Pabe Tribe Helenieae, pinnatifid in Briovhyllwa. Heads showy, with yellow ray-rlowers, the disc flowers yellow or purplish. Eracts of the involucre in l-3 series, Recepta- cles naked or bearing awl-like awns. Achenes glabrous in BZriophyllun, for the rest hispid, the papous of several membranous scales which taper into a thin { Herbs with alternate leaves, decurrest uroon the stem in Heleniun Me teenie awn in Helenium and Gaillardia. : # if » 5 1 CCOUR! BOTANICAL. GAADEN UBRARY 3% Heleniun L. Sneegeweed, Perennial herbs with alternate leaves the upper of which are sessile and decurrent upon the stem. Heads showy, hemispherical or nearly globose, their involucres consisting of « or 6 les ov linear-lanceolate bracts, the outer of wiich are herbaceous, tue inner shorter and membranous, reflexed in fruit; @#e recentacies subelovose , naked. ‘Ray-flowers yellow, fertile, their corollas wedse-shaped, J-&-tootned ; aisc-flowers yellow, compact. Achenes narrowly cuneiform, 4-o-ancledgioncitudinally ribbed, the ribs hispid; pappus of 4-G membranous scales which “Ee cér into a membranous awn. le He montanua lutt. ———» arect leafy perenniagS herds 15-60 cme tail, the basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, <-4 cm. lonz, tanering to an indefi inite ; netiole, soon Withering, the upper ‘Lés¥an broadly ellintical or obovaie, acute, eascite seh decurrent am the length of the inter- nodes, thus forming narrow wings uron the mee remotely and shallowly toothed, both surfaces ,labrous, sprinkled witn obscure sessile glands; heads more or 5 a arta corymbose, on rough peduncles 2-3 cm. long, soon becoming globose, their invol- $A OLAS OO i ere eee | inoar-laiceclate or subulate, very Ce 1eral acute DRacsp, Cc OUTCL Chee em 6-6 mi. lon; ray-corolias bright colden- wacks yellow, 12-16 mu. lone, cuneiform, J=4-toothed or lobed, clandular and puber- : ulent on the lower surface; disc- gorolias yellow; ac! lencs « iMMe long, glandular 7 q) with sessile glands, hispid on the ribs, pappous-scales somewhat shorter than the body of the. achene, more or less lacerate. 1 Occasional in moist earth alone slow streams or lakes. —> ; Noh ——> dandpoint, Jnling 10405; Pearl Isl., Dumile; fort Hill, Epling 10463. 1 no 35 Eriophyllum Lag. Golden Yarrow Perennial herbs, woody and branched at the base with alternate, densely white-woolly pinnatifid leaves. Heads few on ratheystout peduncles which are gradually dilated upwards, their involucres hemispherical or campanulate, consisting of a single series of rather rigid oblong-lanceolate woolly bracts; receptacle conical, naked, Kay-flowers vistillate and fertile, yellow; dise-flowers yellow, Achenes prismatic, strongly 4-angled, bearing a white pappus of irregular chaffy scales, le BE. lanatum (Pursh) Forbes, Perennial herbs branching at the base with several ascending or decumbent stems, 20-40 cm, tall, densely white-woolly throughout, leaves numerous, 1-5 cm. long, ovate or obovate in outline, pinnately 3-5-toothed or lobed, narrowed to an indefinite petiole, densely white-woolly, becoming less so and ashy in age; heads hemispheric on woolly peduncles 5-10 cm. long, their involucral bracts 8-12, strongly overlapping, 8-9 mm, tall, firm, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, subacute, woolly on the outer surface, glabrous within; ray-flowers 6-12, golden-yellow, their corollas 8-12 mm. longs; achenes 3,5 mm, long, 5-6 mm.wide, the pappus scales variable but generally scarcely .5mm, tall. Frequent in rock-crevices or dry rocky soil at low elevations, var. integrifolium (Hook.) Smiley, Stems usually lower, 10-20 om, tall, sparingly branched; heads campanulate, 6-8 mm, high, their bracts 6-8, chartaceous, little overlapping, carinate,—- —— a 7 Occasional over the southern part of our area; thie-varm, often wet—wett 11! defined in our region, emd-intermeciateolants occasional, te ribe Anthemideae . Pereniial herbs with alternate, mostly pinnatifid leaves, toothed or entire in some species of Artemisia al a Chrysanthemum. Heads mostly smali, pact, the ray-flowers showy and white or yellow and inconspicuous or wanting bracts overlap ping in several series, firm and chaffy, usually with thin margins. Receptacles cnaffy in sreeéidleSe and anthemis, ror the rest naked. Achillea em ee ee com- Fappus none or a low ridge as in Zanacetum and Matricaria. 2 ol A rs i’ F 6 f oo < v i 7 ff a Pa wf ff i . w A wf y ri ~ » * ‘% ~. . 4 ~ *, ‘wy, ty Al * * ts, me, *, » ~ ™‘, *, nell Ala em 36. Anthenis Le Chamomile. Annual herbs with numerous alternate finely dissected leaves. Heads radiate, their involucres hemisrherical, consistinse of several series of scarious bracts, the receptacles conical. Ray-corollas white, sterile or pistillate, disc-corollas yellow, some if not all subtended by a chaffy subulate bract. Achenes narrowly wedse-shaped , longitudinally ribbed and more or less tuberculate; paprus none. 0 Heroage ill-scented; ray flowers sterile; leaves 4 prevailingly thrice ninnatifid I. Ae Cotula 9 Herbage not ill-scented; ray flowers vertile; leaves 4 prevailingly twice pinnatifid 2, As arvensis Le Ae Cotula L. Dog-fennel. —> sm annuals <0-60 cm. tall with ill-scented q pungent foliage, tne leaves glabrous or nearly SO, d-5 cme long, nrevailingly ; o times pinnately dissected into threadlike lob Ss; bracts o¢ the involucre ‘ oblong, obtuse; ray-flowers 6-10 mi. long, steriies, Frequent in pastures or around habitations; introduced from SUPOpe@ e &e Ae arvensis Le. Corn Chamomile. —> +m annua lo.ee PRS 0-50 Cm. tall, with thinly pubescent foliage, not ili-scented, the leaves prevailingly twice pinnativid into linear lobes, 5-5 em. lone; bracts of tne involuere oblong, obtuse, 5. mn. lous; ray-flowers 9-10 mm. Lone oC? “0 be expected as 2 weed in waste »laces. - ot rk tee ek J Fs ’ sect Ne Sb enw Sarid a 37. Achillea Le Yarrow, Milfoil, Perennial nerds with alternate vinnatifid leaves with numerous smll linear segments. Head numerous, mostly radiate. Involucres mostly ovoid, consisting of several series of membranous bracts with prominent midveins and scarious margins, passing into the smaller ana tninner bracts of the disc. Ray-flowers few, commonly 5, sometimes wanting, ristillate, fertile, their corollas comaonly white sometives pinkish; disc corollas whitish. Achenes oblong: or ovate, strongly flattened, bearing @ callous margins pappus non®, foe pee Se le Ae millefolium lL. var. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper. | wepovensice Derlg with usually tufted stems 50-60 cm. tall, thinly pubescent with fine shasgy hairs, especially so at the nodes; leaves narrowly oblong- oblanceolate, 5-15 cme lon’, pinnately divided into numerous segments, these again once or twice pinnatifid or toothec, the ultimate segments 1-£ mm. long, scarcely .5 mn. wide, acute,thinly woolly throughout with fine hairs, the lower leaves borne on snort dilated petioles, the upper sessile or nearly so, heads numerous in flat-topped or convex terminal clusters, their involucres 5-5 mm. tali, mostly ovoid, the bracts sreen, thinly wooliy and sometimes with sessile clands , Sides tle rma j ronWar brownish; ray-flowers mostly 5, their corollas dull white, or rarely pinkish, 5-4 ma. long, the blades subrotund, entire or toothed, spreadinz; achenes «< mm. long. co 3 z ) Abundant at ali elevations in open places. i ss ice %, x os \. Nw \ Si ms, ‘ A i . 3 AN *~ me 1 ~\ F| < ee ed my 38. Chrysanthemum. (Tourn.)L. eaves Perennial herbs with rootstocks and alternateXpinnately incised or pinnate, the terminal lobe being very much larger than the lateral ones, these sometimes wanting. Heads with or without ray flowers which are white when present. Involucres hemispherical, of several series of mostly oblong bracts which are overlapping and scarious at the tips; receptacle naked, flat or convex. Disc-flowers yellow. Achenes cylindrical, ribbed longitud- inally; pappus none. o Ray flowers present,-witreh-emey 20-25 mn. long I, Ce Leucanthemum 0 Ray flowers wanting 2. C. Balsamita 1. C. Leucanthemum L. var. pinnatifidum Leeoq & Lamotte. Ox-eve Daisy. Perennial herbs, the stems several, 30-60 cm. tall, erect, glabrous; basal leaves mostly spatulate, attenuate to a slender petiole 3-4 om. long, irreg- ularly toothed, the cauline leaves oblong or the lower oblanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, sessile, pinnately incised or pinnatifid, the lobes acute, both surfaces glabrous; heads showy, solitary at the ends of the stems, their involucres hemispheric, depressed around the stem, the bracts 3-7 mn. long, in 4-5 series, the outer lanceolate, acute, the inner oblong, scarious margined above the middle, all margined with brown;ray-corollas 20-22 mm. long, white, 20-30 in number; disc flowers yellow; achenes ribbed. Occasional in moist ground usually near habitations; introduced from Kurope.e = Sa ee —> > Priest Re Exp. Sta., Hpling 6602. 26 Ce Balsamita L. var. tanacetoides Boiss. Perennial herbs with stems 60-80 cm. tall, puberulent; basal leaves oblanceolate or elliptical, _ long-petioled, the stem-leaves cblong or oval, their blades 4-8 om. long, bear- ing @ or 4 small lateral lobes or teeth at the base, the lower on petioles 1-1.5 cme long, the upper sessile, all crenately toothed, the teeth 1=-1.5 mm. tall, 4 both surfaces dull and somewhat canescent with small appressed hairs; heads numerous, rayless, arranged in terminal flat-topped clusters, their involucres hemispherical, the bracts in about 4 series, oblong, 3-4 mm. long, the tips scarious; disc-flowers subequal to the bracts, vellow. An occasional escape at lower elevations; introduced from Asia. > WH —? Clarkia, Hpling and Offord 8775. i 39, Tanacetum (Tourn.)L. Stout aromatic, very leafy perennial herbs with alternate 1-3 times pinnatifid leaves. Heads numerous, hemispherical, arranged in flat-topped clusters, radiate, but appearing discoid due to smallness of the ray flowers, Involucre cup-shaped, formed of numerous closely overlapping narrow bracts; receptacle convex, naked. Ray flowers pistillate, fertile, yellow; disco flowers yellow, Achenes sub#prismatic, ribbed; pappus forming a low chaffy crown. 1, T. vulgare Le Tansy. Strong-smelling terb 80-100 cm, tall or more, glabrous; leaves mostly twite”pinnatifid, the ultimate segments acute, frequently sharply toothed; clusters 10-12 cm, across, the bracts of the involucre 2-35 mm, long; flowers yellow, - - _ ~ 7 Escaped from gardens or introduced as ‘a weed in waste places. — a ee mnoY ——> Priest River, Epling 7983. ae SSrernetee 4 wit tania ahaa sass shh — Site Be ¥0. Matricaria (Tourn.)L. Annual weedy herbs with alternate leaves thrice pinnatifid into small linear divisions. Heads numerous, discoid, ovoid or subglobose, compact their involucres formed of about 5 series of oblong membranous bracts with scarious margins; receptacles conical, naked. Flowers greenish yellow. Achenes clavatg, curving somewhat, 3-ribbed; pappus a low ridge around the apex Pineapple Weed, : SS epee (Purshg) Buch. Wild Chamomile. Glabrous annual herbs 10-30 cm. tall, with fragrant foliaze; leaves 1-3 om. long, thrice pinnatifid, the ultimate segnents scarcely 1 mm. wide or less; heads 3-6 mm e P 1 ° t } : in diaméter, the bracts of the involucre 3 mm. long; achenes ].3 mme long ae . ° a : >(ii. matricarioides Porter. ). A frequent weed in waste places around stables and dwellings and in pastures. a ro i ! ; 3 i a reer 4/. Artemisia L. Sagebrush. Perennial herbs with ascending usually numerous stems and usually % | hoary foliage; leaves alternate, entire, pinnately toothed or dissected, variable. Heads small, often greenish, not showy except in mass, subglobose, borne in racemes or panicles; bracts of involucre closely overlapping, in 2-4 series, more or less scarious; receptacle flat, rounded or rarely ovoid, usually naked. Flowers yellow or brown, the marginal ones unisexual, pistillate, usually functioning as ray-flowers. Achenes obovoid-columnar, without a pappus, usually glabrous. oHerbage entirely glabrous 2 Leaves entire, 1.5-3 mm. wide /, As dracunculoides » Leaves once or twice pinnatifid Q A- biennis o Herbage pubescent, either silky or woolly Herbage thinly clothed with soft fine hairs co] y 4 lieads 35.5-4 mn. in diameter a A. spithamea . 4 3 4 Heads 2.5-5 mms in diameter 4 Ae pacifica F Herbage more or less wool]; or cobwebby beneath . : 4 Receptacle hairy; plant a shrub $7A. absinthium 4 Receptacle naked; plant an herb, perhaps 6 thickenod, but not decidedly woodv at base GA. vulgaris 1. Ae dracunculoides Pursh. 7 An erect perennial 40-120 cm. tall, the branches erect, slender, glabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, sessile, entire, glabrous, 1-2.5 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. broad, 2-2.5 mn. broad, numerous; heads numerous, nodding, in greenish panicles,the short branches ef=—wheteh—ere> ascending or extended; bracts of the involucre in usually 4 series, the outermost subulate, rather fleshy, the inner broadly ovate or oval, scarious, with brownish >. midveins, all glabrous; flowers yellovish. > —> (A. dracunculus subsp. glauca Hall,), Seen only in the Kootenai Valley near Bonner's Ferry, Bpling 10446. § 4 i 4 i ili ln aN A MS lis, eed 2. A. biennis Willd. —— ——» A biennial herb 30-60 om. tall with simple glabrous very leafy stems; leaves 5-8 om. long, prevailing] ees in outline, for the most part twice-pinnately dissectedgthe prlinty subdivision: mostly linear-oblanceolate, the secondary lobes 1-5 mn. long or merel Pees ons acute, spreading, both surfaces glabrous; Ske upper leaves once signet with entire segnents; heads numerous, borne on short lateral branchlets in irs Alea much exceeded by the subtendins leaves, their involucres 1-1.5 mm a. the bracts scarious-margined, glabrous, the re. s> : 2 4 vellow, glabrous; achenes nos seen. : wih A ca nt lanes on LES a Port Hill, Epling 10503; Horse Plains, om, Loiberg 1590. Moist places. =e Glos A. spithamea Pursh. ————————? Low perennial herbs with elongate tap r now ——~->Uprer Priest R., 3000 ft., Epling 7553, 7512, 7586» Hore oots and stout branching vertical caudices, the basal leaves tufted, 10-18 om long, for the most part twice pinnately divided into linear eeeuents 1-2 CMe ; long, 1-2 m. wide, attenuate to linear petioles 8-12 em. long, the cauline leaves similar, shorter petioled, the uppermost sessile, once pinnate passing into the linear bracts all thinly silky-pubescent; stems 20-40 cm. tall thinl silky-pubsscent with fine hairs; heededa narrow racemes or slender ae T.5-2 em. broad, the branches @b—wheeh-any crect and very slender; heads 2.5-3 mm. in diameter. a (A. campestris subsp. pacifica Hallj, , 2 e™mMe Infrequent in sandy soil at low elevations. —> <— sevice SEA CEE A. pacifica Nutt. _—_—_———-- > Perennial herbs with stems 40-50 cm. tall, erect, b ranching in the inflorescence, the branches strongly ascending; leaves twice pinnately divided into lineesr segments 1-2 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, attenuate to the stem leaves similar, more shortly petioled, linear petioles 8-12 cm. long, the uppermost sessile, once pinnate,passing into the linear bracts, all pubescent with soft short appressed hairs but hardly silky; heede—+ panicles 5-10 cm. broad, with strongly ascending branches; heads 34 ———— —>(A. campestris subsp. pacifi Near Horse Plains, Leiberg 1580. 325-4 mu. in diameter. —ape————> ca Hall, OMe a ee eee Oe ME i ntl ij PPE cing : : i 7 , weet : Absinthe. 4 q A. absinthium L. ? A somewhat shrubby perennial with usually [ mmerous stems 50-100 om. tall, more or less canescent with fine appressed nage hairs; leaves broadly ovate in outline, twice or thrice dissected into linear@ =/ 4 lanceolate lobes 1-3 mm. broad, mostly obtuse, more or less canescent on q surfaces, especially beneath; heads numerous in campound panicles; bracts of the involucre in usually 4 series, the outermost subulate, the inner broadly oval, with broad scarious margins, thinly pmbescent, the receptacles hairy; ; flowers nwmerous, crowded, yellow. : Frequent in waste places and along roadways in dry situations at low elevations. Ae Douglasiana Besser (Ae heterophylla utes) ) ) A. vulgaris Le —-_———-> Perennial herbs with r & variable in habit, the stems 20-100 cm. tall, nsuniiy wn tinineaee - times becoming glabrous; leaves of great variability, entire and silipts al or lanceolate, 5-8 om. long, 5-20 mm. broad, or pinnatifid, more or le ee ovate or obovate or oblanceolate in outline, 3-10 om. long, the lobes : spreading, 1-10 mm. broad, or sometimes merely toothed, both surfaces usual] @ woolly or cobwebby; the upper sometimes becaning glabrous; heads crowded teks narrow usually leafy panicles 15-30 om. long; 3-4.5 mm. in diameter. : ) ; - eee subsvecies requent in restricted dry situations where plants from the sage regions sometimes penetrate. Our plants comprise chiefly 3 £« 7. aS with leaves usually obovate in outline, 2=5 cme wide a with spreading lobes} one known as A. gnaphalodes Nutt. elliptical or lanceolate leaves .5-2 cm. wide, which ie tae surfaces} and A. lu¢oviciana Nutt. in which the leaves are linear or linear=> oblanceolate, .5-2 ‘com. wide with leaves mostly cut into linear-lanceolate a spreading lobes, usually gray and woolly on both surfaces. } = £8.06 2 Tribe Senecionease. Herbs with chiefly basal leaves in Petasites, opposite stem leaves in Arnica and alternate stem leaves in Senecio. Bracts herbaceous, in 1-3 series, often keeled in Senecio. Ray flowers usually present. Pappus of soft bristles. fin panini el al ; ¢ ‘ | 4 aS ede ‘acts mok -is—Lovmety, the blades peing\at maturit; d on petioles as long as the blade or longers 42. Petasites Le ping rootstocks and basal ve which mature after the > scape-like flowering stems, Heads oer oreetale dasestoie the iuvolucres narrowly Sampanulave, theirJherbaceous 4 . . flow- : ers of the pistillate plants mostly fertile, their corollas irregularly 2-5 toothed anc tubular or strap-shaped; flowers of the sterile plants mostly perfect srile, the sterile flowers tubular and 5-toothed, Achenes 5@ =/ but functionally st TO-ribbeds; pappus of copious soft bristles. (Pursh)Gray. Colts Foote —Lerennice herbs with elongated -oneep— > tocks and basal leaves =hich-—so y(deltoid, 20-30 cm, long, somewhat narrower, Perennial herbs with stout cree Ie Pe sagittata aye jointed roots d coarsely toothed, borne felt-like when young, the upper becoming glabrous and tall, bearing several sessile lanceolate scales thinly cobwebby; heads 10-15 involucral bracts in @ ser= ray corollas violet, sinuately an both surfaces white and green; flowering stems 50-50 Cie which pass into the bracts of the flower cluster, in a loose convex cluster on petioles I-2 cme long, ies, membranous, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 6-7 mm. tall; slightly longer than the bractSe n swampy places at low elevations forming) frequently considerable are = laniail t T res I flowers very early. — ae 6 i Th <__5Port Nill, Bpling 10496. ind Be xia Socal abebibaase , dl Ce ar =e ene OOO I ee a ee PERE EES OES My 4% 3 Senecio L. Perennial herbs with horizontal rootstocks, the stems erect, the basal leaves commonly long-petioled, the upper stem leaves being much reduced, sessile and of different form, less often similar but smaller, always alternate. Heads rarely solitary, commonly in terminal subumbellate and crowded or more open corymbs, their involucral bracts subequal, erect, cammonly in one, some- ; times 2 dissimilar series; receptacle flat, naked. Flowers yellow, the ray =/ flowers few, irregular in number, lax, often wanting, pistillate and fertile when present. Achenes columnar, 5-10 ribbed, bearing a copious soft white pappus . O Heads mostly solitary, rarely more than 3 2 Bracts 14-15 mm. long, in two dissimilar series |, Se megacephalus 2 Bracts 5-6 mm. long, in a single series 4 S+_subnudus = ; O Heads few to numerous, arranged in corymbs see i ; 5 YA f 3 } D4 ee : et j Pa rail rail 4 \ ‘ all Mela RI Nast i EL i CNR in eects ionic m leaves differing in shape from the besal leaves » markedly eh a L Ca leaves ovate to lanceolate, cordate or narrowed a bas wo ow ar ra) . a oa 4 Basal leaves rounded and usually subcordate | 8 at the basex 6 Stem leaves pinnatifid &: Se pseudaureus 6 Stem leaves toothed or subentire 4%, S. integerrims 4 Basal leaves attenuate at the base (B00-thind-cnvecom}> 6 Basal leaves glabrate or loosely woolly, their /O dDlades 4-15 em, long Gg Cauline leaves Slabrous-iargined : / heeds in elongate corymbs, the fo lovermost branches of which are \ 10-20 cm. long Se /o Leaves sharply denticulate 4° Se, exaliatus — /O Leaves prevailingly entire 6 Se pacificus ; § Cauline leaves woolly-margined; heads 1 in compact subumbellate corymbs the la branches of which are rarely more than : fa o Cme long. vA Se Columbianus = Basal leaves covered at least below ith a fine close /Ofelt, 1.5-3 om, long, on slender petioles usually longer g S ° Eowe 1 1 1 1 2, Stem leaves similer so she lower leaves, gradually diminished 4 f a ie ye ak + L . : a : eo ey upward, all truneste or sagittste at the base gq S. triangularis ; Pa a ee ee —_— GL S. megacephalus Nutt. ————> Stems 40-80 com. tall, more or less floccose-woolly; leaves chiefly in basal tufts, 10-20 cm. long, 8-25 mm, wide, narrowly oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, entire, floccose-woolly or cobwebby, the stem leaves similar but smaller, sessile, the upper ones lanceolate or linear and acute; heads 1-3, 3.5=5 cm. broad, including the spreading ray-flowers, the involucres hemispherice¥, their bracts of 2 dissimilar series, the outer linear, woolly, herbaceous, 14-15 mm, long, the inner subequal, boat-shaped, firm and somewhat chaffy, woolly towards the apex; ray flowers 20-25 mm. longs achenes not seen, Frequent in subalpine meadows. eo» S~. subnudus DC. ———_” Glabrous herbs, the_ stems very siender, .10-40 {i cm, tall; leaves chiefly basal, few or tufted, their blades oval or obovate, 8-25 mm, long, rather coarsely dentate, entire towards the base and somewhat cuneate or abruptly narrowed to slender petioles 3-5 cm. long; lowermost stem leaves smaller and more sharply toothed, the remainder 5-15 mm, long, subulate, entire, or sparingly toothed; heads usually solitary, terminal, their involucral bracts 5-6 mm. long, linear, glabrous; ray-corollas 8 mM, longs; achenes glabrous. RA arenes a Meadow near Oxford Re Se 5000 ft., Epling and Houck 96903; ridges south from Wiessner's Peak, 6200 ft., Leiberg 1576. > 4 ® 4 5 wm itil ama: 2 3. S- pseudaureus Rydb. : ; ie woe siocks,;—+hoyp stems erect, glabrous below, somewhat pubescent " hairs in the inflorescence, 60-90 cm. tall; blades oF the ope G tiv ek ead or ovate, even subrotund, 25-5 cm. long, abruptly narrowed to slender petioles 5-20 cme longgmostly woolly on the expanded bases, obtuse orrounded at sh apex, subcordate or subtruncate at the base, their margins crenate or serrate ; the lower stem leaves—cimiles-bw mae elongate, prevailingly oblong-ovate. o- oval, irregularly bisdentate or sometimes incised toward the base, the petioles shorter, these passing into the upper sessile and clasping deeply incised or pinnatifid leaves which are oblong or the uppermost lanceolate, the lobes remote again usually irregularly toothed; heads in terminal flat-topped subumbellate F) clusters, their involucral bracts 5-8 mm. long, linear, sparsely pubescent: ray-corollas 9-10 mm. long; achenes 2.5 mm. long. . ec “> (S. idahoensis Rydb.). y Frequent in meadows or burns below 5000 feet. ‘S. integerrims Nutt. Basal leaves ovate, rounded at the base .3-5 cm. | > _ broads stem leaves entire, lanceolate; corymbs thinly woolly. qi) Continental Mt., Christ 1670. i 3 ; | i d ie S. exaltatus Nutte ———+~ Herbs 60-120 com, tall, prevatlingly glabrous throughout, basal leaves mostly elliptical or oblanceolate, 6-15 om, long, obtuse or acute, tapering at the base to petioles ag long as the blade or. longer, rarely somewhat abruptly narrowed, the margins Sharply denticulate, the upper leaves sessile and clasping, lanceolate, widest at the base end acute or attenuate at the apex, 1,5=-6 cm, long, 3-12 mm. wide; heads dis= played in rather flat-topped corymbose clusters, the lower branches of which a a are 6-15 om, long, each branch bearing a small umbellate cluster at its apex; involucral bracts 5-8 um, tall, narrowly oblong, keeled on the back, ; rather abruptly narrowed toward the apex and there acute, tipped with: purple; ray-flowers 9-12 mm, long; achenes 4=5 mm, long, glabrous, 1 tli oA Ne lle pi ala de 86 oe In meadows and on open hillsides, Se Leibergii Greene is.:a form very similar but with pale yellow rays, Or" 6. S. pacificus Greene. -——>+ Rather coarse herbs often growing in water, with short vertical rootstocks and fleshy roots; stems 60-80 cm, tall, glabrous and glaucous; basal leaves varying from linear, when partly submerged, 5-10 ma. wide, to oblanceolate, the blades 15=25 em, long, tapering to a petiole of equal length; stem leaves gradually diminished upwards, the lower oblanceolate, narrowed to broad-winged petioles, the upper oblong-lanceolate, broadest at the clasping base, all entire, smooth and rather glaucous; heads all discoid, in terminal flat-topped corymbs 5-10 cm. across; involucral bracts 7-8 mm, long, the inner 2 mm, broad with thin margins, all glabrous, hardly black tipped, u disc-corollas 7 mm, longs achenes glabrous. Infrequent in marshy ground at low elevations, — —> —— > Lower valley of Clark Fork, 2100 ft., Leiberg 1665; Pearl Island near Hope, Dunkle; Sandpoint, Christ 2029 — «aH stout roots, their stems 50-60 om. tall, sparingly floceose-woolly or nearly glabrous; basal leaves few, their blades 4-8 om. long, preveilingly oval, mostly obtuse, rather abruptly narrowed to stoutish often floccose petioles fer—the-p ~moce—peri—obout_os longas—thebiedp, their margins irregularly denticulate P both surfaces or only the lower sparsely floccose-woolJy, both sometimes glabrate, the lower stem leaves similar but smaller, quickly passing into much reduced linear-lanceolate or subulate bract-like leaves 1.5=4 om. long, 2=5 mm. wide, broadest at the clasping base, the lowermost usually denticulate, the uppermost entire, attenuate, all prevailingly wooliy; heads displayed in subumbellate con= vex clusters the lowermost branches of which are 1-3 rarely 4 om. long; involucral bracts 5-7 mm. long, narrowly oblong, keeled on the back, rather =) S. columbianus Greene. “r-~Peremnig® herbs with abruptly narrowed toward the apex and there acute, tipped with purple; raye? ; / P flowers 9-12 mm. long; achenes 4-5 mm. long, sparsely hittellous. ——_ — 7 ———— > (S. atriapiculatus Rydb.). ae “a Open hillsides fram 2500-6000 feet. S. Howellii Greene, -——? Tufted herbs 20-30 om. tall with several stems, white-woolly oval, mostly entire; stem leaves sessile, - becoming lanceolate in the upper parts; sasaki stn ci a Sills tls CoA i sd sib heads 7-8 mm, tall, golden yellow, | git | a Rathdrum prairie, Christ 290, 7 Se triangularis Hook. — —? Erect porennte® clabrous herbs i the stems 60-100 om. tall or more, leafy through- out; leaves deltoid-ovate, frequently somewhat hastate, their blades 4-12 om. Tong, mostly short-acuminate, cordate or subtruncate at the base, both sur- faces glabrous, the margins sharply and closely toothed, the teeth 1-3 mme tall, more or less deltoid, the lowermost on petioles 3-8 om. long, the uppermost nearly sessile; heads few, displayed in more or less flat-topped or convex terminal clusters; involucres bell-shaped, their bracts 6-9 mme long, linear or linear-lanceolate, rather blunt and pubescent at the tips, for the rest, glabrous; ray-corollas 14-15 mn. long; achenes 4 mm. long, the white pappus 6-7 mm. long. Common in boggy moist places in the woods at lower elevations ani in sub-= alpine meadows. f yt om ot ature re ade ene BOS nas bt Ld A oe ‘ ¥4 Arnica L. Perennial herbs with creeping, often elongate rootstocks, the basal leaves usually differing from the cauline, the latter diminished upwards, opposite, the lower pairs resembling the basal leaves, being thus either cordate or narrowed at the base, the uppermost pairs sessile. Heads solitary or several, the involucres top-shaped or hemispherical, their bracts thin and membranous, in 1 or 2 series, erect. Receptacle flat or convex, naked or pubescent. Ray-flowers pistillate and fertile, the rays conspicuous, yellow; disc-flowers numerous, their tubes pubescent. Achenes columnar, rarely glabrous, mostly either hispidulous or sprinkled with short glandular hairs. Pappus a single series of scabrous bristles. © Lower loaves oblanceolate or obovate, narrowed toward the 4 base Z Achenes sprinkled with minute glands or resin dots, % sometimes with scattering short hairs “4/ Stem and leaves glabrate, glandular puberulent, CT ns latter Linear-lanceolate,seldom more than 1.5 cm. wide : |, As longifolia /{ Stem and leaves short-woolly, the latter 1.5=2.5 CM « e @ wide, oblong-lanceolate or oblong : : @ Involucral bracts 1.5-3 mm. wide, 10-12 . /o mm. long 2, A- mollis qd © Involucral bracts 1-2 mm. wide, 6-8 mn. long 3. A. Chamissonis q 2 Achenes hispidulous or hirsute, or glabrous, not »at all glandular 4 Achenes glabrous % A. crassa 6 Achenes hispidulous or hirsute (> Ray-corollas orange; achenes softly hirsute, so plants 10-20 cm. tall S° A. Rydbergii _ } } Ray-corollas yellow; achenes hispidulous, i jo Plants 30-50 cm. tall, rarely less i 1 ; S Leaves entire or nearly so; heads i /é solitary G. Ae pedunculata i * Leaves sharply toothed, heads several, : jz rarely solitary 7. As Macounii a © Basal leaves and often the lower stem leaves cordate i 4 or reniform Achenes glabrous a. Ae latifolia q) *% Achenes hispidulous Gracts of involucre]' : S-12 mne long, ray=corollas = 12-20 mm. long ; > Plants glabrous or nearly so, raye> /O corollas 12-15 mm. long 4 Plants thinly woolly; ray-corollas /O 18-20 mm. long + Bracts of involucre 15-20 mm. long; rayé § ccrollas 25-35 mm. long 9. A. diversifolia _— /O, Ae gracilis /|, Ae cordifolia — Lf Pia z sg | 4 4 $ 3 4 4 3 3 3 i en Oa Data ime Ar Ne vb Ae longifolia D.C. HKaton. li, parannist rb$with « rather Pi woody horizontal rootstockZ the stems several » 40-60 cn. er j glandulare) es puberulent; basal leaves narrowly obovate or spatulate,3=5 om. long, the | cauline several pairs, linear-lanceolate, 5-9 om. long, 6-10 mm. wide, acute or acuminate, narrowed toward the base, subentire or finely denticulate, glabrate or glandular-puberulent beneath; heads several, their invo]lucres hemispherical, the bracts oblong, acuminate toward the apex, 8-10 mn. long, glandular; ray@ =| ; corollas yellow, 12-14 mm. long, disc-corollas 6 mm. long; achenes glandular . with almost sessile glands, pappus rather tawngys. Lake Coeur d'Alene, Epling and Houck 10151. Coys, ; hinly woolly with glandular hairs; 3 vay tgr gem 4 blunt, narrowed below the middle but sessile, stem@ = leaves 3-4 pairs, elliptical-oblong, 4-6 cm. long, the lower narrowed below the middle, the upper more or less rounded at the base and somewhat clasping, all subentire or the upper denticulate, thinly glandular-woolly; heads commonly solitary, their involucres hemispherical, the bracts oblong-lanceolate, 12-13 ~ long, acute, often reddish, thinly glandularewoolly, more densely so towards the base; ray corollas oblong-elliptical, 17-18 mm. long, roGnded and tridentate at the apex, disc corollas 6.5-7 mn. long; achenes 4.5-5 mm. long, thinly glandular with stalked glands, the pappus somewhat tawny. is Hook. —~-Rereanie herbs 30-40 om. tall, their => Ae mol iss basal leaves obovate or oblanceolate, 5=8 cme long, subentire, ~ nthe” (yl lns, aatia eatiin a Seen only in a subalpine meadow at Fish Lake, 6000 ft., Epling and Houck 9616. e 3, A. Chamissonis Less. ————>Peremial herbs 40260 om. tall, the stems woo with soft fine hairs; basal leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, their ades 5-5 cme long; cauline leaves in several pairs, elliptical-lanceolate or ligulate, 6-10 om. long, 1-2-5 om. wide, acute, the lower narrowed to indefinite petioles, the upper rounded or truncate and sanewhat clasping, all entire or nearly so, woolly-pubescent and glandular with sessile glands; heads several in irregular corymbs, the peduncles 3-6 cm. long; involucres sub-hemispher- ical, the bracts elliptical-oblanceolate, 8-10 mm. long, acute, thinly woolly; ray corollas yellow, oblong-elliptical, bidentate or entire at the apex, 15-16 mme long; disc-corollas 6 mm. long; achenes thinly hispidulous and Glandular with nearly sessile glands, pappus rather tawnyy. Vv In : ‘ - marshy ground along streams; seen only in the Kaniksu Forest. on | Lamb Creek, 3000 ft., pling and Houck 10254; Fox Gr., Ellison 1673. Priest Re Exp. Sta., Spling 6635. vd Ji Pt A. crassa SPDe MOVe oe ‘ Tae yy Perennial herbs 40-60 cm. tall, with stout horizontal rootstocks, eir rather stout stems thinly woolly with mostly glandular hairs, somewhat viscid, branching in the upper axils with erect, elongate branches; basal leaves oblanceolate, — 8=20 om. long, 2-525 cm. broad, mostly subacute; she stem leaves 3-4 pairs, sessile, clasping the stem, the lower oblong, 8-15 om. long, 2-5 om. broad, the upper ovate, gradually shorter, rounded or rounded-truncate at the base, acute or the uppermost acuminate, all sharply serrate ,the teeth 1-2 mm. tall, remote, all thinly villous with glandular hairs on both surfaces or the lower surface glabrate; heads several, showy, their involucral bracts 10-12 mie long, 2-4 mm. wide, 5 mostly broadest near the middle, lightly tapered toward the base, usually acumin- ate or sometimes acutey above the middle, all villous with glandular hairs, more or less purple-tinged; ray-corollas bright yellow,15-18 mm. long, 4=6 mn. broad, the blades oval; disc corollas 7-8 mm. long; achenes 4=4.5 mm. long, black, spindle-shaped, glabrous or very sparsely hispidulous; pappus tan-color, sub- plumose. Very close to 4. scaberrina Greene, — ar apa a ene Z a a ate N. Fork Clearwater R., 2600 fte, Epling and Houck 9416(type, Univ, Calif. ick ——~» Herb, )B1k Summit, 5700 fto, Kirkwood 1682; Monroe Cry, 6000 Ste, Kirkwood 1993, Nee oe Mee, \ —. De Ae Rydbergii Greene. — —> A low perennial herb 10-20 em. tall, the stems thinly woolly; basal leaves 3-4 om. long, obovate, oblanceolate or spatulate, blunt, narrowed to an indefinite petiole, subentire, cauline leaves 2-3 pairs, somewhat smaller, elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed toward the base, entire or denticulate, all thinly woolly toward the margins and on the midvein beneath; heads usually solitary, the involucres broadly top=shaped, their bracts oblong, obtuse, 8-9 mm. long, somewhat silky and woolly towards the base; ray corollas orange-yellow, oblong-elliptical, obtuse and subentire at the apex, 15-16 mn. long; disc corollas 6.5-7 mm. long; achenes softly hirsute. Occasional on mountain Sops in thin soil and rock crevices. WV Bo f ——~> Snowy Top Mte, 5000-6000 ft., Epline 7247, 6658. bees ei ae ae @™ A. pedunculata Rydb. Rarannieyd herbs with short hopisenreti ~ rootstocks whieh—eep covered with old leaf bases and densely woolly; stems n0f ——> Thatuna Hills, Gail; Hope, Dunkle; Santianne Cr., bottoms, 970 m., Leiberg a Ae Nacounii Greene. -*—porenni@r herb 30-60 om. tall, the a, A. latifolia Bog. Poromnie& herbs 30-50 om. tall, wish Cap, 30-50 cm. tall, thinly glandular-pubescent with Spreading hairs; basal leavde ee elliptical-lanceolate or ligulate, 6-12 om. long, 1=2 om. wide, rather obtuse, the margins entire or sparingly and remotely denticulate, both surfaces ’ glandular-pubescent; cauline leaves 2-3 pairs, similar but snaller and mors rounded at the base; heads solitary on elongate Spreading-clandular peduncles: involucres hemispheric, the bracts oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 12-16 chs ~-long elaridicie’: pubescent especially towards the base, scarcely woolly, the margins or tips. often reddish; ray-corollas orange-yellow, 18=22 mm, long, oblong, rounded and mostly tridentate at the apex; disc corollas 8-9 mme long, the tubes pubescent: achenes hispidulous. ; Occasional at lower elevations on Open hillsides, Wh ce: 1048. stems thinly woolly; basal leaves narrowly obovate or oblanceolate, rather acute, + Lui » the cauline 3-12 am. long, elliptical- oblong, or the lower oblanceolate, . ae i mew the upper rounded and somewhat clasping, all acute, mors or less sharply but remotely serrate, the teeth 1-2 mn. tall, thinly woolly on both surfaces; heads several, arranged in corymbs, their involucres sub-hemispherical, the bracts 8-10 mm. long, oblong, acute, thinly woolly,especially,toward the base, and somewhat viscid; ray-corollas yellow, 15-16 mn. long, oblong, bidentate at the apex;:disc corollas 6-8 mm. long; achenes thinly hispidulous, the pappus somewhat tawny. In moist soil along streams at lower elevations in the Thuja type. ; the glabrate or sparingly woolly stems bearing usually 3 pairs of sessile or nearly sessile ovate or elliptical leaves, the basal leaves of the previous year which were borne on a non=-flowering stem having withered, their blades borne on petioles 5-12 cm. long, cordate or ovate, more or less acute, Shallowly but acutely serrate, both surfaces sparingly villous, the cauline leaves similar but sessile or nearly so; heads 1 or 3 from the uppermost axils, the involucres top-shaped, sparingly villous towards the base, the bracts for the rest nearly glabrous, green and membranous, lanceolate, acute, 10-12 mm. long; ray corollas about 12, elliptical-oblong, 3-toothed at the Apex, 20-22 mm. long, disc corollas 8 mn. long, the tubes villous; achenes glabrous. Common in wet places, 70. []. A. diversifolia Greene. —~_______—_—erennigh berbs 30-40 cm. tall, with ‘ erooping—borizoial rootstocksy basal leaves broadly ovate-cordate or reniform, rounded or obtuse, on petioles as long as the blade or longer, the cauline leaves 5-4 pairs, resembling the basal leaves but less deeply cordate and usually more acute, the petioles as long as the blade or longer, only those subtending the inflorescence sessile or subsessile, all sharply and irregularly serrate, quite or nearly glabrous on both surfaces; heads 3=5 on slender peduncles 3-12 cme long, the lowermost longest; involucres broadly top-shaped, the bracts 8-10 mm. long, narrowly lanceolate, 1.5=2 mm. wide, glandular-puberulent and bearing a few longer slender hairs; ray-corollas 12-14 mm. long, elliptical-oblong, rounded at the apex and very shallowly 3@ oa toothed, disc-corollas 6 mm. long, the tubes pubescent; achenes thinly his- pidulous, the pappus somewhat tawny... Subalpine meadow at Fish Lake, 6000-6800 ft., Epling and Houck 9829 ini diegementiotne e A. gracilis Rydb. —weerenniasy herbs 30-40 cme tall nwa wootsicots> the stens slender, thinly viscid-woolly, the basal leaves rotunde ovate, 5-5 cm. long, blunt or acute, irregularly and coarsely toothed, on petioles subequal to the blades, the cauline leaves ovate, shortly petioled or subsessile, the upper often subentire, the uppermost greatly reduced ,, all Sparingly pubescent on both surfaces; heads several, the peduncles of those ,appear bag later. surpassing the earliest; involucres top-shaped or somewhat obovate, the bracts oblong elliptical, 8-12 mm. long, acute or acuminate, glandular=pubescent; ray corollas 18-20 mm. long, oblong, disc-corollas 8 mn. long, the tubes hispidulous; achenes hispidulous and somewhat glandular. In open places in rather dry Thuja type at lower elevations. Ae cordifolia Hook. ——rotlemnicdty yjordss 50-50 cm. tall, aw ithe stems glabrate or woolly and more or less viscid, bearing usually 2-4 pairs of leaves, the basal leaves of the previous year having withered, the lowermost pair broadly ovate to kidney-shaped, 5-10 cme long, obtuse, cordate at the base, the margins coarsely dentate or sinuate, borne on petioles about equal to the blades, the upper pairs more ovate or deltoid-ovate, obtuse or acute, subcordate or truncate at the base, both surfaces woolly or nearly glabrous; heads solitary; bracts of the involucre membranous, elliptical~lanceolate, 15-20 mm. long, acute or acuminate, erect, the involucre top-shaped, viscid-woolly towards the base; ray corollas 8-12, lanceolate, 22-55 mm. long, obtuse or acuminate; disc-corollas 10-12 mn. long; achenes thinly hispidulous. Common in moist openings in the woods. Tribe Cynareae. Usually coarse herbs commonly biennial, with alternate leeves -whi-eh(in Cirsium see spinose on the margins). bracts +-ae numerous, closely overlapping their margins thin and brownish in Centaurea, hooked at the tip in Arctium thus forming a burg, spinose in Cirsium, the innermost sometimes expanded into a lacerate appendage. Receptacles bristly or hairy but not chaffy. Ray-flowers none; flowers all perfect, their corollas violet, purple, pink or white, never yellow, deeply S-cleft into linear segments. Anthers tailed at the oo bearing elongated appendages at the tips. Pappus of usually deciduous bristles, soft and plumose in Cirsium. a a a P A ai e Lf a a a we J i ra rs a ff fo. ri a y ‘\ \ a ~ atta nina Hydrocharitaceae, Frog-bit Family. Submerged aquatics with branching stems and leaves in whorls of three, or the lower opposite, sessile, very thin, l-veined, Flowers usually unisexual, axillary, arising from a tubular 2-cleft spathe, ALIS. staminate flowers 6 or 3 perianth segments and 9 stamens, minute, A breaking from their spathes and floating to the surface where they shed their pollen, Pistillate flowers arising from a narrower spathe, the tube of the perianth much elongated, resembling a pedicel, the limb floating with 6 perianth segments; stamens rudimentary, Perfect flowers similar to the pistillate but with 3-9 stamens, Ovary solitary, 1© =/ chambered, Fruit maturing under water, the seeds numerous, Anacharis Rich. Characters as described for the family, 1. A. occidentalis (Pursh) Victorin. jiaterweed. Leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, 1-1.5 cm, long, 1-1.5 mm, wide, sessile, minutely spinulose along the margins, appearing entire, very thin and delicate; spathe of staminate flowers 10 mm, long, club-shaped, narrowed to a stipe like base 5-10 mm, long; sepals 5 mm, long, petals wanting; stamens 93 spathe of pistillate flowers tubular, sessile; perianth tube 3-5 cm, long, the segments 5 ma, long, linear; stigmas 3, (Elodea occidentalis St. John). In warm shallow .ater of a lagoon, Lake Coeur d'Alene, Epling and Houck 10053; St. Maries slough, Evling and Offord 80343 Lake Chatcolet, St. John 9057, The staminate plant often has its leaves less crowded and even suggests another species, lor the change in generic name necesadsic. > 7 teted.byanapslicetion-ef thé Internattons?-Rutes-of—Botanice-Nemen- eteture see Weathsrby in Rhodora (34: 114-116, 1952.). =| Delia ‘ ate a i ceil a aa Ta - Alismaceae, Water Plantain Family. at . ak A nm Aquatic or marsh herbs with broad somewhat fleshy basal leaves and erect eo, flowering scapes. Flowers regular ,perfect or monoecious, arranged in whoris ~ ‘of 5S or more, the whorls racemose or panicled. Sepals 3, persistent. Pr Petals 3, deciduous. Stamens 6 or more. Pistils numerous, small, borne on a & flat or subconical receptacle, forming as many achenes at maturity. ( O Leaves oval, with parallel ribs; flowers in panicles J. ALisma O Leaves sagittate; flowers in racemes 2. Sagittaria | Alisma L. Water Plantain. Perennial mrsh herbs with £i erect or floating basal leaves, the blades strongly ribbed. Flowers numerous, in pyramidal panicles. Stamens 6-9. Pistils arranged in a whorl or ring on a flat receptacle. le A. plantago-aquatica L. > Plants erect, glabrous, with small x ) bulbous rootstocks and fibrous roots; leaves basal, the blades oval or broadly elliptical, 8-15 cm. long, shortly acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, entire, ribbed with 5-7 parallel longitudinal veins, these joined by numerous parallel obliquely transverse veinlets, petioles stout, 15-25 cm. long; flowering scapes, 40-80 cm. tall, the flowers-numerous—in-pyramideD panicles half as long, the branches and pedicels very slender, unequal, whorled; sepals suborbicular, 2.5-3 mm. long; petals White or pinkish, 3.5-4 mm. long, yellowish at the base; fruiting Clusters 5=6 mm. broad, the achenes 2.3-2.7 mn, long, flattened, ridged on i the margins, with a median vein on the backs. ae Abundant locally in open marshes or along slow streams. on / Ny 2. Sagittaria L. Arrow-head. Perennial marsh herbs with globose rootstocks which in autumn produce fpf edible starchy tubers«and fibrous roots, Leaves basal, the earliest, commonly floating, Smmemegs linear, the later with strongly sagittate blades on long stout petioles. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, wheris- of Py d-bracted, on erect scapes, the staminate whorls uppermost. Perianth segments 6, the outer 5 herbaceous, persistent, the inner petaloid, decidous. Stamens numerous. Tistils numerous, seated on a convex receptacle, forming as. many-beakep achenes, a+—~maturity> co Bracts orbicular, concave, 5=10 m, long; styles ’ 4 -8-1.2 um, long; anthers 2 m, longe }. Se latifolia _— oO Bracts ovate-lanceolate, 8-20 mm, long; styles 4-8 ma, long; anthers 1.5 mm, long Ry Se cuneata 1. Se latifolia Willd. ———+» Petioles 350-45 cm. long, the margins scarious in the lower parts; leaf-blades extremely variable, strongly sagittate, 15-25 cm. long, the reflexed lobes subequal to but shorter than the middle lobe which may be 1-10 cm. broad, its margins straight or convex, the reflexed lobes simtier~in-each"caso”buP narrower, all acute; flowering scape stout, 50-70 cm. tall, the flowers displayed in whorls of 3 in the upper half, subtended by broadly ovate or orbicular, concave bracts .5-] cm. long; sepals concave, greenish, 5-7 mm. long; petals white, rotund, 1.5-2 cm. long; anthers < mm. long; styles .8-l1 mm. long; fruiting heads globose, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter; achenes thin, obovate, 3 mm lo yacute On the margins, the wing subequal in width to the body, taper into an acute beak at right ancles to the long axis of the body, .8-1.e2 mm. long. In marshes and in shallow water along slowly moving streams, growing with S. cuneata, dead. £e Se cuneata Sheld. 7 —>Petioles 20-30 cm. long or in submerged plants much longer; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, not greatly variable in proportion, the middle lobe 1.5-6 cm. broad, mostly obtuse, especially in terrestrial forms, the reflexed ] acute, for the most pa especially in floating leaves, aCkwe arkedly curving; flowering scapes 30-40 u lanceolate, 8-20 mm. long; Sepals concave, greenish, ovate 5-8 mn. long; petals white rotund, 10-15 mm. long; anthers 1.5 mm. long; styles .3-.5 mm. long; fruiting heads globose, 8-12 mm. broad; achenes scarcely 2 mm. long, ‘ bovate-cuneate, truncate at a beari t ra r beak .5-.5 mme long, winged, the wing subequal to the body of the achene. : —> (S. arifolia Nutt.). In marshes and in shallow water along slowly moving streams. merged plants, the bracts ovate = ~ eet wie et Sm eT etl et le iy nes + * —_ Scheuchzeriac ae, nerfect, in terminal rocenes or slender spikes. Ress : YULANENS Use avart ot maturity if united. “arrowegrass somilv, thing rush-like leaves, flowers Perianth segments 6 in 2 varpels 5 or 6, joined or nearly free, splitting O Carpels united and »arsallel, solitsing anart at maturity; J. =riglochin 9 varnels diverzent, joined at the b-ses; leaves basal <“| and cauline carsh herbs with short rootstocks and fibrous roo acute leaves ebruntly exnanded t lowers in terminal slender svice F 4 * aac VALE TF { AYTAaa surynass Bisa ax UIC: LCAVCS. at maturity O vVarvels 3, tanerine toverd + fy £ nae 2 ace Pepe, while, saves 4.4 4 Carnvels 6, widest towerd the le te Delustris L.< fect plants long; scapes 20-70 cm, tall, the Sechembered, the carnels lincar-c 2. scheuchzeria fe. nin iv. Arrovecrass, a : a a . vS end basal lineer, ward the bas. and strougly sheathing. te racemes on neked slender striate scanes segments 6, in tio scries, i-chambered, cylindrical or Clavate, united, 2Yomn the base upverdse. : ; F he base at maturity (. te palustris middle at meturity Ye maritime with slender stolons; leaves 10-20 en, nedicels at least 5-6 rm, long; pistil layvate at maturity, 6-7 mn, long, cany ie Tine: ee +3 - 909 eT Ou rP1esy te, Lelberg 20203 Grenite Sta,, A eat a a Rallis ¢ 878 | 4 ; ce fe meritima be rect plants without stolons; leaves 10-30 em, long; 7 3 scanes 20-40 cm, tall, the »ediccls at length 2-3 mm, long; pistil 6=chan- ’ bered, the carpels oblonr, 4-5 ma, long at maturity. ; trecuent in boss 2000 ft, ~eiberg 16035 end alonz lake shores. Hove, Sandberr 946; shompson, gs Pandnoint, soling 10400; Kootenai R., Lveall. t ee ,- 2. Scheuclhzeria Le Marsh plants with fala) und cauline, scrongly 1} the flowers. «lovers bracts. sferianth sevments 0, in 2 sericse Stanens 6, on slender filaments, creeping rootstocks and rushelike leaves both basal exnanaead and sh ething at the base, usuelly exceeding © in short racemes, subtended by membranous or leaflik Overies 3, unitea at the base, l-chambered, divergent at maturity, l. 5. valustris L,. var some exceedine the flov tru e americane Fernald, anal Rootstocks sheethed by old Za, 1550 cm, tall, leaves rather stiffish, linear, vermost sheathing the stems for 4-6 cm. or more, fers3; flowers several in terminal racemes 4=5 om, long, on redice!ls 1.582. cm. Jong; perianth segaents oblong, membranous, l-veined, mm, longs; carpels 5-6 m, longe ‘'o be exnected in ee gn Fe , ~ % at Bae schasnum bo; hicher glevetions, Potemorotonacese.s “nn rar re] rerenn1a acquatic plants with of a form, cylindrical spikes or in smal flovrers sometimes in a fi cistinet carvels, lechambered Pondiweed slowers verfoct or monoecior exillery clusterse es eo eet, heat vnin membranous sneatn, ramily, submerced lesves or sone floating, these oe Ne) in compact usually emersed Prorer perianth none, the otemens 1 or 4, Pistils of and l-ovuled, forming small drupelets or O Flovcrs :onoccious; stemens solitery; ovaries 2-5 in snall Pe a Deas an a £ $b. Sera he Laer ¢ axililory clusters$ fruits more than twice as lone as ( Flowers nerfects; stemens evlindricel svike I. Zennichellia L. 70Site, leveined, ocaninete and 3 otens slender, branching from creeping pistillete flowers together in 1. Zannichellia a in £, in axillary usually ce Potemozeton Horned Pondyweed,. rootstocks; lesves “iliforn, ow wo. axillary clusters without a “rover perisnth but enclosed in the wd by s thin membrane; staminete solitary, Consisting of a solitary 2-chambcred stamens; vistillate @) exrfnded then into 2 ye er lee s = Dave Asate had stivules scarious, frce; nutlets { Ginoped bv the persistent stvle ceo, overy flaskeshaned, taperin; » linear, 2=<5 2 Time long, shaned somewh: 1mm. long, elevated upon into 2 short style, o | as smell nutlet, is 59 ct oe | a SS) — ry e oO I Ww + =| DP ® ~~ to breekish weter" Ra Ant Brel on tt 1] : G Fibbon- likes > 2. Potamogetony (Tourn. )L. Pondweed. ? adkunedt ov thy upper opporte Aquatic plants with\flattened <-ranked leaves, either all similar, submerged and more or iess lineayfor some floating, dissimilar to the submerged ones, the blades dilateu and petioled; stipules membranous, more or less united and sheathing, enclosing the flower buds. Flowers in. axillary cylindrical spikes, usually emersed. ferianth segments 4, valvate ‘ in bud. