, and two feet high. ‘It rifes fingle, and fends out few Branches — i

till near the top, where it divides and {preads into a wide head; unlike in this refpect
to any other of the Scabioufes ; the Flowers are {mall, and the Heads globular. Their
colour is a fingular crimfon, having fome faint dath of a tint approaching to blue, that
plays in an uncertain manner upon the Buds ; but is not feen in the open F lowers.

THE divilans of the Flower, in this and the sialon acs, | are lefs irregular than
in many of the others. The Scabious Genus is fo large, that I have withed to form a
diftinGion upon this foundation; but near examination fhews the difference -is only in

the degree of irregularity, for all are more or lefs irregular; and therefore I have found
‘it impracticable,

L a 9 FINE

43 Tue VEGETABLE SYSTEM.

9 oF ENE LEAVD $CABIO US

Plate 29. Fig. 1.

Character of the Species. Scabiofa Columbaria,

The firft Leaves are fimple, oval, anal bluntly dented along the Edges. The
. others are deeply pinnatifid and ferrated ; and thofe on the upper part of —
the Stalk, moft fine and fimple in their divifions. — mee )

; , ‘ Figs te bo
_ Turs isa Biennial, native of our hilly paftures, a very beautiful, though wild "Slane

flowering in June, July, and Augutt. _ It grows to near a yard in heighth ; the Stalk is
delicate, but firm; ofa pale green, and not much branched ; the. Leaves are of a pale
green alfo; and from the finenefs and regularity of their divifions, have a beautiful
afpect. The Flowers are of a fine crimfon, with a dath of pearly blue. They vary ex-_

ceedingly in fize, form and colour, according to the places where the Plant grows, It: .

loves a light foil ; but light foils are ufually dry ; and in thefe the heads are {mall and
globular, and the Flowers open very imperfectly : the Plant requires to its perfea good
condition, fome moifture in the light and loofe ground, wherein it delights to grow. In
this the Flowers obtain their full fize, and fpread into a breadth that is furprifing ; here
alfo they have their fine crimfon colour. I found the Plant in this fine ftate near Hornfey
Wood ; and giving it the fame foil, it blows in the fame perfection here at Bayf. —
water, a

io: PURPLE 8c aBprou

Plate 292° Fig... 2.

Musk Scasious,
Scabiofa Atropurpurea.

| Character of the Species, | 4 |
The lower Leaves are pinnatifid with a broad harp’d end ; the others are
_ fimply pinnatifid, with long flender Segments.

Tus is an Annual, native of the Eaft-Indies, a Plant of two feet and a bit isk,
covered with Flowers in July, whofe fine deep colour, and perfumed {cent, have long
made it a favourite in our gardens. Though an Annual with us, it is a Perennial, woody
Plant in its native foil, as are many others; and it will ‘live through mild winters, and ~
become woody alfo fometimes with us. The Stalks are brown toward the bafe, but of
a good green upwards. The Leaves are of a bright green. The Flowers’ are purple,
dotted as it were with their own white ftyles. i

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THE VEGETABLE S$. 3-5... EM, 43

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. | Plate 30. Fig. 1.
Charaéter of the Species,

me . Scabiofa Argentea.
The lower Leaves are pinnatifid ;

the upper ones are only dented irre-
gularly, and that moft near the point,

: | > Pig. t. ade
Tuis is a Perennial, native of the Greek iflands, a very beautiful Plant, flowering all

the fummer. It grows to neara yard in heighth, and branches wildly and irregularly ;
the Stalk is gloffy, firm, and white. I thould fay Vaillant had hit upon a lucky thought
in likening it to ivory, but that, with me at leaft, it is ufually ftain’d a little with crim-
fon. The Leaves are of a delicate filvery white; the Flowers are of a very pale crim-

fon. Sometimes they are {mall and very red, at other times they {pread out into a great
breadth, and get a great deal of a blueifh tinge’; this latter ftate is commonly. the effe&
of a too clofe green-houfe culture. The Plant will ftand very well in the open air, and
it is there it gets the true middle fize, and ftrong glowing colour of its Flowers, in which —
cafe it is fo very much fuperior to the fickly, {pread out, blueith afpect of the green-
houfe ; and the ftarved condition that it fometimes has in a tough foil abroad, that it
is fcarce like the fame Plant. er | | |

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2. WOODY SCABIOUS.

Plate 30. Fig. 2.

Character of the Species. - Scabiofa Africana.

- The Stalk is woody; and the Leaves have a few deep and irregular Seg-
| , ments. a a

7 fee snes Fig. 2.46.
Tuts is a Perennial, native of Africa, a wild and irregular growing Plant, but very
‘beautiful, flowering in July and Auguft. The Stem is woody, and two feet high; the
lower part is covered with a brown bark ; the young Shoots are tender, and of a whitith —
green. ‘The Leaves are of a light green; the Flowers are numerous, large, ‘and of a
delicate pale crimfon. If this Plant be managed with care, by cutting off the faded
Flowers, and allowing it water regularly, it will be covered with bloom all fummer.
‘The Seeds may be fpar’d, for they feldom ripen here ; and the Plant is fo eafily pro-— :
pagated by Cuttings that we need not fave the Flowers for that uncertain purpofe.

9 VEL LO

rot VRFGETPABLEE-SYS T EM.

44
4 YEELOW S€ABious.
Plate oe Fig. 1
~ Charadter of the Shes. | Scabiofa Ochroleuca. —
The Leaves are re doubly pinnatifid ; and their Segments fharp pointed.

, Fig, 1.4 be
Tuis is a Perennial, native of Comntaay, and other parts of Europe; a Plant fingular
in the divifion of its Leaf, and colour of its Flower, but yet a true and genuine Sca-
bious, flowering in July and Auguft. The Stalk is thick, firm, branched, and two feet
high. The Leaves are fharply and elegantly divided ; their colour is a {trong green ;
and they are firm to the touch. The F lowers are yellow ; they are very numerous on
the Plant, and open in a long fucceffion, but their colour is by no means pleafing ; it is
aduiky, though not ftrong PEW 3 ; and foon becomes panes and fainter as the F lowers
continue open. :

4. VARIOUS LEAV’D SCABIOUS.

Plate gy. Pig. 2.

Charater of the Species. Po | oe : : : ) Scabiofa Maritima.
The upper Leaves are linear, narrow, and undivided ; the others are very
deeply pinnatifid, with indented Segments, 3

1g 9.66...

Th HIS is a ‘Biownial, native of the featkdatts of Spain and Portugal, a tall and hand-

fome Plant, flowering in June. The Stalk is thick but weak ; of a ftrong green, and

not much branched. The Leaves are of a freth and fine green ; the Flowers are crim-

fon; they are large and numerous, and laft longer upon the Plant than in moft of the
other Scabious kinds ; ; and for that reafon render it defirable in gardens. |

In dry feafons, aS very dry Gils. the Flowers of this Plant will - be perfectly white ; ;
and they are then very beautiful ; perhaps indeed more fo than when of their native.
colour. Several of the other fpecies will have their Flowers pale, when they are ill
nourithed, but unlefs the white be perfect and lively, they never look well in that con-
dition. ae

Iwap laf year an elegant variety of this Plant Reith the Stalk Proliferous:; {everal
Footftalks of new Flowers growing from the back of the Cup of the firft which refted
feffile on the Stalk. To one unaccuftomed to the variations of the Scabious it ne:
would have feemed a new Plant. See Plate 30. Fig. 3.

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Plate 32. Fig: 4.

Charaéter of the Species. Scabiofa Ucranica:
The lower Leaves are pinriacifid’; the upper ones are re perfectly — and
| linear ; and are eyelafh’d near the bafe. |

Fig, 1.45.
Tuis is a Biennial, native of Tartary sti China, a tall, fingular, and not tinlogant
Plant, flowering in Auguft. The Stalk is flender, upright, not much branched, and of
a full and frefh green. It is weak but tough, fo that it plays about in the wind with-
out breaking, and offers its numerous Flowers to view in various ways, and in a very
pleafing manner. ‘The Leaves are of a frefh and pleafant green; the hairs which form
the Eyelafh at the bafe of the upper ones, are harfh and firm; and give that part of
the Plant the fame harfhnefs to the touch that we feel in the common Scabious of our
fields. The Flowers are of a light crimfon ; the Heads are not fo large as in fome of our
common Scabioufes; but the colour and number of the Flowers, make good amends
for that deficiency.

oe ae CR eeY 8 CART OO

Plate 32. Fig. 2.