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals} ovaries 4, distinct, l-chambered, forming 4 sessile subglobose drupelets. QO Tlants with both floating and submerged leaves, the _f/former rather leathery and firm, the latter smaller, thin and limp f Naiffering in shape and texture y ERP E MALE A Floating leaves prevailingly shallowly cordate at the co submercsed leaves bladeless, consisting of ’™\ petioles only, or wanting le fe natans 2. Floating leaves narrowed at the base, never cordate; ,) Submerged leaves with blades varying from linear 6‘ to ovate : “ lLarcest submerged leaves 5-6 cm. broad Ce Es amplifolius / Largest submerged leaves rarely 5 cm. broad, % usually less than & cm. f Submerged leaves narrowed to distinct 1} petioles usually 5-5 cm. long or more 3 22 americanus ? a ° . tf Submerged leaves sessile or sometimes } narrowed to indistinct retioles % Ploating leaves dull, narrowed at the base and jae. often attenuate into the petiole; stems 1-1.5 ~ - 7 s + ‘mn. thick. tenuifolius [O submerged leaves similar in shape to the wy floating leaves but thinner, 8-15 mz. ‘YS wide; plants tinged with reé ata {C Submerged leaves linear, dissimilar in shape to the floating leaves, infre- : l4{ quently 8 mm. wide, usually about 4-5 mme; plants sreen 5e epi rus | % Ploatins leaves rather glossy, obtuse or _/ rounded at the base; stems and petioles very '¢{ slender, prevailingly .5 ma. in diameter or less Ge tek Q Fflants with ell leaves submerged, all similar 7 Leaves ovate to lanceolate, 1.5-5 cm. wide ox more, Ciasring at the base, the margins wavy of 4 Leaves blunt and lishtly hooded at the apex ) Stipules persistent, very obtuse 7e + praelonsus i a a) we a al at ia gt satya = 22 7 ERE : - “ 4 Leaves sharp and plane at the tips; stipules q acute, soon breaking into shreds 98, Pe Richardsonii A Leaves linear, mostly 1-2 mm. wide or less, / { rarely more than 6 mm. wide, neither © \ elasping nor WAVY, ‘+ Leaves 4-6 m. wide, grasslike (see ) $ also Ee meteropnekewe] 4 Ya InNeuS (, Leaves acute at the apex, their margins finely serrulate as seen [(Aunier a lens; steer paaad 9. Pe Robbinsii f Leaves blunt at the apex but mucronate, : ete, { | ' Io their margins entire; stems flattened, zosseriformis ommonly winged y fo: ‘ + Leaves 1-2 me. wide or lessy ( Stipules free froin the petioles and | OCleaf-blades { % Leaves bearing two small translucent / glands near the base; nutlets 2 grooved on the back but not ’\ keeled I. Be pusillus $ Leaves without glands; nutlets } 2 keeled 12, Be foliosus { stipules joined to the base of the ID leafy Stigma sessile; nutlets rounded ‘ion the back, not keeled 13, Be filiformis ‘ om j % Stigma elevated on a short i style; nutlets 2-keeled on the back. IA, Pe ctinatus ; | le Pe natans Le ————— > Stems mostly simple, the blades of the floating leaves oval or ovate, leathery , {5-8 cm. long, 3-5 cm. broad, id rounded or obtuse at the apex, rounded a ve cordate at the base, borne on stout petioles 5-20 cm. long; submerged leaves reduced to b Ss tiogles want ; Stipules rather firm, 4-6 cm. aa aptoaaie Spikes cylindrical, 2-5-5 cm. long, 1 cm. broad in fruit, borfe on stout peduncles 5—15 cm. long; nutlets 4 mm. long. Common in shallow pools, in marshes and along lake shores. £- Pe amplifolius @uckerme -———_—+Stems elongate, mostly simple, the blades of the floating leaves oval, 6-8 cm. long, obtuse or rounded at both ends, 50-40 veined, borne on petioles 5-10 cm. long or longer; submerged leaves strongly undulate, mostly petioled, the uppermost elliptical or ovate, GS-12 cme long, 3-6 cme wide, the lower narrower and elongated; stipules 4-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate; spikes cylindricalas2e5-5 cm. long, borne on stout peduncles 5-20 cm. long; nutlets 1.5-4 mm. long, smooth, 5-keeled , the middle keel prominent. Frequent in shallow water of lake margins. ee Oe Pe americanus C. & Se ———-—> Stems much-branched, the vlades of the floating leaves elliptical, 5-8 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, messy obtuse at both ends\and abruptly narrowed to petioles 1-3 cm. long, submerged leaves iinear-lanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, 10-15 cm. long, subequal to the floating leaves in width or narrower, narrowed to distinct petioles 3-5 cm. long or longer; spikes cylindrical, 2-4 cm. long, 6-7 ma thick at maturity, borne on peduncles about as thick as the stems, 2-4 cm. long; nutlets smooth, d-keeled, the middle keel prominent. Ste Marie's slough, Epling and Offord 8031. or pointdd at eens oe 4, P, tenuifolius Kaf, Stems mostly simple, the floating leaves 4-8 cm, indistinct ovetiole, firm but hardly leathery; submerged leaves sessile or nesrly so, linear-elliptical or linear-oblanceolate,mostly acute at both ends, similsr to the floating leaves in size and shape but thinner; stipules 20-35 mme long; spikes cylindrical, reddish, 12-25 mm, long, about 8 mn, thick at maturity on peduncles 4-10 cm. long, somewhat thicker than the stem; nutlets smooth, 2-2.5 mm, long, S-kecled, the middle keel narrowly winged. (Pe alvinus 1B), In mountain streams emptying into Lake Pend Oreille, Leiberg 194, ——— oe 5 P. epinvdrus nal. Stems simole or branched, compressed, slender, the blades of the floaving leaves narrowly oval, 5-6 em. long, 12-20 mm, vride, nostly obtuse, the apex narrowed at the base and attenuate into vetioles subecual to the blaces or longer; submerged leaves sessile, numerous, thin, linear or linear-lanceolste, mostly Senerved, with a cellular reticulation ets alon,, the midrib, 6-12 cm, long, cormonly S-6 mn, wide; spikes usually several, cylindrical, l-4 cm. long, S-9 mm, .ide in fruit, on stout peduncles om om, longs; nutlets 3 mn. brosd, pitted, 3ekceled,. Taal pik , Shallow water in bog near ay tey Priest ie, “pling. The var, Nuttallii errr, ~l psa mm es (C. 2 S.) Fern.e, smaller in leaf and fruit, is to be exvected, ; ; 5 7 Oe P, cramineus Le var. craninif olius Fries, otems simple or branching, very slender, the internodes abo floating leaves leathery, 3-7 om rounded et both cnds, on slender submerged leaves sessile or linear-lonceolate, 3-7-nerved thick et maturity, on ~eduncles $ U ‘ ne hee il r aan ae acl nuvlets °,5 ma. long, obscurcly kocled, ut _ccoualling the leaves; blades of the « long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, oval, obtuse, or pecioles usually 1-2 times as long «as the » Mostly 3-12 cm, long, 3-6 mm, wide, linesr 3 spikes cylindrical, 2-4 om, long, 7-8 mm, o=8 om. long, twice es thick «as the STOMS 3 (P. heterophyllus Schreb.) Freevent in shallow pools and slonr late margins on muddy bottoms; the mtingte Lake Pend Oreille, Leiberg 195 e > 3 Leke Vocur d'Alene, wDling & Houek 10051; 7. P, -raelongus wulf, Stoms wh very leafy; leaves all submerged lo-50 mn. wide, more or icss cla ive, much-branched, or zigezeg, 1-2 m, long, » mostly oblong-lanceolate, 10-20 em, long, ——s ee Sping «at the base, somewhat crispeds; stivules sistent; peduncles stout, about ecual to the nearly 1 cm, thick in fruit; nut reel be 4 & S. P. Rithardsonii (A. Benn.) Ry rr?) = rz r == on out avuneles uegcO cm, lon - }- a oO si -* &&» the spikes cylindrical, 2-5 cm, longs, lots smooth, mostly with o single sharp db. Stems branching, all leaves submer red » <-10 om. long or more, acuminate, claspins 26 the bese, stron:ly wavy; ewe stipules 1-2 em, long, soon breaking into ws ee eee ee 5} 5 a4 = * 2 a «a es, ety Ps fae i i hreass; spilces sev real, evlindy deal, 2-5 em. lon:, 8+9 mm, thick in “x ng De P. Robbinsii Oales, branche broad, mi a pv Cris ds; leaves all submerged, linear nutely serrulate.on the margi sl slender, v0-30 ci, lone or more, lictle ys acute, o-l2 em, long, 5-5 mm, inuhovalinonent ns, the stinvles white and membranous, the thick shoathing; veduncles 3-6 om, lonr, ender, about as as stems 3 spikes 1l-1.5 cm. long, not dense; nutlets 3-kecled, 3.5-4 mm, lone On inuddy bottoms, Upver Priest Lake, adling 7741, 1045 Py gost ormis }' a oe erit leeves sll abruptly submerged, aed 4 1, nerrowed at the streets line: 1a tle ry 10-20 em, actened end somevhet winged, branching; long, wide, gresslike, even a & 3 3 rith 7 av usually £ a ad © Cirle long, dake: vrincipal vei lon: ae >) 4 Sl-aec 3 Je re Fe led. ns 3 cylindrical , (Pe compre ex vo 2 short nucro, Clasping at the base, stlivules oblong, obtuse, deciduous; 1-° ssus Am, au oF Vu ate) tran TLS UDNES ems very slender, Que 3 peduncles nutlcts smooth, 35,5=4 mm, Ete Leke Pend Oreille, branched, 50-50 om. long; lerves CMe lone, .5-1,5 mm, wide, mostly t-veined, flat, bearing two sluccnt slands at the base of the blade: stipules 6-8 mn, long, eee cdeciducus; lender, commonly S-6 en, long, the inflorescenes an intcrruvted spike 1-3 om, ions; nutlets 1.5=2 mm, lone -~Srooved on the back, not kcoeled, “recuent in shallow pools or marshes or lelce mercinse ie panormitanus Con Biv. may be membranous, separated with difficulty sresnisn stivules, llus, by its delicately ve eee ee Susi i] iets , ined, 12, P. foliosus ‘af, Stems flatcened, very leafy, all leaves t On midrib vrominents; snikes few, feweflovcred, subjlobose, 6-8 mn, submerged 1 and similer, 2-5 em. long, leo-2 ma, wide, flet, linear, 5-5—veined, the on vedunclcs subecual in lenpth or longer 3 nutlets 1.5 m, broad, rough, the keel winged, the merfcin of the wing uncvene yal Paradise Ur., !.oscow, -.cnderson 2716. in diameter, 15, Pe filiformis Porse Vare bores.lis (Raf. ) St. John. Stems very slender, with nunerous crowded leaves mostly 5-15 cm, long, scarcely .o 2 LK Ww ice] se of the blade, the free = . 4 EN KA es ee a = Ly} leveineds; stinules a nate to tne portion 5-5 ae eee en, long; seduneles v-ry slender, commonly 4-6 cm. long, the short inverru: spike 1+1.5 om. long; stigma sessile; nutlets 2-3 mm, longs, not keelede {= = shallow margin, eo = spling 7775. 14, P. vectinatus Le Stems very slender, 50-90 cm. long or —- branched, svresding Lemvise we —— ee ee leveined, thoir stivvles adnate to the base of the blade for a more, much& leaves linesr,. l-1.5 mm, broad, 8-12 cm, lone 3 3 os bout half shoir length, 15-25 mm, long, scarious on the marcins; peduncles very slend commonly 5-10 em. lonc, svike interrupved,2-5 cm, long; nutlets ? the beck, 3-4 mm. lonr, obscurely «-kocled. Shallow water, Loke Pond Oreille, near love, Sandberg toe —- rounded on e A veriable ted M er, eal ie Naiadaceae, Naias Family, Submerged aquatics with slondcr branching stems and linear opposite or whorled leaves with spinulose margins, Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary in the axils. Staminate flovers consisting of a single stamen enclosed by a double perianths; pistillate flowers naked, consisting of a single pistil with 2-4 subulate stigmas, Fruit a small nutlct, Naias Le Same characters as the family, 1, Ul. flexilis (Willd.) Rostk, & Schmidt. Stems branching, 3-20 om, tall; leaves flat, 10-0 mm, long, 1-2 mm, vide, ecute, the margins finely spinulose-scrrate under a lens; flowers monoecious, very inconspicuous, the staminate flower 2.5 mm. long, the pistillate 2,5-3 m., long, attenuate into a style which is branched at the summit; nutlet white and shining, tapering at each end, 5 mn, long. A bright green tufted plant with fibrous roots growing in shallow clear water of sandy shelving lake shores; abundant locally. Upper Priest Lake, Epling 7759; near Viola (fide St, John), Ceratophyllum, which may be confused with waias Ser its spinulose leaf margins, has palmately divided leaves, and—lLaeks- roots, r Sparganiaceae. Bur-feed Family. Marsh or aguatic plants with creeping rootstocks and alternate linear leaves. Flowers monoecious, borne along the stems in compact globose clusters, the staminate clusters toward the ayex, the pistillate ‘ below, all sessile or the lowest on short peduncles. Perianth of 3-6 chaffy segments. Stamens 5, distinct. Ovaries l-chambered, forming small 1-2 seeded nutlets which terminate in a stout beak. Sparganium (Tourn.)L. Bur-feed. same characters as the family. © Pistillate flowers sessile; nutlets rownded-truncate at ti the apex I. Se gurycarpum Q Pistillate flowers on short stalks; nutlets tapering more or less equally both ways from the middle @ Beaks of the nutlets usually 1.5-2 mm. long; fruiting G6 heads 1.52.5 cm. in diameter ¢ / = = 7 P t¢ Lower leaves keeled, Y-shaped in cross-section, 5 firm, often sustaining their own weight; plants usually of small pools 2. Se simplex qi “ Lower leaves rounded, not keeled, all flat and @ floating in water, usually 3-8 mm. wide GB Se ancustifolium @ Beaks ox the nutlets less than 1 ma. long, conical; & fruiting heads usually about 1 cm. in diameter 4. 5. minimun 1. 3. eurycarpum Engelm. — Stems stout, more or less erect, 60-90 cm. tall; leaves 50-70 cm. long, 8-15 mn. wide, flat, slightly keeled on the lower surface; inflorescence usually branched, the pistillate heads very compact, 2-4, 20-25 nme in diameter when mature; perianth scales 5 mn. long in fruit; achenes 7-8 mn lons, rounded-truncate at the apex and abruptly narrowed into the stout beak which is 3-4 mm. lons. snacrator Coe ssoore 1505; St. Joe R., Humphrey 5 Port Lill, iulburt & Spencef}——__ 9 — 2. Se Simplex Huds. ——> Stems 20-60 cm. tall, the leaves 5-10 ma. broad or more,at least the lower ones keeled and V-shaped in cross-section, flat, firm, often sustaining their own weight, usually not limp @iiewebeeste aeemigg., 20-60 cm. long; pistillate heads 1-6, borne in the axils of the uppermost leaves, the lowermost on peduncles 5-4 cm. long, 15-20 mme in diameter at maturity; achsnes shining, 3-4 mae long, uarrowed at the base to a stalk 1-2 ma. long, attenuate at the apex to a slender beak about as long as_ the achene proper. Upper Priest Lakes; Lake Coeur d'Alene; Santas Granite Staes Priest Re3 Rethdrune . mt Se Se ansustifolium liichx. —__-»5tems slender, 50-90 cme long, the leaves Slender, limp and floating, not keeled, 3-5 mm. wide; pistillate heads 2-5, borne in the axils of the uppermost leaves, the lowermost on peduncles 5-4 cme long, 15-20 um. in diameter at maturity; achenes shining, 3 mae long, narrowed below to a short stalk about 1 mm. lons, rather abruptly attenuate into a slender beak 1.5-2 mn. long. Upper Priest Lake; Lake Coeur d'Alene; Lovilleg °t. Joe R,. 4. S. minimum Fries. ———y Stems slender, 10-50 cm. tall, the leaves thin, 20-50 cme longs, 5-4 mn. broad, flat; pistillate haads usually <, 5-12 m. in diameter at maturity, the lower borne on peduncles 1-2 cm. long; acnenes dull, scarcely 5 mm. lons, nearly sessile, abruptly narrowed to a short beak 05-125 mm. longs. Priest Lake, Eiper 5729. smite Typhaceae. Cat-tail Family. Tall herbs from creeping rootstocks, commonly found growing in water or marshy ground. Leaves linear, flat, ascending, basal, sheathing at the base. MAle and female flowers borne on the same plant but separately in terminal oblong, densely crowded spikes, the staminate spikes uppermost and more slender. Perianth of bristles only. Stamens 2-7, the filaments branching. Ovary 1, 1-2°04 i, the styles as many as the chanbersis: Pruidn amcachene .Bristles and sterile club-shaped flowers are interspersed among the fertile ones. Characters of the family: the only genus. Typha Le Cat-tail. 1. T. Jatifolia Ll. —SamBRNe————» Commonly as tall as a man, stout; leaves 10-20 mm. broad, flat, tapering above, expanded and sheathing at the base; pistillate spikes a rich brown, 12-25 cm. long when mature, 2.5-3 om. thick; staminate spikes not separated by a portion of barren stem, 12-15 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, tapering, the staminate flowers dropping in age, leaving the tip of the stem naked; achenes disseminated by the silky tuft of bristles. Frequent in boggy meadows, open swamps and roadside pools below 3000 ft. Potlatehs Warcin of Lake Coeur d'Alene, 2500 fte; Lonners Yerrye Zamsushfrlee : he plntd ph te fd we dri rniye Autingurshee, * a (fod tab thy Yauinati pete aa be oe cere arth dy anes li one Gato deporotid ty ar sohtrinst . “tc ae a a ~~ ae a ig Liliaceae. Lily Family. CouwA » Ferennial nerbs with cewms, bulbs or rootstocks. Stems simple or branching and leafy or otten scapelike, the leaves being tnen chiefly or wholly basal and linear. Flowers solitary or clustered, commonly in racemes or umbels, mostly regular and perfect; perianth with 6 subequal segments, A alike in shape and color, less often differentiated into sepals and petals; bi stamens 6, hypogynous or adherent to the perianth at its base. Ovary superior, bs S-chatihered styles 3:or1l;if one, either entire or 3-cleft. Fruit a capsule a or berry, the capsule coumonly loculicidal. (Perianth segments 4, stamens 4, ovary 2=chambered in Maianthemum, ) . Ht O Plants having more or less ovoid corms or bulbs, the coats of which 4 are membranous or Fibrous or else seashy 4 2 Flowars in umbels at the a a @ leafless stalk 4. FPerignth segments nearly digtinct; herbage usually with 8 the odor and flavor of okions 4 Perianth segments joined to foNm a short tube; herbage g without marked odorg—<* 2. Trita \ 4a p;Piowers in-vacemes” or Stlitary 4 4 2 Yerianth segments in two unlike whorls, the outer /I. : @ 4 sepal-like, the inner broad and petal-like, hairy Jf Calochortus 4 2 FPerianth segments not markedly differsntiated, not ‘ G® hairy 4 Stems leafy, the leaves in whorls or alternate; e / bulbs with fleshy scales or with grain-like ’ Sbulblets at the base 6 Petals strongly recurved; leaves in whorls M2. i /Q of 6=8 4 Lilium 13, G Fetals not recurved; leaves in whorls of 2-5 4 Fritillaria ie © spied ia ab 4 Stems scapelike, the leaves chiefly basal the are at Leak ah ) ty Leaves 2-3 cm. or more wide; flowers yellow, Iq. /O,commonly 1-3 & Erythronium i, Leaves rarely more than 1 cm. wide; flowers iQ never yellow, several to numerous § Style 1, 3-lobed at the summit; flowers 1 nies or purple, segments 20-25 mn. IS, long ¥. Camassia q f Styles 5; flowers greenish or yellowish- ol white or sometimes tinged with purple, j ‘© \ segments 6-15 mm long@—<* /O Flowers erect, segments spreading, /4 each with a gland at the base lo Flowers pendant, the segments /Q recurved at the tip, glandless C@ Plants with rootstocks which are commonly slender and 4 trailing, trequently thickened and tuberous airy Sn S broad leaves ihe whorl at the summit; &@ fhqwers solitary in the wherl --Stem with Alsaves alternate or-basal , not whorledgy=_p> 2 leaves chiefly or wholly basal 4 Leaves 3.5-4 cm. broad; flowers 1-2 4 Leaves 1 cme broad or less; flowers several § or numerous G& Leaves few, 10-30 cm. long; flowers in /O clusters of three in a short raceme G Leaves very numerous, 50-80 cm. long, q / forming a dense tut't; flowers numerous, O’\\arvanged singly in an elongated raceme 2 leaves equally distributed along the stem, not b basal@—<*— A Flants commonly as tall as a man, the leaves § oval, 10-20 cm. broad or more 4 Plants 1 m tall or less; leaves 5-6 cm. f broad or less /, +, Tot ielda 2. +3 Xerophyl lum b Flowers in terminal racemes; stems unbranched § Leaves 2-3, deeply cordate, petionatey_#¢spianthoaan 12 - flower parts in 4's sd Flower part a hard t ae § Leaves ewer bere miy Gomiate e, a & Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils jo-of the leaves; stems mostly branching £ Flowers solitary in the axils f§ Flowers commonly in pairs (1-3) in the /Z. axils of the uppermost leaves x HE Streptopus rs Disporun ability 1046’ / fa. Tofieldia Hudse Perennial herbs with short horizontal or ascending rootstocks and mostly basal grass-like leavese Stems erect, scapelike. Flowers in a : short terminal raceme, or slender panicle, small, greenish or white, sub= tended by small bracts. Perianth segnents glandless, spreading, subequal, : persistent, subtended by a scarious 3-lobed involucre. Stamens 6, filaments filiform. Pistil sessile, 3-lobed, the lobes spreading, capsule septicidal, peaked by the persistent style; seeds numerous, with or without an appendages 1. Tofieldia occidentalis Watse Rootstocks fibrous-coated, densely matted; leaves 10-50 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, glabrous, acute; stems 30-40 cm, tall, viscid-glandular; flowers about 12 or more in clusters of three, each cluster subtended by an acuminate scarious bract; imvolucre scarcely 1 mm. long, the bractlets connate about half their length, forming & cup nvar the base of the corolla; perianth-seguents white or purplish tinted, the inner oblong-oblanceoe late, the outer ovate or obovate, all 3eveined, 4 mm, long, spreading; stamens erect, subequal to the segments; capsule ovoid, 6-8 mm, long; 3-lobed, the Gips recurved, often purplishs seeds 1,8 mn, lone, amber color, narrowly oval, the testa loose, terminating in a filiform appendage twice the length of the seed or moree Frequent in sphagnum bogs 4000-6000 ft. (Oxford Re Ses Epling and Ylouck 9663); found also in small subalpine communities along the sandy margins of the St. Joe and Clearwater rivers, Epling and Houck 9431, as low as 5000 fte ds AUN OCC“ Similar differing in ene seeds which are oval, the subsp. eurtas subspe N0Ve . testa loo cmostly | vithout an ap pendagce — priest Jake, Piper Bree (type)s Westippabe colk };- Minerds Bay, Priest Lake, 2000 fte MacDougal 287 « , , Ano él 7 * f . . f' / ” fi a j AMG Vin, k, abt TAA Fr 4) Me Yle ar } —~& AMA nr Thu ar ahh ed j aS ; ‘ \ f" : , i . OY i 2724. enn Va ys g on ry Ya wal 3 ah aw TS / ft F pA nee aa _ at . {| fn. : U, ba bea Ch Opp Tha 2. 4S. Xerophyllum Michx, Stem simple from a short tuberous woody rootstock, the roots densely fascicled, Leaves numerous, forming er tuft, chiefly basal, narrowly linear, scale-like on the stem, Flowers in a dense terminal raceme, withering-) = persistent. ‘erianth segnents white, distinct, spreading, glandless; stamens 6, filaments subulate, anthers oblong, Ovary 3-lobed in cross section, Styles 3. Fruit a subglobose, loculicidal capsule, 1, X. tenax (Pursh) Nutt. Bear Grass, Tuft or cushion 20-50 om, tall, as moch as 1m, in diameter, the leaves 50-80 cm, long, linear, about 1 cm, wide and purplish at the base, attenuate, very tough and na tne margins finely barbed; racemes at first globose, 10-12 cm, in diameter, lengthened at maturity to 50-40 cme; perianth segments 7-8 mm, long, mostly oblong, white, spreading; stemens 10 mm, long, crects capsule broadly ovate, 5-6 mm, in diametbr, 3-lobed, the styles persistent, the pedicels 3-4 em, long in fruit; seeds 2.5 mm, long, angular, curved, (Helonias tenax Pursh). Common throughout our range above 4000 ft., being often the first plants to occupy talus slopes in subalpine situations, often covering acres, being slowly replaced in part by Abies lasiocarpa, The young flowering shoots are mich browsed by rear The leaves are used in basketry and mat-making by the brhre £ a . Indians, Type taken by Lewis near Collins (now Lolo) Cre on Lolo Trail, 3. | JE Spundewes Michx. Herbs from membranous-coated bulbs. Leaves linear, chiefly basal, : those of the stem reduced in size. Flowers rather showy, greenish or white, in terminal racemes, usually perfect. Perianth-segments distinct or united to the ovary, subequal, withering-persistent, Spreading, each bearing a greenish gland near the base. Stamens 6, about equal to the segments. Styles 5, distinct, persistent. Fruit a deeply 3-lobed capsule. O Perianth segments 7-8 mn. long, the gland. deeply notched, 4 je petals narrowed at the base but not a bruptly L Zs elegans © Perianth segments rarely 5 m. long, the gland obovate, / inconspicuous; petals abruptly narrowed at the - 4. \base to form a claw ; 2 2. neus 10 le Ze elegans Pursh, Blubs lanceolate, often clustered, the coats brown or blackish; leaves commonly 20-25 em, long, 4-5 mm, wide, tapering.acute, sheath-= ing ;+sheathing> stems 20-30 CMe tall, glaucous, slender; raceme open, each flower subtended by a scarious, often purplish, ovate bract, shorter than the pedicels; pedicels increasing in fruit to frequently 2-3 cm. long or more 3 ascending; perianth greenish or yellowish-white, the segments equal, 7-8 mm, long, ovate-elliptical or obovate, narrowed evenly at the base or slightly clawed, the gland greenish or yellow, thick and Conspicuous, deeply obcordate; aenther-sacs divergent, filaments expanded toward the base; capsule elliptical, . ” . Fe _ : : 20-c5 mn. long, surpassing the erect, withered, perianth, (Anticlea elegans Rydb.e), Abundant locally in subalpine meadows, Snowy Top Mt., 6000 fte; Fish Lake, < 6000 ft. This plant, like liedysarum occidentale, exhibits a discontinuous * 4 afiast distriwsution from Washington and northern’ Idaho to the Olympic Mts, Ce Ze Zramineus Rydbe Death Camas, Bulbs narrowly ovoid, usually erect, 1.5 cm, long, usually less than 1 cm, in diameter, the outer coats blackishs leaves commonly 15-25 em, long, 3-5 ma, wide, about 2f3 the length of the stem, the margins minutely barbed, rough to the touch, the uvvermost leaves bractlike; flowers numerous, pale yellow with tinges of green, in racemes, the bracts scarious, linear, 1 cm, long or less; pedicels slender, 5-8 mn, long in flower; outer perianth segments rotund-ovate, nearly sessile, 3,5-4 mm, long, the inner broadly ovate, very obtuse, narrowed to a short Claw, the gland yellow,indistinct, hardly or not at all surmounted by a ridges stamens 5 mm. long, surpassing the lanceolate S-lobed ovary by 1-2 mm; fruit not seen, Gravelly thin soil in or near coniferous woods or in meadows, usually at lower clevations§ poisonous to stock but not of sufficient abundance in our region to be a serious factor, 4. Stenanthiun Kunth. sic te Simple ,arising froma bulb with thin coverings. Leaves chiefly oa 2 near, Flowers in a terminal raceme, nodding, bracted. Perianth=> Gments subequal, narrow, persistent; stamens 6, inserted on and incluied by the segments; anthers kidne ; y-sha becoming c ; st ° a 5~beaked Septicidal capsule. ms winged. y i er ee le Se occidentale Gray. Bulb lanceolate, commonly reclining on its side, 1-2 cm. long; stems slender, 20-40 cm. tall; leaves curving, 15-30 cm, long, 1-2.5 om, wide, glabrous, mostly basal, sheathing; diminished to one or two acuminate scales above; raceme 5-20 cm. long, pedicels very slender, 1-2 om, long, each subtended by a subequal scarious lanceolate bracts; flowers greenish os or purple, tubular below, the segments overlapping, 12-15 mm, long, linear=) =F lanceolate, the tips recurvings; stamens 9-10 mm, long; styles subecual; cansule erect, about 1 cm. long, attenuate into the persistent styles; secds 3-4 mn, long, flat, the testa oblong, inflated. (Stenanthella occidentalis Rydbe). On shaded rock outcrops above water or in rich bottoms among dense herbage, 3000-4000 fte Priest Lake; Stevens Peak, 5600 ft.; Lime Cr,; Lake Pend Oreille; Upper Priest Falls, 5000 ft.; upper Priest R., 3000 fte; Snowy Top Mt., 5000 fte ‘. 4 Z&. Veretrum (Tourn.) Le False Hellebore. Coarse corn-like herbs with thick bulbous rootstocks. Stems simple except in the inflorescence, leafy. Leaves broad, entire, sheathing the stem, the veins rib-like. Flowers greenish or white in terminal panicles, the lowermost frequently imperfect, staminate, Perianth segments equal, persistent, attached to the base of the ovary. Stamens 6, opposite the perianth-segments and included by them, recurving in the upper part, the anthers directed down- wardg ‘becoming confluent. Styles 3, fruit a 3-chambered, 5-lobed capsule, each lobe attenuate into the persistent style. Seeds flattened, the testa wing-like. © Flowers green, the branches of the panicle markedly ¢; drooping 1 Ve Eschscholtzii +, Flowers white, the branches of the panicle extended 4 laterally or ascending ae Bs bev os © Panicle unbranched in upper third or half, » spicate; perianth-segnents 12-14 mm, long 2, Ve caudatum + Panicle branched to the very tip; perianth segments 6 6-9 AWM, ane 3, Ve Jonesii 8 1. Ve Eschscholtzii Gray. Stems commonly 2 m, tall, very leafy, the leaves spreading, 15-50 cm, long, oval or orbicular below, elliptical above, sessile, the base sheathing the stem for 10-20 cm., appearing plaited parallel to the veins, upver surface glabrous, lower downy; panicle 30-60 cm, iene, the branches drooping, softly woolly; pedicels 1-4 mm, long, each subtended by a membranous, ovate bract 4-5 mm, long, perianth-segments 6=8 ma, long increasing to 12 m, in fruit, greenish, narrowly elliptical, acute at both ends and narrowed at the base; stamens half the length of the segments; capsule erect, 2 cm. long, lanceolate; secds 3,5 mm, long, surrounded by the inflated wing-like testa 4 x 8 mm,, elliptical or oval in outlineg+4-—ton-+,—+ =, witme (Ve Eschscholt- zianun (Re & Se) Rydbe). Common in subalpine seepage spots, along streams, in meadows or alder thickets, rare’y below 4000 ft. je are kere following Heller's treatment as Mowe to the epabhed (Muhl. 1:120)0 2e Ve caudatum lieller. Stems glabrous in the lower parts, pubescent in the upper with fine hairs, 15-2 m. tall, the internodes 10-20 cm. long; leaves sheathing the stems for 2-10 cme, the blades oval, or the lower orbicular, the upper acute, 15-30 cm. long, both surfaces glabrous; panicle simple, 40-50 cm, tall, its branches 6-15 cm, long, woolly, commonly extended at right angles to the sten, sometimes ascending or the lower somewhat drooping, the upper half or third of the inflorescence unbranched, spicate, the flowers crowded along the branches and principal axis, white, on pedicels 1-3 mn, long; perianth segments 12-14 mm, long, cllipticol or oval, 4-5 mm, wide, the altcrnate ones somewhat broader with a Veshaped green gland at the bases; stamens 6 mm, long, cavsule erect, 1049: | | 25-28 mm. long; seeds elliptical 4,.5-3 mm, long, surrounded by an obovate wing, 9-10 mm, longs 4-5 mm, wide, Common in bog¢y meadows within the white pine type from 2500-5300 fte; gregarious, the extended arms of the inflorescence suggesting the mestete hay ricks used in Austriade 3e Ve Jonesii Heller. Stems 1.5-2 m. tall, glabrous in the lower parts, pubescent in the upnper with fine hairs, the internodes 10-20 cm, long; leaves sheathing the stems for 2-10 cm., the blades oval or the lower orbdicular, 15-30 cm, long, the lower surface softly downy, the upper leaves acute 3 compound panicle 40-80 cme long, twice or thrice branched, the slender branches ascending, woolly; flowers white, avvroximate but hardly crowded, on pedicels 1-3 mm, long; perianth segments 7-9 mm, long, broadly obovate, 4-5 m, wide, the aiternate ones somewhat broader with a V-shaped green gland at the base; all abruptly narrowed to a stipe 2-2.5 mm long; stamens 5 mm, long; capsule erect, 55.5 cm, longs; seeds 6 mm, long, surrounded by a membranous wing, ovate ? to lanceolate in outline, 15 ma, long, 5 mn, broad. (V- californicum sensu Piper non Durand). Frequent along roadways or on hillsides in the grassland infrequently reaching into the forested regionse 6. #6. Maianthemum Weber, krect, unbranched herbs with slender creeping rootstocks and 23 broad alternate leaves. Flowers small, white, in terminal racemes, Perianth segments 4, Stamens 4, inserted on the Segments, anthers retrorse., Ovary z-chambcred, stigmas 2, ovules 2 in each locule. Fruit a subglobose berrye le Me bifolium (Le) DC. var. kamtschaticum (Gmel.) Trautv, & Meyer. Rootstock 1,5-2 mm, in diameter; stem slender, glabrous, 20-30 em, tall; basal leaf on a petiole 12-15 cm, long, the blade deeply cordate or subreniform, abruptly acuminate, 6-12 cm, long§ cauline leaves commonly é, borne in the upper part of the flexuous stem, similar to the basal, ovate, on petioles 1-4 cm, long, glabrous; raceme 3-6 cm, long, the pedicels spreading, in groups of 2-3, age on long; perianth segments oval, OA Be Pert as g e mm. long; stamens 1/2-2/3 as long, the style subequal; berry red, 6 mm, in diameter; seeds commonly 2-5, ovate, 3mm, long, Priest Lake (vrobably in shaded woods near the margin), Piper 3685 4 not Aunree cotlockid . Se a ee i g@, Smilacina Desf. False Solomon's Seal, Stems simple, leafy, from slender horizontal rootstocks; leaves sessile. Flowers borne in terminal racemes, pvedicels jointed at the summit, each subtended by a smell scale, Perianth white, witherings) =/ versistent, the segments distinet, equal, spreading. Stamens inserted at the base of the perianth-segments, anthers versatile. Style obscure- ly 3-lobed at the apex, persistent; fruit a globose berry with 1-4 seeds, Oo Leaves mostly 2-3 cme broad; flowering stem unbranched ; S,. stellata © Leaves mostly $-5 cm. broad; flowering stem branched 2. Se. racemosa ? ) } x Ge S. stellata (Le) Desf. Slim Solomon, Slender herb, 30-50 CMe tall; stem flexuous, with 1 or 2 membranous sheathing scales at the base, glabrous; leaves 8-12 cm, long, narrowly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or obscurely acuminate, narrowed at the base / and clasping, for the most f part ascending and often folded, glabrous, sometimes glaucous; raceme simple,5-8 cm. long, pedicels 5-12 ma, long on the same plant, curving —> upvards; verianth segments oblong-lanceolate, 5=8 mm, long; stamens 1/2 their lengths; berry 7-8 mm, in diameter, at first Green, with 6 longitud- inal reddish-purple stripes, becoming bright red; seeds 1-4, sordid white, 3 mm. long. (Vagnera stellata Morong). . H Common throughout our region in rich shaded bottoms and moist woods 3 q) 2500-4500 ft. or more; frequent in meadows where glaucous forms occur, their leaves usually semaphore-like, yn S. racemose (Le) Desf. Fat Solomon, Rather coarse herb frequently | i 1m, tall; stems elongated with membranous, sheathing scales below, | pubescent above; leaves 10-15 cm, long, ovate or oval to oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at the base and clasping, sparingly pubes- cent; racemes often compoundspubescent , 5-10 cm long; pedicels 1-3 mm, leng; perianth segments 2=2e0 MMe long, oblong, stamens 1/2-1/3 longer; style subequal to the segments; berry 4-5 mm, broad, flesh color sprinkled with bright red dots, beecning red throughout; seeds 1-2, subglobose, sordid white, 5 mm, longe (Se amplexicaulis lutt.;Vagnera q) amplexicaulis Greene). Frecuent in shaded open woods, 2500-6000 f'te; commonly solitary. in wi or - leafy, 5. HI. Streptopus Michx. ‘Wwisted Stalk. Stems erect ,Abranching or simple from horizontal rootstocks. Leaves sessile clasping, broad. Flowers axillary, commonly solitary in our species, on slender curving peduncles. Perianth segments 6, distinct, equal, recurved, deciduous, more or less keeled. Stamens 6, attached at the base of the perianth filaments, flattened§ anthers sagittate, extrorse. Ovary $-chambered ,style-Secleft a entire. Fruit an ovoid or globose red berry. Seeds longitudinally wrinklea, curved. O Stems branching, commonly a meter tall; flower and fruit pedicels with a joint in . \the EO |. Se xif o Stems simple, 10-40 cm. tall; pedicels without 4 a Joints) 2 >, Leaves 6-8 cme long; stems 50-40 cme long 2, Se Curvipes “4 Leaves 5-5 cm. lons; stems 10-20 cm. long 3, Sg brevipes 1. Se amplexifolius (L.) Dy ‘oO. Twisted Stalk. —————Rovts tock Tori zonrtat > sien erect, 1-1.5 me ky Oe ees strigose-glandular near the base, #laprous and glaucous above; leaves 6-12 cm. long, oval, ovate or broadly lanceolate, shortly acuminate, rounded at the base, cordate glabrous on both surfaces, the upper dull, the lower glaucous; flowers pendu- lous, commonly colitary—in—the—aziis> on slender jointed pedicels 2-3 cm. long, the joint toothed; perianth 10-12 mm. long, greenish white, the segments narrowly lanceolate, -equal, distinctly ueeled,—reoustge; stamens 4.5 mm. long, anthers somewhat longer than the filaments, acuminate into a short appendage; style somewhat shorter than the perianth, entire; berry 8-10 mm. long, eveddy at first green and white, triangular in cross-section, becoming ; orange, then a bright red; seeds cream-color, 35-3.5 mm. long, tapering. ; Along shaded streams throughout our range, from 2500-6000 ft. 2e Se curvipes Vail. Roots densely fascicled at the nodes, stem erect, unbranched, 30-40 cm. tall, glabrous or Speringly scabrous with a few short, glandular hairs; leaves 6-8 cm, long, in general oblong~lanceolate, shortly acuminate, rounded at the base, cordate, glabrous, the margin with a fow short glandular hairs; flowers pendulous, pedicels unjointed, about 1 em, long; verianth 7-8 m, long, rose-colored, segments narrowly elliptical; stamens 4 um, long, the anthers shorter than the filaments, acuminate into a forking appendage; style somewhat shorter than the perianth, s-cleft; berry 8-9 m, in diameter, flattened at the apex, bright red; secds cream-color, 2 m., long, tapering, To be exoected in the northern part of our region, the type from 4400 ft, on Asulkan Pass, B.C, Se Se brevipes Baker, Stems slender, 10-20 cm, long, somewhat angled, glabrous, from slender white rootstocks, the roots fascicled at the nodes; leaves commonly 5 or 6, the uppermost half the size of the lowermost, 5-5 cm. long, elliptical or lancoolate, acute or slightly acuminate, prominent veins 5; flowers usually 2 or 3, pendulous, the pedicels 8-10 mm, long, slender and curving, unjointed; perianth rose-colored, rotate, the segments keeled, 2=2,5 mm, long, strongly recurved; stamens 1,5 mm, long, anthers shortér than the filament, abruptly acuminate at the BDeEX, style very short; berry glossy red, 7-8 mm, in diameter, slightly flattened at the apex; seeds 2.5 mn. long. (Kruhsea streptopoides Kearney), Mature or nearly mature dry woods in thick duff, frequently forming large patches, infrecuent but abundant locally; throughout our range from 5500-4000 ft. Upper Priest Re, 3000 fte, “pling 5733; Orogrande UN es S000 fte, svling and fHlouck 9395, 4055 iA eR OA AOS Bete ‘wishing ¥3° Saussurea Dé. Perennial herbs with alternate Sharply denticulate leaves. Heads discoid, few, borne in terminal commonly flat-topped Cymese Involucres top-shaped, con- Sisting of several series of closely overlapping somewhat chaffy bracts; receptacle flat, sparingly chaffy with stiffish subulate bracts. Flowers bluish-violet. Achenes narrowly cuneiform, angled, crowned with a double row of pappus-bristles, the outer short, unequal, merely barbed, the inner several times longer, plunose. le. Se americana D.C. Baton. —— > Stems erect, 80-150 om. tall, thinly cobwebby; basal leaves ovate, their blades 10-12 om. long, 4-6 cm. wide, trun- cate or subcordate at the base, obtuse, borne on winged petioles 2-3 em. long, 4-6 cm. wide, truncate or subcordate at the base, obtuse, borne on winged petioles 2-5 cm. long, the upper leaves Sees ne lanceolate, acute, cuneate at the base and sessile, the margins of all very sharply sinuate-denti- culate, the lower surfaces more or less cobwebby; bracts of the involucre in 4=5 series, the outermost 3 mm. long, broadly ovate, the immermost oblong or oblanceo- late, 8-9 mm. long, all ciliate towards the tips and somewhat cobwebby; flowers blue-violet, their corollas 10-11 mm. long; achenes 3.5 mm. long, glabrous, the pappus buff-color. Common in subalpine meadows and along subalpine streams throughout our regione ww ea ae ¥@ Cirsium (Tourn.) Hill. Thistle. Stout perennial or biennial herbs with alternate leaves which are variously spinose. Heads discoid, their involucres subglobose, bell-shaped or urn=shaped, the bracts numerous, subulate, overlapping in many series, spine-tipped, the tips frequently Spreading or recurving; receptacle flat, bristly. Disc-corollas tubular, deeply o=cleft, often showy en masse. Achenes prevailingly cuneiform, more or less flattened, bearing a single series of deciduous softly plumose bristles. O Upper surfaces of leaves very harsh with short rigid io hairs; leaves decurrent upon the stems for several centimeters forming herbaceous Spinose wings }.C. lanceolatum —* o Upper surfaces of leaves soft and smooth, cobwebby or 4 glabrous; leaves clasping the stem but not decurrent AInnermost series of involucral bracts 5-20 mne long; the ; / heads 10-15 mn. broad; plants dioecious, perennial ¥ \ with creeping rootstocks 4 [+ arvense 7 Imnermost series of involucral bracts 20-25 mn. long; i (the heads 15-40 cm. broad; biennial plants without \ereeping rootstocks Involucral bracts bearing a glandular ridge near /the tip; heads borne at the tips of slender § ( branches 5=20 cm. long, not at all crowded; peas leaves deeply incised, the lower surfaces \of all white-tomentose. ( Flowers pink, rarely white, heads 15-20 mm. /o broad 3 Ce undulatumn 6 Flowers yellowish-white, heads 25-35 mm. /0 broad 4 Ce palousense 4 Involucrel bracts not bearing a glandular ridge; : heads crowded in the upper axils, borne on branches ée-5 ome long, the cluster often subtended by a leafy involucre; lower leaves shallowly lobed, [the upperfat least} nearly glabrous or cobwe bby beneath ; 6 Involucral bracts glabrous @ Involucral bracts conspicuously dilated Zand flattened at the tip 4° Ce foliosun © Involucral bracts hardly dilated, mostly ZA armed with a simple spine Ce oreophilum 6 Involucral bracts cobwebby Ce edule |~ [ss ee itis C. lanceolatum (L.) Hill. Bull Thistle. —p A stout weed 1-1.5 m. tall, the stems very leafy more or less woolly, bran cc leaves green, strongly undulate, lanceolate or narrowly ovate, 6-20 om. long or more, deeply pinnatifid into lanceolate or oblon ~lanceolate lobes 5-6 | long, ev—ta—tha_sualler leaves into daltoid Tebse> all tipped with ait: be as much as 1 cm. or more long, the upper surface ve harsh with stirr a 8 hairs, the lower cobwebby or woolly, the margins « Teowes most smooth, all decurrent upon the stems, forming spinose herbaceous wings; ney few, 4-6 cme in diameter, crowded, the involucral bracts linear, the foie 5 cme long, all tipped with a short Spine, thinly cobwebby, spreading above the middle; flowers rose-purple 4 cm. long, the corolla lobes linear, 7 mm. long: achenes 4 mm. long, the pappus 3-4 cm. long. . 83 Common in waste places, along roads and in denuded burns; introd Europe. uged from Cr C. arvense (L.) Scop. Canadian Thistle. ——-> A perennial herb with matted creeping rootstocks, the slender stems thus gregarious, 1-2 m. tall, glabrous, much branched in the upper parts p-bhe—branctres—escendiny: leaves green, mostly oblong-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long or more, pinnatifid, their : segnents irregularly deltoid, «5-2 cm. long, the margins Spinose with numerous prickles 5-6 mm. long, undulate, glabrous or sparingly cobwebby beneath, sessile and somewhat clasping at the base; heads numerous, 15-20 mn. tall, 10-15 mm. ; ~~ , +o—Or—orre—svenchesy dioecious, the staminate heads subglobose, the flowers much exserted, the pistillate Ccampanulate, the flowers hardly exserted; bracts of the involucre glabrate, purplish, the outer ovate, 5-5 mm. long, the inner narrowly lanceolate, all acuminate, glabrate, the tips somewhat cobwebby and ciliate, the outermost recurving, soft, not Spinose, each with a dorsal glutinous ridge; flowers lavender, 1.5 om. long, the corolla lobes 5 mme long; achenes 2-65 mm. long, the pappus 1-2 cm. long. aabe! Gane - i OO yes rr |) > a oe Vo A frequent and pernicious weed in waste places at low elevations; intro- duced from Rkurope. . sa apdbliais Pe amet Ce undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. —_-______-> Stems erect, branching, the branches rather slender, densely and_ persistently white-tomentose; leaves mostly lanceo- late in outline, the lowermost broadly so or oblanceolate, the blades of the lower 15-30 cm. long, borne on petioles half as long, the upper 8-15 cm. long, bo, sessile and clasping, all pinnately lobed, the lobes of the lower oblong in outline, 4-5 cm. long, again incised with 2 or 3 salient lobes, those of the upper leaves mostly deltoid, all armed with sharp Spines 2-4 mm. long, the margins armed with smaller prickles, the upper surfaces cobwebby, frequently becoming glabrate and ashy, the lower surfaces densely and persistently white@ =/ tomentose; heads borne at the tips of the branches, not at all crowded, 15-20 mm. broad, their involucral bracts lanceolate, the inner 20-25 mm. long, all sparingly cobwebby, nearly glabrous, bearing & glandular ridge 2-3 mm. long near y the apex, the tips spinose, spreading; flowers pink or whitish- Frequent along roadways in the srassland and at lower elevations. ESE" } C. palousense Piper. > Stems ersct, branch tall, more or less cobwebby; lower leaves oblanesolaea Ieeae sean, ugha tapering to a petiole half as long as the blade, the stem leaves aseaiis } and clasping, broadly lanceolate or oblanceolatey below, deeply pinnatiti® the lobes narrowly oblong-lanceolate, simple or again Sparingly lobed toward the base, the upper narrowly oblong-lanceolate, their lobes mostly deltoid, all spinose with weak spines 2-4 mn. long, the margins armed with smaller prickl the upper surfaces cobwebby, becoming more or less glabrate, at least a th 7a lower parts, the lower surface persistently white-tomentose: heads borne . tips of slender branches, globose in outline, 3-3.5 om. broad their inv i = bracts lanceolate, the inner 25-28 mm. long, all except the inner reithi Stats with spreading spines 2-3 mm. long, the inner soft and recurving at the ti all strongly cobwebby, especially towards the base of the involucre, beari “i a glandular ridge 5-4 mm. long near the apex; flowers cCream-color. Fe Be Frequent along roadways in the grassland. . | (S)> Ce foliostm (Hook.) DC. —~ -—> Stems stout, unbranched, virgate, ~ 40-80 cm. tall, leafy, thinly woolly; lower leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 15-25 cm. long, tapering to indefinite petioles, the upper narrowly oblong or linear, gradually diminished upwards, sessile, pinnately lobed, the lobes qd irregularly deltoid, 3-12 mn. tall, spinose, the margins undulate, armed with numerous weaker unequal spines, both surfaces thinly woolly with hairs 5-8 mm. long, the lower frequently somewhat cobwebby as well; heads few in a dense terminal cluster subtended by and almost hidden with a leafy cluster, the leaves of which are purplish-red beneath, giving a characteristic aspect to the plant; bracts of the involucre lanceolate, the inner 18-20 mme long, dilated at the tip into a flattened, lacerate appendad#e 2-5 mme broad, the outer tipped with ; weak spines 1-2 mm. long; corolla 2.5-4.8 cm. long, whitish, the lobes 5 mm. | long, anthers and style rose-purple; aghenes 445-5 mm. long. Common in meadows at low eleva throughout our region. ‘4 {) oa (6) 9 C, oreophilum Rydbe ——> Stems stout, unbranched, virgate, 4028 C6) all,lealty, thinly woolly with hairs 5-8 m, long; tawse atid PT 3 oblanceolate, 15-55 om, long, tapering to indefinite petioles narrowly ob lotie oe oblong-lanceolate, gradually digtatehe eed ~ sah and clasping, a¥i pinnately lobed, the lobes irregularly deltoid 3-12 mn, tall, spinose tipped, the margins undulate, armed with smaller unequal spines, the upper surfaces very thinly villovs, the lower cobweb » or the up or laaee | throughout; heads few, in a dense terminal cluster qubteniia by and sumettines 7 almost hidden within a leafy cluster, the mid-portion of the narrow leaves being whitish, their bracts lanceolate, glabrous, the inner I8- 20 mm. long, © all tipped with spines 2-5 mm, long; scarcely dilated at the tips; corolla yellowish, 2.5-2.8 om, long, the lobes 5mm, long; anthers and style viola- ceous; achenes 4,5-5 mn, long, violaceous when maturing, the pappus white, 20-22 mme longe Frequent in burns in the St. Joe and Clearwater forests at elevations from 3000-5000 feet; perhaps only a bide & of the following species, | no H —— Orogrande Cr., 3000 ft., Hpling and Houck 9313; Forks of St. 200 a Leiberg 1188; Elk Prairie, Epling and Kempf. _ ’ ad 7e Ce edule Nutt. Indian Thistle. Stems erect, mostly unbranched, 60-200 cm. tall, thinly woolly; leaves 8-20 om. long, 2-4 om. wide, those of the lower parts oblanceolate, the upper either oblanceolate or narrowly ‘oblong, clasping at the base but not decurrent, all pinnately shallowly lobed into broadly deltoid or somewhat hemispheric lobes 3-10 mn. tall, the margins spinose with unequal spines 1-6 mm. long, the upper surface beconing green and glabrate, ashy{with a thin felt-like tomentum; heads few, crowded in th¢ upper axils, frequently subtended by the upper leaves, — 3-6 cme in diameter, the outer involucral bracts foliaceous, the inner lanceolate, | acuminate to rather we prickles, the inner 2.5 com. long, all densely cobwebby; flowers purple or somefimes whitish; achenes 4 mme long, very smooth, the pappus 20-25 mme long, buff-folored. Frequent in dry burns. y Te a a 1A inal n ohn.) 1s a ia Redlegs sic Coarse biennial herbs with alternate leaves. Heads numerous, discoid, Involucres bury=like, consisting of many series of overlapping —subulate bracts which are appressed at the base but spreading above and hooked at the apex. Receptacle flat, bristly. Flowers rose-purple. Achenes oblong, S-angled. Pappus of numerous short deciduous bristles. fa Ye (Hill)Bernh. Common Burdock. ) 1. A. minus Rey weedy much branched herbs 1-2 m. tall; 7 leaves broadly ovate or cordate, the lowermost 30-40 cm. long, the upper “8-12 om. long, all petioled, grayish pubescent beneath; heads in leafy panicles, globose, 2-2-5 cm. in diameter, bearing a cobwebby pubescence, the mature bracts “appearing otherwise glabrous, the inner purplish at the apex; corollas rose ~ purple; pappus 2 mm. long. Bee ak A weed found in waste places near dwellings; naturalig She iy Pea ye wd is Be a a le ee ee ee YP Centaurea Le Annual branching herbs with alternate leaves, Heads discoid, their involucres subglobose or urn-shaped, consisting of several series of bracts which are closely appressed below the middle, spreading above, all more or less lacerate; flat, densely bristly. Corollas deeply S=cleft, the marginal ones enlarged, suggesting ray-flowers but funnel-shaped, commonly sterile, Pappus of 2-3 rows of short bristles, ? Achenes notched just above the base, thus attached laterally /, Involucral bracts fimbriate, not spiny; flowers never yellow le C. Cyanus 2 Involucral bracts spine-tipped; flowers yellow 2. Ce solstitialis Q Achenes not notched , attached basally; flowers blue Se C. repens le C. Cyanus Le Corn Flower, Bachelfor's Button, Herbs with slender branching stems which are more or less cobwebby; leaves linear, cobwe bby; : flowers verious shades of pink, blue or purple or white, the marginal ones commonly 15-16 mm, long; both inner and outer involucral bracts lacerate, In fields and waste places; naturalized from Europes 2e Ce solstitialis L. Yellow Star Thistle. Leaves decurrent on the branches; bracts of the involucre terminating in rigid yellow spines as much as 2 om, long, In waste places; adventive from sa Europe Se Ce. repens L. ‘urkestan Thistle. Involucres longer than broad, the bracts unarmed, the flowers all similar, In waste places; adventive from ses Europe e bo J II, Monocotyledones, Monocotyledons, Plants herbaceous in our region, Leaves with prallel veins, Vascular bundles irregularly distributed throughout the ground parenchyma of the stele, not forming a cylinder, prt: parts usually in 3's, with or without a showy floral envelope. Embryo pf one cotyledon, the first leaves of the seedling alternate, SER Se ee rata, ue j i 1 } 3 4 i j ; iz rf ; e : 4 i ; J Disporun Salisb, Fairy Bells, Brect, leafy, branching herbs from slender rootstocks. Leaves alternate, sessile and clasping, Flowers white, in terminal pairs, pendant. Perianth deciduous, the Segments equal, slender, spreading ee Se but little. Stamens 6, attached to the receptacle, anthers extrorse, Ovary S-chambered, style subequal to the stamens, entire or shallowly Secleft, tlruit a globose or oval berry; ke seeds cream colored, commonly 2 in each chamber, oO Leaves mostly ovate, tapering beyond the middle to an i or lightly acuminate apex; styles 3-lobed \at the apex; fruit distinctly papillose I, De. trachycarpun O Leaves mostly oblong, ebruptly acuminate; style / nearly or quite entire; fruit smooth or 4 \ viently hairy, not papillose 2. De oreganun 1. D. trachycarpum (Wats.) Benth. & Hook, Stems 30-60 em, tall; mature leaves 6-10 cm, long, ovate, acute, or somewhat acuminate, pubescent when young, glabrescent and Shining; principal veins commonly 6-8; perianth 10-12 m, long, narrowly campanulate, the segments narrowly oblong or oblaiceolate; stamens somewhat surpassing the perianth, the anthers 5-5,.5 mm, long; style 3-lobed at the apex; berry orangeered, then carmine, flattened=globose, S-lobed, papillose; seeds white, subglobose, 3 mi. in diameters (D. majus (Hook.) Britton). Ac. Occasional throughout our sesge on moist Slopes or ledges, 3000-5000 ft. Lake Views Kaniksu Yor.: Priest i, Expe Stae, 3000 ft,.: inner Priest R, 3 x 3 3 p sags 3 5000 ft.; Fritchard; st. Joe R, 3000 fte; iallaces 5000 ite; laydon Lake, © Flowers stalked; Leaves sessile j T. ovatun oo Flowers sessile; leaves vetioled > Te petiolatum 1, Te ovacui murshe Svems 10-:0 cme tall, bearing 4 whorl of 3 ovate or rhomboidal-ovace soreading leaves, 5-20 Cre long, shortly acurtinate 3 flower on 4 peduncle 2-0 Crile long; calyx lobes narrowly oblong-lanceolate,s obtuse or acute, soreading, 2-0 CMe. long; corolla whice, fading pink, the sepments in seneral ovate-lanceolate, somewhat excecding the sevals; stamens erect, somewhat longer tha: the pistil, the anthers 68-12 mime long, about twice she length of the filaments; pistil creen, the three Aistinet stigmas sube ual to the globose ovary; cavsule becoming magenta color, bro dly ovoid, incompletely 3-chambered, 1-2 cme long, erect, dehiscing in the up er half, the angles clevated; seeds brovm, ¢ Ime lonce ( Te Scouleri Ryvdve). Common in shaded rether open yroods, 2000-6000 it.s; more abundant in Iridaceae. Iris Family. ' Perennial herbs with creeping rootstocks. Leaves narrow, stiffish, erect, 2-ranked. Tlowers perfect and régular (in ours), subtended by spathee> like bracts$ perianth segments o, convulute in the bud, withering persistent, petaloid, similar or differentiated into two unlike whorls, the tube adherent to the ovary. Stamens 5, inserted opposite the outer segments; anthers extrorsee Ovary inferior, 5-chambered} style S-clefts fruit a 3-chambered loculicidal cansule, commonly 6-lobed in cross-section. Rootstocks well developed; flowers showy, the outer and 4f inner perianth-sezments differentiated | Rootstocks short, the stems appearing tufted, flowers of small, the perianth-sezgments all similar L tris 2. —_ Sisyrinchium eer Rc. I. : J Calochortus Pursh, Mariposa Dwhip, uh. ’ | Low herbs with slender flexuous stems arising from membranous-coated cormse eaves linear-lanceolate, the cauline clasping, alternate, Flowers showy, few, terminal; perianth deciduous, the segments e~seriate, De Lad Abecorartia the inner petal-like, obovate, each with more or less conspicuous, gland f near the base, the outer lanceolate, sepal-like, Stamens 6, inserted at the bases of the segments; anthers basifixed, Stigmas sessile, persistent on the fruit. Fruit a leathery capsule, Seangled, or 3-winged, nodding, O Basal leaves as long as or longer than the flowering 4 stems gland covered with a fringed scale |. C. elegans © Basal leaves shorter than the flowering stem; gland Aad covered with hairs but not with a ‘ \ fringed scale A Flowers cream-color or white, the anthers attenuate G to a distinct mucro 2. Ce aviculatus 1031 | 2 Flowers purple or lavender with a purple band 3 4 ee & anthers blunt | / 4 Petals rounded-truncate at the apex, not T ° (ouglasianus) 2 pointed; capsule oval, strongly winged 9, Co Sattetdre- A Petals abruptly pointed at the apex; capsule 8 linear-oblong, not winged 4.Ce macrocarpus — 1, Ce elegans Purshe Cat's Ear, Stems slender, graceful, dainty, 5-30 cm, tall, the corm ovoid, .8-1.5 cm. in diameter; leaves exceeding the stems, 3-8 mm, wide, rather glaucous; bracts 1-3 cm, long, narrowly lanceolate or linear, ascending; flowers several, on very slender pedicels 1-4 cm, long; sepals 10-15 ma. long, ovate to lanceolate, boat-shaped, greenish or whitish, mottled with purple inside, the petals elliptical, oval or ovate, 15-20 rm, long, recurving above the middle, white, purplish or blue towards the base, the gland covered with a crescent-shaped fringed scale 5-4 mm, wide, surmounted by long slender hairs; stamens 8 mm, long, the anthers pale blue, about 5 ma, long including the acuminate tin; capsule 1.5-2 cm. long, oblong-elliptical in outline; seeds straw-color, ovoid but flattened and curving, 5 ma, long, subelpine Cecasional on partly shaded/slopes and ridges, but occurring in tay woods as low as 2000 ft. i'ype coll%’ by Lewis opp peesente—tonn—oFf Kamiah, Sette L | var, selwayensis (St, John) Owenbdy, with gland nearly striaght and shorter, and petals only moderately bearded, does not seem to be geographically isolated but occasional over our range, 2e Ce. apiculatus Baker, Star Tulipe Stems 20-40 cm, tall, arising from ovoid corms 1-1,5 cm, in ciameter$ leaves shorter than the stems, 7-15 mi. broad; bracts 1-4 cm. long, lanceolate, erect; flowers solitary or several, in two umbels in vigorous plants, erect, on slender pedicels 3-6 or 10 cm, long; sepals lanceolate or elliptical, greenish becoming dull white and petaloid, 15-25 mm, long; petals dull white or cream color, 20-30 mn, long, rhomboidal, rather widely spreading, recurved in the upper half, very obtuse, sprinkled on the inner surface with long yellow hairs; we as gland covered with blue-black hairs$ anthers 7-12 me long, strongly acuminate; capsule oblong-elliptical, é=3 cme long, strongly winged, Dry open ground usually in association with Douglas fir; seen only duke in the north} type taken in region of , end “reille Ritts, Priest Lake ; Hayden Lake; Priest R, Exp, Stae, 2700 ftes Lake Pend Oreille, 2000 ft, 3 Farmington Landing; Fox Creek; Hopes; Roman Nose Mt, et eae Schultes fs ) ae Es Mariposa Tulip. Corm subglobose, 2 em, in diameter, coats thin, minutely reticulate; stem erect, 30-60 cm, tall, the leaves as shorter than the stem, 12-15 mm, broad, glaucous; flowers 1-3 in an umbel, bracts 4-5 om. long, subequal, ascending, pedicels 5-8 cme long; calvx lobes lanceolate, 35-4 cm, long, 8=10 mm, wide, spreading, scarlous-margined, acuminate, greenish, lavender-tinged; petals 3-5 om, long, erect, obovate, rounded-truncate above, erose, lavender or rose, fading bluish, whitish below, the gland transverse, 5-6 mn, broad, surmounted by an area of dense short glandular hairs, these inturn surmounted by a _lunate fringe of yellow ae sis eas the surface of she petals with long purple or whitish hairs 8-10 m, long; stamens 15-20 mn, long, filaments subulate, anthers 10-12 mm. long, tapering uvwards somewhat but obtuse$ capsule strongly winged, oval in outline, about 2.5 em, long with short recurved styles. (C, pavonaceus Fernaldp he Roadsides and open ground below 3000 ftes abundant on north Slopes of Clearwater Canyon near Orofino, Owenby (1940) finds this to be a tetraploid, while C, nitidus is a diploid pecies, f y See | \ rut ott plant Uo borirnes ‘Snihatieaat 4. Ce macrocarpus oe Corm ovoid, covered with“a few stiffish scales, 1,5-2 em, in diameter; stem erect, 30-60 cm, tall, the leaves several, linear, 5-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm, wide, somewhat sheathing at the base, recurving, soon withered; flowers 1-3 in an umbel, bracts 5-8 cm. long, ascending, leaflike, vedicels 4-12 cm. longs; calyx lobes lanceolate, 445 cm, long, acuminate, scarious ie 7, a midrib green, the marrins lavender=tingeds; petals 3,5=6 cm, long, ascending or slightly spreading, obovate-rhomboidal, abruptly acuminate at the apex, lavender on the outer surface, midrib green, inner surface purple, the gland Shaped like a gloverts knife, 4-5 mm, in diameter, densely covered with Clubeshaped hairs which are shortly branched at the tip, surrounded by a few longer yellow hairs, surmounted by a transversgpurple streaks stamens 20-22 mm, long, the anthers and filaments subequal; capsule linear-oblong, ridged but not winged, about 5 cm, long, with persistent two-lobed stigmas; seeds very flat, oval, 3.5 mm, long, surrounded by a thin loose testa, Dry Midies commonly in loose soils Post Falls, Weissners Peak, The Vare maculosus (Nels, &: Macbr,.) Nels, & Macbre, with a prominent reddish=purple crescent above the gland, is a local wellemarked color phase of Nez Perce Co,, the type from near Lewiston (Henderson 2727 )e + Lilium L. Lily. srect glabrous unbranched herbs from scaly bulbs. Leaves alternate and whorled, sessile. Flowers showy, racemose; perianth deciduous, its segments rather fleshy, subecual, distinct, recurved above the middle, each with a nectar-bearing vroove near the base. Stamens 6, included, the anthers versatilee Style deciduous, the Stigma 3-cleft, Capsule loculicidal; seeds brown, very flat, horizontally arranged in two rows / in each locule, 1. L. columbianum Hans. Tiger Lily. Bulb ovoid, 4-5 cm. in diameter, the scales lanceolate, acute, appressed; stems erect, 1-1,5 m, tall, the principal leaves in whorls of 7-8, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, or i ei 10-12 em, long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, all acute, or shortly acuminate; racemes l-several flowered, the pedicels 8=25 cm, long in fruit; flowers nodding, bright orange dotted with purple, the segments 4-6 cm, long, 8-15 mm, wide, lanceolate, acute, narrowed at the base; stamens 3-4 em, long, the filaments slender, anthers 6-9 ma, long, yellow; ovary very slender, 1,5-2 cm, long, narrowed below the middle, capsule erect, oblong, 3-4 cm, long, 1.5-2 cm. wide, narro ed at the base, truncate or rounded at the summit, 5-lobed; seeds 4-7 mm, in diameter, wing-margined, light brown, Common in burns and open places, below 3000 fte, rarely in forest; observed chiefly north of the Coeur d'Alene Rg; not seen in the Clearwater Foreste )3. ff Pritillaria (Tourn.) Le Fritillary. rect glabrous unbranched herbs with scaly bulbs, commonly bearing grain-like bulblets. Leaves alternate and whorled, sessile. Flowers showy, nodding, comaonly sevcral in a short raceme or solitary, leafye bracted, FPerianth deciduous, its segments rather fleshy, subeoual, distinct, not recurved, each with a nectar-pit at the base. Stamens 65. included, the anthers basifixed. Style deciduous, simple or 3-cleft, Capsule loculicidal, Seeds brovm, flat, horizontally arranged in two rows in each locule. O Style S-cleft; perianth segments 25-35 mn, long, | ae purple, mottled with greenish yellow; Nleaves lanceolate 4. Fe lanceolata O Style entire, stigua S-lobeds; perianth segments yj 10-20 rae long, yellow or orange, tinted Af ee | | “with purple; leaves narrowly oblong 4) Fe pudica 1037, le F. lanceolata Pursh, Checker Lily. Bulbs flattened globose, 1-1,5 cm, in diameters; stems 40-60 cm, tall, more or less purple tinged; leaves 2-5, the uppermost solitary, 5-10 em, long, 8-15 m, wide, lanceolate, acute, the first leaf oval or ligulate, the blade 8 em, long, 2.5 cm, wide, on a slender petiole about as long; flowers solitary or several, on pedicels 1-3 cm, long, nodding; perianth segments narrowly oblong- elliptical or lanceolate, obtuse, 25-35 mm, long, deep brownish purple, mottled with greenish yellow; each with a conspicuous, green, lanceolate gland in the hollow; stamens about half the length of the segments, the filaments slender, anthers 3.5 m, long; style branches 8 mme long recurv- ing; capsule squarish in outline, 1.5-2 cm, long, 2-2.5 om. wide, tans- versely rugose, the angles winged, the wings 1-3 mm. wide; mature seeds not seen, q) Stream and lake margins below 3000 ft, The bulb is said by Lewis to have been eaten by the natives end called tel-lah-thil-pah, 2e F, pudica (Pursh) Spreng, Yellow Bell. Bulbs flattened globose, about 1 cm, in diameter; stems 20-30 cm, tall, or less, more or less vurple tinged; leaves mostly altcrnate, frequently paired, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, 5-7 cm. long, 5-8 mm, wides; flowers solitary, some- times 2, nodding on peduncles 3-5 em, long, campanulate, perianth segnents yellow or orange usually with a tinge of purple, 15-20 mn, long, oblanceolate, obtuse or rounded, the gland obscure; stamens 2/3 the length of the segments, the filaments slender, anthers yellow, 5.5 m, lon;; style shorter than the stamens, obscurely 3-lobed at the apex; capsule erect, subglobose, about l cm. in diameter, not winged; seeds obovate-cunciforn, 7 mme long, a rich brown, shining, margined, . if af ry inp % A ft fe ‘ q Grassy foothills; hardly »rover to our reclion; acey—+e Lewis ,-whe-besk- OF OF koe Arete a Lb fitran Bho Lye Coddee on the Clesowetor Re, the bulb was eaten by the natives, 19 hronium Le Dog-tooth Violet, Bryt = 100 Low glabrous herbs, the leaves 2, apparently basal, from deep-seated membranous coated corms. lowers showy, solitary, or Several, terminal, noddinge ferianth segments distinct, deciduous, ecual, the inner auricled at the base. Stamens 6, hypogynous, about half the length of the perianth, basifixed, Ovary d-chambered, Style filiform, 3-clefte Fruit a somewhat deangled, loculicidal capsule. Sceds ovate, wrinkled, O Perianth segments yellow, whitish at the base /. Be grandiflorum O Perianth segments white, or greenish, yellow 4 towards the base 2. Ee idahoense 1. E. grandiflorum Pursh, Dog tooth Violet. Corms ovoid; leaves 10-20 em. long, oblong, lanceolate, obtuse or acute, attenuate at the base to a margined petiole 2-5 cm. long, dark-green, not mottled; scapes one or very rarely more, 15-25 cm. tall or more, elongating to 30 cm, in Sruie, erect; perianth 1,.5-4 cm. long, bright yellow but whitish at the base, segments narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, the inner with 4 saclike appendages; stamens 12-15 mm. long, the anthers yellow or purple or white in the same commmnity, style somewhat longer than the stamens; capsule 3-3.5 cm, long, oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse at the apex, attenuate to a short stalk at the th WMA On hillsides of north exposure, locally abundant, base. Ze Ee idahoense St. John & G,. Ne Jones, Corn ellipsoid or narrowly a. cylindric, brovm coated, with {slender rhizomatous proccss up one side; leaves green, unequal, oblanccolate with an acuminate tip, the larger blade 7-13 cm, long, 2.5-4.5 cm, wide, the channelled petioles about half the length of the blade; perianth segments greenish or creamy white, merked for the lower cm, with yellow within and green or greenish-yellow ") without, 3-4,5 cm. long, 9-12 mn. wide, lanceolate, recurved efter anthesis, the inner three segments slightly broader and with four saccate basal unfoldings; stamens either with six short anthers 5-7 mm, long or 3 short and 3 Tong 410-20 mme long, these two Conditions in flowers on the same stem, or all six stamens long; anthers white, turning pale yellow after dehiscence or pinkish, filaments 10-12 mm, long, usually equal; style clavate at the tip, the igmas distinctly parted and recurved; fruit oblanceolate, trigonous, Apparently general in early spring in lowland of Kootenai and Latah co8e; kn. to us only from the type coll. made near Worley, St. John et Ne al. 37193; Piper recognized this as a color phase (var, cavdidum) of Ey grandiflorum, ry way i? 7. Camassia Lindl, Herbs from membranous-coated bulbs, Leaves linear, basal, Scapes erect; flowers in simple racemes, showye Pedicels jointed at the base of the flower, each subtended by a membranous bract,. Perianth segments 6, distinct, equal, withering-persistent. Stamens adhering to the bases of the segments; anthers versatile, Style filiform, persiscent at the base; stigma 3-clefte Capsule loculicidal, 3-lobed in cross-section, Seeds black, polished. le C. quamash (Pursh) Greene, Camase A showy beautiful perennial herb, the bulbs 1-5.5 cm, in diameter, globose or ovoid, tapering, erect, the coats dark brown or black, rather glossy; leaves often flaucous on the inner surface, 15-50 cm. long, 8-20 ma, wide, tapering, acute, the veins prominents scapne slender, 20-90 cm, tall; flowers 10-25 or more, poke Hue P) azyre~lor—viotet) on ascending pedicels 6-12 mm, long, the bracts soon papery, twice as long as the pedicels or more, often bluish; perianth clearly zygomorphic, its segments 15-55 mn, longs, 4-8 m, wide, acute at the apex, acuminate and inrolled at the base, the principal vein blue and prominent; stamens 2/3 the length of the segments, their anthers S mi, long, yellow, the filaments bluish; ovary greenish-yellow; capsule oval or subglobose in outline, 1-1,5 cm, in diameter, the valves trans- versely wrinkled; seeds narrowly ovoid, 3 mm, long, black and shining, resembling minute dried prunes, (Quamasia quamash Cov.). Occasional in meadows and open gravelly places at lower elevations especially southward; locally abundant and very striking en masse, 4 The plants as described above grow near Weippe, the type locality. dards otis. ey7 The plants of drier habitats, such as Santa, with violet flowers and clawed perianth segments have been secregated by St. John as C, Teapeac.s LUa Tense Hore, = sapiens mimes > 2, T, petiolatum Pursh. Stems several, 5-10 cm, tall, with a whorl of three rather fleshy leaves, the blades exactly ovate to nearly orbicular, 6-15 cm, in diameter, sometimes lightly cordate at the base, the petioles 3-12 om. long; flower sessile between the leaves, the sepals green, 2-6 cm, long, 4-15 mm, wide, oblong, rather obtuse, petals deep brownish purple; stamens 12-25 mn, long, the filaments rarely more than 6 mm, long; the ovary subglobose 45 MMe long, the recurving purple stigmas tyrice as longs capsule ovoid, 2.5 cm. long, becoming reddish; seeds ovate, 3.5 mm, long, smoothe Infrequent at low elevations in association with yellow pine or Douglas fir. Lolo frail on or near Collins Cre, M. Lewis (tyve); re ee Coeur dtAlene Re; Geyer 2913 Spirit Lake, Epling; Fernan Lake, Christ 34. ADS Wb aa sasha hl nti characteristically =e L. Onions scente Ow fnerbs with usually narrowly linear leaves which arise from ovoid bulbs covered with a few thin coats, which under a lens are variously marked. Flowers on a slender scape in a terminal simple umbel subtended by usually two membranous bracts, pedicels not jointed. FPerianth persistent, becoming papery, its segments subequal, joined at the very base. Stamens 6, abeut— > the filaments filiform but dilated at the point of insertion on the perianth. Style filiforms Fruit a caysule. O Leaves hollow, columnar; umbel dense, the pedicels 4 usually equal toor shorter than the flowers J. Ae sibiricum f Leaves solid, flat or chanuelled along the upper 4 surface; pedicels longer than the flowers 2 Outer bulb coats broken into numerous brown fibers e ri 2 Bulb coats all papery, not fibrous Flower cluster nodding to one side; bulbs ovoid, 2 oe gradually into a neck 1-< cm. long or more 4. Ae cernuum q@ A Plower cluster erect; bulbs subglobose or if 3 ovoid, abruptly narrowed if (G Stamens purple, exserted beyond and longer cent the perianth; bulb coats without Oo reticulations 4. A. bicentrum G Stamens yellow, shorter than the perianth segments, not exserted; outer bulb coats ‘Oo with reticulations visible under a lensy <2 Perianth segments white or pale rose, . / 7-8 me long; reticulations in outer 4° ‘~\bulb coats strongly contorted S As fibrillum <; Perianth segments pink, veined with / purple, 8-10 mm. long, recurved; in bulb reticulations rectangular G. A. cuspidatum Ome tba la met raticulats le Ae sibiricum L. wild Cfives. ——Bulbs slender and lanceolate, | commonly 7-8 mm. in diame$ér, usually on a short rootstock, the coats mem- branous, white, ° 5 j | ; leaves 20-30 cm. long, hollow, columar; scapes rather stout, hollow, about as long as the leaves; bracts 2, ovate, acute, 1-2 cm. long; umbel erect, dense, 20-40 flowered, pedicels about as long as the perianth or less; perianth pale rose-color, segments 10-12 mm. long, joined—at—thebasey oblong-lanceolate, abruptly narrowed at the tip, midvein conspicuous; stamens about half the length of the perianth, filaments strongly dilated at the base; style about equal to the stamens; capsule 4-5 mm. long; seeds 2,5-5 mm. long, angled, dull. ea Se Sandy stream bottoms below 5000 feet, chiefly north of the Coeur d'Alene River. ar A. Geyeri vats. ————> bulbs ovoid, tapering, clustered, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter, the outer coats very fibrous and matted, dark; leaves 30-40 Cm. long, flat, 2-5 mm. wide; scapes slender, about as long as the leaves; bracts £, ovate or lanceolate, partially joined? umbel erect, 20-30 flowered, pedicels about twice the length of the perianth$ perianth rose-colored, its segments ovate, acute, S<-9 mm. long; stamens somewhat shorter; style 2 m. long; capsule flattened-globose, <.5 mm. in diameter, 3-lobed, each valve bearing two short pronglike crests; seeds 2 mm. longs. In springy soils along brooks; granite ledges, lake shores (Leiberg); the onion of the Nez Perce Indians, called by them “omoir" ¢ Xt Clearwater R. #s the type loc, feesec 226 at—eres-hHomh, - Kootenai Coe; ae = @ Take Coevr d'Alene, 2100 fte; Sunnyside, A. cernuum Roth, > Bulbs narrowl clustered, about 1 cy in diameter or less, the otets abd tn ey purplish, leaves 20-50 cm. lone flat 2-4 mm wide, scapes slender, longer than the leaves, bracts 2 shorter than th ‘ flowers, deciduous; umbel lax, recurved and nodding, 20=40 flowered the pedicels very slender 10-15 cm. long; perianth white to rose-color " the outer segments 5-6 mm. long, broadly ovate, obtuse, forming a shallow cup the ria segments erect, similar; stamens 8 m. long, filaments abruptly expanded at Ke the very base; capsule 3-lobed, each valve with 2 prong~-like appendages at the apex; style nearly equal to the rianth; capsule 4-5 mm. lon Siaia about 5 mm. long, angled, ks Naan prongs 1-1.5 mie talls % Vase Rocky lake shores below 3000 fte; not common, Upper Priest Lakes Priest Lake; Hope. xe ~~ ‘ \ a A SIR ate tater Gm A, biceptrum Wats. Bulbs globose or ovoid, erect, 1.5-2 om, in diameter, the outer coats dull red when fresh, without apparent reticulations, the inner shining; leaves commonly 2, 10-30 cm. long, 4 1 5-10 mm, broad, somewhat glaucous, deep reddish—purple towards the bases; scapes 15-40 cm, tall, longer than the leaves; bracts scarious, subrotund, abruptly acuminate, 10-20 mm, long; pedicels slender, 12-15 mn. long; umbels subglobose; perianth segments rose-purple (or white), each distinct, appearing as though in one series, ascending, 6-8 rm, long, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, nearly straight above the middle, narrowed toward the base and somewhat gibbous, entire; anthers Fe en ze Se purple, exserted, the filaments joined to form a short discs; crests 6, rosy, Oo mn, tall; capsule globose, 5 m, tall; sceds 2.5 mm, longe Abundant locally on rock outcrops in the southwestern part of our region, Troy; Clearwater canyon. _ globose, covered with a few thin coats which t ticulat a “ aM narrow and much contorted; leaves 10-30 cm. loug, flat, *-3 mm. wides scapes ; Slender, about as long as the leaves, bracts 2, 1 cm. long or less, ores | or lanceolate, acute; umbel erect, 10-25 flowered, pedicels somewhat longer than the perianth; perianth 7-8 mm. long, segments white or rose, lanceolate i acute, subequal, joined at the very base; stamens and style about half the ” . length of the perianths capsule S-lobed, not crested; seeds pyriform-globose 2mm. long, dull black, lightly rugose. : “Ae fibrillun Jonese —- Bulbs solitary, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter, In rocky gravelly ground in thin soil, Along St, Maries Re 3000 ft: ! es near Stevens Peak, 5200°ft, s Upper Potlatch Res Santa, E}-> Ae cuspidatum (Fern.) Rydb. ——————>Bulbs 12-15 mm. in diameter, ——s >, ad epressed-globose, the outer coats brownish, the veins raised into minute ot rectangular reticulations istbie-undere-tely, the inner dull white; leaves ; commonly 5, 8-15 cm. long, channelled on the“upper surface, 205-5 mme wide; scapes 10-25 cm. tall, reddish-purple; bracts 2, broadly ovate, 1.5-2 cm. long, mostly acuminate towards the apex; pedicels 10-15 mn. long; perianth segments rather fleshy, in two distinct series, 8-10 mm. long, pink, veined with purple, all abruptly acuminate near the apex and recurved; stamens 7-8 um. long, their filaments white, thegr anthers yellow; ovary yellow, obscurely S~lobed., not crested; capsules not seen. (Ae acuminatum var. cuspidatum Fern,), Dry gravelly ridges near Viola; Moscow; Worley. | ~ ee j ad 2-Triteleia Dougle al Herbs arising from comme, the Fe Leaves basal, linear, Scapes erect, slender. Flowers showy, in an open umbel, subtended by several membranous bracts. Perianth campanulate, the segments subequal, joined at the base to form a tube commonly subequal to the limb. Pedicels jointed beneath the perianth, Stamens 6, adherent to the perianth tube, the anthers versatile, Stigma not evidently lobed, Fruit a subglose capsule, the persistent style splitting with the valves, 2 Flowers white or lilac with a green midveins; stamens in hi single series, the filaments broadly dilated \\and joined at the base } Te hyacinthina Flowers purple, veined with blues; stamens in two series, +b nearly sessile, not joined 2. Te grandiflora — 1028 able Te hyacinthina (Lindl.) > Wild Hyacinth, GComae 1-2 cm, in diameter, subglobose but flattened vertically, the outer coats coarsely fibrous-reticulate, the inner membranous but strongly veined: leaves 30-40 cm, long, 7-8 mm, wide, tapering; flowers white or lilae with creenish mid-veins, on vedicels 1-3 cm, long, bracts shorter than the pedicels, ovate to lanceolate-acuminate ; perianth segments G10 IM» long, oval, obtuse; stamens joined at the base, forming a cup 5 mm, long, the filaments broadly expanded, 2.5 mn, broad, attached to the perianth cup in “he lower half in one series, anthers divergent at the base, yellow; capsule about 5 m, in diameter, globose, narrowed below to a stipe 265 mn, long; seeds oblong-oval, 2 mm, long, black, finely reticulate, ( Hesycroscordum hyacinthinum Lindl. ; Hookera hyacinthina Ktzee;Brodiaca ee hyacinthina Baker.). River banks and road sides usually below 3000 ft. Hoover—has—shown— MIB oe NESS FE ren : dy > Gern globose, flattened, about 1.5 cm in diameter, the coats fibrous-reticulate, the outer dark; leaves several, 30-40 cme long, 5-10 mn. wide, keeled, glabrous; scape erect, slender, 50-70 cm. tall; umbel commonly 8-15 flowered, the pedicels at length 2-6 cm. long; bracts several, lanceolate, veined, 1-1.5 cm. longs perianth 6, vein with blue, tubular-campanulate, rounded at the base, the tube 12-13 mn. long in flower, becoming 15 mme, the lobes spreading imeanthesis in two ranks, oval, l-veined, 8-9 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; stamens in two SOTLCSe the upper- ts, +t st shortly stipitate and decurrent on the inner se ermost nearly sessile at ine base of the outer se ts; anthers 1.5-2.5 m. long, blue; pistil 1-1.5 cm. long, the ovary oval, ig style and stipe subequal; capsule oval, 1.5 cm. long, invested by the wwllatedl, scarious corolla; _ seeds oval, 5 mm. long. (Brodiaea Douglasii = ; Hookera Douglassit- Piper), Rocky river and lake banks below 3000 ft., rarely in forested regions, First collected on the eae of the Columbia" by Lewis and later intro- na q@ duced into Jnglish horticulture by coll ip of David Douglase Albany Falls, Pend Oreille Ro, Sprague 108; Fish Lake Cr,, Epling and Kempf. ~. a Araceae. Arum Family. Herbs with basal leaves, the inflorescence sheatned by a leaf-like usually colored spathe. Flowers in @ dense spike (spadizx)) , Perianth of several scale-like segments or Wanting. Stamens 4 or 6, Ovary 2-4 chambered. Fruit a berry. R ao See (O Leaves linesr, grasslike | nes { 9 Leaves elliptical or oblanceolate, fleshy f. Lysichitun J. Lysichitun Schott. Poi .Perennial herb with basal leaves arising froma thick rootstock. \ : : ’ Leaves large, fleshy. Spathe Commonly colored, expanded above, partially \ Sheathing the spadix. Flowers perfect, crowded into a cylindricalyspike. Stamens 4, opposite the 4 perianth-segnents. Ovary £-chambered, 1 ovule in each chamber. Fruit a 2-seeded berry. de Te crrecricamm liulten GC SS John. ‘Western glamt- cabbage. Leaves narrowly elliptical or oblanceolate, 30-90 em. jong or more, thickish and fleshy, often mottled with darker areas, narrowed below to a petiole 10-20 Cme long, or nearly sessile; spathe appearing before the leaves, hoodlike, yellowish; mature spadix 5-6 cm. long, 2=2.5 cm. broad , Cylindrical, on a stout peduncle 10-50 cm. long or more; flowers gr enish-yellow, pea stamens and Style included; fruit green, the berries loosely adherent and partially sunk in the fleshy spadix, fallinse apart readily when mature; seeds 6-7 me long, ovoid, flattened on the inner surfaces, (Le camtschatconse of Am, auth,) Cccasional in shaded maddy stream bottoms in rich soil below 5000 ft.; abundant in the creeks tributary to the west branch of the Priest R ane 2. Acorus L. Calams. Plants of swampy Sround, the leaves erect, gpasslike, from horizontal Creeping rootstocks, partially enfolding each Other at the Spadix and spathe borne on a b-aneled peduncle, the spadix lateral, much exceeded by the leaflike spathe. Flowers perfect, densely crowded. Ferianth "ith 6 segments. Stamens 6. Ovary <-4 chambered. Fruit berry-like. base in two ranks . L.A. calaims Le. Sweet Flag. ——-» Roots tock trailing, 1-2 em thick, uneven; leaves Shottning-e+-the-basdy eD-5 Cle Wide, 50—90 cm. lons, glabrous; spathe leaflike) an extension oz the S-ancled peduncle or scape, keeled and Sheathing the base or the Spadix and extending beyond it 15-5¢ CMe3 Spadix 305-8 Ome lon, «6-1.5 cn. taicr, tapering Somewnat; flowers densely Crowded , minute, the perianth segments whitish, narrowly obovate,1.5-2 mm. long; stamens yellow, subequal to the perianth, ovary green; fruit a few-seeded berry, rarely if ever formed in our region. Bogs near the margins of lakes or streams. Foliage and rootstocks fragrant when crushed. Lemmnaceae,. Duckveed Family. “inute alga-like aquatic plants, commonly floating on the surface of ponds and slow-moving streams and frequently forming extensive colonies, Plant body a disc-eshaped, leaf-like structure, a few millimeters long, from the under side of which arise 1 or more tiny rootlets, Reproduction is commonly vegetative by "budding" whence daughter plants are formed, The flowers (rarely produced) are borne on the under side and consist of a single flask-shaped ovary and 2 stamens, surrounded by tiny sac-like svathe, Yerianth none. Fruit a tiny inflated achene, O Rootlets several, forming a bundle near the center on 4 the lower side of each "frond", ved—persath I. oe ae O Rootlets solitary from each "frond", green -teneath 2. Lema As the name indicates the Luckweeds are of considerable economic importance as duck food. Their habit in northern climates of sinking to the bottom of che body of water on which they are growing at the approach of cold weather while remaining afloat in warmer climates is of further biological interest as a factor in wild fowl migrations. J. Spirodela Schleid, Plant body disc-shaped. -.cotlets several, fascicled, arising near the center, each with a single strand of vascular tissue. Reproductive pouches 2, near the base ot the frond. Spathe sac-like; inflorescence of 1 pistillate and © staminate flowers. Fruit rounded-lenticular, the margin winged. le Se polyrhiza (Le) Schleid.e Greater Duckweed. Fronds obovate in outline, 5-10 mn, long, green on the upper surface, faintly 5-12, mostly 7-veined, purplish beneath; rootlets commonly 5-8; rootcan conspicuous, acute. : y B&O a Fronds commonly forming smali colonies, frequently aggregated into larger areas on tho surface of quiet water. Nearly starnant pools below v oS 5000 ft., forming a very characteristic yellow-green, dry-looking scum Clarkia, pling and Offord 8254, \ ‘ ‘ . Lemna Le Duckweed. Plant bodyjdisceshaped. xootlets solitary, devoid of vascular tissue. Reproductive polthes 2, near the base of the frond. Spathe sac-like; inflorescence of 1 pistillate and 2 staminate flowers. Fruit ovoid. O¥ronds narrowed to a distinct stipe 79 plainly $-veined le trisulca o Fronms ovoid but not narrowed to a stipes,very 4 obscurely s-veined 2. Le minor 1. Le trisulca Ll. Ivy-leaved Duckweed. —————>Fronds remaining connected and frequently forming dense masses, oblong-elliptical or lanceolate, commonly 6-8 mm. long, narrowed at the base to a distinct stipe, denticulate toward the blunt apex; J-nerved. Reported from Potlatch Creek by Piper. have been unable to verify this references but St. John (1937) maintains it. 2. Le minor Le Lesser Duckweed. —— > Fronds oval, or obovate, commonly solitary or in small clusters, <-5 mm. long, bright green above, often purplish beneath, convex on both surfaces, frequently with a row of papillae along the rather obscure mid-vein. Occasional in nearly stagnant pools below 5000 feet; the most common species. atheists ss atte <8 ID,Glintonia Raf, Eerbs with slender creeping rootstocks and basal leaves. Flowers borne on erect scapes, terminal and solitary in ours. Perianth deciduous, its segments equal, distinct, Stamens 6, inserted at the bases of the segments, Ovary commonly 3-chambered, ovules 2 or more in each chamber ; stigma obscurely lobed. ‘fruit an erect globose berry. le Co uniflora (Schult.) Kunth, Queen Cup, Low herbs with leaves 2-3, reclining on the ground or ascending, 15-25 mm, long, 5-5 cm, wide, ob- lanceolate, acute or obtuse, narrowed at the base, glabrous and dull on the upper surface, the lower long-hirsute; flowers on retrorsely hirsute scapes 10-12 cm. long; perianth segments white, spreading, narrowly ellip- tical, 22-25 mm, long; stamens about 2/3 the length of the petals, the anthers 4 mm, long, erect, attached inthe lower third /,the filaments hairy in the lower half; pistil 12-13 mm, long, the style unbranched; berry 10> s] 1é mm, long, commonly a deift blue, frequently variegated or pure white ; seeds straw-color, 4 mn, long, curvede Common in shaded woods from 2500 Hy to 5000 ft, or mores gregarious. woh j}. Iris (Tourn.) L. Purple Flag. —Persant@ herbs with aed ls tems[ terete. Leaves erect, 2-ranked, flattened and blade-like, Chiefly basal. Flowers showy, the perianth Segments clawed, united to form a@ tube at the base, the outer segments broad, reflexed, the inner narrower, erect, both highly colored. Stamens 3, adnate at the base to the outer per- ianth Segments « Gramy-fmchambereg style branches petaloid, arching over and partially concealing the stamens, the tip usually forked or 2-lobed. Capsule oblong or oval, 3-6~lobed} seeds vertically compressed in 1 or 2 rows in each cavity. 1. I. missouriensis Nutt. pootstocks stout, matted, forming tufts and colonies; stems slender 30-50 cm. tall; leaves subequal to or shorter than the stems, 10-12 mm. wide or less, acute; flowers 1-3 on each stem, sub- tended by two subequal dilated bracts 4-8 cm. long; pedicels 1.5-6 cm. long; outer perianth segments white, strongly veined with purple, often brownish along the median line, rather widely spreading, 5-9 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, the inner segments erect, purple, 4-8 cm. long, 8-12 m. wide, the Style branches somewhat Shorter, paler; stamens 2.5 cm. long; capsule Oblong, 5-5 Cme long, 10-15 mm. in diameter; seeds 4 mn. in diameter. Frequent in the grasslands near Moscow and south, extend ing oceasionally as far east as Bovill: white flowered forms sometimes occur. Saal > Worley, Ste aepmeeeee; loscow -hendeveommntp bin; Viola, Gpiimgdp Q. Sisyrinchium L. Blue-eyed Grass, Herbs from short, little developed rootstocks, the roots fascicled; stems flattened and often winged along the margin, Leaves linear, grassez = like, largely basal. Flowers in an umbel, subtended by two erect, green sheathing bracts, pedicels slender, cach subtended by a scarious bract, Perianth segments equal, spreading, Filaments united, the anthers alternate. with the slender style branches, Fruit a subglobose capsule, Seeds ovoid. © Stems with a narrow wing along each margin§ perianth 4 segments 10-12 mn, long, bluish purple ). Se idahoense —— © Stems flattened but not winged; perianth segments | oil mm, long, reddish purple, usually mech 4 \ surpassed by the outer bract 2. Se Douglasii _—_ 1. S. idahoense Bickn, Blue-eyed grass, Tufted herbs 20-35 cm,tall; leaves commonly 8-15 cm. long, flattened, in two ranks, the margins scarious near the base; bracts commonly shorter than the umbels, the outermost somewhat longer; flowers 4-5, mature pedicels 2-2.5 om, long; perianth segments 8-11 mm, long, 3-4.5 mm, wide, dark blue with a yellowish base, oblong, each abruptly acuminate into a short appendage; stamens 5-6 mm, long, filaments united throughout, the anthers bright yellow, divergent at the base; capsule sparingly glandular, 5 mm, in diameter, the valves dehiscing half their length; seeds 1 mm, in diameter, (7 S. angustifolium Miller). f flower Moist open places below 3000 ft.; infrequent; type télen—tn Nez Perces Co. by J. He Sandberg. Lake Pend Oreille, Leiberg; Priest R. bxp. Sta. 2500 fte, Hpling 5742; Upper Priest Re 5000 ft., Epling 7471; Weippe, Epling. 2e Se Douglasii Dietr. Purple-eyed grass, Tufted herbs 15-25 cm, tall; leaves commonly 8-15 cm. long, the lowermost scale-like and scarious; bracts commonly longer than the umbels, the outermost frequently twice the length of the inner; flowers 1-3, mature pedicels 2,5+3 em, long; perianth segments 15-20 mm. long, deep reddish-purple; elliptical, each acuminate into a short appendage; stamens 10 mm, long, united only in the lower third, broader at the base, anthers bright orange, 3,5=-4 mm, long, the slender style nearly twice as long; capsule oval, 6-10 mm, long, the valves splitting 2/3 their length; seeds tan color, 2 mm, in diameter, angled, roughened on the back, (Se grandiflorum Dougl., Olsynium Douglasii Bickn,), Infrequent in moist ground below 3000 feet. Kootenai Co., Leiberg; Moscow, Limdstrom; Hope, Dunkle 339; Post Falls, Christ 954, Orchidaceae, Orchid family, Kerbs, sometimes saprophytic and non-reen, commonly with rootstocks or fleshy tuberlike roots, Leaves various, commonly somewhat fleshy. Inflorescence mostly spicate or racemose in ours, occasionally solitary, Flowers strongly irregular§ perianth segments 6, frequently 5 due to coalescence of parts, commonly differentiated into sepals and petals, all however more or less petsloid. Of the inner series, one, termed the lip, differs from the rest in shape and is sometimes vrolonged backwards at the base into a spur} The lip is really the postertor pepper td” petal, but by the half twist of the pedicel or ovary it is more commonly £ Lot AALMEL ° directed downward and becomes a parently esteriar, At the base of the lip, in the axis of the flower is the column (Byyantejuh\ composed of a ™~ 4 single fertile stamen (in Cypripedium of two stamens and the rudiment of a third), variously coalescent with the style. Anther 2-chambered, each chamber containing one or more masses of pollen (pollinia), or the pollen granular (Cypripedium), Fruit a 1-chambered, 3-valved capsule. from an inferior ovary, commonly ribbed, often twisted Spirally. Seeds very minute and numerous. © Plants saprophytic, white, yellowish or purple} leaves 4 scale-like, without chlorophyll “7. Plants pure whites; stem from a branching rootstock 4 “burophyton 2 Plants purple or yvreenish yellow; stems from ccral-like » masses of root 2 Corallorhiza © Plants not saproovhytic, leaves green Leaf solitary, basal; flower solitary 3 Calynso Leaves c-many, or if one only, flowers numcrous , Flowers 1-3 or more, often solitary, showy, the SEY es Me kee Leer Ten © lip a strongly developed sac 1-3 cm, long 4 Cypripedium é’ Flowers several to numerous, usually in a more or less dense raceme G Perianth segments 1.5 em. long, flowers few, eo nodding 5 Epipactis 43 Perianth segments,1@ com, long; flowers A numerous, greenish or white, ascending Lip produced below into a curving spur eoeleS cm, long G Habenaria “ Lip aot produced into a spur lO Leaves 2, onvposite, near the middle ~ of the stem 7 Listera Leaves 2-5, basal or alternate Leaves strongly cross-veined, , often veined with white}3 inflorescence glandular hairy@Goodyera Leaves parallel-veined, cross / veins inconspicuous; Ilo inflorescence glabrous 9 Spiranthes is sa a !. sburophyton Heller, ) D } Ie ly Weamewhite saprophyte, the leaves being reduced to sheathing scales, Infloresccnce racemosee Perianth segments nearly equal, spur none, Anther 1, Pollen masses Granular. 1. E, Austinae (Gray) Hel, Phantom Orchid. Herb 30-50 cm. tall; leaves é-5, soon withering; flowers 10-15, bracts 3-10 mM. long, narrowly lanceolate, versistent after anthesis; perianth segments Similar, the upper three arching, imbricated, then Spreading somewhat, 12-14 mn, long, oblong-oblanccolate, narrowed at the base; lip about 7 mme long, Saccave at the base, brownish at the tip and in the sac, d-lobed; column subequal to the lip; ovary 8 mm, long, ribbed, the ribs glandular mricy- late; capsule not seen, (Cephalanthera Austinae Keller). In the duff of dry coniferous woods, Zathdrum, Kootenai CO.; ridges ~ake Tend Oreille; Moyie R, r-meneiypie— above Orogrande Ue, 4000 Pte; . Llort el eee CGeiaer) be BD Gatto) a. Corallorhiza, . Coral root. Yellowish or purplishgsaprophytes or root parasites. Stems unbranched » bearing a few sheathing scales, arising from masses of white intricately branched coral-like roots. Inflorescence a raceme, the flowers nodding in age. Perianth segments subequal except the lowermost, oblong or lanceolate, the lateral sepals united at the base with the foot of the colum, in som species forming a more or less evident protuberance or spur at the sumnit of the ovary, the lowermost petal wider, often toothed below the middle. Anther 1, opening by a lid. Follen masses 4, waxy. Capsules pendulous. © Plants yellowish green, 20-30 cm. tall; lower lip white, 4/' nepnr spotted with yellow /. Co trifida : ON AO Lee aeniad — Q Plants pe tinged with yellow{, rarely , « yellowish-brown; lower lip of corolla striped, “! blotched or dotted with purpley Z% Lower lip blotched, mottled or dotted with purple; , /the spur a small protuberance present on the top ; © \of the ovary “ Stamineal column 4-4.5 mm. tall; lateral lobes of BC /lower lip 1-1.5 mm. tall; lower lip purple : @ \ dotted With distinct dots 2, Se maculata Stamineal colum 5-6 mm tall, lower lip rutauaby gee | sce with purple, white towards the tip; , i lateral lobes wanting or minute 3. Ce Mer tensiana ' @ Lower lip striped with 5 distinct purple stripes; @ spur wholly wanting 4. C. striata — le Ce trigiann® thatel. var. virescens (Far.) Ames. ——>Stems 20-350 cm. tall, yellowish or greenish-yellow, in small clumps, slender; scales commonly 2-4, ’ sheathing about half the stem; bracts 1. 5 mm. long or less; #:evexs> | wellowish-gre eon pperianth segments}, 5-5 mme long, l-nerved; lip oblong, white, Sho e@ sepals, with two small teeth below the middle and two ridges on the palate; spur scarcely evident, a small protuberance at the very summit of the ovary; capsule 12 mm. lons, elliptical. stronelv ribbed. taverine rather abruptly at the base to a short stipe. —_~ eee ee pw: & et cia” — lioist ‘woods, Priest Re Exp. Stace Gold Hill; betw,. Pend Oreille and Kootenai Ri$ez3 Roman Nose Mte . ee ae wR REF On Oe ee Ze C, maculata Raf. Stems commonly 30-50 cm, tall, purplish, solitary or gregarious; scales commonly 3, sheathing about half the stem; bracts 1 mm, long or less; perianth segments purple, 8-10 mm, long, the upper five more or less evenly spaced and arching; lip white,dotted with purple, ~ I bearing an acute lobe 1-1.5 mm, long on either side below the middle and two ridges in the throat, usually cremulate at the tip; column curved, 4-4,5 mn, tall; spur 1 mm, long; capsules 12-15 mm, long. (C. multiflora Nutt.), Our most common species in the duff of shaded coniferous woods throughout our range. Se C, Mortensiana Bong. Stems commonly 30-50 om, tall, purplish, commonly gregarious; scales commonly 3, sheathing half the stem or less; bracts 2 mm, longs perianth segments commonly reddish purple, 8-10 m, long, the upver three erect or ascending, closely associated to form Bs ee bs VW a narrow arching hood, widely separated from the two lateral divergent and often recurved segnents; lip mostly purple-mottled or blotched or obscurely striped, usually white towards the tip, mostly entire; stamineal column 6 ma, tall, s-ur 1-2 ma, long; capsules 12-15 m, long. In duff of shaded woods; yellowish svecimens occur sometimes, the lip being lavender; very rarely clear yellow plants mav occur in the same clump as normal ones, the lip being in this case white, 4, C,. striata Lindl, Stems 20-50 cm, tall, purplish; scales end, commonly in the lower portion of the stem, bracts lanceolate, 1-3 m, long; verianth segments dark purple, 7-8 mn, long, oblong, purple strined along 3 veins, the lip oblong-ovate or obovate, entire, shorter than the sepals, with two short ridges near the base, conspicuously striped with dark ourple; spur wholly lacking; capsule elliptical, 12-15 mm, long, narrowed rather abruvtly at the base to a narrow stipe. In duff of shaded woods; infrequent. Kaniksu Forests Moscow hit. 3. Calypso Salisb, Low herb with a single basal leaf arising directly from a small corm with coral-like roots. Stem simple, sheathed by several scale-like leaves, Flowers solitary, terminal, droopinge Sepals and petals equal, distinct, similar, crect or arching over the sac-like tip. Golumn petal-like | bearing a single anther. Pollen masses 2, WEXYs (Cytherea Salisb, ). 1. C. bulbosa (L.) Oakes. Calypso. Leaf 2,5-3 em. long, broadly elliptical or suborbicular, glabrous, the veins prominent beneath; scale leaves membranous, commonly 3; sepals and petals 1,5-2,5 cm. long, narrowly lanceolate, acute, rose-color with three veins; lin 1.5-2 cm. long, bearing 3 ridges at the anterior end which are pilose with stiffish hairs, dilated anteriorly, the saucer-shaped dilation purple=svotted, the sac purple-striped within, prolonged below into two blunt prongs; stamineal column hooded, rose-purple, 10-12 m, tall; capsules l cm. long. Moist shaced woods, infrequent, ™ Bie 4. Cypripedium L, Lady's Slipper, srect leafy herbs with simple stems from coarse fibrous roots or short rootstocks, ‘saves several, alternate, broad. Flowers showy, solitary or fewe Sepals spreading, narrow, Gistinct or two united under the lip, which is an inflated sac commonly several centimeters long. Column short, incurved, covered b: a fleshy cetaloid sterile stamen, ertile stamens 2, one on each side of the column below the s tigma, 9 Leaves alternate; lip 3 cm. long { Ce. montanum —_— , Leaves opvosites; lip 12 mm, long 2, Ce. fasciculatum — 1. C. montanum Dougl. wady's Slipper. Stem 40-60 em, tall; upper leaves 10-15 cm. long, elliptical, acute, narrowed at the base, sheathing the stem, wholly glandular pubescent, upser leaves diminishing into a foliar bract subtending the solitary flower; sepals 4-6 cm, long, lanceolate, acuminate, browmish-green, the lower united except at the apex; petals Similar but narrower; lip ovoid, commonly 3 cm, long or longer, whitish, veined with about 12 purple lines} sterile stamen ovate or obovate, 8-10 mn, long, stigma somewhat shorter; cavsule narrowly oblong, 2 cm. long, curving, glandular. Rare;:| occurring apparently either in very dry woods or in moist meadows; solitary. iriest KR. Exp. Sta., 4000 ft.; lioscow lite; Coeur a! Alene; Little Potlatch nk, Ze C. fasciculatum Kelloge. ootstock slender, the old leaf-bases adherent, fibrous; stems erect, 10-12 om, tall, villous and viscid in the unper part, the lower booted by two or more scarious scales; lexves os appearing ovvosite, €-10 cm, long, 6-7 cm, broad, oval, glabrous, sessile end clasnine; peduncle 4-8 cm, lons, villous, the bracts green, lanceolste, a4 1069. 1-3 cm, long; flowers 2-6, the petals and sepals rich purple, lanceolete or ovate-lanceolate, 2 cm. long, acuminate; the lip 12 m, long, yellow with purple margins; fruit not seen, Coll. by stucent of Prof, bonser, -spekene betw. allace and Burke ; near trail, summit Fernan Rhidge, Coeur dtAlene Lits.e, Kust 4533 rare in Se our region, \ \, \ 3. Epipactis Sim, Leafy perennial herbs from creeping rootstocks, Leaves broad, sheathing at the base, Inflorescence a bracted raceme, Sepals and petals similar, distinct; lip sessile, strongly constricted at the midcle, the lower portion concave, saccate, the upper dilated. Spur none, Anther 1, sessile. Capsule elliptical-oblong, 1, se gigantea Dougl.e Stream Orchis, Giant Helleborine, Stems 70-80 em, tall, or more, simple; leaves 10-15 em, long, lanceolate, acute, rounded at the base, completely sheathing, glabrous; raceme open, 5-12 flowered, bracts leaflike, 1-8 cm, long; pedicels short, nodding, greenish or veined with purple; sepals 1.5 cm, long, lanceolate, spreading; vetals somewnat smaller; lip lanceolate in outline; capsule 3 om, long, narrowed at the basé to a stipe 3-5 mm, long. (Amesia gigantea Nels, é Macb.; Serapias gigantea A. A, Eaton.), Moist situations; Kootenai Co., Leiberg, A te a Seer erseen eS G@. Habenaria Willd. Rein Orchid. Erect more or less leafy herbs. Stems simple, Solitary from one or more fleshy tuber-like roots. Inflorescence a raceme or spike. Lateral sepals spreading, lanceolate; petals more or less connivent with the upper sepal and arched. Lip spreading,aerlexed, entire in ours, oblong or lanceolate. Spur commonly about tne length of the lip or longer, even or dilated at the base. Anther 1. ‘ollen masses granular. Capsule oblong, twisted. ~aeslia.jp oStems leary throughout, the leaves diminishing above «Lip lanceolate, dilatea at the base, narrowed toward /the micale, spur not enlarged at the base, as long , 4 as the lip or s longer, rarely somewhat shorter; \ flowers white (expallaslammerconp |, He dilatata —_ © Lip narrowly oblong, not dilated at the base, spur : . shorter than the lip, saccate at the base; “ .flowers greenish-white 2, He. saccata ~— > Stems leafy at the base, with a few scales above. 