Charaéter of the Species: | | : | Scabiofa Graminifolia.
All the Leaves are linear ; but a ete wale the middle.

Fig. 2. a.

Tuis isa Biennial, native of Qerdiany, a low Plant, fingular enough, but of ="
beauty, flowering early in July. The Stalk is weak, tender and bowing, for the Flowers —
are large ; its colour is brown at the bafe, elfewhere green. The Leaves are of a freth
and fine green ; and have fo much of a grafly look, that, unlefs when the Plant is in
flower, or in bud rather, for then the colour is much more glowing ; it is not readily
diftinguifhed from the.grafs, among which it ufually grows. The Flowers are of a
bright and fine crimfon. This Plant, when entire, would look very like a branch of
the former, only that the Leaves have a of that eyelathed natryeee at their

-bafe.

M ee: 19. -RAEG GED

fe * Tri VEGETABLE 6 YSTEM.,:

oy DRUGGED SCABLOUS.

Flate 34.

Character of the Species, ee , -_- Scabiofa Lanata.
"The Leaves are avals and covered with =% rough woolly matter.

| Plate 33. @ 6.
Tuis is a Perennial, native of the Cape of Good Hope, ae in appearance to moft
of the Cape Plants, but of a rough and robuft afpect, which to the curious eye, furpafies
beauty. To defcribe it, will be to fay; that it has neither fotm nor colour, delicacy t nor’
fimplicity ; but to look upon it, is to be aftonifhed ; and whoever ieee: it, Knows there: iS
Pingtung in the afpect 2 a Plant fuperior to beauty. :

| Ir rifes to ee more than a fonts in heighth ; ; Sh though its Stalk’ is foes thick
and ftrong, it always leans, and often. lies. upon. .the ground entirely. The Leaves are
thick and flethy, of a blackifh ereen on the upper fide, and white on the under; but on
both covered thick with a long curly, heavy, cottony matter, {cattered wildly, and as it
were, irregularly over them. The two fides of the Leaf are a fine contraft to one ano-
ther ; and they are ufually feen more or lefs in every Leaf together, for the fides toward

| the bafe are naturally turned in, and drawn up ; and moft in the youngeft. .

Tue Stalk is tough and {pungy, and is Peck thicker than the Leaves with this white
-frizzled matter: we know the fingular harfhnefs there is upon the Stalks and Leaves of
the Scabious of our corn fields: but this is foft and woolly, it gives way to preffure,
and has a wonderful yielding to the touch, but rifes again prefently to ‘its ufual form.

_ The Branches are few ; the filmy Leaves upon them are white entirely. The Flowers
are very large and green, but with a flight tinge of yellowith. Their Cups have the
fame woolly whitenefs with the Leaves ; and, this gives. a : pleating contraft to. the colour

of the F lowers. ‘hee blow in Auguft.

It does. not feem that. any of he's writers on Botany, have Loa this Plant, except
Burman ; “and with him it appears in a degree of. eminence and fingularity, beyond what
I have feen: the Flowers on his Plant were proliferous ; on mine they are fimple ; but
’tis a luxuriance to which the Scabioufes are not abfolutely ftrangers, as we fhall fee in
the fucceeding {pecies, even in their wild ftate : | and culture gives: this coneision fome-
times in a hich degree, even to the Mufk Scabious. : .

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Tart V EGE T ABA EVSYSBQT EM. 47

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8 BRO LI RER OU Se CA BLOW S, |

Plate 34.

Character of the Species, | | Scabiofs Prolifera.
ae} he Leaves are broad lanc’ ‘d; sihie Seale is prolifer

x | 7 Plate 34. a be

THuIs is a: Biennial, native of China and India, a low, But exceedingly fingular Plant,
flowering i in’ July... The Stalk is firm, hard, and brown, almoft woody at the bafe. It
does not exceed fix or feven inches in heighth, and a part even of that lies upon the
ground ; the bottom is brown with fome tinge of red; the reft greenith with white

hairs; thefe are rough and rugged, and give it the fame harfhnefs to the touch, that mes

we find i in the common ——— of our corn fields.

é

| Tur Leaves are of a pale, and but unpleafing green. The Piowesd & are of a very pale
yellow : the outer ranges of thefe in every Head are fo much larger, and more divided
than the reff, that in fome views, one would fuppote ¢ iE whole Head me a ees;

F oe

Tuts is not content or certain in, this Plant, at leaft not in 1 degree : apa it obtains
more or lefs in many other of. the Scabious kinds. When this grows ina dry foil, and
fully expofed to the fun, the.outer Flowers, do not exceed the i inner ones, more than in
the. common Scabious ; but they are always much more irregularly divided ; on the
other hand, Plants from the fame parcel of Seeds, raifed in a moift place, ieee? fome
degree of fhade, have {pread out here their outer Flowers to a degree much exceeding
what is fhewn in this figure. The fame fituation and accidents will wonderfully alter
the Flowers, efpecially the outer ones, of many of the common kinds; and I have
feen fuch difference between the Green-houfe Plants, and thofe of the open air, in the
fame fpecies, as would make fome think the objects too vague for defcription, or for
figure ; moderation in our accounts and. reprefentations i is the rule of being right; and
there always remain parts enough that are unchangeable to afcertain the character. _

i 8 19, EB NCT IR Bee

48 Thi VEGETABLE SYSTEM.

199 ENTIRE LEAV’D STARRY SCABIOUS.

Plate 35. Fig. 1

-Charaéter of the Species. | | Scabiofa Cretica.
The Leaves are lanc’d and undivided ; the Seeds have flarry crowns.

Fig. 1. ab.

Tuts is a Perennial, native of Crete; and other of the Greek Iflands: a Plant of very

agreeable afpect, that bears the free air with us perfectly well ; and flowers as gaily as if
on its native land, in July and Augutft.

_ Ir grows to two feet and a half high; the Stem is woody at the sa and there

of a brownifh hue; higher up it is tender, and of a pale grey. The Leaves are of a
ereyifh or whitifh green ; they are naturally quite entire, and even at the edge ; but fome-

times where the Plant has. very luxuriant nourifhment, they are wavy, and in a manner

indented. The Flowers are of a pale and delicate crimfon: they vary much in fize, ac
cording to the feafon, or to the degree of the culture they receive, as is the cafe in
many of the other Scabioufes. And in general, when we are largeft they are panels
and when fmalleft, of the ftrongeft colour.

- Tue Flowers are not the only Seadudion af this Plant, for which it is, and iekevcs | :
to be efteemed in gardens ; they are handfome enough, and the fucceffion of them is ©

very lafting ; but the Heads of Seeds that follow, have a ftriking afpect; and to thofe

who efteem fingularity as beauty, they cannot but be very pleafing ; they are oval, and _

crown d with a dry fhining membranaceous cover, and five ftarry threads.

Tus kind of ornament about the Seed, has led many to make a divifion among the

Species of this Genus, and to range fuch as have it alone, under the diftiné name —

Afterocephali ; but nature denies the exact limits between thefe and the common kinds ;
the afcent toward this peculiar ftructure, is by fo light degrees, that none can fay where
it is perfe&t; therefore the diftinction is omitted, not only here, but by the moft cor-
rect authors befide; for where the point of difference is not determinate, we confound
inftead of diftinguifhing when names are multiplied, and differences eftablifhed.

368 PAL RST INE SCA BI O'U:S:

Piste. oe. Fig.-2.
Charaéter of the Species. ~ Scabiofa Palzftina,
The Flowers have ee Segments Giccad out and cut in threes at the
point. The upper Leaves have a pinnatifid bafe.