2 Leaves orbicular, pressed flat against the ground, 6 glossy 3. He orbicuiata 2 Leaves oblong or lanceolate, soon withering. 4 Spur very slender, more than twice the length & of the lip A. He elegans 4, Spur equal to the lip I> | fa @ 1. He dilatata (Pursh) Hook. White Bog Orchid, Stems commonly 40-80 em, tall; leaves sheathing at the base, blades 10-20 em, long, .0-2 cm, broad, linear, tapering, acute, diminishing upwards; flowers mostly many, rather dense in a raceme or spike, bracts narrowly lanceolate or oblong, erect, subequal to the tlowers; perianth commonly white, often but not always delicately fragrant, the segments 4-6 mm, long, the petals half again as broad as the sepals; lip 6 mm, long, lanceolate, dilated et the base and narrower along the middle, spur subequal to the lip or shorter, even, not dilated, curving; capsule 13-14 mm, long, cylindrical, sessile, (Limmorchis dilatata Kydb.), Bogs, meadows and river bottoms, 2500-6000 ft, var. leucostachys (Lindl.) Ames. Similar in asnect, the flowers somewhat larger, spur relatively stouter, half again as long as the lip (9-10 m.), (He leucostachys ‘ats.; Limnorchis leucostachys Rydb.),.—Similar habitats with us. 2e He saccata Greene. Green Uog-Orchid. Stems commonly 60-80 mn, tall, lesves sheathing or merely clasping, 5-20 cm. long, 1-3 cm, wide, oblong or oblong-lanceolave, the lowermost obtuse, frequently very blunt, becoming acute above, passing into the slender very acute bracts; racemose, rarely spicate, bracts often longer than the flowers, the lowermost twice their length, spreading; perianth greenish, the segments 3-5 mm, long, the petals twice as broad as the sepals, the rear one broadly ovate, obtuse, truncate at the base, the liv 5 mm, long, narrowly oblong, even throughout or but little broader at the base, thickish, the spur shorter, distinctly dilated and sac-like at the bases; capsule 10 mm, long, cylindrical, sessile. (Limorchis stricta Kydb.), Bogs, seepage spots and stream banks 2700-5000 ft.3; most common speciese Oey ‘em; tall; leaves 2, basal, resting on the ground, 15-20 om, long, nearly ‘H. orbiculata (Pursh) Torrey. Large round-leaved Orchis. Stems 50-80 as broad, fleshy, bright green and shining; Tacemose, bracts lineans — fe lanceolate 1-2 cm. long, spreading; perianth segments whitish, 5=7 mm, long, the sepals obliquely lanceolate, the petals ovate, the upper sub-orbicular, truncate at the bases; lip linear, 1 cm, long, 3-nerved, incurving, spur 15-18 mm, long, gradually dilated at the tip; capsule cylindrical, 12-14 mn, long, narrowed below to a stipe 5-6 m, long, Occasional in rich woods. PH. elegans (Lindl.) Bolander, Stems 60-80 cm, tall, slender; leaves commonly two, glossy, basal, soon withering, sheathing stem; the blades 8-12 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, oblong or narrowed somewhat below, obtuse, stem leaves but scales 1-2 cm. long; racemes open, bracts 6-8 mm, long, lanceolate, acuminate; perianth segments greenish, lanceolate, the eis l-veinedj lip lanceolate, 5,5-4 mm, long, thickish, with a ridge down the. middle; spur very slender, curving, 10-12 mm, long; capsule ellipticale =! oblong, 8 mm, long, sessile. (Piperia elegans Rydb.), Frequent in dry open burns or on dry slopes and ridges, 2500-5500 ft. throughout our range. (syn H. unalascensis (Spreng.) Wats, Stems 30-60 cm, tall, slender; leaves 2-3, basal, soon withering, sheathing; blades 10-20 om. long, 2-3 om, wide, oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, distinctly narrowed at the base, stem leaves of 2-4 scales, 1-2 cm, long; raceme very slender, bracts 3-4 mm, long, ovate, acuminate or obtuse; perianth green, the sepals oblong, thin, l-veined, 2-2.5 mm, long; petals lanceolate, obtuse, fleshier and greener than the sepals, the lip oblomg-lanceolate, dilated at the base, with a single median ridge passing imte the funnelform slender spur 3-4 mm, long; colum about 1 mm, long; capsule cylindrical, 6 mm, long, (Piperia unalascensis Rydb.). Frequent on dry slopes and ridges and in dry open burns » 2000-6000 ft., throughout our range. The odor is sweetish but unpleasant, ik. ie sie : Fa ey 7. Listera R. Br. Twayblade, Low simple perennials with short rootstocks and fleshy roots. Leaves two, opposite, subsessile, borne near the middle of the stem, Flowers greenish in a terminal raceme, Perianth segments, except the lip, subequal, slender; lip more or less deflexed and spreading. Spur ; none, Anther 1, without a lide Pollen masses 2, powdery. Capsule | oval, lightly ribbede RRM Ma eet ees penn) oe eee neni : 3 a macro in the gee Pog : ocean on eifher side near the base Lip 710 mn. long, ‘notched, but without: a mucro. 4g 42 , 6 the notch, more or less lebed, or auricled near base, "put the lobes blunt: 3 4 Lip 7 mm. long, narrowly notched at the apex; - / expanded into two blunt auricles or lobes. g at the base, 1.5 mm. long; ovary and petiee) glabrous,» * alt @ 4 Lip 9-12 mm. long, broadly notched at the apex, ss! with two short blunt teeth near the much 8 narrewed base; ovary and pedinel glandular ey As Le cordata (L-) R. Bre. ————->Stem sleader>15-20 cm. tall, sparingly glaniular-pubescent or glabrous above the leaves; leaves 1 159d oe long, triengular-ovate, very obtuse, tr : 3 ; contracted to.a short broad petiole . mm. leng, glossy above; raceme 8-15. ee 5 flowered, bracts .5~1 mums long, ovate; pedicels 1-3 mm. long, slender, glabrous: ee sepals lanceolate; petals eblong, half the length of the lip; lip 4-5. Tie ee — Eagan, Vearing ve suid a saying near the base, Siett to aé 48 > 23%) ¥@ ’ on ‘ ote tS 2e L. caurina Piper, Stems rather slender, 15-30 om, tall, glandular pubescent above; leaves 4-7 om, long, ovate-elliptical, acute or obtuse, rounded at the base; raceme commonly 20-30 flowered, bracts 2-8 mm, long, x ok glandular, lanceolate; pedicels 4-12 m, long, glandular; perienth segments narrowly lanceolate, acute, 2/3 the length of the lips lip 5-6 mm, long, wedge-shaped, bearing two slender, darker green, acute teeth near the base, shallowly notched at the apex, bearing a short blunt mucro in the sinus; capsule 6 mm, long, glabrous. (Ophrys caurina Rydb.). In the duff of shaded coniferous woods 3000-4000 ft5; rather frequent throughout our rangee Ibe borealis Morong. Stems rather:stout, 7-15 om, tall, pubescent above; leaves 1-2,5 cm, long, elliptic-ovate, rounded at the base 3 raceme 5-8 flowered, bracts 1-2 mm, long, obtuse; pedicels 3=4 om, longs(lanceolate, obtuse, spreading; lip 7-8 mm, long, oblong, narrowly notched at the apex, without a mucro expanded into two blunt auricles 1.5 mm, long at the base, sessile, the margin minutely ciliolate; capsule not seen, May be expected in the northern part of our region, C@labrous 3 perianth-segments Stems slender, 15-20 om, tall, glandular -[, convallarioides (Sw.)% Oa above; leaves 3-5 cm, long, broadly oval, very shortly and lightly © acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base; raceme 8-15 flowered, bracts aot 3.5 mn, long, ovate or lanceolate, glandular; pedicels 5-10 m, long, glandular ; perianth segments 4-6 mm, long, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, strongly reflexed; lip 9-12 m, long, cuneate, bearing two blunt triangular teeth near the strongly nerrowed base, broadly notched at the apex, with or without a short micro in the notch, colum projected forward, 5 mm, long; capsule elliptical, 6 mm, long, glandular. (Ophrys convallarioides Wight.). In moist shaded woods and along narrow streams, 2500-4000 fte cern et A TE ETE AOE re set wel iti en ln ella ala 2 NV pak ale oa ¥ Re “concave » the lip dilated at the base, 8. Goodyera R. Bre Rattlesnake Plantain, Perennial herbs, from creeping rootstocks, with coarse fleshy roots. Leaves basal, rather fleshy, strongly white-veined, Flowers ina terminal one-sided raceme, Perianth segments unequal, the lateral sepals free, the upper united with the petals to form a galea, ovate-lanceolate, 1, Ge repens (L.) Re Bre: Leaves dark green, 5-8 om, long, ellipticale> =| lanceolate, narrowed at the base to a margined petiole 1-2 om, long, | ‘acute; stem 20-25 cm, tall, glandular-pubescent, bearing 2-3 scales; raceme*8-10 cm, long, bracts 1 cm, long, narrowly lanceolate, ascending, subscarious; perianth=segments, sordid white, often greenish, 7-8 mm, long; capsule glandular-hairy, 8-9 mm, long. (Peramium repens Salisb.). In the duff of dry coniferous woods, 2500-5000 ft.e3 common throughout which has not been detected in our area) our rangee Differs from G, decipiens (Hook.) Hu in its deeply saccate lip and secund raceme (Williams in Am, Mid, Nat, 18: 839). ss a alata all = as oh al ale RUSE spe ?. Spiranthes Rich. Ladies Tresses, Stems from a cluster of 3-4 fleshy, tuberous roots. Leaves chiefly basal, reduced upwards, Flowers in 1-3 ranks in a twisted spike, con- spicuously bracteatee Sepals and petals (in ours) erect, more or less joined to form a tube, the lip ascending, reflexed in the upper part, sessile, more or less constricted near the middle, bearing two variously developed protuberances at the very base, these nearly wanting in some specimens, Stigma 2-cleft. Anther 1, Pollen masses 2, powdery, Capsule ovoid. 1. S. Romanzoffiana Cham, & Schl, Roots whitish, 4-6 om, long, often 1 cm, thick; stems erect, 15-50 cm, tall, leaves tm 10-20 ém, long, narrowly oblanceoate to linear, acute or acuminate, attenuate at the base, bet sheathing scales above; bracts lenceolate, membranous ; perianth whitish or greenish, variable in size, increasing in age, 5-8 mm, long, erect3; lip lanceolate in outline, the basal portion oval or roundish, the. tip more or less expanded; capsule oval or obovate, 5-8 mm, long, lightly ; ribbed, narrowed below to-a stipe 2-3 mm, longs (Ibidium fomanzoffianum House), In very dry soil in burns and on steep slopes or in swampy meadows and sphagnum bogs. In spite of the great differences in the two types of habitat, the plants of both are the same, The name may be a later rendering of Pursh's "Ladies Traces"e ade, ear fl Juncaceae. Rush Family. Usually perennial herbs, grasslike, tufted. Inflorescence ph clusters, (or seemingly lateral) either open apa ee ad canes peep Perianth of 6 similar persistent chaffy sepme! : ‘Ovary super is by, lor ped; style branches © 3. | o | Leaves stiffish, or wity,: usually golvenar bit zroquentiy on a ‘stoms filled with a spongy- igi capsul ay ; seeds minute... : Beets a Rootstocks % z ong creeping, scaly; stems loosely tufted, 20-30 cm, tall; leaves a pe mea of the stem or less, numerous, largely basal, 36 nm. ‘wide, glabrous but with a few slender hairs near the opening of the sheath, rather glaucous, Ww inflorescence an open more or less drooping panicle 5n10° Cm. long, subtended by a submembranous bract 1-3 om, longj,the slender branchlets subtended by light brown scarious bractlets, lacerate Rowsra she Spex, 2=5 tite long; flowers aes tory at the onis af the branchlets “ ais 5 oy " oar iahth segments dean parplish brown, 2 ms. long, sckoanal « lanceolate, acuminate, lacerate towards the apex; anthers twice the length of the filaments; capsule sub- globose, 2-2.5 mm. long, subequal to the perianthy the valves obtuse after dehiscence, the style shorter than the capsule; Seeds ol paptical, light brown, dof Ue long. ; , « Er } Rag ass: pian aA lh a a “Raaees south: cont Woiasuers. nett 5800 fte; Racequertcsgeite;: ian Top Mt., 7000 fbe5 Roman Nose, 6000 fte ~ . ee — —— VD eal ae aie ap r_heAivarioat p tote, ——> Roots tocks : rte a + Atom , 50-60 om, tall; leaves 1/2 the length of th numerous largely basal, Saf ms mime Mate glabrous and- rather shiz inflorescence an open panicle 5-15. em. long, ‘abs EST IeS-ome-kengey the slender branchlets widel Smee the each Je parvitic SRootstocks tmtei-tme—te-dtemeterpy Sreeping, 6 stems tufted, 50-40[cm. tall; leaves 1/3-2/3 the length of _ the stem, 6a12 tate broad, glabrous @nd green or with a few slender hairs, — particularly at the opening of the sheath; cauline leaves 3-5, drooping, "the | Wppermost sometimes overtopping the inflorescence; inflorescence 6-12 cm. met long, paniculate, very open when mture, branches occasionally reflezed, lowermost bract scarious, 1-1.5 om. long, ~.-. bractlets scarious, oblong, acuminate or somewhat Lacerates flowers solitary vo at the onds of the branchiots 9 ebrer rw € . iaierel’ al perianth segments green becoming | _ (rarely Light Treen with us) Very thin and scarious, 1.5-2 mm. long, Seatestete. *¢ a@uminate, infrequently lacerate at the tip; anthe: 3 subequal to the filaments; . capsule ovoid, more or less uarrowed at the tip, subequal with the segments, : straw-~colored, obtuse; seeds brown, elliptical, plump, Lals2 mm. long. he hiss. Bee Feoqiitit in —— persisting to the mide, of the forest, infrequent in mature forest; ranges from 2500 feet to 5000 feet. Upper Priest Re, 3000 ft; 4000 ft.; Fish Lake Cr., 5000 ft; near Pritehard, 4000 ft.; Moscow; :Headquarterse the lower ews AEN ihe bE SK has I dod, Si pa ine ee sy er I a Miia a. heaped es i ce (L.) De. > Rootstocks wanting, the stems tufted, bye. 15-30 Cm. tall, very slender toward the summit; leaves 1/3<1/2 the 1 ’ ian, of the stem, 163 ma. broad, tapering to a slender apex, erect, aMes «} me cauline leaves 3-4, all pilose along the margin of the con. ne 2 ; | pare A wants or short and. stout; Rs is tt » Pliant; leaves ea ' the ant the stem, == 4 Sab 2 We gc abiinanbify pilose, oaprrseeoy. 8° the: f shed, eee a otek ine leaves 235; inf lorescence Tr el " 8 eS me 2 » often exgeeded by the two subti eliar bra dun Som: ew sepenats 203 mms ‘long, chaffy green seauiias light brown anthers twice the length of the filaments; capsule oval~ol somewhat shorter than the perianth, the valves obtuse; seeds . ovoid, plump, with a conspicuoys hyaline caruncle at the bases Occasional or frequent ox on open Slopes — or in meadows below 3000 feet. li, git ih fe ee “Meadow, Priest Re EXpe ‘Stae} 3 “‘Thatuna Hills; Santas; Headquarterse a le ea et ny Ea Te re nomena seatnniee sae 2 Juncus lL. Rushes... Perennial herbs (rarely annual), commesi; - Ateus simple, columar or flattened, ‘aaa with a pithy inter “hollow. Leaves mostly basal and grass-1ike , linear, columar 0 ye@ither transversely (i.e. the flat surface to the stem), or la ing as though jointed in some species due to variously dew walls, sheathing at the base, with searious margins along th which ‘may or may not terminate in short erect auricles at the departure of the blade from the stem. Inflorescence appear! on the stem, the stem being apparently prolenged beyond, or tended by a ‘more or less leaflike bract -shi : ‘tlevers borne singly in Se, or conenated eee erect; stamens 6 (rarely 3), = ‘branches 3, usually red; capsule commonly oval, subequal with the ae often | led; seeds numerous, sm&ll, elliptical, commonly with apiculus at one or both ends, these occasionally ope i appendage. & O Low sia with numerous flowers borne singly along the 4 stems, cach subtended by two sesrious white bractlets4.Js bufonine i O Perennials with well developed rootstocks or tufted; W@W flowers in groups of three or more, subtended 4 by & common bractg<* 2 Inflorescence appearing as though borne laterally “4 (seer the middle of the stem; flowers loosely bunchedg>-?* - f Stamens 3 eppesite the outer perianth segments; Ften -Lowersg)00 or more — 2. se effusus 4 Stamens 6, flowers infrequently more than 25. _ (= equal toy 6 Anmthers shorter than }the : : : “filaments, /O flowers green@r (, Inflorescence an open or contracted panicle, never dense, the branches composing it always apparent, 5-2 cm. long or more; /O\ each flower subtended by a pair of closely appressed bractlets@— > 3 | \ g Ovary wholly 5~chamberedijce the. ¢ross walls sometimes separating at maturity; /2{ panicle contracted, usually less \ than 2 cm. longey > /D Capsule longer than the perianth, ‘the valves remaining joined at /4 the very apex; seeds with appendages 7g. Vase OE eee Sidi Shirts ti Spe lia /O Capsule shorter than the perianth, the j valves spreading somewhat; seeds 4 merely apiculate 8 conf a ne ee nT ‘ % Ovary incompletely 3~chanberedjicthe dross walls about 4 1/2 the width of the locule; panicle IA \usualiy lax ,2-5 cm. long 7. Je tomis 6 Inflorescence a cluster of dense, more or less globose glomerules, or in some a single glomerule, the branches of the glomerules /0 \ not apparent; each flower subtended by a : single bractletg<* : % Glomerules solitary and terminal, rarely two (J. Regelii sometises has a solitary IZ. \glomerule ) 10. rten- be. G Glomerules 2—many /D Leaf-blades columnar, soft and pithy, / appearing jointed when held to the if Crane, due to internal cross walls } Heads globose, 2-7, the flowers /() extending in all directions /4¥ Capsules blunt, shorter than the /& perianth dL. we colun- bianus Capsules narrowed above the middle, (acute, a third longer than the ig / \ perianth 12. Je nodosus is ~~ BS: ts Tate ae ok . s hemispherical, more numerous, the éwermost flowers horizontal or Io ( atoeatine, not reflexed clearly shorter than /4. + filaments; mature capsules /4 < tenger than the perianth See. /p Capsules straw-colored; stems Z@ mostly 10-40 cm. tall /@ Capsules brown; stems 40-60. CM. 20 tall ; /4 Qpened anthers subequal to the : g filaments; mature capsules | / shorter than the perianth /G@ Perianth segments 3-3.5 mn. long, 20 fier and scarious, the midvein usually greenish jG Perianth segments 4~4.5 mm. long, yo firm, dark brown throughout (i: / 10 Leaf-blades flattened }2, Leaf blades without internal cross-walls, not appearing jointed when held to the IG Annual, rootstocks wanting, e€-S. 5-20 cm. tall, stems numerous , often tufted or forming mts 3; leaves few, 1-3 cm. long, expanded and sheathing at the base, the blade filiform, or scale-like> inflorescence many-flowered, branching, loose and open, as long as the stem proper; outer bract leaf-like, commonly curving, 1-8 cm. long, expanded at the base ‘ é ° each branch subtended by two short scarious bracts, pedicels variable, 1-10 mm. long or more; flower subtended by two ovate or lanceolate seanteus> bractlets 1/3-1/2 the length of the perianth; segments 3-6 mm. long, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, the scarious margin equal to the green part, veins obscure, the inner segments shorter and more scarious; stamens half the length of the segments, anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule 3-5 mm, long, ovoid to oblong on the same plant; seeds .5 m. long, variable, lightly curved, plum, apiculate at one or both ends, longitudinally striate. 4 | Sandy or muddy stream bottoms, roadsides or meadows below 5000 feet, often gregarious. 1007 j (252 Je effusus Le Bog Rushe Rootstocks stout, matted, the stems densely tufted, soft and pliant, stout, 60-120 cm, tall or more; leaves all basal, a scale-like and sheathing, 5-10 m, longg the -bledes—chortgMOTCuler- BD peMgr= aees or wantiper inflorescence a dense cluster appearing as lateral to the stem; flowers numerous, 100-150 or more, the branches 1-3 cm, long, slender, the bracts scarious, each flower bracteate; pedicels 1-3 mm, long; pcrianth segments subequal, 5-5.5 mm, long, lanceolate, acute, green, drying strawe> =| color with two brown lines, the inner 3-veined; stamens about half the length of the perianth segments, 3, opposite the outer segments, the anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule about 3 mm, long, obovate, retuse, 3-chambered, polished; seeds scarcely .5 mm, long, apiculate at both ends, curved, Boggy open stream bottom near Kellogg, Epling and Houck 10098, Ga Bee L. Rootstocks creeping, 3¢jmn. in diameter, clothed rith lanceolate scales 4.5 mm. long; apparent stems erect, pliant, 20- 30 em. tall; leaves all scale-like and sheathing, 2-5 cm, longs the -c mm. long ame; inflorescence «~ 8-9 flowered, appearing as a cluster shortly below the middle of the apparent stem, the outer bract much elongated, being the anparent con- tinuation of the stem, 10-15 cm, long, terete, sheathing onlv at the 6 ba se | se 1008 se, the margins scarious there, the inner bract 3 mm, long, scarious; owers on pedicels 1-2 mm, long, cach closely bracteate; outer perianth ements 5 ma, long, linear-lanceolate, acute, 5-veined, the inner 2-2,5 mm, long, l-veined, all green and scarious; stanens half the length of the segments, the anthers somewhat shorter than the filaments; capsule » oval to subglobose, e mn. long, polished; seeds .5 mm, long, curving sl lu ightly and apiculate at one or both ends, but not appendaged, Usually along sandy stream bottoms below 3000 ft.; gregarious. llan Peak, 3000 ftes; bank of Upnver St, Maries Re, 3000 ft.; Oro- grande Cr.; Bonners Ferry; Sandpoint; Priest R. Exp. Sta. 2500 ft.; ivy ov 50 jest Lake; Lioovie R. J, balticus Willd. var. montanus Engelm, Rootstocks creeping, the scales ate-lanceolate, 4-5 mm, long; apparent stems erect, soft and pliant, 206) =/ em, tall, leaves all sheathing and scale-like, brown and glossy, 1-10 em, long, the blades 1 mm, long, or wanting; inflorescence 5=20 flowered, aD + peering as a cluster somewhat above the middle of the apparent stem, the a outer bract much elongated, 5=8 cm. long, terete, very acute, sheathing only at the base, the inner bract 5 mm, long; each branch of the inflores- cence bracteate; flowers on pedicels 1-3 mm, long, each subtended by sev- er al scarious bracts; outer perianth segments 3-4 mm, long, lanceolate, acute, obscurely veined, the middle portion green, becoming straw-colored, th e margins brown, scarious, inner segments similar, somewhat shorter and narrower, leveined; stamens about 2/3 the length of the segments, the anthers twice the length of the Pere capsule oval or oblong, 5 mn, long, polished, brown; secds 0 mm, long, curving slightly and usually aD ra iculate at one or both ends, (J. ater Rydb.). In bog¢ round and ditches along roadways. Jliear Kellogg; Moscow; ESY fe) o&s | rtridge Cr. (> Je Parryi Engelm. Southern Tundra Rush. Rootstocks matted, stems tufted, 15-40 em. tall, stiffish; innermost leaves i to 1/2 as long as the stems, abruptly expanded 1-2.5 cm. from the base, sheathing below, channeled above, the outermost scale-like and chaffy, the lower- most lanceolate, 3-5 mm. broad, shining; inflorescence commonly 2-3 flowered, the outer bract 2-4 cm, long, erect,twice the length of the flower cluster or more, the inner bract commonly 1 ecm. long, both brown-scarious and sheathing at the bases; flowers on pedicels 1-20 m, long, each bracteate; outer perianth-segments 5-7 mm, long, narrowly lanceolate, green, the sides brown, the margins scarious, veins 5 but obscure, the inner 5 mn, long, dS-veined; stamens 1/3 to V/2 the length of the perianth; seeds elliptical, less than 1 mm, long, with two tail-like appendages each as long as the seed itself. Grassy slopes and ridges usually above 5000 fte, but as low as 3500 ft.* sometimes forms considerable areas with Hieracium albertinum and Antemnaria, Ekis-rush-reaeches its northern timtts “juss—ve—the—north..of our-sree+y---t1se-irown-fren.just—ever—state Line on sumnis--ef-bit,.Spokane, 6806-ft; jliear Stevens Peak, 6400 ft.; Snowy Top Mt., 5000 ft.; ecse Priest Re, 3500 fte; Revett Lake, 7000 ft.; Snow Peak, 6000 ft, Je Drummondii E. Meyer. Northern Tundra Rush, ootstocks matted, stems tufted, 20-30 cm. tall, rather pliant; leaves all scale-like, 2-5 cm, long, sheathing, all blades reduced to short acicular appendages 2-3 mm, long or wanting; inflorescence commonly 2-3 flowered, the outer bract 1-2 om. long, channeled, expanded and sheathing at the base, the inner scarious, 3 mm, long; flowers on pedicels 2-20 m, long, each closely subtended by two bracts; outer perianth-segments 6-7 mi, long, narrowly lanceolate,very acute ss acuminate, 4-5 veined, marked by two brown lines, the margins scarious, inner 4-5 mn, long, similar but narrower, 3-veined; stamens less than half the length of the perianth, the anthers and filaments subequal; capsule oblong, subequal to the perianth, narrowed somewhat above, but truncate, the valves spreading in fruit; seeds elliptical, less than 1 m., long, with two tail-like appendages each as long as the seed itself, Alpine ridges usually above 5000 ft., in much the same habitats as Je Parryi, res-distribution,-however, 1s nore—-noertherny—ranging-nortir-to bleeiem Ridges south of Wiessners Peak, 6500 ft.; Fish Lake, 6500 ft,.; Shedroof Mte, 5000 fte; Pritchard, 5000 ft.; Lion Cr., 5000 ft.; Snow Peak, 7000 Ite } c | 4014 C2 Je Vaseyi Engelm, Rootstocks matted, the stems tufted, erect, 50-60 cm. tall; leaves about 2/3 the length of the stems or less, filiform, channelled, sheathing for 2-4 cm, at the base, all basal; inflorescence 10-20 flowered, 1-2 cm. long, rather crowded; outer bract 3-5 cm. long; slonder, channelled, the inner about 1 em, long; pedicels 1-2 mm, long; flower subtended by 2 ovate scarious bracts; segments 3,5 mm, long, green, drying straw-color, narrowly lanceolate, very acute, subequal, erect and rather rigid, the margins scarious but narrow, the veins obscure; stamens about half the length of the segments; capsule oblong = oval, nearly 4 mm, long, retuse at the apex, exceeding the perianth slightly, polished, $-chambered, the ee eae at maturity, the valves often joined at the style after dehiscence, the capsule thus q appearing poricidal; seeds oblong, e5 mm. long, mostly straight, tailed at each end, the appendages nearly as long as the sced, Near Kellogg, stream bottom, 2500 ft., Epling and Houck 10299. Se. ~ Na ae cules i ae A ted, erect, stiffish, 50-50 cm. tall, 1 mm. or less is diameter; "leaves half the length se the stem or less, filifoma, abruptly expanded below and sheathing; in 0 od , oer bract tin Cme long, very slender, flat alate _—_ Coville. ——~———->uootstocks slender and matted, stems vel iaele 1-3 nM. pti aaa tists "1 /3-1/2 the length of the perianth; perianth segments 5.5-4 mm. long, lanceolate, green in the middle, with 2 brown lines and broad scarious mrgins, very acute, subequal, rigid at maturity, drying light straw color, veins obscure? stamens 2/3 the length of the segments, the anthers shorter than the filaments ; capsule oblong, anghed, 5 ume long, exceeded b I : e completely 3 The septs ‘half at maturity; seeds narrowly alliptical, eS mm. long, each with @ small apiculus at each ende River bottoms and meadows at about 2000 ft. elevation. Je tenuis Willd. +> Rootstocks slender and matted, often want- ‘ fng, stems tufted, erect, 20-50 cm tal] g—vBad-eBmitiae—indiramecedp: leaves rz the length of the stem or less, filiform, often very slender, abruptly expanded below and sheathing; cauline leaves none$ inflorescence 5-20 flowered, diffuse; outer bract 2-8 cm. long, very slender, flat, channeled, inner shorter but similar, each branch subtended by two short scarious "bracts, or | ' the outer leaflike but reduced, pedicels 1-3 mm. long; bractlets 1/3=1/2 the length of the perianth; perianth segments 5.5-4 mm. long, green, frequently reddish toward the tip, drying light straw color, narrowly lanceolate, with broad scarious margins, very acute, subequal, veins obscure; stamens about half the length of the segments,the anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule oblong, angied, 5 mm. lon: , exceeded by the perianth, apex truncate, (Chembered) incompletely Se hr narrowly elliptical, eacn With a small apiculus at each end. @ ay meer Variable in the number of flowers and density of the inflorescence; low ground and stream bottoms below 5000 ft. of 4, 1013 M Je Yertensianus Bong. Stems loosely tufted, 15-30 cm, tall, pliant, from slender rootstocks; leaves soft, columnar, often subequal to the stems, 1-2 mm, in diameter, the cauline 2-3, with auricles .5-1 mm, long, blunt, decurrent in @ scarious margin; inforescence a single dense globose terminal glomerule, rarely two, subtended by a membranous bract 1-4 cm, long, bract- lets single, scarious, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, subequal to the perianth; perianth segments green with brown margins, soon deep chestnut brown, shining and rather coppery, 4 mm, long, subequal, lanceolate, acute or acuminate; stamens somewhat shorter than the segments, the filaments twice the length of the anthers; capsule oval-oblong, angled, flattened at the apex, subequal to the perianths; style lavender, the branches 2 mm, long; seeds ovate-lanceolate, .6 mm, long, frequently with short appendages, On mossy rocks along alpine streams or in alpine seepage places, usually above 4000 ft. Divide betw. St. Joe and Clearwater R!se, 5000 ft.; Lion Creek, 4000 ft.s.5000 ft.; Fish Lake, 6500 fte; Upper Priest Re, 3000 ft. 1014 (Ly Je columbianus Cov. Stems gregarious rather than tufted, 20-40 em, tall, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter from slender rootstocks; the leaves 1/2 - 2/3 the length of the stems, the basal expanded and sheathing, 3-6 mm, wide, the stem leaves with auricles decurrent for 1-3 cm., all distinctly but not sharply septate; the 5-10 glomerules tending to globose, 7-9 mm, in diameter, light brown; bractlets broadly ovate, shortly aristate, 3-4 mm, long, scarious; perianth segnents 3-4 mm, long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, subaristate, the midrib green, becoming coppery and scarious; stamens about 1/2 the length of the segments, the anthers subequal to che filaments; capsules oblong, somewhat shorter than the perianth-segments, obtuse, tipped by a short beak, coppery; seeds apiculate at each end, ovate-ellip- tical, .5 mm, long or less, areolate, the areole microscopically lineolate, (J, nevadensis Wats. var. columbianus (Cov.) St. John). w Broad stream bottoms and lake shores below 3000 f%. Priest Lake ; Potlatch; Lake Pend Oreille; Lake Tessemini,. G2J> J. nodosus Le Stems pliant, 20-50 cm, tall, each arising from a tuber@ =| like thickening in the scaleless rootstocks; leaves subequal to or longer than the stems, 1-2 ma, in diameter, appearing jointed, cauline leaves with acute auricles, decurrent for sometimes 3-4 cme; glomerules terminal, common- ly 4-6, less than 1 cm. in diameter, globose, subtended by a leaf-like bract which is often twice as long or longer; bractlets lanceolate, acuminate, scarious, single; flowers 10-15$ perianth-segments green in the middle, with a tinge of red, lanceolate-subulate, becoming chaffy or subscarious, the outer somewhat shorter; stamens half the length of the perianth, anthers and filaments subequal; capsule lanceolate, very acute, 3-angled, 1l-cham- bered, 1/3 longer than the perteuy, ie valves remaining joined et the 7 qi apex, revolute, brown; seeds oblong-lanceolate or oval, apiculate, .5 mm, longe Lake shores and broad streams bottoms below 3000 ft. Lake Pend Oreille; Bonners Ferry; Kellogg. 1015 e %.(ay> Je Kichardsonianus Schult. Stems 10-40 em, tall, columar, loosely — tufted from rootstocks; leaves o/s the length of the stem or subequal to it, columnar, appearing jointed, acute, obtusely auricled, at least above, the scarious margin strongly decurrent; inflorescence terminal, very open, branching, the peduncles slender, 1-4 cm, long, the glomerules 3-6, 5-6 mn, in diameter, 5-9 flowered, the flowers erect, the subtending bracts various, 3-5 om. long and leaf-like, or 1 cm, long or less, and chaffy, bractlets single, lanceolate, scarious, straw-colored, subequal to the pervonth } — perianth-segments; at first green, then straw-colored, lanceolate, acute, subequal, 3-4 mm, long, the outer l-veined, the inner 3-veined; stamens 1/2-2/3 the length of the perianth, the anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule oval, straw-colored, somewhat longer than the perianth-segments, subacute; seeds elliptical, lanceolate, .5 mm, long, shortly apiculate, amber colored. 4 Sandy lake shores below 3000 fte arriest Lake; Kootenai County; Lake Pend Oreille; Potlatche J Je articulatus L. var. obtusatus ingelm, Rootstocks branching, matted, the stems tufted, 40-60 cm. tall; basal leaves 5-8 cm. long; stem leaves 1-3, larger, sheathing at the base for 2-5 cm the blades terete, the septa distinct; inflorescence of 5-11 glomerules, the peduncles slender, divaricate, 1-3 cm. long, the subtending bract subfoliar or scarious, each branchlet subtended by a scarious bract 5-8 mm, long; glomerules hemispherical; 9-15 flowered, the bractlets single, scarious, shorter than the flowers; outer perianth-segnents 2,.2-2.5 mn, long, lanceolate, acute, green, l-veined, inner somewhat shorter, S-veined, the tips brownish, rather blunt; stamens half the length of the segments, the anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule dark chestnut brown, glossy, subacute, 5 mm, long; seeds ovate-lanccolate, apiculate, dark brown, 5 mm, long. Sandy river bottom, Bonners Ferry, Epling 10468. 1016 | Ga, Je badius Suksd. Stems gregarious rather than tufted, 40-60 om, tall, 1-2 mm, in diameter, lightly compressed, soft and pliant, from slender root =/ stocks; leaves mostly shorter than the stems, the basal ones 3-6 mm, broad with blunt auricles 1-2 mm, long, the scarious margins decurrent for 4-6 om,, all septate; flower clusters hemisherical, mostly 5-8 on slender ped- uncles usually not over 1 cm, long, subtended by brown scarious bracts 3-6 mm, long, abruptly acuminate; outer perianth segments 5-3,5 mm, long, dark brown with midribs usually greenish toward the base, acuminate, the inner brown throughout, somewhat shorter and more obtuse; stamens about 2f3 as long as the perianth, their anthers subequal to the filaments; capsules scarcely 3 mm, long, obtuse, shortly beaked at the apex, the styles rather tardily deciduous; seeds .5 mm, long. Frecuent in marshy ground in boggy meadows at low elevations; a species which resembles J. nevadensis but is smaller and more graceful throughout, Partridge Cre,Epling; imerald Cr.,#pling and Offord. Je nevadensis 3, Wats. | Stems gregarious rather than tufted, 40-60 om, tall, 2-4 m, in diameter, lightly compressed, from slender root =| stocks; leaves mostly shorter than the stems, the cauline with blunt auricles, the narrow margin decurrent sometimes 8-12 cm.,the basal leaves expended, sheathing, 6-10 mm, across at the base, all distinctly and sharp- ly septate; inflorescence terminal, 2-3 times branched, the glomerules hemispherical, 15-30 on cach stem, 7-9 mn, in diameter, brown, borne on slender peduncles mostly 1-3 cm, long, the bractlets scarious, brown, broadly ovate, abruptly aristate, 4-6 mm, long; flowers narrowed at the base to a short stipe about 1 mm, long, their segments 4,5 mm, long, sub- ecual, firm, deep brown, abruptly acuminate at the apex to a sharp mucro; stamens 2/3 as long as the perianth, the anthers 4 times as long as the filaments; capsules not seen. (J. Suksdorfii Rydb.) Frequent in boggy ground of meadows or along roadwayse Valley of Little Potlatch Re; head of Little Potlatch Re; Forks of St. Maries Re, 39000 fte; iarvarde acai, x aap tsi, Rte Cay J. Regelii Buch. Stems loosely tufted, erect, 30-60 cm, tall, colum- nar or somewhat compressed from rootstocks; leaves half the length of the stems or less, flattened, 2-5 mm, broad, striate, glaucous and minutely roughened, cauline leaves commonly 1, auricled, the auricles obtuse, .5=1 mm. long, decurrent in a white-scarious margin; inflorescence terminal, subtended by a membranous attenuate bract 2-4 cm, long, the acumination frequently foliar; glomerules 2-4 on unequal peduncles .5-3 cm, in length, bractlets single, lanceolate, scarious, aristulate, subequal to the perianth© =/ segments; flowers 6-20; perianth-segments green with lateral brown stripess 6-6, mm, long, the outer lanceolate with narrow scarious margins, the inner ovate with broad scarious margins, all scabrous on the backs stamens 1/2-2/3 the length of the segments, anthers and filaments subequal; style branches 4 mm, long at maturity; capsule oblong, somewhat shorter than the segments, angled; seeds elliptical with short appendages. Bank of upper St. Maries Re, 3000 fte; West Kootenai; upper Priest Re3 Kelly Cre, 3000 [Ce3 Santa. 1018 Je falcatus E. leyer. > Rootstocks slender, tv6—0—mem—i> stems loosely tufted, 10-20 cm. tall, terete, pabelaweons and minutely roughened ; cauline leaves 1 or wanting, shortly auricled, the = pasal leaves simizasy 1/2-2/3. the length of the stem or longer, flat, minutely Toughenéd, sickle-shaped; inflorescence terminal, subtended by a submembranous, acuminate bract 2-2.5 cm. long, subequal to the inflorescence; glomerules 24 on peduncles 1-2 cm. long; bractlets lanceolate, brown and Chaffy rather than scarious, minutely roughened, subequal to the perianth segments; flowers 35-8, perianth seements green in the middle, chestnut-brown and subscarious on the margins, 4-5 mm. long oblong-lanceolate, acute, minutely roughened on the back; stamens half the length of the segments , the anthers longer than the filaments; capsule oblong, subequal to the perianth segments, angled; seeds oblong-elliptical, obtuse or shortly apiculate. Wet places, Kootenai Co., Sandberg. 19. J. ensifolius Wikstr. Stems from rootstocks, loosely tufted, more or less flattened, 40-50 em, tall, 1-1.5 ma, in diameter; leaves flattened laterally, 3-6 mm, broad, apparently jointed, but the septa sometimes very obscure, half the length of the stem, auricles none, the blade sheathing, scarious; inflorescence terminal, open, the peduncles 1-4 em, long. subtended by a leaf-like bract 2-10 cm. long; glomerules Commonly 3-10, /at maturity \ globose, dark purplish brown, 8-10 m, in diameter; flowers numerous, peri- anth segments green with Coppery margins, obscurely 5-veined, subequal, e-2.5 mm, long, narrowly lanceolate, acute or acuminate, chaffy; stamens (2-6) commonly 5, Opposite the outer segments, 1/2-2/3 the length of the segments, the anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule oblong, somewhat exceeding the segments, subacute at the apex; seeds amber; the areole prom- inent, elliptical, .5 mm, long, apiculate at both ends. Marshy and springy places, stream sides and meadows at all elevations, 20. J. brunnescens Rydb, Stems from rootstocks, loosely tufted, flattened, 40-60 cm, tall, 1-2 mm, in diameter; leaves flattened laterally, 3-4 mn, broad, apparently jointed, but the septa sometimes very obscure, half the length of the stem, auricles none, the sheathing blade scarious; inflorescence terminal, open, peduncles 1-3 cm. long, subtended by a leaf-like bract de pe ene rt } 2-5 em. longs glomerules numerous,| at maturity hemispherical), 6-8 m, in ciniticeneaie ae diameter, dark browvm; flowers numerous, perianth segments subequal, 2-2,5 mi. long, lanceolate, acuminate, firm, not scarious; stamens 1/2-2/3 the length of the segments, the anthers about 1/2 the length of the filaments; capsule oblong, subequal to or shorter than the perianth, dcep purplish brown, obtuse; seeds dark brown, globose-elliptical, minutely apiculate, but obtuse at both ends, .4 mm, long, Lake Pend Oreille at Sandpoint, Spling 10398, Cyperaceae. Sedge family. Grass-like or rush-like herbs with fibrous roots, either annual or perennial by more or less conspicuous rootstocks. Stems (culms) solid, rarely hollow, commonly triangular, often columnar, sometimes Patten: Leaves alternate, often d-ranked, narrow, the blades usually flattened or trough shaped, the sheathing portion closed and completely tubular. Flowers perfect or imperfsct, arranged in spikelets, each (rarely 2) in the axil of ‘ick bract (scale or glume), the spikelets solitary or variously clustered, l-many flowered. Bracts 2-ranked or spirally imbricated, persistent or deciduous. Perianth composed of bristles or scales or wanting. Stamens 1-3. Pistil 1, the ovary 1l-chambered with a single ovule, the style 2-3-cleft. Fruit an achene, either d-angled or lenticular, frequently flat on one surface, convex on the other. @ © Flowers unisexual, usually borne in separate spikes or if in | the same spike, the sexes separate; pistillate flower 4 enclosed in a sac-like perigynium, the styles protruding \ through the orifice |, Carex O Flowers mostly perfect; pistillate flower not enclosed, usually 4; subtended by several bristles, Ayrg tia ? Spikelets flattened, the seates in ‘are opposite ranks e \A ue 4 Spikeléts in a terminal cae | subtended by 2=3 ; 4 j i 4 > / leaflike bracts 2-3 times as long as the spikelets; oO ie ’ \ bri stles none 2. Cyperus 4 Spikelets in the upper axils, the subtending leaves g not markedly longer; perianth of barbed bristles 3. Dulichium Lyra rk - Z Spikelets cylindrical, the semtes spirally imbricated 6 around the axis, 4 Flowers subtended by soft hairlike bristles very much ( longer than the ovary, the inflorescence appearing OQ ‘a \a5 a soft cottony tuft 4. Eriophorum 4 Flowers subtended by barbed bristles about as long g as the ovary & Base of style swollen, leaving a pronounced conical tubercle upon the ovary at maturity; spikelets ° eee: terminal PA Eleocharis (9 Base of style not swollen, completely deciduous or sometimes leaving an acute beak on the ovary, not jo( however, constricted at the base; spikelets either \sol itary or clustered ry & Spikelets solitary G Scirpus = Spikelets numerous )O Spikelets very slender, acute at both ends, /4 scarcely more than 1 mm. wide J. Rynchospora ‘0 Spikelets plump, 2-5 mm. in diameter ri Qa Seirpusy es: qd) |. Carex L. Perennial grasslike herbs, commonly tufted, with triangular erect culms (stems) which are more or less roughened on the angles. Leaves S-ranked, flat or channelled, sheathing at the base, the sheaths varied, sometimes splitting on one side to form hairlike fibrils. Plants usually monoecious, the flowers each subtended by a small usually paper-like or chaffy scale, assembled into spikes of varied size and shape, either wholly staminate or pistillate, or mixed, the sexes then usually separated, the staminate flowers either in the upper or lower half. such spikes either sessile or stalked, either distinct and remote or assembled at the tip of the culm into a more or less dense cluster, rarely solitary, each subtended by a usually leaflike bract which may exceed the spike or the inflorescence , or which fay sometimes be inconspicuous, membranous and resembling the seales. Staminate flowers composed of 3 stamens with hairlike filaments and linear ee: anthers. Pistillate flowers formed of a single pistil bearing 1 style and rarely 4)Joither 2 or 3 stignas le being either jointed with the ovary (and achene) and at length’deciduous, or c mtinuous with the achene and hardened and persistent in fruit; the ovary and style are enveloped by a sac-like organ, the perigynium, which may be either ovoid and more or less inflated, flat and dise-like or flat on one face but rounded on the other, both sur- faces or one with or without parallel veins fron top to bottom, in all cases gq tapering into a beak which may be either vem minute or as long as the body of the perigynium or longer. Achene either triangular or flat and watch© shaped, c@gpletely enveloped by the perigynium which it rarely ruptures at qd | maturity. “Meture specimens are essential to a study of this cenus, Se ae Oe r Q 1a,8pikes solitary and terminal or appearing so/ achenes 44 always triangular; ftigmas 3 * ate, 2 2aPerigynia glabras 4/ Seales subequal, 5-8 mn. long, rarely more é Pistillate flowers usually solitarv:or two at the. ‘base of the spike, subtended by a scale which is 7) ( acute or abruptly awned; perigynia greenish or fe tone Eaierass:) A Pirterimes}—— \ straw-color, almost beakless,tfim J. 0. Govyert ¢ Pistillate flowers several et the bass of the spike, each subtended by a thin blunt soon deciduous 10¢ scale; perigynia brown, tapering into a distinct \beak (Arshrechieenae}2 (sortinn—Arthreehiaenge)- o C. nigricans athe OE 4/Scales very unequal, the lowsmost leaflike, 3-6 cm. ¢ Zilog, resembling the bract which usually subtends a \ whole inflorescence, the others successively smallor 4 Ce. saximontana 2 ab Perigynia hirtellous_(seripinac}section-—Seripinse}- q ‘/ Plants 40-70 cm. tall; leaves 2-3 mn. wide 4, Ce stenochlaena ‘/ Plants 10-30 cm. tall; leaves needle-like,less than & 1 mn. wide x Ce. filifolia — i eo QO 1b Spikes two or more, sither stalked or sessile, remote or / congested into a terminal head which may resemble a single 4! spike but on examination will be found to be compound and Verhatheds achenes either triangular or flat; stigmas 2 or 8 2 3a,Stigmas prevailingly 2; achenes prevailingly flattened and Z, ( Watoh~shaped (occasional ones sometimes obscurely 2 — we ae \ angled ) 2 ? 4 Perigynia rounded at th&ytip and beakloss ghbkectones}— 6, Co aurea : ‘/ Perigynia tapered at the tip to a distinct beak which /may be o2-.3 mm. long and entire or 1-2 mn. long «Cand bidentate at the apex 6 4a,Lateral spikes rarely more than 1 om. long, mostly 5-8 mms long; perigynia tapering gradually into | & beak which ig seldan less than 1/3 as long as the body, with sharp margins which are minutely F / O. eilielate-toothed except C. dis which has ; \ &mimte entire beak; C. illota halts sometimes \ entire beak but both of these have 1 lateral \ spikes) ; Scales brown or hyaline « Clusters usually crowded or dense, , 3-6 cme long, usually 1.5 om. or “more broad at the base, the p rigynia tending to spread, thus giving a ragged bristling appearance to the . cluster. (C. tribuloides may be sought (2 \ here; it be distinguished by the . persist non=jointed style which is \ than the achene and by the achene _\atfich is nearly twice as long as broad ) we "lo Teaf-blades prevailingly 3<5 mm. broads apn’ : ef perigynia 3-4 mn. long / © Perigynia narrowly ovate, the beak sf as long as the body 7. Ce Cusickii /¥ Perigynia broadly ovate, the beak if half as long as the body 3, Go Vulpinoidea /O Yeaf-blades prevailingly 5-8 om. ij / droad$ perigynia 4-5 \ mms Longo( sia Herc a? 9,Ce stipata q « Clusters either crowded and dense, in jwhich case they are rarely more than 2.5 / ome long and less than 1.5 om. wide at the / base or else loose and sometizes more \2,| @longated, the individual spikes ,which | are motly gall end globose being clearly separated, the lower often remote; perigynia tending to overlap in the denser clusters /¢ Sa Spikes crowded into dense terminal clusters /4 usually ovoid ‘> Staminate flowers, when present in /a spike, borne at the tip of the j spike above the pistillate flowers, | recognizable in fruit by the other- C wise empty scales which contain only the threadlike filaments from which \ the anthers have fallen. /+ Flowers 3-4 or fewer in each spike P one or two being pistillate, the /[ perigynia rounded on both surfaces, /$\ strongly distended by the achane \ and almost beakless /0.C. disperma ~*~ \ iy Flowers several to many, the ) perigynia flattened on one surface, )$<{ not markedly distended by tie . \achene, beaked. qi ‘i. Perigynia twice as long as the Zv scales, tending to lanceolate //. Ge illota —— ‘G Perigynia but little longer than 2othe scales, tending to ovate )2, 24 Hoodii /» Staminate flowers borne at the base of the spikes, usually not readily perceptible in fruit except in the terminal spike, the Ilo upper scales, however, always containing achenes when fully developed, the lowermost the naked filaments. js / Leaves mostly longer than the culms; margins /$ of perigynia acute but not narrowly winged saoniaee arcta 893 | ty p»{ Leaves matly shorter than the . FA be 9: cos Cgolaspvenmarses) very thin and sharp : “Cor very) j/> 6a.Clusters pieagesToaaaytes bractless, the M lowermost bract scarcely ienger AO\ than the lowermost spike /& Beak of the perigynium flattened and minutely ciliolate-serrulate to @ 22 the tip; individual spikes readily distinguished, the lower- ost 4-6 mm. thick. 20 Perigynia 3-3.5 mm. long /4. Ge Bebbii ’ E x 4 E F x fo Perigynia 4-4.5 mn. long 15: Ge tribuloides /& Beak of the perigynium not flattened, minutely ciliolate-serrulate but hardly to the tip, often smooth in the , upper third; spikes closely crowded 22 into an ovoid head, the individual ones not readily distinguished, the lowermost mostly 3-4 m. hick. 3c Seales canpletely covering the ¥ mm Lee perigynia, the beaks of ee nee ae ey seri Saisie d hich are scarcely 1 mm. long. C.« Ca phaeocephala 39 Scales shorter than the mature /perigynia, the more elongate 206 beaks of which protrude fran '‘\beneath them 2:2, Both faces of the perigynia ; Clearly veined throughout, ‘ the flat surface with 3-5, the , &, ato \rounded with 7-9 veins /7, C. abrupte @ 2 Plat face of the perigynium s is either veinless or with Abd sae 5 short veins at the base 2Y Rounded face of the perigynium 6 ‘ veinless or with 2-3 weak y | indistinct veins 1§-Ce Preslii « GbAt least same clusters within each clump bearing . { bracts which are nearly as long as the cluster a ee longer e = /€ Achenes 4-4.5 mm. long, clearly 5 Leaf-blades 4-6 mm. broad; culms acutely angled, each angle / bordered with a narrow margin .2 mm. wide; lower bladeless / \ sheaths at the base of the culm 1.5-10 om. long, praninent; leas 1.5-2 mm. thick 3/. Ge prionophylla ——— /¢) Plants more or less densely tufted; lowermost bract of the My inflorescence equalling or exceeding it i+’ Perigynia veinless i! Leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide 32.0.5 aperta q if Leaf-blades mostly 6-8 mn. wide 3. Ce sitchensis )v Perigynia with 5-5 veins on one face, usually about 5-7 (3) on the other sf Spikes 6-8 mn. thick; scales 4.5<5 mn. long, ~ /$ lanceolate 34. Ce nebraskensis; a /t{ Spikes 3<5 mne thick; scales 1.5-2.5 m. long ‘ Scales 1.2-1.5 mn, wide, nearly as broad as the perigynia, their rather broad 20% sadet Opaque white 3S. Co aquatilis /G Seales rarely 1 mm. wide, clearly narrower 5 { than the p rigynia, their margins little L° \ or not at all white /¢ Perigynia abruptly gathered at the base to a short stalk,the body of the v1.( pertain elliptical, about half as road as long; spikes 4<5 mm. thick /& Perigynia subsessile, the broadly ‘ sie or oval, about 2/3 as broad 1>< as long; Spikes 3.5-4 mm, thick side of the oulms of the ik Surrounded at the base by vear & ) oh sttons prevailingly 5: whee prevet inity RUE Peetayata 205-28 ‘en Long, the bedk somresty) § Lowest breink of the i Hieldabensncad Geicue xb the 1% base or but. slightly | ’ /O Pistillate spikes $06 Cm». Siena 6+. mins /}# @rect or nearly so, the pert rrr (0 Pistillate spikes rarely ness thei +s J 8-10 mm. thick and pendulous, not rigidly erect, . rigynia overlapping ’ ila GET Ar fobs Winn ok. se /Z Freely stoloniferous, nok tufted, scales light /> brown, covering the glaucous perigynia 47. Ce limosa | 2. Tufted, the scales deep purple, the perigynia ,, (parple or brown, or if green,the mature iG | perigynia twice as long as the scales thtratee). )4 Perigynia green, twice as long as the scales, the /§ spikes 8-10 mn. thick 418. Co Mertensi 4 /4 Perigynia brown or purple, longer than the % scales; spikes 4-6 mn. thick /6 Terminal spikes wholly staminate 49. Cs Montanensis _/,) /(, Terminal spikes mixed, the upper ones 20 pistillate yo. Co atratif raig ( 7b. Style continuous with the achene, hardened and persistent 70 in fruit 4 Perigynia coarsely ribbed with 8-10 veins; mature spikes ‘2, ascending, subsessile or the lowermost stalked (Phypsccarpar} }o Lower perigynia not reflexed ) A Perigynia ascending; sheaths of lower leaves breaking into fibrils where they split; rootstocks short with /(,( short ascending stolons deawee—net_conspicucusly ‘6 \ : 4 \ /+ Perigynia 6-8 mn. long, abruptly cantracted into ig the beak SL, Co vesicaria } |¢ Perigynia 8-10 mm. long, tapering into the beak 53,0. exsiogata /% Perigynia spreading; sheaths of lower leaves not breaking into Pibrils; rootstocks sending out | & \ long horizantal stolonsy leeaves—consptouursty \evessareined X4.Ce rostrata 0 Lower perigynia reflexed Sy|. Ce retrorsa ) 4 Perigynia finelv ribbed with 12-15 veins; mature spikes /z drooping, stalked x S. Ce comosa ee Sas ae C. Geyeri Boott. —————-+ Densely tufted and leafy, with stout Gwe nigricans C. A. Meyer. ——— ——> Densely tufted, the rootstocks stout and woody, 1.5-2.5 mm. thick, the culms 5-40 om, tall, stiffish, _ woody rootstocks 2-3 mm. in diemeter, the culms 15-35 om. tall, angled and very rough, wiry, slender, mostly equalled by the leaves; leaf-blades flat, 2-3 mm. in diameter, rough on the margins, developing after flowering; spikes solitary, terminal, 12-18 mm. long, slender and shining, chiefly staminate, the scales olosely :pressed and overlapping, blunt with thin margins, 6-8 mm. long, bearing Seusliy one ae pistill- ate flowery at the aia which is subtended and largely o by a membranous bract which is acute or abruptly awned, the awn flat and membranous, 2-8 mms long or more; perigynia ovoid, plump, 4-6 mn. long, pale dull green becaming straw-color, sanewhat narrowed at the base to an indistinct stalk, almost beakless, the orifice very nimitely ciliolates toothed. Fish Lake, subalpine slope, 6800 fte3 South Baldy Mt., 6000 ft.; divide between the St. Joe and Clearwater Rs, re a anooth, slender, longer than the leaves; leaf-blades 1.5-3 mn, wide, roughened, attenuate at the apex, flat but somewhat trough-shaped at the base; spikes solitary and terminal, having flowers of both sexes, the pistillate in the lower half, narrowly ovoid, 8-12 mm. long, dense, dark brown; scales oblong, 3.5-4 mn. long, very thin, dark brown, soon deciduous; perigynia 3.5-4 mm. long, elliptical, plunp, dark brom and sWining, veinless, narrowed at the base to a short stalk, tapering gradually into a smooth beak, Subalpine meadows and moist ridges. Fish Lake, 6800 ft.: divide e3 between the St. Joe and Clearwater R@e, 5200 ft, aT ee r 2 Ge saximontana Mack. ——>Caespitose, the culms 10-35 am. tall, unequal, triangular, ascending, dilated beneath the spikes, the angles bearing a narrow hyaline wing in the upper parts; leaves mostly basal, longer than the culms or at least as long, pale green and glaucous, the blades 5-5 mm. broad, rough and sharp; spikes appearing as though | Sie minal and solitary, most ly 5-5 flowered, the staminate flowers above the pistillate, the lowermost pistilla by @ leaflike sheath ing scale S-@ om. long, the upper by similar bu at successively shorter cantaat perigynia 4 mm. long, t~-ribbed, ump and oval, narrowed equally at both ends to a short stalk and a shart beak, the latter cylindrical, smooth, hyaline at the apex and toothed. & ; a & 7 3 } f To be expected in dry soil in the prairie region. an oa oe Qi C. stenochlaena (Holm) Mack. ——_———» Rootstocks densely “matted, stout, the culms slender, stiffish, erect, much longer than the leaves, 40-70 cm. tall, roughened above, the lowermost leaves scale like and reddish; leaf-blades flat, 2-3 mm. wide, the sheaths hirtellous on the side opposite the blade; staminate and pistillate spikes both solitary, borne on separate culms, the former about 2 om. long, 3-5 mm. thiok, the latter 2-3.5 om. long, 4-5 mm. thiok, narrowly cylindrical, borne on a stalk often nearly as long as the spike, subtended by a stif- fish bract which is shorter than the inflorescence and hirtellous on the short hyaline sheath; scales 2-2-5 mme long, oval, rounded at the apex with thin margins, reddish brown; perigynia flat, narrowly oval, 3.5-4 mme long, hirtellous, the beak .5 mme long, brown, subentire. uy Upper priest Re, 5000 ft.; divide betweemthe St. Joe and Clearwater RSe, 4800 ft. (S) C. filifolia Nutt. -___ Densely tufted, the culms 10-30 em, tall, wiry, slender, smooth, bluntly angled, the basal sheaths splitting into fibrils, the old sheaths persistent, brown and conspicuous, the leaf-blades about as long as the culms, o> less than 1 mm. thick, very sharp, wiry; spikes solitary, bractless, 25 mm. long, slender, the staminate flowers borne in the upper half, the pistillate flowers few, their scales broadly ovate the nspicuous hyaline margins, conce : tapering in the Se NS a pe wr: ower part, obovoid, 5 mm. long, thin, hirtellous, tapering above to a beak scarcely .5 mme long. To be expected in dry soil in the prairie region. ae eee a a Re i tegen nae - OER OG GS sli ing ai ada C. aurea Nutt. -—_____-__» Rootstocks slender, whitish, elongated, the culms 15-30 cm. tall, smooth or nearly so, triangular, slender, leafy; leaf-blades soft, flat, 2-3 nm. wide, mostly smooth; staminate spikes solitary, sessile or shortly stalled, 5-8 m. long, is5-2 mm. thick, tapering at both ends, sametimes bearing a few pistillate flowers at the apex; pistillate spikes 3-5, usually approx imate, the upper tending to be sessile, the lower on slender stalks often as long as the spike, 8-15 mm. long, 3-5 mm. thick, loosely flowered, the flowers rarely more than 15; bracts sheathing the lowermost longer than the inflorescence; scales ovate to rotund, thin, brownish, sometines mucronate; perigynia obovate, plump, dull green becaning brown or yellowish at maturity, glabrous, 4-3 mm. long, beakless. Upper Priest R., 3000 ft., Bpling 7569. ot ig oe le Ri FO REL Aaa Bim Ce Cusickii Mack. —-—-+»Densely caespitose, the culms pliant, i ' ‘sharply angled, commonly 80-100 om. tall, 2-2.5 mme in diemeter, : roughened in the upper parts, much longer than the leaves; leaf-blades commonly 5-5 mm. broad, flat, soft, somewhat roughened towards the tips, i the sheaths brownish dotted and with broad hyaline margins; spikes | numerous, subglobose or ovoid, crowded into an irregular ragged cluster 5-4 ome long, the lowermost spikes seanewhat oved fran the 10-12 ; mms long, all greenish, becaning 1 own, the bracts » weak and little developed; scales 5-4 mm. long, ovate, acute or acuminate 4 their midveins green, becoming brown, the margins thin and hyaline or brown towards the center; perigynia becoming brown, 5-4 mm. long, narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the bese and gathered to a short stalk, acuminate to a stout beak about as long as the body, one face flat, nearly veinless, the other rounded with 3-4 weak veins; (C. teretiuseuvla “var, ampla Bailey, C. diandra var, ample Piper) bi dite dstiscaee: qi Upper Priest R., 3000 ft., 7371; similar in appearance to C. stipata but more slender with ler flowers and looser clusters. Ba he ~ C. vulpinoidea Michx. Tufted, with well developed rootstocks and stout roots, the culms 50-80 om. tall, slender, sharply angled, roughened above; leaf=-blades 2-4 mm. wide, long-tapering, shorter than the culms, roughened, the o thinner portion of the sheaths clearl: thered into numerous cross wrinkles, at least in the lower leaves; spikes numerous, subglobose, crowded into an irregular ragged oblong cluster 3-6 om. long, 8-12 mm. wide; bracts acicular, inconspicuous; scales ovate, 2.5-3 mme long, at least sane prolonged into an awn, their midveins green, becaning brown, their margins hyaline or brown towards the center; perigynia 2.5-3 mn. long, broadly ovate, the body nearly ciroular, strozmly flattened, abruptly narrowed to a beak about 1 mm. long, the margins very minutely serrulate, one face flat, veinless, the other rounded, with 5-5 weak veins. Sand Point at margin of Lake Pend Oreille, Jones 95246 latte EE ee ae ase > Ce. stipata Muhl. -—————->Caeepitose, with : a , short stout root the culms commonly 50-70 cm. tall, 2-3 mm. in diameter, pliant, eae g ’ each spike sanposed of one or angled, strongly roughened in the upper parts, usual] leaves; leaf=blades cammonly 6-8 ma. wide, flat, a, pons F vensheniod the sheaths with conspicuous cross veins and broad hyaline margins , spikes mmerous, subglobose or ovoid, crowded into an irregular raped cluster 5-6 ome long, greenish, becoming straw-color, the bracts acicular, weak and little developed; scales 3 mme long, ovate, acute, the midvein green and firm, for the rest thin and hyaline or browni sh-tinged perigynia green or tinged with brow, rather glossy, 4-5 ma. long dither lanceolate, rounded at the base and gathered to a short stalk, acuinate to a stout beak about as long as the body, one face 7-9 veins, the other rounded, bearing 9o15 clearly Pris veing. " age merce Common in swampy places and moist meadows. Orogrande Cr., 3000 fte; > Clarkia; N. Fork Clearwater R. ~< CG. disperma Dewey. > In large olumps, the rootstocks elongated, stolonifermis, the culms very slender, pliant and weak, scarcely more than .5 mm. in diameter, roughened above, 50-50 om. tall, longer than tho leaves; leaf-blades soft and grasslike, 1-2 mm. wide; spikes few, borne at she apex, the uvpermost closer, the lower more distant, tho inflorescence usally 2-3 ome long, the bracts mostly wanting; two pistillate with usually one or two ssaninate flowers above, the scales ovate, aciminate, 2-265 mn. lone, hyaline with green midrits; ~risynia oveid, plumv, dull pale green, yy abruptly beaked, the beak mimte, hyaline at the finely veined, Pad ¢r tice ° Land Craok, Mplinz and Houck 10231. 4 4 ? ¥ } ; 1 C1.) y_C. illota Bailey. ——» Caespitose, with short slender rootstocks, ) the culms 10-40 om. tall, slender, erect, roughened near the apex; leaf-blades 1-2 mn. wide, flat; spikes 5-5, ovoid, both staminate and pistillate or bearing only the latter, crowded into a dense dark browm terminal ovoid cluster 6-12 mm. long, the bracts scalelike; soales 22.5 mm. long, ovate, acute, the midvein green, the margins dark chestmt brown; perigynia 3-3.5 mm. long, shining, chestmit brown especially towards the apex, ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the base and gathered to a short stalk, usually flat on one surface, rounded on the other, both surfaces distinctly veined, the beak nearly ee or véry faintly toothed on the wavclaa is, 1/3-1/2 the length of the body» — erie age ee are anante eaay Oe * ieee ee i Fish Lake Cre, 5000 ft., Epling and Houck 9502. mi C. Hoodii Boott. -——»Densely caespitose, the culms erect, stiffish, ‘roughened in the upper parts, rather bluntly angled, twice as long as the leaves, 30-50 om. tall; leaf-blades mostly 1-2 mm. broad, flat but more or less trough=shaped towards the base, rough; spikes several, closely congested into an ovoid terminal head 10-18 mm. long, the bracts inconspicuous, shorter than the head; scales 3.5-4 mm. long, ovate, acute, the midrib green or paler brown, she nargins thin, chestmt brown, the margins hyaline; psrigynia 5.5-4 mm. long, narrowly ovate, narrowed toward the base, rather abruptly acuminate, flat on one face, rounded on the other, the veins faint or none, the center brown, the margins green, thing sharp, finely tocthed, the beak about half as long as the body, sharply 2-toothed at the apoxy, a Rocky ledge, Upper Priest Lake, Bpling 7009. a ot aoenn Ce arcta ‘Boott. _____-» Caespitose with very slender erect “sulms 30-50 em. tall which are usually shorter than the leaves; leaf = blades soft and grasslike, little roughened, pale green, 2-4 mn. wide, lmg-attenuate; spikes 5-15, 5-8 mm. long, more or less ovoid in outline, sessile, congested into a terminal cluster 1.5-3 ome long which is sub- tended by one or two membranous attenuate bracts mostly shorter than the inflorescence; scales ovate, acuminate, hyaline with green midribs, 2-2.5 mm. long, somewhat tinged with brow; perigynia 2.5-5 mm. long, thrusting in all directions at maturity hence appearing bur-like, flattened on one surface, ovate, acuminate to a scabrous beak about 1 mm. long, bearing several veins on the rounded back and several incomplete ones at the base on the flattened surface, the beak 2-toothed. In moist meadowse “| } @ Ce Bebbii Olney. —______» Densely caespitose, the culms erect, '" “glender, 20-60 cm. tall, sharply angled and roughened above; leaf } | blades 2-4.5 mm. wide; spikes green, tinged with brow, usually 5-8, ovoid or suhglobose, canpact, more or less distinct but crowded, 5-7 mm. long, blunt or rounded, aggregated into usually oblonqclusters 8-20 mne long, the bracts acicular, inconspicuous, but sanetimes exceeding the inflorescence; scales 2.5-3 mm. long, ovate, very acute or acuminate, the midribs green, the margins thin and tinged with brown; perigynia 3-3.5 mn. long, green, tinged with brow, ovate, about twice as long as broad, narrowed toward the base, gradually acuminate, very flat, faintly veinsd on one face, the margins thin and sharp, toothed to the apex, the beak often not clearly markede \ Upper Priest R.pZpling-Z39%; Sand Poilt, Jenes-062> i 4 4 i F C. tribuloides Wahl. ————__,Caespitose, the culms 40-80 om. tall, about 2 mm. thick, very sharply angled, roughened above; leaf-blades 3-4 mm. broad, somewhat roughened; spikes commonly abt 12, ovoid, compact, 5-10 mm. long, each distinct but aggregated into a subcylindrical or ovoid cluster 5-5.5 om. long, the bracts linear, expanded and hyaline at the base, rarely as long as the inflorescenceyoften not exceeding the lower spike; scales ovate, acute, 5-4 mm. long, hyaline except for the green midrib; perigynia 4-45 mm. long, dull straw-color, narrowly ovate, narrowed at the base, tapering gradually upward, thin and flat, the margins very sharp and thin, nearly a third as wide as the perigyniun at the middle, finely toothed to the apex, the beak tims not omtthhy clearly defined, the terminal teeth sharp, as long as the width of the beak/, St. Marios p-Epling-and-Offerd-GOLd; Blue Creek, hekbeng 1537», Ce phaeccephale Piper. —> Caespivose, the rootstocks densely matted, the culms stiffish, erect, exceeding the leaves, mostly smooth or roughened beneath the head, 10-30 om. tall; leaf-blades 1.5-2 mm. wide, trough-shaped, roughened on the margins; spikes mostly 3-5, eongested into more er less ovoid brown heads 10-20 mm. long, the bracts small and inconspicuous; scales ovate, acute, 3-35.5 mm. long, about equal to the perigynia, and hiding them, brown, with very thin hyaline margins, the midrib paler} yerigyria narrowly ovete, 3.5-4 mm. long, green, then brown, thir, flet on cne face and usually veinless, rounded m the other and faintly veined, tapering into a beak usually less than lm. long, ¢-toothed, hyaline at the orifice, the margins thin and sharp, finely toothed. wd | . Snowy Top Mt», 6000 fits pudmdersoy; Moscow Mt. salail> C, abrupta Mack. ———->Densely caespitose, with thickened and the other face, bearing about 9 slender veins to the base, narrowed at the base, rather abruptly acumine Slender beak about 1.5 mm. long which is obliquely incised but otherwise entire, the margins very thin and sharp. Revett Lake, 5000 ft., Epling, Houck and Putnam 10122. isisah adhesin ait iin taco 5 «ORLA SMES Rites 6 ie es “a =i >. sis een os ag RE Zen Bt ea ate ace eat d ttnationnal (3) Preslii Steud. ————» Densely caespitose with thickish come — | Tike rootstocks, the culms slender, erect, 10~70 om. tall, longer than the leaves especially in robust forms, light brown at the base, roughened above; leaf-blades flat, 1.5-4 mm. wide, the lowermost much reduced, the sheaths loose, obliquely cut and abruptly tapering into the dimin- ished often awn-like blade; spikes 2-8, usually 4-5, bearing both stamin~ ate and pistillate flowers, ovoid, brown, 5-8 mm. long, congested into s terminal ovoid cluster 1-2 cm. long which is subtended by a short brown membranous bract; scales ovate, acute about 3 mme long, thin, brown throughout or with a green midrib, the margins hyaline; perigynia broadly ovate, 3.5-4 mm. long, green, becoming tan color, rounded at the base, flat on one surface which is usually veinless, the rounded surface veinless or with 2-3 weak veins; the margins thin and sharp, scabrous, abruptly beaked, the beak 1-1.5 mm. long, sharply 2-toothed. ~~ Dry soils of open ridgese CIty C. festivella Mack. -—H—-—>Caespitose, with slender erect culms 20-60 om. tall, Jonger than the leaves,usually very rough just (2.0) beneath the head, otherwise smooth; leaf-blades 15-3 mm. wide, sanewhat roughened; spikes several, not readily distinguishable but aggregated into a dense ovoéd or pyramidal head 10-15 mm. long, often nearly as wide, the bracts smal] and inconspicuous; scales thin, ovate, mestly obtuse, 2.5-3 mms long, usually chestmt brown and rather glossy, sometimes tan= =/ color, the midvein paler; perigynia green, becaning straw-color, ovate, appressed, 3.5-4.5 mn. lom, flat on one face and tu without or weakly veined, rounded on the other face and i OMe thin and sharp, finely toothed, rather abruptly about 1.5 mme longs | Meadows and mountain sides of Yellow Pine belt, e C. pashystachya Cham. -_—>Densely caespitose, with numerous = *- fibrous roots, the culms erect, slender, longer than the leaves, smooth or slightly rmghoned, rather bluntly angled, 20-60 om. tall; leaft> al | blades flat, mostly 2-4 mm. wide, somewhat rough; spikes 3-8, brown, bearing both staminate and pistillate flowers, congested into terminal ovoid heads 6-20 mm. lonz, the tracts small and inconspicuous; scales ovate, acute or acwnimate, brown end shining, thin, 3-3.5 mms long; psrigynie spresding at maturity, ovate, 3.5-5 mn. long, flet on me facs having there usually 3 incomplete veins which rarely reach the niddla of the porigvniun, rounded on the other face and bearing there ebout 7 slender veins which join near the base, green, becaning brown, rounded at ths DASE gradually acuminate into a slender beak abcut 1.5 mie long which is obliquely incised but otherwise entire, the margins very thin and sharp; , a: var. sracilis wack.) ) Frequent in wet meadowSse <2 NF 2 : —\_C. arthrostachya Olney. > Dense culms slender, erect, sharply angled, roughened ae mot png Boo leaf-blades 2-3 mn. wide, roughened; spikes green but tinged with ‘ brown, mostly 6-10, ovoid or subglobose, 5-8 mm. long congested int mostly ovoid heads 15-25 mm, long, the lowermost bracts acicular . usually readily perceptible as the inflorescen, longer, @ 5-6 om. lo scales ovate, very acute or aominate tits 205-5 mne long, green al 5 the rib, the margins tinged with brown perigynia lanceolata ' sually 3-4 times ag long as broad 505-4 sets lmg, narrowed at the base to a shor+ stalk, acuminate above the middi very thin, the margins sharp and serrulate to the tip, the beak thus ape clearly marked, both faces nearly veinless, the r 1 ; rounded. face usually bearing about 5 very faint veins, Meadows and boggy ground, frequent, Ries joda Mack. -——~. Rootstocks slender, elongated, the culms slender, 60 cme tall, equalling or sanmswhat longer than the leaves, roughened toward the apex; leaf=blades mostly 3-5 mm. broad, flat, amooth, soft and grasslike; spikes comonly 4-6, narrowly oblong or ovoid, 5-8 mm. long, the upper approximate, the lower distant, forming an inflorescence 5-5 cme long, the lowermost bract longer than the head it subtends, often nearly as long as the inflorescence; scales 2.5-3 mm. long, greenish= hyaline, broadly ovate, acute or shortly mucrmate, the midrib ridged toward the apex and scabrous; porigynia narrowly ovate, greenish, some- what glossy, 3.5-4 mm. long, flat on one face, rounded on the other, the margins sharp but not winged, scabrous to the tip, the veins faint, the beak about half as long as the body, sharply 2-toothed, the teeth scarcely .5 mm. longe Usually in moist woods or shaded places; very similar in aspect to Ce Bolanderi.- —_> ——————> Pha tuna Hills ~Bpidng—and—aek—O049; Priost R. ‘Expe Stacy—»> visi . a ac il a“ a ee ee on ae eee ae Pi . Ce Bolanderi Olney. ———»Rootstooks slender, elongated, the ou = “Siem or,40-80 om. tall, equalling or sanewhat longer than the leaves, poughened toward the apex; leaf-blades mostly 3-5 me broad, flat, amooth, soft and ee spikes cammonly 5-6, narrowly oblong, 6-10 mn.» long, the upper appro te, the lower distant, forming an inflorescence 3-5 om. long, the lowermost bracts u rter than the spike it subtends; scales 3-4 mm. long, 8 y ovate, acute or more commonly abruptly mucronate, the midrib ridged toward the apex and scabrous; perigynia ovate-lanseolate, greenish, somewhat glossy, 4-4.5 mm. long, flat on one face, roumded on the other, the margins sharp but not winged, scabrous to the tip, the veins faint, the beak about as long as the body, sharply — the teeth .5-.8 Me long,» Usually in moist woods or shaded places, often emangst or under herbage» —> ___s Priest Re Expe Stae3 Upper Priest Re; Cedar Mt. EN Ge brumescens (Pers.) Poir. -—»>Caespitose in large clumps, the culms very slender, roughened above, longer than the leaves, pliant, less than 1 mm. thick; leaf=-blades 1-2 mm. wide, long-attemate, rough; spikes 4-8 usually about 4-6, forming a lax inflorescence 2-35 ome long; the uppermost approximate, the lower more distant, sessile, subglovose or ovoid, 4-7 mm. long, few-flowered; he lowermost bract usually shorter than the inflorescence; scales 2-2.5 mm. long, hyaline with green midribs, oval or broadly ovate, obtuse; perigynia 2-2.5 mm. long, green or straw color, ovate, glabrous, flat on one surface, rounded on the other, faintly veined on both, rathersbruptly beeked, the beak about .5 mme lang, 2-toothed. Priest Re xp. Sts pepbiee—SS8Q: Uprer Priest R.-epling—T40Ly 910 a! (257—> C. lnevicul@is Meinsh. — > Caespitose, with slender toot stocks, the culms 30-60 om. tall, weak and often drooping, roughened toward the apex; leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide, soft, flat, mostly smooth; spikes camonly 5-6, subglobose, 4-6 mm. long, clearly separated, the lowermost especially remote, as much as 2.5 ome , forming ost sig-sae inflor- escence 5-5 om. long, or more, the lowermost b aci 1 developed, usually surpassing the spike it subtends, y nearly as ong as the inflorescence; scales broadly ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, hyaline or tinged with brown except for the rather praminent green midrib which does not quite extend to the tip; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, green and rather glossy, becoming straw color, broadly ovate, the body subrotund, broadest near the middle, one face usually flat, the other rounded, both faintly but clearly veined tapering rather abruptly into a beak 1/3-1/2 os iter as the body, its margins finely toothed; In meadows and along amall stream margins, especially characteristic of the latter. os —- (2.6) C. interior Bailey. —_» Densely caespitose, with slender rootstocks, the culms 20-40 om, tall, very slender, rough at the apex; leaf=-blades 1-2 mm. wide, flat or sanewhat trough= shaped r the base; spikes 3-4, approximate at the tip of the culm, forming ax lorescence 10-26 mm. long, the lowermost bract scarcely developed, resembling the scales, the terminal spike with both steminate and pistillate flowers, the latter towards the tip, the lateral spikes pistillate, subglobose, 5-4 mm. long; scales broadly ovate, obtuse tinged with brown but mostly hyaline; perigynia brown, shining, 225-3 mme long, ovate, the margins ribbed, flat on one face and there nearly veinless, rounded on the other and faintly veined, tapering rather abruptly into a short beak half as long as the body or less, finely toothed on the margin» tern pee ccgmca meine uy Sus Upper Priest Re; Sandpoint, Angustior Mack. —> Densely caespitose, t D ome tall, slender, sharply angled, roughened above, week {ee than the leaves; leaf-blades flat but somewhat traugh-shaped toward the base, 1-2 mm. wide, roughened towards the tips; spikes 3-6, approximate but not crowled, rather evenly spaced, forming a slender infloressence 12=20 mm. long, the lowermost bract acicular, usually 5-10 mm. jong sono tines merely hyaline and scarcely developed; terminal spi useclly with both staminate and pistillate flowers, the latter towards the tip the lateral spikes mostly pistillate, 3<4 mm, long, subglobose in outline; scales ovate, acute, 15-2 mm. long, tinged with brown, mostly hyaline; perneaia — Pt god ovate~lanceolate, brown, shining, about 3 mme long, tapering © a beak nearly as 1 thisier teeth j , ly ong as the body, its margins Wour Pierce, Epling-and-tower amp; Cocellala, Cbrvot at» wr as C. oxycarpa Holm. -———> Caespitose and stoloniferos with creeping slender roctstocks, the culms mostly 30-60 om. tall, slender, sharply angled, nearly smooth; leaves few, noticeably shorter than the culms, their blades flat, 2-3 mm. wide, sharp, somewhat roughened, the sheaths splitting into a few loose filements, the lowermost leaves firm and soalelike, brown, shining; staminate spikes mostly solitary, on short stalks, 1.5-4 om. long, 2.5 mm. wide, brown; pistillate spikes usually 3-5, narrowly cylindrical, dark brown, 3.5-4 mme thick,1.5-3.5 cme long, shortly stalked, or nearly sessile, the uppermost en partly staminate; lowermost bracts about equal to the inflorescence or exceeding it; scales narrowly oblong-ovate, firm, nearly as lmg as the perigynia, with green midribs ami dark purple margins; perigynia crowded, overlapping, narrowed at both ends, flattened, faintly 2-3-veined, dull straw-color or greenish, abruptly beaked, the beak about .3 mme long, not toothed. Near Pierce, “pling—end—Horck-9608 ; Orogrande Cre, 3000 ft. SS ISLE ? P C. miserabilis Mack. ———->Rootstocks stout, the culms 40-70 ' @me tall, slender, somewhat roughened in the upper parts, sharply angled; leaves mostly shorter than the culms, the lowermost /scale-like, deep purple, firm, roughened, the blades of the green leaves 5-5 mm. broad, roughened; staminate spikes solitary, short stalked, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 5-5 mme thick, tapering sanewhat at both ends, ple; pistillate spikes 3-4, crowded, often staminate towards the tips, shortly stalked or . sessile, 1-3 ome long, 4-5 mn. thick; lowermost bracts shorter than the inflorescence; scales firm, 2.5-3 mm. long, oblong-lanceolate or narrowly ovate, acute, dark purple but lighter along the midrib; perigynia 3 m. long, oval, dull, faintly 2-3 veined on one surface, narre@wed at the base, mimtely beaked, the beak subentire. Snow Peak, 5500 ft. divide between the St. Joe and Clearwater R8e, Leavy Liteon ss cork C- gymnoclada Holm. -—>Loesely tufted ami strongly stolonifer- / OuB, the culms 50-50 om. tall, stiffish, slender, sharply angled, roughened in the upper parts,usually twice as long as the leaves; leaf = | blades flat, moderately rough, 2.5-4 mm. broad, the margins sanewhat revolute; staminate spikes usually solitary, short stalked, dark purple, 5-12 mn. long; pistillate spikes crowded, mostly short stalked, often staminate towards the tip, cylindrical, 8-20 mm. long, 4-6 mn. thick, densely flowered; lowermost bracts usually shorter than the inflorescence; , scales ovate, 3.5-4 mm. long, deep reddish purple throughout but paler q@ towards the margins, mostly obtuse or sonetimes abruptly acuminate, the margins thin and hyaline; perigynia obovoid, flattened, 3 mn. long,’ straw-color or darker, faintly 2-3 veined on each surface, mimtely beaked, the beaks mimtely 2-toothed. ; : 4 4 + ns oN here) 5 Senet Ghd Near Priest R. Expt. Sta., Larsen. C. prionophylla Holm. ———> Tufted, with thick rootstocks, ' the culms 60-100 om. tall, slender, very acute and slightly winged on the margins and very rough; leaves numerous, the lowermost soale like, firm, strongly reddish purple, 1-10 am. long, the blades of the green leaves flat, 4-6 mn. wide, nearly as lom as the culms, very rough and sharp; staminate spikes usually solitary, deep purple, shortly stalked, 20-25 mm. long, 3.5-4 mm. thick; pistillate spikes crowded, 3-4, sub- sessile, erect, cylindrical, often staminate towards the apex, 1-2.5 om. long, 5-5 mm. wide; lowermost bract shorter than the inflorescence, the auricles at the base mrple; scales oblong-ovate, obtuse, 2.5 mm. long, firm, deep purple or nearly black except the green or pale midrib, or black throughout; perigynia 3 mm. long, oval or obovate, dull green or tinged with brown, practically veinless, flattened but rather plump, the angles blunt, narrowed toward the base, mimtely beaked at the apex, the beak not toothed. Osier Cr., Clearwater For., 4000 PS 6 peiplins and Hoole OTD, nee Th Norling, ee 914 | Ce. aperta Boott. > Stolmiferous, the culms commonly : 50-60 om. tall, slender, pliant, sharply angled above, roughened near the apex; leaf-blades flat, roughened, the margins somewhat revolute, 2-5 mm. wide; staminate spikes usually solitary, 1.5-2.5 om. long, 3 mm. wide, shortly stalked; pigtillate spikes usually 2-3, cylindrical, 1.5-2.5 om. long, 5-6 mm. thick, subsessile or shortly stalked; lowermost ; bracts about equal to the ou lms} sceles oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly obleng-ovate. mostly acute or acuminate, firm, subequal to the perigynia, dark purple or thiumidribsgreen with very narrow ‘thigymemeinay perigyni obovate, 3 mms long, dull green, flattened but plump, ‘Pounded at the base, abruptly and mimtely bealked, the beak s > w@ priest Lake; Ste Maries, (33 A Ce sitchensis Prescott. —~—» Densely caespitose with elongated ‘rootstocks, the culms 60-90 cm. tall or more, sharply angled, stiffish, roighened, reddish toward the base, the sheaths smooth, not splitting into fibrils; leaf-blades flat, or channelled at the base, mostly 6-8 mn. wide, roughened toward the apex; staminate spikes canmomly 2-3, brown, 205-465 om. long, 2-5-5 mm. wide, tapering upwards, subsessile; pistillate spikes widely separated, especially the lowermost narrowly cylindrical, 5-8 om. long, 5.5-4 mm. wide, mostly on peduncles 1-2 om. long; the upper- most, or stmetimes all, partly staminate; lowermost bracts usually longer than the culms; scales oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly ovate, mostly acute, firm, subequal to the porigynia, deep purple except for the green midrib; perigynia erowded, overlapping, flat, pale dull green, veinless, oval, 3.5-4 mme long, narrowed at the base, abruptly so at the apex, the beak about «5 mme long, not toothed, the orifice oblique. Te Shr a Upper Priest Re, 3000 fte; St, Maries,. : G4) AC. nebraskensis Dewey. ———» Rootstocks creeping and stolon- '* iferous, the culms 25-40 om. tall, rether stout, rigid, mostly ‘smooth or roughened in the upper part; leaves coarse mostly 5-8 mm pale towards the base, the sheaths with thin « wide, roughened, white margins; staminate spikes 1-2, on short stalks, 1.5-2.5 om. long, 4-5 mm, thick; pistiliate spikes usually 5-4, cylindrical, sessile or shortly stalked, 1.5-4 am, long, 658 mm. thick, mostly approximate, the flowers crowied; lowermost chaff bract about equal to the culm; scales late, firm deep purplish brown except the pale mid » 405 mm. ng, tei spread at maturity; perigynia 5-3.5 mm. long, broadly oval or even rotund, flattened but plump, straw-color, me‘face usually 4-5-veined, the other about 7-veined, rounded at the base, abruptly beaked, the beak .3 mm. long, 2-toothed. q@ Wallace, Epling and Houck 10106. Gs} Ce aquatilis Wahl. ————-»>Rootstocks slender, send Horizontal stolons, the culms caespitose, commonly 30-50 slender, sharply angled and smooth, purplish at the base flat, 5-5 mn. wide; staminate spikes 1-2, slender, reddi about 5 mm. wide; pistillate spikes cylindrical, mostly imate, 1-5 om. long, about 5 mm. thick; lowermost bracts culns; scales ovate, very blunt or rounded at the apex, perigynia, deep purplish brown with Sreen midribs and na ing forth long CMe tall, 3 leaf~blades sh, 2-3 om. long, sessile, approx- longer than the subequal to the rrow papery white margins; perigynia 2.5 mm. long, oval, overlapping, flat, dull green, usually about 5S-veined on one surface, 7-veined on the other, abruptly narrowed at both ends, the beak abait .2 um. long, not toothed. Priest River Exp. Sta, 915 pegii We Boott. -—_———>Caespitose. with short ascending culms slender, 50-70 cm. tall, roughened in the upper wiping sharply angled; leaf-blades flat, sharp, 1.5-2.5 mn. wide, — green, rough, with rather prominent white margins on the sheaths; stan- inate spikes mostly solitary, 1-2.5 om. long, 2.6-5 mm. thick, rather loose, browns pistillate spikes usually 4-5, sessile, approximate and often overlapping, erect, 1.5-5.5 om. long, oS mms thick, the porigynia PE tng overlapping; lowermost bracts e ng the culms; seales 1.65=2.5 ome long, mosthy.ovaly:blunt, firm, deep purple and somewhat shining except the pale midrib and very narrow thin whi. margins; peri- gynia strongly flattened with sharp margins, pale dull green, 2.5<3 mm. : long, faintly 3<5-veined, the about ce as long as broad at the base to an abrupt short co abruptly beaked, the beak mimte, i minutely 2~toothed. Fish Lake, 6000 ft. (323 C. lentioularis Michx. ~———> Densely caespitose with mmerms fkbrous roots, the culms 30-60 om. tall, often exeeeded by the leaves, Slender, nearly smooth or somewhat roughened above, rather blunt, on the angles; leaf-blades very slender, attemate, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, » Septet roughened; steminate spikes 1-2, sanetimes partly pistillate, 1 long, 2-3 mm. thick, light brown, umally stalked; pistillate spikes approximate, shertly stalled, prevailingly green, cylinirical, 1-3 em. long, 5e5=-4 mm, thick, densely flowered; lowermost bracts longer than H the inflorescence; scales oval, mostly obtuse, green or whitish along ; the middle, purple towards the margins, 2 mm. long; perigynia 2.5 mn. long, flattened but sanewhat plump, dull pale green or white, oval, S<4-veined on om surface, abot 7-veined on the other, the body about ec as broad as long, narrowed at the base and nearly sessile, nimitely fA Fees ee. 35 Priest Re Expe Sta. -—>» » the beak subentire. AA ann gS Re NP qu acme cyanea pL Senet i p ——e ore - — : Prat dads drag p, S it Coyett Sake Sto fy Aeviten %. ; hb Cen, ye Q. Bn ; / 4 « =, | a ee v7 5 , e (3i,) Be ee nosa Michx. —-»Rootstocks stout, 1-2 um. in diameter, ; creeping, the culms 50-80 om. tall, reddish toward the base and usually : sparingly decorated with fibrils fram the ruptured sheaths, sharply angled and raigh above; leaf=blades flat, 2-4 mm. wide sharp and rough { the sheaths rather loose; staminate spikes usually is less often 2-3 , 5-4 mne wide, 2-3 om. long; pistillate spikes camonly 2-3, cylindrical ' 1-4 om. long, 5-7 mm. wide, mostly sessile, the perigynia crowded, ‘ : ascending; lower bracts mostly longer than the culms; scales ovatec> =| acuminate, narrower than the perigynia but about as long, coppery, with thin margins; perigynia obovate, 3 um. long, densely short pubescent, : narrowed toward the base, abruptly narrowed and two-toothed at the apex. : 4 Placer Cr., near Wallace, 3000 NOAA se spared : Pierce ,kpiing—and—Houck_964%; Moscow Mt. } = a- Ce lasiocarpa Ehrhe -——_______> Caespitose, freely long stelon- ' "{ferous, the stolons tough, slender, the culms mostly 40-80 om. tall, slender, stiffish, mostly mooth, or lightly roughened, obtusely angled, purplish at the base, the sheaths breaking i::.c fer filarents; leaf-blades noticeably shorter than the culms, attemate, usually less than 2 mm. wide, inrolled, roughened on the inrolled margins; staminate spikes usually 2, slender and erect, 2=€ om. long; pistillate spikes mostly sessile, cylinirical, usually 2-4 cm. long, 5-6 mm. thick, erect, the perigynia crowded and ascending; lower bracts about as long as the culm; scales narrowly ovate, acute, abut equal to the perigynia, green along the midribs with thin and brownish margins; perigynia ovoid, 5-505 mm. jong, densely short pubescent, green, narrowed and rounded at the base, abruptly narrowed above to a short beak, 2-toothed at the APEX. q@ St. Maries, Epling and Putnam 10277. 91991 q a (40. C. concinnoides Mack. ————» Tufted and strongly stoloniferous, the culms smooth, slender, 12-25 om. tall; leaf-blades pale green, 2-5 1 nm. wide, rough; staminate spike solitary, subsessile, 10-20 mm. long, dark purple; pistillate spikes 1-2, crowded at the tip of the culm, 5-10 mm. long, 4-5 mm. thick, sessile or shortly stalked; bracts shorter than the inflorescence, thin end purple with soarious ciliolate margins, loosely sheathing at the base, the blades rudimentary; scales amrrewly ovate, obtuse, narrower and shorter than the perigynia, deep purple with scearious colorless margins; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, membranous, over= lapping, loosely pubescent, tapering at the base, very minutely beaked, ; the beak subentire; stigmas 3{ cautuus +). ' Sr a De Dry pine woods near Coeur d'Alene; Bonners Berrys ~ ROE Om te ey 7 oe iiteneneesteed i C. Rossii Boott. -— >» Densely caespitose with stout rootstocks, ‘ $he culms slender, wiry, mostly smooth, 15-30 om. tall, leafy; leaf | blades 1-2.5 mn. wide, roughened toward the apex; steminate spikes solitary, subsessile, 5-10 mn. long, 1 mm. thick; pistillate spikes few, approximate at the tips of the culms, subsessile, 4 solitary one eqpewer usually borne at the base of the culm on an ot stalicys scales ovate, 5-5 mme long, strongly a te or even state, thin, green along the midrib, tinged with brown near the margin; perigynia 3-4 mm. long, stalked, hirtellous, subglobose, abruptly, beaked, the beak about 1 mm. long, sharply and deeply 2-toothed. In meadows and moist soil along trails. ass 114 Fae 42. Ce livida (Wahl,) Willde Rootstocks very slender, elongated, culms 10-50 cm, tall, smooth, brownish toward the bases leaf=blades pale green, ' shorter than the culms or longer, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide; staminate spikes solitary, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, sessile or on a short stalk, slender; pistillate spikes one or two, subsessile or shortly stalked, 1-2.5 cm, long, 5 mm, wide; bracts commonly as long as or longer than the inflorescences; scales ovate, brownish or green in the middle, the margins thin and hyaline; perigynia about 3.5 mm, long, acute at both ends, plump, pale glaucous-green, the veins hardly apparent, very slightly or not at all beaked3; achenes triangular; stigmas Se To be expected in subalpine sphagnum bogse C. californica Bailey, Culms 20=45 om, tall, sharply triangular, reddishe> =/ purple at the base; leaves flat with revolute margins, 1.5=5 m. wide; staminate spikes 1.5-5,5 cme long on peduncles as long or longer; pistillate spikes 2-4, brown, erect, separated by intervals of several centimeters, stalked, but much excelled by the leaflike subtending bracts, 1-3 cme. long, 3-5 Ime wide; scales ovate, obtuse, shorter than the perigynia, purplishe> =| brown with a lighter midveins perigynia 3,5=4 THe long, membranous, yellowishe> = green, ovoid, plump, faintly nerved, abruptly and shortly beaked, the beak less than 1 mm, longe— Closely related to the lasts ridge east of Pole Mte, 6000 fte, He Re Flint, 45~— Ce ablata Bailey. Rootstocks stout, elongated, the culms erect, slender, much exceeding the leaves, smooth and softs; spikes usually about 5, the upper .¢lustered, shortly stalked or sessile, the lower remote, and elevated on slender stalks as long as 10 cme, ascending; terminal Spikes staminate or nearly so, subsessile, 10-12 mm, long, 2.5-3 mm, wide, the lateral spikes mostly pistillate, subcylindrical, 12-15 mm, long, about 6-8 mm, thick; lowermost bracts much shorter than the inflorescence, sheathing the culm for 1-3 CMe$ scales 2,0-5 mm, long, brown, thin, lanceolate, 4 mme long, tinged with brown, rounded at the base, tapering into a beak 1-1.5 mm, long which is minutely 2=toothed at the apex. Fish Lake, 6000 ft.s Stevens Pk, ea Ce. flava Le~ ._ > Tufted, with mmerous fibrous roots, ' “the culms very slender and wiry, 15-40 om. tall, noarly ancoth; leaf=> =I blades noticeably shorter than the culms, flat, lightly ramghened on the margins,2-4 mm. wide; stamimte spikes sessile (shorily stalked, ver) _ usually neiitary, 8-15 mme long, 2-2.5 mme wide, brown; pistillate spikes 1-4, usually crowded or the lowermost remote, sessile or nearly so, mostly ovoid in outline, 8-15 mme log, 10-12 mm. wide, the crowled perigynia spreading and more or less deflexed; lower bracts often twice as long as the remainder of the culm, but usually spreading or deflexd; scales narrowly ovate, strongly acuminate, with green midribs and coppery margins, shorter than the perigynie; perigynia 5-6 mm. long, lightly inflated, yellowish, ribbed, abruptly narrowed into the beak which is 2-toothed and deflexed, 1.5-2 mm. longy, continuous with the styles; stigmas 3. ; Upper Priest R. on sandbars, 3000 ft., Epling 7470. f 45)> C. viridula Michx. -—__> Tufted, the culms 12-20 om. tall, : '“gnooth, bluntly triangular; leaf=blades 8-15 om. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, channelled, the sheaths not prolonged at the throat; terminal spike usually staminate, nearly sessile, 8-12 mm. long; pistillate spikes few or numerous, mostly oblong, 5-8 mms long, 4-5 m. wide, sessile, Ww approximate, with spreading perigynia; bracts leaflike ascending, the lowermost longer than the inflorescence, sometimes as much as 10 om. long, sheathing at the base; scales, spreading, ovate, scarcely 2 mme log, mostly obtuse, cheffy, straw-color with a green midrib and thin margins; perigynia pale green, 2.5 mm. long, cbovate, many~veined, : tapering at the base and abruptly beaked, the beak about 1 mm. long, twice-toothed at the apex and whitish. Priest Lake; Sandpoint; Lake Pend Oreille, p a er = He “ balan : oe a 2 5 > st ds FET, ? Paak, _ yA Ge amplifolia Boott. io aid etal with (Ge) ats the culms stout, 5 mm. thick, 50-100 am, tall, anireny angled, rough; leaf-blades pale green, soft, roughened toward tips, commonly 8-12 mn. wide; staminate spike solitary, 4-7 + ac Jong, 5-5 mmo wide; pistillate spikes 4-5 approximate, nearly sessile sti or , long cylin 3-6 om. long, 6-7 mm. thi acute; perigynia 5 mm. long, obovate, inflated and sanewhat glabrous, abruptly tapered to a beak about 1 mm. long, tek ho usually somewhat curved, the tip subentire, oblique. C. limosa Le. -—_______> Strongly long stoloiferous, the culms - arising obliquely at the base, very slender and graceful, 20-40 om. tall, sharply angled, roughened above; leaves pale and glaucous, their blades channelled, 1-2 mm. wide; terminal spike stanfinate,12-18 mn. long, 1-5-2 mm. thick, borne on a slender stalk usually as long as or longer than the spike; lateral spikes pistillate, usually 2-3, usually drooping, ovoid-cylindrical, 6-12 mm. icng, 5~6 mm. thick, borne on slender stalks usually longer than the spike; lowermost bracts shorter than the inflorescence; scales oval, obtuse or mucronate, 3.5-4 nm. long, at length dull pale brown or tan color, firm; perig-rir green then dull white, glaucous, subequal to the scales, oval, narrowed at the base, very mimitely beaked, the beak subentire. Sphagnum bog, Priest Lake, Epling 8582. i A om %. Mertensii Prescott. —>Caespitose and short stoloniferous, : _ the culms 50-100 om. tall, blades flat, smooth or slightly roughened, then 4-9 mm. widej, sharply angled, rough; spikes gracefully drooping and prevailingly pistillate and usually mixed, the staminate flowers ocourirg either at the base or at the tip of the spike, sametimes sane spikes wholly staminate, either terminal or lateral in which cage they are slender, about 1 mm. long ani 2-3 mm. thick, the scales thin and membranous, the pistillate or mixed spikes prevailingly ovoid-cylincrical, 1-4 am. long, 8-10 mme thick, rounded at both ends, on slender peduncles, the upper or all sometimes crowled, the lower remote; bracts not Sheathing, ex@eeding the inflorescence and drooping; scales oblong, mostly acute, 5-5 mm. long, usually deep purple with green midribs, sometimes pale brown; perigynia pale green,becoming tan color, broadly ovate, very thin end flat, 5-6.5 wm. long, faintly 3-veined, mimtely beaked, the beak subentire. | A handsome species very characteristic of subalpine streams and pes __ lake seven, rentiiy distinguished by the drooping’ plunp spikes. om | . ee sie es AER erat AD nde ae Ce montanensis Bailey. ———-> Tufted, the rootstocks (Hy elongated and tough, the culms slender, erect, 15-350 am. tall, , smooth; leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide, soft, somewhat roughened, purplish q toward the base, the lowermost scalelike; spikes all deep purple, the terminal ones staminate, 8-12 mm. long, erect, tapering below the middle, the lateral ones pistillate, 2-3, drooping, 10-18 mm. longs, 4-5 mms thick; lowermost bracts about equal to the inflorescence, sheathing at the base for 2-10 mm.; scales deep reddish purple, paler towards the margins, 3.5-4 mm. long, nerrowly ovate, subacute, narrower than the perigynia; perigynia deep reddish purple, paler towavds tne margins, ovate, 4 mm. long, mimtely beakéd, | Fish Lake 6700-6800 ft., on moist slopes, Epling and Houck 9824 . ee (50: C. atratiformis Britt. -—>Culms 30-60 om. tall, slender, ' roughened in the upper parts, much longer than the leaves; leaf@ = / blades flat, 3-4 mm. wide, sanewhat roughened; spikes dark brow, more or less nodding, the terminal one either staminate or both staminate and pistillate, the staminate flowers then at the base of the spike, the lateral spikes 3-4, pistillate, 10-18 mm. long, 5-6 mm. thick, at least the lower on graceful slender stalks, all crowded towards the tip; lower~ most bract usually longer than the inflorescence; scales ovate, 3-3.5 mme long, abruptly and shortly acuminate » dark purple-brown throughout . their margins thin; perigynia 3.5 mm. long, obovate, dark purple-brown, dull, minutely beaked, the beak subentireys > Fish Lake, 6000 ft., Epling and Houck 9594. Cc. retrorsa Schw, Caespvitose, the culms 50-100 em, tall, mostly smooth; leaves appreciably exceeding the culms, commonly 5-10 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins, thin and flaccid, some roughenec by transverse septa; staminate spikes 1-3, commonly 1.5-2.5 cm. long, slender: pistillate spikes commonly 3-5, evlindrical, commonly 2-5 cm. long, erry rs at least the lower verigynia reflexed, the upper spreading; scales of staminate snikes lanceolate with a green midrib, acute, 5-6 mm, long, those of the pistillate spikes oblong-elanceolate, mostly acute, thin and scarious, narrower than the perigynia and usually shorter; perigynia green or straw-color at the base, ovate, and @ somewhat inflated, membranous at the base, rather abruptly acuminate into a beak 2.5-3 mm. long which is sharply bidentate at the apex, the teeth erect, about .5 mm. long; achenes triangular; stigmas 3. To be exvected in swamvy ground at lower elevations. r z 3 4 4 anes Ce. vesicaria L. 7 Rootstocks stout, 1.53 mms in diameter, shortly creeping end stoloniferous, the culms 30-90 om. tall, reddish towards the base, sharply angled and rough above; leaf=> blades 5-6 mm. wide, flat, rough, the sheaths rather loose, eee splitting sanewhat into fibrils; staminate spikes usually 2-3, very slender, 2-4 cme long, 2-5 mms wide; pistillate spikes 1-3, usually on short peduncles, erect, cylinirical, prevailingly 3-5 om. long, Guid mme wide, many-flowered, the perigynia ascending; lower bracts longer |‘. than the culms; scales narrowly ovate, 3-4 mme long, very acute, — coppery; perigynia narrowly ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, rounded at the base, rather abruptly tapering into the beak, 8-10-veined, shining, 2-tobdthed at the apex. pee Fale er monile var. pacifica Bailey). ta ph et Cy. oexsiccata Bailey. —»Rootstocks stout, short creeping, 1.5-5 mn. in diameter, the culms 30-90 cm. tall, reddish towards the base, sharply angled and rough above; leaf-blades 3-6 mm. wide, flat, rough and sharp, the sheaths rather loose, usually splitting sanewhat into fibrils; staminate spikes usually 2-3, very slender, 2-4 om. long, qd) 2-3 mn. wide; pistillate spikes 1-3, usually on short peduncles, erect, | cylindrical, prevailingly 5-5 om. long, 12-14 mm. wide, many-flowered, the perigynia ascending; lower bracts lenger than the culms; scales broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 4-5 mm. long, thin, reddish; porigynia narrowly ovoid, 8-9 mm. long, sanewhat inflated, lightly 8-]O ribbed, rounded at the base, tapering gradually ebove the middle, shining, 2~toothed at the apex. <>(C. vesicaria var. major Boott.), St. Maries, Epling and Offord 8029. (S4 > Ce rostrata Stokes. —> Caespitose and stoloniferms, the culms stout, mostly 80-100 om. tall, leafy at the base, ebtusely triangular, roughened below the lowest spike; leaf-blades mostly 6-8 mne broad, flat, sharp, the edges and midribs rmgh, strongly cross =) veined, staminate spikes usually 2-3, rarely 1, slender, 1.5-6.5 om. long, 5-4 mm. wide, usually crowded and overlapping; pistillate spikes 3-5, mostly sessile, cylindrical, many«flowered, dense, prevailingly 4-7 ome long, the perigynia tending to spread at maturity; eee inter- mediate spikes ase often composed of both svaminate and pistillate flowers; lower bracts longer than the oilms; scales oblons or oblona> = lanceolate, scute, narrower than the perigynia and usually shorter, brownish; perigynie narrowly ovoid, straw-color or greenishy shining, rounded at the base, lichtlvy inflated, graduallv attenuate above or more often rather abruptly narrowed into the beak which is 2=toothed at the q): ADOXe >(C. utriculata Boott.). “ RRS TSR CNR mained 58 sists, the culms stout, 50-150 om. tall, ehaopiy angled, ae ‘Ce comosa scabrous on the angles; leaves coarse, usRaLLy exceeding the ne TR culms, 7-12 mm. wide, aoabritie on the margins, some at least roughened by transverse septa, the sheaths remaining entire; staminate .spikes 1-4, 3-7 cm. long, 5-7 TM ¢ ses the ) Seales ee 5-5 om, long, 12-14 mm. wide, the lowermost usually nae scales ovate at the base, hyaline or greenish, sooniunze into a@ rough awa. 35.5-4 mm. long; perigynia lanceolate, pigia: 5-7 | mm. long, greenish, narrowed at the base, many ribbed, reflexed ae at maturity making the spike bristly, acuminate into a smooth beak which terminates in two sharp pronglike spreading teeth 1,.5-2 mm. long; achenes SPAeR EM OP; stigmas 3, rad” “ To be expected in heme ground in association with Thuja a plicata. 