Fi ig, 2.0 5,
Tuis is a Biennial, native of Paleftine: a pretty Plant of a foot high; flowering in
June. The Stalk is of a pale green ; the Leaves are of a frefh ftrong green ; the Flowers

are white. :

2. DECUM-

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Tot VEGETABLE SYSTEM 49

2. DECUMBENT STARRY SCABIOUS.

Plate 36. Fig. 7.

Character of the Species. | 3 Scabiofa Pterocephala.
The Stalk leans upon the ground; and is woody at the bafe. ‘The
- Heads have extremely: fhort and naked Footftalks,

| ah | Fig. 1. @ b.
"Tits is a Perennial, native of the Levant Iflands, a low and vefy fingular Plant,
flowering from July to September. The Stalk is hard, rugged and woody near the bafe,
but elfewhere tender and green ; it grows only to fix or eight inches in length ; and for —
the moft of that, it lies upon the ground. The Leaves are naturally of a frefh and
fine green ; but they are rendered grey by a multitude of long white hairs. The Flowers
are of a bright, though not very ftrong crimfon, and are large, though the Plant is low:
the Heads of Seeds are very beautiful; they are dry, fhining, brown and downy. The —
hairs which give that afpect are pale, and keep their place and form very regularly,
_though they have nothing of that firmnefs we find often among the hairs of the Scabious
kinds. , : |

oa. FEATHERY SCABIOWUS.

| Plate 36. Fig. 2. pees
Character of the Species. ' . ! a _ ‘Seabiofa Pappofa.
The Cups of the feparate Flowers are downy. 183!
Fig. 2. ab.

Tus is a Biennial, native of Crete, and other of the Greek Iflands ; a handfome
Plant of two feet high, flowering in Auguft. The Stalk is tender to the bottom, up-
right, green, branched, and often very fpreading. The Leaves are of a pale and greyifh
green : the Flowers are of a pale crimfon. ‘There is a white woollinefs about the head
of Flowers which gives the Plant an afpect different from all the others ; it is Owing to
a peculiar light, and white hairy, or rather cottony matter that encircles the bafe of the
-feparate Flowers, and arifes from the Cup.

Tus has not the merit of fo long continuance in flower as fome of the other {pecies of
Scabious; but while in bloom, it is as beautiful as almoft any of them.

N 22. PINNATI®PID-<

go Tur VEGETABLE (SYSTEM.

22. PINNATIFID STARRY SCABIOUS.

Plate 37. _

Character of the Species, | | 7 Scabiofa Stellata,
T he Leaves are re deeply pinata | and the Segments cut again.

Plate 37. a b.
TuIs is an Annual, native of Spain, a very beautiful Plant, of two feet and a half
in heighth, flowering in Auguft. The Stalk is firm, thick jointed, of a pale green,
upright, and not very much branched: the Shoots are afcendant .as in our. Devilfbit
- Scabious, fo that there is formed a very fine head to..the Plant, with their numerous
and large Flowers. The Leaves are of a pale, and. fomewhat greyith green. The
__ Flowers are of a fine pale blueith crimfon’; and the heads of Seeds, which have indeed
little lefs beauty than the Flowers themfelves, are of a pale but fhining brown, Thefe
are very lafting, but the Flowers foon fade.

ee Flowers of as Plant are fomebiniés redder than they are here deferibed; and in
that cafe, the general head is rounder and lefs {pread. at the edge. A Plant of this kind
I received two years ago from Portugal, gathered at the edge of a vineyard, where it
{tood overfhaded : the Footftalks of the Flowers were alfo longer than I had feen them;
and the Plant, from all thefe circumftances, had an afpect fo different from what is
ufual, that one lefs accuftomed to ftri& obfervation, might eafily have fuppofed it a
diftin&t Species, and have boafted to the world a new Plant. Perhaps many of the Sca-
bious’s defcribed by lefs accurate authors, and which, from the uncertain defcriptions,
one knows not whither to refer, were of this kind: the differences in the fame Species
are fo great, in refpet to the fize of the head, and length of the Footftalk, that they
give often a very different face to the particular Plants; but this appearance of dif-
tinction, when examined, vanifhes into more or lefs, which affords no real difference,
and the Plants are always to be diftin@ly known, for their {pecific characters remain
_ unaltered. I caution the young ftudent particularly in this matter, Let him eftablith
i his mind a middle ftate; and the extreams will not perplex bina: I have endea-
voured every where to give it in thefe figures; there are many of them whofe Heads and
‘Footftalks I have new arawn 4 or eight times to — the al ftandard. |

5 2. MULTIFID

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_ Charaéter of the Species. oe iis 2 | | ~ Scabiofa Triandra:

The Leaves from the Root are fimple, oval, and {ferrated; thofe on the
Stalk are divided i into a multitude of very flender Segments. ci

~ Platé 38. Fig. ayy fae oe

Tx 1s is a Biennial, native of the South of France, a very fingular, and very handfome
Plant ; flowering from June to Auguft.

’ Tue firft Leaves are of a deep and very. beautiful green 3 the Stalk is alfo of a ftrong
green; and its Leaves only.a little paler. . The heighth of the Plant is about a foot,

and it has not many Branches; thofe it ‘has are tender, and apt to have the laffum col-

_ lum of the poet bending under the weight of the Flowers ; ‘thefe are very large, and of |
an exceeding fine glowing crimfon, with fome tinét of blue among it, which in. certain
lights gives it a caft of purple.

TuERE is fomething fo fingular in the feparate Flowers: of this Plant, that it ‘Would
not feem ftrange to give a new generic charaéter, and place it alone under another name ;
but many things may be perfectly wrong, which would not feem ftrange. The great
apparent fingularity in this Plant, is that the Flower is divided only into three Segments,
all the others having four or five ; and there is another article, which though lefs obvious,
will appear to many yet more important; which is, there are only three Chives, where-
as the other Scabious’s have fours But in anfwer to all this, the firft glance of the eye
~ would teach the common obferver to call it Scabious ; and frequent infpection of the
Flowers will fhew that, though ufually they are not always trifid.

Tue three Stamina, if regarded, would remove this Plant out of the fourth into the
- third Clafs in the fexual fyftem; but the author of that method has not offered fo much
violence to nature, as to remove this from the other Scabious’s, though different from
them according to his characters even in Clafs. He has retained a .diftinction between
the Flowers with five, and thofe with four Segments, among the Scabious’s ; but I have ”
not found it permanent enough for fuch divifion. They are Sgreen with each Species.
as they ae appear 5 but they vary in their divifion often. —

4. TSR PENSE 8CABLOU SI: &

Plate 38. Fig. 2
Character of the Secs. | , Scabiofa Ietenfi Se
The Flowers fpread open like a ftar ; the Leaves are twice winged, and.
their Leah are linear.
Fig. 2.45.
- ‘Turs is a Perennial, native of Siberia ; a very pretty Plant, of ten inches high,

flowering in Auguft. The Stalk is pale. The Leaves are of a yellowith green. -The
Flowers are white. ;

Cc nN 43

g2 9 Tor VEGETABLE SYSTEM.

Ge EU. Ss II. ——-— Ir PERMANENT.
N SED ion Ww 8 8 D..
A CURA.
Charadter of the Genus. |
“The Head is convex; and the general Cup is formed of a fingle range of

Films, pointed and edged with hard and bony Thorns, Soper the
ne ends of needles.

Plate 38. 0.4 b.

Of this Genus there is known only one Species.

‘HAR P’D NEEDLE WEED. oop do cries
» - Plate 39. Fig. 1. 7 ee - -
Character of the Greties, | | 2 ae een st

go he Leaves are ia d with bea obtule fe Segments.

3 - Fig: 1. wii
Tuis is an Annual, a firm, upright Plant of regular erowth, flowering i in Auguft ;
very glowing i in the number, and in the colour of its Flowers ; but too ftiff and exaét in
the difpofition of them for beauty. ‘The Stalk is hard and almoft woody at the bafe,
where it is of a reddith brown, elfewhere it is green and firm, but without that woody
hardnefs. The Leaves are of a good green; and the Flowers are crimfon. |

Ir grows to two feet and a half in heighth ; and toward the top fends out a multi-
tude of Branches, all if diftinétly regarded in a proliferous manner. The main Stem
is terminated at about two feet heighth by one head, which blows earlier, and is al-
ways larger, and compofed of larger and opener feparate Flowers than the others : four
Branches ufually rife from the bofom of the two upper Leaves; and each of thefe is
terminated in like manner by one head; and from the joint below this grow two Stalks.
again. In this manner, and this only, the Branches at the head of the Plant rife,
It is proliferation, though not fo diftinétly apparent as in the Scabious thence named,

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Bae oe Romenoe ee i Me Whole - Vhistle?

Tut VEGETABLE SYSTEM. st

and forne others. If I might be allowed a new term, this manner of growtli, which is
not peculiar to the prefent Plant, fhould be called Proliferation with a Footftalk ;

for take away the Footftalk of the firft Flower, and place it feffile on the main Stalk;
and every one will fee the true Proliferation; The cafe is the fame at the termination

ofevery Branch. We want terms for the diftin@ manner of the divifions of the Stalks of
Plants; it may be well to adopt this.

- THE country of this Plant is Ttaly ; ifit ere any Country diftinét fies my own gar=
den, of which I entertain doubts. It becomes me to deliver them. It’s hiftory will
give my ear and ia one will be-as able as myfelf to judge of them. |

+

In he autumn of the year 1760, I recived from Italy the Seeds of many Plants then’
newly ripened. When I had forted them according’ to the beft guefs I could make as
to their kinds, they were fown in fuch places as were proper for the expected Plants, ac~
cording to the diftribution of this work ; and confequently the Seeds of many Seabioufes,
and of two or three Eryngiums, were fown near together : : for however authors had re=
ceived from one another the’ notion of putting Eryngium among the umbelliferous
Plants, Thad early eftablifhed it an Aggregate, as the moft exact examination fhews it
now to be.. Some Scabioufes and fome Eryngiums grew from thefe Seeds, and flowered
in 1761, but there was nothing fingular among them. In the {pring of 1762, I was
firft ftruck with the appearance of a harp’d Leaf, utterly unknown to me, among the

Seedlings: there grew up, and flowered this autumn, the Plant here reprefented ; and ©
there feem good Seeds. formed.

Ir I had known fuch a Plant before, or if any author had defcribed {nch a one, it
‘would not have appeared very wonderful to me, that it fhould appear a fecond year from
fowing, though not the firft; for a very little practice in gardening, will fhew how apt
Seeds are to lie dormant a longer time than that: but as I know of no fuch Plant, and
as it appeared only a fecond feafon; and moft of all, -as it feems to me in its afpeé an
unnatural Plant, I have fufpicions that it is a Mongrel or Mulifh Plant, ge oe be-
tween the flat Eryngio, and fome one of the Scabioufes.

We know ee mixtures Sunvetides happett among Plants ; pethaps they ate more
frequent than we are aware. In general, the Plants produced thus are foon loft, be-
caufe their Seeds will not grow; but this is not always the cafe. I have been told
that the Dittany produced between the Sypline and Cretan, produces Seeds which
fometimes vegetate; and I can {peak with certainty of a Plant between the Welch
Veronica and the common kind, of which I have many Plants now raifed from pred,
-andliving. ae Santee

We are not now to learn that a Mulifh Plant may be siglo between two Plants of
different Genera ; but as the mixture is lefs regular, perhaps it is a law of nature that
the Seeds of fuch thall not grow: we fpeak much in the dark of thefe things; for they
want much, and have had yet very little obfervation ; but from what I have yet feen, I think
it will be found that among Mulifh Plants, the Seeds of fuch as are produced between
two fpecies of the fame Genus, will fometimes, though but feldom, grow; and that by
degrees, the new offspring will lofe all that it had of likenefs to the female, and be-

ee O | | come

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<P WVERIG EACLE S SYST EM.

come the fame with the male Plant entirely ; on the contrary, that fuch of the Mulifh
Plants, as are produced from a male Plant of one Genus, and a female of another truly
diftin&t, never produce Seeds that will vegetate, however fair they may look, and that
by thefe means, when the individuals fo produced perifh, the new Plant is for that
time loft.

Upon thefe principles, uncertain as they may be, I fhall endeavour to bring the pre-
fent fubject to a trial. Its own Seeds are carefully fown in a place diftiné and diftant
from that where it now grows; and in an experiment-bed deftined for fuch purpofes,
the Flat Eryngo, and more than one Scabious, are placed in pairs clofe together, as if
erowing from one Root; to affift, if there be any fuch, the mixt impregnation.

Ir in this place, Plants of this kind arife, I thall judge it certain that it is Mulith,
and rifes from this accidental mixture ; if its Seeds fown in diftant ground produce it,
and none rife from the purpofely aflociated Plants, I own I fhall begin to judge it a
fpecies from the creation, a Plant before unknown. In that cafe, it will deferve the |
place it holds here ; and the rank of a new Genus mutt belong to it: but I exceedingly
doubt it; for the Cup, though fo diftant from Scabious, feems true Eryngo ; and the
| harp’d end of the radical Leaf, together with its hollow Footftalk, feem equally the -
Flat Eryngo ; though its Flowers are plain and abfolute Scabious ; and the wingy Seg~-
ments of that very Leaf, feem alfo to belong toa Plant of that kind. |

AGGREGATES,

Tuz VEGETABLE SYSTEM. 56

Ao Gat FE Gz Ff ee
O Rp wR eS ¥.

Whole particular Cup is til’d, or has feveral ranges of Segments.

G. E oN--U 8 I.
CLOT FHS 2. eo.
EC HS N-OC2 Ss

Charadter of the Genus, : ¥ °

The Head is globular ; the general Cup is compofed of one range of filmy
Segments, and is fhorter than the Flowers ; the feparate Flowers are
cut into Segments, wien turn back at the Rotate.

Plate 40. 0. abe.
. MANY HEADED’'GLOBE THISTLE.
Plate 40. Fig. 1. | | |

Character of the Species. | : Echinops dtiheciadialas

tT he Stalk is branched and fupports feveral Heads of Flowers.

| "Fe tah
THIS is a Perennial, native of Spain and Italy, an upright handfome Platit, of a yard

or more in height, flowering in July and Auguft. The Stalk is firm, thick, and brown;
the Leaves are of a dark and dufky green on the upper fide: but whitifh and hoary un-
derneath. ‘The Flowers are naturally of a blueifh white, fometimes they are white en-
_tirely ; and fometimes they are crimfon: this is the moft beautiful, but the leaft ufual
{tate of the plant. |

2 ONE HEADED GLOBE THISTLE.
| Plate 40. Fig. 2.

Character of the Species. | | | Echinops Ritro.
The Stalk is imple and fosport only one Head of Flowers.

Fig. 2. @ b.
‘Tus is a Peieahial; native of Italy, and the South of Frarice, a very Kindtsine Plant,
flowering in Auguft. It grows to two feet and a half in heighth. The Stalk is rib’d,
firm, of a greenifh white; and in the wild ftate is deftitute of branches; in gardens it
hag often more than one; but in this cafe, each Branch fupports only one Flower, fo —
that the character of the fpecies is yet kept diftinct ; the Leaves are of a pale but pleafant
green on the upper fide, and white underneath. The Flowers are of a very beautiful
blue. The feparate Flowers and general Heads, vary confiderably 1 in fize; they are
twice as big in egueen as We ice them in wild nature.

fGR NOS

56 Ti gs W2RvG ETA: BLE 8S Y 8'T EM.

th MU Si
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| tk ULT.H BoD M.
Character of the Genus,
The Heads are cylindrick ; and many ftand cluftered together. The gene-—
ral Cup is -compofed of two ranges of leafy Segments, The feparate |

Flowers are cut into five flender Segments.

Plate 41.0. ab.
iW PINNATIFID CLUSTER THIS TL.

Plate 41. Fig. 1.