4 oe 2. Cyperus Le Horbs with triangular stems which are leafy at the base and bear one or more leaves toward the SUMRELE 9 Re PEOHEINE the inflorescence, Flowers perfect, in unequal umbels, one of the clusters usually being sessile. Spikelets laterally flattened, the scales which subtend the flowers either deciduous or persistent, concave, arranged in two rankse Bristles none, Stamens 1-3, Style 2-3 cleft, Fruit an ovoid achene, 1, C, inflexus Iiuhl. ——>A low annual 3-15 cm, tall, the stems numerous, tufted; basal leaves gubequal to the stems, 1-2,5 mm, wide, tapering gradually, very acute, those of the involucre similar, 1-4 cm. long, exceeding the flower clusters; umbels with 3-5 unequal rays, the remaining rays .1-3 om. long; spikelets laterally flattened, 5-10 mm, long, 10-20 flowered, the scales 1.5- 3 mn. long, deciduous at maturity, acuminate into a recurving rather rigid awn, strongly veined with usually 9 parallel veins; achenes 1.5 mm, long, obovate rounded=truncate at the ADEX.» Muddy places, Kootenai Coe, Leiberg 3003; Spokane R., Geyer 455; Rathdrun, Sandberg 719, - 3. Dulichium aichard. A perennial bog herb with columar jointed stems which are equally leafy throughout or the lower leaves scale-like. ipks suet ae Spikes axillary, the spikelets £-ranked, somewhat flattened, linear. Scales lanceolate, closely appressed, decurrent, forming wing-like margins on the joints below. Perianth of 6-9 downwardly barbed bristles. Stamens 5. Style 2-cleft at the apex, persistent, forming a beak. Achene linear-oblong. Ll. De arundinaceyum (L.)Britton. Stems 30-50 cm. tall, hollow,joinseh; lower leaves scale-like, sheathing, the upper with spreading blades, the sheathing portion 1.5-5 cm. long, subtruncate at the opening, the blades 3-8 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, flat, smooth, spikes axttiwry—tn—the-~wpper> 2-5-3 cme long, the spikelets ascending, lele5 cm. long, 1-5-2 mm. wide, 6-8 on each spike, acute; scales 6-7 mn. long with scarious mrgins, elliptical, closely appressed with several prominent parallel veins; bristles rigid, about equal to the scale; achene 2.5 mme long. In boggy meadows at lower elevations; seen only in the north.————> ®.; — >Bog near Outlet, Priest Lake, Epling 7782; Granite Sta., Aptine—-—> Sandberg 777. Wie 4. Eriophorum Le Cotton Grass, Ferennial bog herbs with rootstocks, the stems erect, slender, Se-angled, the leaves linear, Sheathing, the uppermost sometimes reduced to sheathing scales, Flowers perfect, in terminal spikes, these in an umbel, subtended by several leaf-like bracts, or solitary and naked, Scales spirally arranged, overlappinge Perianth of numerous soft bristles which are very prominent in fruit, forming a cottony tuft about the achenes, Stamens 1-3, Style 3-cleft, Achene S-angled, ovoid, © Spikelet Solitary, not: subtended by bracts; bristles brovmish 4 at maturity i. E. Chamissonis 0 Spikelets 2—several in en umbel, subtended by several 4 leaflike bracts; bristles white at maturity ‘ « Achene obovoid, obtuse; bristles less than 15 mm, ; long f£e E. viridi-carinatum 2 Achene linesr-oblong, acute; bristles more than & 15 m, long Se E. tenellun 1. EK. Chamissonis ieee? Wee Meyer A stoloniferous herb 30-60 cmetall, the Bt ie stems erect, Smooth; basal leavesgy soft, 15-30 cm, tall, sheathing, grooved eee on the upper surface, the upper leaves scale-like, sheathing for 4.5 CMe, the free portion 1-1,5 em. longs; spikelet erect, without subtending bracts, the scales ovate-lanccolate, acuminate, purplish-brown with whitish margins bristles numerous, 2-2,5 cm. long and brownish toward the base at maturity; eet achene oblong-ellivtical, apiculate at the ADEX, “£25 mm, long, Subalvine bog, Snovr Peak, 6000 fte, Hpling & Houck 10339, 3 2, EB, viridi-carinetum (fngelm,) Fern, Herb 40-60 cm. tall, the erect stems Eldridge. ——- wiry, smooth; leaves flat, 10-25 cm, long, gradually reduced upwards, 3-4 mm, wide; spikelets several, on slender drooping scabrous peduncles .5-2 cm, long, borne in a terminal umbel which is subtended by several sheathing leaflike bracts 2-5 cm. long; scales green, ovate-acuminate, 4-5 mm, long, the midrib prominent to the tip; bristles 1-1,5 cm. long and white at maturity; achenes obovoid, obtuse or abruptly acute, 2.5 mm, long. In bogs or marshy ground, 3000-4000 feet; seen only in the Kaniksu Forest. lHughes Fk. Mdw., Epling 7356; Bog above Cedar Cr,, 4000 ft., 7 tha 3e E, tenellum Nutt. lerb 30-60 cm. tall, stems slender, rough on angles; LL RES Ne aay 8 er leaves iweerumeectien triangular-channelled, 2-3 mm, wide; spikelets 3-8, i mere capitate or subumbellate, subtended by usually one leaflike bract; | scales ovete or oblong, obtuse or subacute, greenish=-brown, the midrib prominent, 4-5 ma, long; bristles 1,5-2.5 cm. long, whites; achenes lineane> =) : oblong, tapering to a point, Fuk Known in our area only from Clarkg kim, Christ 2042. 5S. Eleocharis Re Bre. Spike Rush, Annual or perennial herbs, usually of muddy or moist ground, Stems S-angled or columnar, the leaves reduced to cylindrical sheaths at the very base, Spikelets solitary, terminal, ercct, many-flowered, ovate or cylindrical, not flattened, not subtended by an involucre, the scales spirally arranged, overlapping; perianth of several downwardly barbed bristles, sometimes wanting, Stamens 2+3, Style 2-cleft, the achenes being then biconvex, or 3-cleft, the achene being then 3-angled, Base of the style persistent upon the achene as a small tubercle, 0 Stems 20-60 cm, tall, erect, gregarious but hardly tufted; 4 perennial by stout rootstocks a Fertile scales obtuse; tubercle elongate-pyramidal 1, Ee palustris 2 Fertile scales acutish; tubercle evenly triangular Ze He mamillata O Stems 20-30 cm, tall, erect.or ascending, tufted, vith fibrous roots, annuals or perennials by threadlike ps @ Tufts 2-8 om, tall; spikes 2,5-5 mm, long; styles 6 3-cleft 4 Annual without stolons | S, 8, della «| Perennial with numerous slender whiplike stolons 4, E, acicularis Tufts 15-30 om, tall; spikes mostly 8-12 mm, long; styles 2-cleft Spikes 2 1/2-3 times as long as broad, ovate-cylindrical; bristles shorter than the achene Se EB. Engelmannii Spikes twice as long as broad, ovete, obtuse; bristles longer than the achene Ge Ke obtusa ae a Re ee ee bs. he . ob aad ta sk ahs ie a is Se ee OAT ee ee ghee) epee a a i : Loner * ee — ee aN sal vo Bade bn mat eS Pan a is eet as " ae ‘ oe a Eee ea ear | wees a eee ae: a oT sf ; . _ ey 9 RNAP RNA iai hiding 1, &. palustris (L.) R, & Se Perennial by widely creeping rootstocks, the stems columnar, soft, 25-60 em, tall;. leaves all basal, sheathing , 2-6 om,, subtruncate at the opening; spikes ovoid-cylindrical, obtuse, 8-12 mm. long; scales thin, mostly: ovate, obtuse, purplish-browm with a green midrib and very thin margins; style 2-cleft; bristles 4 or acokebhinhe 5; achenes yellow or brown, broadly obovoid, flattened, 1e2-1.7 mm, long, . the tubercle at the apex of the achene conical, constricted at the base, about .5 mm, broad at the base, Frequent in boggy ground or in sand bars along streams, Also present end intergrading is var, major Sonder, a larger, coarser.plant with achenes 1.4=<2.1 MMe longe Ze EK, mamillata Lindb, f, Stoloniferous perennials, the stems stout but - soft, compressed, 40-70 om, tall; leaves all basal, drab or pale brow; spikes subeylindric, tapering above, 1-2 cm, long; fertile scales numerous, thin, pale-brown to purplish, narrowly ovate, obtuse to subacute, appressed, e-4& um, longs rarely 8; achenes yellowish, obovoid, 1.2-1.6 mm. long, the eee fe ey. teen Te tubercle low, depressed-deltoid, sessile, Occasional, in habitets of EB. palustris as at marsh at St, Maries, Bpling & Offord 8028. Se Ee bells (Piper) Svensor. Apparently annual, caespitose, with fine hairlike rootlets, stems Saf) cots tall, hairlike, soft, the sheaths loose, about 1 cm, long, often purplish; spikes narrowly ovoid, 2-3 mm, long, mostly acute; scales ovate, acute, with srominent midrib and thin purple margins, e—-2_,5 mm, longs; bristles 1-53 style 3-cleft; achenes a ha ribbed with soverel longitudinal ribs, these connected by very fine transverse ricges, about 30-40 in each scries: stvle base elobose, © 3 5 » &> Forks St, liaries R., Leiberg 1139, 4, 5, acicularis (L.) R. & S. Small tufted perennials with mat-forming extensively creeping very slender threadlike stolons; stems 5-8 cm, tall, very slender, the sheaths about 1 cm. long; spikes narrowly ovoid, acute, 5-5 mm, long, the scales ovate, 2=2.5 mm, long, reddish-purple with a green midrib and very thin hyaline margins; bristles usually 5-43 style s-cleft; -chenes hardly 1 mn, long, elliptical, green, ribbed with several longitudinal ribs, connected by minute transverse ridges about 40-50 in each series; style base conical, Pend Oreille Re, Lyall; Upver Priest Lake, Epling 7819, 5e Ey Engelmannii Gteud,) ver. monticola (Fern.) Svenson. An annual tufted herb with fibrous roots, the stems 3-30 om.tall, the sheaths 1-3 em, long; spikes ovate-cylindrical, acute rather than obtuse, 2 1/2=-3 times as long as broad, rounded at the base, 8-12 mm, long; scales broadly ovate, brown with paler margins and midribss style 2-cleft® achenes 1.5 m, long, straw = colored, broadly obovate, flattened, shining, the margin very acute, the tubercle about 1/4. the length of the achene, hardly constricted, broadly triangular, drying browns bristles 6-8, hardly exceeding the achene or shorter, Widely scattered but infrequent; reported from near the mouth of the St. Joe R, by Piner. Youth to N. Mex, and Ariz. 6. Ee obtusa (Willd, ) Schultes. A tufted annual with fibrous roots, the stems very unequal in length in each tuft, 3-25 em, tall, the sheaths 1-3 cm, long; spikes ovate, very obtuse, about tiice as long.as broad, 3-10 mm, long on the same plent, obtuse, rounded et th- ase; scales obovate, 2=2,5 mm, long, reddish=purple with a green midrib and thin margins; style 2-cleft; echene 1,5 mm. lone, stravecolored, broadly obovate, flattened, shining, the margin very acute, the tubercle about 1/3 the length of the achene, broadly conical, lishtly constricted at the base, drying browns; bristles 6-8 ? 15 fo a =) a * 4 P excceding the acnene, addy places, volley of Coeur d'Alene Xey Sandbere 6493 Kooskooskee Valley, Geyer 4943 Lake Pend Oreille, lLeiberg 311; Bungalow R, Se, Epling & Houck 9290. ‘ “ 4 =3 3 % ‘4 ; se a a Fs wy % a a ae, Mose cil SY Sh via si Z 5 hala MN tg. 5 he ” oat ‘2 f F at bP] el axel my ay qc + 1 3 F: 3 0) ee 3 oS 4 of : | a8 niga © ae § | M er { c ay | Bi BN hi oe uno oO | 3 b 5 oo | % A oso Ao 30a! aod &) ote ee i 2 BS hy eee Th a ial a 3 rt OO preroreennae Cea oe iy 2. microcarpus Presl. ———»> Perennial herb, the stems ,5-1.5 m, tall, leafy throughout, often surpassed by the leaves; leaves flat, 8-12 mm, wide, scabrous on the margins; spikelets 3-4 mm, long, numerous, borne in loose spreading compound umbels; umbels subtended by several unequal leaflike bracts which often exceed them; scales 2 mm, long, broadly ovate, obtuse but mucronate, the midrib a margins very thin, now colorless, now flecked with green, the spikelets then appearing dark green; bristles commonly 4, somewhat longer than the achene; stamens 2; style 2-cleft; achene obovate, whitish, shining, flat on one side, convex on the other, acute at the apex. Common in seepage spots and boggy places especially within the Thuja-type. | shes “ &. S- subterminalis Torr. ————-> A perennial herb usually growing in shallow water of marshes, the stems slender, columnar, 1-1.5 mm. in diameter; leaves slender, linear, channeled, 15-30 cm. long, scarcely 1 mm. wide; spikelet about 10 mm. long, ovoid, solitary, terminal but subtended by a short stiffish bract 1.5-5 cm. long which appears as a continuation of the stem; scales elliptical or narrowly ovate, acute, membranous, straw-colored with a green midrib; bristles about 6, downwardly barbed, subequal to the achene; stamens 5; style J-cleft; achene obovate, 3-angled, 2-2.5 mm. long, sharply beaked, dark-brown at maturity. Marshes, Kootenai Co., Leiberg 304; Granite Sta., Sandberg 781. iarwune ca ee 9395 Se na Spreng. ————————> A small densely tufted annual with fibrous roots, the stems slender, erect,3-6 cme tall, the leaves reduced to sheathing basal scales; spikelets greenish, solitary, terminal, 5-5 mm. long, ovoid; scales ovate, the upper rather acute; achene ovoid, shining, straw-colored, the bristles 6-8, somewhat lenger than the achene. 7 Reported from near Viola by Piper. 4. S,. americanus Perse —-——»Perennial growing in shallow waners as much as a meter tall, having stout running rootstocks, the stems sharply angled; leaves —_ eee 1-3, sheathing and basal; spikelets several, ovoid, .5=<1 cm. long, borne in a sessile cluster apparently lateral in the tip of the stem, the involucral leaf acute; scales ovate, sparingly ciliate, 2-cleft at the apex; style 2-cleft, Swemp, Bonners Ferry, Christ 1438, S,. validus Vahle Bulrush,. Perennial with stout branching rootstocks, the stems columnar, 1.5-3 m. talls leaves reduced to sheathing basal scales which are leathery and brown, 5-10 cm. long or more; spikelets numerous, borne in terminal compound umbels; the umbel subtended by an erect stiffish bract 3-8 om, | tall which appears to be a continuation of the stem; spikelets ellipticd-cylindrical, 10-15 mm, long, 2-5 in a cluster; scales ovate, membranous, tipped with a short mucro, the margins erose-ciliate; style 2-clefts; achene biconvex but 3-angled, obovate, dull straw-color, 2.5 mm, long, the bristles about 6. (S, occidentalis Chase). Occasional in shallow water of lagoons or in marshes. Priest Lake near Coolin, Epling. 7 Rvnchospora Vahl. Tufted perennial rush-like herbs with short rootstocks. Leaves slender, flat. Spikelets slender, spindleshaped, clustered at the apex of the stems. Bracts then, l-veined, imbricate. Perianth of several slender barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2-branched at the apex. Achene lenticular, conspicuously capped by the conical persistent base of the style. 1. Re alba (Le) Vahl. Pale green erect tufted horbs with snore slender rootstocks, the culms 15-40 om. tall, columnar, striate, smoothg very slender and pliant; leaves linear, 1-2 mn. wideymostly shorter than the culms; spikelets in terminal clusters, commonly with 1-2 lateral ones, buff-colored or tan, becoming nearly white, 3-4 mm. long, spindle-shaped, very acute, shining, bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute; bristles several, downwardly barbed, about as long as the mature fruit; achene obovate, smooth, brown; tubercle about half as long as the achene. Muddy ground near Wallace, Epling. 4 | Bite. . ——ar * Gramineae (Poaceae) Grass Family pany EN ee Se Se Herbs with round, usually hollow stems, (solid in Androvo on) solid nodes, and 2-ranked, parallel veined lea caQnposed vf blade, a membranaceous or hairy appendage, the ligule. arranged in spikelets, inclosed flower compose the floret; l=-celled, l-ovuled ovary, 2 styles,and usually plumose stigmas; the hilum. Key to the Tribes. O Spikelets & eaiey above the glumes (see also Alopecurus fans Chlorideae):no sterile lemnas below the fertile 4 < florets (see also Phalaris.) a Spikelets 2 to several flowered 4 Spikelets sessile G Spikelets on opposite sides of the rachis; /O spike single and terminal £ Spikelets in two rows on one side of the Jorhachis$ spikes racemose 4 Spikelets pediceled © Lemnas awnless or awmed from the tip; /O shorter than the spikelet glumes & Lemmas avmed from the backg (awnless& nearly / so in Sphenopholis, Koeleria, and frisetum /O¢ Wo1rii): glumes equaling or exceeding the \ florets 2, Spikelets 1-flowered “ Spikelets with 2 rudimentary florets below the & fertile one 4 Spikelets with no rudimentary florets below the f fertile one *Text contributed by Mre Jason R. Swallen parts, the sheath, enveloping the culm, its margins overlapping or grown together, and the blade, bearing on the inside, at the junction of the sheath and Flowers perfect, these composed of few to many 2-ranked bracts alternate on a central axis, the rachilla, the lower two bracts, the glumes, empty, the succeeding mes, the lemmas, subtending a perfect flower, and between the flower and the axis an additional bract, the palea; the lemma, palea, and Wr stamens usually three; pistil 1, with a fruit a caryop- sis with starchy endosperm and a small embryo at the base on the side opposite II. Hordeae Ve. Chlorideae III. Aveneae VI. Phalarideas IV. Agrostideae O Spikelets jointcd below the glumes, falling cntire, a sterile | cas below the fertile one (see also Sphenopholis and a 4 Glumes membrenaceous, the fertile lemma indurate, \ Alopecurus) e awnless VII. Panicesae 9, Glumes coriaceous, the fertile lemma thin and G hyaline, avmed VIII, Andropogonese Key to the Genera, I. Festuceae, O Lemmas awnless ~ Lemmas d-nerved 4 Rachilla glabrous; panicle not plumelike o,. bragrostis 4 Rachilla long silky; panicle plumelike 8. Phragmites *& Lemmas S-many nerved 4 Culms bulbous at the base; sheaths closed 9. Melica 4 Culms not bulbous at the base ¢ Spikelets crowded in dense glomerules at /Q the ends of panicle branches 6. Dactylis 4 Spikelets usually not dense, eventy?7 fo evenly distributed throughout the panicles @& Lemmas rounded on the back, the nerves ‘2 parallel de Glyceria “| Lemmas keeled, the nerves converging ‘2. toward the sumnit 4-6 Poa © Lemmas avmed (avmless in “estuca clatior and -romus brizaeformis ) & Lemmas entire, awned from the tip 4 Svikelets all fertile, nanicles onen 2e Yestuca q Spikelets sterile and fertile intermixed; 1 SJ & panicle spikelike 7e Cyanosurus ~ Lemmas minutely bifid, avmed from betvreen the teeth 1. Sromus II, Hordeae © Rachis disarticulating at maturity, spikelets 3 at a node 12. Hordeum > Rachis continuous, spikelets 1 or 2 at esch node (sometimes 4 more in Klymus condensatus) “ ' Ms spike es 1 at each node 4 First glume wanting; spikelets placed edgewise to the f © rachis 13. Lolium 4 First glume present; spikelets placed flatwise to Q@ the rachis 10. Agropyron » Spikelets usually 2 at each node ll, &lyms III. Avenease, O Lemmas awned (short or wanting in trisetum 461111) Z Lemmas awned from between the teeth of a bifid apex, 18. Danthonia (, the avm flattened, twisted ~ Lemmas dorsally awned, the avms not flattened 15, Trisetum 4 Lemmas kecled, avmed from above the middle a Lemmas rounded on the back, avmed from below & the middle 17. Deschampsia > Lemmas awnless 2 Spikelets jointed above the glumes, these similar in 14, Koeleria (> shape » Spikelets jointed below the glumes, these dissimilar, 16, Sphenopholis (6 the second widened above IV. Agrostideae. OD Spikelets. below the glumes 2@. Alopecurus © Spikelets Guiemlasg above the glunes 2 Lemmas indurate with a distinct sharp or blunt pointed, (> hairy callus 4 Avns deciduous 25. Oryzopsis 4 Avms persistent 2b. Stipa 2 Lemmas» membranaceous, the callus not well developed 4 Lemmas awned C Callus copiously hairy, the hairs sometimes as long as the i y Ys & / sce lemmas awned from the back below the middle, O\the avns well developed 19. Calamagrostis 4 Callus hairs wanting; lemmas awned from the back just /O below the tip, the avms not more than 1 mm. long ag. Cinna 4 Lemmas awnless G Glumes abruptly avmed, the keels hispid; spikelets in s/o dense cylindrical panicles 25- Phleun (, Glumes awnless, not hispid; spikelets in open panzcles, WF /o or if contracted, not dense 4 W © Lemnas hyaline, thinner than the glumes in texture; C/ jZ Slumes exceeding the florets a®. Agrostis in texture; glumes much spikelets 24. hiuhlenbergia a W V. Chloridease. O Spikelets broad, heartshaped, awnless; glumes equal, boatshaped 0 Spikelets narrow, awned; glumes unequal, narrow VI. Phalarideae © One genus VII. Paniceae. © Spikelets subtended by bristles, the bristles persistent O Spikelets not subtended by bristles & Sterile lemma awned; tip of the palea not inclosed by the 6 fertile lemma 4 Sterile lemma awnless; tip of the palea inclosed by the 6 fertile lemma VIII. Andropogoneae. ie O One genus 24. Beckmannia Spartina Phalaris Setaria Echinochloa Panicum 3% Andropogon 1. Bromus L. Bromegrass. Annuals or perennials with narrow or open panicles of large spikelets. Spikelets several flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes acute or acuminate, unequal, the first 1-3 nerved, the second 3-5 nerved; lemmas keeled or rounded on the back, awnless or usually awned from between the teeth of the bifid apex. O Spikelets distinctly flattendd; glumes and lemmas keeled 2 Sheaths and lemmas glabrous 1. Be polyanthus 2 Sheaths and lemmas pubescent Sheaths densely soft-pubescent; blades erect, ® pubescent like the sheaths, 2-5 mn. wide 4. Be Sheaths pubescent but not velvety; blades spreading, ~ / scabrous, at least sone of them more than 5 mn. (wide G Avwns less than 7 mn. usually about 5 mm. long 2 Be marginatus ( Awns more than 7 mm. long de Be carinatus Oo Spikelets not flattened; glumes and lemmas rounded on the 4 back, or keeled only toward the summit te SA be aks «ea Some et alll acs 2 Plants perennial; native species (except B. inermis) apa 4 Rhizomes present; lemmas awnless or short-awned o« Be inermis et 4 Rhizomes wanting; lemmas long-awned : 6 Ligule prominent, 2-3 mme long; awns more than 10 5 mme long 6. Be vulgaris (> Ligule short; awns less than 5 mm. long 7. Be. ciliatus @ Plants annual; introduced species 4 Lemmas narrow; second glume 1 om. or more long G@ Panicle branches slender and flexuous; awns 1-1.5 /ocme long 8. Be. tectorum (> Panicle branches relatively stout, not flexuous; /Q awns 5-4 cm. long 9. Be rigidus cr oO < oO a oe — ~ . t | ie) S 03 4 lLemneas broad; second Zlune no @ Lemnas avniless 10. 38. brizaeformis maple & Panicles contracted, dense ll. B. bordeacous- / » Lemmas ayned = 943 JD Panicles open, the branches spreading lemmas glabrous, the »% Sheaths glabrous; low, the rachilla margins inrolled be le < visible 12. Be secalinus 12 Sheaths pubescent; lemmas glabrous or poe margins not inrolled or only slightly so, the rachilla not © \ visible 13. Be commutatus Pg Pod F emo A? eal: chins teak @ wd l. Be polyanthus Scribn. ——sPlants perennial; culms Slender, erect or decumbent at the base, 60-120 cm. tall; sheaths glabrous, more or less keeled; leaves flat, lax, scabrous, 15-25 om. long, 88 much as 1 om. wide; panicles rather narrow, about 20 om. long, the branches mostly stiffly ascending or spreading, some of tham10 to 12 om. long, shorter ones inter- mixed, bearing toward the end 1-3 Spikelets; glumes acuminate, the first 8 mm. long, d-nerved, the second 10 mm. long, o-nerved; lemmas lanceolate, keeled, glabrous, 10-15 mm. usually about 12 mn. long, the awns about 5 mm. long. Open woods and slopes. St. Joe Nat. For., 5800 fte; Clarkia, 2700 ft, 2+ Be marginatus Nees. M—- Similar to 8. polyanthus but differing in having pubescent sheaths and usually rather densely pubescent lemmas. Intergrading specimens occur rather frequently. Open woods, rocky hillsides, and meadows. More common than the preceding species. be Be carinatus Hook. and Arn. ———>Plants perennial or annual; culms rather stout, 50-120 om. tall; sheaths pubescent, sometimes nearly glabrous, the lower overlapping; blades scabrous or pubescent, 10-25 om. long, 4-12 mn. wide; panicles 10-20 cm. long, the branches ascending or spreading, the lower often long and drooping; spikelets 3-5 cm. long; glumes lanceolate or acuminate, smooth or scabrous, the first 3-nerved, 10-15 mm. long, the second 5-7 nerved, .12=20 mme long; lemnas keeled, lanceolate, pubescent, the lower 15-20 mne long, the awn 7-15 mn. long. Rocky hillsides and waste places, wallace, 2728-4000 fte; Valley of Clearwater R, te BD. Subvelutinus Sheer. ——» Short lived perennials culms 50-100 om. ; tall; sheaths densely sort-pubescent; blades narr w, rather stiffly ereci, a S usually densely soft-pubescent, 10-20 om. long, 2-5 mne wide; innovations often numerous a sm@li dense tuft; panicles narrow, souewhat nodding, 10-20 em. i usually short and epprassed: spikelets 2-3 cme long, shorter | i Q wn 2 a OO ¢ Y ie) ‘i. CT ; vnlsS group; glumes acute or acuminate, pubescent cr nS, tne second a little a -- 7 Ee Bs aes 7 ee ee Pree ty Cne Lower LU 15 lil e LONE y ce a> 42, 7 +h - Os see oo ro Ser san she first; lemmas keeled, | ee | el Pa) vNe Ov o- NT + } Ury open woods and rocky hillsides. — a ee Leake Cosur d'Alene, tll Se Chase 4994, 5. Be inermis Leyss. Common Brovegrass, Smooth Brome, Hungarian Brome. Plents perennial with rhizomes; culms rather stout, erect, 40-70 cm. tall, or sometimes taller; sheaths smooth, overlapping, especially the lower ones; blades flat, scabrous, 10-25 om. long, 4-12 mne wide; panicles open, 10-20 om. long, the branches in rather distant fascicles; spikelets 2-3 om. long; glumes blunt, scabrous on the nerves, the first 5-8 ma. long, l-nmerved, the second 7-10 mm. long, S-nerved; lemmas glabrous or more or less pubescent all over the back on the basal portion, 10-12 mn. long, awnless eo short-awned. Very robust specimens may be larger throughout. Introduced from Europe and cultivated as a forage grass. Sometimes escaped in waste places, Coeur d'Alene; Kaniksu National Forest; Fox Cr, 6. Be vulgaris (Hook.) Shear. —~———» Plants perennial; culms slender, erect, usually solitary, 50-150 cm. tall, pilose at and below the nodes; sheaths, especially the lower, pilose with spreading or reflexed hairs; ligules prominent, truncate, 2-35 mm. long; blades flat, erect or ascending, somewhat flexous, 10-25 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, sparsely pilose above, scabrous and sonetimes pilose below; panicles narrow, nodding, 10-20 om. long, the branches flemous, in distant fascicles, the lower 3-6 cm. long, seldan longer, bearing one or i. sauetimes two spikelets; spikelets narrow, 2-3 cm. long; glumes lanceolate @ acuminate, the first l-nerved, 6-3 mu. long, the second 3-nerved 8-10 mn. long; lemmas narrow, lanceolate, 10-12 mn. long, sparsely villous on the margins and ; sometimes all over the basal portion, the upper portion glabrous or nearly so; ; avms more than 5 mm.e, usually about 7 mn. long. Rocky woods and hillsides, and ee shady ravines. 7e 5. ciliatus Lk ———>Plants perennial; culms usually single, slender, erect, 60-120 cm. talljgglabrous or scabrous especially below the panicles; nodes appressed retrorsely pilose: sheaths glabrous to rather densely retrorsely pilose, the lower ones becoming reddish browm; blades flet, lax, pilose above, scabrous beneath, 10-50 cm. long, 5-12 mm. wide; panicles nodding, 10-20 cm. long, the branches flexuous, scabrous, naked below, the lower ones as much as 12 cme long; q spixelets on flexuous pedicels, 15-30 mm. long; first glume acuminate, scabrous, ienerved, 7 to 8 mms long, ths second obtuse, a little longer than the first, d-nerved; lemmas about 12 mm. long, o-nerved, densely villous on the margins and pilose on the midnerve below, otherwise glabrous or nearly so; avms less than 5 mile long. e Meadows, rocky woods, and moist places, Upper Priest Re, 3000 ft,; Coeur dtAlene; Clarkia 2700 fte; Meadow Ridge, Pierce to Oxford, 8. Be tectorum L. ——~¥ Downy Bromegrass. ~—>Plants annual; culms tufted, slender, erect, 20-50 om. tall; sheaths pubescent; blades lax, pubescent, 5-15 cme long, 2-5 mm. wide; panicles rather dense, nodding, 5-15 cm. long, the ‘branches in distinct whorls; spikelets drooping on slender flexuous pedicels; glumes narrow, acute or acuminate, with hyaline margins, the first l-nerved, about 5 mie long, the second S-nerved, about 10 mm. long; lemmas pilose, 10-12 mm. long, awned from just below the teeth of the acuminate hyaline apex, the awn straight, 10-15 mm. longe Waste places; introduced from surope, A troublesome weed, often causing injury to stock because of the sharp calluses of the florets, Upper priest R., 5000 fte; Coeur d'Alene; Bonners Ferry, Differs from the species in having spikelets nol > vere glabratus Spenner, ——;glabrous or nearly soe (var. nudus Klett, & Richt.),—Waste placess C —-»> Thatuna Hills. = oe - ~—- 9. B. rigidus Roth. ———>Ripgut-crass. ——>Plants annual; culms erect, mostly 30-50 cme tall; sheaths pubescent or the upper glabraté; blades soft and lax, pilose on both surfaces, 3-10 cm. long, 2-5 mn. wide; ligule 3-5 mm. long; panicles nodding, mostly 10-15 cm. long, the branches stiffly ascending or spreading, sometimes curved, usually bearing at the end a Single spikelet; glumes long-acuminate, the margins hyaline, the first 1-3 nerved, 12-15 mm. long, the second 5-5 nerved, 20-30 mm. long; lemmas long-acuminate, very scabrous, the lower about 25 mn. long, the apex divided into two slender hyaline teeth, the awn 5-4 cme long, very scabrous; base of the floret developed into a strong sharp callus. ‘ A weed in waste places; introduced fron Europe. This species is injurious Go stock on account of the sharp-pointed, scabrous florets which penetrate the mouth parts. ——? Coeur d'Alenc ,eeedOD. Rust 402 = a 947 10. Be brizaeformis Fisch. and iiey. Quaking Bromegrass, Rattlesnake-grass. ; w Plants annual; culms 50-60 cm. tall, the nodes pubescent; sheaths softly pilosee> =] F pubescent with spreading hairs; blades pilose-pubescent, about 10 ecm. long, a 4 mme wide; panicles nodding, 10 cm. long, the branches slender, flexuous, bearing a single spikelets; spikelets many-flowered, 25 mm. long, 10 mms wide; glumes obtuse, the first 3-5 nerved, 6 mm. long, the second 7+9 nerved, 8 mme long; lemmas very broad inflated, boat-shaped at the obtuse apex, smooth, the margins inrolled at the base, avmless. Fields and waste places; introduced from Europee Coeur d'Alene; Ide Smet Mission,Y Leiberg 1006; Viola; Thatuna Hillse - ll. B. Reomdoacous L. Soft Cheat. ——~> Plants annual; culms erect, 20-50 cme tall; sheaths densely retrorsely pilose; blades pubescent or pilose, 5-10 cme long, 2-5 mme wide; panicles dense, contracted, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets short-pediceled, several flowered, about 15 mm. long; glumes acute, pilose, the first rather narrow, 3-nerved, 5 mm. long, the second broad, S=nerved, about; 6 mne long; lemmas obtuse, densely pilose, awned from just below the teeth of the bifid apex, the awn about as long as the lemma. Fields and waste places; introduced from Zurope,. Coeur d'Alene; Thatuna Hillis, 12. Be secalinus L. Chess, Cheat. Plants annual; culms erect or more or less decumbent at tho base, 30-80 cm. tall; sheaths glabrous, overlapping at least below; blades usually pilose on both surfaces, about 10 om. long, 4 mm. wide; panicles open, the branches in whorls, rether stiffly ascending; spikelets chartaceous, glabrous; first glume rather narrow, acute, d-nerved, 4-5 mm. long, the second broad, obtuse, 5-7 nerved, about 6 mm. long; lemmas broad, the nerves inconspicuous, the margins inrolled below, awned fron the back just below the usually bifid apex, the awns shorter than the lemmas. sometimes wanting. Fields and waste places; introduced from Burope. Cultivated for hay in “Jashington and Oregon. Lake Coeur d'Alene; Coeur d'Alene; near Post Falls; Fox Cr,, Kaniksu Nat. ‘or. ‘ 15. Be. commutatus Schrads ~——— Similar to B. secalinus; sheaths pubescent; panicles narrower, the branches shorter, less Spreading; glumes and lemmas papery, glabrous or scabrous, the nerves rather prominent, the margins hyaline, not inrolled below or only slightly so, the rachilla not visible. j Yields and waste places; introduced from surope, Benton Ur, wasershed, 2500 fte; Harrison. w ee ane 2e Festuca Le Fescue. Annuals or perennials with narrowg or open panicles; spikelets few to several flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes unequal, lanceolate or acuminate; lemmas acuminate, rounded on the back, membranaceous or somewhat indurate, awned from the tip or sometimes awnlesSe oO Plants annual 2 Spikelets densely 5-13 flowered 2, Spikelets 3-5 flowered, the florets rather distant O Plants perennial 2 Blades relatively broad and flat 4 Lemmas awnless 4 Lemmas avmed, the awn 7-10 mm. long, ,flexuous @ Blades mostly very narrow, involute or folded 4 Culms ascending from a decumbent or creeping, red and @ fibrous bases3 blades smooth 4 Culms tufted, erect; blades smooth or scabrous - Lemmas mucronate or short awned & First glume 2-6 mm. long; blades smooth & First glume 6-7 mne long; blades scabrous (, Lemmas long awned Avns slender and flexuous, mostly 7-8 mm. long; j2, blades smooth and soft § sms straight, 2-5 mn. long; blades harsh, Ja distinctly scabrous l. Fe octoflora F. pacifica Fe elatior subulata 5e Fe rubra _ Fe viridula Te scabrella Be occidentalis ee a rn ey eee ee idahoensis DR aid NS hed eis ae. en ee ee a 949 | 1e F. octoflora Walt. >Culms slender, often filiform, 10-30 cm. tall; sheaths smooth; blades smooth and soft, filiform, as much as 5 cm. long; panicles long-exserted, rather dense, the branches very short and appressed, bearing 1-5 spikelets; spikelets densely 5-13 flowered; glumes lanceolate or acuminate, the first l-nerved, 5 mm. long, the second a little wider, 3-nerved, 4 mme long; lemmas lanceolate, smooth or somewhat scabrous, 4-5 mm. long, tapering into slender awns 3-5 mm. long. Moist river bank and sandy places. Scarce in our region on the banks of the Clearwater Re Lewiston, Sandberg et ale 290¢ ee ———— 2- Fe pacifica Piper. Culms in smal! tufts, slender, erect or somewhat spreading at the base, 10-30 om. tall; sheaths smooth; blades smooth, filiform or very narrow, 1-5 cm. long; panicles rather flexuous, 5=10 cm. long, the branches stiffly, often horizontally spreading; spikelets appressed on the short branches, 5-5 flowered, the florets not crowded; glumes smooth, lanceolate, very narrow, subulate-pointed, the first l-nerved, 4-6 mn. long, the second 3=nerved, 6-7 mme long; lemmas smooth or scabrous, lanceolate, tapering into a slender awn 8-10 mm. long; palea often exceeding the body of the lemma. Drv rocky slopes and open placese liear Santianne Divide, 3200 ft.; valley of Clearwater Re3 Lewiston, 1500-2000 ft», 3000 ft. 5. F. elatior L. Meadow Fescue. ———sfulms erect or decumbent at the base, 40-100 em. tall; sheaths smooth; blades abrous above, smooth or scabrous below, 10-20 cm. long, as much as 8 Mie, usually 4-5 mm. wide; panicles narrow, erect or somewhat nodding, 10-20 cm. long, the branches erect or narrowly ascending, sometimes flexuous; spikelets short-pediceled, usually appressed, 5-10 flowered, 10-20 mn. long; glumes smooth, the margins hyaline, the first 1-3 nerved, 3-4 m. long; the second 5-5 nerved, 4-7 mme long; lemmas smoothyacuminate, 6-8 mm. long, hyaline at the summit, awnless; palea equaling the lemma. Culms erect, sonetires weak and decumbent at the base, as much as 120 cme tall; sheaths smooth or scaberulous; blades thin and lax, scabrous or nearly smooth, 10-25 cme long, 4=10 mm. wide; panicles loose and drooping, 10-30 cm. long, the branches 5-10 cm. long, distant, flexuous, naked below, spreading or, especially the lower, reflexed; glumes lanceolate, narrow, subulate-pointed, the first l-nerved, 2-3 mm. long, the second 1-5 nerved, 4-5 mn. long; lemmas scabrous, especially above, 6=7 mie long, tapering into a slender,often flexuous, awn 7-10 mm. long. Borders of swamps, moist woods,and open places; frequent. 5. Fe. rubra L. Red Fescue. —+sCulms erect fran a usually decumbent base, smooth, 50-80 cm. tall; sheaths smooth, often tinged with red or purple; blades smooth or seldom scaberulous, rather soft, flat or mostly folded,5-10 cm. long, longer on the innovations, very narrow or seldom as much as 2 mm. wide; panicles narrow, 5-20 cm. long, the branches stiffly ascending or spreading; spikelets usually tinged with purple; first glume lanceolate, l=-nerved, 3e4 mm. long, second glume lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, 4-5 mm. long; lemmas smooth or scabrous toward the apex, pearing an awn 1-5 mm. long. Moist meadows and hillsides. vare lanuginosa Mert, and Koch, Viffers from the species in having villous a Rn ee re lemmas, Worth Fk, Clearwater Re, 2600 fte, ple oud. Hrinrke 4401, 6. F. viridula Vasey. Mountain bunchgrasse Culms slender, erect from a tufted base, 40-70 cm. tall; sheaths smooth; blades crowded toward the base, filiform, smooth and lax, as much as 50 cm. long, especially those of the imnovations; panicles narrow, 5-10 cm. long, the asl ascending or spread- ing, sometines flexuous; glumes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, the first lenerved, 270 nme long, the second i. “3 nerved, about 4 mme long; lemmas smooth or scaberulous, the lower 7-8 mn. long, acuminate, mucronate or with a very short awn. 5 Cpen woods, meadows, and mountain slopes, usually at higher altitudes. = a EE SE REEL IRE ARES RCN ne Sn snl at ORTRONICS So ee oS 7. Fe scabrella Torre —»,Buffalo Bunchgrass. ——~Culms tufted, erect, relatively coarse, 30-100 cm. tall, scaberulous; sheaths scaberulous or nearly smooth, the lower broad and prominent, sonewhat inflated; blades firm, scabrous/ rasan nerved, usuBlly folded, 10-30 cm. long, a8 much as 2 mme wide, but ? usually narrower; nafpicles narrow, 5-15 cm. long, the branches ascending or appressed, snikeletfbearing at the endsi spikelets abouc 1 cm. long, 4-5 flowered; first l-nerved, 6-7 mn. long, the second 8-9 7 glumes lanceolate, glabrous, % irs ime long, 1-3 nerved; lemaas lanceolet., scaberulous, acute or mucronate, the lower R=10 Tile long. Dry forests and rocky ledges. Lake Pend Oreille, 2100 fte; near Santiame Divide, 3200 fte; ne Fk. Hangman Cre 8. Fe occidentalis Hook. -——>Culus sle onder, erect from a densely tufted base, 40-80 cm. tall; sheaths smooth; leaves crowded toward the base, the blades filiform, smooth, soft and lax, as much as 20 om. long; panicles flemous or q o3 drooping, 8-20 cm. long, the branches apenas rather lax, spreading or the lower even reflexed; spikelets loosely 5-5 me sae glumes lanceolate, the first lenerved, 25 tiie Long, She second dJ-nerved, long; lemmas scabrous, the - 3 lower 5-6 mune long, the awns very slender, 5- 108 u mee 7-3 mae long Moist or dry woods, meadows, and rocky hillsides. a I , #4 ly tufted, ll; leaves 9. F. idahoensis Elmer. Blue ee eee — >Culis dense erect, or ascending at base, 40-90 cme, usually about 60 om. te crowded toward the base, the blades filiform, usually distinctly scabrous but sometimes nearly suooth} elongate, especially those of the innovations; panicles narrow, 5-20 cm., usually about 10 cm. long, the branches rather stiffly ascending or spreading; spikelets on rather short stiff pedicels, densely 5-7 flowered; glumes lanceolate, acute or sanetimes acuminate, the first l-nerved, 4-5 mme long, the second d-nerved, 5-6 mn. long; lemmas acuminate, usually smooth below, scavrous toward apex, the lower 6-8 mi. long, the awn straight 2-5 mme longe / y t= Open woods, meadows, and mountain sloves. ae eee, ——— x . Festuca ovina L. This species can be expected in our region ‘although no \ specimens have been seen. Perenhial; culms densely tufted, erect, mostly 20-40 | cm. tall; blades involute, usually scabrous;panicles narrow, 5-8 cm. long; i / lemmas 4-5 mm, long, short-awned./ “in Open woods and rocky slopes, f ark q oe Glyceria R. br. ; aceite WNANNA=ZLASs. Aquatic or marsh grasses with flat blades and Open or contracted panicles. i Spixelets several flowared, the rachilla disarticulating above the Slumes and “ 5 between the florets; slumes short, obtuse or acute, sometimes scarious, 4 : I-nerved; lames obtuse, 4=7 nerved, she nerves prominent, parallel.(Panicularia Heister} 4 Lemmas 5 mme long, scabrous between the nerves il. G fluitans 2 Lemmas 4 mm. long, glabrous between the somewhat scgbrous nerves 2e G. borealis o Spikelets ovate or oblong; panicles broad, the branches 4 Spreading or drooping Z Lemmas 5 nerved de G. pauciflora rd Lemmas 7 nerved A First glume 0.5-1 mn. long; sheaths scabrous tite 6G Lemmas 2 mm. long; blades not over 6 mn. wide 4. G. nerverta ‘ q & Lemmas 2.5 mn. long, blades as much as 10 mm. wide De Ge elata 4 First glume 2 mm. long; sheaths smooth 6. G. grandis ; F 4 4 F 1. G fluitans R. Br. —»VWater \iannagrass. ——>Culns usually succulent, erect : from a decumbent base, rooting at the lower nodes, 60-120 om. tall; sheaths ; ‘ : ‘ 4 keeled, smooth or occasionally scaberulous, the lower ones often inflated; ’ ligules thin and papery, as much as 10 mine long; blades rathe firm, erect, 4 scabrous or nearly smooth, 10-25 on. long, 3-7 mn. wide, the apex usually boatshaped; panicles nerrow, 20 to as much as 45 om. long, she branches erect or ascending; spikelets 5-9 flowered, the florets not crowded; glumes lanceolate or ovete-lanceolate, l-nerved, the first 2-3 mme the second 4-5 mm. long; lemmas obtuse, about 5 mn. long, strongly T-nerved, scabrous on and betveen the nerves. / Shallow water along lakes and creel bottomse y 3 c 7 laea) ——? Lake Coeur d'Alons, Uienecek 215% Santianne Creek Bottoms ,-betbers 1038; Gd 2. Ge borealis (Nash) Batchelder. Northern iiannagrass. ——sCulms erect from a decumbent base, rooting at the lower nodes, as much as 120 cm. tall; sheaths keeled, smooth or scaberulous; ligules long and papery; blades flat a or folded, scabrous above, nearly smooth beneath, 10-20 cm. long, usually less chan 9 mie wide, the apex boat-shaped; panicles narrow, as much as 40 cme long, 2 the branches usually appressed; spikelets rather long-pediceled, appressed ? so the branches, 10-15 mu. long; glumes obtuse, scarious, obscurely l-nerved, the first 1.5-c mm., the second 2.5-3.5 mm. long; lemmas obtuse, about 4 mm. long, 7-nerved, slightly scabrous on the nerves, glabrous on the internerves, the apex scarious, smooth and shining. Swamps and shallow water along lake shores. a > Pet : = won age ng Shee bn “et ys a do Ge pauciflora Presl. ——>Culns stiffly erect from a decumbent base with creeping rhizomes, 50-120 cm. tall; sheaths smooth or scabrous; ligules obtuse, 4-5 mme long; blades acuminate, rounded at the base, scabrous on both surfaces, 5-20 cmegusually about 10 cm., long, 5-15 mm. usually less than 10 mm. wide; panicles nodding, 10-20 cm. long, the branches spreading, slender and flexuous; glumes ovate, acute or obtuse, the first 1-1.5 mm. long, the second broader, 1.5-2 mme long; lemmas obtuse, 5-nerved, scabrous on the nerves, often sparsely @ so on the internerves, 2-5 ma. long, the apex usually tinged with purple. Swamps,wet meadows, and lake shores. } fe: 4. G. emus Fowl Mannagrass. Culms slender, usually firm, not succulent, erect fram a decumbent base, 30-100 cm. tall; sheaths usually scabrous; blades flat or folded, rather firm, erect or ascending, 5-25 cme long, 2-6 mme wide, seldom wider, scabrous or nearly smooth; panicles 5-15 cme long, the ,branches usually ascending, naked bélow, the upper part flexuous; spikelets crowded toward the ends of the branches, usually tinged with purple; glumes ovate, l-nerved, the first .5-]1 mm. long, the second a little longer; lemmas strongly 7-nerved, the lower 2 mn. long. Swamps and wet places. s,s sie dan seit qW 5e Ge elata (Nash) Hitche. —sulms soft and succulent, especially below, single or few together, erect from a more or less decumbent base, as much as » 150 cm. tall; sheaths retrorsely scabrous, occasionally nearly smooth; ligules broad, truncate, 5-4 mm. long; blades thin and lax, scaberulous on both sur- faces, 10-40 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide; panicles nodding or drooping, 10-25 cme long, the branches slender, flexuous, spreading or often reflexed, the lower as much as 15 cme long; glumes ovate, l-nerved, the first about 1 mm. long, the second 1-2 mm. long; lemmas 265 mn. long. Wet meadows, springs, and moist aoods. 6. Ge grandis S. iiats. Culms rather stout, succulent, as much as 150 om. tall; sheaths smooth; ligules broad, truncate 1-2 mn. long; blades smooth, as much as 60 cme, usually 20-350 cm., long, 4-10 mm. wide; panicles pyramidal, 25-30 cm. long; glumes ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, acute, about equal, 2 mme long, or the second a little longer, “hitish, contrasting with the usually purple tinged ‘ lemmas; lemmas obtuse; the lower 2.5 mm. long. Wet meadows, marshes, and along streams. DOU Senay 3 Alone, feeb —40%; Wallace, Kelloge 10103, V as om Ade eee eee: nd w 4. Poa L. Bluegrass. Annuals or perennials with narrow, flat or folded blades with boats =| shaped tips. spikelets 2 to severel flowered, disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes keeled, the first usually 1, the second d-nerved; lemmas more or less keeled, 5-nerved, avmless, glabrous, pubescent, or with a cobweb at the base, the tip often scarious and shining. O Plants annual le Pe annua O Plants perennial 2 Rhizomes present 4 Culms much compressed; panicles dense, she short @ branches appressed or stiffly spreading ce P. compressa j 4 Culms not compressed, or only slightly so; panicles 3g open, the branches flexuous, naked below : 6 Lemmas glabrous or sparsely pubescent on the back {0 below; cobweb wanting oe Pe nervosa a (, Lemmas densely pubescent on the keel and marginal F JQ nerves; cobweb present 4. P. pratensis Ww \ ce 2, Rhizomes wanting, Palns tufted ee : 4 Cobweb present, sometimes scant ; 6 Culms loose and decumbent at the base, the lower /o sheaths compressed, keeled Oo. P. palustris Soe ET eed (, Culms densely tufted, erect, the lower sheaths jgrounded on the back 6. P. interior ac nendliydt ceil late 4 Cobweb wanting¢) G Lemmas densely pilose on the keel and marginal nerves 7. P. alpina a me bees | (, Lemmas glabrous, scabrous or crispepubescent /p00n the back below, the nerves not densely pilose i A rai ite el se G Culms buloous at the bases spikelets proliferous 14. P. bulbosa - Culins not bulbous; spikelets normal J/g vemaas crisp-pubescent on the back below te Culms decumbent at the base, loosely tufted; Ww ‘{/(, panicle branches sproading 8. P. gracillima (2 Culms erect, densely tufted; panicles /{, narrow, the branches appressed ee ae i ee ee ee tl el Be ae /q. leaves in a basal cluster, the blades mostly less than 1 mm. wide q / 2 . culns Slender mostly less than 30 VN oe \ome tall 9. P. Sandberei¢ /4¢ Leaves scattered, the blades as much as /B ¢ 5 mn. wide; culms stouter, more than \50 CMe tall 10% P. Canbyi /O Lemmas glabrous or scabrous |% Culms stout, as much as 120 om. tall; /@ Panicles ample, as much as 30 on. long ll. P. ampla /~,Culms slender, less than 50 om. tall; ; /( panicles less than 10 om. long ; ; 7 /4 Panicles ovoid, dense; blades as much /3as 2 ma. wide, smooth 12. P. epilis /4 Panicles open, or if dense, not ovoid; I®bdlades very narrow, scabrous 13. P. Cusickii lL. Pe annua L. Annual Bluegrass. —»>Culms tufted, erect or Spreading, often weak and lax, 10-30 cm. tall; plants smooth throughout; blades mostly Wd é-5 cme long, 2-5 mm. wide; ligules obtuse, 2-3 mn. long; panicles 2-5 om. 3 long, the branches stiffly ascending, spreading, or sometimes reflexed, naked j below; first glume lanceolate, l-nerved, 2 mm. long, the second ovate or ovate =| ‘ lanceolate, often acute, S-nerved, 2.5 mm. long; lemmas obtuse, the lower 3 mm. long, the intermediate nerves prominent, the keel and lateral nerves pubescent ‘ below; cobweb wanting. Moist ground, woods, and waste places. Culms erect from a loose decumbent base, heaths smooth or scaberulous, the lower ones keeled and tinged § ri 5. P. palustri 40-120 cme tall; s with red or purple; ligules prominent, tmincate, 2-3 mme long, seldom longer; : blades flat or loosely folded, erect or ascending, sometines lax, 5-20 cm. long, } 2-5 mae wide; panicles pyranidal, 10-40 cme long, the branches in rather distant fascicles, spreading, flexuous, naked below, as much as 10 cme long; spikelets pale or tinged with bronze and purple, 2-5 flowered; glumes lanceolate-acuminate, nearly equal, 2-5-5 mme long; lemmas lanceolate, blunt, obscurely nerved, 2.5=-3 and marginal nerves, the cobweb sometimes scant. : a s Le ki woe wp 2 a os - j- _e mme long, villous on the keel TTT =~ de P aan Jet meadows, comnon. 6. Pe. interior Rydb. ———»Culns densely tufted, usually stiffly erect, 30-60 cm. tell; sheaths smooth, not keeled; blades smooth or scaberulous, rather lax, 5-10 cm. long, 1-2 mn. vide; panicles narrow, 5~20 Cle, usually about 10 cme, long, the branches ascending or spreading, scarcely flemous; glumes acuminate, the first 2.5 tiie, the second 3 mine, long; lemnas lanceolate, 3 ime long, villous on the keel and marginal nerves, cobweb sparse. 1. u Lake Coeur d'Alene, Sandberg et al 545, Moist lake shoreSe te Pe Qlipina Le ——-» Culms densely tufted, 10-20 om. tall; sheaths smooth; ligules 1-3 mn. long; leaves mostly basal, the blades 1-4 on. long, 1-4 mm. wide; panicles dense, long-exserted, 2-4 cm. long, nearly as broad as long; spikelets 4-5 mn. long, 2-3 mm. wide, 5-6 flowered, the florets crowded; glumes ovate, arcuate, the first l-nerved, 2.5 mn. long, the second o-nerved, 3 mme long; lemmas broad, about 1 mm. from keel to margin, 5 mne long, densely long=| keel and marginal nerves, more or less villous on the internerves villous on the below; cobweb wanting. Stevens Peak, 5700 fte, Leiberg 1459. Grassy slopes at high elevations, Se Pe gracillima Vasey. Culnas erect from a loosely tufted, decumbent base, 10-50 cmegusually 20-30 cm. tall; sheaths smooth; ligules 1-4 mn. long; blades firm or rather lax, very harrow or as much as 2 mn. wide, those of the culm very few and often much reduced; panicles long-exserted, triangular, 5-10 om. long, the branches in distant fascicles, 2-5 in a fascicle, spreading or even reflexed, naked below; glumes oblong-lanceolata, acute or usually obtuse, the first 3-4 mm., the second 4-5 mn., long; lemmas lanceolate, 4-5 i. long, crisp-pubescent on the lower portion of the back, the upper portion glabrous or ‘scabrouse weadows, grassy hillsides, and rocky slopes and ledges. rand O xrok. w 9. Pe sendborstt-VYasuys -———» Culms erect from a densely tufted dase, 50-50 ciie, mostly about 50 cme, tall; leaves in a basal cluster, the blades smooth or scaberulous, softs, mostly less than 1 mn. wide; ligules 2-3 mm. long; } panicles narrow, 5-15 cme, mostly less than 10 cm., long, the branches appressed OQ or ascending; glumes lanceolate-acuminate, the first 3-4 mm. long, the second 4-5 mm. long; lemmas lanceolate, 4-5 im. long, scabrous above, densejy crisp- pubescent on the lower part of the back. é Meadows , plains, and rocky slopes. ate a Ramey ‘ a : m. ai & 2 Lich Ween? 10. P. Canbyi (Scribn.) Piper. —* Culms densely tufted, erect or ascending at the base, rather stout, 50-90 cm., usually about 60 cm., tall; leaves not crowded at the base, the blades fim, flat, scabrous or nearly smooth on both surfaces, 1-3 mm. wide; ligules 3-5 cme long; panicles erect, dense, 10-15 cm. long; glumes lanceolate or acwninate, the first 3-4 mnie, the second 4-5 mm., long; lemmas lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, the apex sometimes acute, crisp-pubescent on the lower part of the back. a af ll. Pe ampla Merr. ——— Culms erect from a tufted base, as much as 120 én. tall; sheaths smooth or somewhat scabrous; ligules short, less than 1 mm. long; blades firm, flat or folded, scabrous above, smooth or scabrous below, 10-30 cme long, or longer on the innovations, 1-3 mn. wide; panicles narrow, rather dense, 20-50 cme long, the branches ascending or appressed; spikelets pale or glaucous, 5-10 ma. long; glumes scabrous, lanceolate-acuminate, the first 1-3 nerved, 4-5 mm. long, the second 3-5 nerved, 5-6 mm. long; lemmas lanceolate, acute or obtuse, 5-6 mm. long, glabrous, or usually scabrous. aah st? bai ied bie Vaal kan nip y ; 5 | lieadows, river banks,and roadsides. 