-Charaéter of the Species. | av Echinops Strigofus.
The Leaves are pinnatifid, with wav'd Segments. -

Fig. 04h
THIs is an ‘Naiiaat, native of $hdin, and of the South of France, a very hs hae
flowering in July and Auguft. The Stalk is white, firm, upright, and but little
branched ; and grows to two feet high. The Leaves are of a pale whitifh green on the
upper fide, with fome ftiff hairs upon them. ‘They are altogether white underneath,
and weakly thorny at the point. The Flowers are of a very pale, but very elegant blue ;
not unlike the colour we fee in what are called Water Sapphires by the a, in
which there feems a milky whitenefs fuffus'd among a good blue. ro 3

| HERMAN underftood this Plant to bea ‘Scdbiotis 7 ; we fee the utility of obferving the
feparate Cups, and the propriety of forming a diftintion upon their — oper?
to Soong a below a Clafs. | |

%

Sa POUrRLY PINNATIFID CLUSTER THISTLE E.

Plate 41. Fig. 2.

: Charagter of the Species. Echinops Corymbofus.
The Leaves are doubly pinnatifid ; with irregularly cut Segments.

Fi
This is a Perennial, native of the Greek iflands, and of many parts of wre a,
Italy and the South of France ; a:robuft and handfome, though rough-looking Plant,
flowering in Auguft. The Leaves are broad, and of a deep green; but their Ribs ufually
are whitifh. The Stalk is green, irregularly branched, and two feet high. The
Flowers are’ numerous, and of a deep and perfectly fine blue. They crown the
{preading Head of the Plant profufely, and laft a long time in their beauty.

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Chara@ter of the Genus. :
The Head is nearly globular ; but a little inclining to oval“. The general
Cup is compofed of two Ranges of Segments, feathery at the ends". The

feparate Cup ° is compofed of three Ranges of feathery Segments ; the
outermoft confifting of four *, the next of three ®, and the innermoft of

two’. The feparate wis! is compofed of five Petals {plit at the
ends *,
s Plate 42,0,46.cde fg.
Of this Genus we know only one Species.
WINGED CUMMIN-WEED. j
Plate 42.
Character of the Species. _ ~ . Lagoecia Cumincides.

The Leaves are we 'ds and their Leafits are indented.

“Fe 1.ab.
Turis is an Annual, a fmall and inconfiderable, but moft extreamly fingular Plant,
native of the Greek iflands, and of fome of the warmer parts of Europe; flowering in
May and June. The Stalk is weak, round, of a pale green, and toward the top, —

branches out wildly. The Leaves are of a faint, and fomewhat whitifh green. The |

Flowers are white, with a flight tinge of green or yellowifh; fometimes, and indeed |
always in Greece, white entirely. _ . |

Turs is one of thofe Plants which has perplexed moft of the writers in Botany where
to place it. T he name of Cummin-weed or wild Cummin, given it by our old Eng-
lifh writers, like that of Cuminoides, by thofe of a fomewhat higher Clafs in bier
“languages, fhew how very ill they judged of it : the more accurate have been extreamly
perplexed about its feparate Cup, which is the great article for finding its true place un~
der a proper claffical diftribution. They have fuppofed it to be two diftinct bodies,
but it is in nature only one: the parts of which it is compofed, rife all from one com-
mon bafe; and it differs from the Cup of the Globe Thiftle, only in the Films ftand-
ing more remote. None will doubt the feparate Cup in that Plant being imbricated ;
nor ought _ therefore to doubt the fame of this.

. iO 8. AG GREG AT acm

ey: Tis! VEGETABLE SY SITE M.

Ge po bh GAA TES.
O28. BR VI

Whole sissidnlat Cup i is formed only of one oval hollow bars

GEN US: ot
B IR D.W.-E ED. ‘os
nS 2 hi £E § Bubs €, Ko) As -

Charaéter of the Genus. + 3300119)
The Head is flat, loofe, and compofed of few Flowers... The general Cup

is longer than the Flowers, and confifts of five oblong Leaves in a fingle
~ Range. The feparate Flowers are tubular, and cut into five parts; and

there are outer Ranges flat, and cut into three.
pace ee Plate 43. @ 6.

e STMPt &- be Av -D: BIRD WEED.
— 4055 Big. 3

“Charader of the Species, can Sigefbeckia Orientalis. |
_ The Leaves have F ootftalk which rife imple and. naked from the Stem.

; Fig. 3, ab,
~ Trg is an Annual, native of China, and the Indies ; a Plant of more abet than
beauty, flowering in July and Auguft. The Stalk is brownifh, firm, and more than a
yard inheighth. The Leaves are of a bright green; the Flowers are yellow ; the Cup
is alfo yellowith, and its gigndalar hairs are brown. |

“a. ALATED BIRDWEED.-
"Plate 43. Fig. 2. |

Charaéter of the Siecle | os | - “Sigetheckia Occidentalis
The Leaves have winged Footttalks, which run down the Stem.

2 Fj b,
| RS is a = Bicuntal native of Virginia ae Carolina ; ; afingular and not Geet
; flowering i in July. ‘The Stalk is of a reddifh brown, but edg’d with green from the ©
Footftalks of the Leaves.in a very pretty manner. It grows to near two feet in heighth.
The Leaves are of a dark green; and the Flowers are yellow. The Heads in this
Species are apt to drop their outer Cups, as fome of the Radiate F lowers do their Rays.
“Eis neceflary to name this ; ; or it might perplex t the ftudent.

“Turse are Plants of chile kind, which naturally perplex the inventors: of isidigint
fyftems ; for they carry the proper marks of different Claffes: -but they are of infinite
value in the method of nature. ‘They are the frontier kinds, between the Radiate and
Aggregate Plants, joining the two Claffes, but belonging diftinCtively to neither. They
have the marks of both; and we have repeated them under each. ‘They belong to the
Radiates by the union of their Chives; to the Ag BEregates, by their general and feparate

Cups. 5
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Tur “VeBy@ ET ASBAL EB PSVeS TT BoM 59

AG 6 Rebvesace Ha
GO & ) GAR& VIE

Whofe particulat Cup is formed of feveral oval hollow’d Leaves.

ORE i, es 2?
CR OWN W ORT.
Be Bee eee
CharaGter of the Genus, 3 - | a
The Head is oval. The general Cup is formed of two ranges of leafy Seg=
ments ; which are foft, wavy, and fharp pointed. The feparate Flowers
are tubular, with a {preading Rim cut ito fave fhort Segments. |

Plate 44.0.4 5,

Of this Genus we know but one Species.

one’ BOR AT HOY © RO WNW ORT,
cosiPlate: age oPage ye.
Charaéter of the Species: ee ee E Se - Stoebe Aethiopica.
The Leaves are linear, cluftered together on the Stalk, and drooping at
their Points. ea
ig ) aces Tee) Sate Sete. > Wgeseads
Tuts is a Perennial, native of the Cape of Good Hope; a very odd looking Plant,
but of no great beauty; flowering in July and Auguft. It grows to two Feet and a
half in heighth ; the main Stem is brown and woody ; the young Shoots are of a greyifh
white; the Leaves are of a pale grey alfo, with fcarce any tinge of green. The Flowers
are yellow. ‘They are not very confpicuous ; for neither they nor the Heads are large,
but when clofely examined they are feen very prettily difpofed : they cover the exterior
part. of the Head in little yellow fhining ftars, which are every where intermixed with
{mall filvety fcales. Thefe are only little Films from the receptacle, fuch as may. be
found in moftiof.the Aggregate. Clafs, feparating Flower from Flower ; but in thefe
Plants, their large. fize and filyery appearance, makes them more obfervable. . Let none
- wonder they aré not named in the character of the Genus; a Plant may be a true Stcebe
without,them;:and in other inftances, their variations are fo great, and their prefence,
or abfence' of fo little import,’ that they have no proper place in fuch characters : for the
fhorter thefe are, fo they be perfectly diftinc,, the better,

G EON U S$

Go Tur VEGETABLE SYSTEM.

So Bon GS Ll.
T HOR ESA ’D W O ® T:
BR Y N bo A,
Charader of the Genus,
_ The Head is convex; the general Cup is hemifpheric, aid compofed . of a
great number of oval pointed Scales in many ranges. ‘The {eparate

Flowers are formed of five Petals, narrow at the Bafe, and fpreading at

the Rim. : |
Plate 45.0. ab ¢,

1 JGINTED THREAD WORF

: Plate 45: ae: Te
Charaéter of the Species, — | Brunia Nodiflora.
-The Leaves grow in fours, furrounding the Stalk, and forming the ap- |
pearance of a kind of Joints. |

Fig. 1.44.

Tuts is a Perennial, native of the Cape of Good Hope; a very ‘beautiful, though low
Plant, flowering in June and July. It grows to more than two feet in heighth; but
© the Stem is weak, though woody at the bafe, and ufually leans for-fome part of its
length upon the ground. It is brown or reddifh in that part, but elfewhere pale and
-greenifh. The Leaves are of a very ftrong and fine green; the Flowers are of a fine,
though pale crimfon, abundantly making up in the elegance of colour what. is wanting

in its ftrength.

2 DOWNY THREADWORT.

Plate 45. Fig. 2.
Character of the Species. | i Rae Brunia € saupinols
The Leaves are linear ; and {pread away from the Stem.

. : : es peasdik Fig. 2.a b,

- 'Turs is alfo a Perennial, native of the Cape of Good Hope; a. weak, but woody
Plant, of two feet high; flowering in Auguft. The Stem is tinged with crimfon ; the
young Shoots are white and downy. The Leaves are of ‘a whitith: green; and covered’

~ lightly with the fame white Down. The Flowers are of a {trong atid glowing crimfon.

They are fo numerous, that they give a wonderful grace and beauty to the Plant ‘above

its fellows. It naturally fpreads out into a number of Branches toward the top, all

covered with bloom; and thefe joining give the os meee of a vaft crimfon Um-
bell.

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Toi VEGETABLES 6 ¥9'T BM, 61

3 EYELASH’D THREAD WOR T.

Plate’ 46." Fig."
Charaéter of the Species,

Brunia Ciliata,

The Leaves are lanc’d, and have a fanee of aiff and firm Hairs, like
thofe of the Eyelathes, MTOURAInE them — the edge.

' Fig. 1. ad,
Tars is a Perennial, iat Plant, native of the fides of hills about the Cape of Good —

Hope, which it in a manner covers in fome places for many acres together, as héath does
our Commons, and fpreads over them for many months a continual glow of flefhy.crimfon.

The Stem is brown and tough, and ufually lies upon the flanting ground for the greateft
part of its length. The young Shoots are tender, and of a pale green; and thefe rife
a foot and a half or more from the ground. The Leaves are of a bright, but pale green ;
and the Flowers. are of the fainteft crimfon that can be conceived; but this. is a very
pretty colour: it is neareft what our gardeners call the Maiden’s Bluth in certain Rofes
and other Flowers, of any thing in Europe; but it is truly altogether fingular; and
the Flowers have a colour as well as form perfectly unknown to us here.

July and ane

It flowers in |

4 8 CALY THREAD WORT,

Plate 46. Fis, -2.
‘Charaéter of the Species. Brunia Abrotanoides.

The Leaves are lanc’d ; oe = cover the Stalk ae {cales of fithes.

7 Fig. 2.4 b.
Tuts is alfo a Perennial, woody Plant, native of the Cape ; arid of very fingular —
beauty. The Stem is brown; the Branches are crimfon ; but they are in moft places
fo covered with Leaves, that it is fcarcely feen; thefe are of a dead whitifh green. The
Heads are larger than in any other of this Genus ; and the Flowers are blue; their co-
lour, like that of the former, is fcarce to be defcribed; and is fo unlike all that we
ufually fee under that name in the Flowers of Plants, that the firft fight of it aftonithes
and confounds one. It is a very pale blue, and feems throughout fuftufed with white ;
but there is a delicacy in its palenefs, quite different from all we are acquainted with,
except among the Gemms; for there are certain pale fapphires like it; but thefe muft be
yet paler and brighter to anfwer the refemblance, than thofe mentioned on a former
like occafion. It flowers in its native foil the greateft part of the year; with us in
Augutt. ,

Q co WOO REE

‘és Tur VEGETABLE SYSTEM

s WOOLLY THREADWORT..

Plate 47.

_. Charaéter of the Species. Brunia Levifana.

The Leaves are. oval and obtufe ; and they are covered with an exceed-
ing fine dint woolly matter. | |

itt pos Plate 47. a
Tuts is a Perennial, woody Plant, as the four preceding, native of the fame place,
and, like them, of very great beauty. We admire many things from the Cape of Good
Hope ; but fcarce any deferve that admiration more than thefe. The Stem of this is
ufually brown, with a tinge of crimfon. It lies upon the ground in part; and what
rifes up feldom exceeds a foot and a half in heighth. The Branches are innumerable ;
they are crimfon, but it is a colour rarely feen, the Leaves cover them fo entirely ; they
fpread widely and wildly toward the top, and one Plant will thus afford a crown of three
feet fquare, fet loofely and irregularly, but very beautifully, with vaft Heads of Flowers.
The Leaves are white, and foft to the touch; the downy matter with which they are
covered, is more fenfible to feeling than to fight. The Flowers are of a very fine, but

_ light crimfon.

AzourT three years ago, I received from the Cape, a Branch of this with the Leaves —
perfectly fmooth, deftitute altogether of that downy matter I had before feen upon
them, but in all refpects elfe perfectly the fame. It is an accident not peculiar to this
Plant, but has been feen on many of the Cape produéts ; Burman alfo mentions it on this
occafion. Let the ftudent who has opportunity of obtaining Plants from that part of
the world, be upon his guard, not be deceived by it; he may fancy many {pecies,
where there is but one, merely from this variety. |

GENUS

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GE NUS) om
ER YN, GO.

Mom CY NAGe Tt Uo M.
Character of the Genus, | :

The Head:is oval, compact, and formed of many Flowets. The general

Cup is longer than the Flowers; and is compofed of fix thorny Leaves.

The feparate Flowers are compofed each of five oblong Petals, turning
back at the end.

Plate 48. a. @ bs
t,o: ft FOCD ER YN G O,

Plate 48. Fig. 3.
| | ab Common Erynco.:
Charaéter of the Species. , : 7 | Eryngium Campeftre.
The firft Leaves from the Root are oval and undivided; only wav'd at
the edge ; the reft are pinnatifid, and terminate in three points.
| Bae ae : ae Fig. 1.4 B.
Tus is a Perennial, native of our way fides in fome parts of England; and to the
‘diftrefs of farmers, alfo of our corn-fields; where, when once in pofieffion, it is very
hardly got out, for the Roots are very difficultly broken, and every piece will grow.
The Plant is near a yard high, and branches into a multitude of fpreading twigs ; thefe
are of a pale green. The Leaves are very handfomely cut; and what forms the trifid
end of them, is no more than the two extream fide Segments, growing to that at the
end. Their colour is a pale yellowifh green, faint but not difagreeable. The Flowers
are blue, but it is not a fine or pleafing colour ; and fometimes they become of the
mere colour of the Leaves, a yellowifh green, They blow from June to September.

Tuts is the Plant whofe Roots are celebrated in medicine, and they deferve all the
praife that has been given them. They are excellent in all diforders arifing from ob- |
{truction : I have feen the jaundice cured by them alone; and in the gravel they are fafe -
and excellent ; as alfo againft afthmas, and other diforders of the breaft and lungs ; but
they trifle who eat them candy’d for this purpofe ; the virtue is loft in the preparation.

Ir has been acuftom to range the Eryngium among the Umbelliferous Plants. Our
reafon for placing it among the Aggregates, needs no other authority than the view of |
the Head, or the comparifon of its Figure here, with thofe of Scabious and Dipfacus,
the avowed Heads of the Aggregate Clafs. |

ae a FOLD ED

64. Tux VEGETABLE SYSTEM.

» FOLDED ‘ERYN GO.