12. P. epilis Scribn. ——SCulms erect from a densely tufted base, 20-40 cm. tall; sheaths smooth; ligules about 2 ma. long; blades smooth, soft, flat or loosely folded, very narrow or as much as 2 mm. wide; panicles long-exserted, ovoid or rather narrow, dense, 2-5 cm. long; glumes ovate-lanceolate, the first 3 mm., the second 4 mn. long; lemmas lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, scabrous. ‘© mara ay elannaec uw urassy mountain slopes,— — moh ——pDivide between St. Joe and Clearwater Wi gape. Mia tok pecs rercee Navbiona. 13. Pe Cusickii Vaseye ——____->Culms erect or ascending from a densely tufted base, 20-50 cm. tall; sheaths smooth or scabrous; leaves mostly basalf the blades filiform or very narrow, scabrous, those of the innovations as much as 20 come long; panicles long-exserted, dense, the branches stiff and appressed to slender and flexuous, 5-10 cm. long; glumes lanceolate or acuminate, the first 3-4 mme, the second 4-5 mm., long; lemmas lanceolate, or acuminate, often sub- aristate, smooth or scabrous, about 5 mne long. Rocky slopes. Clearwater Cr, near Lewiston; Hatwai Cr, Nez Perces COey Sandberg 158. ‘his species is very variable but cannot be satisfactorily > separated into distinct species, The form found in our region has lax open panicles, and the lemmas are smooth or nearly so, not subaristate, This has been named Poa filifolia Vasey. (Type, Sandberg ,138),5 14. P. bulbosa L. —?Culms densely tufted, erect from a bulbous base, 20-60 cm. tall; ligules 2-4 mm. long; basal blades smooth and lax, filiform, those of the culm rather firm, smooth or scabrous, 2-5 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; panicles narrow but open, contracting when mature, 5-10 cm. long, appearing bushy from the leaf blades of the bulblets formed on the spikelets. Fields and waste places, introduced from Hurope.e. In Oregon where it has become established, it provides excellent pasture and is also cut for Lh 2 ea of wwe uoscow, Gail in 1927. : ee a a ati i dahany po 961 5. Eragrostis llost. Annuals with open panicles of rather large spikelets. Spikelets several to many flowered, the rachilla contimaous; ee lemmas deciduous ,the paleas persistent; glumes acute, nearly equal, the first lenerved, the second 1-3-nerved; lemmas acute, or somewhat obtuse, J-nerved, the nerves prominent. 1. EB. cilianensis (All.) Link. Stinkgrass. Culms erect or usually gzeniculate-spreading, as much as 70 cm. tall; sheaths smooth with a tuft of hairs at the math, glandular; blades flat, smooth, mostly 10-15 cm. long; panicles open, 5-10 cm. long, the branches and branchlets stiffly spreading, more or less glandular; spikelets usually many-flowered on short stout pedicels, plumbeous, as much as lo mn. long; glumes 1.52 mm. long; lemmas broad, obtusish, 2mme long, the keels with prominent glandular spots. ae oO A weed in waste places; introduced from Europe. >Moscow, Henderson 4650. 6. Dactylis L. Orchard Grasse Stout perennials with flat blades and spikelets crowded toward the ends. of the panicle branches. Spikelets few-flowered, compressed, disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets, the florets crowded, successively smaller,making the summits about equal; glumes unequal, keeled, acute or acumin- ate, scabrous or hispid on the keel, the first l-nerved, the second 3-nerved; lemmas acute or acuminate, awn-pointed, scabrous, S-nerved, stiffly ciliate on the keels. 1. De glomerata L. @rcvherd—reses™——> Culms stout, tufted, as much as 140 cme tall; sheaths scabrous; blades flat, scabrous or nearly smooth, as much as 35 ome long and 7 mme wide; panicles open, contracted after flowering, the few branches stout, stiffly spreading, naked below; spikelets nearly sessile, glomerate at the ends of the branches. Y4elds and waste places; introduced irom wuropes Coeur dtAlenes St. Josephs Re, 2120 ftes St. Liarlese a aa PL i ae tl realm Da andl oe ce lB ag tes 962. ?. Cynosurus L. Dogtail.’ AS opin bh eames orn act goes “kag annuels or perennials with flat slender blades and dense spikelike or capitate nanicles. Spikelets in pairs, one fertile sthe other sterile; : fertile spikelet sessile, 2-2 Plovered, the rachilla jointed ebove the glumes, the lemmas rounded on the back, avn-tipred; sterile spikelet short peciceled, with 2 glumes and several scuninate lemmas on a continuous rachilla. 1. C. cristatus L. ——> Crested dogtail. Perennial; culms slender, erect or decumbent at the bese, as much as 75 cm. tall; blades elongate, glabrous; panicle narrow, spikelike, 3-8 om. long; fertile lemmas 3-4 mm. long, scabrous toward the tip, the awn about lm. long. <> Fields and waste places} Introduced from Europe. no & — Sandpoint, Christ 2051. < 9638 &,. Phragmites Trin. Coarse perennial gresses with broad flet blades end usuélly large plumelike panicles. Snikelets several-fl owered, the rachilla jointed above the glumes end between the florets, densely silky-rillous; glumes lanceolate, ecute, the first about half es lone as the second; levrias lone acuminate, tTLADTOUS; falee much shorter than the lemma. a: ee 1. P. communis Trin. —~SCommon reed. Culms erect, as much as 4m. tall, with stout creeping rhizomes; sheaths overlapping, glabrous, often with a small tuft of hairs at the throet; ligule ciliate, about l ‘a long; blades flat, ecuminate; 1-5 cm. wide, glabrous on both surfaces, the mergins appressed- ere panicles 15-40 cm. long, densely flowered, the ‘renee ascending, cen a Fogs end wet ground. yoy — Cepeland District, Christ 835. ‘Cibeinea: Co aka ces bite asad oli . ‘anche p WN ‘one j H ! | q- luelica L. Onion Grass. Tall pergnnials with closed sheaths, and flat blades, the bases of the culms,swollen into distinct corms. Spikelets several flowered, disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets, bearing one to three gradually smaller empty lemmas above the fertile florets; glumes unequal, membranaceous, acute or obtuse; len as firm, rounded on the back, prominently Several-nerved, acuminate or obtuse, awnl SSe' O Culms bulboge at the base ‘& Butbs narrowly ovoid; lemnas acuminate 1. Me subulata 2 Bulvs globose; lemnas obtuse 2. Me spectabilis f Culms not mulbosh at the base 3.°M. Gmithii 1. Me subulata (Griseb.) Scribn.—7Alaska Onion Grass. Culms erect or ascending, smooth or usually scabrous, 40-110 om. usually about 90 om. tall: coms ovoid; sheaths overlapping at least below, distinctly retrorsely scabrous and often retrorsely pilose as well; blades flat, scabrous on both surfaces ; 5=25 Cme long, 2-7 mn. wide; panicles narrow, 6=20 cme long, the branches distant appressed, few-flowered, floriferous fran near the base; spikelets linear ‘ 15-20 mm. long; glumes membranaceous, oblong-lanceolate, the first Sabu od S mne long, the secod 5-7-nerved, 8 mm. long, scabrous on the nerves; leumas long-acuminate, 10-12 mm. long, 7-nerved, hispid on the nerves, especially the lateral ones, sometimes sparsely so. Open woods, hillsides, and canyons. ae hie Spectabilis Scribn. —_—>Culms erect, 40-100 em. tall; corms globose; eaths overlapping, scabrous; blades flat or loosely folded, attenuate into rather fine point, scabrous on both surfaces, 10-20 om. long, 2=4 mm. wide; anicles narrow but open, 10-20 om. long, the branches Simple, distant, ascend- ng or spreading, slender, somewhat flexous; -spikelets on slender, usually lexuous pedicels, 8=15 mmm. long, prominently tinged with purple; glumes ovate r oblong, usually rather abruptly narrowed near the summit; the first 1-3-nerved € mme long, the secmd 5=7-nerved, 6-8 mm. long; lemmas broad, narrowed above ; 1¢ middle into an obtuse or subacute, hyaline apex, Scaorous, 7-9-nerved, the : ; erves vrominent. m4 Sy’ bry ~ pear DO ctuP o-r { = 01st ineadows and mountain slopes. - as G Foo ft ) (Booo ft) wat ——> Priest I ale : a * A } ' ( _friest Lake, T566-itwpLei bere 27 De Santianne Creek bottoms , /960—- beroens +0; Ridge north of Fish Lake, #ptine—and | LJ3. M. gmithii (Porter) Vasey. Culms slender, erect, mostly 1-1.5 m. tall; sheaths ry shofter than the internodes, scabrous; ligule thin, hyaline, 4-5 mm long:blades thin, flat, lex, scabrous at least on the margins, 6-12 mm. wide; panicles 15-25 cm. long, the branches solitary, distant, spreading or reflexed, spikelet bearing only on the upper half; svikelets purplish, 2-6-flowered; lower lemma 10-14 mm, long, acuminate, minutely toothed, scabrous, the awn 3-5 mm long. > a Moist woodlands, ——> Uvper Lightning Creek, Christ 895, se — 9GS | 4 yO. Agropyron Gaertn. Wheatgrass. Perennials,sometines with rhizones, with usually erect culms and spikes. Spikelets several flowered, sessile and solitary placed flatwise at each node of the continuous rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes equal, firm, acute or avmed, usually shorter than the first lemma; lemmas firm, rounded on the back, acute. O Rhizomes present, well developed ZGlumes acute, strongly nerved; blades relatively G thin and rather lax 1. Ae repens Glunes acuminate, faintly nerved; blades very firm, (6 strongly nerved 2. Ae Smithii © Rhizomes wanting (or short ones occasionally produced A in A. spicatun) 2, Lemmas awnless or short-awned 4 Glunes obtuse or abruptly pointed; blades narrow, @ mostly involute 6. Ae inerme . é Glumes acute or acuminate; blades comparatively @ broad, flat Oe Ae q@ 2, Lemmas long-awned 4 Avs straight 4. A. canine “a Awns divergent 5. A. spicatum 1. Ae revens(L.) Beauv. Quackgrass. Culms erect or decumbent at the pase, 50-100 om. tall; rhizanes long and yellowish; blades flat and rather lax, scabrous, sometiwes sparsely pilose above, 10-20 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide; spikes erect, 8-15 cm. long; spikelets expanded at flowering time, contracted at maturity, somewhat stiffly spreading; elumes acuminate, mucronate or short® =| as strongly 3-5-nerved, 8- 10 mie long; lemmas glabrous, the lower ones about 10 mm. long, pointed, sometimes short-aristate. Fields and waste places} introduced fran Europe. c a wit ——»> Priest Lake, 2700 ft. peotire—LioF; Cocur d'Alene$ Reeth Pret Wiut~ - 2. A. Saithii Rvib. ——>Plants usually glaucous; culms erecs, 40-90 cm. tall, vith long pale rhizaoies; blades ssiff, flat or inr rolled, str only nerved and seabrous above, snooth or nearly so beneath, 5-15 cm. long, 5-5 mm. wide; spikes stiffer than in A. repens; spikelets lo-cO mnie long, several amy, glumes indurate, smooth, very faintly nerved, subulate-pointed, about half the length .. sf she spikelets; lemaas hard, acuminate, mucronate, smooth or somewhat SCAOrOUS. © hs . At (—____ — oc we . St erect, 50-100 cn. tall; r z Ls F bist aed 7 ~ aent nr ce t94 Cc 5 we 7 5 blades relatively a es ee ae eee +O ome long, 2-5 mn. ‘ide, scabrous on both surfaces, sometimes al ilose avove; spikes usually erect 4 F ‘ 7 Ly ° ‘: | ‘ r 10-20 cm. long; spikelets reaching about the middle of the spikelet above on ite side of the rachis; glumes acute or acumin » J-S-nerved, 6-10 nes short-aristate Q a Mile + eri Sy scabrous; lemmas acuminate, mucronate or same the tip. (A, Ae tenerum Vasey; i: Ae pauciflorum (Schwein, ) Ww scabrous, especially soward Hitchee) Dry rocky woods and hillsides. 4, A, subsecundum (Linke) Hitehe, Similar to A. long-awned lemmas. Benton Cr. watershed, lianiksu Nat. Fore, 2300 fte, Larsen 169, 5. A. spicatun (Purshy,) Seribn. and Smith. —~—?Culms cespitose or in loose colonies, erect, 50-120 om. tall, snooth; innovations extravaginal, often } forming short rhi,anes; sheaths smooth; blades firm, flet or loosely involute, 10-20 om. long, often atte nuate to a fine point, Sere enknt aoove, smooth or scabrous beneath; spikes erect, 10-20 cm. long; Spikelets rather distant, not reaching the one above on the same side; glumes lanceolate, oq p=nerved, acute, awnless the rateg Noo ae ysvalliw« a Set Se ae ye ne : 12 mme, usually about 10 mn., long; lemmas smooth, che lower 10-12 mn. long, z ee 9 : . a mam fe lS ae na he 8 10-20 mae long, strongly divergent at naturity. Dry wocds and rocky hillsides at middle altitudes. Fad A . (s i oe re ey «ee \ 17 ase ner 4 ong mich ata ; “ < oa oO, foal vate +4 « Ae inerme (S Ne ANI adel) wydoe —=—————SSimilar to Agropyron Spicatun, Pan that enactoac Se hare mono hee oe var Prom wnae species in naving narrow involute blades, awnless or re optu use glumes. — Ee 1c.) ene DUG differing rarely short-2 Dry pine woods and hillsides, Upper Priest Lake, 2700 fte; Valley of Tessemini Lake; Fost talls; Moscow 967 lle Elymus Le Wild Ryee. Tall perennials with dense tcrminal spikes. Spikelets sessile, tvro (sometimes more in i, condensatus) at each node of the continuous rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the &lumes and between the florets; glumes equal, lanceolate or subulate, acute or aristates; lemmas rounded on the back, avmless or long-avmed, O Glumes subulates; lemmas awnless; culms with short 4 knotty rhizomes 1. Ee condensatus OGlumes comparatively broads; lemmas awned (except in [3 virginicus var, submuticus), the awns 1-3 om, ' \long; rhizomes wanting & Glumes thin, not indurate at the base Ze be flaucus 2,Glumes firm, indurate and more or less bowed ( out at the base u 4 Avms erect or wanting Oe “e Virginicus 4 Avms spreading 4e lve canadensis 1. E. condensatus Presl. Culms stout in large clumps with short knotty rhizomes, erect, about 150 cm, tall; sheaths smooth; blades flat, bik Be ascending, scabrous above, nearly smooth beneath, as much as 40 cm, long and lc mm, wide; spikes crect, dense, 10-20 cin. long; glumes subulate or very narrow, avm-pointed; lemneas sparsely pilose, avmless or shortearistate, Ury slopes and sandy river banks, .Near Slackwater, St, Josevhs R,, Leiberg 1302. Ce te Zlaucus Buckl, -——> Culms slender, as much as 120 cm. tall, smooth | or scabrous; sheaths smooth to hirsute; leaves flat, rather lax, longe acuminate, pointed, scabrous, 10-25 cm, long, 2-10 mm, wide, seldom wider; ; ee, oe cakat uminat ym=pointe qi inflorescence dense, O-15 cm. longs glumes lanccolase, acuminate or avm-poin ed, 968 about as long as the Spikelet, usually oenerved, scabrous on the nerves ‘ * ; 3 amma =a)? mm 7} o > , Jan lommas 8-lé mn, long, the avms 10-20 mn, long, erect or somewhat spreading, Oven woods and hillsides, commone fz pitt hott : 969 - E. virginicus var. submuticus Hook. ——> Culms Slender, erect, 55-100 om. il; sheatns shorter thar the internodes, elabrous or scabrous; bledes flat, ex, 9-15 mm. wide, scabrous; snike 5-10 em. lone, exserted, erect; glunes ry thick end indurate at the howed out base, ecute, scabrous or nearly zlebdrous; lemmas acute, awniess or nearly SO, svarsely scabrous. V Dense woods and thickets. —-»Corveland, Christ 637. 4. E. canadensis L. ——>Culms coarse, erect, vsvally more than 1m. tall; sheaths mostly overlapping, zlabrous; blades flat, 1-2 on. wide, rather firm, the margins scabrous, otherwise glabrous or neerly so; svike 10-25 em. long, drooning, more or less interrupted at the base; glumes indurate at the base but not bowed out, attenuate; lenmes hirsute, the long awns divergent, somewhat tortuous. Sy Onen ground and waste pleces. —— Sandpoint, Christ 590. Annuals or perennials with dense cylindrical spikes. Spikelets l©& se flowered, 4 coca at each node of the articulatedrachis, the group 1f Hordeum L. Wild Barley. the lateral pediceled; rachilla of falling entir the middle one sessile, sad behind the palea, bearing a rudimentary not pot aa the central et prolonge floret; lateral spikelets reduced spikelet; lemmas rounded on the ba ; glumes subulate, standing in front of the obscurely nerved, tapering into the avVNS e« le He @ussoneanun o Plants annual, O Plants perennial,/ é 5 Awns 4-6 cme long, Ss spreading 2. He jubatum toed 5 Awns less than 1 om. long, straight 3. He. nodosum ——>Culns tufted, ascending or spreading, more r less geniculate at the nodes, 10- 30 cme tall; sheaths pubescent or glabrous; plades narrow, lax, pubescent, 1-5 cme long, seldom longer; spikes ovoid, mostly 2-35 cm. long; spikelets crowded; glumes subulate, nerveless, thickened toward the base, scabrous, about 1 cme long, including the awn; lemmas of central spikelets 5 mm. long, the avms stiffly ascending, somewhat exceeding shose of the glumes. . . jatroduced fran ee ek eee Waste places; le ie @ussoneanun Parl. O 1 —— Coeur d'Alene, Rust 459. 2 Squirreltail Grass. ——>Culns slender, tufted, erect, or spreading at the base, 40 om. tall, sanetimes taller; sheaths glabrous, scabrous or pubescent; leaves flat, firm, stiffly ascending, 5-10 cme long, 2-4. mm. wide, scabrous; spikes nodding and flexuous, readily disarticulating 10 cme long; lateral spikelets rodioed. to awns; Piuwss of the central spikelet awnlike, very scabrous, 4-6 cm. long; lemmas 5-8 mm. long, the awns slender, as long as those of she glumes, ascending or spreading. 2. He jubatum L. — Fields and waste placese—— — Coeur d'Alene, ast oOB g Viola, Soenacarmeated 3. He nodosum Le Culas tufted, erect, 30-60 om. tall; lower sheaths pubescent, the upper ones glabrous or scabrous; leaves rather thin, scabrous, ascending, 4-10 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, sometimes narrower and elongate, especially on the innovations; apie srect, S-5 cme long; florets of the lateral spikelets stipitate, much reduced, acuminate or Se ee clumes setiform, scabrous, about 1 cme long; lemmas of the central spikelets acuminate, scabrous, 6 mm. long, the awns a littlolonger than the glumes. = ae seer: des a ues mMOLSEG meadows and nilis ela Pand Orei i) 2 cad bance: Pa es io ——5 Lake Pond Oreills, seadborgyHeltes-emtterpoupet-9o8; Wallace, 2728-4000 DP. nee -—-—> e T To 7 as ive ‘ > {/LOLa . r me “I ' # + { 4 4 4 q H 4 % i | 971 7) $3, Lolium Le kKyegrass,. Perennials with flat blades and flattened terminal spikes. spiesieun several flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets, sessile, solitary, placed edgewise to the rachis; first glume wanting, the second turned toward the outside, about as long as the second floret, strongly 5-S-nerved; lemmas acute or obtuse 5-7-nerved, awnless, o Glumes much shorter than the svikelet 1. Le perenne © Glumes exceeding the florets 2e Le temlentumn 1. Le perenne Le Perennial Ryegrasse Culms erect or decumbent at the base, 20-60 cm, tall; blades flat, lax, smooth, glossy, especially when young, 5-10 cm. long, 2-5 mm, wide; spikes curved or nodding, about 10 em. long; spikelets divergent, about 1 cm, long; glumes blunt, faintly nerved, a little more than half the length of the spikelet; lemmas lanceolate, awnless, 5-6 mn, longe 4 veed in waste places; introduced from Surope, Coeur d'Alene, Rust 315. . Le multiflorum Lam. Italian Ryegrass, Differs from L. perenne in being more robust in habit and in having avmed lemmas; andy nay also occur in our region. 2e Le temulentum Le Darnel. Annual; culms stiffly erect, 60-90 cm, tall; blades firm, flat, 6-6 mm, wide, glabrous; spikes 15-20 cm, long, the axis thick, angular, scabrous; glumes 15-20 ma, long, abruptly acute, slabrous; lower lemma about 8 mm, long, obtuse, entire or minutely lobed, avmless or short aywned, ; du < jlaccs, infrequent. Intrqced from surove, Bonners + @ Ww jon 9) Qu 3 ie) c¢9) =) iw) verry, Christ cO6l. 14. Koeleria fPerse June Grass; False Poa, Perennials with con:racted panicles; spikelets laterally compressedg 2-4-flowered, disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets, the rachilla prolonged beyond the uppermost floret and sometimes bearing a reduced floret; glumes about ecual, the first narrow, l=-nerved, the second broader, 5-5-nerved; lemmas scarious, shining, awnless or short@> avmed, the lower a little longer than the glumes, le Ke cristata (L.) Perse Culms tufted, erect, 20-60 cm, tall, densely pubescent below the vanicles; leaves crowded toward the base, the blades scaberulous or nearly smooth, seldom more than 1 mm, wide; inflorescence dense, shining, 5-10 cm, long, sore or less interrupted at the base; svikelets 4-5 mi, long, scabrous, pale or tinged with ournle,. Ury rocky wooded hillsides, sandy soil, and prairies. Coeur d'Alene; Latah Coe; Little Potlatch R.; Lewiston, MN asiticitsiial 18. frisetum Pers. Perennials with open or contracted panicles. Spikelets 2 or 3 flowered, disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets, the rachilla prolonged behind the upper.iost floret, hairy; glumes from nearly equal to very unequal,the second about as long as the first floret; lemmas Cleft at the summit, the teeth sometimes setaceous=pointed, awned from the back above the middle, the awm short and included, or exserted, spreading, straight or geniculate, often loosely twisted below. o Avus wanting or short and included 1. Te Wolfii oAvms long-exserted ~ inflorescence dense and spikelike; spikelets o-flowered Z Inflorescence open, if somewhat dense ythe (Spikelets 2-flowered 4 Panicle branches Sspikelet=bearing from near the @ base; foliage more or less pilose; blades fim 3. 7, canescens Panicle branches naked below; foliage glabrous 8 or scabrous; blades thin and lax 4. T. =@ cernuum 1. fT. Wolfii Vasey. ———>culus erect, as much as 70 cm. tall; sheaths smooth or scaberulous, more or less retrorsely pilose; ligules broad, erose, 2-4 mme long; blades flat, rather firm, erect or ascending, 5-10 om. long, chose of the innovations longer, 2-5 mn. wide, scaberulous and more or less pilose on both surfaces; panicles dense, 10-20 ome long, the branches appressed or somewhat spreading; spikelets 2-3 flowered, pale, Shining, tinged with purple; glumes lanceolate, nearly equal, 4-7 mm. long, the first l> the second S-nerved, scabrous on the keels; lemnaas scabrous, the lower 4-5 mn. awnless or with a very short awm scarcely reaching the tip. long, Mountain meadows. By of 7 Santianne Cr. bottoms, Head of Little Potlatch R ite Cy TT Lio e Dosen 7 £25 = Sea 12) —> Tt. Ze Ie spicatun ecderrt—(Serions tit : Culms tufted, erect, 20-60 cm. tall, glabrous; sheaths snooth or scaberulous; blades flat, lax, scabrous, 1-3 mm. wide; inflorescence dense spikelike, interrupted below, 5-10 cme long; spikelets 5-5 flowered, 5-6 mm. long, pale or tinged with purple; first glume l-nerved, the second s-nerved, a little longer and broader than the first; lemmas 4-5 mm. long, scabrous, awned from the back one-third below the apex, the awn divergent, usually loosely twisted below, about 5 mn. long. Mountain meadows and rocky sloves. The plant found in our region is the nearly glabrous form which has been called T, spicatum var. congdoni (Scribn, & Cap. Merr,) Hitchce oe Te. canescens Buckle M—— >} Culms solitary or few together, erect or ascending at the base, as much as 80 cm. tall; sheaths retrorsely pilose, sometimes only scabrous; ligules 2-3 mn. long; blades flat, scabrous or pilose on both surfaces, 5-15 om. long, 2-7 mn. wide; inflorescence open, but rather dense, 10-20 cm. long, the branches spikelet-bearing from near the base; spikelets 2-flowered; first glume narrow, l-nerved, lanceolate. acum- inate, 4-5 mm. long, the second broad, oblong, 3enerved, narrowed near the sip to an acute or obtuse apex; lemmas scabrous, 5-6 mm. long, the teeth setaceous, awned from a little above the middle, the awn loosely twisted below, geniculate, divergent»10-12 mne long. et mountain meadows, open woods and along streams. 4. T. cernuum Trin. >Culas slender, lax, as much as 100 on. tall; Sheaths smooth or scaberulous; ligules 2-3 mn. long; blades thin and lax, 8-20 cme long, 5-12 mme wide, scabrous on both surfaces; panicles flemous, 10-20 cme long, the branches somewhat Spreading, few flowered, naked below; spikelets 2-flowered; glumes very unequal, the first narrow, acuminate, lanceolate, l-nerved, 1-4 mm., usually about 2mme, long, the second oblong, J-nerved, 4-5 ma. long, abruptly narrowed near the swnmit to an acutve apex; lemmas =D scabrous, 5=G mme long, the teeth Setaceous, the ayvms Slender, Plemous,y spreading, not twisted bolow, mostly 10 mn. long. woist meadows, woods, and rocky ledses. ant 1@. Sphenopholis Scribn. Perennials with flat blades and narrow panicles. Spikelets 2-flowered, disarticulating below the glumes, the rachilla prolonged beyond the upper floret as a slender bristle; first glume narrow, l=-nerved, the second broad, obovate, d-S-nerved; lemmas acute, fim, scarcely nerved, somewhat exceeding the glumes. 1. S. obtusata (lMichx.) Scribn. Culms erect, 30-60 om. tall; sheaths scabrous or nearly smooth; blades flat, scabrous, 5-15 om. long, 2=5 mm. wide; panicles narrow, dense, more or less interrupted at the base, 5-10 om. long; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long; glumes scabrous; lemmas smooth and Shining, or scabrous toward the tip. ; Open woods and prairies. —— ——>Priest Lake, pling 7762. a CNS (Lae 1q. Aivenk. Hairgrass. ere e : if Annuals or perennials with narrow or open panicles and shinin ; or purplish spikelets. Spikelets 2-flowered, disarticulating abovi glumes, the rachilla prolonged beyond the upper floret; glumes nea equal, membranaceous, acute or lanceolate; lemmas truncate, erose-dent awned from or below the middle, the awn straight, twisted or bent. (Ad © Plants annual; spikelets more than 5 mm. long : : a5 ee = 2. o Plants perennial; spikelets less than 5 mm. long = z "2 Panicles narrow, elongate, the branches ap essed; 6 amns distinctly exserted fram the ¢ Panicles open, the branches spreading; ra 6 awns included or only slightly exserted 4 Lemmas awned from the middle, the awns twisted §& below; leaves relatively short and broad ~ 4 Lemmas awned from near the base, the awns straight; : @ leaves narrow, elongate Cee i \4 danthonioides (Trin) Mowe. Culms slender, erect or ascending, 10- tall; sheaths snooth; ligules acuminate, 3 mm. long; blades smooth or s lous, very narrow, loss than 5 om. long; panicles open, 5-15 om. long, thi branches distant, stiffly spreading, naked below, the branchlets stiffly : spreading, bearing 1-3 appressed spikelets; glumes nearly equal, lanceolate, exceeding the florets; S-nerved, 5-8 mm. long; lemmas 2.5 mm. long, the awis — twisted below, geniculate, 4-5 mm. long above the bend; prolongation of the rachilla prominent, more than half as long as the lemma, long=pilose above, the hairs reaching the tip of the lemma. Q@Qrra dantheddesr danthonictes Ten.) * Meadows and moist sandy river bottoms. ——? Coeur d'Alene pweee—20$; Thatuna Hills, Spling—end—Herek0602,.0605-> ™ i 2+ BD elongata Gook) WMhamne, Culms densely tufted, erect, 15-70 cm. tall or a sometimes taller; leaves clustered toward the base, the sheaths smooth; ligules 4 3-6 mne long; blades lax, very narrow or as much as 2 mme wide, smooth or a scabrous; panicles narrow, flexuous, loose, as much as 30 cm. long, the branches distant, appressed; glumes 4-6 mm. long, exceeding the florets; lemmas 2mm. long, the callus and prolongation of the rachilla pilose, the awn Slender, straight, not twisted below, 4-5 mm. long. Moist meadows and hillsides. ‘ Be p. atropurpurea Gr) Mountain Hair grass. —>Culus tufted, erect, 20-70 cm. tall; sheaths smooth; ligules truncate, 3-4 mm. long; blades flat, appressed, 5-10 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, scaberulous; panicles oven, 5-10 em. tp > 23 > | Se L 3 im long, the branches Slexuous, distant, spikelet-bearing toward the ends; glumes equal, exceeding the florets, broad, 5 mm. long, narrowed to an acute apex, the first 14 the second d-nerved; lemmas 2 mae long, long-pilose on the callus, awned from the middle, the ayms twisted below, that of the first floret straight, 3 that of the second geniculate, included or somewhat exserted. Woods and mountain slopes. -> Beauv. 4. D. caespitosa (L.) Tufted Hair grass. ——»Culms tufted, erect, as much as 120 cme tall, leaves crowded toward the base, the sheaths smooth; liguaes 5-8 mme long; blades flat or folded, scabrous above, nearly smooth beneath, 5-20 cme long, those of the innovations elongate, as much as 3 mm. wide; panicles open, drooping, 15-30 cme. long, the branches in distant fascicles, spreading, naked below; spikelets 4-5 mm. long; glumes lanceolate, equalling or a little shorter than the spikelets; florets distant; lemma 3 mm. long, awned fran hear the base, the awn straight, scarcely exserted. Frequent in wet meadows. ® 2 : : X Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Mert. & Koch. Tall oatgrass. Reported to occur in our region but no herbarium specimen¥ ha been seen. Rather coarse perennial, wiethypale or purplish, snining @ani¢les)15-30 cm. long; spikelets 2-flowered, the lower staminate, awned, the upper perfect, awnless. Fields and waste places; in- troduced from Europe. — i Avena fatua L. Wild oat. Reported from our region but no herbarium specimen has been seen, Spikelets mostly 3-flowered, the lemmas covered with stiff brown or pale hairs, sometimes sparsely so, the awn stout, ceniculate, twisted be- low, 34 cm. long. Fields and waste places, introduced from Europe. A common weéd on the Pacific coast. 97 18, Danthonia Lam, & DC. Oatgrass, ; tufted perennials with oven or Compact panicles; spikelets severale> = / flowered, disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes lancsolate, acute, exceeding the florets; lemmas rounded on the back with a strong callus at the base, bearing a flat geniculate twisted avn from between the aristate teeth of a bifid QDEX. DO vanicles open, the branches spreading le De californica 5 Penicies dense, the branches appressed, or the 4 vanicles reduced to a single spikelet 2 Lemmas glabrous on the back 4 Spikelets several; sheaths glabrous or & sparsely pilose Ze De intermedia A Spikelets usually one, or sometimes two; sheaths 8 conspicuously retrorsely pilose oe De unispicata 2 Lemmas sparsely pilose on the back 4- UD. spicata 1. be californica Boland, Culms tufted, erect, 30-60 cm, tall; sheaths smooth with a tuft of hairs at the mouth; blades attenuate to a fine point, scabrous on both surfaces, 2-4 mm, wide; panicles open, with 2-5 svikelets, the branches pubescent, usually spreading or even reflexed, with rather conspicuous pulvini at the base; spikelets about 2 cm, long, the glumes exceeding the florets; lemmas glabrous on the back, pilose on the margins, the teeth long-aristate, Cliffs along St. Maries Re, 2900 ft., Leiberg 1069, vare americana (Scribn,) Hitche. Liffers from the Svecies in having pubescent or pilose sheaths,— —> ain — J ry or moist meadows and open zround. le Smet Mission, 2700 ftes; Voscow, 979 ; 2. De intermedia Vasey, Timber Oatgrass, vulms tufted, erect, 20-45 cm, +211; sheaths smooth or pubescent with a tuit of hairs at the mouth; blades flat or becoming involute, smooth, scaberulous or pilose, 5-10 cm, long, 1-3 mn, wide; inflorescence dense, 5-7 cm. long, the branches short and appressed; spikelets 10-15 rm, long; lemmas glabrous on the back, pilose on the margins, rather abruptly narrowed into the short aristate teeth. ‘loist meadows, alkaline soil, and rocky ledges, 3e De unispicata llunro. Similar to Ll. californica; culms 15-20 cm, tall; sheaths retrorsely long-pilose, sometimes densely so; blades rather short, clustered toward the bese, scabrous or pilose; inflorescence reduced to @. single spikelet, sometimes two but the lower then short-pedicellate and appressed; spikelets as in D, californica, Dry hilis and prairies. voeur d'Alene; head of Little Potlatch it. 4. De spicata (Le) Beauv. Culms densely tufted, erect, as much as 80 cme tall; sheaths glabrous or sparsely pilose; blades flat, narrow, becoming curled with age, those on the innovations usually involutes; panicle 2-6 em, long, the branches one-jto few-flowered, appressed; glumes acuminate, mostly 10-12 cm, long; lemmas 4-5 mm, long, sparsely pilose on the back and on the margins, abruptly narrowed, the teeth acute or acuminate, not aristate,. Dry open woods and rocky soil, friest R., Christ 1177. a noe 14, Calamagrostis Adens. Reedgrass. Perennials with snall spikelets and narrow, open or contracted panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the slumes, prolonged behind the palea as a hairy bristle; glumes equal, acute or acuminate; lemmas shorter than the glumes, the callus hairy, avmed fran the back below the middle, the awn straight and included, or twisted below, geniculate, amd protruding sideways from the glumes. © Awns twisted below, protruding sideways from the glumes & Collars of the sheaths glabrous; awns 4=5 mn. long G above the bend l. C. purpurascens (g above the bend 2, Collars of the sheaths pubescent; awns 1-2 mm. long ge C. rubescens o Awns straight, included & Collars pubescent; callus hairs S as long as the @ lemma Oe Ce Scribneri & Collars glabrous; callus hairs copious, as long ; as the lemna 4. %. canadensis i § 1..C. purpurascens R. br. Culms tufted, sometimes producing short rhizomes, erect, 20-60 cu. tall; sheaths smooth or scaberulous; ligules prominent, 2-4 mm. long; blades stiff, firm, flat or loosely folded, scaberulous, strongly nerved, 5-15 om. long, @-4 mm. wide, those of the innovations elongate; panicles dense, 5-10 cm. long, usually purple-tinged; glumes equal, scabrous, 5-7 mi. long, the first 13 the second 3-nerved; lemmas 4-5 mm. lons, 4-nerved, scabrous, awned fron near the base, twisted below, geniculate, 4-5 mm. long above the bend, protruding sideways fron she glumes; produced rachilla 1.5-2 mm. long. CS ee Rocky soil and hillsides at higher altitudes. ———Ssnovty TOp icc egecterecn 287%; ijiessner's Peak, Upper Glidden Lake, 4000-5900 Pt « gp Sheso—s045. 2. Ce rubescens Buckl. Pineerasse — >Culms erect, with rhizomes 40-120 @ ome tall; sheaths scabrous, pubescent on the collar; ligules 2-4 mn. long; blades flat, rather thin, scabrousgusually attenuate to a fine involute point, 1-5 mme, rarely as much as 5 mne wide; panicle narrow, dense, often interrupted at the base, 5-15 cme, usually about 10 cm., long; glumes 4-5 mm. long, 6 mm. in exceptional specimens, scabrous or nearly smooth, the first l-nerved, the second d-nerved, the lateral nerves inconspicuous; lemmas 3-4 mm. long, smooth, thin, faintly nerved, the tip erose, awned from near the base, the awn twisted below, geniculate, 1-2 mm. long above the bend, protruding side- ways from the glumes; rachilla produced about 1 m. Open woods, mountain slopes and ledges. Se C. Scribneri Beal. > Culms\erect or ascending|with rhizones,| as much as 120 cm. tall; sheaths scaberulous, sparsely pilose, rather densely pubescent on the collar; ligules conspicuous, 4-5 mm. long; blades ' thin, lax, scabrous on both surfaces, as much as 25 om. long and 7 mm. wide; d) panicles narrow, rather dense but open, 10-15 cm. long, the branches spikelete> bearing from near the base; glumes acuminate, Scabrous, 4 um. long, the first ls, the second d-nerved; lemmas 3 mm. long, the callus hairs about half as long as the lemma, awned from below the middle, the awn Slender, straight, includeds prolongatio of the rachilla minute, the hairs short. Rich soil of lake shores. no — Lake Coeur d'Alene, cand berg et al 564—¢ ————- Sts 4. C. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Bluejoint. +~—+Culms|erectefwith rhizomes, 50 to as much as 140 om. tall; shedths smooth or scabrous, glabrous on the collar; ligules 4-7 mm. long; blades flat, lax, scabrous, as much as 45 om. lomg and 8 mm. wide, usually about 25 or 30 om. long and less than 5 m. wide; panicles flexuous, open, 10-20 cm. long; glumes acute or acuminate, scabrous at least on the keel: lemmas about 3-4 mn. long, the callus hairs as long as the lemma, awned fron below the middle, the arm slender, straight, included prolongation of the rachilla one-third as long, the hairs as long as the lemma « . 3 att f 77, ria mn Aare Tr * Open woods, meadows, and wet places. Ce ee 982. 20 t a. Agrostis L. Bentgrass. / Perennial grasses with open or contracted panicles fof small spikelets. Spikelets 1-flowered, disarticulating above glumes, the rachilla not prolonged behind the palea, prolonged in A. hurberiana; glumes nearly equal, acute or acuminate; lemmas obtuse, thinner in texture and shorter than the glumes, sometimes hairy on the callus; palea usually reduced to a small nerveless scale. O Rachilla prolonged behind the palea 1X, ie ee Oo Rachilla not prolonged & Palea present, more than half as long as the athea 6 lemma oe Ae palustris 2 Palea wanting or a small nerveless scale 4 ihizanes present de Ae diegoensis 4 Rhizomes wanting & Panicles aittuso[ the Spikelets clustered / toward the ends of the Slender, very scabra fo \ scabrous branches 4. Ae Riometis. io Panicles often loose but not diffuse, the ‘© branches relatively short 8 Panicles dense, the branches spikelet- 12 bearing from the base; glumes scabrous on the back O- Ae exarate 8 Panicles loose, the branches naked below; / Slumes glabrous on the back, scabrous on AN the keel /0 Culms delicate, less than 40 cme tall; ] rox ° jo) /A svikelets 1.5=2 mn, Ge As idahoensis /o Culms slender but not delicate, more ’ cnan 40 ome tall; Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. " long (eo Ae Orezononsis q le. Ae Ghurberiana Hitche. ——__>Sulms tufted, slender, rather weak, 10-45 cme tall; leaves mostly eract in a basal cluster; sheaths smooth; ligules obtuse, about 1 im. long; blades flat, 5-10 om. long, 1-2 mn. | wide, scaberulous or nearly smooth; panicles flexuous, 5-10 om. long, the branches slender, Spreading, in distant fascicles, naked below; glumes l-nerved, 2 ma. long, glabrous, or somewhat scabrous on the keel; lemmas as long as the glumes, awnoless, 3-nerved, glabrous, the callus with a few short hairs; palea present, nearly as long as the lemma; rachilla prolonged behind the palea as a minute bristle. Wet meadows and mossy places. Ze Ae rs—Hude. edtop. —s Culms erect or decumbent at the base, as much as 120 cm. tall; sheaths smooth: ligules prominent, 2-5 mn. long; blades flat, scabrous, rather firm, 5-15 cm. long, 2=7 mme, mostly 3-5 mn., wide; panicles open, mostly 10-30 em. long, the lower branches in whorls, at least some of them Spikelet-bearing from near the base; glumes 2-3 mn. long, glabrous except the scabrous kee 3; lemmas obtuse, a little shorter than the glumes, awnless; palea as much as two-thirds as long as the lemma. (Ae palust®is Huds. licadows, fields, roadsides and waste places. AISA AN 6 ee to es aay de Ae diegoensis Vasey. —sCulis erect ywith Slender rhizomes)\90-cm. tall; i sheaths smooth or scabrous; ligules 5 iim long; blades flat, very scabrous on both surfaces, 10-15 om. long, 2-4 mm. wide; panicles narrow but open, 20 cme long, the branches Slender, distant in fascicles, naked below, short ones intermixed, making the branches appear to be spikelet-bearing from the base; glumes 3 mm. long, scabrous on the keel, the first i-nerved, the second l=3-nerved; lemmas thin, membranaceous, o-nerved, 2 mme long, awnless; palea wanting. (A. foliosa Vasey). am | pebra winid. q@) ae Ae BrérP Rough Hairgrass, Ticklegrass. Culms slender, tufted, ‘erect, 15-70 cm. tall; sheaths smooth; ligules 2-3 mme long; basal Paces narrow, flat or folded, smooth, soft and lax, those of the culm scabrous, flat, usually rather fim, 5- ~10 cme long, 1=2 mm. wide; panicles diffuse, 5-25 cm. long, the capillary branches widely spreading, i ; very scabrous, ames bee na: only toward the ends; glumes acuminate, 10) =] { nerved, 2 mane long, scabrous on the keels; lemmas 1.5 mm. long, awnless; palea wanting.’ 3 Meadows and wet places. dG 5+ A. exarata Trin... ——~—3Culms erect, 20-80 om. tall; sheaths smooth or scabrous; ligules 5-8 mm. long; blades flat, scabrous, 5-25 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide; panicles dense, sometimes interrupted, 3-20 cm. long, the branches appressed, spikelet-bearing from the base; glumes acuminate, l-nerved, 2-3 mm. long, distinctly scabrousy over the back; lemmas about 2 mn. long, gui Baws palea very small or wantinz. (A. erandis Trin.; A. asperifolia Trin.), ‘ . 4 : : s “4 5 b 4 a 4 : ; Meadows, swamps, and moist places. 6. Ae idahoensis Nash. Culms very slender, tufted, 10-40 cm. tall; sheaths } . > . smooth; ligules e-5 mne long; blades usually flat, scaberulous or nearly smooth, 1-8 cm. long, rarely more than 2 ma. wide; panicles ssa 3-10 cme long, elow; glumes acute or acuminate, 5 b er, eae Ln 1s oa ous on the keel; lemmas adous 1 mm. the branches slender, flexuous, spreedi 1.5-2 mune long, smooth or somewhat , long, awnless; palea minute. ae 7. As oregonensis Vasey. ——_»Culms erect, 70 cm. tall; sheaths smooth; blades flat, lax, scabrous, ®=12 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; panicles loose, open, about 20 cm. long, the branches slender, flexuous, in rather distant fascicles, the lower as much as 8 cm. long, naked on the lower half; glumes acuminate, scabrous on the keel, otherwise slabrousy @.5-8 mn. Longe lems 1-5 mne long, awnless; palea .5 mn. longe Bogs, marshes and wet meadows « — yo — Wallace, 2728-4000 ft., Chase 501C. : 4 ad. Cinna L. Tall perennials with long open panicles and broad flat blades. Spikelet -flovered, disarticulating below the glumes, the rachilla produced behind the palea as a minute bristle; glumes nearly equal, l-nerved; lemmas about as long as the glumes, d-nerved, short-awned from the back just below the apex. ts l 1. C. latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. Sweet Reedgrass. -———>Cu.ms single, erect, as much as 150 cm. tall; sheaths scaberulous; ligules 4-6 mm. long; blades flat, acuminate, rather thin, lax, scabrous on both surfaces, 10-25 cme long, 8-15 mm. wide; panicles 20-50 cm. long, the branches slender, flexuous, naked below; glumes acuminate, scabrous, hispid on the keels, 3-4 mm. long; awn of lemma nearly obsolete to 1 mm. long. Swamps, river banks, and wet places. ° Peete 7 WHaries - no A $55. ores eg 2@. Alopecurus L. Perennials with denss, cylindrical, spike-like panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, laterally compressed, the rachilla disarticulating below the glumes; glumes equal, avwnless, ciliate on the keel, distinct or barely united at the base; lemmas as long as the glumes, S-nerved, awned from the back below re middle, the awn straight or geniculate, included OAwns straight, included or only slightly exserted l. Ae aequalis QOAvms geniculate, spreading, long-exserted 2 Glumes acute, 4 mm. long, pilose all over the @ back; rhizomes present 2e Ae alpinus he @ Glumes obtuse, 3 mue long, pilose on the nerves @ but not all over the back; rhizomes wanting Se Ae pallescens ae ee ee 1. Ae acqualis Sobol. Little Meadow-foxtail. — Culms erect or ascending, often decumbent at the base and rooting at the nodes, 15-50 cm. tall; sheaths smooth; ligules 2-5 mm. long; blades flat, scabrous, 3-12 cm. long, cmt mme wide; panicles 5-6 cm. long, 3-5 mn. wide; glumes obtuse, 2-2.5 mm. long, pilose on the keel, and sparsely so on the back below; lemmas obtuse, the awn straight, included or exserted about 1 mm. (A. aristulatus Michx.; Ae geniculatus aristulatus (iiichx) Torr.), In water, swamps and wet places. ge Ae alpinus J. &. Smith. —>Culms erect, with rhizomes, 30-70 em. tall; Sheaths smooch; ligules obtuse, 3-5 mm. long; blades flat, firm, scabrous above, smooth beneath, 8-15 om. long, 3-5 mm. wide; panicles 2-4 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide, dark green, tinged with purple; glumes acute, 4 mme long, pilose over the entire back; lemmas obtuse, the avm from curved and spreading Go nearly straign! ngs (As occidentalis Scribn. and Tweedy). cr e i CO fom . [4 O ne 3 P a] . + +tT A In ny iveadows and river banirs = Ste Larios, temtercaon 2226 a. 988 Pipere Sulms tufted, erect or ascending, 20-40 ecm. tall; sheaths smooth; ligules 4-5 ma. long; blades flat, scabrous on both vom > ey = 7 ~ surfaces, 5-20 cme long, 5-5 mn. wide; panicles 4-7 cm. long, about 6 mi. wide, pale green, not tinged with purple; glumes obtuse, 3 mm. long, pilose on the nerves; lemmas obtuse, the awns geniculate, 6-8 mm. long. ein ie. SoD Reape ahs pred + oi Ew na al er cane ee. 23- Phleun L. Zimothy. Perennials with dense cylindrical or subeylindrical panicles. Spikelets 1l-flowered, laterally conupressed, disarticulating above the glumes; glumes equal, abruptly mucronate or short-awned, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves close to the keel, the keels stiffly ciliate; lemnas shorter than che glumes, truncate, hyaline, o@-S-nerved; palea narrow, about as long as the lemma. 6 Inflorescence two to four times longer than wide; f 3 4 wee awns of the glumes 2-2.5 mnie long l. Pe alpinum O Inflorescence narrow, several times longer than 4 wides @me avms of the glumes 1-1.5 mm. long 2e P. pratense 1. P. alpinum Le Mountain Timothy. Culms erect fran a decumbent base, 20-50 cm. tall; sheaths smooth; ligules truncate or obtuse, 1-2 mm. long; blades flat, scabrous, erect, 5-15 om. long, 5-10 mm. wide; panicles ovoid-cylindric, 2-5 cme long, about 1 cm. thick; glumes 4 mm. long, not including the awns, sparsely scabrous. Wet mountain meadows. and river banks, Near Stevens Peak, 5700 fte; ud) ata Meries Res 2900 [Ce eo Pe pratense Le NMmothy. —-—>Culms erect from a somewhat swollen bulb-like base, as much as 120 cm. tall; sheaths smooth; ligules 2-3 mm... long: blades flat, scabrous, 10-30 cm. long, 26 mn. wide; panicles 5-10 ome long, 5-8 mu. wide; glumes 3 mm. long not liucluding the awns, densely scabrous. Fields and waste places. beaten 29. iuhlenbergia Schreb. anetimes annuals, with narrow panicles. rachilla disarticulating above the glumes; she lemma, nearly equal, acute or obtuse, l-nerved; Low perennials or sa Spikelets l-flowered, the glumes shorter than Lemmas membranaceous, landediate, 3Zenerved, awnless. go Culms finely nodulose-roughened; glumes two-thirds 4 ren length of the spikelet, usually acute l. Me ant : o Culms smooth; glumes not more than half the length 4 of the spikelet, obtuse 2°, Me filiformis 1. i.Rbchardsonis(Trin,)%ydb- Perennial; culms wiry, densely tufted, and rooting at the nodes, the ends ascending, srect, ascending ,o prostrate sparingly branchimg, 10-30 cme long ligules 1-2 mae long; blades farm, 1 mme wide; panicles narrow, from the base; spikelets short-pediceled, ap use glumes acute or obtuse, l-nerved, 15-2 mme long; lemmas 2-3 Mle long, scabrous toward the tipe nodulose-roughened; sheaths smooth; Plat or rhea scabrous, .5-6 cme long, _ Dry or moist banks of streams and lakes. 2. lve filiformis (Thurbd. ) Rydb. ——yAnnual or perennial; culms erect or spreading at the bese, slender, smooth, 2-20 cm. tall; sheaths smooth; ligules about 1 im. long; blades scabrous, flat or folded .5-4 mu. long, less than 1 mm. wide; paniolés narrow, l= 4 cme long, the branches appressed, few flowered; glumes ovate, obtuse, l- ~nerved, 1 mme long; lemmas 2 mn. long, tha +4 scabrous atc the tlpe Mioist meadows and ledges. 2-6 cme long, the branches appressed, floriferous 991 25e Oryzopsis lMichx,. Mountain Rice, Short perennials with narrow panicles, Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the Slumes; glumes equal, obtuse or abruptly acute; lemmas about as long as the glumes, indurate, sparsely pilose, with a short, blunt, pilose callus, avmed, (in our species fron between the teeth of a bifid apex), the awns short, deciduous; palea indurate, as long as and inclosed by the lemma. © Glumes 1-5 nerved, 4-5 m, long; blades involute le O. exigua oGlumes 7-9 nerved, 6-8 mm, long; blades broad and flat 2e Oe asperifolia le O. exigua Thurb,. Culms densely tufted, about 30 cme tall; sheaths smooths ligules acuminate, 4 ma, long; blades firm, involute, scabrous, 5-10 em, longs; penicles narrow, few-flowered, 4-8 om, long, the branches appresseds glumes broad, 1-5 nerved, 5 mm, long, scabrous; lemmas as long as or a little longer than the glumes, the teeth blunt, 1 mm. long, the awn 6-7 IM.» long, twisted below, geniculate at right angles or even recurved, 4 mn, long above the bend, Ledges and crevices of rocks, Divide betwe Mullan and Canyon Cr,, 5100 ft.; Clearwater Nat. “or, Ze Oe asperifolia l!ichx, Culms in small dense tufts, the fertile ones spreading or vros-rate, nearly leafless; blades on the innovations erect, elongate, narrowed toward both ends, 4-8 mm, wide, scabrous on the margins; panicle narrow, 5-8 cm, lonz, few-flowered, the b:anches appressed; glumes 6-8 m, long, broad, abruptly pointed, 7-9 nerved, more or less reticulate-veined; lemma about as long as the glumes, pubescent, the awn straight, 5-10 m, long. bry open woods, +onners «erry, Christ 1025, yo 26. Stipa L. Tufted perennials with narrow compact panicles; snikelets l-flowered, disarticulating above the glunes, the articulation oblique, forming a blunt or sharp-pointed, hairy cxllus; glumes equal, membranaceous, acuminate; lemmas convolute, indurate, terete, awned, the awn twisted and twice geniculate, persistent; palea inclosed within the lemma. o avms plumose to the second bend@ 5 1. S. Elmeriy Oo Awns appressed-pubescent or SCAbTOUSE g 2, Lemma 8-12 rm. long; terminal segment of aun flexuouse 2% 26 S. comatas 2 Lemma less than 7 mm. long; terminal segment of awn eee D 4 Sheaths and culms glabrous@,} G glumes broad, the first 5-nerve dope?” 3. S. Lemmoni © Glumes narrower, the first 3-nerved@,> 4. S. columbiane Sheaths end culms densely pubescent, esvecially below the nodese>-—<>~ 4 Oo. S. Williamsii 1. S. Elmeri Pivrer and Brodie. —~>vLulms erect, vuberulent, densely retrorsely pubescent below the nodes, about 70 cm. tall; sheaths pubescent; ligules less than .5 mm. long; bledes flat or involute, densely pubescent on both surfaces or nearly glabrous above, as much as 30 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, those of the innovations longer and more closely involute; pnicles nerrow, 10-30, usually ebout 15 cm. long, the brenches evnvressed; glumes equal, 3-nerved, membranaceous, 10-12 mn. long, graduclly tepering to a thin point; lemma dark brovn at maturity, 6-7 mm. long, the csllus slender, pointed, 1mm. long; avms twice eniculate, the first two segments twisted and nlumose, about 1 cm. long, the third straight, mostly 2 cm. long. Dry prairie. ——> Coeur d'Alene, Rust 347, 2. Stee comete Trin. and Rurr. —— >Culms in dense tufts, 30-60 cn. tall; bledes usually involute, often elongate, firm, scabrous; ligule thin, 3-4 ma. long; panicle 10-20 cm. long, included et the bese, the slender — a ascendins: branches in rather distant fescicles; glumes thin, attenuate, 1.5 =/ 2 em. lone; lenma mostly 1 em. long, vele, the densely hairy callus 3 mm. long, the body sparsely vubescent or nearly glabrous; awn 10-15 cm. long, the terminal segment slender, flexuous. mt W Dry hills and plains. ? Odin Bay; Lewistown. rmoni (Vasey) Scribn. -——>Culms tufted, erect, mostly 30-40 om. He as 80 cm.) tall; leaves usually in a basal cluster; sheaths smooth; ligules membranaceous, 1-3 mm. long; the blades involute, piabeutis beneath, more or less pubescent on the unvpe mrface, 9-20 cm. long, the branches appressed; glumes equal, scuminate, 8-10 mm. long; the first O-nerved, the second 3-nerved, or sometimes S-nerved, the lateral nerves obscure; Limes 6 mm. long, sparsely pilose, the ae short and blunt, the ewns 16-20 mm. long, twice geniculate, the first two segments twisted, anpressed-pubescent, the third straight, scabrous. => Dry, rocky soil on mountain surmits, no —— lioscow Mts., Henderson 4615. 