Aes 49. Fig. 1.

| Sea Hotty,
; Chara@ter of the Special | Eryngium Maritimum.
The Leaves are oa: and thorny at the ee, the lower ones are

-roundifh, and cleanly plaited 1 in = folds

Fig 1.4 8.

_ Tuts is a Perennial, native of our fea-coafts in moft parts of the ifland ; and like the
preceding kind, common alfo to almoft every part of Europe. It is a robuft Plant, of
a foot and a half high ; ; and flowers in June. The Stalk is round, thick, firm, and
hard. It is reddith toward the bafe, but of a blueifh green upwards ; the Leaves are alfo

of a blueifh green, but with blackifh thorns; and they are thick and flefhy. The

Flowers are ofa pale blue, not much differing from the colour of the reft of the Plant,
but more bright and fhining. |

Tue Root of this fpecies'has the fame virtues nie that of the preceding, but in an
inferior degree. The antients eat the tender Leaves of both, as they did of the Burdock,
| and many of the Thiftles.

gc F AT RV -N-C-O.

‘Plate 49. me 2 ae
Charagter of the Species, Bry nani Planum.

The radical Leaves are all fimple, flat, lightly wav’d or nick’d at the
edges, and have hollow Footftalks. The Heads are plac ‘d on Foot-
ftalks. |

Fig. 2.4 5.
‘Tuis is a Perennial, native of Swifferland, and moft other parts of Europe; a tall,

handfome Plant, of regular growth and fingularly pleafing appearance ; flowering in July
and Auguft. The Stalk is a yard high; tough and firm; very glofly on the furface ; na-
turally of a faint and fimple green, but fometimes of a fhining blue, and fometimes of
a fhining white ; in either of which ftates it is very beautiful. It rifes fingle from the
ground ; but fpreads into a large, though compa¢t head ; its growth from the firft F fe
being what we have called Proliferous, with a Footftalk, as in moft other of the Eryngos,
The Leaves are as the Stalks in colour, pale green, blueifh or whitith; and fo it is
with the Flowers: they are fineft of all when blue. Thefe variations in colour are very
ftriking at firft fight ; but the Plant is perfectly and entirely the fame in all. They
have done idly who gave the feveral appearances names ; Eryngium planum ‘Piide)

planum ceruleum ; planum album ; for there is not the leaft difference elfe in the feve-
ral Plants. |

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Tur VEGETABLE SYSTEM. 65

4. SWORD LEA YD ERY NG @&,

Plate 50. Fig. *1.

Character of the Speci |
e Species, Eryngium Foetidum,

The Leaves are oblong, fword-fhap’d, faw’d and thorny. Thofe on the
lower part of the Plant are fimple ; thofe toward the top divided.

Tuts is a Perennial, native of North and South America, common to shan tas
Jamaica, to Penfylvania and Peru. We are accuftomed to receive it from Jamaica, and
have therefore placed it in {toves ; but the Plant will live and thrive in open ground, I¢
grows to a foot and a half high. The Stalk is weak, but tough ; of a reddith green to-
ward the bafe, and pale upwards. The Leaves are alfo of a pale green ; and when
bruifed have an unpleafing fcent. ‘The Flowers are {mall and white. |

It is worth while to raife this Plant in quantity to try its virtues. The Indians, who
have taught us more and better medicines, than we ever taught ourfelves, call it by a
name that expreffes Fever Plant: our people in the colonies have learnt its ufe from —
them, and extol it highly ; butI don’t know that it has ever been try’d in England. |

5 NEEDLE ERYN GO.

Plate so. Fig. Qe
Charadter of the Species. =: | | | Eryngium Aquaticurii
The Leaves are. lanc’d, ferrated, and terminate in a {trong and {lender:
Spine, like a needle. They retain their undivided form to the top.
| | se t OS gd Figs 2 ab,
THIS isa Perennial, native of Virginia, and other parts of North America ; an upright,
but not very beautiful Plant; flowering in July. The Stalk rifes to near two feet in
heighth, and is. tough, firm, fmooth, and pale. The Leaves are of a greyifh green;
and have a thick flefhy fubftance. ‘The Flowers are white. ; yi | |
Tuts is another of the Plants famous among the natives of America for its medicinal
They call it by a name which fignifies Rattle-Snake Weed. There are fe-
veral Plants which they fuppofe to have the virtue of curing thofe who are bitten by
venemous ferpents, and this is one, and not the leaft refpeéted among them. It is not
ftrange their firft phyfic fhould be for the cure of bites of venomous creatures: their
life in the woods made them always liable to thofe accidents. |

qualities.

ies 6 PALMATED

66 ‘tur VEGETABLE SYSTEM.

co

6 PALMATED ERYNGO.

Plate s1. Fig. 1.

Chara€ter of the Species. 7 ; | Eryngium Tricufpidatum.
The radical Leaves are heart-fhap’d ; and wav'd along the edges. ‘Thofe
| on the Stalk are palmated and curl’d.

Fig, 1. @ b.
Tuis is a Perennial, native of North America; a tall and handfome Plant, flowering |
in Auguft. The Stalk is two feet and a half high, firm, tough, upright, and, toward
_the top, {preads out into a great many Branches. It is of a pale, greyith green, and
fmooth on the furface, naturally fhining. The Leaves are of a pale, greyith green, with
~ fome little tinge of yellowith ; the Flowers are nearly white. |

Tuose who fearch for marks of diftinétion among the more minute and inconfpicuous,
or at leaft unobvious parts of Plants, may find one in the Head of this Eryngo; by

which, if they pleafe, they may feparate it from the reft, and make of it a new Genus. -

The Heads of all the Plants of this kind, have a kind of chaffy Films placed between
the Flowers. Thofe in the generality are fimple, but in this Species they terminate in
_ three points. © | |

Ir is not of any importance to the Plant, or to its generic Character, whether there
were any of thefe Chaffs or not among the Flowers, as has been obferved in {peaking
of the Steebe: much lefs need we in that character regard their form. I do not know
that any has yet feparated this from the Eryngo’s on that occafion; for the Plant is
little known : T'only name the im propriety of fuch feparations, of which we have in-.
fances on lefs caufes even than this; and would: have the ftudent keep always in mind,
that little regard is to be fhewn to little parts; and that, when other things are equal,
the moft confpicuous marks are always beft. |

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Tat SVIE'G B TAL BiIIAEr & ¥ ST; EM. 67

7 F.0 RBI De R VO.

Plate-§2. ¢ Fig. +.

Character of the Species. Eryngium Pufillum,

The Stalk fplits forkwife into two at the Head; the Leaves are lanc'd

and ferrated.

| Fig. I.abe,
Tuts is a Perennial, native of Spain and Italy ; a low Plant, of no great beauty;
flowering in July and Auguft. The Stalk is round, tough, of a pale green; and lies
in part upon the ground. It feldom grows to more than a foot in heighth; and its
colour is a pale whitifh green. The Leaves are of a bright and pleafing green. _ The
Flowers are of a blueifh white; they are not large ;*but they fit fo clofe upon the
Stalk, that their fingularity gives them an afpect of prettinefs, which generally makes

the Plant taken notice of among fuch as are handfomer. |

STE ND PR Ga, Ge

- Plate 52. Figs 2. !

Character.of the Species. <a : | Eryngium Alpinum,

The Stalks are weak ; the lower Leaves are heart-fhap’d, and fawd at
the edge; the others are pinnatifid with a broad bale. —

| Fig, 2.@ dé.

Tuts is a Perennial, native of the mountains of Swifferland, and of fome other parts —
of Europe; a very pretty Plant, of a foot and a half or more in heighth ; flowering in
July. The Stalk is tough, but weak. It naturally bends, but does not eafily break; —
the Leaves are of a faint green; the upper ones are of a firm fubftance, and are thorny
at the ends and points of the divifions. The Flowers are of a very fine blue, and make

a handfome figure at the tops of the Branches, part of which is ufually ting’d to fome
diftance below them, with the fame glowing colour. — or |

Tur Root of this kind, when dry’d, has a very fine aromatic flavour, light and with-
out heat. It refembles the tafte of the common Eryngo Root, but is vaftly more deli- _
cate. ‘The Plant is common enough where it is native ; and it would be worth while

to import a quantity of its Root for trial in medicine.

9 AMETHYSTINE

68 Tie VEG E TAA BL-E SYSTEM.

6:9. A MEBLT- HY S-T ENE ER Y.N-G 0.

Platé-63-.: Toe.<}
Eryngium Amethyftinum.,

Character of the Species.
The lower leaves are handed, and in the circumference nearly round ;

they are compofed of many plaited and thorned divifions.

Fig. 1. a6.
‘THIs: is a Perennial, native of the Apennines; an upright, robuft, and very beautiful
Plant, of two feet high ; flowering i in June and July. The firft or lower Leaves, are of
a very fine, though pale green, with white ribs, hard, folid, and glofly ; ; and have
often a blotchy mixture of a deeper green, fo that they have a variegated afpect. The
Stalk is upright, thick, tough, and firm; it rifes fingle, and does not branch much,
till near the top ; where it throws out a great many Shoots, which form together a
thick and large Head. Thefe Branches, and a part, if not the whole of the Stem, for
this depends on accidents, are of the moft delicate colour that can be imagined. It is
blue with a mixture of purple; a tin@ too glowing, and too fine to be defcribed, other-
wife than by the allufion to that Gem from which the Plant takes its name ; for it is of
the hue and luftre of the moft perfect Amethyfts. In its native place, the Plant is al-
ways coloured thus in the Stalk to the ground; with us, where too rich a foil gives it
~ more heighth and largenefs, the lower part is white; and where this is the cafe, the
colour of the top is not fo glowing. When this glow is perfect, it is a Plant to be feen
and admired from a diftance ; and more fo, every ftep that one advances to it. The
Flowers are of a fine blue, with fomewhat of the amethyftine tinge ; but their colour is
not nearly fo bright as that of the Stalk.

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Aggregates
Ageregates, their Place

(eRe ERG

fee

oe
_ Aggregates, difference from Umbrella’d

Plants — <«
Aggregates, their Orders ——. 9
- Agroftana —— — 32
Allionia —- 19

Allionia Violacea
Aliionia Incarnata -

Alypum

SR EE!

Arctopus —— — 7%
Aftrantia | a — 31
Aftrantia major ——— pes mone bp
Aftrantia minor pied Se — 31
.
B. |

Bearweed cement —
Beupleurum ——— ote 32
Birdweed — pan 38
Blue Daify —— —— 28
Brunia oes —: 60
Brunia Nodiflora ———. : 60
Brunia Lanuginofa — — 60
Brunia Ciliata ———— toe 6t
Brunia Abrotanoides tenons 61
Burdock, lefler —— | “23
Burweed amet — 13

C ¢
Contrayetva eed ce ee
Cotyledon; Pal. eee — <4
Crownwort — sprees LO
Cumminweed eee we 7
. * ° S2aa ad i ¥
big, be | ee
Devilfbit — me ig
-Dipfacus — ——— it
Dipfacus Fullonum — —— II
Dipfacus Laciniatus —— —— I!
Diptfecus; minor ——> ——

Dorftenia. —— -. §20
Dorftenia Alexiteria — #20
Dorftenia Drakenao. o— ee ZO
Dorftenia Contrayerva a 21
2 tee ae

Dorftenia Cerulefcens

D

Kk

| ; SUPE
Drakena oe isiegrr 50
Echinophora: °: ches <:" aoace 34.
Echinophora Spinofa — 34°
Echinophora Tenuifolia _ — 34
Echinops aeneee ini 55
Echinops Spherocephalts — ss
Echinops Ritro —— — ss 55
Egg Weed rt Meee! nigney
Eryngium es —— 63
Eryngium Campeftre — 63
Eryngium Maritimum pommmeey 64
Eryngium Planum —
Eryngium Fetidum = —— —— 65
Eryngium Aquaticum — 65
Eryngium Tricufpidatum ret 667
Eryngium Pufillum — 67
Eryngium Alpinum — ee Ore.
Eryngium Amethyftinum _ me OB)
Fe : F.
F everwort — —— 20
Fair-Weed — — 19
G. EA
Ginfeng —— 2 —e 25
Globewort a oe 28
Globularia _ —— — 23°
Globularia Vulgaris — 28
Globularia Spinofa one 28
Globularia Alypum ae 29
Globularia Bitnagarca ee See
Globularia Cordifolia ne 29
Globularia Nudiéaulis* mad 30
Globularia Orientalis — 9°
Grafsweed = ee —— 32
| _Gundelia ee me as Ht a 35
Gundelfchimera —— 35
Healthwort — es 25
Herb Terrible ——— ae
Holly Sea — — ——— 63
\ Hydrocotyle ee —— 22
Hydrocotyle ibe“ a 22.
Hydrocotyle Umbellata ene 22
Hydrocotyle Americana —— 23
Hydrocotyle Afiatica — 23
4 Hydro=

Hydrocotyle Chinenfis inn 2.4.

Jafione — — 36
K.

Knautia wine ——— 18.

Knautia Orientalis — 18

Knautia Occidentalis —— 18
L,

Lagoccia _ —$

| M |
Mafterweed eed 31
Matterw ort,-black saa oT.

Mongrel Plants

| N. |
Needle- Weed —_ is eect 9 gS
ae nen ee

-Panax me 2%
Panax Quinquefolium —— 2's
Panax Trifolium niche 25
Panax Fruticofum oa a 25
Perfoliata ~— — 32.
Pinkweed —— : 18
Plants Mongrel —— — 52
Plants Univerfal —— — iIi4
Plants, their Growth accordin g to their Cli-
“mates ~~ ——- a 16
Mulith Plants co ae 52
. R. ta
Rampion Sheep’s © Faroe 36
Rod Shepherd’s : camee eee 12
Ruthrum emma: et
Sampire Prickly orn 34
Scabiofa —- tn EAL mt a7
Scabiofa Arvenfis —_ ——s-37
Scabiofa Succifa a 38
Scabiofa Alpina = —. — 38;
Scabiofa Tranfylvanica oo —— 39.
Scabiofa Leucanthema —— 39.
Sobica Syract OG
Scabiofa Tartarica — Al
Scabiofa Integrifolia — 4l

i; ©

Scabiofa Columbaria —— 42
Scabiofa Atropurpurea ——ene 42
Scabiofa Argentea — = 43
Scabiofa Africana we 43
Scabiofa Ochroleuca —- ——. 44
Scabiofa Maritima —— A4.
Scabiofa Ucranica ~~ ——— «45
‘Scabiofa Graminifolia soe 45
Scabiofa Lanata — 46
Scabiofa Prolifera — estate vi
Scabiofa Cretica ——- — 43
Scabiofa Paleftina — 48
Scabiofa Pterocephala —_ 49
Scabiofa Pappofa © = — — 49
Scabiofa Stellata —— ELE
Scabiofa Triandra —_— — $I
Scabiofa Hetenfis Some — st
Scabious —_ —— 37
Scabious, Starry — ee OLR -
Sea Holly — woe 63
Sheep’s Rampion — 36
. Sheep-Rot ee —— 22
Sigefbeckia —__ so 58
Shepherd’s Rod — 12
Statice —— ae 26
Statice Armeria ——~ 26
Statice Speciofa eee ——- 26
Statice Flexuofa — — 27
Statice Suffruticofa —— 27
Starry Scabious | 48.
Stcebe ; oars a wee core 59
T.
Teafell — 5 ——_ II
Teafell, {mall — aeeines 12
Terrible Herb ee — 29
Thiftle Clufter Ronert 56
Thiftle-Globe = ee
Threadwort ee —_—— 60
Thrift ne — 26
Thornweed_ tn — 34
V.
Virga Pattoris — ie
*
Xanthium — — 13
Xanthium Spinofum — —s-3
Xanthium Strumarium —~ ——-12
Xanthium Orientale . .—

tis wayise e

=~ &

ERRATUM.

Next to Page 36.—For Folios 295 30, 31, 32, read 37, 38, 39, 40.