4. Se -- columbiana Macoun. ~——>Culms loosely tufted, erect, 30-100 om. tall; blades flat or loosely involute, elongate, scaberuvlous or uae iy smooth; ligule 1-2 mi. long; panicles narrow, rather dense, as much as 20 cm. long, the branches appressed, spikelet-bearing from the base; glumes rather firm, acuminate, about 1 cm. long; lemma 6-7 mm. long, evenly pubescent, becoming brovn at maturity; awns 2-2.5 cm. lone. NV Open woods, dry vlains, and meadows. —— > St. Marieés River; Coeur d'Alene; Wrencoe. Oo. S. Williamsii Scribn. ——>Culms erect, 70-90 cm. tall, densely pubescent below the nodes; sheaths pubescent; ligules less than .5 mm. long; bledes flat, attenuate anc involute toward the end, smooth below, scsbrous and spersely pilose ebove, as much as 30 qm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, those of the innovstions elongate and usually narrower; panicles narrow, dense, 20-25 cm. long, the brenches aporessed; glumes equal, acuminate, S-nerved, & mm. long; lemmas about 6 mm. longs, brownish, pilose with appressed white hairs of about egual length, the callus sharp pointed, the awn slender, twice-geniculate, loosely twisted ts the second bend, 20 mm. lone. es Drv hills end pleins. ———_— —— LF tid (OTe) i a a a ee os ies 994 <7» Beckuaannia Host, Stout annuals with broad flat blades and rather long dense panicles, vpikelcts l-flowered, disarticulating below the lumes, laterally compressed, circular in outline, densely imbricate in two rowS on one side of a continuous achiss; glumes equal, inflated, rounded, the apex apiculate, lemm:s narrow, o-nerved, acuminate waitwed, about as long as the glumes. 1. Be syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald, sSloughgrass, Culms stout, erect, 45@> =| G00}—4«> on. tall; sheaths smooth; ligules brominent, about 5 mm, long; blades flat, appressed or ascending, scabrous on both surfaces, 10-25 cm, long, 4-10 mm, wide; panicles narrow, dense, 15-30 em, long, the short branches appressed or stiffly spreading, Moist meadows, sloughs, and along ditches, Until recently this has beon reforred to a Juropean species, b, ervcaeformis (L.) Host, 25@ Spartina Schreb, Cordgrass. Stout perennials with scaly rhizomes and numerous ascending or spreading spikes along a common axis; spikelets l-flowered, laterally comoressed, sessile and closely imbricate on one side of a continuous rachis, disarticulating below the glumes; glumes keeled, l-nerved, avmed ‘(in our svecies); lemmas keeled, firm, l-nerved; palea 2=nerved, keeled between the nerves, a little longer shan the lemmas, 1. Se pectinata Link, Prairie Vordgrass. Culms stout, erect from strong rhizomes, as much as 140 cm, tall; sheaths smooth; blades firm, scabrous above, smooth beneath, as mich as 8 mm, wide, attenuate to a long fine point; glumes hispid on the keels, the second about tarice as long as the first, the avm un to 7 mm, long; lemmas hispid on the kecls, narrowed to a rather obtuse, 2-lobed ancx, 5 u sandy lake shores and roclyy river banks. Coeur d'Alene; vhompson, 2000 ft.3; Lake Tessenini, wo 29. Phalaris L. Tall perennials with broad flat blades and nerrow Spikelike panicles. Spikelets laterally compressed, disarticulating above the glumes with a single terminal perfect floret and ~s appressed rudimentary lemmas below it; glumes equal, acute, J-nerved, strongly keeled, the keel sometimes narrowly winged; lemmas shorter shan the glumes, indurate, sparsely pilose; palea indurate, as long as the lemma. 1. P. arundinacea Le Reed Canary Grass. —— >Culms stmt, erect with rhizomes, as much as 180 cm. tall; sheaths scaberulous; ligules broad and prominent, 4-9 mme long; blades flat, smooth or scabrous, as much as 30 cm. long, 15 mm. wide; panicles narrow, interrupted, the branches appressed, densely flowered, floriferous from the base; glumes 4-5 mne long, scabrous; fertile lemmas 5-4 mm. long, shining, sparsely pilose, the rudimentary ones half as long, pilose. Wet meadows and lake shores, g®. Panicum L. Annuals or perennials with open panicles; spikelets articulate below the glumes, with one perfect terminal floret and a sterile one below it; glumes membranaceoussunequal, the first less than half the length of the spikelet, the second equaling the sterile lemma; sterile lemmas similar to the Slumes in texture, commonly inclosing a hyaline palea; fertile lemmas chartaceous~indurate, smooth and shining, the margins inrolled, inclosing a palea of similar texture. O Plants annual; basal blades similar to those of | CafHans~ 4 the culin + © Plants perennial; basal blades different from those 4 of the culm, forming a winter rosette 2 Upper surface of the blades glabrous or nearly (so; culms sparsely pilose 2« P. occidentale a) 4» Upper surface of ek blades papillose pilose G@ culms rathe ensely ee pilose de Pe pacificum nicletat, Leider db. Ler? « ilestern ass, Culms erect, branching at the base, 10-50 cm. tall; sheaths longer than the intern des, papillosa@> =| hispid; blades usually erect, flat, 3-10 om. long, 3-5 mn. wide, nispid on both surfaces; panicles half the length of the culms, diffuse, the slender branches divaricate; spikelet bearing toward the ends; spikelets 3 mm. long, acuminate; first glume pointed, aout two-fifths the length of the spikelet; second glume and sterile lemna exceeding the fruit, 7-9-nerved; fruit 1.8 mm. longs (P. barbipulvinatum Uashg),<7 Meadows and waste vlaces. ™ oe C4 tte w4 270 PL eet ‘ wer y Shs Maries, 2700. ft., ipling and Offord 8050. —~ Po Aon ae — i) 2, Pe occidentale Scribn. —————» Culms tufted, erect or ascending, 90-50 cme tall, sparsely nilose; sheaths papillose-pilose, overflapping; ligules hairy, 5-4 mme long; blades firm, erect or nearly so, 3-6 cm. long, A-8 mn. wide, glabrous above or sparsely vilose toward the base, ert tat pubescent below; panicles 2=6 eme lone, about as broad as long, the axi nearly glabrous; sp ikelets 1-8 mmne long, strongly nerved, pubescent; pias slume obtuse, about one-fourth the length of the sph keiet: fruit abut as long as the second glume and sterile lemaa, somewhat exposed at maturity. Autumnal phase sparingly branching from the lower nodes, forming short tufts i with reduced panicles and reduced nearly glabrous blades. s- *. 43 Moist lake shores. : —, ——xPrie a 3 Ripon FFU 5 Coour: d'Alene Lake, a=¥ RED a ao j f 3. P. pacificun Hitehe. & Chase. -——>Culms tufted, erecs or spreading, as much as 50 em. tall, papillose-pilose, densely pilose at the nodes; sheaths napillose-pilose; ligules of conspicuous hairs, 4 mme long; blades firm, erect or ascending, 2-8 cme long, 3-S mn. wide, acuminate, papillosee> ae pilose above, deusely appress sed phe OeRe eneath; panicles d- 6. Cie long, abouts as broad as long; the branches rather ail flowered; spikelets 1.8-2 mn. long, obtuse, strmgly nerved, papilloss-pilose; first glume obtuse, about one =| ; third the length of the spikelet; fruit usua saree osed at apaaaie de as long as the second glume: and sserile lemma. Autumnal phase much branched, decumbenty : . S ww svreadin:, the leaves and panicles much reduced. Lake shores, wet places, and rocky ledges. ? ve 5 Panicum Scribnerianun Nash, with glabrous or sparsely aoe see lets, +. ss - 74 ff - 7 TT 3.2"3e5 time Long, has been collected in lez rerees Co., (San co, etre at ol end—mecbergeb in 1892) and may be found in the cuthern ers of our regione nied Remo = aT, wd — 2. St« Waries, 2700 ft. mo# 1 ; eae en hk aS »Culas erect or ascending, as much as 110 cm. tall; sheaths compressed, smooth; blades flat, scabrous on the margins, otherwise nearly smooth, 8-25 cm. long, O-l2 mme wide; panicles mostly 10-15 om. long, the branches. ascending or spreading, usually densely flowered; spikelets 3 mme long, green or tinged with purple; first glume clasping; second glume and sterile lemma hispid on the nerves, scabrous or hispidulous between the nerves, the sterile lemma inclosing a well developed palea, the awn mostly 2=5 mm. long; fertile lemma about as long as the spikelet, acuminate-pointed. > Bogs, cultivated fields, and waste places. ? oO . e _ s@. Setaria Beauv. (@hevtocttor—semboray Annuals (in our species) with narrow spikelike panicles. Spikelets subtended by persistent bristles, the spikelets deciduous, awnless; first glume acute, S-nerved, less than half as long as the spikelet; second glume and sterile lemma 5-nerved; fertile lomma indurate, usually rugose.—_—-» —» (Chaetochloa Scriim,). 1. Se viridis (L.) Beauv. Green Foxtail. Culms erect, 50 om. tall; sheaths smooth; ligules canposed of hairs, about 1 mm. long; blades flat rather thin, scebrous, with a white cartilaginous margin, 10-20 cm. long, as ‘e below each spikelet, amereescix scabrous, 6-8 mm. long; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long; second glume and sterile lemma-about equal, nearly covering the fruit; fruit minutely transversely rugose. A weed in cultivated placess introduced from ULrOpe e —— lioscow, Usnderson 2849, VY iia tae Se NRL d i a St ie a Rt Adie Bha jig ep i i o Bi oe oZ- Andropogon Le Beardgrass. Perennials with solid culms, the spikelets in spikelike racemes, these single on peduncles from spathelike sheaths. Spikelets arranged in pairs at each node of an articulate rachis, one sessile, the other pedicellate, the sessile with one perfect terminal floret and a sterile one below it, the pedicellate reduced to a glume; glumes equal, coriaceous; fertile lemmas hyaline, awmed from between the teeth of a bifid apex, the wn geniculate, tightly twisted below; palea minute; sterile lemmas hyaline, awnless, empty, shorter than the glumes. 1. Ae scoparius liichx. Culms tufted, erect, branching from the upper nodes; sheaths keeled, scaberulous or nearly smooth; blades flat or con- duplicate, scabrous on the margins, the surfaces smooth or scaberulous, 4-10 cme long, 2-3 mms wide; racemes about & cm. long, more or less flemous, the joints and pedicels hairy on the margins; sterile spikelets 2-4 mm. long; fertile spikelets 3 mm. long, the avms about 8 mn. long above the bend. (Schizachyrium scoparium (liichx.) Nash), Gf Sandy river banks. — : SS Y Lee Leiberg 1615. Sa es New species and new combinations made in this work Delphinium Burkei subspe distichiflorum (Hook,) Ewan, combs nov. Heuchera Houckii Epling, spe nov, Epilobium tenue (Trel.) Epling, comb, NOVe 7 Lomatium tenuissimum (Geyer) Epling & Ewan, comb. nov, Castilleia gibba Pennell, spe nov, Penstemon flavescens Pennell, Spe NOVe Penstemon Eplingii Pennell, SPe NOV, Hieracium canadense subspe scabriusculum (Schwein, ) Epling, comb, NOV. Arnica crassa Epling, spe nov, beofiéidia occidentalis subsp. curte-Epling, -subsps—nov,. 1082 GLOSSARY Abortion, arrested and consequently imperfect development or non=deve lopment of an organ. Abortive, incompletely or imperfectly formede Acaulescent, without proper stems or apparently so. Accrescent, enlarging after anthesis or with continued growth, Accessory, additional, Acerose, stiff, pine-needle-like, Acnené, small dry indehiscent l-chambered l-seeded fruite. Acicular, sharp and needle-like, Actinomorphic, radially symmetrical, Acuminate, tapering to a point as though whittled away e Acute, sharply pointed but usually not tapered, Adherent, united with another body or organ of a different kind, Adnate, adhering to; spoken of various organs such as an adnate filament which is adherent to the corolla, Adventitious, appearing in other than the usual place, as of buds which arise other than at the nodes, Aerial, growing in the air, hence above ground-line, Alternate, not opposite; one from each node, espe of leaves, Alveolate, like a honey-comb, Ament, a catkin, q.v. Amplexicaul, clasping the stem, Anastomosing, connecting so as to form a well-defined network. Androecium, the stamens as a whole, Annuai, of one year's duration from sown seed to death, Annular, ringlike,. Anterior, at the front or tip; the side away from the axis; inferior, Anther, that part of the stamen containing the pollen, Anthesis, the time of full development of the flower when the stamens and pistil arc functioning and receptive, Sew oS ee ee 1083, Apetalous, without petals, Apical, at the tip, Apiculate, bearing a minute point at the apex, Apogamous, developed without fertiligation, Appressed, lying close to, as of flowers against the stem or hairs against the surface of a leaf, Approximate, close together but still not crowled, Aquatic, living normally in water, wholly submersed or with only the base in water. Arachnoid, cobwebbys: of soft slender tangled hairs not kinked, Arcuate, bent like a bow. Areolate, divided into small areas; reticulate, Aril, an appendage growing at or about the hilum of a seed, Arilate, having an aril. Aristate, tipped with a short bristle or slender projection, Articulate, jointed, Ascending, rising obliquely upwards, as at an angle of 45°, Asexual, without sex, Attenuate, long-tapering,. Auricle, a flap-like appendage more or less resembling an ear growing at the base of a leaf or petal, Auriculate,possessing auricles, Awl-shaped, slenderly tapering as in ea pen-holder to a slender or rigid point. Awn, a slender stiffish bristle, Awned, provided with a bristle, Axil, the angle formed by a leaf with the stem, Axillary, borne within or pertaining to an axil. 1084 Baccate, pulpy as in a grape, Barbed, furnished with rigid sharp teeth which point backwards, as in a fish-hook, Basal, at the base, Basifixed, attached at the base, Bearded, provided with a tuft of hairs, Berry, a simple fleshy fruit in which the seeds are immersed in pulp as in the grape; indehiscent, Biennial, of two year's duration. Bifid, 2-cleft to about the middle. Bilabiate, with two lips; said of certain tubular corollas such as those of the snapdragon, or of calyces, Bipinnate, twice-pinnate, Bissriate, in two series or rows. Bisexual, having both sexes, iee., both stamens and pistils, Biternate, twice-ternate, Bladdery, thin and inflated, balloon-like, Blade, the expanded portion of a leaf as distinguished from the petiole, or of, petal. Bract, a more or less modified leaf, usually small, from the angle of which a flower or flower-cluster arises, Bracteate, having bracts, Bractlet a bract of secondary order or very minute, subtending a flower or inserted on the pedicel, Bristle, a stiff hair or. similar outgrowth. Bud, rudimentary state of stem or leaf; unexpanded flower. Bulb,fleshy subterranean organ of closely imbricated modified leaves, Caducous, dropping very early; of leaves or bracts, Caespitose, growing in tufts. Callus, a small protuberances in grasses the tough often hairy swelling at the base of the lemma and palea, 1085 Calyx, the outer cycle of flower parts, usually green, Campanulate, bell-shaped. Canescent, gray with fine close pubescence, Capillary, hairlike. Capitate, head-shaped. Capsule, a dry dehiscent fruit composed of more than one carpel, hence usually with two or more chambers, Carpel, a simple pistil or one of the units within a compound pistil which is thought to embody a modified seed-bearing leaf, joined to others to form the pistil, hence usually represented by a chamber or, if the ovary is l-chambered, by a valve; the number of carpels within an ovary is often represented by the number of stigmas or placentae, Carpophore, see Umbelliferae. Caruncle, excrescence or appendage at or about the hilum of certain seeds, Caryopsis, the fruit of grasses, similar to an a chene but with the seed completely joined to the ovary wall, as in a wheat grain, Castaneous, chestnut= or red=brown colorede Catkin, a slender pendulous spike formed of often incomplete and unisexual very simple flowers, Caudate, having a slender tail-like appendage. Caudex, the perennial usually woody base of an otherwise herbaceous plant. Caulescent, having a manifest aerial stems; typical of most plants, Cauline, used of leaves which are arranged along the stem, as contrasted with basale Chaff, thin dry scales or bracts resembling wheat chaff. Chafify, of the texture of chaff. Channelled, grooved like a gutter or trough. Chaparral, the xerophytic type of colony of usually small-leaved thorny and rigid shrubs growing on drier mountain slopes. 3 Lc. Chartaceous, having texture of paper or parchment, Chlorophyll, the green coloring matter of plants, Cilieate, furnished with hairs on the margin as in an eye-lash, Ciliolate, minutely ciliate, Cinereous, gray, the color of ashes, Circumscissile, dehiscent in a circular fashion, the top falling away like a lid. Clavate, club-shaped,. Claw, the attenuate base of some petals, particularly in the Cruciferae, Cleft, fut deeply or about half way to the midvein, Cleistogemous, spoken of flowers which are fertilized in the bud and do not open thereafter, often with incompletely developed perianth, Coalescent, united; grown together, Coetaneous, simultaneous with. Column, the more or less prominent projection within an orchid flower which bears the stigma and anther, Coma, tuft of hairs on apex of seed. Comose, with a coma, Compressed, flattened, Concave, with the surface curved in, Confluent, blending or merging together, Coniferous, bearing cones. Connective, the portion of a stamen which connects the two chambers of the anther. Connivent, converging, as football players in a huddle. Convex, with the surface curved outward. Cordate, heart shaped. Corm, a shortened stem similar to a bulb but without fleshy storage leaves, as in a Gladiolus, Corolla, the second or inner series of floral parts, usually colored. Corymb, an inflorescence which is flat topped or convex, but in which the 7 1086 st oe. 1087 | component branches are unequal in length, arising from successively lower axils. Corymbose, arranged in a corymb, Costate, ribbed. Cotyledons, the first leaves formed by an embryo, serving usually as food reservoirs during the germination of the seed and early growth of the seedling; one in monocotyledons; two in dicotyledons; two or more, often indefinite in the gymnosperms. Crenate, toothed with rounded teeth, -Crenulate, minutely crenate, Crested, bearing a ridge or erect appendagee Culm, the term applied to the stems of grasses and sedgese Cuneate, wedge-shaped, Cuspidate, tipped with a cusp or sharp point. Cyme, an inflorescence in which the stem is terminated by a flower, each successive flower arising from a lateral bud below the first to appear, Cymose, arranged in cymes. Deciduous, falling awey, as of leaves or bracts. Decumbent, reclining with the tips ascending, Decurrent, running down along. Deflexed, bent abruptly downwards. Dehiscent, opening to permit egress of contents, as in anthers and capsules. Deltoid, triangular, the avex upward; like the Greek letter delta, Dentate, toothed, usually with triangular teeth pointing outwards. Denticulate, finely dentate. Depressed, flattened fron. above, Dichotomous, forking regularly. Diffuse, Yoosely spreading; the opposite of compact. Dioecious, having the sexes on separate plants. Disk, a fleshy platform-like outgrowth within the calyx at the base of the pistil upon which the stamens are frequently seateds; spoken collectively a 1088. of the tubular flowers of the compositae as contrasted with the ray flowers. Discoid, said of heads of rayless Compositae. Dissected, divided into numerous segments. Distinct, separate; clearly seen, Divaricate, widely divergent. Dorsal, pertaining to the back, in axils, the side away from the main stem, Drupe, a simple fleshy fruit with fleshy outer portion and a stony hard inner portion surrounding the seed, Drupelet, a small drupe; spoken of the units of an aggregate fruit, as in the blackberry, Elliptical, narrowly oval, usually with acute ends, Emarginate, notched at the apex, Emersed, lifted out of water. Entire, even, without lobes or teeth, Epigynous, seated upon the summit of the ovary, Erose or eroded, irregularly margined as if gnawed, Erosulate, finely erose, Exserted, projecting from; as of stamens projecting from the corolla. Extrorse, facing outward, Fascicle, a cluster or bundle as of a bundle of twigs. Fertile, capable of bearing seeds or sporese Fibril, a slender fibre, Filament, the stalk of a stamen, which bears the anther. Filamentous, formed of threads. Filiform, thread-like, Fistulous, hollow and herbaceous,as of stems. Lc. Flexuous, Zig-zag or undulating in outline, Floret, the name applied especially to grass flowers; a small flower, usually one of a cluster, Foliaceous, with the texture of green leaves. Foliar, similar to or pertaining to leaves. Foliate, with separate leaflets. 1089 Follicle, a dry fruit formed of a single carpel dehiscing by a single suture, Fovea, depression in leaf containing sporangium in Isoetes, Free, not adnate or joined, Frond, the term applied to fern leaves, and to the plant body in Lemnaceae, Fuscous, grayish-brown, Galea, the upper lip of the corolla, particularly in certain Scrophulariaceae, which is shaped like a broad, sometimes elongate, hood, Galeate, having a galeae Geniculate, bent abruptly like a knee, Glabrate, smooth, nearly without hairs, or becoming so in age, Glabrous, entirely devoid of hairs. Gland, a cell or group of cells, often hairlike, which secrete various substances; often recognized by the secretions. Glandular, provided with glands, Glaucous, bearing a white waxy bloom as in certain plums, Globose, nearly or quite spherical. Glomerule, a rather dense cluster of flowers usually cymose, Glume, the chaffy or membranous bracts subtending the spikelets of grasses and sedges. Gregarious, growing in colonies. Gynoecium, the pistil or pistils as a whole, Habit, the aspect and manner of growth of a plant. . Habitat, the situation in which a plant normally grows. Hastate, shaped like a blade of a halberd: more or less bluntly arrow-shaped with the basal lobes flaring or Sereutinc. Head, a dense cluster of sessile or nearly sessile flowers; particularly the inflorescence of the Compositae, - Herb, plants usually small, not woody or only so at the very bases; annual or if perennial, the aerial parts commonly annyale Herbaceous, like an herb, i.e. not shrubby or treelike, 4 1090 Hirsute, clothed with straight but not rigid hairs, usually more or less appressede Hirtellous, minutely hirsute, Hispid, clothed with straight stiffish hairs usually bristly to the touch, Hispidulous, minutely hispid. Hoary, fray with fine hairs, Hyaline, thin and transluscent, as of onion-skin, Hybrid, a cross between two species. anthium, structure resulting from the fusion of calyx tube and ovary wal yx ary 1 in perigynous or epigynous flowers. Hypogeous, below the earths; of cleistogamous flowers which bloom below ground evel. Hypoggnous, inserted below the pistil, and free from it. Imbricate, overlapping, as in shingles or tiles, Immersed, growing wholly in and under watere Imperfect, spoken of flowers which lack either Pere or pistils. Incised, cut sharply and deeply. Included, not at all protruding, Indehiscent, not splitting open, Inferior, that which is lowers; spoken of ovaries to designate those which are partly or wholly joined to the calyxe Inflated, as though blown-up; bladder-like. Inflorescence, the flower-cluster of a plant, Innovation, a basal shoot of a p-rennial grass, Inserted, attached to or growing out of, ; Internode, the portion of the stem between two nodes, Interyal, the space between two ridges or ribs. Introrse, facing inwards, Involuce], an inv>lucre of second order, nvolucre, a whorl of bracts subtending a flower cluster. wi , u ; Irregular, said of flowers in which the members of a series are unlike in size or shape. Keel, a ridge similar to the keel of a boats the two lower petals of the flower of certain Leguminosae, Lacerate, irregularly margined as though torn, Laciniate, slashed; cut into narrow pointed lobes, Lanate, clothed with soft tangled hairs like wool, Lanceolate, lance-shaped, i.e., narrowly tapering to a point as in a penholder or broader. Lateral, pertaining to one side, Lax, loosee Leaflet, a subdivision of a compound leaf, as in the rose, Lemma, the outer bract subtending a grass flower, Lenticular, lens-shaped, i.e., flattened but convex on both surfaces, Lepidote, having small scurfy scales, Ligule, the strap-shaped corollas of certain Compositae; a thin hyaline projection in grass leaves where the blade departs fromthe stem, Ligulate, bearing a ligule. Limb, the expanded portion of a corolla, as contrasted with the tube, Linear, elongate with more or less parallel margins, Lip, one of the two principal lobes of certain tubular corollas as in the snapdragon or applied similarly to the calyx as in Lupines; the lower usually dissimilar petal of an orchid flower. Loculicidal, a type of dehiscence in which each chamber of a capsule is opened by a longitudinal median splits; contrasted with septicidal. Lodicules, minute hyaline scales found within a grass flower at the base of +he stamens, Lunate, crescent-shaped. Lyrate, said of leaves which are pinnatifid, the ter:ainul lobe being prominently larger than the remainder. Megaspore, the larger spore of plants having spores of two sizese See ee Ley — IsoetesSe 1032, a i Ke Membranous, thin and soft and more or less translucent like an§f animal & membrane; said also of leaves which are thin and soft. re, the smaller spore of plants having spo f - meee resembling a poking of beads. 5 spores of two sizes. Monadelphous, of stamens united by their filaments into a column, Monoecious, bearing stamens and pistils in separate flowers but on the same plant. Mucro, an abrupt small tip. Mucronate, bearing a mucro, Muricate, roughened by minute sharp processese Nectary, a place or organ where nectar is secreted, digde, a point upon the stem at which a leaf or leaves originate, Nut, an indehiscent l-seeded fruit with a bony or hard endocarp usually developing from a compound ovary as in the walnute Nutlet, a small nut; the name applied to the subdivisions of the mature ovaries of the Labiatae and Boraginaceae. Ob-, a prefix signifying inversion as in the following terms; qi) Obcordate, cordate with the point directed to the base. Oblanceolate, inverse of lanceolate Oblong, longer than broad, with tne \iacs approximately parallel or lightly Ah rounded, usually with blunt or rounded ends, Qbovate, inversely ovate. Obsolete, rudimentary or not evident, Obtuse, blunt. Qcrea, a sheathing stipule as in Polygonum. Qffset, a short branch next the ground which takes root, thus propagating the plant. Opaque , not transparent, Orbicular, more or less circular in outline, Qval, the shape of a race-track, i.e2s & flattened circle, Ovary, that portion of the pistil which forms and contains the ovules and qi ultimately ripens to form the fruite Ovoid, shaped like a hen's egg, Ovate, in outline like a hen's egg, 1093. Qvule, a reproductive body formed within the pistil which sfter fertilization and development, becomes the seed containing an embryonic plant, Palea, palet, the inner bract subtending a grass flower, usually thinner and more hyaline than the lemma, Fallid, pale. Palmate, diverging radially like the fingers from the palm, Panicle, a branching inflorescence formed of several racemes or similar inflorescences, Paniculate, arranged in panicles. Papilose, bearing minute nipple-shaped projections, Pappus, the calyx-limb of the flowers of Compositae variously modified, either bristle-like or chaffy or nearly wanting, forming a small ridge at the apex of the ovary and achene, Parasitic, growing upon and deriving nourishment at least in part, from another plant, Parietal, pertaining to the wall be etds of a capsule, Parted, in parts or out nearly but not quite to the base, Pectinate, pinnatifid with closely set segments; comb-like, Pedicel, the stalk of a single flower. Pedicillate, having a pedicel, Peduncle, the s*9lk of an inflorescence; also used of a single flower when that is solitary. Peltate, shicld-like, fastened on the underside as a shield to an arMe Perennial, enduring from year to year for an indefinite period. Perfect, spoken of flowers which have both stamens and pistilse Perianth, the floral envelope, composed either of well defined calyx and corolla or more commonly used when these are similar and not readily distinguished, as in the lily. Pericarp, t:.¢ matured ovary wall, hence the wall of a fruite Perigynium, a sac-like or flask-shaped organ which encloses each pistillate flower (and achene) of Carex, through the oriface of which the style projects. Perigynous, seated around the Ovary; said of stamens, 1094 Persistent, used as the oppos‘te of caducous or deciduous; continuing attached for a long period of time, Personate, tubular corolla with a palate closing its throat. Petal, one of the leaves of a corolla. Petaloid, petal-like, Petiole,the leaf stalk, Petiolate, having a petiole, Petiolule, the stalk of a leaflet. Petiolulate, having a petiolule. Pilose, hairy with soft, usually long straight hairs. Pinna, primary division of a compound frond, Pimnule, secondary division of a frond twice or more compounds Pinnate, resembling a feathers; used of leaf-venation in which lateral veins arise at intervals from a principal mid-vein or of compound leaves in Pinnatisect pinnately dissected, ich the leaflets are arranged on both sides of a common median rib, as in the Rose. Pinnatifid, used of leaves pinnately lobed or cut but still not compound. Pistil, the central female organ of a flower in which the ovules (and eventually the seeds) are formede Pistillate, used of flowers having pistil but no stamensSe | Placenta, a s’rface bearing ovules, Plane, flat, not curvede licate, folded as in a fan, Plumose, having fine soft hairs arranged as in a feather. Pod, a dry dehiscent fruit. Pollinia, the waxy pollen-masses found in the orchid and milkweed families, Polygamous, bearing both perfect and imperfect flowers, Pome, the fleshy fruit of certain Rosaceae, as in the apple and pear, Poricidal, opening by means of pores. Posterior, rear; the side toward the axis. Prickles, spine-like projections of the bark which separate with it, as in the Rosée 1095 q) Procumbent, trailing along the ground and rising at the tip, but not rooting nodeSe Prostrate, flat upon the ground, Puberulent, minutely pubescent, Punctate, dotted. Pungent, sharply and rigidly pointedg fragrant with a penetrating odor, RBaceme, a more or less elongated unbranched inflorescence of the indeterminate type, ieee, tipped not by a flower but by a growing point, each flower being stalked, the youngest flower being nearest the apex, Racemose, in racemes. Rachilla, axis of a spikelet on which florets are borne. Rachis, axis of a spike or raceme; midrib of a compound leaf or fronds in Gramineae the main axis and branches of an inflorescence on which spikelets are borne. qd) Radiate, spreading from a common centers; bearing ray-flowers (in Compositae). Radical, pertaining to the root or coming from the base. Ray, one of the peduncles or pedicels of an umbels; the strap-shaped marginal flowers of the Compositae, Receptacle, the apex of the stalk which bears the flower parts; in the Compositae also applied to the disk bearing the flowers, Recurved, curved backwardse Reflexed, bent backwards or downwards rather abruptly. Regular, said of flowers which have the members of each whorl similar in size and shape. Reniform, shaped like a pian or kidney-bean,. Reticulate, in the form of a network, Retrorse, directed downwards, Retuse, with a shallow notch at the apex, q Revolute, rolled backwards. 1096 | Rhombic, Rhomboida], diamond-shapede. Rootstock, a horizontal usually subterranean stem, Rostrate, beaked, Rotate, wheel-shaped, i,e., flat and circular, Rotund, rounded or circular in outline, Rudimentary, imperfectly or incompletely developed, Rugose, wrinkled. Runner, a stolon. Saccate, like a sac or pouch, Sagittate, like an arrow-head, the lobes projecting downward, not flaring. Samara, an indehiscent winged fruit as in the Maple. Saprophyte, a plant without chlorophyll which grows on dead organic matter, Scabrous, rough, Scale, a small rudimentary leaf suggesting a fish-scale; used in Carex to designate the bracts subtending each flower, Scape, a naked or nearly naked peduncle, usually thought of as arising from a basal tuft of leaves, Scapose, scape-like, Scarious, thin and translucent, usually dry like tissue paper, Scorpioid, coiled and unrolling like a fiddle-neck, Secund, borne along one side of an axis or apparently rm Seed, the ripened ovule consisting of the embryo and its proper coats. Sepal, one of the leaves of the calyx. Septate, divided bv cross partitions (septa). Septicidal, the type of dehiscence in which the chambers of a capsule are split apart but are themselves not necessarily split opens opposed to loculicidal, Septum, a partition, Sericeous, silky or satiny. Serrate, toothed like a saw, the teeth leaning forward. Serrulate, finely serrate. 1097 Sessile, without a stalk, Seta, a hair-like bristle. Setose, bristly. Sheath, a tubular sheathing envelope as in the basal portion of a grass leaf, Shrub, a woody plant of perennial habit but smaller than a tree and commonly with several stems, Silicle, a short pod of Cruciferae, Silique, the usual pod of Cruciferae, —_—_—_—_———___ Simple, of one piece, not compound, Sinuate, wavye Sinus, the recess between two lobes, literally a baye Sorus, cluster of sporangia in Polypodiacease, inflorescence distant and divisions pedicellate, Spadix, a fleshy spike as in the Calla Lily. Spicate, arranged as a spike, Spicirorm, upper part of inflorescence spikelike in outline, lowermost branches of bike; a dense cylindrical inflorescence of sessile or nearly sessile flowers, ] Spikelet, a small spikes especially the flower clusters of grasses and sedges. Spine, a sharp, more or less woody outgrowth of the stem; a thorn, Spinose, covered witl spines or similar processes. Spore, an asexual reproductive cell performing in ferns somewhat the function of a seed, but without an embryo. Sporophyll, a A ee as contrasted with a sterile leaf, Spur, a projection downward or backward from the calyx or corolla as in the Larkspur or Violet, Stamen, the male organ of a flower which bears the pollen. Staminate, used of flowers having stamens but no pistilse Staminodium, a sterile stamen or organ similar in position to a stamen, Stellate, star-like; radiately branched hairs. Sterile, failing to bear or incapable of bearing spores or seeds, Stigma, the recentive part of the pistil at which pollination actually occurs, 1098 often sticky or othervise marked, Stipe, the leaf-stalk of a ferns more generally, a stalk, Stipules, appendages on either side of the petiole base of certain leaves as in the rose, Stolon, a basal branch rooting at the nodes; a runner as in the strawberry. Striate, marked with slender longitudinal lines, V——— Strict, very straight and upright, Strigose, hairy with stiff appressed hairs. Style, the usually attenuated part of a pistil which bears the stigma or stigmase Stylopodium, see fam, desc. Umbelliferae. Sub-, a prefix signifying inferior rank or positions; also signifying almost, approximately or somewhat, Subulate, awl-shaped, Succulent, fleshy and juicy. Suffrutescent, subshrubby or woody at the base, herbaceous above, Superior, said of ovaries which are wholly unattached to the calyx. Suture, the line along which a split occurs as in a capsule, Symmetrical, applied to flowers in vhich the different series have parts of equal number, Taproot, a stout vertical root as in a carrot, as contrasted with the numerous fibrous roots of grasses, Terete, columnar; circular in cross-section, Ternate, disposed in parts of 3 or 3 nearly equal divisions, Testa, sced-coate Throat, the orifice of a tubular flower or corolla. Tomentose, hairy with curled more or less matted hairs (tomentum) as in upholsterye Triternate, thrice ternate, Truncate, ending abruptly as though sheared off. 4099 Tuber, a thickened subterranean stem or branch which lies horizontally, as a potato, furgid, plump, as though distended with water. Turion, a scaly shoot from a subterranean bud; sterile vegetative shoot (in Rubuse Umbel, an inflorescence of which the component branches (rays) are approximately | equal, resembling the ribs of an umbrella. Umbellate, in an umbel, Umbellet, an umbel of secondary order, Uniserial, in a single row, Unisexual, used of flowers having either stamens or pistils but not both, Utricle, a one-seeded more or less inflated fruit with thin walls. Valvate, meeting by the margins but not overlapping. Valve, one of the component parts of the wall of a dehiscent fruit, Velum, membranous margin of fovea in Isoetes, Venose, veins prominent. Ventral, pertaining to the lower side; in an axil the side next the main stem, Versatile, said of centrally fixed anthers which readily turn upon the filament in any direction, Verticillate, whorled, Villous, with long and soft straight hairs. Virgate, straight and slender like a sapling; wand~like, Viscid, sticky. Whorl, a group of three or more leaves arising at a single node, Wing, 2 membranous projection as along an angled stem; the lateral petals of certain flowers of the Leguminosae, Woolly, clothed with long soft tangled hairs, Zygomorphic, applied to flowers which may be divided into two similar halves by one plane only, as a sweet peas { S coluad General Index of Plant Names Abies Absinthe Acer Aceraceae Achillea Aconite Aconitum Acorus Actaea Adder's tongue Family Adenocaulon Adiantum Agastache Agoseris Agropyron Agrostemmna. Agrostis Aira Aizoaceae Alder Alfalfa Alisma Alismaceae Allium Alnus Alopecurus Alpine Sorrel Alsine Alsinopsis Alum root Amaranthaceae Amaranthus Ambrosia Ambrosiae Amelanchier Amesia Amsinckia Anacardiaceae Anacharis Anagallis Anaphalis Anemone Andromeda Andropogon Angelica Antennaria Anthemideae Anthemis Antiphylla Aphyllon Aplopappus Apocynaceae Apocynum Aguilegia Arabis Araceae Aralia Araliaceae Arbor-vitae Arceuthobium Arctium Arctostaphylos Arenaria Argentina Aristolochiaceae Armeria Arnica Arrow grass Family Arrowhead Artemesia Arun. Family Asarum Asclepiadaceae Asclepias Ash Mountain Aspen Aster Golden Astereae Astragalus Atragene Atriplex Athyrium Athysanus Avens Water Whiskered Awlwort Babies breath Bachelorts Button Balsam-root Balsaminaceae Balsamorhiza Bane berry Barberry Family barley, wild Bassia Bear berry Beardgrass Beard-tongue Bear grass Beckmannia Bedstraw Beech Fern Bellflower Family Bentgrass Berber idaceae Berberis Besseya Betula Betulaceae Bicuculla Bidens Bilberry Bog Dwarf Bindweed Birch 1101 Clump Spring Birch Family Birthwort Family Biscuit root Blackberry Blackcayn Black-eyed Susan Bladderpod Double Bladderwort Family Blitum Bluebells Blue berry Blue curls Blue flax Blue-eyed grass Blue grass Bog rosemary Bog rush Boisduvalia Borage Fa nily Boraginaceae Botrychium Boykinia Bracken Brasenia Brassica Brickellia Brodiaea Brome grass Bromus Broom-rape Family Buckbean Family Buck brush Baskthorn Sealy Buckwheat Family Buffalo Berry Bugbane Family Bugseed Bull thistle Bulrush Bunchberry Bunchgrass Burdock Bur-reed Family Bursa Butter and eggs Buttercup Family Calamagrostis Calamus Callitrichaceae Callitriche Calochortus Caltha Calypso Camas Camassia Camelina Campanula Campanulaceae Campion Bladder Moss White Canada blue-grass Canada thistle Canary Grass Cancer-root Capparidaceae Caper Family Caprifoliaceae Capnoides Capsella Cardamine Carex Carpet-weed Family Carum Caryophyllacese Cascara sagrada Cassiope Castalia “Castilleia Catchfly Night-flowering Catnip Cat-tail Family Cat's breeches Bar Ceanothus Cedar Ground Western Red Celastraceae Centaurea Centunculus Cephalanthera Cerastium Ceratophyllum Ceratophyllaceae Chaenactis Chaetochloa Chaffweed Chamaenerion Chamomile Corn Wild Cheat Soft Checker Lily Cheeses Cheilanthes Cheiranthus 1108 viele Cheirinia Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium Cherry Chess Chickweed Common Water Chicory Chimaphila Chiming Bells Chiogenes Chionophila Chives, Wild Chokecherry Chrysanthemum Chrysocoptis Cicely, Sweet Cichoriaceae Cichorium Cicuta Cinna Cinquefoil Marsh Shrubby Circaea Cirsium Clarkia Claytonia Cleavers Clematis Blue White Cleome Clintonia Clover Alsike Low Hop Owl's Red Stinking Sweet White Club-moss Family Cocklebur Cogswellia Collinsia Collomia . Coltsfoot Satine Columbo Comandra Compositae Convolulaceae Convolulus Coptis Coral Root Corollorhiza Cord grass Coreopsis 1104 Coriospermum Corn Cockle Cornaceae Cornel, Dwarf Corn flower Cornus Corydalis Corylaceae Corylus Cottonwood Cous Cow Parsnip Cow Wheat Cranberry, Small Cranebill Crassulacease Crataegus Cream bush Cress, Hoary Crowfoot White Water Yellow Water Cruciferae Crunocallis Cryptantha Cupressaceae Currant Black Garden Golden flowering Maple-leaved Prickly Squaw Sticky Wild Black Wild Red Cryptogramma Cudweed curly Dock Currant Cyanosurus Cynareae Cyperaceae Cypress Spurge Cypripedium Cystopteris Cytherea Dactylis Daisy, Ox-eye Dandelion Danthonia Dasiphora Dasystephana Dead Nettle Delphinium Deschampsia Descurainia Devil's Club Dicentra Dichelostemma a Dipsaceae 11405 Disporum Distegia Dock Curly Dodecatheon ~ Dogbane Family Dog fennel Dogwood Family Downingia Draba Dracocephalum Drosera Droseraceae Dryas Drymocallis Dryopteris Duckweed Family Greater Ivy-leaved Lesser Dulichium Dutchman's breeches Eburophyton Echinocloa Echinopanax Elderberry Black Blue Eleagnaceae Bleocharis Elodea Elyms Epilobium Epipactis Equisetaceae Equisetum Eragrostis Ericaceae Erigeron Eriogonum Eriophorum Eriophyllum Krodium Eryngium Bry simum Erythrocoma Erythronium Euphorbia Euphorbiaceae Evening Primrose Family Everlasting Fairy Bells False Bugbane Hellebore Huckleberry Felwort 4406 Fescue Meadow Red Festuca Figwort Family Filaree Filix Fir Alpine Douglas White Fireweed Flag Sweet Flax Blue Family Forget-me-not Foxtail Green Little meadow Fragaria Frasera Fringe-cups Fritillaria Fritillary Frogbit Family Fumariaceae Fumitory Family Gaillardia Galium Gaultheria Gayophytum Gentian Gentiana Gentianaceae Geraniaceae Geranium Geum Ghost flower Giant Helleborine Gilia Scarlet Ginger, Wild Ginseng Globe flower Globe Mallow Glyceria Glycyrrhiza Gnaphalium Goat brush Goldenrod Goldthread Goodyera Gooseberry Snake River White stemmed 1107 Goosefoot Family Green Gramineae Grape Fern Oregon Grass Alaska onion Annual blue Arrow- Barnyard Beard Bent Blue Blue bunch Bluejoint Brome Buffalo bunch Canada blue Cheat Chess Common brome Cord Cotton Downy brome English rye Femily Fowl manna Fowl meadow Green foxtail Hair Hungarian brome Italian ryegrass Kentucky blue Manna Meadow fescue Mountain bunch Mountain hair Mountain rice Mountain timothy Northern manna Oat Onion Orchard Parnassus, of Pepper Perennial ryegrass Pine Prairie cord Pieplewced Quack Quaking brome Rattlesnake Red fescue Reed Reed canary Ripgut Rough hair 1108 Ryegrass Slough Smooth brome Soft cheat Squirrel tail Stink Sweet reed Tickle Timothy Tufted manna Western witch Wheat Wild barley Gratiola Green bog orchid Grindelia Grossularia Grossulariaceae Ground Ivy Grouse berry Gumweed Gymnospermae Habenaria Hairgrass Halerpestes Halorragidaceae Haplopavpus (see Aplopaprus) Hawkweed Hawthorne Hazelnut California Family Heather Purple White Yellow Hedge mustard Hedge nettle Heath Family Hedysarum Heleniae Helenium Heliantheae Helianthella Helianthus Hellebore, false Helonias Hemieva Hemlock Coast Mountain Water Hemp Indian Mountain Heracleum Hesperis Hesperochiron Hesperocordum Heterisia Heterocodon Heuchera 1109 if Hieracium Hippurus Holodiscus Homalobus Honeysuckle Hookera Hordeum Horehound Water Horkelia Hornwort Hosackia Hor semint Horsetail Family Howellia Huckleberry Hungarian brome Hyacinth, Wild Hydrangeaceae Hydrangea Family Hydrocharitaceae Hydrophyllaceae Hydrophyllum Hypericaceae Hypericum Hyssop Wild Ibidium Impatiens Indian Hemp Paintbrush Pink Thistle Inuleae Iridaceae Iris Family Isoetaceae Isoetes Itchweed Ivesia Jacob's Ladder Jerusalen oak Jewe lweed Family Juncaceae Juncoides Juncus Juniper Dwarf Rock Juniperus Jussieua Kalmia Knotweed Koeleria Kruhsea Labiatae Labrador tea 1110 | Lace Fern Pod Lactuca Ladies tresses Lady's slipper Lagophylla Lamb's quarters Lamium Lappula Larch Alpine Larix Larkspur Lathyrus Laurel Sticky Leather flower Ledum Leguminosae Leibergia Lemna Lemnaceae Lentibuleriaceae Leontodon Lepargyr Lepidium Leptarrhena Leptasea Leptptaenia Lettuce Miner's Prickly Leucocraspedum Licorice Ligusticum Liliaceae Lilium Lily Checker Pond Tiger Toad Limosella Limnia Limnorchis Linaceae Linanthastrum Linanthus Linaria Linnaea Linum Listera Lithophragma Lithospermum Loasa Family Loasaceae Lobeliaceae Lolium Lomat ium Loosestrife Family 1414 4 Lotus Lousewort Luetka Lupine Lupinus Luzula Lycnis Lycopodium Lycopus Lysichitum Lysias Lysiella Lysimachia Lythraceae Madder Family Madia Madiae Madronella Mahonia Maianthemum Mallow Globe Family Malva Malvaceae Manna grass Fowl Northern Water Maple Family Mountain Mares tail Mariposa lily Marrubium Marsh Marigold Marsilea Marsillaceae Matricaria Meadow fescue Meadow grass, Fowl Meadow rue Meadow-sweet Medicago Medick Melampyrum Melica — Mililotus Mentha Mentzelia Menyanthaceae Menyanthes Menziesia Mertensia Micranthes Micromeria Microseris Microsteris Milfoil Water si 1412. 8 2 4 5 f é Milkweed Family Narrow-leaved Showy Mimulus Miner's lettuce Mint Family Mistletoe Family Mitella Miltellastra Mitrewort Moehringia Moldavica Mollugo Mock Orange Monarda Monardella Moneses Monkey flower Monkshood Monocotyledones Monolepis Monotropa Montia Montiastrum Morning slory Family Mountain Ash Bunchgrass Hairgrass Hemp Lover Timothy Muhlenbergia Mullein Muscaria Mustard Black Family Tower Tumbling Wormseed Yellow Myosotis Myriophyllum Myzorrhiza Nyadaceae Naias Naiocrene Nasturtium Naumber gia Navarretia Nemophila Nepeta Nettle Dead Family Hedge Niggerheads Nightshade 1413 Enchanter's Ninebark Northern manna grass Nuphar Nymphaea Nymphaeaceae Oat, Wild Oategrass Tall Timber Odostemon Oenothera Oleaster family Olsynium Onagraceae Onion Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossum Ophyrs Oplopanax Opulaster Orchard grass Orchidaceae Orchid Bog Family Green bog Phantom Rein White bog Stream Orchis, stream Oregon grape Orobanchaceae Orobanche Orthocarpus Oryzopsis Osmorrhiza Owl's clover Oxycoccus Oxyria Ozomelis Pachistima Panicularia Panicum Parietaria Parnassia Parsnip Cow Family Water Partridge Foot Pastinaca Pea Family Golden Sweet Wild sweet Pectianthia Pedicularis Pellaea Pellitory 1114. Penny cress Pennyroyal Western Penstemon Penstemonopsis Pepnergrass Peppermint Peramium Peritonum Petasites Peucedanum Phaeca Phacelia Family Phalaris Phantor orchid Phegopteris Phelipaea Phleun Phlox False Family Phragmites Phyllodoce Phymosia Physaria Physocarpus Physostegia = Picea Pigweed Pimpernel Pinaceae Pine Drops Family Lodgepole Princes Western White Western Yellow White White-bark Yellow Pinegrass Pinesap Pink Cow Family Menzies Scouler's Piperia Pipsissewa Plagiobothrys Plantain Water Platanthera Plectritis Poa Poaceae Poison Ivy Oak Polemoniaceae Polemoniella Polemonium Poly ganaceae Polygonum Polypodiaceae Polypodium Polypogon Polystichum Pond Lily Pondweed Horned Popcorn flower Poplar Portulaca Portulaceae Potamogeton Potamogetonacease Potato Family Potentilla Poterium Powderhorn Prenanthes Primulaceae Primrose Evening Family 1416) 1417 Princes Pine Rattlesnake Grass Prunella Rattlesnake Plantain Prunus Razoumof skya Pseudotsuga Red Fescue Psilocarphus Red-top Pteridium Reed Pteridophyta Canary grass Pteris Grass Pterospora Rein Orchis Puccoon Rhamnaceae Pulsatilla Rhamus Purple Flag Rhodiola Purslane Rhododendron Family Rhus Pyrola Rhynchospora Pyrolaceae Ribes Pyrrocoma Rice Pyrus Mountain Quackgrass Ripgut Grass Quaking Bromegrass Quamasia Queen cup Quillwort Radicula Radish Ragweed Ranunculeccae Rancunculus Rephanus Raspberry Rosaceae Rose Family Root Rosemary Rotala Rough Hairgrass Rubiaceae Rubus Rudbeckia Rue Meadow Rumex Rush Bog Family Northern Tundra Southern Tundra Spike Toad Russian Thistle Rye, Wild Rynchospora Sagebrush Sagittaria Ste John's Wort Family Salicaceae Salix Salmon Berry Salsify Salsola Sambucus Sandalwood Family Sandcwort Sanicle Sanguisorba Sanicula Santalaceae Sarsaparilla Wild Satureia Saussurea Saxifraga Saxifragaceae Saxifrage Family Scheuchzeria Scheuchzeriaceae Scirpus Scrophularia Scrophulariaceae Scutellaria Sedge Family Sedum Selaginella Selaginellaceae Self-heal Senecio Senecioneae Septarrhena Serapias Sericotheca Service Berry Setaria Sheep sorrel Shepherdia Shepherd's Purse Shootir~ Star Sibbaldia Sidalcea Sieversia Silene 1118 Silverweed Sisymbrium Sisyrinchium Sium Skullcap Skunkcabbage Western Skunkweed Sleepy Catchfly Slim Solomon Slough grass Smartweed Water Smelowskia Smilacina Smooth Brome Snappers Sneezeweed Snowberry Solanaceae Solanum Solidago Solium Solomon's Seal, False Soloman, Fat Sonchus Sorbus Sorrel, Alpine Sow Thistle Spar geniaceae Spargenium Spartina Spatularia Spearmint Specularia Spergula Spergularia Spermatophyta Sphaeralcea Sphenopholis Spiranthes Spiraea Spirodela Sporobolus Spring Beauty Spruce Engelmann Spurge Family Spurry Corn Sand Squashberry Squaw-root Squirrel tail grass Stachys Stafftree Family Star-flower Star Tulip Steironema Stellaria Stenanthella Stenanthium Stick Leaf Stickseed 1119. 11 Stick Tight Tanacetum Stickweed Tansy Sticky Laurel Mustard Stinkgrass Taraxacum Stinking Clover Taxaceae Stipa Taxus Stonecrop Tea, Labrador Family Tea-vine Strawberry Teasel Blite Family Streptopus Tellima Subularia Thalesia Suksdorfia Thalictrum Sumac Thelypteris Family Thermopsis Sundew Therofon Family Thimbleberry Narrow-leaved Thirst Berry Round-leaved Thistle Sunflower Bull Family Canadian Sweet Cicely Indian Sweet Flag Turkestan Sweet Reedgrass Sow-thistle Swertia Yellow-star Symphoricarpos Thlaspi Synthyris Thuja Syringia Thysanocarpus Tiarella Tickseed Ticklegrass Tiger Lily Timothy Mountain Tinker's Penny Tissa Toad Lily Toad Rush Tofieldia Touch=me=not Tower liustard Tragopogon Trautvetteria Trefoil Trisetum Trichostemma Trientalis Trifolium Triglochin Trillium Trisetum Triteleia Trollius Tsuge Tufted Hairgrass Tulip Mariposa Star Tumbleweed Tumbling Mustard Turritis Twayblade Twin-berry Black Blue Red Twin-f lower Twisted Stalk Typha Typhaceae Umbelliferae Umbrella plant Urtica Urticaceae Utricularia Vaccaria Vaccinium Vagnera Valerian Valeriana Valerianaceae Veratrum Verbascum Verbena Family Veronica Vetch Viburnum Vicia Viola Violaceae Violet Family Wake Robin Wall flower Washingtonia Water Horehound Manna grass Milfoil Plantain Family Weterleaf Family Waterlily Family Viatershield Water Starwort Family Wheatgrass Whitlow Grass Willow Family Herb Windflower Wintercress Wintergreen Witchgrass Woodland star Wood Rush Waoeets Wokas Wormseed Mustard Wyethia Xanthium Xerophyllum Xylostemon Yarrow Yellow Bell Yellow Pea Yew Family Zanichellia Senne chedt terra Zigadenus Zigia rmx a: ee gl ge iv ; ngie Sen TEE Bede